Wilhelm Vocabulary
==================
[![Vocabulary count - German]][Docker Hub URL]
[![Vocabulary count - Latin]][Docker Hub URL]
[![Vocabulary count - Ancient Greek]][Docker Hub URL]
[![Docker Hub][Docker Pulls Badge]][Docker Hub URL]
[![GitHub workflow status badge][GitHub workflow status badge]][GitHub workflow status URL]
[![Hugging Face sync status badge]][Hugging Face sync status URL]
[![Hugging Face dataset badge]][Hugging Face dataset URL]
[![Apache License Badge]][Apache License, Version 2.0]
- [Wilhelm Vocabulary](#wilhelm-vocabulary)
- [Docker](#docker)
- [Interesting Queries](#interesting-queries)
- [Data Format](#data-format)
- [Encoding Table in YAML](#encoding-table-in-yaml)
- [Data Pipeline](#data-pipeline)
- [How Data (Vocabulary) is Stored in a Graph Database](#how-data-vocabulary-is-stored-in-a-graph-database)
- [Why Graph Database](#why-graph-database)
- [Base Schema](#base-schema)
- [Languages](#languages)
- [German](#german)
- [Pronoun](#pronoun)
- [Noun](#noun)
- [Ancient Greek](#ancient-greek)
- [Diacritic Mark Convention](#diacritic-mark-convention)
- [Pronoun](#pronoun-1)
- [Noun](#noun-1)
- [Adjective Declension](#adjective-declension)
- [Verb Conjugation](#verb-conjugation)
- [Latin](#latin)
- [Classical Hebrew (Coming Soon)](#classical-hebrew-coming-soon)
- [Korean](#korean)
- [License](#license)
__Wilhelm Vocabulary__ is the data that drives the [wilhelmlang.com](https://wilhelmlang.com/).
Docker
------
A Docker image has been made to allow us to explore the vocabulary in Neo4J browser backed by a Neo4J database in
container. To get the image and run the container, simply do:
```console
docker run \
--publish=7474:7474 \
--publish=7687:7687 \
--env=NEO4J_AUTH=none \
--env=NEO4J_ACCEPT_LICENSE_AGREEMENT=yes \
-e NEO4JLABS_PLUGINS=\[\"apoc\"\] \
jack20191124/wilhelm-vocabulary
```
> [!NOTE]
>
> The image is based on Neo4J Enterprise 5.23.0.
- When container starts, access neo4j through browser at http://localhost:7474
- Both __bolt://__ and __neo4j://__ protocols are fine.
- Choose __No authentication__ for _Authentication type_
- Then hit __Connect__ as shown below
We have offered some queries that can be used to quickly explore our language data in the
[next section](#interesting-queries)
### Interesting Queries
- Search for all Synonyms: `MATCH (term:Term)-[r]-(synonym:Term) WHERE r.name = "synonym" RETURN term, r, synonym`
- Finding all [gerunds](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Glossary#gerund):
`MATCH (source)-[link:RELATED]->(target) WHERE link.name = "gerund of" RETURN source, link, target;`
- Expanding a word "nämlich" (reveals its relationship to other languages):
```cypher
MATCH (term:Term{name:'nämlich'})
CALL apoc.path.expand(term, "RELATED|DEFINITION", null, 1, -1)
YIELD path
RETURN path, length(path) AS hops
ORDER BY hops;
```
- In German, "rice" and "travel" are related:
```cypher
MATCH (term:Term{name:'die Reise'})
CALL apoc.path.expand(term, "RELATED|DEFINITION", null, 1, -1)
YIELD path
RETURN path, length(path) AS hops
ORDER BY hops;
```
Data Format
-----------
The data that serves [wilhelmlang.com](https://wilhelmlang.com/). They are written in YAML format, because
1. it is machine-readable so that it can be consumed quickly in data pipelines
2. it is human-readable and, thus, easy to read and modify
3. it supports multi-lines value which is very handy for language data
### Encoding Table in YAML
To encode the inflections which are common in most Indo-European languages, an
[application-specific YAML](https://stackoverflow.com/q/30894438/14312712) that looks like the following are employed
throughout this repository:
```yaml
- term: der Gegenstand
definition:
- object
- thing
declension:
- ["", singular, plural ]
- [nominative, Gegenstand, Gegenstände ]
- [genitive, "Gegenstandes, Gegenstands", Gegenstände ]
- [dative, Gegenstand, Gegenständen]
- [accusative, Gegenstand, Gegenstände ]
```
> [!NOTE]
>
> - A list under `declension` is a table row
> - All rows have the same number of columns
> - Each element of the list corresponds to a table cell
The declension (inflection) table above is equivalent to
singular
plural
nominative
Gegenstand
Gegenstände
genitive
Gegenstandes, Gegenstands
Gegenstände
dative
Gegenstand
Gegenständen
accusative
Gegenstand
Gegenstände
Data Pipeline
-------------
> [!CAUTION]
>
> When the graph database is Neo4J, all constrains relating to the __Term__ node must be using:
>
> ```cypher
> SHOW CONSTRAINTS
> DROP CONSTRAINT constraint_name;
> ```
>
> This is because certain vocabulary has multiple grammatical forms. This vocabulary is spread out as multiple entries.
