{"text": "Autism and the Recovery Act\nService in the Field: National Health Service Corps (NHSC)\nThe NHSC is a network of primary health care professionals working in underserved communities across the country. To support their service, the Recovery Act allocated funding to the NHSC to provide more than 4,000 clinicians with financial support in the form of loan repayment.\nOne NHSC loan repayor receiving Recovery Act funds has become involved in treatment/support of ASD patients. Andrea Kinlen, Ph.D., a licensed clinical psychologist working in McPherson, Kansas, is working with patients and families to provide testing and therapy services for ASD patients. As Dr. Kinlen continued to spend time with patients, learning about their struggles and telling them they weren’t alone, an idea for a local support group emerged. Encouraged by the support of her supervisor and funding provided by a partial community grant, Dr. Kinlen engaged the families she counseled, other clinics, and local schools. As families came together, they were able to share stories and discuss challenges. Although the ages of the children and levels of severity vary, members of the group have found much common ground.\nAutism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a group of complex neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by social impairments; communication difficulties; and restricted, repetitive, and stereotyped patterns of behavior. These characteristics can range in impact from mild to significantly disabling. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimates that an average of 1 in 110 children in the United States has ASD. Symptoms usually begin to appear before age three and can cause delays or problems that continue through adulthood. Early detection of ASD and intervention can greatly increase a child’s ability to learn new skills and improve overall quality of life.\nThe cost of ASD to affected people, their families, and society is enormous. Children with ASD have a wide range of healthcare and services needs, and their families typically lose income, often as a result of one parent leaving the workforce in order to care for and meet his or her child’s special health and educational needs. A great majority of adults with ASD struggle with ongoing and mostly unmet needs for employment, housing, services, and supports. Lifetime costs to care for an individual with ASD have been estimated to be $3.2 million. \nWith funding from the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (Recovery Act), the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services has been able to accelerate work in promising areas of ASD research.*\nNational Institutes of Health (NIH)\nNIH invested $122 million in Recovery Act funds for groundbreaking research on ASD that otherwise would not have been possible, in areas such as screening, early detection, potential interventions and therapeutics, and in revealing the precise causes and mechanisms underlying this disorder (which are still largely unknown). Research area highlights include:\n- Aiding Diagnosis: A two-site study at the University of Michigan-Ann Arbor and the Cincinnati Children’s Hospital is adapting the interview tool that is the current gold standard for diagnosing ASD into a brief parent interview that can be done over the telephone. This new tool may help reduce screening costs, which could mean that more children are able to be screened, and that screening could occur earlier in a child’s life, leading to starting treatments sooner for the child. Additionally, reduced costs would help researchers to quickly identify potential participants for ASD studies. As part of the research process, study investigators performed free ASD screenings in Ohio and Michigan to test their changes to the interview tool. These screenings have reached children from many families for whom a screening might otherwise have been too costly to afford. Read more.\n- Addressing Disparities: Investigators at Florida State University are exploring the significant racial and ethnic minority disparities that exist in the early diagnosis of ASD, often delaying minority access to beneficial early interventions and services. The results of this research will lead to culturally sensitive screening and evaluation methods that may decrease the age at which all children with ASD are diagnosed. Read more.\n- Possible Causes: Although the exact causes of ASD are still unknown, research suggests an interaction between environmental factors and genetic predisposition. A number of Recovery Act-funded studies are using advanced DNA sequencing technology that allows for quick study of many genes at a time, while others are focusing on a variety of other potential causes. For example, one study at the University of California-Davis is exploring the role of infection during pregnancy on raising the risk of ASD in a mouse model. Research suggests that a mother’s immune response to infection may affect levels of immune molecules in the fetal brain, impacting brain development and possibly contributing to ASD. Read more.\n- Improving Interactions: Most children with ASD seem to have no reaction to other people or may respond atypically to others’ emotions. Such behavior can isolate children with ASD from their peers. NIH awarded a Challenge grant to support the development and testing of a new computer-assisted program at the University of California, San Diego to train children with ASD how to respond to others’ facial expressions (for example, widening one’s eyes, wrinkling one’s nose, etc.), and how to produce facial expressions conveying particular emotions to others. Read more.\n- Potential Therapeutics: In another study, researchers at the Mount Sinai School of Medicine will determine whether a certain hormone improves social cognition in adults with ASD—a potentially new treatment for social impairment linked to ASD. There has been little headway in the development of pharmacological treatments for social impairment, and it is widely acknowledged that such treatments are needed as an alternative or addition to behavioral interventions. Read more.\n- Skill Development: Employment can provide greater independence to people with ASD, but symptoms of the disorder often pose major social and communication barriers. In response to this issue, researchers at Do2Learn.com developed the free JobTIPS website. JobTIPS presents job-seeking resources to youth with ASD, and also provides detailed explanations of how to behave in specific situations, such as what to say and not say to a potential employer, and how to disclose their diagnosis. Two autism research centers at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and Emory University, Atlanta, will help evaluate the effectiveness of JobTIPS in helping teens and young adults with ASD to learn new job-related skills and apply them in real world situations. Read more.\nRead more about NIH’s Recovery Act-funded investments in ASD and learn how these investments are moving science forward sooner than anticipated in addressing some of the most significant challenges to understanding and treating ASD.\nAgency for Healthcare Research & Quality (AHRQ)\nAHRQ is using $1.4 million in Recovery Act funding for research that seeks to provide patients, clinicians, and others with evidence-based information to make informed decisions about health care—including research on ASD intervention strategies:\n- Communicating ASD Treatments: There is no cure and no consensus regarding which intervention strategy is most effective for treating ASD. Given the complexity of ASD and associated therapies, it is clear that teachers, clinicians, and families need guidance in selecting appropriate treatments. AHRQ-funded research is developing, implementing, and evaluating strategies for disseminating information online about treatments for autism and ASD to over 16,000 individuals in important clinician, parent and teacher audiences. This novel approach will accelerate the translation of new scientific evidence on ASD therapeutics into practice and decision-making in families, the education system, the health care system, and public policy. Read more.\n Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Prevalence of autism spectrum disorders - Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, United States, 2006. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR) Surveillance Summaries. December 2009;58(10):1-20.\n Montes G, Halterman JS. Association of childhood autism spectrum disorders and loss of family income. Pediatrics. April 2008;121(4):e821-6.\n Ganz ML. The lifetime distribution of the incremental societal costs of autism. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine. April 2007;161(4):343–9.\n*Projects cited in this report are examples of Recovery Act funding being applied to autism, not a comprehensive listing of Recovery Act-funded projects.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2013-20", "url": "http://www.hhs.gov/recovery/programs/autismandrecovery.html", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368698207393/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516095647-00002-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9478216767, "token_count": 1700, "score": 2.890625, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "An t-aitseachas agus an tAcht um Athshlánú\nSeirbhís sa Chéim: An Chór Seirbhíse Sláinte Náisiúnta (NHSC)\nIs líonra de ghairmithe cúraim sláinte bunscoile atá ag obair i bpobail faoi sheirbhís ar fud na tíre é an NHSC. Chun tacú lena seirbhís, d'eagraigh an tAcht um Athshlánú maoiniú don NHSC chun tacaíocht airgeadais a sholáthar do níos mó ná 4,000 cliceach i bhfoirm aisíocaíochta iasachta.\nTá duine amháin a íocann aisíocaíocht iasachta NHSC a fhaigheann cistí an Achta um Athshlánú bainteach le cóireáil/tacaíocht d'othair ASD. Tá Andrea Kinlen, Ph.D., síceolaí cliniciúil ceadúnaithe ag obair i McPherson, Kansas, ag obair le hothair agus teaghlaigh chun seirbhísí tástála agus teiripe a sholáthar do othair ASD. De réir mar a lean an Dr. Kinlen ag caitheamh ama le hothair, ag foghlaim faoina gcuid streachailtí agus ag insint dóibh nach raibh siad ina n-aonar, tháinig smaoineamh ar ghrúpa tacaíochta áitiúil. Arna spreagadh ag tacaíocht a mhaoirseora agus maoiniú a sholáthraíodh le deontas páirteach pobail, chuir an Dr. Kinlen na teaghlaigh a chomhairliú sí, clinicí eile, agus scoileanna áitiúla i mbun oibre. De réir mar a tháinig teaghlaigh le chéile, bhí siad in ann scéalta a roinnt agus dúshláin a phlé. Cé go bhfuil éagsúlacht ann i aois na leanaí agus i leibhéil na déine, tá go leor a bhfuil a lán comhthéacs ag baill an ghrúpa.\nIs grúpa neamhoird choimpléasta neurodegenerative é neamhoird speictrim autaisme (ASD) a bhfuil saintréithe aige le lagú sóisialta; deacrachtaí cumarsáide; agus patrúin iompair srianta, athdhéanta agus steiriotíopaí. Is féidir leis na tréithe seo dul ó thorthaí éadrom go suntasacha a bheith ina gcumas. Measann na Lárionaid um Rialú agus Cosc ar Ghalair go bhfuil ASD ag 1 leanbh as gach 110 sa Mheiriceá. De ghnáth tosaíonn na hairíonna ag teacht chun cinn roimh thrí bliana d'aois agus d'fhéadfadh go mbeadh moill nó fadhbanna ann a leanann ar aghaidh go dtí an fásta. Is féidir le braithleacht agus idirghabháil luath ASD cumas leanbh scileanna nua a fhoghlaim agus cáilíocht iomlán a shaol a fheabhsú go mór.\nTá costas mór ag ASD ar dhaoine a bhfuil tionchar aige orthu, ar a dteaghlaigh, agus ar an tsochaí. Tá réimse leathan riachtanais cúraim sláinte agus seirbhísí ag leanaí le ASD, agus is gnách go gcailltear ioncam ag a dteaghlaigh, go minic mar thoradh ar thuismitheoir amháin a fhágann an lucht saothair chun aire a thabhairt do riachtanais speisialta sláinte agus oideachais a linbh nó a cuid a shásamh agus a chomhlíonadh. Tá tromlach mór na ndaoine fásta le ASD ag streachailt le riachtanais leanúnacha agus go príomha gan chomhlíonadh maidir le fostaíocht, tithíocht, seirbhísí agus tacaíochtaí. Meastar go bhfuil costas $3.2 milliún ar feadh an tsaoil chun aire a thabhairt do dhuine le ASD.\nLe maoiniú ón Acht um Athshlánú agus Athinfheistíocht Mheiriceá (Acht Athshlánúcháin), tá an Roinn Sláinte agus Seirbhísí Daonna na Stát Aontaithe in ann obair a luathachadh i réimsí dóchúla taighde ASD. *\nInstitiúidí Náisiúnta Sláinte (NIH)\nChuir an NIH $122 milliún i gcistí an Achta um Athshlánú chun taighde ceannródaíoch a dhéanamh ar ASD nach mbeadh indéanta dá mba rud é, i réimsí amhail scagadh, braith amach go luath, idirghabhálacha féideartha agus teiripe, agus chun na cúiseanna agus na meicníochtaí beacht atá bunosubstainte don neamhoird seo a nochtadh (nach bhfuil ar eolas go mór fós). I measc na bpríomhchúrsaí taighde tá:\n- Aithint Cúnta: Tá staidéar dhá shuíomh in Ollscoil Michigan-Ann Arbor agus in Ospidéal Leanaí Cincinnati ag oiriúnú an uirlis agallaimh is é an caighdeán óir reatha chun ASD a dhiagnóisiú ina agallamh gairid le tuismitheoirí is féidir a dhéanamh ar an teileafón. D'fhéadfadh an uirlis nua seo cabhrú le costais scagthástála a laghdú, rud a d'fhéadfadh a chiallaíonn go bhféadfaí níos mó páistí a scagthástáil, agus go bhféadfadh scagthástáil a bheith ann níos luaithe i saol an linbh, rud a d'fhéadfadh tús a chur le cóireálacha níos luaithe don leanbh. Ina theannta sin, d'fhéadfadh costais laghdaithe cuidiú le taighdeoirí rannpháirtithe féideartha a aithint go tapa le haghaidh staidéir ASD. Mar chuid den phróiseas taighde, rinne imscrúdaitheoirí staidéir scagthástálacha saor in aisce ASD in Ohio agus Michigan chun a gcuid athruithe ar an uirlis agallaimh a thástáil. Tá na scagthástálacha seo tar éis teacht ar leanaí ó go leor teaghlaigh a d'fhéadfadh scagthástáil a bheith ró-chostasach dá mba rud é. Léigh tuilleadh.\n- Díospóireachtaí a Dhíriú: Tá imscrúdaitheoirí in Ollscoil Stáit Florida ag iniúchadh na difríochtaí suntasacha a bhaineann le mionlaigh chineasacha agus eitneacha a bhíonn ann i dtráth diagnóis luath ASD, rud a chuireann moill go minic ar rochtain mhionlaigh ar idirghabhálacha agus seirbhísí luath tairbheacha. Beidh torthaí an taighde seo mar thoradh ar mhodhanna scagthástála agus meastóireachta atá íogair ó thaobh cultúir de a d'fhéadfadh an aois a laghdaítear ag a ndéantar diagnóis le gach leanbh le ASD a laghdú. Léigh tuilleadh.\n- Cúiseanna féideartha: Cé nach bhfuil na cúiseanna beacht le ASD ar eolas go fóill, léiríonn taighde go bhfuil idirghníomhú idir fachtóirí comhshaoil agus claonadh géiniteach. Tá roinnt staidéir a mhaoinítear le hAcht na hAisghabhála ag baint úsáide as teicneolaíocht shíneála DNA chun cinn a cheadaíonn staidéar tapa ar go leor géiní ag an am, agus tá daoine eile ag díriú ar chúiseanna féideartha éagsúla eile. Mar shampla, tá staidéar amháin ag Ollscoil California-Davis ag iniúchadh an ról a bhíonn ag ionfhabhtú le linn toirchis maidir le riosca ASD a ardú i múnla luch. Tugann taighde le fios go bhféadfadh freagairt imdhíonachta na máthar ar ionfhabhtú tionchar a bheith aige ar leibhéil mhóilíní imdhíonachta i mbraon an fhéata, ag dul i bhfeidhm ar fhorbairt na hinchinne agus ag cur le ASD b'fhéidir. Léigh tuilleadh.\n- Feabhas a chur ar Idirghníomhaíochtaí: Is cosúil nach bhfuil aon imoibriú ag an gcuid is mó de na páistí le ASD ar dhaoine eile nó d'fhéadfadh siad freagairt go neamhghnách ar mhothúcháin daoine eile. Is féidir le hiompar den sórt sin leanaí le ASD a leithéid a dhéanamh dá gcairde. Thug an NIH deontas Déantúsaíochta chun tacú le forbairt agus tástáil clár nua ríomhaire-chabhrach in Ollscoil California, San Diego chun leanaí le ASD a oiliúint ar conas freagairt do dhaoine eile mothúcháin aghaidh (mar shampla, a shúile a leathnú, srón a chrócaireacht, etc. ), agus conas a léiriú a dhéanamh ar a ngnéithe facial a thugann mothúcháin ar leith do dhaoine eile. Léigh tuilleadh.\n- Teiripeachtas féideartha: I staidéar eile, cinnfidh taighdeoirí ó Scoil Leighis Mount Sinai an bhfeabhsaíonn hormón áirithe cognition sóisialta i ndaoine fásta le ASD - cóireáil nua féideartha le haghaidh lagú sóisialta a bhaineann le ASD. Ní raibh mórán dul chun cinn déanta i bhforbairt cóireálacha cógaisíochta le haghaidh lagú sóisialta, agus aithnítear go forleathan go bhfuil gá le cóireálacha den sórt sin mar mhalairt nó mar bhreis ar idirghabhálacha iompraíochta. Léigh tuilleadh.\n- Forbairt scileanna: Is féidir le fostaíocht neamhspleáchas níos mó a sholáthar do dhaoine le ASD, ach is minic a bhíonn constaicí móra sóisialta agus cumarsáide mar thoradh ar chomharthaí an neamhoird. Mar fhreagra ar an gceist seo, d'fhorbair taighdeoirí ag Do2Learn.com an suíomh Gréasáin saor in aisce JobTIPS. Cuireann JobTIPS acmhainní chun post a lorg ar fáil do dhaoine óga le ASD, agus soláthraíonn sé míniú mionsonraithe freisin ar conas iad féin a iompar i gcásanna sonracha, amhail cad atá le rá agus nach bhfuil le rá le fostóir ionchasach, agus conas a dtuigtear a diagnóis. Cuideoidh dhá ionad taighde ar uathachas in Ollscoil Carolina Thuaidh ag Chapel Hill agus in Ollscoil Emory, Atlanta, le héifeachtúlacht JobTIPS a mheas chun cabhrú le déagóirí agus le daoine fásta óga le ASD scileanna nua a bhaineann le post a fhoghlaim agus iad a chur i bhfeidhm i gcásanna fíor-domhanda. Léigh tuilleadh.\nLéigh tuilleadh faoi infheistíochtaí NIH a mhaoinítear le hAcht na hArd-Aiscí i ASD agus foghlaim conas a chuireann na hinfheistíochtaí seo an eolaíocht chun cinn níos luaithe ná mar a bhíothas ag súil leo chun aghaidh a thabhairt ar chuid de na dúshláin is suntasaí chun ASD a thuiscint agus a chóireáil.\nGníomhaireacht um Thaighde agus Cáilíocht Sláinte (AHRQ)\nTá AHRQ ag úsáid $1.4 milliún ó mhaoiniú an Achta Athshlánaithe le haghaidh taighde a chuireann faisnéis fhianaise-bhunaithe ar fáil do othair, do chliniceoirí, agus do dhaoine eile chun cinntí eolasacha a dhéanamh faoi chúram sláinte lena n-áirítear taighde ar straitéisí idirghabhála ASD:\n- Cóireálacha ASD a chur in iúl: Níl aon leigheas ann agus níl aon chomhthoil maidir leis an straitéis idirghabhála is éifeachtaí chun ASD a chóireáil. Ós rud é go bhfuil an ASD agus na teiripeanna gaolmhara casta, is léir go dteastaíonn treoir ó mhúinteoirí, ó chliniceoirí, agus ó theaghlaigh chun cóireálacha oiriúnacha a roghnú. Tá taighde arna mhaoiniú ag AHRQ ag forbairt, ag cur i bhfeidhm, agus ag meastóireacht straitéisí chun faisnéis a scaipeadh ar líne faoi chóireálacha le haghaidh autism agus ASD do níos mó ná 16,000 duine i lucht féachana cliniceach, tuismitheoirí agus múinteoirí tábhachtacha. Cuirfidh an cur chuige nua seo luas ar aistriú fianaise eolaíoch nua ar theiripeach ASD go cleachtas agus go cinnteoireacht i dteaghlaigh, i gcóras oideachais, i gcóras cúraim sláinte agus i mbeartas poiblí. Léigh tuilleadh.\nNa hIonaid um Rialú agus Cosc ar Ghalair. Prevalence of autism spectrum disorders - Líonra Monatóireachta Aistíce agus Míchumas Forbartha, Stáit Aontaithe Mheiriceá, 2006. Gearrthóga Faireachais na Tuarascála Seachtaine um Mórlathas agus Mórlathas (MMWR). Nollaig 2009;58(10):1-20.\nMontes G, Halterman JS. Comhlachas neamhoird speictrim autism óige agus caillteanas ioncaim teaghlaigh. Pediatrics. Aibreán 2008;121(4):e821-6.\nGanz ML. An dáileadh ar feadh an tsaoil ar chostais shóisialta mhéadaithe an uathachais. Cláir na Leighis Leanaí agus Óige. Aibreán 2007;161\n*Is samplaí iad na tionscadail a luaitear sa tuarascáil seo de mhaoiniú an Achta um Athshlánú a úsáidtear le haghaidh aistí, ní liosta cuimsitheach de thionscadail a mhaoinítear le hAcht um Athshlánú."} {"text": "The proper disposal of e-waste products is becoming more and more critical. Not only is it essential for the protection of the environment, but as the rates of identity theft grow, it is becoming ever more vital to ensure that sensitive data is protected from those who might seek to use it for illegal purposes.\nEnvironmentally, many people do not understand the damage which is done by poor e-waste disposal. Many Western countries ship their recycled goods to less economically developed areas. There, the people strip items for their reusable parts, such as the copper or other metal components with resale value. The remaining parts are left to disintegrate. In China, the city of Guiyu was once known for its rice farming. Now, however, it is a major hub of the e-waste industry and the pollution generated has not only made the ground incapable of supporting crops, but it has also poisoned the supply of drinking water. According to statistics, up to 88% of children suffer from lead poisoning as a consequence of this work, where circuit boards are ‘cooked’ to remove electrical chips and solder, wires and plastics are burnt to get to the inner metal parts and corrosive acid baths are established alongside the riverbank to help the extraction of gold from the microchips or to clear out printer toners.\nHowever, the consequences also come much closer to home. There is a growing market for criminal organizations who can ‘comb’ the electronic waste for hard drives and other data sources, looking for stores of personal data which can be used to commit identity fraud. These groups are targeting the waste exported from the UK and America, according to research. When this data can include online banking details, credit card information from online shopping accounts, or social networking information regarding personal details of one’s life and activities, there are several openings from which criminals might be able to exploit an innocent person’s data for their purposes. The level of personal information stored on the average computer is incredibly high: in the wrong hands, it can be used to cause severe damage. Safe destruction of e-waste is therefore crucial. If you are seeking e-waste recycling services in Irvine, be sure to contact a professional e-waste company!", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-05", "url": "https://www.wcrecycler.com/blog/identity-theft-is-up-more-reason-to-properly-dispose-of-e-waste", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250606975.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20200122101729-20200122130729-00354.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9598868489, "token_count": 458, "score": 2.546875, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Tá sé ag éirí níos ríthábhachtach táirgí e-dhramhaíl a dhiúscairt i gceart. Ní hamháin go bhfuil sé ríthábhachtach chun an comhshaol a chosaint, ach de réir mar a mhéadaíonn rátaí na ghoid aitheantais, tá sé ag éirí níos ríthábhachtach a chinntiú go bhfuil sonraí íogaire cosanta ó dhaoine a d'fhéadfadh a bheith ag iarraidh iad a úsáid chun críocha mídhleathacha.\nGo comhshaoil, ní thuigeann go leor daoine an damáiste a dhéantar le droch-dhíothú e-dhramhaíl. Seolann go leor tíortha san Iarthar a gcuid earraí athchúrsáilte chuig limistéir nach bhfuil an-fhorbartha go heacnamaíoch. Anseo, déanann na daoine earraí a bhaint as a gcuid codanna in-úsáidte, mar shampla na codanna copair nó miotail eile a bhfuil luach athdhíola acu. Fágtar na codanna atá fágtha chun dí-iompórtáil. Bhí cáil ar chathair Guiyu sa tSín uair amháin as a fheirmeoireacht ríse. Anois, áfach, is príomh-ionad é do thionscal an e-dhramhaíl agus ní amháin go bhfuil an truailliú a ghintear ag déanamh an talamh neamh-incháilithe chun cothú a dhéanamh, ach tá sé tar éis soláthar uisce óil a phéinteáil freisin. De réir staitisticí, bíonn suas le 88% de leanaí ag fulaingt ó thimptheacht luaidhe mar thoradh ar an obair seo, áit a ndéantar boird chiorcaid a \"cócaireacht\" chun sceallóga leictreacha agus solder a bhaint, déantar sreangacha agus plaisteach a dhó chun na codanna miotail inmheánacha a fháil agus bunaítear folctha aigéid creimteacha in aice leis an abhainn chun cuidiú le hearraí a bhaint as na micreaclaí nó chun toners printéir a ghlanadh.\nAch, tá na hiarmhairtí i bhfad níos gaire don bhaile freisin. Tá margadh ag fás do eagraíochtaí coiriúla ar féidir leo \"scrú\" a dhéanamh ar dhramhaíl leictreonach le haghaidh dioscaí crua agus foinsí sonraí eile, ag lorg stóranna sonraí pearsanta ar féidir iad a úsáid chun calaois aitheantais a dhéanamh. Tá na grúpaí seo dírithe ar an dramhaíl a onnmhairítear ón RA agus ó Mheiriceá, de réir taighde. Nuair is féidir leis na sonraí seo sonraí baincéireachta ar líne, faisnéis chárta creidmheasa ó chuntais siopadóireachta ar líne, nó faisnéis líonraithe sóisialta a bhaineann le sonraí pearsanta ar shaol agus gníomhaíochtaí duine a áireamh, tá roinnt oscailtí ann as a bhféadfadh coiriúla sonraí duine neamhchiontach a shaothrú dá gcríoch. Tá an leibhéal faisnéise pearsanta atá stóráilte ar an meán-chompútóir thar a bheith ard: i lámha mícheart, is féidir é a úsáid chun damáiste tromchúiseach a dhéanamh. Tá sé ríthábhachtach, dá bhrí sin, go ndéantar e-dhramhaíl a dhíchumasú go sábháilte. Má tá tú ag lorg seirbhísí athchúrsála e-dhramhaíola in Irvine, bí cinnte teagmháil a dhéanamh le cuideachta gairmiúil e-dhramhaíola!"} {"text": "SECTION 1: WHO ARE THE CHRISTIANS?—a History\nAlbert Schweitzer once said \"One truth stands firm. All that happens in world history rests on something spiritual. If the spiritual is strong, it creates world history. If it is weak, it suffers world history.” Section one of Where are the Christians? takes on the daunting task of providing a concise and compelling history of Christianity to give readers a background of where it all began as a foundation moving forward. To help the reader navigate an otherwise complicated history Shuster divides the 2000 year period into four segments, one for each of the four chapters in section 1.\nChapter 1: They Were Evangelizers and Builders (up to AD 299)\nWhile some might think Christianity began the day Christ was born, Christianity was long prophesied in the Old Testament. The over two centuries that followed during the Evangelization and Formation Period were defined by seven major categories of events: persecution of the church, martyrdom of its early leaders, the spreading of the gospel outside of Palestine, the conversion of Paul, the formation of the church, early heresies, and the writing of the New Testament.\nChapter 2: They were Legitimized and Codified (AD 300-999)\nThe Legitimacy and Codification Period from AD 300 to 999 was a time for Christianity to continue its global proliferation, while codifying its doctrines and legitimizing its place in religion and politics. This period of Christianity was defined by seven categories of events: the continuation of persecution and evangelization, increased heresies, doctrinal codification, hierarchy and politics, validation, and the seeds of corruption.\nChapter 3: They were Corrupted and Divided (1000-1499)\nAs the Christian Church neared the millennial landmark it began to be faced with significant issues of leadership that would rupture its unity. Although Christianity was still spreading throughout the world, the organization of the Church would be challenged by its integration with the political structure and an increasingly corrupt leadership. The Corruption and Division period (1000-1499) is marked by four categories of events including doctrinal evolution, church and state integration, corruption and division.\nChapter 4: They were Reformed and Scattered (1500 to the Present)\nThe final segment of Christian history covers the year1500 to the present and is called the Reform and Denominational Proliferation Period. During this period individuals came forward to challenge the established Christian Church to reform itself from corruption. This period is marked by five major activities including the carryover of corruption, the emergence of refiners, reformers and restorers, Christian movements and influencers, the propagation of published scripture and the proliferation of denominations.\nModern-day Christians are influenced by the past and are products of their own history. It is a history that produced the best and worst of humanity over a 2,000 year period. Our faith walk today is affected by and reflects these four periods of Christian history. Having a better understanding of where we came from as a Christian people we are now ready for the next leg of our journey to answers the question: “What is a Christian?”\nGo to www.findyourchristianity.com to watch the book trailer, find out what type of Christian you are, and to order the book", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-26", "url": "http://rachellewrites.blogspot.com/2013/03/who-are-christians-guest-post-by-eric.html", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128321306.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20170627083142-20170627103142-00313.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9544534087, "token_count": 673, "score": 3.0625, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "CÁIT 1: Cé iad na Críostaithe? stair\nDúirt Albert Schweitzer uair amháin \"Tá fírinne amháin seasmhach. Gach rud a tharlaíonn i stair an domhain ag brath ar rud éigin spioradálta. Má tá an spioradálta láidir, cruthaíonn sé stair an domhain. Má tá sé lag, tá sé ag fulaingt stair an domhain. An chéad chuid de Cá bhfuil na Críostaithe? Glacann an tasc daunting a sholáthar concis agus tarraingteach stair na Críostaíochta a thabhairt do léitheoirí cúlra de áit a thosaigh sé go léir mar bhunús ag bogadh ar aghaidh. Chun cabhrú leis an léitheoir dul i ngleic le stair chasta eile, roinnfidh Shuster an tréimhse 2000 bliain ina cheithre chuid, ceann amháin do gach ceann de na ceithre chaibidil i gcatagóir 1.\nCaibidil 1: Bhí siad ina n-eangeileoirí agus ina bhfoirgnóirí (go dtí 299 AD)\nCé go bhféadfadh daoine a cheapann an Chríostaíocht thosaigh an lá a rugadh Críost, bhí an Chríostaíocht fada prophesied sa Sean-Tiomna. Bhí na seacht gcineál mór imeachtaí ag sainmhíniú na breis agus dhá chéad bliain a lean le linn na Tréimhse Soiscéalaithe agus Forbartha: géarleanúint na heaglaise, martaireacht a cheannairí tosaigh, scaipeadh an soiscéil lasmuigh de Phailistín, tiontú Pól, foirmiú na heaglaise, heresies luath, agus scríbhneoireacht an Tiomna Nua.\nCaibidil 2: D'fhág siad go raibh siad dlisteanach agus go raibh siad códaithe (AD 300-999)\nBa é an tréimhse dlisteanachta agus códithe ó AD 300 go 999 an t-am a lean an Chríostaíocht lena leathnú domhanda, agus a chuid teagasc á gcódú agus a áit sa reiligiún agus sa pholaitíocht á dlisteanachtú. Sainmhíníodh an tréimhse seo den Chríostaíocht trí sheacht chatagóir imeachtaí: leanúint na géarleanúna agus na soiscéalaithe, méadú ar an éireannacht, códaitheacht dochtúrtha, ordlathas agus polaitíocht, bailíochtú, agus síolta na truailliú.\nCaibidil 3: Bhí siad truaillithe agus roinnte (1000-1499)\nDe réir mar a bhí an Eaglais Chríostaí ag druidim le ceannródaíocht na mílte bliain, thosaigh sé ag tabhairt aghaidh ar shaincheisteanna suntasacha faoi cheannaireacht a d'fhéadfadh a aontacht a bhriseadh. Cé go raibh an Chríostaíocht fós ag scaipeadh ar fud an domhain, bheadh dúshlán ar eagraíocht na hEaglaise as a chomhtháthú leis an struchtúr polaitiúil agus le ceannaireacht atá ag éirí níos truaillithe. Tá an tréimhse Corruption and Division (1000-1499) marcáilte ag ceithre chatagóir imeachtaí lena n-áirítear éabhlóid dochtúrtha, comhtháthú eaglais agus stáit, éabhlóid agus roinn.\nCaibidil 4: Bhí siad athchóirithe agus scaipthe (1500 go dtí an lá atá inniu ann)\nClúdaíonn an chuid dheireanach de stair na Críostaíochta an bhliain 1500 go dtí an lá atá inniu ann agus tugtar an t-am athchóirithe agus an tréimhse leathnaithe ainmníochta air. Le linn na tréimhse seo tháinig daoine chun cinn chun dúshlán a thabhairt don Eaglais Chríostaí bunaithe chun í féin a athchóiriú ó éilliú. Tá cúig phríomhghníomhaíocht ag an tréimhse seo lena n-áirítear an truailliú a iompar, teacht chun cinn na n-athshlánitheoirí, na n-athchóiritheoirí agus na n-athchóiritheoirí, gluaiseachtaí agus tionchair Chríostaí, scaipeadh scrioptúr foilsithe agus méadú na n-ainmníochtaí.\nTá tionchar ag an am atá caite ar Chríostaithe na n-am atá inniu ann agus is iad na táirgí dá stair féin iad. Is stair í a tháirg an chuid is fearr agus is measa den chine daonna thar thréimhse 2,000 bliain. Tá tionchar ag na ceithre thréimhse seo den stair Chríostaí ar ár gcúrsaí creidimh inniu agus léiríonn siad iad. Agus tuiscint níos fearr againn ar an áit a tháinig muid mar phobal Críostaí, táimid réidh anois don chéad chéim eile dár thuras chun freagraí a fháil ar an gceist: Cad é Críostaí?\nTéigh chuig www.findyourchristianity.com chun féachaint ar an trealaimh leabhair, a fháil amach cén cineál Críostaí atá tú, agus an leabhar a ordú"} {"text": "Your mom-to-be self may be pretty busy these days choosing a baby name, picking paint colors for the nursery, and spelling out your birth plan. And while all those decisions are important, there's another consideration that has to be made as well: Making the once-in-your-baby's-lifetime choice about banking his cord blood. Read on to demystify the process of cord-blood banking so you can determine what's right for your family.\nWhat is cord blood?\nCord blood, also called placental blood, is the blood that stays in your baby's umbilical cord following birth (after your doctor cuts and clamps the umbilical cord). Your baby no longer needs this blood, but it still has value — particularly as a source of stem cells, which can be used as an alternative to bone marrow to treat diseases.\nWhat can cord blood do?\nCord blood can provide life-saving stem cells to patients with catastrophic diseases like leukemia and lymphoma, which account for the vast majority of stem-cell transplants. Stem cells have also been used to treat more than 80 other illnesses and cancers, including bone-marrow-failure syndromes; blood, metabolic, and immune-system disorders; and other inherited diseases. How do stem cells work? When a patient receives chemotherapy or radiation, stem cells from healthy donors can be transplanted into that individual; once implanted they can reproduce to strengthen the recipient's own blood and immune system, thus boosting the patient's chances of survival.\nHow is my baby's cord blood collected — and does it hurt?\nYour healthcare provider will collect your baby's cord blood a few minutes after you deliver. Collection will not hurt you or your baby in any way, regardless of whether you have a vaginal or cesarean delivery. The entire process takes fewer than ten minutes. The procedure varies somewhat from hospital to hospital, but typically involves clamping the umbilical cord on both sides and cutting it (either before or after you delivery the placenta). Cord blood is then gathered via a syringe or by elevating the cord so that the blood drains into a collection bag. From there, the blood is sent to a lab where it is blood-typed, tested for infection, frozen, and shipped to a bank for storage.\nWill my baby be able to use his own cord blood?\nIt's unlikely your child will ever need cord-blood treatment. But if the worst should happen, his own cord blood would probably not be used. (Estimates place the odds at one in 2,700.) The reason? If your child does get sick, the stem cells extracted at birth may carry the same disease for which treatment is needed. However, your baby's cord-blood stem cells can be saved in a private cord-blood bank for another family member. If you choose to donate cord blood to a public facility, the stem cells go to anyone who needs them.\nWhat are the advantages of private over public cord-blood banking?\nIf you decide to save your baby's cord blood in a private facility, you — and only you — \"own\" the blood and have access to it whenever you need it. This is an especially important factor if you have a family history of certain illnesses since you get to determine whether it goes to your own children or someone else in need. Private cord-blood banking involves fees, however. Rates vary from bank to bank, but typically range from $1,000 to $2,000 for the initial collection plus an annual storage charge of around $100.\nHow would I choose a private cord-blood bank?\nAsk savvy friends or your practitioner for recommendations, and then do your homework. Contact the facility and ask about their financial stability — you'll want to store with a bank that will be open when you need your baby's cord blood in the future, so weigh the pros and cons of choosing a newer, smaller bank over a larger, established bank with a well-known reputation. Get details on its informed consent process, which is the agreement that confirms you've had an open exchange of information about storing your baby's cord blood with this particular bank. Ensure that the cord-blood bank you're choosing is accredited with the American Association of Blood Banks, which will make sure that its processing and storage protocols are up to the standards developed by the Foundation for the Accreditation of Cellular Therapy, the US Food and Drug Administration, and the Federal Trade Commission.\nWhat are the advantages of public over private cord-blood banking?\nThe main reason to donate to a public cord-blood bank is altruistic. It's available for others to use, and there is no cost to you for collection and storage. Be aware that the blood may not be there if your family ever needs it. Unlike private banks, public facilities work on a first-come, first-served basis. You don't \"own\" the blood, so it can be offered to someone else without your permission. It can also be discarded or used for medical research without your knowledge. Finding a donor via public banking is sometimes complicated for a patient in need — it can take weeks or months in certain cases, and in some instances banks can't locate a matched donor.\nHow do I donate my baby's cord blood?\nAt least three months before your due date, tell your health-care provider that you want to donate your baby's cord blood. Find out if you meet cord-donation guidelines (your health-care provider should be able to discuss these strict quality standards, which involve your health and your family's history of diseases), and call to make sure that the hospital or facility where you plan to deliver is familiar with collection and donation procedures.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2013-20", "url": "http://www.whattoexpect.com/pregnancy/photo-gallery/cord-blood/what-you-need-to-know-about-cord-blood.aspx", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368698238192/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516095718-00075-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9448168874, "token_count": 1176, "score": 2.640625, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "D'fhéadfadh go mbeadh do mháthair-a-bair féin an-ghnóthach na laethanta seo ag roghnú ainm leanbh, ag roghnú dathanna péinte don seomra leanaí, agus ag litreáil do phlean breithe. Agus cé go bhfuil na cinntí sin go léir tábhachtach, tá cúram eile ann a chaithfear a dhéanamh freisin: an rogha a dhéantar uair amháin i saol do pháiste a dhéanamh maidir lena fhuil clóis a bhaincáil. Léigh ar aghaidh chun an próiseas a bhaineann le baincáil fola cordán a dhímhíniú ionas gur féidir leat a chinneadh cad atá ceart do do theaghlach.\nCad é fola cord?\nIs éard atá i ndíon cordon cordon, ar a dtugtar fola placenta freisin, an fhuil a fhanann i gcord cordon do pháiste tar éis breith (tar éis do dhochtúir an cordon cordon a ghearradh agus a chlamadh). Ní gá don leanbh an fhuil seo a thuilleadh, ach tá luach aige fós - go háirithe mar fhoinse cealla bun, ar féidir iad a úsáid mar mhalairt ar mhear cnámh chun galair a chóireáil.\nCad is féidir le fuil cord a dhéanamh?\nIs féidir le fola cordal bunchill a shábháil ar shláinte othair a bhfuil galair tubaisteach orthu cosúil le leicéim agus limfóma, a chuireann an chuid is mó de na trasphlandú bunchill. Tá cealla bun-úsáidte freisin chun cóireáil a dhéanamh ar níos mó ná 80 tinneas agus ailse eile, lena n-áirítear siondrómí easpa méirch-chnámh; neamhord fola, meitibileach, agus imdhíonachta; agus galair oidhreachta eile. Conas a oibríonn cealla bunchloch? Nuair a fhaigheann othair ceimiteiripe nó radaíocht, is féidir cill mháthair ó dheontóirí sláintiúla a phlandaí isteach sa duine sin; nuair a chuirtear isteach iad is féidir leo a athrá chun fuil agus córas imdhíonachta an fhaighteora féin a neartú, rud a mhéadaíonn seans na bpaisinéara maireachtáil.\nConas a bhailítear fuil cord mo pháiste agus an ndéanann sé pian?\nBainfidh do sholáthraí cúraim sláinte le fola cord do leanbh cúpla nóiméad tar éis duit a sheachadadh. Ní dhéanfaidh an bailiú dochar duit féin ná do do leanbh ar bhealach ar bith, is cuma an bhfuil breith coirp nó cíosaire agat. Tógann an próiseas iomlán níos lú ná deich nóiméad. Athraíonn an nós imeachta go beagán ó ospidéal go ospidéal, ach de ghnáth baineann sé le clampáil ar an gcord umbilical ar an dá thaobh agus é a ghearradh (ceachtar roimh nó tar éis duit an placenta a sheachadadh). Ansin bailítear fola cordóige trí shriangán nó trí an cordóige a ardú ionas go dtéann an fhuil isteach i mála bailiúcháin. Ón áit sin, seoltar an fhuil go dtí saotharlann ina ndéantar cineál fola a mheas, a thástáil le haghaidh ionfhabhtaithe, a reoite, agus a sheoladh chuig banc chun a stóráil.\nAn mbeidh mo leanbh in ann a fhuil clóbhuailte féin a úsáid?\nIs beag seans go mbeidh gá le cóireáil fola cordán ag do leanbh. Ach má tharlaíonn an rud is measa, is dócha nach mbainfí úsáid as a chuid fola clóbhuailte féin. (De réir meastacháin, is é an seans go dtarlóidh sé ná duine amháin in 2,700.) Cén fáth? Má fhaigheann do leanbh tinn, d'fhéadfadh na cealla bun a bhaintear amach ag breith an galar céanna a bheith acu a bhfuil cóireáil de dhíth air. Mar sin féin, is féidir na cealla bunchloí fola cordal do pháiste a shábháil i mbainc fola cordal príobháideach do chomhalta eile den teaghlach. Má roghnaíonn tú fuil cnámh cnámh a bhronnadh ar áis phoiblí, téann na cealla bunchloiche chuig duine ar bith a bhfuil gá leo.\nCad iad na buntáistí a bhaineann le baincáil fola cordal príobháideach i gcomparáid le baincáil fola cordal poiblí?\nMá chinneann tú fuil cord do pháiste a shábháil i saoráid phríobháideach, is tú agus tú amháin \"a bhfuil\" an fhuil agat agus go bhfuil rochtain agat air aon uair is gá duit é. Tá sé seo tábhachtach go háirithe má tá stair teaghlaigh agat de ghalair áirithe ós rud é go bhfaigheann tú cinneadh a dhéanamh an rachaidh sé chuig do pháistí féin nó chuig duine eile atá i ngátar. Mar sin féin, tá táillí i gceist le baincáil phríobháideach fola cord. Athraíonn rátaí ó bhanc go banc, ach de ghnáth bíonn siad idir $ 1,000 agus $ 2,000 don bhailiúchán tosaigh móide táille stórála bliantúil de thart ar $ 100.\nConas a roghnaigh mé banc príobháideach fola cord-?\nIarr ar chairde saineolaithe nó ar do chleachtóir moltaí a thabhairt duit, agus ansin déan do chuid obair bhaile. Déan teagmháil leis an saoráid agus fiafraigh faoina seasmhacht airgeadais ba mhaith leat a stóráil le banc a bheidh ar oscailt nuair a bheidh gá le fuil cord do pháiste sa todhchaí, mar sin meáchain na buntáistí agus na míbhuntáistí a bhaineann le banc níos nuaí, níos lú a roghnú thar banc níos mó, bunaithe le cáil aitheanta. Faigh sonraí ar a phróiseas toiliú eolaithe, is é sin an comhaontú a dheimhníonn go raibh tú ag malartú oscailte faisnéise faoi stóráil fola cord do leanbh leis an mbanc áirithe seo. Déan cinnte go bhfuil an banc fola cordán atá á roghnú agat creidiúnaithe leis an gCumann Meiriceánach um Bhaincí Fuil, a chinnfidh go bhfuil a phróiseáil agus a phrótacail stórála suas leis na caighdeáin a d'fhorbair an Foundation for the Accreditation of Cellular Therapy, Riarachán Bia agus Drugaí na Stát Aontaithe, agus an Coimisiún Trádála Cónaidhme.\nCad iad na buntáistí a bhaineann le baincáil phoiblí fola cordal thar baincáil phríobháideach?\nIs é an príomhchúis a thugann tú do bhanc fola cordóige poiblí ná go bhfuil tú dílse. Tá sé ar fáil do dhaoine eile é a úsáid, agus níl aon chostas ort as a bhailiú agus a stóráil. Bíodh a fhios agat go bhféadfadh an fhuil a bheith ann má theastaíonn sé ó do theaghlach riamh. Murab ionann agus bainc phríobháideacha, oibríonn saoráidí poiblí ar bhonn an chéad duine a thagann, an chéad duine a sheirbheáiltear. Ní \"úinéir\" duit an fhuil, mar sin is féidir é a thairiscint do dhuine eile gan do chead. Is féidir é a dhiúscairt nó a úsáid le haghaidh taighde leighis gan do fhios agat. Uaireanta bíonn sé deacair d'othair atá i ngátar deontóir a aimsiú trí bhaincíocht phoiblí d'fhéadfadh sé seachtainí nó míonna a thógáil i gcásanna áirithe, agus i gcásanna áirithe ní féidir le bainc deontóir comhoiriúnaithe a aimsiú.\nConas a dhéanfaidh mé fuil cord mo pháiste a bhronnadh?\nAr a laghad trí mhí roimh do dháta réamhíoctha, inis do sholáthraí cúraim sláinte gur mhaith leat fuil cordán do pháiste a bhronnadh. Faigh amach an gcomhlíonann tú treoirlínte maidir le cordon a thabhairt (ba cheart go mbeadh do sholáthraí cúraim sláinte in ann na caighdeáin cháilíochta déine seo a phlé, a chuimsíonn do shláinte agus stair ghalar do theaghlaigh), agus glaoigh ar an ospidéal nó ar an saoráid ina bhfuil sé ar intinn agat breith a thabhairt chun a chinntiú go bhfuil eolas acu ar nósanna imeachta bailithe agus deonaithe."} {"text": "Definition - What does Adesha mean?\nAdesha is a Sanskrit word that means “order,” “command,” “rule” or “instruction.” In the context of yoga, adesha is a divine or inner command, or it can be the spiritual leader's instruction that assists the yogi in their search for the higher truth.\nSimilarly, adesha may be used to describe the yogi's spiritual purpose. It also is considered the realization, or the point at which the yogi realizes, that the Self and the Higher Self (the universal source or divine) are one.\nYogapedia explains Adesha\nWhen combined with the Sanskrit karin (“doing,” “producing”), adesha-karin means “obedient.”\nThe Hindu scriptures, known as the Upanishads, describe four mahavakyas (great utterances), each of which has a corresponding practice. Adesha is associated with the mahavakya “tatvamasi” or “tat tvam asi,” which is found in the Chandogya Upanishad and means “I am that” or “Thou art that.” In this case, the adesha is the spiritual realization that the yogi's divine nature (Absolute Reality or Brahman) is the essence of the Self, not the worldly identity.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-05", "url": "https://www.yogapedia.com/definition/5862/adesha", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250606872.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20200122071919-20200122100919-00186.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9427067637, "token_count": 310, "score": 2.859375, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Sainmhíniú - Cad a chiallaíonn Adesha?\nIs focal Sanscrait é Adesha a chiallaíonn ordú, ordú, riail nó teagasc. I gcomhthéacs an iógá, is é adesha an t-ordú diaga nó inmheánach, nó is féidir é a bheith ina threorú an cheannaire spioradálta a chabhraíonn leis an yogi ina cuardach ar an bhfírinne níos airde.\nAr an gcaoi chéanna, d'fhéadfaí adesha a úsáid chun cuspóir spioradálta an yogis a thuairisciú. Meastar freisin gurb é an réadú, nó an pointe a réadaíonn an yogi, gurb é an Féin agus an Féin Mhór (an foinse uilíoch nó diaga) ceann amháin.\nMíníonn Yogapedia Adesha\nNuair a chuirtear an adesha-karin le Sanskrit karin ( ag déanamh, ag táirgeadh), ciallaíonn sé obedient. \nDéanann na scrioptúir Hindúcha, ar a dtugtar na Upanishads, cur síos ar cheithre mahavakya (cainteanna móra), a bhfuil cleachtas comhfhreagrach ag gach ceann acu. Tá baint ag Adesha leis an mahavakya tatvamasi nó tat tvam asi, a fhaightear san Chandogya Upanishad agus a chiallaíonn I am that nó Thou art that. Sa chás seo, is é an adesha an réadú spioradálta go bhfuil nádúr diaga an yogi (Réaltacht Absolut nó Brahman) is é bunús an Féin, ní an féiniúlacht dhomhanda."} {"text": "What is Patellofemoral Syndrome?\nPatellofemoral pain syndrome is pain behind the kneecap. It has been given many names, including Patellofemoral disorder, patellar malalignment, runner`s knee, and chondromalacia.\nSymptoms of Patellofemoral Syndrome: Pain behind the kneecap, occasional swelling or snapping, popping, or grinding in the knee.\nWhat Causes Patellofemoral Syndrome : Patellofemoral pain syndrome can occur from overuse of the knee in sports and activities such as running, walking, jumping, or bicycling. It also may result from the way the hips, legs, knees, or feet are aligned. This alignment problem can be caused by having wide hips or under developed thigh muscles, being knock-kneed, or having feet with arches that collapse when walking or running (a condition called overpronation).\nWhy It Works: Cho-Pat`s Original Knee Strap and the patented Cho-Pat Dual Action Knee Strap are designed to place slight pressure on the tendons attached to the kneecap. This redistributes the forces applied by the thigh muscles and alleviates some of the symptoms associated with overuse syndromes.\nConsult with your medical professional as to the cause of your discomfort.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-26", "url": "http://cho-pat.com/pain-solutions/knee-pain-relief/patellofemoral-syndrome/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320532.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20170625134002-20170625154002-00626.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9321778417, "token_count": 276, "score": 3.015625, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Cad é Síndróm Patellofemoral?\nIs é siondróm pian patellofemoral pian taobh thiar den chlúdach glúine. Tugadh go leor ainmneacha dó, lena n-áirítear neamhoird Patellofemoral, mí-ailíniú patellar, glúine rithire, agus chondromalacia.\nComharthaí Síndróm Patellofemoral: Páirc taobh thiar den chlúdach glúine, tuirse nó crapadh, popping, nó creim sa ghlúine ó am go ham.\nCad a Chúisíonn Síndróm Patellofemoral: Is féidir siondróm pian Patellofemoral a bheith ann mar gheall ar ró-úsáid an ghlúine i spóirt agus i ngníomhaíochtaí mar rith, siúl, léim, nó rothaíocht. D'fhéadfadh sé a bheith mar thoradh ar an mbealach a bhfuil na hips, na cosa, na glúine, nó na cosa ar líne. Is féidir an fhadhb ailíniú seo a bheith mar thoradh ar chléithe leathan nó ar fhéilireí cnámh faoi fhorbairt, a bheith ag cnagadh ar a ghlúine, nó a bheith ag cosa le hairse a thiteann nuair a bhíonn siad ag siúl nó ag rith (suidheachadh a dtugtar overpronation).\nCén fáth a n-oibríonn sé: Tá an Cho-Pat ̋s Original Knee Strap agus an Cho-Pat Dual Action Knee Strap paitinnithe deartha chun brú beag a chur ar na tendons atá ceangailte leis an gcloigeann. Athdháileadh sé seo na fórsaí a chuireann na matáin thigh i bhfeidhm agus laghdaíonn sé cuid de na hairíonna a bhaineann le siondrómanna ró-úsáid.\nDéan dul i gcomhairle le do ghairmí leighis maidir leis an gcúis a bhfuil do chuid míchompord agat."} {"text": "NEW HAVEN, Conn., Aug. 23 (UPI) -- A robot developed by scientists at Yale University in Connecticut could soon pass a landmark test by recognizing itself in a mirror, the researchers say.\nSuch a feat would be considered evidence of self-awareness and represent an advance toward robots that can think for themselves, they said.\nThe robot, dubbed Nico, will take the test in coming months, Justin Hart, the doctoral student leading the research, told BBC News.\n\"It is a spatial reasoning task for the robot to understand that its arm is on it, not on the other side of the mirror,\" he said.\nWhile Nico has been programmed to recognize a reflection of its arm, Hart said, it still has to pass the \"full mirror test,\" developed in 1970 and considered the classic test of self-awareness.\nThe test is more usually performed on an animal that is allowed time to get used to the mirror and is then anesthetized while an odorless dye is applied to its face. The creature's subsequent reaction to its reflection is deemed a measure of its self-awareness, determined by whether the animal inspects the mark on its own body or reacts as if it is only on the \"mirror\" animal but not on itself.\nOnly a few non-human species -- including some primates, elephants and dolphins -- have managed to pass the mirror \"self-awareness\" test, the researchers said.\n|Additional Science News Stories|\nOKLAHOMA CITY, May 20 (UPI) --A huge tornado cut a devastating path in suburban Oklahoma City Monday, slamming schools, a hospital, businesses and homes, and killing at least 51 people.\nPASADENA, Calif., May 20 (UPI) --NASA says its Mars rover Curiosity has drilled a hole in a second rock target to gather samples for analysis in the rover's internal science lab instruments.\nPAINESVILLE, Ohio, May 20 (UPI) --Police in Ohio said they arrested a man charged with child endangerment for allegedly allowing his 9-year-old daughter to drive a car, which she crashed.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2013-20", "url": "http://www.upi.com/Science_News/2012/08/23/Robot-to-take-self-awareness-test/UPI-31171345767180/?spt=mps&or=1", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368699776315/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516102256-00053-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9675990343, "token_count": 436, "score": 2.90625, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "NEW HAVEN, Conn., 23 Lúnasa (UPI) -- D'fhéadfadh robot a d'fhorbair eolaithe in Ollscoil Yale i Connecticut a thástáil go luath trí aithint é féin i scáthán, a deir na taighdeoirí.\nD'admhaigh siad go mbeadh feachtas den sórt sin mar fhianaise ar fhéiniúlacht agus go mbeadh sé ina chur chun cinn i dtreo róbataí a d'fhéadfadh smaoineamh ar a son féin.\nBeidh an robot, dar teideal Nico, ag dul ar an tástáil sna míonna amach romhainn, a dúirt Justin Hart, an mac léinn dochtúireachta a bhí i gceannas ar an taighde, le BBC News.\n\"Is tasc réasúnaíochta spásúil é don róbat a thuiscint go bhfuil a lámh air, ní ar an taobh eile den scáthán\", a dúirt sé.\nCé go bhfuil Nico cláraithe chun léargas a lámh a aithint, a dúirt Hart, ní mór dó fós an \"tástáil scáthán iomlán\", a forbraíodh i 1970 a rith agus a mheastar gurb é an tástáil clasaiceach ar fhéiniúlacht féin é.\nIs gnách go ndéantar an tástáil ar ainmhí a thugtar am dó dul i dtaithí ar an scáthán agus a chuirtear ansin faoi mhíchumas agus dath gan boladh á chur ar a aghaidh. Meastar go bhfuil an imoibriú ina dhiaidh sin ar an gcruth ar a léiriú mar thomhas ar a féin-fhiosrúchán, arna chinneadh ag cibé an ndéanann an t-ainmhí an marc a iniúchadh ar a chorp féin nó a imoibríonn sé amhail is dá mba ar an ainmhí \"speaclaí\" amháin é ach ní air féin.\nNíl ach cúpla speiceas neamh-dhaonna - lena n-áirítear roinnt primates, elephants agus dolphins - d'éirigh leo an tástáil \"fhiosrúcháin féin\" scáthán a rith, a dúirt na taighdeoirí.\nStóireachtaí Nuachta Eolaíochta Breise\nTá an t-am ag teacht chun na cathrach a chur ar ceal, agus tá an t-am ag teacht chun na cathrach a chur ar ceal.\nPASADENA, Calif., 20 Bealtaine (UPI) --Deir NASA gur thréig a róbhair Mars Curiosity tollán i dara sprioc carraige chun samplaí a bhailiú le haghaidh anailíse in ionstraimí saotharlainne eolaíochta inmheánacha an róbhair.\nPAINESVILLE, Ohio, 20 Bealtaine (UPI) --D'fhógair póilíní in Ohio gur gabhadh fear a cúisíodh le leanaí a chur i mbaol mar gheall ar a ligean a iníon 9 mbliana d'aois a thiomáint carr, a thit sí."} {"text": "September 24, 2019 by Jody White\nLike it is in many parts of the country, late summer can be a tough time to catch bass on the East Coast’s tidal rivers. As we’ve seen pretty much every year in the FLW Cup, which is usually held in the South, going way up creeks to find slightly cooler water is a productive pattern in the heat of late summer. The same strategy can pay off on tidal fisheries such as the Potomac River and James River as well, albeit with some tweaks for the situation.\nWHY IT HAPPENS\nCome August and September, Bryan Schmitt knows that the traditional grass beds at the mouths of creeks can begin to get a bit stale on the tidal fisheries near his Maryland home. They’ve been beaten on by scores of anglers through the spring and summer, so a change of strategy can be called for.\n“It was years ago when I figured this out,” says Schmitt. “This is actually a time of year when it condenses the fish; hence, why it’s tough to figure out. Tidal water is always connected to the ocean, so it always has some kind of salt influence. When you get into the summer, generally speaking, the rainfall is very minimal. When you get that it pushes this particular scenario even more because the bass want to get away from the salt.\n“So, what happens is, I would say the bulk of the fish transition to seek cooler, cleaner water with less salinity and more oxygen,” he adds. “Where that happens is in the headwaters of creeks. The whole life system seems to go there. The bait, the fish, the catfish, the bass – everything migrates there. For some reason it’s a littler cooler, it has more oxygen and less salinity.”\nSchmitt believes low flow and higher salinity are major factors in the move, but not the only factors. The summer of 2019 on the Potomac has provided a good example of that. Plenty of rain has kept the salinity low, but some fish have still moved to the backs of the creeks to escape the heat. So it’s always worth checking.\nThe one thing that will hold the fish in the main river and prevent or reduce the migration into the creeks is milfoil. In years with strong milfoil growth, Schmitt says grass patterns can continue to reign supreme all through the summertime.\nLOOKING FOR THEM\nLuckily, finding bass in the backs of creeks isn’t particularly difficult, though it may take a fair bit of time to reach them.\n“The farthest back you can go is where they go,” outlines Schmitt. “They’ll go to the absolute stream of it, to where you can’t even get your boat. If you take a place like Aquia Creek [on the Potomac], where it’s five or six miles long, I guarantee there’s going to be a good population of fish up where it becomes a stream.”\nBecause it is pretty skinny water, Schmitt relies heavily on his eyes.\n“When I’m on that particular pattern, I’m looking for clean water – No. 1,” he says. “I might not catch them as easy, but I like to see them. A lot of times on tidal fisheries you can do a lot of fishing and scouting with your eyes. Usually these headwaters are clean. On low tide there will just be a narrow channel, and you can see fish swimming up and down the edges.”\nSchmitt says that catching creek bass late in the summer is usually a finesse game. A drop-shot or a wacky rig will do a lot of his work when the tide is low and falling. With an incoming tide and fish pushing up toward the banks, he says a vibrating jig, a frog or a buzzbait can come into play.\nOne key is stealth. Moving slowly and not muddying up the water is very important. Power-Poles help a lot. They let him stop on a dime when he needs to really pick apart his areas.\nReigning as the best tournament angler on tidal fisheries isn’t easy, but it has taught Schmitt plenty of lessons. If you’re going to run the backs of creeks on a tournament day, you need to be careful.\n“It can really hurt if you’re on that pattern and you get behind somebody else doing it,” says Schmitt. “It’s almost one of those deals that depends on your boat number. And even if the tide isn’t right, you might have to go stake your claim because some of these places are so narrow that if you get midway back nobody can really get past you.”\nSchmitt says that the tactic is probably best when there isn’t a lot of pressure. After all, folks trying to be John Cox have smartened the bass up over the years.\n“It’s a gamble,” adds Schmitt. “In my opinion, the last few years the fish in these particular places have gotten a lot smarter. But it’s a quick way to locate fish. There’s always a population in them, hands down. I have seen where it could be a winning deal if you find the right creek, but I think more so anymore it might not be a winning deal, but you can make a top 10 doing it.”\nOriginally posted at FLW", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-05", "url": "https://fishingzone.com/how-schmitt-targets-late-summer-tidal-bass/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251788528.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20200129041149-20200129071149-00239.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9520176053, "token_count": 1194, "score": 2.578125, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "24 Meán Fómhair, 2019 ag Jody White\nCosúil le go leor áiteanna sa tír, is féidir go mbeadh sé deacair am a bheith ag gabháil le bass ag deireadh an tsamhraidh ar na haibhneacha tuilteach ar an gCósta Thoir. Mar a chonaic muid beagnach gach bliain i gCorn FLW, a bhíonn ar siúl de ghnáth sa Deisceart, tá sé ina patrún táirgiúil dul suas go dtí na clóis chun uisce beagán níos fionnuar a fháil i dteas an tsamhraidh déanach. Is féidir leis an straitéis chéanna a íoc ar iascaigh tide mar Abhainn Potomac agus Abhainn James chomh maith, cé go bhfuil roinnt tweaks don staid.\nCÉ DÁ FÉIDIGÍÓ\nTar éis mhí Lúnasa agus Meán Fómhair, tá a fhios ag Bryan Schmitt go bhféadfadh na leapacha féir traidisiúnta ag béal na sruthanna tosú ag dul beagán stale ar na hiascaigh tuilte in aice lena theach i Maryland. Bhí na heascairí ag bualadh leo i rith an earraigh agus an tsamhraidh, agus mar sin is féidir athrú straitéise a iarraidh.\n\"Bhí sé blianta ó shin nuair a shíl mé é seo amach\", a deir Schmitt. Is é seo an t-am den bhliain i ndáiríre nuair a thiomsaíonn sé an t-iasc; dá bhrí sin, tá sé deacair a fháil amach cén fáth. Tá uisce na tuilte ceangailte leis an aigéan i gcónaí, mar sin bíonn tionchar salann éigin aige i gcónaí. Nuair a thagann tú isteach sa samhradh, go ginearálta, tá an báisteach an-íseal. Nuair a fhaigheann tú go brúíonn sé an cás ar leith seo fiú níos mó toisc go bhfuil an bass ag iarraidh a fháil ar shiúl ón salann.\n\"Mar sin, is é a tharlaíonn, ba mhaith liom a rá go dtéann formhór an iasc ar aghaidh chun uisce níos fuaraí, níos glaine a lorg le níos lú salann agus níos mó ocsaigine\", a deir sé. Tá sé sin i mbéal na sruthanna. Is cosúil go dtéann an córas saoil ar fad ann. An bait, an t-iasc, an catfish, an bass gach rud a imirceann ann. Ar chúis éigin tá sé níos fionnuar, tá níos mó ocsaigine agus níos lú salann ann.\nCreideann Schmitt go bhfuil srian ar an sreabhadh agus salannas níos airde ina fhachtóirí móra sa ghluaiseacht, ach ní iad na fachtóirí amháin. Tá an samhradh 2019 ar an Potomac ina shampla maith de sin. Tá go leor báistí tar éis an salannas a choinneáil íseal, ach tá roinnt iasc fós ag bogadh go dtí cúl na sruthanna chun teas a sheachaint. Mar sin is fiú é a sheiceáil i gcónaí.\nIs é an rud amháin a choimeádfaidh an t-iasc sa phríomh-aibhne agus a chosc nó a laghdú ar imirce isteach sna sruthanna milfoil. I mblianta ina bhfuil fás láidir milfoil, deir Schmitt gur féidir le patrúin féir a leanúint ag ríocht uachtarach i rith an tsamhraidh.\nAg Breathnú Dóibh\nAr an dea-shástacht, ní bhíonn sé deacair go háirithe an t-asraon a aimsiú i gcúl na gclár, cé go dtógfaidh sé tamall maith chun teacht orthu.\n'An áit is faide ar ais is féidir leat dul ná an áit a dtéann siad,' a deir Schmitt. Iadgo an sruth iomlán de go, go dtí an áit nach féidir leat fiú a fháil do bhád. Má ghlacann tú áit cosúil le Aquia Creek [ar an Potomac], áit a bhfuil sé cúig nó sé míle fada, ráthaím go mbeidh daonra maith éisc ann nuair a thiocfaidh sé ina sruth.\nToisc go bhfuil sé go leor uisce tanaí, Schmitt ag brath go mór ar a shúile.\nNuair a bhíonn mé ar an bpatrún áirithe sin, tá mé ag lorg uisce glan Níl. 1, a deir sé. B'fhéidir nach bhfaighidh mé iad chomh héasca, ach is maith liom iad a fheiceáil. Go leor uaireanta ar iascaireacht tide is féidir leat a dhéanamh go leor iascaireachta agus scouting le do shúile. De ghnáth bíonn na fo-uisceanna seo glan. Ag an t-airgead íseal ní bheidh ann ach cainéal caol, agus is féidir leat a fheiceáil iasc ag snámh suas agus síos na imeall.\nDeir Schmitt go mbíonn sé ina chluiche finesse de ghnáth an bass creek a ghabháil go déanach sa samhradh. Déanfaidh scaoll-scaoileadh nó rig wacky a chuid oibre go leor nuair a bhíonn an t-airgead íseal agus ag titim. Le tide iontrála agus iasc ag brú suas i dtreo na mbanc, deir sé gur féidir le jig vibrating, frog nó buzzbait teacht isteach.\nIs é an eochair amháin ná stealth. Tá sé an-tábhachtach dul go mall agus gan an t-uisce a dhúshlánú. Cuidíonn Pools Cumhachta go leor. Lig siad dó stopadh ar dime nuair is gá dó a roghnú i ndáiríre amach a chuid áiteanna.\nNí hé go héasca a bheith ar an iascaire is fearr sa chomórtas iascaireachta marthanais, ach d'fhoghlaim Schmitt go leor ceachtanna as sin. Má tá tú ag dul chun rith ar chúl na creeks ar lá tournament, ní mór duit a bheith cúramach.\n'Is féidir go mbeadh sé i ndáiríre dochar má tá tú ar an bpatrún sin agus má fhaigheann tú taobh thiar de dhuine eile ag déanamh é,' a deir Schmitt. Tá sé beagnach ar cheann de na déileálacha sin a bhíonn ag brath ar do uimhir báid. Agus fiú mura bhfuil an t-airgead ceart, b'fhéidir go mbeidh ort dul chun do thogra a chur i gcrích toisc go bhfuil cuid de na háiteanna seo chomh caol sin mura bhfaighidh tú leathbhealach ar ais ní féidir le duine ar bith dul thart ort.\nDeir Schmitt go bhfuil an tactic is fearr is dócha nuair nach bhfuil go leor brú. Tar éis an tsaoil, daoine ag iarraidh a bheith John Cox Tá smarter an bass suas thar na blianta.\n\"Is geimhridh é\", a dúirt Schmitt. Is é mo thuairim, le cúpla bliain anuas, go bhfuil na hiasc sna háiteanna áirithe seo tar éis a bheith i bhfad níos cliste. Ach is bealach tapa é chun iasc a aimsiú. Tá daonra i gcónaí iontu, gan amhras. Chonaic mé nuair a d'fhéadfadh sé a bheith ina déileáil buaiteoir má fhaigheann tú an creek ceart, ach sílim níos mó mar sin ní fhéadfadh sé a bheith ina déileáil buaiteoir, ach is féidir leat a dhéanamh ar an 10 barr ag déanamh é. \nSeoladh é ar dtús ag FLW"} {"text": "A hip replacement is a surgical procedure to replace your hip joint with an artificial version. It provides a long-term solution for worn or damaged hip joints caused by injury or disease, such as osteoarthritis, which can cause severe pain and loss of mobility.\nThe hip joint is a ball-and-socket joint. The operation replaces both the natural socket and the rounded ball at the top of the thigh bone with artificial parts.These parts replicate the natural motion of the hip joint.\nAt least 4500 hip replacements are carried out each year in Ireland, usually on adults aged over 65. Women are more likely to need a hip replacement than men.\nThe outlook for a hip replacement is generally considered to be good. It is a routine operation that offers an end to joint pain, increased mobility and a better quality of life. Hip replacements currently last about 20-30 years.\nHowever, it is a major operation with a fairly long recovery period. Associated problems include wear and tear of the prosthesis in people who are more active, and the device dislocating or loosening.\nThe purpose of a new hip joint is to:\n- relieve pain,\n- improve the function of your hip,\n- improve your ability to move around, and\n- improve your quality of life.\nHip replacement is the most effective treatment for a hip joint that causes pain and cannot function properly. The most common reasons for surgery are:\n- Osteoarthritis. This is the most common form of arthritis. It occurs when connecting tissue between the joint is damaged, causing bones to rub together painfully.\n- Rheumatoid arthritis. This is caused by the immune system attacking the lining of the joint, resulting in pain and stiffness.\n- Septic arthritis. This form of arthritis occurs when the joint becomes infected.\n- Fracture of the neck of the thigh bone (femur). This causes a loss of blood supply to the rounded head of the bone and may also lead to crumbling of the bone (avascular necrosis).\n- Paget's disease of bone. This affects bone growth and can make bones weak and deformed.\n- Bone tumours.\n- Other joint injuries.\nHip replacements are also sometimes needed in:\n- Late cases of developmental dysplasia of the hip, a condition that prevents the ball and socket hip joint from developing properly. If left untreated, it can cause permanent deformity and walking problems.\n- Hip joint fractures caused by osteoporosis, which causes the bones to become thin and weak. Certain cells within the bone are no longer able to break down old bone and replace it with strong, healthy bone.\nDo I need a hip replacement?\nOnly you can make this decision. You may want to consider the following:\n- Is the pain so severe that it is interfering with your quality of life, including sleep?\n- Have medications and other treatments not worked or do they cause severe side effects?\n- Are everyday tasks difficult or impossible?\n- Are you feeling depressed as a result of pain and lack of mobility?\n- Are you unable to work or have a normal social life?\nAlternatives to surgery\nThere are no surgical alternatives to hip replacement, but a variety of medications may help:\n- Painkillers, including non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), if your hip joint is also inflamed.\n- Steroid injections can help in some cases, although their results are unpredictable in the hip so not really recommended.\n- Pain-relieving creams, gels and rubs are available over the counter or on prescription. It is not known how these compare with more conventional ways of taking painkillers.\n- Disease-modifying medications - these drugs alter the working of the immune system to block the underlying processes involved in certain forms of inflammatory arthritis.\nAlso try to lose weight and maintain a healthy active lifestyle. Do not be afraid to exercise i.e. stationary bike, walking and swimming as well as pilates, yoga and aqua aerobics. These all help to keep you aerobically fit.\nA couple of weeks before the operation, you will usually be asked to attend a pre-operative assessment clinic to meet your surgeon and other members of the surgical team. They will take your medical history, examine you and organise any tests needed, to make sure you are healthy enough for an anaesthetic and surgery.\nThey will give you advice on anything you can do to prepare for surgery and ask you about your home circumstances so your discharge from hospital can be planned. If you live alone, have a carer or feel you need extra support, tell the team so that help or support can be arranged before you go into hospital.\nTake a list or the packaging of any medication you are taking. Some rheumatoid arthritis medications suppress the immune system, which can affect healing. For this reason you may be asked to stop taking them before surgery. Your surgeon can advise you about alternative medications.\nExercising before the operation\nYou can prepare for the operation by staying as active as you can. Strengthening the muscles around your hip will aid your recovery. You may be referred to a physiotherapist, who can give you helpful exercises. If you can, keep up any gentle exercise, such as walking and swimming, in the weeks and months before your operation.\nThe following exercises can help maintain your muscle strength and movement before surgery:\n- Stand at the bottom of the stairs and put one foot on the second stair. Alternatively, put one foot on a kitchen stool. Hold on to the banister or another firm support. Lean forward to bend the top leg while stretching the front of the standing leg. Hold this for about 30 seconds, then repeat with the other leg.\n- Stand on the affected leg for short periods, lifting the good leg off the floor. Concentrate on holding the pelvis level. Use a support as necessary for balance.\n- Lie on your back. Pull one leg up to your chest, keeping the other leg flat down on the bed. Repeat the exercise with the other leg. (Only do this exercise if you have not already had a hip replacement on one side.)\n- Lie on your back. Bend your knee up so that your foot rests flat on the bed, and allow the bent knee to fall out to the side as much as is comfortable.\n- Lie on your stomach and then flat on your back for approximately 20 minutes once or twice a day (early morning or late at night while in bed is often a good time), to stretch the front and back of your hip.\nPreparing for your hospital stay\n- Get informed. Find out as much as you can about what is involved in your operation. Your hospital may provide written information or videos.\n- Arrange help. Arrange for a friend or relative to help you at home for a week or two after you come home from hospital.\n- Sort out transport. Arrange for someone (either a friend or relative or a taxi) to take you to and from the hospital.\n- Prepare your home. Before you go for your operation, put your TV remote control, radio, telephone, medications, tissues, address book and a glass on a table next to where you will spend most of your time when you come out of hospital.\n- Stock up. Buy food that is easy to prepare such as frozen ready meals, cans and staples, such as rice and pasta, or prepare your own dishes to freeze and reheat during your recovery.\n- Clean up. Before going into hospital, have a long bath or shower, cut your nails (taking off any nail polish) and wash your hair. Put on freshly washed clothes. This helps prevent unwanted bacteria coming into hospital with you and complicating your care.\nWhen you go into hospital\nYou will usually be admitted to hospital the day of your operation (or earlier if you have any additional medical problems such as heart disease). The surgeon and anaesthetist will usually come and see you again to discuss what will happen and give you the opportunity to ask any more questions.\nYou will not have anything to eat or drink for about six hours before your operation.\nJust before surgery, the ward staff will help you to take a bath or shower and put on a surgical gown. You will have to remove make-up, nail polish or jewellery. If you wear glasses or false teeth, these can be removed in the anaesthetic room.\nYou will then be escorted to theatre by a nurse.\nWhat should I take into hospital?\n- A change of nightclothes.\n- Something comfortable and easy to wear for when you are on your feet again.\n- Antiseptic handwipes and a plastic bag with bulldog clip (use these after going to the toilet and clip the bag to your sheet for your personal rubbish).\n- Books, iPod, stationery, jigsaws, crossword books and other things to help pass the time during your recovery.\n- Healthy snacks for between meals.\n- Your address book and important phone numbers.\nYou will have a bedside locker for your personal belongings. Avoid taking large amounts of money or other valuables into hospital.\nBefore your operation, you will receive either a general anaesthetic (where you are put to sleep) or a spinal (epidural) anaesthetic plus sedation. The spinal anaesthetic numbs your body from the waist down to your toes so that you cannot feel the surgery. Surgeons prefer spinal anaesthetics as you lose less blood and recover quicker from surgery. However some people are unsuitable for spinal anaesthetics and your anaesthetist will counsel you before your surgery.\nOnce you have been anaesthetised, the surgeon removes the existing hip joint completely. The upper part of the femur (thigh bone) is removed and the natural socket for the head of the femur is hollowed out.\nA plastic or ceramic socket is fitted into the hollow in the pelvis. A short, angled metal shaft with a smooth ball on its upper end (to fit into the socket) is placed into the hollow of the thigh bone. The plastic cup and the artificial bone head may be pressed into place or fixed with acrylic cement.\nBoth types of hip replacement surgery use the same sort of prosthetic parts, which can be cemented or uncemented:\n- Cemented parts are secured to healthy bone using a special glue.\n- Uncemented parts are made from permeable material that has many tiny holes. This allows the bone to grow into it, holding it in place.\nMost prosthetic parts are produced using high-density polythene for the socket, titanium alloys for the shaft, and sometimes a separate ball made of an alloy (mixture) of cobalt, chromium and molybdenum. Some surgeons use ceramic parts, which do not wear as quickly as plastic.\nThe hip replacement operation has become a routine and simple procedure. However, as with all surgery, it carries a degree of risk.\nChoosing your prosthesis\nThere are more than 60 different types of implant or prosthesis. In practice, however, the options are usually limited to around four or five. Your surgeon can advise you on the type they think would suit you best. Your surgeon may have a preference of implant. Generally this is one they are familiar with and are used to using. Newer implants are available all the time but your surgeon will discuss this with you in advance of your procedure.\nChoose a specialist who regularly performs hip replacements and can discuss their results with you. This is even more important if you are having a second or subsequent hip replacement, known as revision hip transplant, which is trickier to perform.\nLook for a specialist who will work with you to find the best treatment for you.\nLoosening of the joint\nThe most common problem that can arise as a result of a hip replacement is loosening of the joint. This can be caused by the shaft of the prosthesis becoming loose in the hollow of the thigh bone, or due to thinning of the bone around the implant.\nAnother operation (revision surgery) may be necessary, although this cannot be performed on all patients.\nWear and tear\nAnother common complication of hip replacement surgery is caused by the wear and tear of the artificial sockets. Particles that have worn off the artificial joint surfaces can be absorbed by surrounding tissue, causing inflammation. If this happens you may be advised to have further surgery.\nThis can be reduced by using antibiotics at the time of surgery and by using 'clean air' ventilation in theatre. However, infection still occurs in less than 1 in 100 cases. Deeper infection is serious and requires removal and re-implantation of the joint.\nThese can form in the deep veins of the leg (deep vein thrombosis) due to reduced movement, but can be prevented using special stockings, exercises and medications.\nLess common complications\n- Dislocation. In a small number of cases, the artificial hip can come out of its socket. It can be replaced under anaesthetic, but repeated problems require further surgery.\n- Joint stiffening. The soft tissues can harden around the implant, causing reduced mobility. This is not usually painful and can be prevented using medication or radiation therapy (a quick and painless procedure during which controlled doses of radiation are directed at your hip joint).\n- Limb Length change. Sometimes the leg that you have the surgery on may be longer than your other leg. This is occasionally necessary as the surgeon has to ensure that the new hip is safe and stable and that it does not dislocate. Most leg lengths settle in time as your body adjusts to the new hip. You may even require your other hip replaced and the surgeon will attempt to match your leg lengths at this procedure. It is important that the hip replacement is stable and safe and this is the primary aim of the surgeon when doing your replacement.\nAfter the operation, you will be lying flat on your back and may have a pillow between your legs to keep your hip in the correct position. The nursing staff will monitor your condition and you will have a large dressing on your leg to protect the wound.\nYou may be allowed to have a drink about an hour after you return to the ward and you will also be allowed to have food, depending on your condition.\nHow soon will I be up and about?\nThe staff will help you to get up and walk about as quickly as possible after surgery. Some patients are able to get up and walk the same day they had surgery.\nIt is normal, initially, to experience discomfort while walking and exercising, and your legs and feet may be swollen. You may be given an injection into your abdomen to help prevent blood clots forming in your legs and a short course of antibiotics to help prevent infection.\nA physiotherapist may teach you exercises to help strengthen the hip and explain what should and should not be done after the operation. They will teach you how to bend and sit to avoid damaging your new hip.\nIt is important that you take the prescribed pain killers and all tablets for the full period of the prescription. Remember the pain that you have before the hip replacement is now gone and this new pain is the pain after the surgery and it will heal and get better in time. It is vitally important to take the pain killers as not to do so will slow your recovery.\nWhen can I go home?\nYou will usually be in hospital from two to five days. If you are generally fit and well, the surgeon may suggest an enhanced recovery programme, where you start walking on the day of the operation and are discharged within one to three days.\nHow will I feel when I get home?\nDo not be surprised if you feel very tired at first. You have had a major operation and muscles and tissues surrounding your new hip will take time to heal.\nYou may be eligible for home help and there may be aids that can help you. You may want to arrange to have someone to help you for a week or so.\nAn occupational therapist should be available to help you. They will assess how physically capable you are and, when you are about to leave hospital, they will assess your circumstances at home.\nYour occupational therapist will be able to advise you on how to do daily activities, such as washing yourself, more easily. They will also advise about any equipment you may need to help you to be independent in your daily activities. This may include a raised toilet seat and aids to help you dress.\nHow soon will the pain go away?\nThe pain that you may have previously experienced should go immediately, although you can expect to have a different form of pain from the operation, which is only temporary.\nIs there anything I should look out for or worry about?\nAfter hip replacement surgery, contact your GP if you notice redness, fluid or an increase in pain in the new joint.\nWill I have to go back to hospital?\nYou will be given an appointment to check up on your progress, usually 6-12 weeks after your hip replacement. The surgeon will want to see you a year later to check that everything is OK, and every five years after that to X-ray your hip and make sure it is not beginning to loosen. The HSE are setting up a national hip registry and it is important that you are included on this registry to properly follow your hip replacement as the years go by.\nHow long will it be before I feel back to normal?\nGenerally, you should be able to stop using your crutches within four to six weeks and feel more or less normal by three months. You should be able to do all your normal activities.\nIt is best to avoid extreme movements or sports where there is a risk of falling, such as skiing or riding. Your doctor or a physiotherapist can advise you about this.\nWhen can I drive again?\nYou can usually drive again after about six weeks. Your surgeon can advise. It can be tricky getting in and out of your car at first. It is best to ease yourself in backwards and swing both legs round together. Sometimes it is handy to carry a plastic bag with you and to sit on it whilst driving, it allows you to rotate out of the car easier. Do not drive for long distances for the first two months after the hip replacement. Try and avoid heavy traffic where you have a lot of stop start driving. Remember that if you have had a right hip replacement you may need to perform an emergency braking manoeuvre at any time.\nWhen can I go back to work?\nThis depends on your job, but you can usually return to work between 6 and 12 weeks after your operation.\nHow will it affect my sex life?\nIf you were finding sex difficult before because of pain, you may find that having the operation gives your sex life a boost. Your surgeon can advise when it is OK to have sex again. As long as you are careful, you should be able to have sex after six to eight weeks. Avoid vigorous sex and more extreme positions.\nWill I need another new hip?\nNowadays, most hip implants last for 20 years or more. If you are older, your new hip may last your lifetime. If you are younger, you may need another new hip at some point.\nRevision surgery is more complicated and time-consuming for the surgeon to perform than a first hip replacement and complication rates are usually higher. It cannot be performed in every patient. However, it is much more successful than it used to be and most people who can have it report success for 10 years or more.\nLooking after your new hip\nWith care, your new hip should last well. The following tips will help you care for your new hip:\n- Avoid bending your hip more than 90° (a right angle) during any activity.\n- Avoid twisting your hip.\n- Do not swivel on the ball of your foot.\n- When you turn around, take small steps.\n- Do not apply pressure to the wound in the early stages (so avoid lying on your side).\n- Do not cross your legs over each other.\n- Do not force the hip or do anything that makes your hip feel uncomfortable.\n- Avoid low chairs and toilet seats (raised toilet seats are available).\nHip replacement surgery is being improved in several ways:\n- New, stronger materials for prosthetics are being developed that will allow longer wear and better joint mobility.\n- Enhancements are being made to new 'cementless' implants. Patients can be recommended for newer types of joints, such as ceramic-on-ceramic and ceramic-on-plastic.\n- A new kind of minimally invasive surgery is sometimes used to reduce the size of the surgical incision.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-30", "url": "http://www.hse.ie/eng/health/az/H/Hip-replacement/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549424564.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20170723142634-20170723162634-00397.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9519698024, "token_count": 4289, "score": 3.09375, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Is nós imeachta máinliachta é in ionad hip a chur in ionad do chomhpháirt hip le leagan saorga. Soláthraíonn sé réiteach fadtéarmach do chomhpháirteanna hip atá caite nó damáiste a tharla mar gheall ar ghortú nó ar ghalair, mar shampla osteoarthritis, a d'fhéadfadh pian dian agus caillteanas soghluaisteachta a chur faoi deara.\nIs comhpháirteach liathróid agus soicéad é an comhpháirteach hip. Cuirtear codanna saorga in ionad an soicéad nádúrtha agus an liathróid bhabhta ag barr an chnámh thigh.\nDéantar ar a laghad 4500 ionad hip in Éirinn gach bliain, de ghnáth ar dhaoine fásta os cionn 65 bliain d'aois. Tá seans níos mó ann go dteastaíonn athsholáthar hip ó mhná ná ó fhir.\nMeastar go ginearálta go bhfuil an t-ionchas le haghaidh athsholáthar hip go maith. Is oibríocht ghnáthamh í a chuireann deireadh le pian i gcomhpháirteanna, feabhas ar ghluaiseacht agus cáilíocht níos fearr saoil. Maireann athsholáthar hip faoi láthair thart ar 20-30 bliain.\nIs oibríocht mhór í, áfach, a bhfuil tréimhse athshlánaithe sách fada aici. I measc na bhfadhbanna a bhaineann leis seo tá caitheamh agus scriosadh an próitéis i ndaoine atá níos gníomhaí, agus an gléas a dhíscaoileadh nó a scaoileadh.\nIs é cuspóir na hailt hip nua:\n- pian a mhaolú,\n- feabhas a chur ar fheidhm do chlé,\n- feabhas a chur ar do chumas gluaiseachta, agus\n- do cháilíocht saoil a fheabhsú.\nIs é an próiseas athsholáthair hip an chóireáil is éifeachtaí do chomhpháirt cnámh a chuireann pian ar an gcnámh agus nach féidir leis feidhmiú i gceart. Is iad na cúiseanna is coitianta le haghaidh máinliachta:\n- Osteoarthritis. Is é seo an cineál is coitianta d'artrit. Tarlaíonn sé nuair a dhéantar damáiste do na fíocháin cheangail idir an chomhpháirt, rud a fhágann go ndéanann cnámha frithcheangal a dhéanamh le chéile go pianmhar.\n- Arthritis reamháite. Tá sé seo mar gheall ar an gcóras imdhíonachta ag ionsaí liathróid an chomhpháirte, rud a fhágann go bhfuil pian agus stiffness ann.\n- Arthritis Seiptic. Tarlaíonn an cineál seo arthritis nuair a bhíonn an comhpháirt ionfhabhtaithe.\n- Briseadh ar shúil chnámh an fhiacla (femur). Mar thoradh air seo, cailltear soláthar fola do cheann cruinn an chnámh agus d'fhéadfadh sé go mbeadh an cnámh ag cromadh (necróis avascular).\n- Galar cnámh Paget. Bíonn tionchar ag an gcos seo ar fhás na cnámha agus d'fhéadfadh sé cnámha a dhéanamh lag agus dífhoirmithe.\n- Tuamóirí cnámh.\n- Gortú comhpháirteanna eile.\nUaireanta bíonn gá le malartuithe cnámh freisin i:\n- Cásanna déanacha de dhisplaisíocht forbartha an chnoic, riocht a chuireann cosc ar an gcomhpháirteach liathróid agus soicéad cnoic a fhorbairt i gceart. Mura ndéantar cóireáil air, d'fhéadfadh sé go mbeadh deformities buan ann agus go mbeadh fadhbanna ag siúl.\n- Briseadh i gcomhpháirteanna hip a tharlaíonn mar gheall ar osteoporosis, rud a fhágann go mbíonn na cnámha tanaí agus lag. Ní féidir le cealla áirithe sa chnámh seanchnámh a bhriseadh síos agus cnámh láidir sláintiúil a chur ina n-ionad.\nAn gá dom a chur in ionad an chnoic?\nIs féidir leat amháin a dhéanamh an cinneadh seo. B'fhéidir gur mhaith leat na nithe seo a leanas a mheas:\n- An bhfuil an pian chomh dian go bhfuil sé ag cur isteach ar do cháilíocht saoil, lena n-áirítear codladh?\n- An bhfuil drugaí agus cóireálacha eile nach raibh ag obair nó a bhfuil siad ag cruthú fo-iarsmaí tromchúiseacha?\n- An bhfuil tascanna laethúla deacair nó dodhéanta?\n- An bhfuil tú ag mothú dúlagar mar thoradh ar pian agus easpa soghluaisteachta?\n- An bhfuil tú in ann a bheith ag obair nó a bheith ina saol sóisialta gnáth?\nRoghanna eile seachas máinliacht\nNíl aon roghanna máinliachta eile ann seachas athsholáthar hip, ach d'fhéadfadh go mbeadh roinnt drugaí ag cabhrú:\n- Píosaí pian, lena n-áirítear drugaí frith-athlastacha neamhstéaróideacha (FNFA), má tá athlasadh ar do ghné hip freisin.\n- Is féidir le steirióidí instealladh cabhrú i gcásanna áirithe, cé go bhfuil a gcuid torthaí indéanta sa hip mar sin ní mholtar i ndáiríre.\n- Tá uachtar, géil agus rubs a mhaolú pian ar fáil thar an gcuntar nó ar oideas. Níl a fhios conas a dhéantar iad seo a chur i gcomparáid le bealaí níos traidisiúnta le pillsillín a ghlacadh.\n- Drugaí a mhaireann galar - athraíonn na drugaí seo feidhmiú an chórais imdhíonachta chun na próisis bhunúsacha a bhaineann le foirmeacha áirithe athlastacha arthritis a bhac.\nDéan iarracht meáchan a chailleadh agus stíl mhaireachtála sláintiúil gníomhach a choinneáil. Ná bíodh eagla ort a fheidhmiú i.e. rothar seasta, siúl agus snámh chomh maith le pilates, yoga agus aerobics uisce. Cabhraíonn siad seo go léir leat a bheith aeróbach.\nCúpla seachtain roimh an oibríocht, iarrfar ort de ghnáth freastal ar chlinic measúnaithe réamh-oibríochtúil chun bualadh le do liathróir agus le baill eile den fhoireann máinliachta. Tógfaidh siad do thaifead leighis, scrúdóidh siad tú agus eagraíonn siad aon tástálacha is gá, chun a chinntiú go bhfuil tú sláintiúil go leor le haghaidh anaistéis agus máinliachta.\nTabharfaidh siad comhairle duit faoi aon rud is féidir leat a dhéanamh chun ullmhú don mháinliacht agus fiafraíonn siad díot faoi do chúrsaí sa bhaile ionas gur féidir pleanáil a dhéanamh ar do dhíol ón ospidéal. Má tá tú ag cónaí i do chónaí féin, má tá cúramóir agat nó má bhraitheann tú go bhfuil tacaíocht bhreise ag teastáil uait, inis don fhoireann ionas gur féidir cabhair nó tacaíocht a shocrú sula dtéann tú isteach san ospidéal.\nTóg liosta nó pacáistiú aon chógas atá á ghlacadh agat. Cuireann roinnt cógais reamháitice ar an gcóras imdhíonachta, rud a d'fhéadfadh tionchar a bheith aige ar leigheas. Ar an gcúis seo, d'fhéadfaí a iarraidh ort stop a chur leis iad a ghlacadh roimh an máinliacht. Féadfaidh do dhochtúir máinliachta comhairle a thabhairt duit faoi chógais mhalartacha.\nAg cleachtadh roimh an oibríocht\nIs féidir leat ullmhú don oibríocht trí bheith chomh gníomhach agus is féidir leat. Cabhróidh neartú na matáin timpeall do hip le do ghnóthú. D'fhéadfadh go gcuirfí tú i gcomhairle le fisiceolaí, a d'fhéadfadh cleachtaí cabhrach a thabhairt duit. Má tá sé de chumas agat, déan aon ghníomhaíocht mhaol, mar shampla siúl agus snámh, sna seachtainí agus na míonna roimh do ghníomh.\nIs féidir leis na cleachtaí seo a leanas cabhrú le do neart matáin agus gluaiseacht a choinneáil roimh an máinliacht:\n- Seas ag bun na staighre agus cuir cos amháin ar an dara staighre. Ina ionad sin, cuir cos amháin ar bhéile an chistin. Coinnigh ort ar an mbarr nó ar thacaíocht láidir eile. Lean ar aghaidh chun an cos barr a chlúdach agus tosaigh an chos seasamh á shíneadh. Coinnigh an t-am seo ar feadh thart ar 30 soicind, ansin déan arís leis an gcosa eile.\n- Seas ar an gcosa atá buailte ar feadh tréimhsí ghearr, ag tógáil an chos sláintiúil as an urlár. Díriú ar a choinneáil ar leibhéal pelvis. Úsáid tacaíocht de réir mar is gá chun cothromaíocht a bhaint amach.\n- Lie ar do chúl. Tarraing cos amháin suas go dtí do chistin, agus an cos eile a choinneáil cothrom síos ar an leaba. Déan an cleachtadh leis an gcosa eile. (Ní dhéanfaidh tú an cleachtadh seo ach amháin mura ndearnadh athsholáthar cnámh ar thaobh amháin de do chuid.)\n- Lie ar do chúl. Bend do ghlúine suas ionas go bhfuil do chos ag brath ar an leaba, agus lig an ghlúine croí a thit amach ar an taobh chomh fada agus is compordach.\n- Luigh ar do bholg agus ansin go cothrom ar do chúl ar feadh thart ar 20 nóiméad uair nó dhó sa lá (go luath ar maidin nó go déanach san oíche agus tú i do leaba is minic go bhfuil sé ina am maith), chun do chúl agus do thaobh tosaigh do chúl a shíneadh.\nAg ullmhú do thréimhse san ospidéal\n- Faigh eolas. Faigh amach an oiread agus is féidir leat faoi na rudaí a bhaineann le do chuid oibre. Féadfaidh an t- ospidéal a bhfuil tú ag dul chuig a bheith in ann faisnéis i scríbhinn nó i bhfíseán a sholáthar.\n- Ard-eagraigh cabhair. Déan socrú le cara nó le gaol cabhrú leat sa bhaile ar feadh seachtaine nó dhó tar éis duit teacht abhaile ón ospidéal.\n- Déan iompar a shocrú. Déan socrú le duine éigin (cairde nó gaol nó tacsaí) chun tú a thabhairt go dtí an t-ospidéal agus a thabhairt ar ais.\n- Ullmhaigh do theach. Sula dtéann tú ar do chuid oibríochta, cuir do rialtán teilifíse, raidió, teileafón, cógais, fíocháin, leabhar seoltaí agus gloine ar bhord in aice leis an áit a gcaithfidh tú an chuid is mó de do chuid ama nuair a thagann tú amach as an ospidéal.\n- Stoc suas. Ceannaigh bia atá éasca le ullmhú, mar shampla béilí réidh reoite, canáin agus greimíní, mar shampla rís agus pasta, nó ullmhaigh do mhias féin le reo agus athfhriotáil le linn do shláinte a athshlánú.\n- Glan suas. Sula dtéann tú chuig an ospidéal, bain snámh nó cithfholcadh fada, gearr do shnáithe (ag baint aon lóch ingne) agus nigh do chuid gruaige. Cuir éadaí úr-niste ar do chuid éadaí. Cabhraíonn sé seo le bac a chur ar bhaictéir nach dteastaíonn a thagann isteach sa ospidéal leat agus a chuireann deacracht ar do chúram.\nNuair a théann tú isteach san ospidéal\nDe ghnáth tabharfar isteach ort san ospidéal an lá a ndéantar an oibríocht (nó níos luaithe má tá aon fhadhbanna sláinte eile agat, mar shampla galar croí). De ghnáth, tiocfaidh an máinliacht agus an anaesthetist agus déanfaidh siad athbhreithniú ort chun an méid a tharlóidh a phlé agus deis a thabhairt duit ceisteanna breise a chur.\nNí bheidh aon rud le hithe nó le hól agat ar feadh thart ar sé uair an chloig roimh do chuid oibríocht.\nDíreach roimh an bpróiseas máinliachta, cabhróidh an fhoireann páirce leat folctha nó cith a ghlacadh agus go gcuirfear goileáin máinliachta ort. Beidh ort makeup, polish ingne nó seodra a bhaint. Má tá spéaclaí nó fiacla bréige agat, is féidir iad seo a bhaint sa seomra anaistise.\nBeidh altra ag gabháil leat ansin go dtí an seomra oibre.\nCad ba chóir dom a thabhairt isteach san ospidéal?\n- Athrú na nightcloths.\n- Rud éigin compordach agus éasca a chaitheamh le haghaidh nuair a bhíonn tú ar do chosa arís.\n- Tóg an t- oighear le do chuid gruaige agus cuir an t- oighear i do chuid gruaige.\n- Leabhair, iPod, stáitreabh, jigsaws, leabhair crosfhocal agus rudaí eile chun cabhrú leis an am a rith le linn do ghnóthú.\n- Snacks sláintiúla le haghaidh idir béilí.\n- Do leabhar seoltaí agus uimhreacha teileafóin tábhachtacha.\nBeidh seicliostaí ag do leaba agat le haghaidh do chuid earraí pearsanta. Ná tóg airgead mór nó earraí luachmhara eile isteach san ospidéal.\nRoimh do chuid oibríochta, gheobhaidh tú nó anaesthetic ginearálta (nuair a chuirtear tú a chodladh) nó anaesthetic spinal (epidural) chomh maith le sedation. Déanann an t-anesthetic spinal do chorp a numb ó do chlé síos go dtí do mhéara ionas nach mbraitheann tú an máinliacht. Is fearr le máinlianna anaesthetics spinal mar go gcaillfidh tú níos lú fola agus go bhfásfaidh tú níos tapúla ó mháinliacht. Mar sin féin, ní hionann roinnt daoine le haisteirice spinal agus tabharfaidh do anaisteisteoir comhairle duit roimh do chuid máinliachta.\nNuair a bheidh tú curtha faoi anaesthesia, bainfidh an máinliacht an comhpháirteach hip atá ann cheana féin as go hiomlán. Tógtar an chuid uachtarach den femur (cnámh an fhiacla) agus déantar an soicéad nádúrtha do cheann an femur a shlógadh amach.\nTá an t-amhrán seo ag cur an t-amhrán i bhfeidhm go hiomlán. Cuirtear sciath miotail ghearr, uillinn le liathróid réidh ar a cheann uachtarach (le dul isteach sa soicéad) isteach i hollow an chnámh thigh. Is féidir an cupán plaisteacha agus an ceann cnámh shaorga a phriontáil ina háit nó a shocrú le síomant aicrileach.\nÚsáidtear an dá chineál máinliachta athsholáthair hip an cineál céanna páirteanna próitéiseacha, ar féidir iad a shéimint nó a neamhshéimint:\n- Déantar codanna cimentáilte a dhaingniú le cnámh sláintiúil ag baint úsáide as greama speisialta.\n- Déantar páirteanna neamhchinnithe ó ábhar trédhearcach a bhfuil go leor poill bheaga aige. Ligeann sé seo don chnámh fás isteach ann, agus é a choinneáil ina áit.\nDéantar an chuid is mó de na codanna próitéiseacha a tháirgeadh ag baint úsáide as poileitéin ard-dlúis don soicéad, cóimhiotail tíotáiniam don sciath, agus uaireanta liathróid ar leithligh déanta as cóimhiotail (meascán) de cobalt, cróimiam agus molibdín. Baineann roinnt máinlianna páirteanna ceirmeacha a úsáid, nach n-éireoidh chomh tapa le plaisteach.\nTá an oibríocht athsholáthair hip tar éis éirí ina nós imeachta ghnáthamh agus simplí. Mar sin féin, mar a tharlaíonn le gach máinliacht, tá riosca áirithe ann.\nDo próitéis a roghnú\nTá níos mó ná 60 cineál éagsúla implant nó próitéis ann. I gcleachtas, áfach, bíonn na roghanna teoranta de ghnáth go dtí thart ar cheithre nó cúig. Is féidir le do liachta comhairle a thabhairt duit ar an gcineál a cheapann sé is fearr leat. D'fhéadfadh go mbeadh rogha ag do liathróir ar implant. Go ginearálta is é seo ceann a bhfuil siad eolach air agus a bhfuil siad cleachtadh air a úsáid. Tá feistí nua-aimseartha ar fáil i gcónaí ach pléfaidh do chuid máinliachta seo leat roimh do nós imeachta.\nRoghnaigh speisialtóir a dhéanann athsholáthar hip go rialta agus is féidir leis na torthaí a phlé leat. Tá sé seo níos tábhachtaí fós má tá tú ag déanamh an dara nó athsholáthar cnámh, ar a dtugtar trasphlandú cnámh athbhreithnithe, atá níos deacra a dhéanamh.\nFéach ar speisialtóir a oibreoidh leat chun an chóireáil is fearr a fháil duit.\nAn comhpháirt a scaoileadh\nIs é an fhadhb is coitianta a d'fhéadfadh teacht chun cinn mar thoradh ar athsholáthar hip ná an comhpháirte a scaoileadh. Is féidir é seo a bheith mar gheall ar shaft an próitéis a bheith scaoilte i hollow an chnámh thigh, nó mar gheall ar thinnting an chnámh timpeall an implant.\nD'fhéadfadh go mbeadh gá le hoibríocht eile (mhodh athshlánúcháin), cé nach féidir é seo a dhéanamh ar gach othar.\nCaitheamh agus scrios\nIs é an deacracht is coitianta eile a bhaineann le máinliacht athsholáthair hip ná caitheamh agus scrios na mboscaí saorga. Is féidir le fíocháin atá caite ar na dromchlaí comhpháirteacha saorga a ionsú ag fíochán timpeall, ag cúis le athlasadh. Má tharlaíonn sé seo, b'fhéidir go gcuirfear comhairle ort máinliacht a dhéanamh.\nIs féidir é seo a laghdú trí antaibheathaigh a úsáid tráth an máinliachta agus trí aeráil 'ghlan' a úsáid sa seomra. Ach, tarlaíonn ionfhabhtaithe fós i níos lú ná 1 as 100 cás. Tá ionfhabhtú níos doimhne tromchúiseach agus teastaíonn a bhaint agus ath-ionsú an chomhpháirte.\nIs féidir iad seo a fhoirmiú i na fíocháin domhain den chos (trombóis fíochán domhain) mar gheall ar ghluaiseacht laghdaithe, ach is féidir iad a chosc trí stocaí speisialta, cleachtaí agus cógais a úsáid.\nIompordú níos lú coitianta\n- Dí-scaoileadh. I líon beag cásanna, is féidir leis an gcroí saorga teacht amach as a soicéad. Is féidir é a athsholáthar faoi anaesthetic, ach teastaíonn tuilleadh máinliachta ó fhadhbanna athfhillteacha.\n- Comharthanacht comhpháirteach. Is féidir leis na fíocháin bhoga a bheith crua timpeall an phléascáin, rud a fhágann go bhfuil lú soghluaisteacht. De ghnáth ní bhíonn sé seo pianmhar agus is féidir é a chosc le cóireáil cógais nó radaíochta (nó modh tapa agus gan pian a chuirtear dáileoga rialaithe radaíochta ina dtreo ar do chomhpháirt hip).\n- Athrú ar fhad na gcomhaltaí. Uaireanta d'fhéadfadh go mbeadh an cos a bhfuil an máinliacht déanta ort níos faide ná do chos eile. Uaireanta is gá é seo toisc go gcaithfidh an máinliachtóir a chinntiú go bhfuil an cnámh nua sábháilte agus seasmhach agus nach bhfuil sé ag éirí as a áit. Is minic a shocraíonn fad na cosa le himeacht ama de réir mar a choigeartúíonn do chorp leis an gcroí nua. D'fhéadfadh go mbeadh ort do chnámh eile a athshlánú agus déanfaidh an máinliachtóir iarracht do fhad cos a mheaitseáil sa nós imeachta seo. Tá sé tábhachtach go bhfuil an athsholáthar hip seasmhach agus sábháilte agus is é seo príomhchuspóir an máinliachta nuair a dhéanann sé do athsholáthar.\nTar éis an oibríochta, beidh tú ag luí go cothrom ar do chúl agus d'fhéadfadh go mbeadh pillow idir do chosa chun do chúl a choinneáil sa seasamh ceart. Déanfaidh an fhoireann altraíochta faireachán ar do riocht agus cuirfear bandaíocht mhór ar do chos chun an ghort a chosaint.\nFéadfaidh tú deoch a ól thart ar uair an chloig tar éis duit filleadh ar an gclár agus ceadófar duit bia a ithe freisin, ag brath ar do riocht.\nCén t-am a bheidh mé suas agus thart?\nCabhróidh an fhoireann leat éirí suas agus siúl chomh tapa agus is féidir tar éis an oibríocht. Tá roinnt othair in ann seasamh suas agus siúl an lá céanna a ndearnadh an mháinliacht orthu.\nTá sé gnáth, ar dtús, míchompord a fháil agus tú ag siúl agus ag aclaíocht, agus d'fhéadfadh do chosa agus do chosa a bheith swollen. D'fhéadfadh sé go dtabharfaí instealladh isteach i do bholg chun cabhrú le clútha fola a chruthú i do chosa agus cúrsa gearr antaibheathach chun cabhrú le haireamh a chosc.\nD'fhéadfadh fisiceolaí cleachtaí a mhúineadh duit chun cabhrú leis an hip a neartú agus a mhíniú cad ba chóir agus nach ba chóir a dhéanamh tar éis an oibríochta. Múinfidh siad duit conas do chúl a shlánú agus suí chun do chúl nua a chosc.\nTá sé tábhachtach go dtógfaidh tú na pillsí pian a fhorordaítear duit agus na táibléid go léir ar feadh tréimhse iomlán an oideas. Cuimhnigh go bhfuil an pian a bhí agat roimh an athsholáthar hip imithe anois agus is é an pian nua seo an pian tar éis an oibríochta agus go mbeidh sé a leigheas agus a fháil níos fearr le himeacht ama. Tá sé ríthábhachtach na phian-chillíní a ghlacadh mar nach ndéanfaidh sé sin do ghnóthú a mhoilliú.\nNuair is féidir liom dul abhaile?\nDe ghnáth beidh tú san ospidéal idir dhá lá agus cúig lá. Má tá tú fónta agus go maith, féadfaidh an máinliachtóir clár athshlánúcháin feabhsaithe a mholadh, áit a dtosaíonn tú ag siúl ar lá an oibríochta agus a scaoiltear laistigh de lá go trí lá.\nConas a bhraitheann mé nuair a thagann mé abhaile?\nNá bíodh iontas ort má bhraitheann tú go bhfuil tú an-tuirseach ar dtús. Tá oibríocht mhór déanta ort agus glacfaidh sé tamall ar na matáin agus na fíocháin atá timpeall do chúl nua a leigheas.\nD'fhéadfadh go mbeadh tú i dteideal cúnamh baile agus d'fhéadfadh go mbeadh cabhracha ann a d'fhéadfadh cabhrú leat. B'fhéidir gur mhaith leat duine a shocrú chun cabhrú leat ar feadh seachtaine nó mar sin.\nBa cheart go mbeadh teiripeoir saothair ar fáil chun cabhrú leat. Déanfaidh siad measúnú ar do chumas fisiciúil agus, nuair atá tú ar tí an ospidéal a fhágáil, déanfaidh siad measúnú ar do chúrsaí sa bhaile.\nBeidh do theiripeoir oibre in ann comhairle a thabhairt duit maidir le conas gníomhaíochtaí laethúla, amhail tú féin a ní, a dhéanamh níos éasca. Tabharfaidh siad comhairle duit freisin maidir le haon trealamh a d'fhéadfadh a bheith ag teastáil uait chun cabhrú leat a bheith neamhspleách i do ghníomhaíochtaí laethúla. D'fhéadfadh sé seo suí folctha ardaithe agus cabhracha a bheith ann chun cabhrú leat dul i gúna.\nCén t-am a rachaidh an pian ar shiúl?\nBa chóir go dtiocfadh an pian a d'fhéadfadh a bheith agat roimhe seo láithreach, cé gur féidir leat a bheith ag súil go mbeidh cineál pian difriúil agat ón oibríocht, nach bhfuil ach sealadach.\nAn bhfuil aon rud ba chóir dom a bheith ag faire amach nó a bheith buartha faoi?\nTar éis máinliacht athsholáthair hip, déan teagmháil le do dhochtúir cónaithe má thugann tú faoi deara dearg, sreabhach nó méadú pian sa chomhpháirt nua.\nAn mbeidh orm dul ar ais go dtí an ospidéal?\nTabharfar coinneáil duit chun do dhul chun cinn a sheiceáil, de ghnáth 6-12 seachtaine tar éis do athsholáthar hip. Ba mhaith leis an máinliachtóir tú a fheiceáil bliain ina dhiaidh sin chun a sheiceáil go bhfuil gach rud ceart go leor, agus gach cúig bliana ina dhiaidh sin chun X-ghat a dhéanamh ar do chlé agus a chinntiú nach bhfuil sé ag tosú a scaoileadh. Tá clár náisiúnta hip á chur ar bun ag FSS agus tá sé tábhachtach go bhfuil tú san áireamh sa chlár seo chun do chur in ionad hip a leanúint i gceart de réir mar a théann na blianta.\nCé chomh fada is a bheidh sé sula bhraitheann mé ar ais go gnáth?\nGo ginearálta, ba cheart go mbeadh tú in ann stop a chur le do chróic a úsáid laistigh de cheithre go sé seachtaine agus go mbraitheann tú níos mó nó níos lú gnáth trí mhí. Ba chóir go mbeadh tú in ann do ghnáthghníomhaíochtaí a dhéanamh.\nIs fearr gluaiseachtaí iomarcacha nó spóirt ina bhfuil baol titim, mar shampla sciáil nó marcaíocht, a sheachaint. Féadfaidh do dhochtúir nó fisiceolaí comhairle a thabhairt duit faoi seo.\nNuair is féidir liom tiomáint arís?\nIs gnách go mbeidh tú in ann tiomáint arís tar éis thart ar sé seachtaine. Féadfaidh do liachta comhairle a thabhairt duit. D'fhéadfadh sé a bheith deacair dul isteach agus amach as do charr ar dtús. Is fearr duit tú féin a shásamh ar ais agus an dá chos a shlánú le chéile. Uaireanta is áisiúil mála plaisteach a iompar leat agus suí air agus tú ag tiomáint, tugann sé deis duit rothlú amach as an gcarr níos éasca. Ná tiománaigh ar chiorcal fada ar feadh na chéad dhá mhí tar éis an athsholáthar hip. Déan iarracht agus seachnóidh tú trácht trom nuair a bhíonn go leor stad agat tosaigh ag tiomáint. Cuimhnigh má bhí athsholáthar cnámh ceart agat d'fhéadfadh go mbeadh gá agat maneabra brú éigeandála a dhéanamh ag am ar bith.\nNuair is féidir liom dul ar ais ag obair?\nBraitheann sé seo ar do phost, ach is gnách go bhféadfá dul ar ais ag obair idir 6 agus 12 seachtaine tar éis do chuid oibre.\nConas a dhéanfaidh sé difear do mo shaol gnéis?\nMá bhí sé deacair ort gnéas a dhéanamh roimhe seo mar gheall ar pian, b'fhéidir go bhfaighidh tú go dtugann an oibríocht spreagadh do shaol gnéis. Is féidir le do dhochtúir a rá leat cathain is féidir leat gnéas a bheith agat arís. Chomh fada agus a bheidh tú cúramach, ba cheart go mbeadh tú in ann gnéas a bheith agat tar éis sé go ocht seachtaine. Seachain gnéas láidir agus poist níos iomarcaí.\nAn mbeidh gá le hip nua eile agam?\nSa lá atá inniu ann, maireann an chuid is mó de na hippie 20 bliain nó níos mó. Má tá tú níos sine, d'fhéadfadh do chnoic nua maireachtáil do shaol. Má tá tú níos óige, b'fhéidir go mbeidh gá le hip nua agat ag pointe éigin.\nTá máinliacht athbhreithnithe níos casta agus níos amanna don máinliachtóir ná an chéad athsholáthar hip agus is gnách go mbíonn rátaí deacrachta níos airde. Ní féidir é a dhéanamh i ngach othar. Mar sin féin, tá an modh seo i bhfad níos rathúla ná mar a bhí sé agus déanann an chuid is mó de na daoine a bhfuil cead acu é a úsáid é a úsáid ar feadh 10 mbliana nó níos mó.\nAg tabhairt aire do do chnámh nua\nLe cúram, ba chóir go mairfeadh do chnoic nua go maith. Cabhróidh na leideanna seo a leanas leat aire a thabhairt do do chnoic nua:\n- Ná cur do chlé níos mó ná 90° (uillinn cheart) le linn aon ghníomhaíocht.\n- Seachain do chúl a chraobhú.\n- Ná rothlú ar an liathróid do chos.\n- Nuair a thiocfaidh tú ar ais, a dhéanamh céimeanna beaga.\n- Ná cuir brú ar an ghleann sna céimeanna tosaigh (mar sin déan iarracht gan dul ar do thaobh).\n- Ná trasna do chosa thar a chéile.\n- Ná cuir brú ar an gcliabhán ná ná déan aon rud a fhágann go mbraitheann do chliabhán míchompordach.\n- Seachain cathaoireacha íseal agus suíocháin toileáin (tá suíocháin toileáin ardaithe ar fáil).\nTá feabhas á dhéanamh ar an máinliacht athsholáthair hip ar roinnt bealaí:\n- Tá ábhair nua, níos láidre le haghaidh próitéisí á bhforbairt a ligfidh caitheamh níos faide agus soghluaisteacht chomhpháirteach níos fearr.\n- Tá feabhsuithe á ndéanamh ar phlandaí nua 'gan ciment'. Is féidir le hothair a mholadh le haghaidh cineálacha níos nuaí de chomhpháirteanna, mar shampla ceirmeach-ar-ceirmeach agus ceirmeach-ar-plástach.\n- Úsáidtear cineál nua máinliachta íosta ionrach uaireanta chun méid an inscne máinliachta a laghdú."} {"text": "The Simien Mountains National Park\nThe Simien Mountains National Park is located in the northern edge of the central plateau of Ethiopia overlooking the Tekeze Gorge. It is a part of Simien mountains massif in Northern Ethiopia, which lies at elevations between about 2000m and 4543 m of above sea label, taking in Ras Dejen, the highest peak of the Horn of Africa. The park is found in the northern parts of the North Gondar Zone of the Amhara National Regional State.\nThe geographic location extends from 1309’57” to 13019’58” North latitude and from 37054’48” to 38024’43” East longitude. With its present total area of about 13,178 hectare, the park lies in three woredas of the zone, namely, Debark, Adiarkay and Janamora. The Simien Mountains National Park is one of the smallest national parks in Ethiopia with a core area of around 140km2.\nThe Simien Mountains National Park is 130 km from Gondar, the capital of North Gondar zone of ANRS and about 882km from Addis Ababa. It covers both the highlands and the lowlands. The steep escarpments separating these two significant landscapes were formed by volcanic activities and subsequent erosion over millions of years. They give the mountain scenery spectacular appearance.\nGeology of the Simien Mountains\nThe Simien Mountains consist of many summits of above 4000m, with the highest pick at Ras Dejen (4,543m), which is the highest point in Ethiopia and the fourth highest mountain in Africa.\nErcand pointed out that the dramatic landscape of the Simien Mountains is mainly the result of volcanic activity, which is 'Hawaiian- type' without pouring Lava, during the Oligocene period of Pre-Cambrian Era (approximately 40-25 million years ago). This Volcano is believed to have spread over large areas of more than 15,800 km2. The center of this Volcano must have lain in the present area of Kidus Yared Mountain, while Ras Dejen, Silki and Bwahit were part of the outer core. The very high relief energy is characteristic of the whole area and Hurni and Ercand pointed out that the geomorphic landforms of the area could be categorized in to four landscape units. These are:\n- The deeply incise lowland valley, which is below 2000m because of water erosion and/or the formation of frost or ice on a surface;\n- The lowland terraces, roughly at 2000m, which consists of the essential cultivation and settlement areas;\n- The extreme steep escarpment between 2000-4000m, extending in a south-west to north eastern direction, which forms the man and the wildlife habitats;\n- The highland plains with river valleys, south of the escarpment which is ranging from 3200m-3700m, representing a densely settled and cultivated area, intensively used for cultivation and livestock grazing.\nClimate in the Simien Mountains\nThe Simien Mountains are characterized by one season rainy with high amounts between June and September. In Simien Mountains the daily temperature varies between 18c annual mean at 2600m to about 20c on the highest peak, Ras Dejen, at 4,543m. Rainfall also varies between less than 1,000 mm in the lowlands and more than 1,500mm in the highlands. In Gich Camp (3600m), the mean annual temperature and annual rainfall are 7.70c and 1,515mm respectively. There are often dry winds during the day. Frost may occur at night. Hail and snow that fails on the highest points of above 3800m (including the summit of Ras Dejen) results in ice, which may remain for several days.\nWildlife in the Simien Mountains\nThe Simien Mountains National Park has international significance because of its biodiversity, highest number of endemic species and outstanding biophysical features (Hurni, 2000:191). There are major wildlife species which are either unique to the region or to particular ecosystem within the region, as well as these species playing major or vital ecological function (Ercond, 2006:22). In the Simien Mountains National Park the Gelada Baboon (Theropitcus Gelada], which is also known as 'The Bleeding heart Baboon', Walya Ibex (CapraIbex Walie), Ethiopian Wolf (Canis Simiensis) formerly known as the Simien Fox, klipspringer (Creatragus Oreotragus) are found. Some of them are endemic to the national park [like Walya Ibex and Simien Fox] where as the others are endemic to Ethiopia. Walya ibex has now become a national symbol and endemic to the Simien Mountains National Park. It is one of the most highly endangered mammal species in the world and is threatened by extinction due to low members and very restricted area of remaining habitat.\nVegetation in the Simien Mountains\nThe Simien Mountains are generally rich in plant diversity. So far, over 20 plant species are recorded to be endemic, of which three of them are only endemic to Simien Mountains. These include Festuca Gilbertina (Which is only found in Gich plateau), Rosularia Simiensis and Dianthus Longiglumi.\nPreserving of the national park in the Simien Mountains has direct value for regional biodiversity with high potential for natural recovery of vegetation and wildlife.\nAccording to Ercand (2006:16), the vegetation of the Simien Mountains have correlation with altitudinal ranges. Hence, there are three belts. These are discussed as follows:\n- Afro-alpine steppe Belt\n- It occurs within an altitudinal range of 3700m and above. In this belt dominant species such as Giant Lobelia (Lobelia Thrynochopetlum), Danthonia, Festula, Pentaschistics, Agrostics and Poa Simiensis are found. There is also a colorful patching with the red and yellow flowers of the so-called 'Red hot poker' (kniphofia foliosa and kniphofia comosa), and Silvery Strawflowers called 'Everlastings' (Helichriysum species), which complete the picture of this high alpine zone.\n- Sub-alpine highland Belt (Ericaceous belt)\n- This belt does not correspond to the altitudinal range of similar forest on the mountains of tropical East Africa though it covers on altitudinal range of 3000m-3800m. This belt lies on the escarpment areas, but scattered Erica forests are found on the high plateau areas. This vegetation includes Ericarborea, Ericatrimera (mainly in the cliffs), Hypericum revolutium and scattered lobelia spcies. Another remarkable plant native to the Simien mountans are species of Rosa genus (the Abyssinian wild Rose commonly called Rosa Abyssinica) and Giante sphere Thistle (Echinops giganleum). Festuca macrophylla and Festula abyssinica are the characteristic grasses in the mountains. There are also mosses (Grimmiaceae) and lichen usnea species.\n- Afro Montane forest Belt\n- This forest belt covers an altitudinal range of 200m-3000m. It extends from the less steep parts of the escarpments to lowland plateau at the northern end and the western side (the newly include Limalimo Wildlife Reserve). Here, the biodiversity is much higher than on the highland plateau, and one can easily find more than 20 species of trees. The most common trees are Juniperous procera, Hagenia Abyssinica, Olean Choysophylla, Cordia Africana, Ficus Species and Szgium Guineense. The other smaller trees and plants include: Solanum species, Rosa Abyssinica, Primula Verticillata, and species of Alchemilla, Thymus and Urtica.\nHistory of the Simien Mountains National Park\nThe original inhabitants of the highlands of the Simien Mountains are Ethiopian Jews known as 'Felasha'. After the decline of the Jewish Kingdom in the 14th Century, many of the Ethiopia Jews were converted to the Orthodox Christian Faith. Areas to south of the Debark, Ambaras-Chenneck foot path were given 'Rist' land to the Christian while those located further north were given to the Muslims. Until the 1990s, there were some Felasha settlers in the Simien area. Most of them immigrated to Isreal between 1988 and 1991. The last residents left in 1998.\nThe world heritage committee inscribed the Simien Mountains National Park in the world Heritage List, thus ensuring the park an international status. The same writer pointed out that the main reasons for establishing a national park in Simien were the following:\n- Simien is the only place, where the endemic animals (like Walya Ibex, Simien Fox etc) are found;\n- Many other endemic and/or highly endangered species can be found in Simien due to its topographic and biological diversity;\n- Due to its topographic ruggedness, comparatively large forest stands, some in a more or less virgin state, still exist;\n- With its unique topography, abundance of fauna and flora, and its traditional peasant farming system, the area has a high potential for tourism.\nAlthough the idea of conserving and protecting the park is long years ago, the formal management of the Simien Mountains National Park is started much more recently with the establishment of the first national institution: Department of Forestry, Game and Fishery within the then Ministry of Agriculture, in 1944.\nSome Ethiopian National Parks become very popular because they are near to historical sights making it easy to visit a park on route to historical sights. For example, a Sofamor cave is found near to Bale Mountain National Park, which helps this park to be visited easily. The Simien Mountains National Park also found on route to the ancient historical cities of and cultural centers of Axum, Lalibela and Gonder.\nPrior to 1960s, the Simien Mountains National Park has been used as 'controlled' hunting area. It was often regarded as a Royal Hunting Ground (Hurni, 2000:19). Later, with increasing land use pressures and hunting activities in the country, the need to conserve the resources through establishment of wildlife conservation areas became apparent.\nUntil 1977, Expatriate Wardens who have been supported by the World Wildlife Fund (WWF) and the American Peace Corps (Ercand, 2006) have led the management of the park. In July 1977 Ethiopia ratified the world Heritage Conservation and in 1978, based on a proposal by the Ethiopian government, the world Heritage Committee of UNESCO placed the Simien Mountains National Park on its list of World Heritage Sites together with other five Ethiopian sites such as Harar Jegol,Axum Obelisk, Lalibela RockHewn church, Sofamore Cave and the Castle of Fasil.\nOther places, such as the ruins of Axum or the church of lalibela, are listed due to their cultural value, whereas the Simien Mountains National Park is listed solely on the merit of its natural richness and outstanding beauty. Based on the request from the regional government, in 1994, United Nations Capital Development Fund (UNCDF) began planning a road from Debark to Janamora woreda through the park area. Later, UNCDF withdrew from the Road Project in 1996 because it concerns for environment, particularly for the park security. Despite this, however, the road was constructed by the government of ANRS [Ercand, 2006). The ADA reports of 1997 indicated that the Simien Mountains Nature Oriented Tourism Development Project (SMNOTDP) was initiated through the technical and financial assistance of the Austrian government with major objectives to enhance elaboration of management plan for the park and to implement the annual operation plans.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2013-48", "url": "http://simientours.com/the-simien-mountains/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386163065880/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204131745-00070-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9372662306, "token_count": 2498, "score": 2.75, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Páirc Náisiúnta Sléibhte Simien\nTá Páirc Náisiúnta Sléibhte Simien suite i ndeisceart an phlátaigh lárnach san Aetóip ag breathnú thar Chló Tekeze. Tá sé mar chuid de mhaisif sléibhte Simien i dTuaisceart na hEitiopáie, atá suite ag airde idir thart ar 2000m agus 4543m os cionn na farraige, ag glacadh le Ras Dejen, an barr is airde ar Chorn na hAfraice. Tá an pháirc le fáil i gcodanna thuaidh de Chrios Gondar Thuaidh de Stát Réigiúnach Náisiúnta Amhara.\nTá an suíomh geografach ó 130957 go 1301958 Leithid Thuaidh agus ó 3705448 go 3802443 Leithid an Oirthir. Le a limistéar iomlán reatha de thart ar 13,178 heicteár, tá an pháirc suite i dtrí bhfreagra den chrios, is é sin, Debark, Adiarkay agus Janamora. Tá Páirc Náisiúnta Sléibhte Simien ar cheann de na páirceanna náisiúnta is lú san Aetóip le croílár thart ar 140km2.\nTá Páirc Náisiúnta Sléibhte Simien 130 km ó Gondar, príomhchathair chrios Gondar Thuaidh ANRS agus thart ar 882 km ó Addis Ababa. Clúdaíonn sé na háiteanna ard agus na háiteanna íseal araon. Cruthaíodh na scarpts géar a scarann an dá tírdhreach suntasach seo trí ghníomhaíochtaí bolcánacha agus creimeadh ina dhiaidh sin thar na milliúin bliain. Tugann siad cuma iontach don radharc sléibhe.\nGeolaíocht na Sléibhte Simien\nTá go leor barr os cionn 4000m ar Sléibhte na Simien, agus an pic is airde ag Ras Dejen (4,543m), is é an pointe is airde san Aetóip agus an ceathrú sléibhte is airde san Afraic.\nThug Ercand le fios go bhfuil tírdhreach drámatúil na Sléibhte Simien mar thoradh ar ghníomhaíocht bholcánach, atá 'de chineál Haváí' gan Lava a dhoirteadh, le linn thréimhse Oligocene Ré Ré Ré Ré Ré-Cambrian (thart ar 40-25 milliún bliain ó shin). Creidtear go bhfuil an Ghluach seo scaipthe ar limistéir mhóra de níos mó ná 15,800 km2. Ní mór go raibh lár an Bholcáin seo sa limistéar reatha de Mhontair Kidus Yared, agus bhí Ras Dejen, Silki agus Bwahit mar chuid den chroí seachtrach. Tá an fuinneamh ard-réige tréithúil don limistéar iomlán agus thug Hurni agus Ercand le fios gur féidir na cruthanna talún geomorfacha sa cheantar a chatagóirú i gceithre aonad tírdhreacha. Is iad seo a leanas:\n- an ghleann ísealchríocha a bhfuil an t-íos ag dul faoi bhun 2000m mar gheall ar éadóis uisce agus/nó ar fhoirmiú frost nó oighear ar dhromchla;\n- na tairseacha ísealchríocha, thart ar 2000m, a chuimsíonn na limistéir thábhachtacha d'fheirmeoireacht agus socraithe;\n- an scarp géar idir 2000-4000m, ag síneadh i dtreo an iardheiscirt go dtí an iarthuaisceart, a chruthaíonn na háitribh fir agus fiadhúlra;\n- Na pláinéir ardchríocha le gleann na n-aibhne, ó dheas den scarp atá idir 3200m-3700m, a léiríonn limistéar daonra agus talmhaíochta, a úsáidtear go dian le haghaidh talmhaíochta agus féarais bheatha.\nAeráid i Sléibhte na Símeáin\nTá sé de thréimhse thirim amháin i Sléibhte Simien le méideanna móra idir Meitheamh agus Meán Fómhair. I Sléibhte Simien athraíonn an teocht laethúil idir 18C ar an meán bliantúil ag 2600m go dtí thart ar 20c ar an gcnoc is airde, Ras Dejen, ag 4,543m. Athraíonn an báisteach freisin idir níos lú ná 1,000 mm sna tuilte íseal agus níos mó ná 1,500 mm sna tuilte ard. I gcampa Gich (3600m), is é an meánteochta bliantúil agus an báisteach bliantúil 7.70c agus 1,515mm faoi seach. Is minic a bhíonn gaotha tirim ann i rith an lae. D'fhéadfadh sé go dtarlódh frost san oíche. Tá an chró agus an sneachta a chailleann ar na pointí is airde os cionn 3800m (lena n-áirítear cruinniú mullaigh Ras Dejen) ina thoradh ar oighear, a d'fhéadfadh fanacht ar feadh roinnt laethanta.\nSaoil Fuar i Sléibhte na Símeáin\nTá tábhacht idirnáisiúnta ag Páirc Náisiúnta Sléibhte Simien mar gheall ar a bithéagsúlacht, an líon is airde speiceas endéamach agus gnéithe bithfheisiceacha suntasacha (Hurni, 2000:191). Tá speicis mhóra fiadhúlra ann atá uathúil don réigiún nó do éiceachóras ar leith laistigh den réigiún, chomh maith leis na speicis seo a bhfuil ról mór nó ríthábhachtach acu san éiceolaíocht (Ercond, 2006:22). Sa Pháirc Náisiúnta Sléibhte Simien tá an Gelada Baboon (Theropitcus Gelada), ar a dtugtar 'The Bleeding heart Baboon', Walya Ibex (CapraIbex Walie), Wolf Ethiopian (Canis Simiensis) ar a dtugtar an Simien Fox roimhe seo, klipspringer (Creatragus Oreotragus) le fáil. Tá cuid acu endéamach don pháirc náisiúnta [mar Walya Ibex agus Simien Fox] agus tá na cinn eile endéamach don Aetóip. Tá an Walya ibex anois ina siombail náisiúnta agus ina endemic do Pháirc Náisiúnta Sléibhte Simien. Tá sé ar cheann de na speicis mamaigh is mó atá i mbaol sa domhan agus tá sé i mbaol díothaithe mar gheall ar bhaill íseal agus limistéar an-srianta cónaithe atá fágtha.\nFléascadh i Sléibhte Simien\nTá na Sléibhte Simien saibhir i éagsúlacht plandaí de ghnáth. Go dtí seo, tá níos mó ná 20 speiceas plandaí taifeadta mar endéimeacha, agus níl ach trí cinn acu endéimeach do Sléibhte Simien. I measc na n-ainmhithe sin tá Festuca Gilbertina (nach bhfuil ach i gclúdach Gich), Rosularia Simiensis agus Dianthus Longiglumi.\nTá luach díreach ag caomhnú an pháirce náisiúnta i Sléibhte Simien do bithéagsúlacht réigiúnach le cumas ard chun plandaíocht agus fiadhúlra a athshlánú go nádúrtha.\nDe réir Ercand (2006:16), tá comhghaol ag plandaíocht Sléibhte Simien le raonta altitudinal. Dá bhrí sin, tá trí chrios ann. Pléitear iad seo a leanas:\n- Crios Staipte Afro-Alpa\n- Tá sé i réim altitudinal de 3700m agus os a chionn. Sa crios seo, tá speicis is mó a bhfuil tionchar acu ar an gcineál mar Giant Lobelia (Lobelia Thrynochopetlum), Danthonia, Festula, Pentaschistics, Agrostics agus Poa Simiensis. Tá pacáil datha freisin le bláthanna dearga agus buí den rud ar a dtugtar 'Pocer te dearg' (kniphofia foliosa agus kniphofia comosa), agus Strawflowers Silver ar a dtugtar 'Everlastings' (spéisis Helichriysum), a chomhlánaíonn pictiúr na crios ard-ailte seo.\n- Crios ardchríocha fo-Alpa (crios Ericaceous)\n- Ní fhreagraíonn an crios seo do raon airde foraoise den chineál céanna ar shléibhte na hAfraice Thoir thrópaiceach cé go gcumhdaíonn sé raon airde 3000m-3800m. Tá an crios seo suite ar na ceantair scarp, ach tá foraoisí Erica scaipthe ar na ceantair ardchlár. Áirítear leis an bhfásclaíocht seo Ericarborea, Ericatrimera (go príomha sna cneacha), Hypericum revolutium agus speicis lobelia scaipthe. Tá speiceas de ghineas Rosa (Rosa fiáine Abyssiniana ar a dtugtar Rosa Abyssinica go coitianta) agus Giante sphere Thistle (Echinops giganleum) ina phlandaí suntasacha eile ó thús na sléibhte Simien. Is iad Festuca macrophylla agus Festula abyssinica na féitheacha tréitheacha sna sléibhte. Tá speicis mosses (Grimmiaceae) agus lichen usnea ann freisin.\n- Crios Foraoise Afro Montane\n- Clúdaíonn an crios foraoise seo raon altitudinal de 200m-3000m. Tá sé ag síneadh ó na codanna níos lú géar de na escarpments go dtí an pláta talún íseal ag an taobh thuaidh agus an taobh thiar (cuimsíonn an Limalimo Wildlife Reserve nua). Anseo, tá an bithéagsúlacht i bhfad níos airde ná ar an ardchnoc ardchnoc, agus is féidir le duine níos mó ná 20 speiceas crainn a fháil go héasca. Is iad na crainn is coitianta Juniperous procera, Hagenia Abyssinica, Olean Choysophylla, Cordia Africana, Ficus Species agus Szgium Guineense. I measc na gcrann agus na bplandaí níos lú eile tá: speiceas Solanum, Rosa Abyssinica, Primula Verticillata, agus speiceas Alchemilla, Thymus agus Urtica.\nStair Pháirc Náisiúnta Sléibhte Simien\nIs Giúdaigh Éitiopiúla ar a dtugtar 'Felasha' ná cónaitheoirí bunaidh na hardchríocha i Sléibhte Simien. Tar éis titim Ríocht na Giúdacha sa 14ú haois, thiontú go leor de na Giúdaigh san Aetóip go dtí an Creideamh Críostaí Orthodox. Tugadh talamh 'Rist' do na Críostaithe i gceantair ó dheas ó threo chos Debark, Ambaras-Chenneck agus tugadh iad siúd a bhí suite níos faide ó thuaidh do na Moslamaigh. Go dtí na 1990idí, bhí roinnt socraithe Felasha i gceantar Simien. D'imir an chuid is mó acu go dtí an tIosrael idir 1988 agus 1991. D'fhág na cónaitheoirí deireanach é i 1998.\nChuir an coiste oidhreachta domhanda Páirc Náisiúnta Sléibhte Simien ar Liosta Oidhreachta Domhanda, rud a chinntíonn stádas idirnáisiúnta don pháirc. Thug an scríbhneoir céanna le fios gurb iad na príomhchúiseanna a bhí ann páirc náisiúnta a bhunú i Simien na cúiseanna seo a leanas:\n- Is é Simien an t-aon áit ina bhfuil na hainmhithe endemic (mar Walya Ibex, Simien Fox etc.);\n- Is féidir go leor speiceas endéamach agus/nó an-bhaoite eile a fháil i Simien mar gheall ar a éagsúlacht topagrafach agus bitheolaíoch;\n- Mar gheall ar a thrócaire topagrafach, tá foraoisí comparáideach móra fós ann, cuid acu i riocht níos mó nó níos lú maighdeana;\n- Leis an topagraf uathúil atá aici, le go leor ainmhithe agus flóra, agus lena chóras feirmeoireachta traidisiúnta, tá acmhainneacht mhór ag an gceantar don turasóireacht.\nCé go bhfuil an smaoineamh chun an pháirc a chaomhnú agus a chosaint blianta fada ó shin, tá bainistíocht foirmiúil Pháirc Náisiúnta Sléibhte Simien tosaithe i bhfad níos déanaí le bunú an chéad institiúid náisiúnta: Roinn Foraoiseachta, Seice agus Iascaigh laistigh de Aireacht Talmhaíochta an tráth sin, i 1944.\nTá roinnt Páirceanna Náisiúnta san Aetóip an-tóir orthu toisc go bhfuil siad gar do radharcanna stairiúla agus go bhfuil sé éasca cuairt a thabhairt ar pháirc ar bhealach chuig radharcanna stairiúla. Mar shampla, tá uaimh Sofamor le fáil in aice le Páirc Náisiúnta Bale Mountain, rud a chabhraíonn leis an bpáirc seo a chuairteáil go héasca. Tá Páirc Náisiúnta Sléibhte Simien ar fáil freisin ar an mbealach chuig na cathracha stairiúla ársa agus ionaid chultúrtha Axum, Lalibela agus Gonder.\nRoimh na 1960idí, baineadh úsáid as Páirc Náisiúnta Sléibhte Simien mar limistéar fiach 'rialta'. Bhí sé i bhfad níos mó ná an t-am ar fad a bhí sé ina áit chónaithe. Níos déanaí, le brúí úsáide talún agus gníomhaíochtaí fiach a mhéadú sa tír, tháinig an gá leis na hacmhainní a chaomhnú trí cheantair chaomhnaithe fiadhúlra a bhunú.\nGo dtí 1977, bhí Wardens Easaithe a bhí le tacaíocht ag an gCiste Domhanda Domhnálaíochta (WWF) agus Corps Síochána Mheiriceá (Ercand, 2006) i gceannas ar bhainistíocht an pháirc. I mí Iúil 1977 dhaingnigh an Aetóip an Coimirce Oidhreachta Domhanda agus i 1978, bunaithe ar thogra ó rialtas na hAetóip, chuir Coiste Oidhreachta Domhanda UNESCO Páirc Náisiúnta Sléibhte Simien ar a liosta de Shuíomhanna Oidhreachta Domhanda mar aon le cúig shuíomh eile san Aetóip mar Harar Jegol, Axum Obelisk, eaglais Lalibela RockHewn, Cave Sofamore agus Caisleán Fasil.\nCuirtear áiteanna eile, mar shampla scriosanna Axum nó eaglais lalibela, ar an liosta mar gheall ar a luach cultúrtha, ach cuirtear Páirc Náisiúnta Sléibhte Simien ar an liosta go heisiach ar mhaithe lena saibhreas nádúrtha agus a áilleacht iontach. Bunaithe ar iarratas ó rialtas réigiúnach, i 1994, thosaigh Ciste Forbartha Caipitil na Náisiún Aontaithe (UNCDF) ag pleanáil bóthar ó Debark go Janamora woreda trí limistéar an pháirce. Níos déanaí, tharraing UNCDF as an Tionscadal Bóthar i 1996 toisc go bhfuil imní ann faoin gcomhshaol, go háirithe maidir le slándáil an pháirce. D'ainneoin sin, áfach, rinne rialtas ANRS an bóthar a thógáil [Ercand, 2006]. Léiríodh i dtuarascálacha ADA 1997 gur tionscnaíodh an Tionscadal Forbartha Turasóireachta Oiriúnaithe ar an Dúlra i Sléibhte Simien (SMNOTDP) trí chúnamh teicniúil agus airgeadais ó rialtas na hOstaire agus na príomhchuspóirí chun forbairt plean bainistíochta don pháirc a fheabhsú agus chun na pleananna oibríochtúla bliantúla a chur i bhfeidhm."} {"text": "Vail is named after the Vail Brothers, Edward and Walter. They arrived in the late 1870’s. Walter purchased the Empire Ranch, and Edward started the Vail Ranch; both became successful cattle ranchers. They also developed a large silver mine operation with the Total Wreck Mine in the Empire Mountains. Using profits from ranching and mining, they expanded the Empire Ranch until it stretched from the Santa Rita Mountains to the Mexican Border, between the Santa Cruz and San Pedro Rivers.\nIn 1880, train tracks were laid down east of Tucson. Walter Vail donated the land for the tracks and in recognition of that donation had the stop in “Vail” named after him. Although Vail was christened as a town in 1893, it was never incorporated. As such, the “town” of Vail has no official boundaries or legal status. It is only an area.\nLocated on the main tracks and road east of Tucson, the town of Vail had its heyday in the early 1900’s. In addition to being a cattle-shipping center, Vail served as the storage and loading facility for ore from the Helvetia Copper Mine. Located just southeast of what is now Corona de Tucson, the Helvetia Mind produced over 42,000 tons of ore. This ore was transported to Vail by heavy ore wagons pulled by teams of six mules. One hundred years later, the haul road is still a visible path in the desert between Vail and Corona.\nThe Vail School District was started in 1903 for the purpose of serving children living in Vail and the surrounding ranches. The first school was located on a knoll by the Pantano Wash on a ranch called Rancho del Lago. A few years later, the school moved to the present site of Old Vail Middle School.\nWith a decrease in mining activity and improvements in transportation and communication, the town of Vail dwindled from over 300 people to less than 10 people. Even though the one-room school districts of Rincon and Pantano were merged into the Vail School District, student enrollment in the Vail School District sputtered along at about 40 students.\nIn 1930, two sisters named Esta and Lottie Trotter arrived to live at and teach in the Vail School. For the next 25 years, they were essentially the entire teaching staff at the school.\nIt was not until 1955 that the Vail School was connected to an electrical grid. And, as late as 1976, there was consideration of closing the school for lack of students.\nIn 1980 IBM announced it was opening a huge plant in Southeast Tucson, right in the heart of the Vail School District. The coming of IBM kicked off a spurt of growth in Southeast Tucson and Vail.\nBy 1990, student enrollment in VSD had reached 1,000 students and growth really took off from there. The IBM facility was transformed into the top-ranked University of Arizona Science and Technology Park. Anchored by Raytheon and IBM, the Park became a vibrant employment center of over 6,000 people. The size of the Park is expected to double in the next five to ten years. The Park, Davis-Monthan Airbase, and other employment centers, combined with the attraction of Arizona sunshine, resulted in a major housing boom in Vail.\nNow in 2019, the Vail community is still growing. New neighborhoods are popping up throughout Southeast Tucson, Vail, Sahuarita, Corona de Tucson, and various other unincorporated areas. Additionally, commercial developers are eyeing the area with increasing interest. The Vail School District itself currently serves approximately 14,000 students and employs over 1,900 people.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-14", "url": "https://www.unitedrealestatesouthernarizona.com/vail.html", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296948858.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20230328104523-20230328134523-00007.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.982270658, "token_count": 764, "score": 2.90625, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Ainmníodh Vail i ndiaidh na mBráithre Vail, Edward agus Walter. Tháinig siad go dtí an tír seo ag deireadh na 1870í. Cheannaigh Walter an Empire Ranch, agus thosaigh Edward an Vail Ranch; tháinig feirmeoirí beostoic rathúla araon. D'fhorbair siad oibríocht mhór mian airgid freisin leis an Mhian Wreck Iomlán sna Sléibhte Impireacht. Ag baint úsáide as brabús ó chothú agus mianadóireacht, leathnaigh siad an Empire Ranch go dtí go raibh sé ag síneadh ó Sléibhte Santa Rita go teorainn Mheicsiceo, idir na hIadáin Santa Cruz agus San Pedro.\nSa bhliain 1880, leagadh rianta traenach soir ó Tucson. Thug Walter Vail an talamh don rianta agus mar aitheantas don bhronntanas sin tugadh an stad i Vail ina ainm. Cé gur baisteadh Vail mar bhaile i 1893, níor ionchorpraíodh é riamh. Mar sin, níl teorainneacha oifigiúla ná stádas dlíthiúil ag town Vail. Níl sé ach limistéar.\nSuite ar na príomh-rails agus bóthar soir ó Tucson, bhí an baile Vail ina lá breithe go luath sna 1900í. Chomh maith le bheith ina ionad loingseoireachta beorach, d'fhóin Vail mar shuíomh stórála agus luchtaithe do mhianach ó Mhian Cóipire Helvetia. Lonnaithe díreach ó dheas ó Corona de Tucson atá ann anois, d'eascair Mhin Helvetia os cionn 42,000 tonna mionn. Chuireadh an miotal seo go Vail trí charrta miotal trom a tharraing foirne de shé mhúile. Céud bliain ina dhiaidh sin, tá an bóthar iompair fós ina shlí infheicthe sa bhfásach idir Vail agus Corona.\nBunaíodh an Ceantar Scoile Vail i 1903 chun freastal ar leanaí a bhí ina gcónaí i Vail agus sna ranchais máguaird. Bhí an chéad scoil suite ar chnoc ag an Pantano Wash ar fheirm ar a dtugtar Rancho del Lago. Cúpla bliain ina dhiaidh sin, bhog an scoil go dtí an suíomh reatha de Scoil Mheán Bliain Old Vail.\nLe laghdú ar ghníomhaíocht mianadóireachta agus feabhsuithe i iompar agus cumarsáid, thit baile Vail ó níos mó ná 300 duine go níos lú ná 10 duine. Cé gur cumasc na ceantair scoile aon-seomra de Rincon agus Pantano isteach i gCúige Scoile Vail, d'éirigh le clárú mic léinn i gCúige Scoile Vail ag thart ar 40 mac léinn.\nSa bhliain 1930, tháinig beirt deirfiúracha darb ainm Esta agus Lottie Trotter chun cónaí agus múineadh sa Scoil Vail. Le 25 bliain ina dhiaidh sin, bhí siad go bunúsach mar fhoireann teagaisc iomlán na scoile.\nNí raibh sé go dtí 1955 go raibh Scoil Vail ceangailte le líonra leictreach. Agus, chomh déanach le 1976, bhí breithniú ar dhúnadh na scoile mar gheall ar easpa mac léinn.\nI 1980 IBM d'fhógair sé a bhí ag oscailt monarcha ollmhór i Oirdheisceart Tucson, ceart i gcroílár na Ceantar Scoile Vail. Chuir teacht IBM tús le fás i dTuaisceart Tucson agus Vail.\nFaoi 1990, bhí 1000 mac léinn cláraithe i VSD agus tháinig fás i ndáiríre as sin. Athraíodh saoráid IBM go dtí an Ollscoil Arizona Sains agus Teicneolaíochta Páirc. Arna chur i bhfeidhm ag Raytheon agus IBM, tháinig an Páirc ina ionad fostaíochta beoga le breis agus 6,000 duine. Táthar ag súil go dtiocfaidh méadú ar mhéid an Pháirce laistigh de chúig go deich mbliana. Mar thoradh ar an bPáirc, Davis-Monthan Airbase, agus ionaid fostaíochta eile, in éineacht le mealladh na gréine Arizona, tháinig borradh mór tithíochta i Vail.\nAnois in 2019, tá pobal Vail fós ag fás. Tá comharsanachtaí nua ag teacht chun cinn ar fud Oirdheisceart Tucson, Vail, Sahuarita, Corona de Tucson, agus ceantair neamhchuibhithe éagsúla eile. Ina theannta sin, tá forbairtí tráchtála ag féachaint ar an gceantar le spéis mhéadaithe. Tá thart ar 14,000 mac léinn ag Dúiche na Scoile Vail féin faoi láthair agus tá breis agus 1,900 duine fostaithe."} {"text": "Walls almost always need some surface preparation before you can start painting. Even brand-new plaster needs sealing. You should fill any cracks and holes and make sure all surfaces are clean, smooth and dry. You can paint over emulsion-painted surfaces that are in good condition, but make certain you strip back or sand off any peeling paint.\nAlways wear a dust mask while you're sanding. With old paint, there can be an extra risk of breathing in poisonous lead dust. If you're in any doubt, use a simple lead testing kit. If there is lead, use a specially formulated liquid sander instead. It's also a good idea to put on some safety goggles to protect your eyes.\nAlso remember to wear protective goggles and masks when cutting or sawing metal. Clear away all metal dust and small pieces before starting work again.\nThe difference between a good and bad paint job usually depends on how carefully you prepare the surface.\nNo paint can properly mask grubby or uneven surfaces, so make sure you remove any dirt, grease and loose or flaking material, fill any holes and repair defects. There may even be areas that need touching up on new surfaces.\nWashing your surface\nYou should always wash a previously painted surface before painting over it. The less dirt or grease on a surface, the better your final paint job will look.\nGrease, nicotine stains, children's drawings and finger marks can all be taken off with sugar soap. Some sugar soaps come in a dissolvable powder or pre mixed liquid form.\nEnsure you wear safety goggles and gloves when using sugar soap as it can irritate your skin.\nApply this with an old (clean) paintbrush or sponge, working into the surface as if you were washing the dishes. Leave the solution for a few minutes before rinsing off with clean tap water and sponge. Not only does the sugar soap clean the surface, it also provides a better surface for the paint to adhere to\nIn older houses, you still sometimes find distemper. This old-fashioned emulsion is often dusty or powdery to the touch, and rubs off as you wash the surface. It's not a good idea to paint or wallpaper over it, as neither will stick. Instead, try to wash and scrape off as much as possible, and then seal the wall with a stabilising solution.\nSanding creates a smooth, even foundation that massively improves your final finish. It also gives a slight roughness (known as a 'key') that helps primer or paint to adhere to. On stripped plaster, sanding can level out any repairs and remove stubborn traces of old wallpaper or paste.\nWhen sanding the surface of the walls use a smaller grade/grit of paper. The grades of wallpaper are based around the finish you are aiming for. For example a 70 grade paper is great for quickly removing excessive debris; however it will leave a rough surface. A higher grade will give a finer finish on more delicate surfaces. For this task we would recommend a multi-purpose sandpaper such as a 70 grade, we also offer mix grade sandpaper packs which are great for a variety of different projects.\nWhen sanding, use a sanding block and wrap the sandpaper around it, this will ensure you cover an even surface. Sand the surface in circular motions covering all areas. If you are smoothing rough surfaces, run your hand over the area to check if it’s smooth and matches the rest of the area.\nWhen sanding wood, try to work in the direction of the grain. Work from a lower grade sandpaper and finish with a higher one. This will create a smoother finish to paint over. Sanding wood creates a lot of dust, so make sure you wear a dust mask and eye protection, have plenty of ventilation and cover anything vulnerable with dust sheets. When you've finished, you'll also need to dust down the whole sanded surface from ceiling to floor, and vacuum it thoroughly. If you don’t, you risk wood particles sticking to freshly painted surfaces.\nYou won't need to prime a surface that's been painted before and is in good condition - washing and light sanding are usually enough. However, if the surface is stained with nicotine you may want to consider using a specialist primer. If the wall is freshly plastered, you will need to apply a layer of primer before you paint your final coat of colour.\nOn a porous surface, primer stops the top coat from being absorbed, so you need fewer coats of paint to get a good coverage. On non-porous, shiny surfaces, paint often won't bond properly - so the primer gives it something to stick to. As different surfaces need different primers, make sure you choose the right one and follow the manufacturer's instructions. Water-based primers tend to give off less odour and are less damaging to the environment.\nChoose a primer that will relate to your final colour, for example if your final coat will be a natural white, use a white primer. Similarly if your final colour will be a dark red, use a grey primer, this will help create an accurate final colour. Applying your primer layer is the same as if you were painting normal emulsion paint. Take your time applying even layer with a brush or roller. Work in sections across the surface and allow plenty of time for the paint to thoroughly dry as per the products instructions.\nPriming for different surfaces\nThere are specific primers for different surfaces and applications\n- Multi-purpose primers\n- Wood primers\n- Metal primers\n- Radiator primers – these are heat resistant which is very important\n- Plaster sealers – specific to newly fitted plaster board\n- Specific surface primers – these can include tile primers, radiator primers and PVC primers\nHow to strip wallpaper\nBefore you begin any preparation or decoration work, it's best to clear the room as much as you can. Move any items that need to stay into the centre of the room and cover them with dust sheets. Use dust sheets to protect the floor, too.\nIt's also a wise move to soak the paper on the wall with hot water, as this makes it much easier to remove. You'll find the water soaks in more easily if you cut the paper first by scoring it with the blade of a stripping knife, or you could run an orbital scorer over the surface. But make sure your stepladder is stable when you're tackling the higher sections.\nTop tip - Wallpaper stripper solution\nSpecially formulated wallpaper stripper solution will help you remove the paper without steaming.\nStart by running an orbital scorer over the paper, taking care not to damage the plaster behind it. Fill a bucket with hot water, adding some liquid detergent and a handful of wallpaper paste to thicken it a little.\nWet the wall with a large sponge, covering a few square metres at a time, and leave it to soak in for at least five minutes. Then slide the edge of a wide stripping knife under the paper at a seam to see if it's ready to be stripped. It should come away in fairly large sections. If this doesn't happen even after a long and thorough soak, you'll need to use wallpaper stripper or a steam stripper.\nHold the stripper pad at the bottom of a length of wallpaper for a minute or so until the paper around it appears damp. Then move the pad up onto the next section while pulling off the damp paper below - loosening stubborn areas with a stripping knife. Strip each length from bottom to top, being really careful not to damage the plasterboard or plaster with the blade of your stripping knife.\nHow to strip cork tiles\nRemoving cork tiles is easy - you just lever them off the wall with a large stripping knife. The problem is the adhesive they leave behind, that's still firmly attached to the wall.\nThe best way to get rid of this is to soften it with an electric hot-air gun (also known as a hot-air stripper). It's much safer than a blowtorch, because there's no naked flame - it simply blasts hot air. Scrape the adhesive from the surface while it's still soft, using the stripping knife.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-10", "url": "https://support.grahambrown.com/hc/en-us/articles/203803241-How-to-prepare-your-walls-for-decorating", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875144979.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20200220131529-20200220161529-00457.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9322225451, "token_count": 1698, "score": 2.59375, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Is minic a theastaíonn ullmhúchán dromchla éigin ó bhallaí sula dtosaíonn tú ag péint. Fiú plaisteach úrnua gá sé a shéaladh. Ba cheart duit aon sceitheadh agus poll a líonadh agus a chinntiú go bhfuil gach dromchla glan, réidh agus tirim. Is féidir leat péint a dhéanamh thar dromchlaí péinteáilte atá i riocht maith, ach bí cinnte go ndéanann tú aon péint a bhíonn ag casadh a bhaint nó a scriosadh.\nBain masc deataigh i gcónaí agus tú ag scriosadh. Le péint shean, d'fhéadfadh go mbeadh riosca breise ann go n-éireoidh tú le deannach luaidhe nimhiúil. Má tá aon amhras ort, bain úsáid as trealamh tástála luaidhe simplí. Má tá luaidhe ann, bain úsáid as sliotán leachta a rinneadh go speisialta ina ionad. Is maith an smaoineamh é freisin roinnt spéaclaí sábháilteachta a chur ort chun do shúile a chosaint.\nCuimhnigh freisin gloine cosanta agus masc a chaitheamh nuair a bhíonn miotail á ghearradh nó á sciú. Glan gach duslach miotail agus píosaí beaga amach sula dtosaíonn tú ag obair arís.\nDe ghnáth, is é an difríocht idir obair péinteála maith agus droch-phéinteáil ná cé chomh cúramach agus a ullmhaíonn tú an dromchla.\nNí féidir le péint dromchlaí nó dromchlaí neamhchothrom a dhíchumasú go cuí, mar sin déan cinnte go mbainfidh tú aon salachar, saill agus ábhar scaoilte nó scaoilte a bhaint, aon poll a líonadh agus lochtanna a dheisiú. D'fhéadfadh go mbeadh réimsí ann a theastaíonn uathrú a dhéanamh orthu.\nAg glanadh do dhromchla\nBa chóir duit dromchla a nigh a ghlanadh i gcónaí sula ndéantar an dromchla a nigh thar a chéile. An níos lú salachar nó saill ar dromchla, is fearr a bheidh an dath deiridh atá agat.\nIs féidir saill, spotaí nicotine, líníochtaí leanaí agus rianta méara a bhaint le gallúnach siúcra. Tagann roinnt gallúnach siúcra i bhfoirm púdar insliú nó i bhfoirm leachtach réamhmheascáilte.\nDéan cinnte go n-úsáidfidh tú gloine sábháilteachta agus lámhainní nuair a bheidh an t-seapán siúcra á úsáid agat mar go bhféadfadh sé do chraiceann a chrathadh.\nCuir an t-ábhar seo ar an bpraghas le sean-bhruis (glan) nó spúnóg, ag obair isteach sa dromchla amhail is go raibh tú ag ní na miasa. Fág an réiteach ar feadh cúpla nóiméad sula sracfar é le huisce glan agus spúnóg. Ní hamháin go ndéanann an gallúnach siúcra glanadh an dromchla, soláthraíonn sé dromchla níos fearr don péint a chloí leis\nI dtithe níos sine, is féidir leat distemper a fháil uaireanta. Is minic a bhíonn an t-eimhlú seo sean-aimseartha deatach nó púdarúil ar an teagmháil, agus scuabann sé an dromchla nuair a bhíonn tú ag ní. Ní smaoineamh maith é péint nó páipéar balla a chur thar, mar ní greamaíonn an dá cheann. Ina áit sin, déan iarracht an oiread agus is féidir a ní agus a scrabhadh, agus ansin an balla a shéaladh le tuaslagán cobhsaitheach.\nCruthaíonn an greimréad bonn réidh, cothrom a fheabhsaíonn go mór do chríochnú deiridh. Tugann sé beagán garbhta freisin (ar a dtugtar 'clé') a chabhraíonn le primer nó péint cloí leis. Ar giostais a scaoiltear, is féidir le scriosadh aon dheisiú a chothromú agus rianta stuama sean-phéipéar balla nó greamaigh a bhaint.\nNuair a bhíonn dromchla na mballaí á scriosadh, bain úsáid as grád/grit níos lú páipéir. Tá na gráid páipéar balla bunaithe ar an chríochnú atá tú ag díriú air. Mar shampla, tá páipéar 70 grád iontach chun dromchla iomarcach a bhaint go tapa; áfach, fágfaidh sé dromchla garbh. Tabharfaidh grád níos airde críochnú níos fíneáil ar dromchlaí níos déine. Chun an tasc seo ba mhaith linn a mholadh ar an ilchuspóir sandpaper mar a 70 grád, cuirimid freisin pacáistí grád sandpaper meascán a bhfuil iontach do éagsúlacht na dtionscadal éagsúla.\nNuair a bhíonn tú ag sciathú, bain úsáid as bloc sciathála agus cas an páipéar sciathála timpeall air, déanfar é seo chun a chinntiú go gcumhdaíonn tú dromchla cothrom. Déan an dromchla a shéaladh i ngluaiseachtaí ciorclacha a chlúdaíonn na limistéir go léir. Má tá tú ag sleamhnú dromchlaí garbh, rith do lámh thar an limistéar chun a sheiceáil an bhfuil sé réidh agus go gcomhlíonann sé an chuid eile den limistéar.\nNuair a bhíonn an adhmad á scriosadh, déan iarracht oibriú i dtreo na gráin. Oibrigh ó pháipéar sclábhaithe grád níos ísle agus críochnaigh le ceann níos airde. Cruthaíonn sé seo críochnú níos réidh le péint a dhéanamh air. Tá go leor deannaigh ag baint le crainn a ghlanadh, mar sin déan cinnte go n-úsáideann tú masc deannaigh agus cosaint súl, go bhfuil go leor aerála ann agus go gcumhdaíonn tú aon rud leochaileach le bileoga deannaigh. Nuair a bheidh tú críochnaithe, beidh ort freisin a dust síos an dromchla sliotán iomlán ó uasteorainn go dtí urlár, agus vacuum go maith é. Mura ndéanann tú amhlaidh, tá tú i mbaol go mbeidh píosaí adhmaid ag greamaithe ar dhromchlaí atá péinteáilte go úr.\nNí gá duit dromchla a phriontáil a bhfuil péint déanta roimhe sin agus atá i riocht maith - is gnách go mbíonn glanadh agus greimadh éadrom go leor. Mar sin féin, má tá an dromchla clúdaithe le nicotine, b'fhéidir gur mhaith leat smaoineamh ar phríomh-chomhchláir speisialaithe a úsáid. Má tá an balla plástaithe go úr, beidh ort sraith de phraiméir a chur i bhfeidhm sula ndéanann tú do chúlra deiridh datha a péint.\nAr dromchla porous, stopann an chéad chiseal barr ó bheith ionsú, mar sin ní gá duit níos lú ciseal de péint chun clúdach maith a fháil. Ar dromchlaí neamh-poróiseacha, gleansacha, ní cheanglaíonn péint go minic i gceart - mar sin tugann an chéad-phríomhán rud éigin dó chun greamaigh air. Toisc go dteastaíonn priomhaireanna éagsúla ó uachtar éagsúla, déan cinnte go roghnaíonn tú an ceann ceart agus go leanann tú treoracha an mhonaróra. Tá claonadh ag na príomhthionscnamh atá bunaithe ar uisce níos lú boladh a thabhairt agus tá siad níos lú díobhálach don chomhshaol.\nRoghnaigh príomhthionscadal a bhaineann le do dhath deiridh, mar shampla má tá do chúntas deiridh bán nádúrtha, bain úsáid as príomhthionscadal bán. Ar an gcaoi chéanna, má tá do dhath deiridh dearg dorcha, bain úsáid as príomhaire liath, cabhróidh sé seo le dath deiridh cruinn a chruthú. Tá an tsraith tosaigh a chur i bhfeidhm mar an gcéanna má bhí tú ag péint ghinearálta éimlíochta a péint. Tóg do chuid ama chun ciseal comhionann a chur i bhfeidhm le scuab nó le rolla. Déan an obair i gcodanna ar fud an dromchla agus lig go leor ama don péint a thriomú go maith de réir treoracha na dtáirgí.\nPríomh-uirlisí le haghaidh dromchlaí éagsúla\nTá príomhthionscnamh ar leith ann do dhromchlaí agus d'iarratais éagsúla\n- Príomh-úsáide ilchuspóire\n- Príomh-leathanna adhmaid\n- Príomh-mhéideanna miotail\n- Tá priomhairí radaitheora resistant teasa atá an-tábhachtach\n- Sealaithe giosta sonrach do phláta giosta nua-fheistithe\n- Príomhchláirí dromchla sonracha is féidir iad seo a áireamh i measc priomhchláirí tíle, priomhchláirí raideora agus priomhchláirí PVC\nConas páipéar balla a bhaint\nSula dtosaíonn tú ar aon obair ullmhúcháin nó maisiúcháin, is fearr an seomra a ghlanadh chomh fada agus is féidir leat. Seol aon earraí a chaithfidh fanacht i lár an tseomra agus clúdaigh iad le bileoga deataigh. Úsáid sciatháin deataigh chun an urlár a chosaint freisin.\nIs beart ciallmhar é freisin an páipéar ar an mballa a shéideadh le huisce te, mar go ndéanann sé seo a bhaint i bhfad níos éasca. Gheobhaidh tú go bhfuil an t-uisce ag dul isteach níos éasca má ghearrann tú an páipéar ar dtús trí scóráil a dhéanamh air le scian a bhaint, nó d'fhéadfá scórálaí orbital a rith thar an dromchla. Ach déan cinnte go bhfuil do chéimchraobhsaí nuair a bhíonn tú ag dul i ngleic leis na codanna níos airde.\nCeann uachtarach - Slíotán striptóir páipéar balla\nCabhróidh réiteach speisialta a foirmliú le páipéar balla a bhaint gan an páipéar a steamhadh.\nTosaigh ag rith scórálaí orbital ar an bpáipéar, ag tabhairt aire gan damáiste a dhéanamh don giosta taobh thiar de. Líon buidéal le huisce te, ag cur roinnt glantacháin leachtach agus dornán de phaiste páipéir balla chun é a thiúsú beagán.\nCuir spúnóg mór ar an mballa, ag clúdach cúpla méadar cearnach ag an am, agus lig dó dul isteach ar feadh cúig nóiméad ar a laghad. Ansin sleamhnaigh imeall scian leathan a bhaint faoin pháipéar ag seam chun a fheiceáil an bhfuil sé réidh le bheith ag baint as. Ba chóir go dtiocfadh sé amach i gcodanna go leor mór. Mura dtarlóidh sé seo fiú tar éis socadh fada agus críochnúil, beidh ort stripeoir páipéar balla nó stripeoir gaile a úsáid.\nCoinnigh an pad stiúrtha ag bun fad páipéar balla ar feadh nóiméad nó mar sin go dtí go mbeidh an páipéar timpeall air fliuch. Ansin bog an pad suas ar an gcéad chuid eile agus an páipéar fliuch thíos á tharraingt - ag scaoileadh na limistéir stuama le scian stripping. Déan gach fad a shruthlú ó bhun go barr, agus bí cúramach gan damáiste a dhéanamh don phláta giosta nó don giosta le sciath do scian scrúdaithe.\nConas ticéid cork a bhaint\nTá sé éasca ticéid cork a bhaint - ní gá duit ach iad a bhaint ón mballa le scian mór. Is é an fhadhb ná an greamaitheach a fhágann siad ina dhiaidh, atá fós ceangailte go daingean leis an mballa.\nIs é an bealach is fearr chun é seo a fháil amach ná é a mhaolú le gunna aer te leictreach (ar a dtugtar stripper aer te freisin). Tá sé i bhfad níos sábháilte ná an t-amhrán, toisc nach bhfuil aon lasair naked - sé ach blasts aer te. Scrape an greamaitheach ón dromchla cé go bhfuil sé fós bog, ag baint úsáide as an scian stripping."} {"text": "Lesson 1 : Physical and Agricultural Geography of Kenya (Grade 7)\nUsing Google Earth and some custom digital maps, students will explore the physical and agricultural geography of Kenya in East Africa. An engaging \"flight\" along a portion of the Rift Valley in Tanzania and Kenya will highlight some of the spectacular landforms associated with Plate Tectonics in this area.\nStudents will explore several maps of the population distribution and precipitation climatology of Kenya. Students will investigate the concept of moisture availability (average annual precipitation divided by potential evaporation) as it applies to the spatial distribution of crop failure risks in Kenya.\nStudents will learn the major cash crops of Kenya and discover their spatial distributions. Lastly, using recent simulations from an NSF-funded research project at Michigan State University (www.clip.msu.edu), students will explore the impact of climate change on the agricultural geography of Kenya from present conditions to those predicted to occur by the year 2050.\nLesson 2 : Exploring the Biogeography and Agricultural Geography Near Mt. Kenya (Grade 7)\nUsing Google Earth, some brief web readings, several custom digital maps and numerous high-resolution satellite images, low-altitude aerial photos and ground-level pictures, students will explore the biogeography and agricultural geography of Mt. Kenya in East Africa. Using the rich database of annotated photographs (both aerial and ground-level), the students will be led on a virtual fieldtrip from the summit area of Mt. Kenya, where no trees grow, to the semi-arid, subsistence cropland zone. This virtual excursion follows the major ecological gradient in Kenya and serves as a valuable summary of the biogeography of much of East Africa.\nStudents will explore the biogeographic concept of life zones through brief web reading assignments and by interpreting several graphs and maps of the natural life zones on Mt. Kenya. Students will use the concept of moisture availability as a conceptual framework to interpret the spatial distribution of crop type and crop failure risks along a gradient on the eastern slopes of Mt. Kenya.\nStudents will learn about the major cash crops of the Mt. Kenya region (tea, coffee, rice and floriculture) and their appearance on aerial photos and in the field (from the ground-level photographs). They will discover the spatial distribution of these cash crops and relate them to the biogeographic concept of moisture availability.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-30", "url": "http://clip.msu.edu/teachers.htm", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549426693.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20170727002123-20170727022123-00249.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.891330421, "token_count": 488, "score": 3.90625, "int_score": 4, "irish_text": "Ceacht 1: Geo-eolaíocht Fisiceach agus Talmhaíochta Cheanada (Grad 7)\nAg baint úsáide as Google Earth agus roinnt léarscáileanna digiteacha saincheaptha, déanfaidh mic léinn iniúchadh ar gheo-eolaíocht fhisiciúil agus talmhaíochta Cheanada san Afraic Thoir. Beidh \"liosta\" tarraingteach ar feadh cuid den Rift Valley sa Tansáin agus sa Chéinia ag cur béime ar chuid de na cruthanna talún iontach a bhaineann le Tectonics Plate sa cheantar seo.\nDéanfaidh mic léinn iniúchadh ar roinnt léarscáileanna de dháileadh daonra agus de chlimaitíocht na dtuiteam sa Chéinia. Déanfaidh mic léinn imscrúdú ar choincheap na fabhraí atá ar fáil (meán-ionsaí bliantúil roinnte le héadú féideartha) de réir mar a bhaineann sé le dáileadh spásúil rioscaí easpa barra sa Chéinia.\nFoghlaimfidh na mic léinn na príomh-chothúcháin airgid sa Chéinia agus faighfidh siad amach a dtráthú spásúil. Ar deireadh, ag baint úsáide as samhlacha le déanaí ó thionscadal taighde arna maoiniú ag an NSF in Ollscoil Stáit Michigan (www.clip.msu.edu), déanfaidh mic léinn iniúchadh ar thionchar an athraithe aeráide ar gheografaíocht talmhaíochta na Céine ó na coinníollacha reatha go dtí na coinníollacha a bhfuiltear ag tuar go dtarlóidh siad faoi 2050.\nCeacht 2 : Taighde a dhéanamh ar an mbithghearagrafaíocht agus ar an ghearagrafaíocht talmhaíochta in aice le Mt. An Cheanada (Grad 7)\nAg baint úsáide as Google Earth, roinnt léitheoireachta gairid ar an ngréasán, roinnt léarscáileanna digiteacha saincheaptha agus go leor íomhánna satailíte ard-réitigh, grianghraif aeir ar airde íseal agus grianghraif ar leibhéal na talún, déanfaidh mic léinn iniúchadh ar bith-dhíografaíocht agus geografaíocht talmhaíochta Mt. An Chéinia san Afraic Thoir. Ag baint úsáide as an mbunachar sonraí saibhir de ghrianghraif a bhfuil annotation orthu (an aer agus an leibhéal talún araon), tabharfar turas fíorúil ar an gcúrsa do na mic léinn ó limistéar an tsúmaí Mt. An Chéinia, áit nach bhfásann aon chrainn, go dtí an limistéar leath-triomach, talamh talmhaíochta. Leanann an turas fíorúil seo an gradient éiceolaíoch is mó sa Chéinia agus is achoimre luachmhar é ar bith-cheiltíocht mhór na hAfraice Thoir.\nDéanfaidh mic léinn iniúchadh ar choincheap bith-thírdhreach na gcriosanna beatha trí thorthaí gairid léitheoireachta ar an ngréasán agus trí roinnt grafacha agus léarscáileanna de na gcriosanna beatha nádúrtha ar Mt. An Chéinia. Úsáidfidh mic léinn coincheap na fabhrachta taise mar chreat coincheaptúil chun dáileadh spásúil an chineálacha barra agus rioscaí easpa barra a léiriú ar feadh gradient ar chonair thoir Mt. An Chéinia.