---
dataset_info:
- config_name: compatible_pbe
  features:
  - name: elements
    sequence: string
  - name: nsites
    dtype: int32
  - name: chemical_formula_anonymous
    dtype: string
  - name: chemical_formula_reduced
    dtype: string
  - name: chemical_formula_descriptive
    dtype: string
  - name: nelements
    dtype: int8
  - name: dimension_types
    sequence: int8
  - name: nperiodic_dimensions
    dtype: int8
  - name: lattice_vectors
    sequence:
      sequence: float64
  - name: immutable_id
    dtype: string
  - name: cartesian_site_positions
    sequence:
      sequence: float64
  - name: species
    dtype: string
  - name: species_at_sites
    sequence: string
  - name: last_modified
    dtype: string
  - name: elements_ratios
    sequence: float64
  - name: stress_tensor
    sequence:
      sequence: float64
  - name: energy
    dtype: float64
  - name: magnetic_moments
    sequence: float64
  - name: forces
    sequence:
      sequence: float64
  - name: total_magnetization
    dtype: float64
  - name: dos_ef
    dtype: float64
  - name: functional
    dtype: string
  - name: cross_compatibility
    dtype: bool
  - name: entalpic_fingerprint
    dtype: string
  splits:
  - name: train
    num_bytes: 8043765194
    num_examples: 5335299
  download_size: 3036919717
  dataset_size: 8043765194
- config_name: compatible_pbesol
  features:
  - name: elements
    sequence: string
  - name: nsites
    dtype: int32
  - name: chemical_formula_anonymous
    dtype: string
  - name: chemical_formula_reduced
    dtype: string
  - name: chemical_formula_descriptive
    dtype: string
  - name: nelements
    dtype: int8
  - name: dimension_types
    sequence: int8
  - name: nperiodic_dimensions
    dtype: int8
  - name: lattice_vectors
    sequence:
      sequence: float64
  - name: immutable_id
    dtype: string
  - name: cartesian_site_positions
    sequence:
      sequence: float64
  - name: species
    dtype: string
  - name: species_at_sites
    sequence: string
  - name: last_modified
    dtype: string
  - name: elements_ratios
    sequence: float64
  - name: stress_tensor
    sequence:
      sequence: float64
  - name: energy
    dtype: float64
  - name: magnetic_moments
    sequence: float64
  - name: forces
    sequence:
      sequence: float64
  - name: total_magnetization
    dtype: float64
  - name: dos_ef
    dtype: float64
  - name: functional
    dtype: string
  - name: cross_compatibility
    dtype: bool
  - name: entalpic_fingerprint
    dtype: string
  splits:
  - name: train
    num_bytes: 646300349
    num_examples: 447824
  download_size: 230878194
  dataset_size: 646300349
- config_name: compatible_scan
  features:
  - name: elements
    sequence: string
  - name: nsites
    dtype: int32
  - name: chemical_formula_anonymous
    dtype: string
  - name: chemical_formula_reduced
    dtype: string
  - name: chemical_formula_descriptive
    dtype: string
  - name: nelements
    dtype: int8
  - name: dimension_types
    sequence: int8
  - name: nperiodic_dimensions
    dtype: int8
  - name: lattice_vectors
    sequence:
      sequence: float64
  - name: immutable_id
    dtype: string
  - name: cartesian_site_positions
    sequence:
      sequence: float64
  - name: species
    dtype: string
  - name: species_at_sites
    sequence: string
  - name: last_modified
    dtype: string
  - name: elements_ratios
    sequence: float64
  - name: stress_tensor
    sequence:
      sequence: float64
  - name: energy
    dtype: float64
  - name: magnetic_moments
    sequence: float64
  - name: forces
    sequence:
      sequence: float64
  - name: total_magnetization
    dtype: float64
  - name: dos_ef
    dtype: float64
  - name: functional
    dtype: string
  - name: cross_compatibility
    dtype: bool
  - name: entalpic_fingerprint
    dtype: string
  splits:
  - name: train
    num_bytes: 597846818
    num_examples: 422840
  download_size: 207887396
  dataset_size: 597846818
- config_name: non_compatible
  features:
  - name: elements
    sequence: string
  - name: nsites
    dtype: int32
  - name: chemical_formula_anonymous
    dtype: string
  - name: chemical_formula_reduced
    dtype: string
  - name: chemical_formula_descriptive
    dtype: string
  - name: nelements
    dtype: int8
  - name: dimension_types
    sequence: int8
  - name: nperiodic_dimensions
    dtype: int8
  - name: lattice_vectors
    sequence:
      sequence: float64
  - name: immutable_id
    dtype: string
  - name: cartesian_site_positions
    sequence:
      sequence: float64
  - name: species
    dtype: string
  - name: species_at_sites
    sequence: string
  - name: last_modified
    dtype: string
  - name: elements_ratios
    sequence: float64
  - name: stress_tensor
    sequence:
      sequence: float64
  - name: energy
    dtype: float64
  - name: magnetic_moments
    sequence: float64
  - name: forces
    sequence:
      sequence: float64
  - name: total_magnetization
    dtype: float64
  - name: dos_ef
    dtype: float64
  - name: functional
    dtype: string
  - name: cross_compatibility
    dtype: bool
  - name: entalpic_fingerprint
    dtype: string
  splits:
  - name: train
    num_bytes: 818845899
    num_examples: 519627
  download_size: 268949608
  dataset_size: 818845899
configs:
- config_name: compatible_pbe
  data_files:
  - split: train
    path: compatible_pbe/train-*
- config_name: compatible_pbesol
  data_files:
  - split: train
    path: compatible_pbesol/train-*
- config_name: compatible_scan
  data_files:
  - split: train
    path: compatible_scan/train-*
- config_name: non_compatible
  data_files:
  - split: train
    path: non_compatible/train-*
license: cc-by-4.0
tags:
- chemistry
size_categories:
- 1M<n<10M
pretty_name: LeMatBulk
---


