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README.md
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---
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license: apache-2.0
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---
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---
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license: apache-2.0
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+
datasets:
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- CohereForAI/xP3x
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- CohereForAI/aya_dataset
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- CohereForAI/aya_collection
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- DataProvenanceInitiative/Commercially-Verified-Licenses
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- CohereForAI/aya_evaluation_suite
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language:
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- afr
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- amh
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- ara
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- aze
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- bel
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- ben
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- bul
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- cat
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- ceb
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- ces
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- cym
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- dan
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- deu
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- ell
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- eng
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- epo
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- est
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- eus
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- fin
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- fil
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- fra
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- fry
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- gla
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- gle
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- glg
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- guj
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- hat
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- hau
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- heb
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- hin
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- hun
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- hye
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- ibo
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- ind
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- isl
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- ita
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- jav
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- jpn
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- kan
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- kat
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- kaz
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- khm
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- kir
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- kor
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- kur
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- lao
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- lav
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- lat
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- lit
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- ltz
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- mal
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- mar
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- mkd
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- mlg
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- mlt
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- mon
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- mri
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- msa
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- mya
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- nep
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- nld
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- nor
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- nso
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- nya
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- ory
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- pan
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- pes
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- pol
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- por
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- pus
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- ron
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- rus
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- sin
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- slk
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- slv
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- smo
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- sna
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- snd
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- som
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- sot
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- spa
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- sqi
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- srp
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- sun
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- swa
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- swe
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- tam
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- tel
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- tgk
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- tha
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- tur
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- twi
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- ukr
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- urd
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- uzb
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- vie
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- xho
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- yid
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- yor
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- zho
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- zul
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metrics:
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- accuracy
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- bleu
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---
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<img src="aya-fig1.png" alt="Aya model summary image" width="800" style="margin-left:'auto' margin-right:'auto' display:'block'"/>
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# Model Card for Aya Model
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## Model Summary
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> The Aya model is a massively multilingual generative language model that follows instructions in 101 languages.
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> Aya outperforms [mT0](https://huggingface.co/bigscience/mt0-xxl) and [BLOOMZ](https://huggingface.co/bigscience/bloomz) a wide variety of automatic and human evaluations despite covering double the number of languages.
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> The Aya model is trained using [xP3x](https://huggingface.co/datasets/CohereForAI/xP3x), [Aya Dataset](https://huggingface.co/datasets/CohereForAI/aya_dataset), [Aya Collection](https://huggingface.co/datasets/CohereForAI/aya_collection), a subset of [DataProvenance collection](https://huggingface.co/datasets/DataProvenanceInitiative/Commercially-Verified-Licenses) and ShareGPT-Command.
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> We release the checkpoints under a Apache-2.0 license to further our mission of multilingual technologies empowering a
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> multilingual world.
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- **Developed by:** Cohere For AI
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- **Model type:** a Transformer style autoregressive massively multilingual language model.
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- **Paper**: [Aya Model: An Instruction Finetuned Open-Access Multilingual Language Model](arxiv.com)
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- **Point of Contact**: [Ahmet Ustun](mailto:ahmet@cohere.com)
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- **Languages**: Refer to the list of languages in the `language` section of this model card.
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- **License**: Apache-2.0
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- **Model**: [Aya](https://huggingface.co/CohereForAI/aya)
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- **Model Size**: 13 billion parameters
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- **Datasets**: [xP3x](https://huggingface.co/datasets/CohereForAI/xP3x), [Aya Dataset](https://huggingface.co/datasets/CohereForAI/aya_dataset), [Aya Collection](https://huggingface.co/datasets/CohereForAI/aya_collection), [DataProvenance collection](https://huggingface.co/datasets/DataProvenanceInitiative/Commercially-Verified-Licenses), ShareGPT-Command.
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## Use
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```bash
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# pip install -q transformers
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from transformers import AutoModelForSeq2SeqLM, AutoTokenizer
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checkpoint = "CohereForAI/aya_model"
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tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained(checkpoint)
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aya_model = AutoModelForSeq2SeqLM.from_pretrained(checkpoint)
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inputs = tokenizer.encode("Translate to English: Je t’aime.", return_tensors="pt")
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outputs = aya_model.generate(inputs)
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print(tokenizer.decode(outputs[0]))
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```
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## Model Details
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### Training
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- Architecture: Same as [mt5-xxl](https://huggingface.co/google/mt5-xxl)
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- Finetuning Steps: 25000
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- Hardware: TPUv4-128
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- Software: T5X, Jax
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### Data Sources
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The Aya model is trained on the following datasets:
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- [xP3x](https://huggingface.co/datasets/CohereForAI/xP3x)
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- [Aya Dataset](https://huggingface.co/datasets/CohereForAI/aya_dataset)
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- [Aya Collection](https://huggingface.co/datasets/CohereForAI/aya_collection)
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- [DataProvenance collection](https://huggingface.co/datasets/DataProvenanceInitiative/Commercially-Verified-Licenses)
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- ShareGPT-Command
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All datasets are subset to the 101 languages supported by [mT5]. See the [paper](arxiv.com) for details about filtering and pruning.