\nFoghlaimfidh mic léinn faoi na príomh-chothúcháin airgid de chuid Mt. Réigiún na Cinne (the, caife, rís agus bláthanna) agus a gcuma ar ghrianghraif aeir agus sa réimse (ó na grianghraif ar leibhéal na talún). Déanfaidh siad scaipeadh spásúil na gcultúr airgid seo a fháil amach agus iad a nascadh leis an gcoincheap bith-gheografach maidir le fáil taise."} {"text": "Second Battle of Weldon Railroad, Yellow Tavern, Yellow House, Blick’s Station\n18 Aug 1864\n- 21 Aug 1864\nMaj. Gen. G.K. Warren, USA\nLt. Gen. A.P. Hill, Maj. Gen. Henry Heth, and Maj. Gen. William Mahone, CSA\nBoth sides had Corps-sized forces, totaling 34,000.\nThe Union lost a little over 4,200, the Confederates about 1,600.\nWhile Hancock’s command demonstrated north of the James River at Deep Bottom, the Union V Corps and elements of the IX and II Corps under Warren’s command were withdrawn from the Petersburg entrenchments to operate against the Weldon Railroad. This was the left hand of the two punches Grant was swinging at the same time.\nAt dawn on August 18, Warren advanced, driving Confederate pickets back until he reached the railroad at Globe Tavern. In the afternoon, Maj. Gen. Henry Heth’s division attacked and drove Ayres’s division back toward the tavern. Both sides entrenched during the night.\nOn August 19, Maj. Gen. William Mahone, whose division had hastily returned from north of James River, attacked with five infantry brigades, rolling up the right flank of Crawford’s division. This was not the end of things. Warren was heavily reinforced and counterattacked, and by nightfall had retaken most of the ground lost during the afternoon.\nOn the 20th, the Federals laid out and entrenched a strong defensive line covering the Blick House and Globe Tavern and extending east to connect with the main Federal lines at Jerusalem Plank Road. But they had lost momentum – their victory was in stretching the Confederate line rather than in breaking it.\nOn August 21, Hill probed the new Federal line for weaknesses but found none. With the fighting at Globe Tavern, Grant succeeded in extending his siege lines to the west and cutting Petersburg’s primary rail connection with Wilmington, North Carolina. The Confederates were now forced to off-load rail cars at Stony Creek Station for a 30-mile wagon haul up Boydton Plank Road to reach Petersburg.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2013-48", "url": "http://ehistory.osu.edu/world/BattleView.Cfm?BID=749", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386164038376/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204133358-00079-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9454953671, "token_count": 455, "score": 2.546875, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "An Dara Cath ar Iarnród Weldon, Taibéar Buí, Teach Buí, Stáisiún Blicks\n18 Lúnasa 1864\n- 21 Lúnasa 1864\nAn t-Major-Ginearál G.K. Warren, SAM\nLeifteanant Ginearálta A.P. Hill, an t-Maj. Gen. Henry Heth, agus an t-Maj. Gen. William Mahone, CSA\nBhí fórsaí de mhéid na gCór ag an dá thaobh, 34,000 san iomlán.\nChaill an tAontas beagán os cionn 4,200, chaill na Comhdhúiteoirí thart ar 1,600.\nCé go ndearna ceannas Hancock léiriú ó thuaidh den Abhainn James ag Deep Bottom, tharraing Corps V an Aontais agus eilimintí den IX agus II Corps faoi cheannas Warren siar ó na fortrinn Petersburg chun oibriú i gcoinne Iarnród Weldon. Ba é seo an lámh chlé de na dhá punches bhí Grant swinging ag an am céanna.\nAg breacadh na maidne ar an 18 Lúnasa, chuaigh Warren ar aghaidh, ag tiomáint picéidí Comhdhúite ar ais go dtí go raibh sé ag an iarnród ag Globe Tavern. Sa tráthnóna, rinne an t-aistriúchán Henry Heth ionsaí agus thiomáin sé an t-aistriúchán Ayres ar ais i dtreo an taibhráin. Bhí an dá thaobh ag cur isteach ar an oíche.\nAr 19 Lúnasa, ionsaigh an t-Major General William Mahone, a raibh a rannán tar éis filleadh go tapa ó thuaidh de Abhainn James, le cúig bhriogáid choisithe, ag casadh suas an taobh dheas de rannán Crawford. Ní raibh sé seo an deireadh na rudaí. Bhí neart neartú agus frith-ionsaí ag Warren, agus faoi thitim na hoíche bhí an chuid is mó den talamh a cailleadh sa tráthnóna á athghabháil aige.\nAr an 20ú, leag na Cónaidhme amach agus chuir siad líne chosanta láidir a chlúdaíonn Teach Blick agus Taverna Globe agus a shíneann siar chun ceangal a dhéanamh leis na príomhlínte Cónaidhme ag Bóthar Plánc Iarúsailéim. Ach chaill siad luas bhí a n-aistriú i líne an Choinbhinsiúin seachas é a bhriseadh.\nAr 21 Lúnasa, rinne Hill anailís ar an líne nua Chónaidhme le haghaidh laigí ach níor aimsigh sé aon cheann. Leis an troid ag Globe Tavern, d'éirigh le Grant a línte fánaíochta a leathnú go dtí an iarthar agus nasc príomh-iarnróid Petersburg le Wilmington, Carolina Thuaidh a ghearradh. Bhí ar na Cónaidhmeannaigh anois carranna iarnróid a dhí-ualach ag Stáisiún Stony Creek le haghaidh carranna 30 míle a tharraingt suas Boydton Plank Road chun Petersburg a bhaint amach."} {"text": "Nurses are subject to a variety of health hazards and injuries. According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2020 saw an unprecedented 78,740 nonfatal workplace illnesses and injuries for nurses. Though this number will likely decrease in the future, it illustrates the daily risk nurses face.\nLearning more about the most common nursing injuries might help avoid harm in the future. Nurses should know their workers’ compensation insurance and prepare for the damages described below.\nOverexertion and repetitive stress injuries\nBefore 2020, overexertion was the most common injury for nurses. Most repetitive stress or overexertion injuries result from unnaturally bending, lifting or twisting the body. Nurses often must handle patients who weigh more than them. Be mindful of lifting techniques to prevent back injuries, strains or joint damage.\nViolence from patients and criminals\nViolence affects a disproportionate amount of healthcare workers. According to OSHA’s official website, employers should create committees to create strategies to minimize the risk for healthcare workers. Nurses can help themselves by staying alert for warning signs of violence and participating in training programs when available.\nTrips and falls\nSlips, trips and falls are common in many industries, including healthcare. Nurses face various obstacles and unsafe walking conditions, such as cords, wet floors and medical equipment. Wearing proper footwear can reduce slips, but employers should also work to improve safety conditions for their employees.\nNurses treat thousands of Americans for their injuries every day. They deserve the same medical care, especially for workplace-related injuries. Improving workplace safety requires collaboration between employees and employers to follow procedures and maintain facilities.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-23", "url": "https://www.ghalllaw.com/blog/2023/01/common-injuries-suffered-by-healthcare-workers/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224644574.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20230529010218-20230529040218-00661.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9485732317, "token_count": 339, "score": 2.640625, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Tá na hoibritheacha faoi réir rioscaí sláinte agus gortuithe éagsúla. De réir Biúró Staidrimh Oibre na Stát Aontaithe, i 2020 bhí 78,740 galar agus gortaithe neamhbháis ag an áit oibre do na hoibrithe altraí, líon nach bhfacthas riamh roimhe sin. Cé go bhfuil seans ann go laghdófar an líon seo sa todhchaí, léiríonn sé na rioscaí a bhíonn os comhair na n-iníonáin go laethúil.\nD'fhéadfadh go gcabhródh níos mó eolais a fháil faoi na díobhálacha is coitianta a bhíonn ag na hoibrithe altranais díobháil a sheachaint sa todhchaí. Ba cheart go mbeadh a fhios ag na hoibrithe céard is árachas cúitimh oibrithe ann agus ba cheart dóibh ullmhú do na damáistí a thuairiscítear thíos.\nTromchúis le ró-fheidhmíocht agus le díobhálacha athfhillteacha\nRoimh 2020, ba é ró-fheidhm an díobháil is coitianta d'iníonanna. Is é is mó díobhálacha strus nó rófheidhm athfhillteach ná mar thoradh ar an gcorp a phléasc, a ardú nó a thiontú go neamhnádúrtha. Is minic a chaithfear le hoibrithe cúram a dhéanamh ar othair a bhfuil meáchan níos mó orthu. Bí cúramach faoi theicnící ardaithe chun díobhálacha cúl, strains nó damáiste a dhéanamh do na hailt.\nFhoréigean ó othair agus ó choiriúla\nBíonn tionchar ag foréigean ar líon neamhréireach oibrithe cúraim sláinte. De réir láithreán gréasáin oifigiúil OSHA, ba cheart d'fhostóirí coistí a chruthú chun straitéisí a chruthú chun an riosca do oibrithe cúraim sláinte a íoslaghdú. Is féidir le altraí cabhrú leo féin trí bheith ar an airdeall do chomharthaí rabhaidh foréigean agus páirt a ghlacadh i gcláir oiliúna nuair a bhíonn siad ar fáil.\nTréimhseáil\nTá sleamhnáin, trips agus titim coitianta i go leor tionscail, lena n-áirítear cúram sláinte. Bíonn constaicí éagsúla i láthair ag altraí agus bíonn coinníollacha coisithe ag siúl neamhshábháilte, amhail cords, urláir fliuch agus trealamh leighis. Is féidir le bróga cuí a chaitheamh sliotáin a laghdú, ach ba cheart d'fhostóirí oibriú freisin chun coinníollacha sábháilteachta a gcuid fostaithe a fheabhsú.\nDéanann altraí cóireáil ar na mílte Meiriceánach a gcuid gortuithe gach lá. Is fiú an cúram leighis chéanna a thabhairt dóibh, go háirithe i gcás gortuithe a bhaineann le háit oibre. Chun sábháilteacht san ionad oibre a fheabhsú, ní mór d'fhostaithe agus d'fhostóirí comhoibriú le chéile chun na nósanna imeachta a leanúint agus na háiseanna a chothabháil."} {"text": "Week 25: Learning Life Skills with Road Sign Bingo\nThis is a fun twist on travel bingo, and great for older kids. Challenge your kids to find as many of these as they can on your next trip.\nWe find that our kids are VERY interested in learning about driving a car and the rules of the road. This bingo board can actually help prompt all sorts of great conversations that will help introduce your kids to driving skills.\n- Different speed limits on side streets vs highways.\n- What’s the definition of Yield?\n- White vs yellow vs brown vs green signs\nWhat other lessons have you found to teach your kids while driving?", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-30", "url": "https://blog.thetripclip.com/2016/06/21/week-25-learning-life-skills-with-road-sign-bingo/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549426050.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20170726062224-20170726082224-00099.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9451090097, "token_count": 137, "score": 2.921875, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Seachtain 25: Scileanna Saoil a Foghlaim le Bingo ar Shíntiús na Bóithre\nIs é seo a twist spraoi ar bingo taistil, agus iontach do pháistí níos sine. Cuir dúshlán ar do pháistí a lán de seo a aimsiú ar an gcéad turas eile.\nFaigheann muid amach go bhfuil an-spéis ag ár gcuid páistí i foghlaim faoi thiomáint carr agus rialacha an bhóthair. Is féidir leis an mbord bingó seo cabhrú le gach cineál comhrá iontach a spreagadh a chabhróidh le do pháistí dul i mbun scileanna tiomána.\n- Teorainneacha luas éagsúla ar shráideanna taobh vs mórabhóithre.\n- Cad é an sainmhíniú ar Yield?\n- Táblaí bán vs buí vs donn vs glas\nCad iad na ceachtanna eile a fuair tú le múineadh do do pháistí agus iad ag tiomáint?"} {"text": "Back-to-School Health Checkup\nHere's a primer on exactly what your child needs to have a safe and healthy school year.\nBy Jennifer Warner\nReviewed By Michael Smith\nWhether your child is entering school for the first time or about to graduate, back-to-school time is a good opportunity for parents to check up on their children's health and make sure they're protected against common childhood diseases and illnesses.\nFirst on the list should be immunizations. Vaccination requirements can vary by state or school district. To find out exactly what's required at your child's school, contact the local school board.\nBelow are the recommended guidelines that have been approved by the CDC's Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices, the American Academy of Pediatrics, and the American Academy of Family Physicians.\nBy Age 2\nVaccination series for the following should be completed by age 2 in all children:\nAnnual influenza vaccinations are recommended for all infants aged 6 to 24 months since this age group is at substantially higher risk for complications from the flu that may require hospitalization.\nA series of hepatitis A vaccines may also be recommended starting at age 2 for children in some high-risk groups or areas. Check with your doctor or local public health department for more information. Annual flu vaccines are necessary because immunity to the flu virus does not persist and the strains of the flu virus change from year to year.\nBoosters are recommended between ages 4 and 6 for the following vaccines:\nChildren younger than 9 years who have not previously received the flu vaccine need two doses of the vaccine, given more than one month apart. If possible, the second dose should be given before December. Annual vaccination is recommended after that point.\nAnnual influenza vaccination is recommended for children who are at increased risk for complications from the flu, including those with asthma or other lung disease, sickle cell anemia, HIV, diabetes, and heart or kidney disease.\nA visit to the pediatrician is recommended at age 11 to 12 to review all vaccinations and make sure all necessary vaccines have been given. A series of hepatitis B, MMR, or varicella vaccines may be given if they were missed or incomplete at earlier ages.\nIn addition, a combination booster for tetanus and diphtheria (Td) should be given if at least five years have passed since the last Td vaccine.\nAlthough flu vaccines are not specifically recommended for this age group, any child at increased risk for complications from the flu, including those with asthma, sickle cell disease, HIV, diabetes, and heart disease, should receive an annual flu vaccine.\nFor more information on current vaccination schedules, guidelines, shortages, and answers to frequently asked questions, visit the CDC's National Immunization Program web site or call the National Immunization Hotline at (800) 232-2522 (English) or (800) 232-0233 (Spanish).\nHealth Problems to Watch for:\nOnce a child is infected with lice, the tiny bugs can spread quickly to other children though close contact or sharing personal items such as hairbrushes, combs, scarves, and hats. Symptoms include itching, and tiny brown or white eggs called nits may be seen on shafts of hair (although you may need a magnifying glass to see them). If you suspect lice, you can try a nonprescription product to kill the lice or contact a health professional to confirm the diagnosis.\nLice do not usually cause any serious health problems. But contact a doctor if your child develops signs of a skin infection, such as fever, pain, swelling, or redness at the infestation site, or a discharge of pus.\nAlthough most school cafeterias have been instructed to avoid serving items that might cause a severe allergic reaction, there are still potential pitfalls at school that parents of children with food allergies should prepare for.\nFood allergies are more common in children than in adults, although many will outgrow them. The most common foods that cause allergies in children are those with a high protein content, such as peanuts, milk, wheat, soy, and eggs.\nIf your child has food allergies, you should instruct him to avoid sharing food with classmates or friends at school, and at other events such as bake sales, class outings, or parties. Provide your child with his own food and snacks for field trips and other school-related events where they may encounter problem foods.\nIn addition, alert the school nurse if your child has a life-threatening food allergy. Your doctor may also prescribe an EpiPen for the nurse to have on hand in case of a severe reaction. These pens deliver a shot of epinephrine (a.k.a. adrenaline) that can open up the airways and allow the child to breathe until medical help arrives.\nConjunctivitis, also known as pinkeye, can spread like wildfire in classrooms once a child becomes infected.\nSymptoms of pinkeye include redness of the eye, swollen eyelids, itching, discharge or unusual drainage from the eye, and sensitivity to light. Most cases of pinkeye among children are caused by viruses for which there are no medical treatment -- the infection resolves slowly on its own.\nThat's why it's important to stop the spread of the infection when it appears.\nPoor hand washing is the main cause of spreading pinkeye. Sharing an object with someone who has pinkeye can also spread the infection. Children with pinkeye should not attend school until symptoms improve. Most cases clear up within a few days.\nOverloaded backpacks could injure your child's back. According to the American Chiropractic Association, a child's backpack should weigh no more than 10% of his or her body weight.\nIf your child routinely lugs around more than what's recommended for her weight, try purchasing a backpack with wheels or one with a support belt to help distribute the weight more evenly.\nPublished July 29, 2004.\nSOURCES: American Academy of Pediatrics. CDC. American Academy of Family Physicians.\n©1996-2005 WebMD Inc. All rights reserved.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2013-48", "url": "http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=51830", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386163055782/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204131735-00084-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9593132734, "token_count": 1248, "score": 2.890625, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Seiceáil Sláinte ar Thosaigh an Scoil\nSeo béim ar an méid a theastaíonn go díreach ó do leanbh chun bliain scoile sábháilte agus sláintiúil a bheith aige.\nLe Jennifer Warner\nAthbhreithniú ag Michael Smith\nCibé an bhfuil do leanbh ag dul isteach sa scoil den chéad uair nó ag céim amach, is deis mhaith é an t-am ar ais ar scoil do thuismitheoirí chun seiceáil a dhéanamh ar shláinte a leanaí agus a chinntiú go bhfuil siad cosanta i gcoinne ghalair agus galair choitianta na leanaí.\nBa chóir go mbeadh imdhíonaíochtaí ar an gcéad cheann ar an liosta. Féadfaidh riachtanais vacsaínithe a bheith éagsúil de réir stáit nó ceantair scoile. Chun a fháil amach go díreach cad atá ag teastáil ó scoil do pháiste, déan teagmháil leis an mbord scoile áitiúil.\nSeo thíos na treoirlínte molta a cheadaigh Coiste Comhairleach CDC ar Cleachtais Imdhíonaithe, Acadamh Mheiriceá na Páistí, agus Acadamh Mheiriceá na Dochtúirí Teaghlaigh.\nDe réir Aois 2\nBa cheart sraith vacsaínithe a chríochnú ag aois 2 i ngach leanbh le haghaidh na nithe seo a leanas:\nMoltar vacsaínithe bliantúla an fhuilíneachta do na páistí go léir atá idir 6 agus 24 mhí d'aois ós rud é go bhfuil an grúpa aoise seo i mbaol i bhfad níos airde do choimpléachtaí ón fhuilíneacht a d'fhéadfadh go mbeadh gá le hoispidéalú.\nD'fhéadfadh sé go molfaí sraith vacsaíní heipitíteas A a thosú ag aois 2 d' leanaí i roinnt grúpaí nó limistéir ardriosca. Déan seiceáil le do dhochtúir nó le hoifig sláinte poiblí áitiúil le haghaidh tuilleadh eolais. Tá vacsaíní bliantúla fliú riachtanach toisc nach maireann díolúine i gcoinne víreas na fliú agus go n-athraíonn strains víreas na fliú ó bhliain go bliain.\nMoltar athshlánú idir 4 agus 6 bliana d'aois do na vacsaíní seo a leanas:\nNí mór do leanaí atá níos óige ná 9 mbliana d'aois nach bhfuair an vacsaín fliú roimhe seo dhá dháileog den vacsaín a thabhairt, a thugtar níos mó ná mí amháin ar shiúl. Más féidir, ba cheart an dara dáileog a thabhairt roimh mhí na Nollag. Moltar vacsaínú bliantúil tar éis an phointe sin.\nMoltar vacsaínú bliantúil an fhliú do leanaí atá i mbaol méadaithe d' iompórtálacha ón fliú, lena n-áirítear iad siúd a bhfuil asthma nó galar scamhóg eile acu, anemia cealla siocla, VEID, diaibéiteas, agus galar croí nó duáin.\nMoltar cuairt a thabhairt ar an bpeidiatraí ag aois 11 go 12 chun athbhreithniú a dhéanamh ar gach vacsaín agus a chinntiú go bhfuil na vacsaíní riachtanacha go léir tugtha. Is féidir sraith vacsaíní heipitíteas B, MMR, nó varicella a thabhairt má chailltear iad nó má tá siad neamhiomlán ag aois níos luaithe.\nIna theannta sin, ba cheart booster teaglaim a thabhairt do tetanus agus difterea (Td) má tá cúig bliana ar a laghad caite ó vacsaín Td deireanach.\nCé nach moltar vacsaíní fliú go sonrach don aoisghrúpa seo, ba cheart vacsaín fliú bliantúil a fháil ó gach leanbh a bhfuil riosca méadaithe aige do choimpléascanna ón fliú, lena n-áirítear iad siúd a bhfuil asthma, galar cille crochta, VEID, diaibéiteas agus galar croí orthu.\nChun tuilleadh eolais a fháil ar sceidil reatha vacsaínithe, treoirlínte, easpa, agus freagraí ar cheisteanna a chuirtear go minic, tabhair cuairt ar shuíomh Gréasáin Clár Náisiúnta Imdhíonaithe CDC nó glao ar an Líne Teasa Imdhíonaithe Náisiúnta ag (800) 232-2522 (Béarla) nó (800) 232-0233 (Spéinnis).\nFadhbanna Sláinte le Breathnú orthu:\nNuair a bhíonn leanbh ionfhabhtaithe le luí, is féidir leis na bugs beagáinín scaipeadh go tapa go leanaí eile trí teagmháil dlúth nó earraí pearsanta mar scuabanna gruaige, cnámh, sciála, agus hataí a roinnt. I measc na hairíonna tá itching, agus d'fhéadfadh uibheacha beaga donn nó bán ar a dtugtar nits a bheith le feiceáil ar shafts gruaige (cé go bhféadfadh gá a bheith agat le gloine méadaithe chun iad a fheiceáil). Má tá amhras ort go bhfuil lice agat, is féidir leat táirge gan oideas a thriail chun na lice a mharú nó teagmháil a dhéanamh le gairmithe sláinte chun an diagnóis a dhearbhú.\nDe ghnáth ní bhíonn aon fhadhbanna sláinte tromchúiseacha ag luibheanna. Ach déan teagmháil le dochtúir má bhíonn comharthaí ionfhabhtaithe craiceann ag do leanbh, amhail teas, pian, tuirse, nó deargú ar an áit ionfhabhtaithe, nó scaoileadh pus.\nCé go bhfuil treoir tugtha do chuid is mó de na caiféithe scoile gan earraí a sheirbheáil a d'fhéadfadh ailléirge tromchúiseach a chur ar fáil, tá seans ann go bhfuil na cnámha sa scoil fós ar cheart do thuismitheoirí a bhfuil ailléirge bia acu a bheith ullamh dóibh.\nTá ailléirgí bia níos coitianta i leanaí ná in dhaoine fásta, cé go mbeidh go leor acu thar a bheith. Is iad na bianna is coitianta a bhíonn ina gcúis le hailléirgí i leanaí iad na bianna a bhfuil cion próitéine ard iontu, amhail muiceola, bainne, cruithneacht, soic, agus uibheacha.\nMá tá ailléirgí bia ag do leanbh, ba cheart duit a threorú gan bia a roinnt le comhghleacaithe nó le cairde sa scoil, agus ag ócáidí eile mar dhíolacháin bhácáin, turasanna ranga, nó páirtithe. Cuir bia agus greimíní féin ar fáil do do leanbh le haghaidh turais sa réimse agus imeachtaí eile a bhaineann leis an scoil ina bhféadfadh siad teacht ar bhia atá ina fhadhb.\nIna theannta sin, cuir in iúl don altra scoile má tá ailléirgí bia ag do leanbh a d'fhéadfadh a bheith ina bhagairt ar a shaol. Féadfaidh do dhochtúir EpiPen a fhorordú freisin le bheith ar fáil ag an altra i gcás frithghníomh tromchúiseach. Tugann na peanna seo instealladh epinephrine (a. k. a. Is féidir leis an gcineál seo de thrombophlebitis (dromchla adrenaline) a chur ar fáil chun na bealaí aeir a oscailt agus ligean don leanbh a bheith ag anailís go dtí go dtiocfaidh cabhair leighis.\nIs féidir le conjunctivitis, ar a dtugtar pinkeye freisin, scaipeadh mar tine foraoise i seomraí ranga nuair a bhíonn leanbh ionfhabhtaithe.\nI measc na hairíonna a bhaineann le pinkeye tá deargú na súl, clúdaigh shúile, itching, scaoileadh nó draenáil neamhghnách ón tsúil, agus íogaireacht don solas. Is víris a bhíonn i gceist le formhór na gcásanna de pinkeye i measc leanaí nach bhfuil cóireáil leighis ann - téann an t-ionfhabhtú amach go mall ar a shon féin.\nSin é an fáth go bhfuil sé tábhachtach scaipeadh an ionfhabhtaithe a stopadh nuair a thagann sé chun cinn.\nIs é droch-náthaithe láimhe an phríomhchúis le scaipeadh pinkeye. Is féidir leis an ionfhabhtú a scaipeadh freisin má roinntear rud le duine a bhfuil pinkeye aige. Níor chóir do leanaí a bhfuil pinkeye acu freastal ar scoil go dtí go dtiocfaidh feabhas ar na hairíonna. Tá an chuid is mó de na cásanna ag éirí níos soiléire laistigh de chúpla lá.\nD'fhéadfadh málaí ró-ualach do pháiste a ghortú. De réir Chumann Chiropractic Mheiriceá, níor cheart go mbeadh meáchan backpack leanbh níos mó ná 10% de a meáchan coirp.\nMá bhíonn do leanbh ag tarraingt níos mó ná an méid a mholtar dá meáchan, déan iarracht mála cúl le rothaí nó ceann le crios tacaíochta a cheannach chun cuidiú leis an meáchan a dháileadh níos cothrom.\nFoilsithe an 29 Iúil, 2004.\nFONTanna: Acadamh Meiriceánach na Páistí. CDC. Acadamh Mheiriceá na Dochtúirí Teaghlaigh.\n© 1996-2005 WebMD Inc. Gach ceart á gcur i gcéin."} {"text": "By - 04/12/2021\nWe all know that playing games, whether it be a board game, a video game or a team sport, can be a great way to pass the time and have fun - we have been engaging in this activity since childhood! But many of us don’t realize that the benefits of playing games can have an immense positive effect on our lives, well into adulthood. Engaging in any type of game activity can have far reaching effects on both our mental and physical health and can allow us to be more focused and productive both at home and in the workplace.\nHere are the top 17 reasons why playing games is good for you!\nMost people associate “play time” with home time and spend their time at work slaving away at their desk for eight or even more hours. This is a common practice that has been ingrained in our society and most workplaces follow this way of thinking as well. New studies, however, are finding that when employees are allowed to mix work and fun together, on a regular basis, they look forward to coming to work, take less sick time, are willing to work harder at their jobs, are more productive and have a significantly increased sense of workplace satisfaction. Incorporating some kind of fun, gaming activity into your daily work day, will lead to happier and healthier employees.\nPlaying games, whether it be a physical sport, a board game or an online game like Solitaire, Freecell, or Spider, can have an enormous effect on the physical body and on mental health as well. Games have been shown to slow our breathing, heart rate and blood pressure and can have a calming effect, therefore reducing stress and the negative effects that it can have on us. Engaging in gaming activity on a regular basis can leave us feeling more relaxed and better able to cope with both the stressors that affect us at work, and those that we deal with at home as well.\nIf you look at a group of children in the school yard, engaged in some type of fun game, you are guaranteed to see a bunch of laughing, smiling faces. Not only are playing games fun, they also work wonders in boosting our mood. When we engage in an enjoyable group activity, our body begins releasing feel-good hormones, such as dopamine, oxytocin, serotonin and endorphins. These chemicals reduce feelings of anxiety and depression, boost our mood, increasing feelings of happiness.\nHaving a longer attention span means that we are able to focus on a single task, for a longer period of time, without becoming distracted. Attention span and focus is a skill that can be improved upon and can benefit us in all areas of our life, from focusing on lectures and schoolwork to sitting through meetings and staying focused on a project at work. Playing any type of game that requires concentration, whether it be a board game like monopoly or chess, or a video game, can help to increase our attention span and therefore improve both the length of time and the quality of our focus.\nWhen used in the workplace, games can greatly improve moral and increase social interaction and camaraderie among employees. Playing games together, whether in pairs or in a larger team, can help to improve social skills and allows the players to get to know more about one another. It can improve teamwork and cooperation amongst one another. Having good workplace relationships between staff members will help to increase productivity and will improve the overall atmosphere, creating a fun but efficient work environment.\nStudies have proven that playing games, especially video games or virtual reality games, can have a profound effect on reducing physical pain. When we engage in a fun and immersive experience, like a video game, not only do we become distracted and less aware of our physical reality, our bodies also start producing greater amounts of the chemical endorphin. This hormone reduces pain by blocking the signals to the brain that tell us to experience that pain.\nCreative people are known for being full of interesting and unique ideas, they are usually good at problem solving and thinking outside the box. Studies have shown that people with a more creative mindset are usually happier, are able to better deal with stress and are motivated and productive in the workplace. Having a team of creative employees is definitely an asset to any company and playing games is one proven method to promote creative thinking.\nGames of any type often require the use of our imagination skills combined with our ability to problem solve and come up with strategies to win. This combination requires us to use the parts of our brain that are responsible for creative thinking, making it easier for us to come up with creative ideas outside of the gaming environment and in other parts of our lives.\nBeing able to problem solve and come up with solutions to issues as they arise is a skill that can help us in all areas of our lives. Problem solving helps us to understand what is going on around us and allows us to think quickly in order to come up with different ways to approach new situations. Working on these skills by engaging in fun gaming activities is an excellent way to become better able to adjust quickly and think on your feet when a problem arises. All games, whether it be a video game, a sport or a board game present some sort of challenge that must be overcome using careful planning and critical thinking. Improving these skills through gaming will make them stronger and our abilities to problem solve outside of the game, will be greatly improved.\nThe Pomodoro Technique was developed in the 1980’s and is an excellent way to increase productivity and to work on time management skills, especially in the workplace. Francesco Cirillo used a tomato shaped kitchen timer (Pomodoro is the Italian word for tomato!) to break his work time up into shorter increments. When the timer would go off, he would take a short, timed break, and then set the timer again and get back to work. He found that when working for shorter lengths of time, with a break in between, he was able to stay focused and accomplish more, than when working for longer intervals. He found that twenty-five minutes of work, with five to ten minutes of rest in between was the perfect length of time to allow for the maximum amount of productivity.\nIncluding short games at frequent intervals throughout the day is an excellent way to utilize this technique and will give you something to look forward to on your short breaks. They will keep your mind active and stimulated while allowing you to step away from the task at hand.\nIt is no secret that everyone is different and everyone has unique strengths and weaknesses. Some people are great problem solvers while others are better at implementing the solutions that someone else has devised. Some are leaders while others are followers. Knowing the strengths and weaknesses of both yourself and others can be an excellent way to increase productivity, especially when working in a team environment like a workplace.\nThere are a wide variety of different games that can identify where people’s strengths lie, and implementing them in the workplace is a great way to ensure that all employees are being given tasks that are best suited to their own, personal abilities.\nKeeping your brain active and healthy is very important, and becomes even more so as we age. Activities, especially those that require problem solving and critical thinking, are especially good at stimulating our brain and keeping it healthy.\nAs we get older the amount of grey matter in our brain slowly begins to decrease. This particular part of the brain is directly responsible for memory, emotions and cognitive ability. Studies have shown that the more mentally active we are throughout life and into our later years, the more grey matter that we retain and therefore the more healthy and active our brains are as we age. Board games, video games and puzzles are all excellent ways to stimulate our minds and stay sharp, whether we are young or old.\nWhen people don’t know each other well, it can be difficult to bridge that gap, especially in a workplace environment. Games, sports or any kind of friendly competition is the perfect way to bring people together and allow them to get to know one another. It can build friendships and gives everyone involved common ground to initiate conversation.\nWhether you are a young student or an adult being taught a new skill or task, learning can often be tedious, tiring and downright boring. Taking in all of the information required to learn something new can be overwhelming for our brains and often the information that is retained is far less than the information that was originally given. Implementing games into the teaching process, however, can change all of this.\nWhen learning is made fun through the use of interesting and interactive techniques like games or challenges, students report a better ability to focus and remain engaged. Not only will they be more eager to learn, they will also be better able to retain and implement the information that has been given to them.\nThis technique is already used in classrooms around the country but shouldn’t end after grade school. Utilizing games in the work environment is a great way to keep employees engaged and informed.\nSelf-esteem is the amount of confidence or faith that someone has in themselves and their abilities. Often when faced with a new challenge or situation, we may question if we are capable of pushing through and succeeding but through regular games, teamwork activities or sports, we are better able to build our trust in ourselves. Although it may feel scary, or place us out of our comfort zone, consistently working with others on a team can help us to feel more confident both in and out of the team environment.\nPhysical activity is so important, especially in today’s society where so many of us spend so much time sitting. Making a game out of physical activity is the perfect way to keep your body moving and can be an excellent way to encourage both young and old to get up and get active. Dance contests, Twister, races or sports are just a few ways that games can be used to make exercise fun.\nStudies have shown that the more games that you play, the better your ability is to learn and retain information. When we are under stress, our bodies produce an excess amount of cortisol. This hormone can inhibit our ability to sleep, making us tired and unable to focus throughout the day. It can also dampen both your mood and your energy levels. Playing games and engaging in fun activities can reduce our stress and therefore reduce our cortisol levels, making learning new information and completing tasks easier\nNo matter what type of game you choose to play, it will require a wide variety of skills such as problem solving, concentration, perseverance and strategic thinking. All of these skills come into play outside of the game, when you are required to make a decision. The more games you play, the stronger these skills will become, not only making you a better gaming competitor but making you a stronger decision maker in all areas of your life.\nThere are so many different benefits to playing games. Not only do they have a positive physical effect on both our bodies and minds but they can make us smarter, increase our motivation and enhance our productivity. They can create a better and more exciting environment both at home and at the workplace and can create closer bonds between both family members and coworkers. The advantages of engaging in games are far reaching and endless. So what are you waiting for? Get out there, have some fun reaping all the benefits that different games can offer you, and start playing!", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-23", "url": "https://embed.solitaired.com/why-games-are-good-for-wellness-and-productivity", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224652569.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20230606114156-20230606144156-00047.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9671333432, "token_count": 2314, "score": 2.671875, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "De réir - 04/12/2021\nTá a fhios againn go léir gur bealach iontach é cluichí a imirt, bíodh sé ar chluiche boird, ar chluiche físe nó ar spórt foirne, chun an t-am a chaitheamh agus spraoi a bheith againn - tá muid ag gabháil don ghníomhaíocht seo ó bhíomar páirteach sa pháiste! Ach ní thuigeann go leor againn gur féidir le buntáistí a bhaineann le cluichí a imirt tionchar ollmhór dearfach a bheith acu ar ár saol, go maith isteach san aos fásta. Is féidir le páirt a ghlacadh in aon chineál gníomhaíochta cluiche éifeachtaí fada-raonta a bheith aige ar ár sláinte mheabhrach agus fisiceach araon agus is féidir leis cabhrú linn a bheith níos dírithe agus níos táirgiúla sa bhaile agus san ionad oibre araon.\nSeo iad na 17 chúis is mó a léiríonn go bhfuil sé go maith duit cluichí a imirt!\nIs é an chuid is mó daoine a bhaineann 'am na súgartha' le am sa bhaile agus caitheann siad a gcuid ama ag an obair ag obair go crua ag a mbosca ar feadh ocht n-uaire nó níos mó. Is cleachtas coitianta é seo atá curtha isteach inár sochaí agus leanann formhór na n-áit oibre an bealach smaointeoireachta seo freisin. Tá staidéir nua ag teacht amach, áfach, nuair a cheadaítear d'fhostaithe obair agus spraoi a mheascadh le chéile, go rialta, go bhfuil siad ag tnúth le teacht chun na hoibre, go bhfuil siad níos lú ama tinn, go bhfuil siad toilteanach níos mó a bheith ag obair ina gcuid post, go bhfuil siad níos táirgiúla agus go bhfuil mothú sásúil níos mó acu maidir le sásamh san ionad oibre. Ag cur roinnt de spraoi, gníomhaíocht cearrbhachais i do lá oibre laethúil, beidh fostaithe níos sona agus níos sláintiúla.\nIs féidir le cluichí, bíodh sé spórt fisiciúil, cluiche boird nó cluiche ar líne mar Solitaire, Freecell, nó Spider, tionchar ollmhór a bheith acu ar an gcorp fisiciúil agus ar shláinte mheabhrach freisin. Tá sé léirithe go gcuireann cluichí moille ar ár n-anamú, ar ár ráta croí agus ar ár brú fola agus go bhféadfadh siad éifeacht suaimhneach a bheith acu, agus dá bhrí sin, go laghdaíonn siad strus agus na héifeachtaí diúltacha a d'fhéadfadh a bheith aige orainn. Is féidir le páirt a ghlacadh i ngníomhaíocht cearrbhachais ar bhonn rialta a fhágáil go mbraitheann muid níos suaimhneach agus níos fearr in ann déileáil leis an dá na stressors a théann i bhfeidhm orainn ag an obair, agus iad siúd a déileálann muid sa bhaile chomh maith.\nMá fhéachann tú ar ghrúpa páistí i gcóir na scoile, ag déanamh cineál éigin cluiche spraíúil, tá sé ráthaithe go bhfeicfidh tú slua de chló ag gáire, ag gáire. Ní hamháin go bhfuil sé spraoi ag imirt cluichí, ach oibríonn siad go hiontach chun ár n-ainneoin a ardú. Nuair a bhíonn muid ag déanamh gníomhaíochta taitneamhach i ngrúpa, tosaíonn ár gcorp ag scaoileadh hormóiní a chuireann ar ár mothúchán, amhail dopamine, ocsaitocin, serotonin agus endorphins. Laghdaíonn na ceimiceáin seo mothúcháin imní agus dúlagar, cuireann siad ár n-ainneoin, ag méadú mothúcháin sonas.\nCiallaíonn sé go bhfuil sé in ann díriú ar thasc amháin ar feadh tréimhse níos faide gan a bheith dífhostaithe. Is scileanna iad an t-aird agus an fócas a d'fhéadfaí a fheabhsú agus is féidir leo a bheith tairbheach dúinn i ngach réimse dár saol, ó fhócas a chur ar léachtaí agus ar obair scoile go suí trí chruinnithe agus fanacht fócas ar thionscadal ag an obair. Is féidir le haon chineál cluiche a éilíonn díriú, bíodh sé ar chluiche boird mar Monopoly nó seisean, nó cluiche físe, cabhrú lenár gcumas aird a mhéadú agus dá bhrí sin feabhas a chur ar fad ama agus ar cháilíocht ár bhfócas araon.\nNuair a úsáidtear iad san ionad oibre, is féidir le cluichí morál a fheabhsú go mór agus idirghníomhú sóisialta agus camaraderie a mhéadú i measc fostaithe. Is féidir le cluichí a imirt le chéile, cibé acu i mbeirt nó i bhfoireann níos mó, cabhrú le scileanna sóisialta a fheabhsú agus ligfidh sé do na himreoirí níos mó a fháil amach faoi a chéile. Is féidir leis obair foirne agus comhar a fheabhsú i measc a chéile. Cuideoidh caidreamh maith idir baill foirne san ionad oibre le táirgiúlacht a mhéadú agus feabhsóidh sé an t-atmaisféar foriomlán, ag cruthú timpeallacht oibre spraíúil ach éifeachtúil.\nTá sé cruthaithe ag staidéir go bhféadfadh tionchar mór a bheith ag cluichí, go háirithe cluichí físe nó cluichí fíorúla, ar pian fisiciúil a laghdú. Nuair a bhíonn muid ag baint taitneamh as eispéireas spraíúil agus cuimsitheach, cosúil le cluiche físe, ní hamháin go mbíonn muid ag díriú ar ár réaltacht fhisiceach agus níos lú a fhios againn, tosaíonn ár gcomhlachtaí ag táirgeadh méideanna níos mó den cheimiceán endorphin. Laghdaíonn an hormóin seo pian trí na comharthaí chuig an inchinn a chuireann in iúl dúinn an pian sin a bhraitheann a bhac.\nTá daoine cruthaitheacha ar eolas mar go bhfuil siad lán le smaointe suimiúla agus uathúla, de ghnáth bíonn siad go maith ag réiteach fadhbanna agus ag smaoineamh lasmuigh den bhosca. Léiríonn staidéir go mbíonn daoine a bhfuil smaointeoireacht níos cruthaitheacha acu de ghnáth níos sona, níos fearr in ann déileáil le strus agus go bhfuil siad spreagtha agus táirgiúil san ionad oibre. Is cinnte gur sócmhainn é foireann fostaithe cruthaitheacha a bheith agat d'aon chuideachta agus is modh cruthaitheach é cluichí a imirt chun smaointeoireacht chruthaitheach a chur chun cinn.\nIs minic a éilíonn cluichí de chineál ar bith úsáid ár scileanna samhlaíochta i dteannta lenár gcumas fadhbanna a réiteach agus straitéisí a fháil chun buachan. Éilíonn an teaglaim seo orainn na codanna den inchinn atá freagrach as smaointeoireacht chruthaitheach a úsáid, rud a fhágann go bhfuil sé níos éasca dúinn teacht ar smaointe cruthaitheacha lasmuigh den timpeallacht cearrbhachais agus i gcodanna eile dár saol.\nIs scileanna iad a bheith in ann fadhbanna a réiteach agus réitigh a fháil ar shaincheisteanna de réir mar a thagann siad chun cinn a chabhróidh linn i ngach réimse dár saol. Cabhraíonn réiteach fadhbanna linn a thuiscint cad atá ag tarlú timpeall orainn agus ligann sé dúinn smaoineamh go tapa chun teacht ar bhealaí éagsúla chun dul i ngleic le cásanna nua. Is bealach iontach é na scileanna seo a fheabhsú trí bheith páirteach i ngníomhaíochtaí spraíúla cearrbhachais chun a bheith in ann oiriúnú go tapa agus smaoineamh ar do chosa níos fearr nuair a bhíonn fadhb ann. Gach cluiche, cibé acu cluiche físeán, spórt nó cluiche boird a chur i láthair roinnt cineál dúshlán a chaithfear a shárú ag baint úsáide as pleanáil cúramach agus smaointeoireacht chriticiúil. Feabhas a chur ar na scileanna trí chluiche a dhéanamh níos láidre agus ár gcumas chun fadhbanna a réiteach lasmuigh den chluiche, a bheidh feabhsaithe go mór.\nForbraíodh Teicníc Pomodoro sna 1980idí agus is bealach iontach é chun táirgiúlacht a mhéadú agus chun scileanna bainistíochta ama a oibriú, go háirithe san ionad oibre. Ba é Francesco Cirillo a d'úsáid amú cócaireachta i gcruth tamáiste (Pomodoro is é an focal Iodáilis do tamáiste!) a chuid ama oibre a bhriseadh suas i méaduithe níos giorra. Nuair a bheadh an t-amam a bheith ag dul amach, bheadh sé a ghlacadh ar scor gearr, am, agus ansin a chur ar an am a chur ar ais agus dul ar ais go dtí an obair. Fuair sé amach go raibh sé in ann díriú agus níos mó a bhaint amach nuair a bhí sé ag obair ar feadh tréimhsí níos giorra, le sosanna idir na tréimhsí, ná nuair a bhí sé ag obair ar feadh tréimhsí níos faide. Fuair sé go raibh cúig nóiméad is fiche oibre, le cúig go deich nóiméad scíthe idir an dá linn, an fad ama foirfe chun an méid is mó táirgiúlachta a cheadú.\nIs bealach iontach é an teicníc seo a úsáid trí chluichí gearr a chur san áireamh ag eatraimh mhín ar feadh an lae agus tabharfaidh sé rud éigin duit chun súil a bheith agat leis le linn do chuid sosanna gearr. Coinneoidh siad do intinn gníomhach agus spreagtha agus ligfidh siad duit céim a chur ar shiúl ón tasc atá le déanamh.\nNíl sé ina rún go bhfuil gach duine difriúil agus go bhfuil láidreachtaí agus laigí uathúla ag gach duine. Tá daoine áirithe ina réititheoirí fadhbanna iontacha agus daoine eile níos fearr ag cur na réitigh a cheap duine eile i bhfeidhm. Tá cuid acu ina cheannairí agus cuid eile ina lucht leanúna. Is bealach iontach é neart agus laigí an duine féin agus daoine eile a bheith ar eolas agat chun táirgiúlacht a mhéadú, go háirithe nuair a bhíonn tú ag obair i dtimpeallacht mar áit oibre.\nTá réimse leathan cluichí éagsúla ann a fhéadann a aithint cá bhfuil láidreachtaí daoine, agus is bealach iontach iad a chur i bhfeidhm san ionad oibre chun a chinntiú go bhfuil tascanna á tabhairt do gach fostaí a oireann is fearr dá gcumas pearsanta féin.\nTá sé an-tábhachtach do inchinn a choinneáil gníomhach agus sláintiúil, agus é a bheith níos tábhachtaí fós de réir mar a théann muid in aois. Tá gníomhaíochtaí, go háirithe iad siúd a éilíonn réiteach fadhbanna agus smaointeoireacht chriticiúil, go háirithe maith chun ár n-inchinn a spreagadh agus a choinneáil sláintiúil.\nDe réir mar a théann muid in aois, tosaíonn méid an ábhair liath inár n-inchinn ag laghdú go mall. Tá an chuid áirithe seo den inchinn freagrach go díreach as cuimhne, mothúcháin agus cumas cognaíoch. Léirigh staidéir go bhfuil an níos gníomhaí go meabhrach atá muid i rith ár saol agus inár mblianta níos sine, an níos mó ábhar liath a choinníonn muid agus dá bhrí sin is fearr a bhíonn ár n-inchinn sláintiúil agus gníomhach agus muid ag dul in aois. Tá cluichí boird, cluichí físeáin agus puzzles ar bhealaí den scoth iad go léir chun ár n-intinn a spreagadh agus chun fanacht géar, bíodh muid óg nó sean.\nNuair nach bhfuil aithne mhaith ag daoine ar a chéile, is féidir go mbeadh sé deacair an bhearna sin a dhúnadh, go háirithe i dtimpeallacht an áit oibre. Is é an bealach is fearr chun daoine a thabhairt le chéile agus a ligean dóibh aithne a chur ar a chéile ná cluichí, spóirt nó aon chineál iomaíochta cairdiúil. Is féidir le cairdeas a thógáil agus tugann sé do gach duine a bhfuil baint acu leis an ábhar a bhfuil siad ag caint air.\nCibé an bhfuil tú i do pháiste nó i do dhuine fásta a bhfuil scileanna nó tascanna nua á múineadh agat, is minic a bhíonn an fhoghlaim tedious, tiring agus go díreach boring. Is féidir leis an bhfaisnéis uile a theastaíonn chun rud éigin nua a fhoghlaim a ghlacadh a bheith thar a bheith tromchúiseach dár n-inchinn agus is minic go bhfuil an fhaisnéis a choinnítear i bhfad níos lú ná an fhaisnéis a tugadh ar dtús. Ach is féidir leis an gcluiche a chur san áireamh sa phróiseas teagaisc seo a athrú.\nNuair a dhéantar spraoi le foghlaim trí theicnící suimiúla agus idirghníomhacha a úsáid mar chluichí nó dúshláin, tuairiscíonn mic léinn go bhfuil cumas níos fearr acu díriú agus fanacht gafa. Ní hamháin go mbeidh siad níos díograise chun foghlaim, ach beidh siad in ann an fhaisnéis a tugadh dóibh a choinneáil agus a chur i bhfeidhm níos fearr.\nTá an teicníc seo á úsáid cheana féin i seomraí ranga ar fud na tíre ach níor cheart go gcuirfí deireadh leis tar éis na bunscoile. Is bealach iontach é cluichí a úsáid i dtimpeallacht na hoibre chun fostaithe a choinneáil gafa agus ar an eolas.\nIs é féinmheas an méid muiníne nó creidimh atá ag duine ina féin agus ina gcumas. Is minic nuair a bhíonn dúshlán nó cás nua os ár gcomhair, b'fhéidir go mbeimid ag ceistiú an bhfuil muid in ann dul tríd agus é a bhaint amach ach trí chluichí rialta, gníomhaíochtaí foirne nó spóirt, is fearr a bhíonn muid in ann ár muinín féin a thógáil. Cé go mb'fhéidir go mbraitheann sé scanrúil, nó go gcuireann sé amach as ár gcrios compordach, is féidir le bheith ag obair go seasta le daoine eile i bhfoireann cabhrú linn mothú níos muiníneach sa timpeallacht foirne agus lasmuigh de.\nTá gníomhaíocht choirp an-tábhachtach, go háirithe sa tsochaí inniu ina gcaitheann an oiread sin againn an oiread sin ama ina suí. Is bealach iontach é cluiche a dhéanamh as gníomhaíocht choirp chun do chorp a choinneáil ag gluaiseacht agus is bealach iontach é chun daoine óga agus sean araon a spreagadh chun éirí suas agus a bheith gníomhach. Níl sa chomórtas damhsa, sa Twister, sa rása nó sa spórt ach cúpla bealach ar féidir cluichí a úsáid chun spraoi a bhaint as an aclaíocht.\nLéiríonn staidéir gur mó na cluichí a dhéanann tú, is fearr an cumas atá agat eolas a fhoghlaim agus a choinneáil. Nuair a bhíonn muid faoi strus, déanann ár gcomhlachtaí méid iomarcach cortisol a tháirgeadh. Is féidir leis an hormone seo cur isteach ar ár gcumas codlata, rud a fhágann go bhfuilimid tuirseach agus nach féidir linn díriú ar feadh an lae. Is féidir leis an ngá a chur ar do chuid mothúchán agus do chuid fuinnimh. Is féidir le cluichí a imirt agus páirt a ghlacadh i ngníomhaíochtaí spraíúla ár strus a laghdú agus dá bhrí sin ár leibhéil cortisol a laghdú, rud a fhágann go bhfuil sé níos éasca faisnéis nua a fhoghlaim agus tascanna a chur i gcrích\nIs cuma cén cineál cluiche a roghnaíonn tú a imirt, beidh scileanna éagsúla ag teastáil uaidh, amhail réiteach fadhbanna, tiúchan, dícheall agus smaointeoireacht straitéiseach. Tagann na scileanna seo go léir i bhfeidhm lasmuigh den chluiche, nuair a éilítear ort cinneadh a dhéanamh. An níos mó cluichí a imirt, an níos láidre na scileanna a bheith, ní hamháin a dhéanamh tú níos fearr cluiche iomaitheoir ach a dhéanamh tú níos láidre cinnteoir i ngach réimse de do shaol.\nTá go leor buntáistí éagsúla ag imirt cluichí. Ní hamháin go bhfuil éifeacht dhearfach fisiciúil acu ar ár gcorp agus ar ár n-intinn araon ach is féidir leo a dhéanamh níos cliste dúinn, ár spreagadh a mhéadú agus ár dtáirgeacht a fheabhsú. Is féidir leo timpeallacht níos fearr agus níos spreagúla a chruthú sa bhaile agus san ionad oibre araon agus is féidir leo naisc níos dlúithe a chruthú idir baill teaghlaigh agus comhghleacaithe araon. Tá na buntáistí a bhaineann le dul i mbun cluichí fada agus gan deireadh. Mar sin, cad atá tú ag fanacht? Téigh amach ann, a bheith spraoi ag baint tairbhe as na buntáistí go léir is féidir cluichí éagsúla a thairiscint duit, agus tús a imirt!"} {"text": "Over the years, I’ve read my share of student essays; some are wonderful, some execrable, and the vast majority, well…“extremely mediocre.” (How’s that for an oxymoron?) Besides grammatical mistakes and poor syntax, there is the question of style. I would like to mention two (among many) ways of speaking and writing that, according to the classic Elements of Style by Strunk and White, are not so much incorrect as they are weak. The first is the use of the “passive” voice instead of the “active.” (E.g., “The ball was thrown” instead of “Jimmy threw the ball”); the other is the use of the subjunctive mood (“If I were a rich man”) instead of the indicative (“I am a rich man”). The passive voice not only seems anemic, but it allows the speaker to omit important information if he so wishes. (Who threw the ball?) Likewise, the subjunctive mood is indefinite in contrast to the indicative because the situation it describes is not actually the case. Something may be, could be, ought to be, or would be, but as of right here, right now, it is not so.\nIn today’s passage from St. John’s Gospel for the Fifth Sunday of Lent, characters use both forms of vague phraseology. Martha and her sister Mary declare to Jesus: “Lord, if you had been here, my brother would not have died…” Earlier, Jesus’ disciples use the passive voice: “Master, if he is asleep, he will be saved.” Fine: but in the first case, Jesus was not with Lazarus when he died. What then? As for Lazarus being saved, who exactly will do the saving?” Contrast this with God’s word in the first reading from the prophet Ezekiel: “I will open your graves and have you rise from them, and bring you back to the land of Israel…” Likewise, St. Paul tells the Romans: “Those who are in the flesh cannot please God. But you are not in the flesh; you are in the spirit…” It is arguable that the tentative words of the disciples and the sisters call our attention to the divine power Christ wields over the forces of this world, and to the confidence we disciples are to put in his saving will.\nFriends, if ever we were living in a time of uncertainty, as though we were subject to forces beyond our control, it is now. As I listen to the news briefings by the most well-informed, powerful people in the country, to say nothing of our parishioners’ stories, it occurs to me that hollow words of reassurance that “everything will be OK” only diminish the sense of upheaval that presently grips our national family. Evil, whether moral (when it is intentional) or natural (when it is no one’s fault) makes us respond: this should not be, and yet it is. We Catholics are realists, but we heed the Lord’s call to the perfection of holiness in an imperfect world. We recognize the creative tension that lies between the divine and the human, grace and nature, time and eternity, the spirit and the flesh. In both good times and bad, we place our ultimate confidence, not in earthly treasure (which Jesus says passes away), but in the Lord alone. In the meantime, concrete acts of charity that alleviate the suffering of our neighbor do not escape the notice of our Lord, who tells the just: “I am the resurrection and the life; whoever believes in me, even if he dies, will live.” The most powerful evidence of our faith in Christ is our love for our neighbor. Forget the subjunctive (what if?); let us live in the indicative (God is with us).", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-16", "url": "https://www.stmarysroslyn.com/pastors_page/?p=669", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370525223.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20200404200523-20200404230523-00139.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9546369314, "token_count": 825, "score": 2.53125, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Thar na blianta, léigh mé mo chuid aisteí mac léinn; tá cuid acu iontach, cuid eile execrable, agus an tromlach mór, go maith... go hiontach. (Conas is féidir é sin a bheith ina oxymoron?) Chomh maith le botúin gramadaí agus sintéise dhroch, tá ceist an stíl ann. Ba mhaith liom dhá bhealach labhairt agus scríbhneoireachta (i measc go leor) a lua nach bhfuil, de réir na gclár Elements of Style ag Strunk and White, chomh mícheart agus atá siad lag. Is é an chéad cheann ná an úsáid a bhaint as an guth éighníomhach in ionad an gníomhach. (M.sh., Bhí an liathróid ar fáil in ionad Chuir Jimmy an liathróid); is é an ceann eile úsáid an stíl fho-chomhpháirtí ( Dá mba duine saibhir mé) in ionad an táscaire ( Is fear saibhir mé). Ní amháin go bhfuil an guth éighníomhach cosúil le anaimic, ach tugann sé deis don chainteoir faisnéis thábhachtach a fhágáil amach más mian leis. (Cé a chaith an liathróid?) Ar an gcaoi chéanna, tá an stíl fho-chomhshónach neamhchinnte i gcodarsnacht leis an t-uachtarán toisc nach é an cás a thuairiscíonn sé i ndáiríre. D'fhéadfadh rud éigin a bheith, d'fhéadfadh a bheith, ba chóir a bheith, nó a bheadh, ach mar atá anseo, anois, nach bhfuil sé mar sin.\nSa rannán inniu ó Evanjeliu Naomh Eoin don Chúigiú Domhnach den Chréasún, úsáideann carachtair an dá fhoirm frásaíochta éagórach. Dúirt Máirt agus a deirfiúr Máire le Íosa: A Thiarna, dá mbeadh tú anseo, ní bheadh mo dheartháir marbh... Roimhe sin, úsáideann deisceabail Íosa an guth éighníomhach: A Thiarna, má tá sé ina chodladh, sábhálfar é. Deis: ach sa chéad chás, ní raibh Íosa le Lazarus nuair a fuair sé bás. Cad a tharla ansin? Maidir le Lazarus a shábháil, cé go díreach a dhéanfaidh an shábháil? I gcomparáid leis seo le focal Dé sa chéad léamh ón fáidh Ezekiel: Osclóidh mé do chuid uaigh agus éireoidh tú as iad, agus cuirfidh mé ar ais thú go talamh Iosrael... Mar an gcéanna, deir Naomh Pól leis na Rómhánaigh: Ní féidir leis na daoine atá sa fheoil a bheith sásta le Dia. Ach níl tú sa chraiceann; tá tú san spiorad... Is féidir a rá go dtugann focail réamhshocraithe na deisceabail agus na deirfiúracha ár dtuiscint ar an gcumhacht dhibhine a bhfuil Críost ag baint leis na fórsaí an domhain seo, agus ar an muinín atá againn deisceabail a chur ina thoil sábhála.\nCairde, má bhíomar ag maireachtáil in am neamhchinnte, amhail is dá mba muid faoi réir fórsaí lasmuigh dár smacht, tá sé anois. Agus mé ag éisteacht le na brifiúcháin nuachta ag na daoine is fearr a bhfuil eolas acu, is cumhachtach sa tír, gan trácht ar scéalta ár bparóiste, tagann sé orm go bhfuil focail bhréagach de mhuinín go mbeidh \"go léir OK\" ach an mothú athshlánú a bhfuil ár dteaghlach náisiúnta á ghabháil faoi láthair. An olc, cibé an morálta (nuair a bhíonn sé d'aon ghnó) nó nádúrtha (nuair nach bhfuil sé duine ar bith's fault) a dhéanann dúinn freagra: ní ba chóir go mbeadh sé seo, agus fós tá sé. Táimid Caitlicigh realists, ach táimid ag aird ar an Tiarna ar ghlao chun foirfeacht na naofachta i saol neamhfhoirfe. Aithnímid an teannas cruthaitheach atá idir an diaga agus an duine, grásta agus nádúr, am agus síoraíocht, an spiorad agus an fheoil. I bhfianaise mhaith agus i bhfianaise olc araon, ní i gcosaint talún (a deir Íosa go dtéann sé ar shiúl) a chuirimid ár muinín deiridh, ach sa Tiarna amháin. Idir an dá linn, ní mhaireann gníomhartha carthanachta nithiúla a mhaolann fulaingt ár gcomharsa, faoi deara ár dTiarna, a deir leis an gceart: Is mise an aiséirí agus an saol; an té a chreideann ionam, fiú má fhaigheann sé bás, beidh sé beo. Is é an fhianaise is cumhachtaí ar ár gcreideamh i gCríost ár ngrá dár gcomharsa. D'fhág an fho-chomhchomhpháirtí (cad a tharlaíonn má? ); bíodh muid i gcónaí sa táscach (Tá Dia linn)."} {"text": "LDR 531 Final Guide\n1) Which of the following is best defined as a consciously coordinated social unit, composed of two or more people, which functions on a relatively continuous basis to achieve a common goal or set of goals? A. Party B. Unit C. Community D. ..\n1. Job dissatisfaction and antagonistic relationships with coworkers predict a variety of behaviors organizations find undesirable, including unionization attempts, substance abuse, undue socializing, and tardiness. These behaviors are indicators of a broader syndrome called 2. Organiz..\nShowing 1 to 2 of 2 (1 Pages)", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-34", "url": "http://www.ldr531guide.com/LDR-531-Final-Guide", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886102663.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20170816212248-20170816232248-00279.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9358110428, "token_count": 122, "score": 2.703125, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Treoir Chríochnaitheach LDR 531\n1) Cé acu de na rudaí seo a leanas a shainmhínítear is fearr mar aonad sóisialta comhordaithe go comhfhiosach, atá comhdhéanta de bheirt nó níos mó daoine, a fheidhmíonn ar bhonn réasúnta leanúnach chun sprioc nó tacar spriocanna coiteann a bhaint amach? A. Is é sin. Páirtí B. Aonad C. Comhphobal D. ..\n1. an t-am a bhí ann. Tá míshástacht oibre agus caidrimh antagonistic le comhghleacaithe ag tuar éagsúlacht iompar a fhaigheann eagraíochtaí neamh-inmhianaithe, lena n-áirítear iarrachtaí ar aontachas, mí-úsáid substaintí, sóisialaíocht mhíchuí, agus moill. Is táscairí iad na hiompraíochtaí seo ar shiondróm níos leithne ar a dtugtar 2. Eagraíocht...\nTaispeánann 1 go 2 de 2 (1 leathanach)"} {"text": "Even as Coursera, an online learning platform developed at Stanford, continues to assume an increasingly influential role in the field of online education, its usage at Stanford has prompted concerns among students that courses using the platform have not fully exploited its potential.\nCoursera was launched in April 2012 by Associate Professor of Computer Science Andrew Ng and Professor of Computer Science Daphne Koller Ph.D. ’94, and it has since partnered with 33 universities to offer free online courses to millions of students.\nCoursera’s focus on facilitating a “flipped classroom” model of education – in which students watch pre-recorded lectures on their own before interacting with professors during class time – has, however, been inconsistently applied in several Stanford courses that use Coursera, with professors instead combining the new format with traditional lectures.\n“It would make sense if we were using Coursera to achieve a pure flipped classroom experience, but we aren’t doing that,” said Johnny Winston ’15, who took CS 147: Introduction to Human-Computer Interaction – which used Coursera – in fall quarter. “We only meet in small design studio groups one out of the three days of class, and the other two days consist of a more traditional lecture format.”\nNate Nunez ’15, who was also enrolled in CS 147, agreed, arguing that class time “could be better used” compared to the frequent replication of content between lectures and online videos.\nBy contrast, Scott Klemmer, who taught CS 147, claimed that there were several important differences between his online and live lectures. He said that feedback gathered from CS 147 students would lead to revisions in the course’s content and use of Coursera in the future.\n“There are benefits and drawbacks of being an early adopter,” Klemmer, an associate professor of computer science, said. “This academic year of students gets the advantage of being first people to experience the flipped classroom, but they have the challenge of dealing with first-generation software.”\nDan Boneh, a professor of computer science who currently teaches CS 255: Introduction to Cryptography through Coursera, said he is using a “semi-flipped” classroom model.\nBoneh posts videos of course content on Coursera, increasing the time available in lecture for student questions, and integrates quizzes into his videos using the Coursera software to help students track their progress.\n“It’s not just using Coursera as a YouTube,” Boneh said. “It’s a lot more than that.”\nWhile many professors have chosen to use Coursera as a supplement to their traditional course format, some of their peers have fully embraced the flipped-classroom model.\nKristin Cobb M.S. ’99 Ph.D. ’02, who taught HRP 213: Writing in the Sciences with Coursera in fall quarter, attributed her ability to spend more time interacting with students to the flipped-classroom model.\n“Because writing is so hands on, to get the students to edit each other’s papers in class and make them write in class is a great use of class time,” Cobb, a clinical professor of health research and policy, said. “It’s also much more fun for me as an instructor than just giving the same lectures and having to rush through material.”\nCobb said that 77 percent of her students in Writing in the Sciences had agreed or strongly agreed that they preferred the flipped-classroom model to the traditional classroom model.\nJason van der Merwe ’15 cited the existence of several bugs in the Coursera platform as another hindrance to students, a criticism echoed by Winston.\n“I think we grew so fast that we had some growing pains,” Ng conceded. “The whole company is taking reliability as a priority though…and I think we are doing much better than we were a few months ago.”\nWhile Klemmer acknowledged the existence of several shortcomings with the Coursera experience, he expressed optimism that the flipped-classroom model will become more feasible to adopt in the future.\n“Everything we are doing in online education right now is experimental,” Klemmer said. “Some of these experiments are turning out amazingly, and others are teaching us things that we need to change. Coursera is not set up for in-person classes in many ways right now, but I think we are going to get there soon.”", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-23", "url": "https://stanforddaily.com/2013/02/15/students-question-whether-classes-are-using-coursera-effectively/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224648465.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20230602072202-20230602102202-00218.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9647696018, "token_count": 966, "score": 2.984375, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Cé go bhfuil ról níos mó agus níos mó tionchair ag Coursera, ardán foghlama ar líne a forbraíodh ag Stanford, i réimse an oideachais ar líne, d'eascair a úsáid ag Stanford imní i measc na mac léinn nach bhfuil cúrsaí a úsáideann an t-ardán á n-úsáid go hiomlán dá chumas.\nSeoladh Coursera i mí Aibreáin 2012 ag an Ollamh Comhlach Eolaíochta Ríomhaireachta Andrew Ng agus an Ollamh Eolaíochta Ríomhaireachta Daphne Koller Ph.D. 94, agus tá sé i gcomhpháirtíocht le 33 ollscoil ó shin chun cúrsaí ar líne saor in aisce a thairiscint do na milliúin mac léinn.\nDíríonn Coursera ar mhúnla oideachais \"seomra ranga casadh\" a éascú ina mbreathnaíonn mic léinn ar léachtaí réamhghlactha ar a gcuid féin sula n-idirghníomhaíonn siad le múinteoirí le linn am ranga. Mar sin féin, tá cur i bhfeidhm neamhsheasmhach i roinnt cúrsaí Stanford a úsáideann Coursera, agus múinteoirí ina ionad sin ag comhcheangal an fhormáid nua le léachtaí traidisiúnta.\n\"D'fhéadfadh sé a bheith ciallmhar dá mbeadh Coursera á úsáid againn chun eispéireas clasaiceach glan a chasadh, ach nílimid á dhéanamh sin\", a dúirt Johnny Winston, a ghlac CS 147: Treoir maidir le hIonad-Rinneálaí Idirghníomhaíocht, a d'úsáid Coursera sa ráithe titim. Ní bhíonn muid ag teacht le chéile ach i ngrúpaí stiúideo dearaidh beaga ar cheann amháin de na trí lá ranga, agus is formáid léachta níos traidisiúnta atá sna dhá lá eile.\nAontaigh Nate Nunez 15, a bhí cláraithe i CS 147 freisin, ag argóint gurbh fhearr úsáid a bhaint as am an chlas i gcomparáid leis an gcúpla ábhar a athdhéanamh go minic idir léachtaí agus físeáin ar líne.\nI gcodarsnacht leis sin, dúirt Scott Klemmer, a mhúin CS 147, go raibh roinnt difríochtaí tábhachtacha idir a léachtaí ar líne agus beo. Dúirt sé go dtiocfadh le hathbhreithnithe ar ábhar an chúrsa agus ar úsáid Coursera sa todhchaí, de bharr na dtuairimí a bhailíodh ó dhaltaí CS 147.\nTá buntáistí agus míbhuntáistí ag baint le bheith i do thús-aontaitheoir, a dúirt Klemmer, ollamh comhlánaithe eolaíochta ríomhaireachta. Tá an buntáiste ag mic léinn an bhliain acadúil seo a bheith ar na chéad daoine a bhíonn ag baint taithí as an seomra ranga casadh, ach tá dúshlán acu déileáil le bogearraí den chéad ghlúin.\nDúirt Dan Boneh, ollamh eolaíochta ríomhaireachta a mhúineann CS 255: Treoir chuig Cripteagrafaíocht trí Coursera, go bhfuil sé ag úsáid samhail seomra ranga \"ceathrú-tharraingthe\".\nPostann Boneh físeáin de ábhar cúrsa ar Coursera, ag méadú an t-am atá ar fáil i léacht do cheisteanna mac léinn, agus cuireann sé fionnachtana isteach ina chuid físeáin ag baint úsáide as bogearraí Coursera chun cabhrú le mic léinn a gcuid dul chun cinn a rianú.\n\"Ní úsáid Coursera mar YouTube amháin atá ann\", a dúirt Boneh. Is i bhfad níos mó ná sin é.\nCé gur roghnaigh go leor ollamh Coursera a úsáid mar fhorlíonadh ar a bhformáid chúrsa traidisiúnta, ghlac cuid dá gcomhghleacaithe go hiomlán leis an tsamhail seomra ranga casadh.\nKristin Cobb M.S. 99 Ph.D. 02, a mhúin HRP 213: Scríobh sna Eolaíochtaí le Coursera sa ráithe titim, thug sí a cumas níos mó ama a chaitheamh ag idirghníomhú le mic léinn leis an tsamhail seomra ranga flipped.\n\"Toisc go bhfuil an scríbhneoireacht chomh lámha ar láimh, is úsáid iontach é na mic léinn a chur ar chumas na mac léinn páipéir a chéile a eisiúint sa rang agus iad a chur ag scríobh sa rang\", a dúirt Cobb, ollamh cliniciúil taighde agus beartais sláinte. Is mó an spraoi domsa mar mhúinteoir ná an léacht céanna a thabhairt agus ábhar a rith go tapaidh.\nDúirt Cobb go raibh 77 faoin gcéad dá mic léinn i Scríbhneoireacht sna Eolaíochtaí ag aontacht nó ag aontacht go láidir gur fearr leo an tsamhail rang-ailtire a bhí ar ais i gcomparáid leis an tsamhail rang-ailtire traidisiúnta.\nDúirt Jason van der Merwe 15 go raibh roinnt buganna sa ardán Coursera mar bhac eile do mhic léinn, critice a rinne Winston.\n\"Sílim go bhfásamar chomh tapa sin go raibh roinnt pian fáis againn\", a admhaigh Ng. Tá an chuideachta ar fad ag tabhairt iontaofachta mar thosaíocht...agus sílim go bhfuil muid ag déanamh i bhfad níos fearr ná mar a bhíomar cúpla mí ó shin.\nCé gur admhaigh Klemmer go raibh roinnt easnaimh ann maidir le taithí Coursera, chuir sé an dóchas in iúl go mbeidh an tsamhail seomra ranga cas níos indéanta a ghlacadh sa todhchaí.\nTá gach rud atá á dhéanamh againn i oideachas ar líne faoi láthair ina thriail, a dúirt Klemmer. Tá cuid de na turgnaimh seo ag teacht amach go hiontach, agus tá cuid eile ag múineadh rudaí dúinn a chaithfidh muid a athrú. Níl Coursera suiteáilte le haghaidh ranganna pearsanta i go leor bealaí anois, ach sílim go bhfuilimid ag dul a fháil ann go luath."} {"text": "A urine test is the standard way to identify people exposed to nuclear materials, but urine only picks up recent exposure.\nScientists say it might be possible to identify exposure within one year based on hair, fingernail, and toenail clippings.\n“We were able to identify exposure to enriched uranium, which is used to make both nuclear fuel and weapons.”\n“We are working to develop a tool that law enforcement agencies in nuclear proliferation or smuggling investigations can use to identify individuals who have handled special nuclear material,” says John Brockman, associate professor of research in the University of Missouri Research Reactor Center. “The goal of our research was to determine if hair, fingernail clippings, and toenail clippings could be used to better detect uranium exposure.”\nBrockman collected hair, fingernail, and toenail clippings from workers in nuclear research facilities from around the country. Testing procedures developed by Brockman and his team identified exposure to both natural and manmade sources of uranium.\nAccording to the World Nuclear Association, naturally occurring uranium is a mixture of three isotopes, including uranium-238 (U-238), U-235 and traces of U-234. U-238 accounts for over 99 percent of the isotopes found in nature; U-235 is the isotope necessary to create nuclear weapons or power a nuclear reactor. U-235 is considered a fissile isotope, meaning the atom has the ability to split, yielding a large amount of energy. Uranium that has been used as fuel in a nuclear power plant also contains the manmade isotope, U-236.\n“Our technique was not only able to determine uranium exposure, but also the specific isotopes the individual has handled within the last year,” Brockman says. “We were able to identify exposure to enriched uranium, which is used to make both nuclear fuel and weapons, and U-236 which is suggestive of nuclear fuel reprocessing.”\nWith this discovery, law enforcement official could use specialized equipment and identify individuals who have been exposed to special nuclear material within 48 hours. Brockman is looking to expand his analysis with the national human radiobiological tissue repository (NHRTR) to further provide insight on how hair and nail samples could be used to monitor exposure to special nuclear material.\nThe study was published in Analytical Chemistry and funded by the Defense Threat Reduction Agency and National Science Foundation.\nSource: University of Missouri\nOriginal Study DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b02144\nArticle by Jeff Sossamon-U. Missouri", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-16", "url": "https://www.valuewalk.com/2016/11/toenail-clippings-dna/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585371637684.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20200406133533-20200406164033-00109.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9473335147, "token_count": 547, "score": 3.78125, "int_score": 4, "irish_text": "Is é tástáil an fhliuch an bealach caighdeánach chun daoine a nochtadh do ábhair núicléacha a aithint, ach ní fhaigheann an fhliuch ach nochtadh le déanaí.\nDeir eolaithe go bhféadfadh sé a bheith indéanta an nochtadh a aithint laistigh de bhliain amháin bunaithe ar chraiceann gruaige, fingernails, agus toenails.\n Bhíomar in ann nochtadh a dhéanamh do úráiniam saibhrithe, a úsáidtear chun breosla núicléach agus airm a dhéanamh araon.\n\"Táimid ag obair chun uirlis a fhorbairt ar féidir le gníomhaireachtaí forfheidhmithe dlí a úsáid i imscrúduithe maidir le leathnú núicléach nó smugáil chun daoine aonair a d'oibrigh le hábhair núicléacha speisialta a aithint\", a deir John Brockman, ollamh comhlánaithe taighde in Ionad Réatóir Taighde Ollscoil Missouri. Ba é aidhm ár dtaighde a chinneadh an bhféadfaí gruaig, gearrthóga uimhreacha, agus gearrthóga toenail a úsáid chun nochtadh úráiniam a bhrath níos fearr.\nBailíodh gruaig, ingne agus ingne a ghearradh ó oibrithe i saoráidí taighde núicléacha ar fud na tíre. Léirigh nósanna imeachta tástála a d'fhorbair Brockman agus a fhoireann go raibh siad nochtaithe do fhoinsí nádúrtha agus foinsí de dhéantús an duine de úráiniam.\nDe réir Chumann Núicléach an Domhain, is meascán de thrí íosótap a bhíonn ag úráiniam a tharlaíonn go nádúrtha, lena n-áirítear úráiniam-238 (U-238), U-235 agus rianta U-234. Is ionann U-238 agus os cionn 99 faoin gcéad de na hísotóipí a fhaightear sa nádúr; is é U-235 an hísotóp is gá chun airm núicléacha a chruthú nó frithghníomhaire núicléach a chumhachtú. Meastar go bhfuil U-235 ina iar-athóp insinte, rud a chiallaíonn go bhfuil an cumas ag an adamh scoilt, ag tabhairt méid mór fuinnimh. Tá an t-iarann a úsáideadh mar bhreosla i gléasra cumhachta núicléach ina n-ionad freisin den iarann de dhéantús an duine, U-236.\n'Ní amháin gurbh fhéidir lenár dteicneolaíocht nochtadh úráiniam a chinneadh, ach freisin na hísótóp sonracha a láimhseáil an duine aonair le bliain anuas,' a deir Brockman. Bhí muid in ann nochtadh a dhéanamh d'úráiniam saibhrithe, a úsáidtear chun breosla núicléach agus airm a dhéanamh araon, agus U-236 a thugann le fios go ndéantar athphróiseáil ar bhreosla núicléach.\nLeis an bhforais seo, d'fhéadfadh oifigeach forfheidhmithe dlí trealamh speisialaithe a úsáid agus daoine a bhí nochtaithe do ábhar núicléach speisialta a aithint laistigh de 48 uair an chloig. Tá Brockman ag iarraidh a anailís a leathnú leis an stór náisiúnta fíocháin radaigh-bitheolaíoch daonna (NHRTR) chun léargas a chur ar fáil ar an gcaoi a bhféadfaí samplaí gruaige agus ingne a úsáid chun monatóireacht a dhéanamh ar nochtadh d'ábhar núicléach speisialta.\nFoilsíodh an staidéar i Analytical Chemistry agus maoinigh an Defense Threat Reduction Agency agus an National Science Foundation é.\nFoinse: Ollscoil Missouri\nDoiciméad: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b02144\nArtaigil le Jeff Sossamon-U. Missouri"} {"text": "|In war the only sure defense is offense, and the efficiency of the offense depends on the war-like souls of those conducting it.|\n|General George S. Patton Jr.\nWar as I Knew It\n7-1. The offense is the decisive form of war. Offensive operations aim to destroy or defeat an enemy. Their purpose is to impose US will on the enemy and achieve decisive victory. While immediate considerations often require defending, decisive results require shifting to the offense as soon as possible.\n7-2. Offensive operations seek to seize, retain, and exploit the initiative to defeat the enemy decisively. Army forces attack simultaneously throughout the area of operations (AO) to throw enemies off balance, overwhelm their capabilities, disrupt their defenses, and ensure their defeat or destruction. The offense ends when the force achieves the purpose of the operation, reaches a limit of advance, or approaches culmination. Army forces conclude a phase of an offensive by consolidating gains, resuming the attack, or preparing for future operations. Additional tasks offensive operations accomplish include\n7-3. Army operational commanders conduct offensive campaigns and major operations to achieve theater-level effects based on tactical actions. They concentrate on designing offensive land operations. They determine what objectives will achieve decisive results; where forces will operate; the relationships among subordinate forces in time, space, and purpose; and where to apply the decisive effort. Operational commanders assign AOs to, and establish command and support relationships among, tactical commanders. Tactical commanders direct offensive operations to achieve objectivesdestroying enemy forces or seizing terrainthat produce the theater-level effects operational commanders require.\n7-4. At the operational level, offensive operations directly or indirectly attack the enemy center of gravity. Commanders do this by attacking enemy decisive points, either simultaneously or sequentially. Massed effects of joint and multinational forces allow attackers to seize the initiative. They deny the enemy freedom of action, disrupt his sources of strength, and create the conditions for operational and tactical success.\n7-5. To attain unity of effort, operational commanders clearly identify objectives and reinforce the relationships among subordinate forces. By minimizing interoperability challenges and harnessing system capabilities, commanders tailor their forces to achieve decisive effects. They allocate sufficient joint and multinational forces to achieve their objectives.\n7-6. Tactical commanders exploit the effects that joint and multinational forces contribute to the offense. They synchronize these forces in time, space, resources, purpose, and action to mass the effects of combat power at decisive points. Commanders direct battles as part of major operations. Battles are related in purpose to the operational commander's objectives.\n7-7. Battles may be linear or nonlinear and conducted in contiguous or noncontiguous AOs. Tactical commanders receive their AO, mission, objectives, boundaries, control measures, and intent from their higher commander. They determine the decisive, shaping, and sustaining operations within their AO. They direct fires and maneuver to attack and destroy the enemy and attain terrain objectives. Tactical commanders normally have clearly defined tasks-defeat the enemy and occupy the objective.\n7-8. Surprise, concentration, tempo, and audacity characterize the offense. Effective offensive operations capitalize on accurate intelligence and other relevant information regarding enemy forces, weather, and terrain. Commanders maneuver their forces to advantageous positions before contact. Force protection, including defensive information operations (IO), keeps or inhibits the enemy from acquiring accurate information about friendly forces. The enemy only sees what the friendly commander wants him to see. Contact with enemy forces before the decisive operation is deliberate, designed to shape the optimum situation for the decisive operation. The decisive operation is a sudden, shattering action that capitalizes on subordinate initiative and a common operational picture (COP) to expand throughout the AO. Commanders execute violently without hesitation to break the enemy's will or destroy him.\n7-9. In the offense, commanders achieve surprise by attacking the enemy at a time or place he does not expect or in a manner for which he is unprepared. Estimating the enemy commander's intent and denying him the ability to gain thorough and timely situational understanding is necessary to achieve surprise. Unpredictability and boldness help gain surprise. The direction, timing, and force of the attack also help achieve surprise. Surprise delays enemy reactions, overloads and confuses his command and control (C2) systems, induces psychological shock in enemy soldiers and leaders, and reduces the coherence of the defense. By diminishing enemy combat power, surprise enables attackers to exploit enemy paralysis and hesitancy.\n7-10. Operational and tactical surprise complement each other. Operational surprise creates the conditions for successful tactical operations. Tactical surprise can cause the enemy to hesitate or misjudge a situation. But tactical surprise is fleeting. Commanders must exploit it before the enemy realizes what is happening.\n7-11. Outright surprise is difficult to achieve. Modern surveillance and warning systems, the availability of commercial imagery products, and global commercial news networks make surprise more difficult. Nonetheless, commanders achieve surprise by operating in a way the enemy does not expect. They deceive the enemy as to the nature, timing, objective, and force of an attack. They can use bad weather, seemingly impassable terrain, feints, demonstrations, and false communications to lead the enemy into inaccurate perceptions. Sudden, violent, and unanticipated attacks have a paralyzing effect. Airborne, air assault, and special operations forces (SOF) attacks combined with strikes by Army and joint fires against objectives the enemy regards as securecreate disconcerting psychological effects on the enemy.\n7-12. Surprise can come from an unexpected change in tempo. Tempo may be slow at first, creating the conditions for a later acceleration that catches the enemy off guard and throws him off balance. US forces demonstrated such a rapid change in tempo before Operation Just Cause in 1989. Accelerated tempo resulted in operational and tactical surprise despite increased publicity and heightened tensions beforehand.\n7-13. Commanders conceal the concentration of their forces. Units mask activity that might reveal the direction or timing of an attack. Commanders direct action to deceive the enemy and deny his ability to collect information.\n7-14. Concentration is the massing of overwhelming effects of combat power to achieve a single purpose. Commanders balance the necessity for concentrating forces to mass effects with the need to disperse them to avoid creating lucrative targets. Advances in ground and air mobility, target acquisition, and long-range precision fires enable attackers to rapidly concentrate effects. C2 systems provide reliable relevant information that assists commanders in determining when to concentrate forces to mass effects.\n7-15. Attacking commanders manipulate their own and the enemy's force concentration by combining dispersion, concentration, military deception, and attacks. By dispersing, attackers stretch enemy defenses and deny lucrative targets to enemy fires. By massing forces rapidly along converging axes, attackers overwhelm enemy forces at decisive points with concentrated combat power. After a successful attack, commanders keep their forces concentrated to take advantage of their momentum. Should enemy forces threaten them, they may disperse again. Commanders adopt the posture that best suits the situation, protects the force, and sustains the attack's momentum.\n7-16. Concentration requires coordination with other services and multinational partners. At every stage of an attack, commanders integrate joint intelligence assets with joint fires. They capitalize on air superiority to deny the enemy the ability to detect or strike friendly forces from the air. Commanders direct ground, air, and sea resources to delay, disrupt, or destroy enemy reconnaissance elements or capabilities. They also direct security, IO, and counterfire to protect friendly forces as they concentrate.\n7-17. Controlling or altering tempo is necessary to retain the initiative. At the operational level, a faster tempo allows attackers to disrupt enemy defensive plans by achieving results quicker than the enemy can respond. At the tactical level, a faster tempo allows attackers to quickly penetrate barriers and defenses and destroy enemy forces in depth before they can react.\n7-18. Commanders adjust tempo as tactical situations, combat service support (CSS) necessity, or operational opportunities allow to ensure synchronization and proper coordination, but not at the expense of losing opportunities to defeat the enemy. Rapid tempo demands quick decisions. It denies the enemy the chance to rest and continually creates opportunities.\n7-19. By increasing tempo, commanders maintain momentum. They identify the best avenues for attack, plan the action in depth, provide for quick transitions to other operations, and concentrate and combine forces effectively. Commanders and staffs ensure that CSS operations prevent culmination. Once combat begins, attackers execute violently. They follow reconnaissance units or successful probes and quickly move through gaps before defenders recover. Attackers shift combat power quickly to widen penetrations, roll up exposed flanks, and reinforce successes. Friendly forces attack in depth with fires and maneuver to shatter the enemy's coherence and overwhelm his C2. While maintaining a tempo faster than the enemy's, attackers balance the tempo with the ability to exercise C2. Commanders never permit the enemy to recover from the shock of the initial assault. They prevent defenders from massing effects against the friendly decisive operation.\n7-20. Audacity is a simple plan of action, boldly executed. Commanders display audacity by developing bold, inventive plans that produce decisive results. Commanders demonstrate audacity by violently applying combat power. They understand when and where to take risks and do not hesitate as they execute their plan. Commanders dispel uncertainty through action; they compensate for lack of information by seizing the initiative and pressing the fight. Audacity inspires soldiers to overcome adversity and danger.\n7-21. Commanders conduct offensive operations within the operational framework (AO, battlespace, and battlefield organization). They synchronize their forces in time, space, resources, purpose, and action to conduct simultaneous and sequential decisive, shaping, and sustaining operations in depth (see Figure 7-1). In certain situations, commanders designate deep, close, and rear areas.\nFigure 7-1. Operational Framework in the Offense.\n7-22. Decisive offensive operations are attacks that conclusively determine the outcome of major operations, battles, and engagements. At the operational level, decisive operations achieve the goals of each phase of a campaign. Ground operations within campaigns may include several phases. Within each phase is a decisive operation. Its results substantially affect the course of the campaign. At the tactical level, decisive battles or engagements achieve the purpose of the higher headquarters mission. Commanders win decisive operations through close combat that physically destroys the enemy; overcomes his will to resist; or seizes, occupies, and retains terrain.\n7-23. Commanders weight the decisive operation with additional resources and by skillful maneuver. For example, commanders may fix part of the enemy force with a frontal attack (a shaping operation), while the majority of the force envelops it to seize a decisive point. Commanders decide when, where, and if to commit additional supporting fires and reserves. Commanders shift priority of fires as necessary. Maneuvering forces positions them to mass fires against the enemy.\n7-24. Commanders designate a reserve to provide additional combat power at the decisive time and place. The more uncertain the situation is, the larger the reserve. Once the reserve is committed, the commander designates another. The initial strength and location of reserves vary with\n- Potential missions, branches, and sequels.\n- Form of maneuver.\n- Possible enemy actions.\n- Degree of uncertainty.\nReserves provide a hedge against uncertainty. Commanders assign them only those tasks necessary to prepare for their potential mission. Only the commander who designates the reserve can commit it, unless he specifically delegates that authority.\n7-25. Shaping operations create conditions for the success of the decisive operation. They include attacks in depth to secure advantages for the decisive operation and to protect the force. Commanders conduct shaping operations by engaging enemy forces simultaneously throughout the AO. These attacks deny the enemy freedom of action and disrupt or destroy the coherence and tempo of his operations. Attacking enemy formations in depth destroys, delays, disrupts, or diverts enemy combat power. They may expose or create vulnerabilities for exploitation. Shaping operations in the offense include\n- Shaping attacks designed to achieve one or more of the following:\n- Deceive the enemy.\n- Destroy or fix enemy forces that could interfere with the decisive operation.\n- Control terrain whose occupation by the enemy would hinder the decisive operation.\n- Force the enemy to commit reserves prematurely or into an indecisive area.\n- Reconnaissance and security operations.\n- Passages of lines.\n- Breaching operations.\n- Unit movements that directly facilitate shaping and decisive operations.\n- Operations by reserve forces before their commitment.\n- Interdiction by ground and air movement and fires, singularly or in combination.\n- Offensive IO.\nOther shaping operations include activities in depth, such as counterfire and defensive IO. These shaping operations focus on effects that create the conditions for successful decisive operations.\n- Provide early warning.\n- Find gaps in defenses.\n- Provide time to react and space to maneuver.\n- Develop the situation.\n- Orient on the force or facility to be secured.\n- Perform continuous reconnaissance.\n- Maintain enemy contact.\nIn extended and noncontiguous AOs, commanders secure or conduct surveillance of the gaps between subordinate units. Commanders secure gaps by assigning a force to secure the area, dedicating surveillance efforts to monitor it, designating a force to respond to an approaching enemy, or by installing and overwatching obstacles.\n7-27. Sustaining operations in the offense ensure freedom of action and maintain momentum. They occur throughout the AO. CSS unit locations need not be contiguous with those of their supported forces. An extended major operation may place tactical units far from the original support area. Commanders may separate attacking forces from the CSS base, thus extending their lines of communication (LOCs). Commanders provide security to CSS units when operating with extended LOCs.\n7-28. Nonlinear offensive operations can occur in both contiguous and noncontiguous AOs. The size of an AO is normally very large compared to the number of soldiers deployed. The AO may also encompass diverse terrain. Enemy forces will be widely dispersed and may be numerically superior. Attacking forces must focus offensive actions against decisive points, while allocating the minimum essential combat power to shaping operations. Reserves must have a high degree of tactical mobility. Forces conducting nonlinear operations require robust communications and sustainment capabilities. Commanders may dedicate forces for LOC security operations beyond that provided by available military police.\n7-29. The higher headquarters conducts security operations in those portions of the AO not allocated to subordinates. Flank security importance increases as operations extend and attacking forces expose their flanks. Linkup operations often occur in this environment. Linkup operations, particularly those involving vertical envelopments, require extensive planning and rehearsal. The potential for fratricide increases due to the fluid nature of the nonlinear battlefield and the changing disposition of attacking and defending forces. The presence of noncombatants in the AO further complicates operations. In this setting, commanders exercise prudent judgment in clearing fires, both direct and indirect.\n7-30. The five forms of maneuver are the envelopment, turning movement, infiltration, penetration, and frontal attack. While normally combined, each form of maneuver attacks the enemy differently. Each poses different challenges for attackers and different dangers for defenders. Commanders determine the form of maneuver to use by analyzing the factors of METT-TC.\n7-31. (see Figure 7-2). Envelopments avoid the enemy front, where he is protected and can easily concentrate fires. Single envelopments maneuver against one enemy flank; double envelopments maneuver against both. Either variant can develop into an encirclement.\nFigure 7-2. Envelopment\n7-32. To envelop the enemy, commanders find or create an assailable flank. Sometimes the enemy exposes a flank by advancing, unaware of friendly locations. In other conditions, such as a fluid battle involving forces in noncontiguous AOs, a combination of air and indirect fires may create an assailable flank by isolating the enemy on unfavorable terrain.\n7-33. Attackers may also create an assailable flank by arriving from an unexpected direction. A vertical envelopment (an air assault or airborne operation) is an example of such a shaping operation. Attackers may also fix defenders' attention forward through a combination of fires and shaping or diversionary attacks. Attackers maneuver against the enemy's flanks and rear and concentrate combat power on his vulnerabilities before he can reorient his defense.\n7-34. An envelopment may result in an encirclement. Encirclements are operations where one force loses its freedom of maneuver because an opposing force is able to isolate it by controlling all ground lines of communications. An offensive encirclement is typically an extension of either a pursuit or envelopment. A direct pressure force maintains contact with the enemy, preventing his disengagement and reconstitution. Meanwhile, an encircling force maneuvers to envelop the enemy, cutting his escape routes and setting inner and outer rings. The outer ring defeats enemy attempts to break through to his encircled force. The inner ring contains the encircled force. If necessary, the encircling force organizes a hasty defense along the enemy escape route, while synchronizing joint or multinational fires to complete his destruction. All available means, including obstacles, should be used to contain the enemy. Then friendly forces use all available fires to destroy him. Encirclements often occur in nonlinear offensive operations.\n7-35. A turning movement is a form of maneuver in which the attacking force seeks to avoid the enemy's principal defensive positions by seizing objectives to the enemy rear and causing the enemy to move out of his current positions or divert major forces to meet the threat (see Figure 7-3). A major threat to his rear forces the enemy to attack or withdraw rearward, thus \"turning\" him out of his defensive positions. Turning movements typically require greater depth than other forms of maneuver. Deep fires take on added importance. They protect the enveloping force and attack the enemy. Operation Chromite, the amphibious assault at Inchon during the Korean War, was a classic turning movement that achieved both strategic and operational effects.\nFigure 7-3. Turning Movement\n7-36. An infiltration is a form of maneuver in which an attacking force conducts undetected movement through or into an area occupied by enemy forces to occupy a position of advantage in the enemy rear while exposing only small elements to enemy defensive fires (see Figure 7-4). The need to avoid being detected and engaged may limit the size and strength of infiltrating forces. Infiltration rarely defeats a defense by itself. Commanders direct infiltrations to attack lightly defended positions or stronger positions from the flank and rear, to secure key terrain to support the decisive operation, or to disrupt enemy sustaining operations. Typically, forces infiltrate in small groups and reassemble to continue their mission.\nFigure 7-4. Infiltration\n7-37. (see Figure 7-5). Commanders direct penetrations when enemy flanks are not assailable or time does not permit another form of maneuver. Successful penetrations create assailable flanks and provide access to enemy rear areas. Because penetrations frequently are directed into the front of the enemy defense, they risk significantly more friendly casualties than envelopments, turning movements, and infiltrations.\nFigure 7-5. Penetration\n7-38. Swift concentration and audacity are particularly important during a penetration. Commanders mass effects from all available fires at the point of penetration to make the initial breach. Then they widen the penetration by enveloping enemy units on its shoulders and pass forces through to secure objectives in the enemy rear or defeat the penetrated enemy forces in detail. Forces making the initial breach move rapidly to avoid enemy counterattacks to their flanks. Follow-on forces secure the shoulders and widen the breach. Throughout all phases, fires in depth target enemy indirect fire assets, units along the shoulders of the penetration, and counterattack forces. Other friendly forces fix enemy forces that can move against the penetration with attacks, fires, feints, and demonstrations.\n7-39. If sufficient combat power is available, operational commanders may direct multiple penetrations. Commanders carefully weigh the advantage of such attacks. Multiple penetrations force the enemy to disperse his fires and consider multiple threats before committing his reserves. Commanders then decide how to sustain and exploit multiple penetrations and whether penetrating forces converge on one deep objective or attack multiple objectives. At the tactical level, there is normally insufficient combat power to conduct more than one penetration.\n7-40. (see Figure 7-6). At the tactical level, an attacking force can use a frontal attack to rapidly overrun a weaker enemy force. A frontal attack strikes the enemy across a wide front and over the most direct approaches. Commanders normally use it when they possess overwhelming combat power and the enemy is at a clear disadvantage. Commanders mass the effects of direct and indirect fires, shifting indirect and aerial fires just before the assault. Success depends on achieving an advantage in combat power throughout the attack.\nFigure 7-6. Frontal Attack\n7-41. The frontal attack is frequently the most costly form of maneuver, since it exposes the majority of the attackers to the concentrated fires of the defenders. As the most direct form of maneuver, however, the frontal attack is useful for overwhelming light defenses, covering forces, or disorganized enemy resistance. It is often the best form of maneuver for hasty attacks and meeting engagements, where speed and simplicity are essential to maintain tempo and the initiative. Commanders may direct a frontal attack as a shaping operation and another form of maneuver as the decisive operation. Commanders may also use the frontal attack during an exploitation or pursuit. Commanders of large formations conducting envelopments or penetrations may direct subordinate elements to conduct frontal attacks as either shaping operations or the decisive operation.\n7-42. The four types of offensive operations are movement to contact, attack, exploitation, and pursuit. Commanders direct these offensive operations sequentially and in combination to generate maximum combat power and destroy the enemy. For instance, a successful attack may lead to an exploitation, which can lead to a pursuit. A deliberate attack to complete the enemy's destruction can follow a pursuit. In other cases, commanders may direct an attack against the enemy during a pursuit to slow his withdrawal.\n7-43. Commanders combine and sequence movements to contact, attacks, exploitations, and pursuits to gain the greatest advantage. Attacks do not always lead to exploitations and pursuits. For example, spoiling attacks, feints, and demonstrations rarely develop into exploitations; however, circumstances may allow commanders to exploit an unexpected success with a full-scale attack.\n7-44. Commanders recognize that the many types of offensive and defensive operations may run together with no discernible break. They employ spoiling attacks while defending to slow the enemy tempo until they are ready to attack. As they prepare to transition from one offensive operation to another, or from offense to defense, commanders can conduct a feint in one area to divert enemy attention from operations elsewhere.\n7-45. A form of troop movement often precedes an offensive operation. The three forms of troop movement are administrative movement, tactical road march, and approach march.\n- An administrative movement is a movement in which troops and vehicles are arranged to expedite their movement and conserve time and energy when no enemy interference, except by air, is anticipated. Administrative movements occur in areas where enemy forces do not pose an immediate threat to operations and heightened security is not necessary.\n- A tactical road march is a rapid movement used to relocate units within an area of operations to prepare for combat operations. Although contact with enemy forces is not anticipated, security against air attack, enemy SOF, and sympathizers is maintained and the unit is prepared to take immediate action against an enemy threat. Tactical road marches occur when a force must maintain security or when movements occur within range of enemy influence. Commanders may still execute tactical road marches in low-threat environments to maintain C2 and meet specific movement schedules.\n- An approach march is the advance of a combat unit when direct contact with the enemy is intended. Soldiers are fully or partially deployed. Commanders direct an approach march when they are relatively certain of the enemy location and are a considerable distance from it. They decide where their forces can deploy into attack formations that facilitate the initial contact and still provide freedom of action for the bulk of their forces. In contiguous AOs, a passage of lines often precedes or follows an approach march.\n7-46. . Forces conducting a movement to contact seek to make contact with the smallest force feasible. On contact, the commander has five options: attack, defend, bypass, delay, or withdraw.\n7-47. A successful movement to contact requires units with sufficient mobility, agility, and combat power to gain enemy contact and rapidly develop the situation. Six fundamentals apply:\n- Focus all efforts on finding the enemy.\n- Make initial contact with the smallest element possible, consistent with protecting the force.\n- Make initial contact with small, mobile, self-contained forces to avoid decisive engagement of the main body on ground chosen by the enemy. Doing this allows the commander maximum flexibility to develop the situation.\n- Task organize the force and use movement formations to deploy and attack rapidly in any direction.\n- Keep forces postured within supporting distances to facilitate a flexible response.\n- Maintain contact once gained.\n7-48. Commanders organize forces to provide all-around security. This normally requires advance, flank, and rear guards. They lead with a combined arms security force to locate and fix the enemy. Corps and divisions normally organize a powerful, self-contained covering force to do this. Smaller formations organize security forces within the limits of their resources. Commanders employ the security force far enough ahead of the main body to provide enough time and space to react to enemy contact. Guard formations remain within supporting range of the main body. Advance and flank guards perform continuous reconnaissance to the front and flanks of the main body. They destroy or suppress small enemy forces so they cannot threaten the main body. The advance guard moves as fast and as far ahead of the main body as possible without moving beyond supporting range. The main body provides the advance guard, normally organized as a separate element. Main body units normally provide and control flank and rear security forces.\n7-49. Security forces remain oriented on the main body, taking into account enemy capabilities and the terrain. They bypass or breach obstacles in stride. Commanders decentralize movement authority to leaders on the front and flanks. Normally, commanders should position themselves well forward during movements to contact.\nSearch and Attack\n7-50. . Light and medium maneuver units, attack aviation, air cavalry, and air assault units normally conduct them. The purpose of a search and attack operation is to destroy enemy forces, protect the friendly force, deny an area to the enemy, or collect information. Commanders direct search and attack when the enemy disperses in close terrain unsuited for heavy forces, when they cannot find enemy weaknesses, or when they want to deny the enemy movement in an area. They also direct search and attack against enemy infiltrators or SOF operating in a given area. Search and attack is useful in area security missions, such as clearing AOs.\n7-51. . Such encounters normally occur by chance in small unit operations, typically when two moving forces collide. They may result in brigade or larger unit operations when intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance (ISR) operations have been ineffective. Meeting engagements can also occur when opposing forces are aware of the general presence but not the exact location of each other and both decide to attack immediately. On contact, commanders quickly act to gain the advantage. Speed of action and movement, coupled with both direct and indirect fires, are essential. To maintain momentum, lead elements quickly bypass or fight through light resistance. Freedom to maneuver is always advantageous; however, commanders may choose to establish a hasty defense if the enemy force is larger or the terrain offers a significant benefit.\n7-52. The initiative and audacity of small unit leaders are essential for the friendly force to act faster than the enemy. Commanders balance focusing combat power rapidly with keeping other options open and maintaining pressure on the enemy. In meeting engagements, the force that gains and retains the initiative wins. Commanders seize and maintain the initiative through battle command: rapidly visualizing the situation, deciding what to do, and directing forces to destroy enemy combat power. A successful meeting engagement fixes or reduces the enemy force with maneuver and massed, overwhelming fires-both direct and indirect-while the friendly force bypasses or attacks it.\n7-53. . Attacks incorporate coordinated movement supported by direct and indirect fires. They may be either decisive or shaping operations. Attacks may be hasty or deliberate, depending on the time available for assessing the situation, planning, and preparing. Commanders execute hasty attacks when the situation calls for immediate action with available forces and minimal preparation. They conduct deliberate attacks when there is time to develop plans and coordinate preparations (see FM 3-90). The same fundamentals of the offense apply to each type of attack. Success depends on skillfully massing the effects of combat power.\n7-54. Commanders direct hasty attacks to seize opportunities to destroy the enemy or seize the initiative. These opportunities are fleeting. They usually occur during movements to contact and defensive operations. In a hasty attack, commanders intentionally trade the advantages of thorough preparation and full synchronization for those of immediate execution. In a movement to contact, commanders launch hasty attacks to destroy enemy forces before they concentrate or establish a defense. In the defense, commanders direct hasty attacks to destroy an exposed or overextended attacker. On-order and be-prepared missions allow units to respond quickly in uncertain situations.\n7-55. Once they decide to attack, commanders execute as quickly as possible. While hasty attacks maximize the effects of agility and surprise, they incur the risk of losing some synchronization. To minimize this risk, commanders make maximum use of standing operating procedures (SOPs) that include standard formations and well-understood and rehearsed battle drills. Supporting arms and services organize and position themselves to react quickly, using prearranged procedures. Habitual relationships among supported and supporting units at all echelons facilitate these actions.\n7-56. In contrast to hasty attacks, deliberate attacks are highly synchronized operations characterized by detailed planning and preparation. Deliberate attacks use simultaneous operations throughout the AO, planned fires, shaping operations, and forward positioning of resources needed to sustain momentum. Commanders take the time necessary to position forces and develop sufficient intelligence to strike the enemy with bold maneuver and accurate, annihilating fires. Because of the time required to plan and prepare deliberate attacks, commanders often begin them from a defensive posture. However, an uncommitted force may conduct a deliberate attack as a sequel to an ongoing offensive operation.\n7-57. Time spent preparing a deliberate attack may allow the enemy to improve defenses, retire, or launch a spoiling attack. Therefore, commanders direct deliberate attacks only when the enemy cannot be bypassed or overcome with a hasty attack. Commanders maintain pressure on the enemy while they plan and prepare. They aggressively disrupt enemy defensive preparations through aggressive patrolling, feints, limited-objective attacks, harassing indirect fires, air strikes, and offensive IO.\n7-58. Deliberate attacks require extensive planning and coordination, to include positioning reserves and follow-on forces while preparing troops and equipment. Commanders and staffs refine plans based on rehearsals and intelligence from reconnaissance and surveillance. Commanders conduct IO to deceive the enemy and prevent him from exercising effective C2. Effective IO mask attack preparations and conceal friendly intentions and capabilities. Commanders direct reconnaissance and surveillance missions to collect information about the enemy and AO. The intelligence system analyzes this information to find weaknesses in enemy capabilities, dispositions, or plans. Friendly forces exploit enemy weaknesses before and during the attack. Effective information management (IM) routes data collected by reconnaissance and surveillance assets to the right place for analysis. IM also facilitates rapid dissemination of intelligence products to forces that need them.\nSpecial Purpose Attacks\n7-59. Certain forms of attack employ distinctive methods and require special planning. Commanders direct these special purpose attacks to achieve objectives different from those of other attacks. Spoiling attacks and counterattacks are usually phases of a larger operation. Raids and ambushes are generally single-phased operations conducted by small units. Feints and demonstrations are military deception operations.\n7-60. . Normally conducted from a defensive posture, spoiling attacks strike where and when the enemy is most vulnerable-during preparations for attack in assembly areas and attack positions or while he is moving toward his line of departure. Therefore, proper timing and coordinating with higher headquarters are critical requirements for them. Spoiling attacks are highly dependent on accurate information on enemy dispositions. Commanders are alert for opportunities to exploit advantages created by a spoiling attack.\n7-61. . Commanders normally conduct counterattacks from a defensive posture; they direct them to defeat or destroy enemy forces or to regain control of terrain and facilities after enemy successes. Commanders direct counterattacks with reserves, lightly committed forward elements, or specifically assigned forces. They counterattack after the enemy launches an attack, reveals his main effort, or offers an assailable flank.\n7-62. Commanders conduct counterattacks much like other operations, synchronizing them within the overall effort. When possible, units rehearse and prepare the ground. Counterattacking forces may conduct local exploitations to take advantage of tactical opportunities, but then usually resume a defensive posture. Large-unit headquarters preplan counterattacks as major exploitations and pursuits. In those cases, a counterattack may be the first step in seizing the initiative and transitioning to offensive operations. A counterattack is the decisive operation in a mobile defense.\n7-63. . A raid is a form of attack, usually small scale, involving a swift entry into hostile territory to secure information, confuse the enemy, or destroy installations. It usually ends with a planned withdrawal from the objective area upon mission completion. Raids have narrowly defined purposes. They require both detailed intelligence and deliberate planning. Raids may destroy key enemy installations and facilities, capture or free prisoners, or disrupt enemy C2 or other important systems.\n7-64. . An ambush destroys enemy forces by maximizing the element of surprise. Ambushes can employ direct fire systems or other destructive means, such as command-detonated mines, nonlethal fires, and indirect fires. Ambushes can disrupt enemy cohesion, sense of security, and confidence. They are particularly effective against enemy sustaining operations.\n7-65. . Feints divert attention from the decisive operation and prevent the enemy from focusing combat power against it. They are usually shallow, limited-objective attacks conducted before or during the decisive operation. During Operation Desert Storm, units of the 1st Cavalry Division conducted feints in the Ruqi pocket before 24 February 1991. The purpose of these feints was to fix Iraqi frontline units and convince Iraqi commanders that the coalition decisive operation would occur along the Wadi al-Batin.\n7-66. . Demonstrations are also shaping operations. They seek to mislead the enemy concerning the attacker's true intentions. They facilitate decisive operations by fixing the enemy or diverting his attention from the decisive operation. Commanders allow the enemy to detect a demonstration. However, doing this without revealing the demonstration's true purpose requires skill. If a demonstration reveals an enemy weakness, commanders may follow it with another form of attack.\n7-67. An exploitation is a type of offensive operation that usually follows a successful attack and is designed to disorganize the enemy in depth. Exploitations seek to disintegrate enemy forces to the point where they have no alternative but surrender or flight. Commanders of exploiting forces receive the greatest possible latitude to accomplish their missions. They act with great aggressiveness, initiative, and boldness. Exploitations may be local or major. Local exploitations take advantage of tactical opportunities, foreseen or unforeseen. Division and higher headquarters normally plan major exploitations as branches or sequels.\n7-68. Attacks that completely destroy a defender are rare. More often, the enemy attempts to disengage, withdraw, and reconstitute an effective defense as rapidly as possible. In large-scale operations, the enemy may attempt to mass combat power against an attack by moving forces from less active areas or committing reserves. During exploitations, commanders execute simultaneous attacks throughout the AO to thwart these enemy actions.\n7-69. During attacks, commanders remain alert to opportunities for exploitation. Indicators include\n7-70. Commanders plan to exploit every attack unless restricted by higher headquarters or exceptional circumstances. Exploitation pressures the enemy, compounds his disorganization, and erodes his will to resist. Upon shattering enemy coherence, attacking forces strike targets that defeat enemy attempts to regroup. Attackers swiftly attack command posts, sever escape routes, and strike enemy reserves, field artillery, and critical combat support and CSS assets.\n7-71. Opportunities for local exploitations may emerge when the main effort is elsewhere in the AO. Commanders vary tempos among subordinate commands to take advantage of these opportunities while continuing to press the main effort. Simultaneous local exploitations at lower echelons can lead to a major exploitation that becomes the decisive operation.\n7-72. Exploiting success is especially important after a deliberate attack in which the commander accepted risk elsewhere to concentrate combat power for the decisive operation. Failure to exploit aggressively the success of the decisive operation may allow the enemy to detect and exploit a friendly weakness and regain the initiative.\n7-73. When possible, lead forces transition directly into an exploitation. If that is not feasible, commanders pass fresh forces into the lead. Exploitations require the physical and mental aggressiveness to combat the friction of night, bad weather, possible fratricide, and extended operations.\n7-74. Successful exploitations demoralize the enemy and disintegrate his formations. Commanders of exploiting units anticipate this situation and prepare to transition to a pursuit. They remain alert for opportunities that develop as enemy cohesion and resistance break down. Commanders posture CSS forces to support exploitation opportunities.\n7-75. A pursuit is a type of offensive operation designed to catch or cut off a hostile force attempting to escape with the aim of destroying it. Pursuits are decisive operations that follow successful attacks or exploitations. They occur when the enemy fails to organize a defense and attempts to disengage. If it becomes apparent that enemy resistance has broken down entirely and the enemy is fleeing, a force can transition to a pursuit from any type of offensive operation. Pursuits encompass rapid movement and decentralized control. Unlike exploitations, commanders can rarely anticipate pursuits, so they normally do not hold forces in reserve for them.\n7-76. For most pursuits, commanders designate a direct pressure force and an encircling or enveloping force. The direct pressure force maintains pressure against the enemy to keep him from establishing a coherent defense. The encircling force conducts an envelopment or a turning movement to block the enemy's escape and trap him between the two forces. The trapped enemy force is then destroyed. The encircling force must have greater mobility than the pursued enemy force. Joint air assets and long-range precision fires are essential for slowing enemy movement.\n7-77. Exploitations and pursuits test the audacity and endurance of soldiers and leaders. After an attack, soldiers are tired and units have suffered personnel and materiel losses. As an exploitation or pursuit unfolds, LOCs extend and commanders risk culmination. Commanders and units must exert extraordinary physical and mental effort to sustain momentum, transition to other operations, and translate tactical success into operational or strategic victory.\n7-78. Commanders direct the operations process. They strive for continuous attacks at tempos the enemy cannot match. Commanders visualize the situation, make effective decisions, and assess the planning, preparation for, and execution of offensive operations. Staffs help commanders anticipate the outcome of current and planned operations. Commanders apply judgment to develop the situational understanding upon which they base decisions that lead to mission success (see FM 6-0).\n7-79. Commanders plan to attack enemy forces and systems simultaneously throughout the AO to seize the initiative, exploit success, and maintain momentum. In the decisive operation, commanders focus combat power to defeat the enemy. They conceive simple plans by assessing and visualizing their battlespace and mission. Commanders select the best course of action and develop a concept of operations that ensures mission accomplishment.\n7-80. Commanders tailor their concept of operations to the situation. Offensive plans\nOffensive planning may occur while units defend. Plans anticipate shifting efforts and transitioning to other forms of attack to exploit opportunities. By planning to exploit success, commanders avoid losing momentum.\n7-81. Staffs analyze the situation in terms of METT-TC to understand the mission and to prepare estimates. Staff sections maintain current estimates for their functional fields or battlefield operating system throughout an offensive operation. Commanders incorporate staff estimates into their visualization. As the operation unfolds and the situation changes, commanders continuously assess threats and opportunities and decide whether to modify the concept of operations (see FM 5-0).\n7-82. Commanders provide their subordinates with a clear statement of what to accomplish and whythe mission. They anticipate likely developments. To prepare subordinates for subsequent actions, commanders give them their superior's mission and intent, tell them what they envision for the future, and issue warning orders as appropriate. To maintain momentum, they assign subordinates tasks that encompass the full scope of the operation. Some offensive operations, such as deliberate attacks, require greater control and coordination. However, whenever possible, commanders assign force-oriented objectives and AOs and avoid restrictive control measures.\n7-83. In offensive operations, commanders look for gaps or weaknesses in enemy defenses. They study enemy defensive preparations and direct actions to obstruct and frustrate them. They set priorities for ISR operations. They plan to penetrate enemy security areas, overcome obstacles, avoid enemy strengths, and destroy the coherence of the defense. Success requires an active, responsive intelligence effort oriented on critical units and areas.\nTerrain and Weather\n7-84. Commanders select avenues of approach that orient on key terrain and provide maneuver opportunities for attackers. Good avenues of approach permit rapid advance, provide cover and concealment, allow good communications, and are hard to block with obstacles. Commanders exploit weather conditions that affect mobility, concealment, and air support. They need tactical weather forecasts that focus on how weather might affect the operation.\n7-85. Terrain designated for the decisive operation should allow for rapid movement into the enemy rear. Commanders typically identify and avoid terrain that will hinder a rapid advance; however, an initial maneuver over difficult terrain may surprise defenders. Commanders personally reconnoiter the terrain whenever possible, particularly the terrain where they will conduct the decisive attack.\n7-86. Attackers pay particular attention to obstacles. Commanders plan to negotiate or avoid urban areas, rivers, extreme slopes, thick forests, or soft ground. Such terrain, when it parallels axes of advance, can protect attackers' flanks. Light forces can use such areas as avenues of approach, or they can defend from them, freeing heavier forces for maneuver. To deny key terrain to the enemy, commanders seize it or control it by fire. Most offensive operations are force-oriented; however, attacks can focus on decisive terrain.\n7-87. Weather and visibility conditions affect offensive operations. Concealment and protection from air attacks that weather or light conditions offer is important, especially for air assault and airborne operations. Ground conditions affect the number of avenues available and movement speed. Inclement weather also increases heavy force maintenance and CSS requirements.\nTroops and Support Available\n7-88. Commanders consider a unit's readiness and its leaders' experience when assigning missions. They take into account their force's mobility, protection, and firepower relative to enemy capabilities.\n7-89. Commanders employ units according to their capabilities and limitations. The number of possible force combinations enhances agility. Dismounted infantry can attack through heavy cover or penetrate antiarmor defenses to open approaches for armored and mechanized forces. Air assault and airborne units can seize objectives in depth to block enemy reserves or secure choke points. Armor can move rapidly through gaps to disorganize the defense. Field and air defense artillery, engineer, and chemical units provide critical support. Aviation maneuvers to attack the enemy throughout the AO.\n7-90. Attackers carefully integrate CSS operations into plans. Effective CSS is especially important during high-tempo operations. Habitually associating combat units with the CSS units that support them facilitates it. When plans call for attacking units to pass through defending units, defending units assist CSS operators in conducting sustaining operations.\n7-91. Commanders consider the risk involved when deciding how much time to allocate to planning and preparing an offensive operation. The more time attackers take to plan and prepare, the more time defenders have to improve their defenses. Attackers reduce the time available to the enemy by operating at a high tempo, achieving surprise, and avoiding detection. Defenders gain time by delaying and disrupting attacks. In all cases, commanders give as much time as possible to their subordinates for planning.\n7-92. Modern telecommunications capabilities and activities in the information environment may reduce the time available to plan and prepare. Modern information systems reduce the time required to collect and process information. This reduction may provide advantages for either attackers or defenders. Commanders who act quickly and make good decisions retain the initiative in fast-moving situations. Activities in the information environment, such as live news broadcasts of pending or ongoing attacks, may reduce the time available to accomplish a mission.\n7-93. Civil considerations are present throughout offensive operations. Commanders focus their staffs on considerations that may affect mission accomplishment. These factors include care and support for civilians within the AO and the possible effect of refugees on operations and movements. Other considerations include enemy locations with respect to civil populations, political and cultural boundaries, and language requirements. Civil considerations may preclude the attack of some targets, such as infrastructure and historically significant areas. They may also limit the use of land mines.\n7-94. Enemy propaganda may affect the attitude of civilians in the AO. It may also affect domestic and foreign support for the operation. Operational commanders pay particular attention to the effects of actions in the information environment. Tactical commanders may have limited awareness of media reporting and its effect on public opinion. Operational commanders gauge the effect of public opinion and keep their subordinates informed.\n7-95. Preparation postures the force to begin offensive operations. It includes assembling and positioning necessary resources. At the operational level, commanders arrange forces and resources to allow dispersion, responsiveness, protection, and sustainment, while retaining the ability to mass effects quickly. Commanders assign units a position and time to begin or support the attack. Selected friendly forces start conducting shaping and sustaining operations to develop opportunities for the entire force. To preserve surprise, attacking forces avoid and mask actions that could alert the enemy.\n7-96. Preparation includes reconnaissance operations conducted concurrently with planning (see FM 5-0). Reconnaissance collects information that is processed into intelligence and incorporated into plans. Intelligence tasks for offensive operations include identifying and locating enemy reserves, locating and tracking enemy fire support systems, and gathering information about enemy intelligence, air, and air defense capabilities. Conducting aggressive reconnaissance and surveillance, integrating joint collection assets, and exploiting the capabilities of information systems allow commanders to assess enemy capabilities and anticipate his reactions. Rehearsals help subordinates fully understand the commander's intent and how their actions relate to those of other friendly forces and contribute to the overall operation.\n7-97. Sustaining operations create conditions for executing an attack suddenly, violently, and efficiently. More important, they help preserve freedom of action as one operation or phase ends and another begins. At the operational level, sustainment is a key consideration in linking battles within major operations. CSS forces prepare by positioning supplies and units to support the operation. Movement control, terrain management, and engineer- conducted mobility operations contribute to efficient movements. Engineers also conduct countermobility operations to protect flanks. As in all operations, air defense forces protect the force from air and missile attack.\n7-98. Offensive operations require rapid shifts in the focus of combat power to take advantage of opportunities. Sustaining a tempo the enemy cannot match is vital to success. Commanders vary the tempo and methods of attack, while maintaining momentum. Units press the fight. A commander's ability to continually anticipate and visualize both enemy and friendly situations is essential. Making timely decisions is likewise important.\n7-99. Commanders increase the tempo of an operation through reconnaissance and by providing the proper field artillery and other combat support, including air support. They maintain a high tempo by passing forces forward and minimizing the time friendly forces spend under fire. Attacks succeed only if they achieve their objective before the enemy recovers his balance, identifies the threat, and masses combat power against it. Attackers must keep the enemy off balance as long as possible and maintain the momentum of the attack. Successful attacks maintain a tempo and degree of lethality that the enemy cannot match.\n7-100. ISR and IM provide commanders with enough relevant information to direct their attack. Commanders attack once they have sufficient information, even if it is not comprehensive. They can seize the initiative by attacking, even without a detailed operational picture or COP.\n7-101. The violence and intensity of the assault unhinges the coherence of the enemy's defense. Precision fires and IO allow attackers to strip away enemy security forces, cripple enemy C2 and CSS, and mislead defenders as to the true objective of the attack. The combined effects of these and other actions hinder the enemy's ability to make decisions. As attacking forces assault the objective, fires shift, fixing the enemy in depth and denying him the use of reserves. Whether seeking to destroy an enemy force or to seize terrain, the attacking force does not slow until it achieves success. A high tempo contributes to protection and enhances security.\n7-102. Commanders integrate fires with maneuver throughout offensive operations. Accomplishing this requires detailed planning and coordination between assaulting and supporting forces, precise execution, and careful control of fire support. Dismounted assault forces move as closely behind their fires as possible. Armored forces attack under overhead field artillery fire. Air assault and airborne forces land directly on or as near to objectives as possible, once defenders and supporting field and air defense artillery have been suppressed or destroyed. As attackers near the enemy force, they overcome resistance with violent, massed firepower and rapid movement. Speed during this phase is essential to reduce casualties and avoid becoming stalled. Air defense and joint air assets destroy enemy air threats. Attack aviation strikes against uncommitted forces and reserves to isolate current engagements, shape future battles, and deny the enemy options.\n7-103. Attackers quickly move through the objective, destroying remaining enemy resistance. They anticipate a counterattack by maneuver forces, indirect fires, or aircraft. Security is paramount, as the attacker now occupies a position known to the enemy. Attackers consolidate on the objective, reorganize to meet a counterattack, prepare for the next mission, or continue the attack. If the situation allows, commanders immediately begin an exploitation, either with the same force or by passing follow-on forces through the objective area. Reconstitution may be necessary to return units to the fight. Initial attacking forces may reconstitute as follow-on forces pass forward.\n7-104. To maintain offensive momentum, commanders direct the introduction of fresh troops into the attack. Passing follow-on forces allows commanders to rest soldiers, resupply units, and move them to new areas and missions. The introduction of fresh troops is most common when forces enter an exploitation or pursuit, but may be necessary during the attack itself if committed forces cannot reach their objectives. Commanders usually commit fresh troops through a forward passage of lines to maintain the tempo and avoid a significant pause. A forward passage may occur before or after the attack starts. For it to be successful, a forward passage must be concealed from the enemy.\n7-105. Forward passages of lines and offensive reliefs require detailed planning and preparation. Planning a passage includes determining the battle handover criteria that designate when the passing force assumes the fight from the stationary force. The common higher headquarters of the two forces designates control measures for the passage. Subordinate commanders coordinate the details. During a passage, the stationary force provides all possible support to the passing force. The stationary force integrates its direct and indirect fires into the fire support plan of the passing force.\n7-106. Technology is changing the ways that modernized Army forces attack. Information technology allows commanders and subordinates to share a COP tailored to each echelon. Commanders throughout the attacking force use it to achieve greater situational understanding. They conduct operations based on more accurate and current information than ever before. Commanders may now lead from the front while remaining fully connected to the C2 system and the information it provides. Situational understanding, supported by the COP, allows commanders to synchronize their forces effectively and make rapid adjustments as the situation changes. Subordinates can view the overall situation and exercise initiative to achieve the commander's intent without waiting for higher headquarters to provide direction.\n7-107. Situational understanding based on an accurate COP changes the nature of maneuver before and during attacks. With it, Army forces depend less on movements to contact and meeting engagements to create the conditions to attack. Modernized Army forces may avoid movements to contact altogether, developing the situation largely out of contact. Advanced surveillance and reconnaissance assets refine the picture of the enemy, while precision fires and IO destroy enemy cohesion. Reconnaissance and security elements maintain contact only as required to collect information that unmanned sensors cannot. Commanders maneuver forces into position to begin the attack before major forces make contact. Attacks unfold as simultaneous sets of blows that bewilder and shock enemy forces. Attacks become opportunistic and fluid as commanders mass the effects of combat power swiftly and decisively and exploit the results ruthlessly.\n7-108. Fusing information from C2, ISR, indirect fire, and CSS systems increases tempo and the number of offensive options. Greater awareness of enemy and friendly forces means attacks need not originate from one place. Better situational understanding allows commanders to shift forces and efforts from one area to another to exploit opportunities. Nonlinear operations in noncontiguous AOs occur more frequently. Commanders project attacking forces on multiple axes throughout the AO. Lines of operations in the offense are related less by space than they are by purpose; thus, commanders bypass some enemy forces while focusing combat power at the decisive point. Exploiting opportunities that result from efficiently fusing information and determining its significance secures the initiative with attackers.\n|Join the GlobalSecurity.org mailing list|", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-10", "url": "http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/policy/army/fm/3-0/ch7.htm", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1394011192582/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305091952-00001-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9226649404, "token_count": 11311, "score": 3.0, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "I gcogadh an chosaint cinnte amháin is ionsaí, agus an éifeachtúlacht an ionsaí ag brath ar an saol cogadh-mar na daoine a stiúradh é.\nAn Ghinearál George S. Patton Jr.\nCogadh mar a Bhí a fhios agam air\n7-1. Is é an t-ionsaí an fhoirm chinnte cogaidh. Tá sé mar aidhm ag oibríochtaí ionsaitheacha namhaid a scriosadh nó a shárú. Is é a gcuspóir toil na Stát Aontaithe a fhorchur ar an namhaid agus bua chinnte a bhaint amach. Cé go mbíonn gá le cosaint go minic le breithniú láithreach, ní mór torthaí cinntitheacha a aistriú go dtí an cion a luaithe is féidir.\n7-2. Tá oibríochtaí ionsaitheacha ag iarraidh an tionscnamh a ghabháil, a choinneáil agus a shaothrú chun an namhaid a shárú go cinntitheach. Déantar ionsaí ag fórsaí arm ag an am céanna ar fud limistéar na n-oibríochtaí (AO) chun naimhde a chur as cothromaíocht, a gcumas a shárú, a n-iarmhairtí a chur ar ceal, agus a n-díomá nó a n-díothú a chinntiú. Críochnaíonn an cion nuair a shroich an fórsa cuspóir na hoibríochta, nuair a shroich siad teorainn dul chun cinn, nó nuair a d'fhág siad an ceann is airde. Cuirtear céim de ionsaí i gcrích ag fórsaí arm trí bhuaigh a dhaingniú, an t-ionsaí a athghiniúint, nó ullmhú le haghaidh oibríochtaí amach anseo. I measc na gcúraimí breise a chomhlíonann oibríochtaí ionsaitheacha tá:\n7-3. Tá sé seo go maith. Déanann ceannasaithe oibríochtúla na n-arm feachtais ionsaitheacha agus oibríochtaí móra chun éifeachtaí ar leibhéal an theatre a bhaint amach bunaithe ar ghníomhartha tactacha. Díríonn siad ar oibríochtaí talún ionsacha a dhearadh. Cinntíonn siad cé na cuspóirí a bhaint amach torthaí cinntitheacha; áit a mbeidh fórsaí ag feidhmiú; na caidrimh idir fórsaí fo-ordú in am, spás, agus cuspóir; agus cá háit a gcuirfear an iarracht cinntitheach i bhfeidhm. Cuirtear AOs ar fáil ag ceannairí oibríochtúla do mháistir tacticí, agus bunaítear caidrimh ordaithe agus tacaíochta eatarthu. Tá an t-ordú ar an gcúram seo ag baint le go leor de na cuspóirí atá ag an gcúram seo, agus tá sé ag cur leis an gcúram sin a bheith ina chuid den chúrsa.\n7-4. Ar an leibhéal oibríochtúil, ionsaíonn oibríochtaí ionsaitheach go díreach nó go hindíreach ar lár troma na namhaid. Déantar é seo trí ionsaí a dhéanamh ar phointí cinntitheacha na namhaid, go comhuaineach nó go seasta. Ligeann éifeachtaí ollmhóra fórsaí comhpháirteacha agus ilnáisiúnta d'ionsaitheoirí an t-ionsaí a ghabháil. Diúltaíonn siad saoirse gníomhaíochta don namhaid, cur isteach ar a fhoinsí neart, agus na coinníollacha a chruthú le haghaidh rath oibríochtúil agus tactach.\n7-5. - Tá sé ar bun. Chun aontacht iarrachta a bhaint amach, sainaithníonn ceannairí oibríochtúla cuspóirí go soiléir agus cuireann siad na caidrimh idir fórsaí faoi réir. Trí dhúshláin idir-inoibritheachta a íoslaghdú agus cumas na gcóras a shaothrú, déanann ceannairí a gcuid fórsaí a oiriúnú chun éifeachtaí cinntitheacha a bhaint amach. Tá neart comhpháirteach agus ilnáisiúnta tugtha acu chun a gcuspóirí a bhaint amach.\n7-6. - Tá sé seo. Baineann ceannairí tacticúla leas as na héifeachtaí a chuireann fórsaí comhpháirteacha agus ilnáisiúnta leis an gcion. Déanann siad na fórsaí seo a shíncronachtú in am, spás, acmhainní, cuspóir, agus gníomh chun éifeachtaí cumhachta cogaidh a mhaisiú ag pointí cinntitheacha. Déanann ceannairí cathanna a threorú mar chuid d'oibríochtaí móra. Tá baint ag cathanna le cuspóirí an ceannasaí oibríochtúil.\n7-7. - Tá sé seo. D'fhéadfadh cathanna a bheith líneach nó neamhlínéadach agus a dhéantar i AOs contiguous nó neamh-contíguous. Faigheann ceannairí tacticí a n-AO, a misean, a gcuspóirí, a dteorainneacha, a mbeart rialaithe, agus a n-intinn óna gceannas níos airde. Cinntíonn siad na hoibríochtaí cinntitheacha, cruthúcháin agus cothabhála laistigh dá n-AO. Déanann siad tine a threorú agus a bheith ag casadh chun ionsaí agus an namhaid a scriosadh agus cuspóirí talún a bhaint amach. De ghnáth bíonn cúraimí sainithe go soiléir ag ceannairí tacúla - an namhaid a shárú agus an cuspóir a áitiú.\n7-8. - Tá sé seo. Is é an t-ionsaí ná ionadh, díriú, luas, agus an t-ádh. Baineann oibríochtaí ionsaitheacha éifeachtacha leas as faisnéis chruinn agus faisnéis ábhartha eile maidir le fórsaí naimhde, aeráid agus tírdhreach. Déanann ceannairí a gcuid fórsaí a chur i bhfeidhm go dtí poist buntáistí sula ndéantar teagmháil. Coinníonn cosaint fórsa, lena n-áirítear oibríochtaí faisnéise cosanta (IO), nó cuireann sé cosc ar an namhaid faisnéis chruinn a fháil faoi fhórsaí cairde. Ní fheiceann an namhaid ach an méid a theastaíonn ón gcaptaen cairdeach a fheiceáil. Tá teagmháil le fórsaí naimhde roimh an oibríocht chinnte deartha go rúnda, chun an cás is fearr a mhúnlú don oibríocht chinnte. Is gníomh tobann, scriosach é an oibríocht chinnte a chaipitlíonn ar thionscnamh fo-ordú agus ar phictiúr oibríochtúil choitinn (COP) chun leathnú ar fud an AO. Cuirtear na haidhmeannaigh chun báis go foréigneach gan leisce chun toil an namhaid a bhriseadh nó é a scriosadh.\n7-9. Tá sé seo. Sa ghníomh, baineann ceannairí le iontas trí ionsaí a dhéanamh ar an namhaid ag am nó áit nach bhfuil súil aige leis nó ar bhealach nach bhfuil sé ullamh air. Tá sé riachtanach intinn an choimisinéara namhaid a mheas agus an cumas a bheith aige tuiscint chuimsitheach agus tráthúil a fháil ar an staid chun ionadh a bhaint amach. Cuidíonn neamh-in-intinn agus boldness iontas a fháil. Cuidíonn treo, am, agus neart an ionsaithe freisin le haon ionadh a bhaint amach. Cuireann ionadh moill ar imoibrithe an namhaid, ró-ualach agus mearbhall ar a chórais ordaithe agus rialaithe (C2), spreagann sé shock síceolaíoch i saighdiúirí agus ceannairí namhaid, agus laghdaíonn sé comhsheasmhacht na cosanta. Trí chumhacht chomhrac na namhaid a laghdú, cuireann iontas ar chumas ionsaitheoirí leas a bhaint as paraisiú agus leisce an namhaid.\n7-10. Comhlánaíonn ionadh oibríochtúil agus tactach a chéile. Cruthaíonn ionadh oibríochtúil na coinníollacha le haghaidh oibríochtaí tacúla rathúla. Is féidir le hiontas tactach an namhaid a chur ar amhras nó mí-mheas a dhéanamh ar chás. Ach tá iontas tactic fleeting. Ní mór do na haidhmeannaigh é a shaothrú sula dtuigeann an namhaid cad atá ag tarlú.\n7-11. Tá sé deacair iontas iomlán a bhaint amach. Déanann córais nua-aimseartha faireachais agus rabhaidh, na táirgí íomháireachta tráchtála atá ar fáil, agus líonraí nuachta tráchtála domhanda iontas a dhéanamh níos deacra. Mar sin féin, baineann ceannairí le iontas trí oibriú ar bhealach nach bhfuil súil ag an namhaid leis. Déanann siad an namhaid a mheabhrú maidir le cineál, am, cuspóir agus neart an ionsaithe. Is féidir leo droch-aimsir, tírdhreach nach féidir a shroicheadh, feint, taispeántais, agus cumarsáid bhréagach a úsáid chun an namhaid a threorú i dtuairimí mícheart. Tá éifeacht mhíchumas ag ionsaithe tobann, foréigneacha, agus gan choinne. Tá ionsaí aertharraingthe, ionsaí aer, agus fórsaí oibríochtaí speisialta (SOF) i dteannta le stailceanna an Airm agus le haiscí comhpháirteacha i gcoinne cuspóirí a mheasann an namhaid a bheith slán ag cruthú éifeachtaí síceolaíocha míshásta ar an namhaid.\n7-12. Is féidir le iontas teacht ó athrú gan choinne ar an timpeall. D'fhéadfadh go mbeadh an luas mall ar dtús, ag cruthú na coinníollacha le haghaidh luasghéarú ina dhiaidh sin a ghabháil leis an namhaid gan choinne agus a chur as cothromaíocht. Léirigh fórsaí na SA athrú tapa den sórt sin ar luas roimh Oibríocht Just Cause i 1989. Mar thoradh ar an luas luathaithe, tháinig iontas oibríochtúil agus tactach in ainneoin an fhógraíochta méadaithe agus na teannas ard roimh ré.\n7-13. Clúdaíonn ceannairí tiúchan a gcuid fórsaí. Tá gníomhaíocht masc ag na haonaid a d'fhéadfadh treo nó am ionsaí a nochtadh. Déanann ceannairí gníomh díreach chun an namhaid a mhealladh agus a chumas faisnéis a bhailiú a dhiúltú.\n7-14. Is éard atá i ndíriú ná éifeachtaí ollmhóra cumhacht cogaidh a mhaolú chun cuspóir amháin a bhaint amach. Déanann ceannairí cothromaíocht idir an gá atá le fórsaí a dhíriú chun éifeachtaí mais a bhaint amach leis an ngá atá le scaipeadh orthu chun spriocanna brabúsach a sheachaint. Cuireann dul chun cinn i soghluaisteacht talún agus aeir, gnóthachan sprioc, agus tinte cruinne fadtéarma ar chumas ionsaitheoirí éifeachtaí a dhíriú go tapa. Soláthraíonn córais C2 faisnéis ábhartha iontaofa a chabhraíonn le haikomandóirí a chinneadh cathain a dtabharfar fórsaí a dhíriú ar éifeachtaí mais.\n7-15. Déanann ceannairí ionsaithe a gcuid féin agus tiúchan fórsa an namhaid a ionramháil trí scaipeadh, tiúchan, mealladh míleata agus ionsaithe a chur le chéile. Trí scaipeadh, déanann ionsaitheoirí cosaint na namhaid a shíneadh agus spriocanna brabúsacha a chealú ó dhóiteáin na namhaid. Trí fórsaí a bhailiú go tapa ar feadh eicheacha comhghabhála, cuireann ionsaitheoirí fórsaí naimhde i gcroí cinntitheacha le cumhacht chomhrac tiubhaithe. Tar éis ionsaí rathúil, coinníonn ceannairí a gcuid fórsaí dírithe chun leas a bhaint as a gcuid luas. Má chuireann fórsaí naimhde bagairt orthu, d'fhéadfadh siad scaipeadh arís. Glacann ceannairí an seasamh is fearr a oireann don staid, a chosnaíonn an fórsa, agus a choinníonn luas an ionsaí.\n7-16. Éilíonn tiúchan comhordú le seirbhísí eile agus le comhpháirtithe ilnáisiúnta. Ag gach céim d'ionsaí, comhtháthaíonn ceannairí sócmhainní faisnéise comhpháirteacha le tine comhpháirteacha. Baineann siad leas as uasmhéide aeir chun an cumas a bheith ag an namhaid fórsaí cairde a bhrath nó a bhualadh ón aer a dhiúltú. Déanann ceannairí acmhainní talún, aeir agus farraige a threorú chun eilimintí nó cumais scoilithe namhaid a mhoilliú, a bhriseadh nó a scriosadh. Déanann siad slándáil, IO, agus frith-áite a threorú freisin chun fórsaí cairdiúla a chosaint agus iad ag tiúchan.\n7-17. Tá sé riachtanach an luas a rialú nó a athrú chun an tionscnamh a choinneáil. Ar an leibhéal oibríochtúil, tugann luas níos tapúla deis d'ionsaitheoirí pleananna cosanta na namhaid a chur ar ceal trí thorthaí a bhaint amach níos tapúla ná mar is féidir leis an namhaid freagairt. Ar an leibhéal tactach, tugann luas níos tapúla deis d'ionsaitheoirí go tapa bacainní agus cosanta a shárú agus fórsaí naimhde a scriosadh go domhain sula bhféadfaidh siad freagairt.\n7-18. Déantar an t-athrú ar an luas de réir mar a chuireann cásanna tacúla, riachtanas tacaíochta seirbhíse cogaidh (CSS), nó deiseanna oibríochtúla ar chumas na hachtamhairc agus an comhordú cuí a chinntiú, ach ní ar chostas deiseanna a chailleadh chun an namhaid a bhuachan. Éilíonn luas tapa cinntí tapa. Diúltaíonn sé an deis don namhaid scíth a ligean agus deiseanna a chruthú go leanúnach.\n7-19. Trí luas a mhéadú, coinníonn ceannairí luas. Aithníonn siad na bealaí is fearr chun ionsaí a dhéanamh, pleanáil an ghnímh go domhain, foráil a dhéanamh le haistrithe tapa go hoibríochtaí eile, agus fórsaí a thiomáint agus a chomhcheangal go héifeachtach. Cinntíonn na haidhmeannaigh agus na foirne go gcuirtear cosc ar imeachtaí CSS ar chríochnú. Nuair a thosaíonn an troid, déanann ionsaitheoirí foréigean. Leanann siad aonad scoiúcháin nó sondes rathúla agus bogann siad go tapa trí bhearnaí sula ndéanann cosantóirí a aisghabháil. Athraíonn ionsaitheoirí cumhacht chomhrac go tapa chun iontrálacha a leathnú, cnámha nochta a rolladh suas, agus rathanna a dhaingniú. Déantar ionsaí domhain ag fórsaí cairdeacha le tine agus le haisteacht chun comhsheasmhacht an namhaid a bhriseadh agus a C2 a shárú. Cé go gcoinníonn siad luas níos tapúla ná an namhaid, déanann ionsaitheoirí an luas a chothromú leis an gcumas C2 a fheidhmiú. Ní cheadaíonn ceannairí riamh don namhaid a ghnóthú as an turraing an ionsaí tosaigh. Cuireann siad cosc ar chosantóirí éifeachtaí a mhaisiú i gcoinne an oibríochta cinnte daor.\n7-20. Is plean gníomhaíochta simplí é an t-ádh, a fhorghníomhú go cróga. Léiríonn ceannairí misneach trí phleananna fionn, cruthaitheacha a fhorbairt a tháirgeann torthaí cinntitheacha. Léiríonn ceannairí a ndúthracht trí chumhacht chomhrac a chur i bhfeidhm go foréigneach. Tuigeann siad cathain agus cá háit a nglacfaidh siad rioscaí agus ní bhíonn aon leisce orthu a phlean a chur i gcrích. Tá an t-eagrán ag an gceannas ar an neamhchinnteacht trí ghníomhaíocht; déanann siad cúiteamh as easpa faisnéise trí thogra an tionscnaimh a ghlacadh agus brú a chur ar an gcath. Spreagann an t-ádh na saighdiúirí chun dul thar na hacmhainní agus na contúirtí.\n7-21. Déanann ceannairí oibríochtaí ionsaitheacha laistigh den chreat oibríochtúil (AO, spás cath, agus eagraíocht chathair cath). Déanann siad a gcuid fórsaí a shíncróchadh in am, spás, acmhainní, cuspóir agus gníomh chun oibríochtaí cinntitheacha, cruthúcháin agus cothabhála a dhéanamh go comhuaineach agus go seasta go domhain (féach Fíor 7-1). I gcásanna áirithe, ainmníonn ceannairí limistéir domhain, dlúth agus cúlra.\nFigiúr 7-1. Creat Oibríochta sa Chéim.\n7-22. Is ionsaithe iad oibríochtaí ionsaitheacha cinntitheacha a chinneann toradh na n-oibríochtaí móra, na gcathracha agus na gcomhghuaillithe go cinntitheach. Ag an leibhéal oibríochtúil, baineann oibríochtaí cinntitheacha le spriocanna gach céim de fheachtas a bhaint amach. D'fhéadfadh go mbeadh roinnt chéimeanna ag oibríochtaí talún laistigh de fheachtais. Laistigh de gach céim tá oibríocht cinntitheach. Bíonn tionchar suntasach ag a thorthaí ar chúrsa na feachtais. Ar an leibhéal tactach, déantar cathanna nó comhghabhálacha cinntitheacha chun cuspóir misean na príomhcheartlann a bhaint amach. Faigheann ceannairí oibríochtaí cinntitheacha trí chomhrac gar a scriosann an namhaid go fisiciúil; a chuid toil chun seasamh a shárú; nó a ghabháil, a bheith i seilbh, agus talamh a choinneáil.\n7-23. Cuirtear acmhainní breise agus beart beartúil ar fáil do mháistir chun an oibríocht chinnte a mhaolú. Mar shampla, d'fhéadfadh ceannairí cuid de fhórsa an namhaid a shocrú le hionsaí frontala (oibríocht mhúnlaithe), agus an chuid is mó den fhórsa ábalta é a ghabháil le pointe cinntitheach. Cinntíonn na hacmhainní nuair, cá háit, agus má dhéanann siad dóiteáin tacaíochta agus cúlchistí breise. Athraíonn na haidhmeannaigh tosaíocht na tine de réir mar is gá. Fórsaí maneuvering iad a chur i láthair chun tine ollmhór i gcoinne an namhaid.\n7-24. Ceapann ceannairí cúlchiste chun cumhacht chomhrac breise a sholáthar ag an am agus an áit chinnte. An níos éiginnte atá an staid, is mó an cúlchiste. Nuair a bheidh an cúlchiste tiomanta, ainmníonn an ceannasaí ceann eile. Athraíonn neart agus suíomh tosaigh na gcúlchistí de réir mar a théann an t-am\n- Miseáin féideartha, brainsí, agus seicheamh.\n- Foirm de maneuver.\n- Gníomhartha naimhde féideartha.\n- Céim neamhchinnteachta.\nSoláthraíonn cúlchistí cosaint i gcoinne éiginnteachta. Ní thugann na haidhmeannaigh dóibh ach na cúraimí is gá chun iad a ullmhú lena misean féideartha. Ní féidir leis an gcaptaen a ainmníonn an cúlchiste é a chur i gcrích, mura ndéanann sé an t-údarás sin a tharmligean go sonrach.\n7-25. Cruthaíonn oibríochtaí cruthúcháin na coinníollacha chun go n-éireoidh leis an ngníomhaíocht chinnte. Áirítear ionsaithe domhain orthu chun buntáistí a chinntiú don oibríocht chinnte agus chun an fórsa a chosaint. Déanann ceannairí oibríochtaí foirmiú trí fhórsaí namhaid a chur i ngleic ag an am céanna ar fud an AO. Ní cheadaíonn na hionsaithe seo saoirse gníomhaíochta an namhaid agus cuireann siad isteach nó scriosann siad comhsheasmhacht agus luas a chuid oibríochtaí. Ag ionsaí foirmiúí namhaid i ndlúth, scriosann, moilleann, cur isteach nó aistrithe cumhacht troid namhaid. Féadfaidh siad leochaileachtaí a nochtadh nó a chruthú lena n-úsáid. I measc na n-oibríochtaí foirmiú san ionsaí tá:\n- ionsaithe a shaothraíonn a bhfuil sé de chuspóir acu ceann amháin nó níos mó de na nithe seo a leanas a bhaint amach:\n- A mheabhrú ar an namhaid.\n- Síneadh nó a shocrú fórsaí namhaid a d'fhéadfadh cur isteach ar an oibríocht cinntitheach.\n- Tír a rialú a mbeadh a n-oifig ag an namhaid ina bhac leis an ngníomhaíocht chinnte.\n- Éilíonn sé ar an namhaid cúlchistí a dhéanamh go luath nó i limistéar neamhchinnteach.\n- Oibríochtaí imscrúdaithe agus slándála.\n- Pasanna línte.\n- Oibríochtaí Breach.\n- Ghluaiseachtaí aonad a éascaíonn go díreach oibríochtaí foirmiú agus cinntitheacha.\n- Oibríochtaí ag fórsaí cúltaca sula ndéantar a gcuid tiomantais.\n- Toirmeasc ar ghluaiseacht talún agus aeir agus ar theine, go haonar nó i gcomhcheangal.\n- IO ionsaitheach.\nI measc oibríochtaí eile foirmiú tá gníomhaíochtaí i bhfolach, mar shampla frith-áite agus IO cosanta. Díríonn na hoibríochtaí cruthúcháin seo ar éifeachtaí a chruthaíonn na coinníollacha le haghaidh oibríochtaí cinntitheacha rathúla.\n- Tóg rabhadh luath.\n- Faigh bearnaí sa chosaint.\n- Cuir am ar fáil chun freagairt agus spás chun maireachtáil.\n- Forbraigh an staid.\n- Díriú ar an gcumhacht nó ar an saoráid atá le slánú.\n- Déan scoir leanúnach.\n- Coinnigh teagmháil namhaid.\nI AOs leathnaithe agus neamh-chomhchruinnithe, déanann ceannairí slándáil nó faireachán ar na bearnaí idir aonad faoi réir. Cinntíonn ceannairí bearnaí trí fhoireann a shannadh chun an limistéar a dhaingniú, trí iarrachtaí faireachais a thiomnú chun monatóireacht a dhéanamh air, trí fhoireann a ainmniú chun freagairt do namhaid atá ag teacht, nó trí bhacainní a shuiteáil agus a faire.\n7-27. Coinníonn oibríochtaí sa chion go n-áiritheoidh siad saoirse gníomhaíochta agus go gcoinníonn siad luas. Tá siad ar fud an AO. Ní gá go mbeadh suíomhanna aonad CSS in aice le suíomhanna a gcuid fórsaí tacaíochta. D'fhéadfadh oibríocht mhór leathnaithe aonad tactach a chur i bhfad ón limistéar tacaíochta bunaidh. Féadfaidh ceannairí fórsaí ionsaithe a scaradh ó bhonn CSS, rud a leathnóidh a línte cumarsáide (LOCanna). Soláthraíonn ceannairí slándáil d'aonad CSS agus iad ag feidhmiú le LOCanna fairsinge.\n7-28. Is féidir oibríochtaí ionsaitheacha neamhlíneacha a bheith ann i AOanna comhghaolta agus neamhchoimhlánacha araon. De ghnáth bíonn méid AO an-mhór i gcomparáid le líon na saighdiúirí a imscaradh. Féadfaidh an AO réimse leathan talún a chuimsiú freisin. Beidh fórsaí naimhde scaipthe go forleathan agus b'fhéidir go mbeidh siad níos mó i líon. Ní mór do na fórsaí ionsaitheacha gníomhartha ionsaitheacha a dhíriú i gcoinne pointí cinntitheacha, agus an chumhacht chomhrac riachtanach íosta á leithdháileadh ar oibríochtaí cruthúcháin. Ní mór go mbeadh ardchéim soghluaisteachta tactach ag cúlchistí. Éilíonn fórsaí a dhéanann oibríochtaí neamhlíneacha cumarsáid láidir agus cumas cothabhála. Féadfaidh ceannairí fórsaí a shaincheapadh le haghaidh oibríochtaí slándála LOC seachas an méid a sholáthraíonn póilíní míleata atá ar fáil.\n7-29. Déanann an ceanncheathrú níos airde oibríochtaí slándála sna codanna den AO nach bhfuil leithdháilte do fhoireann faoi réir. Méadaíonn tábhacht slándála na mbóithre de réir mar a leathnaíonn oibríochtaí agus a nochtann fórsaí ionsaitheacha a mbóithre. Is minic a tharlaíonn oibríochtaí nascála sa timpeallacht seo. Éilíonn oibríochtaí nascála, go háirithe iad siúd a bhaineann le hachrúpaí ingearacha, pleanáil agus cleachtadh fairsing. Méadaíonn an cumas frith-mharú mar gheall ar nádúr sreabhach an chathair cath neamhlíneach agus an dearcadh ag athrú fórsaí ionsaí agus cosanta. Cuireann láithreacht neamh-chombataithe san AO oibríochtaí i gcontúirt. Sa suíomh seo, cleachtann na haidhmeannaigh breithniú stuama i dtionól dóiteáin, go díreach agus go hindíreach.\n7-30. Is iad na cúig chineál beart ná an t-ainneall, an ghluaiseacht casadh, an t-infiltireacht, an t-idirghabháil agus an t-ionsaí tosaigh. Cé go n-aistrigh siad le chéile de ghnáth, ionsaíonn gach cineál maneuver an namhaid ar bhealach difriúil. Cuireann gach ceann dúshláin éagsúla ar ionsaitheoirí agus contúirtí éagsúla ar chosantóirí. Cinntíonn na hacmhainní an fhoirm maneuver a úsáid trí anailís a dhéanamh ar fhachtóirí METT-TC.\n7-31. (Fig. 7-2). Éiríonn le cuairteanna aghaidh an namhaid a sheachaint, áit a bhfuil sé cosanta agus inar féidir dó tinte a thiomáint go héasca. Maoineamh imghabhála aonair i gcoinne taobh amháin naimhde; maoineamh imghabhála dúbailte i gcoinne an dá thaobh. Is féidir le gach ceann de na hairíonna dul chun cinn go dtí imscrúdú.\nFigiúr 7-2. Clúdach\n7-32. Chun an namhaid a chlúdach, aimsíonn ceannairí nó cruthaíonn siad taobh ionsaí. Uaireanta nochtann an namhaid taobh trí dhul chun cinn, gan a bheith ar an eolas faoi áiteanna cairdiúla. I gcoinníollacha eile, mar shampla cath sreabhach a chuimsíonn fórsaí in AOs neamh-chomhthimpeall, d'fhéadfadh teaglaim de thine aeir agus neamhdhíreach flanc ionsaí a chruthú trí naimhde a leithdháileadh ar thalamh neamhfhabhrach.\n7-33. D'fhéadfadh ionsaitheoirí taobh ionsaí a chruthú freisin trí theacht ó threo gan choinne. Is sampla de oibríocht mhúnlaithe den sórt sin é clúdach ingearach (ionsaí aeir nó oibríocht aertharraingthe). Is féidir le ionsaitheoirí aird cosantóirí a shocrú freisin ar aghaidh trí chomhcheangal de thine agus ionsaithe cruthúcháin nó dífhuaime. Déanann ionsaitheoirí beart i gcoinne cnámha an namhaid agus cúl agus cuireann siad a chumhacht chomhrac i gcroílár a leochaileachtaí sula bhféadann sé a chosaint a athsheasamh.\n7-34. D'fhéadfadh sé go mbeadh timpeallacht mar thoradh ar imghabháil. Is oibríochtaí iad imghabháil ina gcailltear saoirse gluaiseachta ag fórsa amháin toisc go bhfuil fórsa i gcoinne in ann í a leithdháileadh trí rialú a dhéanamh ar gach líne talún cumarsáide. Is gnách go bhfuil imghabháil ionsaitheach mar leathnú ar shaothrú nó ar imghabháil. Coinníonn fórsa brú díreach teagmháil leis an namhaid, ag cur cosc ar a dícheangal agus athdhéanamh. Idir an dá linn, déanann fórsa imghabhála beart chun an namhaid a chlúdach, ag gearradh a bhealaí éalaithe agus ag cur fáinne istigh agus lasmuigh ar bun. Déanann an fáinne seachtrach iarracht naimhde a shárú go dtí a fhórsa timpeallaithe. Tá an fórsa imshruthaithe sa fáinne istigh. Más gá, eagraíonn an fórsa imghabhála cosanta mearthana ar feadh bealaigh teipeanna naimhde, agus comhshínithe comhpháirteach nó ilnáisiúnta ag tine chun a scrios a chríochnú. Ba cheart gach bealach atá ar fáil, lena n-áirítear constaicí, a úsáid chun an namhaid a choinneáil. Ansin úsáideann fórsaí cairde gach tine atá ar fáil chun é a scriosadh. Is minic a tharlaíonn imghabháil i ngníomhaíochtaí ionsaitheacha neamhlínéar.\n7-35. Is cineál beart é gluaiseacht casadh ina ndéanann an fórsa ionsaí iarracht príomh-shuímh cosanta an namhaid a sheachaint trí chuspóirí a ghabháil ar chúl an namhaid agus a chur ar an namhaid bogadh as a shuímh reatha nó fórsaí móra a atreorú chun dul i ngleic leis an mbagairt (féach Fíor 7-3). Má bhíonn bagairt mhór ar a chúl, bíonn ar an namhaid ionsaí nó tarraingt siar ar chúl, agus ar an gcaoi sin \"a chasadh\" as a shuíomhanna cosanta. De ghnáth, teastaíonn níos mó doimhneachta ó ghluaiseachtaí casadh ná cineálacha eile gluaiseachta. Tá tábhacht bhreise ag teacht le tinte domhain. Cosnaíonn siad an fórsa a chlúdaíonn agus ionsaí an namhaid. Ba ghluaiseacht clasaiceach casadh é Operation Chromite, an ionsaí amphibious ag Inchon le linn Chogadh na Cóiré a bhain éifeachtaí straitéiseacha agus oibríochtúla araon amach.\nFíor 7-3. Gluaiseacht Timthriall\n7-36. Is cineál maneuver é infiltration ina ndéanann fórsa ionsaithe gluaiseacht gan a bheith ar eolas tríd nó isteach i limistéar a bhfuil fórsaí namhaid ag gabháil leis chun seasamh buntáiste a bheith aige i gcúl na namhaid agus gan ach gnéithe beaga a nochtadh do thine cosanta namhaid (féach Fíor 7-4). D'fhéadfadh an gá a bheith le bheith gan a bheith le feiceáil agus ag dul i ngleic go gcuirfí teorainn le méid agus le neart na fórsaí infiltrating. Is annamh a bhuaileann iontráil cosanta leis féin. Déanann ceannairí infiltrations a threorú chun ionsaí a dhéanamh ar phoist a bhfuil cosaint éadrom orthu nó ar phoist níos láidre ón gcodla agus ón gcúl, chun príomh-thír a chinntiú chun tacú leis an oibríocht chinnte, nó chun oibríochtaí cothaithe naimhde a chur ar ceal. De ghnáth, téann fórsaí isteach i ngrúpaí beaga agus athchruinníonn siad chun leanúint lena misean.\nFigiúr 7-4. Infiltration\n7-37. (féach Figiúr 7-5). Déanann ceannairí iontrálacha díreacha nuair nach féidir an namhaid a ionsaí nó nuair nach gceadaíonn am cineál eile maoineoireachta. Cruthaíonn iontrálacha rathúla taobhanna ionsaí agus soláthraíonn siad rochtain ar cheantair chúl naimhde. Toisc go mbíonn iontrálacha dírithe go minic ar aghaidh cosanta an namhaid, tá riosca i bhfad níos mó caillteanais cairdeacha acu ná imlíneacha, gluaiseachtaí casadh agus infiltrations.\nFíor 7-5. Tromú\n7-38. Tá díriú tapa agus boldness tábhachtach go háirithe le linn iontráil. Treoir na n-eitiltí mais ó gach tine atá ar fáil ag an bpointe iontrála chun an sárú tosaigh a dhéanamh. Ansin leathnaíonn siad an iontráil trí aonad naimhde a chlúdach ar a ghualainn agus fórsaí a chur tríd chun cuspóirí a dhaingniú i gcúl naimhde nó na fórsaí namhaid a shárú go mion. Glacann fórsaí a dhéanann an sárú tosaigh gluaiseacht go tapa chun frith-ionsaithe namhaid ar a gcuid flancanna a sheachaint. Déantar na fórsaí leanúnacha a chur ar na gualainn agus an sárú a leathnú. I rith na gcéimeanna go léir, díreoidh tineanna domhain ar shócmhainní tine indíreach an namhaid, ar aonáin ar feadh ghualainn an iontrála, agus ar fhórsaí frith-ionsaithe. Déanann fórsaí cairde eile fórsaí namhaid a shocrú ar féidir leo bogadh i gcoinne an ionsaithe le hionsaithe, dóiteáin, feint, agus taispeántais.