> These multiple entries, because they have lots of common properties, often triggers constraint violations in Neo4J on
> load
How Data (Vocabulary) is Stored in a Graph Database
---------------------------------------------------
### Why Graph Database
Graph data representation assumes universal connectivity among world entities. This applies pretty well to the realm of
languages. Multilanguage learners have already seen that Indo-European languages are similar in many aspects. The
similarities not only signify the historical facts about Philology but also surface a great opportunity for
multilanguage learners to take advantages of them and study much more efficiently. What's missing is connecting the dots
using Graph Databases that visually presents these vastly enlightening links between the related languages in a natural
way.
### Base Schema
```yaml
vocabulary:
- term: string
definition: list
```
_The meaning of a word is called the `definition`_. A term has a natural relationship to its definition(s). For example,
the German noun "[Ecke](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Ecke#Noun)" has at least 4 definitions:
> [!TIP]
>
> The parenthesized value at the beginning of each `definition` item played an un-ignorable role: it is the label of the
> relationship between `term` and `definition` in graph database loaded by
> [Wilhelm SDK](https://github.com/QubitPi/wilhelm-python-sdk). For example, both German words
>
> ```yaml
> - term: denn
> definition:
> - (adv.) then, thus
> - (conj.) because
> ```
>
> and
>
> ```yaml
> - term: nämlich
> definition:
> - (adj.) same
> - (adv.) namely
> - (adv.) because
> ```
>
> can mean "because" acting as different types. This is visualized as follows:
>
> 
>
> __Visualzing synonyms this way presents a big advantage to human brain__ who is exceedingly good at memorizing
> patterns
Languages
---------
### [German](./german.yaml)
#### Pronoun
The declension table of a pronoun follows:
```yaml
declension:
- ["", masclune, feminine, neuter, plural]
- [nominative, ████████, ████████, ██████, ██████]
- [genitive, ████████, ████████, ██████, ██████]
- [dative, ████████, ████████, ██████, ██████]
- [accusative, ████████, ████████, ██████, ██████]
```
#### Noun
`term` with a _definite article_ of `der`/`die`/`das` signifies a __noun__ which has a declension table template of the
following form:
```yaml
declension:
- ["", singular, plural]
- [nominative, ████████, ██████]
- [genitive, ████████, ██████]
- [dative, ████████, ██████]
- [accusative, ████████, ██████]
```
For example:
```yaml
- term: das Getränk
definition: the drink
declension:
- ["", singular, plural ]
- [nominative, Getränk, Getränke ]
- [genitive, Getränkes, Getränks, Getränke ]
- [dative, Getränk, Getränken]
- [accusative, Getränk, Getränke ]
```
> [!TIP]
>
> __The declension tables for all nouns are sourced from
> [Wiktionary](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Kaufmann#Declension)__
> [!CAUTION]
>
> [Adjectival nouns](https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/German/Grammar/Nouns/Adjectival_Nouns), however, do NOT follow the
> template above.