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## Evaluation
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<!-- This section describes the evaluation protocols and provides the results. -->
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> We introduce extensive new evaluation suites that broaden the state-of-art for multilingual eval across 99 languages – including discriminative, generative tasks, human evaluation and simulated win rates that cover both held-out tasks and
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> in-distribution performance.
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Below, we provide evaluation results for the Aya model on unseen discriminative tasks, and in-distribution generative tasks compared to mT0, BLOOMZ, Bactrian-X 13B, and mT0x. To ensure a fair comparison with our Aya model in terms of language coverage, we finetune a new variant of mT5, that we dub mT0x. It is trained using the original datasets that are part of the xP3 collection but extended to 101 languages (xP3x).
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For Multlingual MMLU, Simulated and Human Win-rates, please refer to the [paper](arxiv.com)
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### Discriminative Tasks
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| Model | Base Model | IFT Mixture | XCOPA (Acc %) | XNLI (Acc %) | XSC (Acc %) | XWG (Acc %) | **<u>Avg</u>** |
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| :---------------- | :--------- | :---------: | :-----------: | :----------: | :---------: | :---------: | :------------: |
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| **46 Languages** | | | | | | | |
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| mT0 | mT5 13B | xP3 | 75.6 | 55.3 | 87.2 | 73.6 | 72.9 |
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| BLOOMZ | BLOOM 176B | xP3 | 64.3 | 52.0 | 82.6 | 63.3 | 65.5 |
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| **52 Languages** | | | | | | | |
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| Bactrian-X 13B | Llama 13B | Bactrian-X | 52.4 | 34.5 | 51.8 | 50.5 | 47.3 |
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| **101 Languages** | | | | | | | |
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| mT0x | mT5 13B | xP3x | 71.7 | 45.9 | 85.1 | 60.6 | 65.8 |
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| Aya model | mT5 13B | All Mixture | 76.7 | 58.3 | 90.0 | 70.7 | 73.9 |
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### Generative Tasks
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| Model | Base Model | IFT Mixture | FLORES-200 (spBleu) | FLORES-200 (spBleu) | XLSum (RougeLsum) | Tydi-QA (F1) |
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| :---------------- | :--------: | :---------- | :-----------------: | :-----------------: | :---------------: | :----------: |
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| | | | X→ En | En → X | | |
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| **101 Languages** | | | | | | |
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| mT0x | mT5 13B | xP3x | 20.2 | 14.5 | 21.4 | 76.1 |
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| Aya Model | mT5 13B | All Mixture | 29.1 | 19.0 | 22.0 | 77.8 |
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Note: We cannot compare mT0, and BLOOMZ for the above generative tasks, as the validation splits are part of mT0 and BLOOMZ's training data.
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## Bias, Risks, and Limitations
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Like any base language model or fine-tuned model without safety filtering, it is relatively easy for a user to prompt these models to generate harmful and generally sensitive content.
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Aya model, as released, does not include any safety filtering.
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We hope that the release of the Aya model will make community-based redteaming efforts possible, by exposing an open-source massively-multilingual model for community research.
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For a detailed overview of our effort at safety mitigation and benchmarking toxicity and bias across multiple languages, we refer Sections 6 and 7 of our paper: [Aya Model: An Instruction Finetuned Open-Access Multilingual Language Model](arxiv.com).