\n7-39. Má tá neart cogaidh leordhóthanach ar fáil, féadfaidh ceannairí oibríochtúla iontrálacha iomadúla a threorú. Measann ceannairí go cúramach buntáiste ionsaithe den sórt sin. Cuireann iontrálacha iomadúla iallach ar an namhaid a chuid tine a scaipeadh agus bagairtí iomadúla a mheas sula ndéanann sé a chuid cúlchistí a dhéanamh. Cinntíonn na hacmhainní ansin conas iontrálacha iomadúla a chothabháil agus a shaothrú agus cibé an dtagann fórsaí iontrála isteach ar chuspóir domhain amháin nó ionsaí a dhéanamh ar chuspóirí iomadúla. Ar an leibhéal tactach, de ghnáth níl neart cogaidh leordhóthanach ann chun níos mó ná dul isteach amháin a dhéanamh.\n7-40. (féach Figiúr 7-6). Ar leibhéal tactach, is féidir le fórsa ionsaithe ionsaí frontale a úsáid chun fórsa namhaid níos laige a shárú go tapa. Buaileann ionsaí frontale an namhaid ar fud an fhronta leathan agus thar na hiarratais is díreacha. Úsáidtear é de ghnáth ag ceannairí nuair a bhíonn cumhacht chomhrac mór acu agus go bhfuil míbhuntáiste soiléir ag an namhaid. Déanann ceannairí na héifeachtaí a bhaineann le tine dhíreach agus indíreach a mhaisiú, ag aistriú tine indíreach agus aeir díreach roimh an ionsaí. Braitheann rath ar bhuntáiste a bhaint amach i gcumhacht cogaidh le linn an ionsaithe.\nFíor 7-6. Ionsaí Frontale\n7-41. Is minic gurb é an t-ionsaí frontale an cineál maoineoireachta is costasaí, ós rud é go nochtann sé formhór na n-ionsaitheoirí do thine tiubhaithe na cosantóirí. Mar an fhoirm is díreacha de mheanbhraíocht, áfach, tá an t-ionsaí frontail úsáideach chun cosaintí éadroma a shárú, fórsaí clúdach, nó frithsheasmhacht naimhde neamh-eagraithe. Is minic gurb é an cineál beart is fearr é le haghaidh ionsaithe mear agus teagmhálacha cruinnithe, áit a bhfuil luas agus simplíocht riachtanach chun an luas agus an tionscnamh a choinneáil. Féadfaidh ceannairí ionsaí frontale a threorú mar oibríocht mhúnlaithe agus cineál eile maneuver mar oibríocht chinnte. Féadfaidh ceannairí an t-ionsaí frontail a úsáid freisin le linn saothrú nó d'fhostú. Féadfaidh ceannairí foirmiú mór a dhéanann imghabháil nó iontrálacha eilimintí faoi réir a threorú chun ionsaithe tosaigh a dhéanamh mar oibríochtaí foirmiú nó mar oibríocht chinnte.\n7-42. Is iad na ceithre chineál oibríochtaí ionsaitheach gluaiseacht chun teagmháil a dhéanamh, ionsaí, saothrú, agus leanúint. Stiúrann ceannairí na hoibríochtaí ionsaitheacha seo i ndiaidh a chéile agus i gcomhcheangal chun uasmhéid cumhachta cogaidh a ghiniúint agus an namhaid a scriosadh. Mar shampla, d'fhéadfadh ionsaí rathúil a bheith ina chúis le saothrú, rud a d'fhéadfadh a bheith ina chúis le hacmhainn. D'fhéadfadh ionsaí stuama chun an namhaid a scriosadh go hiomlán a leanúint de shaothrú. I gcásanna eile, d'fhéadfadh ceannairí ionsaí a threorú i gcoinne an namhaid le linn a shaothrú chun a tharraingt siar a mhoilliú.\n7-43. Comhcheanglaíonn ceannairí agus sreabhann siad gluaiseachtaí chun teagmháil, ionsaithe, saothrú, agus cuardach a dhéanamh chun an buntáiste is mó a fháil. Ní i gcónaí a bhíonn ionsaithe mar thoradh ar shaothrú agus ar shaothrú. Mar shampla, is annamh a thagann ionsaithe spoilers, feintings, agus taispeántais chun cinn go saothrú; áfach, d'fhéadfadh cúinsí a cheadú do mháistir rath gan choinne a shaothrú le hionsaí ar scála iomlán.\n7-44. Aithníonn na haidhmeannaigh go bhféadfadh na cineálacha éagsúla oibríochtaí ionsaitheach agus cosanta a bheith ag rith le chéile gan aon bhriseadh intuigthe. Baineann siad úsáid as ionsaithe spoiling agus iad ag cosaint chun luas an namhaid a mhoilliú go dtí go mbeidh siad réidh le hionsaí. Agus iad ag ullmhú chun aistriú ó oibríocht ionsaitheach amháin go ceann eile, nó ó ionsaí go cosaint, is féidir le haidhmeannaigh feint a dhéanamh i gceantar amháin chun aird an namhaid a dhíriú ó oibríochtaí in áiteanna eile.\n7-45. Is minic a bhíonn cineál gluaiseachta trúpaí roimh oibríocht ionsaitheach. Is iad na trí chineál gluaiseachta trúpaí gluaiseacht riaracháin, imeacht bóthair tactach, agus imeacht cur chuige.\n- Is éard atá i gluaiseacht riaracháin ná gluaiseacht ina ndéantar trúpaí agus feithiclí a chur ar bun chun a ngluaiseacht a luathú agus am agus fuinneamh a chaomhnú nuair nach bhfuil aon idirghabháil namhaid, ach amháin ó aer, ag súil leis. Tarlaíonn gluaiseachtaí riaracháin i gceantair nach bhfuil fórsaí namhaid ina mbagairt láithreach ar oibríochtaí agus nach bhfuil gá le slándáil ard.\n- Is éard atá i mars tactach bóthair ná gluaiseacht tapa a úsáidtear chun aonaid a athlonnú laistigh de limistéar oibríochtaí chun iad a ullmhú le haghaidh oibríochtaí cogaíochta. Cé nach bhfuil teagmháil le fórsaí namhaid ag súil leis, coinnítear slándáil i gcoinne ionsaí aeir, SOF namhaid, agus comhbhróntaithe agus tá an t-aonad réidh chun gníomh láithreach a dhéanamh i gcoinne bagairt namhaid. Tarlaíonn máirseacha bóthair tactach nuair a chaithfidh fórsa slándáil a chothabháil nó nuair a tharlaíonn gluaiseachtaí laistigh de raon tionchair naimhde. Féadfaidh ceannairí imeachtaí bóthair tactach a chur i gcrích i dtimpeallachtaí ísealthreasa chun C2 a chothabháil agus sceidil ghluaiseachta ar leith a chomhlíonadh.\n- Is éard atá i mBaile Átha Cliath ná dul chun cinn aonad comhraic nuair a bhíonn teagmháil dhíreach leis an namhaid i gceist. Tá saighdiúirí imscaradh go hiomlán nó go páirteach. Déanann ceannairí imeacht cur chuige nuair a bhíonn siad réasúnta cinnte de shuíomh an namhaid agus go bhfuil siad i bhfad uaidh. Cinntíonn siad cá háit ar féidir lena gcuid fórsaí a imscaradh i bhfoirmiúcháin ionsaithe a éascaíonn an teagmháil tosaigh agus a sholáthraíonn saoirse gníomhaíochta fós don chuid is mó dá gcuid fórsaí. I AOs cuairteacha, is minic a théann pas de línte roimh mháras cur chuige nó tar éis.\n7-46. . Déantar iarracht ag fórsaí a dhéanann gluaiseacht chun teagmháil a dhéanamh leis an bhfeidhm is lú is féidir. Nuair a bhíonn teagmháil déanta leis, tá cúig rogha ag an gceannasaí: ionsaí, cosaint, seachbhóthar, moill, nó tarraingt siar.\n7-47. Chun gluaiseacht rathúil chun teagmháil a dhéanamh, teastaíonn aonad le soghluaisteacht, solúbthacht agus cumhacht chomhrac le go leor chun teagmháil a dhéanamh leis an namhaid agus an cás a fhorbairt go tapa. Baineann sé bhunriachtanach leis:\n- Díriú gach iarracht ar an namhaid a aimsiú.\n- Déan teagmháil tosaigh leis an eilimint is lú is féidir, i gcomhréir leis an bhfeidhm a chosaint.\n- Déan teagmháil tosaigh le fórsaí beaga, soghluaiste, féin-chomhcheangailte chun teagmháil chinnte an phríomhchrom a sheachaint ar thalamh a roghnaigh an namhaid. Ag déanamh seo tugtar an solúbthacht is mó don choimandóir chun an cás a fhorbairt.\n- Tasc eagraíonn an fórsa agus úsáid foirmiú gluaiseachta a imscaradh agus ionsaí go tapa i ngach treo.\n- Coinnigh fórsaí postáilte laistigh de achar tacaíochta chun freagairt solúbtha a éascú.\n- Coinnigh teagmháil a fháil uair amháin.\n7-48. Eagraíonn ceannairí fórsaí chun slándáil uile-thimpeall a sholáthar. De ghnáth, éilíonn sé seo gardaí tosaigh, taobh, agus cúl. Tosaíonn siad le fórsa slándála arm chomhcheangailte chun an namhaid a aimsiú agus a shocrú. De ghnáth eagraíonn coirp agus rannáin fórsa clúdach cumhachtach, féin-chomhsholáthair chun é seo a dhéanamh. Eagraíonn foirmiú níos lú fórsaí slándála laistigh de theorainneacha a n-acmhainní. Fostaíonn ceannairí an fórsa slándála i bhfad go leor roimh an bpríomh-fhórsa chun go leor ama agus spáis a sholáthar chun freagairt do theagmháil namhaid. Coinníonn foirmiúí garda laistigh de raon tacaíochta an phríomhchróit. Déanann gardaí tosaigh agus cúlra fiosrúchán leanúnach ar aghaidh agus ar chlé an phríomhchróit. Déanann siad fórsaí beaga namhaid a scriosadh nó a chur faoi chois ionas nach féidir leo bagairt a chur ar an bpríomh-fhórsa. Bogann an garda tosaigh chomh tapa agus chomh fada agus is féidir roimh an bpríomh-chorp gan bogadh thar raon tacaíochta. Soláthraíonn an príomhchorp an garda tosaigh, arna eagrú de ghnáth mar ghné ar leithligh. De ghnáth soláthraíonn agus rialaíonn príomh-aonad comhlacht fórsaí slándála cúlra agus cúlra.\n7-49. Fanann fórsaí slándála dírithe ar an bpríomh-chorp, ag cur acmhainní na namhaid agus an tírdhreach san áireamh. Déantar iad a shárú nó a bhriseadh isteach ar bhacainní ag stride. Déantar údarás gluaiseachta a dhí-lárú ag ceannairí ar an mbonn agus ar na taobhanna. De ghnáth, ba cheart do mháistir seasamh go maith chun tosaigh le linn gluaiseachtaí chun teagmháil a dhéanamh.\nCuardach agus Ionsaí\n7-50. . Déantar iad de ghnáth ag aonaid léasair agus meán-imní, eitlíocht ionsaithe, cabhlaigh aeir, agus aonad ionsaí aeir. Is é cuspóir oibríocht cuardaigh agus ionsaí fórsaí namhaid a scriosadh, an fórsa chairde a chosaint, limistéar a dhiúltú don namhaid, nó faisnéis a bhailiú. Déantar cuardach agus ionsaí díreach ag ceannairí nuair a scaiptear an namhaid i dtalamh dlúth nach oireann do fórsaí troma, nuair nach féidir leo laigí namhaid a aimsiú, nó nuair a theastaíonn uathu gluaiseacht namhaid a dhiúltú i gceantar. Tá an t-ionad seo ar fáil do na hoifigigh agus do na hoifigigh a bhfuil an t-ionad acu. Tá cuardach agus ionsaí úsáideach i misin slándála limistéir, mar shampla AOs a ghlanadh.\n7-51. . Is gnách go dtarlaíonn bualadh den sórt sin de dheasca teagmhais i ngníomhaíochtaí aonaid bheaga, de ghnáth nuair a bhíonn dhá fhórsa gluaiseachta ag bualadh le chéile. D'fhéadfadh go mbeadh oibríochtaí brigáid nó oibríochtaí aonad níos mó mar thoradh orthu nuair nach raibh oibríochtaí faisnéise, faireachais agus fiosrúcháin (ISR) éifeachtach. Is féidir le comhghabhálacha cruinnithe tarlú freisin nuair a bhíonn fórsaí freasúracha ar an eolas faoi láithreacht ghinearálta ach ní faoi shuíomh cruinn a chéile agus nuair a chinneann an dá cheann ionsaí láithreach. Nuair a bhíonn teagmháil acu, gníomhóidh na haidhmeannaigh go tapa chun an buntáiste a fháil. Tá luas gníomhaíochta agus gluaiseachta, in éineacht le tine dhíreach agus indíreach araon, ríthábhachtach. Chun luas a choinneáil, déanann eilimintí luaidhe cosc solais a shárú go tapa nó troid trína chéile. Tá saoirse chun beartú i gcónaí buntáisteach; áfach, d'fhéadfadh ceannairí a roghnú cosaint mear a bhunú má tá fórsa na namhaid níos mó nó má thairgeann an tírdhreach buntáiste suntasach.\n7-52. Tá tionscnamh agus misneach ceannairí aonaid bheaga riachtanach chun go ngníomhódh an fórsa chairde níos tapúla ná an namhaid. Coibhéisíonn ceannairí cumhacht chomhrac a dhíriú go tapa le roghanna eile a choinneáil ar oscailt agus brú a choinneáil ar an namhaid. I gcomhlíonadh na n-iomaíochtaí, buaíonn an fórsa a fhaigheann agus a choinníonn an tionscnamh. Glacann ceannairí an t-iomaíocht trí cheannas cath: ag samhlú an staid go tapa, ag cinneadh cad atá le déanamh, agus ag treorú fórsaí chun cumhacht chomhrac naimhde a scriosadh. Déantar comhghabháil buailte ag cruinniú a shocrú nó a laghdú ar fhórsa naimhde le haisteacht agus le hais, le tine ollmhór - go díreach agus go hindíreach - agus an fórsa cairdeach ag dul timpeall nó ag ionsaí é.\n7-53. . Cuimsíonn ionsaithe gluaiseacht chomhordaithe le tacaíocht ó thineanna díreacha agus indíreacha. D'fhéadfadh siad a bheith ina ngníomhaíochtaí cinntitheacha nó ina ngníomhaíochtaí cruthúcháin. D'fhéadfadh ionsaithe a bheith mearbhall nó intinn, ag brath ar an am atá ar fáil chun an staid a mheas, pleanáil, agus ullmhú. Déanann ceannairí ionsaithe mearbhall nuair a éilíonn an staid gníomh láithreach le fórsaí atá ar fáil agus ullmhúchán íosta. Déanann siad ionsaithe intinne nuair a bhíonn am ann pleananna a fhorbairt agus ullmhúcháin a chomhordú (féach FM 3-90). Baineann na bunphrionsabail chéanna den chion le gach cineál ionsaithe. Braitheann rath ar mhaisiú scileanna éifeachtaí cumhacht cogaidh.\n7-54. Déanann ceannairí ionsaithe mearbhall chun deiseanna a bhaint as an namhaid a scriosadh nó an tionscnamh a ghabháil. Tá na deiseanna seo imthosca. Is gnách go dtarlaíonn siad le linn gluaiseachtaí chun teagmháil a dhéanamh le hoibríochtaí cosanta. I dtionscnamh mear, déanann ceannairí an t-aistriú go ciallmhar ar na buntáistí a bhaineann le ullmhúchán críochnúil agus sioncróint iomlán le haghaidh na n-eisiúintí láithreach. I dtreo teagmháil, seolann ceannairí ionsaithe mear chun fórsaí namhaid a scriosadh sula ndéanann siad tiúchan nó cosaint a bhunú. Sa chosaint, stiúrann ceannairí ionsaithe mear chun ionsaitheoir nochtaithe nó ró-ionsonraithe a mharú. Ligeann misin ar ordú agus a ullmhú do na haonaid freagairt go tapa i gcásanna éiginnte.\n7-55. Tá sé seo go maith. Nuair a shocraíonn siad ionsaí a dhéanamh, déanann na haidhmeannaigh iad a fhorghníomhú chomh tapa agus is féidir. Cé go gcuireann ionsaithe mearbhall ar éifeachtaí an tsléibhe agus an iontas, bíonn baol ann go gcaillfidh siad roinnt sioncróine. Chun an riosca seo a íoslaghdú, déanann na haidhmeannaigh úsáid uasta as nósanna imeachta oibríochtúla seasmhacha (SOPanna) lena n-áirítear foirmiú caighdeánach agus drills cath a thuiscint agus a thriail go maith. Tá na hairm agus na seirbhísí tacaíochta ag eagraíocht agus ag seasamh chun freagairt go tapa, ag baint úsáide as nósanna imeachta réamhshocraithe. Éascaíonn na caidrimh thraidisiúnta idir na haonaid tacaíochta agus na haonaid tacaíochta ag gach leibhéal na gníomhaíochtaí sin.\n7-56. I gcodarsnacht le hionsaithe mearbhall, is oibríochtaí ard-shinchrónach iad ionsaithe intinne a bhfuil pleanáil agus ullmhúchán mionsonraithe mar thréithe orthu. Baineann ionsaithe déine úsáid as oibríochtaí comhuaineacha ar fud an AO, tinte pleanáilte, oibríochtaí cruthúcháin, agus suíomh chun cinn acmhainní a theastaíonn chun luas a chothabháil. Tógann ceannairí an t-am is gá chun fórsaí a shuíomh agus faisnéis leordhóthanach a fhorbairt chun an namhaid a bhualadh le haisteacht bhuan agus le tine cruinn, scriosúil. Mar gheall ar an am a theastaíonn chun ionsaithe stuama a phleanáil agus a ullmhú, is minic a thosaíonn ceannairí iad ó sheasamh cosanta. Mar sin féin, d'fhéadfadh fórsa neamh-comhalta ionsaí deartha a dhéanamh mar leanúnachas d'oibríocht ionsaitheach atá ar siúl.\n7-57. D'fhéadfadh an t-am a chaitear ag ullmhú ionsaí d'aon ghnó ligean don namhaid cosaintí a fheabhsú, éalú, nó ionsaí scriosach a sheoladh. Dá bhrí sin, ní dhéanann ceannairí ionsaí deartha ach amháin nuair nach féidir an namhaid a sheachaint nó a shárú le hionsaí mearbhall. Coinníonn ceannairí brú ar an namhaid agus iad ag pleanáil agus ag ullmhú. Cuireann siad isteach go forleathan ar ullmhúcháin cosanta naimhde trí phaitriliú ionsaitheach, feint, ionsaithe cuspóir teoranta, dóiteáin indíreacha a bhac, ionsaithe aeir, agus IO ionsaitheach.\n7-58. Éilíonn ionsaithe déine pleanáil agus comhordú fairsing, lena n-áirítear cúlchistí agus fórsaí leantacha a shuíomh agus trúpaí agus trealamh á n-ullmhú. Déanann ceannairí agus foirne pleananna a shaothrú bunaithe ar phréimheanna agus faisnéis ó fhís-eisithe agus faireachán. Déanann ceannairí IO chun an namhaid a mhealladh agus a chosc ó C2 éifeachtach a fheidhmiú. ullmhúcháin ionsaithe masc IO éifeachtach agus rún agus cumais chairdeacha a cheilt. Déanann ceannairí misin scoite agus faireachais a threorú chun faisnéis a bhailiú faoin namhaid agus faoi AO. Déanann an córas faisnéise anailís ar an bhfaisnéis seo chun laigí a aimsiú i gcumas, i dispositions nó i bpleananna naimhde. Baineann fórsaí cairde leas as laigí na namhaid roimh an ionsaí agus le linn an ionsaí. Baineann bainistíocht faisnéise éifeachtach (BA) le sonraí a bhailítear ag sócmhainní fiosrúcháin agus faireachais a sheoladh chuig an áit cheart chun anailís a dhéanamh orthu. Is é an IM an t-aistriúchán is fearr ar an eolas atá ar fáil.\nIonsaí le Céim Speisialta\n7-59. Tá sé seo go maith. Baineann cineálacha áirithe ionsaithe le modhanna sainiúla agus éilíonn siad pleanáil speisialta. Déanann ceannairí na hionsaithe cuspóir speisialta seo a threorú chun cuspóirí a bhaint amach atá difriúil ó na hionsaithe eile. Is gnách go mbíonn ionsaithe spoilers agus frith-ionsaithe mar chéimeanna d'oibríocht níos mó. Is oibríochtaí aon chéim iad raids agus ambushes de ghnáth a dhéanann aonaid bheaga. Is oibríochtaí meabhlaíochta míleata iad feint agus taispeántais.\n7-60. . De ghnáth a dhéantar ó sheasamh cosanta, buaileann ionsaithe spoiling áit agus nuair is mó an namhaid leochaileach - le linn ullmhúcháin le haghaidh ionsaí i limistéir tionóil agus i bpoist ionsaithe nó agus é ag bogadh i dtreo a líne imeartha. Dá bhrí sin, tá riachtanais ríthábhachtacha acu maidir le huaireachas ceart agus comhordú le ceanncheathrú níos airde. Tá ionsaithe spoilers ag brath go mór ar fhaisnéis chruinn faoi dhreamhanna naimhde. Tá na haidhmeannaigh ag faire ar dheiseanna chun buntáistí a chruthaíonn ionsaí spoiling a shaothrú.\n7-61. . De ghnáth, déanann ceannairí frith-ionsaithe ó sheasamh cosanta; treoraíonn siad iad chun fórsaí naimhde a bhuachan nó a scriosadh nó chun smacht a fháil ar thír agus ar áiseanna tar éis rath naimhde. Déanann ceannairí frith-ionsaithe díreacha le cúlchistí, eilimintí tosaigh a bhfuil cion beag orthu, nó fórsaí a shanntar go sonrach. Déantar ionsaí ar ais orthu tar éis don namhaid ionsaí a sheoladh, a phríomhfheidhm a nochtadh, nó taobh ionsaí a thairiscint.\n7-62. Déanann ceannairí frith-ionsaithe cosúil le hoibríochtaí eile, ag comhshínithe iad laistigh den iarracht foriomlán. Nuair is féidir, déan na haonaid ag déanamh cleachtadh agus ag ullmhú an talamh. D'fhéadfadh fórsaí frith-ionsaithe saothrú áitiúil a dhéanamh chun leas a bhaint as deiseanna tacúla, ach ansin de ghnáth téann siad ar ais go seasamh cosanta. Tá ceanncheathrú na n-aonad mór ag pleanáil frith-ionsaithe mar shaothrú agus ionchúisimh mhóra. Sna cásanna sin, d'fhéadfadh sé go mbeadh frith-ionsaí mar an chéad chéim chun an tionscnamh a ghabháil agus aistriú go hoibríochtaí ionsaitheacha. Is é an frith-ionsaí an oibríocht chinnte i gcosaint soghluaiste.\n7-63. . Is cineál ionsaí é raid, de ghnáth ar scála beag, a chuimsíonn dul isteach go tapa i gcríoch naimhdeach chun faisnéis a fháil, an namhaid a chur i bhfolach, nó saoráidí a scriosadh. De ghnáth, críochnaíonn sé le tarraingt siar pleanáilte ón limistéar cuspóir tar éis an misean a chríochnú. Tá cuspóirí teoranta teoranta ag ráidí. Éilíonn siad faisnéis mhionsonraithe agus pleanáil bheartaithe araon. D'fhéadfadh ráidí príomh-shuiteálacha agus saoráidí naimhde a scriosadh, príosúnaigh a ghabháil nó a shaoradh, nó C2 naimhde nó córais thábhachtacha eile a chur ar ceal.\n7-64. . Déanann an luí fórsaí naimhde a scriosadh trí an gné iontas a uasmhéadú. Is féidir córais dóiteáin dhíreacha nó modhanna eile scriosúla a úsáid, mar shampla mianaigh a thit le haitheantas, tinte neamh-mharaitheach, agus tinte indíreacha. Is féidir le hionsaithe a chur i gcontúirt dlúthpháirtíocht, mothú slándála agus muiníne naimhde. Tá siad éifeachtach go háirithe i gcoinne oibríochtaí cothabhála naimhde.\n7-65. . Déantar feintí chun aird a dhíriú ar an oibríocht chinnte agus cosc a chur ar an namhaid cumhacht cathartha a dhíriú ina choinne. Is ionsaithe lom, spriocdhírithe teoranta iad de ghnáth a dhéantar roimh an oibríocht chinnte nó le linn na hoibríochta. Le linn Oibríocht Stoirm an Desert, rinne aonaid den 1ú Rannán Cavalry feint sa phóca Ruqi roimh 24 Feabhra 1991. Ba é cuspóir na feintings seo aonad líne tosaigh na hIaráige a shocrú agus ceannairí na hIaráige a chur ina luí go dtarlódh oibríocht chinnte na comhrialta ar feadh Wadi al-Batin.\n7-66. . Tá taispeántais ag cruthú oibríochtaí freisin. Tá siad ag iarraidh an namhaid a mheabhrú maidir le fíor-mheasanna an ionsaitheora. Éascaíonn siad oibríochtaí cinntitheacha trína bhfógrú ar an namhaid nó trína dtarraingt a aird ón oibríocht chinnte. Ligeann ceannairí don namhaid taispeántas a bhrath. Ach, ní mór a bheith cliste chun é seo a dhéanamh gan fíorchuspóir an taispeántais a nochtadh. Má nochtann taispeántas laige namhaid, d'fhéadfadh ceannairí é a leanúint le foirm eile ionsaí.\n7-67. Is cineál oibríochta ionsaitheach é saothrú a leanann ionsaí rathúil de ghnáth agus atá deartha chun an namhaid a dhíeagraíocht go domhain. Tá baint ag baint le hionstraimí chun fórsaí naimhde a dhíscaoileadh go dtí an pointe nach bhfuil aon rogha acu ach a thabhairt suas nó teitheadh. Tugtar an t-ardleitheanas is mó is féidir do cheannadóirí na bhfórsaí saothrúcháin chun a gcuid misean a chur i gcrích. Gníomhaíonn siad le mór-ionsaí, tionscnamh, agus misneach. D'fhéadfadh go mbeadh baint ag na saothrúcháin le háiteanna áitiúla nó le háiteanna móra. Baineann saothrú áitiúla leas as deiseanna tacúla, dá mbeifeá ag súil leo nó nach mbeifeá ag súil leo. De ghnáth, déanann na Rannpháirtithe agus na príomhchúirteanna níos airde pleanáil ar shaothrú mór mar bhrainse nó mar leanúna.\n7-68. Tá ionsaithe a scriosann cosantóir go hiomlán annamh. Go minic, déanann an namhaid iarracht dícheangal, tarraingt siar, agus cosaint éifeachtach a athshocrú chomh tapa agus is féidir. I ngníomhaíochtaí ar scála mór, d'fhéadfadh an namhaid iarracht a dhéanamh cumhacht chomhrac a mhaolú i gcoinne ionsaí trí fórsaí a bhogadh ó limistéir nach bhfuil chomh gníomhach sin nó trí chúlchistí a dhéanamh. Le linn na n-úsáideanna, déanann ceannairí ionsaithe comhuaineacha ar fud an AO chun na gníomhartha namhaid seo a throid.\n7-69. Le linn ionsaithe, fanann ceannairí ar airdeall ar dheiseanna chun saothrú. Áirítear ar tháscairí\n7-70. Tá sé beartaithe ag na haidhmeannaigh gach ionsaí a shaothrú mura bhfuil srian air ag ceanncheathrú níos airde nó faoi chúinsí eisceachtúla. Cuireann an t-easpa brú ar an namhaid, cuireann sé a neamhordú i gcrích, agus laghdaíonn sé a toil chun seasamh. Nuair a bhriseann siad comhsheasmhacht na namhaid, buaileann fórsaí ionsaithe spriocanna a sháraíonn iarrachtaí na namhaid athghrúpaithe. Déantar ionsaí go tapa ar phoist rialaithe, ar bhealaí éalaithe, agus ar chúlchistí naimhde, ar an artillery réimse, agus ar thacaíocht chogaidh ríthábhachtach agus ar shócmhainní CSS.\n7-71. D'fhéadfadh deiseanna a bheith ann d'úsáidí áitiúla nuair a bhíonn an príomh-iarracht in áiteanna eile san AO. Athraíonn ceannairí tempos i measc na gceannas faoi réir chun leas a bhaint as na deiseanna seo agus iad ag leanúint ar aghaidh ag brú an phríomhfheidhm. Is féidir le saothrú áitiúla ag an am céanna ag céimeanna níos ísle a bheith ina chúis le saothrú mór a éiríonn an oibríocht chinnte.\n7-72. Tá sé tábhachtach go háirithe rath a bhaint as tar éis ionsaí déanach ina nglac an ceannasaí riosca in áit eile chun cumhacht chomhrac a dhíriú ar an ngníomhaíocht chinnte. Má mhainníonn an namhaid leas a bhaint as rath an oibríochta cinntitheach go hionsaitheach, d'fhéadfadh sé go bhfiosfadh sé agus go n-úsáidfeadh sé laigse cairde agus go dtabharfadh sé an t-iomairt ar ais.\n7-73. Nuair is féidir, déantar forálacha luaidhe a aistriú go díreach go saothrú. Mura féidir é sin a dhéanamh, cuireann ceannairí fórsaí nua isteach sa cheannas. Éilíonn saothrú an ionsaí fisiceach agus mheabhrach chun dul i ngleic le frith-ghéarú na hoíche, droch-aimsir, frith-mharú féideartha, agus oibríochtaí leathnaithe.\n7-74. Déanann saothrú rathúil an namhaid a demoralize agus a fhoirmiúcháin a scriosadh. Tá na haonaid a úsáideann na haonaid ag súil leis an staid seo agus ullmhaíonn siad aistriú go hiarracht. Fanann siad ar airdeall ar dheiseanna a fhorbraíonn mar a bhriseann comhtháthaíocht agus friotaíocht naimhde. Cuirfidh na haidhmeannaigh fórsaí CSS i láthair chun tacú le deiseanna saothrú.\n7-75. Is cineál oibríochta ionsaitheach é an t-ionsaí a ceapadh chun fórsa naimhdeach a bhfuil iarracht á dhéanamh éalú a ghabháil nó a ghearradh amach leis an gcuspóir é a scriosadh. Is oibríochtaí cinntitheacha iad na hionsaithe nó na saothrúcháin rathúla a leanann forghníomhú. Tarlaíonn siad nuair a mhainníonn an namhaid cosaint a eagrú agus iarracht a dhéanamh dícheangal. Má bhíonn sé soiléir go bhfuil friotaíocht na namhaid briste go hiomlán agus go bhfuil an namhaid ag teitheadh, is féidir le fórsa aistriú go hiarracht ó aon chineál oibríochta ionsaitheach. Cuimsíonn na hiarrachtaí gluaiseacht tapa agus rialú díláraithe. Murab ionann agus saothrú, is annamh a fhéadann ceannairí forghníomhú a thuar, mar sin de ghnáth ní choinníonn siad fórsaí i gcúlchiste dóibh.\n7-76. I gcás an chuid is mó de na hiarrachtaí, ainmníonn ceannairí fórsa brú díreach agus fórsa timpeall nó imghabhála. Coinníonn an fórsa brú díreach brú i gcoinne an namhaid chun a choinneáil ó chosaint comhsheasmhach a bhunú. Déanann an fórsa imghabhála imghabhála nó gluaiseacht casadh chun teitheadh an namhaid a bhac agus é a ghabháil idir an dá fhórsa. Déantar an fórsa namhaid atá gafa a scriosadh ansin. Ní mór móibilis níos mó a bheith ag an bhfoireann imghabhála ná an fórsa namhaid atá á lorg. Tá sócmhainní aeir chomhpháirteacha agus tine cruinneas fad-réimse ríthábhachtach chun gluaiseacht naimhde a luamhadh.\n7-77. Déanann baint úsáide agus cuardach triail a bhaint as d'fhiúchas agus as seasmhacht na saighdiúirí agus na gceannairí. Tar éis ionsaí, tá saighdiúirí tuirseach agus tá caillteanais pearsanra agus ábhair ag aonaid. De réir mar a bhíonn saothrú nó cuardach ag teacht chun cinn, leathnaíonn LOCanna agus tá an ceannasaí i mbaol a bheith i gcruinniú mullaigh. Ní mór do mháistir agus do na haonaid iarracht fhisiciúil agus mheabhrach a dhéanamh chun an luas a chothabháil, aistriú go hoibríochtaí eile, agus rath tactach a aistriú go bua oibríochtúil nó straitéiseach.\n7-78. Tá na haidhmeannaigh ag stiúradh an phróisis oibríochta. Tá siad ag iarraidh ionsaithe leanúnacha a dhéanamh ar luasanna nach féidir leis an namhaid a mheaitseáil. Déanann ceannairí an staid a shamhlú, cinntí éifeachtacha a dhéanamh, agus measúnú a dhéanamh ar phleanáil, ullmhúchán agus cur i gcrích oibríochtaí ionsaitheacha. Cabhraíonn foirne le ceannairí toradh oibríochtaí reatha agus beartaithe a thuar. Baineann na hacmhainní a bhaineann le measúnú agus le tuiscint a fháil ar an staid ar a bhfuil na cinntí a bhaineann le rath na misean bunaithe (féach FM 6-0).\n7-79. Tá sé beartaithe ag na haidhmeannaigh ionsaí a dhéanamh ar fhórsaí agus ar chórais naimhde ag an am céanna ar fud an AO chun an t-iomaíocht a ghabháil, rath a shaothrú, agus luas a choinneáil. Sa oibríocht chinnte, déanann na haidhmeannaigh cumhacht chomhrac a dhíriú chun an namhaid a shárú. Déanann siad pleananna simplí trína gcuid spás cath agus misean a mheas agus a shamhlú. Roghnaíonn na haidhmeannaigh an cúrsa gníomhaíochta is fearr agus forbraíonn siad coincheap oibríochtaí a chinntíonn go gcomhlíonfar an misean.\n7-80. Déantar a gcoincheap oibríochtaí a oiriúnú do na cásanna. Pleananna ionsaitheacha\nD'fhéadfadh pleanáil ionsaitheach tarlú agus aonad ag cosaint. Tá sé beartaithe go n-athrófar iarrachtaí agus go rachaidh siad ar aghaidh chuig cineálacha eile ionsaithe chun deiseanna a shaothrú. Trí phleanáil a dhéanamh chun rath a shaothrú, seachnaíonn ceannairí luas a chailleadh.\n7-81. Déantar anailís ar an staid ó thaobh METT-TC de chun an misean a thuiscint agus meastacháin a ullmhú. Coinníonn rannáin foirne meastacháin reatha dá réimsí feidhmiúla nó dá gcóras oibriúcháin réimse cath le linn oibríocht ionsaitheach. Cuimsíonn ceannairí meastacháin foirne ina gcuid léargas. De réir mar a bhíonn an oibríocht ag forbairt agus an staid ag athrú, déanann na hacmhainní agus na bagairtí a mheasúnú go leanúnach ag na hacmhainní agus ag na hacmhainní agus ag cinneadh an bhfuil coincheap na n-oibríochtaí le hathrú (féach FM 5-0).\n7-82. Soláthraíonn ceannairí ráiteas soiléir dá bhfoireann ar cad atá le déanamh agus cén fáth an misean. Tá siad ag súil le forbairtí a d'fhéadfadh tarlú. Chun a fho-fhoirne a ullmhú le haghaidh gníomhartha ina dhiaidh sin, tugann ceannairí misean agus intinn a gcuid níos airde dóibh, insíonn siad dóibh cad a shamhlaíonn siad don todhchaí, agus eiseoidh siad orduithe rabhaidh de réir mar is cuí. Chun luas a choinneáil, sannann siad tascanna faoi réir a chuimsíonn raon feidhme iomlán an oibríochta. Éilíonn roinnt oibríochtaí ionsaitheacha, mar shampla ionsaithe intinne, níos mó rialaithe agus comhordú. Mar sin féin, nuair is féidir, sannann ceannairí cuspóirí agus AOs atá dírithe ar fhórsaí agus seachnaíonn siad bearta rialaithe sriantacha.\n7-83. I ngníomhaíochtaí ionsaitheacha, cuireann ceannairí le bearnaí nó laigí i gcosaintí na namhaid. Déanann siad staidéar ar ullmhúcháin cosanta na namhaid agus ar ghníomhartha díreacha chun cosc agus frustrachas a chur orthu. Leagtar amach tosaíochtaí do oibríochtaí ISR iontu. Tá sé beartaithe acu dul isteach i limistéir slándála naimhde, constaicí a shárú, láidreachtaí naimhde a sheachaint, agus comhsheasmhacht na cosanta a scriosadh. Éilíonn rath iarracht faisnéise gníomhach, freagartha atá dírithe ar aonad agus ar limistéir criticiúla.\nTírdhreach agus Aeráid\n7-84. Roghnaíonn ceannairí bealaí cur chuige a bhfuil a ndíriú ar thalamh ríthábhachtach agus a sholáthraíonn deiseanna maneuver do ionsaitheoirí. Ligeann bealaí maithe cur chuige dul chun cinn tapa, soláthar clúdach agus cúlchiste, cumarsáid mhaith a cheadú, agus tá sé deacair bacainní a bhac. Baineann na hacmhainneoirí leas as coinníollacha aimsire a théann i bhfeidhm ar ghluaiseacht, dífhillteacht, agus tacaíocht aeir. Tá réamh-mheastacháin aimsire tactach de dhíth orthu a dhíríonn ar an tionchar a d'fhéadfadh a bheith ag an aimsir ar an oibríocht.\n7-85. Ba cheart go gceadódh an talamh a ainmnítear don oibríocht chinnte gluaiseacht tapa isteach i gcúl an namhaid. De ghnáth, aithníonn ceannairí agus seachnaíonn siad tírdhreach a chuirfidh bac ar dhul chun cinn tapa; áfach, d'fhéadfadh maitéar tosaigh thar tírdhreach deacair ionadh a dhéanamh ar chosantóirí. Déantar léargas pearsanta ag ceannairí ar an tírdhreach nuair is féidir, go háirithe an tírdhreach ina ndéanfaidh siad an t-ionsaí cinntitheach.\n7-86. Tugann ionsaitheoirí aird ar leith ar chonstaicí. Tá sé beartaithe ag na haidhmeannaigh limistéir uirbeacha, aibhneacha, cladach iomarcach, foraoisí tiubh, nó talamh bog a chaibidlíocht nó a sheachaint. Is féidir le tírdhreach den sórt sin, nuair a bhíonn sé comhthreomhar le haiseanna an fhás, taobh ionsaitheoirí a chosaint. Is féidir le fórsaí éadrom limistéir den sórt sin a úsáid mar bhealaí cur chuige, nó is féidir leo cosaint a dhéanamh uathu, ag scaoileadh fórsaí níos troma le haghaidh maoineoireachta. Chun príomh-thírlíne a dhiúltú don namhaid, glacann ceannairí é nó rialaíonn siad é le tine. Tá an chuid is mó d'oibríochtaí ionsaitheacha dírithe ar fhórsa; áfach, is féidir le hionsaithe díriú ar thírdhreach cinntitheach.\n7-87. Bíonn tionchar ag na coinníollacha aimsire agus infheictheachta ar oibríochtaí ionsaitheacha. Tá sé tábhachtach go ndéanfaí ionsaí aer agus oibríochtaí aerthronnta a cheilt agus a chosaint ó ionsaithe aer a thairgeann aimsir nó coinníollacha solais. Bíonn tionchar ag coinníollacha na talún ar líon na mbóithre atá ar fáil agus ar luas na gluaiseachta. Méadaíonn aimsir dheacair freisin caomhnú fórsa trom agus riachtanais CSS.\nTropaí agus Tacaíocht Ar fáil\n7-88. Déantar a mheas ag ceannairí ullmhacht aonad agus taithí a cheannairí agus misin á n-ailt acu. Glacann siad le soghluaisteacht, cosaint agus cumhacht tine a gcuid fórsa i gcomparáid le cumais naimhde.\n7-89. Tá sé seo go maith. Fostaíonn ceannairí aonad de réir a gcumas agus a dteorainneacha. Feabhsaíonn líon na gcomhcheangail fhórsa is féidir an solúbthacht. Is féidir le haiséirí a scaoileadh ionsaí a dhéanamh trí chlúdach trom nó cosaintí frith-armchaoire a shásamh chun cur chuige a oscailt d'fhórsaí armtha agus meicniúla. Is féidir le hionsaí aeir agus aonad aerloingseoireachta cuspóirí a ghabháil go domhain chun cúlchistí namhaid a bhac nó pointí chlog a dhaingniú. Is féidir le harmad bogadh go tapa trí bhearnaí chun an chosaint a dhíordú. Soláthraíonn artillery réimse agus cosanta aeir, innealtóirí, agus aonad ceimiceach tacaíocht ríthábhachtach. Bearta eitlíochta chun ionsaí a dhéanamh ar an namhaid ar fud an AO.\n7-90. Comhtháthaíonn ionsaitheoirí oibríochtaí CSS go cúramach i bpleananna. Tá CSS éifeachtach tábhachtach go háirithe le linn oibríochtaí ardluais. De ghnáth, cuireann sé éascaíocht ar aonad comhrac a chur i gcomhar leis na haonaid CSS a thacaíonn leo. Nuair a éilíonn pleananna go rachaidh aonad ionsaithe trí aonad cosanta, cabhraíonn aonad cosanta le hoibreoirí CSS oibríochtaí cothabhála a dhéanamh.\n7-91. Measann ceannairí an riosca a bhaineann leis nuair a chinneann siad cé mhéad ama a leithdháileadh ar oibríocht ionsaitheach a phleanáil agus a ullmhú. An níos mó ama a thógann ionsaitheoirí chun pleanáil agus ullmhú, is mó ama a bhíonn ag cosantóirí chun a gcuid cosanta a fheabhsú. Laghdaíonn ionsaitheoirí an t-am atá ar fáil don namhaid trí oibriú ag luas ard, ag cur ionadh ar a chéile, agus ag seachaint a bhrath. Faigheann cosantóirí am trí ionsaithe a mhoilliú agus a bhriseadh. I ngach cás, tugann ceannairí an oiread ama agus is féidir dá gcuid fo-rialaithe le haghaidh pleanála.\n7-92. D'fhéadfadh cumais theileacumarsáide nua-aimseartha agus gníomhaíochtaí san timpeallacht faisnéise an t-am atá ar fáil le pleanáil agus ullmhú a laghdú. Laghdaíonn córais faisnéise nua-aimseartha an t-am a theastaíonn chun faisnéis a bhailiú agus a phróiseáil. D'fhéadfadh an laghdú seo buntáistí a sholáthar d'ionsaitheoirí nó do chosantóirí. Coinníonn ceannasaigh a ghníomhaíonn go tapa agus a dhéanann cinntí maithe an tionscnamh i gcásanna a théann go tapa. Féadfaidh gníomhaíochtaí i dtimpeallacht na faisnéise, amhail craoltaí nuachta beo d'ionsaithe atá le teacht nó atá ar siúl, an t-am atá ar fáil chun misean a chur i gcrích a laghdú.\n7-93. Tá meastóireachtaí sibhialta i láthair i rith oibríochtaí ionsaitheacha. Díríonn na haidhmeannaigh ar a gcuid foirne ar bhreithniú a d'fhéadfadh tionchar a bheith acu ar chomhlíonadh misean. Áirítear leis na tosca seo cúram agus tacaíocht do shibhialtaigh laistigh den AO agus an tionchar a d'fhéadfadh a bheith ag dídeanaithe ar oibríochtaí agus ar ghluaiseachtaí. I measc na gcúinsí eile tá láithreacha naimhde i ndáil le daonra sibhialta, teorainneacha polaitiúla agus cultúrtha, agus riachtanais teanga. D'fhéadfadh go gcuirfeadh cúinsí sibhialta cosc ar ionsaí ar roinnt spriocanna, amhail bonneagar agus limistéir atá tábhachtach go stairiúil. Féadfaidh siad úsáid mianaigh talún a theorannú freisin.\n7-94. D'fhéadfadh sé go mbeadh tionchar ag propaganda naimhde ar dearcadh na sibhialtaigh san AO. D'fhéadfadh sé difear a dhéanamh freisin do thacaíocht intíre agus eachtrach don oibríocht. Tabharfaidh ceannairí oibríochtúla aird ar leith ar éifeachtaí gníomhaíochtaí san timpeallacht faisnéise. D'fhéadfadh go mbeadh eolas teoranta ag ceannairí tacúla ar thuairisc na meán agus a éifeacht ar an tuairim phoiblí. Déanann ceannairí oibríochtúla éifeacht an phobail a thomhas agus coinníonn siad a gcuid fo-ordúithe ar an eolas.\n7-95. Cuireann an ullmhúchán an fórsa i láthair chun tús a chur le hoibríochtaí ionsaitheacha. Áirítear leis na hacmhainní riachtanacha a chur le chéile agus a chur in áit. Ag an leibhéal oibríochtúil, socraíonn ceannairí fórsaí agus acmhainní chun scaipeadh, freagarthacht, cosaint agus cothabháil a cheadú, agus an cumas chun éifeachtaí mais a choinneáil go tapa. Ceapann ceannairí aonad suíomh agus am chun an t-ionsaí a thosú nó a thacú leis. Tosaíonn fórsaí cairdiúla roghnaithe ag déanamh oibríochtaí foirmiú agus cothaithe chun deiseanna a fhorbairt don fhórsa ar fad. Chun ionadh a chaomhnú, seachnaíonn fórsaí ionsaitheacha agus mascann siad gníomhartha a d'fhéadfadh an namhaid a chur ar an eolas.\n7-96. Áirítear ar ullmhúchán oibríochtaí fiosrúcháin a dhéantar i gcomhthráth le pleanáil (féach FM 5-0). Bailíonn an t-eispéireas faisnéise faisnéis a phróiseáiltear ina ghrianghraf agus a chuirtear isteach i bpleananna. I measc na gcúraimí faisnéise le haghaidh oibríochtaí ionsaitheacha tá cúlchistí naimhde a aithint agus a aimsiú, córais tacaíochta tine naimhde a aimsiú agus a rianú, agus faisnéis a bhailiú faoi chumas faisnéise, aeir agus cosanta aeir naimhde. Trí fhís agus faireachán ionsaitheach a dhéanamh, sócmhainní bailiúcháin chomhpháirteacha a chomhtháthú, agus cumas na gcóras faisnéise a shaothrú, tugtar deis do mháistir cumas na namhaid a mheas agus a imoibrithe a thuar. Cabhraíonn cleachtaí le fo-fhoirne intinn an cheannaire a thuiscint go hiomlán agus conas a bhaineann a ngníomhartha le hoibrithe fórsaí cairde eile agus a rannchuidíonn leis an oibríocht foriomlán.\n7-97. Cruthaíonn oibríochtaí leanúnacha coinníollacha chun ionsaí a chur i gcrích go tobann, go foréigneach, agus go héifeachtach. Níos tábhachtaí fós, cabhraíonn siad le saoirse gníomhaíochta a chaomhnú nuair a chríochnaíonn oibríocht nó céim amháin agus a thosaíonn ceann eile. Ag leibhéal oibríochtúil, is príomh-bhreithniú é an cothabháil chun cathanna a nascadh laistigh de mhór-oibríochtaí. Déanann fórsaí CSS ullmhú trí sholáthar agus aonad a shuíomh chun tacú leis an oibríocht. Cuidíonn rialú gluaiseachta, bainistíocht talún, agus oibríochtaí soghluaisteachta arna stiúradh ag innealtóirí le gluaiseachtaí éifeachtacha. Déanann innealtóirí oibríochtaí frith-ghluasachta freisin chun na taobhanna a chosaint. Mar a tharlaíonn i ngach oibríocht, cosnaíonn fórsaí cosanta aeir an fórsa ó ionsaí aeir agus mionsclaíoch.\n7-98. Éilíonn oibríochtaí ionsaitheacha athruithe tapa i bhfócas cumhacht cogaidh chun leas a bhaint as deiseanna. Tá sé ríthábhachtach go mbainfidh an namhaid an luas nach féidir leis a shárú a choimeád chun rath a bhaint amach. Athraíonn ceannairí an luas agus na modhanna ionsaí, agus luas na hionsaithe á choimeád acu. Aonad brú an troid. Tá sé riachtanach go mbeadh cumas ceannaire ag súil go leanúnach agus ag samhlú cásanna namhaid agus cairdeacha araon. Tá sé tábhachtach freisin cinntí a dhéanamh in am.\n7-99. Tá sé seo go maith. Méadaíonn ceannairí luas oibríochta trí fhís agus trí na gunnaí réimse cuí agus tacaíocht chomhrac eile a sholáthar, lena n-áirítear tacaíocht aeir. Coinníonn siad luas ard trí fórsaí a chur ar aghaidh agus an t-am a chaitheann fórsaí cairde faoi dhó a íoslaghdú. Ní bheidh ionsaí rathúil ach amháin má shroich siad a gcuspóir sula bhfaigheann an namhaid a chothromaíocht, a aithníonn an bagairt, agus a n-chumhacht troid ollmhór ina choinne. Ní mór do ionsaitheoirí an namhaid a choinneáil as cothromaíocht chomh fada agus is féidir agus luas an ionsaithe a chothabháil. Coinníonn ionsaithe rathúla luas agus leibhéal marfach nach féidir leis an namhaid a mheaitseáil.\n7-100. Soláthraíonn ISR agus IM go leor faisnéise ábhartha do mháistir chun a n-ionsaí a threorú. Déantar ionsaí ag ceannairí nuair a bhíonn go leor faisnéise acu, fiú mura bhfuil sé cuimsitheach. Is féidir leo an t-iomaíocht a ghabháil trí ionsaí a dhéanamh, fiú gan pictiúr oibríochtúil mionsonraithe nó COP.\n7-101. Cuireann foréigean agus déine an ionsaí mí-chomhleanúnacht cosanta an namhaid. Ligeann tineanna cruinne agus IO d'ionsaitheoirí fórsaí slándála naimhde a bhaint, C2 agus CSS naimhde a mhíchumas, agus cosantóirí a mhealladh maidir le fíorchuspóir an ionsaithe. Cuireann na héifeachtaí comhcheangailte seo agus gníomhartha eile bac ar chumas an namhaid cinntí a dhéanamh. De réir mar a ionsaíonn fórsaí ionsaí ar an gcuspóir, athraíonn na tineanna, ag socrú an namhaid go domhain agus ag diúltú dó úsáid a bhaint as cúlchistí. Cibé an bhfuil sé ag iarraidh fórsa namhaid a scriosadh nó talamh a ghlacadh, ní mhaolann an fórsa ionsaithe go dtí go mbainfidh sí rath uirthi. Cuidíonn luas ard le cosaint agus le slándáil a fheabhsú.\n7-102. Comhtháthaíonn ceannairí tine le haisteacht le linn oibríochtaí ionsaitheacha. Chun é seo a bhaint amach, teastaíonn pleanáil mhionsonraithe agus comhordú idir fórsaí ionsaithe agus tacaíochta, cur i gcrích beacht, agus rialú cúramach ar thacaíocht tine. Téann fórsaí ionsaí a scaoiltear ar a gcuid tine chomh gar agus is féidir. Déantar ionsaí armáilte faoi thine ardaithe talún. Téann ionsaí aeir agus fórsaí aerloingseoireachta go díreach ar chuspóirí nó chomh gar dóibh agus is féidir, nuair a bhíonn cosantóirí agus ardaitheoir réimse agus aerchosaint tacaíochta curtha i gcló nó scriosadh. Mar ionsaitheoirí in aice le fórsa na namhaid, déanann siad dul thar friotaíocht le cumhacht dóiteáin foréigneach, maisithe agus gluaiseacht tapa. Tá luas le linn na céime seo ríthábhachtach chun na báis a laghdú agus chun go seachnófar go mbeidh siad ag dul i stailc. Déanann cosaint aeir agus sócmhainní aeir chomhpháirteacha bagairtí aeir naimhde a scriosadh. Scaoilfidh eitlíocht ionsaithe i gcoinne fórsaí agus cúlchistí neamh-iontaofa chun comhghabháil reatha a leithdháileadh, cathanna cathanna sa todhchaí a mhúnlú, agus roghanna naimhde a dhiúltú.\n7-103. Téann ionsaitheoirí go tapa tríd an gcuspóir, ag scriosadh friotaíocht naimhde atá fágtha. Tá siad ag súil le frith-ionsaí ag fórsaí maneuver, dóiteáin indíreacha, nó aerárthaí. Tá slándáil ar an mbonn, mar go bhfuil an t-ionsaí anois ag seasamh ar a bhfuil a fhios ag an namhaid. Déantar ionsaí a chomhdhlúthú ar an gcuspóir, athchóirigh chun aghaidh a thabhairt ar ionsaí frith-ionsaithe, ullmhaigh don chéad mhisean eile, nó lean an t-ionsaí. Má cheadaíonn an staid, tosaíonn ceannairí le saothrú láithreach, leis an bhfórsa chéanna nó trí fhoirne leantacha a chur tríd an limistéar cuspóir. D'fhéadfadh go mbeadh gá le hathchruthú chun aonad a thabhairt ar ais chun troid. D'fhéadfadh fórsaí ionsaithe tosaigh athdhéanamh de réir mar a théann fórsaí leantacha ar aghaidh.\n7-104. Chun luas na hionsaithe a choinneáil, treoraíonn ceannairí isteach trúpaí úra san ionsaí. Trí na fórsaí leantacha a rith, tugtar deis do mháistir na saighdiúirí a gcuid saighdiúirí a chur ar scor, aonaid a athsholáthar, agus iad a aistriú go ceantair agus misin nua. Is é an t-aistriú de thrúpaí nua is coitianta nuair a théann fórsaí i mbun saothrú nó ionsaithe, ach d'fhéadfadh sé a bheith riachtanach le linn an ionsaithe féin mura féidir le fórsaí tiomanta a gcuspóirí a bhaint amach. De ghnáth cuireann ceannairí trúpaí úra trí thuras tosaigh líne chun an luas a choinneáil agus sos suntasach a sheachaint. D'fhéadfadh pas a dhéanamh ar aghaidh roimh an ionsaí nó ina dhiaidh sin. Chun go mbeadh rath air, ní mór pas a fháil ar aghaidh a cheilt ón namhaid.\n7-105. Éilíonn pasanna tosaigh líne agus faoiseamh ionsaitheach pleanáil agus ullmhúchán mionsonraithe. Áirítear ar phleanáil a dhéanamh ar thrasnú na critéir a chinneadh a thugann le fios nuair a ghlacann an fórsa a théann tríd an troid ón bhfoireann seasta. Ceapann príomh-chathaoirleach comhchoiteann na n-aonad dhá fheidhm bearta rialaithe don chaiteachas. Déanann ceannasaithe faoi réir na mionsonraí a chomhordú. Le linn pas, soláthraíonn an fórsa seasta gach tacaíocht is féidir don fhórsa pas. Comhtháthaíonn an fórsa seasta a tineanna díreacha agus indíreacha i bplean tacaíochta tine an fhórsa a théann thart.\n7-106. Tá an teicneolaíocht ag athrú na bealaí a n-ionsaíonn fórsaí arm nua-aimseartha. Ligeann teicneolaíocht na faisnéise do mháistir agus do fhoireann comhpháirtíocht a roinnt ar an gClár um Choimisiúnú Coiste a oiriúnaítear do gach leibhéal. Úsáideann ceannairí ar fud na fórsa ionsaithe é chun tuiscint níos fearr ar an staid a bhaint amach. Déanann siad oibríochtaí bunaithe ar fhaisnéis níos cruinne agus níos nuashonraithe ná riamh roimhe seo. Is féidir le haidhmeannaigh a bheith i gceannas ón tosaigh anois agus iad fós ceangailte go hiomlán leis an gcóras C2 agus leis an bhfaisnéis a sholáthraíonn sé. Cuireann tuiscint staidúil, le tacaíocht ó COP, ar chumas ceannairí a gcuid fórsaí a shíncronacht go héifeachtach agus coigeartuithe tapa a dhéanamh de réir mar a athraíonn an staid. Is féidir le fo-oibrithe an staid fhoriomlán a fheiceáil agus tionscnamh a fheidhmiú chun intinn an cheannaire a bhaint amach gan fanacht le ceanncheathrú níos airde treoir a sholáthar.\n7-107. Athraíonn tuiscint staidúil bunaithe ar COP cruinn nádúr an mheabhráin roimh ionsaithe agus le linn ionsaithe. Leis, ní bhíonn fórsaí Arm ag brath níos lú ar ghluaiseachtaí chun teagmháil a dhéanamh agus bualadh le chéile chun na coinníollacha a chruthú chun ionsaí a dhéanamh. D'fhéadfadh fórsaí Arm nuachóiriúcháin gluaiseachtaí a sheachaint chun teagmháil a dhéanamh go hiomlán, ag forbairt an staid go mór as teagmháil. Déantar trealamh faireachais agus scoir chun cinn chun pictiúr an namhaid a shaincheapadh, agus déantar tinte cruinne agus IO a scriosadh comhtháthú namhaid. Ní choinníonn eilimintí scoir agus slándála teagmháil ach amháin mar is gá chun faisnéis a bhailiú nach féidir le braiteoirí gan duine a bhailiú. Déanann ceannairí fórsaí a chur i bhfeidhm chun tús a chur leis an ionsaí sula ndéanann fórsaí móra teagmháil. Déantar ionsaithe mar shraith de bhuailte comhuaineacha a chuireann forálacha naimhde i bpríomh agus i bpríomh. Tá ionsaí ag éirí opportunistic agus sreabhach de réir mar a bhíonn ceannairí ag cur éifeachtaí cumhacht cogaidh i mbaol go tapa agus go cinntitheach agus ag baint leas as na torthaí go neamhthrócaireach.\n7-108. Ag cur le faisnéis ó chórais C2, ISR, tine indíreach, agus CSS méadaíonn sé luas agus líon na roghanna ionsaitheach. Ciallaíonn feasacht níos mó ar fhórsaí namhaid agus cairde nach gá ionsaithe a thionscnamh ó áit amháin. Ligeann tuiscint níos fearr ar an staid do mháistir fórsaí agus iarrachtaí a aistriú ó cheantar amháin go cheantar eile chun deiseanna a shaothrú. Tarlaíonn oibríochtaí neamhlíneacha i AOs neamh-chomhthimpeallach níos minice. Tá na haidhmeannaigh ag pleanáil fórsaí ionsaithe ar aiseanna éagsúla ar fud an AO. Tá nasc idir línte oibríochtaí an ionsaithe níos lú le spás ná mar atá siad le cuspóir; dá bhrí sin, déanann ceannairí roinnt fórsaí namhaid a sheachaint agus cumhacht chomhrac á dtabhairt chun cinn ag an bpointe cinntitheach. Is é an leas a bhaint as deiseanna a thagann as faisnéis a chomhcheangal go héifeachtach agus a suntas a chinneadh an tionscnamh a dhaingniú le hionsaitheoirí.\nBí ar liosta ríomhphoist GlobalSecurity.org"} {"text": "Taking grandchildren to playgroups and picking them up from school can help stave off loneliness, research has found.\nThe study, a review of previous studies involving nearly 200,000 participants in 21 countries, suggested that looking after grandchildren regularly tends to have a positive impact on mental wellbeing, including feeling less isolated and greater fulfilment.\nBy contrast those who looked after a spouse with an illness or disability were linked to increased feelings of loneliness, highlighting the additional burden on older unpaid carers.\nSamia Akhter-Khan, a PhD student at King’s College London and first author of the study, said: “We see these quite clear consistent findings that grandparenting or caregiving to non-kin children has this positive effect whereas spousal caregiving had a negative effect on loneliness.”\nThe team reviewed 28 previous studies involving 191,652 over-50s in 21 countries, including the UK, and examined the link between loneliness and unpaid care. One study showed that adults aged over 60 years who spent on average 12 hours each week looking after grandchildren were 60% less likely to feel lonely than non-caregivers, and other research revealed similar trends.\n“While caregiving for grandchildren may include some of the same time-intensive activities as caregiving for an older adult, such as bathing and feeding, children are integrated in a care network that usually involves parents and institutions, such as schools,” the authors write.\nVolunteering across a range of activities, including social and environmental causes, was also linked to lower levels of loneliness. By contrast caring for an ill spouse or relative was consistently linked to higher levels of loneliness and isolation. The authors suggest that looking after a partner could be isolating when faced with “an absence of support from other people or organisations” and often people do not have a choice whether to become a caregiver in this scenario. It can also be “a preparation to transitioning into widowhood”.\nThe authors highlight “the stark contrast between different realities of care”, where in some contexts it is a costly and burdensome activity and in others rewarding and meaningful. They add that the role of older adults as caregivers needed to be given greater recognition.\n“Older people are usually portrayed as the care receivers and a cost to society in terms of money for pensions and health problems,” said Akhter-Khan. “But they’re really important contributors in terms of caregiving and volunteering. They’re really valuable for our society.”\nThe findings are published in the journal Aging and Mental Health.\nThis content was originally published here.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-23", "url": "https://modernnaturalliving.com/2022/12/08/picking-up-grandchildren-from-school-can-help-mental-health-says-study-loneliness-the-guardian/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224653764.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20230607111017-20230607141017-00797.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9678875804, "token_count": 547, "score": 2.84375, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Is féidir le dul le hionchúis le haontoil a chosc, a fuair taighde, ag tabhairt na niorchlainne chuig grúpaí súgartha agus ag cur ar scoil iad.\nTugann an staidéar, athbhreithniú ar staidéir roimhe seo a raibh beagnach 200,000 rannpháirtí i 21 tír páirteach ann, le fios go mbíonn tionchar dearfach ag tabhairt aire do na nighníochtaí go rialta ar fholláine mheabhrach, lena n-áirítear mothú níos lú aonlaigh agus níos mó sásamh.\nAr a mhalairt, bhí baint ag na daoine a thug cúram do chéile atá tinn nó faoi mhíchumas le mothúcháin mhéadaithe uaigneas, ag cur béime ar an ualach breise ar chúramóirí scothaosta gan pá.\nDúirt Samia Akhter-Khan, mac léinn PhD i gColáiste King's i Londain agus an chéad údar den staidéar: \"Féachann muid na torthaí comhsheasmhacha seo go soiléir go bhfuil an éifeacht dhearfach seo ag sean-phárantú nó cúram a thabhairt do leanaí neamh-ghaolta, ach go raibh droch-éifeacht ar aonláine ag cúram pósta. \"\nRinne an fhoireann athbhreithniú ar 28 staidéar roimhe seo a raibh 191,652 duine os cionn 50 bliain d'aois i 21 tír, lena n-áirítear an Ríocht Aontaithe, agus scrúdaigh siad an nasc idir uaigneas agus cúram neamhíoctha. Léirigh staidéar amháin go raibh daoine fásta os cionn 60 bliain d'aois a chaith 12 uair an chloig ar an meán gach seachtain ag tabhairt aire do na nighneacha 60% níos lú seans go mbraitheann siad uaigneach ná daoine nach bhfuil cúram orthu, agus nocht taighde eile treochtaí den chineál céanna.\nCé go bhféadfadh cuid de na gníomhaíochtaí a thógann an oiread ama céanna le cúram a thabhairt do dhuine fásta níos sine, amhail cith agus bia a thabhairt, a bheith i gceist le cúram a thabhairt do naíonáin, tá leanaí comhtháite i líonra cúraim a chuimsíonn tuismitheoirí agus institiúidí, amhail scoileanna de ghnáth, a scríobh na húdair.\nBhí baint ag saorálaíocht i réimse gníomhaíochtaí, lena n-áirítear cúiseanna sóisialta agus comhshaoil, le leibhéil níos ísle uaigneas. I gcodarsnacht leis sin, bhí baint ag cúram a thabhairt do pháirtí nó do ghaolta tinn le leibhéil níos airde uaigneas agus eisiaimh. Tugann na húdair le fios go bhféadfadh cúram a thabhairt do pháirtí a bheith ina leithris nuair a bhíonn siad ag tabhairt aghaidh ar \"easpa tacaíochta ó dhaoine nó ó eagraíochtaí eile\" agus go minic ní bhíonn rogha ag daoine cibé acu a bheith ina gcúramóir sa chás seo. Is féidir é a bheith ina ullmhúchán chun dul i ngleic le bás a fháil.\nTá an t-údarás cúraim ag tabhairt aire do dhaoine a bhfuil gá leo a bheith ag tabhairt aire dóibh, agus tá sé ag tabhairt aire do dhaoine a bhfuil gá leo a bheith ag tabhairt aire dóibh. Dúirt siad freisin go raibh gá le níos mó aitheantais a thabhairt do ról na ndaoine scothaosta mar chúramóirí.\n'De ghnáth déantar daoine scothaosta a léiriú mar na daoine a fhaigheann cúram agus mar chostas don tsochaí i dtéarmaí airgid le haghaidh pinsin agus fadhbanna sláinte,' a dúirt Akhter-Khan. Ach tá siad ina rannchuiditheoirí tábhachtacha i dtéarmaí cúram agus deonach. Tá siad fíor-luachmhar dár sochaí.\nFoilsíodh na torthaí sa iris Aging and Mental Health.\nFoilsíodh an t-ábhar seo ar dtús anseo."} {"text": "What is Mental Illness? #2\nUnderpinning the attempts to categorise and classify mental illness are 4 broad approaches…\nThe scores of most human characteristics and behaviours, when measured, tend to fall fairly evenly about the mean, giving the bell curve of normal distribution. Eg: there are a lot of people who are ‘averagely’ tall or aggressive whereas very few people are very small or highly aggressive. Thus, there are as many people/scores above the mean as below it in a normal distribution. The further you travel from the mean, the fewer people/scores there are in the population.\nIn a normal distribution – see graphic above – the majority of individuals are clustered around the mean. In a normal distribution the scores of 95.5% of the population will fall within 2 standard deviations from the mean. Scores beyond 2 standard deviations are considered statistically infrequent and, therefore, abnormal. Thus, thoughts and behaviours which occur in 4.5% or less of the population can be considered abnormal.\nAs a way of defining what is meant by mental illness, this approach works well for some illnesses – eg: Schizophrenia at 1% in the general population and Bipolar Disorder at 2.8%. However, for Depression it doesn’t. In 1980 J Angst estimated that 1 in 20 Americans were severely depressed. 5% is just about within 2 standard deviations in a normal distribution and, therefore, strictly speaking is not statistically abnormal. Moreover Angst estimated that 1 in 10 Americans were at risk of having a serious depressive episode at least once in their lifetime. 10% is well within 2 standard deviations. According to the World Health Organisation (2018), up to 25% of females will be diagnosed at some point in their life and up to 12% of men. At any one point in time it is estimated 9% of women are clinically depressed. Such figures are well within 2 standard deviations and thus are not statistically infrequent. Yet the WHO also says: “Depression is the leading cause of disability worldwide, and is a major contributor to the overall global burden of disease.” Clearly, most people would consider Clinical Depression a mental illness!\nGender differences, however, may not be reliable in statistical reporting on Depression. It is generally accepted that women are more likely to seek help for depressive symptoms while men are more likely to bottle up their problems or attempt to numb their feelings through alcohol and/or drugs. Thus, it is more than possible the level of male Depression in Western society is under-reported and, therefore, the statistical data is misleading.\nWhile it is a one-time survey, Ronald Kessler found in 1994 that 48% of Americans across 48 states had suffered at least one psychological disorder at some point in their life. Such statistics seriously undermine the statistical infrequency concept.\nThere are also issues of desirability which confound this approach to mental illness. For example, as per the graph below, the mean for intelligence (in white Caucasians) is 100 (as measured on a Stanford-Binet IQ test). Someone 2 standard deviations below with a score of 70 is classified clinically as ‘retarded’. However, someone 2 standard deviations above the mean, with a score of 130, would be classified as ‘genius’ Many people would consider having ‘genius’ status as desirable while no one would consider ‘retard’ status as desirable.\nThe ‘desirability issue’ gets particularly complicated with homosexuality. There is an ‘urban myth’ that around 10% of the population are homosexuals, derived in large part from the 1948 report of Alfred Kinsey, Wardell Pomeroy & Clyde Martin, though their sample was largely drawn from male prostitutes and incarcerated prisoners. My own 2009 desktop literature review – see Just how many Homosexuals are there really? – found that most surveys showed around 3-6% declared homosexuals in Western countries. Those figures would most certainly be verging on the abnormal statistically; but the results of these surveys may not be accurate as any number of homosexuals may not have responded through fear of prejudice & discrimination. The number of homosexuals may be far higher – higher even than 10%! – but there is no way of knowing.\nThe statistical infrequency approach also ignores relativism. Eg: it is considered acceptable for children to be frightened of the dark; but not adults.\n2.Deviation from social norms\nQuite simply, this is deviating from – or not conforming to – social norms, the customs and behaviours the majority of people in a culture or sub-culture consider ‘normal’. Social norms form a major part of the value consensus – which Émile Durkheim (1893) referred to as the collective conscience. For example, wearing swimwear on the beach is considered perfectly normal but it would be considered inappropriate on the high street and totally unacceptable in an upmarket restaurant.\nOn the face of it – face validity – this definition appears to get around the desirability issue that the statistical infrequency approach fails to acknowledge. However, what is desirable can vary with time and culture. Eg: in World War II the Allies considered it desirable that ‘ordinary’ Germans opposed the regime. In contrast, the Nazis contended that people who opposed the regime were deviant and ‘sick’. Holocaust documenters have argued that the medicalisation of social problems and systematic euthanasia of people in German mental institutions in the 1930s provided the institutional, procedural and doctrinal origins of the mass murder of the 1940s. The Nuremberg Trials convicted a number of psychiatrists who held key positions in the Nazi authorities.\nBecause social norms – especially morals – vary from culture to culture and over time within a culture – temporal bias – this undermines both the reliability and the validity of this approach. For example, the acceptance or not of homosexuality has varied over time and from culture to culture, as discussed on the previous page.\nWith regard to this relativity, Jeanne Marecek & Rachel Hare-Mustin (2009): “Ultimately, the decision to regard any set of behaviours or experiences as a psychological disorder – rather than an eccentricity, a criminal act or a response to oppressive and intolerable circumstance – is and cannot be a scientific one…. Judgements of normality and abnormality necessarily depend on cultural standards, social norms and local customs… Human behaviour always takes its meaning from its sociocultural surround.”\n3.Failure to function adequately\nThe underpinning principle of this approach is that behaviour is abnormal if it is maladaptive – ie: it makes people unable to lead a ‘normal’ life and do the things most people want – eg: have sustainable relationships or hold down a job.\nHowever, not all people with a mental illness are aware of their ‘failure to function’.\nDavid Rosenhan & Martin E P Seligman (1989) enhanced understanding of this approach by stating 7 characteristics of failing to function adequately:-\n- suffering – most abnormal individuals report that they are suffering\n“People do not come to clinics because they have met some abstract definition of abnormality. For the most part, they come because their feelings or behaviour cause them distress” – Edgar Miller & Stephen Morley (1986). David Sue, Derald Sue & Stanley Sue (1994) also contend that most people seeking psychiatric help are distressed\nHowever, not all psychological disorders involve obvious suffering – eg: bipolar patients in the manic phase and psychopaths\n- maladaptiveness – behaviour which prevents people from achieving major life goals such as enjoying good relationships with other people or working effectively\n- vivid/unconventional behaviour – ways in which abnormal individuals tend to behave often differs substantially from most people\n“Generally, people recognise as acceptable and conventional those actions that they themselves are willing to do…. If we do it, it’s conventional and normal. If we don’t, it stands out vividly as unconventional and abnormal” – Rosenhan & Seligman\n- unpredictability/loss of control – the behaviour of abnormal people is often very variable and uncontrolled and inappropriate\n“We expect people to be consistent from time to time, from one occasion to the next, and very much in control of themselves” – Rosenhan & Seligman\n- irrationality/incomprehensibility – others cannot understand why anyone would choose to behave in this way\n- observer discomfort – observers to the behaviour are made uncomfortable by it\nThis is, however, very subjective and may be more reflective of the observer’s mindset than the mental health of the person causing the discomfort\n- violation of moral/ideal standards – behaviour may be judged ‘abnormal’ when it violates established moral standards\nIn other words, deviation from social norms!\nRosenhan & Seligman argued that each characteristic might not be significant on its own but, when several are present, they are indicative of abnormality. Philip Zimbardo (1995) states that the more extreme the more extreme the characteristics are, the greater the likelihood of the person having a psychological disorder.\n4.Deviation from ideal mental health\nThe concept of ideal mental health was developed by Marie Jahoda (1958). She was heavily influenced by the leading Humanistic psychologists of the time, Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers. ‘Normality’ and ‘abnormality’ were useless labels in Jahoda’s view. Instead, like Maslow and Rogers, she chose to focus on criteria for positive mental health.\nJahoda laid out 6 characteristics of ideal mental health:-\n- self-attitudes – high self-esteem and a strong sense of identity are related to good mental health\nAccording to Jahoda, to be mentally healthy, someone must know who they are and like what they see\n- personal growth – the extent of a person’s self-development or progress towards Self-Actualisation\n- integration – the ‘synthesising psychological function’ integrating self-attitudes and personal growth\nJahoda held that good integration created resistance to stress\n- autonomy – the extent to which an individual is free of social influences and can rely on their own inner resources\n- perception of reality – individuals don’t distort their perception of reality but instead demonstrate empathy and social sensitivity\n- environmental mastery – the degree to which someone is successful and well-adapted, able to love, perform adequately in both work, play and interpersonal relations, be effective at problem-solving and adapting to meet situational requirements\nNot having any of these characteristics would mean that the person didn’t have good mental health. Since most people don’t have these characteristics all the time, in the words of Dougal Mackay (1975): “…the majority of the population would have to be considered as maladjusted.”\nWade Nobles (1976) questions whether the concept is based on Western, individualistic values? In his writings about the extended concept of self amongst African peoples, Nobles claimed they have a sense of ‘we’ rather than the Western ‘me’. This means they value co-operation whereas Westerners focus on autonomy. This would mean the concept of individual personal development could be vulnerable to cultural bias.\nThere are also some problems with Jahoda’s use of Self-Actualisation in that she used Maslow’s (1943) conception – fulfilling one’s potential – rather than his 1956 revision which effectively redefined Self-Actualisation as a meta-level of thinking. However, even in his redefined version, Maslow saw Self-Actualisation as bringing in far more healthy thinking, with a loss of fear- as did Clare W Graves (1974) with his equivalent G-T (YELLOW) vMEME. Maslow would also agree that anything that stops an individual progressing up the Hierarchy of Needs – thereby frustrating the actualising tendency – is likely to be injurious to mental health. Working from a partial Gravesian perspective, Ken Wilber (2003) has hypothesised that the mental health of 50 million Americans would benefit radically by a move from GREEN to YELLOW thinking.\nThe labelling of mental illness\nThe application of Labelling Theory to mental illness has its origins in the work of Thomas Scheff (1966). He argued that someone who acquires the stigma of a psychiatric diagnosis will be treated as ‘mentally ill’ – and, as a result, is likely to become more mentally ill. Such a label creates expectations. These expectations can part of the labelled individual’s own selfplex. These expectations – memes – can influence others, altering their cognitive map (schemas) of the labelled individual. Thus, the individual may try to live up to the label. If they receive attention and sympathy – positive reinforcement – they are even more likely to live up to the label.\nAs Rosenhan’s classic 1973 study demonstrates only too clearly, people are influenced by labels of mental illness given to others. Rosenhan’s ‘schizophrenics’ pseudo-patients were ignored 88% of the time by nurses and 71% of the time by psychiatrists – a real sign of the schizophrenic’s low worth in the eyes of others. Such treatment could clearly increase the severity of the symptoms experienced by real schizophrenics.\nThomas Szasz (1974) was of the view that society uses stigmatising labels to exclude those whose behaviour doesn’t conform to its norms. Michael W Eysenck & Cara Flanagan (p602, 2001) elaborate: “Such labels include the following: criminal, prostitute, gypsy, foreigner. ‘Mental illness’ is simply a stigmatising label used to exclude non-conformists from society.”\nSzasz notes the following examples of labelling used by the state to control/inhibit undesirable behaviour:-\n- It used to be considered deviant for a woman to have a child outside of marriage and some were locked up in psychiatric institutions. (Audits of patient records in the 1990s found that there were still women alive in psychiatric institutions who had been locked up decades previously for having a child out of wedlock!)\n- Middle-class women who were attracted to working-class men were ‘nymphomaniacs’\n- Women who inherited money and wished to keep it for themselves were diagnosed with ‘moral insanity’\n- Slaves who showed an ‘irrational’ desire to escape from their owners had ‘drapetomania’\n- In the Soviet Union in the early-mid-20th Century political opponents to the Communist government were labelled dissidents and locked up in psychiatric institutions\nErving Goffman, in his classic 1968 study of life in a mental institution, found much the same dismissive and dehumanising treatment of patients as Rosenhan. However, he also documented ways in which the patients were controlled – eg:-\n- personal possessions taken away and obliged to wear the institution uniform\n- the day was tightly scheduled: when the patient got up, ate, bathed, took their medication and went to bed\nGoffman notes that, if a patient resisted the label of mental illness, that was meta-stated by medical staff as another symptom of the illness. Consequently, the patient would be given further medication or subjected to another corrective measure such as electric shock treatment,\nOf course, exposés such as those of Rosenhan and Goffman have contributed to reforms in the treatment of mental health patients and increasingly over the past 30 years there has been an emphasis on ‘care in the community’ for less serious/dangerous cases – eg: in ‘halfway houses’.\nIn spite of such progress, amongst the general public stigmas concerning the label of ‘mentally ill’ are proving difficult to shift. As late as 2000 Sue Baker & Julia MacPherson found that 60% of young people admitted to using abusive and negative language to describe mentally-ill people. Such public perceptions are not helped by the media periodically creating moral panics about mentally ill people. For example, Greg Philo & Jenny Secker (1999) found that 2/3 of media organisations disproportionately focused on violence committed by the mentally ill and 40% of tabloid headlines used derogatory language to describe mental illness.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-16", "url": "https://www.integratedsociopsychology.net/mental-health-2/what-is-mental-illness/what-is-mental-illness-2/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370503664.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20200331181930-20200331211930-00025.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9550417662, "token_count": 3379, "score": 3.515625, "int_score": 4, "irish_text": "Cad é Breoiteacht Meabhrach? # 2\nTá 4 chur chuige forleathan ag tacú leis na hiarrachtaí chun tinneas meabhrach a chatagóir agus a aicmiú...\nTá an buaicphointe ar an chuid is mó de na tréithe agus na hiompar daonna, nuair a dhéantar iad a thomhas, ag titim go cothrom faoin meán, ag tabhairt an chúrsa clog den dáileadh gnáth. Mar shampla: tá go leor daoine atá \"meán\" ard nó ionsaitheach, ach níl mórán daoine an-bheag nó an-ionsaitheach. Dá bhrí sin, tá an oiread daoine/scóir os cionn an mheán agus atá thíos leis i ndáil le dáileadh gnáth. An níos faide a théann tú ón meán, is lú daoine/scóranna a bhíonn sa daonra.\nI dtráchtáil choitianta féach an grafach thuas tá formhór na ndaoine aonair clústeáilte timpeall an mheán. I gnáthdháileadh, beidh na scóir de 95.5% den daonra laistigh de 2 sheachtraíocht chaighdeánach ón meán. Meastar go bhfuil scóir níos mó ná 2 sheachtra caighdeánacha neamhchoitianta ó thaobh staidrimh de agus, dá bhrí sin, neamhghnácha. Dá bhrí sin, is féidir smaointe agus iompraíochtaí a tharlaíonn i 4.5% nó níos lú den daonra a mheas mar neamhghnácha.\nMar bhealach chun sainmhíniú a dhéanamh ar an méid a chiallaíonn tinneas meabhrach, oibríonn an cur chuige seo go maith le haghaidh roinnt galair e.g.: Scíthiosphréine ag 1% sa daonra i gcoitinne agus neamhoird dhipolar ag 2.8%. Mar sin féin, ní bhaineann sé le Depressions. I 1980 mheas J Angst go raibh 1 as 20 Meiriceánach tromchúiseach dúlagar. Tá 5% díreach laistigh de 2 mhaolú caighdeánach i dtráthdháilíocht gnáth agus, dá bhrí sin, go díreach ag labhairt nach bhfuil neamhghnácha staidrimh. Ina theannta sin, mheas Angst go raibh 1 as gach 10 Meiriceánach i mbaol go mbeadh eipeasóid tromchúiseach dúlagar acu uair amháin ar a laghad ina saol. Tá 10% go maith laistigh de 2 mhaolú caighdeánach. De réir na hEagraíochta Domhanda Sláinte (2018), déanfar suas le 25% de mhná a dhiagnóisiú ag pointe éigin ina saol agus suas le 12% d'fhir. Ag aon bpointe amháin i am meastar go bhfuil 9% de mhná ag fulaingt ó thinneas cliniciúil. Tá na figiúirí sin laistigh de dhá sheachtraíocht chaighdeánach agus dá bhrí sin níl siad neamhchoitianta ó thaobh staidrimh de. Ach deir an WHO freisin: Is í an dúlagar an príomhchúis le míchumais ar fud an domhain, agus is cuid mhór í den ualach iomlán domhanda galar.Ar ndóigh, mheasfadh an chuid is mó daoine go bhfuil an dúlagar cliniciúil ina ghalair mheabhrach!\nNí fhéadfar difríochtaí inscne a bheith iontaofa i dtuarascáil staidrimh ar Dhúlagar, áfach. Glacfar go ginearálta leis go bhfuil mná níos dóchúla cabhair a lorg le haghaidh comharthaí dúlagar agus go bhfuil fir níos dóchúla a gcuid fadhbanna a chur i gcúl nó iarracht a dhéanamh a gcuid mothúchán a mhilleadh trí alcól agus / nó drugaí. Dá bhrí sin, is féidir go bhfuil an leibhéal dúlagar fireann sa tsochaí Thiar faoi thuairisciú agus, dá bhrí sin, tá na sonraí staidrimh míthreorach.\nCé gur suirbhé aon-uaire é, fuair Ronald Kessler i 1994 go raibh 48% de Mheiriceánaigh ar fud 48 stát ag fulaingt ó neamhoird síceolaíoch amháin ar a laghad ag pointe éigin ina saol. Tá na staitisticí sin ag cur an coincheap neamhrialtachta staidrimh i gcontúirt go mór.\nTá saincheisteanna deisiúlachta ann freisin a chuireann an cur chuige seo i leith tinneas meabhrach i bhfolach. Mar shampla, de réir an ghraf thíos, is é 100 an meán le haghaidh intleacht (i gCaucasians bán) (mar a thomhas ar thástáil IQ Stanford-Binet). Déantar duine a bhfuil 2 sheachtraíocht chaighdeánach thíos aige le scór de 70 a aicmiú go cliniciúil mar retarded. Mar sin féin, bheadh duine 2 sheachtraíocht chaighdeánach os cionn an mheán, le scór de 130, aicmithe mar genius Measfadh go leor daoine go mbeadh stádas genius inmhianaithe agus ní mheasfadh duine ar bith stádas retard inmhianaithe.\nTá an 'cheist mianta' casta go háirithe le hinéagsúlacht. Tá miotas uirbeach go bhfuil thart ar 10% den daonra ina ghomhghnéasaigh, a dhíorthaítear go mór ó thuairisc Alfred Kinsey, Wardell Pomeroy & Clyde Martin i 1948, cé go raibh a gcuid sampla tarraingthe go mór ó fhéileacha fireannacha agus príosúnaigh i bpríosún. Mo athbhreithniú féin ar litríocht 2009 ar dheasc féach Cé mhéad Homosexuals atá ann i ndáiríre? fuair sé amach go raibh thart ar 3-6% de dhaoine a dhearbhaigh a bheith ina ghomhaltaí i dtíortha an Iarthair. Is cinnte go mbeadh na figiúirí sin ag teacht ar an neamhghnách go staidrimh; ach d'fhéadfadh go mbeadh torthaí na suirbhéanna seo míchruinn mar ní fhéadfadh aon líon de dhaoine aeracha freagairt mar gheall ar eagla ar phreasúra agus idirdhealú. D'fhéadfadh go mbeadh líon na n-aonghnéasaigh i bhfad níos airde - níos airde ná 10% fiú! ach níl aon bhealach ann a fhios.\nNí thugann an cur chuige neamhrialtachta staidrimh aird ar chalaíocht freisin. Mar shampla: meastar go bhfuil sé inghlactha go mbeadh eagla ar leanaí as an dorchadas; ach ní daoine fásta.\n2.Aithríocha ó ghnáthchaighdeáin shóisialta\nGo simplí, tá sé seo ag imeacht ó nó gan a bheith ag teacht le nósanna sóisialta, na nósanna agus na hiompar a mheasann formhór na ndaoine i gcultúr nó fochultúr a bheith \"nádúrtha\". Is cuid mhór den chomhthoil luach é nósanna sóisialta a thug Émile Durkheim (1893) air mar an coinsias comhchoiteann. Mar shampla, meastar go bhfuil sé go hiomlán gnáth éadaí snámha a chaitheamh ar an trá ach meastar go mbeadh sé míchuí ar an mbóthar mór agus go hiomlán neamhghlactha i mbialann ardchaighdeáin.\nAr an gcúis seo, is cosúil go bhfuil an sainmhíniú seo ag dul timpeall ar an gceist inmhianaithe nach n-aithníonn an cur chuige neamhchoitiantachta staidrimh. Mar sin féin, d'fhéadfadh an rud is inmhianaithe a bheith éagsúil de réir am agus chultúir. Mar shampla: sa Dara Cogadh Domhanda mheas na Comhghuaillithe gur mhaith go mbeadh Gearmánaigh \"ordinary\" i gcoinne an réimeas. I gcodarsnacht leis sin, mhaígh na Naitsithe go raibh daoine a bhí i gcoinne an réimeas dícheallach agus tinn. Tá sé de mhaíomh ag doiciméadaithe Holocaust gur chuir leigheas ar fhadhbanna sóisialta agus eutanasia córeasach daoine in institiúidí meabhrach na Gearmáine sna 1930idí bunús institiúideach, nós imeachta agus dochtúrtha na marú mais sna 1940idí. D'fhógair na Cúirteanna Nuremberg go raibh roinnt síciatraithe a bhí i bpríomhphoist i gceannas na Náisiúnaigh ciontach.\nToisc go bhfuil nósanna sóisialta go háirithe moráltachtaí éagsúil ó chultúr go cultúr agus thar am laistigh de chultúr claonadh sealadach tá sé seo ag cur faoi deara iontaofacht agus bailíse an chur chuige seo araon. Mar shampla, tá an glacadh le coiriúlacht nó gan glacadh leis éagsúil ó am go ham agus ó chultúr go cultúr, mar a pléadh ar an leathanach roimhe seo.\nMaidir leis an gcoibhneacht seo, Jeanne Marecek & Rachel Hare-Mustin (2009): Ar deireadh thiar, is cinneadh eolaíoch é agus ní féidir leis a bheith ann cinneadh a dhéanamh ar aon sraith iompar nó taithí a mheas mar neamhoird síceolaíoch seachas eisceantras, gníomh coiriúil nó freagra ar imthosca brúdaitheacha agus do-fhulaingthe .... Braitheann breithiúnais gnáthchaighdeáin agus neamhghnácha go riachtanach ar chaighdeáin chultúrtha, ar chaighdeáin shóisialta agus ar chustaim áitiúla... Bíonn iompar an duine ina bhrí i gcónaí óna timpeallacht shocheolaíochta.\n3.Níor fhóntaíonn sé go cuí\nIs é prionsabal an chur chuige seo ná go bhfuil iompar neamhghnácha má tá sé mí-oiriúnaithe - ie: déanann sé daoine a bheith in ann saol \"gnáth\" a bheith acu agus na rudaí a theastaíonn ó na daoine is mó a dhéanamh - e.g.: caidrimh inbhuanaithe a bheith acu nó post a choinneáil.\nMar sin féin, ní bhíonn gach duine a bhfuil galar meabhrach orthu ar an eolas faoi a 'bhriseadh feidhmíochta'.\nChuir David Rosenhan & Martin E P Seligman (1989) tuiscint níos fearr ar an gcur chuige seo trí 7 saintréith a lua a mhainníonn feidhmiú go leordhóthanach:\n- ag fulaingt déanann an chuid is mó de dhaoine neamhghnácha tuairisc go bhfuil siad ag fulaingt\nNí thagann daoine chuig clinicí toisc go bhfuil sainmhíniú eisiatach ar neamhghnáchas acu. I bhformhór na gcásanna, tagann siad toisc go gcuireann a gcuid mothúchán nó iompar imní orthu. Edgar Miller & Stephen Morley (1986). Deir David Sue, Derald Sue & Stanley Sue (1994) freisin go bhfuil an chuid is mó de na daoine a bhíonn ag lorg cabhrach síceatrach i ngéarchéim\nMar sin féin, ní bhaineann gach neamhoird síceolaíoch le fulaingt soiléir e.g.: othair dé-pholacha sa chéim manic agus síciopaí\n- mí-oiriúnaitheacht iompar a chuireann cosc ar dhaoine spriocanna móra saoil a bhaint amach amhail dea-chaidreamh a bheith acu le daoine eile nó obair a dhéanamh go héifeachtach\n- iompar beoga/neamhchoinbhinsiúnach is minic go bhfuil difríochtaí suntasacha idir an tslí a mbíonn daoine neamhghnácha ag iompar agus an tslí a mbíonn an chuid is mó daoine ag iompar\nDe ghnáth, aithníonn daoine mar ghníomhartha inghlactha agus coitinneacha na gníomhartha sin atá siad féin toilteanach a dhéanamh.... Má dhéanaimid é, tá sé traidisiúnta agus gnáth. Mura ndéanaimid, seasann sé amach go géar mar neamhchoitianta agus neamhghnácha Rosenhan & Seligman\n- neamh-inmheastacht/cailleadh rialaithe is minic go mbíonn iompar daoine neamhghnácha an-athraitheach agus neamhrialta agus míchuí\nTá súil againn go mbeidh daoine comhsheasmhach ó am go ham, ó ócáid go ócáid, agus go bhfuil smacht mór acu orthu féin Rosenhan & Seligman\n- éagréas/neamh-thuigtheacht ní féidir le daoine eile a thuiscint cén fáth go roghnaíonn duine éigin a bheith ag iompar ar an mbealach seo\n- míchompord an bhreathnóir tá an iompar míchompordach do bhreathnóirí\nTá sé seo, áfach, an-suibiachtúil agus d'fhéadfadh sé go léirítear níos mó de mheon an bhreathnóir ná sláinte mheabhrach an duine a bhfuil an míchompord ag baint leis\n- sárú caighdeáin mhorálta/idealacha d'fhéadfadh iompar a bheith measartha neamhghnách nuair a sháraíonn sé caighdeáin mhorálta bunaithe\nI bhfocail eile, díthréigean ó ghnáthchaighdeáin shóisialta!\nD'áitigh Rosenhan & Seligman nach bhféadfadh gach tréith a bheith suntasach ina n-aonar ach, nuair a bhíonn roinnt ann, léiríonn siad neamhghnáchas. Deir Philip Zimbardo (1995) go bhfuil an seans níos mó go mbeidh neamhoird shíceolaíoch ag an duine, is mó a bhíonn na tréithe níos iomarcaí.\n4.Aithríocht ó shláinte mheabhrach idéalach\nD'fhorbair Marie Jahoda (1958) an coincheap maidir le sláinte mheabhrach idéalach. Bhí tionchar mór ag na príomh-psciológaí Daonnacha ag an am, Abraham Maslow agus Carl Rogers. Bhí \"nádúrthacht\" agus \"nádúrthacht\" ina lipéid gan úsáid i dtuairim Jahoda. Ina áit sin, cosúil le Maslow agus Rogers, roghnaigh sí díriú ar chritéir le haghaidh sláinte meabhrach dearfach.\nChuir Jahoda 6 thréithe ar shláinte mheabhrach idéalach: -\n- féin-ionsaithe tá meas ard ar féin agus mothú láidir féiniúlachta bainteach le dea-shláinte mheabhrach\nDe réir Jahoda, a bheith sláintiúil go meabhrach, ní mór do dhuine a fhios cé iad agus is maith leo cad a fheiceann siad\n- fás pearsanta méid féinfhorbartha nó dul chun cinn duine i dtreo Féin-Imeachtú\n- comhtháthú an comhtháthú feidhme síceolaíoch comhtháthú féin-ionsaithe agus fás pearsanta\nD'áitigh Jahoda gur chruthaigh comhtháthú maith friotaíocht in aghaidh strus\n- neamhspleáchas an méid a bhfuil an duine aonair saor ó thionchar sóisialta agus a bhfuil sé in ann brath ar a acmhainní inmheánacha féin\n- tuiscint ar réaltacht ní dhéanann daoine aonair a dtuiscint ar réaltacht a mhíchumas ach ina ionad sin léiríonn siad comhbhá agus íogaireacht shóisialta\n- máistreacht ar an gcomhshaol cé chomh rathúil agus chomh oiriúnaithe agus atá duine, atá in ann grá a thabhairt, a bheith ag feidhmiú go cuí sa obair, sa pháirc agus i gcaidrimh idirphearsanta, a bheith éifeachtach i réitigh fadhbanna agus in oiriúnú do riachtanais staidúla\nNí bheadh aon cheann de na tréithe seo ag an duine a bheadh i gceist nach raibh dea-shláinte mheabhrach aige. Ós rud é nach bhfuil na tréithe seo ag an gcuid is mó de dhaoine an t-am ar fad, i bhfocail Dougal Mackay (1975): ... bheadh ar an gcuid is mó den daonra a mheas mar dhaoine neamh-oiriúnaithe.\nCeisteanna Wade Nobles (1976) an bhfuil an coincheap bunaithe ar luachanna iarthuacha, indibhidiúla? Ina chuid scríbhinní faoin coincheap leathnaithe féin i measc pobal na hAfraice, d'éiligh Nobles go bhfuil tuiscint acu ar mí seachas an mé an Iarthair. Ciallaíonn sé seo go gcuireann siad luach ar chomhoibriú agus go ndíríonn an chuid is mó den Iarthar ar uathriail. Ciallaíonn sé seo go bhféadfadh coincheap na forbartha pearsanta aonair a bheith leochaileach do thréithe cultúrtha.\nTá roinnt fadhbanna ann freisin le húsáid Jahoda ar Féin-Fheidhmiú sa mhéid go ndearna sí coincheap Maslow (1943) a úsáid ag comhlíonadh acmhainneacht duine seachas a athbhreithniú 1956 a athshainmhínigh Féin-Fheidhmiú go héifeachtach mar mhéata-leibhéal smaointeoireachta. Mar sin féin, fiú ina leagan athshainithe, chonaic Maslow féin-Fheidhmiú mar a thugann smaointeoireacht i bhfad níos sláintiúla, le caillteanas eagla - mar a rinne Clare W Graves (1974) lena G-T (GAL) vMEME coibhéiseach. Aontaíonn Maslow freisin go bhfuil aon rud a chosnaíonn duine aonair ag dul chun cinn ar an Hierarchy of Needs ag cur bac ar an claonadh actualising is dócha go mbeidh sé díobhálach do shláinte mheabhrach. Ag obair ó pheirspictíocht páirteach Gravesian, tá Ken Wilber (2003) tar éis a rá go mbeadh leas mór ag sláinte mheabhrach 50 milliún Meiriceánach trí aistriú ó smaointeoireacht GREEN go YELLOW.\nLipéadú ar tinneas meabhrach\nTá bunús ag Teoiric Lipéadú a chur i bhfeidhm ar ghalair mheabhrach i saothar Thomas Scheff (1966). D'áitigh sé go gcaithfear le duine a fhaigheann stigma diagnóis síceatrach mar tinní meabhrach agus, mar thoradh air sin, is dócha go mbeidh sé níos tinní meabhrach. Cruthaíonn lipéad den sórt sin ionchais. Is féidir leis na hionchais seo a bheith mar chuid de féin-fhéile an duine aonair atá lipéadaithe. Is féidir leis na hionchais seo meamaí tionchar a imirt ar dhaoine eile, ag athrú a léarscáileanna cognaíocha (scéimeanna) den duine aonair lipéadaithe. Dá bhrí sin, d'fhéadfadh an duine aonair iarracht a dhéanamh maireachtáil de réir an lipéid. Má fhaigheann siad aird agus comhbhrón neartú dearfach tá sé níos dóichí go mbeifear ag maireachtáil suas leis an lipéad.\nMar a léiríonn staidéar 1973 clasaiceach Rosenhan ach go ró-soiléir, bíonn tionchar ag lipéid tinneas meabhrach ar dhaoine eile. Bhí 88% den am ag altraí agus 71% den am ag síceatraí neamhaird ar pseudo-othair \"schizophrenics\" Rosenhan - comhartha fíor ar luach íseal an scisphoirineach i súile daoine eile. D'fhéadfadh cóireáil den sórt sin go soiléir déine na hairíonna a bhíonn ag fíor-schizophrenics a mhéadú.\nBhí Thomas Szasz (1974) den tuairim go n-úsáideann an tsochaí lipéid stigmaithe chun iad siúd a eisiamh nach bhfuil a n-iompar ag teacht lena n-uirlisí. Déanann Michael W Eysenck & Cara Flanagan (p602, 2001) cur síos air: I measc na lipéid sin tá na cinn seo a leanas: coiriúil, prostitute, gipsy, foreigner. Is lipéad stiogmatúcháin é tinneas meabhrach a úsáidtear chun neamhchoimhdeoirí a eisiamh ón tsochaí.\nTugann Szasz na samplaí seo a leanas de lipéadú a úsáideann an stát chun rialú/cuir cosc ar iompar neamháisiúil:-\n- Bhí sé ina mheas deisce do bhean a bheith le leanbh lasmuigh den phósadh agus cuid acu a bhí faoi ghlas i n-institiúidí síceatriacha. (Fuarthas amach ó iniúchtaí ar thaifid othar sna 1990idí go raibh mná fós beo in institiúidí síceatriacha a bhí faoi ghlas blianta roimhe sin as leanbh a bheith acu lasmuigh den phósadh!)\n- Bhí mná meánaicme a bhí tarraingthe ag fir den aicme oibre \"nymphomaniacs\"\n- Bhí mná a d'fhás airgead agus a raibh sé ag iarraidh é a choinneáil dóibh féin a diagnóisíodh le \"folláine morálta\"\n- Bhí \"drapetomania\" ag sclábhaithe a léirigh \"éileamh neamhréasúnach\" chun éalú óna húinéirí\n- Sa Aontas Sóivéadach i lár an 20ú haois, bhí opponents polaitiúla an rialtas cumannach lipéadaithe dissidents agus faoi ghlas i n-institiúidí síceatriacha\nFuair Erving Goffman, ina staidéar clasaiceach 1968 ar shaol in institiúid mheabhrach, an chóireáil dhiúltach agus díghineálta céanna ar othair mar Rosenhan. Mar sin féin, d'fhoilsigh sé freisin na bealaí inar rialaíodh na hothair e.g.:\n- go dtógfar a chuid earraí pearsanta agus go gcuirfear de cheangal air éide an institiúid a chaitheamh\n- bhí an lá sceidealta go dlúth: nuair a d'éirigh an t-othar, nuair a d'ith sé, nuair a rinne sé cith, nuair a ghlac sé a leigheas agus nuair a chuaigh sé a chodladh\nTugann Goffman faoi deara, má sheas an t-othar i gcoinne lipéad an tinneas meabhrach, go raibh sé seo meta-dearbhaithe ag foirne leighis mar chomhartha eile den tinneas. Dá bhrí sin, bheadh an t-othar a thabhairt leighis breise nó faoi réir beart ceartaitheach eile ar nós cóireáil shock leictreach,\nAr ndóigh, tá athchóirithe i gcóireáil othair meabhairshláinte mar a rinne Rosenhan agus Goffman mar thoradh ar nochtadh agus le 30 bliain anuas tá béim níos mó ar \"chúram sa phobal\" i gcásanna nach bhfuil chomh tromchúiseach/díobhálach, mar shampla: i \"tithe leathbheartaíochta\".\nIn ainneoin dul chun cinn den sórt sin, tá sé deacair an stigma a bhaineann leis an lipéad \"a bhfuil tinní meabhrach\" a athrú i measc an phobail i gcoitinne. Go déanach i 2000 fuair Sue Baker & Julia MacPherson gur admhaigh 60% de dhaoine óga go n-úsáid siad teanga mhí-úsáidte agus diúltach chun daoine meabhrach a chur in iúl. Ní chuirtear leis na meáin a chruthaíonn panics mhorálta faoi dhaoine tinte meabhrach go tréimhsiúil, go bhfuil an tuiscint phoiblí sin ag éirí níos fearr. Mar shampla, fuair Greg Philo & Jenny Secker (1999) go raibh 2/3 d'eagraíochtaí meán dírithe go neamhchomhréireach ar fhoréigean a rinne daoine atá tinn go meabhrach agus 40% de cheannteidil na mblagáin a d'úsáid teanga mí-ádh chun tinneas meabhrach a thuairisciú."} {"text": "Found at GenealogyBank.com\nfrom the Emancipator and Republican, Boston, Massachusetts, \"Free Soil Rally in Chapman Hall\", Thursday, 5 September 1850, Volume XV, Issue 19, page 3\n|The highlighted name,|\nRomanus Emerson, is my 4th great grandfather\nIf you look at the news clipping above, my 4th great grandfather's name, Romanus Emerson, is highlighted in yellow. Just to the right of his name is the name Charles Sumner. In 1856 Sumner gave an impassioned anti slavery speech in the Senate called \"The Crime against Kansas\". Two days after the speech the South Carolina Congresman, Preston Brooks, entered the Senate chamber and nearly beat Charles Sumner to death with a gold headed cane. This incident was a major cause of the coming of the Civil War five years later. The cane used to attack Charles Sumner is on exhibit at the Old State House in Boston. There is a statue of Sumner in the middle of Harvard Square.\nMy ancestor, Romanus Emerson (1782 - 1852), was a progressive, much like Charles Sumner and the other members of the Free Soil party. Romanus settled in South Boston in 1810, when the main thoroughfare in that part of the city was called the \"Old Road\" and it was renamed \"Emerson Street\" after his death. He was a noted atheist, and a member of the Boston Infidel Society. When the first abolitionists came to Boston, most of the established churches would not let them lecture in their buildings. The Boston Infidel Society gave abolitionist William Lloyd Garrison permission to use their Julian Hall three times.\nRomanus Emerson was like his cousin, Ralph Waldo Emerson, a philosophical man who was considered eccentric because his views were ahead of their time. They were considered progressives, in a very conservative Boston. Other members of my family tree, Noah Martin Eaton (abt 1832 - 1909) and his wife Eliza Ruth Walton (1837 -1909), were also abolitionists and Free Soilers. They were from Reading, Massachusetts and removed to Lawrence, Kansas. Their first two children, out of six, were born in Lawrence in 1861 and 1864. Confederate guerrillas burned most of Lawrence on 21 August 1863, destroyed anti-slavery newspaper offices, and killed 150 of the 200 men they found there. Abolitionists from New England had resettled in Kansas in an attempt to keep it \"Free Soil\". Noah Eaton removed his family back to Reading by 1868, where his last four children were born and where he stayed for the rest of his life. He was a first cousin, one generation removed from Romanus Emerson. (Noah Eaton's story could be an entire blog post on its own!)\nThe newspaper where the above news clipping came, the Emancipator and Republican, from was in existence from 1848 to 1850. It was previously known as the Emancipator and Free Soil Press, and evolved into the Commonwealth & Emancipator in 1851. You can view copies online at www.GenealogyBank.com and also at the Library of Congress website chroniclingamerica.loc.org\nChapman Hall, where the Free Soil committee met, was located where the Parker House Hotel is now located on the corner of Tremont Street and School Street. The alley behind the Parker House is called Chapman Place. Chapman Hall also allowed abolitionists to speak, and also African American orators such as Dr. John Rock. According to an article in the Boston Evening Transcript, \"Anti-Slavery Landmarks in Boston\", 1 September 1897, page 6:\n\"August 17, 1855, a meeting was held in Chapman Hall on Chapman place, the little alley leading off School street, by the Parker House. As near s the writer has been able to learn, the hall or a building occupying its site was removed in order to give room for the middle portion of the Parker House on that side. At this meeting it was resolved that \"the time has fully come for a united and earnest effort of the people of Massachusetts, in concert with the friends of freedom throughout the Union, whose object shall be to restrain the alarming encroachments of slavery.\" A memorable gathering! For out of it went a committee which, in the United States Hotel, drew up a call for the Worcester Convention , from which sprang the Republican party of Massachusetts.\"\nThe incident when Charles Sumner was caned has been written up in a new book by Stephen Puleo in The Caning: The Assault that drove America to Civil War, Westholme Publishing, 2012. He is a teacher of history at Suffolk University in Boston, and recently a guest on the blogtalk radio show \"Fieldstone Common\" which aired on 31 January 2013 with Marian Pierre-Louis.\nTo view a previous blog post about Romanus Emerson, click here:\nCopyright 2013, Heather Wilkinson Rojo", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-15", "url": "http://nutfieldgenealogy.blogspot.com/2013/02/free-soilers-in-boston.html?m=0", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609532374.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005212-00065-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9732506871, "token_count": 1023, "score": 2.515625, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Lorg ar GenealogyBank.com\nó Emancipator and Republican, Boston, Massachusetts, \"Rally Soil Saor in Chapman Hall\", Déardaoin, 5 Meán Fómhair 1850, Leabhar XV, Ríomh 19, leathanach 3\nAn t-ainm atá leagtha amach, \"D'fhéadfadh\"\nRomanus Emerson, Is mo 4ú sean-athair\nMá fhéachann tú ar an gclip nuachta thuas, tá ainm mo cheathrú sean-shean-shean, Romanus Emerson, leagtha amach i buí. Díreach ar dheis a ainm tá an t-ainm Charles Sumner. Sa bhliain 1856 thug Sumner óráid frith-sclábhaíochta ar an Seanad ar a dtugtar \"An Coir i gcoinne Kansas\". Dhá lá tar éis an chainte tháinig an Comhdháilteoir ó Carolina Theas, Preston Brooks, isteach sa seomra Seanad agus bhuail sé Charles Sumner go bás le canasta ceann óir. Ba chúis mhór é an eachtra seo le teacht an Chogaidh Shibhialta cúig bliana ina dhiaidh sin. Tá an canasta a úsáideadh chun Charles Sumner a ionsaí ar taispeáint ag an Sean-Tigh Stáit i mBostún. Tá dealbh de Sumner i lár Harvard Square.\nBhí mo shean-seana, Romanus Emerson (1782 - 1852), ina dhuine forásach, cosúil le Charles Sumner agus baill eile an pháirtí Free Soil. Chuaigh Romanus i mbun cónaithe i South Boston i 1810, nuair a bhí an príomhbhóthar sa chuid sin den chathair ar a dtugtar an \"Old Road\" agus athainmníodh é mar \"Emerson Street\" tar éis a bháis. Bhí sé ina ateist aitheanta, agus ina bhall de Chumann Infidel Boston. Nuair a tháinig na chéad abolitionists go Boston, ní ligfeadh an chuid is mó de na heaglaisí bunaithe dóibh léacht a thabhairt ina bhfoirgnimh. Thug Cumann Infidel Boston cead do William Lloyd Garrison, abhlóideoir, a Halla Julian a úsáid trí huaire.\nBhí Romanus Emerson cosúil lena chúnain, Ralph Waldo Emerson, fear fealsúnachta a measadh a bheith eisceantúil toisc go raibh a chuid tuairimí roimh a gcuid ama. Meastar go raibh siad forásach, i Boston an-choimeádach. Ba abhlóidithe agus Saor-Shoilers iad baill eile de mo thré teaghlaigh, Noah Martin Eaton (abt 1832 - 1909) agus a bhean Eliza Ruth Walton (1837 -1909). Bhí siad ó Léitheoireacht, Massachusetts agus aistrithe go Lawrence, Kansas. Rugadh a gcéad dá leanbh, as a sé, i Lawrence i 1861 agus 1864. D'órdaigh guerrillas an Chónaidhm an chuid is mó de Lawrence an 21 Lúnasa 1863, d'fhág oifigí nuachtáin frith-sclábhaíochta ar an talamh, agus mharaigh siad 150 de na 200 fear a fuair siad ann. Bhí abolitionists ó Nua-Eabhrac athchóirithe i Kansas i iarracht é a choinneáil \"Free Soil\". Ghluais Noah Eaton a theaghlach ar ais go Léitheoireacht faoi 1868, áit a rugadh a cheithre leanbh deireanach agus áit a d'fhan sé don chuid eile dá shaol. Bhí sé ina chéad-chairde, ginead amháin ó Romanus Emerson. (D'fhéadfadh scéal Noah Eaton a bheith ina phost blog ar fad ina n-aonar!)\nBhí an nuachtán ón áit a tháinig an gearrthóg nuachta thuas, an Emancipator agus Poblachtach, i bhfeidhm ó 1848 go 1850. Bhí an t-ainm ar an Emancipator agus ar an Free Soil Press roimhe seo, agus d'athraigh sé go Commonwealth & Emancipator i 1851. Is féidir leat cóipeanna a fheiceáil ar líne ag www.GenealogyBank.com agus freisin ag láithreán gréasáin Leabharlann na Comhdhála chroniclingamerica.loc.org\nBhí Halla Chapman, áit a raibh cruinniú ag coiste na Talún Saor in aisce, suite áit a bhfuil Óstán Parker House suite anois ar choirnéal Shráid Tremont agus Sráid na Scoile. An alley taobh thiar de na Tithe Parker ar a dtugtar Chapman Áit. Cheadaigh Chapman Hall freisin do lucht díothúcháin labhairt, agus do labhraí Meiriceánacha Afracacha mar an Dr. John Rock. De réir alt i Boston Evening Transcript, \"Lámhleithleanna Frith-Sclafaíochta i mBostún\", 1 Meán Fómhair 1897, leathanach 6:\n\"Ar 17 Lúnasa, 1855, bhí cruinniú ar siúl i Halla Chapman ar Chapman áit, an alley beag a théann as School sráide, ag an Teach Parker. De réir mar a bhí an scríbhneoir in ann foghlaim, baineadh an halla nó an foirgneamh a bhí ina shuí a bhaint d'fhonn spás a thabhairt do chuid lárna den Teach Parker ar an taobh sin. Ag an gcruinniú seo, chinntear go bhfuil \"an t-am tagtha go hiomlán le haghaidh iarracht aontaithe agus díograiseach ó mhuintir Massachusetts, i gcomhar le cairde na saoirse ar fud an Aontais, a mbeidh sé mar aidhm acu cur isteach ar an sclábhaíocht uafásach\". Cruinniú nach mór a chuimhne! Mar as é a chuaigh coiste a, i Stáit Aontaithe Óstán, a tharraingt suas glaoch ar an Conradh Worcester , as a sprang an páirtí Poblachtach Massachusetts. \"\nScríobhadh an eachtra nuair a bhí Charles Sumner ag canadh i leabhar nua le Stephen Puleo in The Caning: The Assault that drove America to Civil War, Westholme Publishing, 2012. Is múinteoir staire é in Ollscoil Suffolk i mBostún, agus le déanaí bhí sé ina óstach ar an seó raidió \"Fieldstone Common\" a d'eisigh an 31 Eanáir 2013 le Marian Pierre-Louis.\nChun post roimhe seo a fheiceáil faoi Romanus Emerson, cliceáil anseo:\nCopyright 2013, Heather Wilkinson Rojo - Tá an t-ealaíontóir ag iarraidh a bheith i do chóipcheart."} {"text": "Marriage between a male and a female where the age of former is less than 21 years and/or that of latter is less than 18 years, would come under the category of child marriage. The concept of child marriage is not new in India. It was there since ancient times. This problem was called out by the Britishers also, who although criticized it for being a grave violation of human rights but did nothing to stop it.\nChild marriages can be seen as both, cause and reason for the growing gender inequality. According to UNICEF data 115 million boys across the globe were married before attaining the age of 18. Child marriage is the cause of several evils like early pregnancies, parenthood, and sexual relations, deprivation of educational and employment opportunities, social isolation and an increase in maternal mortality rate.\nChild marriages are seen as a grave violation of the human rights of both the bride and the groom, and is also against the philosophy of various United Nations instruments like the Universal Declaration on Human Rights and the United Nations Convention on Rights of Child. It also violates Article 39 (f) of the Constitution of India which is a Directive Principle of State Policy and directs the state to ensure that it constructs its policies to ensure that the children are given opportunities and facilities to develop in a healthy manner and in conditions of freedom and dignity.\nChild marriage robs a person’s childhood and the time which was required for his physical and mental development. It also leads to a vicious circle of injustice and discrimination. It not only hampers developmental rights but also becomes a reason for various heath-issues.\nIn India, child marriages have been a customary practice. Family and societal-pressure, tradition, culture and poverty can be regarded as a primary-reasons for child marriages, among other reasons. The Law Commission of India in its 205th report suggested that poverty, indebtedness and dowry were the main incentives for the poor families to marry off their girl child as soon as possible. The increased age of the girl meant an increase in the demand for dowry. Despite having laws for preventing child marriages, India has not been able to get rid of it completely.\nAlthough boys and girls both are at the suffering end in child marriage, various reports have shown that child marriag is more prevalent among girls.\nHISTORY OF CHILD MARRIAGE IN INDIA\nIn the earliest known history of India, there is evidence of young men and women cohabiting together with the freedom to choose who they want to be with. During the Middle Age, gradual changes started occurring in society and the idea of liberty for women became more complex. Rules and behavioural codes were defined for them by the society which was to be obeyed by them. Their vaginal purity became the symbol of the honour of their family. Young women were viewed as irresponsible and irrational, especially in matters of love. So, to protect the honour of the family, the practice of marrying them early started. Initially, the early age of marriage would not go below 12 years but by the coming of Medieval Age, the age of marriage for women dropped as low as 6 years.\nOver the years the notion of women being the honour as well as the burden of the family grew. The concept of society was that the woman has to be married, sooner or later, if they were married at an early age, it would not only reduce the financial burden upon the family but would also help the family grow economically by getting the bride price.\nThe practice became so prevalent in India that according to UNICEF report one out three child brides globally live in India. There are around 223 million child brides in India and majority of those married before 18 have given birth during their adolescence. However, the practice has gone down in recent times.\nLEGALITY OF CHILD MARRIAGE IN INDIA\nIn colonial times, Britisher tried to prevent child marriages by bringing the Child Marriage Restraint Act, 1929. But owing to the then societal condition, child marriage was not declared void or even voidable. Once the marriage is solemnized it becomes completely valid. The Child Marriage Restraint Amendment Act was brought which raised the age of marriage for girls to 18 years and that of boys to 21 years. However, in the case of Rabindra v. Sita, it was held that even if a marriage takes against the age provided in the Act, it would still be valid. This act got repealed by the Prohibition of Child Marriage Act, 2006. The purpose of this Act is to prevent child marriage in India, protect the children involved and to prosecute the offenders.\nThe Act defines a male under 21 years and a female under 18 years as minors. Under section 3, child marriage has been declared as voidable at the option of the party who at the time of the marriage was a minor. The party who was minor at the time of the solemnization of the marriage can seek nullity of the marriage from the District court within 2 years of attaining majority. In Baljit Kumar Boprai v. State of Punjab, the High Court held that child marriage can be registered once both the parties attain the age of majority.\nIn the case of Bhagwati alias Reena v. Anil Choubey, the petitioner had contended for annulment of the marriage where he was forced to marry a minor girl. The court held that the marriage could be annulled only at the option of the girl, who at the time of marriage was a minor. The Act also says that on the annulment of the marriage, the court can also grant an order directing the male party to pay maintenance to the girl. The Act also has provisions to protect the rights and ensure the welfare of children conceived from such marriages. Section 6 of the Act says that children conceived from such marriages will be legitimate notwithstanding the status of the marriage.\nIn the case of G Saravanan v. The Commissioner of Police Trichy City, held that child marriages are neither void nor voidable but valid. The Supreme Court did not agree with this stance and overruled it in the case of T Sivakumar v. the Inspector of Police. The court also said that the Prohibition of Child Marriage Act being a special law will have an overriding effect over the Hindu Marriage Act.\nThe reason behind making it voidable and not void is because otherwise, it would have been detrimental to the party that was minor at the time of marriage. It would depend upon the minor to decide the future of the relationship.\nIn P Venkataramana v. State of Andhra Pradesh, the court upheld the validity of child marriage fearing that declaring it null and void would render the innocent children born out of the marriage bastard.\nThe Act also declares certain kinds of marriages to be void. Section 12 says, “Where a child, being a minor— (a) is taken or enticed out of the keeping of the lawful guardian; or (b) by force compelled, or by any deceitful means induced to go from any place; or (c) is sold for marriage; and made to go through a form of marriage or if the minor is married after which the minor is sold or trafficked or used for immoral purposes, such marriage shall be null and void.”\nThe Act also provides rigorous punishment which may extend up to 2 years or a fine which may extend up to 1 lakh or both to, (a) a male who was above 18 years and contracted a child marriage, (b) anyone who performs, conduct, directs or abets any child marriage unless he can prove that he had a valid reason to believe that it was not a child marriage and (c) to any person who had the charge of the child, be it parent or guardian or any other person, if he does any act to promote the passing or permits the child marriage or due to his negligence fails to prevent the marriage from being solemnized. The Act also provides that any offence done under this Act shall be cognizable and non-bailable.\nUnder the Hindu Marriage Act and Dissolution of Muslim Marriages Act also, the girl is given the right to dissolve the marriage after attaining 15 years and before attaining 18 years.\nWith respect to conjugal rights, Section 5(n) of the POCSO Act penalizes penetrative sexual assault on a child by anyone who is related to him through marriage. Section 375 Of IPC also penalizes sexual acts with a girl under 18 years. An exception to this was that sexual activity with a girl above 15 and below 18 years by her husband would not amount to be rape. This provision was read down in 2017 by the Supreme Court in the case of Independent Thought v. Union of India.\nPOSITION OF CHILD MARRIAGE IN OTHER COUNTRIES\nAcross the globe, there are around 650 million women who were married before they attained the age of 18. According to WHO, the number would reach one billion by the year 2030. According to Pew Research Centre, at least 117 countries across the globe happen to allow child marriages, with Niger having the greatest number of child marriage cases. Though 153 out of 198 countries allow people to get married after attaining the age of majority, some of them provide certain exceptions too. In countries like Jamaica, Iraq and Uruguay, child marriages are allowed with parental permission. While in Australia a person who is of 18 years can marry someone as young as 16. In Sudan, marriage between a 10 years old girl and a boy who has either attained puberty or 15 years, is a valid marriage. 6 countries- Equatorial Guinea, Gambia, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, South Sudan and Yemen do not specify any age for marriage.\nSOME COMMONWEALTH NATIONS:\nAlthough Bangladesh has the Child Marriage Restraint Act 2017, which prohibits marriage of girls below the age of 18 and that of boys below the age of 21, however, the Act also mentions ‘special circumstances’ under which child marriage can take place and it does not mention any minimum age to marry under this special circumstance. Bangladesh has aimed to eliminate the marriage of children below 15 and reduce under 18 marriages by a third by 2021 and complete elimination of child marriages by 2041.\nSingapore has strict legislation against child marriage. Under Women’s Charter 1961, a minor is one who is under the age of 21 and cannot marry without consent unless a licence of marriage is granted by the Minister. No significant cases are there in Singapore.\nIn the United Kingdom, the legal age to marry is 18, however, those aged between 16-18 years can marry with parental consent.\nINCREASE IN CASES OF CHILD MARRIAGE DURING LOCKDOWN\nCOVID-19 brought the world to a standstill. It forced countries to enter into lockdown which in turn affected the economies across the globe. Apart from causing major economic injuries it also led to a rise in cases of child marriage. It took years of spreading awareness and strict implementation of laws, to reduce child marriages. But owing to the lockdown, the government officials were unable to monitor properly and the offenders took advantage of this situation.\nEarlier also, a major impetus behind child marriages was to get rid of the responsibility of the girl child and also to save the dowry amount. The lockdown impacted the economy badly. Many were forced to move back to their hometowns and leave their jobs. Under the prevalent economic stress, many decide to get their under-aged daughters married. Poverty has caused several families to rethink about child marriage.\nIt is estimated that owing to COVID-19, approximately 2.5 million child marriages might take place. This might reverse all that has been done to prevent and prohibit child marriages across the globe in the past years. Therefore, governments across the globe need to be prepared to deal with such a situation and take adequate measures to ensure that the evil practice of child marriage does not gain ground again.\nChild marriage has been there in our country since time immemorial. This evil created by the society proved to be detrimental for the parties. It has caused mental, physical and economical toll on both sexes. Child marriages are a grave violation of basic human rights. Girls who are married as children are more likely to fall prey to domestic violence, leave education, face complications at the time of pregnancy and childbirth and not achieve according to their potential. Although international and regional laws prohibit the practice of child marriage, it is still there in our society. Over the years, cases of child marriages in India have gone down which has been possible because of the spread of awareness as well as judicial activism and legislative awakening. Still, we do have cases of child marriage coming up. Despite having Acts which prohibit the widespread practice of child marriage it is still a reality in India.\nThe situation becomes more complex because of the ambiguity and vagueness that is there in the judgment and rules for the child marriage. On one hand, penal provisions try to curb the menace of child marriage, on the other hand, there are various judicial decisions which make child marriages valid.\nConcerted efforts from all the stakeholders, parties, parents and the community, is needed to make the present laws more effective which would ultimately prevent child marriages. Increasing awareness about the harmful effects of child marriages plus educating people about their rights would help to stop child marriages.\n ‘Child Marriage’ (2020) < https://data.unicef.org/topic/child-protection/child-marriage/> accessed on 27 October 2020.\n Universal Declaration on Human Rights (1948).\n United Nation convention on rights of child (1989).\n Constitution of India 1950, art 39(f).\n Law Commission of India, PROPOSAL TO AMEND THE PROHIBITION OF CHILD MARRIAGE ACT, 2006 AND OTHER ALLIED LAWS (Law Commission report No. 205, 2008) ch 3.\n https://data.unicef.org/topic/child-protection/child-marriage/ .\n https://terredasie.com/english/english-articles/history-of-child-marriage-in-india/ .\n ‘Ending Child Marriage; A Profile of Progress in India’ https://www.unicef.org/india/media/1176/file/Ending-Child-Marriage.pdf .\n Child Marriage Restraint Act 1929,\n Dr. Paras Diwan, Modern Hindu Law (24th edn, Allahabad law Agency 2019) pg 109.\n AIR 1986 Pat 128.\n Prohibition of Child Marriage Act 2006, s 3.\n 2008 151 PLR 326.\n 2017 SC 1957.\n Prohibition of Child Marriage Act 2006, s 4.\n Prohibition of Child Marriage Act 2006, s 3.\n 2017 SCC OnLine Mad 3565.\n AIR 2012 Madras 62.\n AIR 1977 AP 43.\n Prohibition of Child Marriage Act 2006, s 12.\n Prohibition of Child Marriage Act 2006, s 9.\n Prohibition of Child Marriage Act 2006, s 10.\n Prohibition of Child Marriage Act 2006, s 11.\n Prohibition of Child Marriage Act 2006, s 15.\n Hindu Marriage Act 1955, s 13(2)(iv).\n Dissolution of Muslim Marriage Act 1939, s 2(vii).\n The Protection of Children from Sexual Offenses Act 2012, s 5(n).\n (2017) 10 SCC 800.\n Aleksandra Sandstrom, Angelina E. Theodorou, “Many Countries Allow Child Marriage” https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2016/09/12/many-countries-allow-child-marriage/ .\n Sophie Cousins, ‘2.5 million more child marriages due to COVID-19’ https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(20)32112-7/fulltext \nThis article has been written by Madhavi Raje, 2nd-year law student of Dr Ram Manohar Lohia National Law University.\nAlso Read – Can Unmarried Girl Live-in with Married Man?", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-23", "url": "https://lawcorner.in/child-marriage-in-india-history-and-current-position/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224643388.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20230527223515-20230528013515-00788.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9607810974, "token_count": 3516, "score": 3.3125, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Ba cheart go mbeadh pósadh idir fear agus bean, i gcás go bhfuil aois an chéad duine níos lú ná 21 bliain d'aois agus/nó an dara duine níos lú ná 18 bliain d'aois, faoi chatagóir pósadh leanaí. Ní smaoineamh nua é póstaí leanaí san India. Bhí sé ann ó amanna ársa. D'iarr na Breataine an fhadhb seo freisin, cé gur chuir siad cáineadh air mar shárú tromchúiseach ar chearta an duine ach níor rinne siad aon rud chun stop a chur leis.\nIs féidir pósadh leanaí a fheiceáil mar chúis agus cúis don éagothroime inscne atá ag fás. De réir sonraí UNICEF, pósadh 115 milliún buachaill ar fud na cruinne sula raibh siad 18 mbliana d'aois. Is é pósadh leanaí cúis le roinnt olc mar toirchis luath, tuismitheoireacht, agus caidrimh ghnéasacha, díothú de dheiseanna oideachais agus fostaíochta, aonrú sóisialta agus méadú ar ráta báis mháithreacha.\nMeastar go bhfuil pósadh leanaí ina shárú tromchúiseach ar chearta an duine an bhean chéile agus an groom araon, agus tá sé freisin i gcoinne fealsúnacht ionstraimí éagsúla na Náisiún Aontaithe cosúil leis an Dearbhú Uilechoiteann ar Chearta an Duine agus Coinbhinsiún na Náisiún Aontaithe ar Chearta an Linbh. Tá sé ag sárú Airteagal 39 (f) de Bhunreacht na hIndia freisin, arb é Prionsabal Stiúrthóireachta Beartas Stáit é agus a thugann treoir don stát a chinntiú go ndéanann sé a bheartais chun a chinntiú go dtugtar deiseanna agus saoráidí do na páistí chun forbairt a dhéanamh ar bhealach sláintiúil agus i gcoinníollacha saoirse agus dínit.\nTá pósadh leanaí ag robáil óige duine agus an t-am a bhí ag teastáil dá fhorbairt fisiciúil agus mheabhrach. Tugann sé seo freisin go bhfuil ciorcal fíochmhar éagórach agus idirdhealaithe. Ní hamháin go gcuireann sé bac ar chearta forbartha ach bíonn sé ina chúis le saincheisteanna sláinte éagsúla.\nSa India, is gnách go bhfuil pósadh leanaí. Is féidir brú teaghlaigh agus sochaí, traidisiún, cultúr agus bochtaineacht a mheas mar phríomhchúiseanna le póstaí leanaí, i measc cúiseanna eile. D'fhiafraigh Coimisiún Dlí na hIndia ina 205ú tuarascáil gurbh é an bochtaineacht, an fiachas agus an doirteal na príomh-spreagadh do na teaghlaigh bochta a gcuid cailín a phósadh a luaithe is féidir. Mar a bhí aois mhéadaithe na cailín, bhí méadú ar an éileamh ar dhóthair. In ainneoin go bhfuil dlíthe ann chun pósadh leanaí a chosc, ní raibh an India in ann é a dhíothú go hiomlán.\nCé go bhfuil buachaillí agus cailíní araon ag an deireadh a bhfuil an t-airgead ag baint leo i bpósadh leanaí, léiríonn tuarascálacha éagsúla go bhfuil pósadh leanaí níos forleithne i measc cailíní.\nTÉARCHÁIL Pósadh Leanaí san India\nSa stair is luaithe ar a dtugtar na hIndia, tá fianaise ann go raibh fir agus mná óga ag maireachtáil le chéile agus an tsaoirse a roghnú cé leis a theastaíonn uathu a bheith. Le linn na Meánaoise, thosaigh athruithe de réir a chéile ag tarlú sa tsochaí agus tháinig an smaoineamh ar shaoirse do mhná níos casta. Bhí rialacha agus cóid iompair sainithe dóibh ag an tsochaí a bhí le cloí leo. Tháinig a n-íonacht vaginach mar shiombail de onóir a dteaghlaigh. Bhí meas ar mhná óga mar dhaoine neamhfhreagracha agus neamhréasúnacha, go háirithe i gcúrsaí grá. Mar sin, chun onóir an teaghlaigh a chosaint, thosaigh an cleachtas chun iad a phósadh go luath. Ar dtús, ní bheadh an aois luath pósta níos lú ná 12 bliana ach ag teacht na Meánaoise, thit aois pósta na mban chomh híseal le 6 bliana.\nLe blianta anuas d'fhás an tuairim go raibh mná ina n-onóir chomh maith le muirear an teaghlaigh. Bhí an coincheap den tsochaí go gcaithfidh an bhean a bheith pósta, níos luaithe nó níos déanaí, má phósadh iad ag aois óg, ní amháin go laghdódh sé an t-ualach airgeadais ar an teaghlach ach go gcabhródh sé leis an teaghlach fás go heacnamaíoch trí phraghas na n-uachtar a fháil.\nTháinig an cleachtas chomh forleathan san India go bhfuil duine as gach triúr de na brides leanaí ar fud an domhain ina gcónaí san India de réir tuarascála UNICEF. Tá thart ar 223 milliún bean óg pósta san India agus tá an chuid is mó de na mná a phós roimh 18 tar éis breith a thabhairt le linn a n-óige. Mar sin féin, tá an cleachtas tar éis titim le déanaí.\nDlíthiúlacht Pósadh Leanaí san India\nI amanna coilíneachta, rinne Breataine iarracht pósadh leanaí a chosc trí Acht um Shrianta Pósadh Leanaí, 1929 a thabhairt isteach. Ach mar gheall ar an staid shóisialta ansin, níor dhearbhaíodh pósadh leanaí neamhbhailí nó fiú neamhbhailí. Nuair a bheidh an pósadh solemnized é a bheith go hiomlán bailí. Tugadh an tAcht Leasú ar Chaidreamh Leanaí a d'ardaigh aois an phósadh do chailíní go 18 bliana d'aois agus an buachaill go 21 bliain d'aois. Mar sin féin, i gcás Rabindra v. Sita, bhí sé go fiú má ghlacann pósadh i gcoinne an aois a fhoráiltear sa Acht, bheadh sé fós bailí. Cuireadh an tAcht seo ar ceal le hAcht Cosc ar Phósadh Leanaí, 2006. Is é cuspóir an Achta seo pósadh leanaí a chosc san India, na leanaí a bhfuil baint acu leo a chosaint agus na ciontóirí a ionchúiseamh.\nSa Acht, sainmhínítear fear faoi 21 bliain d'aois agus bean faoi 18 bliain d'aois mar mhionlaí. Faoi alt 3, tá pósadh leanaí dearbhaithe mar neamhbhailí ag rogha na páirtí a bhí ina mionaoiseach tráth an phósadh. Féadfaidh an páirtí a bhí óg ar an am a solemnization an pósadh iarraidh ar neamhbhailíocht an phósadh ó na cúirte Dúiche laistigh de 2 bhliain tar éis a bhaint amach majority. I Baljit Kumar Boprai v. Stát Punjab, d'fhógair an Ard-Chúirt gur féidir pósadh leanaí a chlárú nuair a shroich an dá pháirtí aois na tromlachta.\nI gcás Bhagwati a dtugtar Reena v. Anil Choubey, bhí an t-iarratasóir ag iarraidh neamhniú an phósadh nuair a bhí sé iallach air pósadh le cailín míorú. D'fhógair an chúirt nach bhféadfaí an pósadh a neamhniú ach amháin ar rogha an chailín, a bhí ina mhionaoiseach tráth an phósadh. Deir an tAcht freisin gur féidir leis an gcúirt ordú a thabhairt freisin ag ordú don pháirtí fireann cothabháil a íoc leis an gcailín nuair a dhéantar an pósadh a neamhniú. Tá forálacha sa Acht freisin chun cearta leanaí a cheaptar ó phósadh den sórt sin a chosaint agus leas a chinntiú. Deir alt 6 den Acht go mbeidh leanaí a cheapfar ó phósadh den sórt sin dlisteanach, d'ainneoin stádas an phósadh.\nSa chás de G Saravanan v. An Coimisinéir Póilíneachta Chathair Trichy, a bhí i gceist, níorbh neamhní ná neamhní ach bailí póstaí leanaí. Níor aontaigh an Chúirt Uachtarach leis an seasamh seo agus chuir sé ar ceal é i gcás T Sivakumar v. an tIonadóir Póilíneachta. Dúirt an chúirt freisin go mbeidh éifeacht thar cuimse ag an Acht um Chearta a chur ar Phósadh Leanaí mar dhlí speisialta ar an Acht um Phósadh Hindu.\nIs é an chúis atá taobh thiar de a dhéanamh neamhbhailí agus ní neamhbhailí toisc go mbeadh sé ina dhroch-chosaint don pháirtí a bhí óg ag an am pósta. Bheadh sé ag brath ar an mionaoiseach chun cinneadh a dhéanamh ar thodhchaí an chaidrimh.\nI P Venkataramana v. Stát Andhra Pradesh, d'fhógair an chúirt go raibh bailícht pósadh leanaí ag eagla go ndéanfadh an dearbhaithe neamhbhailí agus neamhbhailí na leanaí neamhchiontach a rugadh as an pósadh bastard.\nDearbhaíonn an tAcht freisin go bhfuil cineálacha áirithe póstaí neamhbhailí. Deir alt 12 \"Má thógtar nó má mhealltar leanbh, a bheith ina mhionlach, ó choimeád an chaomhnóra dlíthiúil; nó (b) má éilítear air le fórsa, nó má spreagtar é ag aon mhodh meallta chun dul ó áit ar bith; nó (c) má dhíoltar é le haghaidh pósadh; agus má dhéantar é a chur trí chineál pósadh nó má phósadh an mhionlach agus má dhíoltar nó má dhéantar an mhionlach a thrádáil nó a úsáid chun críocha neamhmhorálta, beidh an pósadh sin neamhbhailí agus neamhbhailí\".\nCuireann an tAcht pionós dian ar fáil freisin a d'fhéadfadh a bheith suas le 2 bhliain nó fíneáil a d'fhéadfadh a bheith suas le 1 lakh nó an dá rud, (a) fear a bhí os cionn 18 mbliana d'aois agus a rinne conradh pósadh leanaí, (b) duine ar bith a dhéanann, a dhéanann, a stiúrann nó a chuireann i láthair pósadh leanaí mura féidir leis a chruthú go raibh cúis bhailí aige a chreidiúint nach pósadh leanaí a bhí ann agus (c) d'aon duine a bhí i gceannas ar an leanbh, bíodh sé ina thuismitheoir nó ina chaomhnóir nó in aon duine eile, má dhéanann sé aon ghníomh chun an pósadh a chur chun cinn nó má cheadaíonn sé pósadh leanaí nó má mhainníonn sé mar gheall ar a neamhriachtanas cosc a chur ar an bpósadh a bheith solemnized. Foráiltear sa Acht freisin go mbeidh aon chion a dhéanfar faoin Acht seo ina chion cognizable agus neamh-bailable.\nFaoin Acht um Phósadh Hindú agus an tAcht um Dhíscaoileadh Pósadh Moslamach freisin, tugtar an ceart don chailín an pósadh a dhíscaoileadh tar éis dó 15 bliana d'aois a bhaint amach agus sula dtiocfaidh sé 18 bliana d'aois.\nMaidir le cearta pósta, pionóisíonn Alt 5 (n) den Acht POCSO ionsaí gnéasach ionsaitheach ar leanbh ag duine ar bith atá gaolmhar leis trí phósadh. Déanann alt 375 den IPC gníomhartha gnéis le cailín faoi bhun 18 mbliana d'aois a phionósú freisin. Is eisceacht é seo ná nach rabhfadh sé ina fhoréigean a bheith ag a fear céile gnéas a bheith aige le cailín os cionn 15 agus faoi bhun 18 mbliana d'aois. D'fhoilsigh an Chúirt Uachtarach an foráil seo i gcás Independent Thought v. Union of India in 2017.\nSOCHTÁIL PÓSTAÍONNACHTÍ LEAN SAOR IN AON TÍORNA Eile\nAr fud an domhain, tá thart ar 650 milliún bean a bhí pósta sula raibh siad 18 mbliana d'aois. De réir WHO, rachaidh an líon sin go dtí billiún faoin mbliain 2030. De réir Ionad Taighde Pew, is ionann 117 tír ar a laghad ar fud an domhain agus a cheadaíonn pósadh leanaí, agus is é an Níger an líon is mó cásanna pósadh leanaí. Cé go gceadaíonn 153 tír as 198 tír do dhaoine pósadh tar éis dóibh a bheith baill den chomhlacht, cuireann cuid acu eisceachtaí áirithe ar fáil freisin. I dtíortha cosúil le Jamaica, Iaráic agus Uragua, ceadaítear pósadh leanaí le cead tuismitheoirí. Cé go bhfuil sé in Éirinn is féidir le duine atá 18 mbliana d'aois pósadh le duine atá chomh óg le 16. Sa tSúdáin, is pósadh bailí é pósadh idir cailín 10 mbliana d'aois agus buachaill a bhfuil puberty nó 15 bliana d'aois aige. 6 tír- Ní shonraíonn an Ghiné Ciorclach, an Gambia, an Araib Shádach, an tSomáil, an tSúdáin Theas agus an Iéimín aon aois chun pósadh.\nSEÓNA SAOIRDHEANNA CÓMHÁIN:\nCé go bhfuil Acht um Chosc ar Phósadh Leanaí 2017 ag an mBanglaidéis, a chuireann cosc ar phósadh cailíní faoi bhun 18 mbliana d'aois agus ar phósadh buachaillí faoi bhun 21 bliana d'aois, áfach, luaitear sa Acht freisin \"imthosca speisialta\" faoina bhféadfar pósadh leanaí a dhéanamh agus ní luaitear aon aois íosta chun pósadh faoin imthosca speisialta seo. Tá sé mar aidhm ag an mBanglaidéis pósadh leanaí faoi bhun 15 a dhíothú agus pósadh faoi bhun 18 a laghdú faoi thrian faoi 2021 agus deireadh a chur go hiomlán le pósadh leanaí faoi 2041.\nTá reachtaíocht dhian ag Singeapór i gcoinne pósadh leanaí. Faoi Chairt na mBan 1961, is é atá i mionaoiseach ná duine atá faoi 21 bliain d'aois agus nach féidir leis pósadh gan toiliú mura dtabharfaidh an tAire ceadúnas pósta. Níl aon chásanna suntasacha ann i Singeapór.\nSa Ríocht Aontaithe, is é 18 an aois dlíthiúil chun pósadh, áfach, is féidir le daoine idir 16-18 bliain d'aois pósadh le toiliú tuismitheoirí.\nMÉIDÍOCHT I gcásanna pósadh leanaí le linn an ghlasáil\nChuir COVID-19 an domhan i staonadh. Chuir sé iallach ar thíortha dul isteach i gclosadh a d'fhág tionchar ar gheilleagar ar fud an domhain. Seachas díobhálacha móra eacnamaíocha a chur i gcrích, bhí méadú ar chásanna pósadh leanaí mar thoradh air freisin. Thóg sé blianta chun feasacht a scaipeadh agus dlíthe a chur i bhfeidhm go docht, chun póstaí leanaí a laghdú. Ach mar gheall ar an dúnadh, ní raibh na hoifigigh rialtais in ann monatóireacht a dhéanamh go cuí agus bhain na ciontóirí leas as an staid seo.\nRoimhe sin freisin, ba é an príomh-spreagadh taobh thiar de phósadh leanaí ná fáil réidh leis an bhfreagracht as an leanbh cailín agus an méid doirteal a shábháil freisin. Bhí tionchar mór ag an dúnadh ar an ngeilleagar. Bhí ar go leor dul ar ais go dtí a mbaile dúchais agus a gcuid post a fhágáil. Faoi na strus eacnamaíoch atá ann, cinntíonn go leor a gcuid iníonacha faoi bhun-aois a phósadh. Tá bochtaineacht tar éis roinnt teaghlaigh a chur ag smaoineamh arís ar phósadh leanaí.\nMeastar go bhféadfadh thart ar 2.5 milliún pósadh leanaí a bheith ann mar gheall ar COVID-19. D'fhéadfadh sé seo gach rud a rinneadh le pósadh leanaí a chosc agus a thoirmeasc ar fud an domhain sna blianta anuas a aisiompú. Dá bhrí sin, ní mór do rialtais ar fud na cruinne a bheith ullamh chun déileáil le cás den sórt sin agus bearta leordhóthanacha a dhéanamh chun a chinntiú nach bhfaighidh an cleachtas olc póstaí leanaí bonn arís.\nTá pósadh leanaí ann inár dtír ó am go ham. Bhí an olc seo a chruthaigh an tsochaí ina dhroch-chosaint do na páirtithe. Tá an t-éileamh sin tar éis a bheith ina chúis le bás meabhrach, fisiciúil agus eacnamaíoch ar an dá ghnéas. Is sárú tromchúiseach de bhunchearta an duine é pósadh leanaí. Tá seans níos mó ann go mbeidh cailíní a phósadh mar leanaí mar gheall ar fhoréigean teaghlaigh, go bhfágfaidh siad an t-oideachas, go mbeidh deacrachtaí acu le linn toirchis agus breith agus nach rachaidh siad i gcrích de réir a gcumas. Cé go bhfuil dlíthe idirnáisiúnta agus réigiúnacha ag toirmeasc an chleachtas pósadh leanaí, tá sé fós ann inár sochaí. Le blianta anuas, tá cásanna pósadh leanaí san India tar éis titim, rud a d'fhéadfadh a bheith ann mar gheall ar scaipeadh feasachta chomh maith le gníomhaíocht bhreithiúnach agus dúisithe reachtaíochta. Mar sin féin, tá cásanna póstaí leanaí ag teacht suas. In ainneoin go bhfuil dlíthe ann a chuireann cosc ar an gcleachtas forleathan póstaí leanaí tá sé fós ina réaltacht san India.\nTá an cás níos casta mar gheall ar an amhuilíocht agus an neamhchomhfhiosach atá ann sa bhreithiúnas agus sna rialacha maidir le pósadh leanaí. Ar thaobh amháin, déantar forálacha pionóis chun an bhagairt a bhaineann le pósadh leanaí a chur faoi chois, agus ar an taobh eile, tá cinntí breithiúnacha éagsúla ann a dhéanann pósadh leanaí bailí.\nTá gá le hiarrachtaí comhbheartaithe ó na páirtithe leasmhara go léir, na páirtithe, na tuismitheoirí agus an phobal, chun na dlíthe reatha a dhéanamh níos éifeachtaí a chuirfeadh cosc ar phósadh leanaí sa deireadh. D'fhéadfadh feasacht níos mó a bheith ann faoi na héifeachtaí díobhálacha a bhaineann le pósadh leanaí chomh maith le daoine a oideachasú faoina gcearta a chabhródh le pósadh leanaí a stopadh.\nPósadh Leanaí (2020) < https://data.unicef.org/topic/child-protection/child-marriage/> a fuarthas ar 27 Deireadh Fómhair 2020.\nDearbhú Uilíoch um Chearta an Duine (1948).\nCoinbhinsiún na Náisiún Aontaithe maidir le cearta an linbh (1989).\nBunreacht na hIndia, 1950, alt 39 (f).\nAn Coimisiún Dlí na hIndia, Togra chun AMHÚN A DÍOCHTÚ ACHTA IARBAÍONTA PÓCÁILÍ LE GHAIBH, 2006 AGUS LE hAchtanna Eile Comhghuaillithe (Tuairisc an Choimisiúin Dlí Uimh. 205, 2008) caibidil 3.\nhttps://data.unicef.org/topic/child-protection/child-marriage/ .\nhttps://terredasie.com/english/english-articles/history-of-child-marriage-in-india/ .\n Marú Leanaí a Chríochnú; Próifíl ar Fhorbairt san India https://www.unicef.org/india/media/1176/file/Ending-Child-Marriage.pdf .\nAn tAcht um Chaomhnú Pósadh Leanaí, 1929,\nDr. Paras Diwan, Dlí Hindú Nua-aimseartha (24ú edn, Gníomhaireacht Dlí Allahabad 2019) pg 109.\nAIR 1986 Pat 128.\nAn tAcht um Chearta a Dhéanamh ar Phósadh Leanaí, 2006, alt 3.\n2008 151 PLR 326.\n2017 SC 1957.\nAn tAcht um Chearta a Dhéanamh ar Phósadh Leanaí, 2006, alt 4.\nAn tAcht um Chearta a Dhéanamh ar Phósadh Leanaí, 2006, alt 3.\n2017 SCC OnLine Mad 3565.\nAIR 2012 Madras 62.\nAIR 1977 AP 43.\nAn tAcht um Chearta a Dhéanamh ar Phósadh Leanaí, 2006, alt 12.\nAn tAcht um Chearta a Dhéanamh ar Phósadh Leanaí, 2006, alt 9.\nAn tAcht um Chearta a Dhéanamh ar Phósadh Leanaí, 2006, alt 10.\nAn tAcht um Chearta a Dhéanamh ar Phósadh Leanaí, 2006, alt 11.\nAn tAcht um Chearta a Dhéanamh ar Phósadh Leanaí, 2006, alt 15.\nAn tAcht um Pósadh Hindú 1955, alt 13 (2) (iv).\nAn tAcht um Dhíscaoileadh Pósadh Moslamach, 1939, s 2 (vii).\nAn tAcht um Chosaint Leanaí ó Gnéasaigh 2012, s 5 ((n).\n(2017) 10 SCC 800.\nAleksandra Sandstrom, Angelina E. Theodorou, Many Countries Allow Child Marriage https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2016/09/12/many-countries-allow-child-marriage/ .\nSophie Cousins, 2.5 milliún pósadh níos mó leanaí mar gheall ar COVID-19 https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(20)32112-7/fulltext \nScríobh Madhavi Raje, mac léinn dlí 2ú bliain Ollscoil Dlí Náisiúnta Dr Ram Manohar Lohia an t-alt seo.\nAn Féidir le Cailín Neamhphósúil a Maireachtáil le Fear Pósta?"} {"text": "Skål! Scandinavian Spirits Heritage Hall through October 8\nSkål! Scandinavian Spirits shares the history and traditions of drinking culture in the Scandinavian countries, and begins to explain how those traditions were carried into the U.S, focusing on two drinks in particular: beer and aquavit, a distillate that means \"the water of life.\"\nScandinavians have brewed beer for over 1,500 years.In pre-Christian times, the Norse god Odin was even credited with teaching humans how to brew beer, influencing the role of beer in worship and offering. Beer was also a major component of battle victory celebrations and sometimes drinking challenges. In the 1500s, distilled liquor proliferated throughout the Nordic countries, first highlighted as a tonic or medical cure-all and subsequently growing into a popular social and recreational custom. These early distillates often possessed terrible flavors, so herbs and other plants were used to improve the taste - a process that brought about aquavit.\nSkål: Scandinavian Spirits is presented by Aalborg and Linie Aquavits. The exhibition was organized by the Museum of Danish America in Elk Horn, Iowa.\n* * * * *\nAlso, join us for Scandinavian Cocktails andSkål! on Tuesday, July 24, from 6:00PM to 8:00PM at the Hjemkomst Center. Museum of Danish America curator Tova Brandt will lead an exhibition tour at 6:30PM and Proof Artisan Distillers will be on hand serving both samples and cocktails, heavy on the aquavit. Click here for info & tickets.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-16", "url": "https://www.hcscconline.org/skaringl-scandinavian-spirits.html", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370493684.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20200329015008-20200329045008-00538.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9562392831, "token_count": 331, "score": 2.609375, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Skål! - Tá sé! Seomra Oidhreachta Spioraid Scandinave go dtí an 8 Deireadh Fómhair\nSkål! - Tá sé! Tá Scandinavian Spirits ag roinnt stair agus traidisiúin an chultúir óil sna tíortha Scandinave, agus tosaíonn sé ag míniú conas a tugadh na traidisiúin sin isteach sna Stáit Aontaithe, ag díriú ar dhá dheoch go háirithe: beoir agus aquavit, dístealaithe a chiallaíonn \"uisce na beatha\".\nTá beoir déanta ag na hIarmanaigh le breis agus 1,500 bliain. I amanna réamh-Chríostaí, tugadh creidiúint fiú do Odin, dia na hIarmanaigh, le daoine a mhúineadh conas beoir a dhéanamh, ag tionchar a imirt ar ról an beoir i n-íobairtí agus i n-íobairtí. Bhí beoir ina chomhpháirt mhór de cheiliúradh bua sa chath agus uaireanta dúshláin óil. Sa 1500í, d'fhás deochanna díolta ar fud na dtíortha Nordacha, ar dtús mar tonic nó leigheas leighis agus ina dhiaidh sin ag fás i gcleachtas sóisialta agus siamsaíochta tóir. Bhí blas uafásach ag na deochanna seo go minic, mar sin baineadh úsáid as luibheanna agus plandaí eile chun an blas a fheabhsú - próiseas a thug faoi uisce.\nSkål: Scandinavian Spirits a chuireann Aalborg agus Linie Aquavits i láthair. D'eagraigh an Taispeántas Músaem Mheiriceá na Danmhairge i Elk Horn, Iowa.\n* * * * * * * * * * * * *\nChomh maith leis sin, bí linn le haghaidh Cocktails Scandinavian agus Skål! Dé Máirt, an 24 Iúil, ó 6:00PM go 8:00PM ag an Ionad Hjemkomst. Beidh músaem na Meiriceánach Danmhairge cúirteoir Tova Brandt a stiúradh turas taispeántais ag 6:30PM agus Proof Artisan Distillers beidh ar láimh ag freastal ar an dá samplaí agus cocktails, trom ar an aquavit. Cliceáil anseo le haghaidh faisnéise agus ticéid."} {"text": "An old and reclusive art, glove making has been intertwined with human culture since the days of the caveman. The first gloves resembled crude mittens. As the years passed, glove making became more of a refined art. Articulated fingers were stitched in to provide more dexterity and ease of movement. While glove makers’ guilds once dominated in a society obsessed with a covered hand, today very few remain. Fewer still are the patterns available for hand-made gloves. Machine sewn and hand-finished gloves are mostly what you’ll find in the market.\nGloves are seen in ancient writings, such as Homer’s ‘The Odyssey’, in which Laertes is said to wear gloves in his garden so as to avoid the brambles. There is some debate over the translation of this text. In The History of Herodotus, written in 440 BC, Herodotus describes how Leotychides was given a bribe in the form of a gauntlet overflowing with silver, which later incriminated him.\nAs years passed, the complexity and versatility of gloves grew. Plated gauntlets are dated back as far as the early 14th century. Before that, chainmail gloves were worn. Some knights were cited as wearing chainmail gloves under their plated gauntlets for added strength.\nNow if we look to the fashion world, we see a marvelous array of styles. Cloth and leather gauntlets displayed intricate embroideries. Ladies in the 19th century adored opera gloves. One peculiarity is that they tried to fit their hands into gloves a size too small! This forced one’s hand to rest in a half cupped position – perfect for greeting, but not for kissing. If you have ever attempted to don a glove you are too big for, you realize what a task these women undertook! Buttonhook and powdered alum provided some lubrication, but still, before an opera, determined women would sit for hours, coaxing their hands down into tight gloves.\nFew tomes remain that give us real insight of early gloves. One of the more revered in existence today is Le Gant. The book, while entirely in French, reveals many patterns and divulges a brief development and history of the glove. Also included are passages telling us of the period’s social relevance and sexual significance pertaining to the glove.\nInsulation from the heat or cold. Protection from scratches and cuts. The instigation of duels. Bold or minute fashion statements. Gloves have worn many hats, so to speak, throughout history. They continue to be a wholly integral part of many jobs today. Conversely, there has been a sharp decline in the use of gloves as fashion accessories over the past several decades. Fewer and fewer girls attend their proms with gloves. Fashion is a fickle thing, and only time will tell the future of the glove.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-39", "url": "http://glasshatmag.com/a-short-history-of-gloves/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818689779.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20170923213057-20170923233057-00638.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9672751427, "token_count": 594, "score": 2.96875, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Tá ealaín sean agus aisling, déanta glove intertwined le cultúr an duine ó laethanta an caveman. Bhí na chéad lámhainní cosúil le mittens amh. De réir mar a chuaigh na blianta ar aghaidh, tháinig ealaín níos mó agus níos mó i gceist le lámhscríobh glúine. Bhí méaraí comhcheangailte ina gcuid chun níos mó deisiúlachta agus éascaíocht a chur ar fáil. Cé gur bhain ceardlanna glove makers ceannas ar an tsochaí a bhí dírithe ar lámh chlúdaithe, níl ach cúpla duine fágtha inniu. Tá níos lú fós de na samhlacha atá ar fáil do lámhleabhair a dhéantar de láimh. Is iad na lámhainní a dhéantar a chóiriú i mheaisín agus a dhéantar a chríochnú de láimh a gheobhaidh tú sa mhargadh den chuid is mó.\nTá lámhainní le feiceáil i scríbhinní ársa, mar shampla Homer's The Odyssey, ina ndeirtear go raibh lámhainní ag Laertes ina ghairdín chun na brambles a sheachaint. Tá roinnt díospóireachta ann maidir le haistriúchán an téacs seo. I The History of Herodotus, a scríobh i 440 RC, déanann Herodotus cur síos ar an gcaoi a tugadh bribe do Leotychides i bhfoirm gauntlet atá thar a bheith airgid, a chuir ina chiontú é níos déanaí.\nDe réir mar a chuaigh na blianta ar aghaidh, d'fhás an castacht agus an solúbthacht a bhí ag gairdíní. Tá gauntlets plátaithe dátaí siar chomh fada leis an 14ú haois luatha. Roimh sin, bhí lámhainní chainmail á n-úsáid. Luaitear go raibh lámhscríbhinní chainmail ag roinnt ríthe faoi a gcuid gauntlets plátaithe le haghaidh neart breise.\nAnois, má fhéachann muid ar an domhan faisin, feicimid raon iontach stíleanna. Bhí bródúirí casta ar lámhleabhair éadaí agus leathair. Bhí grá ag mná sa 19ú haois do lámhainní óipéir. Ceann de na nithe a bhí sainiúil ná gur iarracht a ndearnadh a lámha a chur i nglaonna a bhí i bhfad ró-bheag! Chuir sé seo lámh amháin chun fanacht i riocht leath-cupped - foirfe le haghaidh beannacht, ach ní le haghaidh pógadh. Má rinne tú iarracht riamh glove a chaitheamh a bhfuil tú ró-mhór, tuigeann tú an tasc a rinne na mná seo! Buttonhook agus alum púdar soláthraithe roinnt lubrication, ach fós, roimh an opera, mná chinnte bheadh suí ar feadh uaireanta an chloig, coaxing a lámha síos i lámhacha dlúth.\nNíl ach cúpla tóim fágtha a thugann léargas fíor dúinn ar na glúineanna luatha. Ceann de na daoine is mó a bhfuil meas orthu inniu ná Le Gant. Léiríonn an leabhar, cé go bhfuil sé go hiomlán i bhFraincis, go leor patrúin agus nochtann sé forbairt ghearr agus stair an láimhe. Cuimsítear freisin sliocht a insíonn dúinn faoi ábharthacht shóisialta na tréimhse agus an tábhacht ghnéasach a bhaineann leis an gúna.\nInslithe ón teas nó ón fuar. Cosaint ó scratches agus cneasaithe. An instigation na duels. Ráitis faisin a bhfuil an-fhiú orthu nó a bhfuil an-fhiú orthu. Tá go leor hataí caite ag lámhainní, dá mbeifeá in ann labhairt, i rith na staire. Tá siad fós ina gcuid dhílis de go leor post sa lá atá inniu ann. Ar a mhalairt, tá laghdú mór tagtha ar úsáid lámhainní mar chiseáin faisin le blianta beaga anuas. Níos lú agus níos lú cailíní freastal ar a n-poll le glúine. Is rud é an faisean a bheith neamhspleách, agus ní bheidh ach am a insint an todhchaí an lámhainn."} {"text": "Hylton Castle was built by Sir William Hylton as his principal residence in about 1400.\nThe rich Hylton family had estates in Yorkshire, Durham and Northumberland and by the 13th century had assumed the title of a barony within the Bishopric of Durham.\nHylton Castle was intended to reflect the family’s status.\nWhether there were earlier buildings here is not known but the impressive gatehouse tower, the only part of the castle still standing, was almost certainly intended to be the dominant element of the new building. Other buildings were situated beyond the tower to the east, possibly arranged around a courtyard.\nThe Hyltons maintained their rank and wealth until the Civil War.\nDespite a reduction in their means, the family remained prosperous enough to refurbish the interior and add wings to the north and south side of the gatehouse in the first half of the 18th century.\nThe last Hylton died in 1746 and shortly afterwards the estate was sold.\nA century later it was bought by a local man, William Briggs, who demolished the 18th century wings, added larger windows and rebuilt the interior. The appearance of the 18th century house is, however, known from a number of antiquarian illustrations.\nFurther deterioration in the 20th century led to only the exterior walls being saved.\nThe Gatehouse Tower\nThe gatehouse tower, a substantial rectangular building, originally with four storeys, provided self-contained living accommodation for the Hylton family.\nThe ground floor included a central gate-passage, which was flanked by vaulted chambers. Those on the north side were used as storerooms, while those on the south side functioned as the guardroom and as a private chamber.\nOn the next floor was the great hall, rising to roof level, with a kitchen, pantry and buttery at one end and a chamber at the other.\nSimilar withdrawing chambers existed on the second floor; these were reached from the hall via a stair at the northern end of the projecting central east turret.\nThe third private chamber on the second floor was over the kitchens and was reached via the main stair at the southern end of the central east turret. A further two private chambers existed in the central east tower, accessed via the main stair.\nDescription of the exterior\nThe principal features of the west front of the castle include four square turrets with projecting octagonal crowns. Carved figures stood on the battlements.\nBeneath the curved central support of the parapet and on the central turrets is a splendid display of heraldry featuring the arms of the king, the Hyltons and related families.\nOn the east face are the arms of the castle’s builder and the white hart of Richard II. One of the shields bears the ‘stars and stripes’ of the Washington family.\nThe large Gothic windows were added in the 19th century when William Briggs refurbished the building. Three courses of ashlar sandstone blocks are the only remains of the demolished 18th-century south wing; the north wing no longer survives.\nThe ruined St Catherine’s Chapel, founded about 1157, stands nearby in the grounds.\nMorley, B 1976. 'Hylton Castle', Archaeological Journal, 133, 118-34\nMorley, B 1979. 'Hylton Castle', HMSO: London\nTaylor, T 1995. 'The Time Team Reports', Channel 4 Television: London\nThe text and pictures on this page are derived from the 'Heritage Unlocked' series of guidebooks published in 2004. We intend to review, update and enhance the content in the near future as part of the Portico project, whose objective is to provide information on the history, significance, research background and sources for all English Heritage properties.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-15", "url": "http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/daysout/properties/hylton-castle/history-and-research/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609530895.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005210-00652-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9640341997, "token_count": 783, "score": 3.25, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Thóg Sir William Hylton Caisleán Hylton mar a phríomhchónaithe thart ar 1400.\nBhí eastáit ag an teaghlach saibhir Hylton i Yorkshire, Durham agus Northumberland agus faoin 13ú haois bhí teideal baróine á glacadh acu laistigh d'Easpag Durham.\nBhí sé i gceist le Caisleán Hylton stádas an teaghlaigh a léiriú.\nNíl a fhios an raibh foirgnimh níos luaithe anseo ach bhí an túr an gheatacha álainn, an t-aon chuid den chaisleán atá fós ina sheasamh, beagnach cinnte mar chuid den fhoirgneamh nua. Bhí foirgnimh eile suite taobh thiar den túr chun an ear, b'fhéidir go raibh siad socraithe timpeall cúlchríocha.\nChaith na Hyltons a n-ardán agus a saibhreas go dtí an Cogadh Cathartha.\nIn ainneoin laghdú ar a n-acmhainní, d'fhan an teaghlach rathúil go leor chun an taobh istigh a athchóiriú agus sciatháin a chur le taobh thuaidh agus theas an gheatachaigh sa chéad leath den 18ú haois.\nFuair an Hylton deireanach bás i 1746 agus i mbeagán ama ina dhiaidh sin díoladh an t-eastát.\nSa bhliain ina dhiaidh sin cheannaigh fear áitiúil é, William Briggs, a scrios na sciatháin ón 18ú haois, a chuir fuinneoga níos mó ann agus a d'athdháileadh an taobh istigh. Tá an chuma ar an teach ón 18ú haois ar eolas, áfach, ó roinnt léaráidí sean-ealaíne.\nNí raibh ach na ballaí seachtracha slán de bharr athruithe breise sa 20ú haois.\nAn Túr Taigh-Ghála\nBhí an túr geata, foirgneamh réadchonnach suntasach, ceithre urlár ar dtús, ina chónaí féin-chomhádach do theaghlach Hylton.\nBhí geata-chúrsa lárnach sa urlár talún, a bhí flanked ag ceamaraí voiléad. Baineadh úsáid as na cinn ar an taobh thuaidh mar sheomraí stórála, agus baineadh úsáid as na cinn ar an taobh theas mar sheomraí coimeádta agus mar sheomra príobháideach.\nAr an urlár eile bhí an halla mór, ag ardú go leibhéal an díon, le cistin, pantry agus buttery ar cheann amháin agus seomra ar an ceann eile.\nBhí seomraí tarraingthe siar den chineál céanna ar an dara hurlár; bhí rochtain orthu ón halla trí chéim ag deireadh thuaidh an turret lárnach thoir atá ag titim amach.\nBhí an tríú seomra príobháideach ar an dara hurlár os cionn na gcistin agus bhí sé inrochtana tríd an phríomhstair ag deireadh theas an turret lárnach thoir. Bhí dhá sheomra príobháideach eile sa túr lárnach thoir, a bhí ar fáil tríd an bpríomhstaighre.\nTuairisc ar an taobh amuigh\nI measc na bpríomhghnéithe ar aghaidh an iarthair ar an caisleán tá ceithre turret cearnach le coróin ochtagonála ag titim amach. Bhí figiúirí carved ar na battlements.\nFaoi thacaíocht lárnach cuartha an parapet agus ar na turretí lárnacha tá taispeáint iontach de heraldry ag taispeáint arm an rí, na Hyltons agus teaghlaigh gaolmhara.\nAr an taobh thoir tá arm na tógálaí caisleáin agus an deird bán de Richard II. Tá na 'réaltaí agus na stiallaí' de theaghlach Washington ar cheann de na sciatháin.\nCuireadh na fuinneoga móra Gotach leis sa 19ú haois nuair a rinne William Briggs an foirgneamh a athchóiriú. Is iad trí chúrsa de bhlocanna gaineamhchloch ashlar na haimsire amháin den sciath ó dheas an 18ú haois a scriosadh; níl an sciath thuaidh fós ann.\nTá Caipéal na Naomh Catherine, a bunaíodh thart ar 1157, i ndroch-chroí sa chúirt.\nMorley, B 1976. 'Caisleán Hylton', Archaeological Journal, 133, 118-34\nMorley, B 1979. 'Hylton Castle', HMSO: Londain\nTaylor, T 1995. 'Tuairiscí an Choiste Am', Teilifís Channel 4: Londain\nTá an téacs agus na pictiúir ar an leathanach seo díorthaithe ó shraith na dtreoracha 'Oidhreacht Oscailte' a foilsíodh i 2004. Tá sé i gceist againn an t-ábhar a athbhreithniú, a nuashonrú agus a fheabhsú sa todhchaí ghearr mar chuid den tionscadal Portico, a bhfuil sé mar aidhm aige faisnéis a sholáthar maidir le stair, tábhacht, cúlra taighde agus foinsí do gach maoin Oidhreachta Shasana."} {"text": "The Irish Refugee Council continues to promote best practices for the protection of the rights of children and young people, including separated children, at all stages of the asylum process. Through research and our advocacy and policy, we work to address the specific challenges facing children living in Direct Provision (and emergency) accomodation, close the protection gaps for separated children under the ‘Aging Out’ policy and present durable solutions for children separated at both the national and regional level.\nWith the length of time in the asylum process in Ireland ranging from less than a year to more than seven years, children spend a significant proportion of their childhood in Direct Provision accommodation. Children living in these centres are not necessarily applying for asylum themselves, but are the children of people seeking asylum and may have been born and lived their whole lives in Ireland. Regardless of their or their families’ status, these children did not choose to come to Ireland and they have no control over their circumstances.\nAll children need to be raised in an atmosphere where care providers offer emotional protection and support. In addition to a loving family life, children need stimulation, encouragement, instruction, rules and limitations. Moreover, care providers must be able to lead by example through their behaviour, exhibition of values and religious and cultural practices. Direct Provision is an unnatural family environment that is not conducive to positive development in children. Parents in Direct Provision are unable to care for or govern the rules and customs of their family and the upbringing of their children due to the restrictions of living in centres.\nAs of August 2019, there were 1,647 children in the Direct Provision system.\nRead our report on 'State Sanctioned Child Poverty and Exclusion, The case of children in state accomodation for asylum seekers'\nSeparated children are defined as children under 18 years of age who are outside their country of origin and separated from both parents, or their previous legal/customary primary caregiver. The Irish Refugee Council acts as the Irish national focal point for the Separated Children in Europe (SCEP) Network. We also work towards closing a protection gap outlining core standards for guardians of separated children in Europe.\nFor a separated child, aging out of care, or reaching the age of 18 years, is a frightening time. Separated children arrive in Ireland between the ages of 0 and 17.5 years, although the majority arrive between the ages of 16-17 years. During the time that they spend as a minor, they are in the care of the Health Service Executive (HSE). They have a social worker, a care plan and the beginnings of an aftercare plan. They are often in foster placements or residential homes with 24 hour care staff support.\nAs they reach the age of 18, separated children begin the transition to Direct Provision accommodation. They are often dispersed to a new County losing contact with their families, social workers, aftercare workers, schools, support networks and their friends. They are often forced to leave school early or change schools as well as GPs and counsellors. These young people find themselves in shared accommodation with no support services living on very little. These young people are at particular risk of being re-traumatised, exploited or even trafficked.\nThrough our advocacy and policy work, the Irish Refugee Council is working towards changing the 'Aging Out' policy seeking an alternative solution that protects and upholds the safety, dignity and well-being of all young people seeking international protection in Ireland.\nCore Standards for guardians of separated children in Europe\nA child-friendly guide\nA guide to the Committee on the Rights of the Child's General Comment Number 6 on the treatment of unaccompanied and separated children outside their country of origin\nThe case of children in State accommodation for asylum seekers\nPaper on incorporating the best interests of the child into the Immigration, Residence and Protection Bill 2010", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-24", "url": "https://www.irishrefugeecouncil.ie/Listing/Category/children-young-people", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347390448.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20200526050333-20200526080333-00227.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9575725794, "token_count": 786, "score": 2.59375, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Tá an Chomhairle um Thearmann Éireann ag leanúint ar aghaidh ag cur na gcleachtas is fearr chun cearta leanaí agus daoine óga a chosaint, lena n-áirítear leanaí a scartha óna chéile, ag gach céim den phróiseas tearmainn. Trí thaighde agus ár n-aird agus polasaí, oibrímid chun aghaidh a thabhairt ar na dúshláin shonracha atá ag cloinn atá ina gcónaí i gconclúid Soláthair Díreach (agus éigeandála), na bearnaí cosanta do leanaí a scartha faoi bheartas \"Aging Out\" a dhúnadh agus réitigh bhuana a chur i láthair do leanaí a scartha ar an leibhéal náisiúnta agus réigiúnach araon.\nDe réir mar a bhíonn an tréimhse ama sa phróiseas tearmainn in Éirinn idir níos lú ná bliain agus níos mó ná seacht mbliana, caitheann leanaí cuid shuntasach dá d'óige i gconarthaí Soláthair Díreach. Ní gá go bhfuil leanaí a chónaíonn sna hionaid seo ag cur iarratas ar thearmann leo féin, ach is iad leanaí daoine atá ag lorg tearmann agus b'fhéidir gur rugadh iad agus gur chaith siad a saol ar fad in Éirinn. Is beag a bhfuil stádas na leanaí nó stádas a dteaghlaigh, ní raibh na páistí seo ag iarraidh teacht go hÉirinn agus níl aon smacht acu ar a gcúinsí.\nNí mór do gach leanbh a bheith á thógáil i dtimpeallacht ina gcuireann soláthraithe cúraim cosaint agus tacaíocht mhothúchánach ar fáil. Chomh maith le saol teaghlaigh grámhar, teastaíonn spreagadh, spreagadh, teagasc, rialacha agus teorainneacha ó leanaí. Ina theannta sin, ní mór do sholáthraithe cúraim a bheith in ann a bheith ina gceannairí trí shampla a thabhairt trína n-iompar, trí luachanna a thaispeáint agus trí chleachtais reiligiúnacha agus cultúrtha. Is éard atá i soláthar díreach ná timpeallacht teaghlaigh neamhnádúrtha nach bhfuil chun leasa forbartha dearfach leanaí. Ní féidir le tuismitheoirí atá i soláthar díreach aire a thabhairt do rialacha agus do ghnáthanna a dteaghlaigh agus d'a leanaí a chothú nó iad a rialú mar gheall ar na srianta a bhaineann le maireachtáil ionaid.\nI mí Lúnasa 2019, bhí 1,647 leanbh sa chóras Soláthair Díreach.\nLéigh ár dtuarascáil ar 'Béim agus Eisiamh Leanaí a Cheadaítear ag an Stát, Cás na bpáistí i gcosanta stáit d'iarrthóirí tearmainn'\nSainmhínítear leanaí scartha mar leanaí faoi 18 mbliana d'aois atá lasmuigh dá dtír thionscnaimh agus scartha ó thuismitheoirí araon, nó óna príomhoibritheoir dlíthiúil/oiriúnach roimhe seo. Feidhmíonn Comhairle Theas na hÉireann do Thearmannta mar phointe fócasach náisiúnta na hÉireann do Líonra na mBliana Aosmálta san Eoraip (SCEP). Tá muid ag obair freisin chun bearna cosanta a dhúnadh trí bhunchaighdeáin a leagan amach do chaomhnóirí leanaí a scartha san Eoraip.\nMaidir le leanbh a scartha óna chéile, is tréimhse scanrúil é dul in aois gan cúram, nó aois 18 a bhaint amach. Tagann leanaí a scartha óna chéile go hÉirinn idir 0 agus 17.5 bliana d'aois, cé go dtagann an chuid is mó idir 16-17 bliana d'aois. Le linn an ama a chaitheann siad mar mhionlaigh, tá siad faoi chúram an Rialtais na Seirbhíse Sláinte (HSE). Tá oibrí sóisialta acu, plean cúraim agus tús phlean cúraim iar-chúrsa. Is minic a bhíonn siad i gcúram nó i dtithe cónaithe le tacaíocht foirne cúraim 24 uair an chloig.\nNuair a shroicheann leanaí a scartha óna chéile 18 mbliana d'aois, tosaíonn siad ag aistriú chuig cóiríocht Soláthair Díreach. Is minic a scaiptear iad go dtí Contae nua agus cailltear teagmháil leo lena dteaghlaigh, lena n-oibrithe sóisialta, lena n-oibrithe cúraim iarchoimeádta, lena scoileanna, lena líonraí tacaíochta agus lena gcairde. Is minic a bhíonn siad iallach orthu an scoil a fhágáil go luath nó scoileanna a athrú chomh maith le dochtúirí ginearálta agus comhairleoirí. Tá na daoine óga seo i gcómhthuireacha comhroinnte gan aon seirbhísí tacaíochta agus gan mórán airgid acu. Tá na daoine óga seo i mbaol go háirithe a bheith ath-traumaithe, a shaothrú nó fiú a thrádáil.\nTá an Chomhairle um Thearmann Éireann ag obair chun an beartas 'Aging Out' a athrú trína obair abhcóideachta agus beartais, agus réiteach eile á lorg lena gcosaítear agus lena n-áiritheofar sábháilteacht, dínit agus folláine gach duine óg atá ag lorg cosaint idirnáisiúnta in Éirinn.\nBunchaighdeáin do chaomhnóirí leanaí a scartha san Eoraip\nTreoir atá oiriúnach do leanaí\nTreoir do Choiste um Chearta an Linbh Tuairim Ghinearálta Uimhir 6 maidir le cóireáil leanaí gan chabhair agus leanaí a scartha óna chéile lasmuigh dá dtír thionscnaimh\nCás na leanaí i gcriosanna Stáit d'iarrthóirí tearmainn\nPáipéar maidir le leas is fearr an linbh a ionchorprú sa Bhille um Inimirce, Cónaithe agus Cosanta 2010"} {"text": "The purpose of A Look at Learning is to maximize English learners' achievement by\n- Enabling teachers, coaches, and administrators to understand key features of English Language Development (ELD) and Specially Designed Academic Instruction in English (SDAIE) settings.\n- Providing a system to promote teachers' implementation of research-based practices.\n- Promoting teacher efficacy through self-reflection.\nResearch Basis and Core Components\nA.L.L. is a comprehensive system comprised of 17 core components that are based on current research on instruction for English learners and in the field of Implementation Science. A central feature of A.L.L. is the research-based Guide to Observation of ELD and SDAIE Settings.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-39", "url": "http://all.sccoe.org/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818690318.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20170925040422-20170925060422-00718.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9263843894, "token_count": 150, "score": 2.90625, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Is é cuspóir A Look at Learning ná cur le hacmhainní foghlaimeoirí Béarla trí\n- Múinteoirí, cóitseálaithe agus riarthóirí a chumasú chun príomhghnéithe Fhorbairt Béarla na teanga (ELD) agus Instruchtúr Acadúil Speisialta a Dheartha sa Bhéarla (SDAIE) a thuiscint.\n- Córas a chur ar fáil chun cur i bhfeidhm cleachtais bunaithe ar thaighde a chur chun cinn ag múinteoirí.\n- Feidhmíocht mhúinteora a chur chun cinn trí fhéin-imní.\nBunús Taighde agus Príomh-Comhpháirteanna\nA.L.L. Is córas cuimsitheach é atá comhdhéanta de 17 phríomhchomhpháirt atá bunaithe ar thaighde reatha ar theagasc do fhoghlaimeoirí Béarla agus i réimse na Eolaíochta Feidhmithe. Gné lárnach de A.L.L. Is é an Treoir um Breathnú ar Shuíomhanna ELD agus SDAIE atá bunaithe ar thaighde."} {"text": "The basic objective behind a project management is to achieve the defined set of objectives and goals for a project in a definite time frame within the allocated budget. A project manager deploys different strategies to get the best results out of a project. For this different project management methodologies have been designed keeping in mind the requirements and need of the project.\nDifferent types of projects require different project management methodologies for implementation that helps the project managers at every stage of the project starting from its initiation till its completion. Some of the most commonly used project management methodologies in project management are:\nAdaptive Project Framework:\nIn an Adaptive Project Framework, the scope of the project is variable. However, the time frame and budget of the project is fixed. In this method, the execution of the project scope is adjusted as per the time and budget keeping in mind to get the best value as the project outcome.\nAgile Software Development:\nAgile software development methodology is basically employs in such kinds of projects that have highly active requirements. The requirements may include is for a projects that needs extreme agility in requirements. The key features of agile are its short-termed delivery cycles (sprints), agile requirements, dynamic team culture, less restrictive project control, and emphasis on real-time communication.\nIn a crystal method the major importance is paid to team communication, team member skills, people, and interaction instead of giving priority to the project processes. Crystal methods can be considered under the agile category.\nDynamic Systems Development Model (DSDM):\nThis is an advance form of Rapid Application Development (RAD) methodology and can also be considered under the agile software development methodology in which training, documentation and active user involvement during the project life cycle is given utmost importance.\nExtreme Programming (XP):\nExtreme Programming (XP) is a software development methodology ahead of various agile software development methodologies and is quite different from the traditional methodologies. Extreme Programming (XP) is indented enhance software quality and responsiveness to changing customer requirement in the entire project cycle providing high degree of adaptability. Extreme Programming (XP) is one of the best methodologies that can be used to meet the changing requirement of customers in dynamic projects at any point of the project life cycle.\nFeature Driven Development (FDD):\nFeature Driven Development (FDD) as a project management methodology is based on simple and well-defined processes that understand the need of the project with short iterative and feature driven delivery cycles. FDD is mostly used in software development projects that recognises the role of every individual in a project and specifies what role should be given to whom.\nInformation Technology Infrastructure Library (ITIL):\nThe Information Technology Infrastructure Library (ITIL), is a set of best practices for IT service management (ITSM) focusing on the need of the business and is one of the best project management methodologies in use at present. ITIL is known to cover the broader aspect of project management including procedures, tasks and checklists for the implementation of project plant efficiently.\nJoint Application Development (JAD):\nJoint Application Development (JAD) is a process that stimulates the design of information technology solutions using customer involvement and group dynamics in order to understand the actual need of the business for the project to develop an effective solution for the same. JAD involves interviewing stakeholders individually rather than group consensus in order to fine a proper solution to the problem.\nLean Development (LD):\nLean Development (LD) is basically a set of used to reduce the waste in a project in order to provide the client with the best return on investment. This involves identifying the problems that can be solved individually and once the individual waste has been identified, it becomes quite easy to run the project efficiently with least amount of waste. Thus lean development helps in proper planning and execution of project with highest degree of value.\nRapid Application Development (RAD):\nRapid Application Development (RAD) lays emphasis on development of products of high quality at a faster rate. Rapid application development (RAD) ensures much faster development and higher-quality results than traditional methods, which requires minimum planning using component based construction approach. The lack of extensive research and pre-planning allows the software to be written very fast and make it easier to change the requirements if needed.\nRational Unified Process (RUP):\nThe Rational Unified Process (RUP) is an iterative software development process that is used in the software development projects methodologies known for its adaptable nature. This method allows the users or project team to select the elements based on their need. Thus, RUP covers all the modern and useful aspect of software development methodologies and brings them into one package.\nScrum is an agile methodology that is particularly aimed to enhance the productivity of the project team dramatically by reducing all possible burden on the team. Scrum project methodologies are especially managed by a Scrum master.\nSpiral methodology is an extended version of waterfall model with prototyping that is used in place of using waterfall techniques in large projects.\nSystems Development Life Cycle (SDLC):\nSystems Development Life Cycle (SDLC) is the most commonly used as software project management methodologies in which two or more different more project management methodologies to get the best result for the project. SDLC lays emphasis on more documentation and follows strict guidelines.\nWaterfall Approach (Traditional):\nThe waterfall model is a popular and traditional form of project management methodologies widely used in software development projects and considered to be the classic approach to SDLC. Waterfall approach follows different goals and objective for each phase of the process. Once one phase is completed the development moves to the next phase automatically.