### [Ancient Greek](./ancient-greek.yaml)
Unless otherwise mentioned, we are always talking about _Attic_ Greek.
> [!NOTE]
>
> Ancient Greek vocabulary come from the following sources
>
> - [Greek Core Vocabulary of Dickinson College](https://dcc.dickinson.edu/greek-core-list)
> - Aristotle - Logic I: Categories, On Interpretation, Prior Analytics
#### Diacritic Mark Convention
We employ the following 3 diacritic signs only in vocabulary:
1. the __acute__ (ά)
2. the __circumflex__ (ᾶ), and
3. the __grave__ (ὰ)
In fact, it is called the [_medium diacritics_](https://lsj.gr/wiki/ἀγαθός) and the same convention used in
[Loeb Classical Library prints](https://ryanfb.xyz/loebolus/) from Harvard. Notice that, however, the commonly sourced
[Wiktionary uses full diacritics](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ἀγαθός#Declension), including the
[breve diacritic mark](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breve); we don't do that.
#### Pronoun
The source of pronouns and their declensions are the following
- [Greek Core Vocabulary of Dickinson College](https://dcc.dickinson.edu/greek-core-list)
- [Ancient Greek for Everyone, Pronouns: Part I](https://pressbooks.pub/ancientgreek/chapter/11/)
- [Ancient Greek for Everyone, Pronouns: Part II](https://pressbooks.pub/ancientgreek/chapter/12/)
- [Ancient Greek for Everyone, Pronouns: Part III](https://pressbooks.pub/ancientgreek/chapter/25/)
- [Ancient Greek for Everyone, Pronouns: Part IV](https://pressbooks.pub/ancientgreek/chapter/26/)
- Wiktionary
- [Greek: An Intensive Course, 2nd Revised Edition](https://pdfcoffee.com/4-hansen-hardy-quinn-gerald-m-greek-an-intensive-course-5-pdf-free.html)
- Unit 6, Section 49. The Relative Pronoun
> [!TIP]
>
> More grammar about pronouns can be found in these great articles from _Ancient Greek for Everyone_ above
The declension table of a pronoun follows:
```yaml
declension:
- ["", singular, plural]
- [nominative, ████████, ██████]
- [genitive, ████████, ██████]
- [dative, ████████, ██████]
- [accusative, ████████, ██████]
- [vocative, N/A, N/A ]
```
#### Noun
The vocabulary entry for each noun consists of its nominative and genitive forms, an article which indicates the noun's
gender all in its `term` attribute. The English meaning(s) come as a list under `definition` attribute. For example.
```yaml
- term: τέχνη τέχνης, ἡ
definition:
- art,
- skill,
- craft
declension class: 1st
```
the vocabulary entry above consists of the following 5 items:
1. τέχνη: nominative singular
2. τέχνης: genitive singular
3. ἡ: nominative feminine singular of the article, which shows that the gender of the noun is feminine. Gender will be
indicated by the appropriate form of the definite article "the":
- ὁ for the masculine nouns
- ἡ for the feminine nouns
- τό for the neutor nouns
4. a list of English meanings of the word
5. the noun employs the first declension. The 3 classes of declensions are
1. first declension (`1st`)
2. second declension (`2nd`)
3. third declension (`3rd`)
The declension of the entry is not shown because to decline any noun, we can take the genitive singular, remove the
genitive singular ending to get the stem, and then add the proper set of endings to the stem based on its declension
class[^2].