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## Citation
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**BibTeX:**
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```
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@article{,
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title={},
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author={},
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journal={Preprint},
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year={2024}
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}
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```
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**APA:**
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## Languages Covered
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Below is the list of languages used in finetuning the Aya Model. We group languages into higher-, mid-, and lower-resourcedness based on a language classification by [Joshi et. al, 2020](https://microsoft.github.io/linguisticdiversity/). For further details, refer to our [paper]()
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| ISO Code | Language Name | Script | Family | Subgrouping | Resourcedness |
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| :------- | :-------------- | :----------: | :-------------: | :---------------: | :-----------: |
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| afr | Afrikaans | Latin | Indo-European | Germanic | Mid |
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| amh | Amharic | Ge'ez | Afro-Asiatic | Semitic | Low |
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| ara | Arabic | Arabic | Afro-Asiatic | Semitic | High |
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| aze | Azerbaijani | Arabic/Latin | Turkic | Common Turkic | Low |
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| bel | Belarusian | Cyrillic | Indo-European | Balto-Slavic | Mid |
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| ben | Bengali | Bengali | Indo-European | Indo-Aryan | Mid |
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| bul | Bulgarian | Cyrillic | Indo-European | Balto-Slavic | Mid |
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| cat | Catalan | Latin | Indo-European | Italic | High |
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| ceb | Cebuano | Latin | Austronesian | Malayo-Polynesian | Mid |
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| ces | Czech | Latin | Indo-European | Balto-Slavic | High |
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| cym | Welsh | Latin | Indo-European | Celtic | Low |
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| dan | Danish | Latin | Indo-European | Germanic | Mid |
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| deu | German | Latin | Indo-European | Germanic | High |
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| ell | Greek | Greek | Indo-European | Graeco-Phrygian | Mid |
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| eng | English | Latin | Indo-European | Germanic | High |
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| epo | Esperanto | Latin | Constructed | Esperantic | Low |
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| est | Estonian | Latin | Uralic | Finnic | Mid |
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| eus | Basque | Latin | Basque | - | High |
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| fin | Finnish | Latin | Uralic | Finnic | High |
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| fil | Tagalog | Latin | Austronesian | Malayo-Polynesian | Mid |
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| fra | French | Latin | Indo-European | Italic | High |
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| fry | Western Frisian | Latin | Indo-European | Germanic | Low |
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| gla | Scottish Gaelic | Latin | Indo-European | Celtic | Low |
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| gle | Irish | Latin | Indo-European | Celtic | Low |
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| glg | Galician | Latin | Indo-European | Italic | Mid |
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| guj | Gujarati | Gujarati | Indo-European | Indo-Aryan | Low |
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| hat | Haitian Creole | Latin | Indo-European | Italic | Low |
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| hau | Hausa | Latin | Afro-Asiatic | Chadic | Low |
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| heb | Hebrew | Hebrew | Afro-Asiatic | Semitic | Mid |
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| hin | Hindi | Devanagari | Indo-European | Indo-Aryan | High |
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| hun | Hungarian | Latin | Uralic | - | High |
|
270 |
+
| hye | Armenian | Armenian | Indo-European | Armenic | Low |
|
271 |
+
| ibo | Igbo | Latin | Atlantic-Congo | Benue-Congo | Low |
|