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-15", "url": "http://roseindia.net/management/projectmanagement/what-is-project-management-methodologies.html", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609524644.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005204-00430-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9143072367, "token_count": 1156, "score": 2.953125, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Is é an cuspóir bunúsach atá taobh thiar de bhainistíocht tionscadail ná an tacar sainithe cuspóirí agus spriocanna a bhaint amach do thionscadal i gcreat ama sainithe laistigh den bhuiséad leithdháilte. Déanann bainisteoir tionscadail straitéisí éagsúla a úsáid chun na torthaí is fearr a fháil as tionscadal. Chun na críche sin, dearadh modheolaíochtaí éagsúla bainistíochta tionscadail agus riachtanais agus riachtanais an tionscadail á gcur san áireamh.\nTá gá le modheolaíochtaí éagsúla bainistíochta tionscadail chun tionscadail a chur i bhfeidhm a chabhraíonn le bainisteoirí tionscadail i ngach céim den tionscadal óna thionscnamh go dtí a chríochnú. Is iad seo a leanas cuid de na modheolaíochtaí bainistíochta tionscadail is coitianta a úsáidtear i mbainistíocht tionscadail:\nCreat tionscadail oiriúnaithe:\nI gCreat Tionscadail Incháilithe, tá raon feidhme an tionscadail éagsúil. Tá creat ama agus buiséad an tionscadail socraithe, áfach. Sa mhodh seo, déantar cur chun feidhme raon feidhme an tionscadail a choigeartú de réir an ama agus an bhuiséid agus an luach is fearr á fháil mar thoradh ar an tionscadal.\nForbairt Bogearraí Ghluaiste:\nBaineann modh-uirlis forbartha bogearraí cliste le foirmeacha den sórt sin de thionscadail a bhfuil riachtanais an-ghníomhacha acu. Is féidir leis na ceanglais a bheith i gceist le haghaidh tionscadal a bhfuil gá le solúbthacht mhór i riachtanais. Is iad na príomhghnéithe atá ag an agile ná a timthriallta seachadta gearrthéarmach (sprintí), riachtanais agile, cultúr foirne dinimiciúil, rialú tionscadail níos lú srianta, agus béim ar chumarsáid fíor-ama.\nI modh criostail tugtar an tábhacht is mó do chumarsáid foirne, scileanna comhalta foirne, daoine, agus idirghníomhú in ionad tosaíocht a thabhairt do phróisis an tionscadail. Is féidir modhanna criostail a mheas faoin gcatagóir cliste.\nModal Forbartha Córais Dinimiciúla (DSDM):\nIs foirm chun cinn é seo de mhodheolaíocht Forbartha Gasta Iarratas (RAD) agus is féidir é a mheas freisin faoin mhodheolaíocht forbartha bogearraí solúbtha ina dtugtar an-tábhacht ar oiliúint, ar dhoiciméadú agus ar rannpháirtíocht ghníomhach úsáideoirí le linn timthriall saoil an tionscadail.\nClárú Tréimhsí (XP):\nIs modh-uirlis forbartha bogearraí é Extreme Programming (XP) os comhair modheolaíochtaí éagsúla forbartha bogearraí cliste agus tá sé an-difriúil ó na modheolaíochtaí traidisiúnta. Tá sé beartaithe ag Clárú Extreme (XP) cáilíocht bogearraí a fheabhsú agus freagairt do riachtanais athraitheacha an chustaiméara i dtimthriall iomlán an tionscadail a sholáthraíonn ardleibhéal oiriúnaitheachta. Tá Clárú Extreme (XP) ar cheann de na modheolaíochtaí is fearr is féidir a úsáid chun freastal ar riachtanais athraitheacha na gcustaiméirí i dtionscadail dinimiciúla ag aon phointe de shaolré an tionscadail.\nForbairt faoi Thiomáint Feature (FDD):\nTá Forbairt Tharraingthe ar Fheidhmeanna (FDD) mar mhodheolaíocht bainistíochta tionscadail bunaithe ar phróisis shimplí agus dea-shainithe a thuigeann riachtanas an tionscadail le timthriallta seachadta gearr athfhillteach agus tharraingthe ar fheidhm. Úsáidtear FDD den chuid is mó i dtionscadail forbartha bogearraí a aithníonn ról gach duine aonair i dtionscadal agus a shonraíonn cén ról ba cheart a thabhairt do cé.\nLeabharlann Infreastruchtúr Teicneolaíochta Faisnéise (ITIL):\nIs éard atá i leabharlann bonneagair teicneolaíochta faisnéise (ITIL) sraith dea-chleachtais le haghaidh bainistíochta seirbhísí TF (ITSM) a dhíríonn ar riachtanais an ghnó agus tá sé ar cheann de na modheolaíochtaí bainistíochta tionscadail is fearr atá in úsáid faoi láthair. Tá a fhios go gcumhdaíonn ITIL an ghné níos leithne de bhainistíocht tionscadail lena n-áirítear nósanna imeachta, tascanna agus seiceálacha chun tionscadal a chur i bhfeidhm go héifeachtach.\nForbairt Comhpháirteach Iarratas (JAD):\nIs próiseas é Forbairt Comhpháirteach Iarratas (JAD) a spreagann dearadh réitigh teicneolaíochta faisnéise trí rannpháirtíocht chustaiméirí agus dinimic ghrúpa a úsáid d'fhonn tuiscint a fháil ar an bhfíor-riachtanas atá ag an ngnó don tionscadal chun réiteach éifeachtach a fhorbairt don rud céanna. Baineann JAD le cainteanna a dhéanamh le páirtithe leasmhara go aonair seachas comhthoil ghrúpa chun réiteach cuí ar an bhfadhb a fháil.\nForbairt Lean (LD):\nIs éard atá i bhforbairt lean (LD) go bunúsach sraith de mhodhanna a úsáidtear chun an dramhaíl a laghdú i dtionscadal d'fhonn an toradh is fearr ar infheistíocht a sholáthar don chliaint. Baineann sé seo le sainmhíniú na gcúiseanna a fhéadfar a réiteach go aonair agus nuair a bheidh an dramhaíl aonair sainaitheanta, bíonn sé go leor éasca an tionscadal a reáchtáil go héifeachtach le méid is lú dramhaíola. Mar sin, cabhraíonn forbairt lean le pleanáil agus le cur i gcrích ceart tionscadail leis an leibhéal is airde luach.\nForbairt Gasta Iarratas (RAD):\nLe forbairt tapa iarratais (RAD), cuirtear béim ar tháirgí ardchaighdeáin a fhorbairt ar ráta níos tapúla. Cinntíonn forbairt tapa feidhmchláir (RAD) forbairt i bhfad níos tapúla agus torthaí ar chaighdeán níos airde ná modhanna traidisiúnta, a éilíonn pleanáil íosta ag baint úsáide as cur chuige tógála bunaithe ar chomhpháirteanna. De bharr nach bhfuil taighde agus réamhphleanáil fairsing déanta, is féidir an bogearraí a scríobh go tapa agus is féidir na riachtanais a athrú níos éasca más gá.\nPróiseas Aonair Réasúnach (RUP):\nIs próiseas forbartha bogearraí athfhillteach é an Próiseas Aonair Réasúnach (RUP) a úsáidtear i modheolaíochtaí tionscadal forbartha bogearraí ar a dtugtar a nádúr oiriúnaithe. Ligeann an modh seo d'úsáideoirí nó d'fhoireann an tionscadail na heilimintí a roghnú bunaithe ar a riachtanas. Dá bhrí sin, cuimsíonn RUP gach gné nua-aimseartha agus úsáideach de mhodheolaíochtaí forbartha bogearraí agus tugann sé iad le chéile i bpacáiste amháin.\nIs modh-oideachas cliste é Scrum a bhfuil sé mar aidhm aige go háirithe táirgiúlacht fhoireann an tionscadail a fheabhsú go suntasach trí gach ualach féideartha ar an bhfoireann a laghdú. Baineann Scrum-mháistir le modheolaíochtaí tionscadail Scrum go háirithe.\nIs leagan leathnaithe den mhodhchlár waterfall le prototaipíocht é an mhodheolaíocht spíreála a úsáidtear in ionad teicnící waterfall a úsáid i dtionscadail mhóra.\nCiorcal Saoil Forbartha Córais (SDLC):\nIs é an timthriall saoil forbartha córais (SDLC) an ceann is coitianta a úsáidtear mar mhodheolaíochtaí bainistíochta tionscadail bogearraí ina bhfuil dhá mhodheolaíochtaí bainistíochta tionscadail éagsúla nó níos mó chun an toradh is fearr a fháil don tionscadal. Cuireann SDLC béim ar níos mó doiciméid agus leanann sé treoirlínte dian.\nBealach na dTreochta (Traidisiúnta):\nIs cineál coitianta agus traidisiúnta modhanna bainistíochta tionscadail é an tsamhail uiscebheatha a úsáidtear go forleathan i dtionscadail forbartha bogearraí agus a mheastar gurb é an cur chuige clasaiceach do SDLC é. Tá spriocanna agus cuspóirí éagsúla ag cur chuige an charraig le haghaidh gach céim den phróiseas. Nuair a bheidh céim amháin críochnaithe, bogann an fhorbairt go huathoibríoch chuig an gcéad chéim eile."} {"text": "Standing on the bank of a salt marsh on Georgia’s Sapelo Island, wearing shin-high rubber boots, Mary Ann Moran encouraged a group of high school students to join her.\n“Just go ahead and get muddy,” said Moran, a UGA professor of marine sciences. “It’s fun.”\nThe goal was to collect brackish water for the students to analyze later, using state-of-the-art DNA techniques. Marine bacteria are still so poorly understood that there’s a good chance that many of the students would identify new species.\n“About half will find bacteria that have never been found before,” Moran said.\nFor the past decade, Moran’s research has focused on a particular group of marine bacteria known as roseobacters for the pink color of some of the cells. Moran’s work, recently awarded a $2.6 million grant from the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation, is illuminating how these marine bacteria move sulfur from the oceans to the atmosphere, where it plays a role in seeding clouds and regulating the Earth’s climate.\nMoran has been working on Sapelo Island, home to UGA’s Marine Institute, for 20 years. Her trip to Sapelo earlier this year with 20 Cedar Shoals High School students helped show them a field that Moran said is important but often overlooked. Even those who go on to become chemists, musicians, accountants or doctors will have a sense of the vital role bacteria play in the health of the planet.\nOn Sapelo, the students collected water samples from the marsh and got to go out on the research boat Spartina. Then they headed home, taking with them samples that contained the bacteria. The high-school students would later analyze the bacteria using the same DNA techniques that Moran uses in her lab.\nAfter giving the bacteria a few weeks to grow on petri dishes, Moran visited the students in their classroom at Cedar Shoals to teach them how to isolate the bacteria. A few weeks later, the students visited her lab to amplify-or copy many times-one gene in the bacterial DNA that serves as a “fingerprint” to help them discover its identity. Later, they obtained the exact order, or sequence, of the base pairs that make up this gene.\nMoran’s work with young scientists, from high school students to post- graduate students, assures that future generations will keep asking important questions about the ocean’s unseen yet vital bacteria.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-40", "url": "https://news.uga.edu/the-little-things-that-matter/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510358.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20230928031105-20230928061105-00080.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.957847178, "token_count": 520, "score": 3.28125, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Ag seasamh ar bhruach marsh salann ar Oileán Sapelo Georgia, ag caitheamh buataisí rubair ard-shin, spreag Mary Ann Moran grúpa mac léinn ardscoile a bheith páirteach léi.\n\"Just go ahead and get muddy\", a dúirt Moran, ollamh eolaíochtaí muirí UGA. Is spraoi é.\nBa é an aidhm ná uisce brackish a bhailiú le haghaidh anailíse na mac léinn ina dhiaidh sin, ag baint úsáide as teicnící DNA is déanaí. Tá an-bheagán eolais fós ar bhaictéir mhuirí agus tá seans maith ann go bhfanfaidh go leor de na mic léinn ag aithint speicis nua.\n\"Féadfaidh thart ar leath baictéir a fháil nár aimsíodh riamh roimhe seo\", a dúirt Moran.\nLe deich mbliana anuas, d'airdigh taighde Moran ar ghrúpa áirithe baictéir mhuirí ar a dtugtar roseobacteris mar gheall ar dath bándearg cuid de na cealla. Tá obair Moran, a bronnadh deontas $ 2.6 milliún air le déanaí ó Bhunachar Gordon agus Betty Moore, ag soláthar solais ar an gcaoi a n-aistrigh na baictéir mara seo sulfair ó na farraigí go dtí an atmaisféar, áit a bhfuil ról aige i scoth na n-uisce agus i rialú aeráide na Talún.\nTá Moran ag obair ar Oileán Sapelo, baile Institiúid Mhuirí UGA, le 20 bliain. Chabhraigh a turas go Sapelo níos luaithe i mbliana le 20 mac léinn Ard-Scoile Cedar Shoals le réimse a thaispeáint dóibh a dúirt Moran go bhfuil sé tábhachtach ach go minic a dhéantar dearmad air. Fiú amháin iad siúd a théann ar aghaidh chun bheith ina ceimic, ceoltóirí, cuntasóirí nó dochtúirí beidh tuiscint acu ar an ról ríthábhachtach a imríonn baictéir i sláinte an phláinéid.\nAr Sapelo, bhail na mic léinn samplaí uisce ón marsh agus fuair siad dul amach ar an bhád taighde Spartina. Ansin chuaigh siad abhaile, ag glacadh samplaí a raibh na baictéir iontu leo. D'anailís na mic léinn ardscoile na baictéir níos déanaí ag baint úsáide as na teicnící DNA céanna a úsáideann Moran ina saotharlann.\nTar éis dó na baictéir a thabhairt ar feadh cúpla seachtain chun fás ar mhiasanna petri, thug Moran cuairt ar na mic léinn ina seomra ranga ag Cedar Shoals chun a mhúineadh dóibh conas na baictéir a leithdháileadh. Cúpla seachtain ina dhiaidh sin, thug na mic léinn cuairt ar a saotharlann chun géin a mhéadú - nó a chóipeáil go leor uaireanta - i DNA baictéarach a fheidhmíonn mar 'fingerprint' chun cabhrú leo a shainaithint a fháil amach. Níos déanaí, fuair siad ord, nó seicheamh, na bpáirtí bonn a dhéanann an géin seo.\nCuireann obair Moran le heolaithe óga, ó mhic léinn ardscoile go mic léinn iarchéime, in iúl go leanfaidh glúnta amach anseo ag cur ceisteanna tábhachtacha faoi bhaictéir neamhfhaisithe ach ríthábhachtach na farraige."} {"text": "Wahga, named Wahga in Pakistan, is a village near which the accepted Radcliffe Line. The boundary demarcation line dividing India and Pakistan upon the Partition of India, was drawn. The village lies 600 meters west of the Border line. At the time of independence in 1947, the migrants from the Indian parts of the subcontinent entered the present day Pakistan through this border crossing. The Wahga Border railway station lies 400 meters to the south and only 100 meters from the Border line itself. In Pakistan, the Border crossing is known as Wahga Border whereas in India it is called Atari Border crossing, named after the Indian village Atari, which lies 500 meters east of the Border line within Indian territory.\nWahga border ceremony\nIt is particularly known for the elaborate Wahga border ceremony that happens at the border gate, two hours before sunset each day. The flag ceremony is conducted by Indian Border Security Force (BSF) and Pakistan Rangers. There is entry time for visit Wahga border and ceremony everyday evening around 3:30 pm. Please contact for further details of your tour plan we are for you 24/7 a week 365 days a year. Call Us: +92-312-4343400 or Email Us: email@example.com", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-24", "url": "https://rentacar-lahore.com/tours-pakages/wahga-border/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347419056.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20200601145025-20200601175025-00039.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9464353919, "token_count": 262, "score": 2.546875, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Is sráidbhaile é Wahga, ar a dtugtar Wahga sa Phacastáin, in aice leis an Líne Radcliffe a ghlacann. Tarraingíodh an líne deighilte teorann a roinnteann an India agus an Phacastáin ar an Roinn na hIndia. Tá an sráidbhaile suite 600 méadar siar ón líne teorann. Ag an am a fuair an tír neamhspleáchas i 1947, tháinig na himirceoirí ó na codanna Indiacha den fho-chríoch isteach sa Phacastáin atá ann faoi láthair tríd an gcrosnú teorann seo. Tá stáisiún iarnróid Teorainneacha Wahga 400 méadar ó dheas agus níl ach 100 méadar ó líne na Teorainneacha féin. Sa Phacastáin, tugtar Wahga Border ar an trasnú teorann agus san India tugtar Atari Border crossing air, ainmnithe i ndiaidh sráidbhaile Indiach Atari, atá suite 500 méadar soir den líne teorann laistigh de chríoch Indiach.\nSearmanas teorann Wahga\nTá sé ar eolas go háirithe as an searmanas teorann Wahga forleathan a tharlaíonn ag an geata teorann, dhá uair an chloig roimh an grian a bheith thart gach lá. Is é an tAire Stáit a chuir an t-ordú ar an gcruinniú. Tá am iontrála ann chun cuairt a thabhairt ar theorainn Wahga agus searmanas gach tráthnóna timpeall 3:30 pm. Cuir teagmháil le do thoil le haghaidh tuilleadh sonraí ar do phlean turais táimid ar do shon 24/7 sa tseachtain 365 lá sa bhliain. Glaoigh orainn: +92-312-4343400 nó Cuir ríomhphost chugainn: email@example.com"} {"text": "Visiting the Origin of Life AgainOne of the greatest challenges to science over the past hundred years at least, has been the question of how life came into existence on the earth. Skeptics of the existence of God have attempted to find ways of explaining the origin of life by chance processes, thinking that this would eliminate any argument for the existence of God. In reality, discussions of the origin of life begin by assuming that certain materials have already been created, and simply tries to explain how these created materials could have become living. In the last year or so a number of discoveries and understandings have come out of research which makes it useful to discuss this subject, even though we have discussed it previously in this journal.\nThe history of mechanical explanations of the origin of life began with Charles Darwin who proposed in 1871 that life may have emerged from \"some warm little pond, with all sorts of ammonia and phosphoric salts, light, heat, electricity, etc. present\" (Francis Darwin, The Life and Letters of Charles Darwin, New York, D. Appleton, 1887, page 202). In 1924, Alexander Oparin proposed that complex molecules had formed from simple ones by a series of chemical processes. In 1928, J.B.S. Haldane suggested that ultraviolet radiation caused sugars and amino acids to concentrate in oceans in the ancient earth. In the early 1950s, Harold Urey proposed that the earth's ancient atmosphere made life happen, and he directed his student Stanley Miller to do an experiment using gases that Urey thought might work--ammonia, methane, and hydrogen. Miller did the experiment using electrical discharge as the catalyst and was able to detect amino acids in a trap connected to the apparatus. Amino acids are the building blocks of life, so the media picked up on this and headlines like \"Scientist Creates Life\" appeared around the world. Miller was hailed as having made a great breakthrough, and certainly the fact that simple materials could be used to produce more complex molecules was proven. Transferring this to the ancient earth was difficult, because the apparatus destroyed amino acids 10,000 times faster than it produced them, and thinking of how something on the earth could serve as the trap that Miller used in his apparatus to protect the amino acids from the electrical discharge was very hard to do.\nSince 1956 when Miller did all this, research has continued and Miller's experiment has been shown to be almost totally irrelevant to the origin of life. The big problem is that Urey chose the gases that would be used, and assumed that these gases were present in the atmosphere of the newly created earth. The gases that he chose were very active. We heat our homes and cook our food with methane, and hydrogen is an explosive gas--a point made loud and clear when the Hindenburg exploded. Hydrogen is also so light weight, that the earth's gravity cannot hold it, so hydrogen gas in our atmosphere escapes into outer space and could never have been a factor in the make up of the early earth. Ammonia is also a very active material chemically. Just placing ammonia into water causes rapid dissolving and the production of ammonium hydroxide, and ammonia reacts vigorously with any anion. By choosing gases that were very active chemically, Urey stacked the deck for something to happen when the gases were placed together and a catalyst was applied.\nAs research has continued and more and more materials from the early earth have been examined, it has become obvious that Urey's choices may have been wise chemically, but they are clearly not what the ancient earth was like. Carbon dioxide seems to have been the primary material in the atmosphere of the ancient earth, with nitrogen and water being the other major components. Recent experiments have shown that very little oxygen was present. The point is that the chemicals that were present in the ancient earth's atmosphere are virtually inert chemically. Our atmosphere today is 78% nitrogen, and getting that nitrogen to react chemically is a challenge for agriculture. Nitrogen fixation (in which nitrogen is turned into compounds that plants can use) is accomplished by lightning bolts and certain bacteria in nature. Carbon dioxide dissolved in water is what we drink in soda pop, and it is exhaled by each of us as we breathe. If you were to put these gases in the Miller apparatus, they would never produce an amino acid.\nAnother problem with questions related to the origin of life is that much more information is available now on how cells are constructed than was available early in the twentieth century. Many of the assumptions made by those theorizing about how life got started on the earth have turned out to be impossible. There are 80 different possible amino acids, but only a fourth of these are actually found in living cells. Fifty percent of amino acids produced in the laboratory have a left-handed orientation and 50% have a right-handed orientation, but only left-handed amino acids are seen in living cells. Amino acids have to be linked together in very specific sequences to produce protein molecules, but other molecules react with amino acids more readily than amino acids react with each other. We have also learned that peptide bonds have to occur in very specific places in order for the proteins produced to be able to fold up three dimensionally.\nTo make a protein that is functional in living things, 100 amino acids have to be arranged in the right sequence. We do need to point out that proteins are not living, they are simply the next step in building life. The sequencing of amino acids is critical. Imagine having 100 letters and wanting to write a sentence. You could not just randomly pull the letters one at a time and put them in a row and expect to have a sentence. There has to be a special order of letters for the sequence to make any sense. This is equally true of amino acids.\nIn a living cell the guidance to do this comes from the DNA which works as a microprocessor working with RNA for sequencing. The synthesis of DNA and RNA by a process like the Miller-Urey experiment has never been attempted and is viewed by most biologists as being beyond the reach of modern science. The point is that when one talks about the origin of life, there is no DNA or RNA to do the sequencing. This is a major complication in any attempt to explain the origin of life. People doing the research recognize this. There have been a number of theories proposed over the past 20 years to find a way around these problems. The discovery of sea vents and a biosphere based on sulfur was thought to be a possibility, but the vents have no way to recycle the biological systems to increase their sequencing complexity. In addition to that, the vents are destructive to the chemicals used in the biological systems, so the range of life forms is very limited. Crick and Orgel's proposal that life was seeded on earth by aliens--a proposal that just pushes the questions to another solar system--is too tabloidish to be considered by most scientists.\nThe origin of life on earth did not happen by chance. There is simply too much evidence of design and purpose in everything we have learned about life to believe that chance is a viable mechanism for life. Francis Crick said, \"The origin of life appears to be almost a miracle, so many are the conditions which would have to be satisfied to get it going (Lee Strobel, The Case for Faith, Grand Rapids, MI, Zondervan, 2000, page 100) He also said, \"Every time I write a paper on the origin of life, I swear I will never write another one, because there is too much speculation running after too few facts\" (Strobel, page107).\nThe SETI program (Search for Extra Terrestrial Intelligence) has stated that if they could pick up any radio signal from space with an ordered sequence, they would consider it to have come from an intelligent source. In Contact (the sci-fi book and movie based on Carl Sagan's writing), intelligent life being the source of the signal was identified by a series of prime numbers (numbers divisible only by themselves and one). Every cell in your body contains more information in its DNA than is in an Encyclopaedia Britannica. Attempts by skeptics to explain the origin of life on a chance basis have no support from the evidence, and as new discoveries continue to be made the role of intelligence becomes clearer and clearer. God created life by a plan, and that design radiates from every living thing to verify that fact.\n--John N. Clayton\nBack to Contents Does God Exist?, NovDec03.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-23", "url": "http://www.doesgodexist.org/NovDec03/VisitingTheOriginOfLifeAgain.html", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1405997890773.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20140722025810-00186-ip-10-33-131-23.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9744713306, "token_count": 1737, "score": 3.53125, "int_score": 4, "irish_text": "Ag tabhairt cuairt ar Thús na Beo ArísAr cheann de na dúshláin is mó a bhí ag an eolaíocht le céad bliain anuas ar a laghad, ba é an cheist conas a tháinig an saol ar an talamh. Tá daoine amhrasach faoi Dhia ag iarraidh bealaí a fháil chun bunús na beatha a mhíniú trí phróisis ócáideacha, ag smaoineamh go gcuirfeadh sé seo deireadh le haon argóint ar bith maidir le Dia a bheith ann. I ndáiríre, tosaíonn plé ar bhunús na beatha ag glacadh leis go bhfuil ábhair áirithe cruthaithe cheana féin, agus déanann sé iarracht ach a mhíniú conas a d'fhéadfadh na hábhair chruthaithe seo a bheith ina gcónaí. Le bliain anuas nó mar sin, tá roinnt fionnachtana agus tuiscintí tagtha as taighde a fhágann go bhfuil sé úsáideach an t-ábhar seo a phlé, cé go ndearna muid plé air roimhe seo sa iris seo.\nThosaigh stair na míniúchán meicniúil ar bhunús na beatha le Charles Darwin a mhol i 1871 go bhféadfadh an saol a bheith tagtha chun cinn ó \"chomhchloch beag te, le gach cineál salainn amóinia agus fosfar, solas, teas, leictreachas, srl. (Francis Darwin, The Life and Letters of Charles Darwin, New York, D. Appleton, 1887, leathanach 202). I 1924, mhol Alexander Oparin go raibh móilíní casta déanta as móilíní simplí trí shraith próisis cheimiceacha. I 1928, rinne J.B.S. Mhol Haldane go raibh an radaíocht ultraivialait mar thoradh ar siúcraí agus aimínaigéid a thiomáint in aigéin ar an talamh ársa. Go luath sna 1950idí, mhol Harold Urey gur chuir atmaisféar ársa na talún saol i bhfeidhm, agus d'ordaigh sé dá mhac léinn Stanley Miller turgnamh a dhéanamh ag baint úsáide as gáis a cheap Urey go bhféadfadh siad a bheith ag obair - amóinia, meitéin, agus hidrigin. Rinne Miller an turgnamh ag baint úsáide as scaoileadh leictreach mar an catalaí agus bhí sé in ann aimínaigéid a bhrath i dtrap atá ceangailte leis an gclár. Is iad aimínaigéid na bloic thógála na beatha, mar sin ghlac na meáin leis seo agus tháinig ceannlínte cosúil le \"Scientist Creates Life\" ar fud an domhain. D'fhógair Miller go raibh rath mór déanta aige, agus is cinnte gur cruthaíodh go bhféadfaí ábhair shimplí a úsáid chun móilíní níos casta a tháirgeadh. Bhí sé deacair é seo a aistriú chuig an talamh ársa, toisc go ndearna an t-eagrán aimínaigéid a scriosadh 10,000 uair níos tapúla ná mar a chruthaigh sé iad, agus ag smaoineamh ar conas a d'fhéadfadh rud éigin ar an talamh a bheith mar an gaile a d'úsáid Miller ina fheiste chun na aimínaigéid a chosaint ón scaoileadh leictreach bhí sé an-deacair a dhéanamh.\nÓ 1956 nuair a rinne Miller seo go léir, lean taighde ar aghaidh agus léiríodh go raibh turgnamh Miller beagnach neamhábhartha go hiomlán do thionscnamh na beatha. Is é an fhadhb mhór go Urey roghnaigh na gáis a bheadh a úsáid, agus glacadh leis go raibh na gáis i láthair i atmaisféar an domhain nua-chruthaithe. Bhí na gáis a roghnaigh sé an-ghníomhach. Táimid te ár dtithe agus cócaireacht ár n-aiste le meitéin, agus hidrigine is gáis bhuartha - pointe a rinneadh ard agus soiléir nuair a thit an Hindenburg. Tá hidrigine chomh soléite freisin, nach féidir le gravity na talún é a choinneáil, mar sin éalaíonn gáis hidrigine inár n-atmaisféar isteach sa spás agus ní fhéadfaí a bheith ina fhachtóir i gcruthú na talún luath. Tá amóinia ina ábhar an-ghníomhach go ceimiceach freisin. Ní gá ach amóinia a chur isteach in uisce chun go mbeidh sé leá go tapa agus go dtarlóidh amóiniamhiodróicsíde, agus déanann amóinia imoibriú go láidir le haon anion. Trí gháis a roghnú a bhí an-ghníomhach go ceimiceach, chuir Urey an deic ar bun le haghaidh rud éigin a tharlódh nuair a chuirtear na gáis le chéile agus a chuirtear catalaí a chur i bhfeidhm.\nDe réir mar a lean taighde agus a ndearnadh scrúdú ar níos mó agus níos mó ábhair ón talamh luath, tá sé soiléir go bhféadfadh roghanna Urey a bheith ciallmhar go ceimiceach, ach is léir nach bhfuil siad mar a bhí an talamh ársa. Is cosúil gurbh é dé-ocsaíd charbóin an príomh-ábhar i dtimpeallacht na talún ársa, agus is iad nítrigin agus uisce na príomhchomhpháirteanna eile. Léirigh turgnaimh le déanaí go raibh an-bheagán ocsaigine i láthair. Is é an pointe ná go bhfuil na ceimiceáin a bhí i láthair i dtimpeallacht na talún ársa beagnach inert go ceimiceach. Is é 78% de nítrigin atá inár n-atmaisféar inniu, agus is dúshlán don talmhaíocht an nítrigin sin a chur i ngníomh go ceimiceach. Déantar socrú nítrigine (ar a ndéantar nítrigine a thiontú i gcomhdhúile is féidir le plandaí a úsáid) trí boltaí léim agus baictéir áirithe san nádúr. Is é an dé-ocsaíd charbóin atá tuaslagtha san uisce an rud a ólaimid i soda pop, agus é a chur amach ag gach duine againn agus muid ag anailís. Má bhí tú a chur na gáis i gléas Miller, ní bheadh siad a tháirgeadh aimínaigéad.\nIs é fadhb eile le ceisteanna a bhaineann le bunús na beatha ná go bhfuil i bhfad níos mó eolais ar fáil anois maidir le conas a dhéantar cealla a thógáil ná mar a bhí ar fáil go luath sa fiche céad. Tá a lán de na tuairimí a rinne na daoine a bhí ag déanamh teoiricí faoi conas a thosaigh an saol ar an talamh tar éis a bheith dodhéanta. Tá 80 aimínaigéad éagsúla féideartha ann, ach níl ach ceathrú cuid díobh seo le fáil i gcealla beo. Tá 50% de aimínaigéid a tháirgtear sa saotharlann dírithe ar an taobh clé agus 50% dírithe ar an taobh dheis, ach ní fheictear ach aimínaigéid dheis i gcealla beo. Caithfear aimínaigéid a nascadh le chéile i dtruaimhsí an-sonracha chun móilíní próitéine a tháirgeadh, ach déanann móilíní eile imoibriú le aimínaigéid níos éasca ná mar a dhéanann aimínaigéid imoibriú lena chéile. D'fhoghlaim muid freisin go gcaithfidh bannaí peiptíde a bheith i láthair i gcásanna an-sonracha ionas go mbeidh na próitéiní a tháirgtear in ann dul suas trí thrí-dimensionally.\nChun próitéin a dhéanamh atá feidhmiúil i n-earraí beo, ní mór 100 aimínaigéad a chur in ord ceart. Ní mór dúinn a chur in iúl nach bhfuil próitéiní beo, níl iontu ach an chéad chéim eile i bhfoirmiú na beatha. Tá sé ríthábhachtach go ndéanfar seicheamh ar aimínaigéid. Samhlaigh go bhfuil 100 litir agat agus go dteastaíonn uait abairt a scríobh. Ní fhéadfá na litreacha a tharraingt go randamach, ceann ar cheann, agus iad a chur i sraith agus súil a bheith agat go mbeidh abairt agat. Ní mór ord speisialta a bheith ag na litreacha chun go mbeadh ciall ag an ordú. Tá sé seo fíor go cothrom maidir le aimínaigéid.\nI gcealla beo tagann an treoir chun é seo a dhéanamh ón DNA a oibríonn mar mhicriproiseálaí ag obair le RNA chun seicheamh a dhéanamh. Níor ndearnadh iarracht riamh sintéis DNA agus RNA a dhéanamh trí phróiseas cosúil le turgnamh Miller-Urey agus meastar go bhfuil an chuid is mó de na bitheolaithe thar a bheith inrochtana ag an eolaíocht nua-aimseartha. Is é an pointe go bhfuil nuair a labhraíonn duine faoi bhunús na beatha, níl aon DNA nó RNA a dhéanamh ar an ordú. Is é seo an deacracht is mó i ngach iarracht chun bunús na beatha a mhíniú. Aithníonn daoine a dhéanann an taighde é seo. Tá roinnt teoiricí curtha i láthair le 20 bliain anuas chun bealach a fháil chun na fadhbanna seo a sheachaint. Measadh go raibh an deis ann folúntais mhuirí agus bithsféar bunaithe ar sulfair a fháil amach, ach níl aon bhealach ag na folúntais na córais bitheolaíocha a athchúrsáil chun a gcastacht seicheamh a mhéadú. Ina theannta sin, tá na haontais ag scriosadh na ceimiceáin a úsáidtear sna córais bitheolaíocha, mar sin tá raon na bhfoirmeacha saoil an-teoranta. Crick agus Orgel 's togra go raibh saol seeded ar an talamh ag eachtrannaigh - togra a shroicheann ach an ceisteanna a chur le córas gréine eile - tá ró-tablaidís a mheas ag an chuid is mó eolaithe.\nNí tharla an bunús a bhí ag an saol ar an talamh de dheasca teagmhais. Tá an iomarca fianaise ar dhearadh agus ar chuspóir i ngach rud a d'fhoghlaim muid faoin saol chun a chreidiúint go bhfuil an t-ádh ar mheaisín inmharthana chun an saol a chruthú. Dúirt Francis Crick, \"Is cosúil go bhfuil bunús na beatha beagnach ina miracle, mar sin tá go leor coinníollacha a bheadh le sásamh chun é a chur ar siúl (Lee Strobel, An Cás le haghaidh Creideamh, Grand Rapids, MI, Zondervan, 2000, leathanach 100) Dúirt sé freisin, \"I ngach uair a scríobhann mé páipéar ar bhunús na beatha, geallaim nach scríobfaidh mé ceann eile riamh, toisc go bhfuil ró-mheasamh ag rith i ndiaidh fíricí ró-bheag\" (Strobel, leathanach 107).\nDúirt clár SETI (Cuardach ar Intleacht Eile-Tír) dá bhféadfaidís aon chomhartha raidió a phiocadh ón spás le seicheamh ordúil, go measfaidís gur tháinig sé ó fhoinse intleachtúil. I Contact (an leabhar sci-fi agus an scannán bunaithe ar scríbhneoireacht Carl Sagan), aithníodh saol cliste a bhí mar fhoinse an chomhartha trí shraith uimhreacha príomh (uimhreacha nach féidir a roinnt ach leo féin agus amháin). Tá níos mó faisnéise i ngach cealla i do chorp ina DNA ná mar atá i nGaeilgeach. Ní thacaíonn fianaise le hiarrachtaí na sceitic chun bunús na beatha a mhíniú ar bhonn teagmhála, agus de réir mar a leanann fionnachtana nua de bheith á ndéanamh, bíonn ról na faisnéise níos soiléire agus níos soiléire. Chruthaigh Dia an saol de réir plean, agus go bhfuil an dearadh radiates ó gach rud beo a fhíorú go fíric.\n--John N. Clayton\nAr ais go hIontráil An bhfuil Dia ann?, NovDec03."} {"text": "Ideas for classroom learning\nVisiting the Gallery is a special learning opportunity for students. There is nothing quite like being able to see a work of art in person, or as we say in the arts; 'in the round'.\nTeachers and educators know that incorporating related learning activities both before and after their visit to the Gallery will help students retain what they have learned. So we have put together a list of ideas for classroom activities, based off the Key Ideas in the Australian Curriculum: Arts (Visual Arts). These ideas can be easily adapted to suit students of all ages, and can be used as a jumping-off point to start conversations, extend learning and explore issues and themes you might discuss when you come to visit us (or for that matter, any Gallery).\nBefore your visit\n- Explore what your students already know about materials and techniques, art movements or styles, or even the arts industry and professional roles within it. Start a discussion so that you can establish an idea of what they already know about the art world and how it operates.\n- Get your students to visit the Newcastle Art Gallery website and familiarise themselves with the current exhibition pages relevant for the exhibitions they will come to see. Ask them to prepare a report of interesting facts or information they find on our website.\n- What do the terms ‘contemporary’ and ‘art’ mean? As a class, brainstorm definitions for each word individually. Next, develop a possible definition for ‘contemporary art’ as a phrase, and then confirm your definition with a dictionary. As a group, discuss what makes contemporary art different to art from the past.\n- Contemporary art can sometimes be challenging and difficult. Discuss this idea with your class and chat about what they will experience, appreciate, and learn as a result of their visit to the Gallery.\n- You could ask younger students to describe why rules in an Art Gallery are important or different, or get older students to further explore ideas about copyright or artwork conservation with further study.\n- Works of art are fragile, and one of the Gallery's roles is to protect and conserve them. Ask your students to create a work of art that is intentionally temporary - a temporary installation or a work of art made from materials that cannot be conserved, such as chalk, ice or even food. Ask older students to consider what are some of the limitations are that collecting institutions such as art galleries face, and how they might find solutions.\nAfter your visit\n- Encourage your students to think about the works of art that they liked, and think about why. How did they feel when viewing the works? Was there a particular idea or a particular medium they preferred? Did they find the works of art beautiful? Discuss with your class the statement ‘I like art that…’\n- Visit an artist's website or YouTube channel to find out more about a particular artist's experience, style or favourite subjects . You could continue this idea in a practical way and make works of art inspired by their techniques or ideas.\n- Set your students a task to select a work of art during their visit that they must then use as inspiration for a performance, song, poem or prose of their own design.\n- Were any of the works of art that you saw at the Gallery sculptural? (Don't forget to explore our permanent outdoor sculpture display during your visit). Design your own sculpture suitable for display outside of the classroom, or even host an outdoor sculpture exhibition in the school grounds.\n- Ask your students to develop their own collections, or perhaps they have some of their own at home they can bring in to share. Ask older students to consider how they 'curate' the things they display in their bedroom or the music they listen to.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-40", "url": "https://www.nag.org.au/engage/learning-programs/education-resources/ideas-for-classroom-learning", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510501.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20230929090526-20230929120526-00139.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9613671303, "token_count": 768, "score": 3.8125, "int_score": 4, "irish_text": "Smaointe le haghaidh foghlama sa seomra ranga\nIs deis speisialta foghlama do mhic léinn é cuairt a thabhairt ar an nGalairín. Níl aon rud cosúil le bheith in ann saothar ealaíne a fheiceáil go pearsanta, nó mar a deirimid sna healaíona; 'sa bhabhta'.\nTá a fhios ag múinteoirí agus oideachasóirí go gcabhróidh gníomhaíochtaí foghlama gaolmhara a ionchorprú roimh agus tar éis a gcuairte ar an nGalaiste le mic léinn a choinneáil ar an méid a d'fhoghlaim siad. Mar sin, tá liosta smaointe le haghaidh gníomhaíochtaí sa seomra ranga curtha le chéile againn, bunaithe ar na Príomh-Ideas i gCuraclam na hAstráile: Ealaíon (Ealaíon Amhairc). Is féidir na smaointe seo a oiriúnú go héasca do dhaltaí de gach aois, agus is féidir iad a úsáid mar phointe léim chun comhrá a thosú, foghlaim a leathnú agus ceisteanna agus téamaí a iniúchadh a d'fhéadfadh tú a phlé nuair a thiocfaidh tú chun cuairt a thabhairt orainn (nó, ar an ábhar sin, aon Ghléasra).\nRoimh do chuairte\n- Faigh amach cad atá ar eolas ag do mhic léinn cheana féin faoi ábhair agus teicnící, gluaiseachtaí nó stíleanna ealaíne, nó fiú an tionscal ealaíne agus róil ghairmiúla laistigh de. Tosaigh ar phlé ionas gur féidir leat smaoineamh a bhunú ar an méid atá ar eolas acu cheana féin faoin saol ealaíne agus ar an gcaoi a oibríonn sé.\n- Cuir do mhic léinn ar cuairt ar shuíomh gréasáin Gailearaí Ealaíne Newcastle agus déanfar iad féin a chur ar an eolas faoi na leathanaigh taispeántais reatha a bhaineann leis na taispeántais a bheidh siad ag teacht chun féachaint orthu. Iarr orthu tuairisciú a dhéanamh ar fhíricí nó ar fhaisnéis spéisiúla a fhaigheann siad ar ár suíomh Gréasáin.\n- Cad a chiallaíonn na téarmaí \"contemporary\" agus \"art\"? Mar chlas, brainstorm sainmhínithe do gach focal ar leithligh. Ansin, déan sainmhíniú féideartha ar \"ealaín comhaimseartha\" mar abairt, agus ansin deimhníonn tú do shainmhíniú le foclóir. I bhfoireann, pléigh cad a dhéanann ealaín comhaimseartha difriúil ó ealaín ón am atá caite.\n- Is féidir le healaín comhaimseartha a bheith dúshlánach agus deacair uaireanta. Déan plé leis an rang ar an smaoineamh seo agus bíodh comhrá agat faoi na rudaí a thabharfaidh cuairt ar an nGalaiste taithí, meas agus foghlaim dóibh.\n- D'fhéadfá a iarraidh ar mhic léinn níos óige cur síos a dhéanamh ar cén fáth go bhfuil rialacha i nGalaiste Ealaíne tábhachtach nó difriúil, nó a fháil ar mhic léinn níos sine chun tuilleadh smaointe a iniúchadh faoi chóipcheart nó saothar ealaíne caomhnú le staidéar breise.\n- Tá saothar ealaíne frásaí, agus tá ceann de na róil an Ghalairín chun iad a chosaint agus a chaomhnú. Iarr ar do mhic léinn saothar ealaíne a chruthú atá sealadach go ciallmhar - suiteáil sealadach nó saothar ealaíne a dhéantar as ábhair nach féidir a chaomhnú, mar shampla criosta, oighear nó bia fiú. Iarr ar mhic léinn níos sine smaoineamh ar na teorainneacha a bhíonn ag institiúidí bailiúcháin amhail gailearaí ealaíne, agus ar na réitigh a d'fhéadfadh siad a fháil.\nTar éis do chuairte\n- Spreag do mhic léinn smaoineamh ar na saothair ealaíne a thaitin leo, agus smaoineamh ar an gcúis. Conas a mhothaigh siad nuair a chonaic siad na hoibreacha? An raibh smaoineamh ar leith nó meáin ar leith is fearr leo? An bhfuair siad na saothair ealaíne álainn? Pléigh leis an rang an ráiteas \"Is maith liom ealaín a...\n- Tabhair cuairt ar shuíomh gréasáin ealaíontóra nó ar chainéal YouTube chun tuilleadh eolais a fháil faoi thaithí, stíl nó ábhair is fearr le healaíontóir áirithe. D'fhéadfá an smaoineamh seo a leanúint ar bhealach praiticiúil agus saothair ealaíne a dhéanamh a spreagadh ag a dteicneolaíochtaí nó a gcuid smaointe.\n- Tabhair tasc do do mhic léinn saothar ealaíne a roghnú le linn a gcuairte a chaithfidh siad a úsáid ina dhiaidh sin mar inspioráid do fheidhmíocht, amhrán, dán nó próis a dhearadh iad féin.\n- An raibh aon cheann de na saothar ealaíne a chonaic tú sa Ghalairín scultúrtha? (Ná déan dearmad ár taispeántas scultúr buan lasmuigh a iniúchadh le linn do chuairte). Dearadh do scultúr féin atá oiriúnach le taispeáint lasmuigh den seomra ranga, nó fiú taispeántas scultúir lasmuigh a óstáil i gcúlra na scoile.\n- Iarr ar do mhic léinn a mbailiúcháin féin a fhorbairt, nó b'fhéidir go bhfuil cuid acu féin sa bhaile is féidir leo a thabhairt isteach chun a roinnt. Iarr ar mhic léinn níos sine smaoineamh ar an gcaoi a ndéanann siad 'cúrsaíocht' ar na rudaí a léiríonn siad ina seomra leapa nó ar an gceol a éisteann siad."} {"text": "A beefed-up sounding rocket-turned-orbital-launch-vehicle zoomed into the skies over Japan’s Kyushu Island on Saturday in a bid to become the smallest launch vehicle to successfully achieve orbit one year after its inaugural test flight crashed into the Pacific Ocean.\nThe SS-520-5 vehicle shot up from its rail launcher at 5:03 UTC and JAXA confirmed the rocket successfully achieved orbit less than four and a half minutes after liftoff – one of the fastest space shots ever carried out.\nSaturday’s launch placed a tiny, three-Kilogram satellite into orbit and demonstrated the feasibility of launching CubeSats one at a time using a dedicated Nano Satellite Launch Vehicle – an as of yet largely unexplored area of the market.\nConfirmation that SS-520-5 successfully reached orbit was provided by the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency three hours after the day’s liftoff when the satellite had been received by ground stations, indicating it was in good health after its swift climb into orbit atop the solid-fueled rocket. Orbital tracking by the U.S. Joint Space Operations Center showed SS-520-5 exceeded expectations, injecting the TRICOM-1R satellite into a slightly higher orbit than planned.\nThe advances made in technology over the last decade permitted formerly-large spaceborne sensors to be packaged into a minimal volume, allowing small satellites to carry out operational missions in Earth-imaging & other remote sensing, meteorology, maritime & aeronautical tracking and communications.\nCubeSats – originally developed for educational missions at the turn of the century – have now turned into potential revenue generators on the commercial market for satellite imagery and tracking services. Their role in scientific missions has also grown, in part due to their low development cost, the possibility of using standardized platforms for many missions and moderate launch prices for CubeSats of up to 6U in size.\nDeploying large constellations of CubeSats can provide high revisit times when collecting Earth observation imagery, global weather data through atmospheric sensing or a worldwide, 24/7 ship/aircraft tracking capability. Naturally, large constellations will require a steady replacement of satellites as old ones retire – creating an opportunity for small satellite launch providers.\nLast month’s successful ‘Still Testing’ mission of Rocket Lab’s Electron was the first wave in a flood within the small satellite launch market as several more rockets are expected to make their debut flights this year including VirginOrbit’s LauncherOne. Even though these vehicles have been optimized as a launch solution for the small satellite market, they are still not ideal for single CubeSat missions that still would have to accept the schedule and orbit constraints of ride share flights.\nA vehicle capable of placing a single CubeSat weighing up to five Kilograms into orbit may have a market if a launch price of $500,000 or less can be realized. Although this is around double the current asking price for the launch of a 3U CubeSat, the additional benefits for operators to set their own schedule and define their optimized target orbit may outweigh the cost.\nWhen dealing with shared rides, delays are a common occurrence which can be problematic for operators since they need their satellites in orbit to generate revenue, adding another factor in opting for a dedicated launch rather than a possibly cheaper, but more uncertain secondary payload slot.\nThe “Orbital SS-520” project was initiated by the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency with the major goal of gathering practical data that could benefit the development of a commercial Nano Satellite Launch Vehicle which a number of companies had expressed interest in.\nThe SS-520-4 mission reached the launch pad in early 2017 through $3.5 million in funding provided by the Japanese Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry, covering the procurement of the SS-520 two-stage sounding rocket and the development of modifications needed to allow it to lift a satellite into orbit, primarily the development of a third stage that would be tasked with the orbit injection maneuver.\nThe SS-520-4 rocket, topped by the TRICOM-1 CubeSat, raced into the morning skies over the Uchinoura Space Center on January 15, 2017 but was unable to reach orbit after a short circuit knocked out the rocket’s entire electrical system only 20.4 seconds into the 31.7-second first stage burn, causing all telemetry to be lost on the ground. A built-in safety checkpoint prior to ignition of the second stage could therefore not be passed and the rocket fell into the Pacific Ocean just downrange from the launch site.\nWithin a month of the mishap, engineering teams discovered SS-520-4 was brought down by a fairly basic design flaw that caused insulation of a wire bundle being abraded in the extreme vibration of launch, resulting in an electrical line coming into contact with the grounded launch vehicle structure. The identified fix was straightforward and convinced JAXA to give the project another chance with the goal of getting the Orbital SS-520 back into a launch posture within one year of its first flight.\nThe Orbital SS-520 is a three-stage, all-solid-fueled launch vehicle standing 9.54 meters tall and 52 centimeters in diameter, weighing in at only 2,600 Kilograms – smaller and lighter than any previous ground-based orbital launch vehicle.\nSaturday’s successful orbital delivery of TRICOM-1R cemented the vehicle’s place in space history as the smallest orbital LV to successfully fly, a record previously held for 48 years by Japan’s Lambda-4S that stood 16.5 meters tall and weighed 9.4 metric tons, achieving Japan’s first successful orbital launch in 1970. The only orbital LV smaller than SS-520 was the U.S. Navy’s air-launched Pilot vehicle that made six attempts at reaching orbit in the early days of space flight, but never achieved success.\nAs a souped-up Sounding Rocket, SS-520-5 was looking at a rapid launch sequence, planning to reach orbit in under four and a half minutes with only 82 seconds of actual powered flight – creating one of the fastest orbital space launches ever attempted.\nFiring up its first stage, SS-520-5 shot up from its launch rail at 2:03:00 p.m. local time on Saturday with its aft fins sending the climbing rocket into a spin to provide stabilization as it climbed with a thrust outweighing the vehicle’s mass by a factor of seven. The first stage, standing 6.1 meters tall and holding 1,587 Kilograms of propellant, pushed the vehicle skyward with a peak thrust of 185 Kilonewtons (18,900 Kilogram-force), averaging at 143kN (14,600kgf) over the course of a 31.7-second burn.\n— ネコビデオ ビジュアル ソリューションズ (@nvslive) February 3, 2018\nReaching a top speed of 2.0 Kilometers per second at first stage burnout, SS-520-5 entered a lengthy coast phase to continue climbing toward an apogee near 190 Kilometers. One minute and seven seconds after launch, the vehicle had passed 80 Kilometers in altitude and separated the protective nose cone to reveal the small CubeSat payload and shed no-longer needed weight. The first stage dropped away one second later, falling into the waters of the Pacific not far from the launch site given the rocket’s very steep launch profile.\nAfter the first stage departed the vehicle, Stage 2 entered a critical re-orientation maneuver to pitch down so that its and the third stage’s burn could focus on building speed. The 29-second re-orientation maneuver employed four pulsed thrusters fed from a 5.7-liter, 230-bar Nitrogen pressure tank and forced the SS-520-5 into a precession around its spin axis to accomplish the pitch-down so that thrust from the upper stage would be directed nearly horizontally.\nStage 2 jettisoned the interstage compartment with the ram line control thrusters to rid itself of additional mass before pushing on toward orbit. Two minutes and 37 seconds into the flight, the second stage was to verify its spin rate, position and velocity to calculate the optimized ignition time of its solid motor to give the vehicle the best chance at reaching orbit. This was followed seven seconds later by the permission signal for Stage 2 ignition being issued from the ground after engineers verified reaching orbit was possible based on the performance observed so far.\nSuccessful ignition of the second stage was confirmed through real time telemetry, surpassing the point of failure on the previous SS-520 orbital launch attempt. Standing 1.7 meters tall & packed with 325 Kilograms of propellant, the second stage fired for 24.4 seconds to accelerate the rocket to a speed of 3.6 Kilometers per second, having plateaued out at nearly 190 Kilometers in altitude.\nA brief coast phase of 30.5 seconds followed after burnout of the second stage to allow thrust to safely tail off before the spent stage was separated to clear the way for Stage 3 ignition three seconds later.\nThe purpose-built third stage is 0.8 meters long and holds 78 Kilograms of propellant using a composite case with the spacecraft adapter sitting atop. Its task, over the course of a burn of 25.6 seconds, was to boost the vehicle’s speed by another 4.5km/s to an injection velocity of 8.1 Kilometers per second.\nDue to the mass restrictions for the ultra-small launcher, Stage 3 could not be equipped with a telemetry system and was expected to only send GPS data via an Iridium satellite terminal as the only insight into how it was performing.\nOrbital Insertion occurred around four and a half minutes after launch, aiming for an orbit of 180 by 1,500 Kilometers at an inclination of 31 degrees – though accuracy was not the prime concern for this proof-of-concept mission. Data from the Joint Space Operations Center showed two objects in orbits of 187 x 2,012 and 189 x 2,003 Kilometers, inclined 30.90° – indicating a slightly higher-than-predicted performance by the launcher.\nA three minute coast phase was planned after the propulsive phase of the mission to ensure residual thrust on the third stage tailed off safely before releasing the TRICOM-1R satellite at an altitude of over 200 Kilometers, some 1,750 Kilometers downrange from the Uchinoura Space Center.\nThe TRICOM-1R CubeSat – a re-build of the satellite lost on SS-520-4 – complies with the 3U form factor, but unlike the vast majority of CubeSats, was not designed to be ejected from a deployment tube and instead features a base-mounted separation system interfacing with the upper stage of the launch vehicle via a central separation bolt.\nTRICOM-1R was developed by the University of Tokyo and measures 11.6 by 11.6 by 34.6 centimeters in size with a mass of 3 Kilograms. The satellite uses body-mounted solar cells for power generation and operates in spin-stabilized mode. Five Earth-imaging cameras are installed on the CubeSat and a Store and Forward communications terminal will pick up data packets from a ground station and downlink them upon command from another ground station on a different part of the planet.\nTRICOM-1 is expected to be operational for one to three months before succumbing to orbital drag and re-enter the atmosphere.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-29", "url": "https://spaceflight101.com/japan-ss-520-5-launch-success/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655906934.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20200710082212-20200710112212-00206.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9394578934, "token_count": 2397, "score": 2.828125, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "D'éirigh le feithicil-raicéad-sondaithe-a-tharraingthe-a-tharraingthe-a-tharraingthe-a-tharraingthe-a-tharraingthe-a-tharraingthe-a-tharraingthe-a-tharraingthe-a-tharraingthe-a-tharraingthe-a-tharraingthe-a-tharraingthe-a-tharraingthe-a-tharraingthe-a-tharraingthe-a-tharraingthe-a-tharraingthe-a-tharraingthe-a-tharraingthe-a-tharraingthe-a-tharraingthe-a-tharraingthe-a-tharraingthe-a-tharraingthe-a-tharraingthe-a-tharraingthe-a-tharraingthe-a-tharraingthe-a-tharraingthe-a-tharraingthe-a-tharraingthe-a-tharraingthe-a-tharraingthe-a-a-tharraingne-a-a-tharraing-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-\nD'éirigh leis an fheithicil SS-520-5 a lámhach óna seolta roth ag 5:03 UTC agus dhearbhaigh JAXA go raibh an roicéad tar éis dul ar orbit níos lú ná ceithre nóiméad go leith tar éis éirí as - ceann de na lámhaigh spáis is gasta a rinneadh riamh.\nChuir seoladh Dé Sathairn satailíte beag, trí chileagram ar an orbit agus léirigh sé an indéantacht CubeSats a sheoladh ar cheann ag an am ag baint úsáide as Feithicil Seolta Nano Satellite tiomnaithe - limistéar nach ndearnadh iniúchadh air go mór fós den mhargadh.\nThug Gníomhaireacht Taighde Aerospáis na Seapáine deimhniú go raibh SS-520-5 tar éis dul ar orbit go rathúil trí uair an chloig tar éis an lae a bhí ar siúl nuair a fuair stáisiúin talún an satailíte, ag léiriú go raibh sé i riocht maith sláinte tar éis a chléim go tapa i orbit ar bharr an roicéad soladach. Léirigh rianú imtharraingthe ag Ionad Oibríochtaí Spáis Chomhpháirteach na Stát Aontaithe go raibh SS-520-5 níos mó ná na hionchais, ag instealladh satailíte TRICOM-1R isteach i bhfithis beagán níos airde ná mar a bhí beartaithe.\nLe dul chun cinn a rinneadh sa teicneolaíocht le deich mbliana anuas, tá sé indéanta braiteoirí spáis a bhí ina mbarr a phacáil i méid íosta, rud a ligeann do satailítí beaga misin oibríochtúla a dhéanamh i dtimpeallacht talún agus i bhfianaise braiteála iargúlta eile, meitéareolaíochta, rianú agus cumarsáid mhuirí agus aerloingseoireachta.\nCubeSats a forbraíodh ar dtús le haghaidh misean oideachais ag tús na haoise anois tar éis a bheith ina ghineadóirí ioncaim féideartha ar an margadh tráchtála le haghaidh íomhánna satailíte agus seirbhísí rianaithe. Tá a ról i misin eolaíochta tar éis fás freisin, go páirteach mar gheall ar a gcostas forbartha íseal, an fhéidearthacht ardáin chaighdeánaithe a úsáid le haghaidh go leor misean agus praghsanna seolta measartha do CubeSats de mhéid suas le 6U.\nIs féidir le comhchruinnithe móra CubeSats a imscaradh amanna athfhéachta ard a sholáthar agus íomhánna breathnóireachta na Talún á mbailiú, sonraí aeráide domhanda trí bhrath atmaisféarach nó cumas rianú long / aerárthach ar fud an domhain, 24/7. Ar ndóigh, beidh gá le réaltaí móra satailítí a athsholáthar go seasta de réir mar a théann na sean-satailítí ar scor ag cruthú deiseanna do sholáthraithe seolta satailíte beaga.\nBa é misean rathúil \"Tástáil Fada\" an mhí seo caite de chuid Rocket Lab's Electron an chéad tonn i dtuilte laistigh den mhargadh seolta satailíte beaga agus táthar ag súil go ndéanfaidh roinnt roicéad eile a gcuid eitiltí tosaigh i mbliana lena n-áirítear VirginOrbit's LauncherOne. Cé go bhfuil na feithiclí seo oiriúnaithe mar réiteach seolta don mhargadh satailíte beag, níl siad fós oiriúnach do mhisin CubeSat aonair a bheadh fós ag glacadh le srianta sceidealacha agus orbitais eitiltí roinnte turas.\nD'fhéadfadh go mbeadh margadh ag feithicil atá in ann CubeSat amháin a mheá suas le cúig Chilogram a chur ar orbit má tá praghas seolta de $ 500,000 nó níos lú in ann a bhaint amach. Cé go bhfuil sé seo thart ar dhá oiread an phraghas iarrtais reatha le haghaidh seoladh CubeSat 3U, d'fhéadfadh na buntáistí breise d'oibreoirí a sceideal féin a shocrú agus a spriocchúrsa optamaithe a shainiú a bheith níos mó ná an costas.\nNuair a bhíonn sé i gceist le ritheann roinnte, is gnách go mbíonn moilleanna agus d'fhéadfadh sé a bheith fadhbanna do na hoibreoirí toisc go dteastaíonn a gcuid satailítí ar an orbit chun ioncam a ghiniúint, rud a chuireann fachtóir eile leis an rogha a dhéanamh ar seoladh tiomnaithe seachas sliotán luachaid luachaid is féidir a bheith níos saoire, ach níos éiginnte.\nThosaigh an tionscadal Orbital SS-520 ag Gníomhaireacht Taighde Aerospáis na Seapáine leis an gcuspóir is mó sonraí praiticiúla a bhailiú a d'fhéadfadh tairbhe a bhaint as forbairt Feithicil Seoltóra Nano Satellite tráchtála a léirigh roinnt cuideachtaí spéis iontu.\nShroich misean SS-520-4 an páirc seolta go luath in 2017 trí mhaoiniú $ 3.5 milliún a chuir an Aireacht Eacnamaíochta, Trádála agus Tionscail na Seapáine ar fáil, a chlúdaíonn soláthar an roicéad fuaime dhá chéim SS-520 agus forbairt na modhnúcháin a theastaíonn chun ligean dó satailíte a ardú isteach i bhfithis, go príomha forbairt an tríú céim a bheadh cúram air leis an bhfeachtas instealladh fithis.\nRith an roicéad SS-520-4, a bhí an TRICOM-1 CubeSat ar a cheann, isteach sa spéir maidin thar Ionad Spáis Uchinoura ar 15 Eanáir, 2017 ach níorbh fhéidir dó dul ar orbit tar éis do chiorcaid a chuir an córas leictreach iomlán an roicéad as ach 20.4 soicind isteach sa chéad chéim 31.7 soicind a dhó, rud a fhágann go ndearnadh an teimeatraíocht go léir a chailleadh ar an talamh. Ní raibh sé indéanta an t-iarratas sábháilteachta a bhí tógtha isteach roimh an dara céim a lasadh a thrasnú agus thit an roicéad isteach san Aigéan Ciúin díreach síos ón suíomh seolta.\nLaistigh de mhí ón mí-ádh, fuair foirne innealtóireachta amach go raibh SS-520-4 curtha síos ag locht dearaidh réasúnta bunúsach a rinne insliú bundle sreinge a bheith abraded sa chathrú iomarcach ar seoladh, rud a fhágann go raibh líne leictreach i dteagmháil leis an struchtúr feithicle seolta talún. Bhí an réiteach a aithníodh díreach agus chuir sé JAXA i bhfírinne chun deis eile a thabhairt don tionscadal leis an gcuspóir an SS-520 Orbital a fháil ar ais i seasamh seolta laistigh de bhliain amháin dá chéad eitilt.\nIs feithicil seolta trí chéim é an Orbital SS-520, feithicil seolta soladach go hiomlán atá 9.54 méadar ar airde agus 52 ceintiméadar ar trastomhas, ag meáchan ach 2,600 Ciilogram níos lú agus níos éadroime ná aon fheithicil seolta orbitail bunaithe ar thalamh roimhe seo.\nChuir seachadadh rathúil orbital TRICOM-1R Dé Sathairn áit an fheithiclí i stair na spáis mar an LV orbital is lú chun eitilt a dhéanamh go rathúil, taifead a bhí ag Lambda-4S na Seapáine le 48 bliain a bhí 16.5 méadar ar airde agus a mheá 9.4 tonna méadrach, ag baint amach an chéad seoladh rathúil orbital na Seapáine i 1970. Ba é an t-aon LV orbital níos lú ná SS-520 feithicil Píolótach loingseoireachta na Seapánach Mheiriceá a rinne sé iarracht chun orbit a bhaint amach sna laethanta tosaigh ar eitilt spáis, ach níor éirigh leo riamh.\nMar Rocket Sounding souped-up, bhí SS-520-5 ag féachaint ar shraith seolta tapa, ag pleanáil dul ar orbit faoi cheithre nóiméad go leith le 82 soicind de eitilt chumhachtúil iarbhír ag cruthú ceann de na seoltaí spáis orbital is tapúla a rinne iarracht riamh.\nAg lasadh suas a chéad chéim, shroich SS-520-5 as a rian seolta ag 2:03:00 tráthnóna ag am áitiúil Dé Sathairn lena sciatháin chúl ag seoladh an roicéad dreapadóireachta chun cobhsaíocht a sholáthar agus é ag dul suas le brú a bhí níos mó ná mais an fheithiclí faoi fhachtóir seacht. An chéad chéim, ag seasamh 6.1 méadar ar airde agus ag gabháil 1,587 Ciilogram de propellant, bhrúigh sé an fheithicil ar spéir le brú buaic 185 Kilonewtons (18,900 Ciilogram-force), ag meán ag 143kN (14,600kgf) le linn dó 31.7 soicind.\n ネコビデオ ビジュアル ソリューションズ (@nvslive) Feabhra 3, 2018\nAg teacht ar luas uasta de 2.0 Ciliméadar sa dara céim ag an gcéad chéim, chuaigh SS-520-5 isteach i gcéim fhada cósta chun leanúint ar aghaidh ag dreapadh i dtreo apogee gar do 190 Ciliméadar. A mbileog agus seacht soicind tar éis seoladh, bhí an fheithicil tar éis 80 ciliméadar a shárú agus an coinín srón cosanta a scaradh chun an t-ualach úsáideach beag CubeSat a nochtadh agus meáchan nach raibh ag teastáil a thuilleadh a chailleadh. Thit an chéad chéim amach an dara nóiméad ina dhiaidh sin, ag titim isteach in uiscí an Aigéin Chiúin nach raibh i bhfad ón suíomh seolta mar gheall ar phróifíl seolta an-te.\nTar éis don chéad chéim an fheithicil a fhágáil, chuaigh Céim 2 i ngníomh criticiúil ath-easnamh chun titim síos ionas gur féidir leis agus leis an tríú céim a dhó a dhíriú ar luas tógála. D'úsáid an 29 soicind a ath-uimhir maneuver ceithre thrusters pulsed a chothaíodh ó 5.7-lítear, 230-bar tanc brú nítrigine agus chuir sé iallach ar an SS-520-5 dul i mbun réamhghníomhaíochta timpeall a ais spinning chun an t-aistriú a chur i gcrích ionas go mbeadh brú ón gcéim uachtarach dírithe beagnach go cothrománach.\nChuir céim 2 an comparáid idirchéim le brúirí rialaithe líne ram chun í féin a ghlanadh as mais bhreise sula bhrúigh sí i dtreo orbit. Dhá nóiméad agus 37 soicind isteach sa eitilt, ba é an dara céim a ráta rothlú, a shuíomh agus a luas a fhíorú chun an t-am ionsaithe is fearr a ríomh dá mótar soladach chun an seans is fearr a thabhairt don fheithicil dul ar orbit. Lean sé seo seacht soicind ina dhiaidh sin ag an gcomhartha cead chun lasadh Céim 2 a eisiúint ón talamh tar éis d'innealtóirí a fhíorú go raibh sé indéanta dul i bhfithis bunaithe ar an fheidhmíocht a breathnaíodh go dtí seo.\nDeimhníodh éirí as an dara céim trí theileiméadar fíor-ama, ag dul thar an bpointe faillí ar iarracht seolta sceideal roimhe seo SS-520. Ag seasamh 1.7 méadar ar airde & pacáilte le 325 Ciilogram de propellant, d'éirigh an dara céim ar feadh 24.4 soicind chun an roicéad a luathachadh go luas 3.6 Ciliméadar sa dara, tar éis dó pláta a chur amach ag beagnach 190 Ciliméadar ar airde.\nLean céim ghearr cósta 30.5 soicind tar éis dó an dara céim a dhó chun ligean don bhrú a bheith slán go sábháilte sula scoirfí an chéim caite chun an bealach a ghlanadh do dhócht Céim 3 trí soicind ina dhiaidh sin.\nTá an tríú céim a tógadh go sonrach 0.8 méadar ar fhad agus tá 78 Kg de thiomáint ag baint úsáide as cás comhdhéanta agus an t-aistritheoir spásárthach suite ar a bharr. Ba é a tasc, le linn dóiteán de 25.6 soicind, luas an fheithiclí a threisiú le 4.5km / s eile go luas insteallta 8.1 Ciliméadar sa dara.\nMar gheall ar na srianta mais don léasair uathmhéadrom, ní fhéadfaí córas teileiméireachta a chur ar Chéim 3 agus bhíthar ag súil nach dtabharfadh sé ach sonraí GPS trí chríochfort satailíte Iridium mar an t-aon léargas ar a fheidhmíocht.\nTharla Inmhealladh Orbital thart ar cheithre nóiméad go leith tar éis an seoladh, ag díriú ar orbit 180 ar 1,500 Ciliméadar ag claonadh de 31 céim cé nach raibh cruinneas an phríomhchúis leis an misean dearfaithe coincheapa seo. Léirigh sonraí ón Ionad Comhlach Oibríochtaí Spáis dhá réad i bhfithis 187 x 2,012 agus 189 x 2,003 Ciliméadar, claonta 30.90 ° ag léiriú feidhmíocht beagán níos airde ná mar a bhí tuartha ag an seoltaí.\nBhí céim chósta trí nóiméad beartaithe tar éis chéim thiomáint an misean chun brú iarmhar a chinntiú ar an tríú céim a d'éirigh go sábháilte sula scaoileadh an satailíte TRICOM-1R ar airde os cionn 200 Ciliméadar, thart ar 1,750 Ciliméadar síos ó Ionad Spáis Uchinoura.\nTá an TRICOM-1R CubeSat - athchruthú an satailíte a cailleadh ar SS-520-4 - ag teacht leis an fhachtóir foirme 3U, ach murab ionann agus formhór mór na CubeSats, níor dearadh é le scaoileadh ó thábla imlonnaithe agus ina ionad sin tá córas scaradh bonn-mounted ag idirghabháil le céim uachtarach an fheithiclí seolta trí bolt scaradh lárnach.\nForbraíodh TRICOM-1R ag Ollscoil Tóiceo agus déanann sé 11.6 x 11.6 x 34.6 ceintiméadar de mhéid le mais 3 Chilogram. Úsáideann an satailíte cealla gréine atá suite ar a chorp chun cumhacht a ghiniúint agus oibríonn sé i mód spin-stabilized. Tá cúig cheamara íomháithe talún suite ar an CubeSat agus tógfaidh críochfort cumarsáide Store and Forward pacáistí sonraí ó stáisiún talún agus déanfaidh siad iad a dhúnadh ar ordú ó stáisiún talún eile i gcathair dhifriúil den phláinéid.\nTáthar ag súil go mbeidh TRICOM-1 oibríochtúil ar feadh míosa go trí mhí sula dtiocfaidh sé faoi thriomú ó thréimhse na cruinne agus go dtiocfaidh sé ar ais isteach san atmaisféar."} {"text": "Aigues-Mortes (French for \"dead waters\") is a city in the south of France. It is in the Languedoc-Roussillon region. It was originally founded by the Romans in the year 102 BC. The first records mentioning it under its current name date from the 10th century. Louis IX of France rebuilt the port in the 13th century. It was the only French port of the Mediterranean at that time. The city is laid out as a bastide. It was the starting point for the Seventh Crusade (1248) and Eighth Crusade (1270). Due to changes of the coastline, the city is several miles from the sea. It is linked to the sea through a canal, nowadays. It has well-preserved city walls. In 1999, about 6.000 people lived there. Aigues-Mortes is about 35 km from Nîmes.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-23", "url": "http://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aigues-Mortes", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1406510273012.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20140728011753-00208-ip-10-146-231-18.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9722249508, "token_count": 186, "score": 2.6875, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Is cathair í Aigues-Mortes (Fraincis le haghaidh \"uiscí marbh\") i ndeisceart na Fraince. Tá sé i réigiún Languedoc-Roussillon. Bunaigh na Rómhánaigh é ar dtús sa bhliain 102 RC. Tá na taifid tosaigh a luaigh sé faoin ainm reatha a bhí ann ó na 10ú haois. D'athchóiriú Louis IX na Fraince an calafort sa 13ú haois. Ba é an t-aon chalafort Fraincise sa Mheánmhuir é ag an am sin. Tá an chathair leagtha amach mar bastide. Ba é an pointe tosaigh don Seachtú Cruiséad (1248) agus don Ochtú Cruiséad (1270). Mar gheall ar athruithe ar an gcósta, tá an chathair roinnt míle ón bhfarraige. Tá sé nasctha leis an bhfarraige trí chainéal, sa lá atá inniu ann. Tá ballaí cathrach dea-choimeádta aici. I 1999, bhí thart ar 6.000 duine ina gcónaí ann. Tá Aigues-Mortes thart ar 35 km ó Nîmes."} {"text": "The Arad Fort is a 15th century fort in Arad, Bahrain. Since the 15th century, this fort has been extensively renovated and during the night time hours is highly illuminated and visible. When visitors cast their eyes on the fort at night, they are greeted with a beautiful scene. For a small fee, there is a tiny museum you can check out before further exploring the actual fort.\nThe Portuguese occupied this fort in the 1500’s and later on it was taken over by Arab control. Coral limestone and palm tree wood were used for the construction with nearby wells providing fresh water sources. This fort was originally built to control the water transportation surrounding the main Bahrain Island and a small island close by called Muharraq.\nIn the 1800’s, the Omanis briefly occupied this fort. But, all in all, there is not enough information surrounding the fort to do any justice to its history. If there was an incredible amount of history surrounding the fort, then it hasn’t been discovered yet. What we do know is that the waterway that allowed people access to Muharraq Island was controlled by the fort. Nobody gained access to the island without first clearing its passage with this 15th century military fort.\nArad fort bahrain timings:\nArad fort beach:\n\nArad fort bahrain map:\nAnd if visiting the Arad Fort isn’t enough, there is a second Bahrain place of interest you may find interesting. The Tree Of Life, a 200 year old mesquite tree all alone in the middle of the desert, has survived a long time as the only living tree for miles around. The water source of the tree is still a mystery to this day, and nobody knows how on earth it is still surviving. But it is. Green and lush as you can imagine, this gigantic tree stands as a testament to the amazing ability of foliage to survive some how, some way.\nMaybe the Tree of Life has found an aqueduct underneath the desert sand. It’s a possibility, stranger things have happened. Whatever the case, the Tree of Life is green as can be, and it never ceases to amaze the people who see it. You could go see the tree of life as well, and be held just as captivated by its health and ability to sustain itself in a desert with no other green plant life for miles.\nLocated 1.2 miles from the Jebel Dukhan, the Tree of Life is visited by many tourists throughout the year. Visiting the tree won’t take more than a few hours, as it is just a tree after all, so plan your trips accordingly. It has become a piece of cultural history, with many people including it in their religions and beliefs about the origins of life itself. While these claims may or may not hold any water, the tree does. Somehow, through some miracle of modern evolution, this tree has survived. Come see the Tree of Life and bear witness to this incredible feat of survival. Check our some more Bahrain Tourist Attractions.\nTip: You may have restricted internet. Find out more on how to bypass internet restrictions & open blocked websites here", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-40", "url": "https://www.thingstodotravelling.com/bahrain-tree-of-life/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510326.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20230927203115-20230927233115-00198.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.951028049, "token_count": 789, "score": 2.65625, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Is forc sa 15ú haois é Fort Arad i Arad, Bahrain. Ón 15ú haois, tá an daingne seo athchóirithe go forleathan agus le linn na n-uaireanta oíche tá sé an-soiléir agus infheicthe. Nuair a thugann cuairteoirí a súile ar an gcinn oíche, tabharfar radharc álainn orthu. Ar táille beag, tá músaem beag is féidir leat seiceáil amach sula ndéanann tú tuilleadh iniúchta ar an daingne iarbhír.\nD'fhás na Portaingéalaigh ar an gcladach seo sna 1500í agus ina dhiaidh sin ghlac rialú na nArabach é. Baineadh úsáid as carraig chlé coral agus as adhmad crainn pailme don tógáil agus foinsí uisce úr á soláthar ag tobar in aice láimhe. Tógadh an daingne seo ar dtús chun rialú a dhéanamh ar an iompar uisce a bhí timpeall ar phríomh-oileán Bahrain agus ar oileán beag in aice láimhe ar a dtugtar Muharraq.\nSa 1800í, d'fhás na Omanis go gairid ar an gcinn. Ach, go léir i ngach, níl go leor faisnéise timpeall an daingne a dhéanamh aon cheartas a dhéanamh ar a stair. Má bhí méid dochreidte stair timpeall an daingne, ansin ní bhfuarthas amach é go fóill. Cad a fhios againn go bhfuil an uiscebhealach a cheadaigh daoine rochtain ar Muharraq Oileán bhí rialaithe ag an daingne. Ní raibh aon duine in ann rochtain a fháil ar an oileán gan an bealach a ghlanadh leis an gcath míleata seo ón 15ú haois.\nAmanna Arad Fort Bahrain:\nArad Fort Beach:\n\nCartha Arad Fort Bahrain:\nAgus mura leor cuairt a thabhairt ar Fhorta Arad, tá an dara áit spéise i mBarain a d'fhéadfadh a bheith suimiúil duitse. Tá an Crann na Beatha, 200 bliain d'aois crann mesquite go léir ina n-aonar i lár an fhásaigh, tar éis maireachtáil ar feadh i bhfad mar an t-aon chrann beo ar feadh míle timpeall. Tá foinse uisce an chrainn fós ina mistéar go dtí an lá atá inniu ann, agus níl a fhios ag aon duine conas ar domhan a bhfuil sé fós ag maireachtáil. Ach tá sé. Green agus lush mar is féidir leat a shamhlú, seasann an crann ollmhór mar fhianaise ar an cumas iontach de duilleoga chun maireachtáil ar bhealach éigin, ar bhealach éigin.\nB'fhéidir go bhfuil an Crann na Beatha fuair aqueduct faoi na gaineamh Desert. Is féidir, tá rudaí níos aisteach tar éis tarlú. Cibé acu a bheidh an cás, tá Crann na Beo chomh glas agus is féidir, agus ní scoirfidh sé riamh ó bheith ag iontas ar na daoine a fheiceann é. D'fhéadfá dul chun crann na beatha a fheiceáil chomh maith, agus a bheith chomh gaoithe ag a shláinte agus a chumas chun é féin a chothabháil i bhfásach gan aon saol plandaí glas eile ar feadh míle.\nSuite ar 1.2 míle ón Jebel Dukhan, tabhair cuairt ar Chrainn na Beatha ag go leor turasóirí i rith na bliana. Ní thógfaidh cuairt a thabhairt ar an gcrann níos mó ná cúpla uair an chloig, mar níl ann ach crann, mar sin pleanáil do thurais dá réir sin. Tá sé ina chuid de stair chultúrtha, agus tá go leor daoine ag cur isteach air ina reiligiúin agus ina gcreideamh maidir le bunús na beatha féin. Cé go bhféadfadh na hairíonna seo uisce a choinneáil nó nach bhféadfadh, tá an crann ann. Ar bhealach éigin, trí roinnt míorúilt de éabhlóid nua-aimseartha, tá an crann seo tar éis maireachtáil. Tar agus féach ar an Crann na Beatha agus a bheith ina fhinné ar an feat dochreidte na maireachtála. Seiceáil ár roinnt níos mó Bahrain Suímh Turasóireachta.\nLeideanna: B'fhéidir go bhfuil teorainn agat le húsáid an idirlín. Faigh tuilleadh eolais faoi conas srianta idirlín a shárú agus suíomhanna gréasáin blocáilte a oscailt anseo"} {"text": "Should you do some toast, or make some toast? Often English native-speakers will use make and do interchangeably, it sounds natural and the meaning is clear. On other occasions one verb is more appropriate than the other.\nOur English make and do video lesson online will take you through when to use each verb to help you improve your English skills.This video is just one of many pre-recorded lessons available to ESO subscribers. You can improve your listening, grammar and general English with the media package, which includes downloadable English audio lessons mp3 format, and MP4 video lessons.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-29", "url": "https://www.english-study-online.com/english-make-and-do-video-lesson-online/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655886178.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20200704135515-20200704165515-00436.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9236713052, "token_count": 120, "score": 2.671875, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Ar chóir duit roinnt toast a dhéanamh, nó roinnt toast a dhéanamh? Is minic a úsáideann cainteoirí dúchais Béarla a dhéanamh agus a dhéanamh go hidirmhalartaithe, fuaimeann sé nádúrtha agus tá an bhrí soiléir. I gcásanna eile is fearr briathar amháin a úsáid ná an briathar eile.\nBeidh ár bhfíseán-oideas ar líne 'Déan agus Déan' i mBéarla ag tabhairt tú trína chéile nuair is féidir leat gach briathar a úsáid chun cabhrú leat do scileanna Béarla a fheabhsú. Is féidir leat do chuid éisteachta, gramadaí agus Béarla ginearálta a fheabhsú leis an bpacáiste meán, lena n-áirítear ceachtanna fuaime Béarla in mp3 a íoslódálfar, agus ceachtanna físe MP4."} {"text": "adjetivo & adverbio\nAlong or connected with the coast: [as adjective]: a small coastwise steamer [as adverb]: the cargo was ferried coastwise\nMás ejemplos en oraciones\n- An attempt to engage in the coastwise trade came to an end with the confiscation of his boat by the Brazilian authorities on the score that his papers were not in order.\n- The 1934 strike produced a single, coastwise agreement, in which dockworkers from San Diego to Seattle act as one.\n- Its commerce, both overseas and coastwise, surpassed all other American ports.\nDefinición de coastwise en:\n- el diccionario Inglés de EE.UU.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-23", "url": "http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/es/definicion/ingles/coastwise", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1406510271654.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20140728011751-00116-ip-10-146-231-18.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8612074256, "token_count": 153, "score": 2.5625, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "adjetivo & adverbio\nAr feadh nó i dteagmháil leis an gcósta: [mar aidiacht]: go raibh an t-earraí a bhí á n-iompar ar an gcósta\nMás ejemplos en oraciones\n- Tháinig deireadh le iarracht dul i mbun trádála ar an gcósta le seilbh a bhád ag údaráis na Brasaíle ar an gcúis nach raibh a pháipéir in ord.\n- An 1934 stailc a tháirgtear comhaontú amháin, coastwise, ina bhfuil dockworkers ó San Diego go Seattle gníomhú mar cheann amháin.\n- A tráchtáil, araon thar lear agus coastwise, surpassed gach calafoirt Mheiriceá eile.\nDefinición de coastwise en:\n- el diccionario Inglés de EE.UU."} {"text": "ALBANY, N.Y. (NEWS10) — The Pound Ridge cosmetic dentistry has welcomed a new friend to its office. Robin the Robot was created by scientists, engineers and psychologists to support children undergoing medical treatments.\nPound Ridge cosmetic dentistry explains Robin the Robot is a social robot designed to utilize peer-to-peer interactions with children in order to create a meaningful connection. Robin distracts children with conversations, games and simple explanations of procedures to reduce anxiety in children. Robin also creates a fun environment, making kids feel comfortable while they wait for their procedures.\nRead Full Article Here: https://www.news10.com/news/pound-ridge-dentistry-welcomes-supportive-ai-for-kids/", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-40", "url": "https://poundridgecosmeticdentistry.com/pound-ridge-cosmetic-dentistry-welcomes-robin-the-robot-for-kids/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511386.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20231004152134-20231004182134-00262.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9357391596, "token_count": 155, "score": 2.890625, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Tá fáilte roimh chara nua ag an gcosaintín cosmaideach Pound Ridge ina oifig. Chruthaigh eolaithe, innealtóirí agus síceolaithe Robin the Robot chun tacú le páistí a bhí ag fáil cóireála leighis.\nMíníonn fiaclóireacht chuspóir Pound Ridge gurb é Robin an Róbat róbat sóisialta atá deartha chun idirghníomhaíochtaí peer-to-peer le leanaí a úsáid chun nasc bríomhar a chruthú. Déanann Robin díospóireacht ar leanaí le comhráite, cluichí agus míniú simplí ar nósanna imeachta chun imní a laghdú i leanaí. Cruthaíonn Robin timpeallacht spraíúil freisin, rud a fhágann go mbraitheann páistí compordach agus iad ag fanacht lena bpróiseas.\nLéigh an t-alt iomlán anseo: https://www.news10.com/news/pound-ridge-dentistry-welcomes-supportive-ai-for-kids/"} {"text": "In modern times the break from the historic Christian substance came when the church began to interpret its faith through modern categories of thought. The shape, then, of dominant Protestant theology, both liberal and conservative as it developed through the eighteenth, nineteenth, and twentieth centuries, was neither reformational nor historic, but modern. Consequently, the return to historic Christianity is also a return to reformational Christianity. Since it is in understanding the early church that evangelical Christians are most deficient, we will draw mainly from the early church fathers in this work.\n– Robert E. Webber in Common Roots", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-29", "url": "https://literaryjoe.com/2009/12/09/through-modern-eyes/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655908294.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20200710113143-20200710143143-00095.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9519031048, "token_count": 116, "score": 2.765625, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Sa lá atá inniu ann tháinig an briseadh ón substaint chríostaí stairiúil nuair a thosaigh an séipéal ag léiriú a chreideamh trí chatagóirí smaointeoireachta nua-aimseartha. Ní raibh an cruth, ansin, ar an teolaíocht phríomhphróitéiseach, idir liobrálacha agus coimeádach mar a d'fhorbair sé tríd an ochtú haois déag, an naoiú haois déag, agus an fiche haois, ná athchóirithe ná stairiúil, ach nua-aimseartha. Dá bhrí sin, is é an filleadh ar an gCríostaíocht stairiúil freisin filleadh ar an gCríostaíocht athchóirithe. Ós rud é go bhfuil an chuid is mó de mhíbhuntáiste ag Críostaithe soiscéalacha i dtuiscint na heaglaise luath, bainfimid go príomha ó na tuismitheoirí luath-eaglaise san obair seo.\n Robert E. Webber in Common Roots"} {"text": "Trained Labrador Can Sniff Out Colon Cancer, Researchers\nMONDAY, Jan. 31 (HealthDay News) -- With powers of smell far\nsuperior to those of humans, dogs can sniff out buried earthquake\nvictims. They can unearth hidden bombs or drugs. They can also\napparently detect colorectal cancer, Japanese researchers\nResearchers from Kyushu University and colleagues report that a\nspecially trained 8-year-old female Labrador retriever named Marine\nis able to detect colorectal cancer among patients with up to 98\nA graduate of the St. Sugar Cancer-Sniffing Dog Training Center\nin Chiba, Japan, the dog was initially trained for water rescue and\ncould already detect 12 types of cancer in patients' breath samples\nbefore she joined the colorectal cancer study, the researchers\nThe goal of the study was to find out whether odor can become an\neffective tool in colorectal cancer screening, according to lead\nresearcher Dr. Hideto Sonoda, from the department of surgery at the\nPostgraduate School of Medicine at Kyushu University in\nThe report is published in the Jan. 31 online edition of the\nFor the study, Sonoda's group collected samples of stool and\nexhaled breath from 40 patients with colorectal cancer and also\nfrom 320 healthy people. \"The tests were conducted from November to\nJune, because the dog's concentration tends to decrease during the\nhot summer season,\" Sonoda noted.\nThe dog was able to distinguish cancerous samples from\nnoncancerous samples in 33 of 36 breath tests and in 37 of 38 stool\ntests, the researchers found. \"Moreover, canine scent judgment even\nappeared to be highly accurate for early-stage colorectal cancer,\"\nIn contrast, fecal occult blood screening -- a simple,\nnon-invasive test for colon cancer -- picks up early-stage disease\nin only one out of 10 cases, the study noted.\nBased on their findings, the researchers say the canine's\nevaluation of breath samples was accurate 95 percent of the time\nand her stool sample evaluation was accurate 98 percent of the\ntime, compared with colonoscopy, which is the \"gold standard\" for\nidentifying colon cancer.\nIn fact, the dog was able to identify cancers even when smokers\nand people with other stomach problems were included in the test,\nthe researchers noted.\nThe tests were repeated three times, Sonoda said. \"The results\nof all tests were correct, thereby suggesting that a specific\ncancer scent indeed exists,\" he said.\nThe researchers also took breath and stool samples from patients\nwith breast, stomach and prostate cancer. \"Canine scent judgment\nyielded correct answers for these cancers as well, suggesting that\ncommon scents may exist among various cancer types,\" Sonoda\nWhile dogs seem to be able to pick-up the \"smell\" of cancer,\nusing dogs as a screening tool is not the ultimate goal, he\nScent ability and concentration vary between different dogs and\nalso with the same dog on different days, Sonoda pointed out.\n\"Moreover, each dog can only conduct tests for a maximum of 10\nyears. So it is difficult to introduce canine scent judgment into\nclinical practice,\" he said.\nFor these reasons, it is necessary to identify the\ncancer-specific organic compounds detected by dogs and to develop\nan early cancer detection sensor that can be substituted for a\ndog's judgment, Sonoda said.\n\"We hope that the results of the present study will provide encouragement for the development of cancer detection and solving the biological character of cancer using odor material,\" he said.\nCommenting on the study, Dr. Ted Gansler, director of medical\ncontent at the American Cancer Society, said that \"this study adds\nto a small number of other published articles showing similar\nresults regarding bladder, lung and breast cancers,\" and to a\nrecent conference presentation regarding prostate cancer.\n\"In addition to these studies, there have been several anecdotal reports of patients whose pet dogs seemed attracted to or upset by skin cancers,\" he added.\nAlthough the idea of dogs recognizing cancer might initially\nseem difficult for some people to believe, it also seems\nbiologically plausible, Gansler said.\n\"We know that trained dogs can distinguish the scent of one person from another person. Dogs can also be trained to recognize very low concentrations of explosives or illegal drugs in the air. Scientists have already identified some of the chemical differences between normal and malignant tissues, so it is not surprising that some dogs can also recognize these differences,\" he said.\nSome might wonder whether it is time to use dogs in the clinic\nfor cancer screening, Gansler said. \"However, much more research\nwill be needed before we can seriously think about dogs assuming\nroles in cancer screening similar to their current ones in law\nenforcement,\" he said.\nOne limitation is that the dog in this study did not reliably\nrecognize any abnormal scent from precancerous polyps, although it\nwas not specifically trained to do so, Gansler said. \"In contrast,\nsome colon cancer tests such as colonoscopy can accurately\nrecognize these polyps so they can be removed by the doctor in\norder to prevent colon cancer before it is fully developed.\"\nThe next step is to discover the specific chemicals associated\nwith colon cancer, or with other types of cancers, Gansler said.\n\"Once that is done, scientists will try to develop laboratory tests\nthat detect these chemicals as potential methods for cancer\nAnother expert, Dr. Floriano Marchetti, an assistant professor\nof clinical surgery and director of the Colon and Rectal Surgery\nResidency Program at the University of Miami Miller School of\nMedicine, said that \"the direction should be to stimulate research\nin finding the organic compound that the dog reacts to.\"\nIf one could develop a simple screening test, it could be useful\nin getting more people screened for colon cancer, he said. \"In this\ncountry, any type of screening for colorectal cancer is in the\norder of 40 to 45 percent. Something like this, if it were simple,\nwould be beneficial.\"\nFor more information on colon/rectal cancer, visit the\nAmerican Cancer Society.\nCopyright © 2011\n. All rights reserved.\nPlease be aware that this information is provided to supplement the care provided by your physician. It is neither intended nor implied to be a substitute for professional medical advice. CALL YOUR HEALTHCARE PROVIDER IMMEDIATELY IF YOU THINK YOU MAY HAVE A MEDICAL EMERGENCY. Always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified health provider prior to starting any new treatment or with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-35", "url": "http://www.crouse.org/news/health-news.aspx?chunkiid=636761", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1409535919886.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20140909043823-00090-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9554251432, "token_count": 1415, "score": 2.96875, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Labrador Oiliúna Is Féidir Sniff Out Cancer Colon, taighdeoirí\nLONDAIN, 31 Eanáir (HealthDay News) -- Le cumhachtaí boladh fada\nníos fearr ná iad siúd de dhaoine, is féidir le madraí a sniff amach crith talún curtha\níospartaigh. Is féidir leo buamaí nó drugaí i bhfolach a aimsiú. Is féidir leo freisin\ngo bhfuil sé cosúil go ndéanann taighdeoirí Seapánacha ailse colorectal a bhrath\nTá taighdeoirí ó Ollscoil Kyushu agus a gcomhghleacaithe ag tuairisciú go bhfuil\nLabrador retriever 8 mbliana d'aois a bhfuil oiliúint speisialta déanta air, a dtugtar Marine air\nIs féidir le haireagán a dhéanamh ar ailse colorectal i measc othair a bhfuil suas le 98\nCéimithe de Lárionad Oiliúna Madra Scannála Ailse Naomh Siúcra\ni Chiba, an tSeapáin, bhí an madra oiliúna ar dtús le haghaidh tarrthála uisce agus\nd'fhéadfadh sé 12 chineál ailse a bhrath cheana féin i samplaí anailís othair\nsular chuaigh sí leis an staidéar ar ailse colorectal, na taighdeoirí\nBa é aidhm an staidéir a fháil amach an féidir le boladh a bheith ina\nuirlis éifeachtach i scagadh ailse colorectal, de réir luaidhe\nan taighdeoir Dr. Hideto Sonoda, ó roinn na máinliachta ag an\nScoil Leighis Iarchéime in Ollscoil Kyushu i\nFoilsíodh an tuarascáil in eagrán ar líne an 31 Eanáir den\nChun an staidéar a dhéanamh, bhailíonn grúpa Sonoda samplaí de stoil agus\nanáil a bhí ag 40 othar le hailse colorectal agus\nó 320 duine sláintiúil. \"Rinneadh na tástálacha ó mhí na Samhna go dtí\nI mí an Mheithimh, toisc go mbíonn claonadh ag tiúchan an choinín laghdú le linn na\n\"Tá sé ag teacht ar an mbliain is fearr le linn an tsamhraidh\", a dúirt Sonoda.\nBhí an madra in ann samplaí ailseacha a idirdhealú ó\nsamplaí neamh-ailseacha i 33 as 36 tástáil astuithe agus i 37 as 38 stool\nTá an t-athrú seo ag teacht ó thástálacha, a fuair na taighdeoirí. \"A thuilleadh air sin, breithiúnas boladh canine fiú\n\"Is cosúil go bhfuil an-chruinneas ag baint leis an gcancer colorectal i gcéim luath\",\nI gcodarsnacht leis sin, scagadh fola occult fecal - simplí,\ntástáil neamh-inbhéasach le haghaidh ailse colún -- piccann sé galar i gcéim luath\nNí raibh aon duine acu i dteagmháil leis an ngnáth-fhear, ach amháin duine amháin as gach deichniúr.\nBunaithe ar a gcuid torthaí, deir na taighdeoirí go bhfuil an canine\nBhí meastóireacht ar shamplaí an anailís cruinn 95 faoin gcéad den am\nagus bhí a meastóireacht sampla stool cruinn 98 faoin gcéad den\nTá an t-am a chaitear le haghaidh colonoscopy, i gcomparáid le colonoscopy, is é sin an \" caighdeán óir \" le haghaidh\nailse colún a aithint.\nGo deimhin, bhí an madra in ann ailse a aithint fiú nuair a bhí tobac ag tobacóirí\nagus daoine a raibh fadhbanna eile stamag acu á gclúdach san tástáil,\na thug na taighdeoirí faoi deara.\nAthghníomhaíodh na tástálacha trí huaire, a dúirt Sonoda. \"Na torthaí\nBhí na tástálacha go léir ceart, rud a léiríonn go raibh\n\"Tá sé fíor go bhfuil boladh ailse ann\", a dúirt sé.\nGhlac na taighdeoirí samplaí anailís agus stoca ó othair\nle ailse chíche, boilg agus próstatach. \"Díriú canine scent\nd'fhág freagraí cearta do na hailse seo freisin, rud a thugann le tuiscint go\n\"Is féidir go bhfuil boladh coitianta i measc cineálacha éagsúla ailse\", a dúirt Sonoda\nCé go bhfuil an chuma ar an gcineál madraí a bheith in ann a phiocadh suas an \"smell\" de ailse,\nNí hé an sprioc deiridh iad a úsáid mar uirlis scagála, a\nTá cumas agus tiúchan boladh éagsúil idir madraí agus madraí eile.\nchomh maith leis an madra céanna ar laethanta éagsúla, Sonóda léirigh.\n\"Ar an gcaoi chéanna, ní féidir le gach madra tástálacha a dhéanamh ach ar a mhéad 10\nblianta. Mar sin tá sé deacair a thabhairt isteach breithiúnas boladh canine i\n\"Tá an t-eagrán seo á chur i bhfeidhm go hiomlán ar an gcóras cliniciúil\", a dúirt sé.\nAr na cúiseanna sin, is gá na\ncomhdhúile orgánacha a bhraitheann madraí agus a fhorbairt\nbraiteoir chun ailse a bhrath go luath ar féidir é a chur in ionad\nbreithiúnas madra, a dúirt Sonoda.\n\"Tá súil againn go gcuirfidh torthaí an staidéir seo spreagadh ar fáil chun ailse a bhrath agus chun carachtar bitheolaíoch ailse a réiteach trí úsáid a bhaint as ábhar boladh\", a dúirt sé.\nAg trácht ar an staidéar, dúirt an Dr. Ted Gansler, stiúrthóir na\nábhar ag an American Cancer Society, dúirt go \"tá an staidéar seo ag cur\ngo dtí líon beag d'ailt foilsithe eile a léiríonn\nTá an t-ábhar seo le feiceáil i bhfianaise na n-athruithe ar an gcineál\ncur i láthair ag comhdháil le déanaí maidir le hailse próstatach.\n\"Ar an gcúis seo, tá roinnt tuairiscí anecdotal ann de othair a raibh an chuma orthu go raibh madraí peataí tarraingthe nó buartha ag ailse craiceann\", a dúirt sé.\nCé go bhféadfadh an smaoineamh ar madraí a aithint ailse a aithint ar dtús\nis cosúil go bhfuil sé deacair do roinnt daoine a chreidiúint, is cosúil freisin\ngo bhfuil sé inchreidte go bitheolaíoch, a dúirt Gansler.\n\"Tá a fhios againn gur féidir le madraí a bhfuil oiliúint orthu boladh duine amháin a idirdhealú ó dhuine eile. Is féidir madraí a oiliúint freisin chun tiúchan an-íseal spréach nó drugaí mídhleathacha a aithint san aer. Tá roinnt de na difríochtaí ceimiceacha idir fíocháin gnáth agus olc aithnithe ag eolaithe cheana féin, agus mar sin ní haon ionadh gur féidir le roinnt madraí na difríochtaí seo a aithint freisin\", a dúirt sé.\nD'fhéadfadh go mbeadh a fhios ag cuid acu an bhfuil sé in am madraí a úsáid sa chlinic\nle haghaidh scagadh ailse, a dúirt Gansler. \"Ach, go leor taighde níos mó\nBeidh gá sula féidir linn smaoineamh go dáiríre faoi madraí a glacadh\nrólanna i scagadh ailse cosúil lena gcuid reatha i ndlí\n\"Tá sé ag iarraidh go mbeadh an tAontas Eorpach ag obair go dian.\nIs é an teorainn amháin ná nach raibh an t-éan sa staidéar seo ag\nIs féidir le dochtúirí a aithint aon boladh neamhghnácha ó phoilipí réamh- ailseacha, cé go bhféadfadh sé\nNí raibh oiliúint speisialta aige chun é sin a dhéanamh, a dúirt Gansler. \"Ar a mhalairt,\nIs féidir le roinnt tástálacha ailse colún mar colonoscopy\nna póilíní seo a aithint ionas gur féidir leis an dochtúir iad a bhaint i\nchun ailse an choilíneachta a chosc sula mbeidh sé forbartha go hiomlán\".\nIs é an chéad chéim eile ná na ceimiceáin shonracha a bhaineann\nle ailse colún, nó le cineálacha eile ailse, a dúirt Gansler.\n\"Nuair a bheidh sé sin déanta, beidh eolaithe iarracht a fhorbairt tástálacha saotharlainne\ngo bhfiosann siad na ceimiceáin seo mar mhodhanna féideartha le haghaidh ailse\nSaineolaí eile, an Dr. Floriano Marchetti, ollamh cúnta\nCúrsa Cliniciúil agus Stiúrthóir na Colon agus Rectal Surgery\nClár Cónaitheachta in Ollscoil Miami Miller School of\nAn tAire, a dúirt go \"ba cheart an treo a bheith ag spreagadh taighde\n\"ag lorg an comhdhéanta orgánach go n-imoibríonn an madra\".\nDá bhféadfaí tástáil scagála simplí a fhorbairt, d'fhéadfadh sé a bheith úsáideach\ni níos mó daoine a scagadh le haghaidh ailse colún, a dúirt sé. \"Sa\nTá sé de phribhléid ag an gCoimisiún, i gcás ina bhfuil aon chineál scagála ar ailse colorectal sa tír,\nordú 40 go 45 faoin gcéad. Rud éigin mar seo, dá mbeadh sé simplí,\nbheadh tairbheach. \"\nChun tuilleadh eolais a fháil ar ailse an choilíneachta/ an chréatáin, tabhair cuairt ar an\nCumann Ailse Mheiriceá.\nCóipcheart © 2011\n. . go deo . Coimeádtar na cearta go léir.\nTabhair faoi deara le do thoil go gcuirtear an fhaisnéis seo ar fáil chun an chúram a sholáthraíonn do dhochtúir a chomhlánú. Ní chuirtear i gceist ná ní tugtar le tuiscint gur ionad comhairle ghairmiúil leighis é. Glaoigh ar do sholáthraí cúraim sláinte láithreach má cheapann tú go bhféadfadh éigeandáil leighis a bheith agat. Iarr ar do dhochtúir nó ar sholáthraí sláinte cáilithe eile comhairle a fháil i gcónaí sula dtosaíonn tú ar aon chóireáil nua nó le haon cheist a d'fhéadfadh a bheith agat maidir le riocht leighis."} {"text": "On this page:\n\"The identification of the key words of a research study is the first essential step in identifying relevant literature. Unless this is done in a careful, logical way, you will probably fail to identify some of the key areas of literature\"\nThe first step in planning your search strategy is to identify key terms. It is important to consider the keywords related to your search topic and consequently establish appropriate terms. Rather than entering a whole assignment title, you need to pick out the important words needed to describe your topic. The database will only look for what you type in, so for each keyword, you need to apply a few search tips.\nSynonyms and related terms\nWhen identifying key terms, you need to consider any synonyms (a word or phrase that means exactly or nearly the same as another word or phrase in the same language). Dictionaries and Thesauruses can help you identify useful synonyms, and the University of Hull subscribes to The Oxford English Dictionary which is available online.\nFormal and informal terminology\nWhen searching it is important to consider formal and technical terminology alongside informal terms. Academic papers and articles may refer to either.\nAcronyms and abbreviations\nYou should always consider acronyms and abbreviations for different words, phrases and even organisations when searching as authors may use either in their titles and articles.\nAmerican spelling and terminology\nIt is important to consider American spellings and terminologies in a lot of literature searches. The next page will introduce search operators to help you search for both English and American spellings in your search.\nWord endings and plurals\nWhen searching you should consider alternative word endings and plurals. The next page will introduce search operators to help you include these in your search.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-40", "url": "https://libguides.hull.ac.uk/findingresources/keyterms", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506480.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20230923094750-20230923124750-00343.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9075844288, "token_count": 357, "score": 3.3125, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Ar an leathanach seo:\n\"Is é an chéad chéim riachtanach chun litríocht ábhartha a aithint ná na heochairfhocail a aithnítear i staidéar taighde. Mura ndéantar é seo ar bhealach cúramach, loighciúil, is dócha go gcaillfidh tú roinnt de na príomh-réimsí litríochta a aithint\"\nIs é an chéad chéim i bpleanáil do straitéis chuardaigh ná téarmaí tábhachtacha a shainaithint. Tá sé tábhachtach na heochairfhocail a bhaineann le d'ábhar cuardaigh a mheas agus dá bhrí sin téarmaí oiriúnacha a bhunú. Seachas teideal iomlán a chur isteach, ní mór duit na focail tábhachtacha a theastaíonn chun do thema a thuairisciú a roghnú. Ní bheidh an bunachar sonraí ach ag lorg an méid a thaispeánann tú, mar sin do gach eochairfhocal, ní mór duit a chur i bhfeidhm cúpla leideanna cuardaigh.\nComhchiallaigh agus téarmaí gaolmhara\nAgus tú ag aithint na príomhthír, ní mór duit aon chomhfhocail a mheas (focal nó frása a chiallaíonn go díreach nó go beagnach mar an gcéanna le focal nó frása eile sa teanga chéanna). Is féidir le foclóirí agus le Teasairí cabhrú leat comhfhocail úsáideacha a aithint, agus tá Ollscoil Hull sínithe ar The Oxford English Dictionary atá ar fáil ar líne.\nTearmainn fhoirmiúil agus neamhfhoirmiúil\nAgus é ag cuardach, tá sé tábhachtach téarmaíocht fhoirmiúil agus teicniúil a mheas in éineacht le téarmaí neamhfhoirmiúla. D'fhéadfadh go mbeadh tagairt ag páipéir agus ailt acadúla do gach ceann acu.\nAicríonaim agus gearrthreoracha\nBa cheart duit acrainm agus gearrthóga a mheas i gcónaí le haghaidh focail, frásaí agus fiú eagraíochtaí éagsúla agus tú ag cuardach mar d'fhéadfadh údair iad a úsáid ina dteidil agus ina n-alt.\nLitriú agus téarmaíocht Mheiriceá\nTá sé tábhachtach go gcuirfí ort na hurlscríbhinní agus na téarmaíochtaí Meiriceánacha i bhfiosrúchán litríochta. Sa chéad leathanach eile, cuirfear oibreoirí cuardaigh i láthair chun cabhrú leat litreacha Béarla agus Meiriceánach a chuardach i do chuardach.\nDeireadh focail agus ilfhocail\nAgus tú ag cuardach, ba cheart duit deireadh focal agus ilfhocail eile a chur san áireamh. Sa chéad leathanach eile, tabharfar isteach oibreoirí cuardaigh chun cabhrú leat iad seo a chur san áireamh i do chuardach."} {"text": "As London’s new Ultra Low Emissions Zones (ULEZ) came into effect this month, a new animation highlights the effects that air pollution has on the public’s respiratory health\nLatest figures show that there are currently 40,000 pollution-related deaths a year in the UK.\nWhile this problem causes concerns for all, it can be even more problematic for the 12 million Brits affected by lung conditions such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder (COPD) and young children – 86% of which across the UK are growing up breathing hazardous levels of toxic air.\nIn fact, children living in higher areas of pollution have been found to have approx. 5% reduced lung capacity over a 5 year period.\nULEZ hailed as a massive step forward in tackling the toxic problems across the capital, will replace the current ‘T-Charge’. Charges will run from midnight to midnight seven days a week and will operate within the same areas as the current Congestion Charging Zone (CCZ).\nIt will cost £12.50 for most vehicle types, including cars, motorcycles and vans (up to and including 3.5 tonnes). Heavier vehicles, such as lorries (over 3.5 tonnes) and buses/coaches (over 5 tonnes) will incur a charge of £100.\nThe average person breathes in 25,000 times a day and this animation, created by GSK, shows the journey of the harmful pollutants into our lungs. Pollutants that we breathe in, such as nitrogen dioxide, particles and carbon monoxide, can be carried deep into the lungs where they can cause inflammation and restrict the uptake of oxygen into the blood.\nIn the UK, car exhaust fumes are one of the biggest causes of air pollution alongside burning fuels, industrial processes and household cleaning products.\nThe ULEZ will help reduce harmful exhaust gases that contribute to illegal levels of nitrogen dioxide across London boroughs. It is expected to expand to the inner London area within the North and South Circular roads from 25th October 2021.\nULEZ TfL information – https://tfl.gov.uk/modes/driving/ultra-low-emission-zone\nEditor's Recommended Articles\nMust Read >> The dirty diesel disgrace: tackle air pollution now", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-29", "url": "https://www.openaccessgovernment.org/ulez-publics-respiratory-health/64162/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655888561.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20200705184325-20200705214325-00583.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9166828394, "token_count": 473, "score": 3.046875, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "De réir mar a tháinig Ceantair Easaontais Ultra Íseal (ULEZ) nua Londain i bhfeidhm an mhí seo, tugann beochan nua béim ar na héifeachtaí a bhíonn ag truailliú aeir ar shláinte an phobail\nLéiríonn na figiúirí is déanaí go bhfuil 40,000 bás a bhaineann le truailliú sa Ríocht Aontaithe faoi láthair.\nCé go bhfuil imní ar gach duine faoin bhfadhb seo, d'fhéadfadh sé a bheith níos deacra fós do na 12 mhilliún Breataine a bhfuil galair scamhóige orthu mar asthma, neamhoird chronic cosanta scamhóige (COPD) agus leanaí óga - 86% díobh ar fud na RA atá ag fás suas ag anailís ar leibhéil contúirteacha d'aer tocsaineach.\nGo deimhin, fuarthas amach go bhfuil thart ar 100 duine i measc na leanaí a chónaíonn i gceantair a bhfuil truailliú níos airde acu. 5% de chumas scamhóg laghdaithe thar thréimhse 5 bliana.\nULEZ moladh mar chéim ollmhór chun cinn i ngleic leis na fadhbanna tocsaineacha ar fud an chaipitil, beidh an ionad reatha T-Charge . Beidh na táillí ag rith ó lár na hoíche go lár na hoíche seacht lá sa tseachtain agus oibreoidh siad laistigh de na limistéir chéanna leis an gCrios Táille Congestion (CCZ) reatha.\nCosnóidh sé £12.50 don chuid is mó de na cineálacha feithiclí, lena n-áirítear gluaisteáin, gluaisrothair agus feithiclí feithicle (suas le 3.5 tonna agus lena n-áirítear iad). Beidh muirear £100 ar fheithiclí níos truime, amhail trucailí (os cionn 3.5 tonna) agus busanna/coistí (os cionn 5 tonna).\nAn duine ar an meán breathnaíonn sé isteach 25,000 uair sa lá agus léiríonn an t-aistriú seo, a chruthaigh GSK, an turas a dhéanann na truailleáin díobhálacha isteach inár scamhóga. Is féidir le truailleoirí a aimsímid, mar shampla dé-ocsaíd nítrigine, coirpíní agus aon-ocsaíd charbóin, a bheith i mbun go domhain sna scamhóga áit ar féidir leo athlasadh a chur ar bun agus srianta a chur ar an ocsiméan a iompú isteach sa fhuil.\nSa Ríocht Aontaithe, is é gáis dhosmálta na gcarranna ceann de na cúiseanna is mó le truailliú aeir in éineacht le breoslaí a dhó, próisis thionsclaíocha agus táirgí glantacháin tí.\nCabhróidh an ULEZ le gáis easpórtála díobhálacha a laghdú a chuireann le leibhéil neamhdhleathacha dé-ocsaíde nítrigine ar fud bhróg Londain. Táthar ag súil go leathnóidh sé go limistéar lárnach Londain laistigh de bhóithre ciorclacha Thuaidh agus Theas ón 25 Deireadh Fómhair 2021.\nTá an t-eolas seo ar fáil ar an suíomh gréasáin www.ulez.co.uk/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/en/\nArdaitheoirí a mholtar\nNí mór a léamh >> An náire díosail salach: dul i ngleic le truailliú an aeir anois"} {"text": "CINCINNATI—Removal of the protein S6K1 slows the formation of new adipocytes (fat cells). Researchers say the finding suggests that S6K1 could be directly targeted for treating or preventing obesity.\nThe results of this study, led University of Cincinnati (UC) cancer and cell biologist and associate professor Sara Kozma, PhD, are published in the May 18, 2010, edition of Developmental Cell.\nIn the study, Kozma and her team compared the effects of normal diets versus high-fat diets in mice with and without S6K1. Mice with S6K1 who ate a high-fat diet developed four times more fat cells than mice without S6K1 that were fed the same diet.\nUsing mouse embryonic stem cells, Kozma and her team were able to demonstrate that the effect of loosing S6K1 was exerted during the first step of fat cell development—termed the \"commitment stage”—and that reintroducing S6K1 into these cells rescued fat cell development. Thus, lack of S6K1 slows fat cell production/renewal.\n\"We already know that S6K1 plays an important role in longevity, potentially through inhibition of adipose accumulation that has recently been associated with lifespan shortening in humans. These results support such a concept and we are now studying how S6K1 can be targeted to fight obesity,” says Kozma. \"We need to know more about the timing and means for targeting S6K1, to determine whether it could be an effective treatment.”\nThe Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimates that 60 percent of adults over age 20 are either overweight or obese. Obesity is defined as having a body mass index of greater than 30.\nStudy co-authors include Larissa Carnevalli, Kouhei Masuda, Francesca Frigerio, Olivier Le Bacquer, Sung Hee Um, Valentina Gandin, Ivan Topisirovic, Nahum Sonenberg and George Thomas.\nThe research was funded by a fellowship from Procter & Gamble Pharmaceuticals and grants from the National Institutes of Health and the Canadian Institutes of Health Research.\nUC’s Metabolic Diseases Institute, named in 2009, is located on UC’s Reading Campus, formerly the Genome Research Institute, and is home to a team of researchers who focus on the genetic, molecular and cellular mechanisms of metabolic disorders, cancer and cardiovascular disease.\nKozma is a member of the Cincinnati Cancer Consortium, a joint cancer program involving the UC College of Medicine, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center and UC Health University Hospital. The collaborative initiative brings together interdisciplinary research teams of caring scientists and health professionals to research and develop new cures, while providing a continuum of care for children, adults and families with cancer.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-47", "url": "http://healthnews.uc.edu/news/?/10583/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934809160.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20171124234011-20171125014011-00607.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9417692423, "token_count": 586, "score": 3.03125, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "CINCINNATI Cuireann deireadh leis an bpróitéin S6K1 go mallú ar fhoirmiú adipocytes nua (cealla saille). Deir taighdeoirí go léiríonn an toradh go bhféadfadh S6K1 a bheith dírithe go díreach ar chóireáil nó cosc a chur ar murtall.\nFoilsíodh torthaí an staidéir seo, faoi stiúir na hOllscoile Cincinnati (UC) a bhí ina bhileogóir ailse agus cille agus ina ollamh comhlánaithe Sara Kozma, PhD, in eagrán Déantúsaíochta Cealla an 18 Bealtaine, 2010.\nSa staidéar, rinne Kozma agus a fhoireann comparáid idir éifeachtaí gnáth-aistí bia i gcomparáid le gnáth-aistí bia ard-saill i lucha le S6K1 agus gan S6K1. D'fhorbair na lucha le S6K1 a d'ith aiste bia ard-saill ceithre huaire níos mó cealla saille ná lucha gan S6K1 a ndearnadh an aiste bia céanna a ithe.\nAg baint úsáide as cealla bunchill embryonacha luch, bhí Kozma agus a foireann in ann a thaispeáint go raibh éifeacht S6K1 a chailleadh i bhfeidhm le linn an chéad chéim de fhorbairt cealla saille - ar a dtugtar \"chéim tiomantais\" - agus gur shábháil ath-thosgladh S6K1 isteach sna cealla seo forbairt cealla saille. Dá bhrí sin, cuireann easpa S6K1 táirgeadh / athnuachan cealla saille siar.\n\"Tá a fhios againn cheana féin go bhfuil ról tábhachtach ag S6K1 i fad saoil, b'fhéidir trí chosc a chur ar chruinniú saille a bhí bainteach le gearrú saoil i ndaoine le déanaí. Tacaíonn na torthaí seo le coincheap den sórt sin agus táimid ag déanamh staidéir anois ar an gcaoi ar féidir S6K1 a dhíriú chun an t-othar a chomhrac, a deir Kozma. \"Caithfimid níos mó a fháil amach faoi na huaireanta agus na modhanna chun S6K1 a dhíriú, chun a chinneadh an bhféadfadh sé a bheith ina chóireáil éifeachtach.\nMeasann na Lárionaid um Rialú agus Cosc ar Ghalair (CDC) go bhfuil 60 faoin gcéad d'aosaigh os cionn 20 bliain d'aois róthrom nó murtall. Sainmhínítear murtall mar a bhfuil innéacs mais coirp níos mó ná 30.\nI measc na gcomh-údair staidéir tá Larissa Carnevalli, Kouhei Masuda, Francesca Frigerio, Olivier Le Bacquer, Sung Hee Um, Valentina Gandin, Ivan Topisirovic, Nahum Sonenberg agus George Thomas.\nMaoiníodh an taighde le comhaltacht ó Procter & Gamble Pharmaceuticals agus deontais ó na hInstitiúidí Náisiúnta Sláinte agus ó na hInstitiúidí Ceannais um Thaighde Sláinte.\nTá Institiúid Ghalair Meitibileach UC, a ainmníodh in 2009, suite ar Champas Léitheoireachta UC, a bhí ina Institiúid Taighde Ghinóim roimhe seo, agus is baile é do fhoireann taighdeoirí a dhíríonn ar mheicníochtaí géiniteacha, móilíneacha agus cheallacha neamhoird meitibileacha, ailse agus galar cardashoithíoch.\nTá Kozma ina bhall de Chonsórtúim Ailse Cincinnati, clár comhpháirteach ailse a chuimsíonn Coláiste Leighis UC, Ionad Leighis Ospidéal Leanaí Cincinnati agus Ospidéal Ollscoil Sláinte UC. Tugann an tionscnamh comhoibritheach foirne taighde idirdhisciplíneacha de eolaithe agus gairmithe sláinte cúraim le chéile chun cóireálacha nua a thaighde agus a fhorbairt, agus cúram leanúnach a sholáthar do leanaí, do dhaoine fásta agus do theaghlaigh a bhfuil ailse orthu."} {"text": "Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common form of arthritis, affecting around 500 million people worldwide, or around 7% of the global population. In the United States, over 32 million have OA.\nThe above statistics come from a report by\nThis article discusses the prevalence of OA in the U.S. and worldwide, which groups OA affects most, and the causes. It also explores the effects of OA and ways to help prevent the condition.\nA note about sex and gender\nSex and gender exist on spectrums. This article will use the terms “male,” “female,” or both to refer to sex assigned at birth. Click here to learn more.\nAccording to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC),\nFor females, the condition often develops after menopause, suggesting that physiological changes in females account for some of the elevated risk. However, it is also possible that social factors, such as gender roles or disparities in healthcare, may also play a role.\nIndividuals with obesity are also more likely to develop OA. This is partly due to the extra stress on weight-bearing joints such as the hips and knees. Obesity can also cause people to be more likely to experience metabolic changes that can\nPeople in certain occupations may also be more likely to develop OA due to wear and tear. A 2020 review lists agricultural work, cleaning, construction, and carpentry as some of the specific occupations that may contribute to OA.\nOA develops when the cartilage covering the end of the bones in a joint begins to wear away. This means that the bones in the joint start rubbing against a rough surface instead of smooth cartilage.\nThis often happens due to the repeated use of a joint and changes in the tissues in the joint that occur over time. This is why OA is more common in older adults.\nOther factors that can contribute to this include:\n- family history of OA\n- certain joint irregularities\nOA is one of the leading causes of disability worldwide. This affects both the individual and their surrounding community, influencing relationships, finances, productivity, the economy, and quality of life on a national scale.\nThe total amount of work earnings lost due to OA in the U.S. was $71.3 billion per year, and the medical costs for individuals in the U.S. living with OA from 2008–2014 were $65.5 billion.\nOA also significantly affects other aspects of health, compounding its effect on well-being. It can contribute to mental health conditions, such as anxiety and depression, and make it more challenging to maintain a moderate weight. This, in turn, increases the risk of other health conditions, increasing the need for healthcare.\nIndividuals, healthcare professionals, and public health organizations can use several strategies to reduce the prevalence of OA, such as:\nIt is not always possible to prevent joint injuries, but there are precautions people can take to reduce the risks as much as possible, such as:\n- using protective equipment when playing sports\n- following safety procedures at work\n- doing strength and balance training, particularly in later life,\nto prevent falls\nProtecting joints from overuse\nHigh impact sports, such as running, put more pressure on joints than low impact sports. This may increase the risk of OA if a person engages in this type of activity frequently.\nIt may help to mix high and low intensity exercise or to modify sports so that they have less impact on joints. For example, people can avoid running on hard surfaces such as concrete.\nSimilarly, people in physically demanding jobs may be able to use equipment or workplace modifications to reduce the strain of repetitive movements.\nThere is currently no research that proves that reducing obesity will reduce rates of OA. However, as it is an important risk factor, it follows that maintaining a moderate weight may reduce a person’s risk of developing the condition.\nPeople can maintain a moderate weight by:\nThe prevalence of osteoarthritis (OA) is 7% worldwide. The condition affects over 500 million people globally and is one of the leading causes of disability.\nPublic health organizations such as the CDC are keen to prevent OA due to its significant effects on well-being and the economy.\nCurrent strategies focus on addressing the risk factors for the disease that are within a person’s control, such as helping to prevent injuries, promoting weight management, and reducing joint overuse.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-50", "url": "https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/prevalence-of-osteoarthritis?utm_source=ReadNext", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100651.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20231207090036-20231207120036-00623.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9608917832, "token_count": 920, "score": 3.671875, "int_score": 4, "irish_text": "Is é osteoarthritis (OA) an cineál is coitianta d'artríteas, a théann i bhfeidhm ar thart ar 500 milliún duine ar fud an domhain, nó thart ar 7% den daonra domhanda. Sna Stáit Aontaithe, tá os cionn 32 milliún duine a bhfuil OA acu.\nTagann na staitisticí thuas ó thuarascáil ó\nDéantar plé san alt seo ar an ardleithead atá ag OA sna Stáit Aontaithe agus ar fud an domhain, ar na grúpaí is mó a mbíonn tionchar ag OA orthu, agus ar na cúiseanna. Scrúdaíonn sé freisin éifeachtaí OA agus bealaí chun cabhrú leis an riocht a chosc.\nNóta faoi ghnéas agus inscne\nTá gnéas agus inscne ar speictrim. Úsáidfear na téarmaí fireann, baineann, nó an dá cheann san alt seo chun tagairt a dhéanamh don ghnéas a ceapadh ag an mbreith. Cliceáil anseo chun tuilleadh a fhoghlaim.\nDe réir na hIonaid um Rialú agus Cosc ar Ghalair (CDC),\nI gcás na mban, is minic a fhorbraíonn an riocht tar éis na menopause, rud a thugann le tuiscint go bhfuil athruithe fiseolaíocha i measc na mban mar chúis le cuid den riosca ard. Tá sé indéanta freisin go bhfuil tionchar ag tosca sóisialta, amhail róil inscne nó neamhionannais i gcúram sláinte.\nTá daoine atá saill ghorm níos dóchúla freisin OA a fhorbairt. Tá sé seo de bharr an strus breise ar chomhpháirteanna a bhfuil meáchan orthu, amhail na cnámha agus na glúine. Is féidir le murtall daoine a chur i mbaol go mbeidh athruithe meitibileach níos mó ann a d'fhéadfadh\nD'fhéadfadh go mbeadh daoine i ngnólachtaí áirithe níos mó seans ann go bhforbrófaí OA mar gheall ar chaitheamh agus scoilt. Liostaíonn athbhreithniú 2020 obair talmhaíochta, glanadh, tógáil, agus croiteoireacht mar chuid de na gairmeacha sonracha a d'fhéadfadh cur le OA.\nForbraíonn OA nuair a thosaíonn an cartilage a chlúdaíonn deireadh na gcnámha i gcomhpháirt ag caitheamh. Ciallaíonn sé seo go dtosaíonn cnámha an chomhpháirte ag frith le dromchla garbh in ionad cartilage réidh.\nIs minic a tharlaíonn sé seo mar gheall ar úsáid athfhillteach a bhaint as comhpháirte agus athruithe ar na fíocháin sa chomhpháirte a tharlaíonn le himeacht ama. Sin é an fáth go bhfuil OA níos coitianta i measc daoine fásta níos sine.\nI measc na ngnéithe eile a d'fhéadfadh cur leis seo tá:\n- stair teaghlaigh de OA\n- neamhrialtachtaí comhpháirteacha áirithe\nTá OA ar cheann de na príomhchúiseanna míchumas ar fud an domhain. Bíonn tionchar aige seo ar an duine aonair agus ar a phobal timpeall air, ag tionchar ar chaidrimh, ar mhaoin, ar tháirgiúlacht, ar an ngeilleagar, agus ar cháilíocht na beatha ar scála náisiúnta.\nBa é méid iomlán na n-ioncam oibre a cailleadh mar gheall ar OA sna Stáit Aontaithe $ 71.3 billiún in aghaidh na bliana, agus ba iad na costais leighis do dhaoine aonair sna Stáit Aontaithe a bhí ina gcónaí le OA ó 2008 2014 $ 65.5 billiún.\nBíonn tionchar suntasach ag OA ar ghnéithe eile den tsláinte freisin, ag cur leis an éifeacht atá aige ar fholláine. Is féidir leis cur le riochtaí sláinte meabhrach, mar shampla imní agus dúlagar, agus é a dhéanamh níos dúshlánach meáchan measartha a choinneáil. Mar sin féin, méadaíonn sé seo an baol go dtarlóidh galair sláinte eile, rud a mhéadaíonn an gá le cúram sláinte.\nIs féidir le daoine aonair, gairmithe cúraim sláinte, agus eagraíochtaí sláinte poiblí roinnt straitéisí a úsáid chun forleithleacht OA a laghdú, mar shampla:\nNí féidir go léir díobhálacha comhpháirteacha a chosc, ach tá réamhchúraimí ann is féidir le daoine a dhéanamh chun na rioscaí a laghdú chomh mór agus is féidir, mar shampla:\n- trealamh cosanta a úsáid agus iad ag imirt spóirt\n- nósanna imeachta sábháilteachta ag an obair a leanúint\n- oiliúint neart agus cothromaíochta a dhéanamh, go háirithe níos déanaí sa saol,\nchun titim a chosc\nCosc ar na comhpháirteanna ó ró-úsáid\nCuireann spóirt a bhfuil tionchar mór acu, mar shampla rith, níos mó brú ar na hailt ná spóirt a bhfuil tionchar íseal acu. D'fhéadfadh sé seo an baol a mhéadú go mbeidh OA ag duine má bhíonn sé ag baint úsáide as an gcineál gníomhaíochta seo go minic.\nD'fhéadfadh sé a bheith cabhrach cleachtadh ard-ghéarchéime agus íseal-ghéarchéime a mheascadh nó spóirt a mhodhnú ionas nach mbeidh tionchar níos lú acu ar na hailt. Mar shampla, is féidir le daoine rith ar dhromchlaí crua amhail concrait a sheachaint.\nAr an gcaoi chéanna, d'fhéadfadh daoine a bhfuil postanna a éilíonn go fisiciúil orthu a bheith in ann trealamh nó modhnú ar an láthair oibre a úsáid chun an strus a bhaineann le gluaiseachtaí athdhéanta a laghdú.\nNíl aon taighde ann faoi láthair a chruthaíonn go laghdóidh laghdú ar murtall go leor rátaí OA. Mar sin féin, toisc gur fachtóir riosca tábhachtach é, leanann sé go bhféadfadh meáchan measartha a choinneáil riosca duine a laghdú chun an riocht a fhorbairt.\nIs féidir le daoine meáchan meánach a choinneáil trí:\nIs é 7% de leithead osteoarthritis (OA) ar fud an domhain. Bíonn tionchar ag an riocht ar níos mó ná 500 milliún duine ar fud an domhain agus tá sé ar cheann de na príomhchúiseanna míchumais.\nTá eagraíochtaí sláinte poiblí cosúil leis an CDC ag iarraidh OA a chosc mar gheall ar a héifeachtaí suntasacha ar fholláine agus ar an ngeilleagar.\nTá straitéisí reatha dírithe ar aghaidh a thabhairt ar na fachtóirí riosca don ghalair atá faoi smacht an duine, amhail cabhrú le gortuithe a chosc, bainistiú meáchain a chur chun cinn, agus ró-úsáid na gcomhpháirteanna a laghdú."} {"text": "Imagine all our preschoolers spending hours each week in a parent’s lap, reading their favorite storybooks together. Then envision these same children arriving at kindergarten, already in love with the printed pages of a book. The Raising a Reader Program is a wonderful early literacy experience for the children of Alleghany County. It is funded by Smart Start and ran through Alleghany Partnership for Children.\n- Since 1999, Raising A Reader has helped over a million families develop, practice, and maintain home-based literacy routines that have been linked to academic and life success.\n- THE RESEARCH IS CLEAR – WHEN FAMILIES ARE INVOLVED, CHILDREN’S ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT IMPROVES\n- Raising a Reader focuses on strengthening family literacy routines and community literacy connections – a method that’s proven to work.\n- The Raising a Reader program is evidence-based, with more than 32 independent evaluations showing that Raising a Reader significantly improves language and literacy skills, cognitive development, communication and comprehension skills, school readiness and social competence. The program is implemented through a network of community partners that comprise more than 2,700 locations across the country including public school systems, libraries, afterschool programs, community agencies and other organizations both public and private.\nFor more information about getting involved with the Raising A Reader Program, please contact the Alleghany Partnership for Children at (336) 372-2846.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-34", "url": "https://alleghanychildren.org/raising-a-reader/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439738950.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20200812225607-20200813015607-00489.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9158574939, "token_count": 307, "score": 2.953125, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Samhlaigh go gcaitheann ár gcuid leanaí réamhscoile uaireanta gach seachtain i mbéal tuismitheoirí, ag léamh a gcuid leabhar scéalta is fearr leo le chéile. Ansin samhlaigh na páistí céanna sin ag teacht go dtí an kindergarten, agus iad ag grá le leathanaigh chliste leabhar cheana féin. Is eispéireas iontach óige litearthachta é an Clár um Léitheoir a Chur suas do pháistí Chontae Alleghany. Tá sé maoinithe ag Smart Start agus reáchtáil sé trí Chomhpháirtíocht Alleghany do Leanaí.\n- Ó 1999, tá Raising A Reader tar éis cabhrú le breis agus milliún teaghlach gnáthamh litearthachta baile a fhorbairt, a chleachtadh agus a chothabháil a bhí nasctha le rath acadúil agus saoil.\n- Tá an taighde soiléir Nuair a bhíonn teaghlaigh rannpháirteach, feabhsaíonn toradh acadúil na leanaí\n- Tá 'Raising a Reader' dírithe ar ghnáthamh litearthachta teaghlaigh agus ar naisc litearthachta pobail a neartú - modh a bhfuil a fheidhmithe cruthaithe aige.\n- Tá an clár 'Raising a Reader' bunaithe ar fhianaise, agus léiríonn breis agus 32 meastóireacht neamhspleách go bhfeabhsaíonn 'Raising a Reader' scileanna teanga agus litearthachta, forbairt chognaíoch, scileanna cumarsáide agus tuiscint, ullmhacht scoile agus inniúlacht shóisialta go suntasach. Cuirtear an clár i bhfeidhm trí líonra comhpháirtithe pobail a chuimsíonn níos mó ná 2,700 suíomh ar fud na tíre lena n-áirítear córais scoile poiblí, leabharlanna, cláir iar-scoile, gníomhaireachtaí pobail agus eagraíochtaí eile poiblí agus príobháideacha araon.\nChun tuilleadh eolais a fháil faoi bheith páirteach sa Chlár A Leagann Léitheoir, déan teagmháil le Comhpháirtíocht Alleghany do Leanaí ag (336) 372-2846."} {"text": "Carbon Black has been produced by Orion's predecessors since 1862. It plays a crucial role in the rubber industry. When used in tires Carbon Black ensures a high resistance to abrasion, good road handling and ageing resistance. Carbon Black is also an important ingredient in the production of a multitude of other rubber goods like profiles, hoses and anti-vibration systems.\nCarbon Black is nearly pure carbon. Today the most common method for producing Carbon Black is the Furnace Black Process. A liquid hydrocarbon feedstock is injected into a flame, which is generated by the combustion of a gaseous or liquid fuel in combination with preheated air. Under these conditions the feedstock decomposes and Carbon Black particles are formed. After separation of the process gas/Carbon Black mixture in filter systems, the Carbon Black powder is pelletized in order to improve handling properties. Alternative production processes working according to the same physico-chemical principle are the Lamp Black Process and the Degussa Gas Black Process, which provide Carbon Blacks with a unique combination of properties.\nCarbon Blacks can be divided into:\n- Hard Blacks (synonyms: tread grades, reinforcing Carbon Black): a type of furnace Carbon Black having an average nitrogen surface area of 70 mn or greater.\n- Soft Blacks (synonyms: carcass grades, semi-reinforcing Carbon Black): a type of furnace Carbon Black having a nitrogen surface area in the range of 21 to 69 mn.\n- Thermal Blacks: produced under controlled conditions by the thermal decomposition of hydrocarbons in the absence of air or flames.\n- Gas Blacks: Degussa process, high reinforcing capability, imparts scorch safety to compounds.\nNitrogen surface area (m2/g)\n121 - 150\n100 - 120\n70 - 99\n40 - 49\n33 - 39\n21 - 32\nMost Rubber Carbon Blacks are manufactured to ASTM specifications in a variety of reinforcing and semi-reinforcing grades. They are available in average particle sizes from 20nm (N110) to 280nm (N990) to meet formulation and performance requirements. Under the trademark CORAX® Orion produces a comprehensive range of standard grades of Furnace Blacks in accordance with the requirements of ASTM D 1765.\nIn addition to ASTM Carbon Blacks, considerable emphasis is placed on the development of new products, also manufactured with the Furnace Black Process. With these products Orion Engineered Carbons responds to the fast growing demand for specialties for high- and ultra-high performance car tires and fuel-efficient truck tires. The ECORAX® grades used in tire treads and bodies provide a significant reduction in rolling resistance and consequently in fuel consumption. CORAX® HP Blacks are Specialty Carbon Blacks designed for excellent dry grip as required in high performance, ultra high performance, racing and motorcycle tires.\nFor special applications Corax® N 990 is used. This grade's low degree of reinforcement allows particularly high loadings and has excellent processing properties.\nThe clean PUREX® and SABLE grades are of particular value in the manufacturing of mechanical rubber goods like extruded profiles and seals. These grades show a good processability and contribute to a smooth surface of the final product.\nDUREX® 0 is a special type of Carbon Black produced by the Lamp Black Process. It is used in the production of mechanical rubber goods, where it guarantees excellent extrusion properties in terms of dimensional stability, very smooth surface finish and some unique in-rubber properties.\nCK 3 is a Gas Black which imparts considerable scorch safety to rubber compounds by delaying the onset of cure. It provides uncured compounds with high green strength and vulcanizates with excellent tensile strength, elongation at break and cut growth resistance during flexing. Application fields are seals, rubber-to-metal bonding compounds, molded goods, unvulcanized sheets and adhesives.\nSpecial conductive Carbon Blacks are offered under the PRINTEX® brand.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-47", "url": "http://www.orioncarbons.com/rubber-carbon-black", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934805049.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20171118210145-20171118230145-00297.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8889415264, "token_count": 820, "score": 2.609375, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Tá Carbon Black á tháirgeadh ag réamhtheachtaí Orion ó 1862. Tá ról ríthábhachtach aige i dtionscal an rubair. Nuair a úsáidtear é i mbataí, cuireann Carbon Black cosc ard ar chorradh, láimhseáil mhaith bóthair agus friotaíocht ag dul in aois. Tá an Charbóin Dubh ina chomhábhar tábhachtach freisin i dtáirgeadh go leor earraí rubair eile amhail próifílí, snáthaigh agus córais frith-thiomáint.\nIs carbóin í an Charbóin Dubh beagnach íon. Sa lá atá inniu ann is é an modh is coitianta chun Carbon Black a tháirgeadh an Próiseas Dubh Foirne. Tá an t-ábhar hidreacarbóin leachtach insteallta i lasair, a ghintear trí dhóiteán breosla gásach nó leachtach i dteannta le haer réamhdhéite. Faoin dálaí seo, déantar an t-ábhar amh a dhíscaoileadh agus cruthaítear cáithníní Carbóin Dubh. Tar éis an meascán gáis phróisis/Carbon Black a scaradh i gcórais scagaire, déantar an púdar Carbon Black a phéileáil chun feidhmiúlachtaí láimhseála a fheabhsú. Is iad na próisis táirgeachta malartacha a oibríonn de réir an phrionsabail fhisiceach-cheimiceach céanna próiseas dubh lampa agus próiseas dubh gáis Degussa, a thugann teaglaim uathúil airíonna do na carbóin dubh.\nIs féidir na Dubhcharbóin a roinnt ina:\n- Hard Blacks (sinéadamacha: gráid tread, neartú Carbon Black): cineál tobar Carbon Black a bhfuil meán-chríoch dromchla nítrigine de 70 mn nó níos mó.\n- Soft Blacks (sinéadamacha: grád carcas, carbon black leath-neartaithe): cineál carbon black toirte le dromchla nítrigine idir 21 agus 69 mn.\n- Dubh Teirmeach: a tháirgtear faoi choinníollacha rialaithe trí dhoilliú teirmeach hidreacarbóin in éagmais aeir nó lasca.\n- Gás Dubh: próiseas Degussa, cumas ard-neartaithe, a thugann sábháilteacht scorch do chomhdhúile.\nLimistéar dromchla nítrigine (m2/g)\n121 - 150\n100 - 120\n70 - 99\n40 - 49\n33 - 39\n21 - 32\nDéantar an chuid is mó de na Rubber Carbon Blacks a mhonarú de réir sonraíochtaí ASTM i ngnéithe éagsúla athneartaithe agus leath-athneartaithe. Tá siad ar fáil i meánmhéideanna cáithníní ó 20nm (N110) go 280nm (N990) chun riachtanais fhoirmlithe agus feidhmíochta a chomhlíonadh. Faoin trádmharc CORAX® déanann Orion raon cuimsitheach de ghrádanna caighdeánacha de Fhorn Blacks a tháirgeadh i gcomhréir le ceanglais ASTM D 1765.\nChomh maith le Carbon Blacks ASTM, cuirtear béim mhór ar fhorbairt táirgí nua, a mhonaraítear leis an bPróiseas Dubh Foirne freisin. Leis na táirgí seo, freagraíonn Orion Engineered Carbons ar an éileamh atá ag fás go tapa ar shaincheisteanna do threacaí gluaisteán ard- agus ultra-ardfheidhmíochta agus do threacaí trucail atá éifeachtach ó thaobh breosla. Cuireann grádanna ECORAX® a úsáidtear i mbóithre agus i gcorpáin na mbóithre laghdú suntasach ar an friotaíocht rollaithe agus dá bhrí sin ar an tomhaltas breosla. Is iad CORAX® HP Blacks Carbon Blacks Speisialta a ceapadh le haghaidh greim tirim den scoth mar a cheanglaítear i mbreiseán ardfheidhmíochta, ultra-ardfheidhmíochta, rásaíocht agus gluaisrothar.\nLe haghaidh iarratais speisialta, úsáidtear Corax® N 990. Is féidir le leibhéal íseal neartúcháin an ghrád seo ualachanna an-ard a cheadú agus tá airíonna próiseála den scoth aige.\nTá luach ar leith ag na gráidí glan PUREX® agus SABLE i ndéantúsaíocht earraí meicniúla ó rubair amhail próifílí agus séalacha extruded. Léiríonn na gráid seo go bhfuil siad inrochtana go maith agus go gcuireann siad le dromchla réidh an táirge deiridh.\nIs cineál speisialta de Charbóin Dubh é DUREX® 0 a tháirgtear trí phróiseas Dubh an Lampa. Úsáidtear é i dtáirgeadh earraí meicniúla rubair, áit a ráthaíonn sé airíonna eis-chuardaithe den scoth i dtéarmaí cobhsaíochta tomhais, críochnú dromchla an-leathan agus roinnt airíonna uathúla rubair.\nIs Gás Dubh é CK 3 a thugann sábháilteacht suntasach ó dhó do chomhdhúile rubair trí tharchur a dhéanamh ar thús na cothaithe. Soláthraíonn sé comhdhúile neamhchúrdaithe le neart glas ard agus vulcanizates le neart teannas den scoth, fadú ag briseadh agus friotaíocht fáis gearradh le linn fleachta. Is iad réimsí iarratais na séalacha, na comhdhúile greamaithe rubair-le-mhiotal, earraí múnlaithe, bileoga neamh-vulcanaithe agus greamaitheacha.\nCuirtear Carbon Blacks seoltacha speisialta ar fáil faoin mbranda PRINTEX®."} {"text": "Agricultural cooperatives are key to reducing hunger and poverty\nCooperatives offer opportunities that smallholders could not achieve individually\n31 October 2011, Rome - Smallholder farmers gain big benefits from agricultural cooperatives including bargaining power and resource sharing that lead to food security and poverty reduction for millions, the UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) and the World Food Programme (WFP) stressed today on the occasion of the launch of the International Year of Cooperatives 2012 (IYC) in New York.\nThe importance of agricultural cooperatives in improving the lives of millions of smallholder farmers and their families cannot be overstated, the three Rome-based United Nations (UN) agencies said. Empowered by being a part of a larger group, smallholder farmers can negotiate better terms in contract farming and lower prices for agricultural inputs like seeds, fertilizer and equipment. In addition, cooperatives offer prospects that smallholder farmers would not be able to achieve individually such as helping them to secure land rights and better market opportunities.\nRanging from small-scale to multi-million dollar businesses across the globe, cooperatives operate in all sectors of the economy, count over 800 million members and provide 100 million jobs worldwide -- 20 per cent more than multinational enterprises. In 2008, the largest 300 cooperatives in the world had an aggregate turnover of US$1.1 trillion, comparable to the gross domestic product (GDP) of many large countries.\nCooperatives: a pillar of agricultural development and food security\nAgriculture, including farming, forestry, fisheries and livestock, is the main source of employment and income in rural areas, where the majority of the world's poor and hungry people live. Agricultural cooperatives play an important role in supporting men and women small agricultural producers and marginalized groups by creating sustainable rural employment.\nProducer cooperatives offer men and women smallholders market opportunities, and provide them with services such as better training in natural resource management, and better access to information, technologies, innovations and extension services. In several countries, FAO provides quality seeds and fertilizers to farmers and agricultural cooperatives and works with them in applying more suitable and productive farming practices.\nIFAD works with local agricultural cooperatives in Nepal on goat resource centres that help farmers develop markets for a sustainable supply of high-quality breeding goats. Under the Purchase for Progress (P4P) pilot initiative, WFP and partners are working with smallholder farmers' organisations in 21 countries to help them produce surpluses, gain access to markets and increase their incomes.\nThrough support such as this, smallholders can achieve sustainable livelihoods, improve food security in their communities and play a greater role in meeting the growing demand for food on local, national and international markets.\nIn Brazil, cooperatives were responsible for 37.2 percent of agricultural GDP and 5.4 percent of overall GDP in 2009, and earned about US$3.6 billion from exports. In Mauritius, cooperatives account for more than 60 percent of national production in the food crop sector and in Kenya the savings and credit cooperatives have assets worth US$2.7 billion, which account for 31 percent of gross national savings.\nSupporting agricultural cooperatives: The IYC and beyond\nThe Rome-based UN agencies will promote the growth of agricultural cooperatives by:\n• Carrying out initiatives to better understand cooperatives and assess their socio-economic development impact, and to raise awareness of their role and impact on the lives of men and women smallholder farmers -- such as FAO's database of good practices in institutional innovations;\n• Supporting cooperatives to form networks through which smallholder producers can pool their assets and competencies to overcome market barriers and other constraints such as a lack of access to natural resources;\n• Assisting policy-makers in the design and implementation of policies, laws, regulations and projects that take into consideration the needs and concerns of both men and women smallholder farmers and create enabling environment for agricultural cooperatives to thrive; and\n• Strengthening the dialogue and cooperation between governments, agricultural cooperatives, the international research community and civil society representatives on analyzing the best conditions for cooperatives worldwide to develop.\nDuring the year ahead and beyond, the Rome-based UN agencies will remain committed to supporting agricultural cooperatives, which provide members with economic advantages and offer them a wide range of services that build up their skills and improve their livelihoods. Cooperatives offer a sound and viable business model suited to the needs of rural communities in developing countries.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-41", "url": "http://www.fao.org/news/story/ru/item/93816/icode/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1410657136494.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20140914011216-00174-ip-10-234-18-248.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.940126121, "token_count": 924, "score": 2.890625, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Tá comharchumainn talmhaíochta ríthábhachtach chun ocras agus bochtaineacht a laghdú\nTugann comharchumainn deiseanna nach bhféadfaí a bhaint amach ag feirmeoirí beaga ar bhonn aonair\n31 Deireadh Fómhair 2011, an Róimh - Faigheann feirmeoirí beaga tairbhe mór ó chomhlachtaí talmhaíochta lena n-áirítear cumhacht bargaining agus roinnt acmhainní a fhágann go bhfuil slándáil bia agus laghdú bochtaineachta ag na milliúin, a dúirt Eagraíocht na Náisiún Aontaithe um bhia agus talmhaíocht (FAO), an Ciste Idirnáisiúnta um Fhorbairt Talmhaíochta (IFAD) agus an Clár Bia Domhanda (WFP) inniu ar ócáid seoladh Bliain Idirnáisiúnta na gComhpháirtíochta 2012 (IYC) i Nua Eabhrac.\nNí féidir an tábhacht a bhaineann le comharpháirtíochtaí talmhaíochta chun saol na milliúin feirmeoirí beaga agus a dteaghlaigh a fheabhsú a rá go leor, a dúirt na trí ghníomhaireacht de chuid na Náisiún Aontaithe (NA) atá lonnaithe i Róimh. De bharr a bheith ina gcuid de ghrúpa níos mó, is féidir le feirmeoirí beaga téarmaí níos fearr a chaibidlíocht i bhfeirmeoireacht chonartha agus praghsanna níos ísle le haghaidh ionchur talmhaíochta mar shíolta, leasacháin agus trealamh. Ina theannta sin, cuireann comharchumainn ionchais ar fáil nach mbeadh feirmeoirí beaga in ann a bhaint amach ar bhonn aonair, amhail cabhrú leo cearta talún a fháil agus deiseanna margaíochta níos fearr a fháil.\nAg dul ó ghnólachtaí ar scála beag go dtí gnóthas il-milliúnta dollar ar fud an domhain, oibríonn comharchumainn i ngach earnáil den gheilleagar, tá os cionn 800 milliún ball acu agus soláthraíonn siad 100 milliún post ar fud an domhain - 20% níos mó ná fiontair ilnáisiúnta. I 2008, bhí láimhdeachas comhiomlánach de US $ 1.1 trilliún ag na 300 comharpháirtíocht is mó ar domhan, atá inchomparáide le olltáirgeacht intíre (OTI) go leor tíortha móra.\nComhlachais: colún d'fhorbairt talmhaíochta agus slándála bia\nIs é an talmhaíocht, lena n-áirítear feirmeoireacht, foraoiseacht, iascaireacht agus beostoc, an príomhfhoinse fostaíochta agus ioncaim i gceantair thuaithe, áit a bhfuil tromlach na ndaoine bochta agus ocrais ar domhan ina gcónaí. Tá ról tábhachtach ag comharchumainn talmhaíochta i dtacaíocht a thabhairt do fhir agus do mhná atá ina dtáirgeoirí talmhaíochta beaga agus do ghrúpaí imeallta trí fhostaíocht inbhuanaithe tuaithe a chruthú.\nCuireann comharchumainn táirgeoirí deiseanna margaidh ar fáil d'fheirmeoirí beaga fir agus mná, agus soláthraíonn siad seirbhísí dóibh amhail oiliúint níos fearr i mbainistiú acmhainní nádúrtha, agus rochtain níos fearr ar fhaisnéis, ar theicneolaíochtaí, ar nuálaíochtaí agus ar sheirbhísí cur chun cinn. I roinnt tíortha, soláthraíonn an FAO síolta agus leasacháin ardchaighdeáin d'fheirmeoirí agus d'chomhlachtaí talmhaíochta agus oibríonn sé leo chun cleachtais feirmeoireachta níos oiriúnaí agus níos táirgiúla a chur i bhfeidhm.\nTá IFAD ag obair le comharsanachtaí talmhaíochta áitiúla sa Neapál ar ionaid acmhainní cabra a chabhraíonn le feirmeoirí margaí a fhorbairt le haghaidh soláthar inbhuanaithe cabra pórúcháin ardchaighdeáin. Faoi thionscnamh píolótach Ceannach chun Forbartha (P4P), tá WFP agus comhpháirtithe ag obair le heagraíochtaí feirmeoirí beaga i 21 tír chun cabhrú leo forlíonta a tháirgeadh, rochtain a fháil ar mhargaí agus a n-ioncam a mhéadú.\nTrí thacaíocht den sórt sin, is féidir le feirmeoirí beaga slí bheatha inbhuanaithe a bhaint amach, slándáil bhia a fheabhsú ina bpobail agus ról níos mó a imirt i gcúram an éilimh atá ag fás ar bhia ar mhargaí áitiúla, náisiúnta agus idirnáisiúnta.\nSa Bhrasaíl, bhí comharchumainn freagrach as 37.2 faoin gcéad de OTI talmhaíochta agus 5.4 faoin gcéad de OTI foriomlán i 2009, agus thuill siad thart ar US $ 3.6 billiún ó onnmhairí. I Maoiríse, tá níos mó ná 60 faoin gcéad den táirgeadh náisiúnta i dtríúchán bia ag comhaltaí na gcomhaltaí comhaltacha agus i gCeinía tá sócmhainní ag na comhaltaí coigilteas agus creidmheasa ar fiú US $ 2.7 billiún, a dhéanann cuntas ar 31 faoin gcéad den choigiltis náisiúnta iomlán.\nComharsanachtaí talmhaíochta a thacú: An CIM agus níos faide ná sin\nCuirfidh gníomhaireachtaí na Náisiún Aontaithe atá lonnaithe i Róimh fás na gcomhlachais talmhaíochta chun cinn trí:\n• tionscnaimh a chur i gcrích chun feasacht níos fearr a fháil ar chomhlachtaí comharbaíochta agus chun measúnú a dhéanamh ar an tionchar a bhíonn acu ar fhorbairt shóisia-eacnamaíoch, agus chun feasacht a ardú maidir lena ról agus a dtionchar ar shaol feirmeoirí beaga fir agus mná - mar shampla bunachar sonraí dea-chleachtais FAO i nuálaíochtaí institiúideacha;\n• Tacaíocht a thabhairt do chomhlachtaí cóipeála chun líonraí a chruthú trína bhféadfaidh táirgeoirí beaga a gcuid sócmhainní agus inniúlachtaí a chomhthiomsú chun bacainní margaidh agus srianta eile, amhail easpa rochtana ar acmhainní nádúrtha, a shárú;\n• Cuidiú le lucht déanta beartais beartais, dlíthe, rialacháin agus tionscadail a dhearadh agus a chur i bhfeidhm a thugann aird ar riachtanais agus ar imní feirmeoirí beaga fir agus mná araon agus a chruthaíonn timpeallacht a chuireann ar chumas comhoibritheas talmhaíochta rath a bheith acu; agus\n• Idirphlé agus comhar a neartú idir rialtais, comharsanachtaí talmhaíochta, an pobal taighde idirnáisiúnta agus ionadaithe na sochaí sibhialta maidir le anailís a dhéanamh ar na coinníollacha is fearr a d'fhéadfadh comharsanachtaí ar fud an domhain a fhorbairt.\nLe linn na bliana atá romhainn agus ina dhiaidh sin, leanfaidh gníomhaireachtaí na Náisiún Aontaithe atá lonnaithe i Róimh de bheith tiomanta do thacú le comharpháirtíochtaí talmhaíochta, a sholáthraíonn buntáistí eacnamaíocha do bhaill agus a thairgeann réimse leathan seirbhísí dóibh a chuireann a gcuid scileanna ar bun agus a gcuid maireachtála a fheabhsú. Cuireann comharchumainn samhail ghnó fónta agus inmharthana ar fáil atá oiriúnach do riachtanais phobail tuaithe i dtíortha i mbéal forbartha."} {"text": "The Zulu are a Bantu ethnic group of Southern Africa and the largest ethnic group in South Africa, with an estimated 10–12 million people living mainly in the province of KwaZulu-Natal. Small numbers also live in Zimbabwe, Zambia, Tanzania and Mozambique. The Zulu were originally a major clan in what is today Northern KwaZulu-Natal, founded ca. 1709 by Zulu kaMalandela. In the Nguni languages, iZulu means heaven, or weather.. according to At that time, the area was occupied by many large Nguni communities and clans (also called isizwe=nation, people or isibongo=clan or family name). Nguni communities had migrated down Africa’s east coast over centuries, as part of the Bantu migrations probably arriving in what is now South Africa in about the 9th century. According to Wikipedia (read more here)\nNow the Perrys are about to release these african warriors in 28mm and in plastic! They will be released on the 22nd/23rd of January to coincide with the 139th anniversary of the battles of Isandlwana and Rorke’s Drift.\nHere are pictures of the sprues:\nAnd some examples of finished figures:\nAnd the usual Perry discount during first release:\nFor more info visit the Perry page here", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-34", "url": "https://wargamesgazette.com/tag/perry-miniatures/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439735939.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20200805094821-20200805124821-00223.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9605898857, "token_count": 292, "score": 2.6875, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Is grúpa eitneach Bantu iad na Zúluigh i dTuaisceart na hAfraice agus is iad na daoine is mó sa Gharda Shasana, agus meastar go bhfuil 10-12 milliún duine ina gcónaí go príomha i gCúige KwaZulu-Natal. Tá líon beag acu ina gcónaí sa tSimbaibé, sa tSamba, sa tSeanmóin agus sa Mhoimsaimbíc. Bhí na Zulus ar dtús ina gclann mór sa KwaZulu-Natal Thuaidh inniu, a bunaíodh ca. 1709 ag Zulu kaMalandela. I dteangacha Nguni, ciallaíonn iZulu neamh, nó aimsir .. de réir Ag an am sin, bhí go leor pobail agus clann Nguni mór san limistéar (ar a dtugtar isizwe = náisiún, daoine nó isibongo = clan nó ainm teaghlaigh). Bhí pobail Nguni tar éis imirce síos cósta thoir na hAfraice thar na céadta bliain, mar chuid de na himirceanna Bantu a tháinig go dócha san Afraic Theas anois thart ar an 9ú haois. De réir Wikipedia (léigh níos mó anseo)\nAnois tá na Perrys ar tí na seandálaithe Afracacha seo a scaoileadh i 28mm agus i bplaisteach! Beidh siad ar fáil ar an 22-23ú Eanáir chun teacht le comóradh 139ú na cathanna Isandlwana agus Rorke's Drift.\nSeo pictiúir de na sprú:\nAgus roinnt samplaí de na figiúirí críochnaithe:\nAgus an lascaine Perry is gnách le linn an chéad scaoileadh:\nLe haghaidh tuilleadh eolais, tabhair cuairt ar leathanach Perry anseo"} {"text": "The International Criminal Court (ICC), governed by the Rome Statute, is the first permanent, treaty based, international criminal court established to help end impunity for the perpetrators of the most serious crimes of concern to the international community.\nThe ICC is an independent international organisation, and is not part of the United Nations system. Its seat is at The Hague in the Netherlands. Although the Court’s expenses are funded primarily by States Parties, it also receives voluntary contributions from governments, international organisations, individuals, corporations and other entities.\nThe international community has long aspired to the creation of a permanent international court, and, in the 20th century, it reached consensus on definitions of genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes. The Nuremberg and Tokyo trials addressed war crimes, crimes against peace, and crimes against humanity committed during the Second World War.\nIn the 1990s after the end of the Cold War, tribunals like the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia and for Rwanda were the result of consensus that impunity is unacceptable. However, because they were established to try crimes committed only within a specific time-frame and during a specific conflict, there was general agreement that an independent, permanent criminal court was needed.\nOn 17 July 1998, the international community reached an historic milestone when 120 States adopted the Rome Statute, the legal basis for establishing the permanent International Criminal Court.\nThe Rome Statute entered into force on 1 July 2002 after ratification by 60 countries.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-47", "url": "https://international-criminal-court.africa-newsroom.com/source", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934805417.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20171119061756-20171119081756-00628.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9562442899, "token_count": 299, "score": 3.5, "int_score": 4, "irish_text": "Is é an Chúirt Choiriúil Idirnáisiúnta (CCI), a rialaítear le Reacht na Róimhe, an chéad chúirt choiriúil idirnáisiúnta buan, bunaithe ar chonradh, a bunaíodh chun cuidiú le deireadh a chur le neamhphóinteacht d'oibreoirí na gcoireanna is tromchúisí a bhfuil imní ag an bpobal idirnáisiúnta fúthu.\nIs eagraíocht idirnáisiúnta neamhspleách é an CPI, agus níl sí mar chuid de chóras na Náisiún Aontaithe. Tá a suíomh sa Hague san Ísiltír. Cé go maoiníonn na Stáit is Páirtithe caiteachas na Cúirte go príomha, faigheann sí ranníocaíochtaí deonacha ó rialtais, ó eagraíochtaí idirnáisiúnta, ó dhaoine aonair, ó chorparáidí agus ó eintitis eile.\nTá an pobal idirnáisiúnta ag iarraidh go mór cúirt idirnáisiúnta buan a chruthú, agus, sa 20ú haois, tháinig sé ar chomhthoil maidir le sainmhínithe ar ghineolaí, coireanna i gcoinne an chine dhaonna agus coireanna cogaidh. Bhí na triail Nuremberg agus Tóiceo dírithe ar choireanna cogaidh, coireanna i gcoinne na síochána, agus coireanna i gcoinne an chine daonna a rinneadh le linn an Dara Cogadh Domhanda.\nSna 1990idí tar éis dheireadh an Chogaidh Fuar, bhí triúbhlachtaí cosúil leis an gCúirt Choiriúil Idirnáisiúnta don iar-Iúgslaiv agus don Ruanda mar thoradh ar chomhthoil go bhfuil éagmais iníoctha. Mar sin féin, toisc go ndearnadh iad a bhunú chun coireanna a rinneadh laistigh de chreat ama ar leith agus le linn coimhlint ar leith a thriail, bhí comhaontú ginearálta ann go raibh gá le cúirt phearsanta neamhspleách buan.\nAr an 17 Iúil 1998, tháinig an pobal idirnáisiúnta ar chéim theoranta nuair a ghlac 120 Stát Reacht na Róimhe, an bonn dlíthiúil chun an Chúirt Choiriúil Idirnáisiúnta buan a bhunú.\nTháinig Reacht na Róimhe i bhfeidhm an 1 Iúil 2002 tar éis dó a bheith daingnithe ag 60 tír."} {"text": "If one striking feature of the December 2001 Parliament attack case were to be highlighted, most would agree that it was the speed with which four people were arrested, investigated and taken before the court. By December 2002, Afzal Guru and two more accused had been sentenced to death by a special court. By Indian standards, this was very fast on the part of the justice system. As the appeals followed through the Delhi High Court to the Supreme Court, from 2003 to 2005, Afzal Guruís conviction was repeatedly upheld while one of the accused was acquitted and the otherís sentence was commuted to 10 years. But the pace had already slowed. And then, with a mercy petition filed with the president of India in 2006, everything stalled. As a man, sentenced to death in 2002, waited and the Supreme Court and the government dismissed the mercy petition, the years began to roll by. Indiaís slow justice system felt the need to earn its reputation.\nThis case, because of its nature and its target, illustrates especially clearly how a slow justice system can be damaging on multiple levels. Whatever the debate over capital punishment, even proponents of it would agree that no one has the right to give a person on death row false hope. It is impossible that the delay would not have made the convict and his family hopeful. Delay also raises questions about the lawís certitude, reopens controversies regarding evidence and fairness, and makes tardiness look like hesitation. In short, people begin to suspect whether justice has been served at all. Such delay is divisive and harmful. But it is not just the effects of delay that are laid bare. The process of justice around Afzal Guru, from 2001 to 2013, also exposes some of the reasons that slow it down. The chief among these ó or one of the main reasons ó is the political tussle that takes place, often obliquely, behind the scenes around every high-profile case, perhaps more so in cases of terrorism. The anxiety to throw the ball into a rivalís court and then to browbeat the rival morally and politically into picking it up is a syndrome that affects every political party. This, however illegitimately, affects the justice system, slowing it down as careful moves are made ó or not made ó so that action can only be taken after judiciously measuring the outcome of either action or further delay. Maybe the justice system can work much faster without such complications.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-41", "url": "http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130212/jsp/opinion/story_16548796.jsp", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1410657120057.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20140914011200-00306-ip-10-196-40-205.us-west-1.compute.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9812511802, "token_count": 496, "score": 2.609375, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Má bhí gné shuntasach amháin de chás ionsaí ar Pharlaimint na hEorpa i mí na Nollag 2001 le cur i bhfios, aontaíonn an chuid is mó gurbh é an luas a gabhadh ceithre dhuine, a ndearnadh imscrúdú orthu agus a tugadh os comhair na cúirte. Faoi mhí na Nollag 2002, bhí cúirt speisialta tar éis Afzal Guru agus beirt chosantóirí eile a phionósú chun báis. De réir caighdeáin Indiach, bhí sé seo an-tapa ar thaobh an chórais cheartais. De réir mar a lean na hachomhairleoirí trí Ard-Chúirt Dhílli go dtí an Chúirt Uachtarach, ó 2003 go 2005, d'fhan ciontú Afzal Guru arís agus arís eile agus éagófar duine de na cosantóirí agus commuted pianbhreith an duine eile go 10 bliana. Ach bhí an luas a luathaithe cheana féin. Agus ansin, le hachainí trócaire a chuirtear isteach le hUachtarán na hIndia i 2006, thit gach rud ar stailc. Mar fear, a bhí ciontach i mbás i 2002, ag fanacht agus an Chúirt Uachtarach agus an rialtas a dhiúltú an t-iarratas trócaire, thosaigh na blianta ag rolladh. Bhraith córas lagcheartais na hIndia go raibh gá leis a cháil a thuilleamh.\nLéiríonn an cás seo, mar gheall ar a nádúr agus a sprioc, go soiléir go háirithe conas is féidir le córas ceartais mall a bheith díobhálach ar leibhéil iolracha. Cibé an díospóireacht a bhaineann le pionós an bháis, aontaíonn fiú lucht tacaíochta leis nach bhfuil aon cheart ag aon duine dóchas bréagach a thabhairt do dhuine atá ar an mbóthar báis. Ní féidir go mbeadh an mhoill gan dóchas a chur ar an gcoinniún agus ar a theaghlach. Cuireann moill ceisteanna ar an cinnteacht a bhaineann leis an dlí, athoscaíonn sé díospóireachtaí maidir le fianaise agus cothroime, agus déanann sé moill a bheith cosúil le hesitation. Go hachomair, tosaíonn daoine ag amhras an bhfuil an ceartas curtha i bhfeidhm ar chor ar bith. Tá an mhaolú sin ina chuidí agus ina díobháil. Ach ní hamháin go bhfuil na héifeachtaí a bhaineann le moill ar fáil. Léiríonn próiseas an cheartais timpeall Afzal Guru, ó 2001 go 2013, cuid de na cúiseanna a chuireann moill air freisin. Is é an ceann is mó i measc na gcúiseanna seo - nó ceann de na príomhchúiseanna - an t-iomaíocht pholaitiúil a tharlaíonn, go minic go neamhrialta, taobh thiar de na radhairc timpeall gach cás ardphróifíle, b'fhéidir níos mó i gcásanna sceimhlitheoireachta. Is siondróm é an imní a bhaineann le liathróid a chaitheamh i gcúirt na hiomaitheoirí agus ansin an iomaitheoir a chur i gcroílár go morálta agus go polaitiúil chun é a phiocadh suas. Bíonn tionchar neamhdhleathach ag an méid sin ar an gcóras ceartais, ag moill air de réir mar a dhéantar gluaiseachtaí cúramach ó nó nach ndéantar iad ó ionas nach féidir gníomh a dhéanamh ach amháin tar éis dó toradh an ghníomhaíochta nó moille breise a thomhas go ciallmhar. B'fhéidir go bhféadfadh an córas ceartais oibriú i bhfad níos tapúla gan na deacrachtaí sin."} {"text": "William Tasker (1808-1852) was born in London, the eldest son of Charles Moulson Tasker a journeyman cabinet maker and Sarah his wife. His family were poor and his father had tramped from Chester to London to seek work. William was born (16th April 1808) in (or near) Golden Square in the Soho neighbourhood of the City of Westminster. The family moved back to Chester about 1818 and at the age of ten he attended the Bluecoat Charity School where he remained until 1822. He studied drawing under Robert Morris. On leaving school he worked for a painter and decorator and soon moved to Leeds to learn the trade of lithographer with the firm of Masser Bros. Due to ill health he was forced to return to Chester where he set himself up as an artist. While in Chester he was appointed art teacher to the children of Squire Richard Congreve of Burton Manor on the Wirral.\nThe Congreve family has been associated with Burton since the mid 1700 when they invested much time and money to ensure that Burton became a lucrative investment for the family. Richard Congreve was the founder and builder of Burton Hall who died aged 80 years in 1857. The hall stayed in the Congreve family until 1902 when Walter Norris Congreve sold Burton Hall to Henry Nevile Gladstone (the son of William Ewart Gladstone) for £80,000. The Gladstones played a huge role in the development of the Manor but at the time of purchase the family had already achieved notoriety through large amounts of property, lucrative overseas trading and (under Sir John Gladstone, 1st Baronet) slave trade in the Caribbean. The proof of this can still be seen in the coat of arms over the door of the Manor which clearly depicts the severed head of a black man in the herald. The extent of Sir John's ownership of slaves was such that after slavery was abolished in 1833, he received the largest of all compensation payments made by the Slave Compensation Commission (over £80 million in present money).\nOne of his first important patrons was Robert Grosvenor, 1st Marquess of Westminster, for whom he painted a number of racehorses including Decoy in 1832 (exhibited at the old Liverpool Academy, then in Post Office Place off Church Street). Tasker succeeded a Mr. Edwards as art master at the Mechanic’s Institute, St. John Street, in 1842. In the annual report for the year 1842-3 his salary is stated to be £10 per annum. He was still officiating there in 1847. At this time he resided with his father in Queen Street. In around 1842 he was also appointed art teacher to the children of Squire Richard Congreve of Burton Manor on the Wirral. This probably accounts for the subject of his exhibit at the Liverpool Academy in 1845, entitled \"Burton Marsh on the River Dee\". It was here that Tasker met Miss Jones, of Northop, at that time governess to the Misses Congreve, whom he eventually married. From 1836 to 1846 he painted pictures of most of the old houses, and street scenes, in Chester and the surrounding districts. He continued to exhibit at Liverpool until 1851. He died at Chester, 1st September, 1852, in his 45th year, and was buried in the general cemetery.\nThe majority of Tasker's equestrian work was racehorse portraiture and racing scenes. Mitchell notes that the present work was one of his best examples,\n- \"Of his more successful works were Dey of Algiers, winning the Chester Cup in 1840 with Matt up...and The Finish of the Liverpool Cup 1839....His racing scenes abound with figures and the work and time he must have put into them would emphasise that he did not paint purely for money.\"\nIn 1850, a commentator Robert Colton wrote about Chester racecourse and the atmosphere of a race-meeting there:\n- \"The course is a vile libel upon the term hippodrome, being neither more nor less similar to running round a plate, so circumscribed is the ground, and dangerous to a large field. But for fun, frolic and jollification, I know no place like Chester\" (R. Longrigg, The History of Horse Racing, 1972, p. 141).