repos/chardet-chardet-78250d9/docs/how-it-works.rst

How it works
============

This is a brief guide to navigating the code itself.

First, you should read `A composite approach to language/encoding
detection <https://www-archive.mozilla.org/projects/intl/UniversalCharsetDetection.html>`__,
which explains the detection algorithm and how it was derived. This will
help you later when you stumble across the huge character frequency
distribution tables like ``big5freq.py`` and language models like
``langcyrillicmodel.py``.

The main entry point for the detection algorithm is
``universaldetector.py``, which has one class, ``UniversalDetector``.
(You might think the main entry point is the ``detect`` function in
``chardet/__init__.py``, but that’s really just a convenience function
that creates a ``UniversalDetector`` object, calls it, and returns its
result.)

There are 5 categories of encodings that ``UniversalDetector`` handles:

#. ``UTF-n`` with a BOM. This includes ``UTF-8``, both BE and LE
   variants of ``UTF-16``, and all 4 byte-order variants of ``UTF-32``.
#. Escaped encodings, which are entirely 7-bit ASCII compatible, where
   non-ASCII characters start with an escape sequence. Examples:
   ``ISO-2022-JP`` (Japanese) and ``HZ-GB-2312`` (Chinese).
#. Multi-byte encodings, where each character is represented by a
   variable number of bytes. Examples: ``Big5`` (Chinese), ``SHIFT_JIS``
   (Japanese), ``EUC-KR`` (Korean), and ``UTF-8`` without a BOM.
#. Single-byte encodings, where each character is represented by one
   byte. Examples: ``KOI8-R`` (Russian), ``windows-1255`` (Hebrew), and
   ``TIS-620`` (Thai).
#. ``windows-1252``, which is used primarily on Microsoft Windows; its
   subset, ``ISO-8859-1`` is widely used for legacy 8-bit-encoded text.
   chardet, like many encoding detectors, defaults to guessing this
   encoding when no other can be reliably established.

``UTF-n`` with a BOM
--------------------

If the text starts with a BOM, we can reasonably assume that the text is
encoded in ``UTF-8``, ``UTF-16``, or ``UTF-32``. (The BOM will tell us
exactly which one; that’s what it’s for.) This is handled inline in
``UniversalDetector``, which returns the result immediately without any
further processing.

Escaped encodings
-----------------

If the text contains a recognizable escape sequence that might indicate
an escaped encoding, ``UniversalDetector`` creates an
``EscCharSetProber`` (defined in ``escprober.py``) and feeds it the
text.

``EscCharSetProber`` creates a series of state machines, based on models
of ``HZ-GB-2312``, ``ISO-2022-CN``, ``ISO-2022-JP``, and ``ISO-2022-KR``
(defined in ``escsm.py``). ``EscCharSetProber`` feeds the text to each
of these state machines, one byte at a time. If any state machine ends
up uniquely identifying the encoding, ``EscCharSetProber`` immediately
returns the positive result to ``UniversalDetector``, which returns it
to the caller. If any state machine hits an illegal sequence, it is
dropped and processing continues with the other state machines.

Multi-byte encodings
--------------------

Assuming no BOM, ``UniversalDetector`` checks whether the text contains
any high-bit characters. If so, it creates a series of “probers” for
detecting multi-byte encodings, single-byte encodings, and as a last
resort, ``windows-1252``.

The multi-byte encoding prober, ``MBCSGroupProber`` (defined in
``mbcsgroupprober.py``), is really just a shell that manages a group of
other probers, one for each multi-byte encoding: ``Big5``, ``GB2312``,
``EUC-TW``, ``EUC-KR``, ``EUC-JP``, ``SHIFT_JIS``, and ``UTF-8``.
``MBCSGroupProber`` feeds the text to each of these encoding-specific
probers and checks the results. If a prober reports that it has found an
illegal byte sequence, it is dropped from further processing (so that,
for instance, any subsequent calls to ``UniversalDetector``.\ ``feed``
will skip that prober). If a prober reports that it is reasonably
confident that it has detected the encoding, ``MBCSGroupProber`` reports
this positive result to ``UniversalDetector``, which reports the result
to the caller.