272 |
+
| ind | Indonesian | Latin | Austronesian | Malayo-Polynesian | Mid |
|
273 |
+
| isl | Icelandic | Latin | Indo-European | Germanic | Low |
|
274 |
+
| ita | Italian | Latin | Indo-European | Italic | High |
|
275 |
+
| jav | Javanese | Latin | Austronesian | Malayo-Polynesian | Low |
|
276 |
+
| jpn | Japanese | Japanese | Japonic | Japanesic | High |
|
277 |
+
| kan | Kannada | Kannada | Dravidian | South Dravidian | Low |
|
278 |
+
| kat | Georgian | Georgian | Kartvelian | Georgian-Zan | Mid |
|
279 |
+
| kaz | Kazakh | Cyrillic | Turkic | Common Turkic | Mid |
|
280 |
+
| khm | Khmer | Khmer | Austroasiatic | Khmeric | Low |
|
281 |
+
| kir | Kyrgyz | Cyrillic | Turkic | Common Turkic | Low |
|
282 |
+
| kor | Korean | Hangul | Koreanic | Korean | High |
|
283 |
+
| kur | Kurdish | Latin | Indo-European | Iranian | Low |
|
284 |
+
| lao | Lao | Lao | Tai-Kadai | Kam-Tai | Low |
|
285 |
+
| lav | Latvian | Latin | Indo-European | Balto-Slavic | Mid |
|
286 |
+
| lat | Latin | Latin | Indo-European | Italic | Mid |
|
287 |
+
| lit | Lithuanian | Latin | Indo-European | Balto-Slavic | Mid |
|
288 |
+
| ltz | Luxembourgish | Latin | Indo-European | Germanic | Low |
|
289 |
+
| mal | Malayalam | Malayalam | Dravidian | South Dravidian | Low |
|
290 |
+
| mar | Marathi | Devanagari | Indo-European | Indo-Aryan | Low |
|
291 |
+
| mkd | Macedonian | Cyrillic | Indo-European | Balto-Slavic | Low |
|
292 |
+
| mlg | Malagasy | Latin | Austronesian | Malayo-Polynesian | Low |
|
293 |
+
| mlt | Maltese | Latin | Afro-Asiatic | Semitic | Low |
|
294 |
+
| mon | Mongolian | Cyrillic | Mongolic-Khitan | Mongolic | Low |
|
295 |
+
| mri | Maori | Latin | Austronesian | Malayo-Polynesian | Low |
|
296 |
+
| msa | Malay | Latin | Austronesian | Malayo-Polynesian | Mid |
|
297 |
+
| mya | Burmese | Myanmar | Sino-Tibetan | Burmo-Qiangic | Low |
|
298 |
+
| nep | Nepali | Devanagari | Indo-European | Indo-Aryan | Low |
|
299 |
+
| nld | Dutch | Latin | Indo-European | Germanic | High |
|
300 |
+
| nor | Norwegian | Latin | Indo-European | Germanic | Low |
|
301 |
+
| nso | Northern Sotho | Latin | Atlantic-Congo | Benue-Congo | Low |
|
302 |
+
| nya | Chichewa | Latin | Atlantic-Congo | Benue-Congo | Low |
|
303 |
+
| ory | Oriya | Oriya | Indo-European | Indo-Aryan | Low |
|
304 |
+
| pan | Punjabi | Gurmukhi | Indo-European | Indo-Aryan | Low |
|
305 |
+
| pes | Persian | Arabic | Indo-European | Iranian | High |
|
306 |
+
| pol | Polish | Latin | Indo-European | Balto-Slavic | High |
|
307 |
+
| por | Portuguese | Latin | Indo-European | Italic | High |
|
308 |
+
| pus | Pashto | Arabic | Indo-European | Iranian | Low |
|
309 |
+
| ron | Romanian | Latin | Indo-European | Italic | Mid |
|
310 |
+
| rus | Russian | Cyrillic | Indo-European | Balto-Slavic | High |
|
311 |
+
| sin | Sinhala | Sinhala | Indo-European | Indo-Aryan | Low |
|
312 |
+
| slk | Slovak | Latin | Indo-European | Balto-Slavic | Mid |
|
313 |
+
| slv | Slovenian | Latin | Indo-European | Balto-Slavic | Mid |
|
314 |
+
| smo | Samoan | Latin | Austronesian | Malayo-Polynesian | Low |
|
315 |
+
| sna | Shona | Latin | Indo-European | Indo-Aryan | Low |
|
316 |
+
| snd | Sindhi | Arabic | Indo-European | Indo-Aryan | Low |
|
317 |
+
| som | Somali | Latin | Afro-Asiatic | Cushitic | Low |
|
318 |
+
| sot | Southern Sotho | Latin | Atlantic-Congo | Benue-Congo | Low |
|
319 |
+
| spa | Spanish | Latin | Indo-European | Italic | High |
|
320 |
+
| sqi | Albanian | Latin | Indo-European | Albanian | Low |
|
321 |
+
| srp | Serbian | Cyrillic | Indo-European | Balto-Slavic | High |
|
322 |
+
| sun | Sundanese | Latin | Austronesian | Malayo-Polynesian | Low |
|
323 |
+
| swa | Swahili | Latin | Atlantic-Congo | Benue-Congo | Low |
|
324 |
+
| swe | Swedish | Latin | Indo-European | Germanic | High |
|
325 |
+
| tam | Tamil | Tamil | Dravidian | South Dravidian | Mid |
|
326 |
+
| tel | Telugu | Telugu | Dravidian | South Dravidian | Low |
|
327 |
+
| tgk | Tajik | Cyrillic | Indo-European | Iranian | Low |
|
328 |
+
| tha | Thai | Thai | Tai-Kadai | Kam-Tai | Mid |
|
329 |
+
| tur | Turkish | Latin | Turkic | Common Turkic | High |
|
330 |
+
| twi | Twi | Latin | Atlantic-Congo | Niger-Congo | Low |
|
331 |
+
| ukr | Ukrainian | Cyrillic | Indo-European | Balto-Slavic | Mid |
|
332 |
+
| urd | Urdu | Arabic | Indo-European | Indo-Aryan | Mid |
|
333 |
+
| uzb | Uzbek | Latin | Turkic | Common Turkic | Mid |
|
334 |
+
| vie | Vietnamese | Latin | Austroasiatic | Vietic | High |
|
335 |
+
| xho | Xhosa | Latin | Atlantic-Congo | Benue-Congo | Low |
|
336 |
+
| yid | Yiddish | Hebrew | Indo-European | Germanic | Low |
|
337 |
+
| yor | Yoruba | Latin | Atlantic-Congo | Benue-Congo | Low |
|
338 |
+
| zho | Chinese | Han | Sino-Tibetan | Sinitic | High |
|
339 |
+
| zul | Zulu | Latin | Atlantic-Congo | Benue-Congo | Low |
|
340 |
+
|
341 |
+
## Model Card Contact
|
342 |
+
|
343 |
+
For errors in this model card, contact Ahmet or Viraat, `{ahmet, viraat} at cohere dot com`.
|