\nA year prior to this \"Puff\", Francis Calcraft Turner had also depicted Cardinal Puff in a work that was commissioned by the 1st Marquess of Westminster to celebrate the victory of his horse \"Cardinal Puff, with Sam Darling up\", in a field of eighteen runners. The distance was twice round Chester's small oval course \"starting at the Castle-pole and ending at the Coming in chair\". Entitled \"Cardinal Puff Winning the Tradesman's Plate at Chester Races, 1839\", it was sold by the Executors of Anne, Duchess of Westminster at Christie's, Woburn Abbey, 21 September 2004, lot 1020. R.M. Bevan had used that image as the jacket cover for his book \"The Roodee: 450 Years of Racing in Chester\", published in 1989.\nSources & Links\n- Chester Cup on Wikipedia;\n- Simpson, F., (1928). A few Cheshire worthies. Journal of the Chester Archaeological Society 28 (1). Vol 28(1), pp. 106-136.;\n- [https://www.artfund.org/supporting-museums/art-weve-helped-buy/artwork/4640/five-drawings-of-chester Five Drawings of Chester,", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-50", "url": "http://chester.shoutwiki.com/wiki/William_Tasker", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100626.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20231206230347-20231207020347-00673.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9785554409, "token_count": 1165, "score": 2.765625, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Rugadh William Tasker (1808-1852) i Londain, mac is sine do Charles Moulson Tasker, déantóir cabhisteoir agus Sarah a bhean chéile. Bhí a theaghlach bocht agus bhí a athair tramped ó Chester go Londain a lorg oibre. Rugadh William (16 Aibreán 1808) i (nó in aice le) Cearnóg Órga i gcomharsanacht Soho Chathair Westminster. D'aistrigh an teaghlach ar ais go Chester thart ar 1818 agus ag aois deich mbliana d'fhreastail sé ar Scoil Charity Bluecoat áit a d'fhan sé go dtí 1822. D'fhoghlaim sé líníocht faoi Robert Morris. Nuair a d'fhág sé an scoil d'oibrigh sé le péintéir agus le déiríochtóir agus bhog sé go luath go Leeds chun trádáil litografaí a fhoghlaim le gnólacht Masser Bros. Mar gheall ar shláinte tinn bhí sé iallach air filleadh ar Chester áit a bhunaigh sé é féin mar ealaíontóir. Cé go raibh sé i Chester ceapadh é mar mhúinteoir ealaíne do leanaí an Squire Richard Congreve de Burton Manor ar an Wirral.\nTá baint ag an teaghlach Congreve le Burton ó lár na 1700 nuair a d'infheistigh siad go leor ama agus airgid chun a chinntiú gur infheistíocht brabúsach a bhí i Burton don teaghlach. Ba é Richard Congreve bunaitheoir agus tógálaí Burton Hall a fuair bás ag 80 bliain d'aois i 1857. D'fhan an halla i dteaghlach Congreve go dtí 1902 nuair a dhíol Walter Norris Congreve Burton Hall do Henry Nevile Gladstone (mac William Ewart Gladstone) ar £80,000. Bhí ról mór ag na Gladstones i bhforbairt an Múnla ach ag an am a cheannaíodh an teaghlach bhí cáil bainte amach acu cheana féin trí mhéideanna móra maoine, trádáil thar lear brabúsach agus (faoi stiúir Sir John Gladstone, 1ú Baronett) trádáil sclábhaithe sa Mhuir Chairib. Is féidir fianaise air seo a fheiceáil fós sa chló arm os cionn doras an Manor a léiríonn go soiléir ceann gearradh d'fhear dubh sa herald. Bhí méid úinéireacht sclábhaithe Sir John den sórt sin go bhfuair sé an íocaíocht chúitimh is mó a rinne an Coimisiún Cúitimh Sclábhaí (os cionn £80 milliún i airgead reatha) tar éis an sclábhaíocht a dhíothú i 1833.\nCeann de na chéad patrún tábhachtacha a bhí aige ná Robert Grosvenor, 1ú Márcóir Westminster, a phéinteáil sé roinnt capall rás lena n-áirítear Decoy i 1832 (a thaispeántar ag sean-Acadéim Liverpool, ansin i Post Office Place amach ó Shráid na hEaglaise). D'éirigh le Tasker le Mr. Edwards mar mháistir ealaíne in Institiúid na Meicnic, Sráid Naomh Eoin, i 1842. Sa tuarascáil bhliantúil don bhliain 1842-3 luaitear go raibh a thuarastal £10 in aghaidh na bliana. Bhí sé fós officiating ann i 1847. Ag an am seo bhí cónaí air lena athair i Sráid na Banríona. Timpeall 1842 ceapadh é mar mhúinteoir ealaíne do leanaí an Squire Richard Congreve de Burton Manor ar an Wirral. Is dócha go raibh sé seo mar ábhar dá thaispeántas in Acadamh Liopól i 1845, dar teideal \"Burton Marsh ar Abhainn Dee\". Bhí sé anseo go raibh Tasker bhuail Miss Jones, de Northop, ag an am sin governess go dtí an Misses Congreve, a phós sé sa deireadh. Ó 1836 go 1846 phéinteáil sé pictiúir de chuid is mó de na sean-tithe, agus radharcanna sráide, i Chester agus sna ceantair máguaird. Lean sé ag taispeáint i Liverpool go dtí 1851. Fuair sé bás i Chester, an 1 Meán Fómhair, 1852, ina 45ú bliain, agus adhlacadh é sa chogairt ghinearálta.\nBa é formhór obair easpóireachta Tasker ná portráid rás-chapa agus radhairc rásaíochta. Tugann Mitchell faoi deara gur ceann de na samplaí is fearr a bhí aige ar an obair atá ann faoi láthair,\n- \"Ba iad Dey of Algiers, a bhuaigh Corn Chester i 1840 le Matt up...agus The Finish of the Liverpool Cup 1839 a chuid saothar níos rathúla....Tá a radharcanna rásaíochta lán le figiúirí agus an obair agus an t-am a chaith sé a chur iontu le cur i bhfios nach raibh sé ag péint go hiomlán le haghaidh airgid\".\nSa bhliain 1850, scríobh an t-aistriúóir Robert Colton faoi chraobhchraobh Chester agus an t-atmaisféar a bhí ag cruinniú rása ann:\n- \"Tá an cúrsa libel vile ar an téarma hippodrome, a bheith ná níos mó ná níos lú cosúil le rith timpeall pláta, mar sin circumscribed tá an talamh, agus contúirteach le réimse mór. Ach le haghaidh spraoi, frolic agus jollification, níl aon áit ar bith agam cosúil le Chester \" (R. Longrigg, The History of Horse Racing, 1972, p. 141).\nBliain roimh an \"Puff\" seo, léirigh Francis Calcraft Turner an Cairdínéal Puff freisin i saothar a choimisiúnaigh an 1ú Márcó de Westminster chun bua a chapaill \"Cardínéal Puff, le Sam Darling suas\", a cheiliúradh i réimse de ocht n-eachtrún imreoirí. Bhí an fad dhá uair timpeall chúrsa beag oval Chester \"ag tosú ag an Pól Caisleán agus ag críochnú ag an gcathaoirleach ag teacht\". Ainmníodh é \"Cardinal Puff Winning the Tradesman's Plate at Chester Races, 1839\", agus dhíol Executors of Anne, Duchess of Westminster é ag Christie's, Woburn Abbey, 21 Meán Fómhair 2004, lót 1020. R.M. Ba é an grianghraf sin a d'úsáid Bevan mar chlúdach seaicéad dá leabhar \"The Roodee: 450 Years of Racing in Chester\", a foilsíodh i 1989.\nFoinsí & Nasc\n- Chester Cup ar Wikipedia;\n- Simpson, F., (1928). Cúpla Cheshire worthy. Journal of the Chester Archaeological Society 28 (1). Tá an t-eagrán seo ar fáil i mBéarla. Vol 28 (I), pp. 106-136.;\n- [https://www.artfund.org/supporting-museums/art-weve-helped-buy/artwork/4640/five-drawings-of-chester Cúig Dealbhú de Chester,"} {"text": "Across the country, students and teachers are sharing stories, joining together and taking action to create safe schools, free from stereotypes, intolerance, and hate. They’re part of a movement called Not In Our School (NIOS). Learn how to start a NIOS campaign at your school with our free Not In Our School Quick Start Guide.\nTo turn on closed captioning, click the Subtitles/CC icon on the bottom right of the video player.\nThis video is part of the Not In Our School Video Action Kit, a comprehensive toolkit featuring films, lessons, and resources designed to motivate students to speak out against bullying, and create new ways to make their schools safe for everyone. Learn more about the Video Action Kit.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-47", "url": "https://www.niot.org/nios-video/what-not-our-school", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934805761.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20171119191646-20171119211646-00392.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9339724183, "token_count": 150, "score": 2.53125, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Ar fud na tíre, tá mic léinn agus múinteoirí ag roinnt scéalta, ag teacht le chéile agus ag gníomhú chun scoileanna sábháilte a chruthú, saor ó stéaréitíopaí, ó neamhdhlúthanacht agus ó cháin. Tá siad mar chuid de ghluaiseacht ar a dtugtar Not In Our School (NIOS). Foghlaim conas feachtas NIOS a thosú i do scoil lenár dtreoir thús tapa Not In Our School saor in aisce.\nChun an teachtaireacht faoi fhocal a chur ar bun, cliceáil ar an íomhá Fhorléachtaí/CC ar dheis ar bhonn an chluiche físe.\nTá an físeán seo mar chuid den Chiste Gníomhaíochta Físeán Níl Inár Scoil, trealamh cuimsitheach le scannáin, ceachtanna agus acmhainní atá deartha chun mic léinn a spreagadh chun labhairt amach in aghaidh bullying, agus bealaí nua a chruthú chun a gcuid scoileanna a dhéanamh sábháilte do gach duine. Faigh tuilleadh eolais faoin gCiste Gníomhaíochta Físeáin."} {"text": "Scientists unravel mystery of universe's existence\nA new study suggests a new theory behind the 'big bang' and existence of our universe 13.7 billion years ago.\nResearchers from Three Perimeter Institute have a new idea, and have claimed that what is perceived as the big bang, could be the three-dimensional 'mirage' of a collapsing star in a universe profoundly different than our own.\nAccording to the scientists, the problem is that the big bang hypothesis has our relatively comprehensible, uniform, and predictable universe arising from the physics-destroying insanity of a singularity, which seems unlikely.\nThey suggest that our universe could be the three-dimensional \"wrapping\" around a four-dimensional black hole's event horizon, according to which, the universe must have burst into being when a star in a four-dimensional universe collapsed into a black hole.\nThey claimed that our universe was never inside the singularity, and had rather came into being outside an event horizon, protected from the singularity.\nThe researchers emphasized that this idea, though may sound \"absurd,\" was grounded firmly in the best modern mathematics describing space and time.\nThe research is published in Scientific American.\n(Posted on 10-08-2014)\nInformation on States of India:\nAndaman Nicobar | Andhra Pradesh | Assam | Bihar | Chandigarh | Chhattisgarh | Dadar Nagar Haveli | Daman Diu | Delhi | Goa | Gujarat | Haryana | Himachal Pradesh | Jammu Kashmir | Jharkhand | Karnataka | Kerala | Lakshadweep | Madhya Pradesh | Maharashtra | Manipur | Meghalaya | Mizoram | Nagaland | Orissa | Pondicherry | Punjab | Rajasthan | Sikkim | Tamil Nadu | Tripura | Uttar Pradesh | Uttaranchal | West Bengal\nINDIA REGIONAL MAPS:\nAndhra Pradesh Travel Map | Bihar Travel Map | Goa Travel Map | Gujarat Travel Map | Haryana Travel Map | Himachal Pradesh Map | Karnataka Travel Map | Kerala Travel Map | Maharashtra Travel Map | Punjab Travel Map | Rajasthan Travel Map | Sikkim Travel Map | Tamil Nadu Travel Map | Uttar Pradesh Travel Map | West Bengal Travel Map |\nMORE MAPS OF INDIA:\nINDIA CITY MAPS:\nKERALA TRAVEL MAPS:", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-41", "url": "http://www.newkerala.com/news/2014/fullnews-89855.html", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1410657119220.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20140914011159-00314-ip-10-196-40-205.us-west-1.compute.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8643842936, "token_count": 496, "score": 3.359375, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Léiríonn eolaithe rúndiamhair an chruinne\nTugann staidéar nua le tuiscint go bhfuil teoiric nua taobh thiar den 'big bang' agus de bheith ann dár gcruinne 13.7 billiún bliain ó shin.\nTá smaoineamh nua ag taighdeoirí ó Institiúid Thrí Periméadar, agus tá sé ráite acu go bhféadfadh an rud a mheastar mar an bpléascadh mór, a bheith ina 'mirage' trí-thaobhach de réalta a thuit i gcuma atá go mór difriúil ónár gcuma féin.\nDe réir na n-eolaithe, is é an fhadhb go bhfuil an hipitéis big bang ár réalta réasúnta intuigthe, aonfhoirmeach, agus intuartha ag teacht ó an mheabhair-chomhartha a scriosann fisice de singilteacht, a bhfuil cosúil nach dócha.\nTugann siad le fios go bhféadfadh ár n-uilíochán a bheith ina \"raipín\" trí thomhaise timpeall ar threocht imeachtaí poll dubh ceithre thomhaise, de réir a bhfuil, caithfidh an domhan a bheith ag briseadh isteach nuair a thit réalta i réalta ceithre thomhaise isteach i poll dubh.\nD'éiligh siad nach raibh ár n-allamh riamh taobh istigh den singilteacht, agus gur tháinig sé chun bheith taobh amuigh de thalamh imeachtaí, faoi chosaint ón singilteacht.\nChuir na taighdeoirí béim ar an smaoineamh seo, cé go bhféadfadh sé a bheith \"absolúbtha\", go raibh sé bunaithe go daingean ar na matamaitic nua-aimseartha is fearr a thuairiscíonn spás agus am.\nFoilsíodh an taighde i Scientific American.\n(Arna phostáil ar 10-08-2014)\nFaisnéis ar Stáit na hIndia:\nAndaman Nicobar Andhra Pradesh Assam Bihar Chandigarh Chhattisgarh Dadar Nagar Haveli Daman Diu Delhi Goa Gujarat Haryana Himachal Pradesh Jammu Kashmir Jharkhand Karnataka Kerala Lakshadweep Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra Manipur Meghalaya Mizoram Nagaland Orissa Pondicherry Punjab Rajasthan Sikkim Tamil Nadu Tripura Uttar Pradesh Uttaranchal West Bengal\nMAPANNAÍ TÁIRIMHEÁLA INDIA:\nAndhra Pradesh Travel Map Bihar Travel Map Goa Travel Map Gujarat Travel Map Haryana Travel Map Himachal Pradesh Map Karnataka Travel Map Kerala Travel Map Maharashtra Travel Map Punjab Travel Map Rajasthan Travel Map Sikkim Travel Map Tamil Nadu Travel Map Uttar Pradesh Travel Map West Bengal Travel Map Bhéal Feirste Bhéal Feirste Bhéal Feirste Bhéal Feirste Bhéal Feirste Bhéal Feirste Bhéal Feirste Bhéal Feirste Bhéal Feirste Bhéal Feirste Bhéal Feirste Bhéal Feirste Bhéal Feirste Bhéal Feirste Bhéal Feirste Bhéal Feirste Bhéal Feirste Bhéal Feirste Bhéal Feirste Bhéal Feirste Bhéal Feirste Bhéal Feirste Bhéal Feirste Bhéal Feirste Bhéal Feirste Bhéal Feirste Bhéal Feirste Bhéal Feirste Bhéal Feirst \nMÁIR CÁIRTEÁIR INÍDÍ:\nMAPÁIRÍ OILCHEANNA INÍDIA:\nCÁIRÍOCHTAI SINNÍOSTA KERALA:"} {"text": "Pulled muscle? Probability says... Probably not.\nDid you really \"pull a muscle\" in your low back?\nA pulled muscle is a common diagnosis we hear in the clinic as patients offer the diagnosis they've previously been given to account for their low back pain symptoms.\nWhen we review the research literature regarding the primary spinal structures that most often cause low back pain, muscles actually rank quite low on the list. Think about it, muscles hurt when you move in directions that use those muscles. Anyone with a torn rotator cuff knows this as soon as they go to move their shoulder. How can it be then that patients often report their back pain is better when they walk? Walking is a complex movement that uses all the muscles of the back; if walking makes it better, it's pretty unlikely a muscle injury is at the root of their issue.\nSo what is most likely causing a patient's lower back pain? For patients under the age of 55, the most common source of lower back pain is lumbar discs. Lumbar discs when problematic are commonly referred to as \"bulging discs.\" Lower back pain is attributable to lumbar disc pain in approximately 40% of lower back pain cases. The hallmark clinical features of a lumbar disc injury are somewhat different than other types of lower back pain, and so is how they should be treated.\nIf you have been told you \"pulled a muscle\" in your low back and experience improvement in your pain when you walk, it might be time for a second opinion, particularly if you aren't improving with the treatment you are receiving. A correct diagnosis always leads to the soundest treatment.\nAs chiropractors at the Radix Pain & Rehabilitation Centre, we pride ourselves on our spinal diagnostic skills. We are happy to review your lower back pain and help determine whether there's a little bit more than a pulled muscle going on!", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-50", "url": "https://www.radixpain.ca/post/pulled-muscle-probability-says-probably-not", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100258.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20231130225634-20231201015634-00442.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9591299891, "token_count": 388, "score": 2.5625, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Múscle tarraingthe? Deir dóchúlacht... Is dócha nach bhfuil.\nAn raibh tú i ndáiríre \"tarraing muscle\" i do chúl íseal?\nIs diagnóis choitianta é muscle tarraingthe a chloiseann muid sa chlinic nuair a thugann othair an diagnóis a tugadh dóibh roimhe sin chun a gcuid comharthaí pian íseal cúl a chur san áireamh.\nNuair a dhéanaimid athbhreithniú ar an litríocht taighde maidir leis na príomh-struchtúir spinal a chuireann pian íseal cúl ar fáil go minic, tá na matáin ag rangú go leor ar an liosta. Smaoinigh air, bíonn pian ar na matáin nuair a ghluaiseann tú i dtreo a úsáideann na matáin sin. Tá a fhios ag aon duine a bhfuil cuisle rotator briste aige é seo a luaithe a théann siad chun a gualainn a bhogadh. Cén fáth, ansin, go mbíonn othair ag rá go mbíonn a gcuid pian cúl níos fearr nuair a shiúlann siad? Is gluaiseacht chasta é siúl a úsáideann na matáin ar fad sa chúl; má dhéanann siúl níos fearr é, is beag seans go bhfuil díobháil matáin ag bun a gcuid fadhbanna.\nMar sin, cad is dóichí a bhíonn ag cúis le pian íseal cúl an othair? I gcás othair faoi bhun 55 bliain d'aois, is iad na dioscaí lumbar an fhoinse is coitianta de pian íseal cúl. Déantar tagairt go coitianta do dioscaí lumbar nuair a bhíonn fadhbanna acu mar \"dhioscaí bulging\". Tá pian íseal cúl inchurtha le pian diosca lumbar i thart ar 40% de chásanna pian cúl íseal. Tá na gnéithe cliniciúla is mó a bhaineann le dochar do chistin lumbar beagán difriúil ná cineálacha eile pian íseal cúl, agus mar sin is é an chaoi a gcaithfear iad a chóireáil.\nMá dúradh leat go bhfuil \"múscle tarraingthe\" agat i do chúl íseal agus má tá feabhas tagtha ar do pian nuair a théann tú, b'fhéidir go mbeadh sé in am don dara tuairim, go háirithe mura bhfuil feabhas ag teacht ort leis an gcóireáil atá á fháil agat. Mar thoradh ar dhiagnóis cheart, is é an cóireáil is fusa a gheobhaidh tú i gcónaí.\nMar chiropractors ag an Radix Pain & Ionad Athshlánúcháin, táimid bródúil as ár scileanna diagnóise spinal. Táimid sásta do chuid pian íseal cúl a athbhreithniú agus cabhrú a chinneadh má tá beagán níos mó ná muscle tarraingthe ag tarlú!"} {"text": "The Diploic Veins\nThe diploic veins or Venæ Diploicæ occupy channels in the diploë of the cranial bones. They are large and exhibit at irregular intervals pouch-like dilatations; their walls are thin, and formed of endothelium resting upon a layer of elastic tissue.\nSo long as the cranial bones are separable from one another, these veins are confined to the particular bones; but when the sutures are obliterated, they unite with each other, and increase in size. They communicate with the meningeal veins and the sinuses of the dura mater, and with the veins of the pericranium. They consist of :\n(1) the frontal, which opens into the supraorbital vein and the superior sagittal sinus;\n(2) the anterior temporal, which is confined chiefly to the frontal bone, and opens into the sphenoparietal sinus and into one of the deep temporal veins, through an aperture in the great wing of the sphenoid;\n(3) the posterior temporal, which is situated in the parietal bone, and ends in the transverse sinus, through an aperture at the mastoid angle of the parietal bone or through the mastoid foramen;\n(4) the occipital, the largest of the four, which is confined to the occipital bone, and opens either externally into the occipital vein, or internally into the transverse sinus or into the confluence of the sinuses (torcular Herophili).", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-51", "url": "http://www.physioanatomy.com/the-veins/systemic-veins/the-diploic-veins/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948588294.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20171216162441-20171216184441-00504.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9030821919, "token_count": 328, "score": 3.109375, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Na Veins Diploic\nBíonn na veins diploic nó Venæ Diploicæ i gcainéil i diploë na gcnámha cráine. Tá siad mór agus taispeánann siad ag eatraimh neamhrialta leathadh cosúil le pouch; tá a mballaí tanaí, agus cruthaithe as endothelium ag brath ar shraith fíochán elastach.\nChomh fada agus is féidir na cnámha cranial a scaradh óna chéile, tá na veins seo teoranta do na cnámha ar leith; ach nuair a bhíonn na sutures obliterated, aontaíonn siad le chéile, agus méadú ar mhéid. Cumarsáideann siad le veins meningeal agus na sinuses den dura mater, agus le veins an pericranium. Is iad seo a leanas iad:\n(1) an ceann tosaigh, a osclaíonn isteach sa vein supraorbital agus sa sinus sagittal uachtarach;\n(2) an timpireach tosaigh, atá teoranta den chuid is mó don chnámh tosaigh, agus a osclaíonn isteach sa shínas sphenoparietal agus isteach i gceann de na feithidí timpireacha domhain, trí oscailt i mbéal mór an sphenoid;\n(3) an timpireach chúl, atá suite sa chnámh parietal, agus a chríochnaíonn sa sinus tras tras trasnach, trí oscailt ag uillinn mastoid an chnámh parietal nó trí foramen mastoid;\n(4) an occipital, an ceann is mó de na ceithre, atá teoranta don chnámh occipital, agus osclaíonn sé go seachtrach isteach sa vein occipital, nó go hinmheánach isteach sa sinus tras tras tras trasnach nó isteach i gcomhtháth na sinusanna (Herophili torcular)."} {"text": "LeRoi Jones was a prominent African American figure throughout the various art forms and communities of New York City. He is difficult to place in any one particular place/location since he is mentioned in various neighborhoods depending upon what point in his life we examine (the Living Theater, Cherry Lane Theater, the New School, Gas Light Cafe, Eight Street Bookstore).\nI found the following site while searching the web www.bridgesweb.com/baraka.html . I found this site of particular importance and significance since it conceptualizes Jones/Baraka in a timeline autobiography. It traces his days from a Beat to a Black Nationalist to a Third World Marxist.\nAt the end is a discussion of his play \"Dutchman\" which we viewed in class last week. It elaborates on Banes theory for motivations and themes within the play and how it correlated to his life and many African Americans of his time.\nI had never heard of LeRoi Jones prior to this semester, but now that I have, his name has popped a couple of times outside of this class. So, I thought I would add a bit to what Lynette brought up about his involvement in the Black Nationalist movement.\nFor a history class I am taking this semester, we are reading a book entitled, The River of No Return. It is an autobiography of an African American militant, Cleveland Sellers, who was a member of the Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) during the 1960's. He highlights LeRoi Jones and his significance to Cultural Nationalists, a group who felt that blacks had to get themselves together culturally before they could overtly attack the system. Part of this involved a focus on the \"revolutionary function of black art.\" The leader of one of these groups, Ron Karenga, felt that, \"Black art must expose the enemy, praise the people, and support the revolution. It must be like LeRoi Jones' poems.\" Karenga claimed that Jones' poems were, \"assassins, poems that kill and shoot guns and ╬wrassle cops in alleys taking their weapons, leaving them dead with their tongues pulled out and sent to Ireland.\"\nBased on this statement and those made by Sally Banes in Greenwich Village 1963, it seems that Jones very effectively used art as a form of resistance and rebellion. He was able to attack American culture and society through his plays, films and poems.\nAfter the Civil Rights Movement and before Black Nationalism - LeRoi Jones was an active avant-garde artist in Greenwich Village. Jones's play Dutchman from 1964 is about interracial flirtation, which initially is a private act between two people, which explodes into a public outbreak.\nClay, a middle-class African American intellectual, sits nonchalantly on the Subway where he is suddenly greeted by Lula, a white woman. Lula arouses Clay's sexuality and then incites him with insults to racial anger. As Clay's calm demeanor changes to accept the rage of an entire people who predicts a black revolution, Lula stabs him. Banes explains the movies complexity as being multilevel. First, the movie is a sexual struggle between man and woman as we see in the inroduction scenes of the movie. The subway stops and outside stands this beautiful, blond hair sexy lady, who in the next scene appears on the train -- the ultimate flirtation scene.\nThe second level of struggle, according to Banes, is between individual self and the nation. Lula appears to be apart of Clay's innerconsciousness. Clay is labeled an \"Uncle Tom\" and told to break apart from the world he lives in. Yet Lula is more than just a part of his innercosciousness -- she is the part of him that is white and middle class. Here we see Lula taunting him and by the end of the movie Lula has the power to control his life, as she kills him and the blackness of his soul.\nWhat dos this story line say about African Ameicans of this time period and even more so about Jones? Jones entered the world of Greenwich Village, a world where equality and freedom were its goals, and became a successful African American artist. But as time progressed, his race and the \"aesthetics\" of himself and Black art became a conflict, or a different perspective of life (a battle with the innerconsciousness and with the white world) as Jones breaks free from his current world and moves to Harlem to become a important theorist, militant poet, and producer of revolutionary black theater.\nReturn to AMST450 Website", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-42", "url": "http://terpconnect.umd.edu/~molouns/amst450/cu/jones.html", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1414637901687.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20141030025821-00015-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9733201265, "token_count": 948, "score": 2.578125, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Bhí LeRoi Jones ina fhigiúr mór le rá Afracach Meiriceánach ar fud na bhfoirmeacha ealaíne éagsúla agus pobail i gCathair Nua Eabhrac. Tá sé deacair é a chur in aon áit / suíomh ar leith toisc go luaitear é i gceantair éagsúla ag brath ar an bpointe ina shaol a scrúdaímid (an Theatr Cheoil, Theatr Cherry Lane, an Scoil Nua, Caifeán Solas Gáis, Leabharlann Eight Street).\nFuair mé an suíomh seo a leanas agus mé ag cuardach ar an ngréasán www.bridgesweb.com/baraka.html . Fuair mé an suíomh seo ar thábhacht agus ar thábhacht ar leith ós rud é go gcuimsíonn sé Jones / Baraka i gclár ama féinfhiosrúcháin. Déanann sé a laethanta a rianú ó Bhite go Náisiúnaí Dubh go Marxist an Tríú Domhain.\nAg an deireadh tá plé ar a chuid dráma \"Dutchman\" a chonaic muid sa rang an tseachtain seo caite. Déanann sé cur síos ar theoiric Banes le haghaidh spreagadh agus téamaí laistigh den dráma agus conas a bhí baint aige lena shaol agus le go leor Meiriceánaigh Afracacha ina chuid ama.\nNí raibh mé riamh chuala faoi LeRoi Jones roimh an seimeastar seo, ach anois go bhfuil mé, tá a ainm popped cúpla uair lasmuigh den rang seo. Mar sin, shíl mé go gcuirfidh mé beagán leis an méid a thug Lynette suas faoi a rannpháirtíocht sa ghluaiseacht Náisiúnaigh Dubh.\nI gcás rang staire a bhfuil mé ag glacadh an séimeastar seo, táimid ag léamh leabhar dar teideal, The River of No Return. Is é seo an t-ailtireacht ar fhéileamh Afracach Meiriceánach, Cleveland Sellers, a bhí ina bhall den Choiste Comhordaithe Neamh-Droch-Droch na Mac Léinn (SNCC) sna 1960idí. Cuireann sé béim ar LeRoi Jones agus ar a thábhacht do Náisiúnaigh Chultúrtha, grúpa a bhraith go raibh ar na blacks iad féin a chur le chéile go cultúrtha sula bhféadfaidís ionsaí a dhéanamh go hoscailte ar an gcóras. Baineann cuid de seo le díriú ar \"fheidhm réabhlóideach ealaíne dubh\". Bhí an ceannasaí ar cheann de na grúpaí seo, Ron Karenga, den tuairim go gcaithfidh \"ealaín dubh an namhaid a nochtadh, an pobal a mholadh, agus tacú leis an réabhlóid. Ní mór go mbeadh sé cosúil le dánta LeRoi Jones '. \" Dúirt Karenga gur \"sasanna, dánta a mharaíonn agus a lámhaíonn gunnaí agus a fhrásaíonn póilíní i gcosáin ag glacadh a gcuid airm, ag fágáil iad marbh lena dteangaí a tharraingt amach agus a sheoladh go hÉirinn\".\nBunaithe ar an ráiteas seo agus na ráitis a rinne Sally Banes i Greenwich Village 1963, is cosúil gur bhain Jones úsáid as ealaín go han-éifeachtach mar fhoirm friotaíochta agus ceannairce. Bhí sé in ann ionsaí a dhéanamh ar chultúr agus ar shochaí Mheiriceá trína drámaí, a scannáin agus a chuid filíochta.\nTar éis an Ghluaiseachta um Chearta Sibhialta agus roimh Náisiúntachta Dubh - bhí LeRoi Jones ina ealaíontóir avant-garde gníomhach i Greenwich Village. Tá an dráma Dutchman de chuid Jones ó 1964 faoi flirtáil idirchineálach, atá ar dtús ina ghníomh príobháideach idir beirt daoine, a thiteann ina ráig phoiblí.\nClay, intleachtúil Meiriceánach Afracach de mheánrang, suíonn sé go neamhchlaonta ar an Subway áit a dtugann Lula, bean bhána, fáilte dó go tobann. Spreagann Lula gnéasacht Clay agus ansin spreagann sé é le mí-insultes chun fearg ciníoch. De réir mar a athraíonn iompar socair Clay chun glacadh le fearg daoine iomlána a thuar réabhlóid dubh, cuireann Lula stailc air. Míníonn Banes an castacht scannáin mar a bheith illeibhéil. Ar dtús, is streachailt ghnéasach é an scannán idir fear agus bean mar a fheicimid i radharcanna tosaigh an scannáin. Stopann an fhrithbhealach agus taobh amuigh tá an bhean álainn, gruaig ghorm, sexy, a thagann sa chéad radharc eile ar an traein - an radharc flirting deiridh.\nIs é an dara leibhéal streachailt, de réir Banes, idir an duine aonair féin agus an náisiún. Is cosúil go bhfuil Lula mar chuid de intinn intinne Clay. Glactar le Clay mar \"Uncle Tom\" agus deirtear leis gur chóir dó briseadh amach ón domhan ina bhfuil sé ina chónaí. Ach tá Lula níos mó ná ach cuid dá intinn - is í an chuid de a bhfuil bán agus an tsraith lárnach. Anseo feicimid Lula ag magadh air agus faoi dheireadh an scannáin tá cumhacht ag Lula a shaol a rialú, agus í ag marú dó agus dorchadas a anam.\nCad a deir an líne scéalta seo faoi Mheiriceánaigh Afracacha na tréimhse ama seo agus níos mó fós faoi Jones? Chuaigh Jones isteach i saol Greenwich Village, domhan ina raibh comhionannas agus saoirse mar a spriocanna, agus tháinig sé ina ealaíontóir rathúil Mheiriceánach Afracach. Ach de réir mar a chuaigh an t-am ar aghaidh, tháinig a rás agus an \"eisteolaíocht\" dó féin agus ealaín Dubh ina choimhlint, nó ina pheirspictíocht éagsúla ar shaol (cath leis an intinn intíre agus leis an domhan bán) agus Jones ag briseadh saor óna shaol reatha agus ag bogadh go Harlem chun a bheith ina teoiriste tábhachtach, ina fhile miondíoltach, agus ina léiritheoir ar an amharclann dubh réabhlóideach.\nTéigh ar ais chuig láithreán gréasáin AMST450"} {"text": "When fire ravages a home, or destroys your property, it’s often an unfortunate accident. If someone is hurt, or killed, then an accident becomes a tragedy. However, not every fire is a result of an out-of-control cigarette butt, or an accident in the kitchen. Sometimes fires are set deliberately, and when that happens the resulting crime is referred to as arson.\nArson is a serious crime, and it’s one that seems quite specific at a glance. The common law definition of arson (the one that our modern definitions are built on) was the malicious burning or exploding of the dwelling house of another, or the burning of a building within the curtilage, the immediate surrounding space, of the dwelling of another. Over the years, though, that definition has expanded to include the burning of any structure or commercial property, regardless of owner, as long as the property is insured in some way. Homes, sheds, cars, or even a block of apartment buildings all fall under the categories of things you can’t burn.\nIt seems pretty simple. If you don’t want to commit arson, then don’t set fire to anything on purpose, and with a malicious intent. However, arson is often more complicated than it looks from a glance at the surface.\nVarying Degrees of Arson\nArson, like many crimes in our modern criminal justice system, can be committed by degrees. The more serious the circumstances of the arson, the more serious the punishment the arsonist will receive if convicted. For example, a minor degree of arson would be if someone scorched a building, but did very little, or no, permanent damage to it. A major degree of arson would be if someone burned down an occupied home, with the intent of committing insurance fraud on top of murder.\nSo what determines the degree of arson someone has committed? That will depend on the state, and on the circumstances surrounding the crime. For example, arson will often be considered more serious when it affects more valuable property. It is a more serious crime if people were injured, and more serious still if someone died as a result of the arson. Arson committed in furtherance of other crimes, such as to murder a resident of the structure, or to cover up evidence of crimes that had already been committed, is also a more serious offense.\nArson committed by itself is bad enough. Arson that’s connected to other offenses means that, not only will the degree of arson you’re charged with be worsened, but that you’ll still be charged with the additional crimes as well.\nBuilding Your Defense Against Arson Charges\nIf you find yourself accused of arson, the first thing you need to do is hire an attorney to protect you, and your rights during the proceedings. Once you have a representative on your side, the next thing to do is to figure out the specific elements of arson, and the different degrees it can be committed within your jurisdiction. Once you have that information, you need to disprove as many elements of the crime in your circumstance as possible.\nFor example, if you didn’t set a fire maliciously or recklessly, then the resulting blaze was likely an accident instead of a crime. Those are the kinds of facts you will need to bring up in your defense, and prove, in order for arson to be disproved, and for you to walk away from the charges brought against you.\nArson is a serious crime. If you find yourself mixed up in an arson investigation, then contact us for expert legal representation. We will protect you, and your rights, while ensuring you have the best defense the law allows.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-50", "url": "https://sicolilaw.com/what-is-arson/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100135.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129173017-20231129203017-00713.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9633447528, "token_count": 760, "score": 2.796875, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Nuair a bhíonn tine ag cur báis ar theach, nó ag scrios do mhaoin, is minic gur timpiste míshásta é. Má dhéantar duine a ghortú, nó a mharú, ansin bíonn timpiste ina tragóid. Mar sin féin, ní mar thoradh ar chúl tobac neamhrialta, nó ar thimpiste sa chistin, a bhíonn gach tine. Uaireanta déantar tinte a chur ar an tine go beacht, agus nuair a tharlaíonn sé sin, tugtar an coir a thagann as sin mar theip ar dhó.\nIs coir thromchúiseach é an t-údarú dóiteáin, agus is coir é a bhfuil an-spéisiúil air ar an gcéad amharc. Ba é an sainmhíniú ar an dlí coiteann ar an dúnmharú (an ceann ar a bhfuil ár sainmhínithe nua-aimseartha tógtha) dóiteán nó pléascadh drochbhéasach teach cónaithe duine eile, nó dóiteán foirgneamh laistigh den chirtlíne, an spás timpeall láithreach, de chónaí duine eile. Le blianta anuas, áfach, tá an sainmhíniú sin leathnaithe go gcuimsíonn sé dóiteán aon fhoirgneamh nó maoin tráchtála, is cuma cé a úinéir é, chomh fada agus a bhíonn an mhaoin árachtaithe ar bhealach éigin. Tá tithe, seíduirí, gluaisteáin, nó fiú bloc foirgnimh árasán, go léir faoi na catagóirí rudaí nach féidir leat a dhó.\nIs cosúil go bhfuil sé simplí go leor. Mura dteastaíonn uait dóiteán a dhéanamh, ná cuir tine ar aon rud de mhian, agus gan intinn olc. Mar sin féin, is minic go bhfuil an t-ardú níos casta ná mar a fheiceann sé ó amharc ar an dromchla.\nCéimeanna éagsúla d'Ionsamhlú\nIs féidir le dóiteán, cosúil le go leor coireanna inár gcóras ceartais choiriúil nua-aimseartha, a bheith déanta de réir céimeanna. An níos tromchúisí na cúinsí an arson, an níos tromchúisí an pionós an arsonist a fháil má ciontaithe. Mar shampla, bheadh céim bheag d'ardú maoine más rud é go ndearna duine éigin foirgnimh a dhó, ach nach ndearna sé mórán damáiste buan dó, nó nach ndearna. Bheadh ardleibhéal arson más rud é duine éigin dóite síos teach áitiú, leis an rún a dhéanamh calaois árachais ar bharr an mhurt.\nMar sin, cad a chinneann cé chomh mór is atá an dóiteán a rinne duine? Braitheann sé sin ar an stát, agus ar na cúinsí a bhaineann leis an gcion. Mar shampla, is minic a mheastar go bhfuil an dóiteán níos tromchúisí nuair a théann sé i bhfeidhm ar mhaoin níos luachmhara. Is coir níos tromchúisí é má dhéantar daoine a ghortú, agus is tromchúiseach fós má fhaigheann duine bás mar thoradh ar an dóiteán. Is cion níos tromchúisí é an t-ardú a rinneadh chun coireanna eile a chur chun cinn, mar shampla cónaitheoir an struchtúir a mharú, nó fianaise a cheilt ar choireanna a rinneadh cheana féin.\nTá dóiteán a rinneadh leis féin dona go leor. Ciallaíonn dóiteán atá nasctha le cionta eile, ní hamháin go mbeidh an leibhéal dóiteáin a bhfuil tú cúisithe leis ag dul in olcas, ach go mbeidh tú fós ag cúisithe leis na coireanna breise freisin.\nAg Coscáil Do Chosaint i gcoinne Cásanna Dóiteáin\nMá fhaigheann tú féin cúisithe le dóiteán, an chéad rud is gá duit a dhéanamh is é a fhostú dlíodóir chun tú a chosaint, agus do chearta le linn na n-imeachtaí. Nuair a bheidh ionadaí agat ar do thaobh, is é an chéad rud eile le déanamh ná na heilimintí sonracha a bhaineann le dóiteán a fháil amach, agus na céimeanna éagsúla a d'fhéadfadh sé a bheith déanta laistigh de do dhlínse. Nuair a bheidh an fhaisnéis sin agat, ní mór duit a oiread gnéithe den choir a dhíbhe i do chás agus is féidir.\nMar shampla, mura ndearna tú tine a chur go meallta nó go heaspaimneach, is dócha gur timpiste a bhí sa tine mar thoradh air seachas coir. Sin an cineál fíricí a bheidh ort a thabhairt suas i do chosaint, agus a chruthú, d'fhonn arson a bheith disproved, agus le haghaidh tú chun siúl ar shiúl ó na cúisí a tugadh i do choinne.\nIs coir thromchúiseach é an t-údarú. Má fhaigheann tú féin i measc i imscrúdú ar arson, ansin teagmháil a dhéanamh linn le haghaidh ionadaíocht dlí saineolaí. Déanaimid tú a chosaint, agus do chearta, agus a chinntiú go bhfuil tú an cosaint is fearr a cheadaíonn an dlí."} {"text": "NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms\nThe NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms features 8,186 terms related to cancer and medicine.\nWe offer a widget that you can add to your website to let users look up cancer-related terms. Get NCI’s Dictionary of Cancer Terms Widget.\n- DEXA scan\n- listen (… skan)\n- An imaging test that measures bone density (the amount of bone mineral contained in a certain volume of bone) by passing x-rays with two different energy levels through the bone. It is used to diagnose osteoporosis (decrease in bone mass and density). Also called BMD scan, bone mineral density scan, DEXA, dual energy x-ray absorptiometric scan, dual x-ray absorptiometry, and DXA.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-51", "url": "https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms?CdrID=543127", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948521188.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20171213030444-20171213050444-00061.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8228301406, "token_count": 169, "score": 2.53125, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Fuaimín NCI de Théarmaí Ailse\nTá 8,186 téarmaí a bhaineann le hailse agus le míochaine sa The NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms.\nCuirimid widget ar fáil is féidir leat a chur le do shuíomh Gréasáin chun ligean d'úsáideoirí téarmaí a bhaineann le hailse a chuardach. Faigh NCI's Dictionary of Cancer Terms Widget.\n- Scan DEXA\n- éisteacht (... skan)\n- Tástáil íomháithe a dhéanann dlús cnámh a thomhas (cion na mianraí cnámh atá i méid áirithe cnámh) trí r-ghathanna a rith le dhá leibhéal fuinnimh éagsúla tríd an gcnámh. Úsáidtear é chun osteoporosis a dhiagnóisiú (meath ar mhais cnámh agus dlús cnámh). Tugtar scanadh BMD, scanadh dlús mianraí cnámh, DEXA, scanadh ionsúite leictreach X-ghaoithe dúbailte, ionsúite leictreach X-ghaoithe dúbailte, agus DXA air freisin."} {"text": "This is the basic text view. SWITCH NOW to the new, more interactive format.\nThe constitution provides for freedom of religion, and other laws and policies contributed to the generally free practice of religion.\nThe government generally respected religious freedom in practice. There was no change in the status of respect for religious freedom by the government during the reporting period. As in the previous reporting period, the government's focus largely concentrated on national security challenges, and the implementation of policies relating to religious freedom slowed.\nThere were continued reports of societal abuses or discrimination based on religious affiliation, belief, or practice. There were reports of incidents of harassment in Tbilisi and the regions outside of Tbilisi involving local citizens, government officials, and Orthodox provocateurs. The Public Defender's Office (PDO) human rights ombudsman reported several cases of harassment during the reporting period. Systemic problems remained largely unchanged, such as the return of church property, legal registration of denominations, unequal legal frameworks, and negative media coverage of non-Orthodox religious groups. However, the PDO marked International Tolerance Day for the first time, and the public defender acknowledged the efforts of leading civil society activists and organizations awarded as \"Advocates of Tolerance.\" Additionally, the president and the minister of reintegration attended the opening of a new synagogue in Tbilisi, and a church in Rabati, in the Akhaltsikhe district, was returned to the Roman Catholic Church in December 2009.\nThe U.S. government discusses religious freedom with the government as part of its overall policy to promote human rights. The U.S. embassy funded several projects to foster religious tolerance, which included exchange programs for civil society representatives working in the field of tolerance. Embassy representatives frequently met with religious and nongovernmental organization (NGO) leaders to promote religious freedom.\nSection I. Religious Demography\nThe country has an area of 25,900 square miles and a population of 4.6 million, including the separatist regions of Abkhazia and South Ossetia. De facto authorities in the separatist regions of Abkhazia and South Ossetia, supported by several thousand occupying Russian troops, remained outside the control of the central government. There are strong correlations between ethnic groups and religious affiliation, as well as geographic area.\nMost ethnic Georgians (84 percent of the population, according to the 2002 census) associate with the Georgian Orthodox Church (GOC). Orthodox Christians who are not Georgian accept the territorial jurisdiction of the GOC and generally use the primary language of their communicants (for example, Russian, Armenian, or Greek). There remain a small number of mostly ethnic Russian adherents of three dissident Orthodox schools: the Molokani, Staroveriy (Old Believers), and Dukhoboriy (Spirit Wrestlers). Also present are radical Georgian Orthodox groups, such as, Society of Saint David the Builder, Union of Orthodox Parents, and People's Orthodox Christian Movement, a new group formed during the reporting period. According to the patriarchy, these groups are in no way associated with the GOC.\nThe Armenian Apostolic Church (AAC), the Roman Catholic Church (RCC), Judaism, and Islam have coexisted with Georgian Orthodoxy for centuries. Azeris constitute the second largest ethnic group (approximately 285,000, or 7 percent of the population) and are largely Muslim; most live in the southeastern region of Kvemo-Kartli, where they constitute a majority. Other Muslim groups include the ethnic Georgian Muslims of Ajara and Chechen Kists in the northeastern region, bringing Muslims to 10 percent of the population. Armenians are the third largest ethnic group (estimated at 249,000, or 6 percent of the population) and belong predominantly to the AAC; they constitute the majority of the population in the southern Samtskhe-Javakheti region.\nThere are an estimated 35,000 Catholics, largely ethnic Georgians or Assyrians, and 18,000 Kurdish Yezidis. The ethnic Greek Orthodox community numbers 15,000. There are an estimated 10,000 Jews.\nProtestant and other nontraditional denominations such as Baptists, Jehovah's Witnesses, Pentecostals, and Krishnas have become more active and prominent. Each of these groups represents less than 1 percent of the population.\nSection II. Status of Government Respect for Freedom of Religion\nThe constitution provides for freedom of religion, and other laws and policies contributed to the generally free practice of religion. The constitution recognizes the special role of the GOC in the country's history but also stipulates the independence of church from state. A 2002 concordat between the government and the GOC conveys unique status upon the GOC; the government does not have a concordat signed with any other religious group.\nThe criminal code specifically prohibits interference with worship services, persecution of a person based on religious faith or belief, and interference with the establishment of a religious organization. Violations of these prohibitions are punishable by a fine and/or imprisonment; violations committed by a public officer or official are considered abuses of power and are punishable by higher fines and/or longer terms of imprisonment.\nThe Human Rights Protection Unit in the legal department of the Prosecutor General's Office (PGO) is charged with protecting human rights, including religious freedom. The PDO also monitors complaints of restrictions on religious freedom. The Ministry of Internal Affairs and the PGO remained active in the protection of religious freedom. However, minority religious groups, such as the Jehovah's Witnesses, expressed some dissatisfaction with the lack of investigative follow-up in some cases.\nThe government observes the following religious holidays as national holidays: Orthodox Christmas, Epiphany, Good Friday, Orthodox Easter, Easter Monday, the Day of Apostle Andrew, the Day of the Virgin Mary, Svetitskhovloba, and Saint George's Day. The president declared Nowruz-Bairam, celebrated by the ethnic Azeri Muslim population, a national holiday on March 21, 2010.\nUnder a 2006 law, religious groups other than the GOC may register with the government as a noncommercial entity of private law (in one of several forms such as a union or a foundation) to receive legal status and tax benefits. A union was based on membership (a minimum of five members was required), while a foundation involved one or more founders establishing a fund for furtherance of a certain cause for the benefit of the particular group or the general public. In all cases registration was a function of the tax department of the Ministry of Finance, which must grant or deny registration within three days of application. A refusal may be appealed in court. There were no reports of any groups being refused registration during the reporting period. Some religious groups expressed dissatisfaction with having to register as such an entity instead of as a religious group to receive legal status and tax benefits.\nThe Law on General Education specifies that \"pupils, parents, and teachers enjoy freedom of religious belief, denomination, and conscience, according to the rule established by law, and have the right to choose and change any religious denomination at will.\"\nA 2005 law separating state schools and religious teaching narrowed the interpretation of the government concordat with the GOC regarding teaching Orthodoxy as an elective part of the school curriculum. The law states that such Orthodox teaching may take place only after school hours and cannot be controlled by the school or teachers. Outside instructors, including clergy, cannot regularly attend or direct student extracurricular activities or student clubs and their meetings. Lay theologians, rather than priests, led such activities.\nThe GOC routinely reviewed religious and other textbooks used in schools for consistency with Orthodox beliefs, although this review was not conducted within the government structure but rather as part of the GOC's pastoral activities.\nRestrictions on Religious Freedom\nThe government generally respected religious freedom in practice. There was no change in the status of respect for religious freedom by the government during the reporting period. At the same time, religious groups other than the GOC complained that they did not have equal legal status, were not recognized officially as religions, and did not enjoy the same privileges as the GOC. Minority religious groups also complained that local police did not always respond promptly to their complaints. Police often left investigations of such complaints incomplete.\nThe 2002 concordat between the GOC and the state defines relations between the two entities. The concordat contains several controversial articles, such as giving the patriarch legal immunity; granting the GOC the exclusive right to staff the military chaplaincy; exempting GOC clergymen from military service; and giving the GOC a unique consultative role in government, especially in the sphere of education. However, many of the controversial articles required parliament to adopt implementing legislation, which was not done by the end of the reporting period. The GOC has a line item in the government budget and received $13.3 million (25.3 million lari) in 2010.\nThe Jewish community has been registered as a union for several years, not because it preferred this designation, but because the designation allowed it to repair a synagogue. While the synagogue was not returned to the Jewish community's ownership, the government leased it to the community for the symbolic price of $0.54 (one lari) per month. The ability to \"lease\" the property satisfied investors willing to fund the repair work.\nThe AAC has refused to register as a union or a foundation, which left it without legal identity. The RCC has registered parts of its community in order to have legal control over its properties. This registration arrangement gave it physical control over church buildings and relieved it from the former practice of having to register its religious entities in an individual's name. Nonetheless, the RCC was careful to underline its discontent with the registration options that \"deny dignity.\" Baptists and the Jehovah's Witnesses shared this complaint. The registration options satisfied only the Krishnas because they gave the community of approximately 100 practitioners the ability to repair and control its temple but did not focus additional government attention on its presence.\nDuring the reporting period, the Kobuleti Bible Church \"Salvation World\" lost access to its church building. The building had been purchased by missionaries in 2005 and registered under an individual's name since the group could not register as a religious organization and buy the property itself. The individual subsequently lost ownership of the property due to a personal accumulation of tax and other debts.\nDuring the reporting period, the RCC-owned Sulkhan-Saba Orbeliani Institute of Philosophy, Theology, Culture, and History received reaccreditation, which had been delayed since its original application in 2007.\nGovernment authorities argued that the registration law provided an adequate balance between the demands of religious minorities and the desire to safeguard the special status of the GOC. The government contended that creating a specific status for religious groups would result in unnecessary controversy between groups over what definition was to be adopted, and that the current registration law effectively leads to equal treatment of religious groups. In the government's view, the registration law was religion-neutral in that its principal concern was only whether an organization is for-profit or not-for-profit. Registered religious groups received substantially the same legal protection of their property rights and tax status as the GOC, although authorities conceded that there may be confusion on the part of potential beneficiaries and government implementers. The GOC argued that only largely symbolic preferences remained, befitting the GOC's status under the concordat, such as exemption from initial payment of the value-added tax (versus paying and receiving reimbursement) and exemption from profit on sales of religious artifacts.\nOn March 12, 2010, a memorandum was signed between the GOC and the Ministry of Corrections and Legal Assistance (MCLA) wherein the sides agreed to cooperate on assigning socially useful labor as a form of punishment to prisoners, including the implementation of this work in churches and monasteries. No other religious organization had such an agreement with the government. According to the MCLA, the GOC plays a role in selecting prisoners for this alternative punishment program.\nAccording to the MCLA and confirmed by the GOC, the government and the GOC signed an agreement in 2002 requiring representatives from minority religious organizations to seek permission from the GOC before requesting access to a prisoner. According to the MCLA, despite the regulation authorities did not deny any religious representative access to a prisoner. However, representatives from the Baptist and Muslim communities reported having access problems. The RCC found the need to seek GOC permission for access unacceptable. At the end of the reporting period, the MCLA was working with some communities to address these concerns.\nDuring the previous reporting period, there were some complaints in connection with the process of postponement of mandatory military service. An Adventist did not address the relevant agency in a timely manner with a request for substituting mandatory military service with alternative service. As a result he served mandatory military service. On the recommendation of the PDO, the matter was being reviewed. At the end of the reporting period, the public defender's recommendations were under consideration. The Adventist was relieved from his duty on Saturdays because of his religious beliefs.\nExcept for the GOC, restitution of property confiscated during the communist regime remained a contentious issue. During the reporting period, the government did not return any additional churches, mosques, synagogues, or meeting halls. A church in Rabati, in the Akhaltsikhe region, was returned to the RCC in December 2009. At the end of the reporting period, however, the RCC continued to negotiate the terms of ownership with the government, since the RCC does not have legal status due to the issues regarding recognition as a religious organization. The main mosque and two synagogues in Tbilisi were operated by their respective religious communities but remained state property. However, restoration continued of GOC churches previously returned, in part with government subsidies, on the grounds that the buildings were national cultural heritage sites. The government also provided subsidies for the maintenance and preservation of mosques on similar grounds. Other minority religious groups claimed that the government did not provide funding on a neutral and equitable basis. The AAC complained that its church in Tbilisi, which AAC leaders said serves 100,000 congregants, had not received funding because the AAC refused to register with the government. The Ministry of Culture stated that it cannot fund a renovation project if the church has no legally registered owner.\nRCC and AAC officials believed that property disputes were not resolved in a transparent legal process but rather on a case-by-case basis that distinctly favored GOC claims. They claimed that the government was unwilling to resolve disputes over the ownership of disputed church properties for fear of offending GOC constituents.\nThe AAC's main concern remained the return of five churches in Tbilisi and one in Akhaltsikhe. However, the status of at least 30 other churches claimed by the AAC remained in dispute. Controversy continued to surround the disposition of the Norashen church, claimed by both the AAC and GOC and closed since 1995.\nOn November 19, 2009, a disputed church claimed by the AAC collapsed in Tbilisi. The church was reportedly constructed in 1356 but was closed during the Soviet era and used as a warehouse. The church did not reopen after the country's independence, when title to the property passed to the Ministry of Culture. On November 20, 2010, the AAC released a statement accusing the government and the GOC of failing to preserve Armenian holy sites. The Tbilisi municipality began cleaning up the site during the reporting period, but there was no progress made to restore the church.\nThe RCC, the AAC, and several Protestant denominations continued to have difficulty obtaining permission to construct new churches, due to the reluctance of local authorities to issue building permits that could antagonize local GOC officials.\nAccording to the akhund (spiritual leader) of the Tbilisi mosque Juma, permission to build a community center on private land remained pending with city authorities. Muslims in Ajara also were unsuccessful in regaining ownership of their pre-Soviet era properties. Local officials were unresponsive to repeated requests for the return of the mosques. However, according to a local Muslim leader in Ajara, almost all the mosques were functioning despite lack of ownership by the Muslim community.\nMinority religious groups, including Jehovah's Witnesses, continued to report difficulties obtaining permits to build or occupy houses of worship or to regain control of facilities confiscated during the communist era, although the group no longer considered it necessary to hold services in private homes for security reasons.\nJehovah's Witnesses continued to have problems with its construction plans for property bought in Tbilisi. The group filed the necessary documents with the Mayor's Office, but permission was denied. In August 2008 Jehovah's Witnesses filed an appeal against the Tbilisi municipal administration for denying construction permission. In February 2009 the Administrative Court ruled in favor of the group; the defendants appealed that decision. However, the Jehovah's Witnesses later were able to renew construction and had nearly completed the project at the end of the reporting period. Jehovah's Witnesses experienced several other problematic incidents involving building projects.\nOn several occasions Jehovah's Witnesses attempted to register the purchase of real estate in the name of their legal organization, but these attempts often resulted in either protracted legal battles or losing the selected property to another buyer. Jehovah's Witnesses began the practice of initially registering all real estate bought for the purpose of constructing places for religious gatherings in the name of private individuals and later transferring ownership to the legal organization.\nJehovah's Witnesses reported several problems in the construction of a kingdom hall (place of worship) in Zugdidi, including problems with government construction permits. At the end of the reporting period, the group continued to await a decision from the courts.\nJehovah's Witnesses reported that on July 14, 2009, three members filed a request with the city of Senaki for a permit to occupy a building for religious meetings. City officials refused their request and unofficially informed them that the refusal was due to their religious affiliation. The group filed complaints with the local mayor as well as with the central Prosecutor's Office, the PDO, Ministry of Infrastructure and Development, and Ministry of Justice. The permit was issued on June 6, 2010, 11 months after the request was filed.\nPlans to build a Jehovah's Witnesses community center in the Avlabari region of Tbilisi were halted by municipal officials who questioned whether the group legally obtained the property. The courts ruled in favor of the Jehovah's Witnesses, and on June 1, 2010, Tbilisi authorities granted a preliminary construction permit.\nJehovah's Witnesses leaders stated that they continued to be denied access to halls that seated more than 200 persons, and the PGO had not brought charges against any individuals for these denials. The leaders stated they did not plan to press for prosecution but hoped to resolve the issue by receiving permission to build their own large hall. They had not proceeded with this plan but continued to try to rent venues.\nThe PDO reported continuing problems with teachers reinforcing Orthodox theology through classroom prayer and the display of icons and other religious symbols in schools. The public defender characterized this problem as especially common in Ajara, where Muslim students were frequently the target of religious pressure from Orthodox teachers. The Ministry of Education has a General Inspection Department to deal with complaints of inappropriate teacher behavior, including violations of the religious freedom of students.\nIn contrast with the previous reporting period, there were no official reports made to the PDO that public school teachers and local Orthodox priests criticized minority religious groups and interfaith marriages or ridiculed Catholic and Protestant students. However, representatives from the non-GOC confessions and the PDO's Tolerance Center continued to believe that such problems persisted despite the lack of official reports.\nDuring the reporting period, the RCC noted that reports persisted that teachers said children who made the sign of the cross in school in the orthodox manner were \"making the sign of God,\" while children who make the sign of the cross in the Roman Catholic manner were \"making the sign of the devil.\" School staff assumed a child was Orthodox Christian unless they were made aware otherwise, which can then be the source of difficulty at school. For this reason Roman Catholics, Baptists, and Krishnas remarked that parents found the school environment better for their children if their household did not announce its religious affiliations in its community.\nCommunity leaders stated that they received no complaints during the reporting period of Jehovah's Witnesses' children being harassed or discriminated against in school by teachers or students.\nThe occupied territories of Abkhazia and South Ossetia remained outside the control of the central government, and reliable information from those regions was difficult to obtain. A 1995 decree issued by the Abkhaz leader that banned Jehovah's Witnesses in the region remained in effect but was not enforced. The group reported that it continued to hold services in Abkhazia but limited its activities because of the decree.\nBaptists, Lutherans, and Roman Catholics reported that they were allowed to operate in Abkhazia, but the GOC reported that it was unable to do so. In 2008 the Russian Holy Synod passed a resolution officially recognizing the GOC's jurisdiction over the dioceses in Abkhazia and South Ossetia. However, on September 16, 2009, the Abkhaz Orthodox Church declared \"independence\" from the GOC.\nIn South Ossetia GOC adherents remained unable to hold services in GOC churches located near the ethnic Georgian villages of Nuli, Eredvi, Monasteri, and Gera because these areas were under the control of de facto South Ossetian authorities. Individuals living outside Abkhazia and South Ossetia faced difficulties crossing the administrative boundaries and, therefore, were limited in their ability to visit the gravesites of family members inside the territories, especially in South Ossetia. The situation improved somewhat over the course of the reporting period, with some visits being allowed, especially on religious holidays.\nThe Muslim community of Ajara continued to be barred from registration in the territory of the Ajaran Autonomous Republic. Only one Muslim organization of Ajara managed to obtain legal registration by coming to Tbilisi to do so after being refused by local officials.\nAbuses of Religious Freedom\nOn November 1, 2009, the government began an investigation into a series of videos posted on Facebook because they insulted the GOC patriarch. Prosecutors detained and released two individuals and seized computer equipment and videos during the investigation. NGOs and civil society representatives criticized the investigation, stating that it restricted free speech. On November 3, 2009, the PDO called on the Ministry of Internal Affairs and the PGO to publically state under which article of the criminal code the investigation had been launched. According to PDO representative, they did not receive a response to their letter of inquiry.\nJehovah's Witnesses reported an incident in Tbilisi on July 17, 2009, of harassment and physical violence against a member of the community allegedly involving a police officer. The individual filed a complaint, and the investigation was pending at the end of the reporting period.\nSeveral cases, already filed with the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR), were delayed in local courts for significant periods. These cases concerned alleged illegal actions, including violent attacks by police officers and other government officials against Jehovah's Witnesses in 2001. However, the Supreme Court ruled that the appeals were inadmissible. Therefore, these cases exhausted all domestic remedies, and updates were being prepared for the ECHR. Jehovah's Witnesses had five cases against the government pending at the ECHR reflecting complaints of violent persecution without subsequent judicial remedies, illegal actions of police officers and other government officials, and liquidation of Jehovah's Witnesses' legal entities.\nDuring the reporting period, the government investigated several cases of interference, threats, intimidation, or violence. The PGO continued to exercise prosecutorial discretion to emphasize cases arising after 2003, in view of its limited investigative and prosecutorial resources. The PGO scheduled investigations prior to 2003 to continue where feasible but gave priority to new cases. Religious minority groups pointed out that this could lead to the eventual elimination of cases that could be investigated under law predating 2003.\nThere were no reports of religious prisoners in the country.\nForced Religious Conversion\nThere were no reports of forced religious conversion.\nImprovements and Positive Developments in Respect for Religious Freedom\nOn March 21, 2010, President Saakashvili visited the predominantly ethnic Azeri and Muslim city of Marneuli in the Kvemo Kartli region to commemorate Nowruz-Bairam, commonly referred to as \"Persian New Year,\" which he declared a national holiday. On December 25, 2009, the president visited a Roman Catholic Church and congratulated the Catholic community on the Christmas holiday. On December 20, 2009, President Saakashvili visited a mosque in Batumi and spoke about the fraternal coexistence between Christians and Muslims in the country. On November 28, 2009, the president celebrated Kurban Bairam, \"Greater Eid,\" with the local Muslim community at the Tbilisi mosque.\nOn November 16, 2009, the PDO commemorated \"International Day of Tolerance.\" Public Defender Giorgi Tugushi honored several domestic NGOs and individuals with the title of \"Advocates for Tolerance\" for their contribution toward advancing tolerance. The event included representatives from all the major religious denominations and major ethnic minority groups. Tugushi made it clear that tolerance of minority and religious issues was a priority for his tenure.\nOn September 15, 2009, the 150-year-old Ashkenazi synagogue, badly damaged in a 1991earthquake, was reopened in the old district of Tbilisi. The ceremony marking the reopening included President Saakashvili, Vice Speaker of Parliament Gigi Tsereteli, and State Minister for Reintegration Temur Iakobashvili. Addressing the Jewish community inside the new synagogue, Saakashvili underscored the beauty of the old district of Tbilisi, where two synagogues, a mosque, a Georgian Orthodox church, and an Armenian church stand side by side, and where local residents speak Georgian, Yiddish, Armenian, and Azeri languages, living in peace. The event was widely covered in the media.\nSection III. Status of Societal Respect for Religious Freedom\nThere were continued reports of societal abuses or discrimination based on religious affiliation, belief, or practice. Incidents of harassment were reported in and outside Tbilisi involving local citizens, government officials, and Orthodox provocateurs. During the reporting period, \"traditional\" minority religious groups, including Catholics, Armenian Apostolic Christians, and Muslims, were victims of harassment. Some members of the GOC and the public remained apprehensive toward \"nontraditional\" religious minorities, such as Jehovah's Witnesses, Pentecostals, and Baptists. Some persons viewed minority religious groups as a threat to the national church and the country's cultural values.\nDuring the reporting period, several religious minority groups faced harassment and attacks by fundamentalist Georgian Orthodox groups that included laypersons and clergy. Harassment included passing out pamphlets warning parents about pedophilia in the Roman Catholic Church; holding a street protest at the site of a Tbilisi Muslim community center, where local Muslims reported that many of the protesters pushed them and told them to leave the country (they also reported that although police came and calmed the situation, no arrests were made); and staging a large protest at the opening of a new Assyrian cultural facility. The GOC stated that while there were clergy in these groups, the groups were not officially part of the GOC. The head of one of these groups, the Union of Orthodox Parents, reported that his organization never resorted to violence.\nOn May 7, 2010, a discussion on Kavkasia TV's program Barieri (Barrier) between leaders of two fundamentalist Georgian Orthodox groups and supporters grew into a fistfight. Representatives of the fundamentalist groups Union of Orthodox Parents and the Public Orthodox Christian Movement reportedly verbally and physically assaulted some of the program's guests and the station's staff. Police were called to the studio and detained at least eight persons, seven of whom faced charges and were being held in administrative detention at the end of the reporting period.\nThe head of the Tolerance Center within the PDO, reported that on May 4, 2010, he was hit on the head by a member of a fundamentalist Georgian Orthodox group during a rally in support of the publication of a book critical of the GOC. Reportedly the rally was disrupted by extreme Orthodox Christian groups, some members of which physically assaulted demonstrators. He also reported that police tried to separate the conflicting sides but failed to take appropriate measures, including not making any arrests.\nRepresentatives from the Pentecostal community reported that advertising contracts with some Web sites were cancelled after the Kavkasia TV incident because the companies feared they would become the target of the fundamentalist groups. The representatives also reported that they could not conclude advertising contracts for billboards in subway stations because of similar fears.\nRepresentatives of the Muslim community reported that they believed the permit for construction of their community center was being delayed because of a petition filed with the Tbilisi municipality by the Union of Orthodox Parents.\nOn December 10, 2009, Ilia State University hosted a conference on Islam. However, the public defender reported that the discussion part of the conference failed due to harassment by some members of the Union of Orthodox Parents.\nOn October 17, 2009, an Assyrian cultural center was opened in Tbilisi, under the auspices of the Roman Catholic Church. On the day of the opening, the Union of Orthodox Parents temporarily blocked the entrance to the center and displayed anti-Catholic banners. Police were able to unblock the entrance to the church shortly before the opening ceremony began. On October 15 a one-day protest was held in front of the Vatican embassy. The protesters held banners with insulting, xenophobic language. According to the public defender, on October 6 and 7, a group of 80 persons led by the Union of Orthodox Parents marched into the villages of Arali and Vale of the Adigeni district, where the majority of the population is Catholic. The group reportedly distributed brochures containing hate language, claiming that Catholic priests (specific Catholic priests were named) were pedophiles.\nOn September 16, 2009, representatives from fundamentalist Georgian Orthodox groups prevented repairs on a mosque in a traditionally ethnic-Azeri village. The group members allegedly demanded to see the villagers' construction permit, despite not having the legal right to do so, and threatened the villagers with violence if the construction did not cease. The village community members claimed that they had received permission from local authorities. At the end of the reporting period, the repairs had not been completed, since the question of official permission from the government was not settled. Members of the Orthodox group continued a vigil at the mosque to ensure that villagers did not continue repairs. The head of the Union of Orthodox Parents, one of the groups involved, confirmed that it was participating in the vigil because construction on the mosque without the correct permits is illegal.\nA number of religious minorities reported continuing media hostility. Some religious minority leaders noted that the media provided no coverage of their activities.\nOn March 27, 2010, and on three occasions in 2009, members of Jehovah's Witnesses were harassed and in some cases physically assaulted by nonmembers in the community. In all the cases, the incidents were reported to authorities; investigations were pending at the end of the reporting period.\nOn March 7, 2010, two inebriated persons attacked a kingdom hall in Tbilisi, throwing stones into the building. A complaint was filed with the Main Prosecutor's Office and the PDO. Another complaint accused previous owners of the land where the hall was built of organizing a demonstration on April 9, 2010, to prohibit Jehovah's Witnesses from using it. Investigations were pending at the end of the reporting period. According to the Jehovah's Witnesses, the case against the inebriated person was closed because the persons could not be found. According to the Ministry of Justice, the case was closed on April 17, 2010, because the damage to the hall was less than $82 (150 lari) and, under the criminal procedure code, not considered significant enough damage to constitute criminal prosecution. According to the Jehovah's Witnesses, the complaint against the former land owner was closed because it was determined that no criminal offense had been committed.\nOn December 13, 2009, Jehovah's Witnesses reported that in the city of Martvili, five men beat two members and told them to leave the city. They reported that one of the attackers worked at the Martvili Passport Department of the Ministry of Justice. They alleged that another attacker worked at the city municipality and a third attacker worked at the Martvili District Court. They filed a complaint with the Main Prosecutor's Office. According to the Ministry of Justice, the two members of the Jehovah's Witnesses requested that the Martvili unit of the Ministry of Internal Affairs terminate the investigation because they were verbally but not physically assaulted. Consequently, on May 4, 2010, the investigation was terminated.\nOn October 22, 2009, in the Vazisubani district of Tbilisi, two Jehovah's Witnesses were beaten and threatened with a gun. Police took the victims to the police station and initiated a criminal case. Information was also provided to the Main Prosecutor's Office and the public defender. According to the PDO and the Ministry of Justice, investigations were pending at the end of the reporting period. According to the Ministry of Justice, the license plate number identified by witnesses was matched to a car belonging to the Ministry of Internal Affairs that has been inoperable since 2007.\nIn October 20, 2009, at the kingdom hall construction site in Zugdidi, unidentified individuals destroyed a wire fence and demanded that the Jehovah's Witnesses vacate the property. Although police arrived quickly, they took no action. Later that day a larger mob of approximately 150 individuals insulted community members and spit into a well on the site. Police returned but did not take any action. Later that night approximately 20 persons entered the site and physically assaulted four members. Police arrived but did not take protective measures. Jehovah's Witnesses requested that a criminal case be opened and the deputy chief of police promised to provide protection. On November 17, 2009, work resumed at the site. Police were present and ensured that assailants did not hinder the work.\nOn October 20, 2009, members of Jehovah's Witnesses were harassed in the village of Gvankiti. Information was provided to the local police, the Main Prosecutor's Office, and the PDO. On May 12, 2010, the Jehovah's Witnesses were informed that the investigation was terminated. Jehovah's Witnesses intended to appeal the decision. According to the Ministry of Justice, the investigation was terminated on October 27, 2009, due to lack of evidence that a crime was committed. According to the ministry, other witnesses interviewed stated that while religious material was destroyed by the accused, no physical assault took place.\nOn July 3, 2009, in the town of Akhalkalaki, GOC Priest Irakli Khomeriki hit a member of the Jehovah's Witnesses in the face. On July 7, 2009, a complaint was filed with the GPO and the public defender. A criminal case was initiated, and Khomeriki received an official warning.\nJehovah's Witnesses reported that since 2004 they have not been able to rent facilities in Tbilisi to hold large religious gatherings.\nIn 2009 Jehovah's Witnesses provided a list of 35 incidents involving harassment, all of which were reported to government authorities. The group reported that in only two cases was an individual charged; the rest remained unresolved despite their claim that authorities knew the identity of the harassers. Complaints involved harassment when Jehovah's Witnesses members tried to talk with others about their beliefs; physical damage to meeting places, especially kingdom halls under construction, and to cars associated with the buildings; and physical violence. In addition there were numerous cases of crosses painted on the ends of kingdom halls and buildings and other graffiti.\nThe GOC continued to complain that the ROC's Moscow Theological Seminary was training Abkhaz priests for service in Abkhazia, the breakaway region. Despite the fact that the ROC recognizes the GOC as a legitimate church in Abkhazia, the GOC patriarchate claimed that the ROC was sending in priests loyal to the ROC patriarchate in Moscow under the pretext of setting up indigenous Abkhaz churches.\nThe RCC reported that in the southern region of Adigeni, as well as in the city of Akhaltsikhe, Roman Catholics faced a hostile environment.\nThe PDO reported that it was approached 41 times by religious minorities concerning possible instances of violations of their rights in 2009. Police were quick to respond to incidents of abuse but slower to follow-up crimes they viewed as minor \"hooliganism,\" defined as actions that violated public order or demonstrated open contempt towards society by using violence or threats of violence.\nIn the second half of 2009, the public defender reported that the problems remained the same. The process of restitution of the property of religious minorities confiscated during the Soviet period had not been initiated; the tax regime for minority religious groups was different from that of the GOC; the RCC, ACC, and Muslims refused to register by the existing method, since registration as a legal entity rather than a religious organization was viewed as unacceptable; requirements of the Law on General Education at secondary schools were not met; law enforcers did not abide by the law and did not react adequately when a crime was motivated by religious intolerance; priests of other denominations could not access places of detention without permission of the patriarchy; and state-controlled media provided meager, if any, coverage of problems related to religious minorities.\nIn October 2008 the last of a series of damaging attacks occurred on the Evangelical-Pentecostal prayer house in the town of Vani. After the intervention of the PDO, criminal proceedings were instigated against the police chief. However, in December 2008 the criminal investigation was closed on the grounds of self-defense.\nThe former mosque located in the village of Mukhaestate in the Kobuleti region was occupied by local police, while another mosque in the town of Kobuleti \"hosted\" a dancing studio. In the Adigeni district, there were approximately seven mosques built by Meskhetian Muslims that were inactive and were being used by others to keep their cattle. The Muslim population (composed mostly of migrants from Ajara) was not able to reclaim those mosques. Meskhetians who returned to the town of Abastumani also requested return of their mosque.\nSection IV. U.S. Government Policy\nThe U.S. government discusses religious freedom with the government as part of its overall policy to promote human rights. The U.S. embassy engaged with religious communities from all faiths. Embassy officials, including the ambassador, frequently met with representatives of parliament, various religious groups and leaders, and NGOs concerned with religious freedom. The embassy promoted religious freedom and tolerance through the use of public diplomacy, including speeches and press interviews by senior U.S. government officials and embassy representatives.\nThe embassy also brought concerns directly to the government including the Ministry of Corrections and Legal Assistance regarding access to prisoners by all religious representatives, the Ministry of Education regarding the treatment of religion in schools and curriculum, and the Ministry of Justice regarding the investigation of possible religiously motivated attacks.\nOn May 8, 2010, the U.S. ambassador made a statement aired by all major news outlets expressing his concerns for the incident at Kavkasia's television studios and the larger implications the event had for freedom of speech, diversity of opinion, thought, and faith.\nOn May 5, 2010, the ambassador visited the predominantly ethnic Armenian/Armenian Apostolic region of Samtskhe-Javakheti, where he met with NGO representatives focused on religious freedom and tolerance. He also met with the head of the AAC in the predominantly ethnic Armenian city of Akhalkalaki. Embassy officials regularly traveled to the region and met with local government officials and civil society representatives to discuss religious freedom. Embassy officials visited several churches disputed by the GOC and AAC, highlighting the importance of maintenance of these churches while ownership problems were resolved.\nOn April 27, 2010, the ambassador visited the predominantly Muslim/ethnic Azeri region of Kvemo Kartli and a mosque in the city of Marneuli. Embassy officials regularly met with the akhund, the religious leader of most Muslims in the country, at the mosque in Tbilisi. Embassy officials attended Eid celebrations in the village in the Bolnisi district, where controversy surrounded the reconstruction of a mosque on September 20, 2009. Embassy officials met with members of the Muslim community in Tbilisi who were attempting to build a community center and visited the proposed building site on December 10, 2009.\nOn December 10, 2009, in honor of the 2009 Human Rights Day, the ambassador hosted an event at his residence to facilitate a discussion among leaders from minority religious communities and the GOC. The event included leaders from civil society working in the field of religious tolerance as well as the government's Human Rights Public Defender.\nIn December 2009 the ambassador met with the GOC patriarch. Embassy officials also met with the leader of the fundamental Georgian Orthodox group Union of Orthodox Parents to discuss the group's ideology, methods, and concerns. Embassy officials regularly met with officials from minority Christian communities and visited their community centers and churches including the Baptists, Jehovah's Witnesses, Roman Catholics, and Pentecostals.\nEmbassy officials promoted dialogue between the government and ethnic and religious minority communities and their integration into society. To support the development of civil society within ethnic and religious minority regions, the embassy worked with NGOs to organize capacity building seminars, social outreach programs, networking opportunities with domestic and international NGOs, and tolerance in school projects. The embassy provided small grants to local NGOs working on minority issues and monitoring the government's implementation of the National Integration and Tolerance program.\nEmbassy officials attended the opening of the new synagogue in Tbilisi and regularly met with leaders from the Jewish community, including the chief rabbi. On October 20, 2009, visitors from the U.S. State Department visited Tbilisi's Hebrew school and attended a performance by the students.\nThe embassy funded several projects to foster religious tolerance, including research grants, visitor program presentations, and speaker program sponsorships. From March 29 to April 17, 2010, through an International Visitor Leadership Program, leaders from ethnic and religious minority communities travelled to the United States specifically to focus on minority and tolerance issues. The U.S. government continued to fund a four-year, $2.7 million (4.9 million lari) project to promote an increased sense of national unity among citizens through support to the government in forming its national integration strategy and action plan, of which promoting interfaith tolerance was an important component. The project provided technical assistance, diversity training, and small grants to local NGOs, and also supported a weekly show on public television dedicated to integration and tolerance issues, on which prominent religious leaders were featured.\nThe Democracy Working Group, which is part of a larger bilateral commission, helped identify problems for discussion as well as areas of cooperation and thereby encourages and measured progress in areas such as religious freedom. The group met in November 2009.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-42", "url": "http://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/2010/148936.htm", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1414119648297.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20141024030048-00298-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.973238945, "token_count": 8915, "score": 2.796875, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Is é seo an leagan téacs bunúsach. CÓCÚ ANOIS ar an bhformáid nua, níos idirghníomhaí.\nForáiltear sa bhunreacht do shaoirse reiligiúin, agus chuir dlíthe agus beartais eile le cleachtas reiligiúnach saor in aisce go ginearálta.\nGo ginearálta, thug an rialtas meas ar shaoirse reiligiúna i gcleachtas. Ní raibh aon athrú ar stádas urraim an rialtais do shaoirse reiligiúnacha le linn na tréimhse tuairiscithe. Mar a tharla sa tréimhse tuairiscithe roimhe seo, d'fhócas an rialtais go mór ar dhúshláin slándála náisiúnta, agus luigh cur chun feidhme bheartais a bhaineann le saoirse reiligiúnach.\nBhí tuairiscí leanúnacha ann maidir le mí-úsáidí sochaíocha nó idirdhealú bunaithe ar cheangal reiligiúnach, creideamh nó cleachtas. Bhí tuairiscí ar eachtraí de chuid na n-eaglaise i Tbilisi agus sna réigiúin lasmuigh de Tbilisi a raibh saoránaigh áitiúla, oifigigh rialtais agus provokators Orthodox páirteach iontu. Thuairiscigh ombudsman cearta an duine Oifig an Fhreagraí Poiblí (PDO) roinnt cásanna de chaosadh le linn na tréimhse tuairiscithe. D'fhan fadhbanna córais gan athrú den chuid is mó, mar shampla maoin na heaglaise a thabhairt ar ais, clárú dlíthiúil na n-ainmníochtaí, creat dlíthiúil neamhionann, agus clúdach diúltach sna meáin ar ghrúpaí reiligiúnacha neamh-Orthodox. Mar sin féin, chuir an PDO Lá Idirnáisiúnta na hIomaitheantais i láthair den chéad uair, agus d'aithin an cosantóir poiblí iarrachtaí lucht gníomhaíochta agus eagraíochtaí den tsochaí shibhialta a bronnadh mar \"Iomaitheanna na hIomaitheantais\". Ina theannta sin, d'fhreastail an t-uachtarán agus an tAire um Ath-Inteagrú ar oscailt sionagóg nua i Tbilisi, agus tugadh eaglais i Rabati, i gceantar Akhaltsikhe, ar ais chuig an Eaglais Chaitliceach Rómhánach i mí na Nollag 2009.\nPléann rialtas na Stát Aontaithe saoirse reiligiúnach leis an rialtas mar chuid dá bheartas foriomlán chun cearta daonna a chur chun cinn. Chuir ambasáid na Stát Aontaithe maoiniú ar roinnt tionscadal chun dlúthdhiosca a chothú, lena n-áirítear cláir malartaithe d'ionadaithe na sochaí shibhialta a bhí ag obair i réimse an dlúthdhiosca. Bhí ionadaithe na n-ambasáid ag bualadh go minic le ceannairí eagraíochtaí reiligiúnacha agus neamhrialtasacha (NGOanna) chun saoirse reiligiúna a chur chun cinn.\nRoinn I. Daonlathach Reiligiúnach\nTá limistéar 25,900 míle cearnach ag an tír agus daonra de 4.6 milliún, lena n-áirítear réigiúin scaradh Abkhazia agus Ossetia Theas. D'fhan údaráis de facto i réigiúin scaradhtacha Abkhazia agus Ossetia Theas, le tacaíocht ó chúpla míle trúpaí Rúise a bhí ag glacadh áit, lasmuigh de smacht an rialtais lárnaigh. Tá comhghaol láidir idir grúpaí eitneacha agus cleamhnas reiligiúnach, chomh maith le limistéar geografach.\nTá an chuid is mó de na Gearógaigh eitneacha (84 faoin gcéad den daonra, de réir daonáireamh 2002), bainteach le hIonad Oirtódach na Gearóige (GOC). Glacann Críostaithe Orthodox nach Giúirseach iad le dlínse críochach an GOC agus de ghnáth úsáideann siad príomhtheanga a gcainteoirí (mar shampla, Rúisis, Airméinis nó Gréigis). Tá líon beag de lucht leanúna Rúise den chuid is mó eitneach de thrí scoil Orthodox dícheallach ann fós: Molokani, Staroveriy (Sean-Chreidmheach), agus Dukhoboriy (Wrestlers Spioraid). Tá grúpaí Oirthocaidseacha na Gréige radacach i láthair freisin, mar shampla, Cumann Naomh David an Tógálaí, Aontas na dTuismitheoirí Oirthocaidseacha, agus Gluaiseacht Chríostaí Oirthocaidseach na Daoine, grúpa nua a bunaíodh le linn na tréimhse tuairiscithe. De réir na patriarchy, níl baint ag na grúpaí seo ar bhealach ar bith leis an GOC.\nTá an Eaglais Apostolach Airméineach (AAC), an Eaglais Chaitliceach Rómhánach (RCC), Giúdachas, agus Ioslam tar éis maireachtáil le hOirtodox na Gearóidige ar feadh na gcéadta bliain. Is iad na Azeris an dara grúpa eitneach is mó (timpeall 285,000, nó 7 faoin gcéad den daonra) agus is Moslamach iad den chuid is mó; tá an chuid is mó acu ina gcónaí i réigiún oirdheisceart Kvemo-Kartli, áit a bhfuil tromlach acu. I measc grúpaí Moslamacha eile tá Moslamaigh eitneach na Gréige de Ajara agus Chechen Kists sa réigiún oirdheisceart, ag tabhairt Moslamaigh go 10 faoin gcéad den daonra. Is iad na hArmánaigh an tríú grúpa eitneach is mó (measta ag 249,000, nó 6 faoin gcéad den daonra) agus is de chuid den AAC iad den chuid is mó; is iad is mó de na daonra i réigiún Samtskhe-Javakheti ó dheas.\nMeastar go bhfuil 35,000 Caitliceach ann, go príomha Ghorgánaigh nó Assyrians eitneacha, agus 18,000 Yezidis Kurdach. Is é an pobal Oirtheachtúil Gréagach eitneach 15,000. Meastar go bhfuil 10,000 Giúdach ann.\nTá na heagraíochtaí Protastúnacha agus neamhthraidisiúnta eile, amhail na Baisteoirí, na Fianna Iósa, na Peinticéadaigh, agus na Krishnas, níos gníomhaí agus níos suntasaí. Is lú ná 1 faoin gcéad den daonra atá ag gach ceann de na grúpaí seo.\nRoinn II. Stádas an Rialtais Urram do Shaoirse Reiligiúin\nForáiltear sa bhunreacht do shaoirse reiligiúin, agus chuir dlíthe agus beartais eile le cleachtas reiligiúnach saor in aisce go ginearálta. Aithníonn an bunreacht ról speisialta an GOC i stair na tíre ach leagann sé amach freisin neamhspleáchas na heaglaise ón stát. Tugann comhaontuithe 2002 idir an rialtas agus an GOC stádas uathúil ar an GOC; níl comhaontuithe sínithe ag an rialtas le haon ghrúpa reiligiúnach eile.\nCuireann an cód coiriúil cosc go sonrach ar chur isteach ar sheirbhísí adhartha, ionchúiseamh duine bunaithe ar chreideamh nó ar chreideamh reiligiúnach, agus cur isteach ar bhunú eagraíochta reiligiúnaigh. Tá pionós fíneáil agus/nó príosúnachta in aghaidh sárú na ndáiltí seo; meastar gur mí-úsáid cumhachta iad sárú a dhéanfaidh oifigeach poiblí nó oifigeach poiblí agus tá fíneálacha níos airde agus/nó téarmaí príosúnachta níos faide in aghaidh na sárú sin.\nTá an tAonad um Chosaint Chearta an Duine i roinn dhlíthiúil Oifig an Ard-Ionchúisitheora (PGO) cúisithe le cearta an duine a chosaint, lena n-áirítear saoirse reiligiúnach. Déanann an PDO monatóireacht freisin ar ghearán faoi shrianta ar shaoirse reiligiúna. D'fhan an Aireacht Gnóthaí Intíre agus an PGO gníomhach i gcosaint na saoirse reiligiúnaí. Mar sin féin, léirigh grúpaí mionlach reiligiúnacha, amhail na finnéithe Jehovah, roinnt míshástachta leis an easpa leantacha imscrúdaithe i gcásanna áirithe.\nCoinníonn an rialtas na laethanta saoire reiligiúnacha seo a leanas mar laethanta saoire náisiúnta: Nollaig na nOrthodox, Epiphany, Aoine an Chéasta, Oíche Shamhna na nOrthodox, Luan na Cásca, Lá an Apostola Andrew, Lá na Maighdean Mhuire, Svetitskhovloba, agus Lá Naomh George. D'fhógair an t-uachtarán Nowruz-Bairam, a cheiliúradh ag an daonra Moslamach eitneach Azeri, mar saoire náisiúnta ar 21 Márta, 2010.\nFaoi dhlí 2006 is féidir le grúpaí reiligiúnacha seachas an GOC clárú leis an rialtas mar eintiteas neamhthráchtála de dhlí príobháideach (i gceann de roinnt foirmeacha amhail ceardchumainn nó bunús) chun stádas dlíthiúil agus sochair chánach a fháil. Bhí ceardchumainn bunaithe ar bhallraíocht (ba cheart cúig bhall ar a laghad a bheith ann), agus bhí bunús ag bunúsóir amháin nó níos mó a bhunaigh ciste chun cúis áirithe a chur chun cinn chun tairbhe an ghrúpa áirithe nó an phobail i gcoitinne. I ngach cás, ba ghnách le roinn cánach na hAireachta Airgeadais clárú a dhéanamh, agus ní mór dó clárú a dheonú nó a dhiúltú laistigh de thrí lá ón iarratas. Féadfar achomharc a dhéanamh in aghaidh diúltú i gcúirt. Níor tugadh aon tuairiscí faoi aon ghrúpaí a diúltaíodh clárú dóibh le linn na tréimhse tuairiscithe. Chuir roinnt grúpaí reiligiúnacha in iúl go raibh siad míshásta go gcaithfí iad a chlárú mar eintiteas den sórt sin seachas mar ghrúpa reiligiúnach chun stádas dlíthiúil agus sochair chánach a fháil.\nSonraíonn an Dlí um Oideachas Ginearálta go bhfuil \"saoirse creideamh, coimhdeachta agus coinsiasa ag daltaí, tuismitheoirí agus múinteoirí, de réir an riail a bhunaigh an dlí, agus go bhfuil sé de cheart acu aon choimhdeacht reiligiúnach a roghnú agus a athrú de réir toilte\".\nRinne dlí 2005 a scarann scoileanna stáit agus teagasc reiligiúnach léiriú an choinbhinsiúin rialtais leis an GOC maidir le teagasc na hOirtéideachais a dhéanamh mar chuid roghnach den churaclam scoile. Deir an dlí nach féidir an teagasc seo a chur ar siúl ach amháin tar éis uaireanta scoile agus nach féidir leis an scoil nó na múinteoirí é a rialú. Ní féidir le múinteoirí lasmuigh, lena n-áirítear cléirí, freastal go rialta nó gníomhaíochtaí iarchuraim na mac léinn nó clubanna mac léinn agus a gcruinnithe a stiúradh. Bhí na heolaithe laige, seachas na sagairt, i gceannas ar na gníomhaíochtaí sin.\nRinne an GOC athbhreithniú rialta ar leabhair teagaisc reiligiúnacha agus eile a úsáidtear i scoileanna chun a bheith comhsheasmhach le creideamh na nOirtheangach, cé nár rinneadh an athbhreithniú seo laistigh den struchtúr rialtais ach mar chuid de ghníomhaíochtaí pearsantachta an GOC.\nTeoranta ar Shaoirse Reiligiúna\nGo ginearálta, thug an rialtas meas ar shaoirse reiligiúna i gcleachtas. Ní raibh aon athrú ar stádas urraim an rialtais do shaoirse reiligiúnacha le linn na tréimhse tuairiscithe. Ag an am céanna, rinne grúpaí reiligiúnacha seachas an GOC gearán nach raibh stádas dlíthiúil chomhionann acu, nach raibh aitheantas oifigiúil acu mar reiligiúin, agus nach raibh na pribhléidí céanna acu agus atá ag an GOC. D'éiligh grúpaí mionlaigh reiligiúnacha freisin nach raibh na póilíní áitiúla i gcónaí ag freagairt go pras dá ngearán. Is minic a fhágann póilíní imscrúduithe ar ghearán den sórt sin neamhiomlán.\nSa chomhaontuithe 2002 idir an RGPC agus an stát, sainmhínítear na caidrimh idir an dá eintiteas. Tá roinnt ailt chonspóideach sa choinchead, mar shampla díolúine dlíthiúil a thabhairt don phatriarch; ceart eisiach a thabhairt don GOC chun an chaplaincy míleata a fhoireann; cléirí GOC a dhíolmhú ó sheirbhís mhíleata; agus ról chomhairliúcháin uathúil a thabhairt don GOC sa rialtas, go háirithe i réimse an oideachais. Mar sin féin, bhí ar go leor de na hairteagail chonspóideacha go nglacfadh an Pharlaimint le reachtaíocht chur chun feidhme, rud nár rinneadh faoi dheireadh na tréimhse tuairiscithe. Tá mír ag an bpobal TLR sa bhuiséad rialtais agus fuair sé $ 13.3 milliún (25.3 milliún lari) in 2010.\nTá an pobal Giúdach cláraithe mar chomhpháirtíocht le roinnt blianta, ní mar gur fearr leis an ainmniúchán seo, ach toisc gur cheadaigh an ainmniúchán dó sionagóg a dheisiú. Cé nár tugadh an t-ionad sionagóige ar ais do úinéireacht an phobail Giúdach, d'éirigh leis an rialtas é a léasú don phobal ar phraghas siombalach $0.54 (lair amháin) in aghaidh na míosa. Bhí na hinfheistithe sásta leis an gcumas an mhaoin a \"díolú\" agus bhí siad sásta an obair dheisiúcháin a mhaoiniú.\nDhiúltaigh an AAC clárú mar chomhdháil nó mar bhunaíocht, rud a fhág sé gan aitheantas dlíthiúil. Tá cuid dá phobal cláraithe ag an RCC d'fhonn smacht dhlíthiúil a bheith aige ar a chuid maoine. Thug an socrú clárúcháin seo smacht fisiciúil air ar fhoirgnimh na heaglaise agus d'fhág sé leis an gcleachtas roimhe seo a bhí ann a n-eintitis reiligiúnacha a chlárú in ainm duine aonair. Mar sin féin, bhí an RCC cúramach a mhíshástacht leis na roghanna clárúcháin a \"díolaíonn dínit\" a chur i bhfios. Bhí an gearán seo ag baisteoirí agus ag na finnéithe ar an Tiarna. Ní raibh na roghanna clárúcháin sásta ach leis na Krishnas toisc gur thug siad an cumas do phobal de thart ar 100 cleachtóir a theampall a dheisiú agus a rialú ach níor dhírigh siad aird bhreise an rialtais ar a láithreacht.\nLe linn na tréimhse tuairiscithe, níorbh fhéidir le hIonad Bíobla Kobuleti \"Save the World\" teacht ar a fhoirgneamh eaglais. Cheannaigh misinéirí an foirgneamh i 2005 agus chláraigh siad é faoi ainm duine aonair ós rud é nach bhféadfadh an grúpa clárú mar eagraíocht reiligiúnach agus an t-oileán féin a cheannach. Ní raibh an t-earraí a bhí ag an duine aonair ar an maoin ina dhiaidh sin mar gheall ar charnadh cánach agus fiacha eile a bhí aige.\nLe linn na tréimhse tuairiscithe, fuair Institiúid Sulkhan-Saba Orbeliani na Fealsúnaíochta, na Theolaíochta, na Cultúir agus na Staire, ar institiúid faoi úinéireacht RCC é, athchreidmheas, a bhí moill air óna iarratas bunaidh i 2007.\nD'áitigh údaráis rialtais go soláthraíonn an dlí clárúcháin cothromaíocht leordhóthanach idir éilimh mhionlaigh reiligiúnacha agus an fonn stádas speisialta an rialtais na Síne a chosaint. Dúirt an rialtas go mbeadh díospóireacht neamhriachtanach ann idir grúpaí maidir leis an sainmhíniú a bhí le glacadh, agus go dtiocfadh le cóireáil chomhionann ar ghrúpaí reiligiúnacha de dheasca an dlí clárúcháin reatha. De réir thuairim an rialtais, bhí an dlí clárúcháin neamhthrédhearcach ó thaobh reiligiúin de, toisc nach raibh a phríomhchúram ach cibé an bhfuil eagraíocht chun brabúis nó gan brabúis. Bhí an chosaint dhlíthiúil céanna ar a gcearta maoine agus ar a stádas cánach ag grúpaí reiligiúnacha cláraithe i bhfad níos mó ná an stádas atá ag an nGUR, cé gur thug na húdaráis le fios go bhféadfadh mearbhall a bheith ann ó thaobh tairbhithe féideartha agus feidhmeoirí rialtais. D'áitigh an GOC nach raibh ach tosaíochtaí siombalacha i bhfad níos mó fós, a bhí oiriúnach do stádas an GOC faoin gcóncordáid, amhail díolúine ó íocaíocht tosaigh an cháin bhreiseluacha (i gcomparáid le aisíocaíocht a íoc agus a fháil) agus díolúine ó bhrabús ar dhíolacháin ar shaotharlaigh reiligiúnacha.\nAr an 12 Márta 2010, síníodh meabhrán idir an GOC agus an Aireacht um Chearta agus Cúnamh Dlí (MCLA) ina ndeachaigh na páirtithe i gcomhar maidir le saothar úsáideach go sóisialta a shannadh mar fhoirm pionóis do phríosúnaigh, lena n-áirítear cur chun feidhme na hoibre seo in eaglaisí agus i mhonastóirí. Ní raibh aon chomhaontú den sórt sin ag aon eagraíocht reiligiúnach eile leis an rialtas. Tá an t-údarás príosúnach ag iarraidh ar an rialtas na Síne a chur san áireamh sa chlár seo.\nI gcás ina bhfuil an t-údarás príosúnach ag iarraidh rochtain ar phríosúnach, ní mór do na hionadaithe sin cead a fháil ón rialtas chun rochtain a fháil ar phríosúnach. De réir an MCLA, in ainneoin na rialacháin, níor dhiúltaigh údaráis aon ionadaí reiligiúnach rochtain ar phríosúnach. Mar sin féin, thuairiscigh ionadaithe ó phobail Baiste agus Moslamacha go raibh fadhbanna rochtana acu. Ní raibh an RCC in ann cead a fháil ó na GOC chun rochtain a fháil. Ag deireadh na tréimhse tuairiscithe, bhí an MCLA ag obair le roinnt pobail chun aghaidh a thabhairt ar na hábhair imní seo.\nLe linn na tréimhse tuairiscithe roimhe seo, bhí roinnt gearáin i ndáil leis an bpróiseas chun seirbhís mhíleata éigeantach a chur siar. Níor chuir Adventist aghaidh go tráthúil ar an ngníomhaireacht ábhartha le hiarratais ar sheirbhís choiriúil a chur in ionad seirbhíse malartacha. Mar thoradh air sin bhí sé i mbun seirbhíse míleata éigeantach. Ar mholadh ón PDO, bhí an t-ábhar á athbhreithniú. Ag deireadh na tréimhse tuairiscithe, bhí moltaí an chosanta poiblí á gcur san áireamh. Bhí an t-Adventist faoiseamh óna dhualgas ar an Satharn mar gheall ar a chreideamh reiligiúnach.\nAch amháin i gcás GOC, d'fhan athdháileadh maoine a ndearnadh a choigistiú le linn an réimeas cumannach ina cheist chonspóideach. Le linn na tréimhse tuairiscithe, níor chuir an rialtas aon eaglaisí, moscaí, sionagóga nó hallaí cruinnithe breise ar ais. Tugadh eaglais i Rabati, i réigiún Akhaltsikhe, ar ais chuig an RCC i mí na Nollag 2009. Ag deireadh na tréimhse tuairiscithe, áfach, lean an RCC ag idirbheartaíocht leis an rialtas maidir le téarmaí úinéireachta, ós rud é nach bhfuil stádas dlíthiúil ag an RCC mar gheall ar na saincheisteanna maidir le haitheantas mar eagraíocht reiligiúnach. Bhí an príomh-mosc agus dhá shínagóg i Tbilisi á n-oibriú ag a bpobail reiligiúnacha faoi seach ach d'fhan siad ina seilbh stáit. Mar sin féin, lean an t-athchóiriú ar eaglaisí GOC a tugadh ar ais roimhe sin, go páirteach le fóirdheontais rialtais, ar an mbonn gur shuíomhanna oidhreachta cultúrtha náisiúnta iad na foirgnimh. Thug an rialtas fóirdheontais freisin le haghaidh cothabháil agus caomhnú mosc ar chúiseanna den chineál céanna. D'éiligh grúpaí mionlach reiligiúnacha eile nach soláthraíonn an rialtas maoiniú ar bhonn neodrach agus cothrom. D'éiligh an AAC nach bhfuair a eaglais i Tbilisi, a dúirt ceannairí AAC go bhfuil 100,000 comhdháil á freastal aige, maoiniú toisc gur dhiúltaigh an AAC clárú leis an rialtas. Dúirt an Aireacht Cultúir nach féidir léi tionscadal athchóirithe a mhaoiniú mura bhfuil úinéir cláraithe go dlíthiúil ag an eaglais.\nBhí an-tóir ar an méid a dúirt an Coimisiún maidir le comhlíonadh na mbeart a bhí déanta ag an gCoimisiún maidir le díolacháin a dhéanamh ar an margadh. D'éiligh siad nach raibh an rialtas toilteanach díospóidí maidir le úinéireacht mhaoin eaglais shárúite a réiteach de bharr eagla go gcuirfí ionsaí ar thoghthóirí GOC.\nBhí cúram is mó ag an AAC ar chúig eaglais a thabhairt ar ais i Tbilisi agus ceann amháin in Akhaltsikhe. Mar sin féin, bhí díospóid fós maidir le stádas 30 eaglais ar a laghad eile a éilíonn an AAC. Lean díospóireacht ar fud an eaglais Norashen, a d'éiligh an AAC agus GOC araon agus a dúnadh ó 1995.\nAr 19 Samhain, 2009, thit sé i Tbilisi ar eaglais a raibh AAC ag éileamh air. De réir tuairiscí, tógadh an séipéal i 1356 ach dúnadh é le linn ré na Sóivéide agus baineadh úsáid as mar stór. Níor athoscail an séipéal tar éis neamhspleáchas na tíre, nuair a d'éirigh leis an Teideal ar an maoin a bheith ar an Aireacht Cultúir. Ar 20 Samhain 2010, d'eisigh an AAC ráiteas ag cúisíocht an rialtais agus an GOC as teip ar shuíomhanna naofa na nArmáine a chaomhnú. Thosaigh muintir Tbilisi an suíomh a ghlanadh le linn na tréimhse tuairiscithe, ach níor rinneadh aon dul chun cinn chun an séipéal a athbhunú.\nBhí deacrachtaí ag an RCC, ag an AAC, agus ag roinnt ainmníochtaí Protastúnacha cead a fháil chun eaglaisí nua a thógáil, mar gheall ar dhiúltú na n-údarás áitiúil ceadanna tógála a eisiúint a d'fhéadfadh a bheith ina gcontúirt d'oifigigh GOC áitiúla.\nDe réir an akhund (seana-cheannaire) de mosque Tbilisi Juma, bhí cead ag údaráis na cathrach ionad pobail a thógáil ar thalamh príobháideach. Níor éirigh le Moslamaigh in Ajara úinéireacht a gcuid maoine ré ré ré na Sóivéide a aisghabháil. Níor fhreagair oifigigh áitiúla iarratais athfhillteacha ar na moscaí a thabhairt ar ais. Mar sin féin, de réir ceannaire Moslamach áitiúil in Ajara, bhí beagnach na moscaí go léir ag feidhmiú in ainneoin nach raibh úinéireacht ag an bpobal Moslamach.\nLean grúpaí mionlach reiligiúnacha, lena n-áirítear na finnéithe Iósa, ag tuairisciú go raibh deacrachtaí acu ceadanna a fháil chun tithe adhradh a thógáil nó a bheith ina gcónaí iontu nó chun smacht a fháil ar áiseanna a bhí gafa le linn ré na cumannach, cé nach measann an grúpa go raibh sé riachtanach a thuilleadh seirbhísí a reáchtáil i dtithe príobháideacha ar chúiseanna slándála.\nLean na finnéithe ar aghaidh ag teacht le fadhbanna le pleananna tógála a bhí acu le haghaidh fearainn a cheannaíodh i Tbilisi. Chuir an grúpa na doiciméid riachtanacha isteach in oifig an Mhéara, ach dhiúltaíodh cead dóibh. I mí Lúnasa 2008, rinne na finnéithe achomharc i gcoinne rialtas cathrach Tbilisi mar gheall ar chead tógála a dhiúltú. I mí Feabhra 2009, chinn an Chúirt Riaracháin i bhfabhar an ghrúpa; rinne na cosantóirí achomharc ar an gcinneadh sin. Mar sin féin, d'éirigh leis na Fianais Iósafa níos déanaí an tógáil a athnuachan agus bhí an tionscadal beagnach críochnaithe ag deireadh na tréimhse tuairiscithe. Bhí roinnt eachtraí trioblóideacha eile ag baint le tionscadail tógála ag na finnéithe.\nAr roinnt ócáidí rinne na finnéithe ar an bhfód iarracht eastát réadach a cheannach in ainm a n-eagraíochta dlíthiúil, ach is minic a bhí mar thoradh ar na hiarrachtaí seo, nó bataí dlíthiúla fada nó an t-eastát roghnaithe a chailleadh do cheannaitheoir eile. Thosaigh na finnéithe ar an gcleachtas go ndéanfaí gach eastát réadach a cheannaíodh chun áiteanna a thógáil le haghaidh cruinnithe reiligiúnacha a chlárú ar dtús in ainm daoine príobháideacha agus ina dhiaidh sin úinéireacht a aistriú chuig an eagraíocht dhlíthiúil.\nD'fhógair na finnéithe i Zugdidi go raibh roinnt fadhbanna ag tógáil halla ríochta (áit adhartha) i Zugdidi, lena n-áirítear fadhbanna le ceadanna tógála ón rialtas. Ag deireadh na tréimhse tuairiscithe, lean an grúpa ag fanacht le cinneadh ó na cúirteanna.\nD'fhógair na Fianais Iósafa go ndearna triúr de na baill iarratas ar chead ag cathair Senaki ar 14 Iúil 2009 chun foirgneamh a úsáid chun cruinnithe reiligiúnacha a reáchtáil. Dhiúltaigh oifigigh na cathrach a n-iarratas agus d'inis siad dóibh go neamhfhoirmiúil go raibh an diúltú mar gheall ar a n-aontacht reiligiúnach. Chuir an grúpa gearán isteach leis an méara áitiúil chomh maith leis an Oifig Ionchúisimh lárnach, an PDO, an Aireacht Bonneagair agus Forbartha, agus an Aireacht Dlí agus Cirt. Eiseoíodh an cead ar 6 Meitheamh, 2010, 11 mhí tar éis don iarratas a bheith curtha isteach.\nChuir oifigigh cathrach bac ar phleananna chun ionad pobail na n-Achtal a thógáil i réigiún Avlabari i Tbilisi, agus d'fhiafraigh siad an raibh an talamh faighte go dlíthiúil ag an ngrúpa. D'éirigh leis na cúirteanna a bheith i bhfabhar na ndaoine a bhí ag obair le haghaidh na hoibreacha a bhí ag na daoine a bhí ag obair le haghaidh na hoibreacha.\nDúirt ceannairí na n-Abhcóidí gur lean na daoine ag diúltú dóibh dul isteach i hallaí a raibh níos mó ná 200 duine ina suí, agus níor chuir an PGO cúisimh i gcoinne aon duine ar bith as na diúltú seo. Dúirt na ceannairí nach raibh sé ar intinn acu brú a chur ar chúirt ach go raibh siad ag súil leis an tsaincheist a réiteach trí chead a fháil chun a n-hall mór féin a thógáil. Níor lean siad leis an bplean seo ach lean siad ar aghaidh ag iarraidh suíomhanna a fháil ar cíos.\nThuairiscigh an PDO go leanfadh fadhbanna le múinteoirí ag neartú na teolaíochta Orthodox trí urnaí sa seomra ranga agus íocáin agus siombailí reiligiúnacha eile a thaispeáint sna scoileanna. Chuir an cosantóir poiblí an fhadhb seo i gcáilíocht go raibh sé coitianta go háirithe in Ajara, áit a raibh mic léinn Moslamacha ina sprioc go minic de bhrú reiligiúnach ó mhúinteoirí Oirthocsaithe. Tá Roinn an Ghinrialtóra Ginearálta ag an Aireacht Oideachais chun déileáil le gearáin maidir le hiompar míchuí múinteoirí, lena n-áirítear sáruithe ar shaoirse reiligiúnach na mac léinn.\nI gcodarsnacht leis an tréimhse tuairiscithe roimhe seo, ní raibh aon tuairiscí oifigiúla déanta chuig an PDO go raibh múinteoirí scoile poiblí agus sagairt Orthodacacha áitiúla ag cáineadh grúpaí mionlaigh reiligiúnacha agus póstaí idirchreidmheasa nó ag magadh ar mhic léinn Caitliceacha agus Protastúnacha. Mar sin féin, lean ionadaí ó na creidimh neamh-GOC agus Ionad Trédhearcachta PDO de bheith ag creidiúint go leanfadh fadhbanna den sórt sin de bheith ann in ainneoin easpa tuairiscí oifigiúla.\nLe linn na tréimhse tuairiscithe, thug an RCC faoi deara go lean na tuairiscí go ndeir múinteoirí go raibh páistí a rinne an comhartha na croise sa scoil ar an mbealach orthoideachas \"ag déanamh comhartha Dé\", agus go raibh páistí a rinne an comhartha na croise ar an mbealach Caitliceach Rómhánach \"ag déanamh comhartha an diabhail\". Ghlac foirne na scoile leis go raibh leanbh ina Chríostaí Orthodox mura raibh a fhios acu a mhalairt, rud a d'fhéadfadh a bheith ina fhoinse deacrachta sa scoil. Ar an gcúis seo dúirt Caitlicigh Rómhánacha, Baisteoirí, agus Krishnas go bhfaca tuismitheoirí go raibh an timpeallacht scoile níos fearr dá gcuid leanaí mura dtugaid a dteaghlach a gcuid cleamhnas reiligiúnacha ina phobal.\nDúirt ceannairí pobail nach bhfuair siad aon ghearán le linn na tréimhse tuairiscithe go raibh leanaí na n-Achtar Jehovah á ngalar nó ag déanamh idirdhealaithe ar leanaí sa scoil ag múinteoirí nó ag mic léinn.\nBhí na críocha faoi choimhlint Abkhazia agus Ossetia Theas fós lasmuigh de rialú an rialtais lárnaigh, agus bhí sé deacair faisnéis iontaofa a fháil ó na réigiúin sin. D'eisigh ceannaire na Abkhaz ordú i 1995 a chuir cosc ar na finnéithe Iarthair i réigiún na Abkhaz ach níor cuireadh i bhfeidhm é. D'fhógair an grúpa go lean sé ag seoladh seirbhísí in Abkhazia ach gur theorannú a chuid gníomhaíochtaí mar gheall ar an dhlí.\nD'fhógair Baisteoirí, Luitéaraigh, agus Caitlicigh Rómhánacha go raibh cead acu oibriú san Abkhazia, ach thuairiscigh an GOC nach raibh sé in ann é sin a dhéanamh. I 2008 ghlac an Sínod Naofa na Rúise rún ag aithint go hoifigiúil dlínse an GOC ar na diaipéisí in Abkhazia agus Ossetia Theas. Mar sin féin, ar 16 Meán Fómhair 2009, dhearbhaigh Eaglais Cheartchreidmheach Abkhaz \"saoirse\" ón GOC.\nI Osseetia Theas, níorbh fhéidir le lucht leanúna GOC seirbhísí a reáchtáil in eaglaisí GOC atá suite in aice le sráidbhailte eitneacha na Gréige Nuli, Eredvi, Monasteri, agus Gera toisc go raibh na ceantair seo faoi rialú údaráis Osseetia Theas de facto. Bhí deacrachtaí ag daoine aonair a bhí ina gcónaí lasmuigh d'Abhsais agus d'Ossetia Theas ag trasnú na dteorainneacha riaracháin agus, dá bhrí sin, bhí teorainn acu le cumas cuairt a thabhairt ar shuíomhanna uafásach baill teaghlaigh laistigh de na críocha, go háirithe i Osetia Theas. D'éirigh leis an staid a fheabhsú beagán le linn na tréimhse tuairiscithe, agus ceadaíodh roinnt cuairteanna, go háirithe ar laethanta saoire reiligiúnacha.\nLean an coimisinéir ar an gceart chun an t-údarás náisiúnta a chur i bhfeidhm, agus bhí sé i gceist leis an gceart a chur i bhfeidhm. Ní raibh ach eagraíocht Mhuslamach amháin de Ajara in ann clárú dlíthiúil a fháil trí theacht go Tbilisi chun é sin a dhéanamh tar éis di a bheith diúltaithe ag oifigigh áitiúla.\nMí-úsáidí Saoirse Reiligiúnaí\nAr an 1 Samhain, 2009, thosaigh an rialtas imscrúdú ar shraith físeáin a cuireadh ar Facebook toisc gur chuir siad mí-cháil ar phatriarch GOC. D'fhág ionchúisitheoirí dhá dhuine faoi choimeád agus scaoileadh siad iad agus ghabh siad trealamh ríomhaireachta agus físeáin le linn an imscrúdaithe. Rinne eagraíochtaí neamhrialtasacha agus ionadaithe na sochaí sibhialta cáineadh ar an imscrúdú, ag rá go raibh sé ag srianadh saoirse cainte. Ar an 3 Samhain, 2009, d'iarr an PDO ar an Aireacht Gnóthaí Intíre agus ar an PGO a rá go poiblí faoin alt den chód coiriúil a cuireadh an imscrúdú ar bun. De réir ionadaí an PDO, níor fuair siad freagra ar a litir fiosrúcháin.\nD'fhógair na finnéithe i Tbilisi ar an 17 Iúil 2009 gur cuireadh duine den phobal i mbaol agus gur cuireadh é i mbaol go fisiciúil. Chuir an duine aonair gearán isteach, agus bhí an t-imscrúdú ar feitheamh ag deireadh na tréimhse tuairiscithe.\nBhí roinnt cásanna, a cuireadh isteach cheana féin leis an gCúirt Eorpach um Chearta an Duine (ECHR), tar éis moill ar feadh tréimhsí fada i gcúirteanna áitiúla. Bhí na cásanna seo bainteach le gníomhartha mídhleathacha a líomhnaíodh, lena n-áirítear ionsaithe foréigneacha ag oifigigh póilíní agus oifigigh rialtais eile i gcoinne na ndaoine a bhí ag obair le Fiannachtóirí Iúchóis i 2001. Ach, chinn an Chúirt Uachtarach nach raibh na haireanna inghlactha. Dá bhrí sin, bhí na hais seo ag baint úsáide as gach leigheas intíre, agus bhí nuashonruithe á ullmhú don ECHR. Bhí cúigear cásanna ag na finnéithe i gcoinne an rialtais ag an ECHR, a léiríonn gearáin faoi iompú foréigneach gan leigheas breithiúnach ina dhiaidh sin, gníomhartha mídhleathacha oifigeach póilíní agus oifigeach rialtais eile, agus díothú eintitis dhlíthiúla na n-Aifreann.\nLe linn na tréimhse tuairiscithe, rinne an rialtas imscrúdú ar roinnt cásanna de chur isteach, bagairtí, eagla nó foréigean. D'athraigh an PGO an t-amhrán maidir le cásanna a d'eascair tar éis 2003, i bhfianaise a acmhainní imscrúdaithe agus ionchúiseamh teoranta. Chláraigh an PGO go leanfaí le himscrúduithe roimh 2003 nuair a bhí sé indéanta ach thug sé tosaíocht do chásanna nua. Thug grúpaí mionlaigh reiligiúnacha le fios go bhféadfadh sé seo a bheith ina chúis le deireadh a chur le cásanna a d'fhéadfaí a imscrúdú faoi dhlí a bhí ann roimh 2003.\nNí raibh aon tuairiscí ar phríosúnaigh reiligiúnacha sa tír.\nAthrú Creideamh Iallach\nNí raibh aon tuairiscí ar thiontú reiligiúnach éigeantach.\nFeabhsuithe agus Forbairtí Dea-Aonóracha i dtaca le Saoirse Reiligiúnach\nAr 21 Márta 2010, thug an tUachtarán Saakashvili cuairt ar chathair Marneuli, ina bhfuil mórchuid de mhuintir na hAsaire agus Moslamach, i réigiún Kvemo Kartli chun comóradh a dhéanamh ar Nowruz-Bairam, ar a dtugtar \"Bliain Nua na Peirsí\" go coitianta, a dhearbhaigh sé mar saoire náisiúnta. Ar 25 Nollaig, 2009, thug an t-uachtarán cuairt ar Eaglais Chaitliceach Rómhánach agus chuir sé fáilte roimh phobal na Caitliceach ar an saoire Nollag. Ar 20 Nollaig, 2009, thug an tUachtarán Saakashvili cuairt ar mhosc i Batumi agus labhair sé faoin gcomhbhéith bhráithreach idir Críostaithe agus Moslamaigh sa tír. Ar 28 Samhain, 2009, cheiliúradh an t-uachtarán Kurban Bairam, \"Eid Mór\", leis an bpobal Moslamach áitiúil ag mosc Tbilisi.\nAr 16 Samhain 2009, comóradh an PDO \"Laethanta Idirnáisiúnta na Dulaingt\". Thug an Cosantóir Poiblí Giorgi Tugushi onóir do roinnt eagraíochtaí neamhrialtasacha intíre agus do dhaoine aonair leis an teideal \"Advocates for Tolerance\" as a gcuid ranníocaíochta chun dul chun cinn a dhéanamh ar tholarachas. Bhí ionadaithe ó na mór-reiligiúin agus ó na mórghrúpaí mionlaigh eitneacha san ócáid. Thug Tugushi le fios go soiléir go raibh toilteanas maidir le saincheisteanna mionlaigh agus reiligiúnacha mar thosaíocht dá théarma oifige.\nAr 15 Meán Fómhair 2009, d'oscail an t-sinagóg Ashkenazi 150 bliain d'aois, a ndearnadh damáiste mór dó i dtimpeallacht 1991 , i seancheantar Tbilisi. I measc na n-oifigigh a bhí i láthair ag an searmanas a bhí ina athoscailt bhí an tUachtarán Saakashvili, Leas-Uachtarán na Parlaiminte Gigi Tsereteli, agus an tAire Stáit um Ath-Inteagrú Temur Iakobashvili. Ag labhairt leis an bpobal Giúdach taobh istigh den sionagóg nua, leag Saakashvili béim ar áilleacht sheancheantar Tbilisi, áit a bhfuil dhá shionagóg, mosc, eaglais Orthodox Gearóige, agus eaglais Airméineach taobh le taobh, agus áit a labhraíonn muintir na háite Gearóige, Yiddish, Airméineach, agus Azeri teangacha, ag maireachtáil go síochánta. Bhí clúdach forleathan ar an imeacht sna meáin.\nRoinn III. Staid an Chórais um Urraim don Shaoirse Reiligiúnaigh\nBhí tuairiscí leanúnacha ann maidir le mí-úsáidí sochaíocha nó idirdhealú bunaithe ar cheangal reiligiúnach, creideamh nó cleachtas. Tuairiscíodh go raibh teagmhais ionsaithe i Tbilisi agus lasmuigh de, a raibh saoránaigh áitiúla, oifigigh rialtais, agus spreagóirí Oirtheagais i gceist leo. Le linn na tréimhse tuairiscithe, bhí grúpaí mionlach reiligiúnacha \"traditúrtha\", lena n-áirítear Caitlicigh, Críostaithe Apostolacha na hArmáine, agus Moslamaigh, ina n-íospartaigh do ghéarú. Bhí imní ar roinnt baill den GOC agus ar an bpobal i gcónaí i leith mionlaigh reiligiúnacha \"neamhthraidisiúnta\", amhail na Fianna Iehova, na Peinticeach, agus na Baiste. Bhí daoine áirithe ag féachaint ar ghrúpaí mionlaigh reiligiúnacha mar bhagairt don eaglais náisiúnta agus do luachanna cultúrtha na tíre.\nLe linn na tréimhse tuairiscithe, bhí torann agus ionsaithe ag grúpaí fundamentalist Orthodox na Gréige a raibh daoine neamhspleácha agus cléiri a áireamh iontu ag roinnt grúpaí mionlaigh reiligiúnacha. I measc na ngalar a bhí orthu bhí páipéar a dháileadh ag rabhadh tuismitheoirí faoi pedofilia sa Eaglais Chaitliceach Rómhánach; agóid sráide a reáchtáil ar shuíomh ionad pobail Moslamach Tbilisi, áit a d'aithin Moslamaigh áitiúla go raibh go leor de na híomhánna agóidigh ag brú orthu agus ag rá leo an tír a fhágáil (thug siad freisin cé gur tháinig na póilíní agus an staid a shlaochú, níor rinneadh aon ghabháil); agus agóid mhór a chur ar siúl ag oscailt saoráid chultúrtha nua Assyrian. Dúirt an GOC cé go raibh cléirí sna grúpaí sin, nach raibh na grúpaí ina gcuid oifigiúil den GOC. Dúirt ceann ceann amháin de na grúpaí seo, Aontas na dTuismitheoirí Oirthocsaide, nach ndearna a eagraíocht aon fhoréigean riamh.\nAr 7 Bealtaine 2010, d'fhorbair díospóireacht ar chlár Teilifíse Kavkasia Barieri (Barra) idir ceannairí dhá ghrúpa bunúsach Oirtheagais na Seorasaí agus lucht tacaíochta go dtí fistfight. Tuairiscíodh go ndearna ionadaithe ó na grúpaí bunscoile Aontas na dTuismitheoirí Orthodox agus an Ghluaiseacht Chríostaí Orthodox Poiblí ionsaí ó bhéal agus ó thaobh na fisice ar roinnt de na hóstach ar an gclár agus ar fhoireann an stáisiúin. Tugadh glaoch ar na póilíní chuig an stiúideo agus cuireadh ochtar duine ar a laghad i gcúram, agus bhí cúisimh ag seacht duine acu agus bhí siad i gcoimeád riaracháin ag deireadh na tréimhse tuairiscithe.\nTuairiscíodh ag ceann an Ionaid Dulaingt laistigh den PDO, an 4 Bealtaine 2010, gur bhuail ball de ghrúpa bunúsach Oirtheagais na Seorasaí ar a cheann é le linn rally chun tacú le foilsiú leabhar a bhí criticiúil ar an GOC. De réir tuairiscí, chuir grúpaí Chríostaí Orthodox an-mhór isteach ar an rally, a ndearna cuid de na baill ionsaí fisiciúil ar thaispeántóirí. D'fhógair sé freisin gur iarracht an póilíní na taobhanna i gcoinne a scaradh ach nár ghlac siad na bearta cuí, lena n-áirítear gan aon ghabháil a dhéanamh.\nD'fhógair ionadaithe ó phobal na Peinteacóiste go ndearnadh conarthaí fógraíochta le roinnt suíomhanna Gréasáin a chealú tar éis eachtra Kavkasia TV toisc go raibh eagla ar na cuideachtaí go mbeadh siad ina sprioc do na grúpaí bunleibhéil. Dúirt na hionadaithe freisin nach raibh siad in ann conarthaí fógraíochta a dhéanamh le haghaidh bpíbhladaí i stáisiúin fothrach mar gheall ar eagla den chineál céanna.\nTuairiscíodh ionadaithe den phobal Moslamach go gcreideann siad go bhfuil moill ar cheadúnas chun a n-ionad pobail a thógáil mar gheall ar achainí a chomhdaíodh le bardais Tbilisi ag Aontas na dTuismitheoirí Orthodox.\nAr 10 Nollaig, 2009, d'óstáil Ollscoil Stáit Ilia comhdháil ar an Ioslam. Mar sin féin, thuairiscigh an cosantóir poiblí nár éirigh le cuid an chomhaontaithe a phlé mar gheall ar mhealladh ó chuid de bhaill de Aontas na dTuismitheoirí Orthodox.\nAr an 17 Deireadh Fómhair, 2009, osclaíodh ionad cultúrtha Assyrian i Tbilisi, faoi mhaoirseacht na hEaglaise Chaitliceach Rómhánach. Ar an lá a osclaíodh, chuir Aontas na dTuismitheoirí Orthodacacha cosc ar thús an ionaid go sealadach agus chuir siad banners frith-Caitliceach ar taispeáint. Bhí na póilíní in ann an bealach isteach chuig an eaglais a oscailt go gairid sula thosaigh an searmanas oscailte. Ar 15 Deireadh Fómhair, bhí agóid lá amháin i láthair os comhair ambasáid na Vatacáine. Bhí banners ag na hiomaitheoirí a raibh teanga mí-insinsintúil, xenophobic orthu. De réir an chosanta poiblí, ar an 6 agus 7 Deireadh Fómhair, chuaigh grúpa de 80 duine faoi stiúir Aontas na dTuismitheoirí Orthodox isteach i sráidbhailte Arali agus Vale i gceantar Adigeni, áit a bhfuil an chuid is mó den daonra Caitliceach. De réir tuairiscí, d'eisigh an grúpa leabhráin ina raibh teanga na fuath, ag rá gur pedophiles na sagairt Chaitliceacha (ainmníodh sagairt Chaitliceacha sonracha).\nAr 16 Meán Fómhair, 2009, chuir ionadaithe ó ghrúpaí bunúsacha Orthodox na Gréige bac ar dheisiú ar mhosc i sráidbhaile eitneach-Azeri traidisiúnta. Éilíonn baill an ghrúpa cead tógála na sráidbhaile a fheiceáil, in ainneoin nach raibh an ceart dlíthiúil acu é sin a dhéanamh, agus bagairt a chur ar na sráidbhaile le foréigean mura gcuirfí deireadh leis an tógáil. Dúirt baill phobail na sráidbhaile gur fuair siad cead ó údaráis áitiúla. Ag deireadh na tréimhse tuairiscithe, ní raibh na deisiúcháin críochnaithe, ós rud é nach raibh an cheist maidir le cead oifigiúil ón rialtas socraithe. Lean baill den ghrúpa Orthodox ar aghaidh ag faire ag an mosque chun a chinntiú nach leanfadh muintir na sráidbhaile le deisiú. Dheimhnigh ceann Comhairle na dTuismitheoirí Oirthocsaideacha, ceann de na grúpaí a bhí i gceist, go raibh siad ag glacadh páirt sa chlog mar go bhfuil tógáil ar an mosc gan na ceadúnais cheart mídhleathach.\nD'fhógair roinnt mionlaigh reiligiúnacha go leanann na meáin ag cur in aghaidh na n-eagla. Thug roinnt ceannairí mionlach reiligiúnach faoi deara nach raibh an meán ag clúdach a gcuid gníomhaíochtaí.\nAr 27 Márta 2010, agus trí huaire in 2009, bhí daoine i measc na ndaoine a bhí gan bheith ina ndaoine de chuid na ndaoine a bhí i measc na ndaoine a bhí ina ndaoine de chuid na ndaoine a bhí ina ndaoine de chuid na ndaoine a bhí ina ndaoine de chuid na ndaoine a bhí i measc na ndaoine a bhí ina ndaoine de chuid na ndaoine a bhí i measc na ndaoine a bhí i measc na ndaoine a bhí i measc na ndaoine a bhí i measc na ndaoine. I ngach cás, tuairiscíodh na teagmhas do na húdaráis; bhí imscrúduithe ar feitheamh ag deireadh na tréimhse tuairiscithe.\nAr an 7 Márta 2010, rinne beirt duine a bhí ag ól deochanna deochanna ionsaí ar an halla ríochta i Tbilisi, agus chaith siad clocha isteach sa fhoirgneamh. Cuireadh gearán isteach leis an bPróiseálaí Príomh agus leis an PDO. D'éiligh gearán eile go raibh na húinéirí roimhe seo ar an talamh a tógadh an halla ann ag eagrú agóide ar 9 Aibreán 2010, chun cosc a chur ar Thuismitheoirí na hEoraí an halla a úsáid. Bhí imscrúduithe ar feitheamh ag deireadh na tréimhse tuairiscithe. De réir na ndaoine a bhí ag ól, dúnadh an cás i gcoinne na ndaoine a bhí ag ól toisc nach raibh na daoine sin le fáil. De réir na hAireachta Dlí agus Cirt, dúnadh an cás ar an 17 Aibreán, 2010, toisc go raibh an damáiste don halla níos lú ná $ 82 (150 lari) agus, faoin gcód nós imeachta coiriúil, níor mheasadh damáiste suntasach go leor chun ionchúiseamh coiriúil a dhéanamh. De réir na n-Abhcóirí, dúnadh an gearán i gcoinne an iar-úinéir talún toisc gur chinntear nach ndearnadh aon chion coiriúil.\nAr 13 Nollaig, 2009, thuairiscigh na finnéithe ar an gcathair Martvili go raibh cúig fhear ag bualadh le beirt a bhí ina n-aontaithe agus ag rá leo an chathair a fhágáil. D'fhógair siad go raibh duine de na hionsaitheoirí ag obair ag Roinn Pasanna Martvili de chuid na hAireachta Dlí agus Cirt. D'éiligh siad go raibh ionsaíóir eile ag obair ag bardais na cathrach agus go raibh tríú ionsaíóir ag obair i gCúirt Dúiche Martvili. Chuir siad gearán isteach le hOifig an Phróiseora. De réir na hAireachta Dlí agus Cirt, d'iarr an dá bhall de na finnéithe Jehovah go gcuirfeadh aonad Martvili na hAireachta Gnóthaí Intí an t-imscrúdú ar deireadh toisc go raibh siad ag déanamh ionsaithe ó bhéal ach ní ag ionsaí go fisiciúil. Dá bhrí sin, cuireadh deireadh leis an imscrúdú ar an 4 Bealtaine 2010.\nAr 22 Deireadh Fómhair, 2009, i gceantar Vazisubani i Tbilisi, bhuail daoine beirt a bhí ina n-Achtanna agus chuir siad gunna orthu. Thug na póilíní na híospartaigh go dtí an stáisiún póilíní agus thosaigh siad cás coiriúil. Tugadh faisnéis don Phríomh-Achtarán Oifige agus don chosantóir poiblí freisin. De réir an PDO agus an Aireacht Dlí agus Cirt, bhí imscrúduithe ar feitheamh ag deireadh na tréimhse tuairiscithe. De réir na hAireachta Dlí agus Cirt, comhoiriúnaíodh an uimhir phláta cláraithe a aithníodh ag finnéithe le carr a bhaineann le hAireacht na Gnóthaí Intíre a bhí neamh-oibrithe ó 2007.\nAr 20 Deireadh Fómhair, 2009, ag an suíomh tógála halla ríochta i Zugdidi, bhris daoine gan ainm balla sreinge agus éiligh siad ar na finnéithe ar an talamh a fhágáil. Cé gur tháinig na póilíní go tapa, níor ghlac siad aon ghníomhaíocht. Níos déanaí an lá sin rinne slua níos mó de thart ar 150 duine insult a rinne do bhaill den phobal agus spit isteach i tobar ar an suíomh. D'fhill na póilíní ach níor ghlac siad aon ghníomhaíocht. Níos déanaí an oíche sin tháinig thart ar 20 duine isteach sa láithreán agus rinne siad ionsaí fisiciúil ar cheithre bhall. Tháinig na póilíní ach níor ghlac siad bearta cosanta. D'iarr na finnéithe ar an Aire go ndéanfaí cás coiriúil a oscailt agus gheall an leas-cheannasaí póilíní cosaint a chur ar fáil. Ar an 17 Samhain, 2009, d'athraigh an obair ar an suíomh. Bhí póilíní i láthair agus chinntigh siad nach gcuirfeadh ionsaitheoirí bac ar an obair.\nAr 20 Deireadh Fómhair 2009, cuireadh géarleanúint ar dhaoine a bhí ina n-aonar le finnéithe ar an gcathair Gvankiti. Tugadh faisnéis don póilíní áitiúil, don Phríomh-Oifig Ionchúisimh, agus don PDO. Ar 12 Bealtaine 2010, tugadh fógra do na finnéithe a raibh an t-imscrúdú críochnaithe. Bhí sé i gceist ag na finnéithe ar an gcinntí achomharc a dhéanamh. De réir na hAireachta Dlí agus Cirt, cuireadh deireadh leis an imscrúdú ar an 27 Deireadh Fómhair, 2009, mar gheall ar easpa fianaise go ndearnadh coir. De réir na hoibre, dúirt finnéithe eile a ndearnadh agallamh leo go cé gur scrios an t-ionchúisitheoir ábhar reiligiúnach, níor tharla aon ionsaí fisiciúil.\nAr an 3 Iúil, 2009, i mbaile Akhalkalaki, bhuail sagart GOC Irakli Khomeriki ball de na finnéithe i bhéal. Ar an 7 Iúil, 2009, comhdhlúthadh gearán leis an GPO agus leis an gcosaint phoiblí. Tosaíodh cás coiriúil, agus fuair Khomeriki rabhadh oifigiúil.\nD'fhógair na finnéithe gurbh é an t-aon rud a bhí ag teastáil ó 2004 ná go raibh siad in ann áiteanna a fháil ar cíos i Tbilisi chun cruinnithe reiligiúnacha móra a reáchtáil.\nI 2009, chuir na finnéithe ar fáil liosta de 35 eachtra a bhaineann le hacmhainní, agus tuairiscíodh iad go léir do na húdaráis rialtais. Thuairiscigh an grúpa nach raibh ach cúisithe ar dhuine aonair in dhá chás; d'fhan an chuid eile gan réiteach in ainneoin a n-éileamh go raibh a fhios ag na húdaráis cé hiad na harassers. Baineann na gearáin le hairíonna a bhaineann le géarghá nuair a dhéanann baill de na finnéithe ar an Tiarna iarracht labhairt le daoine eile faoina gcreideamh; damáiste fisiciúil a dhéanamh do áiteanna cruinnithe, go háirithe do hallaí ríochta atá á dtógáil, agus do ghluaisteáin a bhaineann leis na foirgnimh; agus do ghnéas foréigean fisiciúil. Ina theannta sin bhí cásanna iomadúla de chrosanna péinteáilte ar dheireadh na hallaí ríochta agus na foirgnimh agus graifíte eile.\nLean an GOC ag gearán go raibh Seimineár Theolaíoch Moscó an ROC ag oiliúint sagart Abkhaz le haghaidh seirbhíse san Abkhazia, an réigiún scoir. In ainneoin an bhfíric go n-aithníonn ROC an GOC mar eaglais dlisteanach san Abkhazia, d'éiligh patriarchate GOC go raibh an ROC ag seoladh sagart dílis do phatriarchate ROC i Moscó faoi chúlra eaglaisí dúchasacha Abkhaz a bhunú.\nThuairiscigh an RCC go raibh timpeallacht naimhdeach os comhair Caitlicigh Rómhánacha i réigiún Adigeni sa deisceart, chomh maith le cathair Akhaltsikhe.\nThuairiscigh an PDO go ndeachaigh mionlaigh reiligiúnacha chuige 41 uair maidir le cásanna féideartha sárú ar a gcearta in 2009. Bhí na póilíní tapa chun freagairt do eachtraí mí-úsáid ach níos moille chun leanúint suas coireanna a mheas siad mar \"hooliganism\" beag, sainithe mar ghníomhartha a shárú ord poiblí nó a thaispeáint méarbhall oscailte i leith an tsochaí trí úsáid a bhaint as foréigean nó bagairtí foréigean.\nSa dara leath de 2009, thuairiscigh an cosantóir poiblí go raibh na fadhbanna mar an gcéanna. Níor cuireadh tús leis an bpróiseas chun maoin mhionlaigh reiligiúnacha a confiscated le linn na tréimhse Sóivéadaí a aisíoc; bhí an córas cánach do ghrúpaí mionlaigh reiligiúnacha difriúil ó rialtas na Síne; dhiúltaigh an RCC, an ACC, agus na Moslamaigh clárú de réir an mhodha atá ann cheana, ós rud é go raibh clárú mar eintiteas dlíthiúil seachas mar eagraíocht reiligiúnach ina neamhghlactha; níor comhlíonadh ceanglais an Dlí um Oideachas Ginearálta i scoileanna meánscoile; níor chomhlíon na hoibrithe dlí an dlí agus níor imoibrigh siad go leordhóthanach nuair a bhí coir spreagtha ag neamhfhulaingt reiligiúnach; ní raibh cead ag sagairt de dhionlaigh eile dul isteach i háiteanna coinneála gan cead an phatriarcachta; agus thug na meáin rialaithe ag an stát an-bheag, más ann, clúdach ar fhadhbanna a bhaineann le mionlaigh reiligiúnacha.\nI mí Dheireadh Fómhair 2008 tharla an ceann deireanach de shraith ionsaithe damáisteach ar an teach urnaí Eangailiceach-Péinteacóiste i mbaile Vani. Tar éis idirghabháil an PDO, cuireadh imeachtaí coiriúla i ngleic leis an bpríomh-Phoifigeach Póilíneachta. I mí na Nollag 2008, áfach, cuireadh deireadh leis an imscrúdú coiriúil ar fhorais féin-chosaint.\nBhí an t-amhrán a bhí suite i sráidbhaile Mukhaestate i réigiún Kobuleti á áitiú ag póilíní áitiúla, agus bhí \"stúideo damhsa\" ag mosc eile i mbaile Kobuleti. Sa cheantar Adigeni, bhí thart ar seacht mosc tógtha ag Moslamaigh Meskhetian nach raibh gníomhach agus a bhí á n-úsáid ag daoine eile chun a gcuid beithíoch a choinneáil. Ní raibh an daonra Moslamach (a bhí comhdhéanta den chuid is mó de imirceoirí ó Ajara) in ann na moscaí sin a aisghabháil. D'iarr Meskhetians a d'fhill ar bhaile Abastumani a mosc a thabhairt ar ais freisin.\nRoinn IV. Beartas Rialtais na Stát Aontaithe\nPléann rialtas na Stát Aontaithe saoirse reiligiúnach leis an rialtas mar chuid dá bheartas foriomlán chun cearta daonna a chur chun cinn. Bhí ambasáid na Stát Aontaithe ag plé le pobail reiligiúnacha ó gach creideamh. Bhí oifigigh an ambasáid, lena n-áirítear an t-ambasadóir, ag bualadh go minic le hionadaithe ó pharlaimint, le grúpaí agus ceannairí reiligiúnacha éagsúla, agus le NGOanna a raibh imní orthu faoi shaoirse reiligiúna. Chuir an ambasáid saoirse reiligiúnach agus fulaingt chun cinn trí úsáid a bhaint as taidhleoireacht phoiblí, lena n-áirítear óráidí agus agallaimh le preas ag ard-oifigeach rialtais na Stát Aontaithe agus ionadaithe ambasáid.\nThug an ambasáid imní go díreach chuig an rialtas freisin lena n-áirítear an Aireacht um Chearta agus Cúnamh Dlí maidir le rochtain ar phríosúnaigh ag gach ionadaí reiligiúnach, an Aireacht Oideachais maidir le cóireáil reiligiúin i scoileanna agus i gcuraclam, agus an Aireacht Dlí agus Cirt maidir le fiosrúchán ar ionsaithe a d'fhéadfadh a bheith spreagadh go reiligiúnach.\nAr 8 Bealtaine 2010, rinne ambasadóir na Stát Aontaithe ráiteas a chraoladh ag gach príomh-ionad nuachta ag cur a chuid imní in iúl maidir leis an eachtra ag stiúideonna teilifíse Kavkasia agus na himpleachtaí níos mó a bhí ag an ócáid maidir le saoirse cainte, éagsúlacht tuairimí, smaointe agus creidimh.\nAr 5 Bealtaine 2010, thug an t-ambasadóir cuairt ar réigiún Apostolach Samtskhe-Javakheti, ina bhfuil an chuid is mó de na heirmeánaigh / na heirmeánaigh, áit ar bhuail sé le hionadaithe ó eagraíochtaí neamhrialtasacha a dhírigh ar shaoirse reiligiúnacha agus ar dhíchothaitheacht. Bhuail sé freisin le ceann AAC i gcathair Akhalkalaki ina bhfuil an chuid is mó de na hAirméinigh. Bhí oifigigh ambasáid ag taisteal go rialta chuig an réigiún agus ag bualadh le hoifigigh rialtais áitiúla agus le hionadaithe na sochaí sibhialta chun saoirse reiligiúnach a phlé. Thug oifigigh na n-ambasad cuairt ar roinnt eaglaisí a raibh díospóid acu idir GOC agus AAC, ag cur béime ar an tábhacht a bhaineann le cothabháil na n-eaglaisí seo agus fadhbanna úinéireachta á réiteach.\nAr 27 Aibreán 2010, thug an t-ambasadóir cuairt ar réigiún Kvemo Kartli, áit a bhfuil Moslamach/Eitneach Azeri den chuid is mó agus ar mhosc i gcathair Marneuli. Bhí oifigigh an ambasáid ag bualadh go rialta leis an akhund, ceannaire reiligiúnach an chuid is mó de na Moslamaigh sa tír, ag an mosc i Tbilisi. D'fhreastail oifigigh an ambasáid ar cheiliúradh Eid sa sráidbhaile i gceantar Bolnisi, áit a raibh conspóid timpeall athchóiriú mosque ar 20 Meán Fómhair, 2009. Bhuail oifigigh an ambasáid le baill den phobal Moslamach i Tbilisi a bhí ag iarraidh ionad pobail a thógáil agus thug siad cuairt ar an suíomh tógála beartaithe ar 10 Nollaig, 2009.\nAr 10 Nollaig 2009, chun onóir a thabhairt do Lá Chearta an Duine 2009, d'óstáil an t-ambasadóir imeacht ina chónaí chun plé a éascú i measc ceannairí ó phobail mhionlaigh reiligiúnacha agus an GOC. Bhí ceannairí ó shochaí shibhialta a bhí ag obair i réimse na tuisceana reiligiúnacha chomh maith le Cosantóir Poiblí um Chearta an Duine an rialtais san ócáid.\nI mí na Nollag 2009 bhuail an t-ambasadóir le patriarch na SAG. Bhuail oifigigh an ambasáid freisin le ceannaire an ghrúpa bunúsach Oirtheagais Ghearóidigh Aontas na dTuismitheoirí Oirtheagais chun idé-eolaíocht, modhanna agus imní an ghrúpa a phlé. Bhuail oifigigh an ambasáid go rialta le hoifigigh ó phobail Chríostaí mionlaigh agus thug siad cuairt ar a n-ionad pobail agus ar a gcuid heaglaisí lena n-áirítear na Baisteoirí, na Fiannachtóirí Iófa, na Caitlicigh Rómhánacha, agus na Peinticeolaithe.\nChuir oifigigh an ambasáid idirphlé idir an rialtas agus pobail mhionlaigh eitneacha agus reiligiúnacha agus a n-idirghabháil sa tsochaí chun cinn. Chun tacú le forbairt na sochaí sibhialta i réigiúin mionlaigh eitneach agus reiligiúnacha, d'oibrigh an ambasáid le heagraíochtaí neamhrialtasacha chun seimineáir um fhorbairt acmhainneachta, cláir shóisialta a eagrú, deiseanna líonraithe le heagraíochtaí neamhrialtasacha intíre agus idirnáisiúnta, agus tuilleamh i dtionscadail scoile. Thug an ambasáid deontais bheaga do NGOanna áitiúla a bhí ag obair ar shaincheisteanna mionlaigh agus a bhí ag faireachán ar chur i bhfeidhm an rialtais ar an gclár Comhtháthaithe Náisiúnta agus Tuilleamh.\nBhí oifigigh an ambasáid i láthair ag oscailt an t-sinagóige nua i Tbilisi agus bhuail siad go rialta le ceannairí ó phobal na nGiúdach, lena n-áirítear an príomh-rabí. Ar 20 Deireadh Fómhair 2009, thug cuairteoirí ó Roinn Stáit na Stát Aontaithe cuairt ar scoil Eabhrais Tbilisi agus d'fhreastail siad ar fheidhmíocht ó na mic léinn.\nChuir an ambasáid maoiniú ar roinnt tionscadal chun dlúthdhiosca a chothú, lena n-áirítear deontais taighde, cur i láthair clár cuairteoirí, agus urraitheoirí clár cainteoirí. Ó 29 Márta go 17 Aibreán 2010, trí Chlár Ceannaireachta Cuairteoirí Idirnáisiúnta, thaistil ceannairí ó phobail mhionlaigh eitneacha agus reiligiúnacha go dtí na Stáit Aontaithe go sonrach chun díriú ar shaincheisteanna mionlaigh agus tuisceana. Lean rialtas na Stát Aontaithe ar aghaidh ag maoiniú tionscadal ceithre bliana, $ 2.7 milliún (4.9 milliún lari) chun mothú níos mó d'aontacht náisiúnta a chur chun cinn i measc na saoránach trí thacaíocht a thabhairt don rialtas lena straitéis chomhtháthaithe náisiúnta agus a phlean gníomhaíochta a fhoirmiú, agus cuid thábhachtach den phlean sin ná fhulaingt idirchreidmheach a chur chun cinn. Thug an tionscadal cúnamh teicniúil, oiliúint éagsúlachta agus deontais bheaga do NGOanna áitiúla, agus thacaigh sé freisin le seó seachtainiúil ar an teilifís phoiblí a bhí tiomanta do shaincheisteanna comhtháthaithe agus díchill, ar a raibh ceannairí creidimh suntasacha le feiceáil.\nCuidíonn an Grúpa Oibre um Dhaonlathas, atá mar chuid de choimisiún déthaobhach níos mó, le fadhbanna a aithint le haghaidh plé chomh maith le réimsí comhair agus dá bhrí sin spreagann sé agus tomhais sé dul chun cinn i réimsí amhail saoirse reiligiúnach. Tháinig an grúpa le chéile i mí na Samhna 2009."} {"text": "The word \"transistor\" is a combination of the words \"transfer\" and \"varistor.\" The term describes how these devices worked in their early days. Transistors are the main building blocks of electronics, in much the same way DNA is the building block of the human genome. They are classified as semiconductors and come in two general types: the bipolar junction transistor (BJT) and the field effect transistor (FET). The former is the focus of this discussion.\nTypes of Bipolar Junction Transistors\nThere are two fundamental types of BJT arrangements: NPN and PNP. These designations refer to the P-type (positive) and N-type (negative) semiconductor materials from which the components are constructed. All BJTs therefore include two PN junctions, in some order. An NPN device, as the name suggests, has one P region sandwiched between two N regions. The two junctions in the diodes may be forward-biased or reverse-biased.\nThis arrangement results in a total of three connecting terminals, each of which is assigned a name specifying its function. These are called the emitter (E), the base (B) and the collector (C). With an NPN transistor, the collector is connected to one of the N portions, the base to the P portion in the middle and the E to the other N portion. The P segment is lightly doped, while the N segment at the emitter end is heavily doped. Importantly, the two N portions in an NPN transistor cannot be interchanged, as their geometries are completely different. It may help to think of an NPN device as a peanut-butter sandwich, but with one of the slices of bread being an end piece and the other one from mid-loaf, rendering the arrangement somewhat asymmetrical.\nCommon Emitter Characteristics\nAn NPN transistor may have either a common base (CB) or a common emitter (CE) configuration, each with its own distinct inputs and outputs. In a common emitter set-up, separate input voltages are applied to the P portion from the base (VBE) and the collector (VCE). A voltage VE then leaves the emitter and enters the circuit of which the NPN transistor is a component. The name \"common emitter\" is rooted in the fact that the E portion of the transistor integrates separate voltages from the B part, and the C part emits them as one common voltage.\nAlgebraically, current and voltage values in this set-up are related in the following way:\nWhere β is a constant related to intrinsic transistor properties.\nAbout the Author\nKevin Beck holds a bachelor's degree in physics with minors in math and chemistry from the University of Vermont. Formerly with ScienceBlogs.com and the editor of \"Run Strong,\" he has written for Runner's World, Men's Fitness, Competitor, and a variety of other publications. More about Kevin and links to his professional work can be found at www.kemibe.com.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-50", "url": "https://sciencing.com/input-common-emitter-npn-transistors-6771607.html", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679516047.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20231211174901-20231211204901-00690.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9480274916, "token_count": 632, "score": 4.125, "int_score": 4, "irish_text": "Is é an focal \"tranzistóir\" comhcheangal de na focail \"aistrithe\" agus \"varistor\". Déanann an téarma cur síos ar an gcaoi a raibh na feistí seo ag obair ina laethanta tosaigh. Is iad trasraitheoirí príomhbhloic tógála leictreonaic, ar an mbealach céanna is é DNA an bloc tógála den ghéinóm daonna. Déantar iad a aicmiú mar leathsheoltóirí agus tagann siad i dhá chineál ginearálta: an tras-thras-thras-thras-thras-thras-thras-thras-thras-thras-thras-thras-thras-thras-thras-thras-thras-thras-thras-thras-thras-thras-thras-thras-thras-thras-thras-thras-thras-thras-thras-thras-thras-thras-thras-thras-thras-thras-thras-thras-thras-thras-thras-thras-thras-thras-thras-thras-thras-thras-thras-thras-thras-thras-thras-thras-thras-thras-thras-thras-thras-thras-thras-thras-thras-thras-thras-thras-thras-thras-thras-thras-thras-thras-thras-thras-thras-thras-thras-thras-thras. Is é an chéad cheann a bheidh i ndán don phlé seo.\nCineálacha Tránsastairí Comhcheangail Dhá-Polair\nTá dhá chineál bunúsach socruithe BJT ann: NPN agus PNP. Tagraíonn na hainmneacha seo do na hábhair leathsheoltóra de chineál P (deimhneach) agus de chineál N (diúltach) as a ndéantar na comhpháirteanna. Dá bhrí sin, tá dhá chearnóg PN ag gach BJT, in ord éigin. Tá réigiún P amháin idir dhá réigiún N i bhfeiste NPN, mar a thugann an t-ainm le fios. Is féidir an dá nasc sna díodanna a bheith dírithe ar aghaidh nó ar ais.\nTá trí chríochfort nascála sa chomhlacht seo, agus ainm a shanntar do gach ceann acu a shonraíonn a fheidhm. Tugtar an t-eisiúintí (E), an bonn (B) agus an bailitheoir (C) orthu seo. Le tránsastair NPN, tá an bailchríoch ceangailte le ceann de na codanna N, an bonn leis an gcuid P sa lár agus an E leis an gcuid N eile. Tá an rannán P dopáilte go héasca, agus tá an rannán N ag deireadh an astaitheora dopáilte go mór. Tá sé tábhachtach a thabhairt faoi deara nach féidir an dá chuid N i n-tranzistóir NPN a mhalartú, toisc go bhfuil a gcuid géimeatraíochtaí go hiomlán difriúil. D'fhéadfadh sé cabhrú smaoineamh ar ghléas NPN mar shantéibhe peanut-butter, ach le ceann de na sliceanna aráin a bheith ina phíosa deiridh agus an ceann eile ó lár an chnapáin, rud a fhágann go bhfuil an socrú beagán neamhréireach.\nFeidhmeanna Coitianta Emitteora\nIs féidir le tras-thrasdaitheoir NPN a bheith ina chomhchoinníoll bunchoiteann (CB) nó ina chomhchoinníoll astaithe (CE), agus a iontrálacha agus a aschuir féin ar leith ag gach ceann acu. I socrú coiteann astaitheora, déantar voltais ionchuir ar leithligh a chur i bhfeidhm ar an gcuid P ón mbonn (VBE) agus ón mbainisteoir (VCE). Fágann VE voltais an scaoileoir ansin agus téann sé isteach sa chiorcad ar comhpháirt den idirthráthálaí NPN é. Tá an t-ainm \"scagaire coiteann\" bunaithe ar an bhfíric go gcuimsíonn an chuid E den thras-thrasdaitheoir voltais ar leithligh ón gcuid B, agus go scaipeann an chuid C iad mar aon voltas coiteann.\nTá na luachanna reatha agus voltais sa leagan seo ceangailte go halgáiriúil ar an mbealach seo a leanas:\nSa chás seo is gnáthchomhánta é β a bhaineann le hairíonna intrinsic tras-thrasdaire.\nMaidir leis an Údair\nTá céim bhaitsiléara ag Kevin Beck i fisice le mionaoisigh i matamaitic agus ceimic ó Ollscoil Vermont. Roimhe sin le ScienceBlogs.com agus le heagarthóir \"Run Strong\", scríobh sé do Runner's World, Men's Fitness, Competitor, agus foilseacháin éagsúla eile. Is féidir tuilleadh faoi Kevin agus naisc lena chuid oibre gairmiúil a fháil ag www.kemibe.com."} {"text": "The idea of going to court for custody of your children is a stressful thought alone. Combine that with legal terms and questions being thrown at you by the opposing attorney and the judge, and it can become overwhelming. Understanding what these legal terms mean will hopefully give you an idea of what to expect and help decrease the stress level while in court. In the coming weeks we hope to fully explain all of the legal terms surrounding custody including, physical custody, legal custody, sole custody, primary custody, joint custody, secondary custody, and visitation.\nA child custody order must specify where a child will live (physical custody) and whether one or both parents can make decisions about the child (legal custody). The terms sole, primary, secondary, and joint custody, as well as the term visitation, are the terms that describe the quantity each parent has of the physical and legal custody of the minor child(ren). This week we will explore the term physical custody and the different terms used to describe how much physical custody each parent has with the child(ren).\nThe term sole physical custody applies where the children live with one parent only and the other parent does not have any visitation. Sole physical custody is rare and usually only occurs when the other parent is unfit, has abused or neglected the child(ren), or has abandoned the child(ren) and is not involved in their lives (check back in the coming weeks for a better explanation of these terms). Even if one of these situations applies, the other parent may still receive visitation that is either supervised or significantly limited. If this parent receives any visitation, then the parents have joint physical custody rather than one parent having sole physical custody.\nJoint physical custody describes when both parents have some sort of physical time with the child(ren), whether it is supervised or unsupervised and regardless of how much or how little physical time each parent has. Joint physical custody can also describe an equal split of time with the children though, which is commonly referred to as a 50/50 split of physical custody.\nFor example, primary and secondary physical custody are forms of joint physical custody because each parent has time with the children.\nWhen the parents do not have an equal share of physical time with the children, the parent with more physical time has primary physical custody and the other parent has secondary physical custody in the form of visitation. For example, when one parent has the children every other weekend only, this parent has secondary physical custody in the form of visitation. The other parent has primary physical custody of the children.\nIf you want to discuss your particular physical custodial arrangement or how to change it, you can call 919-576-7550 to schedule a consultation with one of our family law attorneys. Each case is unique and is important to talk to an attorney about the facts specific to your individual case.\nCheck back next week for an explanation of legal custody.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-05", "url": "http://sgpnclaw.com/2014/10/08/physical-custody-what-does-it-mean/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084892802.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20180123231023-20180124011023-00634.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9429934621, "token_count": 585, "score": 2.65625, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Is smaoineamh strusach é an smaoineamh go rachaidh tú chun cúirte chun caomhnóireacht do pháistí a fháil. Cuir sin le téarmaí dlí agus ceisteanna a bhíonn á gcaitheamh agat ag an aturnae opponent agus an breitheamh, agus d'fhéadfadh sé a bheith thar a bheith tromchúiseach. Tá súil againn go dtabharfaidh tuiscint ar na téarmaí dlíthiúla seo smaoineamh duit ar a bhfuil súil agat leo agus go gcabhróidh sé leis an leibhéal strus a laghdú agus tú sa chúirt. Sna seachtainí atá le teacht tá súil againn go míneoidh muid go hiomlán na téarmaí dlíthiúla go léir a bhaineann le coimeád lena n-áirítear coimeád fisiciúil, coimeád dlíthiúil, coimeád aonair, coimeád bunscoile, coimeád comhpháirteach, coimeád tánaisteach, agus cuairteanna.\nNí mór a shonrú i n-ordú cúram leanaí cá mbeidh cónaí ar an leanbh (cúram fisiciúil) agus an féidir le tuismitheoir amháin nó an dá thuismitheoir cinntí a dhéanamh faoin leanbh (cúram dlíthiúil). Is iad na téarmaí úd, príomh, dara leibhéal, agus co-chaomhnóireacht, chomh maith leis an téarma cuairt, na téarmaí a thuairiscíonn an méid atá ag gach tuismitheoir de chaomhnóireacht fhisiciúil agus dlíthiúil na leanaí mionaoiseach. An tseachtain seo, scrúdóimid an téarma caomhnóireacht fhisiciúil agus na téarmaí éagsúla a úsáidtear chun cur síos a dhéanamh ar an méid caomhnóireachta fisiciúil atá ag gach tuismitheoir leis an leanbh (í).\nBaineann an téarma cúram fisiciúil aonair nuair nach bhfuil ach tuismitheoir amháin ag na páistí agus nach bhfuil aon chuairte ag an tuismitheoir eile. Tá caomhnóireacht phearsanta aonair annamh agus de ghnáth ní tharlaíonn sé ach nuair nach bhfuil an tuismitheoir eile oiriúnach, gur mhí-úsáid nó gur thréig sé an leanbh (í), nó gur thréig sé an leanbh (í) agus nach bhfuil baint aige lena saol (féach ar ais sna seachtainí atá romhainn chun míniú níos fearr a fháil ar na téarmaí seo). Fiú má tá ceann de na cásanna seo i bhfeidhm, d'fhéadfadh an tuismitheoir eile cuairt a fháil a bhfuil maoirseacht air nó a bhfuil teorainn shuntasach aige. Má fhaigheann an tuismitheoir seo aon chuairte, ansin tá co-chaomhnóireacht fhisiciúil ag na tuismitheoirí seachas tuismitheoir amháin a bhfuil caomhnóireacht fhisiciúil aonair aige.\nDéanann co-chúram fisiciúil cur síos ar an gcaoi a mbíonn am fisiciúil ag an dá thuismitheoir leis an leanbh, cibé acu atá sé faoi mhaoirseacht nó gan mhaoirseacht agus is cuma cé mhéad nó cé chomh beag ama fisiciúil atá ag gach tuismitheoir. Is féidir le co-chaomhnóireacht fhisiceach cur síos a dhéanamh freisin ar roinnt comhionann ama leis na páistí, rud a thugtar air go coitianta mar roinn 50/50 de chaomhnóireacht fhisiceach.\nMar shampla, is foirmeacha comhchustaim fisiciúla iad caomhnóireacht phríomhúil agus an dara caomhnóireacht fisiciúil toisc go bhfuil am ag gach tuismitheoir leis na páistí.\nNuair nach mbíonn sciar comhionann ama fisiciúil ag na tuismitheoirí leis na páistí, tá príomhocht fisiciúil ag an tuismitheoir a bhfuil níos mó ama fisiciúil aige agus tá príomhocht fisiciúil tánaisteach ag an tuismitheoir eile i bhfoirm cuairte. Mar shampla, nuair nach mbíonn na páistí ag tuismitheoir amháin ach gach deireadh seachtaine eile, tá cúram fisiciúil thánaisteach ag an tuismitheoir seo i bhfoirm cuairte. Tá príomhoideacht fisiciúil na leanaí ag an tuismitheoir eile.\nMás mian leat do shocrú coimeád fisiciúil ar leith a phlé nó conas é a athrú, is féidir leat glaoch ar 919-576-7550 chun comhairliúchán a chur in áirithe le ceann dár ndlíodóirí dlí teaghlaigh. Tá gach cás uathúil agus tá sé tábhachtach labhairt le dlíodóir faoi na fíricí atá sonrach do do chás aonair.\nSeiceáil ar ais an tseachtain seo chugainn le haghaidh míniú ar chaomhnóireacht dhlíthiúil."} {"text": "Pronunciation: (rē\"pri-zent'), [key]\nto present again or anew.\nPronunciation: (rep\"ri-zent'), [key]\n1. to serve to express, designate, stand for, or denote, as a word, symbol, or the like does; symbolize: In this painting the cat represents evil and the bird, good.\n2. to express or designate by some term, character, symbol, or the like: to represent musical sounds by notes.\n3. to stand or act in the place of, as a substitute, proxy, or agent does: He represents the company in Boston.\n4. to speak and act for by delegated authority: to represent one's government in a foreign country.\n5. to act for or in behalf of (a constituency, state, etc.) by deputed right in exercising a voice in legislation or government: He represents Chicago's third Congressional district.\n6. to portray or depict; present the likeness of, as a picture does: The painting represents him as a man 22 years old.\n7. to present or picture to the mind.\n8. to present in words; set forth; describe; state.\n9. to set forth or describe as having a particular character (usually fol. by as, to be, etc.): The article represented the dictator as a benevolent despot.\n10. to set forth clearly or earnestly with a view to influencing opinion or action or making protest.\n11. to present, produce, or perform, as on a stage.\n12. to impersonate, as in acting.\n13. to serve as an example or specimen of; exemplify: a genus represented by two species.\n14. to be the equivalent of; correspond to: The llama of the New World represents the camel of the Old World.\n1. to protest; make representations against.\n2. Slang.to use or display a secret handshake, sign, gesture, etc., for purposes of identification: The gang members always represent when they see one another.\nRandom House Unabridged Dictionary, Copyright © 1997, by Random House, Inc., on Infoplease.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-42", "url": "http://dictionary.infoplease.com/re-present", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1414119648891.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20141024030048-00251-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9254533052, "token_count": 457, "score": 3.59375, "int_score": 4, "irish_text": "Pronunciation: (rē\"pri-zent'), [clé]\nchun a chur i láthair arís nó ar an nua.\nPronunciation: (rep\"ri-zent'), [tá]\n1. a bheith ina léiriú, mar a dhéanann focal, siombail nó rud eile den chineál sin; siombail a dhéanamh: Sa phictiúr seo léiríonn an cat an olc agus an éan an dea-cháil.\n2. a léiriú nó a ainmniú le téarma, carachtar, siombail, nó a leithéidí: fuaimeanna ceoil a léiriú le nótaí.\n3. seasamh nó gníomhú in áit, mar ionad, proxy, nó gníomhaire a dhéanann: Léiríonn sé an chuideachta i Boston.\n4. labhairt agus gníomhú thar ceann údarás tarmligthe: ionadaíocht a dhéanamh ar a rialtas i dtír choigríche.\n5. gníomhú ar son nó thar ceann (ionadaí, stáit, etc.) trí cheart ionadaíoch a bheith aige guth a fheidhmiú i reachtaíocht nó rialtas: Léiríonn sé an tríú ceantar Comhdhála i Chicago.\n6. a léiriú nó a léiriú; an chuma a chur i láthair, mar a dhéanann pictiúr: Léiríonn an pictiúr é mar fhear 22 bliana d'aois.\n7. chun íomhá nó pictiúr a chur i láthair don intinn.\n8. a chur i láthair i bhfocail; a chur i láthair; cur síos a dhéanamh; rá.\n9. a chur amach nó a thuairisciú mar a bhfuil carachtar ar leith aige (de ghnáth fol. ag mar, a bheith, etc. ): Léiríodh an t-alt an dictóir mar dhíspeir mhaith.\n10. a bheith ag cur in iúl go soiléir nó go fírinneach d'fhonn tionchar a imirt ar thuairim nó ar ghníomh nó agóid a dhéanamh.\n11. a chur i láthair, a tháirgeadh, nó a fheidhmiú, mar atá ar an stáitse.\n12. a bheith ina impersonator, mar atá i ngníomhú.\n13. a bheith mar shampla nó mar speiceas de; a chur i láthair: gínse a léirítear le dhá speiceas.\n14. a bheith coibhéiseach le; comhoiriúnach le: Léiríonn lama an Domhain Nua camall an Sean Domhain.\n1. agóid a dhéanamh; agóidí a dhéanamh ina choinne.\n2. Seachadadh. Slang.to use or display a secret handshake, sign, gesture, etc., for purposes of identification: Déanann baill an ghrúpa ionadaíocht i gcónaí nuair a fheiceann siad a chéile.\nRandom House Unabridged Dictionary, Copyright © 1997, ag Random House, Inc., ar Infoplease."} {"text": "Septoria leaf spot is the Septoria lycopersici fungus. This common disease attacks tomato plants in addition to cannabis, eggplant, and potatoes. Septoria spreads rapidly, weakens plants, and prevents fruit from reaching maturity. Septoria leaf spot fungal spores hide until the conditions are ideal. The fungus lives in weeds and debris from plants in the soil, spreading with wind and water.\nSeptoria will travel until finding ideal conditions, then access the plant from the soil. The most favorable conditions for the development of septoria leaf spot are damp, warm areas with temperatures between 60- and 80-degrees Fahrenheit. The first symptom is circular spots appearing on older leaves, usually on the undersides and toward the base of your plant.\nThe spots are approximately 1/8th to 1/16th of an inch in diameter with tan or light gray centers and a deep brown margin. As Septoria leaf spot progresses, the spots increase in size and often merge. Under magnification, the fungus resembles deep brown pimples. Despite generally appearing on older leaves, Septoria can also develop during every stage of the life of your plant.\nIf you leave Septoria leaf spot untreated – for instance – on a tomato plant, the leaves will eventually yellow, become dry and fall off. Your plant will be weakened and begin to decline, with the exposed tomatoes becoming susceptible to scalding from the sun. Once the leaves are gone, your plant will be unable to produce mature tomatoes. Septoria leaf spot will advance extremely quickly.\nHow to Prevent Septoria Leaf Spot\n- Clean the area of any diseased plants and debris to help prevent Septoria leaf spot.\n- Overwatering your plants will help the disease spread.\n- Leave space between your plants to ensure good air circulation.\n- Use mulch to stop Septoria leaf spot spores in the soil from reaching the lower leaves.\nHow to Treat Septoria Leaf Spot\nAll infected leaves must be removed immediately. Always wash your hands and clean any tools thoroughly before touching your healthy plants. Organic fungicides containing potassium or copper bicarbonate are an effective treatment provided the Septoria leaf spot is not too far advanced. Chemical treatments are not recommended since you may not be able to eat your tomatoes. If you are treating cannabis plants, remove and destroy the infected lower leaves.\nIf your cannabis plants are flowering, removing the leaves will weaken your plant and negatively impact bud quality. You can improve the circulation in your grow room by adding more fans. Make certain there is space between your plants. To treat Septoria leaf spot on cannabis, all bushy sections of your plant should be trimmed. The leaves should not touch the other plants.\nIf your plants are outdoors, elevating them slightly will improve air circulation. Septoria leaf spot spores germinate and spread with excess moisture. Keep your soil moist but not wet. Rake outdoor soil for the removal of infected vegetation. The most common hosts of Septoria leaf spot spores are horsenettle and nightshade. Any weeds potentially hosting the disease need to be removed.\nSeptoria leaf spot thrives in wet, hot conditions. Decrease the humidity level and temperature in your growing space.\nDoes Septoria Infect Seeds?\nYes, Septoria leaf spot spores can infect your seeds.\nWhat Tomato Varieties Resist Both Septoria Leaf Spot and Early Blight?\nYou can look for hybrid tomato plants grown to have resistance to septoria leaf spot. The labels on the plants should have the letter S shown after the name of the tomato variety. According to a publication of the Clemson Cooperative Extension, Tomato Diseases and Disorders, there are two plant varieties that exhibit resistance to Septoria leaf spot. They are Jasper hybrid, which is a cherry tomato, and Iron Lady hybrid.\nClemson lists 17 varieties, including Jasper and Iron Lady, that are also resistant to early blight. Some seed vendors use the letter code EB to designate early blight resistance; others use AB. Keep in mind that resistance does not mean immunity.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-10", "url": "https://www.trifectanatural.com/problem-identifier/get-rid-of-septoria-leaf-spot/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474671.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20240227053544-20240227083544-00675.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9233036637, "token_count": 821, "score": 3.03125, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Is é an spot duille Septoria an seampúis Septoria lycopersici. Bíonn an galar coitianta seo ag dul i gcion ar phlandaí trátaí chomh maith le cannabas, eggplant, agus prátaí. Scaiptear Septoria go tapa, lagú plandaí, agus cosc a chur ar torthaí a bhaint amach aibíocht. Spóirí fungas spot duille Septoria i bhfolach go dtí go mbeidh na coinníollacha oiriúnach. Tá an fungas ina chónaí i bhfál agus i scriosanna ó phlandaí sa ithir, agus scaiptear é leis an ghaoth agus leis an uisce.\nBeidh Septoria taisteal go dtí go bhfaighidh sé coinníollacha idéalach, ansin rochtain ar an gléasra ón ithir. Is iad na coinníollacha is fabhraí do fhorbairt septoria leaf spot ná ceantair taise, te le teocht idir 60 agus 80 céim Fahrenheit. Is é an chéad tsiombail ná spotaí ciorclacha a thagann ar duilleoga níos sine, de ghnáth ar an taobh thíos agus i dtreo bun do phlanda.\nTá na spotaí thart ar 1/8 go 1/16 de orlach ar trastomhas le lárionad tan nó liath-ghrá agus imeall donn domhain. De réir mar a théann an spota duille Septoria ar aghaidh, méadaíonn na spotaí i méid agus is minic a chumascann siad. Faoi mhéadaíocht, is cosúil le pimples broine domhain an fongus. Cé go mbíonn sé le feiceáil de ghnáth ar duilleoga níos sine, is féidir le Septoria forbairt le linn gach céim de shaol do phlanda.