Most of the multi-byte encoding probers are inherited from
``MultiByteCharSetProber`` (defined in ``mbcharsetprober.py``), and
simply hook up the appropriate state machine and distribution analyzer
and let ``MultiByteCharSetProber`` do the rest of the work.
``MultiByteCharSetProber`` runs the text through the encoding-specific
state machine, one byte at a time, to look for byte sequences that would
indicate a conclusive positive or negative result. At the same time,
``MultiByteCharSetProber`` feeds the text to an encoding-specific
distribution analyzer.

The distribution analyzers (each defined in ``chardistribution.py``) use
language-specific models of which characters are used most frequently.
Once ``MultiByteCharSetProber`` has fed enough text to the distribution
analyzer, it calculates a confidence rating based on the number of
frequently-used characters, the total number of characters, and a
language-specific distribution ratio. If the confidence is high enough,
``MultiByteCharSetProber`` returns the result to ``MBCSGroupProber``,
which returns it to ``UniversalDetector``, which returns it to the
caller.

The case of Japanese is more difficult. Single-character distribution
analysis is not always sufficient to distinguish between ``EUC-JP`` and
``SHIFT_JIS``, so the ``SJISProber`` (defined in ``sjisprober.py``) also
uses 2-character distribution analysis. ``SJISContextAnalysis`` and
``EUCJPContextAnalysis`` (both defined in ``jpcntx.py`` and both
inheriting from a common ``JapaneseContextAnalysis`` class) check the
frequency of Hiragana syllabary characters within the text. Once enough
text has been processed, they return a confidence level to
``SJISProber``, which checks both analyzers and returns the higher
confidence level to ``MBCSGroupProber``.

Single-byte encodings
---------------------

The single-byte encoding prober, ``SBCSGroupProber`` (defined in
``sbcsgroupprober.py``), is also just a shell that manages a group of
other probers, one for each combination of single-byte encoding and
language: ``windows-1251``, ``KOI8-R``, ``ISO-8859-5``, ``MacCyrillic``,
``IBM855``, and ``IBM866`` (Russian); ``ISO-8859-7`` and
``windows-1253`` (Greek); ``ISO-8859-5`` and ``windows-1251``
(Bulgarian); ``ISO-8859-2`` and ``windows-1250`` (Hungarian);
``TIS-620`` (Thai); ``windows-1255`` and ``ISO-8859-8`` (Hebrew).

``SBCSGroupProber`` feeds the text to each of these
encoding+language-specific probers and checks the results. These probers
are all implemented as a single class, ``SingleByteCharSetProber``
(defined in ``sbcharsetprober.py``), which takes a language model as an
argument. The language model defines how frequently different
2-character sequences appear in typical text.
``SingleByteCharSetProber`` processes the text and tallies the most
frequently used 2-character sequences. Once enough text has been
processed, it calculates a confidence level based on the number of
frequently-used sequences, the total number of characters, and a
language-specific distribution ratio.

Hebrew is handled as a special case. If the text appears to be Hebrew
based on 2-character distribution analysis, ``HebrewProber`` (defined in
``hebrewprober.py``) tries to distinguish between Visual Hebrew (where
the source text actually stored “backwards” line-by-line, and then
displayed verbatim so it can be read from right to left) and Logical
Hebrew (where the source text is stored in reading order and then
rendered right-to-left by the client). Because certain characters are
encoded differently based on whether they appear in the middle of or at
the end of a word, we can make a reasonable guess about direction of the
source text, and return the appropriate encoding (``windows-1255`` for
Logical Hebrew, or ``ISO-8859-8`` for Visual Hebrew).

windows-1252
------------

If ``UniversalDetector`` detects a high-bit character in the text, but
none of the other multi-byte or single-byte encoding probers return a
confident result, it creates a ``Latin1Prober`` (defined in
``latin1prober.py``) to try to detect English text in a ``windows-1252``
encoding. This detection is inherently unreliable, because English
letters are encoded in the same way in many different encodings. The
only way to distinguish ``windows-1252`` is through commonly used
symbols like smart quotes, curly apostrophes, copyright symbols, and the
like. ``Latin1Prober`` automatically reduces its confidence rating to
allow more accurate probers to win if at all possible.