## Dataset Description

- **Homepage:** https://www.lematerial.org/
- **Repository:** https://github.com/lematerial/lematerial
- **Point of Contact:** contact@lematerial.org


**Motivation**: check out the blog post [link] to hear more about the motivation behind the creation of this dataset.

## Download and use within Python
```python
from datasets import load_dataset

dataset = load_dataset('LeMaterial/LeMat-Bulk', 'compatible_pbe')

# convert to Pandas, if you prefer working with this type of object:
df = dataset['compatible_pbe'].to_pandas()
```

## Data fields

| **Feature name** | **Data type** | **Description** | **Optimade required field** |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **elements** | Sequence[String] | A list of elements in the structure. For example a structure with composition Li2O7 will have `[”Li”,”O”]` in its elements.  Notes: Currently not necessarily sorted but future iteration will be sorted by alphabetic order. | ✅ |
| **nsites** | Integer | The total number of sites in the structure. For example a structure with an un-reduced composition of Li4O2 will have a total of `6` sites. | ✅ |
| **chemical_formula_anonymous** | String | Anonymous formula for a chemical structure, sorted by largest contributing species, and reduced by greatest common divisor. For example a structure with a O2Li4 un-reduced composition will have a anonymous formula of `A2B`. “1”’s at the end of an element composition are dropped (ie not A2B1) | ✅ |
| **chemical_formula_reduced** | String | Reduced by the greatest common divisor chemical composition. For example a structure with a un-reduced composition of O2Li4 will have a reduced composition of `Li2O`. Elements with a reduced composition of 1 have the “1” dropped. Elements are sorted by alphabetic ordering. Notes: Not using the same method of Pymatgen’s composition reduction method which takes into account certain elements existing in diatomic states. | ✅ |
| **chemical_formula_descriptive** | String | A more descriptive chemical formula for the structure, for example a fictive structure of a 6-fold hydrated Na ion might have a descriptive chemical formula of Na(H2O)6, or a Titanium chloride organic dimer might have a descriptive formula of [(C5H5)2TiCl]2. Note: this field is absolutely not standardized across the database. Where possible if available we scrapped as is from the respective databases. Where not possible this may be the same as the chemical formula reduced. | ✅ Note: not standardized in naming approach. |
| **nelements** | Integer | Total number of different elements in a structure. For example Li4O2 has only `2` separate elements. | ✅ |
| **dimension_types** | Sequence[Integer], shape = 3x1 | Periodic boundary conditions for a given structure. Because all of our materials are bulk materials for this database it is `[1, 1, 1]`, meaning it is periodic in x, y, and z dimensions. | ✅ |
| **nperiodic_dimensions** | Integer | The number of repeating periodic boundary conditions, because all our structures in this database are bulk structures, they are repeating in x, y, and z dimensions and thus they have `3` periodic dimensions. | ✅ |
| **lattice_vectors** | Sequence[Sequence[Floats]], shape = 3x3 | The matrix of the structures. For example a cubic system with a lattice a=4.5 will have a `[[4.5,0,0],[0,4.5,0],[0,0,4.5]]` lattice vector entry. | ✅ |
| **immutable_id** | String | The material ID associated with the structure from the respective database. Note: OQMD IDs are simply integers, thus we converted them to be “oqmd-YYY” | ✅ |
| **cartesian_site_positions** | Sequence[Sequence[Floats]], shape = Nx3 | In cartesian units (not fractional units) the coordinates of the species. These match the ordering of all site based properties such as `species_at_sites`, `magneitc_moments` and `forces`. For example a material with a single element placed at a fractional coordinate of [0.5, 0.5, 0.5] with a cubic lattice with a=2, will have a cartesian_site_positions of `[1, 1, 1]`. | ✅ |
| **species** | JSON | An optimade field that includes information about the species themselves, such as their mass, their name, their labels, etc. Note: we have not currently filled out the mass portion of the species. Additionally, none of our inputted structures should be solid solution thus the on-site concentration for all our species should be [1]. This is an Optimade field. | ✅ |
| **species_at_sites** | Sequence[String] | An array of the chemical elements belonging to each site, for example a structure with an un-reduced composition of Li2O2 may have an entry of `[”Li”, “Li”, “O”, “O”]` for this field, where each species should match the other site based properties such as `cartesian_site_positions`. | ✅ |
| **last_modified** | Date/time | The date that the entry was last modified from the respective database it was pulled from. Note: we could not find this information in OQMD so we used the date of the latest database release as the input for this field. | ✅ |
| **elements_ratios** | Dictionary | The fractional composition for a given structure in dictionary format. For example a structure with an unreduced composition of Li2O4 would have an entry of `{’Li’:0.3333, ‘O’:0.6667}` | ✅ |
| **stress_tensor** | Sequence[Sequence[Float]], shape = 3x3 | The full 3x3 vector for stress tensor in units of kB. Note: for OQMD stress tensor were given in Voigt notation, and were converted to the full tensor. |  |
| **energy** | Float | The uncorrected energy from VASP in eV. |  |
| **magnetic_moments** | Sequence[Floats] | The magnetic moment per site given in µB. |  |
| **forces** | Sequence[Sequence[Floats]], shape = 3xN | The force per site, in the proper order of the sites based on other site specific fields for each site in the x, y and z directions, given in eV/A. |  |
| **total_magnetization** | Float | The total magnetization of the structure in µB. Note: the sum of the magnetic moments is not always the total magnetization of the structure reported. |  |
| **functional** | String, either ‘pbe’, ‘pbesol’ or ‘scan’ | What functional was used to calculate the data point in the row. |  |
| **cross_compatibility** | Boolean | Whether or not this data can be mixed with other rows from a DFT calculation parameter perspective. More information on our approach below. |  |
| **entalpic_fingerprint** | String | Results of initial version of materials fingerprint function as described in [blogpost]. Code release to come soon| |