\nMá fhágann tú spot duille Septoria gan chóireáil mar shampla ar phlanda trátaí, beidh na duilleoga buí, tiubh agus titim amach. Beidh do phlanda lag agus tosaíonn sé ag titim, agus beidh na trátaí nochtaithe ag éirí so-ghabhálach do scalding ón ngrian. Nuair a bheidh na duilleoga imithe, ní bheidh do phlanda in ann tomátaí aibí a tháirgeadh. Septoria spot duilleach a chur chun cinn go han-tapa.\nConas an Plé Fhéile Septoria a Chosc\n- glan an limistéar ó aon phlandaí agus scriosanna galar chun cabhrú le spot duille Septoria a chosc.\n- Cabhróidh ró-uisce a chur ar do phlandaí leis an ghalair a scaipeadh.\n- Fág spás idir do phlandaí chun dea-shruthú aeir a chinntiú.\n- Úsáid mulch chun stop a chur le spóranna liathróid Septoria sa ithir ó shroich na duilleoga níos ísle.\nConas a dhéileáil le Septoria Leaf Spot\nNí mór na duilleoga atá ionfhabhtaithe go léir a bhaint láithreach. Nigh do lámha i gcónaí agus glan gach uirlis go maith sula ndéanann tú teagmháil le do phlandaí sláintiúla. Is cóireáil éifeachtach iad fungicides orgánacha ina bhfuil potaisiam nó bicarbónáit copar ar choinníoll nach bhfuil an spota duille Septoria ró-fhorbartha. Ní mholtar cóireálacha ceimiceacha ós rud é nach féidir leat do thomátaí a ithe. Má tá tú ag cóireáil plandaí cannabais, bain agus scrios na duilleoga íseal atá ionfhabhtaithe.\nMá tá do phlandaí cannabais ag bláthú, lagóidh an duilleog a bhaint do phlanda agus beidh tionchar diúltach aige ar cháilíocht na mbróga. Is féidir leat an scaipeadh i do sheomra fáis a fheabhsú trí níos mó lucht leanúna a chur leis. Bí cinnte go bhfuil spás idir do phlandaí. Chun an seipteoraí duilleach a chóireáil ar channabis, ba cheart gach cuid bushy de do phlanda a ghearradh. Níor chóir go gcuirfeadh na duilleoga i dteagmháil leis na plandaí eile.\nMá tá do phlandaí amuigh faoin aer, cuirfidh a ardú beagán aer a chur ar an aer. Spóirí spot duille Septoria a gheimhríonn agus a scaipeann le taise iomarcach. Coinnigh do thalamh taise ach gan a bheith fliuch. Tá an t-ábhar a úsáidtear chun an t-ábhar a scriosadh. Is iad na hóstach is coitianta de spóirí spotaí duille Septoria ná horsenettle agus nightshade. Ní mór aon luibheanna a d'fhéadfadh a bheith ina gcuairteoirí ar an ghalair a bhaint.\nFásann spot duille Septoria i gcoinníollacha fliuch, te. Laghdaigh an leibhéal taise agus an teocht i do spás fáis.\nAn ndéanann Septoria Infection Síolta?\nSea, is féidir le spóirí liathróid Septoria do shíolta a ionfhabhtuithe.\nCad iad na cineálacha trátaí a sheasann in aghaidh an Septoria Leaf Spot agus an Early Blight?\nIs féidir leat breathnú ar phlandaí tomato hibrideacha a d'fhás go bhfuil friotaíocht acu i gcoinne spot duille septoria. Ba cheart an litir S a thaispeáint ar lipéid na bplandaí tar éis ainm an chineálacha trátaí. De réir foilseachán de chuid Clemson Cooperative Extension, Tomato Diseases and Disorders, tá dhá chineál plandaí ann a léiríonn friotaíocht i gcoinne spúnóg duille Septoria. Tá siad hibrideach Jasper, a bhfuil trátaí cherry, agus hibrideach Iron Lady.\nLiostaíonn Clemson 17 cineálacha, lena n-áirítear Jasper agus Iron Lady, atá frithsheasmhach freisin i gcoinne an bhréag luath. Baineann roinnt díoltóirí síolta úsáid as an gcód litreacha EB chun friotaíocht luath a ainmniú; úsáideann daoine eile AB. Coinnigh i gcuimhne nach gciallóidh frithsheasmhacht an fhrithsheasmhacht."} {"text": "Cataracts are the opacification or loss of lens transparency that leads to progressive loss of vision. The lens is a totally transparent and lentil-shaped organ located inside the eyeball just behind the iris.\nSymptoms of cataracts vary. Vision becomes blurred and the patient sees as if looking through fog. Discomfort with sunlight, changes in color vision, difficulty driving at night and double vision are issues that may occur with cataracts. Depending on the degree and location of the cataract, vision can be almost normal or it can cause almost total blindness (only sees and locates light). When a cataract is total, the ophthalmologist cannot assess the condition of the retina and optic nerve before surgery and must resort to special examinations (ultrasonography, electroretinography).", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-05", "url": "http://centrodeoftalmologiabonafonte.com/en/pathologies/cataracts/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084892238.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20180123191341-20180123211341-00496.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9354513884, "token_count": 167, "score": 3.328125, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Is éard atá i cataract ná opacification nó caillteanas trédhearcachta na lionsa a fhágann go gcailltear an radharc de réir a chéile. Is orgán trédhearcach go hiomlán é an lionsa agus tá sé ar chuma lionsa atá suite taobh istigh den bhall súl díreach taobh thiar den iris.\nTá comharthaí cataract éagsúil. Tá an radharc ag dul in olcas agus feiceann an t-othar amhail is dá mba rud é go bhfuil sé ag féachaint trí bhlaosc. Is fadhbanna iad míchompord le solas na gréine, athruithe ar radharc dathanna, deacracht ag tiomáint san oíche agus dearcadh dúbailte a d'fhéadfadh tarlú le cataract. Ag brath ar chéim agus ar shuíomh an catarachta, d'fhéadfadh an radharc a bheith beagnach gnáth nó d'fhéadfadh sé a bheith ina chúis le dalltas beagnach iomlán (ní fheiceann agus ní aimsiúann sé ach solas). Nuair a bhíonn cataract iomlán, ní féidir leis an octalmólóg staid an retina agus an nerve optic a mheas roimh an máinliacht agus ní mór dó dul i ngleic le scrúduithe speisialta (ultrasonography, electroretinography)."} {"text": "This work is the magnum opus of Irish genealogy, a vast and prodigious compendium of family history and source material. The first volume explores the origin and stem of the Irish nation. The old Irish genealogies assembled here are brought down to the lineal descendant of each family living at the time of the British dispossession, although many of the descents are brought down to the 19th century. Also included is a lengthy appendix with an extraordinarily detailed table showing families that owned land in the 12th century. In addition, there is an index of several thousand surnames.\nThe first half of Volume II consists of Anglo-Irish genealogies, all carried down at least to the Commonwealth period, and most to the last quarter of the 19th century. Arranged alphabetically by family name, these hundreds of genealogies are heavily annotated, and being supported by references to events of comparatively recent history, they sometimes trace the line of descent to an American branch of the family. There also is data on the Huguenot and Palatine families of Ireland and a chapter on the Ulster Plantation and Scots settlers. The latter half of Volume II is encyclopedic in coverage, bearing reference to countless persons, places, and events associated with Ireland.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-49", "url": "http://search.ancestry.it/search/db.aspx?dbid=49208", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-49/segments/1416931010149.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20141125155650-00175-ip-10-235-23-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9531977773, "token_count": 260, "score": 2.890625, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Is é an saothar seo an magnum opus de shliocht na hÉireann, comhthéacs ollmhór agus iontach de stair teaghlaigh agus ábhar foinse. Sa chéad bhall, déantar iniúchadh ar bhunús agus bunús náisiún na hÉireann. Tá na sean-ginealóga Éireannacha a bailíodh anseo curtha síos go dtí sliocht líneach gach teaghlaigh a bhí ina gcónaí tráth na dífhostaíochta na Breataine, cé go bhfuil go leor de na sliocht curtha síos go dtí an 19ú haois. Tá forlíonadh fada ann freisin le tábla an-fhiosrach a léiríonn teaghlaigh a raibh talamh acu sa 12ú haois. Ina theannta sin, tá innéacs ann ina bhfuil roinnt míle sloinne.\nIs éard atá sa chéad leath de Leibhéal II ná ginealaigh Angla-Éireannach, a tugadh síos go dtí tréimhse an Chomhnaidhm ar a laghad, agus an chuid is mó go dtí an ceathrú cuid dheireanach den 19ú haois. Arna socrú go aibítreach de réir ainm teaghlaigh, tá na céadta ginealaigh seo annotated go mór, agus á dtacaíocht acu le tagairtí d'imeachtaí stair réasúnta le déanaí, déanann siad uaireanta líne an shliocht a rianú go brainse Mheiriceá den teaghlach. Tá sonraí ann freisin maidir le teaghlaigh na nUigínot agus na Palatine in Éirinn agus caibidil maidir le Plantation Ulster agus le lonnaitheoirí na hAlban. Tá leath deireanach an Chuid II ar eolas go forleathan, ag tagairt do dhaoine, áiteanna agus imeachtaí gan áireamh a bhaineann le hÉirinn."} {"text": "I am sure you would agree that modern, high-speed, commercial jet aircraft have figuratively shrunken the globe. In recent years, relatively vast new areas of the earth have been scrutinized by students of the physical and natural sciences. Our colleagues, the virologists, report almost monthly new discoveries such as the Whataroa virus, a new arbovirus isolated in New Zealand, the chikungunya virus, Kyasanur Forest disease, and a host of other unpronounceable agents, diseases, and locations. Yet, we in tropical medicine are not making many really striking discoveries. It may be that parasitologists, having started several hundred years earlier and being more adventuresome, exhausted the field long before the jet era.\nIn preparation for this Presidential Address, I have studied maps and charts in the hope of discovering a little-known geographic location with a little-known parasite or disease about which I could speak with authority or from experience.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-10", "url": "https://www.ajtmh.org/abstract/journals/tpmd/17/3/article-p333.xml", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947473738.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20240222093910-20240222123910-00396.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9652591348, "token_count": 198, "score": 2.71875, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Táim cinnte go n-aontódh tú go bhfuil an domhan ag titim ar an mbonn trí na haerárthaí tráchtála nua-aimseartha, ardluais. Le blianta beaga anuas, tá réimsí réasúnta leathan nua den domhan curtha i scrúdú ag mic léinn na heolaíochta fisiceach agus nádúrtha. Tuairiscíonn ár gcomhghleacaithe, na víreasaithe, fionnachtana nua beagnach gach mí cosúil le víreas Whataroa, arbovírus nua a leithligh sa Nua-Shéalainn, víreas chikungunya, galar Foraois Kyasanur, agus slua eile de ghníomhairí, galair, agus áiteanna nach féidir a fhocal. Ach, ní bhíonn mórán fionnachtana fíor-iontach á ndéanamh againn sa leigheas trópaiceach. B'fhéidir go raibh na paraisítológaithe, a thosaigh roinnt céadta bliain roimhe sin agus a bhí níos eachtrannach, ag baint úsáide as an réimse fada roimh ré an ré eitilte.\nAgus mé ag ullmhú don Aistriúchán Uachtaránachta seo, rinne mé staidéar ar léarscáileanna agus ar chairteanna agus súil agam go bhfaighidh mé amach áit gheografach nach bhfuil mórán eolais air le paraisítí nó galair nach bhfuil mórán eolais orthu a bhféadfainn labhairt fúthu le húdarás nó ó thaithí."} {"text": "#SaveTheMonkeys: Crowd raises funds online to rescue rare primate\nThe endangered yellow-tailed woolly monkey just got some help thanks to a global effort.\nYellow-tailed woolly monkeys are some of the rarest monkeys in the world. Indeed, one of the few places on Earth to spot them is in Peru.\nIn one particular area – El Toro, Peru – the monkeys' habitat is constantly under threat from those who want to turn it into farmland. But what if someone could purchase the forest and set aside the land as a nature reserve for the monkeys?\nThat's exactly what a bunch of conservation-minded people from around the world just did. An organization called This Is My Earth (TIME) recently launched with one goal in mind: crowdsource funds to purchase lands to protect their ecosystems and turn them into nature reserves. People vote for the hotspot they want to help the most, and the ones with the most votes are bought and handed over to local environmental groups to turn into parks and sanctuaries. The yellow-tailed woolly monkeys' habitat was the group's first funded project.\n\"Rather than lapse into resignation about the state of the planet, we have all made a statement that we can do better,\" said Dr. Uri Shanas, TIME's co-founder and a professor of conservation biology at the University of Haifa in Israel. \"Humans may have made our share of environmental problems, but we can also solve them!\"\nThe collaborative effort involves the participation of scientists, environmentalists and leaders from around the world, including China, Kenya, Israel, the United Kingdom and the United States.\n\"Our goal is to significantly broaden international participation in protecting lands located in the most precious biodiversity hotspots on earth,\" said Shanas. \"By providing a democratic platform for citizens of the world to act and influence decision making via the single most important conservation management tool, preserving land and biodiversity, our new organization can help lead global conservation into a new era.\"\nIn its effort to save the yellow-tailed woolly monkey, the organization is helping an animal that has been listed as one of the world's 25 most endangered primates. The group joins the British nonprofit Neotropical Primate Conservation, which is developing eco-tourism initiatives to build awareness of the Peruvian monkey population and its habitat.\nThe Israel-based TIME joins others from the Mediterranean country that are helping with wildlife protection. In recent months, we profiled Ofir Drori, who is helping arrest Africa's worst wildlife traffickers, as well as a veterinarian named Yaron Schmid who is photographing endangered animals to bring more awareness to their cause.\nWhile the Peruvian land is being purchased, TIME is already looking toward its next project. \"By spring, we hope to have some new spots for you to vote on,\" Shanas said. \"It feels good to be engaged in something real we can do together.\"\nMORE FROM THE GRAPEVINE:", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-05", "url": "https://www.fromthegrapevine.com/nature/yellow-tailed-woolly-monkey-peru-time-crowdsource", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084886739.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20180116204303-20180116224303-00008.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.959610939, "token_count": 604, "score": 2.8125, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "#SaveTheMonkeys: Tá slua ag bailiú cistí ar líne chun primate neamhchoitianta a shábháil\nFuair an t-aingeal uachtar buí buí atá i mbaol géarchéime cabhair díreach a bhuíochas le hiarracht dhomhanda.\nTá na maoineacha uachtar-béal-giollach ar na maoineacha is annamh ar domhan. Go deimhin, tá ceann de na háiteanna ar domhan chun iad a fheiceáil i bPéiru.\nI limistéar áirithe El Toro, Peiriú tá gnáthóg na mhoncaí faoi bhagairt i gcónaí ó dhaoine atá ag iarraidh é a thiontú ina talamh feirme. Ach cad a tharlaíonn má fhéadann duine éigin an foraoise a cheannach agus an talamh a chur ar leataobh mar chúlchiste nádúrtha do na maoine?\nSin go díreach a rinne grúpa daoine a bhfuil a ndúchas ar an gcothabháil acu ó gach cearn den domhan. Bunaíodh eagraíocht ar a dtugtar This Is My Earth (TIME) le déanaí le sprioc amháin i gcuimhne: cistí a bhailiú chun talún a cheannach chun a n-éiceachórais a chosaint agus iad a thiontú ina gcosáin nádúrtha. Vótálann daoine don phointe is fearr a theastaíonn uathu a chabhrú, agus ceannaítear na cinn a bhfuil an líon is mó vótaí acu agus cuirtear ar láimh iad do ghrúpaí comhshaoil áitiúla chun iad a thiontú i bpáirceanna agus i gconarthaí. Ba é an t-áit chónaithe na mbeacáin uachtar buí-eireaball an chéad tionscadal maoinithe a bhí ag an ngrúpa.\n\"Seachas a bheith ag éirí as a chéile faoi staid na pláinéad, tá ráiteas déanta againn go léir gur féidir linn níos fearr a dhéanamh\", a dúirt an Dr. Uri Shanas, comhbhunaitheoir TIME agus ollamh bitheolaíochta caomhnaithe in Ollscoil Haifa in Iosrael. \"B'fhéidir gur chuir daoine an chuid is mó de na fadhbanna comhshaoil ar fáil dúinn, ach is féidir linn iad a réiteach freisin!\"\nTá rannpháirtíocht eolaithe, comhshaoil agus ceannairí ó gach cearn den domhan sa iarracht chomhoibritheach, lena n-áirítear an tSín, an Cheanáin, Iosrael, an Ríocht Aontaithe agus na Stáit Aontaithe.\n\"Is é ár gcuspóir rannpháirtíocht idirnáisiúnta a leathnú go suntasach i gcosaint talún atá suite sna hotspots bithéagsúlachta is luachmhaire ar domhan\", a dúirt Shanas. \"De réir a sholáthar ardán daonlathach do shaoránaigh an domhain chun gníomhú agus tionchar a imirt ar chinntí a dhéanamh trí an uirlis bainistíochta caomhnaithe is tábhachtaí amháin, ag caomhnú talún agus bithéagsúlacht, is féidir lenár n-eagraíocht nua cabhrú le caomhnú domhanda a threorú isteach in ré nua\".\nI a chuid iarrachtaí an t-aingeal uachtar buí buí a shábháil, tá an eagraíocht ag cabhrú le hainmhí a liostaíodh mar cheann de na 25 primate is mó atá i mbaol a bheith ar an domhan. Tá an grúpa ag dul i dteagmháil leis an eagraíocht neamhbhrabúis Neotropical Primate Conservation, atá ag forbairt tionscnaimh éicea-turaisimh chun feasacht a thógáil ar phobal na mhoncaí Peirú agus a gnáthóg.\nTá TIME atá lonnaithe in Iosrael ag dul i dteannta daoine eile ó thír Mheánmhuirí atá ag cabhrú le cosaint na fiadhúlra. Le míonna beaga anuas, rinneamar próifíl ar Ofir Drori, atá ag cabhrú le hiondúirí fiadhúlra fiadhúlra is measa san Afraic a ghabháil, chomh maith le tréidirear Yaron Schmid a bhfuil grianghraf á thógáil aige d'ainmhithe atá i mbaol chun níos mó feasachta a thabhairt dá gcúis.\nCé go bhfuil an talamh Peirúis á cheannach, tá TIME ag féachaint cheana féin ar a chéad tionscadal eile. \"Ar an earrach, tá súil againn go mbeidh roinnt spotaí nua agat le vótáil\", a dúirt Shanas. \"Is maith an mothúchán a bheith i mbun rud éigin fíor is féidir linn a dhéanamh le chéile\".\nMÁIRE ÓN GRAPEVINE:"} {"text": "Hairy circle of spheres\nWell hairy isn’t too accurate unless there are hairs that are closed circles, but these are the concessions one makes for a dumb play on the Hairy Sphere Theorem. This post doesn’t really have much to do with that theorem.\nWhat’s below are some pictures suggesting Seifert fibrations of S^1 x S^2, the circle of spheres. View this 3-manifold as an interval of concentric spheres where you have to imagine gluing the inner sphere to the outer sphere.\nA Seifert fibration of a 3-manifold is a filling of the 3-manifold with circles so that around each point a teeny tiny enough chunk looks like it’s filled with parallel lines. Here these circles get chopped into intervals. The interval going through the north pole connects up to give one circle, and so does the interval through the south pole. We call these circles the singular fibers.\nAll the other intervals connect up with a fixed number of others to form circles. These are the regular fibers. Near each point on a singular fiber, a regular fiber passes by some fixed number of times, the order of the singular fiber. In the picture above this number is 5 for both singular fibers.\nIn the three examples above, red fibers are shown at regularly spaced latitudes (along fixed longitudes) going from the north pole to the south pole. The yellow fibers are copies rotated to other longitudes.\nLet’s look at just the red ones as the orders of the singular fibers increase.\nNeat, I guess.\nWhile we’re here. Have some eye candy. There’s more in this set.\n(Oh, and these pictures are a result of experimenting with Grasshopper for Rhino and some non-photorealistic rendering.)", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-49", "url": "http://sketchesoftopology.wordpress.com/2011/09/07/hairy-circle-of-spheres/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-49/segments/1416931009825.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20141125155649-00215-ip-10-235-23-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9190136194, "token_count": 385, "score": 2.875, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Cearcall gruaige de spéir\nBhuel hairy nach bhfuil an-chruinn mura bhfuil gruaigí atá ciorcail dúnta, ach tá na tabhartasan a dhéanann duine le haghaidh cluiche dúr ar an Theorema Sféar Hairy. Níl mórán a dhéanamh ag an bpost seo leis an teoirím sin.\nSeo thíos roinnt pictiúir a thugann le tuiscint go bhfuil snáithíní Seifert de S ^ 1 x S ^ 2, ciorcal na sféar. Féach ar an 3-manifold seo mar eagar de spheres comhchruinnithe ina bhfuil tú a shamhlú gluing an sphere inmheánach leis an sphere seachtrach.\nIs é fíobhríocht Seifert de 3-manifold líonadh an 3-manifold le ciorcail ionas go mbeidh timpeall gach pointe chunk beag go leor beag cosúil go bhfuil sé líonta comhthreomhar. Anseo, ghearrtar na ciorcail seo ina n-eachtraí. An t-eachtra ag dul tríd an póil thuaidh nascadh suas chun a thabhairt ar chiorcal amháin, agus mar sin a dhéanann an t-eachtra tríd an póil theas. Glaoimid na ciorcail seo ar na snáithíní singil.\nNascann na hidirthréimhsí eile go léir le líon seasta daoine eile chun ciorcail a chruthú. Is iad seo na snáithíní rialta. In aice le gach pointe ar shnáithín aonair, téann snáithín rialta trí roinnt líon seasta uaireanta, ord an shnáithín aonair. Sa phictiúr thuas tá an uimhir seo 5 do na snáithíní singil.\nSna trí shampla thuas, léirítear snáithíní dearga ag leitheadtaí réadacha (thaobh le fadachtaí seasta) ag dul ón póil thuaidh go dtí an póil theas. Is cóipeanna iad na snáithíní buí a rothlú go fadtéarmacha eile.\nDéanaimis breathnú ar na cinn dearga amháin de réir mar a mhéadaíonn orduithe na snáithíní singil.\nCeart, is dócha.\nCé go bhfuil muid anseo. Tóg roinnt candy súl. Tá níos mó sa tsraith seo.\n(Ó, agus is é seo na pictiúir mar thoradh ar thriail le Grasshopper do Rhino agus roinnt neamh-photorealistic a thabhairt.)"} {"text": "Aeolian processes at the Mars Exploration Rover Meridiani Planum landing site\nThe martian surface is a natural laboratory for testing our understanding of the physics of aeolian (wind-related) processes in an environment different from that of Earth. Martian surface markings and atmospheric opacity are time-variable, indicating that fine particles at the surface are mobilized regularly by wind. Regolith (unconsolidated surface material) at the Mars Exploration Rover Opportunity's landing site has been affected greatly by wind, which has created and reoriented bedforms, sorted grains, and eroded bedrock. Aeolian features here preserve a unique record of changing wind direction and wind strength. Here we present an in situ examination of a martian bright wind streak, which provides evidence consistent with a previously proposed formational model for such features. We also show that a widely used criterion for distinguishing between aeolian saltation- and suspension-dominated grain behaviour is different on Mars, and that estimated wind friction speeds between 2 and 3 m s⁻¹, most recently from the northwest, are associated with recent global dust storms, providing ground truth for climate model predictions.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-10", "url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/k9pf0-4xf02", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947475311.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20240301125520-20240301155520-00770.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9375677109, "token_count": 233, "score": 2.890625, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Próisis aeolacha ag an suíomh tuirlingthe Rover Exploration Mars Meridiani Planum\nIs saotharlann nádúrtha é dromchla na Márta chun ár dtuiscint ar fhisice próisis aeolacha (a bhaineann le gaoth) a thástáil i dtimpeallacht atá difriúil ó thimpeallacht na Talún. Tá marcálacha dromchla na Máirse agus opacity atmaisféar ag athrú ama, ag léiriú go gcuirtear cáithníní bheaga ar an dromchla ar siúl go rialta ag gaoth. Tá tionchar mór ag an ghaoth ar Regolith (ábhar dromchla neamhchomhshlánaithe) ag suíomh tuirlingthe an Mars Exploration Rover Opportunity, a chruthaigh agus a ath-eagrú foirmeacha leaba, gráin shocraithe, agus bunchloch éadithe. Coinníonn gnéithe aeolacha anseo taifead uathúil ar threo agus neart gaoithe a athrú. Anseo cuirimid scrúdú in situ ar shraith gaoithe geal Martian, a sholáthraíonn fianaise atá ag teacht le samhail foirmithe a mholadh roimhe seo do shaintréithe den sórt sin. Taispeánann muid freisin go bhfuil critéar a úsáidtear go forleathan chun idirdhealú a dhéanamh idir iompar gráin saltation- agus fionraí-dominated aeolian difriúil ar Mars, agus go bhfuil luasanna frithghníomh gaoithe measta idir 2 agus 3 m s-1, le déanaí ó thuaidh, bainteach le stoirmeacha deannaigh dhomhanda le déanaí, ag soláthar fírinne talún do thuargas samhlacha aeráide."} {"text": "- In stock\nSchools' Price: £3.99\nExam Board: Edexcel, AQA, and OCR Gateway\nLevel: GCSE Grade 9-1\nFirst Teaching: September 2016, First Exams: June 2018\nSuitable for the 2020 exams\nLetts Revision improves exam confidence\nMatched to the requirements of the National Curriculum, this combined revision guide and exam practice workbook prepares students for their GCSE Biology exam with confidence. The variety of activity types ensures every student stays motivated throughout their revision to help them achieve the best results in their exams.\n•Lively magazine-style layout communicates all the essential information in an accessible way.\n•Plenty of practice questions reinforce understanding and improve performance.\n•Hands-on activities for every topic provide a more varied revision approach.\n•Free audio tracks talk learners through all the key points. Download from collins.co.uk/lettsGCSErevision\nIncludes complete GCSE Biology Higher Tier practice test papers!\nRevision Guides: Simple and concise explanations of every topic are explored through different activity types.\nWorkbooks: A mixture of question styles help children can get closer to a ‘real’ test experience.\nPractice Test Papers: Test-style questions test understanding and improve performance.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-45", "url": "https://collins.co.uk/products/9780008161040", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107879537.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20201022111909-20201022141909-00122.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8798710704, "token_count": 269, "score": 3.3125, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "- I stoc\nPraghas na Scoileanna: £3.99\nBord Scrúduithe: Edexcel, AQA, agus OCR Gateway\nLeibhéal: GCSE Grád 9-1\nAn Chéad Teagasc: Meán Fómhair 2016, An Chéad Scrúduithe: Meitheamh 2018\nOiriúnach d'fhianaise 2020\nLeasaíonn Letts Revision muinín sa scrúdú\nAg teacht le riachtanais an Churaclaim Náisiúnta, cuireann an treoir athbhreithnithe agus an leabhar oibre cleachtais scrúdaithe comhcheangailte seo mic léinn i mbun ullmhúcháin le haghaidh a scrúdaithe Bitheolaíochta GCSE le muinín. Cinntíonn an éagsúlacht cineálacha gníomhaíochtaí go bhfanann gach mac léinn spreagtha le linn a n-athbhreithniú chun cabhrú leo na torthaí is fearr a bhaint amach ina gcuid scrúduithe.\n•Tagann an leagan amach beo ar stíl iris an fhaisnéis riachtanach go léir ar bhealach inrochtana.\n•Cuidíonn go leor ceisteanna cleachtais le tuiscint a neartú agus le feidhmíocht a fheabhsú.\n•Cuireann gníomhaíochtaí praiticiúla do gach ábhar cur chuige athbhreithnithe níos éagsúla ar fáil.\n•Tagann rianta fuaime saor in aisce le foghlaimeoirí trí na príomhphointí go léir. Íoslódáil ó collins.co.uk/lettsGCSErevision\nÁirítear páipéir tástála cleachtais GCSE Bithéolaíochta Ard-Leibhéal iomlán!\nTreoirlínte Athbhreithnithe: Déantar míniú simplí agus gonta ar gach ábhar a iniúchadh trí chineálacha éagsúla gníomhaíochta.\nLeabhair oibre: Cabhraíonn meascán de stíleanna ceisteanna le páistí dul níos gaire do thaithí tástála réalaíoch.\nPáipéir Thástála Cleachtais: Tá ceisteanna i stíl tástála ag tástáil tuiscint agus ag feabhsú feidhmíochta."} {"text": "Electronic Noses are devices able to generate digital maps of complex odors. Their working principles are aimed at reproducing the human olfactive system. The sensitivity of these artificial\nsensors, in fact, is comparable to that of human olfactive receptors; their data processing is similar to the sensing events occurring inside the olfactive bulbs and the resulting odor\nclassification is carried out by Neural Networks or Statistic Multi-Component Analysis which reproduce both the learning and identification mechanisms of the cortical neurons.\nIn the Microelectronics and Microsystems Institute Laboratories of the National Research Council (Rome, Lecce and Bologna Departments) several different prototypes of artificial olfactive\nsystems have been set up since few years. These systems are based on chemical sensors, which work as miniaturized transducers, reacting selectively and reversibly to volatile chemicals and\ngenerating electrical signals as a function of substance concentrations. The devices set up in the Rome Department, in collaboration with the Electronic Engineering and Chemistry Departments of\nUniversity of “Tor Vergata”, were based on piezoelectrical sensors, i.e. mass sensors. They are placed inside the “nostril” (measuring chamber) of the nose (LibraNose and EnQbe). The sorption\nof volatile molecules on the sensing layer (Me-Tetraphenylporphyrins differently derivatized and deposited) determines a frequency shift in crystal oscillations related to mass increase of the\nquartz (Thickness Shear Mode Resonators). In the devices assembled in Lecce and Bologna Departments, chemical interactions induce electron transfers between the semiconductor surface and gas\nmolecules adsorbed thereon, which results in variations of their conductivity (Metal Oxide Semiconductor). Specifically, these variations are consequent to the volatile compound oxidation\noccurring at semiconductor surface and to reduction of Oxygen molecules previously adsorbed on the sensor surface (SnO2, In2O3, TiO2…). The features common to all the prototypes are: a\nprompt response to chemical interactions and the absence of time consuming sample pretreatment. Research in the three Departments were differently focused on minimizing the size of the\nequipment (by using microtechnologies) and improving both electronics, softwares and chemical features of sensors.\nThese purposes are achieved by setting up new materials able to increase the resolution (ppb) towards analytes, to decrease the response time, to obtain a complete reversibility, accuracy and\nreproducibility in measurements, and finally to get a high output signal with respect to noise. The setting up of such machines may have several powerful applications. In foodstuff\nmanufacturing they may be used to assess the food real quality (e.g. evaluation of foodstuff preservation, control of marks guaranteeing the quality and origin of food products, fraud and food\nadulteration preventions …), in environment monitoring (exhausted gas; gas, aromatic idrocarbons and aerosols leakages …), in medicines (diagnostic tool for skin, endocrin system,\ngastrointestinal and lung apparatus diseases, etc.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-09", "url": "https://www.newsfood.com/technology-for-electronic-noses-developed-by-imm/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891813571.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20180221063956-20180221083956-00014.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9185872674, "token_count": 666, "score": 2.890625, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Is gléasanna iad na Noses Leictreonacha atá in ann léarscáileanna digiteacha d'aird casta a ghiniúint. Tá a bprionsabail oibre dírithe ar chóras olfachta an duine a athdhéanamh. Tá an íogaireacht na n-\nTá an t-ábhar a fhaightear ó na braiteoirí, i ndáiríre, inchomparáide le braiteoirí olfachta an duine; tá a phróiseáil sonraí cosúil leis na himeachtaí braite a tharlaíonn taobh istigh de na bolbha olfachtacha agus an boladh a eascraíonn\nDéantar an aicmiú trí Líonraí Nearacha nó Anailís Il-Choimhthionscanta Staidrimh a athdhéanann meicníochtaí foghlama agus sainaitheanta na néaróin cortical araon.\nI saotharlanna Institiúid Micreileictreonaic agus Micreascriostaí an Chomhairle Náisiúnta Taighde (Róm, Lecce agus Roinn Bologna) rinneadh roinnt prototaipí éagsúla de\nTá córais curtha ar bun le cúpla bliain anuas. Tá na córais seo bunaithe ar shensóirí ceimiceacha, a oibríonn mar thrasduitheoirí mion-\ncomharthaí leictreacha a ghiniúint mar fheidhm de thiúchan substaintí. Na feistí a bunaíodh i Roinn na Róimhe, i gcomhar le Rannóg Innealtóireachta Leictreonacha agus Rannóg Cheimic na hOllscoile\nBhí an t-eispéireas seo bunaithe ar shensóirí píosaithe leictreacha, i.e. braiteoirí mais. Cuirtear iad taobh istigh de nostril (camra tomhais) an srón (LibraNose agus EnQbe). An sorption\nIs é an t-athrú a tharlaíonn i gcúrsaí an chréatúir a bhaineann le hairíonna a bheith ag teacht le chéile i gcúrsaí an chréatúir a bhaineann le hairíonna a bheith ag teacht le chéile i gcúrsaí an chréatúir.\n\"Chlárú\" a bhaineann le \"chomhshruthú\" a bhaineann le \"chomhshruthú\" a bhaineann le \"chomhshruthú\" a bhaineann le \"chomhshruthú\". Sna feistí a chuirtear le chéile i dTríoireanna Lecce agus Bologna, cuireann idirghníomhaíochtaí ceimiceacha aistrithe leictreon idir dromchla an leathsheoltóra agus an gáis\nTá sé de phribhléid ag an bhfoirm seo go bhfuil sé in ann a bheith ag baint úsáide as an bhfoirm seo le haghaidh a gcuid comhábhair, mar shampla, an t-amhrán, an t-amhrán, an t-amhrán, an t-amhrán, an t-amhrán, an t-amhrán, an t-amhrán. Go sonrach, is é an toradh atá ar na hathruithe seo ná ocsaídiú na gcomhdhúile éadrom\nTá an t-ábhar a úsáidtear chun an t-ábhar a scriosadh agus an t-ábhar a scriosadh le haghaidh an t-ábhar a scriosadh. Is iad na gnéithe a bhíonn i gcoitinne ag na fréamhshamhlacha go léir ná:\nFreagra tapa ar idirghníomhaíochtaí ceimiceacha agus gan réamhchóireáil sampla a thógann am. Bhí taighde sna trí Roinn dírithe ar bhealach difriúil ar mhéid na\nTá sé de chuspóir ag an gCoimisiún, le linn na tréimhse sin, an t-iarracht a dhéanamh ar an méid seo a leanas:\nBaintear na cuspóirí sin amach trí ábhair nua a chur ar bun ar féidir leo an réiteach (ppb) i leith anailít a mhéadú, an t-am freagartha a laghdú, aisghabhálacht iomlán, cruinneas agus\nTá an t-ábhar seo le feiceáil i bhfianaise na n-athnuachana a dhéantar ar an mbonn. D'fhéadfadh go mbeadh roinnt feidhmchlár cumhachtach ag bunú meaisíní den sórt sin. I dtáirgí bia\nIs féidir iad a úsáid chun measúnú a dhéanamh ar an gcáilíocht iarbhír bia (m.sh. Measúnú ar chaomhnú bia, rialú ar mharcanna a ráthaíonn cáilíocht agus tionscnamh táirgí bia, calaois agus bia\ncosc a chur ar mhíchumas ...), i monatóireacht an chomhshaoil (gás scagtha; gáis, hidreacarbóin aramacha agus sceitheadh aeróisóil ...), i gcógas (uirlis dhiagnóiseach don chraiceann, córas endocrine,\ngalair den aparáid gastrointestinal agus na scamhóg, etc."} {"text": "|This article needs additional citations for verification. (November 2008)|\nBirch is a broadleaved deciduous hardwood tree of the genus Betula (//), in the family Betulaceae, which also includes alders, hazels, and hornbeams, and is closely related to the beech/oak family, Fagaceae. The genus Betula contains 30 to 60 known taxa of which 11 are on the IUCN 2011 Red List of Threatened Species. They are typically rather short-lived pioneer species widespread in the Northern Hemisphere, particularly in northern temperate and boreal climates. This tree is sometimes called \"The Watchful Tree\" because of eye-like impressions on the bark.\nThe common name birch comes from Old English birce, bierce, from Proto-Germanic *berk-jōn (cf. German Birke, West Frisian bjirk), an adjectival formation from *berkōn (cf. Dutch berk, Low German Bark, Norwegian bjørk), itself from the Proto-Indo-European root *bʰerHǵ- ~ bʰrHǵ-, which also gave Lithuanian béržas, Ukrainian beréza, Albanian bredh ‘fir’, Ossetian bærz(æ), Sanskrit bhurja, Polish brzoza, Latin fraxinus ‘ash (tree)’. This root is presumably derived from *bʰreh₁ǵ- ‘to shine’, in reference to the birch's white bark. The Proto-Germanic rune berkanan is named after the birch.\nBirch species are generally small to medium-sized trees or shrubs, mostly of temperate climates. The simple leaves are alternate, singly or doubly serrate, feather-veined, petiolate and stipulate. They often appear in pairs, but these pairs are really borne on spur-like, two-leaved, lateral branchlets. The fruit is a small samara, although the wings may be obscure in some species. They differ from the alders (Alnus, other genus in the family) in that the female catkins are not woody and disintegrate at maturity, falling apart to release the seeds, unlike the woody, cone-like female alder catkins.\nThe bark of all birches is characteristically marked with long, horizontal lenticels, and often separates into thin, papery plates, especially upon the paper birch. It is resistant to decay, due to the resinous oil it contains. Its decided color gives the common names gray, white, black, silver and yellow birch to different species.\nThe buds form early and are full grown by midsummer, all are lateral, no terminal bud is formed; the branch is prolonged by the upper lateral bud. The wood of all the species is close-grained with satiny texture, and capable of taking a fine polish; its fuel value is fair.\nFlower and fruit\nThe flowers are monoecious, opening with or before the leaves and borne once fully grown these leaves are usually 3–6 millimetres (0.12–0.24 in) long on three-flowered clusters in the axils of the scales of drooping or erect catkins or aments. Staminate aments are pendulous, clustered or solitary in the axils of the last leaves of the branch of the year or near the ends of the short lateral branchlets of the year. They form in early autumn and remain rigid during the winter. The scales of the staminate aments when mature are broadly ovate, rounded, yellow or orange color below the middle, dark chestnut brown at apex. Each scale bears two bractlets and three sterile flowers, each flower consisting of a sessile, membranaceous, usually two-lobed, calyx. Each calyx bears four short filaments with one-celled anthers or strictly, two filaments divided into two branches, each bearing a half-anther. Anther cells open longitudinally. The pistillate aments are erect or pendulous, solitary; terminal on the two-leaved lateral spur-like branchlets of the year. The pistillate scales are oblong-ovate, three-lobed, pale yellow green often tinged with red, becoming brown at maturity. These scales bear two or three fertile flowers, each flower consisting of a naked ovary. The ovary is compressed, two-celled, and crowned with two slender styles; the ovule is solitary.\nBirches often form even-aged stands on light, well-drained, particularly acidic soils. They are regarded as pioneer species, rapidly colonising open ground especially in secondary successional sequences following a disturbance or fire. Birches are early tree species to establish in primary successions, and can become a threat to heathland if the seedlings and saplings are not suppressed by grazing or periodic burning. Birches are generally lowland species, but some species, such as Betula nana, have a montane distribution. In the British Isles, there is some difference between the environments of Betula pendula and Betula pubescens, and some hybridization, though both are \"opportunists in steady-state woodland systems\". Mycorrhizal fungi, including sheathing (ecto)myccorhizas, are found in some cases to be beneficial to tree growth.\n- Betula albosinensis—Chinese red birch (northern + central China)\n- Betula alnoides—alder-leaf birch (China, Himalayas, northern Indochina)\n- Betula ashburneri (Bhutan, Tibet, Sichuan, Yunnan Provinces in China)\n- Betula baschkirica (eastern European Russia)\n- Betula bomiensis (Tibet)\n- Betula calcicola (Sichuan + Yunnan Provinces in China)\n- Betula celtiberica (Spain)\n- Betula chichibuensis (Chichibu region of Japan)\n- Betula chinensis—Chinese dwarf birch (China, Korea)\n- Betula coriaceifolia (Uzbekistan)\n- Betula corylifolia (Honshu Island in Japan)\n- Betula costata (northeastern China, Korea, Primorye region of Russia)\n- Betula cylindrostachya (Himalayas, southern China, Myanmar)\n- Betula dahurica (eastern Siberia, Russian Far East, northeastern China, Mongolia, Korea, Japan)\n- Betula delavayi - (Tibet, southern China)\n- Betula ermanii—Erman's birch (eastern Siberia, Russian Far East, northeastern China, Korea, Japan)\n- Betula falcata (Tajikistan)\n- Betula fargesii (Chongqing + Hubei Provinces in China)\n- Betula fruticosa (eastern Siberia, Russian Far East, northeastern China, Mongolia, Korea, Japan)\n- Betula globispica (Honshu Island in Japan)\n- Betula gmelinii (Siberia, Mongolia, northeastern China, Korea, Hokkaido Island in Japan)\n- Betula grossa—Japanese cherry birch (Japan)\n- Betula gynoterminalis (Yunnan Province in China)\n- Betula honanensis - (Henan Province in China)\n- Betula humilis or Betula kamtschatica— Kamchatka birch platyphylla (northern + central Europe, Siberia, Kazakhstan, Xinjiana, Mongolia, Korea)\n- Betula insignis - (southern China)\n- Betula karagandensis (Kazakhstan)\n- Betula klokovii (Ukraine)\n- Betula kotulae (Ukraine)\n- Betula litvinovii (Turkey, Iran, Caucasus)\n- Betula luminifera (China)\n- Betula maximowiczii—monarch birch (Japan, Kuril Islands)\n- Betula medwediewii—Caucasian birch (Turkey, Iran, Caucasus)\n- Betula megrelica (Republic of Georgia)\n- Betula microphylla (Siberia, Mongolia, Xinjiang, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan)\n- Betula nana—dwarf birch (northern + central Europe, Russia, Siberia, Greenland, Northwest Territories of Canada))\n- Betula pendula—silver birch (widespread in Europe and northern Asia; Morocco; naturalized in New Zealand and scattered locations in US + Canada)\n- Betula platyphylla (Betula pendula var. platyphylla)—Siberian silver birch (Siberia, Russian Far East, Manchuria, Korea, Japan, Alaska, western Canada)\n- Betula potamophila (Tajikistan)\n- Betula potaninii (southern China)\n- Betula psammophila (Kazakhstan)\n- Betula pubescens—downy birch, also known as white, European white or hairy birch (Europe, Siberia, Greenland, Newfoundland; naturalized in scattered locations in US)\n- Betula raddeana (Caucasus)\n- Betula saksarensis (Khakassiya region of Siberia)\n- Betula saviczii (Kazakhstan)\n- Betula schmidtii (northeastern China, Korea, Japan, Primorye region of Russia)\n- Betula sunanensis (Gansu Province of China)\n- Betula szechuanica (Betula pendula var. szechuanica)—Sichuan birch (Tibet, southern China)\n- Betula tianshanica (Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Xinjiang, Mongolia)\n- Betula utilis—Himalayan birch (Afghanistan, Central Asia, China, China, Tibet, Himalayas)\n- Betula wuyiensis (Fujian Province of China)\n- Betula zinserlingii (Kyrgyzstan)\nNote: many American texts have B. pendula and B. pubescens confused, though they are distinct species with different chromosome numbers.\n- Birches native to North America include\n- Betula alleghaniensis—yellow birch (B. lutea) (eastern Canada, Great Lakes, Northeastern US, Appalachians)\n- Betula cordifolia—mountain paper birch (eastern Canada, Great Lakes, Northeastern US)\n- Betula glandulosa—American dwarf birch (Siberia, Mongolia, Russian Far East, Alaska, Canada, Greenland, mountains of western US and New England, Aridondacks)\n- Betula lenta—sweet birch, cherry birch, or black birch (Quebec, Ontario, eastern US)\n- Betula michauxii—Newfoundland dwarf birch (Newfoundland, Labrador, Quebec, Nova Scotia)\n- Betula minor—dwarf white birch (eastern Canada, mountains of northern New England and Adirondacks)\n- Betula nana—dwarf birch or bog birch (also in northern Europe and Asia)\n- Betula nigra—river birch or black birch (eastern US)\n- Betula occidentalis—water birch or red birch (B. fontinalis) (Alaska, Yukon, Northwest Territories, western Canada, western US)\n- Betula papyrifera—paper birch, canoe birch or American white birch (Alaska, most of Canada, northern US)\n- Betula populifolia—gray birch (eastern Canada, northeastern US)\n- Betula pumila—swamp birch (Alaska, Canada, northern US)\nDue to the hardness of Birch, it is better to shape it with power tools, as it is quite difficult to work it with hand tools.\n- Birch wood is fine-grained and pale in colour, often with an attractive satin-like sheen. Ripple figuring may occur, increasing the value of the timber for veneer and furniture-making. The highly decorative Masur (or Karelian) birch, from Betula verrucosa var. carelica, has ripple textures combined with attractive dark streaks and lines. Birch wood is suitable for veneer, and birch plywood is among the strongest and most dimensionally stable plywoods, although it is unsuitable for exterior use.\n- Birch plywood is made from laminations of birch veneer. It is light but strong, and has many other good properties. Birch plywood is used to make longboards (skateboard), giving it a strong yet flexible ride. It is also used (often in very thin grades with many laminations) for making model aircraft.\n- Extracts of birch are used for flavoring or leather oil, and in cosmetics such as soap or shampoo. In the past, commercial oil of wintergreen (methyl salicylate) was made from the sweet birch (Betula lenta).\n- Birch-tar or Russian oil extracted from birch bark is thermoplastic and waterproof; it was used as a glue on, for example, arrows, and also for medicinal purposes.\n- Fragrant twigs of silver birch are used in saunas to relax the muscles.\n- Birch is also associated with the feast of Pentecost in Germany, Central and Eastern Europe, and Russia, where its branches are used as decoration for churches and homes on this day.\n- Birch leaves are used to make a diuretic tea and extracts for dyes and cosmetics.\n- Ground birch bark, fermented in sea water, is used for seasoning the woolen, hemp or linen sails and hemp rope of traditional Norwegian boats.\n- Birch twigs bound in a bundle, also called birch, were used for birching, a form of corporal punishment.\n- Many of the indians of North America prized the birch for its bark, which due to its light weight, flexibility, and the ease with which it could be stripped from fallen trees, was often used for the construction of strong, waterproof but lightweight canoes, bowls, and wigwams.\n- The Hughes H-4 Hercules was made mostly of birch wood, despite its better-known moniker, \"The Spruce Goose\".\n- Birch plywood was specified by the BBC as the only wood that can be used in making the cabinets of the long-lived LS3/5A loudspeaker.\n- Birch is used as firewood due to its high calorific value per unit weight and unit volume. It burns well, without popping, even when frozen and freshly hewn. The bark will burn very well even when wet because of the oils it contains. With care, it can be split into very thin sheets that will ignite from even the smallest of sparks.\n- Birch sap is a traditional drink in Northern Europe, Russia, and Northern China. The sap is also bottled and sold commercially. Birch sap can be used to make birch syrup, which is used like maple syrup for pancakes and waffles. Birch wood can be used to smoke foods.\n- Birch seeds are used as leaf litter in miniature terrain models.\n- \"Birch flowers\" is the English marketing name for the catkins of the Broussonetia luzonica tree. Known in the Philippines as himbabao or alukon, these flowers are commonly used in the cuisine of northeastern Luzon. However, despite their English name and the similar appearance of their flowers, B. luzonica is not in any way related to the birch tree.\n- Birch oil is used in the manufacture of Russia leather, a water-resistant leather.\n- Birch bark is high in betulin and betulinic acid, phytochemicals which have potential as pharmaceuticals, and other chemicals which show promise as industrial lubricants.\n- Birch buds are used in folk medicine.\n- Birch bark can be soaked until moist in water, and then formed into a cast for a broken arm.\n- The inner bark of birch can be ingested safely.\n- In northern latitudes, birch is considered to be the most important allergenic tree pollen, with an estimated 15–20% of hay fever sufferers sensitive to birch pollen grains. The major allergen is a protein called Bet v I.\nWood pulp made from birch gives relatively long and slender fibres for a hardwood. The thin walls cause the fibre to collapse upon drying, giving a paper with low bulk and low opacity. The birch fibres are, however, easily fibrillated and give about 75% of the tensile strength of softwood[clarification needed]. The low opacity makes it suitable for making glassine.\nIn India, the birch (Sanskrit: भुर्ज, bhurja) holds great historical significance in the culture of North India, where the thin bark coming off in winter was extensively used as writing paper. Birch paper (Sanskrit: भुर्ज पत्र, bhurja patra) is exceptionally durable and was the material used for many ancient Indian texts. The Roman period Vindolanda tablets also use birch as a material on which to write and birch bark was used widely in ancient Russia as note paper (beresta) and for decorative purposes and even making footwear.\nBaltic birch is among the most sought-after wood in the manufacture of speaker cabinets. Birch has a natural resonance that peaks in the high and low frequencies, which are also the hardest for speakers to reproduce. This resonance compensates for the roll-off of low and high frequencies in the speakers, and evens the tone. Birch is known for having \"natural EQ\". http://www.soundonsound.com/sos/1996_articles/feb96/eq.html\nDrums are often made from birch. Prior to the 1970s, it was one of the most popular drum woods. Because of the need for greater volume and midrange clarity, drums were made almost entirely from maple until recently[clarification needed], when advances in live sound reinforcement and drum microphones have allowed the use of birch in high-volume situations. Birch drums have a natural boost in the high and low frequencies, which allows the drums to sound fuller.\nBirch wood is sometimes used as a tonewood for semiacoustic and acoustic guitar bodies, and occasionally for solid-body guitar bodies. It is also a common material used in mallets for keyboard percussion.\n- Birches have spiritual importance in several religions, both modern and historical.\n- In Celtic cultures, the birch symbolises growth, renewal, stability, initiation and adaptability. The birch is highly adaptive and able to sustain harsh conditions with casual indifference. Proof of this adaptability is seen in its easy and eager ability to repopulate areas damaged by forest fires or clearings.\n- The Czech word for the month of March, Březen, is derived from the Czech word bříza meaning birch, as birch trees flower in March under local conditions.\n- They are also associated with the Tír na nÓg, the land of the dead and the Sidhe, in Gaelic folklore, and as such frequently appear in Scottish, Irish, and English folksongs and ballads in association with death, or fairies, or returning from the grave.\n- It is also New Hampshire's state tree.\n- Robert Frost, an American poet, pays homage to the act of climbing birch trees in one of his more famous poems, \"Birches.\"\n- In the Swedish city of Umeå, the silver birch tree has a special place. In 1888, the Umeå city fire spread all over the city and nearly burnt it down to the ground, but some birches, supposedly, halted the spread of the fire. To protect the city against future fires, it was decided to plant silver birch trees all over the city. Umeå later adopted the unofficial name of \"City of the Birches (Björkarnas stad)\". Also, the ice hockey team of Umeå is called Björklöven, translated to English \"The Birch Leaves\".\n- National Tree of Finland and Russia.\n- The leaves of the silver birch tree are used in the festival of St George, held in Novosej and other villages in Albania.\n- Sunset Western Garden Book, 1995:606–607\n- Ashburner, K. & McAllister, H.A. (2013). The genus Betula: a taxonomic revision of birches: 1-431. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.\n- Keeler, Harriet L. (1900). Our Native Trees and How to Identify Them. New York: Charles Scriber's Sons. pp. 295–297.\n- Birches. (A Symposium, Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh 24–26 September 1982. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, 85B, 1–11, 1984.\n- \"Birch\". Wood Magazine. Retrieved December 1, 2013.\n- \"Birch Tar – How to collect it\". Archived from the original on February 27, 2008.\n- Prakel, David (August 1979). \"BBC's Home Service\", Hi-Fi Answers, pp67–9 (Courtesy link)\n- Joyce, Daniel. \"Birch Seed Leaves\". reapermini.com.\n- Grygus, Andrew. \"Alokon\". Clove Garden.\n- White Birch – American Cancer Society (cancer.org)\n- William Arthur Clark (January 1, 1937). \"History of Fracture Treatment Up to the Sixteenth Century\". The Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery (Needham, MA, USA: The Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery, Inc.) 19 (1): 61–62.\nAnother method cited was that of splints made of birch bark soaked in water until quite soft. They were then carefully fitted to the limb and tied with bark thongs. On drying, they became stiff and firm. There is no record of the use of extension, but, nevertheless, very few crippled and deformed Indians were to be seen.\n- Nanko, Hiroki; Button, Alan; Hillman, Dave (2005). The World of Market Pulp. USA: WOMP, LLC. pp. 192–195. ISBN 0-615-13013-5.\n- Sanjukta Gupta, \"Lakṣmī Tantra: A Pāñcarātra Text\", Brill Archive, 1972, ISBN 90-04-03419-6. Snippet:... the text recommends that the bark of the Himalayan birch tree (bhurja-patra) should be used for scribbling mantras ...\n- Amalananda Ghosh, \"An Encyclopaedia of Indian Archaeology\", BRILL, 1990, ISBN 90-04-09264-1. Snippet:... Bhurja-patra, the inner bark on the birch tree grown in the Himalayan region, was a very common writing material ...\n- \"Traditional celebrations in Novosej\". RASP. Retrieved August 28, 2013.\n- Flora of North America: Betula\n- Flora of China: Betula\n- Grimshaw, John (2009). New Trees, Recent introductions to cultivation. Kew Publishing, RBG Kew. pp. 163–174.\n|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Betula.|\n|Wikispecies has information related to: Betula|\n- Tree Family Betulaceae Diagnostic photos of many species, Morton Arboretum specimens\n- Eichhorn, Markus (July 2010). \"The Birch Tree\". Test Tube. Brady Haran for the University of Nottingham.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-52", "url": "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betula", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1418802775222.147/warc/CC-MAIN-20141217075255-00066-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8873833418, "token_count": 5158, "score": 3.65625, "int_score": 4, "irish_text": " Teastaíonn luacha breise don alt seo chun a fhíorú. (Samhain 2008)\nIs crann cruach chladach leathan é an Birch den ghéineas Betula (//), sa teaghlach Betulaceae, lena n-áirítear alders, hazel, agus hornbeams, agus tá baint dlúth aige leis an teaghlach beech / oak, Fagaceae . Tá 30 go 60 tacsa ar eolas sa ghéineas Betula, agus tá 11 acu ar Liosta Dearg Speiceas IUCN 2011. Is speiceas pionóireachta iad de ghnáth a bhfuil saol gairid acu agus atá forleathan san Iarsféar Thuaidh, go háirithe i gclimaí measartha agus bhóireacha thuaidh. Uaireanta tugtar \"An Crann Fágála\" ar an gcrann seo mar gheall ar na léitheoireachtaí atá cosúil le súile ar an gcor.\nTagann an t-ainm coiteann birch ó Birce, bierce, ón bprótho-Ghearmáinis * berk-jōn (cf. Gearmáinis Birke, West Frisian bjirk), foirmiú aidiachtúil ó *berkōn (cf. Bairc na hÍsiltíre, Barc na Gearmáine Íseal, Bjørk na hIorua), é féin ó bhunfhocal Próta-Ind-Eorpach *bherH- ~ bhrH-, a thug béržas Liotuáineach, beréza Úcránach, bredh Albannach fir, bærz(æ Osséiteach), bhurja Sanscrait, brzoza Polainnis, fraxinus Laidineach ash (crann) . Is dócha go dtagann an fréamh seo ó * bhreh1- to shine, i dtaca le craiceann bán an birch. Ainmnítear an rún Próta-Ghearmáinis berkanan tar éis an birch.\nIs arbhair nó cnaipí beaga go meánmhéide iad speicis Birch, go príomha i gclimaí measartha. Tá na duilleoga simplí malartacha, singil nó dúbailte, feather-veined, petiolate agus stipulate. Is minic a bhíonn siad le chéile, ach is ar bhrainseacha taobh, dhá-leafed, cosúil le spórlaí a bhíonn na páirteanna seo i ndáiríre. Is samára beag é an toradh, cé go bhféadfadh na sciatháin a bheith dodhéanta i roinnt speiceas. Tá difríocht idir na catagóirí agus na catagóirí eile (Alnus, seánra eile sa teaghlach) toisc nach bhfuil na catagóirí baineann adhmaid agus nach ndéanann siad dífhilleadh nuair a bhíonn siad aibí, ag titim as a chéile chun na síolta a scaoileadh, murab ionann agus na catagóirí baineann adhmaid, cónach cosúil leis na catagóirí baineann.\nTá craiceann gach birch marcáilte go tréithúil le lenticels fada, cothrománach, agus is minic a scarann sé i bplátaí tanaí páipéir, go háirithe ar an birch páipéir. Tá sé resistant do sceitheadh, mar gheall ar an ola resinous ina bhfuil sé. Tugann a dath cinneadh na hainmneacha coitianta bocht, bán, dubh, airgid agus buí birch do speicis éagsúla.\nTá na buachaillí go luath agus tá siad lánfhásta faoi lár an tsamhraidh, tá siad go léir taobh, níl aon buachaill deiridh déanta; tá an brainse fadaithe ag an buachaill taobh uachtarach. Tá adhmad na speiceas go léir dlúth-ghranáilte le téacs satin, agus in ann glanadh fíneáil a dhéanamh; tá a luach breosla cothrom.\nBlóg agus torthaí\nTá na bláthanna monoecious, ag oscailt leis na duilleoga nó roimh na duilleoga agus a dhéantar nuair a bhíonn na duilleoga seo tar éis fás go hiomlán de ghnáth 36 miliméadar (0.120.24 in) ar fhad ar ghluasraí trí bhláthanna i n-aistritheoirí na scamaí de catkins nó aments droim nó seasta. Tá amantaí staminataí pendulous, clustered nó solitary in axils na duilleoga deireanach de bhrainse na bliana nó in aice le foircinn na mbrainse gearr taobh de bhrainse na bliana. Forbraíonn siad go luath san earrach agus fanann siad rigid i rith an gheimhridh. Tá scálaí na n-amant staminate nuair a bhíonn siad aibí go forleathan uibheach, cruinn, buí nó oráiste thíos sa lár, donn castain dorcha ag an mbarr. Tá dhá brachtle agus trí bhláthanna steiriliúla ag gach scála, agus tá calyx seisiúil, membranaceous, de ghnáth dhá-lobed, ag gach bláth. Tá ceithre shreangán gearr ag gach calyx le anthers aon-chill nó go docht, dhá shreangán roinnte ina dhá ghrainm, gach ceann acu ag leath-anthers. Osclaíonn cealla anther go lonracha. Tá na pistillate aments in airde nó pendulous, aonair; críochnaithe ar na brainseanna cosúil le spór taobh dhá-leafed na bliana. Tá na scamaill pistillate forleithne-oifásach, trí-lobed, buí-ghorm éadrom go minic tinted le dearg, ag éirí donn ag aibíocht. Tá dhá nó trí bhláth úllmhaire ag na scamaill seo, agus tá uibhealach nocht ag gach bláth. Tá an ovary comhbhrúite, dhá chealla, agus coróinithe le dhá stíleanna tanaí; tá an ovule ina aonar.\nIs minic a bhíonn birches ag teacht suas go cothrom ar ithir shoiléir, dea-dhraenáilte, go háirithe aigéadach. Meastar gur speiceas ceannródaíoch iad, ag coilíneáil talamh oscailte go tapa go háirithe i sraitheanna iarchéime darach tar éis cur isteach nó tine. Is speiceas crainn iad na birches a bunaítear go luath i gcúinsí príomhúla, agus is féidir leo a bheith ina bhagairt ar an bhfithis mura gcuirtear na síolta agus na seabhacáin faoi chois trí phásaíocht nó dóiteán tréimhsiúil. Is speiceas ísealchríocha iad birches de ghnáth, ach tá dáileadh montane ag roinnt speiceas, mar shampla Betula nana. Sna hOileáin Bhreataine, tá roinnt difríochta idir timpeallachtaí Betula pendula agus Betula pubescens, agus roinnt hibridiú, cé go bhfuil an dá cheann \"deiseanna i gcórais choille chobhsaíochta seasmhach\". Tá fungais mhicóiríseacha, lena n-áirítear micreathrú (ecto) micreathrú, le fáil i gcásanna áirithe chun a bheith tairbheach do fhás crann.\n- Betula albosinensisBéirín dearg na Síne (an Tuaisceart + lár na Síne)\n- Beirce (An tSín, na Himalaigh, an t-iarthair Indáine)\n- Betula ashburneri (Bhutan, Tibet, Sichuan, Yunnan Provinces sa tSín)\n- Betula baschkirica (an Rúis Oirtheorpach)\n- Betula bomiensis (Tibet)\n- Betula calcicola (Phróifísigh Sichuan + Yunnan sa tSín)\n- Betula celtiberica (an Spáinn)\n- Betula chichibuensis (réigiún Chichibu na Seapáine)\n- Betula chinensisBéirge dwarf Sínis (an tSín, an Chóiré)\n- Betula coriaceifolia (Uisbéiceastáin)\n- Betula corylifolia (Oileán Honshu sa tSeapáin)\n- Betula costata (nord-oirthear na Síne, an Chóiré, réigiún Primorye na Rúise)\n- Betula cylindrostachya (Himalaigh, an tSín theas, Mianma)\n- Betula dahurica (Oirthear na Sibéir, an Fhear-Oirthear na Rúise, an t-Oirthear Thuaidh na Síne, Mhongóil, an Chóiré, an tSeapáin)\n- Betula delavayi - (Tibet, deisceart na Síne)\n- Betula ermaniiBéirín Erman (Oirthear na Sibéir, an Fhear-Oirthear na Rúise, an tSeoirtheisceart na Síne, an Chóiré, an tSeapáin)\n- Betula falcata (Táidicistan)\n- Betula fargesii (Chongqing + Hubei Provinces sa tSín)\n- Betula fruticosa (Oirthear na Sibéir, an Fhear-Oirthear na Rúise, an t-Oirthear Thuaidh na Síne, Mhongóil, an Chóiré, an tSeapáin)\n- Betula globispica (Oileán Honshu sa tSeapáin)\n- Betula gmelinii (Sibiria, Mhongóil, an tSín thuaidh-os-thuaidh, an Chóiré, Oileán Hokkaido sa tSeapáin)\n- Betula grossaBéirch ceirise na Seapáine (an tSeapáin)\n- Betula gynoterminalis (Phróificsin Yunnan sa tSín)\n- Betula honanensis - (Phróificsin Henan sa tSín)\n- Betula humilis nó Betula kamtschatica Kamchatka birch platyphylla (an Eoraip thuaidh + lárnach, an tSibéir, an Chasacstáin, an Xinjiana, an Mhongóil, an Chóiré)\n- Betula insignis - (theas na Síne)\n- Betula karagandensis (Casaicstáin)\n- Betula klokovii (an Úcráin)\n- Betula kotulae (an Úcráin)\n- Betula litvinovii (an Tuirc, an Iaráin, an Chócaisc)\n- Betula luminifera (an tSín)\n- Beithín monarca Betula maximowiczii (an tSeapáin, Oileáin na Kuril)\n- Betula medwediewii Birch Caucasian (an Tuirc, an Iaráin, an Caucasus)\n- Betula megrelica (Phoblacht na Gréige)\n- Betula microphylla (Sibéir, Mhongóil, Xinjiang, an Chasacstáin, an Chirgíseachtan, an Úisbéiceastáin)\n- Beirín beag-dhuanach Betula (an Eoraip thuaidh agus lárnach, an Rúis, an tSibéir, an Ghraonlainn, Ceantair Thuaisceart Cheanada)\n- Betula pendula silver birch (a bhfuil scaipeadh go forleathan san Eoraip agus i dtuaisceart na hÁise; Maracó; a nádúróchadh sa Nua-Shéalainn agus áiteanna scaipthe sna Stáit Aontaithe agus i gCeanada)\n- Betula platyphylla (Betula pendula var. (Siberia, Far East na Rúise, Manchuria, Korea, an tSeapáin, Alaska, iarthar Cheanada)\n- Betula potamophila (Táidicistan)\n- Betula potaninii (deisceart na Síne)\n- Betula psammophila (Casaicstáin)\n- Beirce bán, Beirce bán na hEorpa nó Beirce gruaige (an Eoraip, an tSibéir, an Ghraonlainn, Nua-Thír Thír; a nádúrófar in áiteanna scaipthe sna Stáit Aontaithe)\n- Betula raddeana (Caucasus)\n- Betula saksarensis (réigiún Khakassiya na Sibéir)\n- Betula saviczii (Casaicstáin)\n- Betula schmidtii (nord-oirthear na Síne, an Chóiré, an tSeapáin, réigiún Primorye na Rúise)\n- Betula sunanensis (Ghearnóg Gansu na Síne)\n- Betula szechuanica (Betula pendula var. Sechuanica) Sichuan birch (Tibet, deisceart na Síne)\n- Betula tianshanica (Casaicstáin, Cairgisstáin, Taidsícstáin, Úisbéiceastáin, Xinjiang, Mhongóil)\n- Betula utilis Birch Himalayan (Afganastáin, Lár na hÁise, an tSín, an tSín, an Tíobht, na Himalaigh)\n- Betula wuyiensis (Phoibríochta Fujian na Síne)\n- Betula zinserlingii (an Chirgíse)\nTabhair faoi deara: tá B. pendula agus B. pubescens mearbhall i go leor téacsanna Meiriceánacha, cé gur speiceas ar leith iad le huimhreacha crómasóim éagsúla.\n- Cuimsíonn birches dúchasacha i Meiriceá Thuaidh\n- Betula alleghaniensis (B. lutea) (Oirthear Cheanada, na Lochlanna Móra, Oirthear Thuaisceart na SA, na hAppalacha)\n- Betula cordifolia birch páipéar sléibhe (an Ceanada thoir, na Lochlanna Móra, Oirthear na SA)\n- Betula glandulosaBéirge dwarf Meiriceánach (Sibéir, Mhongóil, an Fhar-Oirthear na Rúise, Alasca, Ceanada, an Ghraonlainn, sléibhte an iarthar na SA agus Shasana Nua, Aridondacks)\n- Betula lenta birch milis, birch criosach, nó birch dubh (Quebec, Ontario, oirthear na SA)\n- Betula michauxiiBéirín dwarf Newfoundland (Newfoundland, Labrador, Québec, Nova Scotia)\n- Beirce bán bán (an Ceanada thoir, sléibhte thuaidh na Sasana Nua agus Adirondacks)\n- Beirge beag-dhuanacha Betula nó beirge bog (san Eoraip Thuaidh agus san Áise freisin)\n- Beirce abhainn Betula nigra nó beirce dubh (an taobh thoir de na Stáit Aontaithe)\n- Beirce uisce nó beirce dearg (B. fontinalis) (Alaska, Yukon, Ceantair Thuaidh, iarthar Cheanada, iarthar na SA)\n- Betula papyrifera birch páipéar, birch canoe nó birch bán Mheiriceá (Alaska, an chuid is mó de Cheanada, i dtuaisceart na SA)\n- Betula populifoliabirtín liath (an Ceanada thoir, an Oirthuaisceart na SA)\n- Beirce (Alaska, Ceanada, Tuaisceart na SA)\nMar gheall ar chruacht Birch, is fearr é a mhúnlú le huirlisí cumhachta, mar go bhfuil sé deacair é a oibriú le huirlisí láimhe.\n- Tá adhmad birch grinn-fhiú agus bán, go minic le glanadh tarraingteach cosúil le satin. D'fhéadfadh go dtarlódh figiúirí ripple, ag méadú luach an adhmaid le haghaidh veneer agus maisiú troscáin. An birch Masur (nó Karelian) an-decorative, ó Betula verrucosa var. Tá an t-ábhar seo leagtha amach i gclár de na táirgí a úsáidtear chun an t-ábhar a chur ar fáil. Tá adhmad birch oiriúnach le haghaidh veneer, agus tá plátach birch i measc na plátaí pláta is láidre agus is cobhsaí ó thaobh na tomhais de, cé nach bhfuil sé oiriúnach le húsáid lasmuigh.\n- Déantar plátach Birch ó lámhacha de veneer birch. Tá sé éadrom ach láidir, agus tá go leor airíonna maithe eile aige. Úsáidtear plátach birch chun longboards (skateboard) a dhéanamh, rud a thugann turas láidir ach solúbtha dó. Úsáidtear é freisin (go minic i gcineálacha an-tinn le go leor laminations) chun samhlacha aerárthaí a dhéanamh.\n- Úsáidtear sliocht de bhéirce le haghaidh blas nó ola leathair, agus i gcósmála mar sheabán nó seampú. San am atá caite, rinneadh ola tráchtála de gheimhreadh (sailicealait meitile) ón bpíosa milis (Betula lenta).\n- Tá an t-ola dearbhtha nó an ola Rúiseach a bhaintear as craiceann an chréachta thermoplastach agus uiscedhíonach; baineadh úsáid as mar ghlue ar, mar shampla, saigheada, agus chun críocha leighis freisin.\n- Úsáidtear crainn bhuí de birch airgid i saunaí chun na matáin a scíth a ligean.\n- Tá baint ag an bpeirce freisin le féile na Pentecost sa Ghearmáin, i Lár agus in Oirthear na hEorpa, agus sa Rúis, áit a n-úsáidtear a chuid brainsí mar mhaisiú do eaglaisí agus do theachanna an lá seo.\n- Úsáidtear duilleoga birch chun tae diuretic agus sliocht a dhéanamh le haghaidh dathanna agus cosmaidí.\n- Úsáidtear craiceann birch talún, a fhéimintear in uisce farraige, chun seilíní uachtar, cainb nó líonta agus rópa cainb bhoid traidisiúnta na hIorua a séasúrú.\n- Bhí crainn birch ceangailte i búnt, ar a dtugtar birch freisin, a úsáidtear le haghaidh birching, cineál pionós coirp.\n- Bhí luach mór ag go leor de na hIndiaigh i Meiriceá Thuaidh ar an mbéirc as a chraiceann, a d'úsáid go minic mar gheall ar a mheáchan éadrom, a solúbthacht, agus an éascaíocht a d'fhéadfaí é a bhaint as crainn thit, chun canoes, boils, agus wigwams láidir, uiscedhíonach ach éadrom a thógáil.\n- An Hughes H-4 Hercules a rinneadh den chuid is mó de adhmad birch, in ainneoin a moniker níos fearr ar a dtugtar, \"An Spruce Goose\".\n- Shonraigh an BBC go raibh plátach Birch mar an t-aon adhmad is féidir a úsáid chun caibinéid an labhraí LS3 / 5A fad-saoil a dhéanamh.\n- Úsáidtear birch mar fhiodh dóite mar gheall ar a luach calórach ard in aghaidh an aonaid meáchain agus an aonaid toirte. Tá sé ag dóite go maith, gan popping, fiú nuair a reoite agus úr-chlóite. Déanfaidh an craiceann dóite go han-mhaith fiú nuair a bheidh sé fliuch mar gheall ar na olaí atá ann. Le cúram, is féidir é a scoilt i bpáipéir an-tinn a thiocfaidh chun bheith ag lasadh fiú ón sparks is lú.\n- Is deoch traidisiúnta é saothra Birch i dTuaisceart na hEorpa, sa Rúis, agus i dTuaisceart na Síne. Déantar an seip a bhuidéil agus a dhíol go tráchtála freisin. Is féidir an t-aiste birch a úsáid chun síoróip birch a dhéanamh, a úsáidtear cosúil le síoróip maple le haghaidh pancóga agus waffles. Is féidir adhmad birch a úsáid chun bianna a chaitheamh.\n- Úsáidtear síolta birch mar chréagán duilleoga i múnlaí talún mionleibhéil.\n- Is é \"Flóirí Birch\" an t-ainm margaíochta Béarla do na catkins de chrann Broussonetia luzonica. Ar a dtugtar himbabao nó alukon sna hOileáin Fhilipíneacha, úsáidtear na bláthanna seo go coitianta i gcistin thuaidh Luzon. Mar sin féin, in ainneoin a n-ainm Béarla agus cuma comhchosúil a bhláthanna, níl B. luzonica i dteagmháil ar chor ar bith leis an mbéirc.\n- Úsáidtear ola Birch i ndéantúsaíocht leathar na Rúise, leathar atá frithsheasmhach don uisce.\n- Tá craiceann birch ard i bétúlín agus aigéad betulinic, fíteachimiceáin a bhfuil acmhainn acu mar chógaisíochta, agus ceimiceáin eile a léiríonn dóchas mar shreamhachtaí tionsclaíocha.\n- Úsáidtear buds Birch i leigheas tíre.\n- Is féidir craiceann birch a shimpliú go dtí go mbeidh sé taise in uisce, agus ansin a bheith i bhfoirm i gcostas do lámh bhriste.\n- Is féidir an craiceann istigh de birch a ingest sábháilte.\n- I léirsí thuaidh, meastar go bhfuil an birch ar an pollán crainn ailléirgeanach is tábhachtaí, agus meastar go bhfuil 15-20% de dhaoine atá ag fulaingt ó thitim an fhiabhras íogair do ghráin pollen birch. Is próitéin ar a dtugtar Bet v I an príomh-ailléirgín.\nTugann púpl adhmaid a dhéantar as birch snáithíní réasúnta fada agus tanaí do chrann crua. Mar gheall ar na ballaí tanaí, bíonn an snáithín ag titim nuair a bhíonn sé ag triomú, rud a thugann páipéar le mórcháilíocht íseal agus le neamh-thrédhearcacht íseal. Tá na snáithíní birch, áfach, go héasca fibrillated agus a thabhairt faoi 75% den neart teannadh de adhmad bog. Tá an opacity íseal ann agus is féidir é a úsáid chun glasín a dhéanamh.\nSa India, tá tábhacht mhór stairiúil ag an mbéirc (Sanskrit) i gcultúr na hIndia Thuaidh, áit a raibh an craiceann tanaí a thiteann as sa gheimhreadh in úsáid go forleathan mar pháipéar scríbhneoireachta. Tá páipéar birch (Sanskrit) thar a bheith marthanach agus ba é an t-ábhar a úsáidtear le haghaidh go leor téacsanna ársa na hIndia. Baineadh úsáid as an bpíosaí Vindolanda ón tréimhse Rómhánach freisin mar ábhar ar a raibh scríbhneoireacht agus craiceann bpíosa a úsáidtear go forleathan sa Rúis ársa mar pháipéar nótaí (beresta) agus chun críocha maisiúcháin agus fiú bróga a dhéanamh.\nTá an birch Bhaltach ar cheann de na crainn is mó a bhfuil éileamh orthu i ndéantúsaíocht caibinéid cainteoirí. Tá cumhrán nádúrtha ag Birch a shroicheann an buaicphointe sna minicíochtaí ard agus íseal, agus is iad sin na minicíochtaí is deacra le hathchóirithe ag cainteoirí. Cuireann an réamhrá seo le haghaidh an rollaigh-de na minicíochtaí íseal agus ard sna cainteoirí, agus cuireann sé an t-uimhir in aon dul. Tá a fhios ag Birch go bhfuil \"EQ nádúrtha\" aige. http://www.soundonsound.com/sos/1996_articles/feb96/eq.html\nIs minic a dhéantar drumaí as birch. Roimh na 1970idí, ba é ceann de na coillte tromlach is mó a tóir air. Mar gheall ar an ngá le níos mó toirte agus soiléire lárraon, rinneadh drumaí beagnach go hiomlán ó mhapaill go dtí le déanaí, nuair a cheadaigh dul chun cinn i neartú fuaime beo agus micreafóin drumaí úsáid birch i gcásanna ardtoirte. Tá borradh nádúrtha ag drumaí Birch sna minicíochtaí arda agus íseal, rud a ligeann do na drumaí fuaim níos iomláine a thabhairt.\nUaireanta úsáidtear adhmad birch mar adhmad ton do chomhlachtaí giotár leath-aicmeach agus fuaimeach, agus ó am go ham do chomhlachtaí giotár comhlacht soladach. Is ábhar coitianta é freisin a úsáidtear i mallets le haghaidh buille clasaiceach.\n- Tá tábhacht spioradálta ag birches i roinnt reiligiúin, nua-aimseartha agus stairiúla araon.\n- I gcultúir Cheilteach, siombailíonn an birch fás, athnuachan, cobhsaíocht, tionscnamh agus oiriúnaitheacht. Tá an birch an-chomhfhorbailte agus in ann a bheith in ann na coinníollacha crua a choimeád ar bun le neamhchinnteacht ócáideach. Léirítear an fhianaise ar an gcumas oiriúnaithe seo ina chumas éasca agus díograiseach chun limistéir a ndearnadh damáiste dóibh le tinte foraoise nó le glanadh foraoise a athshlánú.\n- Tagann an focal Seiceach do mhí an Mhárta, Březen, ón bhfocal Seiceach bříza a chiallaíonn birch, mar go bhfuil crainn birch ag bláthú i mí an Mhárta faoi choinníollacha áitiúla.\n- Tá baint acu freisin leis an Tír na nÓg, talamh na marbh agus an Sidhe, i dtóir phoiblí na Gaeltachta, agus mar sin feictear iad go minic i amhráin agus i bballaí tíre na hAlban, na hÉireann agus na Breataine i gcomhar le bás, nó le féirí, nó le filleadh ón tuama.\n- Is é freisin crann stáit New Hampshire.\n- Robert Frost, ina file Meiriceánach, tugann ómós do ghníomh na climbing crann birch i gceann de na dánta is cáiliúla aige, \"Birches\".\n- I gcathair na Sualainne Umeå, tá áit speisialta ag an gcrann birch airgid. Sa bhliain 1888, scaipeadh tine chathair Umeå ar fud na cathrach agus chaill sé beagnach é go dtí an talamh, ach is dócha gur chuir roinnt birches stop le scaipeadh an tine. Chun an chathair a chosaint i gcoinne tine amach anseo, chinntear crainn birch airgid a phlandaí ar fud na cathrach. Ina dhiaidh sin ghlac Umeå an t-ainm neamhoifigiúil \"Cath na Birches (Björkarnas stad)\". Chomh maith leis sin, tugtar Björklöven ar fhoireann haca oighir Umeå, a aistrítear go Béarla \"The Birch Leaves\".\n- Crann Náisiúnta na Fionlainne agus na Rúise.\n- Úsáidtear duilleoga an chrainn birch airgid i féile Naomh Eoghain, a reáchtáiltear i Novosej agus i sráidbhailte eile san Albáin.\n- Leabhar Gairdín an Iarthair, 1995: 606 607\n- Ashburner, K. & McAllister, H.A. (2013). An ghéineas Betula: athbhreithniú tacsainómach ar bhéircheanna: 1-431. Gairdíní Bótánacha Ríoga, Kew.\n- Keeler, Harriet L. (1900). Ár Crann Dúchasach agus Conas iad a Aithint. Nua-Eabhrac: Charles Scriber's Sons. pp. 295297.\n- Birches. (A Symposium, Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh 24-26 Meán Fómhair 1982. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, 85B, 11 Meán Fómhair 1984.\n- \"Bird\". Iris Wood. Arna óstáil ar 1 Nollaig, 2013.\n- \"Bird Tar Conas é a bhailiú\". Archaithe ón bhunaidh ar 27 Feabhra, 2008.\n- Prakel, David (Lúnasa 1979). \"Seirbhís Baile an BBC\", Freagraí Hi-Fi, pp679 (Cliceáil le haird)\n- Joyce, Daniel. - Tá sé ceart go leor. \"Bíoraí Síol Birch\". reapermini.com.\n- Grygus, Andrew. - Tá sé ceart go leor. \"Alokon\". Gairdín Clove.\n- White Birch American Cancer Society (cancer.org)\n- William Arthur Clark (Eanáir 1, 1937). \"Scéal na Cóireála ar Chroí go dtí an Séú haois déag\". An Iris um Míchirurgia Cnámh agus Comhpháirteacha (Needham, MA, SAM: The Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery, Inc.) 19 (1): 6162.\nBa é an modh eile a luaitear ná splints a rinneadh de chraiceann birch a bhí curtha i uisce go dtí go raibh siad go leor bog. Ansin, cuireadh na cnámha go cúramach ar an mbéal agus baintear iad le stronganna de chré. Nuair a thriomú, tháinig siad crua agus daingean. Níl aon taifead ann go raibh úsáid á bhaint as an síneadh, ach, mar sin féin, ní raibh ach an-bheagán Indiach criptithe agus míchruinn le feiceáil.\n- Nanko, Hiroki; Button, Alan; Hillman, Dave (2005). An Domhan an Phlúthmhargaidh. USA: WOMP, LLC. pp. 192195. ISBN 0-615-13013-5.\n- Sanjukta Gupta, \"Lakṣmī Tantra: A Pāñcarātra Text\", Brill Archive, 1972, ISBN 90-04-03419-6. Snippet:... molann an téacs gur chóir craiceann crann birch Himalayan (bhurja-patra) a úsáid chun mantraí a scribble ...\n- Amalananda Ghosh, \"Einseiclopóid de Ailtireacht Indiach\", BRILL, 1990, ISBN 90-04-09264-1. Snippet:... Bhurja-patra, an craiceann istigh ar an crann birch a fhásann sa réigiún Himalayan, bhí ábhar scríbhneoireachta an-choitianta ...\n- \"Ceiliúradh traidisiúnta i Novosej\". RASP. A fuarthas ar 28 Lúnasa, 2013.\n- Flora Mheiriceá Thuaidh: Betula\n- Flora na Síne: Betula\n- Grimshaw, John (2009). Crann Nua, Tús le feirmeoireacht le déanaí. Foilsitheoir Kew, RBG Kew. pp. 163174.\nTá meáin ag Wikimedia Commons a bhaineann le Betula.\nTá faisnéis ag Wikispecies a bhaineann le: Betula\n- Family Tree Betulaceae Grianghraf diagnóiseach de go leor speiceas, speiceas Morton Arboretum\n- Eichhorn, Markus (Iúil 2010). \"An Crann Birch\". Tiúb tástála. Brady Haran d'Ollscoil Nottingham."} {"text": "The word “CANDON” comes from “Kandong,” the name given by the natives to a big tree in the village around which life, culture and beauty centered.\nThis village, so the legend says, was ruled by three local chieftains: ABAY-A, MADALANG and KALINIO. Madalang chose as his abode the shade of this gargantuan tree and lived there with his only daughter, the beautiful Ineng. Abaya and Kalinio for their part lived with their tribes in caves somewhere in Kadanglaan and Kauplasan, respectively.\n“I am growing old fast, Ineng,” Madalang said to his daughter. “One day I wish to see you married before Kabunyan calls me to the great beyond. But my child, I would only want a son-in-law who could defeat me in “Gabbu” (wrestling). What do you say, Ineng?” Ineng could only answer sobbing, “I submit to your wishes, dear father.”\nAnd so one day, after the “Kaniaw” was over, the sound of gongs, cymbals and gangza intermingled and reverberated far and wide. Subsequently, the ruling junta composed of elders issued the announcement regarding the wrestling competition.\nIt was Abaya who first took the challenge. At the sound of the cymbal, the protagonists fought savagely like wild beasts. By some bad luck, Abay-a in his unguarded moment stumbled over a root of a Kandong Tree and lost his balance. Madalang took advantage of the situation and mercilessly sent Abay-a reeling to the ground with several broken ribs. That was the end of the bout.\nThree weeks passed, and this time, Kalinio who was reputed to possess extraordinary strength took up the challenge. Just then, a crow going for its mate flew carelessly overhead as if to augur the impending disaster that would follow. Moments later, the fight began and both protagonists stood their grounds, and each manifested signs of being victorious.\nMadalang who was reputed to be the strongest man in the village, tried his old ruse to send Kalinio off balance but was outwitted by his elusive foe. At the end, Kalinio emerged as the winner. So Ineng was married to victorious Kalinio.\nJust as the celebration was going on, the Spanish conquistadores, who were on their way to colonize Northern Luzon, passed by and attacked the merrymakers. Some offered futile resistance, while others fled in confusion and fear.\nSubsequently, the friars assigned in this village ordered the cutting of the Kandong Tree and in its place was planted the first cross of evangelization. The timbers taken from the tree were used in the construction of the first Roman Catholic Church in the 16th century.\nAccording to tradition, when the colonizers set foot upon this place and inquired as to its name, the natives answered, “KANDONG,” referring to the tree. Since that time on, the place came to be called CANDON.\n- CREATION OF THE MUNICIPALITY\nThe municipality was created in 1780 upon the installation of the first civil government under the Cabeza de Barangay, Don Juan P. Madarang by His Eminence, D. Mariano de Conquera, an Agustinian Friar.\nLike other towns, Candon has its own history and foremeost among them is the Candon uprising popularly known as the “IKKIS TI CANDON,” as a response to the abuses and oppression perpetrated by the Spaniards.\nThe failure of the “Cry of Pugad Lawin” and “Pact of Biak-na-Bato” prompted Don Isabelo Abaya to organize a revolutionary group in preparation for the renewal of hostilities.\nHowever, the premature discovery of the plot forced the revolutionaries to act swiftly and on March 25, 1898, the revolutionaries declared war against the Spaniards and established a revolutionary government in Candon.\nUpon learning that the revolutionaries were busy conquering more towns, the Spaniards sent shock troops (CAZADORES) to re-occupy Candon. The town fell due to the numerically superior and better armed Spanish soldiers. Most of the leaders and participants in the uprising who surrendered were arrested and were summarily executed.\nDuring the Japanese occupation, the gallant exploits of Candonino V. Gaerlan demonstrated the bravery and patriotism of the Candonians. In 1942, with a handful of followers, he staged an ambush and subsequently destroyed the Alambique steel bridge to impede the advancement of the enemies. Several truckloads of Japanese forces and supplies perished along the national highway. In retaliation, however, the remnants of the Japanese soldiers razed the town proper in January 1942 resulting in what is considered the greatest conflagration in the history of Candon. Also, countless atrocities were committed by the Imperial Forces in the Gabaldon School until November 1944.\n- LOCAL EVENTS IN RETROSPECT\nThe cemetery yard in the Catholic Church located south of the Poblacion area was constructed in 1797. Famine swept through the town from 1881 to 1882. A swarm of locusts never known in the history of Candon plagued the place in 1890. The tragic cholera epidemic took place in the year 1902. The cogon roofing of the church tower was burned in 1750.\n- R.A. 9018: THE CITY OF CANDON\nAfter the very successful celebration of the 100th Anniversary of the historic “Cry of Candon” in 1998, Congressman Eric D. Singson filed a bill in the 10th Congress seeking to convert the Municipality of Candon into a component city of Ilocos Sur.\nAt that time the province of Ilocos Sur still had no city. Candon, being the foremost trading center in the second district of Ilocos Sur, showed great potential in leading the locality with economic progress and social development.\nAlready a 2nd Class Municipality with an average income of P42 Million, Candon’s conversion into a city would mean more progress and development for the Candonian people and for the Province of Ilocos Sur. So a vigorous campaign was launched in both houses of congress. Unfortunately, the aspirations of the people for their beloved Candon to become the first city of Ilocos Sur were frustrated by some opposition and politics.\nIn the 11th Congress, then Congresswoman Grace G. Singson re-filed the Candon Cityhood bill and eventually succeeded to have it passed into law as R.A. 9018.\nIn a plebiscite conducted on March 28, 2001, RA 9018 was ratified overwhelmingly by the people of Candon. On May 5, 2001, R.A. 9018 was signed by Her Excellency President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo and House Speaker Sonny Belmonte at the Malacañang Palace.\nTo this day, the City of Candon maintains a steady course of progress and development as the recognized leader in the second District of Ilocos Sur. Banking on a well-educated, highly-competitive and hardworking citizenry, under the leadership of efficient and honorable city officials, Candon has earned its titles as the “Premier City in Southern Ilocos”, “Heart of Ilocandia”, Gateway to the Cordilleras and Ilocos”, and the uncontested “Tobacco Capital of the Philippines.”\n- HISTORICAL TIMELINE\nMalay settlers established a fishing and hunting community ruled by tribal elders who held court under a legendary and gigantic “Kandong” tree.\nSpaniards from Vigan town expanded their territory to the south including this town. When they asked the natives the name of the place, the locals not understanding the language thought they were asking the name of the tree; so they told the invaders the name “Kandong.”\nLate 16th to 19th century\nCandon was established as a town following the felling of the great “Kandong” tree whose lumber was used to construct the Church Bell Tower as a strategy to convert the locals into Catholicism\nMarch 25, 1898\nDon Isabelo Abaya, the local hero, banded with a handful of Candonians to fight the Spaniards at dawn in the now famous “Ikkis ti Candon” (Cry of Candon). His group successfully entered the Municipal Cazadores to affect a Spanish surrender and declared Candon as an independent republic, a full three months before the Philippine national uprising in Biak na Bato.\nMay 3, 1900\nDon Isabelo Abaya continued his fight as Comandante against the Americans after the Spaniards were vanquished by General Manuel Tinio’s brigade. He died as a prisoner of war in the hands of the Americans.\nJanuary 19, 1942\nCandonino Gaerlan ambushed several truckloads of Japanese soldiers at the Gabaldon signaling another triumphant uprising by a local against the heavily armed foreign invaders.\nCentennial celebration of Don Isabelo Abaya’s “Ikkis Ti Candon” (Cry of Candon) topped by Candon’s bid to become a component City.\nMarch 28, 2001\nPlebiscite results confirm Republic Act 9018 converting the town of Candon as the new component City of the Province of Ilocos Sur", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-45", "url": "https://candoncity.gov.ph/local-history-of-candon/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107888931.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20201025100059-20201025130059-00328.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9664416909, "token_count": 2028, "score": 2.71875, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Tagann an focal CANDON ó Kandong, an t-ainm a thug na dúchasaigh ar chrann mór sa sráidbhaile a raibh saol, cultúr agus áilleacht dírithe timpeall air.\nAn sráidbhaile seo, mar a deir an finscéal, bhí trí cheannasaí áitiúla á rialú aige: ABAY-A, MADALANG agus KALINIO. Madalang roghnaigh mar a áit chónaithe an scáth an crann gargantuan agus bhí cónaí ann lena iníon amháin, an Ineng álainn. Bhí Abaya agus Kalinio ina gcónaí lena gcuid treibheanna i gcluichí áit éigin i Kadanglaan agus Kauplasan, faoi seach.\n\"Tá mé ag dul in aois go tapa, Ineng\", a dúirt Madalang lena iníon. Aon lá amháin ba mhaith liom a fheiceáil tú pósta sula Kabunyan glaonna dom go dtí an níos mó mór. Ach mo leanbh, Ba mhaith liom ach mac-i-dlí a d'fhéadfadh defeat dom i Gabbu (cathrú). Cad a deir tú, Ineng? Ní fhéadfadh Ineng ach freagra a thabhairt ag caoineadh, Táim ag cur faoi do mhianta, a athair. \nAgus mar sin lá amháin, tar éis an Kaniaw a bheith críochnaithe, an fuaim de gongs, cymbals agus gangza intermingled agus reverberated i bhfad agus leathan. Ina dhiaidh sin, d'eisigh an junta rialaithe a bhí comhdhéanta d'aithreacha an fógra maidir leis an gcomórtas wrestling.\nBa é Abaya a ghlac an dúshlán ar dtús. Ag fuaim an cymbal, throid na príomhcharachtair go fiáin cosúil le beithigh fiáine. Trí droch-ádh, thit Abay-a i nóiméad neamhchúramach ar fhréamh crann Kandong agus chaill sé a chothromaíocht. D'úsáid Madalang an cás agus chuir sé Abay-a gan trócaire ag casadh ar an talamh le roinnt cófra briste. Ba é sin deireadh an boité.\nD'imigh trí sheachtain, agus an uair seo, ghlac Kalinio a raibh cáil air go raibh neart neamhghnách aige leis an dúshlán. Díreach ansin, bhí corn ag dul ar a chéile ag eitilt thar a cheann gan aird amhail is dá mba rud é go raibh an tubaiste atá le teacht a bheadh le teacht. Amanna ina dhiaidh sin, thosaigh an troid agus sheas an dá phríomhcharachtar a gcuid cúiseanna, agus léirigh gach duine comharthaí a bheith buaite.\nRinne Madalang, a raibh cáil air mar an fear is láidre sa sráidbhaile, iarracht ar a sean-scéal Kalinio a chur as cothromaíocht ach bhí a namhaid dochreidte níos mó ná a chuid. Sa deireadh, tháinig Kalinio amach mar an buaiteoir. Mar sin bhí Ineng pósta le Kalinio buaiteora.\nDíreach mar a bhí an ceiliúradh ar siúl, chuaigh na Conquistadores Spáinnis, a bhí ar a mbealach chun coilíneacht a dhéanamh ar Thuaisceart Luzon, thart agus thug siad ionsaí ar na daoine a bhí ag déanamh ceiliúradh. D'éirigh cuid acu go huathoibríoch, agus theith cuid eile i mbrú agus i eagla.\nIna dhiaidh sin, d'ordaigh na fraince a ceapadh sa sráidbhaile seo Crann Kandong a ghearradh agus in a áit plandáilte an chéad chros soiscéalaithe. Baineadh na tréithe a tógadh ón gcrann sin chun an chéad Eaglais Chaitliceach Rómhánach a thógáil sa 16ú haois.\nDe réir an traidisiúin, nuair a chuir na coilíneoirí a cosa ar an áit seo agus d'fhiafraigh siad de a ainm, d'fhreagair na dúchasaigh, KANDONG, ag tagairt don chrann. Ón am sin i leith, tugadh CANDON ar an áit.\n- CRUÍOCHTÚ NA COMHAONTA\nCruthaíodh an bardais i 1780 ar shuiteáil an chéad rialtas sibhialta faoi Cabeza de Barangay, Don Juan P. Madarang ag a Eminence, D. Mariano de Conquera, Friar Agustinian.\nCosúil le bailte eile, tá a stair féin ag Candon agus is é an ceann is mó díobh ná an t-ardú Candon ar a dtugtar go coitianta mar an IKKIS TI CANDON, mar fhreagra ar na mí-úsáidí agus ar an éagothroime a rinne na Spáinnigh.\nChuir teip ar Cry of Pugad Lawin agus Pact of Biak-na-Bato Don Isabelo Abaya chun grúpa réabhlóideach a eagrú mar ullmhúchán do athnuachan na n-easaontais.\nMar sin féin, chuir fionnachtana roimh am ar an gcómhairle na réabhlóideach chun gníomhú go tapa agus ar an 25 Márta, 1898, dhearbhaigh na réabhlóideach cogadh i gcoinne na Spáinnigh agus bhunaigh siad rialtas réabhlóideach i Candon.\nNuair a fuair na Spáinnigh amach go raibh na réabhlóideach gnóthach ag conquering níos mó cathracha, chuir siad trúpaí buille (CAZADORES) chun Candon a ath-ghnóthaigh. Thit an baile mar gheall ar na saighdiúirí Spáinneacha a bhí níos fearr go huimhriúil agus níos fearr armtha. Gabhadh an chuid is mó de na ceannairí agus na rannpháirtithe sa éirí amach a thug suas agus cuireadh chun báis iad go hachomair.\nLe linn na hoibríochta Seapáine, léirigh feachtais gallant Candonino V. Gaerlan misneach agus tírghrá na Candonians. Sa bhliain 1942, le dornán leanúna, rinne sé léim agus ina dhiaidh sin scrios sé droichead cruach Alambique chun bac a chur ar dhul chun cinn na naimhde. Chailleadh roinnt trucailí a bhí lán de na fórsaí agus soláthairtí Seapánacha ar feadh an mhórbhealaigh náisiúnta. Mar aisíocaíocht, áfach, d'fhuascail na saighdiúirí Seapánacha an baile i mí Eanáir 1942 agus mar thoradh air sin an tinte is mó i stair Candon. Chomh maith leis sin, rinne na Fórsaí Impiriúla atrocities gan áireamh i Scoil Gabaldon go dtí Samhain 1944.\n- Tuairimí Áitiúla\nTógadh an cúlchill choirp sa Eaglais Chaitliceach atá suite ó dheas den cheantar Poblacion i 1797. Bhí ocras ar fud na cathrach ó 1881 go 1882. Bhí slua locust nár aithníodh riamh i stair Candon ag plágaíocht an áit i 1890. Tharla an eipidéim choiléir tragóideach sa bhliain 1902. D'ól an díon cogon ar thóir an eaglais i 1750.\n- R.A. 9018: An Chathair CANDON\nTar éis ceiliúradh an-rathúil ar 100ú Bliantúil Cry of Candon stairiúil i 1998, chuir an Comhdháil Eric D. Singson bille isteach sa 10ú Comhdháil ag iarraidh Bardas Candon a thiontú ina chathair chomhpháirteach de Ilocos Sur.\nAg an am sin, ní raibh cathair ag an gcathair Ilocos Sur fós. Léirigh Candon, mar an t-ionad trádála is mó sa dara ceantar de Ilocos Sur, acmhainn mhór chun an áit a threorú le dul chun cinn eacnamaíoch agus forbairt shóisialta.\nTá an Candon ina bhFórsa 2ú Rang cheana féin le meán-ioncam de P42 milliún, agus ciallaíonn a thiontú go cathair níos mó dul chun cinn agus forbairt do mhuintir Candonian agus do Chúige Ilocos Sur. Mar sin, seoladh feachtas láidir sa dá theach den chomhdháil. Ar an drochuair, chuir roinnt freasúra agus polaitíocht frustrachas ar mhianta na ndaoine go mbeadh a n-Candon beloved mar an chéad chathair de Ilocos Sur.\nSa 11ú Comhdháil, d'ath-chomhdail an tUasal Uachtarán Grace G. Singson an bille Candon Cityhood agus d'éirigh leis ar deireadh é a rith ina dhlí mar R.A. 9018.\nI pléibistíocht a rinneadh an 28 Márta, 2001, daingnigh muintir Candon RA 9018 go mór. Ar 5 Bealtaine, 2001, shínigh a Uachtaráin Gloria Macapagal Arroyo agus Cainteoir na Tí Sonny Belmonte R.A. 9018 i bPalais Malacañang.\nGo dtí an lá atá inniu ann, coinníonn Cathair Candon cúrsa seasmhach dul chun cinn agus forbartha mar an ceannaire aitheanta sa dara Ceantar de Ilocos Sur. Ag brath ar shaoránaigh dea-oideachas, an-iomaíoch agus dícheallach, faoi cheannaireacht oifigeach cathrach éifeachtach agus onóracha, tá Candon tar éis a teidil a thuilleamh mar an Premier City in Southern Ilocos, Heart of Ilocandia, Gateway to the Cordilleras agus Ilocos, agus an Tobacco Capital of the Philippines gan amhras.\n- TREOIRLEACHTAÍ TIRISCEALACH\nBhunaigh lonnaitheoirí Malaeis pobail iascaireachta agus fiach a bhí faoi rialú ag seanóirí treibhe a bhí i mbun cúirte faoi chrann Kandong legendary agus ollmhór.\nMhair na Spáinnigh ó bhaile Vigan a gcríoch go dtí an deisceart lena n-áirítear an chathair seo. Nuair a d'iarr siad ar na dúchasaigh ainm an áit, shíl na háitritheoirí nach raibh an teanga á thuiscint acu go raibh siad ag iarraidh ainm na craoibhe; mar sin dúirt siad leis na ionsaitheoirí an t-ainm Kandong.\nDeireadh an 16ú haois go dtí an 19ú haois\nBunaíodh Candon mar bhaile tar éis crapadh crainn mhór Kandong a úsáideadh a chuid fiodh chun Túr Bell na hEaglaise a thógáil mar straitéis chun na háitritheoirí a thiontú go Caitliceachas\n25 Márta, 1898\nChuaigh Don Isabelo Abaya, an laoch áitiúil, le dornán de Candonians chun troid leis na Spáinnigh ag breacadh na gréine sa Ikkis ti Candon (Crio Candon) cáiliúil anois. Tháinig a ghrúpa isteach go rathúil i gCazadores Bardasacha chun tionchar a imirt ar ghéilleadh na Spáinne agus dhearbhaigh siad Candon mar phoblacht neamhspleách, trí mhí iomlán roimh éirí amach náisiúnta na hOileáin Fhilipíneacha i Biak na Bato.\n3 Bealtaine, 1900\nLean Don Isabelo Abaya ar aghaidh lena throid mar Comandante i gcoinne na Meiriceánaigh tar éis do bhriogáid an Ghinéarail Manuel Tinio na Spáinnigh a shárú. Fuair sé bás mar phríosúnach cogaidh i lámha na Meiriceánaigh.\n19 Eanáir, 1942\nChuir Candonino Gaerlan ambush ar roinnt trucailí saighdiúirí Seapánacha ag an Gabaldon ag comharthaú ar éirí amach buailte eile ag áitiúil i gcoinne na n-ionsaitheoirí eachtracha trom-armtha.\nCeiliúradh céad bliain Don Isabelo Abaya Ikkis Ti Candon (Cry of Candon) a bhí ar bharr tairiscint Candon chun bheith ina Chathair chomhpháirteach.\n28 Márta, 2001\nDeimhníonn torthaí an phléibisicte Acht an Phoblachta 9018 ag athrú baile Candon mar an comhpháirt nua Cathrach de Chúige Ilocos Sur"} {"text": "macOS includes an application called Network Utility. This means that you do not need to download or install this app. This app provides a variety of handy networking tools and details. You can use this tool for variety of purposes, from troubleshooting a connection to looking up information.\nHow to find Network Utility:\nThere are two ways to open Network Utility.\nThe official path for the app is:\nTo open this folder, go to Finder, and click Go and Go To Folder and enter the path above and hit Go:\nAnd then click Network Utility\nIf you are running an older version of macOS (OS X Mountain Lion, Lion, and Snow Leopard), then go to Finder> Applications > Utilities.\nYou can also open Spotlight by pressing Command-Space bar and type Network Utility to search and launch this app.\nNetwork Utility lets you view information about your network connections:\nThe followings are the tools included in Network Utility.\nNetstat: This means Network Statistics. You can use this tool to display very detailed information about all the active network connections (incoming and outgoing) on your Mac.\nThere are four options here and they are:\n- Display routing table information\n- Display comprehensive network statistics for each protocol\n- Display multicast information\n- Display the state of all current socket connections\nYou need to select one, and then click the blue “Netstat” button:\nPing: This tool lets you test the reachability of your Mac on an Internet Protocol (IP) network.\nYou need to enter an IP number (like 10.0.2.1) or URL (like macreports.com). You have also the option of sending only a selected number (like 10) of pings or unlimited number of pings. And then click the yellow Ping button:\nLookup: This tool will let you test your DNS server. Simply enter an Internet address and then click Lookup.\nTraceroute: This will let you trace network traffic paths.\nSimply enter the IP address or domain name and click Trace. It may take up to a minute for the results.\nWhois: You check a domain’s whois information. This will let you review the ownership and tenure of a domain name. So you can review who registered and owns a domain name, including their contact information. Simply enter a domain name address and and then select a whois server to search. Then click Whois.\nFinger: You can use this to find information about computer users. Simply enter a username and domain address to do this test:\nPort Scan: This tool will let you check for open TCP/IP ports, ports 1 through 65535. Simply enter an Internet address to do this test:\nYour Mac’s Network Utility is a basic but offers handy networking tools.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-45", "url": "https://macreports.com/how-to-use-network-utility-on-mac/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107869933.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20201020050920-20201020080920-00239.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8389954567, "token_count": 578, "score": 2.578125, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Cuimsíonn macOS feidhmchlár ar a dtugtar Utility Líonra. Ciallaíonn sé seo nach gá duit an aip seo a íoslódáil nó a shuiteáil. Soláthraíonn an aip seo uirlisí agus sonraí líonraithe áisiúla éagsúla. Is féidir leat an uirlis seo a úsáid chun críocha éagsúla, ó réiteach fadhbanna nasc go faisnéis a chuardach.\nConas an Fóntais Líonra a fháil:\nTá dhá bhealach ann chun Fóntais Líonra a oscailt.\nIs é an bealach oifigiúil don aip:\nChun an fillteán seo a oscailt, téigh go Finder, agus cliceáil Téigh agus Téigh go Filteán agus cuir isteach an cosán thuas agus cliceáil Téigh:\nAgus ansin cliceáil ar Úsáideoireacht Líonra\nMá tá leagan níos sine de macOS á reáchtáil agat (OS X Mountain Lion, Lion, agus Snow Leopard), téigh ansin go Finder> Applications > Utilities.\nIs féidir leat Spotlight a oscailt freisin trí bhrú a chur ar bharra Command-Space agus Utility Líonra a chlóscríobh chun an aip seo a chuardach agus a sheoladh.\nLigeann Úsáideoireacht Líonra duit faisnéis a fheiceáil faoi do cheangail líonra:\nSeo a leanas na huirlisí atá san áireamh i nÚsáideoireacht Líonra.\nNetstat: ciallaíonn sé sin Staitisticí Líonra. Is féidir leat an uirlis seo a úsáid chun faisnéis an-imríomhaithe a thaispeáint faoi naisc líonra gníomhacha go léir (teagmhála agus imeacht) ar do Mac.\nTá ceithre rogha ann agus is iad seo:\n- faisnéis a thaispeáint i dtaibhlín ródaithe\n- Staitisticí líonra cuimsitheacha a thaispeáint do gach prótacal\n- faisnéis ilchraolta a thaispeáint\n- Léiríonn sé stádas na nascanna soicéad reatha go léir\nNí mór duit ceann a roghnú, agus ansin cliceáil ar an gcnaipe gorm Netstat:\nPing: Ligeann an uirlis seo duit tástáil a dhéanamh ar inrochtaineacht do Mac ar líonra Prótacal Idirlín (IP).\nNí mór duit uimhir IP (cosúil le 10.0.2.1) nó URL (cosúil le macreports.com) a iontráil. Tá an rogha agat freisin líon roghnaithe (mar shampla 10) de phingí a sheoladh nó líon neamhtheoranta de phingí. Agus ansin cliceáil ar an gcnaipe Ping buí:\nFéach: Ligeann an uirlis seo duit do fhreastalaí DNS a thástáil. Níl le déanamh agat ach seoladh Idirlín a iontráil agus ansin cliceáil ar Search.\nTraceroute: Ligeann sé seo duit cosáin tráchta líonra a rianú.\nNíl ort ach an seoladh IP nó an t-ainm fearainn a iontráil agus cliceáil ar Trace. D'fhéadfadh sé go dtógfadh sé suas le nóiméad ar na torthaí.\nWhois: Seiceálann tú faisnéis whois fearainn. Ligeann sé seo duit úinéireacht agus seilbh ainm fearainn a athbhreithniú. Mar sin is féidir leat athbhreithniú a dhéanamh ar cé a chláraigh agus a bhfuil ainm fearainn aige, lena n-áirítear a gcuid faisnéise teagmhála. Níl ort ach seoladh ainm fearainn a iontráil agus agus ansin roghnófar freastalaí whois chun cuardach a dhéanamh. Ansin cliceáil Whois.\nSaor: Is féidir leat é seo a úsáid chun faisnéis a fháil faoi úsáideoirí ríomhaire. Níl ort ach ainm úsáideora agus seoladh fearainn a iontráil chun an tástáil seo a dhéanamh:\nScain port: Ligeann an uirlis seo duit calafoirt TCP/IP oscailte a sheiceáil, calafoirt 1 go dtí 65535. Níl ort ach seoladh Idirlín a iontráil chun an tástáil seo a dhéanamh:\nIs uirlisí líonra bunúsacha iad Oideas Líonra do Mac ach cuireann sé uirlisí líonraíochta áisiúla ar fáil."} {"text": "powwow...showmanship, known as “fancying it up.” They also developed an opening parade into the arena, made in precise order. This practice is the direct ancestor of the contemporary powwow’s Grand Entry, during which groups of dancers follow a colour guard into the arena in a predetermined sequence. The Grand Entry not only marks the beginning of the event but also motivates dancers to...\nSimply begin typing or use the editing tools above to add to this article.\nOnce you are finished and click submit, your modifications will be sent to our editors for review.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-52", "url": "http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1401088/Grand-Entry", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1418802771164.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20141217075251-00006-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9496207237, "token_count": 122, "score": 2.578125, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "powwow...showmanship, ar a dtugtar \"fancying it up\". D'fhorbair siad paráid oscailte isteach sa réimse, a rinneadh in ord cruinn. Is é an cleachtas sin sin sinsear díreach na Grand Entry powwows comhaimseartha, le linn a leanann grúpaí damhsa garda dathanna isteach sa réimse i seicéad réamhshocraithe. Ní hamháin go marcann an Grand Entry tús an ócáide ach spreagann sé damhsaithe freisin ...\nTosaigh ag taipeadh nó bain úsáid as na huirlisí eagarthóireachta thuas chun cur leis an alt seo.\nNuair a bheidh tú críochnaithe agus cliceáil ar a chur isteach, cuirfear do mhodhnúí chuig ár n-eagarthóirí le hathbhreithniú."} {"text": "With all the curiosity around Cost of Goods Sold (COGS), why isn’t there a clear and easy answer on how to calculate it? Software companies advertise the calculation as a major feature of their products and CPAs run fast from an explanation. No matter the size of the brewery, it is always the first question I get. So, what is going on?\nWhat if I told you a true COGS analysis is not available for your brewery. Better yet, what if I told you COGS is probably the wrong calculation for your brewery until you hit 50,000 bbls in production.\nInterested? I spent eight months last year diving deep into the options surrounding COGS and how to make it work for smaller breweries. The results will be released in a two-part series on Craft Brewing Business. This first post will define and explain the components and challenges in calculating COGS. The second post will share alternatives to the traditional calculation. These alternatives are meant to make sense to the brewery owner and guide intelligent growth.\nI want to be crystal clear: I am not challenging the COGS calculation that has been used for many decades by many industries. My goal with this series is to explain the concepts, share my experience and suggest alternatives. Let’s begin with a definition.\nWhat is COGS?\nCOGS is a measurement of the direct cost attributable to the production of goods by a company. Typically, it is broken down into three categories: Direct Materials, Direct Labor and Direct Overhead. Direct Materials are the raw ingredients that are assembled into the finished product. Direct Labor is the man hours it took to complete the product. Direct Overhead is the ancillary items that helped with the production (utilities, rent, maintenance, materials, depreciation).\nOnce you nail down the components of the calculation, you need to choose a method of calculating them. Popular methods include Activity Based Costing, Variable Costing, FIFO and LIFO. The method that most closely relates to the brewing process is Activity Based Costing (ABC). ABC examines the activities in the brewing process to establish rates. We will re-visit ABC in a bit.\nDirect Materials are your ingredients that make up the assembly that converts into the finished product. It is necessary to break down the materials that go into a batch by unit and cost. To do this, list out the quantities of ingredients per recipe and calculate the unit cost per item. This is typically done with either: 1) brewery management software; or 2) Excel. The results should yield an accurate materials cost for a particular batch of beer. Next, add your packaging costs to determine the full cost of materials.\nDirect Labor is the man-hours cost associated with the production of beer. Since we are choosing ABC as a method of calculation, we must analyze each activity. To do this, we breakdown the brewing process into three stages: wort production, cellaring and packaging. So, everything that happens in the brewhouse must fit into one of these categories. Next, each employee will need to keep a detailed time sheet as to the activity they perform. The timesheet should include: batch number, beer name, activity and time. The timesheet information will allow us to assign rates to each activity for future analysis.\nDirect Overhead is the most misunderstood of all. Think of it this way: If it is a cost and it helps produce the finished good, and it is NOT direct materials or direct labor, it is overhead. This includes, utilities, rent, water, indirect materials and depreciation to name a few. Once we gather all our overhead cost, we need to assign them to an activity. Next, we need to determine rates per activity. The challenge with overhead rates is the costs vary and calculations must be relevant to that cost. Example, for utilities and water, proper sensors must be installed to capture the amount used per activity. Rent may be figured using a square foot percentage, but then must be allocated to an activity once the percentages are calculated.\nInstead of going on and on about what the numbers mean and variances and calculations, I am going to cut to the chase. I believe breweries under 50,000 bbl in production per year do not need to worry about a detailed calculation. The cost/benefit analysis does not make sense. You would need a full time employee to maintain the continuous calculations. It is important to understand that COGS at this level is a dynamic. It is not done once a year; it is a continuous process. Why? Because you are analyzing the cost of an activity that constantly changes.\nI want to apologize if I have crushed your dreams of running a full ABC analysis on your brewery. I have experienced, first hand, what happens when you try to run an ABC analysis on a brewery with weak processes and limited data. Can it be done? Sure. You would need the right person leading the charge and enough money to pay for it. In my next post, I will share with you what we have used to replace an ABC analysis. For breweries under 50,000 bbls in production, our process has brought clarity to profit and growth.\nChris Farmand is the founder of Small Batch Standard, a CPA firm helping craft breweries across North America. Farmand has more than 10 years of tax and accounting experience, with the last five years dedicated to the craft brewing industry. Small Batch Standard believes brewery owners should have reliable financials while focusing on what they do best, making beer. He can be reached at [email protected].", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-09", "url": "https://www.craftbrewingbusiness.com/business-marketing/cost-accounting-hack-for-craft-breweries/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891812758.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20180219171550-20180219191550-00747.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.947232604, "token_count": 1137, "score": 2.859375, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Le gach fiosrúchán faoi Chostas na nEarraí a Díoltar (COGS), cén fáth nach bhfuil freagra soiléir agus éasca ann ar conas é a ríomh? Fógraíonn cuideachtaí bogearraí an ríomh mar ghné thábhachtach dá gcuid táirgí agus ritheann CPAanna go tapa ó mhíniú. Is cuma cé chomh mór is atá an bhruadar, is é sin an chéad cheist a fhaighim i gcónaí. Mar sin, cad atá ar siúl?\nCad a tharlaíonn má dúirt mé leat fíor-anailís COGS nach bhfuil ar fáil le haghaidh do bhrabhsálaí. Níos fearr fós, cad a tharlaíonn má dúirt mé leat COGS is dócha go bhfuil an ríomh mícheart do do bhrabhsálaí go dtí go sroicheann tú 50,000 bbls i dtáirgeadh.\nAr spéis leat? Chaith mé ocht mí an bhliain seo caite ag dul go domhain isteach sna roghanna a bhí thart ar COGS agus conas é a dhéanamh ag obair do bhruithrí níos lú. Foilseofar na torthaí i sraith dhá chuid ar Ghnó Beir Craft. Sa chéad phost seo, sainmhínítear agus mínítear na comhpháirteanna agus na dúshláin a bhaineann le COGS a ríomh. Beidh an dara post ag roinnt roghanna eile don ríomh thraidisiúnta. Tá sé i gceist leis na roghanna malartacha seo a bheith ciallmhar do úinéir an bhraiche agus fás cliste a threorú.\nBa mhaith liom a bheith soiléir: nílim ag dúshlán an ríomh COGS a úsáideadh le blianta fada ag go leor tionscail. Is é an aidhm atá agam leis an tsraith seo na coincheapa a mhíniú, mo thaithí a roinnt agus roghanna malartacha a mholadh. Tosaímid le sainmhíniú.\nCad é COGS?\nIs éard atá i gCOGS ná tomhas ar an gcostas díreach is inchurtha do tháirgeadh earraí ag cuideachta. De ghnáth, déantar é a bhriseadh síos i dtrí chatagóir: Stuthanna Díreacha, Oibre Díreach agus Os cionnchostas Díreach. Is iad na hábhair amh a chuirtear le chéile sa táirge críochnaithe iad na hábhair dhíreacha. Is é an t-Oibre Díreach na huaireanta fear a thóg sé chun an táirge a chríochnú. Is iad na costais dhíreacha na hearraí cúnta a chabhraigh leis an táirgeadh (fóntais, cíos, cothabháil, ábhair, díluachadh).\nNuair a bheidh na comhpháirteanna den ríomh agat, ní mór duit modh a roghnú chun iad a ríomh. I measc na modhanna coitianta tá Costas bunaithe ar ghníomhaíocht, Costas Athraitheach, FIFO agus LIFO. Is é an modh is dlúithe a bhaineann leis an bpróiseas brewing ná Costáil bunaithe ar ghníomhaíocht (ABC). Scrúdaíonn ABC na gníomhaíochtaí sa phróiseas brewing chun rátaí a bhunú. Déanaimid ath-chuairte ar ABC i mbeagán.\nIs iad na hábhair dhíreacha na comhábhair a dhéanann suas an tionól a thiontú go dtí an táirge críochnaithe. Tá sé riachtanach na hábhair a théann isteach i sraith a bhriseadh síos de réir aonad agus costas. Chun é seo a dhéanamh, déan liosta de na méideanna comhábhair in aghaidh an oideas agus déan an costas aonaid in aghaidh an earra a ríomh. De ghnáth déantar é seo le: 1) bogearraí bainistíochta brewery; nó 2) Excel. Ba cheart go dtabharfadh na torthaí costas cruinn ábhair do bhaisc áirithe beorach. Ansin, cuir do chostais phacáistithe le chéile chun an costas iomlán na n-ábhar a fháil amach.\nIs é an t-oibrí dhíreach an costas óir-daoine a bhaineann le táirgeadh beoir. Ós rud é go bhfuil ABC á roghnú againn mar mhodh ríomh, ní mór dúinn anailís a dhéanamh ar gach gníomhaíocht. Chun é seo a dhéanamh, déanaimid an próiseas brewing a bhriseadh síos i dtrí chéim: táirgeadh wort, cellaring agus pacáistiú. Mar sin, ní mór gach rud a tharlaíonn sa bhrusóg a bheith oiriúnach do cheann de na catagóirí seo. Ansin, beidh ar gach fostaí bileog ama mionsonraithe a choinneáil maidir leis an ngníomhaíocht a dhéanann siad. Ba cheart go mbeadh an méid seo a leanas san áireamh sa chlár ama: uimhir baisc, ainm na beorach, gníomhaíocht agus am. Cuirfidh an fhaisnéis a bhaineann leis an bpláinéad ama ar ár gcumas rátaí a shannadh do gach gníomhaíocht le haghaidh anailíse amach anseo.\nIs é Direct Overhead an ceann is mí-thuigthe de na cinn go léir. Smaoinigh air ar an mbealach seo: Má tá sé ina chostas agus má chabhraíonn sé le táirge críochnaithe a tháirgeadh, agus NÍl sé ina ábhar díreach ná ina saothair dhíreach, tá sé thar a bheith costasach. Áirítear leis seo, fóntais, cíos, uisce, ábhair indíreacha agus díluacháil chun cúpla ceann a ainmniú. Nuair a bhailímid ár gcostas forleathan go léir, ní mór dúinn iad a shannadh le gníomhaíocht. Ansin, ní mór dúinn rátaí a chinneadh in aghaidh na gníomhaíochta. Is é an dúshlán le rátaí forchostas ná go bhfuil na costais éagsúil agus ní mór do na ríomhanna a bheith ábhartha don chostas sin. Mar shampla, maidir le húsáidí agus uisce, ní mór braiteoirí cuí a shuiteáil chun an méid a úsáidtear in aghaidh na gníomhaíochta a ghabháil. Is féidir cíos a ríomh ag baint úsáide as céatadán de chosa cearnach, ach ansin ní mór é a leithdháileadh ar ghníomhaíocht nuair a ríomhtar na céatadáin.\nIn ionad dul ar aghaidh agus ar aghaidh faoi cad a chiallaíonn na huimhreacha agus difríochtaí agus ríomhanna, tá mé ag dul a ghearradh go dtí an chase. Creidim nach gá do bhrabhraí faoi bhun 50,000 bpb a tháirgeadh in aghaidh na bliana a bheith buartha faoi ríomh mionsonraithe. Níl aon chiall ag an anailís costas/sochar. Ba mhaith leat fostaí lánaimseartha a choinneáil ar na ríomhanna leanúnacha. Tá sé tábhachtach a thuiscint go bhfuil an t-iomlán COGS ag an leibhéal seo dinimiciúil. Ní dhéantar é uair amháin sa bhliain; is próiseas leanúnach é. Cén fáth? Toisc go bhfuil tú ag anailísiú costas gníomhaíochta a athraíonn i gcónaí.\nBa mhaith liom a leithscéal má tá mé crushed do aislingí de reáchtáil anailís ABC iomlán ar do bhrabhsálaí. Tá taithí agam, ar an gcéad láimh, ar a tharlaíonn nuair a dhéanann tú iarracht anailís ABC a reáchtáil ar bhruadar le próisis lag agus sonraí teoranta. An féidir é a dhéanamh? Ar ndóigh. Ba mhaith leat an duine ceart a bheith ag stiúradh an mhuirearú agus go leor airgid chun é a íoc. I mo phost eile, beidh mé ag roinnt leat cad a úsáid muid a chur in ionad anailís ABC. I gcás breweries faoi 50,000 bpál i dtáirgeadh, tá ár bpróiseas a thug soiléire chun brabús agus fás.\nIs é Chris Farmand bunaitheoir Small Batch Standard, gnólacht CPA a chabhraíonn le beirlínte ceardaíochta ar fud Mheiriceá Thuaidh. Tá níos mó ná 10 bliain taithí cánach agus cuntasaíochta ag Farmand, agus an cúig bliana deireanach tiomanta do thionscal na mbriaite ceardaíochta. Creideann Small Batch Standard gur chóir go mbeadh maoiníocht iontaofa ag úinéirí brewery agus iad ag díriú ar an méid is fearr a dhéanann siad, beoir a dhéanamh. Is féidir teacht air ag [email protected]."} {"text": "Check out the NEW Reading Plus 4.0 video!\n“Students begin Reading Plus with a comprehensive assessment that provides a complete picture of each student’s motivation, reading efficiency, and capacity. Using the data gathered, the program determines the student’s initial placement within the various components and creates an individualized and responsive instructional path with personalized goals for each student. Multiple forms of the assessment, administered throughout the year, provide accurate and dependable benchmarks to measure student progress over time and assist teachers in making data-driven instructional decisions.”\nThe Reading Plus InSight Comprehensive Assessment must be completed by Thursday, August 29th\nInstructions for student completion of InSight Comprehensive Assessment\n- Log in to login.readingplus.com\n- Prepare to spend 60 minutes completing the Reading Plus Insight Comprehensive Assessment. (Students may complete the assessment in one sitting or two 30-minutes sittings.)\n- Students must focus and work in a quiet environment.\n- Students should use headphones to avoid distractions.\n- Students must NOT click too quickly through the assessment. (If so, they WILL BE suspended.)\n- Students must do their best in order for Reading Plus to compile accurate data and assess student strengths and needs so that each student is placed within the correct level and receives “personalized” instruction throughout the year.\nInSight Comprehensive Assessment reports will be run at 8:30am Friday, August 30, 2013. Student grades will be assessed based on the reports.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-09", "url": "https://carverlangarts.wordpress.com/2013/08/21/reading-plus-4-0/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891813883.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20180222022059-20180222042059-00710.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9097842574, "token_count": 307, "score": 2.703125, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Féach ar an físeán NEW Reading Plus 4.0!\nTosaíonn mic léinn ag Léitheoireacht Plus le measúnú cuimsitheach a thugann léargas iomlán ar spreagadh, ar éifeachtúlacht agus ar chumas gach mac léinn léitheoireachta. Ag baint úsáide as na sonraí a bhailítear, socraíonn an clár an áit a bhfuil an dalta ar dtús laistigh de na comhpháirteanna éagsúla agus cruthaíonn sé bealach teagaisc aonair agus freagartha le spriocanna pearsantaithe do gach dalta. Tá foirmeacha éagsúla den mheasúnú, a dhéantar a riaradh i rith na bliana, ag soláthar tagarmharcanna cruinn agus iontaofa chun dul chun cinn na mac léinn a thomhas thar am agus chun cabhrú le múinteoirí cinntí teagaisc a dhéanamh bunaithe ar shonraí.\nNí mór an Measúnú Cuimsitheach Léitheoireachta Plus InSight a chríochnú faoi Déardaoin, 29 Lúnasa\nTeagasc do mhic léinn chun an Measúnú Cuimsitheach InSight a chur i gcrích\n- Logáil isteach ar login.readingplus.com\n- Bí réidh le 60 nóiméad a chaitheamh ag críochnú an Léitheoireachta Plus Insight Measúnú Cuimsitheach. (Is féidir leis na mic léinn an measúnú a chur i gcrích i suí amháin nó i dhá suí 30 nóiméad.)\n- Ní mór do mhic léinn díriú agus obair i dtimpeallacht shuaimhneach.\n- Ba chóir do mhic léinn cluasáin a úsáid chun dífhuaimniú a sheachaint.\n- Ní mór do dhaltaí an measúnú a dhéanamh go ró-luath. (Má tá, beidh siad a chur ar fionraí.)\n- Ní mór do mhic léinn a ndícheall a dhéanamh ionas go mbeidh sonraí cruinn ag Reading Plus agus go ndéanfar neart agus riachtanais na mac léinn a mheas ionas go gcuirfear gach mac léinn laistigh den leibhéal ceart agus go bhfaighidh siad teagasc \"pearsantachta\" i rith na bliana.\nBeidh tuarascálacha Measúnaithe Cuimsitheach InSight á rith ag 8:30am Dé hAoine, 30 Lúnasa, 2013. Déanfar gráid na mac léinn a mheas bunaithe ar na tuarascálacha."} {"text": "The first time many people see salsa dancing performed, they are watching a ballroom dance contest. This is unfortunate because it leads people to believe salsa is a difficult dance. Dance partners twirl, spin and perform intricate lifts as they move across the stage together. People at home believe they do not have the ability to perform salsa dancing. While dance contests are part of salsa dancing, it is only one form. The best thing about salsa dancing is that learning complicated steps is not necessary.\nSalsa dancing is a Latino dance that mainly involves moving the lower body while keeping the upper body stationary. There are four beats for the routine that is repeated twice. Best of all, salsa dance steps are not really steps. They can be performed simply as weight shifts from foot to foot. The dancers are still performing a credible dance without moving from the same place. This means that many people have the ability to salsa, even if they don't know it.\nThe important movement in salsa dancing is the hip movement. Each time the music beats, a salsa dancer moves their hips from side to side. If they wish to move their feet as well, there is nothing wrong with that. The movement of the feet, again, is from side to side. Spins and twirls can be incorporated, but these are for experienced dancers. Beginners can take their time learning those advanced moves.\nDancing to the rhythms of salsa does require the ability to follow the beat of the music. This is easy in salsa dancing because the drums always emphasize the second and fourth beats. This will help the novice stay on track and know where they are with the music. For those that want a new way to express their inner self, salsa dancing is the perfect move.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-50", "url": "http://www.dance-jive-spain.com/salsa-dance-moves", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141195198.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20201128070431-20201128100431-00279.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9732654095, "token_count": 352, "score": 2.59375, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "An chéad uair a fheiceann go leor daoine salsa ag déanamh damhsa, tá siad ag féachaint ar chomórtas damhsa ballroom. Is trua é seo mar go gcuireann sé daoine chun a chreidiúint go bhfuil salsa ina damhsa deacair. Déanann comhpháirtithe damhsa casadh, casadh agus lifts casta a dhéanamh agus iad ag bogadh ar fud na stáitse le chéile. Creideann daoine sa bhaile nach bhfuil an cumas acu damhsa salsa a dhéanamh. Cé go bhfuil comórtais damhsa mar chuid de damhsa salsa, níl ann ach foirm amháin. Is é an rud is fearr faoi damhsa salsa ná nach gá céimeanna casta a fhoghlaim.\nIs damhsa Laidineach é damhsa Salsa a bhaineann go príomha le gluaiseacht an chomhlachta íochtarach agus an corp uachtarach á choinneáil seasta. Tá ceithre thit ann don ghnáthamh a dhéantar arís agus arís eile. Is fearr de gach, nach bhfuil céimeanna damhsa salsa céimeanna i ndáiríre. Is féidir iad a dhéanamh ach an t-ualú a aistriú ó chos go cos. Tá na rinceoirí fós ag déanamh damhsa creidiúnach gan bogadh ón áit chéanna. Ciallaíonn sé seo go bhfuil an cumas ag go leor daoine salsa a dhéanamh, fiú mura bhfuil a fhios acu.\nIs é an gluaiseacht thábhachtach i damhsa salsa ná an gluaiseacht hip. Gach uair a bhuaileann an ceol, bogann damhsa salsa a hips ó thaobh go taobh. Más mian leo a cosa a bhogadh chomh maith, níl aon rud cearr leis sin. Is é gluaiseacht na cosa, arís, ó thaobh go taobh. Is féidir casadh agus casadh a ionchorprú, ach tá siad seo do damhsaithe taithí. Is féidir le tosaitheoirí a gcuid ama a ghlacadh ag foghlaim na gluaiseachtaí ardteicneolaíochta.\nChun damhsa a dhéanamh ar rithimí salsa, ní mór go mbeadh an cumas ag leanúint an cheol. Tá sé seo éasca i damhsa salsa toisc go gcuireann na drumaí béim i gcónaí ar an dara agus an ceathrú buille. Cabhróidh sé seo leis an nua-thionscanta fanacht ar an mbóthar agus a fhios a bheith acu cá bhfuil siad leis an gceol. Dóibh siúd atá ag iarraidh bealach nua chun a n-iníon inmheánach a chur in iúl, is é damhsa salsa an t-aistriú foirfe."} {"text": "Wind – even the slightest of breezes – can prevent frost. That’s because wind is like a spoon in your cup of tea: it stirs things around and brings down a lot of the warm air that often floats just above housetops and trees.\nIt may seem odd but ice itself sometimes can protect crops from frost! Some growers actually spray their crops with water on a freezing night. Water freezes quickly on the plants – and then a strange thing happens. As long as ice stays wet, it can’t get colder than 32 degrees, a temperature many plants can stand. If the ice ever became entirely frozen and dry, it might drop many degrees lower, ruining the plants. But by continually spraying water on the ice, the grower keep it from going below 32 degrees Fahrenheit even if the air is much colder. This may frustrate Jack Frost, but it saves the plants.\nThis strange kind of “ice blanket” works only on plants that are strong enough to stand the weight of frozen spray. The system is used even to protect banana plants on some Central American plantations.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-50", "url": "http://lifebyyou.com/feniks/active-learning/jack-frost.html", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141195198.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20201128070431-20201128100431-00445.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.945424974, "token_count": 225, "score": 3.203125, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Is féidir le gaoth - fiú an brian is lú - frost a chosc. Tá sé sin toisc go bhfuil an ghaoth cosúil le spúnóg i do chupan tae: cuireann sé rudaí timpeall agus cuireann sé an oiread sin aer te síos a bhíonn ag snámh go minic díreach os cionn díontaí agus crainn.\nD'fhéadfadh sé a bheith aisteach ach is féidir leis an oighear féin uaireanta an barr a chosaint ó fhriotaíocht! Tá roinnt feirmeoirí ag spraeáil a gcuid barra le huisce i rith oíche fuar. Tá an t-uisce ag reo go tapa ar na plandaí agus ansin tarlaíonn rud aisteach. Chomh fada agus a bhíonn an oighear fliuch, ní féidir leis a bheith níos fuar ná 32 céim, teocht a d'fhéadfadh go leor plandaí a sheasamh. Má tháinig an oighear go hiomlán reoite agus tirim, d'fhéadfadh sé titim go leor céim níos ísle, ag scriosadh na plandaí. Ach trí uisce a spreagtha go leanúnach ar an oighear, coinníonn an t-airgeadóir go dtéann sé faoi bhun 32 céim Fahrenheit fiú má tá an t-aer i bhfad níos fuaire. B'fhéidir go gcuirfidh sé seo frustrachas ar Jack Frost, ach sábhálfaidh sé na plandaí.\nNí oibríonn an cineál aisteach seo de \"chlúdach oighir\" ach ar phlandaí atá láidir go leor chun meáchan an spraeigh reoite a sheasamh. Úsáidtear an córas fiú chun plandaí banana a chosaint ar roinnt plandaí i Meiriceá Láir."} {"text": "While expectant parents have long been barraged by information about private cord blood banking, most remain uninterested, either because of the hefty price tag associated with the banking and storage or the low likelihood that a family member could ultimately benefit from the blood in the future. But while cord blood might not save a family member’s life, it could save that of a stranger, which is why a growing number of hospitals now offer cord blood collection programs, reports MSNBC News.\nUntil quite recently, cord blood collection had been almost exclusively a private enterprise. Although people who have life-threatening conditions like leukemia and immune system and metabolism disorders can benefit from the cord blood donations because it doesn’t need to match as exactly as bone marrow or other stem cells derived from blood, nearly 97 percent of cord blood is disposed of by hospitals. Public cord blood collection programs help to salvage some of that life-saving cord blood, when they collect it—free of charge to the parents—immediately after birth and list it on the National Marrow Donor Program’s Be the Match Registry.\nThe American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP), which does not support private cord blood banking except in cases where an older child has cancer or a genetic disease that could be treated with a sibling’s cord blood, encourages public banking as a way to increase access to stem-cell therapy. In fact, donations helped supply over 1,000 transplants from cord blood units just in 2011.\nCheck with your hospital to see is they have a program available if you would like to donate your baby’s cord blood.\nDid you know you could donate your baby’s cord blood? Would you do so—or would you bank it privately as insurance for your family in the future?", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-06", "url": "http://www.parenting.com/blogs/show-and-tell/caitlin-parentingcom/cord-blood-donation?con=blog&loc=bottomnext", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-06/segments/1422115926735.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20150124161206-00151-ip-10-180-212-252.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.957251966, "token_count": 361, "score": 2.546875, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Cé go bhfuil eolas ar fad ag tuismitheoirí ionchasacha faoi bhaincáil phríobháideach fola cord, níl suim ag formhór acu, cibé acu mar gheall ar an gcostas mór a bhaineann leis an mbaincáil agus an stóráil nó an dóchúlacht íseal go bhféadfadh ball teaghlaigh leas a bhaint as an fhuil sa todhchaí. Ach cé nach bhféadfadh fuil cordura a bheith ag sábháil saol ball teaghlaigh, d'fhéadfadh sé a bheith ag sábháil saol strainséir, agus sin an fáth go dtugann líon méadaitheach ospidéil cláir bhailiúcháin fola cordura anois, tuairiscíonn MSNBC News.\nGo dtí le déanaí, bhí bailiú fola cordón beagnach go heisiach ina fhiontar príobháideach. Cé gur féidir le daoine a bhfuil galair bhagairt saoil acu cosúil le leicéim agus neamhoird chórais imdhíonachta agus meitibileachta leas a bhaint as na tabhartálacha fola cordán toisc nach gá go mbeadh sé chomh cruinn le méar cnámh nó cill bhun eile a fuarthas ó fhuil, déantar beagnach 97 faoin gcéad de fhuil cordán a dhiúscairt ag ospidéil. Cabhraíonn cláir bhailiúcháin fola cordóige poiblí cuid den fhuil cordóige a shábhálann beatha sin a shábháil, nuair a bhailíonn siad é - saor in aisce do na tuismitheoirí - láithreach tar éis an bhreith agus é a liostáil ar an gClár Náisiúnta Donóir Marrow.\nNí thacaíonn Acadamh na Páistí Mheiriceá (AAP), a chuireann baincí fola cnáib phríobháideacha ar fáil ach amháin i gcásanna ina bhfuil ailse nó galar géiniteach ag leanbh níos sine a d'fhéadfaí a chóireáil le fola cnáib deartháireacha, le baincí poiblí mar bhealach chun rochtain a mhéadú ar chóireáil sliochtchill. Go deimhin, chabhraigh deontais le soláthar níos mó ná 1,000 trasphlandú ó aonad fola cordón i 2011 amháin.\nDéan seiceáil leis an ospidéal a bhfuil tú i do chónaí chun a fháil amach an bhfuil clár ar fáil acu más mian leat fuil cordán do pháiste a bhronnadh.\nAn raibh a fhios agat gur féidir leat fuil cord do leanbh a bhronnadh? An ndéanfaidh tú é sin nó an ndéanfaidh tú é a bhaincáil go príobháideach mar árachas do do theaghlach sa todhchaí?"} {"text": "Patriotism at the War’s Start↑\nThe spirit of patriotism as it was expressed on city streets was vividly recalled in postwar memoirs. Stefan Zweig (1881-1942), a prominent Austrian literary figure, described the excitement that manifested itself in early August of 1914 in Vienna as news of the war’s outbreak quickly spread and soldiers reported for duty.\nZweig thus described a mood of excitement and exhilaration among countless individuals who envisioned opportunities for achievement and recognition as members of a collectivity that was to receive their unswerving loyalty.\nAlso in memoirs, the British philosopher Bertrand Russell (1872-1970) wrote scathingly about the bloodthirstiness that in his view was evident in demonstrations by cheering crowds in London that gathered in Trafalgar Square. Like Zweig, Russell told a story of the war’s origins in which military action was strongly supported by ordinary people. These people, it was asserted, were swept up in waves of patriotism that pervaded large sectors of the societies in which they lived.\nThe extent of popular bellicosity should not be exaggerated. Antiwar protests as the war was starting were much less likely to take place in the countryside and in small cities than in large ones. In the big cities, members of the working classes were much less likely than members of the middle and upper classes to express eagerness for going to war, and many urban workers staged antiwar demonstrations of their own. Nonetheless, once the war had begun, support for fighting it became a leitmotif of public life in urban centers, particularly in national capitals, and memories of militant solidarity during the initial days and weeks of the conflict were widely invoked later for the purpose of encouraging citizens to stand together.\nStriving to Maintain Morale↑\nFor several years, men and women who were active on the various home fronts strove with a good deal of success to maintain civilian morale by working to convince other city dwellers that winning the war was both necessary and likely. The pro-war spontaneity that had manifested itself in early August in urban demonstrations needed to be followed by measures that would help to institutionalize the solidarity that had seemingly been omnipresent when the war started. To put it another way, the mobilization of labor power required the concomitant and ongoing mobilization of men’s (and women’s) minds and hearts. Urban density and the availability of public spaces made cities ideal locations for the pursuit of this objective. Capital cities in particular, with their national monuments as well as their governmental buildings and organizations, served as centers and symbols of national integration, but many other cities also functioned as places in which militant patriotism flourished.\nPropaganda in which public authorities worked both to exalt the virtues of men who wore their nations’ uniforms and to denigrate their opponents’ supposed savagery became all the more necessary insofar as civilians were being asked—albeit only partially—to share in the privations experienced by soldiers, sailors, and airmen. Efforts to manipulate public opinion often took shape in colorful posters that were widely displayed on kiosks in cities’ central areas. Here, passersby were continually reminded of their obligation to support their countries’ efforts to vanquish the dangerous forces of evil. In Britain, until the introduction of conscription in 1916, heavy emphasis fell on the moral obligation of young men to enlist in the nation’s armed forces. Everywhere, great weight was placed on the need for citizens to support their countries financially, through the purchase of war bonds.\nSchoolteachers sought to enhance support for the war effort specifically among children and youths. Teachers at schools in Berlin and Paris and—albeit to a lesser extent—London moved away from traditional modes of instruction. They emphasized themes that were related to the war, using classroom lessons (particularly in the areas of history and geography) as tools for the strengthening of patriotism. In Paris, the minister of public instruction, Albert Sarraut (1872-1962), sent a circular to teachers early in the war in which he expressed his “wish that on the opening day of the school term, in every class, the teacher’s very first words should raise up all hearts to the nation, and that the very first lesson should honour the sacred struggle in which our forces are engaged.” Schools also strengthened patriotism via extracurricular activities. Commemorations of former pupils who had fallen in battle as well as of fallen teachers reminded students of the sacrifices that had been made for their countries’ benefit. \nEntertainments also served as vehicles for strengthening pro-war sentiments. Numerous playwrights and producers of plays made it a point to use the stage as a platform for theatrical works that were clearly intended to serve political purposes. In Berlin, between September and December of 1914, of the seventy-two plays that were performed there, forty-five re-enacted in one way or another the spirit of national solidarity that had appeared to be so widespread earlier that year. A particularly popular example of this genre was titled “Special Editions.” Depicting events in the lives of members of a middle-class family, eight of whom are young men who go to the battlefront but eventually return to their parents’ homes unscathed, this play was performed almost 300 times by the autumn of 1915. Filmmakers also produced works that combined amusement with efforts to influence viewers politically. Movies with titles such as For the Fatherland, On the War Path and In Enemy Territory helped to maintain support for the war. Comparable films were also shown to large audiences in Paris and London. In the British capital, The Times asserted in 1915, that “the realities of this war” were “being more brought home to the British public through the agency of the picture than by any other means.” Most of these films were not at all “realistic.” They depicted a war that was highly sanitized. The viewer got no sense of the messiness and the horrors of life (and death) in the trenches.\nIn Berlin, London, and Paris, huge exhibitions depicted various features of the battlefronts, with a view to tightening the bonds between civilians and the men who were ostensibly fighting to defend them. The Berlin Kriegsausstellung, (War Exhibit) which opened in January of 1916, took civilians on imaginary tours of battlefields that included visits to a trench as well as to areas that were marked by barbed wire. The following year, a “tank bank” was established in London in Trafalgar Square. Serving as a place where Londoners could purchase war savings certificates at a real tank, the tank became part of a larger complex that included a model battlefield, replete with artillery, trenches, and debris. Later, in October of 1918, a group of private citizens funded the erection in Paris of the Panthéon de la Guerre, a giant panorama that depicted various aspects of the conflict that was about to end.\nHostility Toward Aliens↑\nPatriotism could entail not only a heightened emphasis on solidarity with fellow citizens in opposition to citizens of foreign countries but also hostility toward aliens within the body politic. In central and eastern Europe, Jews were frequently singled out as supposedly insidious outsiders, whose nefarious activities included profiteering at the expense of fellow city dwellers as well as (it was asserted) reluctance to fight for their fatherland. Antisemitism ran rampant not only in Berlin and Vienna but also elsewhere. Both to the east and to the west, ethnic Germans—many of whom could trace their ancestry in the countries in which they lived over many generations—were targeted by members of the national majorities. Riots occurred in Moscow in May of 1915, when crowds of workers attacked the premises of German businessmen. Policemen and soldiers had to be brought in to suppress the violence. Hostility toward ethnic Germans was equally evident in London, where anti-German riots broke out repeatedly. Already on 6 August 1914, a mob that comprised about 5,000 Londoners demonstrated outside a German-owned butcher’s shop, shouting. “Down with Germany.” Riots occurred on a large scale in the aftermath of the sinking of the Lusitania and after particularly big German air raids. Hostility toward Germany was also made manifest in changes of names. The most famous example of such renaming occurred in Britain, where the royal family changed its name from Saxe-Coburg-Gotha to Windsor. At the level of quotidian practice, the Sainsbury grocery chain changed the name of its popular “German Sausage” to “luncheon sausage.” Politically motivated name changing occurred also in the United States. In 1917 in Cincinnati, where there was a large German-American community, local officials changed “Berlin” and “Bremen” streets to “Woodrow” and “Republic” streets.\nThe war years also witnessed hostility toward members of racial minorities who had migrated into the places where they lived relatively recently. Tensions arose in London and Paris as a result of the importation of inhabitants of colonial territories and others who lived overseas to serve as laborers in metropoles where male workers were in short supply. In French cities, conflicts became particularly acute. Native workers feared irrationally that foreigners would compete for women as well as for jobs. Hostility toward North Africans was most pronounced. But it was accompanied by resentment of Chinese and Indochinese. All of these people were subjected to outbreaks of rioting as well as to assaults on individuals by gangs of French hoodlums.\nTensions also arose as a result of the growing presence of refugees, several million of whom fled the carnage that was afflicting their native lands. For example, hundreds of thousands of Belgians moved not only to areas under French control but also to the Netherlands and to England, where they tended to congregate in urban areas. Although there were manifold efforts to ease the refugees’ plight, newcomers who differed ethnically and culturally from citizens of the areas to which they migrated elicited growing resentment among members of host populations. Ethnically based hostility toward refugees—many of whom were Jewish—was still more pronounced in East European cities. (The refugee problem here, it must be emphasized, became still more acute after the outbreak of the Russian Civil War in 1918.)\nRace-based anger came to a boil more violently in the United States. Here, the need for increased industrial production set in motion a massive northward migration by tens of thousands of African Americans, who sought employment in factories as a means of escaping from low-paid jobs in the American South. Racially based animosity led to a race riot in 1916 in East St. Louis, where nine white people and a larger number of black people lost their lives. Shortly after the war ended, in 1919, much more serious clashes broke out in Chicago. A reign of terror that lasted for thirteen days resulted in the deaths of fifteen white people and twenty-nine black people.\nThe worst case of wartime persecution of an ethnic minority took place in the Ottoman Empire. In April of 1915, the government began to deport and to murder numerous leaders of the Armenian community. Fearing that what it saw as a fifth column might seek to undermine efforts to beat back the Allied attack on the Dardanelles, Ottoman officials undertook an assault on its Armenian citizens that would ultimately lead to millions of Armenian deaths.\nEthnic and racial conflicts—while significant and troubling to men and women who sought to maintain domestic unity—were by no means the most serious problems with which national and local leaders had to cope. In the first place, there was the physical devastation that resulted from military attacks. Although combat took place for the most part in nonurban areas, cities as well as trenches were assaulted. During their march through Belgium at the outset of the war, the Germans caused widespread destruction in a number of cities—not only Brussels, where they leveled at least 10,000 buildings, but also Louvain, where they set fire to the magnificent old library of the university. Belgrade, the capital of Serbia, also suffered severely as a result of shelling by Austro-Hungarian forces during the war’s early days. In all of these areas, urban destruction was accompanied by rapidly growing numbers of refugees, whose search for safety led to abandonment of homes.\nLarger cities suffered from aerial assaults. German light aircraft struck Paris for the first time within a few weeks after the war began. Later, starting in 1915, zeppelins, Gotha bombers, and long-distance artillery joined the fray. The night of the first attack by zeppelins (20-21 March), seven bombs fell on the city itself and fifty-eight fell on surrounding suburbs. The intensity of the air attacks grew in early 1918. The introduction of new long-range cannons made it possible to hit targets 120 kilometers away, providing a means of attacking Paris at no risk to German life. Between March and August, German cannons killed 256 Parisians and wounded 628. By the time the war ended, military aircraft and artillery had caused almost 500 deaths and more than 1,000 additional casualties among Frenchmen, primarily in Paris.\nAttacks from the skies also beset residents of London. Here too zeppelins started to drop bombs in 1915. The initial assault was carried out at the end of May. A single zeppelin dropped eighty-nine incendiary bombs and thirty “man-killing grenades,” taking the lives of eleven persons. The first attack by an airplane occurred in November of 1916, but it was not until the following spring that London experienced serious loss of life. Altogether during the conflict, at least 1,000 inhabitants of the British capital lost their lives, and hundreds of other Britons either lost their lives or were seriously wounded, Glasgow being a city that experienced particularly heavy losses.\nBerlin being too far to the east to be reached by enemy planes until the war was almost over, attacks on Germany were primarily carried out against areas to the west. The first German civilian was killed in an air raid in September of 1914, during which a British airplane bombed a zeppelin hangar in Düsseldorf. Between 1914 and 1918, some 15,700 bombs fell on German territory, causing about 740 deaths and injuring almost 1,900 persons. Southwest Germany was one of the chief targets of British and French pilots. Here, some 1,400 bombs caused more than 670 casualties. Bombs were dropped not only on military targets but also on centers of industrial production, among them Mannheim, Frankfurt am Main, Cologne, and various cities in the Ruhr Valley. In addition to attacks that were motivated by military and industrial considerations, other attacks were launched as reprisals for bombings of Allied cities by Germans. Two such raids were carried out in 1915 and 1916 against Karlsruhe. The second of these raids was the most serious air attack in Germany during the entire war, resulting in more than 260 casualties.\nConstantinople was the other major capital that experienced bombardment, albeit on much smaller scale than what was suffered by Londoners, Parisians, and Germans. British seaplanes dropped bombs on the city in 1915 and 1917. Russian aircraft also entered into the fray. In October of 1917, fifty-four Ottoman civilians died in a raid aimed at a military target that hit a mosque instead.\nMeasured against the damage done to Louvain and Belgrade and the harm caused by later attacks during the Second World War, the violence experienced by most city dwellers as a result of bombing and long-distance urban during the First World War was relatively limited. It was highly significant nonetheless, forcing urban residents to recognize that a new age of total war, in which armed conflict was going to affect civilians as well as soldiers, had arrived—nowhere more so than in urban areas that were densely settled.\nNumerous cities were occupied by foreigners, many for several years. By November of 1914, Germany controlled most of Belgium and much of northeastern France. These territories contained about ten million inhabitants. A majority lived in cities or towns, the largest of which was Brussels, with a population of 700,000. (The second largest city, also located in Belgium, was Antwerp. The largest French cities were Lille and Roubaix.) Although civilians living in Belgium and northern France—after the shooting of hundreds of Belgians during the war’s early weeks—did not suffer to any great extent from persecution at the hands of German invaders, tens of millions of easterners were treated much more harshly by their new rulers. Invasion of Lodz by Germans was followed by seizure of raw materials, finished goods, and machinery. By October of 1916, 75,000 residents were also sent to Germany, for forced labor. After Russian forces evacuated Warsaw in 1915, Poles suffered from an economic crisis that grew steadily worse during the German presence. Requisition and strict control of supplies entering the city resulted in increasing scarcity amidst growing corruption and rapidly declining living standards. Local authorities sought to ease hardships caused by the occupation but lacked the revenues that would have enabled them to support social welfare agencies and to combat major public health emergencies. Occupied briefly in 1914 by Habsburg forces, Belgrade was occupied again between 1915 and the war’s end. Widespread internment of Serbs who were suspected of orchestrating opposition to Habsburg rule, together with the physical damage that had preceded the Habsburg takeover, had demographic consequences that were also highly destructive. Urban destruction induced thousands of Belgraders to seek safety through flight and thus to become refugees. The city’s population shrank by at least 90 percent, from about 80,000 in 1914 to at most 8,000 when the war ended. In this situation, cultural and social as well as political institutions ceased to function.\nWhereas shelling and bombing directly affected only a few cities on a large scale and whereas only a small percentage of cities were occupied by foreign invaders, large sectors of urban populations nonetheless experienced ongoing hardships on a daily basis. The waging of “total” war entailed more and more sacrifices, not only by soldiers, sailors, and airmen but also by civilians—and not only by those civilians who suffered from military attacks and the presence of enemy forces.\nSacrifices were imposed on civilians most notably as a result of shortages of food. Such deficits were endemic in urban areas, occurring in all of the capitals of the major combatant countries in Europe and in many other cities as well. Supplying urban centers with sufficient food was hampered by several factors. The general disruption of international trade; shortages of agricultural laborers; the lack of adequate means of transportation as a result of the need to use trains for military purposes; the need to feed people who had migrated to cities in search of employment; and British naval blockades all contributed to food shortages.\nThe problem of such shortages was most severe in Russia, Germany, and Austria. St. Petersburg was the first major city whose inhabitants experienced serious food shortages. Beset by large numbers of refugees who were fleeing the invading Germans, Russian leaders were unable to move food to areas where it was most needed. Consequently, food became harder and harder to obtain. By the end of 1915, tea, sugar, salt, and fats were in short supply and only intermittently available in the city’s markets and stores. By the end of 1916, meat, eggs, and fish had vanished from local markets, and early in the following year potatoes started to run out as well. In the German capital, the interdiction of shipments from abroad by British ships, the unavailability of the grain that had formerly been imported from Russia, and the drafting of agricultural workers to serve in the armed forces all contributed to acute difficulties, which reached their peak in the winter of 1916-1917. During these months, many Berliners had little or nothing to eat except for turnips. To be sure, few if any Berliners died of starvation. Nonetheless, malnutrition became increasingly widespread, giving rise both to sharp upticks in rates of mortal illnesses such as tuberculosis and to heightened demoralization and discontent.\nSimilar conditions prevailed in Vienna. Galicia, a major source of food, was occupied at several points by Russian soldiers, which substantially reduced the amount of grain that could be sent to the Austrian capital. Inhabitants of Vienna were also hurt by the reluctance of Hungarians to continue to send produce to the west, preferring to look after their own interests instead of those of the Habsburg Empire as a whole. Already by the autumn of 1914, bread was running short, and by the spring of 1915 milk and potatoes were also in short supply. Declining supplies of additional foodstuffs led to hundreds of queues of would-be shoppers, who stood for hours outside shop windows. The situation was so dire that many inhabitants of the city were dying of starvation.\nNot only Constantinople, but also other cities in the Ottoman Empire suffered as a result of food shortages. The Allied blockade in the eastern Mediterranean and also along the coast of Yemen was perhaps the chief cause of these shortages. But disruption of trade among countries that bordered the Black Sea also had harmful consequences. By early 1918, the cost of potatoes in the Ottoman capital was thirty times higher than it had been in the summer of 1914. A visitor to the city in 1916 observed that the “lines in front of the baker shops were of people obviously undernourished, their faces thin, pale and drawn.” The price of bread spiked while its quality tumbled. Other necessities, such as fat for cooking and sugar also became increasingly rare and expensive. One outcome of these developments was growing conflict between those who could afford to pay for what they wanted and those who could not. To the capital’s south, in Beirut, conditions were even worse. By April of 1915, war-induced shortages of grain and flour were causing a full-fledged famine, which resulted in the deaths of huge numbers of the city’s inhabitants. Between 1914 and 1918, the population of the city fell from about 180,000 to 75,000. Migration, forced exile, and conscription certainly played important parts in this development, but starvation and diseases that resulted from it also contributed to what was an urban catastrophe.\nShortages of food—albeit less severe—were also evident elsewhere. Parisians, with their large agricultural hinterland, fared relatively well, never coming close to mass starvation. Indeed, as late as the spring of 1917, one could still buy patisserie. Nonetheless, German occupation of grain growing areas led to tensions between rural and urban populations over allocations, to rising prices, and to general discontent. Londoners were the least nutritionally deprived among the inhabitants of major European capitals. Despite the threats posed by submarines to ships that were bringing food to Britain from overseas, enough ships were able to get through enemy lines so that—like Parisians—Londoners were never in danger of starving. Still, short supplies and rising prices caused plenty of discontent. By 1916, New Zealand lamb was available only in butcher shops that catered to upper-class customers. Later that year, mutton was replaced by rabbit. Over the course of the entire year, food prices rose 26 percent. In March of 2017, the first food queues were formed, as would-be purchasers lined up and stood for hours in the hope of being able to buy limited amounts of things to eat. By the end of the war, queues for meat as well as for tea and margarine had become more and more widespread.\nResidents of cities that were located thousands of miles away from the main theaters of military action—for example, in Australia and New Zealand—also suffered from food scarcity. Men who had worked the land left it in order to don their countries’ uniforms. Meanwhile, exports of foodstuffs to Britain were increased.\nGovernmental Interventions and Services↑\nGovernmental authorities became increasingly involved in the areas of economic and social affairs in order, they hoped, to assuage popular disgruntlement and maintain social order. At the municipal as well as the state level, public officials continued to move away from earlier reliance on the principle of laissez-faire. As Jean-Louis Robert and Jay Winter have written, “In all three cities [Berlin, London, and Paris] there was in wartime a significant expansion of social policy and public intervention in urban life, through state, provincial, and municipal authorities…”\nObservers of and participants in municipal activities in Germany were quite effusive in their celebrations of municipal government in their country. The mayor of the city of Posen asserted in 1917 that “German cities [could] look back proudly on everything their citizens [had] accomplished in war as well as in peace for the common good not only of their local areas but also of the larger totalities, the state and the Empire, the Volk and the fatherland.” A few years after the war ended, Berlin’s chief archivist narrated a multitude of activities designed to help meet urgent needs in the nation’s capital that had taken place in his city during the war, many under the auspices of public officials. Such praise was less audible in other cities. It did, however, find expression in France in postwar surveys of recent developments in Paris, Lyon, and Marseille, all of which depicted urban contributions to the recent victory over Germany in a highly favorable light. By fostering production of munitions as well as meeting the needs of their citizens, public officials and the people they governed at the local level had been indispensable for the war effort.\nMany initiatives were undertaken with a view to ameliorating conditions that afflicted city dwellers during the war. All of these forms of social action and many others arose out of the desire to maintain national solidarity as well as social order. Assisted by numerous philanthropic organizations, such as the Charity Organisation Society in London, public officials established new practices and institutions that were designed to promote social welfare by providing food, fuel, medical care, and social services to families in need. Much of this assistance was directed at households headed by soldiers’ wives. In view of the widespread shortages of food, it comes as no surprise that combatant countries introduced food rationing. Implemented in part via cooperation with women’s groups, whose members sought to ensure that scarce supplies were distributed as fairly as possible, rationing was put in place in Berlin and Vienna in early 1915, in Paris toward the middle of the war, and in London in early 1918. Efforts to promote child welfare in ways that went beyond provision of food also enjoyed wide support. Increasingly aware of the urgent need to combat threats to their nations’ long-term demographic health, local authorities took many steps to promote it. Consider, for example, the case of London. In addition to establishing infant welfare centers, where pregnant women could obtain expert advice, borough councils employed more and more health visitors. By 1919, ninety-three of them provided pre- and postnatal assistance to mothers at home. A plethora of other cities offered similar assistance.\nSuch efforts succeeded only to a limited extent, and as a result cities served increasingly as stages for the expression of popular unhappiness. Whereas urban milieus had at first fostered pro-war patriotism and continued to do so for a while, what city dwellers as well as soldiers had to endure militated more and more against the maintenance of national unity and support for the war effort.\nContinuing shortages of food, despite rationing, led to angry demonstrations outside grocery stores, to scuffles among women who were standing in line, and in some cases to riots. Demonstrators protested against governmental failures to manage scarcity in such a way as to ensure rough equality of access to food among their countries’ social classes. What bred resentment among members of the lower and middle classes was not so much food scarcity per se as the growing realization that despite the shortages experienced by ordinary people the wealthy continued to eat well. As a 1918 police report in Vienna warned, “The public bitterness is directed … primarily against the rich…. The population harbors deep resentment of the supposed unjust distribution of available (food) supplies.”\nGrowing discontent as a result of food shortages was particularly strong in Eastern and Central Europe. Disgruntlement was more pronounced there than in western countries both because of greater scarcity and because of declining support there by citizens for the men in charge of governmental institutions. In Russia, in the summer of 1915, large groups of women descended on a market in Moscow and refused to leave until merchants agreed to lower the prices of potatoes. Riots began in the fall of 1915, and they escalated during the next several years. They came to a climax in March 1917, when demonstrations by Russian women set in motion a process that resulted in the end of the Imperial regime. Despite efforts by Berlin police to suppress anti-government demonstrations, protesters made themselves heard, also starting in 1915, when riots broke out as a result of sharp increases in the cost of butter. During the winter of 1916/1917—the so-called “turnip” winter—protests picked up in intensity, and they continued to do so over the next year. During the summer, for instance, 300 women gathered at the stall of a greengrocer in Lichtenberg, demonstrating against him on account of his prices and forcing him to flee in order to escape the women’s wrath. After a series of food riots in early 1917 and again in early 1918, police reports indicated that “an enormous portion of the population [did] not care about the war at all anymore.” Shortages of food were clearly tending to undermine national solidarity.\nOn the Allied side, albeit to a lesser extent, food protests also worked to undermine support for the war effort. In Turin in August of 1917, unrest that had to do with supplies and prices of things to eat went on for three days. Finally, the Italian government suppressed the uprising militarily. As a result, forty-one people were killed and 200 were wounded. Also in 1917, demonstrations against the cost of food took place in Melbourne, underlining the fact that the war was indeed a “world” war, in which sacrifices were being imposed on civilians who lived far away from any of the sites of armed combat.\nUrban protests, mainly by women, that were related to the lack of food were accompanied by strikes, in which the leading roles were played by working-class men. Having declined sharply during the war’s early years, when the withholding of labor was widely viewed as being inimical to national unity and strength, work stoppages were on the rise in much of Europe and in other countries too. Significant strikes resumed in Britain starting in early 1915. The rising cost of food and other necessities, together with long hours under high pressure in many industries, led to demands for higher wages. Employers’ responses to these claims were generally stingy, strengthening the belief that capitalists were benefiting from the war at their employees’ expense. One of the most serious strikes to occur in Britain in 1915 took place in London, starting on 14 May. Transport workers went out on strike for over two weeks, causing considerable disruption at munitions factories in Woolwich. Men and women who were employed there depended heavily on trams for their journeys to and from work. Most of the strikers’ demands were met, encouraging other workers to follow the strikers’ example. Although most strikers were male, women also became involved in work stoppages, as in the case of Parisian dressmakers, who struck in May of 1917.\nOver all — in Germany, Britain, France, Italy, and Russia as well as in Great Britain — trends with regard to strike activity were clear and similar. Marked increases took place both in the numbers of strikes and in the numbers of men and women who participated in them. In the work stoppages that took place during these years, strikers voiced not only job-related grievances but also growing opposition to continuation of the war itself.