[^2]: _[Greek: An Intensive Course, 2nd Revised Edition](https://www.amazon.com/Greek-Intensive-Course-2nd-Revised/dp/0823216632)_, Hansen & Quinn, _p.20_
For example, to decline _τέχνη τέχνης, ἡ, art_, take the genitive singular _τέχνης_, remove the genitive singular ending
_-ης_, and add the appropriate endings to the stem which gives following paradigm:
| Case | Singular | Plural |
|:----------:|:--------:|:-------:|
| nominative | τέχνη | τέχναι |
| genitive | τέχνης | τεχνῶν |
| dative | τέχνῃ | τέχναις |
| accusative | τέχνην | τέχνᾱς |
| vocative | τέχνη | τέχναι |
#### Adjective Declension
Declension template:
```yaml
declension:
- ["", singular, singular, singular, dual, dual, dual plural, plural, plural]
- ["", masculine, feminine, neuter, masculine, feminine, neuter, masculine, feminine, neuter]
- [nominative, █████████, ████████, ████████, █████████, ████████, ██████, █████████, ████████, ██████]
- [genitive, █████████, ████████, ████████, █████████, ████████, ██████, █████████, ████████, ██████]
- [dative, █████████, ████████, ████████, █████████, ████████, ██████, █████████, ████████, ██████]
- [accusative, █████████, ████████, ████████, █████████, ████████, ██████, █████████, ████████, ██████]
- [vocative, █████████, ████████, ████████, █████████, ████████, ██████, █████████, ████████, ██████]
```
#### Verb Conjugation
The Greek verb has __6__ principal parts. All 6 must be learned whenever a new verb is encountered:
1. (first person singular) present indicative active
2. (first person singular) future indicative active
3. (first person singular) aorist indicative active
4. (first person singular) perfect indicative active
5. (first person singular) perfect indicative passive
6. (first person singular) aorist indicative passive
> [!TIP]
>
> The minimum number of forms which one must know in order to generate all possible forms of a verb are called the
> __principal parts__ of that verb.
From the 6 forms above, various verb forms (i.e. stems & endings) can be derived by rules[^4]
[^4]: _[Greek: An Intensive Course, 2nd Revised Edition](https://www.amazon.com/Greek-Intensive-Course-2nd-Revised/dp/0823216632)_, Hansen & Quinn, _p.44_
In practice, however,
[obtaining precise and complete principal parts for some verbs has been proven to be impossible](https://latin.stackexchange.com/a/17432).
While the best efforts have been made for reconstructing the complete principal parts, we also put a link to the
Wiktionary of each verb for
[wilhelm-python-sdk](https://sdk.wilhelmlang.com/en/latest/#module-wilhelm_python_sdk.ancient_greek_wiktionary_parser),
which will dynamically load the complete conjugation tables into graph database.
What's also being loaded are the reconstructed principal parts with a list of references that validate the
reconstruction.
In conclusion, the entry of a verb, thus, has the form of:
```yaml
- term: string
definition: list
conjugation:
wiktionary: string
principal parts:
- ["", Attic, (Possibly other dialects)]
- [(first person singular) present indicative active, █████, ... ]
- [(first person singular) future indicative active, █████, ... ]
- [(first person singular) aorist indicative active, █████, ... ]
- [(first person singular) perfect indicative active, █████, ... ]
- [(first person singular) perfect indicative passive, █████, ... ]
- [(first person singular) aorist indicative passive, █████, ... ]
references: list
```
For example:
```yaml
- term: λέγω
definition:
- to say, speak
- to pick up
conjugation:
wiktionary: https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/λέγω#Verb_2
principal parts:
- ["", Attic , Koine ]
- [(first person singular) present indicative active, λέγω , λέγω ]
- [(first person singular) future indicative active, λέξω , ἐρῶ ]
- [(first person singular) aorist indicative active, ἔλεξα , εἶπον/εἶπα ]
- [(first person singular) perfect indicative active, (missing), εἴρηκα ]
- [(first person singular) perfect indicative passive, λέλεγμαι , λέλεγμαι ]
- [(first person singular) aorist indicative passive, ἐλέχθην , ἐρρέθην/ἐρρήθην]
references:
- https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/λέγω#Inflection
- http://atticgreek.org/downloads/allPPbytypes.pdf
- https://books.openbookpublishers.com/10.11647/obp.0264/ch25.xhtml
- https://www.billmounce.com/greek-dictionary/lego
- https://koine-greek.fandom.com/wiki/Λέγω
```
### [Latin](./latin.yaml)
> [!NOTE]
> The vocabulary and declensions come from the following sources
>
> - [Latin Core Vocabulary of Dickinson College](https://dcc.dickinson.edu/latin-core-list1)
> - Wiktionary
```yaml
vocabulary:
- term: string
definition: list
```
### Classical Hebrew (Coming Soon)
The vocabulary is presented to help read and understand [Biblical Hebrew](https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt00.htm#mp3). A
[complementary audio](https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/ptmp3prq.htm) helps well with the pronunciation.