## Available subsets

To better support the diverse communities that may utilize this dataset, we are providing the following subsets of our database:

- **Compatible, PBE (default)**: This subset includes rows filtered to ensure cross-compatibility from a DFT perspective. For details on the filtering methodology, see the section below. Only PBE records are included. We designate this as the default subset to prevent accidental training of models on non-compatible data.
- **Compatible, PBESol**: Similar to the Compatible, PBE subset, but includes only PBESol data.
- **Compatible, SCAN**: Similar to the Compatible, PBE subset, but includes only SCAN data.
- **All**: This includes all records formatted as described above. **Disclaimer**: Researchers must carefully evaluate the suitability of individual rows for their specific applications.


| **Database** | **Number of materials** | **Number of structures*** |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Materials Project | 148,453 | 189,403 |
| Alexandria | 4,635,066 | 5,459,260 |
| OQMD | 1,076,926 | 1,076,926 |
| LeMaterial (All) | 5,860,446 | 6,725,590 | 
| LeMaterial (Compatible, PBE) | 5,335,299 | 5,335,299 |
| LeMaterial (Compatible, PBESOL) | 447,824 |  447,824 |
| LeMaterial (Compatible, SCAN) | 422,840 | 422,840 |


***Number of structures**: only includes the output of resulting calculations from either a structure optimization for any available functional. For MP we do not consider all of their structures from the relaxation trajectory for instance, nor from tasks that are not structure optimization. For OQMD we only consider the output of structure relaxation as well, not accounting for any other calculations they performed.