\nStrikes and strikers became especially numerous, and their objectives became more far-reaching than ever before in January 1918. On 14 January, a strike broke out at a motor works in Vienna. Within a few days, nearly a million workers throughout the Empire had walked off the job. Workers protested not only against food shortages but also in favor of “immediate general peace,” “the most speedy end of the war,” and national self-determination. This work stoppage helped to foster a second one that occurred in Berlin later in the month.\nOn 28 January, at least 200,000 (and perhaps as many as 400,000) workers in the German capital put down their tools in the factories where they had been employed, and they were soon joined by workers in other cities too. The agendas of the men and women who worked to bring it about emphasized opposition to continuing to fight a war that was becoming steadily less popular among ordinary members of the German population. Indeed, a list of seven demands drafted by an elected council of strike delegates made no mention of wages or working conditions, focusing in the first place on the need for “conclusion of a general peace without annexations or reparations.” Other demands called for democratization and liberalization, both in the Kingdom of Prussia and in the Empire as a whole as well as for “more and better food.” The strike lasted only a few days. Partly because so many of the strikers were munitions workers, police and soldiers were sent in on 3 February to suppress it. The strike may be regarded as a dress rehearsal for the revolution that was to occur less than a year later.\nIncreased strike activity in connection with war-related grievances took place outside as well as inside Europe. Numerous strikes in the United States testified to mounting discontent among workers during a war that American socialists as well as other labor leaders had opposed as a conflict among capitalists from the outset of the debate about possible American participation. Strikes were also increasingly widespread in Australia and New Zealand, where labor leaders aligned themselves politically with antiwar Britons, particularly with regard to conscription, which was highly unpopular. In Australia, the year 1916 saw a great upsurge in the numbers of industrial disputes and of lost working days, and the following year saw a tripling of the latter figure. Also in 1917, coal miners in New Zealand repeatedly stopped working. Gas workers in the capital, Canberra, went on strike for a month. Women workers, moreover, did battle with the Colonial Ammunition Company.\nRevolutions in Russia, Germany, and Austria-Hungary↑\nIn Europe, military defeats, in conjunction with civilian hardships, gave rise to political revolutions, the focal points of which were national capitals. The year 1917 witnessed the collapse of the Romanov dynasty and then the overthrow, by the Bolsheviks, of the liberal regime that had succeeded the Tsarist regime. During a bloody civil war, which began in 1919, millions of inhabitants of what came to be known as the Soviet Union lost their lives as a result of the Bolsheviks’ determination to hold onto power.\nIn early November of 1918, Wilhelm II, German Emperor (1859-1941) was forced to abdicate and the German Empire gave way to a republic. The November revolution, while forceful, was not violent. Nor were subsequent uprisings, by Communists in Berlin in January of 1919 and by left-wingers in Munich during the spring. Both cities nonetheless experienced considerable loss of life, inasmuch as moderate socialists in positions of power did not hesitate to call on groups of recently demobilized soldiers for the purpose of suppressing left-wing revolts.\nOn 11 November, following the formation of the newly independent states of Czechoslovakia, Poland, and Yugoslavia, Charles I, Emperor of Austria (1887-1922) gave up his throne in Vienna. The following day witnessed the establishment of an Austrian-German republic. On 16 November, a Hungarian republic was established in Budapest. On 21 March 1919, a coup led by the Hungarian Communist Béla Kun (1886-1938) ushered in a Hungarian Soviet Republic. The Communist regime came to an end on 1 August, largely as a result of military defeats by Czechoslovaks and Romanians, with French support. Before, however, being driven from power, Kun and his followers executed hundreds of Hungarian opponents. In so doing, they as well as others contributed to the bloody chaos that was such a prominent feature of life in large parts of Europe even after the First World War had officially ended on 11 November 1918.\nAndrew Lees, Rutgers University\nSection Editor: Michael Geyer\n- Zweig, Stefan: The World of Yesterday, New York 1943, p. 123.\n- Russell, Bertrand: The Autobiography of Bertrand Russell, volume 2, London 1951, p. 4. International comparisons appear in Lawrence, John: Public Space, Political Space, in: Winter, Jay / Robert, Jean-Louis (eds.): Capital Cities at War. Paris, London, Berlin, 1914-1919, volume 2, A Cultural History, Cambridge et al. 2007, pp. 282-288. See also, Lenger, Friedrich: Metropolen der Moderne. Eine europäische Stadtgeschichte seit 1850, Munich 2013, pp. 275-276.\n- Strachan, Hew: The First World War, volume 1. To Arms, Oxford 2001, pp. 103-110. See also, Verhey, Jeffrey: The Spirit of 1914. Militarism, Myth, and Mobilization in Germany, Cambridge et al. 2000.\n- Overall, see Goebel, Stefan: Cities, in: Winter, Jay (ed.): The Cambridge History of the First World War, volume 2, The State, Cambridge et al. 2014, pp. 368-369. On Germany, see Welch, David: Germany, Propaganda, and Total War, 1914-1918, New Brunswick 2000. On Britain, see Gregory, Adrian: The Last Great War. British Society and the First World War, Cambridge et al. 2008, pp. 40-70. On the United States, see Kennedy, David: Over Here. The First World War and American Society, Oxford et al. 1980, pp. 45-92.\n- Goebel, Stefan: Schools, in: Winter / Robert (eds.), Capital Cities at War 2007, pp. 200-202.\n- Audoin-Rouzeau, Stéphane: Children and the Primary Schools of France, 1914-1918, in: Horne, John (ed.): State, Society, and Mobilization in Europe during the First World War, Cambridge et al. 1997, pp. 40-42.\n- Goebel: Schools 2014, pp. 226-232. For developments in Italy, see Fava, Andrea: War, National Education, and the Italian Primary School, 1915-1918, in: Horne (ed.): State, Society, and Mobilization 1997, pp. 53-69.\n- Rüger, Jan: Entertainments, in: Winter / Robert (eds.), Capital Cities at War 2007, pp. 127-129. See also, Baumeister, Martin: War Enacted. Popular Theater and Collective Identities in Berlin, 1914-1918, in: Funck, Marcus / Chickering, Roger (eds.): Endangered Cities. Military Power and Urban Societies in the Era of the World Wars, Boston et al. 2004, pp. 111-126.\n- Goebel: Cities 2014, p. 370. See also, Goebel, Stefan: Exhibitions, in: Winter / Robert (eds.), Capital Cities at War 2007, pp. 145-187.\n- Cronier, Emmanuelle: The Street, in: Winter / Robert (eds.), Capital Cities at War 2007, p. 95; and Leonhard, Jörn: Die Büchse der Pandora. Geschichte des Ersten Weltkrieges, Munich 2014, p. 751.\n- Lohr, Eric: Patriotic Violence and the State. The Moscow Riots of May 1915, in: Kritika. Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History 4 (2003), pp. 607-626; Panikos, Panayi: Anti-German Riots in London during the First World War, in: German History 7 (1989), pp. 184-203; White, Jerry: Zeppelin Nights. London in the First World War, London 2014, p. 72; Proctor, Tammy: Civilians in a World at War, 1914-1918, New York 2010, p. 80.\n- Ibid., pp. 44-50. See also, Stovall, Tyler: The Color Line behind the Lines. Racial Violence in France during the Great War, in: American Historical Review 303 (1998), pp. 737-769.\n- Gatrell, Peter / Nivet, Philippe: Refugees and Exiles, in: Winter, The Cambridge History 2014, pp. 186-215. See also, on Eastern Europe, Marrus, Michael R.: The Unwanted. European Refugees in the Twentieth Century, New York et al. 1985, pp. 54, 62.\n- Kennedy: Over Here 1980, pp. 279-284. See also, Gustaitis, Gus: The End of Kultur. The Plight of Chicago’s Germans, in: Chicago Transformed. World War I and the Windy City, Carbondale 2016, pp. 256-274.\n- Gregory, Adrian: Imperial Capitals at War: A Comparative Perspective, in: London Journal 41 (2016), p. 229; Fawaz, Leila Tarazi: A Land of Aching Hearts. The Middle East in the Great War, Cambridge, Massachusetts 2014, pp. 87, 100.\n- The best overall treatment of this subject is Goebel, Stefan / Keene, Derek: Toward a Metropolitan History of Total War. An Introduction, in: Goebel / Keene (eds.): Cities into Battlefields. Metropolitan Scenarios, Experiences, and Commemorations of Total War, Surrey 2011, pp. 1-46. Other useful overviews are Goebel: Cities 2014, pp. 374-377; Cronier, The Street, 2007, pp. 96-97; and Proctor, Civilians 2010, pp. 104-108.\n- Grayzel, Susan: The Souls of Soldiers. Civilians under Fire in First World War France, in: Journal of Modern History 78 (2006), pp. 588-622. See also, Bastié, Jean / Pillorget, René: Histoire de Paris de 1914 à 1940, Paris 1997, pp. 75, 99-102.\n- White, Zeppelin Nights 2014, pp. 115-136, 211-219. See also, Osborne, Brian / Armstrong, Ronald: Glasgow. A City at War, Edinburgh 2000, pp. 55-72.\n- Geinitz, Christian: The First War Against Non-Combatants. Strategic Bombing of German Cities in World War I, in: Chickering, Roger / Foerster, Stig (eds.): Great War, Total War. Combat and Mobilization on the Western Front, 1914-1918, Cambridge et al. 2000, pp. 207-225. See also, Chickering, Roger: The Great War and Urban Life in Germany. Freiburg, 1914-1918, Cambridge et al. 2007, pp. 98-111.\n- Gregory, Imperial Capitals 2016, p. 224.\n- For overviews, see Schaepdrijver, Sophie de: Populations under Occupation, in: Winter, Jay (ed.): The Cambridge History of the First World War, Volume 3, Civil Society, Cambridge et al. 2014, pp. 242-256; and Lenger, Metropolen 2013, pp. 280-282. For case studies, see Majerus, Benoît: Controlling Urban Society during World War I. Cooperation between Belgian Authorities and the Forces of Military Occupation, in: Funck / Chickering (eds.), Endangered Cities 2004, pp. 65-79; Blobaum, Robert: Minor Apocalypse. Warsaw during the First World War, Ithaca 2017; and Knezevic, Jovana: Reclaiming Their City. Belgraders and the Combat against Habsburg Propaganda Through Rumors, 1915-1918, in: Goebel / Keene, Cities into Battlefields 2011, pp. 101-118.\n- For overviews, see Gregory, Imperial Capitals 2016, pp. 224-229; Proctor, Civilians 2010, pp. 90-95; and Lenger, Metropolen 2013, pp. 229-284. See also, Bonzon, Thierry / Davis, Belinda J: Feeding the Cities, in: Winter / Robert (eds.), Capital Cities at War 2007, pp. 335-373.\n- Engel, Barbara Alpern: Not by Bread Alone. Subsistence Riots in Russia during World War I, in: Journal of Modern History 69 (1997), pp. 696-721.\n- The most thorough and sophisticated treatment of food and the politics of hunger in any country is Davis, Belinda J.: Home Fires Burning. Food, Politics and Everyday Life in World War I Berlin, Chapel Hill 2000. See also, Chickering, The Great War 2007, passim.\n- Gregory, Imperial Capitals 2016, pp. 225-227. For in-depth treatment of the Viennese case, see Healy, Maureen: Vienna and the Fall of the Habsburg Empire. Total War and Everyday Life in World War I, Cambridge et al. 2004, pp. 31-86. The quotation is from Healy, p. 61.\n- Fawaz, Leila Tarazi: A Land of Aching Hearts. The Middle East in the Great War, Cambridge, Massachusetts 201l, pp. 88-93, 96-110, 121-123, 127, 277.\n- Tanielian, Melanie S.: Feeding the City. The Beirut Municipality and the Politics of Food during World War I, in: International Journal of Middle East Studies 46 (2014), pp. 737-758.\n- Gregory, Imperial Capitals 2016, pp. 228-229; Bonzon, Thierry: La société, l'état et le pouvoir locale: l'approvisionement à Paris, 1914-1918, in Guerres mondialese et conflits contemporaines 46 (1996), pp.11-28.\n- White, Zeppelin Nights 2014, pp. 173-175, 203-206, 222-223, 247-249.\n- Eldred-Grigg, Stevan: Great Wrong War. New Zealand Society in World War I, Auckland 2010, pp. 135-136, 200, 257, 286, 387, 409-415; Smart, Judith: Feminists, Food, and the Fair Price. The Cost of Living Demonstrations in Melbourne, August-September 1917, in: Demousi, Joy / Lake, Marilyn (eds.): Gender and War. Australians at War in the Twentieth Century, Cambridge et al. 1995, pp. 274-301.\n- Robert, Jean-Louis / Winter, Jay: Conclusions. Towards a Social History of Capital Cities at War, in: Winter / Robert, Capital Cities at War 2014, p. 547.\n- Quoted in Lees, Andrew: Cities Perceived. Urban Society in European and American Thought, 1820-1940, Manchester et al. 1985, p. 245.\n- Kaeber, Ernst: Berlin im Weltkriege. Fünf Jahre städtischer Kommunalarbeit, Berlin 1921.\n- Sellier, Henri / Bruggeman, A. / Poëte, Marcel: Paris pendant la guerre, Paris et al. 1926; Herriot, Édouard: Lyon pendant la guerre, Paris et al. 1925; and Masson, Paul: Marseille pendant la guerre, Paris et al. 1925. For a critical view of municipal shortcomings in Freiburg, see Chickering, The Great War 2007, pp. 210-216.\n- Grant, Peter: Philanthropy and Voluntary Action in the First World War, New York 2014.\n- Goebel, Cities 2014, p. 365. See also, Davis, Home Fires Burning 2000, passim; Proctor, Civilians 2010, pp. 84-97; and White, Zeppelin Nights 2014, pp. 248-249.\n- Ibid., p. 234. See also, on Britain, Winter, Jay: The Great War and the British People, Cambridge, Massachusetts 1986, pp. 189-204; and Dwork, Deborah: War Is Good for Babies and Other Young Children. A History of the Infant and Child Welfare Movement in England, 1898-1918, London et al. 1987. On developments in Paris and Berlin as well as London, see Rollet, Catherine: The Other World War I. Protecting Public Health, in: Winter / Robert (eds.), Capital Cities at War 2007, pp. 438-443. See also, Kaeber, Berlin 1921, pp. 482-498; and Herriot, Lyon 1925, pp. 60-61.\n- For comparative discussions of this subject, see Proctor, Civilians 2010, pp. 90-97; and Lenger, Metropolen 2013, pp. 297-299.\n- Quoted in Healy, Vienna 2004, p. 61.\n- Engel, Not by Bread Alone 2004, pp, 696-721.\n- Davis, Home Fires Burning 2000, pp. 52, 80, 190, 211. For the citation, see p. 193.\n- Lenger, Metropolen 2013, pp. 298-299.\n- Smart. Feminists 1995, pp. 27-30.\n- For the fullest treatment, which deals with France, Great Britain, Italy, Germany, and Russia, see Haimson, Leopold / Sapelli, Giulio (eds.): Strikes, Social Conflict, and the First World War. An International Perspective, Milan 1992. See also, Horne, John N.: Labour at War. France and Britain, 1914-1918, Oxford et al. 1991.\n- White, Zeppelin Nights 2014, p. 120. For later strikes in London, see pp. 206, 259-261.\n- Prost, Antoine: Workers, in: Winter, Jay (ed.): The Cambridge History of the First World War, volume 2, The State, Cambridge et al. 2014, p. 350.\n- Bessel Richard: Revolution, in Winter, Jay (ed.): The Cambridge History of the First World War 2014. p. 133.\n- Bailey, Stephen: The Berlin Strike of January 1918, in: Central European History 13 (1980), pp. 158-174.\n- Kennedy, Over Here 1980, p. 7 and passim. See also, Dubofsky, Melvin: Organized Labor in New York City and the First World War, in: New York History 42 (1961), pp. 380-400.\n- Connor, John / Stanley, Peter / Yule, Peter: The War at Home, South Melbourne 2015, pp. 66-72; Eldred-Grigg, Stevan: Great Wrong War. New Zealand Society in World War I, Auckland 2010, pp. 320-322.\n- On the March and November revolutions, see Figes, Orlando: A People’s Tragedy. The Russian Revolution, 1891-1924, New York 1996, pp. 307-500. On the civil war, see pp. 555-720.\n- On events in Germany, see Ryder, A. J.: The German Revolution of 1918. A Study of German Socialism in War and Revolt, Cambridge et al. 1967.\n- On the end of the Habsburg Empire, see Leonhard, Die Büchse 2014, pp. 895-909. See also, Tokés, Rudolf: Béla Kun and the Hungarian Soviet Republic. The Origins and Role of the Communist Party of Hungary in the Revolutions of 1918-1919, New York 1967. On the spillover of wartime “militarization” into postwar years, see Proctor, Civilians 2010, pp. 267-275.\n- Becker, Jean-Jacques: The Great War and the French people, New York 1986: St. Martin's Press.\n- Chickering, Roger: The Great War and urban life in Germany. Freiburg, 1914-1918, Cambridge; New York 2007: Cambridge University Press.\n- Davis, Belinda J.: Home fires burning. Food, politics, and everyday life in World War I Berlin, Chapel Hill 2000: University of North Carolina Press.\n- Gatrell, Peter: Russia's First World War. A social and economic history, Harlow 2005: Pearson/Longman.\n- Goebel, Stefan: Cities, in: Winter, Jay (ed.): The Cambridge history of the First World War. The state, volume 2, Cambridge; New York 2014: Cambridge University Press, pp. 358-381.\n- Goebel, Stefan / Keene, Derek (eds.): Cities into battlefields. Metropolitan scenarios, experiences and commemorations of total war, Farnham; Burlington 2011: Routledge.\n- Grayzel, Susan R.: 'The souls of soldiers'. Civilians under fire in First World War France, in: The Journal of Modern History 78/3, 2006, pp. 588-622.\n- Gregory, Adrian: The last Great War. British society and the First World War, Cambridge; New York 2008: Cambridge University Press.\n- Gregory, Adrian: Imperial capitals at war. A comparative perspective, in: The London Journal 41/3, 2016, pp. 219-232.\n- Haimson, Leopold H. / Sapelli, Giulio (eds.): Strikes, social conflict, and the First World War. An international perspective, Milan 1992: Fondazione Giangiacomo Feltrinelli.\n- Healy, Maureen: Vienna and the fall of the Habsburg Empire. Total war and everyday life in World War I, Cambridge; New York 2004: Cambridge University Press.\n- Horne, John: Labour at war. France and Britain, 1914-1918, Oxford; New York 1991: Clarendon Press; Oxford University Press.\n- Horne, John (ed.): State, society, and mobilization in Europe during the First World War, Cambridge; New York 1997: Cambridge University Press.\n- Hudemann, Rainer / Walter, François (eds.): Villes et guerres mondiales en Europe au XXe siècle, Paris 1997: Editions l'Harmattan.\n- Kennedy, David M.: Over here. The First World War and American society, New York 1980: Oxford University Press.\n- Lenger, Friedrich: Metropolen der Moderne. Eine europäische Stadtgeschichte seit 1850, Munich 2013: Beck.\n- Proctor, Tammy M.: Civilians in a world at war, 1914-1918, New York 2010: New York University Press.\n- Wall, Richard / Winter, Jay (eds.): The upheaval of war. Family, work, and welfare in Europe, 1914-1918, Cambridge; New York 1988: Cambridge University Press.\n- White, Jerry: Zeppelin nights. London in the First World War, London 2014: The Bodley Head.\n- Winter, Jay / Robert, Jean-Louis (eds.): Capital cities at war. Paris, London, Berlin, 1914-1919, 2 volumes, Cambridge; New York 1997: Cambridge University Press.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-13", "url": "https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/urban_societies_and_cities", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257648178.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20180323044127-20180323064127-00035.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9572626352, "token_count": 11656, "score": 3.609375, "int_score": 4, "irish_text": "Pátróiceas ag tús an Chogaidh↑\nBhí cuimhneacháin an chogaidh iar-chogaidh go géar ar an spiorad tírghrá mar a léiríodh é ar shráideanna na cathrach. Chuir Stefan Zweig (1881-1942), duine cáiliúil litríochta na hOstaire, cur síos ar an spreagadh a léirigh sé féin go luath i mí Lúnasa 1914 i Vín mar a scaipeadh nuacht faoi thús na cogaidh go tapa agus na saighdiúirí ag tabhairt tuairisc don dualgas.\nMar sin, mhínigh Zweig stádas spreagúil agus áthas i measc daoine gan áireamh a shamhlaigh deiseanna chun éachtaí a bhaint amach agus aitheantas a fháil mar bhaill de choilíneacht a bhí le fáil ar a ndílseacht gan stró.\nIna chuimhní cinn freisin, scríobh fealsamh na Breataine Bertrand Russell (1872-1970) go géar faoin dílseacht a bhí le feiceáil ina thuairim aige i dtimpeallachtaí ag sluaite cheerful i Londain a chruinnigh i gCathair Trafalgar. Cosúil le Zweig, d'inis Russell scéal faoi thionscnaimh an chogaidh ina raibh tacaíocht láidir ag daoine coitianta do ghníomhaíocht mhíleata. Bhí na daoine seo, a deirtear, i ngleann na patriotism a bhí ag dul i bhfeidhm ar mhórchuid de na sochaithe ina raibh siad ina gcónaí.\nNíor cheart an méid belicóis a bhíonn ag an bpobal a bheith ró-mhór. Bhí agóidí frith-chogaidh nuair a bhí an cogadh ag tosú i bhfad níos lú seans go dtarlódh siad sa tuaithe agus i gcathracha beaga ná i gcathracha móra. Sna cathracha móra, bhí baill den aicme oibrí i bhfad níos lú seans ann ná baill den mheán-aicme agus den aicme uachtarach a léiriú go raibh siad ag iarraidh dul go cogadh, agus rinne go leor oibrithe uirbeacha taispeántais frith-chogaidh dá gcuid féin. Mar sin féin, nuair a thosaigh an cogadh, tháinig tacaíocht don troid ina leitmotif den saol poiblí i lárionaid uirbeacha, go háirithe i gcaipitil náisiúnta, agus tugadh cuimhne ar chomhpháirtíocht na n-aigne le linn laethanta agus seachtainí tosaigh an choimhlint go forleathan ina dhiaidh sin chun saoránaigh a spreagadh chun seasamh le chéile.\nAg Iarracht ar Móral a Chothabháil↑\nLe roinnt blianta, rinne fir agus mná a bhí gníomhach ar na frontaí baile éagsúla iarracht go leor rath a bhaint amach chun morál na sibhialta a chothabháil trí bheith ag obair chun áitritheoirí eile na cathrach a chur ina luí go raibh an cogadh riachtanach agus dóchúil. Ba cheart na bearta a bhí le leanúint leis an spontáineacht pro-chogaidh a léirigh í féin go luath i mí Lúnasa i rásanna uirbeacha a chabhródh le comhpháirtíocht a bhí go léir-láithreach nuair a thosaigh an cogadh a institiúidiú. Chun é a chur ar bhealach eile, d'éiligh soghluaisteacht na cumhachta saothair soghluaisteacht chomhthráthúil agus leanúnach intinn agus croí na bhfear (agus na mban). Mar gheall ar an dlús uirbeach agus ar na spásanna poiblí a bhí ar fáil, ba iad na cathracha na háiteanna idéalacha chun an cuspóir seo a bhaint amach. Bhí cathracha príomhchathracha go háirithe, lena n-amharclann náisiúnta chomh maith lena bhfoirgnimh agus a n-eagraíochtaí rialtais, mar lárionaid agus mar shiombailí den chomhtháthú náisiúnta, ach d'oibrigh go leor cathracha eile mar áiteanna ina ndeachaigh patriotism miondíolach chun cinn.\nBhí sé níos gá an t-eagrán a rinne údaráis phoiblí ag obair chun feabhas a chur ar na deiseanna a bhí ag fir a bhí ag caitheamh aonad a náisiún agus chun a n-ionsaitheoirí a dhíbheadh - an fholáine a bhí i gceist - sa mhéid is go raibh na sibhialtaigh á iarraidh orthu - cé nach raibh ach go páirteach - páirt a ghlacadh sna díothachtaí a bhí ag saighdiúirí, muirí agus eitiltithe. Is minic a bhí focail le feiceáil ar phostaí datha a bhí ar fáil go forleathan ar chrioscaí i gceantair lárnacha na cathracha chun tuairim an phobail a ionramháil. Sa chás seo, chuirtear i gcuimhne do dhaoine a bhí ag dul tríd go leanúnach ar a ndualgas tacú le hiarrachtaí a dtíortha chun na fórsaí contúirteacha olc a shárú. Sa Bhreatain, go dtí go ndearnadh an conscription a thabhairt isteach i 1916, bhí béim mhór ar an oibleagáid mhorálta ar fhir óga dul i ngleic le fórsaí armtha na tíre. I ngach áit, cuireadh an-mheáchan ar an ngá le saoránaigh tacú lena dtíortha go airgeadais, trí bannaí cogaidh a cheannach.\nD'iarr múinteoirí scoile tacaíocht a fheabhsú don iarracht chogaidh go sonrach i measc leanaí agus óige. Bhí múinteoirí i scoileanna i mBeirlín agus i bPáras agus - cé go raibh siad níos lú - i Londain ag bogadh ar shiúl ó mhodhanna teagaisc thraidisiúnta. Chuir siad béim ar théamaí a bhí bainteach leis an gcogadh, ag baint úsáide as ceachtanna sa seomra ranga (go háirithe i réimsí na staire agus na tíreolaíochta) mar uirlisí chun an patriotism a neartú. I bPáras, chuir Albert Sarraut (1872-1962), an tAire Oideachais Phoiblí, ciorclach chuig múinteoirí go luath sa chogadh ina raibh a mhiann aige go mbeadh na chéad fhocail a labhraíonn an múinteoir ar an gcéad lá den téarma scoile, i ngach rang, ag ardú gach croí don náisiún, agus go mbeadh an chéad ceacht ag onóir an streachailt naofa ina bhfuil ár fórsaí. Cuireadh cuimhneacháin ar iar-oileáin a thit i gcath chomh maith le múinteoirí a thit i gcath i gcuimhne na mac léinn ar na híobairtí a rinneadh ar mhaithe lena dtíortha.\nBhí siamsaíocht mar fheithicil freisin chun mothúcháin pro-chogaidh a neartú. Rinne go leor drámaí agus léiritheoirí drámaí a úsáid mar ardán do shaothar ceoil a bhí ceaptha go soiléir chun críocha polaitiúla a bhaint amach. I mBeirlín, idir Meán Fómhair agus Nollaig 1914, de na seacht déag drámaí a bhí á léiriú ann, d'athchraoladh ceathrú déag ar bhealach amháin nó ar bhealach eile an spiorad dlúthpháirtíochta náisiúnta a bhí chomh forleathan níos luaithe an bhliain sin. Bhí sampla an-tóir ar an seánra seo dar teideal Eagrán Speisialta. Ag léiriú imeachtaí i saol baill teaghlaigh meánaicme, ochtar acu fear óg a théann chuig an ngleic ach a thagann ar ais go dtí tí a dtuismitheoirí gan dochar, bhí an dráma seo á léiriú beagnach 300 uair faoi thimpiste 1915. Rinne cineálacha freisin saothair a d'aontaigh spraoi le hiarrachtaí tionchar polaitiúil a imirt ar lucht féachana. Chuidigh scannáin le teidil mar For the Fatherland, On the War Path agus In Enemy Territory le tacaíocht a choinneáil don chogadh. Taispeánadh scannáin chomparáideacha do lucht féachana mór i bPáras agus i Londain freisin. Sa phríomhchathair na Breataine, dhearbhaigh The Times i 1915, go raibh \"réaltachtaí na cogaidh seo\" á \"chuir ar an bpobal na Breataine trí ghníomhaireacht na pictiúr ná trí aon mhodh eile. \"Ní raibh an chuid is mó de na scannáin seo ar chor ar bith\" réalaíoch. \"Igrionn siad cogadh a bhí an-ghlan. Ní raibh aon tuiscint ag an lucht féachana ar an mbrú agus ar uafásach na beatha (agus na báis) sna tránna.\nI mBeirlín, i Londain, agus i bPáras, léiríodh taispeántais mhóra gnéithe éagsúla de na frontaí cath, d'fhonn na bannaí idir sibhialtaigh agus na fir a bhí ag troid go cneasta chun iad a chosaint a neartú. Thug an Berlin Kriegsausstellung, (Taispeántas Cogadh) a d'oscail i mí Eanáir 1916, sibhialtaigh ar thuras samhlacha ar chathacha cathra a chuimsigh cuairteanna ar thrácht chomh maith le limistéir a bhí marcáilte le sreang barbed. An bhliain ina dhiaidh sin, bunaíodh \"bhanc tanca\" i Londain i gCruth Trafalgar. Ag fónamh mar áit inar féidir le Londainigh deimhnithe coigilteas cogaidh a cheannach ag tanc fíor, tháinig an tanc mar chuid de chastacht níos mó a raibh réimse cath samhail ann, lán le artillery, troscáin, agus scriosanna. Níos déanaí, i mí Dheireadh Fómhair 1918, d'fhormheas grúpa saoránach príobháideacha a thógáil i bPáras ar an Panthéon de la Guerre, panorama ollmhór a léiríonn gnéithe éagsúla den choimhlint a bhí ar tí críochnú.\nFianndóchas i leith Eachtrannaigh↑\nD'fhéadfadh go mbeadh an pholaitíocht mar thoradh ní amháin ar an bhéim mhéadaithe ar chomhpháirtíocht le comhshaoránaigh i gcoinne shaoránaigh tíortha eachtracha ach freisin ar naimhdeacht i leith eachtrannaigh laistigh den chomhlacht polaitiúil. I lár agus in oirthear na hEorpa, is minic a bhí na Giúdaigh á n-eisiúint mar dhaoine seachtracha insidious, a raibh a gcuid gníomhaíochtaí nefarious san áireamh brabúsaíocht ar chostas co-shaoránaigh na cathrach chomh maith le (a dhearbhaíodh) diúltú chun troid ar son a dtír dhúchais. Bhí frith-Shéimíteachas ag dul i méid ní amháin i mBeirlín agus i Vín ach in áiteanna eile freisin. Sa taobh thoir agus san iarthar, bhí na Gearmánaigh eitneach - a raibh a gcuid sinsearacha ag go leor acu sna tíortha ina raibh cónaí orthu thar na glúine go leor - mar sprioc ag baill na mórchuid náisiúnta. Tharla rúnna i Moscó i mí na Bealtaine 1915, nuair a rinne sluaite oibrithe ionsaí ar áitreabh lucht gnó na Gearmáine. Bhí ar póilíní agus ar na saighdiúirí teacht isteach chun an foréigean a chur faoi chois. Bhí naimhdeas i leith Gearmánaigh eitneacha chomh soiléir sin i Londain, áit a d'eag an-tarraingte i gcoinne na Gearmáine arís agus arís eile. Déanta na fírinne, ní raibh aon rud le déanamh ag an bPríomh-Aire, ach bhí sé ag iarraidh an t-airgead a fháil ó na daoine a bhí ag an bPríomh-Aire. Down with Germany. Tharla rónta ar scála mór i ndiaidh titim an Lusitania agus tar éis ionsaithe aeir mhóra na Gearmáine. Bhí an naimhdeas i leith na Gearmáine le feiceáil freisin i n-athruithe ainmneacha. Tharla an sampla is cáiliúla de athcheapadh den sórt sin sa Bhreatain, áit a d'athraigh an teaghlach ríoga a ainm ó Saxe-Coburg-Gotha go Windsor. Ar leibhéal an chleachtais laethúil, d'athraigh slabhra grósaera Sainsbury ainm a Saosage Gearmánach tóir go Saosage Luncheon. Tharla athrú ainm spreagtha go polaitiúil sna Stáit Aontaithe freisin. I 1917 i Cincinnati, áit a raibh pobal mór Gearmánach-Mheiriceánach ann, d'athraigh oifigigh áitiúla sráideanna Berlin agus Bremen go sráideanna Woodrow agus Republic.\nBhí na blianta cogaidh ina n-aithne freisin ar naimhdeas i leith baill de mhionlaigh rás a bhí imithe isteach sna háiteanna ina raibh cónaí orthu le déanaí. Thosaigh teannas i Londain agus i bPáras mar thoradh ar mhuintir ó chríoch choilíneach a allmhairíodh agus daoine eile a bhí ina gcónaí thar lear chun freastal mar oibrithe i mhitrioplachtaí inar raibh ganntanas oibrithe fireann. I gcathracha na Fraince, tháinig na coinbhleachtaí go háirithe géar. Bhí eagla neamhréasúnach ar oibrithe dúchasacha go mbeadh eachtrannaigh ag dul san iomaíocht le haghaidh mná chomh maith le poist. Bhí an-ghnéas ag na daoine i gcoinne na hAfraice Thuaidh. Ach bhí sé in éineacht le géarghá na Síne agus na hIndochine. Bhí na daoine seo go léir faoi réir ráflaí corraitheacha chomh maith le hionsaithe ar dhaoine aonair ag ghrúpaí hoodlums na Fraince.\nThosaigh teannas freisin mar thoradh ar an líon méadaitheach dídeanaithe, a theith roinnt milliún acu ón gcarnadh a bhí ag fulaingt ina dtír dhúchais. Mar shampla, ní hamháin go ndeachaigh na céadta mílte Beilgeach chuig ceantair faoi smacht na Fraince ach freisin go dtí an Ísiltír agus go Sasana, áit a raibh claonadh acu tiontú i gceantair uirbeacha. Cé go ndearnadh iarrachtaí éagsúla chun an t-aimsir a mhaolú, d'eascair na daoine nua a bhí difriúil ó thaobh eitne agus cultúrtha de ó shaoránaigh na gceantair inar imirceadar a bhí ag éirí níos géarghá le baill na ndaoine óstála. Bhí naimhdeacht a bhí bunaithe ar eitneachas i leith dídeanaithe - a raibh Giúdaigh go leor acu - níos suntasaí fós i gcathracha Oirthear na hEorpa. (Ní mór a chur i bhfios go raibh an fhadhb dídeanaithe anseo níos géire fós tar éis thús Chogadh Cathartha na Rúise i 1918.)\nTháinig fearg a bhí bunaithe ar chineas chun cinn go foréigneach sna Stáit Aontaithe. Anseo, chuir an gá le táirgeadh tionsclaíoch méadaithe ar siúl imirce ollmhór ó thuaidh ag na mílte Meiriceánach Afracach, a d'iarr fostaíocht i monarchana mar bhealach chun éalú ó phoist ísealíoctha i Meiriceá Theas. Mar thoradh ar naimhdeas a bhí bunaithe ar chineálacha cineacha, bhí treabhadh ciníoch i 1916 in Oirthear St. Louis, áit ar chaill naoi ndaoine bán agus líon níos mó daoine dubha a saol. Go gairid tar éis an chogaidh a chríochnú, i 1919, thit buaicphointí i bhfad níos tromchúisí i Chicago. Bhí réim sceimhlitheoireachta a mhair trí lá déag agus mar thoradh air sin fuair cúig déag duine bán agus naoi gcinn déag duine dubh bás.\nBhí an cás is measa de dhíth ar éagóir a bhí ar mhionlaigh eitneacha le linn an chogaidh i Impireacht na hOttomane. I mí Aibreáin 1915, thosaigh an rialtas ag díbirt agus ag marú go leor ceannairí den phobal Airménach. Ag eagla go bhféadfadh an cúigiú colún a bhí le feiceáil ag na hOttomannaigh iarracht a dhéanamh na hiarrachtaí a dhéanamh chun ionsaí na gComhghuaillithe ar na Dardanelles a bhuachan ar ais, rinne oifigigh Ottoman ionsaí ar a saoránaigh Airméineacha a d'fhág go raibh na milliúin básanna Airméineach ann sa deireadh.\nCé go raibh coinbhleachtaí eitneacha agus ciníocha - cé go raibh siad suntasach agus imníoch do na fir agus na mná a bhí ag iarraidh aontas baile a choimeád - ní raibh siad ar chor ar bith ar na fadhbanna is tromchúisí a raibh ar cheannairí náisiúnta agus áitiúla déileáil leo. Ar an gcéad dul síos, bhí an scrios fisiciúil a bhí mar thoradh ar ionsaithe míleata. Cé gur tharla an troid den chuid is mó i gceantair neamh-thorpach, ionsaíodh cathracha chomh maith le troscáin. Le linn a n-imeacht tríd an mBeilg ag tús an chogaidh, rinne na Gearmánaigh scrios forleathan i roinnt cathracha - ní hamháin sa Bhruiséil, áit ar leag siad ar a laghad 10,000 foirgneamh, ach freisin i Louvain, áit ar chuir siad tine ar shean-leabharlann iontach na hollscoile. Bhí an-díoghaltas ar Bhéalgrád, príomhchathair na Seirbe, mar thoradh ar shéanadh ag fórsaí Austro-Ungáire le linn laethanta tosaigh na cogaidh. I ngach ceann de na ceantair seo, bhí líon na n-eitiltithe ag méadú go tapa in éineacht le scrios uirbeach, a raibh a n-iarracht sábháilteachta mar thoradh ar thréigean ó thithe.\nBhí cathracha móra ag fulaingt ó ionsaithe aeir. Bhuail eitleán éadrom na Gearmáine Páirtí na bPáirce den chéad uair laistigh de chúpla seachtain tar éis don chogadh tosú. Níos déanaí, ag tosú i 1915, chuaigh zeppelins, buamairí Gotha, agus artillery fad-achair isteach sa fhrith. An oíche a rinne na zeppelins an chéad ionsaí (20-21 Márta), thit seacht mbomba ar an gcathair féin agus thit cúig fiche ocht mbomba ar na bruachbhailte timpeall uirthi. D'fhás déine na n-ionsaithe aeir go luath i 1918. Thug tabhairt isteach gunnaí fada-raonta nua deis spriocanna a bhualadh 120 ciliméadar ar shiúl, ag soláthar modhanna chun ionsaí a dhéanamh ar Pháras gan aon bhaol a bheith ar shaol na Gearmáine. Idir Márta agus Lúnasa, mharaigh canúin na Gearmáine 256 Páirceach agus gortaigh 628. Faoin am a chríochnaigh an cogadh, bhí aerárthaí míleata agus artillery tar éis beagnach 500 bás a chur ar fáil agus níos mó ná 1,000 díobháil breise i measc na Fraince, go príomha i bPáras.\nBhí ionsaithe ó na spéartha ag cónaitheoirí Londain freisin. Anseo freisin thosaigh zeppelins ag titim buamaí i 1915. Rinneadh an chéad ionsaí ag deireadh mhí na Bealtaine. Thit ceipiléin amháin ochtó agus naoi mbomba dóite agus tríocha \"granáid mharfach\", ag cur chun báis aon duine déag. Tharla an chéad ionsaí le haerárthach i mí na Samhna 1916, ach ní raibh caillteanas tromchúiseach beatha ag Londain go dtí an earrach ina dhiaidh sin. Le linn an choimhlint, chaill 1,000 duine ar a laghad de mhuintir phríomhchathair na Breataine a saol, agus chaill na céadta Breataine eile a saol nó gortaíodh go tromchúiseach iad, Glasgow ina chathair a d'fhulaing caillteanais throm go háirithe.\nÓs rud é go raibh an Bheirlín ró-fhada san oirthear le teacht ar eitleáin naimhde go dtí go raibh an cogadh beagnach críochnaithe, rinneadh ionsaithe ar an nGearmáin go príomha i gcoinne limistéir san iarthar. Maraíodh an chéad shibhialtach Gearmánach i ráid aeir i Meán Fómhair 1914, le linn a raibh aerárthach na Breataine ag buamaíocht hangár zeppelin i Düsseldorf. Idir 1914 agus 1918, thit thart ar 15,700 buama ar chríoch na Gearmáine, rud a d'fhág thart ar 740 bás agus beagnach 1,900 duine gortaithe. Bhí an Ghearmáin Thiarthar Thiar ar cheann de na príomhchuspóirí do phíolótaí na Breataine agus na Fraince. Anseo, rinne thart ar 1,400 buamaí níos mó ná 670 díobháil. Níor thit buamaí ar spriocanna míleata amháin ach ar ionaid táirgthe tionsclaíocha freisin, ina measc Mannheim, Frankfurt am Main, Cologne, agus cathracha éagsúla i Ghleann Ruhr. Chomh maith le hionsaithe a bhí spreagtha ag cúinsí míleata agus tionsclaíocha, seoladh ionsaithe eile mar dhíoltóireacht ar bhuamaí cathracha na gComhghuaillithe ag na Gearmánaigh. Rinneadh dhá ráid den sórt sin i 1915 agus 1916 i gcoinne Karlsruhe. Ba é an dara ceann de na hionsaithe seo an t-ionsaí aeir is tromchúisí sa Ghearmáin le linn an chogaidh ar fad, agus ba chúis le níos mó ná 260 caillteanas.\nBa é Constantinople an príomhchathair eile a raibh bombardment aige, cé go raibh sé i bhfad níos lú ná mar a bhí ag Lucht na Londaine, ag Parisians, agus ag na Gearmánaigh. Thit seapláin na Breataine buamaí ar an gcathair i 1915 agus i 1917. Tháinig aerárthaí na Rúise isteach sa fhrith. I mí Dheireadh Fómhair 1917, fuair caoga ceathrar sibhialtaigh Ottoman bás i rabhadh a bhí dírithe ar sprioc míleata a bhuail mosque ina ionad.\nMá dhéantar é a thomhas i gcoinne na damáiste a rinneadh do Louvain agus do Bheilg agus an damáiste a d'fhág ionsaithe ina dhiaidh sin le linn an Dara Cogadh Domhanda, bhí an foréigean a d'fhulaing an chuid is mó de mhuintir na cathrach mar thoradh ar bhuamaíocht agus ar mhaireachtáil i gcathracha fadtéarmach le linn an Chéad Chogaidh Domhanda réasúnta teoranta. Bhí sé an-tábhachtach, áfach, ag éigean do chónaitheoirí uirbeacha a aithint go raibh aois nua cogaidh iomlán tagtha, ina raibh coinbhleacht armtha ag dul i bhfeidhm ar shibhialtaigh chomh maith le saighdiúirí, ní áit ar bith níos mó ná i gceantair uirbeacha a bhí lonnaithe go dlúth.\nBhí eachtrannaigh i gceannas ar go leor cathracha, cuid acu ar feadh roinnt blianta. Faoi mhí na Samhna 1914, bhí an Ghearmáin i gceannas ar an chuid is mó de Bheilg agus ar mhórchuid den oirdheisceart na Fraince. Bhí thart ar deich milliún duine ina gcónaí sna ceantair seo. Bhí an chuid is mó acu ina gcónaí i gcathracha nó i mbailte, agus is é an ceann is mó de na cathracha sin an Bhruiséil, a raibh 700,000 duine ina gcónaí ann. (Ba é Antwerp an dara cathair is mó, atá suite sa Bheilg freisin. Ba iad Lille agus Roubaix na cathracha is mó sa Fhrainc.) Cé nach raibh na sibhialtaigh a bhí ina gcónaí sa Bheilg agus i dtuaisceart na Fraince - tar éis na céadta Beilgeach a lámhach le linn na seachtaine tosaigh den chogadh - ag fulaingt go mór ó éagóir ó láimh ionsaitheoirí na Gearmáine, bhí déag milliún oirdheisceart i bhfad níos crua ag a rialtóirí nua. Tar éis ionradh na Gearmáine ar Lodz, tógadh amhábhair, earraí críochnaithe agus innealra. Faoi mhí Dheireadh Fómhair 1916, cuireadh 75,000 cónaitheoir chuig an nGearmáin freisin, chun saothair éigeantais a dhéanamh. Tar éis do fórsaí na Rúise Varsava a eisiamh i 1915, d'fhulaing na Polaigh géarchéim eacnamaíoch a tháinig níos measa go seasta le linn láithreacht na Gearmáine. Mar thoradh ar an éileamh agus ar rialú dian soláthairtí a tháinig isteach sa chathair, tháinig ganntanas níos mó i measc an éilliú atá ag fás agus caighdeáin mhaireachtála ag titim go tapa. D'iarr údaráis áitiúla na deacrachtaí a d'fhág an áitreabh a mhaolú ach níorbh ioncam iad a d'fhéadfadh tacú le gníomhaireachtaí leasa shóisialaigh agus chun dul i ngleic le héigeandálaí móra sláinte poiblí. Bhí Beograd faoi úinéireacht go gairid ag fórsaí Habsburg i 1914 agus bhí sé faoi úinéireacht arís idir 1915 agus deireadh na cogaidh. Bhí iarmhairtí déimeagrafacha a bhí an-díobhálach freisin ar an iontráil forleathan de na Seirbia a raibh amhras orthu go raibh siad ag cur i gcoinne an rialtais Habsburg, mar aon leis an damáiste fisiceach a bhí roimh uachtú Habsburg. Chuir scrios na cathrach iallach ar na mílte Beilghrádóir slándáil a lorg trí theacht agus dá bhrí sin a bheith ina n-iascairí. Thit daonra na cathrach faoi 90 faoin gcéad ar a laghad, ó thart ar 80,000 i 1914 go 8,000 ar a mhéad nuair a chríochnaigh an cogadh. Sa chás seo, scoir institiúidí cultúrtha agus sóisialta chomh maith le institiúidí polaitiúla ó fheidhmiú.\nCé nach raibh ach cúpla cathair i bhfeidhm go díreach ag na buamáil agus na buamáil ar scála mór agus cé nach raibh ach céatadán beag de na cathracha á n-íoc ag ionsaitheoirí eachtracha, bhí deacrachtaí leanúnacha ag ceantair mhóra de dhaonra uirbeach ar bhonn laethúil. Bhí níos mó agus níos mó íobairt ag baint le \"chogadh iomlán\", ní hamháin ó shaighdiúirí, maraí agus eitiltí ach ó shibhialtaigh freisin, agus ní hamháin ó na sibhialtaigh sin a d'fhulaing ionsaithe míleata agus láithreacht fórsaí namhaid.\nCuireadh íobairtí ar shibhialtaigh go háirithe mar thoradh ar easpa bia. Bhí easnamh den sórt sin endemic i gceantair uirbeacha, a tharla i ngach ceann de na príomhchathracha na dtíortha móra i gcathracha san Eoraip agus i go leor cathracha eile freisin. Bhí roinnt fachtóirí ina gcontúirt go leor bia a sholáthar do lárionaid uirbeacha. Chuir an cur isteach ginearálta ar thrádáil idirnáisiúnta; easpa oibrithe talmhaíochta; easpa modhanna iompair leordhóthanacha mar thoradh ar an ngá le traenacha a úsáid chun críocha míleata; an gá le bia a thabhairt do dhaoine a imirceadh go cathracha chun fostaíocht a lorg; agus bhacáil na mbanlaigh na Breataine go léir le heasnaimh bia.\nBhí an fhadhb seo an-mhór sa Rúis, sa Ghearmáin, agus san Ostair. Ba é St. Petersburg an chéad chathair mhór a raibh easpa bia tromchúiseach ag a áitritheoirí. Ar an taobh eile de na hAlbanaigh, bhí an-chuid dídeanaithe ag teitheadh ó na Gearmánaigh ionrach, agus ní raibh ceannairí na Rúise in ann bia a aistriú chuig na háiteanna is mó a raibh gá leis. Dá bhrí sin, bhí sé níos deacra bia a fháil. Faoi dheireadh 1915, bhí ganntanas tae, siúcra, salann agus saill agus ní raibh siad ar fáil ach go tréimhsiúil i margaí agus i siopaí na cathrach. Faoi dheireadh 1916, bhí feoil, uibheacha agus iasc imithe ó mhargaí áitiúla, agus go luath sa bhliain ina dhiaidh sin thosaigh prátaí ag imeacht chomh maith. Sa phríomhchathair na Gearmáine, chuir toirmeasc ar sheachadadh ó thar lear ag longa na Breataine, neamhábaltacht na gráin a allmhairíodh roimhe sin ón Rúis, agus obair na n-oibrithe talmhaíochta a tharraingt chun freastal ar na fórsaí armtha go léir le deacrachtaí géara, a shroich a buaic sa gheimhreadh 1916-1917. Le linn na míonna seo, ní raibh mórán bia ag go leor Beirlínigh ach na turnaipí. Chun a bheith cinnte, ní raibh ach cúpla duine sa Bheirlín a fuair bás de bharr ocrais. Mar sin féin, tháinig míchothú ar fud an domhain, rud a d'fhág go raibh méadú mór ar rátaí galair mar thús na teasa agus go raibh an t-ádh agus an míshástacht ag méadú.\nBhí coinníollacha den chineál céanna i Vín. Bhí saighdiúirí na Rúise ag glacadh i roinnt áiteanna le Galicia, príomhfhoinse bia, rud a laghdaigh go suntasach an méid gráin a d'fhéadfaí a sheoladh chuig príomhchathair na hOstaire. Bhí mearbhall ar áitritheoirí na Víne freisin ag diúltú na hUngáireanna leanúint ar aghaidh ag seoladh táirge don iarthar, ag cur níos fearr lena leasanna féin in ionad leasanna Impireacht na Habsburg ina iomláine. Faoi thimpiste 1914, bhí an t-arán ag dul in olcas, agus faoi earrach 1915 bhí an bainne agus na prátaí in olcas freisin. Mar gheall ar an laghdú ar sholáthar na mbia breise, bhí na céadta ceannaitheoirí ionchasacha i gceantair, a sheas ar feadh uaireanta fada taobh amuigh de na fuinneoga siopaí. Bhí an staid chomh dona sin go raibh go leor de mhuintir na cathrach ag fáil bháis as an ocras.\nNí amháin go raibh Constantinople, ach baineadh mearbhall ar chostais bia i gcathracha eile san Impireacht Ottoman freisin. B'fhéidir gurb é an bhac na gComhghuaillithe san oirthear na Meánmhara agus chomh maith le cósta na Iéimeáine an príomhchúis leis na heasnaimh seo. Ach bhí iarmhairtí díobhálacha ag cur isteach ar thrádáil idir tíortha a raibh teorainn acu leis an Mhuir Dhubh. Go luath i 1918, bhí costas na prátaí sa phríomhchathair Ottoman tríocha huaire níos airde ná mar a bhí sé i samhradh 1914. Thug cuairteoir go dtí an chathair i 1916 faoi deara go raibh na líneanna os comhair na siopaí bácála ag daoine a raibh gann-chothaithe go soiléir orthu, a n-aghaidh tanaí, páille agus tarraingthe. D'ardaigh praghas an bhróin agus thit a cháilíocht. Bhí riachtanais eile, mar shampla saill le cócaireacht agus siúcra, ag éirí níos gann agus níos daor freisin. Bhí frithpháirteachas ag fás idir na daoine a raibh acmhainn acu íoc as an méid a theastaigh uathu agus na daoine nach raibh. I ndeisceart na príomhchathrach, i Beirut, bhí na coinníollacha níos measa fós. Faoi Aibreán 1915, bhí easpa gráin agus plúr a bhí mar thoradh ar chogadh ag cruthú ocrais iomlán, rud a d'fhág go bhfuair líon mór de mhuintir na cathrach bás. Idir 1914 agus 1918, thit daonra na cathrach ó thart ar 180,000 go 75,000. Is cinnte gur bhí ról tábhachtach ag imirce, díbirt éigeantach agus coiriúnú sa fhorbairt seo, ach chuir ocras agus galair a tháinig as an bhforbairt sin le tubaiste uirbeach freisin.\nBhí easpa bia, cé nach raibh sé chomh mór sin, le feiceáil in áiteanna eile freisin. Bhí Parisians, lena gcuid cúlra talmhaíochta mór, ag imeacht go réasúnta go maith, gan teacht ar an mbia ollmhór. Go deimhin, chomh déanach le earrach 1917, d'fhéadfaí patisserie a cheannach fós. Mar sin féin, mar gheall ar áitíocht na Gearmáine ar cheantair atá ag fás gráin, bhí teannas idir daonra tuaithe agus daonra uirbeach maidir le leithdháiltí, praghsanna ag ardú, agus míshástacht ghinearálta. Ba iad Lucht na Londaine an chuid is lú a bhí díothaithe ó thaobh cothaithe de i measc áitritheoirí na bpríomhchathair Eorpacha. In ainneoin na bagairtí a bhí ag luí faoi bhroinn ar longa a bhí ag tabhairt bia go Breataine ó thar lear, bhí go leor long in ann dul trí línte namhaid ionas nach raibh daoine cosúil le Parisians i mbaol go raibh siad ag fulaingt ó ghorta. Mar sin féin, bhí go leor míshástachta mar gheall ar shortacht soláthairtí agus praghsanna ag ardú. Faoi 1916, ní raibh uan na Seilge Nua ar fáil ach i siopaí masla a bhí ag freastal ar chustaiméirí den scoth. Níos déanaí sa bhliain sin, cuireadh coinín in ionad muiceoil. I rith na bliana ar fad, d'ardaigh praghsanna bia 26 faoin gcéad. I mí an Mhárta 2017, cruthaíodh na chéad chéimeanna bia, mar a bhí ceannaitheoirí ionchasacha ag seasamh ar líne agus ag seasamh ar feadh uaireanta an chloig i dóchas go mbeadh siad in ann méid teoranta rudaí a ithe a cheannach. Faoi dheireadh an chogaidh, bhí na línte le haghaidh feola chomh maith le tae agus margarine níos forleithne.\nBhí daonra cathracha a bhí suite na mílte míle ar shiúl ó phríomh-theatraí na ngníomhaíochta míleata - mar shampla, san Astráil agus sa Nua-Shéalainn - ag fulaingt ó easpa bia freisin. D'fhág fir a d'oibrigh an talamh é chun éide a d'aontaigh a dtíortha a chaitheamh. Idir an dá linn, mhéadaigh onnmhairí bia go dtí an Bhreatain.\nIdirghabhálacha agus Seirbhísí Rialtais↑\nBhí údaráis rialtais ag dul i mbun níos mó i réimsí na gcúrsaí eacnamaíochta agus sóisialta d'fhonn, a bhí súil acu, míshástacht an phobail a mhaolú agus ord sóisialta a chothabháil. Ag leibhéal na cathrach chomh maith le leibhéal na stáit, lean oifigigh phoiblí ag bogadh ar shiúl ó bhunachar roimhe seo ar phrionsabal an laissez-faire. Mar a scríobh Jean-Louis Robert agus Jay Winter, \"I na trí chathair [Beirlín, Londain, agus Páras] bhí leathnú suntasach ar bheartas sóisialta agus ar idirghabháil phoiblí i saol na cathrach i rith an chogaidh, trí údaráis stáit, réigiúnacha agus cathrach...\nBhí breathnóirí agus rannpháirtithe i ngníomhaíochtaí cathracha sa Ghearmáin an-sásta lena ceiliúradh ar rialtas cathrach ina dtír féin. Dúirt méara chathair Posen i 1917 go bhféadfadh cathracha na Gearmáine breathnú siar go bródúil ar gach rud a rinne a saoránaigh i gcogadh chomh maith le síocháin chun leas an phobail, ní hamháin a gceantair áitiúla ach freisin na totality níos mó, an stát agus an Impireacht, an Volk agus an tír. Cúpla bliain tar éis dheireadh na cogaidh, d'inis príomh-archiví Berlín go leor gníomhaíochtaí a bhí deartha chun cabhrú le freastal ar riachtanais phráinneacha i bpríomhchathair na tíre a tharla ina chathair le linn na cogaidh, go leor faoi mhaoirseacht oifigigh phoiblí. Ní raibh moladh den sórt sin le cloisteáil i gcathracha eile. Fuair sé léiriú sa Fhrainc, áfach, i suirbhéanna iar-chogaidh ar fhorbairtí le déanaí i bPáras, Lyon, agus Marseille, a léirigh go léir ranníocaíochtaí uirbeacha leis an mbua le déanaí ar an nGearmáin i solas an-fabhrach. Trí tháirgeadh armlainne a chothú chomh maith le freastal ar riachtanais a gcuid saoránach, bhí oifigigh phoiblí agus na daoine a rialaigh siad ar an leibhéal áitiúil riachtanach don iarracht cogaidh.\nGhlac an tAire le go leor tionscnaimh chun feabhas a chur ar na coinníollacha a bhí ag muintir na cathrach le linn na cogaidh. Tháinig na cineálacha gníomhaíochta sóisialta seo go léir agus go leor eile amach as an miann dlúthpháirtíocht náisiúnta a choimeád chomh maith le heagrú sóisialta. Le cabhair ó go leor eagraíochtaí carthanachta, mar shampla an Cumann Eagraíochta Carthanachta i Londain, bhunaigh oifigigh phoiblí cleachtais agus institiúidí nua a ceapadh chun leas sóisialta a chur chun cinn trí bhia, breosla, cúram leighis agus seirbhísí sóisialta a sholáthar do theaghlaigh atá i ngátar. Bhí cuid mhór den chabhair sin dírithe ar theaghlaigh a bhí faoi cheannas mná céile na saighdiúirí. I bhfianaise an easpa bia atá forleathan, ní haon ionadh gur chuir tíortha a bhí ag troid racionáil bia i bhfeidhm. Cuireadh an racionáil i bhfeidhm i mBeirlín agus i Vín go luath i 1915, i bPáras i dtreo lár na cogaidh, agus i Londain go luath i 1918. Bhí tacaíocht mhór ag daoine freisin d'iarrachtaí chun leas leanaí a chur chun cinn ar bhealaí a chuaigh thar soláthar bia. Agus iad ag éirí níos mothaithe ar an ngá práinneach le bagairtí a chomhrac ar shláinte daonlathach fadtéarmach a náisiún, rinne údaráis áitiúla go leor céimeanna chun é a chur chun cinn. Smaoinigh ar chás Londain, mar shampla. Chomh maith le lárionaid leasa naíonáin a bhunú, áit ar féidir le mná torracha comhairle saineolaithe a fháil, d'fhostaigh comhairlí bairré níos mó agus níos mó cuairteoirí sláinte. Faoi 1919, bhí cúram roimh agus tar éis breithe á tabhairt ag naoi déag díobh do mháithreacha sa bhaile. Thug slua cathracha eile cúnamh den chineál céanna.\nNí raibh rath ar na hiarrachtaí sin ach go pointe áirithe, agus mar thoradh air sin bhí cathracha ag feidhmiú níos mó agus níos mó mar stáisiúin chun an míshástacht daonra a chur in iúl. Cé gur chothaigh timpeallachtaí uirbeacha an tírghrá pro-chogaidh ar dtús agus lean siad ag déanamh amhlaidh ar feadh tamaill, bhí an méid a bhí le maireachtáil ag muintir na cathrach chomh maith le saighdiúirí ag streachailt níos mó agus níos mó i gcoinne an aontacht náisiúnta a chothabháil agus tacaíocht a thabhairt don iarracht chogaidh.\nMar gheall ar easpa bia a bhí ann i gcónaí, in ainneoin an racionála, bhí agóidí feargach os comhair siopaí grósaera, agus bhí mná ag seasamh i rang ag troid lena chéile, agus i gcásanna áirithe bhí rúndaí ann. Bhí agóidí ag na taispeántóirí i gcoinne na bhféileanna rialtais chun an ganntanas a bhainistiú ar bhealach a chinntíonn cothromáil garbh ar rochtain ar bhia i measc a gcuid tíortha aicmí sóisialta. Ní raibh an easpa bia i ndáiríre an rud a d'fhás an-chontúirt i measc na gclasaí íseal agus lárnach ach an tuiscint atá ag fás go lean na saibhreacha ag ithe go maith in ainneoin na heasnaimh a bhí ag daoine coitianta. Mar a thug tuarascáil póilíní i Vín faoi deara i 1918, Tá an amar an phobail dírithe ... go príomha i gcoinne na saibhre.... Tá géarghá mór ag an bpobal leis an dáileadh mícheart a cheaptar a bheith déanta ar na soláthairtí (bhia) atá ar fáil.\nBhí míshástacht atá ag fás mar thoradh ar easpa bia go háirithe láidir in Oirthear na hEorpa agus i Meán na hEorpa. Bhí an míshástacht níos suntasaí ann ná i dtíortha an iarthair mar gheall ar easpa níos mó agus mar gheall ar thacaíocht ag laghdú ann ó shaoránaigh do na fir atá i gceannas ar institiúidí rialtais. Sa Rúis, i samhradh 1915, tháinig grúpaí móra mná isteach i margadh i Moscó agus dhiúltaigh siad imeacht go dtí go ndeachaigh ceannaitheoirí i ngleic le praghsanna na bpátaí a ísliú. Thosaigh treabhadh i bhfómhar 1915, agus tháinig méadú orthu le linn na mblianta ina dhiaidh sin. Tháinig siad go dtí an t-uasmhéid i Márta 1917, nuair a chuir taispeántais ó mhná na Rúise próiseas i ngníomh a d'fhág deireadh leis an gcóras Impiriúil. In ainneoin iarrachtaí póilíní Bhaile Átha Cliath chun taispeántais frith-rialtasacha a chur i bhfeidhm, rinne na híomhánna a gcuid cainte, ag tosú i 1915, nuair a thit an t-eagla mar thoradh ar ardú géar ar chostas na bóthar. Le linn gheimhridh 1916/1917, tháinig an rud ar a dtugtar turnip winterprotests i bhfeidhm, agus lean siad ar aghaidh leis an mbliain ina dhiaidh sin. I rith an tsamhraidh, mar shampla, tháinig 300 bean le chéile ag stáil greengrocer i Lichtenberg, ag taispeáint in aghaidh a phraghsanna agus ag éirí as a theach chun teitheadh ó ghnúis na mban. Tar éis sraith reibiliúnaí bia go luath i 1917 agus arís go luath i 1918, léirigh tuairiscí póilíní go raibh chuid ollmhór den daonra [ní raibh] cúram ar bith acu faoin cogadh a thuilleadh. Bhí ganntanas bia ag dul go soiléir chun dlúthpháirtíocht náisiúnta a mhilleadh.\nAr thaobh na gComhghuaillithe, cé go raibh méid níos lú ann, d'oibrigh agóidí bia freisin chun tacú leis an iarracht chogaidh a chur faoi dhroch-bhonn. I dTurin i mí Lúnasa 1917, d'fhan treochtaí a bhí i gceist le soláthairtí agus praghsanna na n-earraí bia ar feadh trí lá. Sa deireadh, chuir rialtas na hIodáile an t-easnamh i bhfeidhm go míleata. Mar thoradh air sin, maraíodh ceathrú déag duine agus gortaíodh 200. Chomh maith leis sin i 1917, bhí taispeántais i gcoinne costas bia i Melbourne, ag cur béime ar an bhfíric gur cogadh world í an cogadh, inar cuireadh íobairtí ar shibhialtaigh a bhí ina gcónaí i bhfad ó aon cheann de na suíomhanna cogaidh armtha.\nBhí streachailtí ag gabháil le agóidí uirbeacha, go príomha ag mná, a bhí bainteach le easpa bia, agus bhí fir den aicme oibre i gceannas orthu. Tar éis titim go géar le linn na mblianta tosaigh den chogadh, nuair a bhí an t-ainneoin saothair a bheith ina fhreasúra ar aontacht agus ar neart náisiúnta, bhí stopadh oibre ag méadú i gcuid mhór den Eoraip agus i dtíortha eile freisin. Athghníomhaíodh stailceanna suntasacha sa Bhreatain ag tosú go luath i 1915. Mar thoradh ar chostas ardú bia agus riachtanas eile, mar aon le uaireanta fada oibre faoi bhrú ard i go leor tionscail, bhí éilimh ar thuarastal pá níos airde. Bhí freagraí na bhfostóirí ar na héilimh seo go ginearálta, ag neartú an chreideamh go raibh caipitilithe ag baint tairbhe as an gcogadh ar chostas a gcuid fostaithe. Bhí ceann de na stailceanna is tromchúisí a tharla sa Bhreatain i 1915 i Londain, ag tosú ar 14 Bealtaine. D'éirigh le hoibrithe iompair stailce a dhéanamh ar feadh níos mó ná dhá sheachtain, rud a d'fhág go raibh cur isteach mór ar mhonarcha armlainne i Woolwich. Bhí fir agus mná a bhí fostaithe ann ag brath go mór ar thrámaí chun taisteal go dtí an obair agus ar ais. Tugadh aird ar chuid is mó de na héilimh na n-ionsaitheoirí, rud a spreag oibrithe eile chun na hionsaitheoirí a leanúint. Cé gur fir a bhí i bhformhór na n-airdreabóirí, bhí mná páirteach freisin i stailceanna oibre, mar atá i gcás na n-airdreabóirí Parisianach, a rinne stailce i mí na Bealtaine 1917.\nAr an iomlán sa Ghearmáin, sa Bhreatain, sa Fhrainc, san Iodáil agus sa Rúis chomh maith sa Bhreatain Mhór bhí treochtaí maidir le gníomhaíocht stailce soiléir agus cosúil. Bhí méadú suntasach tagtha ar líon na stailceanna agus ar líon na bhfear agus na mban a ghlac páirt iontu. Sna stailceanna oibre a tharla le linn na mblianta seo, níor chuir stailceoirí in iúl ach gearán a bhaineann le hobair ach freisin ag cur i gcoinne leanúnachas an chogaidh féin.\nTháinig stailceanna agus stailceoirí go háirithe i líon, agus tháinig a gcuspóirí níos faide ná riamh roimhe i mí Eanáir 1918. Ar an 14 Eanáir, thit stailc i monarcha mótair i Vín. Laistigh de chúpla lá, bhí beagnach milliún oibrí ar fud an Impireacht tar éis stailc a dhéanamh ar an obair. Ní hamháin go raibh oibrithe ag déanamh agóide i gcoinne easpa bia ach freisin i bhfabhar síocháin ghinearálta láithreach, an deireadh is tapúla den chogadh, agus féinchinnteoireacht náisiúnta. Chuidigh an stad oibre seo le dara ceann a spreag a tharla i mBeirlín níos déanaí sa mhí.\nAr 28 Eanáir, chuir 200,000 oibrí ar a laghad (agus b'fhéidir chomh mór le 400,000) sa phríomhchathair na Gearmáine a gcuid uirlisí síos sna monarchana ina raibh siad fostaithe, agus bhí oibrithe i gcathracha eile ag teacht isteach go luath freisin. Chuir clár oibre na bhfear agus na mban a d'oibrigh chun é a chur i gcrích béim ar an gcontrachas le leanúint ar aghaidh ag troid i gcogadh a bhí ag éirí níos lú tóir air i measc baill ghnáth na Gearmáine. Go deimhin, ní raibh aon luachán ar phá nó ar choinníollacha oibre ar liosta de sheacht éileamh a dhréachtaigh comhairle tofa de thoscairí stailce, ag díriú ar an gcéad dul síos ar an ngá le \"conclúid síochána ginearálta gan aoncheantais nó athdhóileadh\". Éileamh eile a bhí ar fáil ná daonlathachú agus léirscaoileadh, sa Ríocht na Prúise agus sa Impireacht ina iomláine chomh maith le \"bothán níos mó agus níos fearr bia\". Go páirteach toisc go raibh an oiread sin de na streachailtithe ina mbaothair munitions, cuireadh póilíní agus saighdiúirí isteach ar 3 Feabhra chun é a chur faoi chois. Is féidir an stailc a mheas mar chleachtadh cóirithe don réabhlóid a bhí le tarlú níos lú ná bliain ina dhiaidh sin.\nBhí gníomhaíocht stailce méadaithe i ndáil le gearáin a bhaineann leis an gcogadh taobh amuigh den Eoraip chomh maith le taobh istigh den Eoraip. Léirigh na stailceanna iomadúla sna Stáit Aontaithe go raibh míshástacht ag méadú i measc oibrithe le linn cogaidh a chuir sóisialaithe Mheiriceá chomh maith le ceannairí saothair eile in aghaidh mar choimhlint i measc chaipitilithe ó thús an díospóireachta faoi rannpháirtíocht fhéideartha Mheiriceá. Bhí stailceanna ag méadú go forleathan san Astráil agus sa Nua-Shéalainn freisin, áit a raibh ceannairí saothair ag teacht le Breataineacha frith-chogaidh go polaitiúil, go háirithe maidir leis an gcóir, a bhí an-dílis. Sa Astráil, bhí méadú mór ar líon na díospóidí tionsclaíocha agus na laethanta oibre caillte sa bhliain 1916, agus sa bhliain ina dhiaidh sin bhí méadú trí huaire ar an bhfigiúr deireanach. Chomh maith leis sin i 1917, stopadh mianadóirí guail i Nua-Shéalainn ag obair arís agus arís eile. Chuaigh oibrithe gáis sa phríomhchathair, Canberra, i stailc ar feadh míosa. Thairis sin, rinne oibrithe mná cath leis an gCuideachta Almóin Coilíneach.\nRéabhlóid sa Rúis, sa Ghearmáin, agus san Ostair-Ungáir↑\nI hEorpa, d'eascair ó na buaiteacha míleata, i gcomhar le deacrachtaí sibhialta, réabhlóidí polaitiúla, a raibh príomhchathracha náisiúnta ina phointí fócais. Sa bhliain 1917 bhí titim na ríthe Romanov agus ansin titim na Bolsheviks ar an gcóras liobrálaigh a bhí tar éis an chóras Tsarist. Le linn chogaidh shibhialta fuilteach, a thosaigh i 1919, chaill na milliúin áitritheoir den Aontas Sóivéadach a bhí ar a dtugtar ina dhiaidh sin a saol mar thoradh ar chinntí na Bolsheivíceacha a bheith i seilbh cumhachta.\nGo luath i mí na Samhna 1918, cuireadh iallach ar Wilhelm II, Impire na Gearmáine (1859-1941) a bheith ag éirí as oifig agus thug Impireacht na Gearmáine bealach do phoblacht. Cé go raibh an réabhlóid i mí na Samhna láidir, ní raibh sé foréigneach. Ní raibh na treoracha ina dhiaidh sin, ag Comhphobail i mBeirlín i mí Eanáir 1919 agus ag na craobh clé i München i rith an earraigh. Bhí caillteanas mór beatha ag an dá chathair, áfach, toisc nár chuir sóisialaithe measartha i bpostanna cumhachta leis an gcumas grúpaí saighdiúirí a d'éirigh le déanaí a ghlaoch chun réabhlóidí na láimhe clé a chur i gcontúirt.\nAr an 11 Samhain, tar éis na stáit neamhspleácha nua de na Seiceaslóvaicí, na Polainne agus Iúgslaiv a fhoirmiú, thréig Charles I, Impire na hOstaire (1887-1922) a ríchathaoir i Vín. An lá dar gcionn bhí an t-údarás ag bunú poblacht na hOstaire-Ghaeilge. Ar 16 Samhain, bunaíodh poblacht na hUngáire i mBúdapest. Ar 21 Márta 1919, thug cúit faoi cheannas an Choimisinéara Ungáire Béla Kun (1886-1938) tús le Poblacht Sóivéadach Ungáire. Tháinig deireadh leis an gcóras cumannach an 1 Lúnasa, go príomha mar thoradh ar mhí-bhuanna míleata ag na Seiceaslóvaice agus na Rómhánaigh, le tacaíocht na Fraince. Sula raibh siad ar ais ó chumhacht, áfach, chuir Kun agus a lucht leanúna na céadta freasúra Ungáirigh chun báis. Agus iad ag déanamh amhlaidh, chuir siad féin agus daoine eile leis an ngéarchéim fhuilteach a bhí ina ghné chomh suntasach den saol i gcodanna móra den Eoraip fiú tar éis don Chéad Chogadh Domhanda a bheith críochnaithe go hoifigiúil ar 11 Samhain 1918.\nAndrew Lees, Ollscoil Rutgers\nEagarthóir Rannóg: Michael Geyer\n- Zweig, Stefan: The World of Yesterday, Nua-Eabhrac 1943, lch 123.\n- Russell, Bertrand: The Autobiography of Bertrand Russell, tom 2, Londain 1951, p. 4. Tá comparáidí idirnáisiúnta le feiceáil i Lawrence, John: Spás Poiblí, Spás Polaitiúil, in: Winter, Jay / Robert, Jean-Louis (ed. ): Caipitil Bhailte ag Cogadh. Paris, London, Berlin, 1914-1919, tom 2, A Cultural History, Cambridge et al. 2007, pp. 282-288. Féach freisin, Lenger, Friedrich: Metropolen der Moderne. Ealaín Eorpach Stadtgeschichte ó 1850, München 2013, pp. 275-276. Tá sé seo go maith.\n- Strachan, Hew: An Chéad Chogadh Domhanda, tom 1. To Arms, Oxford 2001, pp. 103-110. Féach freisin, Verhey, Jeffrey: The Spirit of 1914. Míleatachas, Miotaseacht, agus Gníomhachú sa Ghearmáin, Cambridge et al. 2000. Tá sé seo go maith.\n- Go ginearálta, féach Goebel, Stefan: Cities, in: Winter, Jay (ed. ): The Cambridge History of the First World War, tom 2, The State, Cambridge et al. 2014, pp. 368-369. Tá sé seo go maith. Maidir leis an nGearmáin, féach Welch, David: Germany, Propaganda, and Total War, 1914-1918, New Brunswick 2000. Maidir leis an mBreatain, féach Gregory, Adrian: The Last Great War. Cumann na Breataine agus an Chéad Chogadh Domhanda, Cambridge et al. 2008, pp. 40-70. Maidir leis na Stáit Aontaithe, féach Kennedy, David: Anseo. An Chéad Chogadh Domhanda agus Cumann Mheiriceá, Oxford et al. 1980, pp. 45-92.\n- Goebel, Stefan: Scoileanna, in: Winter / Robert (ed. ), Caipitil Bhailte ag Cogadh 2007, pp. 200-202. Tá sé seo go maith.\n- Audoin-Rouzeau, Stéphane: Children and the Primary Schools of France, 1914-1918, in: Horne, John (ed. ): State, Society, and Mobilization in Europe during the First World War, Cambridge et al. (An Stát, an tSochaí, agus an Ghluaiseacht san Eoraip le linn an Chéad Chogaidh Domhanda, Cambridge et al. 1997, pp. 40-42.\n- Goebel: Scoileanna 2014, pp. 226-232. Maidir le forbairtí san Iodáil, féach Fava, Andrea: War, National Education, and the Italian Primary School, 1915-1918, in: Horne (ed. ): State, Society, and Mobilization 1997, pp. 53-69. Tá sé seo go maith.\n- Rüger, Jan: Amharclanna, in: Winter / Robert (eds. ), Caipitil Bhailte ag Cogadh 2007, pp. 127-129. Tá sé seo go maith. Féach freisin, Baumeister, Martin: War Enacted. Teaghlach an Teaghlaigh agus Comhlachtanna Pobail i mBeirlín, 1914-1918, i: Funck, Marcus / Chickering, Roger (ed. ): Cathracha i mbaol. Cumhacht Míleata agus Cumann Cathrach in Am na gCogadh Domhanda, Boston et al. 2004, pp. 111-126. Tá mé ag iarraidh a fháil amach.\n- Goebel: Cities 2014, p. 370. Féach freisin, Goebel, Stefan: Taispeántais, in: Winter / Robert (ed. ), Caipitil Bhailte ag Cogadh 2007, pp. 145-187. Tá sé seo go maith.\n- Cronier, Emmanuelle: The Street, in: Winter / Robert (ed. ), Caipitil Bhailte ag Cogadh 2007, p. 95; agus Leonhard, Jörn: Die Büchse der Pandora. An t-údarás inniúil a thugann fógra don Choimisiún i gcomhréir le hAirteagal 10 (2) de Threoir 2008/57/CE.\n- Lohr, Eric: Fhoréigean Pátróiceach agus an Stát. Na Riots Moscó i mí na Bealtaine 1915, in: Kritika. Taighde i Stair na Rúise agus na hIaráise 4 (2003), pp. 607-626; Panikos, Panayi: Riots Frith-Germany i Londain le linn an Chéad Chogaidh Domhanda, in: German History 7 (1989), pp. 184-203; White, Jerry: Oícheanta Zeppelin. Londain sa Chéad Chogadh Domhanda, Londain 2014, p. 72; Proctor, Tammy: Civilians in a World at War, 1914-1918, Nua-Eabhrac 2010, p. 80.\n- An áit chéanna, pp. 44-50. Tá mé ag iarraidh. Féach freisin, Stovall, Tyler: The Color Line behind the Lines. Fhoréigean ciníoch sa Fhrainc le linn an Chogaidh Mhór, in: American Historical Review 303 (1998), pp. 737-769.\n- Gatrell, Peter / Nivet, Philippe: Refugee and Exiles, in: Winter, The Cambridge History 2014, pp. 186-215. Tá sé seo go maith. Féach freisin, ar Oirthear na hEorpa, Marrus, Michael R.: The Unwanted. Dídeanaithe Eorpacha sa Chúigiú haois, Nua-Eabhrac et al. 1985, pp. 54, 62.\n- Kennedy: Anseo 1980, pp. 279-284. Féach freisin, Gustaitis, Gus: Deireadh Kultur. An Plíocht na nGearmáinis Chicago, i: Chicago Transformed. An Chéad Chogadh Domhanda agus an Chathair Gaoithe, Carbondale 2016, pp. 256-274.\n- Gregory, Adrian: Caipitil Impiriúla ag Cogadh: Táthúlacht Iomparáideach, in: London Journal 41 (2016), p. 229; Fawaz, Leila Tarazi: A Land of Aching Hearts. An Meánoirthear sa Chogadh Mór, Cambridge, Massachusetts 2014, pp. 87, 100.\n- Is é an cóireáil is fearr ar an ábhar seo Goebel, Stefan / Keene, Derek: Toward a Metropolitan History of Total War. An Introduction, in: Goebel / Keene (eds. ): Cathracha i gCathacha Cathartha. Scéimeanna Metropolitan, Taithí, agus Comóradh Cogadh Iomlán, Surrey 2011, pp. 1-46. Tá forbhreathnú úsáideach eile ar Goebel: Cathracha 2014, pp. 374-377; Cronier, The Street, 2007, pp. 96-97; agus Proctor, Civilians 2010, pp. 104-108. Tá mé ag iarraidh a fháil amach.\n- Grayzel, Susan: Na Souls na Saighdiúirí. Saoránaigh faoi Dhún sa Chéad Chogadh Domhanda An Fhrainc, in: Journal of Modern History 78 (2006), pp. 588-622. Tá sé seo go maith. Féach freisin, Bastié, Jean / Pillorget, René: Histoire de Paris de 1914 à 1940, Paris 1997, pp. 75, 99-102. Tá mé ag iarraidh a bheith ag obair.\n- White, Zeppelin Nights 2014, pp. 115-136, 211-219. Tá an t-am ag teacht. Féach freisin, Osborne, Brian / Armstrong, Ronald: Glasgow. A City at War, Edinburgh 2000, pp. 55-72.\n- Geinitz, Christian: An Chéad Cogadh i gcoinne Neamh-Chomhachtaigh. Bombáil Straitéiseach Cathracha na Gearmáine sa Chéad Chogadh Domhanda, in: Chickering, Roger / Foerster, Stig (eds. ): Cogadh Mór, Cogadh Iomlán. Comhar agus Gníomhachú ar an gCéad Chonair, 1914-1918, Cambridge et al. 2000, pp. 207-225. Tá sé seo go maith. Féach freisin, Chickering, Roger: An Cogadh Mór agus Saol Cathrach sa Ghearmáin. Freiburg, 1914-1918, Cambridge et al. 2007, pp. 98-111.\n- Gregory, Caipitil Impiriúla 2016, lch. 224.\n- Le haghaidh forbhreathnú, féach Schaepdrijver, Sophie de: Populations under Occupation, in: Winter, Jay (ed. ): The Cambridge History of the First World War, Volume 3, Civil Society, Cambridge et al. 2014, pp. 242-256; agus Lenger, Metropolen 2013, pp. 280-282. Chun cás-staidéir a fháil, féach Majerus, Benoît: Controlling Urban Society during World War I. Comhar idir Údaráis na Beilge agus na Fórsaí um Ghníomhaíocht Mhíleata, i: Funck / Chickering (ed. ), Cathracha i mbaol 2004, pp. 65-79; Blobaum, Robert: Apocalypse Beag. Warsaw le linn an Chéad Chogaidh Domhanda, Ithaca 2017; agus Knezevic, Jovana: Reclaiming Their City. Beilgrádaigh agus an Troid i gcoinne Propaganda Habsburg Tríd Rumors, 1915-1918, in: Goebel / Keene, Cathracha isteach i gCathacha Cathartha 2011, pp. 101-118. Tá sé seo go maith.\n- Le haghaidh forbhreathnú, féach Gregory, Imperial Capitals 2016, pp. 224-229; Proctor, Civilians 2010, pp. 90-95; agus Lenger, Metropolen 2013, pp. 229-284. Féach freisin, Bonzon, Thierry / Davis, Belinda J: Feeding the Cities, in: Winter / Robert (eds. ), Caipitil Bhailte ag Cogadh 2007, pp. 335-373.\n- Engel, Barbara Alpern: Ní le aran amháin. Riots Subsistence in Russia during World War I, in: Journal of Modern History 69 (1997), pp. 696-721.\n- An chóireáil is críochnúil agus sofaisticiúla ar bia agus ar pholaitíocht an ocrais in aon tír is ea Davis, Belinda J.: Home Fires Burning. Bia, Polaitíocht agus Saol Laethúil sa Chéad Chogadh Domhanda Berlin, Chapel Hill 2000. Féach freisin, Chickering, The Great War 2007, pasim.\n- Gregory, Caipitil Impiriúla 2016, pp. 225-227. Tá sé seo go maith. Le haghaidh cóireáil domhain ar chás na Víne, féach Healy, Maureen: Víne agus titim Impireacht na Habsbúrga. Cogadh iomlán agus Saol Laethúil sa Chéad Chogadh Domhanda, Cambridge et al. 2004, pp. 31-86. Tá an luachan ó Healy, p. 61.\n- Fawaz, Leila Tarazi: Tír na gCroí Painful. An Meánoirthear sa Chogadh Mór, Cambridge, Massachusetts 201l, pp. 88-93, 96-110, 121-123, 127, 277. Tá an t-am ag teacht.\n- Tanielian, Melanie S.: Aithint an Bhaile. An Bardas Beirut agus Polaitíocht an Chothaithe le linn an Chéad Chogaidh Domhanda, in: International Journal of Middle East Studies 46 (2014), pp. 737-758. Tá sé seo go maith.\n- Gregory, Caipitil Impiriúla 2016, pp. 228-229; Bonzon, Thierry: La société, l'état et le pouvoir local: l'approvisionnement à Paris, 1914-1918, in Guerres mondialesse et conflits contemporaines 46 (1996), pp.11-28.\n- White, Zeppelin Nights 2014, pp. 173-175, 203-206, 222-223, 247-249. Tá sé seo ar fad a dhéanamh.\n- Eldred-Grigg, Stevan: Cogadh Mór Mícheart. Cumann na Nua-Shéalainne sa Chéad Chogadh Domhanda, Auckland 2010, pp. 135-136, 200, 257, 286, 387, 409-415; Smart, Judith: Feminists, Food, and the Fair Price. Taispeántais Chostas na Maireachtála i Melbourne, Lúnasa-Meán Fómhair 1917, in: Demousi, Joy / Lake, Marilyn (eds. ): Inscne agus Cogadh. Astrálaigh ag Cogadh sa Chúigiú haois, Cambridge et al. 1995, pp. 274-301. Tá sé seo go maith.\n- Robert, Jean-Louis / Winter, Jay: Conclúidí. I dtreo Stair Shóisialta na gCathracha Caipitil ag Cogadh, in: Winter / Robert, Capital Cities at War 2014, p. 547.\n- Deirtear i Lees, Andrew: Cities Perceived. Sochaí Bhaile i Smaointe na hEorpa agus na Meiriceánach, 1820-1940, Manchester et al. 1985, lch. 245.\n- Kaeber, Ernst: Berlin im Weltkriege. - Tá sé i gceist agam. Fünf Jahre städtischer Kommunalarbeit, Beirlín 1921.\n- Sellier, Henri / Bruggeman, A. / Poëte, Marcel: Paris pendant la guerre, Paris et al. 1926; Herriot, Édouard: Lyon pendant la guerre, Paris et al. 1925; agus Masson, Paul: Marseille pendant la guerre, Paris et al. 1925. Tá sé seo go maith. Chun tuairim chriticiúil a fháil ar easnaimh mhúinteoireachta i Freiburg, féach Chickering, The Great War 2007, pp. 210-216. Tá mé ag iarraidh a fháil amach.\n- Grant, Peter: Daonlathas agus Gníomhaíocht Dheonach sa Chéad Chogadh Domhanda, Nua-Eabhrac 2014.\n- Goebel, Cities 2014, lch. 365. Féach freisin, Davis, Home Fires Burning 2000, passim; Proctor, Civilians 2010, pp. 84-97; agus White, Zeppelin Nights 2014, pp. 248-249. Tá sé seo go maith.\n- An áit chéanna, lch. 234. Féach freisin, ar Bhreatain, Geimhreadh, Jay: An Cogadh Mór agus an t-Old British, Cambridge, Massachusetts 1986, pp. 189-204; agus Dwork, Deborah: War Is Good for Babies and Other Young Children. A History of the Infant and Child Welfare Movement in England, 1898-1918, London et al. 1987. - Tá sé ann. Maidir le forbairtí i bPáras agus i mBeirlín chomh maith le Londain, féach Rollet, Catherine: The Other World War I. Ag cosaint Sláinte Phoiblí, in: Winter / Robert (eds. ), Caipitil Bhailte ag Cogadh 2007, pp. 438-443. Tá sé seo go maith. Féach freisin, Kaeber, Berlin 1921, pp. 482-498; agus Herriot, Lyon 1925, pp. 60-61. Tá sé seo go maith.\n- Le haghaidh plé comparáideach ar an ábhar seo, féach Proctor, Civilians 2010, pp. 90-97; agus Lenger, Metropolen 2013, pp. 297-299.\n- Cuitear i Healy, Vienna 2004, lch. 61.\n- Engel, Not by Bread Alone 2004, pp, 696-721.\n- Davis, Home Fires Burning 2000, pp. 52, 80, 190, 211. Tá an t-am ag teacht. Maidir leis an luaiteoir, féach ar leathanach 193.\n- Lenger, Metropolen 2013, pp. 298-299. Tá sé seo go maith.\n- Cliste. Féimineoirí 1995, pp. 27-30.\n- Maidir leis an gcúrsa is iomláine, a bhaineann leis an bhFrainc, leis an mBreatain Mhór, leis an Iodáil, leis an nGearmáin agus leis an Rúis, féach Haimson, Leopold / Sapelli, Giulio (eds. ): Stailceanna, Conradh Sóisialta, agus an Chéad Chogadh Domhanda. An International Perspective, Milan 1992. Féach freisin, Horne, John N.: Labour at War. An Fhrainc agus an Bhreatain, 1914-1918, Oxford et al. 1991. an tSeapáin.\n- White, Zeppelin Nights 2014, lch. 120. Maidir le stailceanna ina dhiaidh sin i Londain, féach pp. 206, 259-261. Tá sé seo go maith.\n- Prost, Antoine: Oibrithe, in: Winter, Jay (eagarth. ): The Cambridge History of the First World War, tom 2, The State, Cambridge et al. 2014, lch.\n- Bessel Richard: Réabhlóid, sa Gheimhreadh, Jay (eagarthóir. ): The Cambridge History of the First World War 2014. l. 133.\n- Bailey, Stephen: The Berlin Strike of January 1918, in: Central European History 13 (1980), pp. 158-174.\n- Kennedy, Thar anseo 1980, p. 7 agus pasim. Féach freisin, Dubofsky, Melvin: Oibriú Eagraithe i gCathair Nua Eabhrac agus an Chéad Chogadh Domhanda, in: New York History 42 (1961), pp. 380-400. Tá sé seo go maith.\n- Connor, John / Stanley, Peter / Yule, Peter: The War at Home, South Melbourne 2015, pp. 66-72; Eldred-Grigg, Stevan: Cogadh Mícheart Mór. Cumann na Nua-Shéalainne sa Chéad Chogadh Domhanda, Auckland 2010, pp. 320-322. Tá sé seo go maith.\n- Maidir leis na réabhlóidí Márta agus Samhain, féach Figes, Orlando: A People's Tragedy. The Russian Revolution, 1891-1924, Nua Eabhrac 1996, pp. 307-500. Tá sé seo go maith. Maidir leis an gcogadh cathartha, féach pp. 555-720.\n- Maidir le himeachtaí sa Ghearmáin, féach Ryder, A. J.: The German Revolution of 1918. Staidéar ar Shóisialachas na Gearmáine i gCogadh agus i Réabhlóid, Cambridge et al. 1967. An chéad uair.\n- Maidir le deireadh Impireacht na Habsburg, féach Leonhard, Die Büchse 2014, pp. 895-909. Tá mé ag iarraidh a fháil amach. Féach freisin, Tokés, Rudolf: Béla Kun agus Poblacht Sóivéadach na hUngáire. Bunaithe agus Ról Pháirtí Cumannach na hUngáire i Réabhlóid 1918-1919, Nua Eabhrac 1967. Maidir le scaipeadh 'militarization' am chogaidh ar bhlianta iarchogaidh, féach Proctor, Civilians 2010, pp. 267-275.\n- Becker, Jean-Jacques: The Great War and the French people, New York 1986: St. Martin's Press.\n- Chickering, Roger: An Cogadh Mór agus an saol uirbeach sa Ghearmáin. Freiburg, 1914-1918, Cambridge; Nua-Eabhrac 2007: Cambridge University Press.\nDavis, Belinda J.: Home tineacha ag lasadh. Bia, polaitíocht, agus saol laethúil sa Chéad Chogadh Domhanda Berlin, Chapel Hill 2000: University of North Carolina Press.\n- Gatrell, Peter: an Chéad Chogadh Domhanda na Rúise. A social and economic history, Harlow 2005: Pearson/Longman.\n- Goebel, Stefan: Cathracha, in: Geimhreadh, Jay (ed. ): Stair Chambridge den Chéad Chogadh Domhanda. An stát, toim 2, Cambridge; Nua-Eabhrac 2014: Cambridge University Press, pp. 358-381.\n- Goebel, Stefan / Keene, Derek (eit. ): Cathracha i gcathracha cathrach. Scéimeanna Metropolitan, taithí agus comórtais chogaidh iomlán, Farnham; Burlington 2011: Routledge.\n- Grayzel, Susan R.: 'Spalmaí na saighdiúirí'. Daoine sibhialta faoi dhó sa Chéad Chogadh Domhanda sa Fhrainc, in: The Journal of Modern History 78/3, 2006, pp. 588-622. Tá sé seo go maith.\n- Gregory, Adrian: an Cogadh Mór deireanach. Sochaí na Breataine agus an Chéad Chogadh Domhanda, Cambridge; Nua-Eabhrac 2008: Cambridge University Press.\n- Gregory, Adrian: caipitil Impiriúla i gcogadh. An t-eagarthóir ar an mblag, a. 219-232.\n- Haimson, Leopold H. / Sapelli, Giulio (ed. ): Stailceanna, coimhlint shóisialta, agus an Chéad Chogadh Domhanda. Táthar ag súil go hidirnáisiúnta, Milano 1992: Fondazione Giangiacomo Feltrinelli.\n- Healy, Maureen: Vienne agus titim an Impireacht Habsburg. Cogadh iomlán agus saol laethúil sa Chéad Chogadh Domhanda, Cambridge; Nua-Eabhrac 2004: Cambridge University Press.\n- Horne, John: Oibreacha i gcogadh. An Fhrainc agus an Bhreatain, 1914-1918, Oxford; Nua Eabhrac 1991: Clarendon Press; Oxford University Press.\n- Horne, John (eagarthóir. ): Stát, sochaí, agus soghluaisteacht san Eoraip le linn an Chéad Chogaidh Domhanda, Cambridge; Nua-Eabhrac 1997: Cambridge University Press.\n- Hudemann, Rainer / Walter, François (ed. ): Villes et guerres mondiales en Europe au XXe siècle, Paris 1997: Editions l'Harmattan.\n- Kennedy, David M.: Anseo. An Chéad Chogadh Domhanda agus an tsochaí Mheiriceá, Nua-Eabhrac 1980: Oxford University Press.\n- Lenger, Friedrich: Metropolen der Moderne. - Tá an t-am ag teacht. Ealaín Eorpach Stadgeschichte ó 1850, München 2013: Beck.\n- Proctor, Tammy M.: Daoine sibhialta i saol i gcogadh, 1914-1918, Nua-Eabhrac 2010: New York University Press.\n- Wall, Richard / Winter, Jay (eitiltí. ): An t-athrú a bhaineann leis an gcogadh. Teaghlach, obair, agus leas san Eoraip, 1914-1918, Cambridge; Nua-Eabhrac 1988: Cambridge University Press.\n- White, Jerry: oíche Zeppelin. Londain sa Chéad Chogadh Domhanda, Londain 2014: The Bodley Head.\n- Geimhreadh, Jay/Robert, Jean-Louis (eds. ): Caipitil i gcogadh. Páirc, Londain, Beirlín, 1914-1919, 2 tholm, Cambridge; Nua-Eabhrac 1997: Cambridge University Press."} {"text": "Our power demands are increasing and, with it, a desire to find renewable and long-lasting energy sources, be they solar, wind or nuclear. Among these options also sits wave power -- given that Australia's completely surrounded by, well, loads of waves, it would seem a decent idea to try and harness the energy they create.\nWhat is wave power, exactly? There are many different approaches but, essentially, the idea is to capture the kinetic energy from wave motion. Tidal power, on the other hand, works by holding onto incoming tides and generating power as water is released.\nCSIRO's keen on Australia's wave power potential. In a 2011 report, the organisation noted that the wave power between Geraldton, Tasmania and Tassie's southern tip is around 1300TWh per year, enough to supply Australia's energy requirements five times over, though the report mentions that 23TWh would be required by 2050 to provide just five per cent of the country's \"grid-based\" needs. It estimates 100-200km (less than one per cent) of Australia's coastline would be required to deliver this amount.\nA Sydney Morning Herald article from yesterday tells us that Victoria's been keen since at least 2009, having granted a company by the name of Ocean Power Technologies $66 million to develop a 19MW wave farm near Portland, Victoria, about 360km west of Melbourne. Initially, the farm will use ten of OPT's \"PowerBuoy\" units to produce 1.5MW.\nUnfortunately, SMH reports that no \"physical\" progress has yet been made, which may or may not have something to do with the project requiring an additional $130 million to shift into gear. OPT says it's spent the last two years fine-tuning its technology and is still in the process of securing permits and funding.\nIs Victoria on the right track investing in wave power, a technology arguably on the fringes of the renewable energy debate, or should we be putting more thought into gas and possibly nuclear options?\nYou know, while we wait for cold fusion to get off the ground.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-13", "url": "https://www.gizmodo.com.au/2012/01/its-2012-wheres-my-wave-power/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257647768.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20180322034041-20180322054041-00593.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9474490881, "token_count": 427, "score": 2.984375, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Tá ár n-éileamh ar chumhacht ag méadú agus, leis sin, tá an fonn ann foinsí fuinnimh in-athnuaite agus fadtéarmacha a aimsiú, bíodh siad gréine, gaoithe nó núicléach. I measc na roghanna seo tá cumhacht tonn freisin -- ós rud é go bhfuil an Astráil timpeallaithe go hiomlán ag, go leor tonnta, is cosúil gur smaoineamh maith é iarracht a dhéanamh an fuinneamh a chruthaíonn siad a shaothrú.\nCad é cumhacht tonn, go díreach? Tá go leor cur chuige éagsúla ann ach, go bunúsach, is é an smaoineamh an fuinneamh cinéiteach a ghabháil ó ghluaiseacht tonn. Ar an láimh eile, oibríonn cumhacht na dtimthriall trí thitimí a thagann isteach a choinneáil agus cumhacht a ghiniúint de réir mar a scaoiltear uisce.\nTá CSIRO ar an eolas faoi acmhainneacht chumhacht tonn na hAstráile. I dtuarascáil 2011, thug an eagraíocht faoi deara go bhfuil an chumhacht tonn idir Geraldton, Tasmania agus barr theas Tassie thart ar 1300TWh in aghaidh na bliana, go leor chun riachtanais fuinnimh na hAstráile a sholáthar cúig huaire níos mó, cé go luaitear sa tuarascáil go mbeadh 23TWh ag teastáil faoi 2050 chun ach cúig faoin gcéad de riachtanais \"gréasán-bhunaithe\" na tíre a sholáthar. Measann sé go mbeadh 100-200km (níos lú ná aon faoin gcéad) de chósta na hAstráile ag teastáil chun an méid seo a sheachadadh.\nIn alt Sydney Morning Herald ó lá atá inniu ann, dúradh linn go raibh Victoria ag iarraidh é a dhéanamh ó 2009 ar a laghad, tar éis dó $66 milliún a dheonú do chuideachta Ocean Power Technologies chun feirm tonn 19MW a fhorbairt in aice le Portland, Victoria, thart ar 360km siar ó Melbourne. Ar dtús, úsáidfidh an fheirm deich n-aonad \"PowerBuoy\" OPT chun 1.5MW a tháirgeadh.\nAr an drochuair, tuairiscíonn SMH nach bhfuil aon dul chun cinn \"físeach\" déanta go fóill, a d'fhéadfadh a bheith i gceist nó nach bhfuil i gceist leis an tionscadal a éilíonn $ 130 milliún breise chun aistriú i ngéar. Deir OPT go bhfuil sé caite an dá bhliain dheireanach feiniméireacht a teicneolaíocht agus tá sé fós i bpróiseas ceadúnais agus maoiniú a fháil.\nAn bhfuil Victoria ar an mbóthar ceart ag infheistiú i gcumhacht tonn, teicneolaíocht a d'fhéadfaí a rá go bhfuil sí ar imeall an díospóireachta fuinnimh in-athnuaite, nó ba cheart dúinn níos mó smaointe a chur i ngás agus b'fhéidir roghanna núicléacha?\nTá a fhios agat, agus muid ag fanacht le cumasc fuar a fháil as an talamh."} {"text": "Zirconium Oxide Oxygen Sensors\nZirconium oxide (ZrO2) sensors, otherwise known as high temperature electrochemical sensors (or hot probes), consist of a cell made of yttria stabilized zirconia ceramic forming a crystal lattice structure which acts as a solid electrolyte.\nTypically, the cell is shaped like a test tube where the inner and outer surfaces are each coated with an ultra-thin layer of porous platinum to act as cathode and anode electrodes. At high temperatures (above 650ºC), openings in the crystal lattice permit the movement of oxygen ions. As long as the oxygen partial pressures are equal on both sides, the movement of ions within the lattice is random, and there is no net flow within the lattice.\nWhen a sample gas containing oxygen is introduced on one side, oxygen ions migrate through the crystal lattice to form a concentration gradient from the higher O2 partial pressure side to the lower pressure side. The gradient, which determines the amount of oxygen in the sample gas, is measured by the ratio of the O2 partial pressures between a sample gas on one side of the lattice and a reference gas, (typically ambient air) on the other side of the lattice.\nAt Versaperm we are not tied to any specific sensor types or manufacturer and so we can always select exactly the right sensor for an application. Versaperm is a world technology leader in the measurement of gas permeability. We offer not only instruments but also comprehensive testing and consultancy services.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-04", "url": "https://www.versaperm.com/Zirconium_oxide_sensors.php", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610704803737.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20210126202017-20210126232017-00422.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9121135473, "token_count": 316, "score": 2.8125, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Sensors Oxygen Zirconium Oxide\nTá braiteoirí ocsaíd zircóiniam (ZrO2), ar a dtugtar braiteoirí leictreachimiceacha ardteochta (nó sondes te), comhdhéanta de chill déanta as ceirmeach zircónia cobhsaithe yttria a chruthaíonn struchtúr gréasán criostail a fheidhmíonn mar leictreallit soladach.\nDe ghnáth, tá cruth an chealla cosúil le feadán tástála ina bhfuil an dromchla istigh agus an dromchla seachtrach gach ceann acu clúdaithe le ciseal ultra-tinn de phlátaimín porous chun gníomhú mar leictreóidí catóide agus anód. Ag teochtaí ard (os cionn 650oC), ceadaíonn oscailtí sa ghréasán criostail gluaiseacht iain ocsaigine. Chomh fada agus a bhíonn brú páirteach ocsaigine comhionann ar an dá thaobh, tá gluaiseacht na n-iúin laistigh den ghruaig randamach, agus níl aon sreabhadh glan laistigh den ghruaig.\nNuair a chuirtear gáis samplach ina bhfuil ocsaigin isteach ar thaobh amháin, imirceann iain ocsaigine tríd an ngréasán criostail chun gradient tiúchan a chruthú ón taobh le brú páirteach O2 níos airde go dtí an taobh le brú níos ísle. Déantar an gradient, a chinneann méid an ocsaigine sa ghás samplach, a thomhas trí chion na mbrú páirteach O2 idir gás samplach ar thaobh amháin den ghréasán agus gás tagartha (aer timpeallachta de ghnáth) ar an taobh eile den ghréasán.\nAg Versaperm níl muid ceangailte le cineálacha nó monaróirí braiteoirí ar bith agus mar sin is féidir linn an braiteoir ceart a roghnú i gcónaí do iarratas. Is ceannaire teicneolaíochta domhanda é Versaperm i thomhas insliabhadh gáis. Ní amháin go dtugann muid uirlisí ach seirbhísí cuimsitheacha tástála agus comhairleoireachta freisin."} {"text": "Virtual Mentor. April 2008, Volume 10, Number 4: 220-223.\nCysticercosis: A Zebra in the Neighborhood\nDemographic information about a specific subset of patients can help physicians recognize conditions they do not expect to find in the larger population.\nJason Yeh and Jeanne S. Sheffield, MD\nOne of medicine's most quoted aphorisms is, \"when you hear hoofbeats, don't look for zebras.\" This, of course, is a pithy reminder to physicians that they should be wary when tempted to diagnose a rare condition: it is far more likely to be a common disease than an uncommon one. But as medicine becomes, like trade and travel, more globalized, the proverbial zebra is much less rare.\nLearning Objective Learn how demographic information about a specific subset of patients can help physicians recognize conditions they do not expect to find in the larger population.\nBetween 2000 and 2007, the immigrant population of the U.S. increased by more than 24 percent, with an average of 1.04 million immigrants per year . Estimates project that by the year 2050, whites will be the minority, and 1 in 5 Americans will be foreign-born . The growth of the immigrant population poses diagnostic challenges for physicians in all fields. The increasing immigrant population and ever-broadening scope of pathology force us to ask just how proficient each physician should become in recognizing medical zebras.\nIt is unrealistic to expect all physicians to become experts in recognizing and treating the rarest of diseases; doing so is an ineffective way to spend one's career. The medical community as a whole has the responsibility to educate physicians about changes in medicine. Compared to the physician in solo practice, large medical institutions have better vantage points from which to recognize gradual shifts in global pathology. Medical communities can shed light on these thematic changes through journal articles and conference presentations and can encourage physicians to apply new information in novel ways.\nThe compartmentalization of medical knowledge into specialties has also improved physician competence by allowing doctors to maintain greater expertise within their own fields, so that each has to be aware of a limited number of uncommon diseases.\nAt the same time, physicians have a duty to expand their medical knowledge so that they can anticipate the needs of the unnamed and unknown future patient. One way for professionals to approach this goal is to study the culture and characteristics of their particular patient populations.\nKnowing One's Patients\nKnowing the characteristics of a population—age, race, cultural traditions, and where they live—offers physicians clues about which medical conditions (common and uncommon) they are more likely to see. A thorough understanding of demographic themes can guide one's study of medicine and allow each physician to make decisions about the specific type of medical knowledge he or she needs beyond what is required for board certification. A physician who understands the complexities of his or her patient population is more likely to recognize an extraordinary medical condition when it appears.\nCysticercosis is one example of a disease that has become more prevalent in certain areas of the U.S. as a result of recent population changes. As the Hispanic population grows in Texas, we at Parkland Hospital are caring for more people infected with cysticercosis.\nThe tapeworm that causes cysticercosis is endemic to many parts of the world including China, Southeast Asia, India, sub-Saharan Africa, and Latin America. Some studies suggest that the prevalence of cysticercosis in Mexico is between 3.1 and 3.9 percent . Other studies have found the seroprevalence in areas of Guatemala, Bolivia, and Peru as high as 20 percent in humans, and 37 percent in pigs [4, 5]. It is crucial for the physician who deals with a substantial Hispanic or Southeast Asian population to be familiar with the symptoms and treatment of cysticercosis.\nThe infection starts in the gastrointestinal tract as a result of swallowed foodstuffs contaminated with the larva or eggs of the pork tapeworm, Taenia solium. Once in the gastrointestinal tract, the egg hatches and is able to penetrate the intestinal wall and spread to the bloodstream where it can consequently infect the skin, heart, eyes, skeletal muscle, and brain tissue. When the infection reaches the central nervous system, it is called neurocysticercosis. The immunomodulatory nature of the parasite allows live cysts to persist for up to 5 years before dying or causing symptoms in humans.\nSymptoms of cysticercosis infection are generally mild, and infections of the muscle and skin are largely asymptomatic. In the eye, cysticercosis can cause blurry vision and, in more severe cases, swelling and detachment of the retina. Symptoms of brain infection depend on the location and size of the infection. Headaches and seizures are common, but other symptoms include confusion, personality changes, and disequilibrium.\nDiagnosing neurocysticercosis is often difficult; lab tests are frequently inaccurate and neuroimaging findings are varied. Still, both CT and MRI are useful for diagnosis and also for monitoring treatment outcomes. The choice of therapy depends on many factors and typically combines the use of antiparasitic drugs, surgery, and medication for symptom control. Both albendazole and praziquantel are effective in treating parenchymal neurocysticercosis. At Parkland we use albendazole as the standard treatment because it costs less and has stronger cysticidal activity than praziquantel .\nNeurocysticercosis can cause seizures in pregnant women. There are even case reports of neurocysticercosis having been confused with eclampsia [7, 8]. Distinguishing between these conditions is tricky at best, and the complexity of each illustrates why identifying the populational themes of our patients is important.\nAlternatively, presumptive knowledge about a population can complicate the diagnostic process. Medical literature reports an unlikely outbreak of neurocysticercosis in an orthodox Jewish population from New York City . Among this group of people with no history of pork consumption, the source of the infection was not dietary. Instead, the infection was found to have resulted from improper sanitation practices by Hispanic laborers in the community. As this story illustrates, physicians must avoid the rigid application of cultural stereotypes to a population. An overreliance on such assumptions endangers patient safety and risks the breakdown of what should be an objective diagnostic process.\nUnderstanding the cultural characteristics of a specific population does not in itself guarantee better patient care. It is merely one method of realistically approaching the ideal of becoming a fully knowledgeable and capable physician. Achieving our goals as healers and physicians demands that each of us absorb and react to many things, from current events to subtle changes in local demographics. It is an endless pursuit, but ignoring the medical needs of a diversifying patient population is easily a violation of our promise to first, do no harm.\nJason Yeh is a fourth-year medical student at the University of Texas Southwestern Medical School at Dallas, and a graduate of the Plan II Honors Program from the University of Texas at Austin. His interests include cross-cultural medicine and infectious diseases of pregnancy. He will continue his medical training in the field of obstetrics and gynecology at Duke University Medical Center in Durham, North Carolina, and plans to pursue fellowship training in maternal-fetal medicine.\nJeanne S. Sheffield, MD, is an associate professor of obstetrics and gynecology at the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas. She is the director of the maternal-fetal medicine fellowship program and specializes in infectious diseases in pregnancy.\nRelated in VM\nThe viewpoints expressed on this site are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views and policies of the AMA.\n© 2008 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-06", "url": "http://virtualmentor.ama-assn.org/2008/04/cprl1-0804.html", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-06/segments/1422115855845.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20150124161055-00240-ip-10-180-212-252.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9416190386, "token_count": 1600, "score": 3.03125, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Mentor fíorúil. Aibreán 2008, Tomo 10, Uimhir 4: 220-223.\nCysticercosis: Seibhrí sa Chomharsanacht\nIs féidir le faisnéis dhaonlathach faoi fho-sraith ar leith othair cabhrú le dochtúirí coinníollacha a aithint nach bhfuil siad ag súil leo a fháil sa daonra níos mó.\nJason Yeh agus Jeanne S. Sheffield, MD\nCeann de na haifreann is mó a luaitear i leigheas ná, \"nuair a chloiseann tú buachaillí, ná bí ag lorg seibhrí\". Is é seo, ar ndóigh, meabhrúchán soiléire do dhochtúirí gur chóir dóibh a bheith cúramach nuair a bhíonn siad ar an mealladh galar neamhchoitianta a dhiagnóisiú: is dóichí go bhfuil sé ina ghalair coitianta ná mar nach ghalair neamhchoitianta é. Ach de réir mar a bhíonn an leigheas, cosúil le trádáil agus taisteal, níos domhanda, tá an seibhrí seanfhocal i bhfad níos lú annamh.\nOibleagáid Foghlama Foghlaim conas is féidir le faisnéis dhaonlathacha faoi fho-sóim shonrach de othair cabhrú le dochtúirí coinníollacha a aithint nach bhfuil súil acu a fháil sa daonra níos mó.\nIdir 2000 agus 2007, d'fhás daonra inimirceach na SA níos mó ná 24 faoin gcéad, le meán 1.04 milliún inimirceach in aghaidh na bliana . Meastar go mbeidh na bántín ina mhionlach faoi 2050, agus go mbeidh 1 as gach 5 Meiriceánach a rugadh thar lear. Cuireann fás an daonra inimirceach dúshláin dhiagnóiseacha ar fáil do dhochtúirí i ngach réimse. Tá an daonra inimirceach atá ag méadú agus raon na paiteolaíochta atá ag leathnú i gcónaí ag cur iallach orainn a iarraidh cé chomh proifisiúnta a ba cheart do gach dochtúir a bheith i dtaithint le seibrí leighis.\nNíl sé réalaíoch a bheith ag súil go mbeidh gach dochtúir ina saineolaithe i aithint agus i gcóireáil na ngalar is annamh; is bealach neamhéifeachtach é sin a dhéanamh chun gairme duine a chaitheamh. Tá freagracht ar an bpobal leighis ina iomláine do dhochtúirí a oideachas faoi athruithe sa leigheas. I gcomparáid leis an dochtúir a bhíonn ag cleachtadh ina aonar, tá áiseanna níos fearr ag institiúidí móra le hathruithe de réir a chéile sa phaitíocht dhomhanda a aithint. Is féidir le pobail leighis solas a chaitheamh ar na hathruithe téamacha seo trí ailt iris agus cur i láthair comhdhála agus is féidir leo dochtúirí a spreagadh chun faisnéis nua a chur i bhfeidhm ar bhealaí nua.\nTá feabhas tagtha ar inniúlacht na liachta freisin de bharr go bhfuil an t-eolas leighis roinnte ina speisialachtaí trína ligtear do dhochtúirí saineolas níos mó a choinneáil laistigh dá réimsí féin, ionas go mbeidh ar gach duine a bheith ar an eolas faoi líon teoranta galair neamhchoitianta.\nAg an am céanna, tá dualgas ar dhochtúirí a gcuid eolais leighis a leathnú ionas gur féidir leo dul i ngleic le riachtanais an othair gan ainm agus gan aithne a bheidh ann amach anseo. Bealach amháin le gairmithe dul i ngleic leis an gcuspóir seo ná staidéar a dhéanamh ar chultúr agus ar shaintréithe a ndaoine othair ar leith.\nA Bheairt ar a n-Othar\nTá a fhios ag na tréithe daonra - aois, cine, traidisiúin chultúrtha, agus áit ina bhfuil cónaí orthu - le fios ag na lianna cé na coinníollacha leighis (choitianta agus neamhchoitianta) is dóichí a fheiceann siad. Is féidir le tuiscint chuimsitheach ar théamaí déimeagrafacha staidéar ar leigheas a threorú agus ligean do gach dochtúir cinntí a dhéanamh maidir leis an gcineál sonrach eolais leighis a theastaíonn uaidh nó uaithi seachas an méid a theastaíonn le haghaidh deimhniúchán ón mbord. Tá sé níos dóchúla go dtuigfidh dochtúir a thuigeann castachtaí a chuid othair nó a cuid othair riocht speisialta leighis nuair a thagann sé chun cinn.\nIs sampla amháin de ghalair atá ag éirí níos coitianta i gceantair áirithe de na Stáit Aontaithe mar thoradh ar athruithe daonra le déanaí é cysticercosis. De réir mar a fhásann daonra Hispanic i Texas, táimid ag Ospidéal Parkland ag tabhairt aire do níos mó daoine atá ionfhabhtaithe le cysticercosis.\nTá an tineas a chuireann cysticercosis i gceist endemic i go leor codanna den domhan lena n-áirítear an tSín, Oirdheisceart na hÁise, an India, an Afraic faoi-Shahárach, agus Meiriceá Laidineach. Tugann roinnt staidéir le fios go bhfuil forleithne cysticercosis sa Mheicsiceo idir 3.1 agus 3.9 faoin gcéad . Fuair staidéir eile go raibh an seroprevalence i gceantair de Ghuatamala, na Bóilíve, agus Phéire chomh hard le 20 faoin gcéad i ndaoine, agus 37 faoin gcéad i muca [4, 5]. Tá sé ríthábhachtach don dhochtúir a bhíonn ag déileáil le daonra suntasach Hispanic nó Oirdheisceart na hÁise a bheith eolach ar na hairíonna agus ar chóireáil cysticercosis.\nTosaíonn an t-ionfhabhtú sa chonair gastrointestinal mar thoradh ar earraí bia a inghlaite atá truaillithe le larbha nó uibheacha an fhógráin chrios, Taenia solium. Nuair a bhíonn sé sa chonair gastrointestinal, eicíonn an ubh agus tá sé in ann dul isteach sa bhalla intestinal agus scaipeadh go dtí an sruth fola áit ar féidir leis an gcraiceann, an croí, na súile, na matáin chnámh, agus fíochán inchinn a ionfhabhtaithe dá bharr sin. Nuair a shroich an t-ionfhabhtú an lárchóras néaróg, tugtar neurocysticercosis air. Ceadaíonn nádúr imdhíonachta an paraisíte go maireann cistí beo ar feadh suas le 5 bliana sula bhfaigheann siad bás nó sula mbíonn comharthaí acu i ndaoine.\nDe ghnáth bíonn comharthaí ionfhabhtaithe cysticercosis éadrom, agus tá ionfhabhtuithe na matáin agus na craiceann go mór neamhthionsamhlacha. Sa tsúil, is féidir le cysticercosis fís dhúbailte a chur ar bun agus, i gcásanna níos déine, tuirse agus díghrádú an retina. Braitheann comharthaí ionfhabhtaithe inchinn ar shuíomh agus ar mhéid an ionfhabhtaithe. Tá tinneas cinn agus coisithe coitianta, ach tá comharthaí eile ina measc mearbhall, athruithe pearsantachta, agus neamhréireacht.\nIs minic a bhíonn sé deacair neurocysticercosis a dhiagnóisiú; is minic nach mbíonn tástálacha saotharlainne cruinn agus tá torthaí neuroimaging éagsúil. Mar sin féin, tá CT agus MRI araon úsáideach le haghaidh diagnóis agus freisin chun monatóireacht a dhéanamh ar thorthaí cóireála. Braitheann an rogha teiripe ar go leor fachtóirí agus de ghnáth bíonn drugaí frith-parasíteacha, máinliacht agus cógais chun comharthaí a rialú. Tá albendazole agus praziquantel araon éifeachtach i gcóireáil neurocysticercosis parenchymal. Ag Parkland úsáidimid albendazole mar chóireáil chaighdeánach toisc go bhfuil sé níos saoire agus tá gníomhaíocht cysticidal níos láidre aige ná praziquantel .\nIs féidir le neurocysticercosis cois a chur le hairíonna i measc na mban torracha. Tá tuairiscí cásanna ann fiú de neurocysticercosis a ndearnadh a mheascadh le eclampsia [7, 8]. Tá sé deacair idirdhealú a dhéanamh idir na coinníollacha seo, agus léiríonn an chastacht atá ag gach ceann acu cén fáth go bhfuil sé tábhachtach téamaí daonracha ár n-othar a aithint.\nIna theannta sin, is féidir le eolas réamhbhreithe faoi dhaonra an próiseas diagnóise a chastacht. Tuairiscíonn litríocht leighis ráig neamhchlaon de neurocysticercosis i ndaonra Giúdach orthoideach ó Chathair Nua Eabhrac . I measc an ghrúpa seo daoine gan aon stair ithe muiceoil, ní raibh foinse an ionfhabhtaithe ag an aiste bia. Ina áit sin, fuarthas amach gur mar thoradh ar chleachtais neamhdhíobhálach sláintíochta a rinne oibrithe Hispanic sa phobal a tháinig an t-ionfhabhtú. Mar a léiríonn an scéal seo, ní mór do dhochtúirí a sheachaint na stéaréatíopaí cultúrtha a chur i bhfeidhm go crua ar phobal. Tá an iomarca muiníne a bheith ann ar thairiscintí den sórt sin ag cur sábháilteacht na n-othar i mbaol agus tá riosca ann go gcuirfear an próiseas diagnóiseach oibiachtúil i mbaol.\nNí ráthaíonn tuiscint ar shaintréithe cultúrtha daonra ar leith cúram níos fearr do othair. Níl ann ach modh amháin chun dul i ngleic go réalaíoch leis an idéalach a bheith ina dhochtúir go hiomlán eolach agus cumasach. Chun ár gcuspóirí mar leigheasóirí agus dochtúirí a bhaint amach éilíonn sé ar gach duine againn go nglacfaidh agus go ngníomhóidh sé le go leor rudaí, ó imeachtaí reatha go hathruithe subtle i dtimpeallacht áitiúil. Is é an fonn gan deireadh, ach neamhaird a dhéanamh ar riachtanais leighis de daonra éagsúlacht othair go héasca sárú ar ár gealladh chun an chéad, ní dhéanann dochar.\nJason Yeh is mac léinn míochaine ceathrú bliain in Ollscoil Texas Southwestern Medical School i Dallas, agus céimí de Chlár Onóracha Phlean II ó Ollscoil Texas in Austin. I measc a spéise tá leigheas tras-chultúrtha agus galair ionfhabhtacha toirchis. Leanfaidh sé ar aghaidh lena oiliúint leighis i réimse na ginéagaice agus na ginéagaice ag Ionad Leighis Ollscoil Duke i Durham, Carolina Thuaidh, agus tá sé beartaithe oiliúint comhaltachta a leanúint i leigheas máthar-fhiontae.\nIs ollamh comhlánaithe i ginéaclaíocht agus ginéaltóireacht é Jeanne S. Sheffield, MD, in Ionad Leighis Theasthuaisceart Ollscoil Texas i Dallas. Tá sí ina stiúrthóir ar chlár comhaltachta na míochaine máthar-fetal agus speisialtóireacht i ngalar ionfhabhtaithe i ngrá.\nBainteach le VM\nIs iad na húdair féin a léiríonn na tuairimí a léirítear ar an suíomh seo agus ní gá go léiríonn siad tuairimí agus beartais AMA.\n© 2008 Cumann Leighis Mheiriceá. Gach Ceart Coimeádta."} {"text": "The findings, from a group of researchers led by the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, suggest that young people from poor nations can benefit from mental health treatment, even when health professionals do not provide it. Untreated childhood trauma, the researchers say, is linked to skills deficits and unhealthy decision-making as adults as well as long-term negative health outcomes and lower economic productivity.\nA report on the study appears in the June 29 issue of JAMA Pediatrics.\n“We found that children from very distressed backgrounds can really be helped by a prescribed set of sessions with trained lay workers who otherwise have absolutely no mental health education and barely a high school education,” says study leader Laura K. Murray, PhD, an associate scientist in the Bloomberg School’s Department of Mental Health. “This study demonstrates that evidence-based treatments can be done in low-resource countries with good outcomes. We need to make these interventions available to children so they aren’t set up for significant difficulties as adults.”\nFor the study, Murray and her colleagues brought a program called Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy to vulnerable children between the ages of five and 18 in Lusaka, Zambia from August 2012 to December 2013. Roughly half of the 257 children were randomly chosen for the therapy intervention, while the other half received the “usual” treatment commonly given to orphans or vulnerable children in poor countries. The usual treatment varied, but often included such things as playing soccer, support groups, education, nutrition and HIV-related services such as voluntary counseling and testing. They were called or, if they had no phone, visited once a week to evaluate their safety including the need to be referred to other services such as medical assistance.\nThe intervention consisted of between eight and 12 one-hour sessions, conducted by workers with no prior formal training in counseling but who received some ongoing training and supervision by the research team. The children had time to get to know the lay counselors and were taught relaxation techniques, how to talk about their feelings and how they could choose how to think about their circumstances. They were walked through their traumatic experiences in detail to clear out the stories causing them nightmares. They learned how to think about the trauma in different ways and to see that it was not their fault. They also worked with counselors to plan how to avoid violent situations in the future in very specific ways. For example, detailed safety plans were developed with the children to avoid violence at home or in the community, such as going to a neighboring “auntie’s” house for the night when they sensed trouble brewing.\nThose in the intervention group saw their trauma symptom scores—measures of sleep problems, feelings of sadness, the ability to talk about issues—fall by nearly 82 percent, on average, while those in the treatment-as-usual group had a reduction in their scores of 21 percent.\nOne limitation of the study is that it did not follow the children in the months after the treatment to see if the positive effect endured. But studies in the United States focused on child trauma in poor populations have found that Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy is effective and has sustained benefits at six months to two years after treatment.\nMurray says she believes that the program in Zambia should be generalizable to other sub-Saharan African nations.\nThe new study did not compare cost-effectiveness of the two types of treatment, but Murray says the findings raise the question of whether dollars are being spent in the most effective way to help orphans and vulnerable children.\n“The United States spends billions in poor countries on programs for orphaned children and others who have experienced trauma, but the programs are often more social in nature and have not shown effectiveness in treating the mental health effects of trauma,” Murray says. “Our research suggests that treatments like the one we studied in Zambia may be able to provide better care for children with trauma-related mental health problems.”\nThe researchers say cost-effectiveness studies are needed to determine whether the usual treatment provided for this population is worth the money, or if it is better to put those funds where they can make a greater impact.\n“Effectiveness of Trauma Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Among Trauma-Affected Children in Lusaka, Zambia: A Randomized Controlled Trial” was written by Laura K. Murray, PhD; Stephanie Skavenski, MSW, MPH; Jeremy C. Kane, MPH; John Mayeya, MSc; Shannon Dorsey, PhD; Judy A. Cohen, MD; Lynn T.M Michalopoulos, PhD; Mwiya Imasiku, PhD; and Paul A. Bolton, MBBS. Collaborators are from the Zambian Ministry of Health, the University of Washington, Allegheny General Hospital, Columbia University and the University of Zambia.\nThe study was supported by the USAID Displaced Children’s and Orphans Fund.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-13", "url": "https://www.healthcanal.com/public-health-safety/64900-specialized-therapy-taught-by-lay-persons-can-aid-vulnerable-traumatized-children-in-developing-nations.html", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257647692.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20180321195830-20180321215830-00199.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9708282351, "token_count": 1015, "score": 3.5, "int_score": 4, "irish_text": "Tugann na torthaí, ó ghrúpa taighdeoirí faoi stiúir Scoil Sláinte Poiblí Johns Hopkins Bloomberg, le fios go bhféadfadh daoine óga ó thíortha bochta leas a bhaint as cóireáil meabhairshláinte, fiú nuair nach soláthraíonn gairmithe sláinte é. Deir na taighdeoirí go bhfuil baint ag trauma óige nach ndearnadh cóireáil leis an easpa scileanna agus le cinnteoireacht neamhshláintiúil mar dhaoine fásta chomh maith le torthaí diúltacha fadtéarmacha sláinte agus táirgiúlacht eacnamaíoch níos ísle.\nTá tuarascáil ar an staidéar le feiceáil i dtionól 29 Meitheamh de JAMA Pediatrics.\n'Fuarthas amach go bhféadfaí cabhrú le páistí ó chúlraí an-droch-chraicinn trí shraith seisiúin fhorordaithe le hoibrithe laigh oiliúnacha nach bhfuil aon oideachas meabhairshláinte acu ar chor ar bith agus nach bhfuil oideachas ardscoile acu ach ar éigean,' a deir Laura K. Murray, PhD, ceannasaí an staidéir, eolaí comhlánaithe i Roinn Sláinte Meabhrach Scoil Bloomberg. Léiríonn an staidéar seo gur féidir cóireálacha bunaithe ar fhianaise a dhéanamh i dtíortha a bhfuil acmhainní íseal acu agus go bhfuil torthaí maithe acu. Ní mór dúinn na hidirghabhálacha seo a chur ar fáil do leanaí ionas nach mbeidh deacrachtaí suntasacha acu mar dhaoine fásta.\nChun an staidéar a dhéanamh, thug Murray agus a comhghleacaithe clár ar a dtugtar Teiripe Iompraíochta Cognitive dírithe ar Trauma do leanaí leochaileacha idir cúig bliana d'aois agus 18 i Lusaka, an tSambaia ó Lúnasa 2012 go Nollaig 2013. Roghnaíodh thart ar leath de na 257 leanbh go randamach don idirghabháil teiripe, agus fuair an leath eile an chóireáil \"choitianta\" a thugtar go coitianta do leanaí díolta nó do leanaí leochaileacha i dtíortha bochta. Bhí éagsúlacht ag an gcóireáil is gnách, ach go minic bhí rudaí mar imirt peile, grúpaí tacaíochta, oideachas, cothú agus seirbhísí a bhaineann le VEID mar chomhairle agus tástáil deonach san áireamh. Bhí glaoch orthu nó, mura raibh teileafón acu, cuairt a thabhairt orthu uair sa tseachtain chun a sábháilteacht a mheas lena n-áirítear an gá a bhí le seirbhísí eile mar chúnamh leighis a chur ina luí orthu.\nBhí idirghabháil idir ocht agus 12 seisiún uair an chloig ann, arna stiúradh ag oibrithe gan oiliúint foirmiúil roimhe seo i gcomhairle a thabhairt ach a fuair roinnt oiliúna leanúnach agus maoirseacht ag an bhfoireann taighde. Bhí am ag na páistí na comhairleoirí laigh a fháil ar an eolas agus d'fhoghlaim siad teicnící scíth a ligean, conas labhairt faoina mothúcháin agus conas a d'fhéadfadh siad a roghnú conas smaoineamh faoina gcúinsí. Bhí siad ag siúl trína dtaithí traumatic go mion chun na scéalta a bhí ag cruthú uafáis a ghlanadh. D'fhoghlaim siad conas smaoineamh ar an trauma ar bhealaí éagsúla agus a fheiceáil nach raibh sé ina gcosaint. D'oibrigh siad freisin le comhairleoirí chun pleanáil a dhéanamh ar conas cásanna foréigneacha a sheachaint sa todhchaí ar bhealaí an-sonracha. Mar shampla, d'fhorbair siad pleananna sábháilteachta mionsonraithe leis na páistí chun foréigean sa bhaile nó sa phobal a sheachaint, mar shampla dul chuig teach aunts comharsanachta don oíche nuair a bhraith siad go raibh trioblóid ag breacadh.\nChonaic na daoine sa ghrúpa idirghabhála go raibh laghdú beagnach 82 faoin gcéad ar a scóir comharthaí uraim - tomhais fadhbanna codlata, mothúcháin brón, an cumas labhairt faoi shaincheisteanna - ar an meán, agus bhí laghdú 21 faoin gcéad ar a scóir ag na daoine sa ghrúpa cóireála mar is gnách.\nIs é teorainn amháin an staidéir ná nár lean sé na páistí sna míonna tar éis na cóireála chun a fheiceáil an d'fhan an éifeacht dhearfach. Ach tá staidéir sna Stáit Aontaithe a dhírigh ar thrámaí leanaí i ndaoine bochta tar éis a fháil go bhfuil Teiripe Iompar Cognitive atá dírithe ar Thráma éifeachtach agus go bhfuil buntáistí leanúnacha aige sé mhí go dhá bhliain tar éis cóireála.\nDeir Murray go gcreideann sí gur chóir go mbeadh an clár sa tSambaib inrochtaineach do náisiúin eile san Afraic faoi-Shahárach.\nNí chuir an staidéar nua i gcomparáid cost-éifeachtúlacht an dá chineál cóireála, ach deir Murray go dtógann na torthaí an cheist an bhfuil na dollar á gcur in iúl ar an mbealach is éifeachtaí chun cabhrú le huirfiú agus le leanaí leochaileacha.\nTá na Stáit Aontaithe ag caitheamh billiúin i dtíortha bochta ar chláir do leanaí díolta agus do dhaoine eile a bhfuil trauma acu, ach is minic go bhfuil na cláir níos sóisialta de chineál agus nach bhfuil éifeachtúlacht léirithe acu i gcóireáil éifeachtaí sláinte meabhrach an uraim, deir Murray. Léiríonn ár dtaighde go bhféadfadh cóireálacha cosúil leis an gceann a rinneamar staidéar air sa tSaimbia cúram níos fearr a sholáthar do leanaí a bhfuil fadhbanna meabhairshláinte a bhaineann le trauma acu.\nDeir na taighdeoirí go bhfuil staidéir chostais-éifeachtachta ag teastáil chun a chinneadh an bhfuil an chóireáil is gnách a chuirtear ar fáil don phobal seo fiú an t-airgead, nó más fearr na cistí sin a chur áit ar féidir leo tionchar níos mó a dhéanamh.\nEifeachtúlacht Teiripe Iompraíochta Cognitive Focused Trauma i measc Leanaí a bhfuil Trauma orthu i Lusaka, an tSamba: Trialach Rianaithe Randomized a scríobh Laura K. Murray, PhD; Stephanie Skavenski, MSW, MPH; Jeremy C. Kane, MPH; John Mayeya, MSc; Shannon Dorsey, PhD; Judy A. Cohen, MD; Lynn T.M Michalopoulos, PhD; Mwiya Imasiku, PhD; agus Paul A. Bolton, MBBS. Tá comhoibrithe ó Aireacht Sláinte na Sambaí, Ollscoil Washington, Ospidéal Ginearálta Allegheny, Ollscoil Columbia agus Ollscoil na Sambaí.\nBhí tacaíocht ag Ciste Leanaí Dífhostaithe agus Easpaí USAID don staidéar."} {"text": "Food safety is increasing in global importance and complexity said David R. Lineback, senior fellow at the Joint Institute for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition at the University of Maryland at College Park.\nLineback spoke at the 11th Annual Patrick Lecture Series during an evening reception and lecture program in the Energy, Coast and Environment Building on the Louisiana State University campus on Sept. 19.\n“Food safety is everyone’s responsibility,” Lineback said. “We live globally, so we have to balance between local and distant foods supplied to us.”\nWhile discussing the importance of a safe food supply, he said we live in this global food market and most of us don’t want to go back to where we only have seasonal produce.\nThe movement of food over long distances does create challenges, Lineback explained. “There is the opportunity for contamination all along the route from producer to consumer.”\nSafety of the food supply has been a hot topic recently with the two ground turkey recalls because of contamination.\n“In our current situation, we have these three areas – convenience, health and pleasure – which overlap,” he said.\nHe said it took his grandparents about three hours to prepare the evening meal, while it took his parents about an hour.\n“Now it takes between 12 to15 minutes,” Lineback said. “We want it to taste just as good and we want it to be just as healthy.”\nWhen it comes to food safety, he said risk equals magnitude plus probability.\n“Perception is important with consumers,” he said. “Danger and kids can’t be used in the same sentence.”\nA recent study cited showed that about three-fourths of all Americans obtain their food safety information from a media source today, where it used to be from a doctor, he explained.\nIn his analysis, the whole story is not being told on many occasions. He referred to a report from Purdue University that showed how some contaminated seed can contaminate the plant that grows from it, which makes it impossible to simply wash off.\nAccess to clean water is one of the most important assets needed to decrease foodborne illness, according to Lineback.\n“The World Health Organization estimated in 2005, the latest figures available, that about 1.8 million people die from diarrheal diseases alone. That’s attributed to food and water,” he said. “If we had potable water around the world, we could reduce foodborne illness by about 50 percent.”\n“Dr. Lineback is an internationally known food safety expert,” said Ruth Patrick, one of the founders of the lecture series. “He’s had a really varied academic background.”\nLineback was department head of food science at North Carolina State and Penn State universities, dean of the College of Agriculture at the University of Idaho and director of the Joint Institute for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition at the University of Maryland, where he currently serves as a senior fellow.\nWith more than 48 million estimated cases of foodborne illness a year, Patrick said, a little common sense could go a long way.\nShe explained that something as simple as regular hand washing could decrease one of the main problems – staph infection.\nRuth Patrick was a food and nutrition specialist with the LSU AgCenter. She, along with her late husband Bill Patrick, who was director of the LSU Wetland Biogeochemistry Institute, established the Patrick Lecture Series in 1998 through an endowment to the LSU Foundation.\nThe endowment fund sponsors an annual lecture that alternates between the fields of Human Nutrition/Food Science and Wetlands Science/Coastal Studies, Patrick said.\n“The idea for the lecture series is to bring an outstanding scientist/scholar in our discipline here every year to share the latest information and technology about our discipline,” Patrick said.\nEach year a scholar is selected to spend several days on the LSU campus where a number of lectures are presented, including a general interest lecture for faculty and students and a scientific lecture for Pennington Biomedical Research Center scientists.\nLineback was selected as the featured speaker for the lecture from nominees submitted by LSU faculty members.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-13", "url": "http://www.southwestfarmpress.com/management/food-scientist-speaks-patrick-lecture-series", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257644877.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20180317100705-20180317120705-00386.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9651165605, "token_count": 885, "score": 2.859375, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Tá tábhacht agus castacht domhanda ag fás i sábháilteacht bia, a dúirt David R. Lineback, comhalta sinsearach ag an Institiúid Comhpháirteach um Shábháilteacht Bia agus cothú feidhmíochta in Ollscoil Maryland i bPáirc na gColáiste.\nLabhair Lineback ag an 11ú Sraith Léachtais Bhliantúil Patrick le linn clár fáilteachais agus léachta tráthnóna sa Tógáil Fuinnimh, Cósta agus Comhshaoil ar champais Ollscoil Stáit Louisiana ar 19 Meán Fómhair.\nIs freagracht ar gach duine é sábháilteacht bia, a dúirt Lineback. Tá cónaí orainn ar fud an domhain, mar sin ní mór dúinn cothromaíocht a dhéanamh idir bia áitiúil agus bia atá ar shiúl a sholáthraítear dúinn.\nAgus é ag plé le tábhacht an tsoláthair bia sábháilte, dúirt sé go bhfuilimid ag maireachtáil sa mhargadh bia domhanda seo agus nach bhfuil an chuid is mó againn ag iarraidh dul ar ais go dtí áit nach bhfuil ach táirgí séasúracha againn.\nTá an t-aistriú bia thar achar fada ag cruthú dúshláin, a mhínigh Lineback. Tá an deis ann go ndéantar éilliú ar feadh an tslí go léir ó tháirgeoir go tomhaltóir.\nTá sábháilteacht an tsoláthair bia ina ábhar te le déanaí leis an dá turcaí talún a mheabhrú mar gheall ar thruailliú.\n\"Sa chás atá againn faoi láthair, tá na trí réimse seo againn - áisiúlacht, sláinte agus pléisiúr - a théann thar a chéile\", a dúirt sé.\nDúirt sé go raibh thart ar thrí uair an chloig ag a sheantuismitheoirí an béile tráthnóna a ullmhú, agus gur thóg sé uair an chloig ar a thuismitheoirí.\n Anois, tógann sé idir 12 agus 15 nóiméad, a dúirt Lineback. Ba mhaith linn go mbraitheann sé chomh maith agus ba mhaith linn go mbeadh sé chomh sláintiúil.\nNuair a thagann sé chun sábháilteacht bia, dúirt sé riosca comhionann le méid móide dóchúlacht.\nTá an tuiscint tábhachtach i measc na dtomhaltóirí, a dúirt sé. Ní féidir contúirtí agus leanaí a úsáid sa bhfrása céanna.\nLéirigh staidéar le déanaí a luaitear go bhfaigheann thart ar thrí cheathrú de na Meiriceánaigh go léir a gcuid faisnéise sábháilteachta bia ó fhoinse meán inniu, áit a raibh sé ó dhochtúir roimhe seo, a mhínigh sé.\nIna anailís, ní bhíonn an scéal iomlán á insint i go leor ócáidí. Thug sé tagairt do thuairisc ó Ollscoil Purdue a thaispeáin conas is féidir le roinnt síolta truaillithe an planda a fhásann uaidh a truailliú, rud a fhágann nach féidir é a ní go simplí.\nTá rochtain ar uisce glan ar cheann de na sócmhainní is tábhachtaí a theastaíonn chun galair a bhaineann le bia a laghdú, de réir Lineback.\nI 2005, meastar ó Eagraíocht Sláinte na Domhain, na figiúirí is déanaí atá ar fáil, go bhfaigheann thart ar 1.8 milliún duine bás ó ghalair diarrheic amháin. \"Tá sé sin mar gheall ar bhia agus uisce\", a dúirt sé. Más féidir linn uisce óil a fháil ar fud an domhain, d'fhéadfaimis galair a dtarraingtear ó bhia a laghdú thart ar 50 faoin gcéad.\nDr. Is saineolaí sábháilteachta bia ar eolas go hidirnáisiúnta é Lineback, a dúirt Ruth Patrick, ceann de bhunaitheoirí na sraithe léachta. Bhí cúlra acadúil an-éagsúil aige.\nBhí Lineback ina cheann roinn eolaíochta bia in ollscoileanna Stáit Carolina Thuaidh agus Stáit Penn, dean na Coláiste Talmhaíochta in Ollscoil Idaho agus stiúrthóir ar an Institiúid Comhpháirteach um Shábháilteacht Bia agus cothú feidhmíochta in Ollscoil Maryland, áit a bhfuil sé ina dhuine sinsearach faoi láthair.\nLe níos mó ná 48 milliún cás measta de ghalair a dtarraingítear ó bhia in aghaidh na bliana, a dúirt Patrick, d'fhéadfadh beagán ciall coiteann dul ar bhealach fada.\nMhínigh sí gur féidir le rud chomh simplí le láimhseáil láimhe rialta ceann de na príomhfhadhbanna - ionfhabhtú staph a laghdú.\nBhí Ruth Patrick ina speisialtóir bia agus cothaithe leis an LSU AgCenter. Bhunaigh sí, mar aon lena fear céile Bill Patrick, a bhí ina stiúrthóir ar Institiúid Bigeo-cheimic LSU Wetland, an Sraith Léachta Patrick i 1998 trí bhronntanas do Bhunaíocht LSU.\nTá an ciste urraithe ag urraithe léacht bhliantúil a athraíonn idir réimsí cothaithe daonna / eolaíocht bia agus eolaíocht na bhfód-chríocha / staidéir chósta, a dúirt Patrick.\n\"Is é an smaoineamh le haghaidh na sraithe léachta ná eolaí/scoldaí den scoth inár disciplín a thabhairt anseo gach bliain chun an fhaisnéis agus an teicneolaíocht is déanaí faoin disciplín a roinnt\", a dúirt Patrick.\nGach bliain roghnaítear scoláirí chun roinnt laethanta a chaitheamh ar an gcampas LSU áit a gcuirtear roinnt léachtaí i láthair, lena n-áirítear léacht leasa ginearálta do fhoireann agus do mhic léinn agus léacht eolaíoch do eolaithe Ionad Taighde Bithleighis Pennington.\nRoghnaíodh Lineback mar an cainteoir a bhí le feiceáil don léacht ó ainmneacha a chuir baill foirne LSU isteach."} {"text": "Those people who live a very long time are typically much healthier than their peers, and spend a shorter period of their lives suffering from age-related disease and disability. Aging is a process of accumulating cell and tissue damage, and those people who are more resilient to damage, or who have suffered less of it though simple happenstance, will be less impacted in all aspects of aging. This is exactly what we'd like to achieve through the development of rejuvenation therapies that can repair this damage, which even in their early stages should produce a much greater difference in outcomes than the naturally occurring gap between long-lived and short-lived people.\nResearch has shown that the human lifespan has the potential to be extended. But would this merely mean people living longer in poor health? The upbeat findings from a new study indicate that those extra years could well be healthy ones. In a study of nearly 3,000 people, the onset of illness came decades later in life for centenarians than for their younger counterparts. \"Most people struggle with an ever-increasing burden of disease and disability as they age. But we found that those who live exceptionally long lives have the additional benefit of shorter periods of illness - sometimes just weeks or months - before death.\"\nThe researchers looked at the health status of centenarians and near-centenarians enrolled in two ongoing studies: the Longevity Genes Project (LGP) and the New England Centenarian Study (NECS). The LGP recruits healthy, independently living Ashkenazi Jewish people 95 and older from the northeastern United States. For comparison, the LGP includes a group of Ashkenazi Jewish individuals who do not have a parental history of longevity. The NECS began in 1994 as a study of all centenarians living in eight towns near Boston and was later expanded to include participants from North America generally as well as England, Ireland, Australia and New Zealand. The NECS comparison group consisted of people aged 58 to 95.\nThis study compared (1) the health status of 483 long-lived LGP participants with 696 LGP comparison individuals 60-94 years old, and (2) the health status of 1,498 long-lived NECS participants with 302 NECS comparison subjects aged 58-95. For both sets of comparisons, the researchers looked at the ages at which individuals developed five major age-related health problems: cancer, cardiovascular disease, hypertension, osteoporosis and stroke. Analysis revealed a consistent pattern of delayed onset of illness in the LGP and NECS centenarian groups compared to their respective comparison groups. For example, for the long-lived NECS individuals, cancer didn't afflict 20 percent of men until age 97 and women until 99. In contrast, 20 percent of NECS comparison participants had developed cancer by age 67 in men and 74 in women. Results were similar for the LGP: for the long-lived LGP participants, the age at which 20 percent had developed cancer was delayed to 96 for both sexes. But cancer had affected 20 percent of LGP control-group males by age 78 and control-group females by 74.\nDespite their genetic, social and cultural differences, the long-lived LGP and NECS participants proved markedly similar with respect to major illness: Compared to younger comparison groups, their onset of major age-related disease was delayed, with serious illness essentially compressed into a few years very late in life. The findings suggest that discoveries made in one group of centenarians can be generalized to diverse populations. And they contradict the notion that the older people get, the sicker they become and the greater the cost of taking care of them.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-04", "url": "https://www.fightaging.org/archives/2016/07/longer-lives-are-healthier-lives-for-centenarians/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703497681.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20210115224908-20210116014908-00196.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9712592959, "token_count": 742, "score": 3.125, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Is gnách go mbíonn na daoine sin a bhíonn ag maireachtáil go fada i bhfad níos sláintiúla ná a gcomhghleacaithe, agus caitheann siad tréimhse níos giorra dá saol ag fulaingt ó ghalair agus míchumais a bhaineann le haois. Is próiseas é dul in aois damáiste cealla agus fíocháin a charnadh, agus na daoine sin atá níos athléimní ar damáiste, nó a d'fhulaing níos lú de cé gur teagmhas simplí é, beidh níos lú tionchar acu ar gach gné den dul in aois. Is é seo go díreach a theastaíonn uainn a bhaint amach trí theiripe ath-uasghrádú a fhorbairt a d'fhéadfadh an damáiste seo a dheisiú, rud a d'fhéadfadh, fiú ina gcéimeanna luatha, difríocht i dtorthaí a tháirgeadh i bhfad níos mó ná an bhearna a tharlaíonn go nádúrtha idir daoine a bhfuil saol fada acu agus daoine nach bhfuil saol fada acu.\nLéirigh taighde go bhfuil an cumas ag an saolré daonna a shíneadh. Ach an ciallaíonn sé seo go bhfuil daoine ag maireachtáil níos faide i drochshláinte? Léiríonn na torthaí dóchúla ó staidéar nua go bhféadfadh na blianta breise sin a bheith sláintiúla. I staidéar ar bheagnach 3,000 duine, tháinig an galar ar dhaoine céad bliain d'aois blianta ina dhiaidh sin ná a gcomhghleacaithe níos óige. \"Tá an chuid is mó daoine ag streachailt le brón níos mó ná riamh de ghalair agus míchumas de réir mar a théann siad in aois. Ach fuair muid amach go bhfuil buntáiste breise ag na daoine a bhfuil saol an-fhada acu ó thréimhse níos giorra tinnis - uaireanta gan ach seachtainí nó míonna - sula bhfaigheann siad bás\".\nD'fhéach na taighdeoirí ar stádas sláinte na céad bliain agus na céad bliain a bhí cláraithe i dhá staidéar leanúnach: an Tionscadal Gíní Longevity (LGP) agus Staidéar na hAon-Aoisigh Shasana Nua Shasana (NECS). Glacann an LGP daoine Ashkenazi Giúdach 95 agus níos sine atá sláintiúil, atá ag maireachtáil go neamhspleách ó thuaidh na Stát Aontaithe. I gcomparáid, áirítear ar an LGP grúpa daoine aonair Giúdacha Ashkenazi nach bhfuil stair fad saoil tuismitheoirí acu. Thosaigh an NECS i 1994 mar staidéar ar gach duine céad bliain d'aois a bhí ina gcónaí in ocht mbaile gar do Boston agus leathnaíodh é ina dhiaidh sin chun rannpháirtithe ó Mheiriceá Thuaidh i gcoitinne a áireamh chomh maith le Sasana, Éire, an Astráil agus an Nua-Shéalainn. Bhí daoine idir 58 agus 95 bliain d'aois sa ghrúpa comparáide NECS.\nI gcomparáid leis an staidéar seo (1) stádas sláinte 483 rannpháirtí LGP fada-beatha le 696 duine LGP comparáide 60-94 bliain d'aois, agus (2) stádas sláinte 1,498 rannpháirtí NECS fada-beatha le 302 duine NECS comparáide 58-95 bliain d'aois. Maidir leis an dá shraith comparáide, d'fhéach na taighdeoirí ar na hoibreacha a d'fhorbair daoine aonair cúig phríomhfhadhb sláinte a bhaineann le haois: ailse, galar cardashoithíoch, ardteannas, osteoporosis agus stróc. Léirigh anailís patrún comhsheasmhach de thús mall na galair i ngrúpaí céad bliain LGP agus NECS i gcomparáid lena ngrúpaí comparáide faoi seach. Mar shampla, i gcás na ndaoine NECS a raibh saol fada acu, ní raibh ailse ag 20 faoin gcéad de na fir go dtí aois 97 agus na mban go dtí aois 99. I gcodarsnacht leis sin, bhí ailse ag 20 faoin gcéad de na rannpháirtithe comparáide NECS ag aois 67 i bhfear agus 74 i mban. Bhí torthaí den chineál céanna ag an LGP: i gcás rannpháirtithe LGP a raibh saol fada acu, cuireadh moill ar an aois a d'fhorbair ailse ag 20 faoin gcéad go 96 don dá ghnéas. Ach bhí ailse tar éis dul i bhfeidhm ar 20 faoin gcéad de na fir sa ghrúpa rialaithe LGP ag aois 78 agus mná sa ghrúpa rialaithe ag 74.\nIn ainneoin a n-éagsúlachtaí géiniteacha, sóisialta agus cultúrtha, bhí na rannpháirtithe LGP agus NECS a raibh saol fada acu cosúil go suntasach maidir le tinneas mór: I gcomparáid le grúpaí comparáide níos óige, bhí moill ar thús mór-ghalair a bhaineann le haois, agus bhí tinneas tromchúiseach comhbhrúite go bunúsach i gceann cúpla bliain an-deireadh sa saol. Tugann na torthaí le fios gur féidir na fionnachtana a rinneadh i ngrúpa amháin de dhaoine céad bliain d'aois a ghinearálú do dhaonra éagsúla. Agus contrárthaíonn siad an notion go bhfuil an níos sine daoine a fháil, an níos sine a bheith tinn agus an níos mó an costas a aire a thabhairt dóibh."} {"text": "Evidence-Based Clicker Use: Audience Response Systems for Rehabilitation Nurses\nArticle first published online: 1 MAY 2012\n© 2012 Association of Rehabilitation Nurses\nVolume 37, Issue 3, pages 151–159, May/June 2012\nHow to Cite\nMiller, M. and Hartung, S. Q. (2012), Evidence-Based Clicker Use: Audience Response Systems for Rehabilitation Nurses. Rehabilitation Nursing, 37: 151–159. doi: 10.1002/RNJ.00041\n- Issue published online: 1 MAY 2012\n- Article first published online: 1 MAY 2012\n- audience response systems;\n- decision tree template;\n- interactive technology;\n- nursing presentations;\n- patient education;\n- qualitative research;\n- staff development\nAn Audience Response System (ARS) commonly used in schools and universities was studied for its benefit in rehabilitation. Audience response systems or “clickers” are technological tools for promoting interactive learning. Clickers were studied for their applicability to clinical settings as well.\nCurrent literature shows evidence-based research and best practices for clicker use within schools. This study expanded ARS into the rehabilitation milieu and then analyzed learner opinions and outcomes. Qualitative data was obtained from both professional and patient groups.\nClickers were used while presenting research findings at conferences, when conducting staff seminars, and during client support groups and subsequent educational sessions. Response graphs and decision trees illustrate the flexibility of ARS for helping educators match presentation content to audience feedback.\nClickers narrowed the gap between those with expertise and those with minimal experience, since immediate clarification was given according to clicker results. ARS helped to engage listeners, which is consistent with clicker research conducted in academic environments.\nWith clickers, the knowledge and viewpoints of participants can be instantly graphed and displayed, and pertinent information can be provided in real-time. Examples from rehabilitation scenarios depict benefits of Audience Response Systems beyond academia.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-11", "url": "http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/RNJ.00041/abstract", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-11/segments/1424936461416.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20150226074101-00041-ip-10-28-5-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9195673466, "token_count": 406, "score": 2.5625, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Úsáid Clicker bunaithe ar Fhianaise: Córais Freagartha an Phobail do Neamh-Oibrithe um Athshlánú\nArtaigil a foilsíodh den chéad uair ar líne: 1 MAI 2012\n© 2012 Cumann na nAltránaithe Athshlánúcháin\nLeabhar 37, Aistriúchán 3, leathanaigh 151159, Bealtaine/Meitheamh 2012\nConas a Luathú\nMiller, M. agus Hartung, S. Q. (2012), Úsáid Clicker Bunaithe ar Fhianaise: Córais Freagra an Phobail do Neirbhíseoirí Athshlánúcháin. Aistriúchán ar an nGaeilge, 37151159. doi: 10.1002/RNJ.00041\n- Eiseamh foilsithe ar líne: 1 MAY 2012\n- Artaigil a foilsíodh ar líne den chéad uair: 1 MAI 2012\n- córais freagartha lucht féachana;\n- teimpléad crann chinnidh;\n- teicneolaíocht idirghníomhach;\n- cur i láthair na n-iníon;\n- oideachas othar;\n- taighde cáilíochtúil;\n- forbairt foirne\nRinneadh staidéar ar Chóras Freagartha an Phobail (ARS) a úsáidtear go coitianta i scoileanna agus in ollscoileanna chun a bhuntáiste a bhaint amach i athshlánú. Is uirlisí teicneolaíocha iad córais freagartha lucht féachana nó 'cliceálaithe' chun foghlaim idirghníomhach a chur chun cinn. Rinneadh staidéar ar chliceálaithe le haghaidh a n-infheidhmeacht i suíomhanna cliniciúla freisin.\nTaispeánann litríocht reatha taighde bunaithe ar fhianaise agus dea-chleachtais maidir le húsáid cliceálaithe laistigh de scoileanna. Leathnaíodh an staidéar seo ar ARS isteach sa mheán athshlánúcháin agus ansin anailís a rinneadh ar thuairimí agus ar thorthaí na foghlaimeoirí. Baineadh sonraí cáilíochtúla amach ó ghrúpaí gairmiúla agus othar araon.\nBaineadh úsáid as cliceálaithe le linn torthaí taighde a chur i láthair ag comhdhálacha, agus seimineáir foirne á ndéanamh acu, agus le linn grúpaí tacaíochta cliant agus seisiúin oideachais ina dhiaidh sin. Léiríonn grafaí freagraí agus crainn chinnidh solúbthacht ARS chun cabhrú le hoideoirí ábhar cur i láthair a mheaitseáil le haiseolas ó lucht féachana.\nD'fhág cliceálaithe an bhearna idir na daoine a raibh saineolas acu agus na daoine a raibh taithí íosta acu a laghdú, ós rud é go ndearnadh soiléiriú láithreach de réir thorthaí cliceálaithe. Cabhraigh ARS le lucht éisteachta a mhealladh, rud a bhfuil comhoiriúnach le taighde cliceálaithe a rinneadh i dtimpeallachtaí acadúla.\nLe cliceáil, is féidir eolas agus dearcadh na rannpháirtithe a ghrafáil agus a thaispeáint láithreach, agus is féidir faisnéis ábhartha a sholáthar i bhfíor-am. Léiríonn samplaí ó chásanna athshlánúcháin buntáistí na gcóras freagartha lucht féachana lasmuigh den acadamh."} {"text": "The role of force in myelination. (a) Molecular force generation. Cells bind ECM components through integrin receptors (represented by α and β subunits), thus increasing extracellular adhesion. Integrin activation then triggers signaling cascades involving Fyn kinase, which inhibits RhoA, thus activating ROCK and Myosin IIB. Activated Myosin IIB interacts with actin filaments and creates strong intracellular contractions, which in turn enhances extracellular attachment and possibly mediates cell differentiation. ECM and cytosol color schemes represent the force intensity generated by these molecular events, gray being weakest and red being strongest. (b) Hypothetical effects of extracellular rigidity and intracellular contractions. Optimal myelination conditions require a balance between extracellular forces mediated by matrix rigidity and intracellular forces based on actomyosin contractions (diagonal arrow). A softer matrix inhibits cell differentiation and myelination (shift to the left), which can be counteracted by myosin IIB inhibition (cells return to being balanced). Gliosis, as it occurs in MS, might represent a more rigid matrix (shift to the right), which would require stronger contractile forces to counteract.\nBauer and ffrench-Constant Journal of Biology 2009 8:78 doi:10.1186/jbiol169", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-11", "url": "http://jbiol.com/content/8/8/78/figure/F1?highres=y", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-11/segments/1424936460577.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20150226074100-00204-ip-10-28-5-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8975156546, "token_count": 285, "score": 2.875, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Ról na fórsa i miolaínú. (a) Gníomhaíocht móilíneach. Cealla ceangal comhpháirteanna ECM trí gabhdóirí integrin (a ionadaítear ag α agus β fo-aonaid), rud a mhéadaíonn adhesion extracellular. Ansin, spreagann gníomhachtú Integrin cascades comharthaíochta a bhaineann le Fyn kinase, a chuireann cosc ar RhoA, agus dá bhrí sin ROCK agus Myosin IIB a ghníomhachtú. Déantar Myosin IIB gníomhaithe a idirghníomhú le snáithíní actin agus cruthaítear géarbhreitheanna intracillíochta, rud a fheabhsaíonn an greamaitheacht eisceillteach agus a idirghabhálann idirdhealú cille, b'fhéidir. Léiríonn scéimeanna dathanna ECM agus cytosol déine na fórsa a ghineann na himeachtaí móilíneacha seo, agus is é an liath an ceann is laige agus an ceann is láidre. (b) Eacnamaíocht ar éifeachtaí cruachta extracellular agus ar shrianadh intracellular. Éilíonn coinníollacha miolaíneoireachta is fearr cothromaíocht idir fórsaí extracellular idirghabhálaithe ag cruas maitrís agus fórsaí intracellular bunaithe ar shrianadh actomyosin (sliabhán trasna). Cuireann mátrix níos bog cosc ar dhifríochtú agus mielination cealla (athrú ar chlé), ar féidir a throid le cosc myosin IIB (baineann cealla le bheith cothrom). D'fhéadfadh gliosis, mar a tharlaíonn sé i MS, a bheith ina mhátrix níos daingean (athrú ar dheis), a éilíonn fórsaí contractile níos láidre chun dul i ngleic leis.\nBauer agus Fhrench-Constant Journal of Biology 2009 8:78 doi:10.1186/jbiol169"} {"text": "Teaching happiness skills to school pupils should be part of the national curriculum, a University of Canterbury researcher says.\nBut a Northland principal says schools already have enough social responsibility.\nDr Annie Soutter wants more done to promote wellbeing in New Zealand schools given our high rates of youth depression and suicide.\n\"In schools, what I've found is how students think or feel tends to be a separate part of the school experience.\"\nAcademic achievement, attendance and sporting prowess took precedence over emotional wellbeing, she said.\nOkaihau College principal Alan Forgie said he wasn't enthusiastic about introducing \"happiness skills\" to the curriculum.\n\"I'd like to see that we offer a rounded education, and you can focus on things like that to the detriment of everything else.\"\nOkaihau had staff trained in looking out for kids who were likely to harm themselves, he said.\nAnd peer support programmes made sure new students knew where to turn if necessary.\nBut the curriculum was already full.\n\"Do you keep adding social responsibility into a school's curriculum?\" Mr Forgie asked.\nHowever, Dr Soutter said there was room for teaching happiness and wellbeing as part of the school curriculum because an increasing number of young people were seeking help.\n\"Youthline gets about 10,000 texts a month from students who are needing support.\"\nThis could be as simple as students writing regular \"gratitude letters\" to people who had supported them, keeping a journal of their feelings and buddying up with senior students and staff.\nAn exercise requiring students to write down three good things that had happened to them had \"tremendous results\" in trials by psychologists in the United States.\n\"They [the exercises] have shown some really positive impacts on mood and a decrease in physical symptoms [of depression].\"\nWhile the responsibility of promoting wellbeing didn't fall exclusively on teachers, it made sense to integrate it into the school system, Dr Soutter said.\nThe latest United Nations World Happiness Report ranked New Zealanders 13th out of the 156 nations.\nWe slipped from eighth spot in last year's report, with a reported 2.1 per cent decline in happiness levels.\nWe also have one of the highest youth suicide rates, with males fourth-highest and females second-highest in the developed world.\nBetween July 2012 and June 2013, 69 young Kiwis aged between 10 and 19 took their own lives.\nMeanwhile, a 2012 Auckland University survey of 8500 high school students found 29.1 per cent of girls harmed themselves deliberately in the previous year - up from 26 per cent in the 2007 survey.\nThe number of boys who harmed themselves also increased slightly to 17.9 per cent.\nOne-in-six girls and one-in-12 boys showed significant depressive symptoms.\nNew web-based therapy programmes aimed at teenagers are showing promising results at curbing our alarming youth suicide rate.\nOtago University is studying the effects of the online programmes on teens experiencing depression.\nUsers complete online evidence-based exercises, such as cognitive behaviour therapy or problem-solving therapy.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-17", "url": "http://www.nzherald.co.nz/northern-advocate/news/article.cfm?c_id=1503450&objectid=11169497", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125949489.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20180427060505-20180427080505-00476.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9643467665, "token_count": 642, "score": 2.671875, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Ba cheart go mbeadh scileanna sonas a mhúineadh do dhaltaí scoile mar chuid den chúrsa náisiúnta, a deir taighdeoir ó Ollscoil Canterbury.\nAch deir príomhoide Northland go bhfuil go leor freagrachta shóisialta ag scoileanna cheana féin.\nTá an Dr Annie Soutter ag iarraidh go ndéanfar níos mó chun folláine a chur chun cinn i scoileanna na Nua-Shéalainne ag féachaint do na rátaí ard atá againn maidir le dúlagar agus féinmharú óige.\n\"Sa scoil, is é an rud a fuair mé ná go mbíonn an dóigh a smaoiníonn nó a bhraitheann na mic léinn ina chuid ar leith den taithí scoile\".\nBhí tosaíocht ag an mbaint acadúil, ag an láthair agus ag an gcumas spóirt thar folláine mhothúchánach, a dúirt sí.\nDúirt príomh-aire Okaihau College Alan Forgie nach raibh sé díograiseach faoi \"scileanna sonas\" a thabhairt isteach sa chúrsa.\n\"Ba mhaith liom a fheiceáil go dtugann muid oideachas cruinn, agus is féidir leat díriú ar rudaí mar sin chun dochar do gach rud eile\".\nBhí foirne Okaihau oiliúna i breathnú amach do leanaí a bhí seans maith a dhéanamh díobháil dóibh féin, a dúirt sé.\nAgus bhí cláir tacaíochta peer ag cinntiú go raibh a fhios ag mic léinn nua cá háit a rachadh siad más gá.\nAch bhí an clár teagaisc lán cheana féin.\n\"An bhfuil tú ag cur freagracht shóisialta isteach i gcuraclam na scoile?\" D'iarr an tUasal Forgie.\nDúirt an Dr Soutter, áfach, go raibh spás ann chun sonas agus folláine a theagasc mar chuid de chúrsa na scoile toisc go raibh líon méadaitheach daoine óga ag lorg cabhrach.\n\"Faigheann an Líne Óige thart ar 10,000 téacs in aghaidh na míosa ó mhic léinn atá ag teastáil go mór le tacaíocht\".\nD'fhéadfadh sé seo a bheith chomh simplí le mic léinn a scríobh \"litreacha buíochais\" rialta do dhaoine a thacaigh leo, ag coinneáil leabharlann dá gcuid mothúchán agus ag cairdeas le mic léinn sinsearacha agus foireann.\nBhí \"tairiscintí iontach\" ag saineolaithe saineolaithe sna Stáit Aontaithe ar fheidhmíocht a raibh ar mhic léinn trí rud maith a tharla dóibh a scríobh síos.\n\"Tá tionchar fíor-mhaith ag na cleachtaí ar an mothúchán agus ar laghdú ar na hairíonna fisiciúla [an dúlagar]\".\nCé nach raibh an fhreagracht as folláine a chur chun cinn go heisiach ar mhúinteoirí, bhí sé ciallmhar é a chomhtháthú sa chóras scoile, a dúirt an Dr Soutter.\nAn Tuarascáil is déanaí ar Shábháilteacht Domhanda na Náisiún Aontaithe, tá an tSileandáil Nua ar an 13ú háit as 156 náisiún.\nBhí an t-iomlán ar an 8ú háit sa tuarascáil anuraidh, agus tuairiscíodh go raibh laghdú 2.1% ar leibhéil áthas.\nTá ceann de na rátaí féinmharú óige is airde againn freisin, agus fir an ceathrú ceann is airde agus mná an dara ceann is airde sa domhan forbartha.\nIdir Iúil 2012 agus Meitheamh 2013, thóg 69 Kiwi óg idir 10 agus 19 bliana d'aois a saol féin.\nIdir an dá linn, fuair suirbhé 2012 Ollscoil Auckland de 8500 mac léinn ardscoile go ndearna 29.1 faoin gcéad de chailíní díobháil dóibh féin go ciallmhar sa bhliain roimhe sin - suas ó 26 faoin gcéad sa suirbhé 2007.\nD'ardaigh líon na bhfear a rinne díobháil dóibh féin beagán freisin go 17.9 faoin gcéad.\nBhí comharthaí tromchúiseacha dúlagaracha ag ceann amháin as gach sé cailín agus duine as gach 12 buachaill.\nTá cláir nua teiripe ar líne atá dírithe ar dhéagóirí ag taispeáint torthaí geallta chun an ráta uafásach féinmharú óige a chur faoi chois.\nTá Ollscoil Otago ag déanamh staidéir ar éifeachtaí na gclár ar líne ar dhéagóirí a bhfuil dúlagar orthu.\nDéanann úsáideoirí cleachtaí bunaithe ar fhianaise ar líne, mar theiripe imoibritheach cognaíoch nó teiripe réitigh fadhbanna."} {"text": "What is a cookie?\nA cookie is a small file which asks permission to be placed on your computer’s hard drive (determined by your browser settings). Once you agree, the file is added and the cookie helps analyse web traffic or lets you know when you visit a particular site. Cookies allow web applications to respond to you as an individual. The web application can tailor its operations to your needs, likes and dislikes by gathering and remembering information about your preferences.\nWe use traffic log cookies to identify which pages are being used. Specifically we use Google Analytics for this purpose. This helps us analyse data about web page traffic and improve our website in order to tailor it to customer needs. We only use this information for statistical analysis purposes.\nYou can choose to accept or decline cookies. Most web browsers automatically accept cookies, but you can usually modify your browser setting to decline cookies if you prefer. This may prevent you from taking full advantage of the website. To find out more about cookies, including how to see what cookies have been set and how to manage and delete them, visit http://www.allaboutcookies.org/.\nCookies we store on your device, in more detail\n|Click Google Analytics for more details||These cookies are used to collect information about how visitors use our site. We use the information to compile reports and to help us improve the site. The cookies collect information in an anonymous form, including the number of visitors to the site, where visitors have come to the site from and the pages they visited.|", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-17", "url": "https://www.tknowit.net/cookie-policy/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125945855.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20180423070455-20180423090455-00017.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8787448406, "token_count": 314, "score": 2.796875, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Cad é an fianán?\nIs comhad beag é fianán a iarrann cead a chur ar thiomáint chrua do ríomhaire (a chinntear ag do shuíomhanna brabhsálaithe). Nuair a thogfaidh tú, cuirtear an comhad leis agus cabhraíonn an fianán le trácht gréasáin a anailísiú nó cuireann sé in iúl duit nuair a thugann tú cuairt ar shuíomh áirithe. Ligeann fianáin d'iarratais gréasáin freagairt duit mar dhuine aonair. Is féidir leis an bhfeidhmchlár gréasáin a chuid oibríochtaí a oiriúnú do do chuid riachtanas, do chuid is maith leat agus do chuid is mí-ádh trí fhaisnéis a bhailiú agus a mheabhrú faoi do chuid roghanna.\nÚsáidimid fianáin logáil tráchta chun a aithint cé na leathanaigh atá á n-úsáid. Go sonrach, bainimid úsáid as Google Analytics chun na críche seo. Cuidíonn sé seo linn sonraí a anailísiú maidir le trácht ar leathanaigh ghréasáin agus ár suíomh Gréasáin a fheabhsú chun é a oiriúnú do riachtanais an chustaiméara. Ní úsáidimid an fhaisnéis seo ach chun críocha anailíse staidrimh.\nIs féidir leat a roghnú fianáin a ghlacadh nó a dhiúltú. Glacann formhór na mbrabhsálaithe gréasáin le fianáin go huathoibríoch, ach is féidir leat do shuíomh brabhsálaithe a mhodhnú de ghnáth chun fianáin a dhiúltú más fearr leat. D'fhéadfadh sé seo a bheith ina chosc ort leas iomlán a bhaint as an suíomh Gréasáin. Chun tuilleadh eolais a fháil faoi bhfianáin, lena n-áirítear conas a fheiceáil cad iad na fianáin a socraíodh agus conas iad a bhainistiú agus a scriosadh, tabhair cuairt ar http://www.allaboutcookies.org/.\nFianáin a stórálann muid ar do ghléas, níos mionsonraithe\n☐Cliceáil Google Analytics le haghaidh tuilleadh sonraí agus sonraíCúisitheCúisithe a úsáidtear chun faisnéis a bhailiú faoi conas a úsáideann cuairteoirí ár suíomh. Úsáidimid an fhaisnéis chun tuarascálacha a thiomsú agus chun cabhrú linn an suíomh a fheabhsú. Bailíonn na fianáin faisnéis i bhfoirm gan ainm, lena n-áirítear líon na gcuairteoirí ar an suíomh, ón áit a tháinig cuairteoirí ar an suíomh agus na leathanaigh a thug siad cuairt orthu."} {"text": "Главная > Реферат >Остальные работы\nMill Vs Locke Essay, Research Paper\nDred Scott was the name of an African-American slave. He was taken by his master, an\nofficer in the U.S. Army, from the slave state of Missouri to the free state of Illinois and\nthen to the free territory of Wisconsin. He lived on free soil for a long period of time.\nWhen the Army ordered his master to go back to Missouri, he took Scott with him back to\nthat slave state, where soon after his master died. In 1846, Scott was helped by\nAbolitionist(anti-slavery) lawyers to sue for his freedom in court, claiming he should be\nfree since he had lived on free soil for a long time. The case went all the way to the\nUnited States Supreme Court. The Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, Roger B. Taney,\nwas a former slave owner from Maryland. In March of 1857, Scott lost the decision as\nseven out of nine Justices on the Supreme Court declared no slave or descendant of a slave\ncould be a U.S. citizen, or even had been a U.S. citizen. As a non-citizen, the court stated,\nScott had no rights and could not sue in a Federal Court and must remain a slave.\nAt that time there were nearly 4 million slaves in America. The courts ruling\naffected the status of every enslaved and free African-American in the United States. The\nruling served to turn back the clock concerning the rights of African-Americans, ignoring\nthe fact that black men in five of the original States had been full voting citizens dating\nback to the Declaration of Independence in 1776. The Supreme Court also ruled that\nCongress could not stop slavery in the newly emerging territories. The Court also declared\nthat it violated the Fifth Amendment of the Constitution which prohibits Congress from\ndepriving persons of their property without due process of law. Anti-slavery leaders in the\nNorth cited the controversial Supreme Court Decision as evidence that Southerners wanted\nto extend slavery throughout the nation and ultimately rule the nation itself. Southerners\napproved the Dred Scott decision believing Congress had no right to prohibit slavery in the\nterritories. The subject of this paper is to take a United States law, policy, or court ruling\nand analyze it from the perspective of both John Stuart Mill and John Locke.\nJohn Stuart Mill was a famous utilitarian philosopher, who had a Deontological\nworld view. What that means is you should do things because they are right, and not\nworry about the consequences. If Mill were to look at the Dred Scott decision, he would\ndeem it unjust because the Supreme Court did not do the right thing they were more\nconcerned with the consequences of limiting the Southerners rights to have slaves.\nAccording to Mill you are not free to lose your freedom. ? He is no longer free; but is\nthenceforth in a position which has no longer the presumption in its favour, that would be\nafforded by his voluntarily remaining in it. The principle of freedom cannot require that he\nshould be free not to be free. It is not freedom to be allowed to alienate his freedom.?(\nMill pg 536) That is informally known as Mill?s Anti-Slavery principle. Mill would also\nargue that the Supreme Court took part in what he dubs ? the tyranny of the majority? in\ndeciding the Dred Scott case. ? The Tyranny of the majority? is when you do something\nsolely based on public opinion. ?the tyranny of the majority? is now generally included\namong the evils against which society requires to be on its guard. Like other tyrannies, the\ntyranny of the majority was at first, and is still vulgarly held in dread, chiefly as operating\nthrough the acts of the public authorities.But reflecting persons perceived that when\nsociety is itself the tyrant-society collectively over the separate individuals who compose\nit-its means of tyrannising are not restricted to the acts which it may do by the hands of its\npolitical functionaries.?( Mill pg 517) Mill would argue that the Supreme Court made its\nruling solely based on public opinion rather than a true moral decision. The information\nthat I have provided thus far, would implicate, in Mill?s eyes that Dred Scott should be a\nfree man and he was wronged and stripped of his inalienable right to be free by the\nSupreme Court of the United States.\nOn further analysis of Mill?s arguments he provides a disillusioned counterexample\nto the information thus shown. Mill believes that the only reason why your liberty may be\nlimited by the state is to insure that you do not harm someone else.\n? The object of this essay is to assert one very simple principle, as entitled to govern\nabsolutely the dealings of society with the individual in the way of compulsion and\ncontrol, whether the means used be physical force in the form of legal penalties or the\nmoral coercion of public opinion. That principle is, that the sole end for which mankind\nare warranted, individually or collectively, in interfering with the liberty of action of any of\ntheir number, is self-protection. That the only purpose for which power can be rightfully\nexercised over any member of a civilized community, against his will, is to prevent harm\nto others. His own good, either physical or moral, is not a sufficient warrant. He cannot\nrightfully be compelled to do or forbear because it will be better for him to do so, because\nit will make him happier, because, in the opinions of others, to do so would be wise or\neven right. These are good reasons for remonstrating with him, or reasoning with him, to\npersuading him, or entreating him, but not for compelling him or visiting him with any evil\nin case he do otherwise. To justify that, the conduct from which it is desired to deter him\nmust be calculated to produce evil to someone else. The only part of the conduct of\nanyone, for which he is amenable to society, is that which concerns others. In the part\nwhich merely concerns himself, his independence is, of right, absolute. Over himself, over\nhis own body and mind, the individual is sovereign.?(Mill pgs 517-18)\nDoes Mill?s General Harm Principle apply to all people? No it does not apply to all\npeople. It excludes children, and those that are not white. To Mill they are considered to\nbe needy of the white man. ?…we may leave out of consideration those backward states of\nsociety in which the race itself may be considered as in its nonage.?(Mill pg 518) Mill?s\ngeneral harm principle does not apply to the Dred Scott case either because indeed he is a\nperson of color. If indeed Dred Scott was a white man, Mill?s general harm principle\nwould apply to him. Mill goes on to say that if we make engagements with another\nperson, no matter what the case, that they must be kept.\n?Not only persons are not held to engagements which violate the rights of third parties, but\nit is sometimes considered a sufficient reason for releasing them from an engagement, that\nit is injurious to themselves. In this and most other civilized countries, for example, an\nengagement by which a person should sell himself, or allow himself to be sold,as a slave,\nwould be null and void; neither enforced by law nor by opinion. The ground for thus\nlimiting his power of voluntarily disposing of his own lot in life, is apparent, and is very\nclearly seen in this extreme case. The reason for not interfering unless for the sake of\nothers, with a person?s voluntary acts, is consideration for his liberty. His voluntary choice\nis evidence that what he so chooses is desirable, or at least endurable, to him, and his\ngood is on the whole best provided for by allowing him to take his own means of pursuing\nit. But by selling himself for a slave, he abdicates his liberty; he foregoes any future use of\nit beyond that single act.?(Mill pg536)\nMill?s counterexample can be disproved by simple analysis of this quotation. He states ?by\nan engagement which a person should sell himself, or allow himself to be sold?; in Dred\nScott?s case he did not have a say in the matter whether he wanted to be sold into slavery\nor not. He was simply taken against his will, and forced to give up his inalienable right of\nfreedom by the United States. I say ?against his will? because honestly who would want to\nbe sold into slavery? The mentioning of the United States forcing Dred Scott to give up his\ninalienable right is true because they(U.S. government) permitted slavery in their country.\nBy enslaving someone you force them to give up there rights.\nNow we will look at John Locke?s perspective on the Dred Scott ruling. John\nLocke is often referred to as ?the philosopher of the revolution.? This is so because most\nof his writings were written during that time frame. If Locke were to analyze the Dred\nScott case and would primarily argue that the natural right of man is to be free from any\npower other than the law of Nature. ? The natural liberty of man is to be free from any\nsuperior power on Earth, and not to be under the will or legislative authority of man, but to\nhave only the law of Nature for his rule.?( Locke pg 359 verse 22) Locke implies in the\nsame verse that every man should be commonly treated in a society. ?…freedom of men\nunder government, is, to have a standing rule to live by, common to everyone of that\nsociety…?(Locke pg 359 verse 22) According to Locke a man cannot part with his\nfreedom, in doing so he parts with his life as well. Freedom and the ability to rule ones life\nare interdependent systems.\n?For a man, not having the power of his own life, cannot, by compact, or his own consent,\nenslave himself to anyone, nor put himself under the absolute, arbitrary power of another,\nto take away his life, when he pleases. Nobody can give more power than he has himself;\nand he that cannot take his own life, cannot give another power over it. Indeed having, by\nhis fault, forfeited his own life, by some act that deserves death; he to whom he has\nforfeited it, may(when he has him in his power) delay to take it, and make use of him to\nhis own service, and he does him no injury by it. For, whenever he finds the hardship of\nhis slavery out weigh the value of his life, it is in his power, by resisting the will of his\nmaster,. to draw on himself the death he desires.?(Locke pg 359 verse 23)\nLocke would view Scott?s case as an unjust one because a man?s liberty(freedom) was\ntaken from him, without his consent. Dred Scott like everyone else is a man, in Locke?s\neyes men are to be treated as common in society. So why should this man(Dred Scott) be\ndenied his freedom? Is it because he is a man of color and he is not white? The answer to\nthat question in Locke?s eyes is that he is a man no matter what, you can not change that\nattribute. Regardless of color he is still a man in Locke?s eyes and should be granted his\nnatural right to freedom and his life.\nNow we will look at Locke?s counterexample for this argument.\n?Master and servant are names as old as history,but given to those of far different\ncondition; for a freeman makes himself a servant to another, by selling him for a certain\ntime, the service he undertakes to do, in exchange for wages he is to receive: and though\nthis commonly puts him into the family of his master, and under the ordinary discipline\nthereof; yet it gives the master but a temporary power over him, and no greater, than what\nis contained in the contract between them. But there is another sort of servants, which by a\npeculiar name we call slaves, who being captives taken in a just war, are by the right of\nnature subjected to the absolute dominion and arbitrary power of their masters. These men\nhaving, as I say, forfeited their lives, and with it their liberties, and lost their estates; and\nbeing in the state of slavery, not capable of any property, cannot in that state be considered\nas any part of civil society; the chief end whereof is the preservation of property.?\n(Locke pg 372 verse 85)\nWhat Locke is saying here is false because Dred Scott did not ?Forfeit? his freedom,\nrather it was taken from him. He is contradicting himself in saying that they(slaves) should\nnot be considered a part of civil society. Before he was saying that all men should be\ntreated commonly in a society, but now he is changing his tune and saying that they should\nnot be a part of society. ?Man being born, as has been proved, with a title to perfect\nfreedom, and an uncontrolled enjoyment of all rights and privileges of law of Nature,\nequally with any other man, or number of men in the world, has by nature a power, not\nonly to preserve his property, that is, his life, liberty and estate, against the injuries and\nattempts of other men;…?(Locke pgs 372-373 verse 87) Locke proves himself wrong with\nthis quotation because he does not distinguish between men and slaves as he did before.