### [Korean](./korean.yaml)
中国人学习韩语有先天优势，加之韩语本身也是一门相当简单的语言，所以这里将语法和词汇合并在一起；
每一项也只由 `term`（韩）和 `definition`（中）组成，
```yaml
vocabulary:
- term: string
definition: list of strings
example:
- Korean: 제가 아무렴 그쪽 편에 서겠어요
Chinese: 我无论如何都会站在你这边
- Korean: ...
Chinese: ...
```
不用费太多功夫记牢简单的语法和词汇，剩下的就是拿韩语字幕剧不停练习听说读写既成。`example` 中的例句均来自[韩国本土语料](https://www.amazon.com/Korean-book-%EB%82%98%EC%9D%98-%EC%95%84%EC%A0%80%EC%94%A8-%EC%A0%842%EA%B6%8C/dp/8933871756)
> [!NOTE]
>
> 韩语不属于汉藏语系，因其所属语系非常狭小，无法和其它语言产生足够关联，因此其数据暂时不被存入图数据库进行数据分析
License
-------
The use and distribution terms for [wilhelm-vocabulary]() are covered by the [Apache License, Version 2.0].
[Apache License Badge]: https://img.shields.io/badge/Apache%202.0-F25910.svg?style=for-the-badge&logo=Apache&logoColor=white
[Apache License, Version 2.0]: https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
[Docker Pulls Badge]: https://img.shields.io/docker/pulls/jack20191124/wilhelm-vocabulary?style=for-the-badge&logo=docker&color=2596EC
[Docker Hub URL]: https://hub.docker.com/r/jack20191124/wilhelm-vocabulary
[Hugging Face dataset badge]: https://img.shields.io/badge/Hugging%20Face%20Dataset-wilhelm--vocabulary-FFD21E?style=for-the-badge&logo=huggingface&logoColor=white
[Hugging Face dataset URL]: https://huggingface.co/datasets/QubitPi/wilhelm-vocabulary
[Hugging Face sync status badge]: https://img.shields.io/github/actions/workflow/status/QubitPi/wilhelm-vocabulary/ci-cd.yaml?branch=master&style=for-the-badge&logo=github&logoColor=white&label=Hugging%20Face%20Sync%20Up
[Hugging Face sync status URL]: https://github.com/QubitPi/wilhelm-vocabulary/actions/workflows/ci-cd.yaml
[GitHub workflow status badge]: https://img.shields.io/github/actions/workflow/status/QubitPi/wilhelm-vocabulary/ci-cd.yaml?branch=master&style=for-the-badge&logo=github&logoColor=white&label=Database%20Loading
[GitHub workflow status URL]: https://github.com/QubitPi/wilhelm-vocabulary/actions/workflows/ci-cd.yaml
[Vocabulary count - German]: https://img.shields.io/badge/dynamic/json?url=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.paion-data.dev%2Fwilhelm%2Flanguages%2Fgerman%2Fcount&query=%24%5B0%5D.count&suffix=%20Words&style=for-the-badge&logo=neo4j&logoColor=white&label=German&color=4581C3
[Vocabulary count - Latin]: https://img.shields.io/badge/dynamic/json?url=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.paion-data.dev%2Fwilhelm%2Flanguages%2Flatin%2Fcount&query=%24%5B0%5D.count&suffix=%20Words&style=for-the-badge&logo=neo4j&logoColor=white&label=Latin&color=4581C3
[Vocabulary count - Ancient Greek]: https://img.shields.io/badge/dynamic/json?url=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.paion-data.dev%2Fwilhelm%2Flanguages%2FancientGreek%2Fcount&query=%24%5B0%5D.count&suffix=%20Words&style=for-the-badge&logo=neo4j&logoColor=white&label=Ancient%20Greek&color=4581C3