## Method for compatibility compliance

To ensure compatibility of rows from a DFT perspective, we implemented the following compatibility scheme:

- **Pseudopotentials**: Calculations were verified to use consistent pseudopotentials. Notably, most pseudopotentials were aligned between MP and Alexandria, except for vanadium (where Alexandria used V_sv and MP used V_pv) and cesium (where Alexandria used a later version of the generic pseudopotential). For OQMD, this resulted in incompatibilities across records involving the following elements: `Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Ru, Rh, Ce, Eu, Yb`. We note that at the time of this release Materials Project deprecated all Yb containing materials due to the use of a pseudopotential that led to different than expected results. Thus no Yb containing materials from MP are in our database.
- **Hubbard U Parameters**: To ensure uniformity in Hubbard U parameters, we excluded records containing oxygen (O) and any of the following elements: `V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Th, U, Np, Pu, Mo, W`. Similarly, records containing fluorine (F) and any of the following elements: Co, Cr, Fe, Mn, Mo, Ni, V, W were also excluded. This exclusion applied specifically to OQMD, which used different Hubbard U parameters compared to MP and Alexandria. However, records from OQMD containing `O` and `Co` were retained, as their Hubbard U parameter differed by only 0.02 eV.
- **Spin Polarization**: OQMD only considered spin-polarized calculations for structures with d or f electrons. While non-spin-polarized calculations are not inherently incompatible (as they represent higher-energy magnetic phases compared to the ground state), we decided to exclude non-spin-polarized calculations for this release. This led to the removal of structures containing only the following elements: `H, Li, Be, Na, Mg, K, Ca, Rb, Sr, Cs, Ba, Fr, Ra, B, C, N, O, F, Ne, He, Al, Si, P, S, Cl, Ar, Ga, Ge, As, Se, Br, Kr, In, Sn, Sb, Te, I, Xe, Tl, Pb, Bi, Po, At, Rn` from OQMD.
- **Convergence Criteria**: OQMD typically used a larger plane-wave cutoff but a less dense k-point grid. Despite these differences, we did not exclude records based on these parameters, assuming that OQMD, Alexandria, and MP operated within acceptable convergence zones for energy calculations. A similar approach was applied to other VASP parameters, though we welcome feedback on this assumption.
- **Convergence**: Across all databases, we identified numerous records with potentially non-convergent calculations or high-energy configurations, often evidenced by significant atomistic forces. We chose not to exclude these records, as users can filter them easily using the “forces” tag if needed.
- **Energy Above the Hull**: We opted not to filter materials with high energy above the hull, given the current scope of the dataset.

The “all” split does not contain any filtering based on this approach, so all records can be downloaded.

## De-duplication method and our materials fingerprint

For our methods for finding duplicates across databases we creating a hasher function which works the following way:

- We compute bonds using the EconNN algorithm already built in Pymatgen
- We create a structure graph from this, encoding the species in the node
- We hash this graph using Weisfeller-Lehman algorithm
- We add symmetry and composition

Any structure which has a duplicate based on this method is dropped, only keeping the lowest energy structure. We benchmarked this to be robust to small gaussian noise on atomic positions, lattice vectors, and to respect detected symmetries in a structure. In searching for this method we tried to select one of the more sensitive bonding algorithms that would leave to the least amount of duplicates. We plan on releasing more information on this, as well as code to properly benchmark other fingerprint methods soon.

## Check out these helpful spaces to understand the database

| **Phase Diagram** | **Materials Explorer** |
| --- | --- |
| https://huggingface.co/spaces/LeMaterial/phase_diagram | https://huggingface.co/spaces/LeMaterial/materials_explorer |
| **Disclaimer**: the phase diagram uses energy correction scrapped from Materials Project and Alexandria. We found that some Alexandria corrections did not match the latest version of the MP2020 compatibility scheme. OQMD did not have any correction scheme applied. We use the MP2020 compatibility scheme to calculate a correction term for OQMD, but currently this phase diagram uses slightly mixed correction scheme between MP, Alexandria and OQMD. This will be corrected very soon in a future release. For now, we urge the community to take the results from certain systems in the phase diagram with extra caution. |  |

## Stay tuned for future updates

We plan to release very soon:

- Band gap information on all materials, including direct and indirect band gaps.
- Unification of energy corrections (currently a beta version of this is available for the purpose of the phase diagram application, but please see the disclaimer above).
- Bader charges for all Materials Project materials where possible and the addition of charge data from Alexandria and OQMD
- R2SCAN data from Materials Project

In the longer run we plan to release additional datasets including trajectories and surface, adsorbates, and molecules.

And more! Stay tuned.

## **Support**

If you run into any issues regarding feel free to post your questions or comments on any of the following platforms:

- [**HF Discussions**](https://huggingface.co/datasets/LeMaterial/LeMat-Bulk/discussions)
- [**Github Issues**](https://github.com/LeMaterial/lematerial/issues)

## License

This database is licensed by [Apache 2.0](https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0). 

Disclaimer: it is made up of Alexandria materials which are licensed by [Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), Materials Project with [Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) and OQMD also with a [Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).