\nFurthermore a man can not be deemed another man?s property unless they commit to a\ncontract with that individual. In Dred Scott?s case he did not commit to any sort of\ncontract, he was taken against his will and purchased by a United States Army Officer.\nThus Scott is entitled to his freedom according to Locke?s quotation above, eventhough\nLocke believes that slaves ?forfeit? there freedom. Scott is entitled to his freedom because\nhe is a man who is a rational being.\nIn evaluating both Mill?s and Locke?s perspectives upon the Supreme Court?s\nruling for the Dred Scott case, a few things can be concluded from both sides. From Mill?s\npoint of view it is your inalienable right to have freedom. In his counter example though he\nstates that you lose your freedom when you sell yourself into slavery. That argument does\nnot apply however to Dred Scott?s case, because he was forced into slavery, and his\ninalienable rights were stripped from him. From Locke?s point of view man was born free\nfrom any superior power on earth, he(man) was only to have the law of Nature as his\nruler. Locke also believed that all men should be treated commonly in a society. In his\ncounterexample he states that slaves ?forfeit? there right to freedom and control of there\nlives. Actually this is wrong if you look at the Dred Scott case once again you see that he\ndid not ?forfeit? his freedom rather it was stripped away from him. In doing so he lost the\npower to govern his own life, which Locke deems a necessity in order to live. By\nanalyzing passages from both of the respective philosopher?s they make a case that Dred\nScott was deprived of his inalienable right to freedom and to govern his own life. They\nalso provide contradictory statements that say that he ?forfeited? his right to freedom, and\nalso that some things do not apply to him because he was a man of color. There statements\nare self-contradictory because he is indeed a man regardless of his color, and they both\nstate that a man should not be deprived of his right to freedom. Although both philosophers\nhave self-contradictory statements about this topic of slavery and freedom, the Supreme\nCourt made there decision based on there own perspectives.\n- Art Of India Essay, Research Paper A fast rising issue today ... a positive effect (”James”, 1). Baily vs. the United States was a bill ... assembling assault weapons through the mail and the frame sold ... decided to voluntarily put trigger locks on theft products so ...\n- Remote Control Software Essay, Research Paper Remote Control Software Used ... directory server using their e-mail address. At your desk ... severed, Timbuktu Pro automatically “locks” the NT system to ... New! Software.Stac ReachOut 7 vs. MicrocomCarbon Copy 32. http ...\n- The Slaughter House Five Essay, Research Paper THE NOVEL - THE PLOT ... the Tralfamadorians. - DARWIN VS. JESUS Vonnegut feels that Charles ... in Boston, shows him “locking in” on the main ideas ... as a subtle form of male chauvinism. According to this interpretation ...\n- Freedom Of Speech Essay, Research Paper Freedom of Speech Meredith Kerr Charles W. Locke U.S. History 121 ... upon. They would also censor mail to make sure no abolitionist ... to be unconstitutional. In Texas vs. Johnson, Gregory Lee Johnson burned ...\n- Prison Essay, Research Paper The first prison ... Lois Weber's The People Vs. John Doe (1916) ... criminal and society are locked together in a vicious ... to that auteur of male-bonding, Howard Hawks, ... women fondling and fighting each other. Horror-film specialist ...", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-04", "url": "https://works.doklad.ru/view/GiHw2iq2lvM.html", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703564029.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20210125030118-20210125060118-00736.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9686241746, "token_count": 3802, "score": 3.703125, "int_score": 4, "irish_text": "Gnéas > Tuairisc >Ostałe работы\nMill Vs Locke Essay, Páipéar Taighde\nDred Scott bhí an t-ainm ar sclábhaí Afracach-Mheiriceánach. Ghlac a mháistir, an\noifigeach in Arm na Stát Aontaithe, ó stáit sclábhaithe Missouri go stáit saor in aisce Illinois agus\nansin go dtí an chríoch saor Wisconsin. Bhí sé ina chónaí ar ithir saor ar feadh tréimhse fada ama.\nNuair a d'ordaigh an t-arm a mháistir chun dul ar ais go Missouri, thóg sé Scott leis ar ais go\ngo stát sclábhaí, áit a fuair sé go luath tar éis a thiarna bás. Sa bhliain 1846, bhí Scott ag cuidiú le\nD'iarr dlíodóirí a bhí ag iarraidh an sclábhaíocht a dhíothú ar an gcúirt a shaoradh, ag rá gur chóir é a bheith ina\nsaor in aisce ós rud é go raibh cónaí air ar ithir saor in aisce ar feadh i bhfad. Chuaigh an cás ar an mbealach go léir go dtí an\nCúirt Uachtarach na Stát Aontaithe. An Príomh-Bhreitheamh na Cúirte Uachtaraí, Roger B. Taney,\nBhí iar-úinéir sclábhaithe ó Maryland. I mí an Mhárta de 1857, Scott chaill an cinneadh mar\nseacht as na naoi Breitheamh ar an gCúirt Uachtarach a dhearbhaigh aon sclábhaí nó sliocht de sclábhaí\nd'fhéadfadh a bheith ina shaoránach SAM, nó fiú a bhí ina shaoránach SAM. Mar neamh-shaoránach, dúirt an chúirt,\nNí raibh aon chearta ag Scott agus ní fhéadfadh sé a ghearradh i gCúirt Chónaidhme agus ní mór dó fanacht ina sclábhaí.\nAg an am sin bhí beagnach 4 mhilliún sclábhaí i Meiriceá. An breithiúnas cúirte\nBhí tionchar ag an stádas gach sclábhaithe agus saor Afracach-Mheiriceánach sna Stáit Aontaithe. An\nD'fhóin an rialú chun an clog a chur ar ais maidir le cearta na Meiriceánaigh Afracacha, ag neamhaird\nan bhfíric go raibh fir dubh i cúig de na Stáit bunaidh saoránaigh vótaíochta iomlán ag dul\nar ais go dtí an Dearbhú na Saoirse i 1776. Bhreith an Chúirt Uachtarach freisin go\nNí raibh an Comhdháil in ann stop a chur le sclábhaíocht sna críocha nua atá ag teacht chun cinn. D'fhógair an Chúirt freisin\ngo bhfuil sé ag sárú an Cúigiú Leasú an Bhunreacht a thoirmeasc ar an gComhdháil ó\ndaoine a bheith díbhreathnaithe óna maoin gan nós imeachta cuí dlí. Is iad na ceannairí frith-sclábhaíochta sa\nD'iarr an Tuaisceart ar an gCinneadh conspóideach ón gCúirt Uachtarach mar fhianaise go raibh na hIodrálaigh ag iarraidh\nchun sclábhaíocht a leathnú ar fud na náisiúin agus sa deireadh a rialú an náisiún féin. Daoine ó dheas\nd'fhormheas an cinneadh Dred Scott creidiúint nach raibh an Comhdháil aon cheart chun cosc a chur ar sclábhaíocht sa\ncríoch. Is é ábhar an pháipéir seo dlí, beartas nó breithiúnas cúirte na Stát Aontaithe a ghlacadh\nagus a anailísiú ó thaobh an dá John Stuart Mill agus John Locke.\nBhí John Stuart Mill fealsamh utilitarian cáiliúil, a bhí Deontological\ndearcadh ar an domhan. Cad a chiallaíonn sé sin ba chóir duit rudaí a dhéanamh toisc go bhfuil siad ceart, agus ní\na bheith buartha faoi na hiarmhairtí. Má bhí Mill a sheiceáil ar an cinneadh Dred Scott, bheadh sé\nmheas sé neamhcheart toisc nach raibh an Chúirt Uachtarach a dhéanamh ar an rud ceart a bhí siad níos mó\nBhí imní orthu faoi na hiarmhairtí a bheadh ann má theorannófaí cearta na nDeisceart a bheith acu ar sclábhaithe.\nDe réir Mill nach bhfuil tú saor chun a chailleadh do shaoirse. An bhfuil tú? Níl sé saor in aisce a thuilleadh; ach tá\ndá bhrí sin i gcás nach bhfuil an féidearthacht ina bhfabhar a thuilleadh, is é sin\na d'fhéadfadh a bheith ag fanacht go deonach ann. Ní féidir leis an bprionsabal saoirse a cheangal go\nBa chóir a bheith saor in aisce a bheith saor in aisce. Ní hé saoirse a bheith ceadaithe chun a shaoirse a dhíbirt.? (\nMill pg 536) Is é sin a dtugtar go neamhfhoirmiúil mar phrionsabal Frith-Sclafaíocht Mill. Mill a bheadh chomh maith\nargóint go raibh an Chúirt Uachtarach páirt i cad dubann sé ? an tíreann a bhaineann leis an tromlach? i\nag cinneadh ar an gcás Dred Scott. An bhfuil tú? An Tyranny an chuid is mó? Is é nuair a dhéanann tú rud éigin\nbunaithe ar thuairim an phobail amháin. ? an tyranny an chuid is mó? tá sé á chuimsiú go ginearálta anois\ni measc na olc a bhfuil an tsochaí ag teastáil chun a bheith ar a garda. Cosúil le tirannis eile,\nBhí an-easnamh ar an tromlach ar dtús, agus tá eagla air go fóill, go príomha mar oibríocht\nAch d'aithin daoine a léiríonn go raibh an t-ádh orthu nuair a bhí an t-ádh orthu go raibh an t-ádh orthu.\nIs é an tsochaí féin an tiran-sochaí go comhchoiteann thar na daoine aonair ar leithligh a chomhdhéanann\nní-a n-mhodhanna tyrannising atá teoranta do na gníomhartha a d'fhéadfadh sé a dhéanamh ag lámha a\nfeidhmeannaigh pholaitiúla.? (Mill pg 517) D'áitigh Mill gur rinne an Chúirt Uachtarach a\nag rialú bunaithe ar thuairim phoiblí amháin seachas ar chinneadh morálta fíor. An fhaisnéis\ngo bhfuil mé a sholáthar go dtí seo, a bheadh a léiriú, i súile Mill go Dred Scott ba chóir a bheith ina\nfear saor agus bhí sé mícheart agus dícheallach a cheart neamh-in-athsholáthraithe a bheith saor ag an\nCúirt Uachtarach na Stát Aontaithe.\nAr anailís bhreise ar argóintí Mill, tugann sé sampla frith-fhadhb\nan fhaisnéis a thaispeántar sa tslí sin. Creideann Mill go bhfuil an t-aon chúis go bhféadfadh do shaoirse a bheith\nTá an teorainn a chur leis an stát a chinntiú nach ndéanann tú dochar do dhuine eile.\nAn bhfuil tú? Is é cuspóir an aiste seo a éileamh prionsabal an-simplí, mar atá i dteideal a rialú\ngo hiomlán na déileálacha na sochaí leis an duine aonair ar bhealach de éigeandáil agus\nan modh a úsáidtear, bíodh sé ina fhoráil fhisiciúil i bhfoirm pionóis dhlíthiúla nó i bhfoirm\ncosc morálta ar an tuairim phoiblí. Is é an prionsabal sin, go bhfuil an deireadh amháin a bhfuil an chine daonna\ngo bhfuil údar leis, go hidirpháirteach nó go comhchoiteann, cur isteach ar shaoirse gníomhaíochta aon cheann de na\nIs é a n-uimhir féin-chosaint. Go bhfuil an t-aon chuspóir a bhfuil cumhacht is féidir a bheith go dleathach\nexercised thar aon bhall de phobal sibhialta, i gcoinne a thoil, is chun dochar a chosc\ndo dhaoine eile. Ní hionann a leas féin, bíodh sé fisiciúil nó mhorálta, agus údar leordhóthanach. Ní féidir leis\ngo bhfuil sé de cheart é a chur iallach air nó uirthi gan é a dhéanamh toisc go mbeidh sé níos fearr dó é sin a dhéanamh, toisc\nbeidh sé níos sona, toisc, i dtuairimí daoine eile, a dhéanamh amhlaidh a bheadh ciallmhar nó\nfiú ceart. Is cúiseanna maithe iad seo chun a bheith ag argóint leis, nó ag réasúnú leis,\nag persuading dó, nó ag impí air, ach ní le forcing dó nó ag tabhairt cuairte air le olc ar bith\ni gcás go ndéanann sé a mhalairt. Chun é sin a fhíréantacht, an iompar ó a bhfuil sé ag teastáil a chosc dó\nNí mór a ríomh chun olc a tháirgeadh le duine éigin eile. An chuid amháin de na iompar\nduine ar bith, a bhfuil sé ina luí ar an tsochaí, is é sin a bhaineann le daoine eile. Sa chuid\na bhaineann leis féin amháin, tá a neamhspleáchas, de cheart, iomlán. Thar dó féin, thar\na chorp féin agus a intinn féin, tá an duine aonair uachtaránachta.? (Mill pgs 517-18)\nAn bhfuil feidhm ag prionsabal ginearálta na gcionta Mill do gach duine? Níl ní bhaineann sé le gach\ndaoine. Tá leanaí agus daoine nach bán iad san áireamh. Chun Mill meastar go bhfuil siad\nbheith ag teastáil ón fear bán. ? ... is féidir linn a fhágáil amach as an gcúram na stáit ar ais de\nsochaí ina dtarlaíonn an cine féin a mheas mar a neamh-aois? (Mill pg 518) Mills\nNí bhaineann prionsabal na damáiste ginearálta le cás Dred Scott freisin toisc go bhfuil sé ina\nduine dath. Má bhí i ndáiríre Dred Scott fear bán, prionsabal díobhála ginearálta Mill\nba cheart a chur i bhfeidhm air. Mill ag dul ar aghaidh ag rá go má dhéanann muid rannpháirtíochtaí le eile\nduine, is cuma cén cás, go gcaithfear iad a choinneáil.\n\"Ní amháin nach bhfuil daoine faoi cheangal ar thráchtanna a sháraíonn cearta tríú páirtithe, ach\nis cúis leordhóthanach é uaireanta iad a scaoileadh ó thrácht, go\ntá sé díobhálach dóibh féin. Sa tír seo agus i bhformhór na dtíortha sibhialta eile, mar shampla, tá\ncaidreamh trína gcaithfeadh duine é féin a dhíol, nó ligean dó féin a dhíol, mar sclábhaí,\na bheith neamhní agus neamhbhailí; ní dhéanfaí é a fhorfheidhmiú le dlí ná le tuairim. An talamh do mar sin\ntá sé soiléir go bhfuil teorainn le cumhacht an duine a bheith ag fáil réidh go deonach lena chuid féin den saol, agus tá sé an-\nle feiceáil go soiléir sa chás mhór seo. An chúis nach bhfuil idirghabháil ach amháin ar mhaithe le\neile, le gníomhartha deonacha duine, is é a chur san áireamh ar a shaoirse. A rogha deonach\nIs fianaise go bhfuil an méid a roghnaíonn sé mar sin is inmhianaithe, nó ar a laghad inbhuanaithe, dó, agus a\ngo maith ar an iomlán is fearr a sholáthraítear trí ligean dó a chuid féin a bhaint as a modhanna chun leanúint\nsé. Ach trí dhíol sé é féin mar sclábhaí, tá sé ag abdicate a shaoirse; tá sé ag foráil aon úsáid amach anseo de\nsé thar an gníomh amháin.? (Mill pg536)\nIs féidir le frithshampla Mill a dhiúltú trí anailís shimplí a dhéanamh ar an luachan seo. An bhfuil sé ag rá?\nan gealltanas a ba chóir do dhuine a dhíol féin, nó ligean dó féin a dhíol? ; i Dred\nScott's cás ní raibh sé a rá sa cheist cibé an raibh sé ag iarraidh a dhíol i sclábhaíocht\nnó nach bhfuil. Bhí sé ach a thógtar i gcoinne a thoil, agus é a chur iallach a thabhairt suas a cheart dochloíte de\nsaoirse ag na Stáit Aontaithe. Deirim \"ag i gcoinne a thoil\"? mar go hionraic a bheadh ag iarraidh a\na dhíol i sclábhaíocht? An t-ainm a tugadh ar na Stáit Aontaithe ag éigean ar Dred Scott a\nceart dochloíte fíor toisc go raibh siad (Rialtas na Stát Aontaithe) cead sclábhaíocht ina dtír.\nTrí dhuine a sclábhaíocht, cuireann tú iallach orthu a gcearta a thabhairt suas.\nAnois, féachfaimid ar an dearcadh atá ag John Locke ar an mbreithiúnas Dred Scott. Eoin\nIs minic a thugtar 'fhilseafóir na réabhlóide' ar Locke. Tá sé seo amhlaidh toisc go bhfuil an chuid is mó\nde a chuid scríbhinní a scríobh le linn an tréimhse ama. Má bhí Locke a anailísiú an Dred\nScott cás agus go príomha a argóint go bhfuil an ceart nádúrtha an duine a bheith saor ó aon\ncumhacht seachas an dlí an Dúlra. An bhfuil tú? Is é saoirse nádúrtha an duine a bheith saor ó aon\nchumhacht níos airde ar an Domhan, agus ní a bheith faoi thoil nó údarás reachtach an duine, ach a\nNí bheidh ach an dlí an Dúlra a rialú.? (Locke pg 359 vers 22) Locke a thugann le tuiscint sa\nAn véarsa céanna gur chóir gach fear a bheith i gcoitinne i sochaí. ? ...saoirse na bhfear\nfaoi rialtas, is é, a bheith ar riail seasmhach chun cónaí faoi, coitianta do gach duine de sin\nan tsochaí...? (Locke pg 359 vers 22) De réir Locke ní féidir le fear a chuid\nsaoirse, agus é ag déanamh amhlaidh, tá sé ag roinnt lena shaol freisin. Saoirse agus an cumas chun rialú a dhéanamh ar shaol an duine\ntá córais idirspleách.\n?For fear, nach bhfuil an chumhacht a shaol féin, ní féidir, ag comhthaobhacht, nó a toiliú féin,\nféin a sclábhaíocht do dhuine ar bith, ná a chur féin faoi an iomlán, cumhachta uathúil eile,\nchun a shaol a chur as, nuair is mian leis. Ní féidir le duine ar bith níos mó cumhachta a thabhairt ná mar a bhfuil sé féin;\nagus an té nach féidir a chur ar a shaol féin, ní féidir a thabhairt duine eile cumhacht thar sé. Go deimhin, ag\na locht, chaill a shaol féin, le gníomh éigin is fiú bás; an té a bhfuil sé\nforfeited sé, d'fhéadfadh ((nuair a bhfuil sé air ina chumhacht) moill a ghlacadh é, agus é a úsáid chun\na sheirbhís féin, agus ní dhéanann sé dó aon dochar leis. Chun, nuair a fhaigheann sé an trioblóid de\na sclábhaíocht amach meáchain luach a shaol, tá sé ina chumhacht, trí sheasamh a thoil a\na mháistir,. chun an bás a theastaíonn uaidh a tharraingt air féin.? (Locke pg 359 vers 23)\nLocke a fheiceáil Scott 's cás mar unjust ceann toisc go raibh saoirse fear' s\ntógadh uaidh, gan a thoiliú. Dred Scott cosúil le gach duine eile is fear, i Locke?\nTá na súile fir a bheith i gcaitheamh mar ghnáth i sochaí. Mar sin, cén fáth go mbeadh an fear seo (Dred Scott)\na cheadaíodh a shaoirse? An é sin toisc go bhfuil sé ina fhear d'ainneoin a dath agus nach bhfuil sé bán? An freagra ar\ngo bhfuil an cheist i súile Locke go bhfuil sé ina fear is cuma cad, ní féidir leat a athrú go\ntréith. Is cuma cén dath atá air, tá sé fós ina fhear i súile Locke agus ba cheart a thabhairt dó\nceart nádúrtha chun saoirse agus a shaol.\nAnois beidh muid ag breathnú ar Locke's counterexample le haghaidh an argóint.\n'Master agus seirbhíseach ainmneacha chomh sean le stair, ach a thugtar dóibh siúd a bhfuil i bhfad difriúil\nriocht; do saor-fhear a dhéanann sé féin ina sheirbhíseach a eile, ag díol dó ar feadh áirithe\nam, an tseirbhís a dhéanann sé, i malartú le pá a bheidh le fáil aige: agus cé go bhfuil\ngo coitianta a chuireann sé seo isteach sa teaghlach a mháistir, agus faoi an smacht gnáth\nde; ach tugann sé an máistir ach cumhachta sealadach air, agus ní níos mó ná, cad\ntá sé i gconradh idir iad. Ach tá cineál eile seirbhísigh, a ag\nainm peculiar glaoimid sclábhaithe, a bheith gabhaithe a glacadh i gcogadh díreach, ag an gceart\nan nádúr faoi réir an uachtar iomlán agus an chumhacht uathúil a máistrí. Na fir seo\ntar éis, mar a deirim, a n-a saol a chailleadh, agus leis a saoirsí, agus a chailleadh a gcuid eastáit; agus\nní féidir a mheas go bhfuil an duine i stát na sclábhaíochta, gan aon mhaoin a bheith aige, sa stát sin\nmar aon chuid den tsochaí shibhialta; is é an príomhchríoch a bhfuil an chaomhnú maoine. An bhfuil tú?\n(Locke pg 372 vers 85)\nCad Locke ag rá anseo is bréagach toisc nach raibh Dred Scott ? a shaoirse,\nach baineadh é uaidh. Tá sé ag cur in aghaidh é féin ag rá gur chóir dóibh (slaves)\nní mheasfar go bhfuil sí mar chuid den tsochaí shibhialta. Sula raibh sé ag rá go bhfuil gach fear ba chóir a bheith\ndéileáil go coitianta i sochaí, ach anois tá sé ag athrú a tune agus ag rá go bhfuil siad\nní bheith mar chuid den tsochaí. \"Tá an fear a rugadh, mar a bhí cruthaithe, le teideal a chur i gcrích\nsaoirse, agus taitneamh neamhrialta de gach ceart agus pribhléidí dlí an Dúlra,\ngo cothrom le haon duine eile, nó líon na bhfear ar fud an domhain, tá ag nádúr cumhacht, ní\nach a mhaoin a chaomhnú, is é sin, a shaol, saoirse agus eastát, i gcoinne na damáistí agus\niarracht a dhéanamh ar dhaoine eile;...? (Locke leathanaigh 372-373 vers 87) Locke a chruthú féin mícheart le\nan luachan seo toisc nach bhfuil sé idirdhealú idir fir agus sclábhaithe mar a rinne sé roimhe.\nIna theannta sin ní féidir le fear a mheas go bhfuil fear eile ' s maoin ach amháin má dhéanann siad a\nconradh leis an duine sin. I gcás Dred Scott ní raibh sé tiomanta do aon chineál\nconradh, bhí sé a thógtar in aghaidh a thoil agus a cheannach ag Oifigeach Arm na Stát Aontaithe.\nDá bhrí sin, tá Scott i dteideal a shaoirse de réir Locke's luaite thuas, cé go\nCreideann Locke go bhfuil sclábhaithe \"forfeit\"? Saoirse ann. Tá sé de cheart ag Scott a shaoirse toisc\nIs fear é atá ina bheith réasúnach.\nI meastóireacht a dhéanamh ar an dá Mill agus dearcadh Locke ar an gCúirt Uachtarach\nag rialú do chás Dred Scott, is féidir cúpla rud a thabhairt i gcrích ó gach taobh. Ó Mills\nIs é an pointe is mó de mo thuairim ná go bhfuil sé de cheart gan chealú agat a bheith saor. Ina chomhfhreagra sampla cé go bhfuil sé\nDeir sé go gcaillfidh tú do shaoirse nuair a dhíolann tú féin i sclábhaíocht. Tá an argóint sin\nní bhaineann sé sin le cás Dred Scott, áfach, toisc gur cuireadh é i sclábhaíocht, agus a\ndílseachtú cearta dochloíte. Ó thaobh Locke de rugadh an fear saor\nó aon chumhacht níos airde ar domhan, bhí sé (daoine) ach amháin a bheith ar an dlí an Dúlra mar a\nriail. Chreid Locke freisin gur chóir cóireáil choiteann a dhéanamh ar gach fear i sochaí. I a\ncounterexample deir sé go bhfuil sclábhaithe \"forfeit\"? Tá an ceart chun saoirse agus rialú de\nsaol. Go deimhin tá sé seo mícheart má fhéachann tú ar an gcás Dred Scott arís feiceann tú go bhfuil sé\nNí raibh tú a thabhairt suas? a shaoirse seachas a bhí sé stripped as dó. Agus é sin á dhéanamh aige chaill sé an\ncumhacht a rialú a shaol féin, a mheasann Locke riachtanas d'fhonn a bheith beo. Trí\nanailísiú pasáistí ó an dá na fealsúnaí faoi seach? a dhéanann siad cás go Dred\nBhí Scott díghrádaithe dá cheart neamh-in-athshlánú chun saoirse agus chun a shaol féin a rialú. Tá siad\na chur ar fáil freisin ráitis contrártha a deir go bhfuil sé \"a chailleadh\"? a cheart chun saoirse, agus\nchomh maith leis sin nach bhfuil roinnt rudaí a chur i bhfeidhm air toisc go raibh sé ina fear de dhath. Tá ráitis\nTá féin-contrártha toisc go bhfuil sé i ndáiríre fear beag beann ar a dath, agus tá siad araon\na rá nach féidir duine a bheith díbirt as a cheart chun saoirse. Cé go bhfuil an dá fealsúnaí\nTá ráitis féin-contrárthacha faoi an ábhar seo de sclábhaíocht agus saoirse, an tArd-\nRinne an Chúirt a chinneadh bunaithe ar a réamhthionscanta féin.\n- Art Of India Essay, Research Paper Is saincheist atá ag ardú go tapa inniu ... éifeacht dhearfach (James, 1). Baily vs. na Stáit Aontaithe bhí bille ... arm ionsaí a chur le chéile tríd an bpost agus an fráma díolta ... chinn chun a chur go deonach cnaipeanna trigger ar tháirgí goidte mar sin ...\n- Ríomhchlár Bogearraí Riaracháin Ar Líne - Ríomhchlár Bogearraí Riaracháin Ar Líne - Ríomhchlár Bogearraí Riaracháin Ar Líne - Ríomhchlár Bogearraí Riaracháin Ar Líne - Ríomhchlár Bogearraí Riaracháin Ar Líne - Ag do dheasc ... scoite, Timbuktu Pro go huathoibríoch locks an córas NT a ... Nua! Bogearraí.Stac ReachOut 7 vs. Microcom Carbon Copy 32. http ...\n- An Slaughterhouse Cúig aiste, Páipéar Taighde AN NOVEL - AN PLOT ... na Tralfamadorians. - DARWIN VS. Íosa Vonnegut bhraitheann go Charles ... i Boston, léiríonn sé \"clogadh isteach\" ar na príomh-smaointe ... mar fhoirm subtle de chauvinism fireann. De réir an léirmhínithe seo ...\n- Saoirse Cainte Aisdéar, Páipéar Taighde Saoirse Cainte Meredith Kerr Charles W. Locke U.S. History 121 ... ar. Ba mhaith leo cinsireacht a dhéanamh ar an bpost freisin chun a chinntiú nach bhfuil aon abhlóideoir ... míbhunreachtúil. I Texas vs. Johnson, d'ól Gregory Lee Johnson ...\n- Sa phríosún aiste, páipéar taighde An chéad phríosún ... Lois Weber's An Daoine Vs John Doe (1916) ... coiriúil agus an tsochaí faoi ghlas le chéile i ... go údar an fear-bonding, Howard Hawks, ... mná caressing agus ag troid le chéile. Speisialtóir scannáin uafáis ..."} {"text": "cancer needs new name, doctors say\nLow-risk growths in the breast, prostate and elsewhere should no longer be named cancer and screening efforts to spot them should be cut back, a panel convened by the U.S. National Cancer Institute said.\nA three-decadelong emphasis on the early identification of tumors was based on the idea that cancerous cells always spread and eventually kill, the researchers wrote in the Journal of the American Medical Association. The approach has led to the detection and toxic treatment of millions of people who may never have had any symptoms from indolent lesions. “By recognizing that cancer is not one disease, but a number of different diseases, we can individualize our treatment,” said Laura Esserman, director of breast care at the University of California, San Francisco’s cancer center.\nLung cancer is a disease that merits screening for high-risk patients, a separate panel of doctors said. Smokers 55 and older should get imaging scans each year to detect lung cancer when it is small and can be treated, the new recommendations said.\nHere’s the poop on facial beauty\nBird poop for beauty?That’s what goes into facials at a luxury spa where the traditional Japanese treatment using imported Asian nightingale excrement mixed with rice bran goes for $180 a pop.\nAbout 100 women and men go into the Shizuka New York skin care salon each month to get the treatment, which is promoted as a way to keep the face soft and smooth using an enzyme in the poop to exfoliate the skin.\nSpa owner Shizuka Bernstein, a Tokyo native, has been offering what she calls the Geisha Facial for about five years. The treatment, while relatively rare in the United States, is no secret in Japan, where it was first used in the 1600s by actors and geishas. Dr. Michele Green, a dermatologist, said, “I don’t think it’s any different than, say, an apricot scrub or a mask.”\nA common misconception is that any old bird poop is used. Bernstein said only droppings from birds of the nightingale species are used because they live on seeds, producing the natural enzyme that is the active ingredient. “We don’t do Central Park facials,” she said, “because those birds eat garbage.”", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-14", "url": "http://www.startribune.com/lifestyle/health/218233491.html", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-14/segments/1427131298020.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20150323172138-00106-ip-10-168-14-71.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9336438775, "token_count": 500, "score": 2.78125, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Ní mór d'ailse ainm nua, a deir na dochtúirí\nNíor cheart go n-ainmníodh fásanna ísealriosca sa chíche, sa próstatach agus in áiteanna eile mar ailse a thuilleadh agus ba cheart iarrachtaí scagthástála chun iad a aimsiú a laghdú, a dúirt painéal a choinnigh Institiúid Náisiúnta Ailse na Stát Aontaithe.\nBhí an béim a bhí ar aithint luath na n-imdhíonachta ar feadh trí scór bliain bunaithe ar an smaoineamh go scaiptear cealla ailseacha i gcónaí agus go mbraitheann siad bás sa deireadh, a scríobh na taighdeoirí in Journal of the American Medical Association. Mar thoradh ar an gcur chuige seo, tá na milliúin duine a d'fhéadfadh nach raibh aon chomharthaí de bharr léiseanna indolent acu riamh, tar éis a bheith le fáil agus le cóireáil tocsaineach. 'De réir a aithnítear nach galar amháin é ailse, ach roinnt galair éagsúla, is féidir linn ár gcóireáil a phearsantachtú,' a dúirt Laura Esserman, stiúrthóir cúraim chíche in ionad ailse Ollscoil California, San Francisco.\nIs galar é ailse scamhóg a bhfuil gá le scagadh do othair atá i mbaol ard, a dúirt painéal eile dochtúirí. Ba cheart do dhaoine a chaitheann tobac 55 bliain d'aois nó níos sine scanadh íomhá a dhéanamh gach bliain chun ailse scamhóg a bhrath nuair a bhíonn sé beag agus is féidir é a chóireáil, a dúirt na moltaí nua.\nHeres an poop ar áilleacht aghaidh\nIs é sin a théann isteach i gcúrsaí facial i spa só áit a bhfuil an chóireáil thraidisiúnta Seapánach ag baint úsáide as excrement nightingale Éireannach allmhairithe measctha le bran rís ag dul ar $ 180 an pop.\nTéann thart ar 100 bean agus fear isteach sa salon cúraim chraiceann Shizuka Nua Eabhrac gach mí chun an chóireáil a fháil, a chur chun cinn mar bhealach chun an aghaidh a choinneáil bog agus réidh ag baint úsáide as einsím sa poop chun an craiceann a exfoliate.\nTá úinéir an Spa Shizuka Bernstein, ó Tóiceo, ag tairiscint an rud a thugann sí ar aghaidh Geisha ar feadh thart ar chúig bliana. Cé go bhfuil an chóireáil seo sách annamh sna Stáit Aontaithe, níl sé ina rún sa tSeapáin, áit a ndearna aisteoirí agus geishas é a úsáid den chéad uair sna 1600idí. Dúirt an Dr. Michele Green, dermatologist, \"Ní dóigh liom go bhfuil aon difríocht idir é agus, a rá, scrub abricot nó masc\".\nIs é an míthuiscint coitianta go n-úsáidtear aon sean-chruth éan. Dúirt Bernstein go n-úsáidtear ach feces ó éin den speiceas nightingale toisc go maireann siad ar shíolta, ag táirgeadh an einsím nádúrtha is é an comhábhar gníomhach. \"Ní dhéanaimid facials i bPáirc na hIarbh, \"a dúirt sí, \"mar itheann na héin sin dramhaíl\"."} {"text": "Gastritis: Causes, Symptoms and Treatment. Gastritis is a medical condition characterized by the inflammation or irritation of the stomach lining. Irritation of or damage to the stomach lining, infection, injury or erosion all promote inflammation and can lead to the onset of gastritis. Symptoms may be present or not, mild or severe, and their severity may not testify to how advanced the condition is. There are two types of gastritis: acute gastritis and chronic gastritis.\nIn its acute form, the condition has a sudden onset, but symptoms usually subside quickly once adequate treatment is received. Chronic gastritis has much deeper implications, with symptoms manifesting gradually and extending over long periods of time ranging from months to years. Gastritis is more common with age due to the normal aging process which affects the stomach lining as well. However, stress or poor dietary choices make it common in young adults as well.\nGastritis shares similar symptoms with several other gastrointestinal disorders and conditions, so it might be easy to mistake it for acid reflux disease or symptoms of heartburn. Making an appointment to see your doctor is the best and easiest solution in view of obtaining a correct diagnosis and choosing the right treatment for you.\nThis being said, here are the most common signs and symptoms of gastritis:\n1) Pain in the upper part of the abdomen, usually the middle. It can be dull or sharp.\n2) Gnawing sensation in the stomach, often between meals, at night or when hungry.\n3) Burning sensation at the level of the stomach.\n4) Bloating and gas.\n5) Belching. Expelling the air usually does not soothe the pain.\n8) Upset stomach.\n9) Frequent indigestion.\n11) Feeling full early in a meal.\n12) Appetite loss.\nThe following symptoms may indicate an advanced, possibly chronic form of gastritis and include: vomiting blood or black material or black, tarry stools. However, it is important to keep in mind that both symptoms indicate bleeding somewhere along the gastrointestinal tract (the black color of stools is indicative of digested blood) and require immediate medical attention.\nWhat causes gastritis? As mentioned above, gastritis is the inflammation of the stomach lining so anything that can engender inflammation at the level of the stomach can lead to gastritis. Generally, the most common causes of gastritis are:\n1) Helicobacter pylori infection. Helicobacter pylori is believed to be a bacterium that colonized the stomach naturally and its numbers are thought to be kept under control by stomach acids. However, according to researchers, Helicobacter pylori infection is also one of the leading causes of lesions such as gastric ulcers and duodenal ulcers, gastritis and stomach cancer.\n2) Bacterial infection. Bacterial infections can cause damage to the stomach and contribute to the onset of gastritis. Viral infections are another possible cause. However, both are less common causes of the condition.\n3) Anti-inflammatory and pain relieving medication. Anti-inflammatory medication such as ibuprofen, aspirin, salicylic acid, naproxen, tolmentin, diclofenac etc. taken for long periods of time can erode the stomach lining and encourage the development of gastritis. However, some people may experience gastrointestinal disturbances even when taking analgesics for short periods of time such as one week.\n4) Antibiotics. Overuse of antibiotics has been linked with higher risks of developing gastritis. As a person who almost never has to take antibiotics, even a week long prescription can give me acid reflux, stomach acidity and gastritis symptoms.\n5) Existing gastrointestinal conditions. Chron’s disease, pernicious anemia, bile reflux, stomach acidity are only a few of the conditions that can lead to gastritis. Chron’s disease, for example, is characterized by more or less severe, but somewhat constant inflammation anywhere along the gastrointestinal tract, hence the higher risk of gastritis for sufferers. Pernicious anemia is an autoimmune condition that causes vitamin B12 deficiency and involves the immune system attacking the stomach lining. It also increases the risk for stomach cancer.\n5) Alcohol and cigarette smoking. Regular consumption of alcohol irritates the stomach lining, leading to inflammation and increasing the risk for gastritis. Alcohol consumption is also responsible for acid reflux and gastroesophageal reflux disease. Smoking can also trigger or worsen gastritis.\n6) Stress. As a result of its physiological effects and its lifestyle implications, stress is one of the leading causes of gastritis. In addition to disrupting our normal secretion of certain hormones that regulate the normal functioning of our body, stress also forces us to adopt unhealthy dietary and lifestyle habits that do not benefit gastrointestinal health.\n7) Problematic foods and beverages. We are all different and respond differently to various foods. For some of us with a more sensitive stomach, certain foods can prove extremely problematic and upset our stomach greatly. The more we continue to eat them, the more severe our symptoms may become and disorders such as gastroesophageal reflux disease, heartburn or gastritis may develop.\nThe types of foods I find are best to avoid are spicy foods and spices such as hot pepper powder, pepper or wasabi, coffee, carbonated beverages, deep fried foods or extremely oily foods, dairy products (whole milk especially) as well as certain fruit juices and citrus fruit, vinegar and acidic foods. At times, eating cabbage, cauliflower, Brussels sprouts or other cabbage family vegetables can upset my stomach as well. For some people, all dairy products may prove problematic, while other may find they have to give up all foods containing gluten.\nHow do you know you have gastritis? An accurate diagnosis can only come from a medical professional, so if you experience any of the above mentioned signs and symptoms, it is best you address your doctor. You doctor will ask you about your symptoms and might further recommend the following tests:\n1) Stomach or abdominal ultrasound.\n2) Endoscopy. It involves inserting a tiny tube with a camera on top through the mouth in order to examine the stomach.\n3) Blood tests, blood cell count and Helicobacter pylori.\n4) Stool sample, to look for blood or certain bacteria.\nTreating gastritis. Treatment options may vary from person to person, depending on how advanced and bothersome the condition is and whether or not there are complications. Aside from the traditional treatment options your doctor may prescribe you, learning what foods to eat and what foods to avoid can prove wonderfully helpful. It might help to read the recommendations for acid reflux disease that may also apply to gastritis. Your doctor might prescribe you the following:\n1) Antacid medication to soothe mild symptoms.\n2) Proton-pump inhibitors for a more potent effect, reducing the production of stomach acid.\nThey include: omeprazole, esomeprazole, lansoprazole etc. and provide stomach protection.\n3) H2 blockers (block histamine production and reduce stomach acid).\n4) A combination of antibiotics for treating Helicobacter pylori infection.\n5) Dietary changes that involve eliminating all foods that may irritate you, but also coffee, alcohol and smoking.\nConclusion. Gastritis in itself is fairly easy to treat and symptoms subside in a matter of days or, worst, a couple of weeks. Even if your symptoms are not that bothersome and you feel you can live with them, reset that thought and go to your doctor for adequate treatment because once the damage is done, it cannot be undone easily. Or at all. Gastritis is a dangerous condition because of its long-term complications, notably a higher risk for stomach cancer, not to mention low quality of life. As a person who has had gastritis and went through its glorious symptoms in all of their might, all I can say is I am truly happy I went to the doctor.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-22", "url": "https://www.natureword.com/gastritis-causes-symptoms-and-treatment/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794867311.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20180526053929-20180526073929-00402.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9282296896, "token_count": 1674, "score": 3.578125, "int_score": 4, "irish_text": "Gastritis: Cúiseanna, Síomptóim agus Cóireáil. Is é gastritis riocht leighis a bhfuil sé mar thréimhse é a bhfuil athlasadh nó irritation ar an gclóisigh stamag. Cuireann irritation nó damáiste do chlóis an bholg, ionfhabhtú, díobháil nó creimeadh go léir athlasadh chun cinn agus is féidir go dtiocfadh gastritis. D'fhéadfadh na hairíonna a bheith i láthair nó gan a bheith i láthair, éadrom nó tromchúiseach, agus b'fhéidir nach léiríonn a dtromchúis cé chomh forleathan is atá an riocht. Tá dhá chineál gastritis ann: gastritis géarmhíochaine agus gastritis ainsealach.\nI bhfoirm géarmhíochaine, tosaíonn an galar go tobann, ach is gnách go dtéann na hairíonna ar shiúl go tapa nuair a fhaightear cóireáil leordhóthanach. Tá impleachtaí i bhfad níos doimhne ag gastritis ainsealach, agus léiríonn na hairíonna go mall agus go leathnaíonn siad thar thréimhsí fada ó mhí go blianta. Tá gastrit níos coitianta le aois mar gheall ar an bpróiseas gnáth ag dul in aois a théann i bhfeidhm ar an stamag chomh maith. Mar sin féin, déanann strus nó droch-roghanna aiste bia é a bheith coitianta i measc daoine fásta óga freisin.\nTá comharthaí den chineál céanna ag gastrit le roinnt neamhord agus riochtaí gastrointestinal eile, mar sin d'fhéadfadh sé a bheith éasca é a mheabhrú le galar reflux aigéad nó le comharthaí heartburn. Is é an réiteach is fearr agus is éasca ná coinneáil ama le do dhochtúir chun diagnóis cheart a fháil agus an chóireáil cheart a roghnú duit.\nMar sin féin, seo thíos na comharthaí agus na hairíonna is coitianta a bhaineann le gastrit:\n1) Páirc sa chuid uachtarach den bholg, go ginearálta sa lár. Is féidir é a bheith dorcha nó géar.\n2) Aithne gnawing sa bholg, go minic idir béilí, san oíche nó nuair a bhíonn ocras ort.\n3) Briseadh ar an gcroí ag leibhéal an bholg.\n4) Bloating agus gáis.\n5) Ról. De ghnáth ní mhaireann an t-aer a chur amach an pian.\n8) Stomach upset.\n9) Trom-bhreithe go minic.\n11) A bheith lán go luath i rith béile.\n12) Caillteanas ocrais.\nD'fhéadfadh na hairíonna seo a leanas a bheith ina léargas ar chineál gastritis atá ag dul chun cinn, go seasta b'fhéidir agus is iad seo a leanas iad: fuil a bhéimint nó ábhar dubh nó feces dubh, tarry. Tá sé tábhachtach, áfach, a choinneáil i gcuimhne go léiríonn an dá chomhartha go bhfuil fuil á fháil áit éigin ar feadh an chonair gastrointestinal (tá dath dubh na stocaire ina tháscaire ar fhuil díleáite) agus go dteastaíonn cúram leighis láithreach uaidh.\nCad a dhéanann gastritis? Mar a luadh thuas, is é gastritis athlasadh an chlóis bholg mar sin is féidir le haon rud a d'fhéadfadh athlasadh a chruthú ar leibhéal an bholg gastritis a bheith aige. Go ginearálta, is iad na cúiseanna is coitianta le gastritis ná:\n1) Infection Helicobacter pylori. Creidtear go bhfuil Helicobacter pylori ina bhaictéar a choilníonn an boilg go nádúrtha agus meastar go gcoinníonn aigéid boilg a líon faoi smacht. Mar sin féin, de réir taighdeoirí, is ionfhabhtú Helicobacter pylori ceann de na príomhchúiseanna le leoin amhail ulcers gastrach agus ulcers duodenal, gastritis agus ailse boilg.\n2) Infectious bacteria. Is féidir le haignéis bhaictéaracha damáiste a dhéanamh don bholg agus cur le gastritis a thosaíonn. Is cúis féideartha eile iad ionfhabhtuithe víreasacha. Mar sin féin, is cúiseanna níos coitianta iad an dá chás.\n3) Leigheas frith-athlasta agus pian-shábháil. Cógais frith-athlastacha mar ibuprofen, aspirin, aigéad sailíceach, naproxen, tolmentin, diclofenac etc. d'fhéadfadh sé go gcuirfeadh sé seo isteach ar chlóis an bholg agus go spreagfadh sé gastritis. Mar sin féin, d'fhéadfadh go mbeadh suaitheadh gastrointestinal ag daoine áirithe fiú nuair a bhíonn siad ag glacadh analgesics ar feadh tréimhsí gearr ama mar sheachtain amháin.\n4) Frithbhiaicí. Tá baint ag ró-úsáid antaibheathaigh le rioscaí níos airde gastritis a fhorbairt. Mar dhuine nach gá go leor antaibheathaigh a ghlacadh, is féidir le oideas seachtain fada fiú reflux aigéad, aigéad boilg agus comharthaí gastritis a thabhairt dom.\n5) Rioscaí gastrointestinal atá ann cheana féin. Ní féidir le galar Chrons, anemia pernicious, reflux bile, aigéad boilg ach cúpla ceann de na coinníollacha a d'fhéadfadh gastritis a bheith mar thoradh orthu. Tá galar Chrons, mar shampla, tréitheithe ag athlasadh níos déine nó níos lú, ach beagán buan in áit ar bith ar feadh an chonair gastrointestinal, dá bhrí sin an riosca níos airde gastritis do dhaoine atá ag fulaingt. Is galar autoimmune é an anaemia pernicious a chuireann easnamh vitimín B12 ar fáil agus a chuireann an córas imdhíonachta i gcion ar shléibheanna an bholg. Méadaíonn sé an baol freisin go dtarlódh ailse boilg.\n5) Alcóil agus tobac a chaitheamh. Déantar an craiceann a ghortú le deochanna alcóil a ithe go rialta, rud a fhágann go bhfuil athlasadh ann agus go bhfuil an baol go dtarlóidh gastritis níos mó ann. Tá tomhaltas alcóil freagrach freisin as reflux aigéad agus galar reflux gastroesophageal. Is féidir le caitheamh tobac gastritis a spreagadh nó a dhéanamh níos measa.\n6) Sceanglas. Mar thoradh ar a éifeachtaí fiseolaíocha agus a impleachtaí ar stíl mhaireachtála, tá strus ar cheann de na príomhchúiseanna le gastritis. Chomh maith le cur isteach ar ár gnáth-scréachtadh hormóin áirithe a rialaíonn gnáthfheidhmiú ár gcorp, cuireann strus orainn cleachtais neamhshláintiúla a ghlacadh maidir le haiste bia agus stíl mhaireachtála nach bhfuil tairbheach do shláinte gastrointestinal.\n7) Bia agus deochanna atá ina gcúis le fadhbanna. Tá gach duine difriúil agus freagraíonn muid go difriúil ar bhianna éagsúla. I gcás cuid againn a bhfuil a stamag níos íogaire, is féidir le bianna áirithe a bheith thar a bheith fadhbanna agus a bheith ina gcúis le hathrú mór ar ár stamag. An níos mó a leanann muid ag ithe iad, is féidir go mbeidh na hairíonna níos déine agus go bhféadfadh neamhoird mar ghalar reflux gastroesophageal, heartburn nó gastritis a fhorbairt.\nIs iad na cineálacha bia a bhím ag lorg is fearr a sheachaint ná bianna spicy agus spíosraí mar púdar piobar te, piobar nó wasabi, caife, deochanna gásóideacha, bianna friochta domhain nó bianna an-olacha, táirgí déiríochta (bainne iomlán go háirithe) chomh maith le sú torthaí áirithe agus torthaí citris, fíonchaora agus bianna aigéadacha. Uaireanta, is féidir le cabáiste, caol-fhlór, spleáchas na Brasaíle nó glasraí eile den teaghlach cabáiste a ithe a chur ar mo bholg freisin. D'fhéadfadh go mbeadh fadhbanna ag daoine áirithe le táirgí déiríochta go léir, agus d'fhéadfadh go mbeadh ar dhaoine eile gach bia ina bhfuil glútan a thréigean.\nConas a fhios agat go bhfuil gastritis agat? Ní féidir diagnóis chruinn a fháil ach ó ghairmí leighis, mar sin má bhíonn aon cheann de na comharthaí agus na hairíonna thuasluaite agat, is fearr dul i dteagmháil le do dhochtúir. Iarrfaidh do dhochtúir ort faoi do chuid comharthaí agus b'fhéidir go mholfaidh sé na tástálacha seo a leanas:\n1) Ultrasáunáil a dhéantar ar an bholg nó ar an mbolg.\n2) Endoscopy. Baineann sé le feadán beag le ceamara ar a bharr a chur isteach tríd an mbéal chun scrúdú a dhéanamh ar an mbolg.\n3) Tástálacha fola, líon na gcealla fola agus Helicobacter pylori.\n4) Tá samplaí de stoc, chun baictéir áirithe nó fola a lorg.\nGastritis a chóireáil. D'fhéadfadh roghanna cóireála a bheith éagsúil ó dhuine go duine, ag brath ar cé chomh forleathan agus chomh bothersome is atá an riocht agus cibé acu tá deacrachtaí ann nó nach bhfuil. Seachas na roghanna cóireála traidisiúnta a d'fhéadfadh do dhochtúir a fhorordú duit, is féidir go mbeadh sé thar a bheith cabhrach a bheith ag foghlaim cad iad na bianna a itheann tú agus cad iad na bianna a sheachnaíonn tú. D'fhéadfadh sé a bheith cabhrach na moltaí maidir le galar reflux aigéadach a léamh a d'fhéadfadh a bheith infheidhme freisin maidir le gastritis. D'fhéadfadh do dhochtúir an méid seo a leanas a fhorordú duit:\n1) Leigheas antacid chun comharthaí éadrom a mhaolú.\n2) Coscairí caidéil prótain le haghaidh éifeacht níos láidre, ag laghdú táirgeadh aigéad boilg.\nÁirítear orthu: omeprazole, esomeprazole, lansoprazole etc. agus cosaint a chur ar an bholg.\n3) blocóirí H2 (cathraíonn siad táirgeadh histamine agus laghdaíonn siad aigéad an bholg).\n4) Comhcheangal antaibheathach chun ionfhabhtú Helicobacter pylori a chóireáil.\n5) Athruithe ar an aiste bia lena gcuirtear deireadh leis na bianna go léir a d'fhéadfadh a bheith ag cur isteach ort, ach freisin caife, alcól agus caitheamh tobac.\nConclúid. Tá gastritis go leor éasca a chóireáil agus téann na hairíonna as a chéile i gceann cúpla lá nó, sa chás is measa, cúpla seachtain. Fiú mura bhfuil do chuid comharthaí chomh mór sin agus má bhraitheann tú gur féidir leat maireachtáil leo, cuir an smaoineamh sin ar ais agus téigh chuig do dhochtúir le haghaidh cóireála leordhóthanach toisc nach féidir an damáiste a dhéanamh go héasca nuair a bhíonn sé déanta. Nó ar chor ar bith. Is staid contúirteach é gastritis mar gheall ar a choimhlintí fadtéarmacha, go háirithe riosca níos airde le haghaidh ailse boilg, gan trácht ar cháilíocht íseal na beatha. Mar dhuine a bhí gastritis agus chuaigh trí a chuid comharthaí glórmhar i ngach a n-chumhacht, is féidir liom a rá go bhfuil mé fíor sásta chuaigh mé chuig an dochtúir."} {"text": "Ruben from the tornadotwins talking about writing for games as well as a first-ever released preview of articy-draft writing software website in video is wr. Story writing game for kids this great story writing game for kids will help teach children how to create the right atmosphere when planning stories based around a chosen topic. Writing games for esl kids back to games menu category writing game divide the classroom into two or three groups each group chooses their captain each student takes a turn writing. At over 4 billion episodes viewed across 73,000 stories, episode has the largest selection of stories on mobile from romance to comedy to suspense to mystery, episode has something for. Sometimes the hardest part of writing is figuring out what to do with that blank page coming up with a new short story idea doesn't have to be painful, however these exercises are designed. How to write a great video game script you are creating a world not just a story.\nThis activity is simple i have provided the beginning to a number of stories your children finish them for more advanced writers: have them complete the stories with the requested number. A wonderful way to boost your child’s creativity and imagination is to have him write a story of his own here are some printable story writing activities to get your child started. Online supplement to the textbook creative writing and storyboarding for games. Use this lesson to assign a short story writing activity as well as to illustrate the critical steps of short story composition, including plot elements, brainstorming, and more. Printable resources and ideas to support your children when writing fiction download them for free join our email newsletter to receive free updates search for ideas and resources home. Students write stories to go along with these fun cartoon pictures free, printable worksheets include a picture page and lined paper for writing.\nWriting activities to help encourage child to write at school and write at home includes writing prompts, story writing ideas and more you can find more ideas on our website at. Free writing activities include printable thank you notes, poetry worksheets, vacation journal, quotation worksheets, and more great activities for preschool - sixth grade. Fourth grade writing activities as students get older, they need to continue to work at developing their writing skills collaborative story writing, collaborative story, writing.\nStorytelling is essential for game development stories give context and are the basis for any game here are the 7 steps to writing a good game story. Tips: writing and implementing a game plot by: lunarea sitting down and coming up with a really great story sounds simple in theory after all, it really j.\nThis guided writing lesson on esl story writing is intended to help bridge the gap from simply writing sentences to developing a larger structure hobbies & activities tv & film. Get the students to write the stories up on a computer and then ask them to add more description and detail to the stories nik peachey, teacher, trainer, materials writer, british. How to become a video game script writer have you ever had a great idea for a game along with a killer story to back it up do you enjoy writing and using your imagination.\nExplore our story writing activities for children at ichild we have a wide range of free story writing templates and worksheets for kids. Game writing: narrative skills for videogames (charles river media game development) [chris bateman] on amazoncom free shipping on qualifying offers as computer games become more and. Writing activities young learners building their literary skills will benefit from both group and individual writing activities collaborative writing activities like recipe and story. High quality printable writing practice worksheets for use in school or at home we hope you find them useful englishforeveryoneorg -- printable keeping historical records, and similar. Fun writing games for kids check out these fun writing games for kids enjoy a range of free activities, resources and practice exercises related to writing letters, stories, newspapers. How to write a short story for many writers, the short story is the perfect medium while writing a novel can be a herculean task, just about anybody can craft—and, most importantly.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-22", "url": "http://pbtermpaperdvwx.voteforthegirls.us/story-writing-for-games.html", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794870497.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20180527225404-20180528005404-00143.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9517558813, "token_count": 837, "score": 2.8125, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Ruben ó na Tornadotwins ag caint faoi scríobh le haghaidh cluichí chomh maith le réamh-scéal a scaoileadh den chéad uair ar shuíomh Gréasáin bogearraí scríbhneoireachta articy-draft i bhfíseán is wr. Cluiche scríbhneoireachta scéalta do leanaí Cabhróidh an cluiche scríbhneoireachta scéalta iontach seo do leanaí le leanaí a mhúineadh conas an t-atmaisféar ceart a chruthú nuair a bhíonn scéalta á bpleanáil bunaithe ar ábhar roghnaithe. Cluichí scríbhneoireachta do leanaí ESL ar ais go dtí cluichí catagóir roghchlár Cluichí scríbhneoireachta roinn an seomra ranga i dhá nó trí ghrúpa gach grúpa roghnaíonn a caipitín gach dalta a ghlacadh ar láimh scríbhneoireacht. Le breis agus 4 billiún eipeasóid a breathnaíodh ar fud 73,000 scéal, tá an rogha is mó de scéalta ar fhón póca ag eipeasóid ó rómánsúil go grinn go fionnuar go rúndiamhair, tá rud éigin ag eipeasóid le haghaidh. Uaireanta is é an chuid is deacra de scríobh ná a fháil amach cad atá le déanamh leis an leathanach bán sin teacht suas le smaoineamh nua ar scéal gearr ní gá go mbeadh sé pianmhar, áfach tá na cleachtaí seo deartha. Conas a scríobh script cluiche físe iontach tá tú ag cruthú domhan ní amháin scéal.\nTá an ghníomhaíocht seo simplí soláthraigh mé tús le roinnt scéalta do leanaí críochnaigh iad do scríbhneoirí níos forbartha: lig dóibh na scéalta a chomhlánú leis an líon iarrta. Bealach iontach chun cruthaitheacht agus samhlaíocht do pháiste a threisiú ná go gcuirfidh sé scéal dá chuid féin ar a scríobh. Seo roinnt gníomhaíochtaí scríbhneoireachta scéalta inphriontáilte chun tús a chur le do pháiste. Forlíonadh ar líne don leabhar teagaisc scríbhneoireacht chruthaitheach agus scéalta a scríobh le haghaidh cluichí. Úsáid an ceacht seo chun gníomhaíocht scríbhneoireachta scéalta gearr a shannadh chomh maith le léargas a thabhairt ar na céimeanna criticiúla a bhaineann le comhdhéanamh scéalta gearr, lena n-áirítear eilimintí plota, brainstorming, agus go leor eile. Acmhainní in-phrint agus smaointe chun tacú le do pháistí agus iad ag scríobh ficsean íoslódáil saor in aisce a bheith ar ár nuachtlitir ríomhphoist chun nuashonruithe saor in aisce a fháil cuardach ar smaointe agus acmhainní sa bhaile. Scríobhann mic léinn scéalta chun dul in éineacht leis na pictiúir cartúin spraoi seo saor in aisce, tá leathanach pictiúr agus páipéar líneáilte le scríobh ar leathanaigh oibre inphriontáilte.\nI measc na ngníomhaíochtaí scríbhneoireachta chun cabhrú le leanbh a spreagadh chun scríobh ar scoil agus a scríobh sa bhaile tá iarratais scríbhneoireachta, smaointe scríbhneoireachta scéalta agus go leor eile is féidir leat tuilleadh smaointe a fháil ar ár suíomh Gréasáin ag. I measc na ngníomhaíochtaí scríbhneoireachta saor in aisce tá nótaí buíochais inphriontáilte, bileoga oibre filíochta, leabhar laethanta saoire, bileoga oibre luaite, agus gníomhaíochtaí móra eile do réamhscoile - séú grád. Gníomhaíochtaí scríbhneoireachta ceathrú grád De réir mar a théann mic léinn in aois, ní mór dóibh leanúint ar aghaidh ag obair ar a gcuid scileanna scríbhneoireachta a fhorbairt scríbhneoireacht scéalta comhoibritheacha, scríbhneoireacht scéalta comhoibritheacha, scríbhneoireacht.\nTá scéalaíocht ríthábhachtach d'fhorbairt cluiche scéalta a thabhairt comhthéacs agus tá an bonn do aon chluiche anseo na 7 chéim a scríobh scéal cluiche maith. Leideanna: scríbhneoireacht agus cur i bhfeidhm a game plot ag: lunarea suí síos agus ag teacht suas le scéal i ndáiríre iontach fuaime simplí i teoiric tar éis an tsaoil, tá sé i ndáiríre j.\nTá sé mar aidhm ag an rang scríbhneoireachta treoraithe seo ar scríobh scéalta ESL cuidiú leis an bhfreagra a scríobh go simplí chun struchtúr níos mó a fhorbairt Hobbies & gníomhaíochtaí teilifíse & scannán. Cuir na mic léinn chun na scéalta a scríobh suas ar ríomhaire agus ansin iarr orthu cur tuilleadh cur síos agus mionsonraí leis na scéalta Nik Peachey, múinteoir, traenálaí, scríbhneoir ábhair, Breataine. Conas a bheith i do scríbhneoir script cluiche físeán An raibh smaoineamh iontach agat riamh le haghaidh cluiche chomh maith le scéal killer chun é a chúlchraoladh an dtaitníonn leat a scríobh agus do shamhlaíocht a úsáid?\nFaigh amach faoi na gníomhaíochtaí scríbhneoireachta scéalta do leanaí ag ichild tá réimse leathan teimpléid scríbhneoireachta scéalta saor in aisce againn agus bileoga oibre do leanaí. Scríbhneoireacht cluiche: scileanna scéalacha do videogames (fhorbairt cluiche meán Charles River) [chris bateman] ar amazoncom loingseoireacht saor in aisce ar thairiscintí cáilitheacha de réir mar a bhíonn cluichí ríomhaireachta níos mó agus níos mó. Gníomhaíochtaí scríbhneoireachta Beidh leas ag foghlaimeoirí óga a bhfuil a gcuid scileanna liteartha á mbailiú acu ó ghníomhaíochtaí scríbhneoireachta grúpa agus aonair, agus ó ghníomhaíochtaí scríbhneoireachta comhoibritheacha amhail oidis agus scéal. Leabhair oibre praiticiúil scríbhneoireachta in-phrintáilte ar ardchaighdeán le húsáid sa scoil nó sa bhaile tá súil againn go bhfaighidh tú iad úsáideach englishforeveryoneg -- in-phrintáilte ag coinneáil taifid stairiúla, agus a leithéidí. Cluichí scríbhneoireachta spraíúla do leanaí seiceáil na cluichí scríbhneoireachta spraíúla seo do leanaí taitneamh a bhaint as raon gníomhaíochtaí saor in aisce, acmhainní agus cleachtaí cleachtais a bhaineann le litreacha, scéalta, nuachtáin a scríobh. Conas scéal gearr a scríobh do go leor scríbhneoirí, is é an scéal gearr an t-idirlíon foirfe agus is féidir le nobhail a scríobh a bheith ina tasc herculean, is féidir le beagnach duine ar bith craft agus, is tábhachtaí fós."} {"text": "Hapf300D True Hepa Filter\nDo Air Purifiers Really Work?\nSpecialists weighs in on whether purifiers can actually filter out germs, dust, smoke, mold, and more.\nHow do air purifiers work?\nAir purifiers generally include a filter, or several filters, and a fan that sucks in and distributes air.\nAs air moves through the filter, toxins and particles are captured and the tidy air is pushed back out into the living space. Generally, filters are made of paper, fiber (frequently fiberglass), or mesh, and need regular replacement to preserve performance.\nWhat are air purifiers expected to filter out and do they really do it?\nThe majority of filters on the marketplace are developed to record particles like dust and pollen, however don’t capture gases like VOCs (volatile organic compounds) or radon. That would need an adsorbent, like activated carbon. The Environmental Security Company (EPA) cautions that the performance of air cleansers is limited in terms of filtering out gases, and that you should often change filters for optimum performance, generally about every 3 or so months.\nLots of air cleansers are good at filtering pollutant particles out of the air (dust, smoke, pollen, etc.), however they are not always excellent at removing gaseous toxins like VOCs or radon from the air that might collect from adhesives, paints, or cleaning items. Irritants that are embedded into furniture or floor covering are likewise not caught by them.\nFurthermore, the efficiency of air purifiers in real-world situations most likely will not imitate those of controlled conditions in a laboratory (what those “99% efficiency” claims are describing!). The area, setup, circulation rate, and the length of time it is operating for will all vary, as will the conditions in the area. In addition, there are other things taking place in your house that might effect the efficacy like ventilation (open or closed windows), and new particles are constantly emerging, so the air might not as filtered as the claims might have you believe.\nIf you are worried about mold, we ‘d recommend buying a dehumidifier or humidifier to help preserve the suitable moisture levels in your house and stave off mold growth concerns. Air cleansers do not avoid mold growth, so it is essential to get rid of the source of moisture that is allowing it to grow.\nCan air cleansers filter the outside air that enters your house?\nSometimes, non-organic air toxins like the VOCs we pointed out formerly can stem from outside your house. “There are all sorts of scenarios in structure fires where big dosages of smoke inhalation may result in cyanide toxicity. But that would mainly need to be someone who was standing straight in or near the fire: Those individuals are given emergency rooms immediately,” Dr. Roten explains. “Usually, outside pollution or smoke or short-lived bad air isn’t a continuous concern for onlookers.” But the best sort of purifier can resolve any ecological air qualities in your locale. Using nearby wildfires as an example, Dr. Roten adds that a HEPA filter-equipped cleanser is your best choice: “Anything that has a real HEPA filter in it is probably adequate enough to filter out most all the large particles that would be worrying,” he says. “Most of the smoky odor will likewise be addressed too.”\nWhat should I search for in an air purifier?\nCADR (clean-air shipment rate) ranking. This measures the cleansing speed of the purifier for getting rid of smoke, dust, and and pollen. Search for a CADR of at least 300, above 350 is actually great.\nFor appropriate effectiveness, you need a model designed to operate in the room size. Select a model that is designed for an area larger than the one you are equipping it for if you wish to run it at a lower, quieter setting.\nAHAM (Association of Home Home Appliance Manufacturers) Verified mark AHAM’s standards are design to guarantee the security, effectiveness and performance of lots of home care appliances, consisting of air cleansers. The requirements are created to offer a typical understanding in between manufacturers and customers to assist make the acquiring process simpler. While voluntary, a lot of reputable air cleansers have undergone this certification program, which typically provides a CADR ranking and size guidelines.\nReal HEPA. True HEPA filters work at removing ultra fine particles (think: dust, dander, pollen, mold and other typical irritants in the house). The market standard for such is that the unit should be able to remove a minimum of 99.97% of particulates determining 0.3 micron diameter in a laboratory setting. Remember, it is essential to keep in mind that in real life settings, the actual efficacy of these devices would be far less as new pollutants are constantly emerging. Keep in mind that there is no industry requirement for the terms “HEPA-like” or “HEPA-type,” and are primarily used as marketing ploys to get consumers to purchase the product.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-10", "url": "https://sptmc.org/hapf300d-true-hepa-filter/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178357929.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20210226145416-20210226175416-00198.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9466300011, "token_count": 1075, "score": 2.546875, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Hapf300D Fíor-Sceideal Hepa\nAn Fhoireann Purifiers Ealaíne i ndáiríre?\nTá speisialtóirí ag smaoineamh ar an bhféadfaidh gluaiseachtaí glanadh go fírinneach gérimí, deannach, deatach, múnla, agus go leor eile a scagadh amach.\nConas a oibríonn íonadóirí aeir?\nDe ghnáth bíonn scagaire, nó roinnt scagaire, agus lucht leanúna ag teasú aer isteach agus ag dáileadh é.\nDe réir mar a théann aer tríd an scagaire, gabhaítear tocsainí agus cáithníní agus cuirtear an t-aer glan ar ais isteach sa spás maireachtála. De ghnáth, déantar scagairí as páipéar, snáithín (go minic snáithín gloine), nó líonra, agus caithfear iad a athsholáthar go rialta chun feidhmíocht a chaomhnú.\nCad a bhfuiltear ag súil go scagfaidh glanndairí aeir amach agus an ndéanann siad é i ndáiríre?\nTá formhór na scagairí ar an margadh forbartha chun cáithníní cosúil le deannach agus pollín a thaifeadadh, ach ní ghlacann siad gáis cosúil le VOCanna (comhlacht orgánach éadrom) nó radón. Ba mhaith leis sin a bheith ag teastáil adsorbent, cosúil le carbón gníomhaithe. Tugann an Cuideachta Slándála Comhshaoil (EPA) rabhadh go bhfuil feidhmíocht na n-athghlantóirí aeir teoranta maidir le gáis a scagadh amach, agus gur chóir duit scagairí a athrú go minic chun feidhmíocht is fearr a fháil, de ghnáth gach 3 mhí nó mar sin.\nTá go leor glantóirí aeir go maith ag scaipeadh cáithníní truailleáin as an aer (dust, smoke, pollen, etc.) ), ach ní bhíonn siad an-mhaith i gcónaí chun tocsainí gásacha cosúil le VOCanna nó radón a bhaint as an aer a d'fhéadfadh a bheith ag bailiú ó ghreamáin, péinteanna nó earraí glantacháin. Ní ghlacann siad ionsaí aeracha atá suite i mbábla nó i gcodanna talún.\nIna theannta sin, is dócha nach ndéanfaidh éifeachtúlacht íonadóirí aeir i gcásanna fíor-domhanda na cinn a dhéantar i gcoinníollacha rialaithe i saotharlann a shamhlú (an méid a bhfuil na hairíonna \"éifeachtúlacht 99%\" ag cur síos air!). Beidh an limistéar, an leagan amach, an ráta scaipeadh, agus an fad ama a oibríonn sé ag athrú, mar a bheidh na dálaí sa cheantar. Ina theannta sin, tá rudaí eile ag tarlú i do theach a d'fhéadfadh tionchar a imirt ar an éifeachtúlacht mar aeráil (uimhreacha oscailte nó dúnta), agus tá cáithníní nua ag teacht chun cinn i gcónaí, mar sin b'fhéidir nach bhfuil an t-aer scagtha mar a d'fhéadfadh na héilimh a chreidiúint.\nMá tá imní ort faoi múnla, molaimid duit dehumidifier nó humidifier a cheannach chun cabhrú leis na leibhéil taise oiriúnacha a chaomhnú i do theach agus imní faoi fhás múnla a chosc. Ní chuireann glantóirí aeir cosc ar fhás múnla, mar sin tá sé riachtanach fáil réidh leis an bhfoinse taise atá ag ligean dó fás.\nAn féidir le glantóirí aeir an t-aer lasmuigh a scagadh a thagann isteach i do theach?\nUaireanta, is féidir le tocsainí aeir neamhorgánacha cosúil leis na VOCanna a thugamar faoi deara roimhe seo teacht ó lasmuigh de do theach. Tá gach cineál cásanna ann i dtógálacha struchtúr ina bhféadfadh dóthain mhóra de dhúiseáil deataigh a bheith ina gcúis le tocsaineacht cianíd. Ach ba cheart go mbeadh duine ag seasamh díreach i lár an tine nó in aice leis an tine i bpríomhchuid: Tugtar seomraí éigeandála do na daoine sin láithreach, a mhíníonn an Dr. Roten. De ghnáth, ní bhíonn truailliú lasmuigh nó deatach nó droch-aer gearrthéarmach ina ábhar imní leanúnach do lucht féachana.Ach is féidir leis an gcineál íonú is fearr aon cháilíochtaí aeir éiceolaíocha a réiteach i do cheantar. Ag baint úsáide as tineacha foraoise in aice láimhe mar shampla, cuireann an Dr. Roten leis gur glantachán HEPA atá feistithe le scagaire an rogha is fearr atá agat: \"Is dócha go bhfuil aon rud a bhfuil scagaire fíor HEPA ann go leor chun beagnach na cáithníní móra go léir a bheadh buartha a scagadh amach, \"a deir sé. Déileálfar leis an gcuid is mó den boladh tobac freisin.\nCad ba cheart dom a lorg i scagóir aeir?\nRangaíocht CADR (ráta loingseoireachta aer glan). Tomhaiseann sé seo luas glantacháin an íonóir chun fáil réidh le deatach, deannach agus pollín. Cuardach le haghaidh CADR ar a laghad 300, os cionn 350 is é i ndáiríre mór.\nChun éifeachtacht chuí a bhaint amach, ní mór duit samhail a dhearadh chun oibriú sa mhéid seomra. Roghnaigh samhail atá deartha le haghaidh limistéar níos mó ná an ceann a bhfuil tú ag trealamh dó dó más mian leat é a reáchtáil ag suíomh níos ísle, níos ciúine.\nAHAM (Chomhlachas Déantúsóirí Fearais Baile) marc dearbhaithe Tá caighdeáin AHAM ceaptha chun sábháilteacht, éifeachtacht agus feidhmíocht a ráthú ar go leor fearais cúraim tí, lena n-áirítear glanadóirí aeir. Cruthaítear na ceanglais chun tuiscint choiteann a thairiscint idir monaróirí agus custaiméirí chun cuidiú leis an bpróiseas ceannaigh a dhéanamh níos simplí. Cé go bhfuil sé deonach, tá an clár deimhniúcháin seo curtha i bhfeidhm ag go leor glantóirí aeir measartha, a sholáthraíonn treoirlínte rangaithe agus méid CADR de ghnáth.\nFíor-HEPA. Oibríonn fíor-scagáin HEPA chun cáithníní ultrafhiúcha a bhaint (smaoinigh: deannach, dander, pollán, múnla agus irritants tipiciúla eile sa teach). Is é an caighdeán margaidh le haghaidh sin ná go gcaithfidh an t-aonad a bheith in ann 99.97% ar a laghad de pharaisíní a chinneadh a bhfuil trastomhas 0.3 micreon acu a bhaint i suíomh saotharlainne. Cuimhnigh, tá sé riachtanach a choinneáil i gcuimhne go mbeadh éifeachtúlacht iarbhír na bhfeistí seo i suíomhanna fíor-saoil i bhfad níos lú de réir mar a bhíonn truailleáin nua ag teacht chun cinn i gcónaí. Coinnigh i gcuimhne nach bhfuil aon riachtanas tionscail ann maidir leis na téarmaí \"HEPA-chosúil\" nó \"cinn HEPA\", agus úsáidtear iad go príomha mar shlí margaíochta chun tomhaltóirí a chur chun an táirge a cheannach."} {"text": "ExploraGraph: A Flexible and Adaptive Interface to Support Distance Learning PROCEEDINGS\nAude Dufresne, University of Montreal, Canada ; Gilbert Paquette, LICEF Reasearch Center, Télé-université, Canada\nWorld Conference on Educational Media and Technology, ISBN 978-1-880094-40-2 Publisher: Association for the Advancement of Computing in Education (AACE)\nThe ExploraGraph interface was designed to facilitate interaction in the context of distant learning. It was developed as an alternative to simple web interaction, in order to increase flexibility, visibility, and structure in the learning environment. It may be used as a front end to existing courses on the web. The ExploraGraph Navigator makes it possible to navigate through conceptual graphs with automatic arrangement of elements, zoom and \"fish eye\" effects. Each node of the graph may have a description attached to it and may give direct access to an application, a document or an Internet site. Graphic structures may thus be used to represent the organization of tools, activities, concepts or documents. The Navigator offers each user a tool to specify his goals and the system can support him, using multiple modalities: Hypertext, graphical cues (Lee & Lehman, 1993), Ms Agents avatars, voice, visual demonstrations and force feedback guiding.\nDufresne, A. & Paquette, G. (2000). ExploraGraph: A Flexible and Adaptive Interface to Support Distance Learning. In J. Bourdeau & R. Heller (Eds.), Proceedings of World Conference on Educational Media and Technology 2000 (pp. 304-309). Association for the Advancement of Computing in Education (AACE).\n© 2000 AACE", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-14", "url": "http://www.editlib.org/p/16082/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-14/segments/1427131301015.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20150323172141-00027-ip-10-168-14-71.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.830391705, "token_count": 358, "score": 2.671875, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "ExploraGraph: Idirlíon solúbtha agus oiriúnaithe chun tacú le PROCÉIDÍOL LEACHTAIR AR ARSÁIN\nAude Dufresne, Ollscoil Montreal, Ceanada; Gilbert Paquette, Ionad Taighde LICEF, Télé-université, Ceanada\nComhdháil Domhanda ar Mheán agus Teicneolaíocht Oideachais, ISBN 978-1-880094-40-2 Foilsitheoir: Cumann um Fheabhsú Ríomhaireachta san Oideachas (AACE)\nDearadh comhéadan ExploraGraph chun idirghníomhaíocht a éascú i gcomhthéacs na foghlama ar fad. Forbraíodh é mar rogha eile do idirghníomhaíocht simplí ar an ngréasán, d'fhonn solúbthacht, infheictheacht agus struchtúr a mhéadú san timpeallacht foghlama. Is féidir é a úsáid mar cheann tosaigh do chúrsaí atá ann cheana ar an ngréasán. Is féidir leis an ExploraGraph Navigator dul trí ghraf conceptúil le socrú uathoibríoch eilimintí, súim agus éifeachtaí \"shúil éisc\". Féadfaidh tuairisc a bheith ceangailte le gach nóid den ghraf agus féadfaidh sé rochtain dhíreach a thabhairt ar iarratas, ar dhoiciméad nó ar shuíomh Idirlín. Is féidir struchtúir ghrafacha a úsáid dá bhrí sin chun eagraíocht uirlisí, gníomhaíochtaí, coincheapa nó doiciméid a léiriú. Cuireann an Navigator uirlis ar fáil do gach úsáideoir chun a spriocanna a shonrú agus is féidir leis an gcóras tacú leis, ag baint úsáide as modhanna éagsúla: Hipirtéacs, leideanna grafacha (Lee & Lehman, 1993), avatars Ms Agents, guth, taispeántais amhairc agus treoir a thabhairt ar ais.\nDufresne, A. & Paquette, G. (2000). ExploraGraph: Idirlíon solúbtha agus oiriúnaithe chun tacú le foghlaim ar fad. I J. Bourdeau & R. Heller (Eds. ), Proceedings of the World Conference on Educational Media and Technology 2000 (pp. 304-309). Cumann chun Ríomh-Aoideachas a Chur chun Cinn san Oideachas (AACE).\n© 2000 AACE"} {"text": "National Assessment Topic #2: Juggling\nWhat is tested in Topic #2: Juggling\nJuggling consists of 3 skill assessments, each 20 seconds in length. The first is Preferred Foot juggling: How many times in a row can you juggle, using only your preferred foot, in 20 seconds? Now try it with your Non-Preferred foot for the second juggling assessment. Last but not least, try it with your Head. No matter how good you are, it’s always a challenge to get just one more touch.\nMLS Player Taylor Graham of the Seattle Sounders joins the National Standards Project!\nWhy do we test the Preferred and Non-Preferred foot separately?\nWhen you’re juggling, every touch sets up the next. One bad touch makes the next one that much harder. Alternating feet or juggling with the thighs allows players to compensate for possible bad touches with good touches from their preferred foot. Isolating each foot\nseparately provides a more realistic assessment of their ability and encourages the player to focus on improving both of their feet.\nWhy do we limit the time for juggling?\nSoccer is a game of doing simple things very quickly and accurately. Therefore, we wanted to create a test that challenged players to improve the speed and accuracy of their touches, not just the quantity. This forces players (like the boy in the video above) to have complete control over every touch, which is much more difficult than simply keeping the ball in the air for an hour.\nMaintaining and improving a personal juggling record is definitely a great idea as well, however, juggling at pace, under pressure from time constraints, and isolating different surfaces, can really accelerate the rate of improvement for a young player.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-22", "url": "https://inside.playisoccer.com/2010/07/29/national-assessment-topic-2-juggling/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794864626.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20180522053839-20180522073839-00051.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9497359991, "token_count": 357, "score": 2.796875, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Téama Measúnaithe Náisiúnta #2: Juggling\nCad a thástáiltear i dTeama #2: Juggling\nTá 3 mheasúnú scileanna ag an seangló, gach ceann 20 soicind ar fhad. An chéad cheann is ea an t-aistriú le do chosa is fearr: Cé mhéad uair as a chéile is féidir leat a aistriú, gan ach do chosa is fearr leat a úsáid, i 20 soicind? Anois déan iarracht é le do chos neamh-Is fearr le haghaidh an dara measúnú juggling. Deireanach ach ní ar a laghad, déan iarracht é le do cheann. Is cuma cé chomh maith is atá tú, is dúshlán i gcónaí é ach teagmháil amháin a fháil.\nTá an t-imreoir MLS Taylor Graham ó na Seattle Sounders ag dul isteach sa Tionscadal um Chaighdeáin Náisiúnta!\nCén fáth a ndéanaimid tástáil ar an gcosa is fearr agus neamh-is fearr ar leithligh?\nNuair a bhíonn tú ag juggling, gach teagmháil a shocraíonn an chéad cheann eile. Déanann an droch-ghlac amháin an ceann eile a dhéanamh i bhfad níos deacra. Ag malartú cosa nó ag juggling leis na sciatháin, tugtar deis do na himreoirí droch-ghlacadh a d'fhéadfadh a bheith acu a chúiteamh le maith-ghlacadh óna chosa is fearr leo. Gach cosa a leithligh\nTugann an t-amhrán seo measúnú níos réalaíocha ar a gcumas agus spreagann sé an t-imreoir díriú ar fheabhas a chur ar a dhá chos.\nCén fáth a bhfuil teorainn againn leis an am chun juggling?\nIs cluiche é peile rudanna simplí a dhéanamh go han-tapa agus go cruinn. Dá bhrí sin, theastaigh uainn tástáil a chruthú a chuirfeadh dúshlán ar imreoirí luas agus cruinneas a dteagmháil a fheabhsú, ní hamháin an méid. Cuireann sé seo iallach ar imreoirí (cosúil leis an buachaill sa físeán thuas) rialú iomlán a bheith acu ar gach teagmháil, rud atá i bhfad níos deacra ná an liathróid a choinneáil san aer ar feadh uair an chloig.\nIs smaoineamh iontach é taifead pearsanta juggling a chothabháil agus a fheabhsú freisin, áfach, is féidir le juggling ag luas, faoi bhrú ó shrianta ama, agus dromchlaí éagsúla a leithdháileadh, an ráta feabhsaithe a luathaithe i ndáiríre do imreoir óg."} {"text": "The Short Signal Code, also known as the Short Signal Book (German: Kurzsignalbuch), was a short code system used by the Kriegsmarine (German Navy) during World War II to minimize the transmission duration of messages.\nThe transmission of radio messages had the potential risks of revealing the submarine's presence and direction; if decoded the content was also revealed. Submarines need to provide information, mostly in standard form (position of convoy to attack and of submarine, weather information), to their bases. Initially Morse code transmissions could be used. To inhibit detection, the duration of messages needed to be minimised; for this, Kurzsignale short-coding was used. To prevent interception, messages needed to be encrypted by the Enigma machine. To shorten transmission even further, the message could be sent by a fast machine instead of a human radio operator. For example, the Kurier system – not implemented in time – decreased the time to send a Morse dot from around 50 milliseconds for a human to 1 millisecond.\nThe Kurzsignale code was intended to shorten transmission time to below the time required to get a directional fix. It was not primarily intended to hide signal contents; protection was intended to be achieved by encoding with the Enigma machine. A copy of the Kurzsignale code book was captured from German submarine U-110 on 9 May 1941. In August 1941, Dönitz began addressing U-boats by the names of their commanders, instead of boat numbers. The method of defining U-boat meeting points in the Short Signal Book was regarded as compromised, so a method was defined by B-Dienst cryptanalysts to disguise their positions on the Kriegsmarine German Naval Grid System (German:Gradnetzmeldeverfahren) was introduced and used until the end of the war\nAware of the danger presented by radio direction finding (RDF), the Kriegsmarine developed various systems to speed up broadcast. The Kurzsignale code system condensed messages into short codes consisting of short sequences for common terms such as \"convoy location\" so that additional descriptions would not be needed in the message. The resulting Kurzsignal was then encoded with the Enigma machine and subsequently transmitted as rapidly as possible, typically taking about 20 seconds. Typical length of an information or weather signal was about 25 characters.\nConventional RDF needed about a minute to fix the bearing of a radio signal, and the Kurzsignale protected against this. However, the huff-duff system which was in use by the Allies could cope with these short transmissions.\nThe fully automated burst transmission Kurier system, in testing from August 1944, could send a Kurzsignal in not more than 460 milliseconds; this was short enough to prevent location even by huff-duff and, if deployed, would have been a serious setback for Allied anti-submarine and code-breaking activities. By late 1944 the Kurier program was a top priority, but the war ended before the system was operational.\n- Kahn, David (2012-01-01). Seizing the Enigma – The Race to Break the German U-Boat codes 1939–1943. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. p. 237. ISBN 978-1-59114-807-4.\n- Rijmenants, Dirk. \"Kurzsignale on German U-boats\". Cipher Machines and Cryptology. Retrieved 2016-11-21 (The article gives full details and examples of Kurzsignale and Wetterkurzschlüssel encoding)\n- Budiansky, Stephen (2000). Battle of Wits: The Complete Story of Codebreaking in World War II. New York, NY: Free Press. pp. 341–343. ISBN 978-0-684-85932-3.\n- Aircraft of World War II: thread August 19, 1942", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-22", "url": "https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurzsignale", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794867995.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20180527024953-20180527044953-00228.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.927803576, "token_count": 807, "score": 3.6875, "int_score": 4, "irish_text": "Ba chód gearr comhartha é an Cód Comhartha Gearr, ar a dtugtar an Leabhar Comhartha Gearr (Gearmáinis), córas cód gearr a d'úsáid Kriegsmarine (Mharacht na Gearmáine) le linn an Dara Cogadh Domhanda chun fad tarchur teachtaireachtaí a íoslaghdú.\nBhí rioscaí féideartha ag tarchur teachtaireachtaí raidió a nochtadh láithreacht agus treo an fho-uisceinmne; má díchódódh an t-ábhar, nochtadh é freisin. Ní mór do bhroinn faoi uisce faisnéis a sholáthar, den chuid is mó i bhfoirm chaighdeánach (suíomh an chonair chun ionsaí a dhéanamh agus an bhroinn faoi uisce, faisnéis aimsire), dá mbunaíochtaí. Ar dtús d'fhéadfaí tarchur cód Morse a úsáid. Chun bac a chur ar bhrath, ba cheart fad na dteachtaireachtaí a íoslaghdú; chun seo, baineadh úsáid as códú gearr Kurzsignale. Chun cosc a chur ar interception, bhí gá le teachtaireachtaí a chriptiú ag an meaisín Enigma. Chun an tarchur a ghearrú níos mó, d'fhéadfadh meaisín tapa a bheith ag an teachtaireacht a sheoladh in ionad oibreoir raidió daonna. Mar shampla, laghdaigh an córas Kurier nach gcuirtear i bhfeidhm in am an t-am chun ponc Morse a sheoladh ó thart ar 50 milleaséacan do dhuine go dtí 1 milleaséacan.\nBhí sé i gceist leis an gcód Kurzsignale am aistrithe a ghearrú go dtí níos lú ná an t-am a theastódh chun socrú treo a fháil. Ní raibh sé i gceist go príomha ábhar comhartha a cheilt; bhí sé i gceist cosaint a bhaint amach trí chódú leis an meaisín Enigma. Glacadh cóip den leabhar cóid Kurzsignale as an mbád faoi uisce Gearmánach U-110 an 9 Bealtaine 1941. I mí Lúnasa 1941, thosaigh Dönitz ag tabhairt aghaidh ar U-bhotaí le hainmneacha a n-chumandóirí, in ionad uimhreacha báid. Meastar go raibh an modh chun pointí cruinniú U-bhota a shainiú sa Leabhar Comhartha Gearr comhréitithe, mar sin shainmhínigh criptanailísithe B-Dienst modh chun a gcuid seasamh a cheilt ar Chóras Grid Cabhlaigh na Gearmáine Kriegsmarine (German: Gradnetzmeldeverfahren) a tugadh isteach agus a úsáidtear go dtí deireadh an chogaidh\nAr an eolas faoin mbaol a bhí ag aimsiú treo raidió (RDF), d'fhorbair an Kriegsmarine córais éagsúla chun craoladh a luathachadh. D'aontaigh córas cód Kurzsignale teachtaireachtaí i gcódanna gearr ina raibh seicheamh gearr le haghaidh téarmaí coitianta mar \"suíomh coimhthíocha\" ionas nach mbeadh gá le tuairiscí breise sa teachtaireacht. An Kurzsignal a tháinig as a chéile a bhí ansin códaithe leis an meaisín Enigma agus ina dhiaidh sin a tharchur chomh tapa agus is féidir, ag glacadh de ghnáth thart ar 20 soicind. Ba é fad tipiciúil faisnéise nó comhartha aimsire thart ar 25 carachtar.\nBhí thart ar nóiméad ag teastáil ó RDF traidisiúnta chun luí comhartha raidió a shocrú, agus bhí an Kurzsignale cosanta ina choinne sin. Mar sin féin, d'fhéadfadh an córas huff-duff a bhí á úsáid ag na Comhghuaillithe déileáil leis na tarchuranna gearr seo.\nD'fhéadfadh an córas tarchuir chraobh go hiomlán uathoibrithe, i dtástáil ó Lúnasa 1944, Kurzsignal a sheoladh i níos mó ná 460 milleaséacan; bhí sé seo gearr go leor chun suíomh a chosc fiú le huff-duff agus, dá dtionsclófaí é, bheadh sé ina dhroch-bhualadh do ghníomhaíochtaí frith-submarine agus cód-briseadh na gComhghuaillithe. Faoi dheireadh 1944 bhí an clár Kurier mar phríomhthosaíocht, ach chríochnaigh an cogadh sula raibh an córas in úsáid.\n- Kahn, David (2012-01-01). Ag glacadh leis an Enigma An Rás chun na cóid U-Boat Gearmánach a bhriseadh 19391943. Annapolis: Foilseachán Institiúid Naval. p. 237. ISBN 978-1-59114-807-4.\n- Riamháin, Dirk. \"Kurzsignale ar U-bhotaí Gearmánach\". Meaisíní Ciphire agus Criptolaíocht. Ar aisghabháil 2016-11-21 (Cuireann an t-alt sonraí iomlána agus samplaí de chódú Kurzsignale agus Wetterkurzschlüssel)\n- Budiansky, Stephen (2000). Cath Wits: An Scéal Comhlán de Codebreaking sa Dara Cogadh Domhanda. Nua Eabhrac, NY: Saor in Aisce. pp. 341343. ISBN 978-0-684-85932-3.\n- Aerárthaí den Dara Cogadh Domhanda: snámh 19 Lúnasa, 1942"} {"text": "We include products we think are useful for our readers. If you buy through links on this page, we may earn a small commission. Here’s our process.\nNosebleeds are common. They may be scary, but they rarely indicate a serious medical problem. The nose contains many blood vessels, which are located close to the surface in the front and back of the nose. They’re very fragile and bleed easily. Nosebleeds are common in adults and children between the ages of 3 and 10.\nThere are two kinds of nosebleeds. An anterior nosebleed occurs when the blood vessels in the front of the nose break and bleed.\nA posterior nosebleed occurs in the back or the deepest part of the nose. In this case, blood flows down the back of the throat. Posterior nosebleeds can be dangerous.\nThere are many causes of nosebleeds. A sudden or infrequent nosebleed is rarely serious. If you have frequent nosebleeds, you could have a more serious problem.\nDry air is the most common cause of nosebleeds. Living in a dry climate and using a central heating system can dry out the nasal membranes, which are tissues inside the nose.\nThis dryness causes crusting inside the nose. Crusting may itch or become irritated. If your nose is scratched or picked, it can bleed.\nOther common causes of nosebleeds include:\n- foreign object stuck in the nose\n- chemical irritants\n- allergic reaction\n- injury to the nose\n- repeated sneezing\n- picking the nose\n- cold air\n- upper respiratory infection\n- large doses of aspirin\nOther causes of nosebleeds include:\nMost nosebleeds don’t require medical attention. However, you should seek medical attention if your nosebleed lasts longer than 20 minutes, or if it occurs after an injury. This may be a sign of a posterior nosebleed, which is more serious.\nIf you seek medical attention for a nosebleed, your doctor will conduct a physical examination to determine a cause. They’ll check your nose for signs of a foreign object. They’ll also ask questions about your medical history and current medications.\nTell your doctor about any other symptoms you’ve and any recent injuries. There’s no single test to determine the cause of a nosebleed. However, your doctor might use diagnostic tests to find the cause. These tests include:\nTreatment for nosebleeds will vary depending on the type and cause of the nosebleed. Read on to find out about treatments for different nosebleeds.\nIf you have an anterior nosebleed, you bleed from the front of your nose, usually a nostril. You can try to treat an anterior nosebleed at home. While sitting up, squeeze the soft part of your nose.\nMake sure that your nostrils are fully closed. Keep your nostrils closed for 10 minutes, lean forward slightly, and breathe through your mouth.\nDon’t lie down when trying to stop a nosebleed. Lying down can result in swallowing blood and can irritate your stomach. Release your nostrils after 10 minutes and check to see if the bleeding has stopped. Repeat these steps if bleeding continues.\nSee your doctor immediately if you’re unable to stop a nosebleed on your own. You might have a posterior nosebleed that requires more invasive treatment.\nIf you have a posterior nosebleed, you bleed from the back of your nose. The blood also tends to flow from the back of your nose down your throat. Posterior nosebleeds are less common and often more serious than anterior nosebleeds.\nPosterior nosebleeds shouldn’t be treated at home. Contact your doctor immediately or go to the emergency room (ER) if you think you have a posterior nosebleed.\nNosebleeds caused by foreign objects\nIf a foreign object is the cause, your doctor can remove the object.\nA medical technique called cauterization can also stop persistent or frequent nosebleeds. This involves your doctor burning the blood vessels in your nose with either a heating device or silver nitrate, a compound used to remove tissue.\nYour doctor may pack your nose with cotton, gauze, or foam. They may also use a balloon catheter to apply pressure to your blood vessels and stop the bleeding.\nThere are several ways to prevent nosebleeds.\n- Use a humidifier in your house to keep the air moist.\n- Avoid picking your nose.\n- Limit your intake of aspirin, which can thin your blood and contribute to nosebleeds. Discuss this with your doctor first because the benefits of taking aspirin might outweigh the risks.\n- Use antihistamines and decongestants in moderation. These can dry out the nose.\n- Use a saline spray or gel to keep the nasal passages moist.\nNosebleeds are common and not usually serious. Most are anterior nosebleeds and can often be treated at home. These usually occur suddenly and don’t last long.\nThey result from many causes, especially dry air and repeated scratching or picking of the nose. If you can’t stop the bleeding from your anterior nosebleed, you should call your doctor immediately.\nA posterior nosebleed can be more serious. If you think you might have a posterior nosebleed, contact your doctor immediately or go to the ER.\nKeeping the air humidified in your home, avoiding picking your nose, and using nasal mists to keep your nasal passages moist are good ways to help prevent nosebleeds.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-10", "url": "https://www.healthline.com/health/nosebleed", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178368431.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20210304021339-20210304051339-00217.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8951779008, "token_count": 1170, "score": 3.59375, "int_score": 4, "irish_text": "Cuirimid táirgí san áireamh a cheapann muid a bheith úsáideach dár léitheoirí. Má cheannaíonn tú trí naisc ar an leathanach seo, d'fhéadfadh go bhfaighfimid coimisiún beag. Seo ár bpróiseas.\nTá fuil na srón coitianta. D'fhéadfadh go mbeadh eagla orthu, ach is annamh a léiríonn siad fadhb mhór leighis. Tá go leor soithigh fola sa srón, atá suite gar don dromchla ar thaobh tosaigh agus chúl na srón. Tá siad an-chroite agus fuilíonn siad go héasca. Tá fuil na srón coitianta i measc daoine fásta agus leanaí idir 3 agus 10 mbliana d'aois.\nTá dhá chineál fuil ón srón ann. Tarlaíonn fuil ón srón tosaigh nuair a bhriseann na soithigh fola i bhfront an srón agus a fhuilíonn.\nTarlaíonn fuil srón chúlra i gcúl nó sa chuid is doimhne den srón. Sa chás seo, sreabhann fuil síos cúl an throat. Is féidir le fuil ón srón a bheith contúirteach.\nTá go leor cúiseanna le fuil na srón. Ní bhíonn fuil na srón tobann nó neamhchoitianta tromchúiseach. Má bhíonn fuil ó do shrón go minic agat, d'fhéadfadh go mbeadh fadhb níos tromchúisí agat.\nIs é an t-aer tirim an chúis is coitianta le fuil na srón. Is féidir le maireachtáil i gcluaise tirim agus córas téimh lárnach a úsáid na membráin nasal a thriomú, is fíocháin iad taobh istigh den srón.\nTá an triomú seo ina chúis le crústa taobh istigh den srón. D'fhéadfadh an crústa a bheith itchy nó irritated. Má scratchann nó piccann tú do shrón, d'fhéadfadh sé fuil a fháil.\nI measc na gcúiseanna coitianta eile le fuil ó srón tá:\n- rud coimhthíoch a bheith i do shrón\n- irritants ceimiceacha\n- frithghníomh ailléirgeach\n- díobháil ar an srón\n- sneaking athfhillteach\n- an srón a phlé\n- aer fuar\n- ionfhabhtú ar an gcosán anailíse\n- dáileoga móra aspirin\nI measc na gcúiseanna eile le fuil ó srón tá:\nNí gá aire leighis a thabhairt do chuid is mó de na fuilín. Ba chóir duit, áfach, aire leighis a lorg má mhaireann do chuid fuil ó bhéal níos faide ná 20 nóiméad, nó má tharlaíonn sé tar éis gorta. D'fhéadfadh sé seo a bheith ina chomhartha ar fhuilín naschúl chúl, atá níos tromchúisí.\nMá iarrann tú aire leighis le haghaidh fuil ó srón, déanfaidh do dhochtúir scrúdú fisiceach chun cúis a chinneadh. Seiceáilfidh siad do shrón ar shonraí faoi rud coimhthíoch. Beidh siad ag cur ceisteanna ort freisin faoi do stair leighis agus faoi na cógais atá á n-úsáid agat faoi láthair.\nInis do dhochtúir faoi aon chomharthaí eile atá agat agus faoi aon ghortú a bhí agat le déanaí. Níl aon tástáil amháin ann chun cúis na fuil ón srón a chinneadh. D'fhéadfadh do dhochtúir tástálacha diagnóiseacha a úsáid chun an chúis a fháil. Áirítear leis na tástálacha seo:\nBeidh cóireáil le haghaidh fuil ó na srón ag athrú ag brath ar an gcineál agus an chúis a bhaineann leis an fuil ó na srón. Léigh ar aghaidh chun a fháil amach faoi chóireálacha le haghaidh fuil na srón éagsúla.\nMá tá fuil ó bhéal tosaigh agat, bíonn fuil agat ó thaobh tosaigh do bhéal, de ghnáth ó shrón. Is féidir leat iarracht a dhéanamh fuil ón srón tosaigh a chóireáil sa bhaile. Agus tú ina suí suas, brúigh an chuid bog de do shrón.\nDéan cinnte go bhfuil do shrón dúnta go hiomlán. Coinnigh do shrón dúnta ar feadh 10 nóiméad, léig ar aghaidh go héasca, agus anailís trí do bhéal.\nNá luigh síos nuair a bhíonn tú ag iarraidh fuil ó srón a stopadh. D'fhéadfadh sé go nglódh tú fola agus go gcuirfeadh sé suaitheadh ar do bholg má luíonn tú síos. Scaoileadh do nostrils tar éis 10 nóiméad agus seiceáil a fheiceáil má tá an fhuil a stopadh. Déan na céimeanna seo a athdhéanamh má leanann an fuil.\nDéan teagmháil le do dhochtúir láithreach mura bhfuil tú in ann fuil ón srón a stopadh leat féin. D'fhéadfadh go mbeadh fuil ón srón taobh thiar agat a theastaíonn cóireáil níos ionrach uaidh.\nMá tá fuil ar chúl do shrón agat, bíonn fuil agat ó chúl do shrón. Tá an fhuil ag sruthú ó chúl do shrón síos do throat. Tá fuil ón srón chúl níos coitianta agus is minic a bhíonn sé níos tromchúisí ná fuil ón srón tosaigh.\nNíor chóir fuil ón srón a chóireáil sa bhaile. Déan teagmháil le do dhochtúir láithreach nó téigh go dtí an seomra éigeandála (ER) má cheapann tú go bhfuil fuil ón srón taobh thiar agat.\nfuil ó na srón a tharlaíonn de bharr rudaí coimhthíocha\nMá tá rud coigríche mar chúis leis, is féidir le do dhochtúir an rud a bhaint.\nIs féidir le teicníc leighis ar a dtugtar cauterization stop a chur le fuil na srón a bhíonn ag tarlú go leanúnach nó go minic. Baineann sé seo le do dhochtúir na soithigh fola i do shrón a dhó le feiste téimh nó le nítreach airgid, cumaisc a úsáidtear chun fíochán a bhaint.\nFéadfaidh do dhochtúir do shrón a phumpáil le cadás, le gais, nó le scamh. Féadfaidh siad catheter balún a úsáid freisin chun brú a chur ar do shoithigh fola agus an fuil a stopadh.\nTá roinnt bealaí ann chun fuil ón srón a chosc.\n- Úsáid humidifier i do theach chun an t-aer a choinneáil taise.\n- Seachain do shrón a phlé.\n- Srian a chur le hioncam aspirin, rud a d'fhéadfadh do fhuil a thinntiú agus a bheith ina chúis le fuil ó shrón. Déan plé leis an dochtúir ar dtús mar d'fhéadfadh na buntáistí a bhaineann le aspirin a ghlacadh a bheith níos mó ná na rioscaí.\n- Úsáid frith- histamineacha agus decongestants go measartha. Is féidir leis seo an srón a thriomú.\n- Úsáid sprae salann nó géil chun na hailt nasal a choinneáil taise.\nTá fuil na srón coitianta agus ní bhíonn sé tromchúiseach de ghnáth. Is fuil na srón tosaigh iad an chuid is mó agus is féidir iad a chóireáil sa bhaile go minic. De ghnáth bíonn siad seo go tobann agus ní mhaireann siad fada.\nTá go leor cúiseanna ann, go háirithe an t-aer tirim agus an sruthadh nó an pingin arís agus arís eile ar an srón. Mura féidir leat an fhuil ó do fhuil ón srón tosaigh a stopadh, ba cheart duit glaoch ar do dhochtúir láithreach.\nD'fhéadfadh sé a bheith níos tromchúisí fuil ó shrón chúl. Má cheapann tú go bhféadfadh fuil ón srón a bheith agat, déan teagmháil le do dhochtúir láithreach nó téigh go dtí an ER.\nIs bealaí maithe chun fuil ón srón a chosc ná go gcoinníonn tú an t-aer a bhfuil taise aige i do theach, go seachnóidh tú do shrón a phlé, agus go n-úsáideann tú néalóg nasal chun do shrón a choinneáil taise."} {"text": "The definitive documentation for the DOM is the DOM specification from the W3C.\nNote that DOM attributes may also be manipulated as nodes instead of as simple strings. It is fairly rare that you must do this, however, so this usage is not yet documented.\n|DOMImplementation||8.6.2||Interface to the underlying implementation.|\n|Node||8.6.2||Base interface for most objects in a document.|\n|NodeList||8.6.2||Interface for a sequence of nodes.|\n|DocumentType||8.6.2||Information about the declarations needed to process a document.|\n|Document||8.6.2||Object which represents an entire document.|\n|Element||8.6.2||Element nodes in the document hierarchy.|\n|Attr||8.6.2||Attribute value nodes on element nodes.|\n|Comment||8.6.2||Representation of comments in the source document.|\n|Text||8.6.2||Nodes containing textual content from the document.|\n|ProcessingInstruction||8.6.2||Processing instruction representation.|\nAn additional section describes the exceptions defined for working with the DOM in Python.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-18", "url": "http://www.wingware.com/psupport/python-manual/2.5/lib/node217.html", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1429246640124.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20150417045720-00304-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.6738535762, "token_count": 263, "score": 2.546875, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Is é an sonraíocht DOM ón W3C an doiciméadú críochnaitheach don DOM.\nTabhair faoi deara gur féidir tréithe DOM a ionramháil mar nóid seachas mar shreangáin shimplí. Tá sé an-annamh go gcaithfidh tú é seo a dhéanamh, áfach, mar sin níl an úsáid seo cláraithe go fóill.\nDOMImplementation Cad atá le déanamh8.6.2 Cad atá le déanamhInterface leis an gcur i bhfeidhm bunúsach.\n☐ Ní mór duit a bheith ar an eolas faoi na sonraí a bhaineann le do chuid sonraí pearsanta.\nIs é NodeList an t-idirlíon do shraith nóid.\n☐Cód na n-eispéiris a bhaineann le doiciméid a phróiseáil\n☐Cód doiciméad 8.6.2 ☐Cód doiciméad Object a léiríonn doiciméad iomlán.\nElement 8.6.2 Element nodees in the document hierarchy. \n Attr dara dara 8.6.2 dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara\n☐ Comhráite i doiciméad foinse.\n☐Códanna a bhfuil ábhar téacsúil sa doiciméad iontu.\n│ProcessingInstructionadgadgadgad8.6.2adgadgadgadProcessing instructionrepresentation.adgadgadgad\nDéanann rannán breise cur síos ar na heisceachtaí a shainmhínítear chun oibriú leis an DOM i Python."} {"text": "July 30, 2009\nThe World Health Organization determined in 2005 it has the authority to dissolve sovereign governments and take control should there be a “pandemicâ€Â. This applies to any country signed onto WHO….which of course we are. The WHO just raised this non-existent pandemic to level 4 (PLEASE SEE BOTTOM OF ARTICLE FOR VacTRUTH Author’s Note).\nFrom the WHO 2005 declaration: (excerpted) “ Under special pandemic plans enacted around the world including the USA, in 2005, national governments are to be dissolved in the event of a pandemic emergency and replaced by special crisis committees, which take charge of the health and security infrastructure of a country, and which are answerable to the WHO and EU in Europe and to the WHO and UN in North America.\nIf the Model Emergency Health Powers Act is implemented on the instructions of WHI, it will be a criminal offence for Americans to refuse the vaccine. Police are allowed to use deadly force against “criminal†suspects. Here are ten key points associated with MSEHPA:\nUnder the Model State Emergency Health Powers Act, upon the declaration of a “public health emergency,†governors and public health officials would be empowered to:\nForce individuals suspected of harboring an “infectious disease†to undergo medical examinations.\nTrack and share an individual’s personal health information, including genetic information.\nForce persons to be vaccinated, treated, or quarantined for infectious diseases.\nMandate that all health care providers report all cases of persons who harbor any illness or health condition that may be caused by an epidemic or an infectious agent and might pose a “substantial risk†to a “significant number of people or cause a long-term disability.†(Note: Neither “substantial risk†nor “significant number†are defined in the draft.)\nForce pharmacists to report any unusual or any increased prescription rates that may be caused by epidemic diseases.\nPreempt existing state laws, rules and regulations, including those relating to privacy, medical licensure, and—this is key—property rights.\nControl public and private property during a public health emergency, including pharmaceutical manufacturing plants, nursing homes, other health care facilities, and communications devices.\nMobilize all or any part of the “organized militia into service to the state to help enforce the state’s orders.†Ration firearms, explosives, food, fuel and alcoholic beverages, among other commodities.\nImpose fines and penalties to enforce their orders.\nSo there you have it. You are now officially to be declared a criminal if you refuse the vaccine and deadly force can be used against you if you resist. And to think, not only did our federal government agree to this abomination, it was also successful in getting the same laws passed in most states. I will be revisiting this list of powers in a subsequent article as it relates to the coming “healthcare reformâ€Â, and other odious pieces of legislation being devised.\nRead the Full Article Here.\nVacTRUTH Author’s note:\n2. Watch the 1976 Swine Flu CBS documentary which was shown to the American people only one time. This documentary exposes the fact that the whole vaccine campaign was a farse.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-26", "url": "http://vactruth.com/2009/08/04/refusing-vaccination-labels-you-a-%E2%80%9Ccriminal%E2%80%9D-so-says-who/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267859923.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20180618012148-20180618032148-00412.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9209036827, "token_count": 903, "score": 2.515625, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "30 Iúil, 2009\nChinn an Eagraíocht Dhomhanda Sláinte in 2005 go bhfuil sé an t-údarás a dhíscaoileadh rialtais uachtaránachta agus a ghlacadh smacht má tá a \"pandemic\". Baineann sé seo le haon tír a shínigh isteach ar WHO... . . rud atá againn ar ndóigh. Tá an WHO tar éis an paindéim neamh-fhorleathan seo a ardú go leibhéal 4 (FÉACH AN TÍOMHÁIN AR ARTAIGIL I NÓS VACTRUTH Nóta an Údair).\nÓ dhearbhú WHO 2005: (aistrithe) â‬ŠFaoi phleananna speisialta paindéime a d'eisigh an domhan ar fud an domhain lena n-áirítear na Stáit Aontaithe, i 2005, tá rialtais náisiúnta le sciúradh i gcás éigeandála paindéime agus iad a chur in ionad coistí géarchéime speisialta, a ghlacann cúram de bhonneagar sláinte agus slándála tíre, agus atá freagrach don WHO agus don AE san Eoraip agus don WHO agus na Náisiún Aontaithe i Meiriceá Thuaidh.\nMá tá an tAcht um Cumhachtaí Sláinte Éigeandála Múnla curtha i bhfeidhm ar theorainneacha WHI, beidh sé ina chion coiriúil do Mheiriceánaigh an vacsaín a dhiúltú. Tá cead ag na póilíní fórsa mharfach a úsáid i gcoinne daoine atá faoi amhras faoi choireacht. Seo deich bpríomhphointe a bhaineann le MSEHPA:\nFaoi an tAcht um Cumhachtaí Sláinte Éigeandála Stáit, nuair a dhearbhaítear éigeandáil sláinte phoiblí, bheadh cumhacht ag rialóirí agus oifigeach sláinte poiblí:\nÉilíonn sé ar dhaoine a bhfuil amhras orthu go bhfuil galar gabhálach acu dul faoi scrúduithe leighis.\nDéan faisnéis phearsanta sláinte duine aonair a rianú agus a roinnt, lena n-áirítear faisnéis ghéiniteach.\nDaoine a chur iallach chun a vacsaínithe, a chóireáil, nó a chur i gcarantainis le haghaidh galair ionfhabhtaithe.\nÉilíonn sé ar na soláthraithe cúraim sláinte go léir gach cás de dhaoine a bhfuil aon tinneas nó riocht sláinte acu a d'fhéadfadh a bheith mar thoradh ar eipidéim nó gníomhairí ionfhabhtaithe agus a d'fhéadfadh riosca \"suntasach\" a chur i láthair d'uimhir shuntasach daoine nó a d'fhéadfadh míchumais fhadtéarma a chur i bhfeidhm a thuairisciú. (Nóta: Ní shainmhínítear \"suntasach\" riosca ná \"suntasach\" líon sa dréacht.)\nÉilíonn sé ar chógaiseoirí aon rátaí oideas neamhghnácha nó méadaithe a thuairisciú a d'fhéadfadh a bheith mar thoradh ar ghalair eipidéimeacha.\nNí bheidh sé ag dul thar dlíthe, rialacha agus rialacháin stáit atá ann cheana, lena n-áirítear iad siúd a bhaineann le príobháideacht, ceadúnais leighis, agus is é seo na cearta maoine.\nRialaigh maoin phoiblí agus phríobháideach le linn éigeandála sláinte poiblí, lena n-áirítear gléasraí déantúsaíochta cógaisíochta, tithe altranais, saoráidí cúraim sláinte eile, agus feistí cumarsáide.\nCuir na mílíseacha eagraithe go léir nó cuid acu ar fáil chun freastal ar an stát chun cuidiú le horduithe an stáit a fhorfheidhmiú. Arm tine, pléascáin, bia, breosla agus deochanna alcóil a ráimniú, i measc earraí eile.\nFíneálacha agus pionóis a fhorchur chun a n-orduithe a fhorfheidhmiú.\nMar sin tá sé agat. Tá tú anois go hoifigiúil a bheith dearbhaithe mar choiriúil má dhiúltaíonn tú an vacsaín agus is féidir fórsa marbhtach a úsáid i do choinne má tá tú ag cur in aghaidh. Agus a cheapann, ní hamháin go bhfuil ár rialtas cónaidhme aontaigh leis an abomination, bhí sé chomh maith rathúil i a fháil ar na dlíthe céanna a rith i bhformhór na stáit. Beidh mé ag athbhreithniú an liosta cumhachtaí i alt ina dhiaidh sin mar go mbaineann sé leis an athchóiriú cúram sláinte atá le teacht, agus píosaí oidious eile reachtaíochta atá á n-oibreacht.\nLéigh an t-alt iomlán anseo.\nNóta an údair:\n2. Seachadadh. Féach ar an 1976 Grianghraif Muc CBS cáipéisíocht a thaispeántar do mhuintir na Meiriceánach ach uair amháin. Léiríonn an clár faisnéise seo gur bréag an fheachtas vacsaínithe ar fad."} {"text": "Exploring Babylon Chapter 23\nAlthough just published (May 2018), Barracoon: The Story of the Last “Black Cargo” was completed in 1931, based on work begun in the 1920s. Zora Neale Hurston’s Barracoon relates the story of a West African and his experience, before, during, and after U.S. slavery. Some of the content, as well as story of its publication, shed light on #ExploringBabylon.\nOluale Kossola (Cudjo Lewis) was born in Benin, West Africa, around 1841. He was captured by Dahomian warriors and temporarily held in a barracoon, before being sold to slavers. He was then transported to the U.S. on the Clotilda, the last known trans-Atlantic slave ship. At age 86, Kossola granted Hurston interviews that became Barracoon. The long trail from Hurston’s work to publication is related in the current volume by its editor, Deborah G. Plant.\nOne reason the publication did not appear back in the 1930s was Hurston’s refusal to rewrite Kossola’s vernacular speech in more standard English. I find that listening to Hurston’s voice helps set the scene and prepare the reader for her rendering of Kossola’s speech:\nKossula ceased speaking and looked pointedly at his melon rind. There was still lots of good red meat and a quart or two of juice. I looked at mine. I had more meat left than Kossula had. Nothing was left of the first installment, but a pleasant memory. So we lifted the half-rinds to our knees and started all over again. The sun was still hot so we did the job leisurely.\nWatermelon halves having ends like everything else, and a thorough watermelon eating being what it is, a long over-stuffed silence fell on us.\n— Hurston, Barracoon, p.40-41\nSongs and Names in a Strange Land\nOluale Kossola (Cudjo Lewis) explains the naming of his children:\n“In de Afficky we gottee one name, but in dis place dey tell us we needee two names. One for de son, you unnerstand me, and den one for the father. Derefo’ I put de name of my father O-lo-loo-ay to my name. But it too long for people to call it. It too crooked lak Kossula. So dey call me Cudjo Lewis.\n“So you unnerstand me, we give our chillun two names. One name because we not furgit our home; den another name for de Americky soil so it won’t be too crooked to call.”\n— Kossola, Barracoon, p.72-73\nKossola describes for Hurston the funeral of the first of his children to die:\n“We Christian people now, so we put our baby in de coffin and dey take her in de church, and everybody come look down in her face. Dey sing, ‘Shall We Meet Beyond De River’. I been a member of de church a long time now, and I know de words of de song wid my mouth, but my heart it doan know dat. Derefo’ I sing inside me, ‘O todo ah wah n-law yah-lee, owrran k-nee ra ra k-nee ro ro.’ [not translated].”\n— Kossola, Barracoon, p.74\nExiles in Babylon believed they would one day return home, meanwhile pining: “How shall we sing the LORD’S song in a foreign land?” (Ps. 137:4). Kossola seems to ask, instead: Can we ever sing our own songs in this land from which there seems no escape?\nStrange, Familiar, Tales\nThis parable, among several Kossola shared, was told after the death of his wife:\n“’You see Ole Charlie dere. S’pose he stop here on de way to church. He got de parasol ’cause he think it gwine rain when he leave de house. But he look at de sky and ‘cide hit ain’ gwine rain so he set it dere by the door an’ go on to church. After de preachin’ he go on home ’cause he think de parasol at Cudjo house. It safe. He say, “I git it nexy time I go dat way.” When he come home he say to one de chillun, “Go to Cudjo house and tellee him I say sendee me my parasol.”\n“’De parasol is pretty. I likee keep dat one.’ But I astee dem all, ‘Is it right to keep de parasol?’ Dey all say, ‘No it belong to Charlie.’\n“’Well,’ I say, ‘my wife, she b’long to God. He lef’ her by my door’\n— from Kossola’s parables, Barracoon, p.92\nThis tale comes from a medieval collection of midrash:\n[Rabbi Meir is at the house of study, and Beruriah is at home, when their two sons both die suddenly on the Sabbath. After Meir returns home and the Sabbath comes to a close…]\n“Rabbi,” she then said, “some time ago a deposit was left with me for safe-keeping, and now the owner has come to claim it. Must I return it?”\n“Can there be any question about the return of property to its owner?” said R. Meïr, half astonished and half indignant that his wife should entertain a doubt.\n“I did not care to let it go out of my possession without your knowledge,” replied Beruriah, seemingly in excuse, and, taking him by the hand, led him into the room in which the bodies of their two sons were lying on the bed. When she withdrew the cover, R. Meïr broke out in tears and plaints. Gently Beruriah reminded him of his answer to her question about the return of a treasure entrusted to one for safe-keeping, adding the verse from Job (i. 21): “The Lord gave, and the Lord hath taken away; blessed be the name of the Lord.”\n— from Proverbs 964, Yalkut Shimoni\nas quoted in the Jewish Encyclopedia\nI would be very interested to learn if Christian lore includes stories similar to the tale about Beruriah and Meir (2nd Century CE) and Kossola’s early 20th Century parable.\nStrangeness in the Story\nOne more note from Deborah G. Plant’s comments:\nIn face of Kossola’s recollections, the social constructions of “My People” and “Africans” were deconstructed by the reality of ethnic identifications, which not only distinguished tribes and clans but also generated the narrative distance and the ideological difference that rendered one ethnic group capable of regarding another as “stranger” or “enemy,” and allowed that group to offer up the “Other” to “the Trans-Atlantic trade.”\n“One thing impressed me strongly from this three months of association with Cudjo Lewis,” Hurston writes. “The white people had held my people in slavery in America. They had brought us, it is true and exploited us. But the inescapable fact that stuck in my craw, was: my people had sold me and the white people had bought me. That did away with the folklore I had been brought up on – that the white people had gone to Africa, waved a red handkerchief at the Africans and lured them aboard the ship and sailed away.” [footnote]\n— Plant, editor, Barracoon, p.124-125\nHurston’s struggle, comparing what she learned from Kossola with what she’d been previously taught, is reminiscent in some ways of David W. Stowe’s comparison of the Exodus story with that of Babylonian Exile.\nZora Neal Hurston (1891-1960)\nBarracoon: The Story of the Last “Black Cargo.”\nForeword: Alice Walker. Editor: Deborah G. Plant\nNY: Amistad (HarperCollins), 2018.\nInterviews were conducted in 1927. Book was completed in 1931.\nMore on this volume from HarperCollins\nShort, clear background piece.\nNPR story about the publication\nFootnote in Barracoon cites Zora Neale Hurston, Dust Tracks on a Road: An Autobiography. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press , 1984. p. 200", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-26", "url": "https://songeveryday.org/2018/06/05/strange-and-familiar/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267863939.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20180620221657-20180621001657-00171.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.950774312, "token_count": 1945, "score": 3.1875, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Ag Taighde Babilon Caibidil 23\nCé gur foilsíodh é díreach (Mháire 2018), Barracoon: The Story of the Last Black Cargo críochnaithe i 1931, bunaithe ar obair a thosaigh sna 1920idí. Insíonn Barracoon Zora Neale Hurston scéal na hAfraice Thiar agus a thaithí, roimh, le linn, agus tar éis sclábhaíocht na Stát Aontaithe. Tugann cuid den ábhar, chomh maith le scéal a fhoilsiú, léargas ar #ExploringBabylon.\nRugadh Oluale Kossola (Cudjo Lewis) i mBéin, san Afraic Thiar, timpeall 1841. Ghlac na cogairí Dahomian é agus coinníodh go sealadach é i barracoon, sula ndíoladh é le sclábhaithe. Chuireadh chuig na Stáit Aontaithe é ansin ar an Clotilda, an long sclábhaí trasatlantach deireanach a bhí ar eolas aige. Ag aois 86, thug Kossola agallaimh do Hurston a tháinig chun bheith ina Barracoon. Tá an bealach fada ó obair Hurston go foilseachán a bhaineann leis an méid reatha ag a eagarthóir, Deborah G. Plant.\nCeann de na cúiseanna nár nocht an foilseachán ar ais sna 1930idí ná diúltú Hurston labhairt na Gaeilge a scríobh Kossola i mBéarla níos caighdeánaí. Fuair mé go gcuireann éisteacht le guth Hurston leis an radharc a shocrú agus an léitheoir a ullmhú don léiriú a dhéanann sí ar chaint Kossola:\nKossula scor ag labhairt agus d'fhéach sé go géar ar a peil melon. Bhí go leor fós feoil dearg maith agus litr nó dhó de sú. D'fhéach mé ar mo chuid féin. Bhí mé níos mó feola fágtha ná a bhí ag Kossula. Níor fhan aon rud den chéad tráthchuid, ach cuimhní suimiúil. Mar sin, thóg muid an leath-cinn ar ár gcneasa agus thosaigh gach rud arís. Bhí an ghrian fós te mar sin rinneamar an obair leisciúil.\nWatermelon leathanna a bhfuil foircinn cosúil le gach rud eile, agus go hiomlán watermelon ithe a bheith ar cad é, thit an-stuffed mutua fada orainn.\n Hurston, Barracoon, pp.40-41\nAinmneacha agus Ainmneacha i dTír Eile\nMíníonn Oluale Kossola (Cudjo Lewis) ainmniú a leanaí:\nIn de Afficky fuair muid ainm amháin, ach sa áit seo deir siad dúinn go dteastaíonn dhá ainm uainn. Ceann do de mhac, tú unnerstand dom, agus den ceann don athair. Derefo Chuir mé de ainm mo athair O-lo-loo-ay ar mo ainm. Ach tá sé ró-fhada do dhaoine a ghlaoch air. Tá sé ró-croite lac Kossula. Mar sin dey glaoch orm Cudjo Lewis.\n Mar sin, má tá tú unnerstand dom, a thabhairt dúinn ár chillun dhá ainm. Ainm amháin toisc nach bhfuil muid furgit ár dteach; den ainm eile do de Americky ithir mar sin ní bheidh sé ró-croite a ghlaoch.\n Kossola, Barracoon, l.72-73\nDéanann Kossola cur síos do Hurston ar an adhlacadh ar an gcéad duine dá leanaí a fuair bás:\nWe daoine Críostaí anois, mar sin táimid a chur ar ár leanbh i de coffin agus deannaigh í i de eaglais, agus gach duine teacht breathnú síos i a aghaidh. Dey sing, \"Shall We Meet Beyond De River\". Tá mé ina bhall den eaglais le fada anois, agus tá a fhios agam na focail de an t-amhrán wid mo bhéal, ach mo chroí nach bhfuil sé a fhios dat. Derefo Sílim go bhfuil mé ag canadh istigh i mo, O todo ah wah n-law yah-lee, owrran k-nee ra ra k-nee ro ro. [ní aistrithe].\n Kossola, Barracoon, l.74\nBhí creideamh ag na dílleachtaigh i mBabylon go dtiocfadh siad abhaile lá amháin, agus iad ag caoineadh: 'Conas a chanfaimid amhrán an TIGHEARNA i dtír choigríche?' (Salm. 137:4) Tá an t-am ag teacht. Is cosúil go bhfuil Kossola ag iarraidh, ina ionad sin: An féidir linn ár n-amhráin féin a chanadh riamh sa tír seo as nach bhfuil aon éalú ann?\nWeird, Familiar, Tales\nCuireadh an parabal seo, i measc roinnt de na parabalta a roinn Kossola, tar éis bháis a mhná:\nFéach tú Ole Charlie dere. Má stopann sé anseo ar a bhealach go dtí an eaglais. Fuair sé an parasol toisc go gceapann sé go bhfuil sé ag báisteach nuair a fhágann sé an teach. Ach d'fhéach sé ar an spéir agus bhuail sé an báisteach agus chuir sé é ag an doras agus chuaigh sé go dtí an eaglais. Tar éis an preaching sé dul ar bhaile toisc go bhfuil sé ag smaoineamh ar parasol ag Cudjo teach. Tá sé sábháilte. Deir sé, \"Gabhfaidh mé é an chéad uair eile a rachaidh mé ar an mbealach sin\". Nuair a thagann sé abhaile deir sé le duine de chillun, \"Téigh go teach Cudjo agus inis dó a deirim, seol mo shárla dom\".\n Tá an parasol deas. Ba mhaith liom a choinneáil ar an ceann. Ach iarr mé orthu go léir, Is ceart a choinneáil ar de parasol? Deir siad go léir, Níl sé de chuid Charlie. \n\"Bhuel\", a deirim, \"mo bhean chéile, tá sí blong le Dia. He left her by my door D'fhág sé í ag mo dhoras \n ó parabal Kosolas, Barracoon, p.92\nTagann an scéal seo ó bhailiúchán meánaoiseach midrash:\n[Tá an Rabí Meir sa teach staidéir, agus tá Beruriah sa bhaile, nuair a bháis a beirt mhac go tobann ar an Sabbath. Tar éis Meir filleadh abhaile agus an Sabbath a thagann go dtí an deireadh...]\n\"A Rabhái\", a dúirt sí ansin, \"bhí taisce curtha i mo sheilbh le roinnt ama ó shin chun a choinneáil slán, agus anois tá an t-úinéir tagtha chun é a éileamh. An gá dom é a thabhairt ar ais?\n\"An féidir aon cheist a bheith ann maidir le maoin a thabhairt ar ais dá úinéir?\" a dúirt R. Meïr, leath iontas agus leath indignant go mbeadh amhras ag a bhean chéile.\n\"Níor thug mé cúram dó dul as mo sheilbh gan do fhios\", a d'fhreagair Beruriah, is cosúil go raibh sé ina leithscéal, agus, ag glacadh leis ar láimh, thug sé isteach sa seomra ina raibh comhlachtaí a mbeirt mhac ina luí ar an leaba. Nuair a tharraing sí an clúdach, thit R. Meïr i bpláinéad agus i gcúis. Go suaimhneach chuir Beruriah i gcuimhne dó a fhreagra ar a cheist faoi aisghabháil stór a cuireadh i gceann le coinneáil slán, ag cur an véarsa ó Job (i. 21): An Tiarna a thug, agus an Tiarna a thóg; beannaithe a bheith ainm an Tiarna.\n ó Eagnacha 964, Yalkut Shimoni\nmar a luaitear sa Jewish Encyclopedia\nBheadh an-spéis agam a fháil amach an bhfuil scéalta cosúil leis an scéal faoi Beruriah agus Meir (an 2ú haois CE) agus parabal Kossola ag tús an 20ú haois san áireamh i léitheoireacht Chríostaí.\nAn t-eagmais sa Scéal\nNóta amháin eile ó thuairimí Deborah G. Plant:\nI bhfianaise cuimhneamh Kossola, rinneadh deconstructions sóisialta \"Mo Dhaoine\" agus \"Afraice\" a dhíchóiriú le fírinne na n-aitheantais eitneacha, a d'éirigh le treibheanna agus clans a idirdhealú ach a chruthaigh an fad scéalaíochta agus an difríocht idé-eolaíoch a rinne grúpa eitneach amháin in ann a mheas mar \"eachtrannach\" nó \"neamh-ghleacaigh\", agus a cheadaigh don ghrúpa sin an \"Eile\" a thairiscint don \"thrácht tras-Atlantach\".\nRinne rud amháin an-tóir orm as an gcaidreamh trí mhí seo le Cudjo Lewis,a scríobh Hurston. Bhí daoine bána ag mo mhuintir i sclábhaíocht i Meiriceá. Bhí siad a thug dúinn, tá sé fíor agus úsáid dúinn. Ach an fíric nach féidir a sheachaint a d'fhan i mo chroí, bhí: mo mhuintir a dhíol mé agus na daoine bán a cheannaigh mé. Chuir sé sin deireadh leis an bpearsa a bhí mé tar éis a bheith ag fás suas go raibh na daoine bána imithe go hAfraice, ag cur sciathán dearg ar na hAfraiceanna agus iad a mhealladh ar bord na loinge agus a sheol amach.\n Plant, eagarthóir, Barracoon, p.124-125\nTá streachailt Hurston, ag comparáid na rudaí a d'fhoghlaim sí ó Kossola leis na rudaí a bhí foghlamtha di roimhe seo, i gcuimhne ar bhealaí áirithe de David W. Stowe comparáid a dhéanamh idir scéal Exodus agus an Exile Babylon.\nZora Neal Hurston (1891-1960)\nBarracoon: Scéal an Cargáige Dubh Deireanach.\nTús: Alice Walker. Editor: Deborah G. Plant\nNY: Amistad (HarperCollins), 2018.\nRinneadh agallaimh i 1927. Cuireadh deireadh le leabhar i 1931.\nTuilleadh ar an toirt seo ó HarperCollins\nPíosa cúlra gearr, soiléir.\nScéal NPR faoin bhfoilseachán\nTugann nóta thíos i Barracoon Zora Neale Hurston, Dust Tracks on a Road: An Autobiography. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press , 1984. l. 200"} {"text": "Spring blooming native perennials provide a profusion of blue and yellow flowers. Many of these plants are ephemeral — emerging to bloom in spring and going into dormancy for the rest of the year. While selecting plants that give you at least three seasons of interest makes the most sense to me, these three seem worth the effort even though they only appear in spring. Spring is a great time to look around to see whether these are of interest and also the time when they are most available for purchase. All like some shade and prefer moister rather than drier soils. These are great for planting beneath a large tree.\nVirginia bluebells (Mertensia virginica) seem to be the most exuberant of these three. They emerge so quickly once spring arrives, the buds are purple and quickly turn to blue as the plants grow to 2′ in height and they will disappear just as quickly once finished blooming. If you have a dappled sun or shady spot with average to moist soil, and you want cheery spring blue flowers, Virginia bluebells are a great choice. They also self seed though new plants take several years to grow before they bloom.\nCelandine poppy (Stylophorum diphyllum), the native woodland poppy in the Chesapeake watershed, is another easy to grow, prolific blooming plant in spring. Cheery yellow flowers last for about a month and, in moist areas, the fern like foliage will last through much of summer. This perennial also self sows, but not crazily, which is nice if you want to fill in an area. Woodland poppy is also a good choice if you are looking for the native alternative to daffodils.\nTrillium, also called wood lilies, are shade loving plants that are unusual looking. Pictured above right is the yellow flowered trillium (Trillium luteum). The white (Trillium grandiflorum) and red trilliums (Trillium sessile) are also native. Trilliums are slower growing than the first two and really are best suited to shady woodland gardens.\nAll of these early blooming plants make pollinators and birds happy. Wishing you peaceful gardening.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-17", "url": "https://www.nutsfornatives.com/post/maryland-and-virginia-native-plants-spring-blooms", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618039626288.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20210423011010-20210423041010-00003.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.955347538, "token_count": 462, "score": 2.640625, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Tá go leor bláthanna gorma agus buí ag na plandaí daingean a bhíonn ag bláthadh sa earrach. Tá go leor de na plandaí seo efemér ag teacht chun cinn chun bláthanna a chur sa earrach agus ag dul isteach i gcúis codlata don chuid eile den bhliain. Cé go bhfuil an ciall is mó dom plandaí a roghnú a thugann trí shéasúr spéise duit ar a laghad, is cosúil go bhfuil na trí cinn seo fiú an iarracht cé nach dtarlaíonn siad ach san earrach. Is é an earrach an t-am iontach chun féachaint timpeall chun a fheiceáil an bhfuil suim acu agus an t-am freisin nuair a bhíonn siad ar fáil chun iad a cheannach. Is maith leo go léir scáth agus is fearr leo ithir taise ná ithir níos tirim. Tá siad seo iontach le haghaidh plandáil faoi chrann mór.\nIs cosúil gurb iad na bluebells Virginia (Mertensia virginica) an ceann is exuberant de na trí cinn. Tá na cnapanna purpúrtha agus casann siad go gorm go tapa nuair a fhásann na plandaí go 2 ' ar airde agus imíonn siad chomh tapa céanna nuair a bhíonn siad críochnaithe ag bláthú. Má tá tú ag a bhfuil spotted ghrian nó áit scáthúil le meán a ithir taise, agus is mian leat bláthanna blao earrach cheerful, Virginia bluebells is rogha iontach. Tá siad féin-sithe freisin cé go dtógann plandaí nua roinnt blianta chun fás sula bhfásann siad.\nIs plandaí éasca le fás eile é an ceelandine poppy (Stylophorum diphyllum), an poppy foraoise dúchasach i dtráthchríoch Chesapeake, atá ag bláthú go prósúil san earrach. Maireann bláthanna buí gealacha geal ar feadh thart ar mhí agus, i gceantair taise, maireann an fern cosúil le duilleoga ar feadh cuid mhaith den samhradh. Tá an plandúil seo féin-séadaíonn freisin, ach ní crazyly, a bhfuil deas más mian leat a líonadh i limistéar. Is rogha maith é an poppy Woodland freisin má tá tú ag lorg rogha eile dúchasach do na daffodils.\nIs plandaí neamhghnách iad na trillium, ar a dtugtar lilisí adhmaid freisin, a bhfuil grá acu don scáth. Sa phictiúr thuas ar dheis tá an trillium buí bláthmhar (Trillium luteum). Tá an trillium bán (Trillium grandiflorum) agus an trillium dearg (Trillium sessile) dúchasach freisin. Tá trilliums ag fás níos moille ná an chéad dá agus i ndáiríre is fearr a oiriúnaítear do ghairdín foraoise shady.\nDéanann na plandaí seo go léir a bhíonn ag bláthadh go luath pollinatóirí agus éin áthas. Ag súil leat gairdíníocht shíochánta."} {"text": "Water Management-Water Cycling\n|As part of a SARE-funded project at the University of Arizona, grower Craig Collins raised olive trees irrigated from his shrimp pond. |\nPhoto by Kevin Fitzsimmons\nSome farmers and ranchers seeking to maximize every drop of precipitation are creating systems that double the benefits of a water source by applying it to two enterprises. Many of them pair crops with aquaculture, which not only recycles water but also provides nutrients from fish waste. Worldwide, aquaculture is expected to grow at about 7.3 percent annually, from $66 billion in 2003 to more than $93 billion in 2008 in response to market demand.\nUniversity of Arizona researchers funded by SARE integrated shrimp ponds with olive trees on a Gila Bend, Ariz., farm to test the benefits of running irrigation water through two systems. Researchers designed a plot of 120 trees, irrigated them from the shrimp pond, and compared canopy height and trunk circumference to a set of trees watered from a well. Watering trees from the shrimp ponds also supplied saplings with 1.6 to 5.6 kilograms of nitrogen per row from the shrimp waste. In the second year, they met the full nitrogen recommendation for olive trees.\n“We wanted to show how to pair crops with aquaculture, running water through fish or shrimp first, then putting it on their crops,” said project leader Kevin Fitzsimmons, a soil, water and environmental researcher. “The trees grew significantly better with the effluent than the trees that were on well water.”\nFitzsimmons also tested shrimp pond sludge – shrimp waste that settles to the bottom – on tomato plots at the university’s Environmental Research Lab. The tomatoes amended with sludge in Fitzsimmons’ project produced significantly more fruit than the tomatoes in the control plot with unamended soil: 141 grams of fruit per plant compared to 39 grams in the control plants. “A major point is that we’re using the N and P in the waste from the shrimp to replace the N and P fertilizers that farmers would otherwise have to buy,” Fitzsimmons said.\nThrough field days, Fitzsimmons’ team publicized their results and, since then, close to a dozen Arizona crop farmers are trying to integrate fish and shrimp farming into their systems.\nThe climate on the U.S. Virgin Islands is also semi-arid, and Islanders view water as a valuable resource. To help the small, high-value market crop farmers on\nSt. John, researchers at the University of the Virgin Islands explored ways to use tank-grown tilapia to add fertility and recycle water.\nProject leader Don Bailey hopes to raise the standard of living by introducing a marketable new product in a territory that imports more than 80 percent of its seafood and 90 percent of its fruit and vegetables.\n“Fish is an alternative crop for farmers to diversify their income beyond field crops,” said Bailey, who tested tank-raised fish on a St. John farm growing organic greens, using dried fish sludge as a soil amendment. Tilapia can bring up to $3 a pound and costs just $1.25 a pound to produce.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-22", "url": "http://www.sare.org/Learning-Center/Bulletins/Smart-Water-Use-on-Your-Farm-or-Ranch/Text-Version/Water-Management/Water-Cycling", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-22/segments/1432207929869.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20150521113209-00194-ip-10-180-206-219.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9437709451, "token_count": 670, "score": 3.234375, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Bainistíocht Uisce-Rathrú Uisce\nMar chuid de thionscadal a mhaoiníonn SARE in Ollscoil Arizona, d'fhás an feirmeoir Craig Collins crainn olóige a bhí á uisceáil as a chladach creimire. Tá sé seo.\nGrianghraf ag Kevin Fitzsimmons\nTá roinnt feirmeoirí agus feirmeoirí ag iarraidh an méid is mó a bhaint as gach titim báistí agus tá siad ag cruthú córais a dhéantar chun na buntáistí a bhaineann le foinse uisce a dhúbailt trína chur i bhfeidhm ar dhá ghnólachtaí. Tá go leor acu ag cur na barraí i gcomhar le dobharshaothraithe, rud a dhéanann ní amháin uisce a athchúrsáil ach a sholáthraíonn cothaithigh ó dhramhaíl éisc freisin. Táthar ag súil go dtiocfaidh méadú thart ar 7.3 faoin gcéad ar an uisce-chultúr ar fud an domhain gach bliain, ó $66 billiún in 2003 go níos mó ná $93 billiún in 2008 mar fhreagra ar éileamh an mhargaidh.\nRinne taighdeoirí Ollscoil Arizona, arna maoiniú ag SARE, poill creimíní a chomhtháthú le crainn olóige ar fheirm i Gila Bend, Arizona, chun na buntáistí a bhaineann le huisce uisciúcháin a reáchtáil trí dhá chóras a thástáil. Rinne taighdeoirí plota de 120 crann a dhearadh, iad a uisceáil ón loch creimíní, agus méadú an chnoic agus imlíne an troma a chur i gcomparáid le sraith de chrainn a raibh uisce á cur orthu ó phota. Bhí 1.6 go 5.6 cileagram nítrigine in aghaidh an tsraith ó dhramhaíl na gcarraig ag na crainn a bhí á uisce ó na locha garraíodóireachta. Sa dara bliain, chomhlíon siad an moladh iomlán nítrigine do chrainn olóige.\n'Ba mhaith linn a thaispeáint conas barraí a lánú le dobharshaothraithe, ag rith uisce trí iasc nó creimíní ar dtús, ansin é a chur ar a gcuid barraí,' a dúirt ceannaire an tionscadail Kevin Fitzsimmons, taighdeoir ithreach, uisce agus comhshaoil. D'fhás na crainn go suntasach níos fearr leis an effluent ná na crainn a bhí ar uisce tobar.\nRinne Fitzsimmons tástáil freisin ar slam locha creiméid - dramhaíl creiméid a shuíonn go bun - ar phláinéid tamáiste ag an Ollscoil's Environmental Research Lab. Bhí torthaí i bhfad níos mó ag na trátaí a ndearnadh modhnú orthu le salainn i dtionscadal Fitzsimmons ná na trátaí sa phláta rialaithe le talamh neamhmhodhnúta: 141 gram torthaí in aghaidh an phlanda i gcomparáid le 39 gram sna planntraí rialaithe. \"Is pointe tábhachtach é go bhfuilimid ag úsáid an N agus an P i dramhaíl na creimíní chun na leasacháin N agus P a bheadh ar fheirmeoirí a cheannach a chur in ionad\", a dúirt Fitzsimmons.\nTrí laethanta sa réimse, d'fhoilsigh foireann Fitzsimmons a gcuid torthaí agus, ó shin i leith, tá beagnach dosaen feirmeoir barra Arizona ag iarraidh feirmeoireacht iasc agus creimíní a chomhtháthú ina gcórais.\nTá aeráid na hOileáin Mhaighdeana Mheiriceá leath-triomach freisin, agus measaíonn Oileáinigh uisce mar acmhainn luachmhar. Chun cabhrú le feirmeoirí beaga, ardluachmhargaidh ar thalmhaíocht\nJohn, d'fhorbraíodh taighdeoirí in Ollscoil na nOileáin Mhaighdean bealaí chun tilapia a fhásann i tanc a úsáid chun torthúlacht a chur leis agus uisce a athchúrsáil.\nTá súil ag Don Bailey, ceannaire an tionscadail, go dtógfaidh sé an caighdeán maireachtála trí tháirge nua a chur ar fáil i gcríoch a allmhairíonn níos mó ná 80 faoin gcéad dá bhia mara agus 90 faoin gcéad dá thorthaí agus de ghlasraí.\n\"Is toradh malartach é an t-iasc do fheirmeoirí chun a n-ioncam a éagsúlú thar thorthaí feirme\", a dúirt Bailey, a rinne tástáil ar iasc a ardú i tancaí i bhfeirm i St. John ag fás glasraí orgánacha, ag úsáid salainn éisc thriomaithe mar leasú talún. Is féidir le tilapia suas le $ 3 an chileagram a thabhairt agus ní chosnaíonn sé ach $ 1.25 an chileagram a tháirgeadh."} {"text": "The Consumer Financial and Protection Bureau (CFPB) is an independent federal agency created in 2011, that holds primary responsibility for regulating consumer protection with regard to financial products and services in the U.S. They’re working toward reforming the mortgage markets.\nTheir Know Before You Owe (KBYO): Mortgages project resulted in finalized mortgage forms on November 20, 2013. They improve consumer understanding, aid comparison shopping, and help prevent surprises.\nThe new rules and forms go into effect on August 1, 2015. The final rule applies to most closed-end consumer mortgage loans (including refinances) but not to home equity lines of credit, reverse mortgages, or mortgage loans secured by a mobile home or by a dwelling that is not attached to real property. It also does not apply to loans made by a creditor who makes 5 or fewer mortgages in a year (e.g. seller-financing).\nThe CFPB is serious about clearing up the communication process between mortgage lenders and mortgage borrowers. Their KBYO: Mortgages fact sheet states:\n“In the lead up to the financial crisis, many consumers took on loans they could not afford: When shopping for a mortgage loan, most consumers are concerned about the interest rate and their monthly payment.\nThis focus on short-term costs while underestimating long-term costs may result in consumers taking out mortgage loans that are more costly than they realize.” (emphasis added)\nIn their Detailed Summary of the Rule, the CFPB explains the history of the soon-to-be-replaced forms:\n“For more than 30 years, federal law has required lenders to provide two different disclosure forms to consumers applying for a mortgage. The law also has generally required two different forms at or shortly before closing on the loan. Two different federal agencies developed these forms separately, under two federal statutes: the Truth in Lending Act (TILA) and the Real Estate Settlement Procedures Act of 1974 (RESPA). The information on these forms is overlapping and the language is inconsistent. Not surprisingly, consumers often find the forms confusing. It is also not surprising that lenders and settlement agents find the forms burdensome to provide and explain.” (emphasis added)\nThe Loan Estimate\nThe Loan Estimate will replace the Truth in Lending disclosure and the Good Faith Estimate and will be provided within 3 business days after submitting a loan application. It’s intended to make comparison shopping of both costs and features easier for consumers.\nThe Closing Disclosure\nThe Closing Disclosure will replace the final Truth in Lending Statement and the HUD-1 uniform settlement statement. It will be provided to consumers 3 business days before closing on a loan, and it will provide a detailed accounting of their transaction.\nThere are 3 triggers for restarting a new 3 day waiting period: a 1/8 change in APR, a change in loan product, or the addition of a prepayment fee.\nThe CFPB is also including Spanish-language versions of the Loan Estimate and the Closing Disclosure. They will provide important benefits to industry in communicating with Spanish-speaking consumers.\nComparing the disclosure forms, I expect the forms will be appreciated by mortgage borrowers because they will make it simpler to understand the financials of a mortgage and the accounting of closing costs. Both of these improvements help improve our industry.\nAt the same time, I wish the forms would have been more communicative that low cost (quantitative factor) is not the only important comparison factor.\nAs anyone who has had bank accounts at two or more banks knows, not all access to money costs the same. The features and benefits (qualitative factors) vary widely among lenders and closing companies. Even at similar cost, differences may include: availability of supplementary products, customer service and communication, and overall experience.\nPut plainly, you may dread the tellers, limited locations, hefty ATM fees, and lack of online statements from Bank X‘s free checking account, but you’re happy to pay a monthly fee to Bank Y for your assigned personal banker, generous payment timeframes, “accident forgiveness” fee policies, and comfortable lounges.\nHaving a simple and effective cost comparison is an extremely important step in the right direction, of which the CFPB has done an excellent job. Working with knowledgable, trusted, and “on your team” real estate advisors, like those at End Zone Realty, is very important too.\nWe’re happy to help buyers with all aspects of their home purchase, including clarifying the process, assisting with offers, negotiating contracts, explaining costs, and providing reputable contacts.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-26", "url": "https://endzonerealty.com/cfpb-kbyo-mortgage-forms/13397/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267860168.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20180618090026-20180618110026-00391.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9477844834, "token_count": 961, "score": 2.59375, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Is gníomhaireacht pholaitiúil neamhspleách é an Biúró um Chosaint Airgeadais agus Tomhaltóirí (CFPB) a cruthaíodh i 2011, a bhfuil freagracht phríomhúil aige as cosaint tomhaltóirí a rialáil maidir le táirgí agus seirbhísí airgeadais sna Stáit Aontaithe. Tá siad ag obair i dtreo athchóiriú na margaí morgáiste.\nA n-Aithint Sula bhfuil Tú ag Oibleagáid (KBYO): D'éirigh le tionscadal morgáistí foirmeacha morgáiste críochnaithe a chríochnú ar 20 Samhain, 2013. Feabhsaíonn siad tuiscint an tomhaltóra, cuireann siad le comparáid siopadóireachta agus cuireann siad le haon ionadh a sheachaint.\nTiocfaidh na rialacha agus na foirmeacha nua i bhfeidhm an 1 Lúnasa, 2015. Baineann an riail dheireanach leis an chuid is mó de na hiasachtaí morgáiste tomhaltóirí dúnta (lena n-áirítear athmhaoiniú) ach ní le línte creidmheasa cothromais tí, morgáistí aisiontacha, nó iasachtaí morgáiste faoi chúnacht ag teach soghluaiste nó ag tithíocht nach bhfuil ceangailte le maoin réadach. Ní bhaineann sé freisin le hiasachtaí a dhéanann creidiúnaí a dhéanann 5 mhorgáiste nó níos lú i mbliana (m.sh. maoiniú díoltóra).\nTá CFPB dáiríre maidir le próiseas cumarsáide a shoiléiriú idir iasachtóirí morgáiste agus iasachtóirí morgáiste. Deir a gcuid KBYO: Fíricí fíricí morgáiste:\nAn chéad uair a tháinig an ghéarchéim airgeadais, ghlac go leor tomhaltóirí iasachtaí nach raibh ar a gcumas iad a íoc: Nuair a bhíonn siad ag ceannach iasacht mhorgáiste, bíonn imní ar an gcuid is mó de na tomhaltóirí faoin ráta úis agus faoin íocaíocht mhíosail.\nD'fhéadfadh sé go dtógfadh tomhaltóirí iasachtaí morgáiste a bheadh níos costasaí ná mar a thuigtear, de bharr an díriú sin ar chostais ghearrthéarmach agus íomhá a chur ar chostais fhadtéarmacha. (béim curtha leis)\nIna achoimre mionsonraithe ar an riail, míníonn an CFPB stair na bhfoirmeacha a bheidh le haistriú go luath:\nLe breis agus 30 bliain, tá dlí cónaidhme ag éileamh ar iasachtóirí dhá fhoirm nochtadh éagsúla a chur ar fáil do thomhaltóirí a dhéanann iarratas ar mhorgáiste. Tá dhá fhoirm dhifriúla ag teastáil go ginearálta ag an dlí freisin ag an lá nó go gairid roimh an iasacht a dhúnadh. D'fhorbair dhá ghníomhaireacht fhéidearálach éagsúla na foirmeacha seo ar leithligh, faoi dhá reachtas cónaidhme: an tAcht um Fírinne i nIasacht (TILA) agus an tAcht um Nósanna Imeachtaí Socraíochta eastáit réadaigh 1974 (RESPA). Tá an fhaisnéis ar na foirmeacha seo ag dul in éineacht agus tá an teanga neamhréireach. Ní haon ionadh go mbíonn na foirmeacha seo mí-chomhthosca do thomhaltóirí go minic. Ní haon ionadh freisin go bhfaigheann iasachtóirí agus gníomhaithe socraíochta na foirmeacha a bheith tromchúiseach a sholáthar agus a mhíniú. (aighneacht curtha leis)\nMeasúnú an Iasachta\nBeidh an Meastachán Iasachta in ionad nochtadh Fírinne i nIasachtú agus Meastachán Dea-Chreidmheasa agus cuirfear ar fáil é laistigh de 3 lá oibre tar éis iarratas ar iasacht a chur isteach. Tá sé i gceist é a dhéanamh comparáid siopadóireachta de chostais agus gnéithe níos éasca do thomhaltóirí.\nAn Fógra Chríochnaithe\nBeidh an t-Aifreann Chríochnaitheach in ionad an Bhfírinne deiridh i Ráiteas Iasachta agus ráiteas socraíochta aonfhoirmeach HUD-1. Cuirfear ar fáil é do thomhaltóirí 3 lá oibre roimh dhúnadh ar iasacht, agus cuirfidh sé cuntas mionsonraithe ar a n-idirbheart ar fáil.\nTá 3 thrigger ann chun tréimhse feithimh nua 3 lá a thosú: athrú 1/8 ar an APR, athrú ar tháirge iasachta, nó táille réamhíocaíochta a chur leis.\nTá an CFPB ag cur le leaganacha i mBéarla an Mheastacháin iasachta agus an Fhaisnéis Chríochnaithe. Tabharfaidh siad buntáistí tábhachtacha don tionscal maidir le cumarsáid a dhéanamh le tomhaltóirí a labhraíonn Spáinnis.\nAg comparáid na bhfoirmeacha nochtadh, tá súil agam go mbeidh na foirmeacha a mheas ag iasachtóirí morgáiste toisc go mbeidh siad a dhéanamh níos simplí chun tuiscint a fháil ar na airgeadais morgáiste agus an cuntasaíocht na gcostais deiridh. Cuidíonn an dá fheabhas seo le feabhas a chur ar ár dtionscal.\nAg an am céanna, b'fhearr liom go mbeadh na foirmeacha níos cumarsáideach nach í an costas íseal (fachtóir cainníochtúil) an t-aon fhachtóir comparáide tábhachtach.\nMar a fhios ag aon duine a bhí cuntas bainc aige in dhá bhanc nó níos mó, ní chosnaíonn gach rochtain ar airgead mar an gcéanna. Tá na gnéithe agus na buntáistí (fachtóirí cáilíochtúla) éagsúil go mór ó iasachtóirí agus ó chuideachtaí atá ag dúnadh. Fiú amháin ar chostas den chineál céanna, d'fhéadfadh go mbeadh difríochtaí i: infhaighteacht táirgí forlíontacha, seirbhís do chustaiméirí agus cumarsáid, agus taithí foriomlán.\nGo simplí, b'fhéidir go bhfuil eagla ort ar na cistí, ar áiteanna teoranta, ar mhuirir mhóra ATM, agus ar easpa ráitis ar líne ó chuntas seiceála saor in aisce Banc X, ach tá tú sásta táille míosúil a íoc le Banc Y as do bhancóir pearsanta sannta, amanna íocaíochta folláin, beartais táille \"maithiúnas timpiste\", agus seomraí compordacha.\nIs céim thar a bheith tábhachtach sa treo ceart é cóimeas simplí agus éifeachtach costais a bheith ann, agus tá obair den scoth déanta ag an CFPB maidir leis sin. Tá sé an-tábhachtach freisin oibriú le comhairleoirí eastáit réadaigh atá eolach, iontaofa agus \"ar do fhoireann\", cosúil leo siúd ag End Zone Realty.\nTá áthas orainn cabhrú le ceannaitheoirí le gach gné dá gceannach tí, lena n-áirítear an próiseas a shoiléiriú, cuidiú le tairiscintí, conarthaí a chaibidliú, costais a mhíniú, agus teagmhálacha measúla a sholáthar."} {"text": "Students have more choices than ever. My cabinet is overflowing with teacher made games, games I bought from catalogues, and games that have been given to me. We have computer and web-based games. Add iPads and a plethora of apps into the equation and the result could be confusion for students.\nWe do reader’s workshop in my classroom. As a result, I try to “guide” students as they make choices. My goal is for them to reflect upon themselves as a reader and choose the literacy activities that will help them achieve their goals. We track progress together and we also celebrate when goals are mastered.\nI found, however, after integrating iPads into my literacy block for word work, students began to lose sight of their goals. The range of abilities is vast in my room and so I purposefully chose apps that will meet the needs of all students. There are apps for sight word practice, apps for vocabulary, and apps for grammar. Some apps are meant to reinforce the foundational skills beginning readers need while others are meant to broaden a fluent reader’s vocabulary. I do not want each student using the same apps. They are meant to promote growth. (Not to keep students busy.)\nAs a result, I took time to develop a word work planning sheet. The sheet has the various research based word work/spelling activities that students need to grow as readers. Students use the sheet over the course of a week and cross out an activity as it is completed. Most students will make appropriate choices. Others, however, need a little more guidance and so we discuss the plan together and highlight an appropriate choice for that day.\nYou might be wondering what impact the plan sheet had on my class. I am very pleased. Students make deliberate choices during our literacy block and enjoy purposeful learning as a result.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-30", "url": "https://teachingsimplified.wordpress.com/2014/04/09/helping-students-manage-choices-during-our-literacy-block/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676594886.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20180723032237-20180723052237-00150.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9743208885, "token_count": 372, "score": 3.296875, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Tá níos mó roghanna ag mic léinn ná riamh. Tá mo cháblaí lán le cluichí a rinne múinteoirí, cluichí a cheannaigh mé ó chatalóga, agus cluichí a tugadh dom. Tá cluichí ríomhaireachta agus gréasáin againn. Cuir iPads agus plethora apps isteach sa chothromóid agus d'fhéadfadh an toradh a bheith mearbhall do mhic léinn.\nDéanaimid ceardlann léitheora i mo sheomra ranga. Mar thoradh air sin, déanaim iarracht \"treoir\" a thabhairt do mhic léinn agus iad ag déanamh roghanna. Is é mo sprioc dóibh machnamh a dhéanamh orthu féin mar léitheoir agus na gníomhaíochtaí litearthachta a roghnú a chabhróidh leo a gcuspóirí a bhaint amach. Déanaimid dul chun cinn a rianú le chéile agus ceiliúrann muid freisin nuair a dhéantar na spriocanna a bhaint amach.\nFuair mé amach, áfach, tar éis iPads a chomhtháthú le mo bhloc litearthachta le haghaidh obair fhocail, go raibh na mic léinn ag tosú a gcuspóirí a chailleadh. Tá raon na gcumas ollmhór i mo sheomra agus mar sin roghnaigh mé apps go ciallmhar a fhreastalaíonn ar riachtanais na mac léinn go léir. Tá aipeanna ann le haghaidh cleachtadh focal amhairc, aipeanna le haghaidh foclóir, agus aipeanna le haghaidh gramadaí. Tá sé i gceist ag roinnt apps na scileanna bunúsacha a theastaíonn ó léitheoirí tosaigh a threisiú agus tá sé i gceist ag apps eile focal-riail léitheoir sreabhach a leathnú. Nílim ag iarraidh go n-úsáidfeadh gach mac léinn na feidhmchláir chéanna. Tá sé i gceist leo fás a chur chun cinn. (Ní chun na mic léinn a choinneáil gnóthach.)\nMar thoradh air sin, thóg mé am chun bileog pleanála oibre focal a fhorbairt. Tá na gníomhaíochtaí éagsúla oibre focal/litreála bunaithe ar thaighde sa bileog a theastaíonn ó dhaltaí fás mar léitheoirí. Úsáidfidh mic léinn an bileog i rith na seachtaine agus déanfaidh siad gníomhaíocht a scriosadh de réir mar a bheidh sí críochnaithe. Déanfaidh formhór na mac léinn roghanna cuí. Ach tá roinnt daoine eile a bhfuil gá le beagán níos mó treoir agus mar sin pléann muid an plean le chéile agus leagann muid béim ar rogha oiriúnach don lá sin.\nB'fhéidir go bhfuil tú ag smaoineamh ar an tionchar a bhí ag an bhileog phlean ar mo rang. Tá mé an-sásta. Déantar roghanna intinne ag mic léinn le linn ár ngrúpa litearthachta agus is féidir leo foghlaim a bheith acu mar thoradh air sin."} {"text": "(computer science) written programs or procedures or rules and associated documentation...\n(computer science) a line of code written as part of a computer program.\n(computer science) the code that identifies where a piece of information is stored.\n- American Standard Code for Information Interchange\n(computer science) a code for information exchange...\n(computer science) coded instructions that are stored permanently in read-only memory.\n- error correction code\n(telecommunication) a coding system that incorporates extra parity bits in...\n- object code\nThe machine-language output of a compiler that is ready for execution on a particular...\n- operation code\nThe portion of a set of operation descriptions that specifies the operation to be...\n- binary code\nCode using a string of 8 binary digits to represent characters.\n- machine code\nA set of instructions coded so that the computer can use it directly without further...", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-17", "url": "https://kgkg.factnexus.com/@1~34039.html", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038088731.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20210416065116-20210416095116-00322.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.7671303153, "token_count": 185, "score": 2.96875, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "(eolaíocht ríomhaireachta) cláir scríofa nó nósanna imeachta nó rialacha agus doiciméadú gaolmhar...\n(eolaíocht ríomhaireachta) líne cód a scríobhadh mar chuid de chlár ríomhaire.\n(eolaíocht ríomhaireachta) an cód a aithníonn áit ina stóráiltear píosa faisnéise.\n- Cód Chaighdeánach Mheiriceá le haghaidh Idirmheasanna Faisnéise\n(eolaíocht ríomhaireachta) cód le haghaidh malartú faisnéise...\n(eolaíocht ríomhaireachta) treoracha códaithe a stóráiltear go buan i gcuimhne léithe amháin.\n- cód ceartaithe earráide\n(teiccomunicáil) córas códaithe a chuimsíonn píosaí páirteachais breise i...\n- cód réad\nTá aschur teanga meaisín de chomhlánaitheoir atá réidh le feidhmiú ar...\n- cód oibríochta\nAn chuid de shraith tuairiscí oibríochta a shonraíonn an oibríocht atá le...\n- cód dhúbailte\nCód ag baint úsáide as sreang de 8 dhigit dhánacha chun carachtair a léiriú.\n- cód meaisín\nTá sraith treoracha códaithe ionas gur féidir leis an ríomhaire é a úsáid go díreach gan tuilleadh..."} {"text": "Science is a method to reduce insecurity, by getting to know more about the world (and Universe) around you. Sometimes the knowledge that was gathered in a scientific manner is itself called science.\nScience describes the world with theories. In daily life, something is a theory if there is little or no evidence for it. In science, a theory is an explanation for how something works, whether there is little, or a lot, or no evidence at all for it. You can make predictions with a theory. If a theory is good, then you can make good predictions with it.\nSuppose you have a theory about the weather. How can you convince even scientists that the theory is correct? That's simple, if the theory is in fact correct. Use the theory to make a large number of weather predictions that are clear and precise, about things that can be measured accurately (such as the temperature and pressure and the amount of rain that falls in a certain area on a certain day). Write down the theory and the predictions and publish them well in advance where many people can read them, in a publication with the date on it. Invite everybody to look for themselves if the predictions come true. If the predictions do not come true, then your theory is apparently not good after all, and then you must reject it. If the predictions do come true, then the theory seems to be correct, and then scientists should become interested in it (if they weren't already).\nIn this way you cannot cheat. Anyone can see that you made the predictions beforehand and not afterwards. Anyone can see for themselves if the predictions come true, and you have no influence over all of those people. Anyone can use your theory to make new predictions and see if they come true. And if someone claims that he and not you invented that wonderful theory, then you can point at the publication with your name and the date on it that many people had already read before the predictions came true.\nIn science, essentially the same method is used to determine which theories describe the world the best.\nTo be more certain about some subject means that you can better predict what will happen to it. The better your predictions are, the more certainty you have.\nMeasurements of something that you want to be able to predict (such as the maximum outside temperature) always show a certain spread around an average value. Once you have determined what the average value and the spread are, you can predict that future measurements will find values equal to the average, with a possible error that is less than the spread that you measured earlier. That prediction has a good chance of coming true, but is not very useful.\nI predict for every day of the coming year that the maximum temperature where you are will be between −200 and +100 degrees Celsius (Centigrade) and that between 0 millimeters and 20 meters (0 and 720 inches) of rain will fall. I have great confidence that 100 percent of my predictions will come true. Yet, this perfect prediction score will not get me a job with the Meteorological Office or the National Weather Service, because my predictions do not exclude anything for the future that has been seen in the past. You cannot figure out from such a prediction whether you'll need your winter coat tomorrow, or your umbrella, or whether you'll need to water your plants a bit more.\nA prediction is only useful if it excludes a large share of the natural spread (for the conditions and period for which the prediction is made).\nTo be able to predict well you must learn which clues are the most important. You can find those only by looking at many examples of the subject (i.e., by taking many measurements) and seeking patterns in the behavior.\nIf you recognize a pattern in the behavior of the subject, then you can assume that that pattern describes the most important part of your subject. A scientist calls such a pattern a model or theory for the subject.\nYou can tell how good a theory is by checking how many of its predictions come true, and how many do not.\nUsually you can see more than one pattern, and can invent more than one theory, which often each predict a different outcome. You can tell which theory is wrong by checking which theory's predictions do not come true.\nNot all predictions are the same. You can find out more quickly whether a theory is wrong if you test a clear and precise prediction than if you test a vague or more permissive prediction, so a clear and precise prediction is more valuable.\nTo prove that a theory is wrong (so it does not provide a good description of the subject) you need find only a single case for which the theory provides wrong predictions. To prove that a theory is correct you must show that it is correct in all cases. It is easier to prove a theory wrong than it is to prove a theory right. And that a prediction comes true does not necessarily mean that the theory is correct.\nA theory cannot cover everything in the Universe to the smallest detail. The things or details that are not in the theory but that are in the Universe can make a prediction fail even though the theory is good (except for the missing details). So, a failing prediction does not necessarily mean that the theory is wrong.\nIf a theory cannot provide predictions of which it can be checked whether they come true or not, then that theory is not interesting to science. Scientists say that a theory must be falsifiable.\nIf the theory is clear and precise, then the predictions can be, too. Scientists often describe a theory with mathematical formulas, because those are clear and precise.\nA measurement is never exact. A scientist must estimate for each measurement how uncertain tbe result of that measurement was. From this, one can calculate what the chance is that the measurement had an error of a certain size. A scientific measurement is often written as a value plus or minus an uncertainty, for example 6.3 ± 0.2 for a value that is probably between 6.1 and 6.5.\nA theory is often based on measured things, which are not precisely known. Predictions made from such a theory are then also not exact.\nIf you compare a measurement with a prediction from a theory, then there is a chance, because of the uncertainty in the measurement and in the prediction, that the theory is judged wrongly, that it is rejected when it was in fact correct, or accepted when it was in fact wrong.\nOne can calculate how probable it is that the theory is wrong, given the measurements and their uncertainties. In practice, one often works with a threshold of 5 percent. If the chance that a theory is wrong is more than 5 percent, then the theory is rejected.\nIf you want more certainty about the theory, then you can just make more predictions and take more measurements. If the theory is wrong, then the chance that you will discover this increases when you take more measurements and compare them with the predictions from the theory. Conversely, your trust in a theory increases with every good prediction that it provides.\nA good theory is a summary of knowledge. For example, you can calculate the positions of the planets with great accuracy for thousands of years into the past and the future, with just the right theory and a couple of initial values (the masses, and the positions and velocities at one moment). The theory and the initial values together are a summary of all of those positions together.\nIn this way, science has provided a network of theories about the different parts of the world. All of those theories must fit together.\nYou can sometimes find patterns even in a collection of good theories, and from those patterns you can make new theories that summarize even more knowledge. There is, for example, the Law of Conservation of Energy, which states that energy (defined in a certain specific way) cannot just disappear and cannot appear out of nothing. This law (which is what scientists call a theory for which there is so much evidence that none doubt it) plays a part in very many situations, and severely restricts what is possible.\nThe restrictions that a scientific law imposes are of a different kind than the restrictions that a judicial law imposes. A judicial law says what (according to the law makers) is not allowed, but a scientific law says what is not possible. You can change or break a judicial law, but you cannot change or break a scientific law (if it is correct).\nlanguages: [en] [nl]\nLast updated: 2020-07-18", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-17", "url": "https://www.aa.quae.nl/en/wetenschap.html", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038059348.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20210410210053-20210411000053-00333.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9538134933, "token_count": 1728, "score": 3.484375, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Is modh é an eolaíocht chun neamhshlándáil a laghdú, trí níos mó a fháil amach faoin domhan (agus an Cruinne) timpeall ort. Uaireanta tugtar eolaíocht ar an eolas a bhailíodh ar bhealach eolaíoch.\nDéanann an eolaíocht cur síos ar an domhan le teoiricí. Sa saol laethúil, is teoiric é rud éigin má tá beagán nó gan aon fhianaise ann dó. Sa eolaíocht, is é teoiric míniú ar conas a oibríonn rud éigin, cibé an bhfuil beagán, nó go leor, nó aon fhianaise ar chor ar bith ann. Is féidir leat réamhaisnéisí a dhéanamh le teoiric. Má tá teoiric maith, ansin is féidir leat a dhéanamh tuar maith leis.\nMeas tú go bhfuil teoiric agat faoin aimsir. Conas is féidir leat a chur ina luí ar eolaithe fiú go bhfuil an teoiric ceart? Tá sé sin simplí, má tá an teoiric i ndáiríre ceart. Úsáid an teoiric chun líon mór réamhaisnéisí aimsire a dhéanamh atá soiléir agus cruinn, faoi rudaí is féidir a thomhas go cruinn (mar an teocht agus an brú agus an méid báistí a thiteann i gceantar áirithe ar lá áirithe). Scríobh síos an teoiric agus na tuar agus foilsí iad go maith roimh ré áit a bhfuil go leor daoine in ann iad a léamh, i bhfoilseachán leis an dáta air. Iarr ar gach duine féachaint dóibh féin má tharlaíonn na tuar. Mura bhfuil na tuar ann, is léir nach bhfuil do theoirí maith, agus ansin ní mór duit di a dhiúltú. Má tharlaíonn na tuar, is cosúil go bhfuil an teoiric ceart, agus ansin ba cheart go mbeadh suim ag eolaithe ann (más rud é nach raibh siad ann cheana féin).\nAr an mbealach seo ní féidir leat cheat. Is féidir le duine ar bith a fheiceáil gur rinne tú na réamhaisnéisí roimh ré agus ní ina dhiaidh sin. Is féidir le duine ar bith a fheiceáil dóibh féin má thagann na réamhaisnéisí i gcrích, agus níl aon tionchar agat ar na daoine sin go léir. Is féidir le duine ar bith do théorie a úsáid chun tuar nua a dhéanamh agus a fheiceáil an dtiocfaidh siad i gcrích. Agus má mhaíonn duine go ndearna sé, agus ní tú, an teoiric iontach sin a chumadh, ansin is féidir leat a thaispeáint ar an bhfoilseachán lena ainm agus an dáta air a bhí á léamh ag go leor daoine cheana féin sula raibh na tuar ann.\nSa eolaíocht, úsáidtear an modh céanna go bunúsach chun a chinneadh cé na teoiricí a chuireann síos ar an domhan is fearr.\nCiallaíonn níos mó cinnteachta faoi ábhar éigin gur féidir leat a thuar cad a tharlóidh dó a thuar níos fearr. An níos fearr do thuaráidí, an níos mó cinnteacht a bhfuil tú.\nLéiríonn tomhais rud éigin ar mhaith leat a bheith in ann a thuar (mar shampla an t-uas-teochta lasmuigh) scaipeadh áirithe timpeall ar mheánluach i gcónaí. Nuair a bheidh an meánluach agus an scaipeadh socraithe agat, is féidir leat a thuar go bhfaighidh tomhais sa todhchaí luachanna atá comhionann leis an meán, le botún féideartha atá níos lú ná an scaipeadh a thomhas tú roimhe seo. Tá seans maith ag an réamhaisnéis sin teacht i gcrích, ach níl sé an-úsáideach.\nTá mé ag tuar go mbeidh an teocht uasta i do láthair idir -200 agus +100 céim Celsius (Centigrade) agus go mbeidh 0 miliméadar agus 20 méadar (0 agus 720 orlach) de bháisteach ag titim. Tá muinín mhór agam go dtiocfaidh 100 faoin gcéad de mo thuargas i gcrích. Ach, ní bheidh an scór réamh-mheasta foirfe seo ag fáil post dom leis an Oifig Meitéareolaíoch nó leis an tSeirbhís Náisiúnta Aimsire, toisc nach gcuireann mo thuargas aon rud ar fáil don todhchaí a fheictear san am atá caite. Ní féidir leat a fháil amach ó thuarastal den sórt sin an mbeidh do chúntas geimhridh ag teastáil uait amárach, nó do mhála, nó an mbeidh ort do phlandaí a uisce beagán níos mó.\nNí bheidh feidhm ag réamhaisnéis ach amháin má eisiann sí sciar mór den scaipeadh nádúrtha (do na coinníollacha agus don tréimhse a ndéantar an réamhaisnéis ina leith).\nChun a bheith in ann tuar go maith ní mór duit a fhoghlaim cad iad na leideanna is tábhachtaí. Ní féidir leat iad sin a fháil ach trí bhreathnú ar go leor samplaí den ábhar (i.e., trí go leor tomhais a dhéanamh) agus patrún a lorg sa iompar.\nMá aithníonn tú patrún i ngníomh an ábhair, ansin is féidir leat a mheas go bhfuil an patrún a thuairisciú an chuid is tábhachtaí de do ábhar. Glaonn eolaí ar an bpatrún sin múnla nó teoiric don ábhar.\nIs féidir leat a rá cé chomh maith is atá teoiric trí seiceáil cé mhéad dá réamhaisnéisí a thagann fíor, agus cé mhéad nach bhfuil.\nDe ghnáth is féidir leat níos mó ná patrún amháin a fheiceáil, agus is féidir leat níos mó ná teoiric amháin a chruthú, a thuar go minic go bhfuil toradh difriúil ag gach ceann acu. Is féidir leat a rá cé acu teoiric atá mícheart trí sheiceáil cé acu teoiric na réamhaisnéisí nach bhfuil fíor.\nNí bhíonn na tuar go léir mar an gcéanna. Is féidir leat a fháil amach níos tapúla an bhfuil teoiric mícheart má thástáil tú réamhaisnéis shoiléir agus beacht ná má thástáil tú réamhaisnéis éagóra nó níos ceadúla, mar sin tá réamhaisnéis shoiléir agus beacht níos luachmhaire.\nChun a chruthú go bhfuil teoiric mícheart (mar sin ní sholáthraíonn sé cur síos maith ar an ábhar) ní gá duit ach cás amháin a fháil a sholáthraíonn an teoiric réamhaisnéisí mícheart ina leith. Chun a chruthú go bhfuil teoiric ceart ní mór duit a thaispeáint go bhfuil sé ceart i ngach cás. Tá sé níos éasca teoiric a chruthú mícheart ná a chruthú ceart. Agus ní gá go gciallódh sé go bhfuil an teoiric ceart toisc go dtagann tuar fíor.\nNí féidir le teoiric gach rud sa Cruinne a chlúdach go dtí an mionsonraí is lú. Is féidir leis na rudaí nó na mionsonraí nach bhfuil sa teoiric ach atá sa Cruinne réamhaisnéis a theip a dhéanamh cé go bhfuil an teoiric go maith (seachas na mionsonraí atá ar iarraidh). Mar sin, ní chiallaíonn réamhaisnéis a theip go bhfuil an teoiric mícheart.\nMura féidir le teoiric réamh-mheastacháin a sholáthar ar féidir a sheiceáil an bhfuil siad fíor nó nach bhfuil, ansin níl an teoiric sin suimiúil don eolaíocht. Deir eolaithe go gcaithfidh teoiric a bheith bréagach.\nMá tá an teoiric soiléir agus cruinn, ansin is féidir na réamhaisnéisí a bheith, freisin. Is minic a chuireann eolaithe teoiric in iúl le foirmlí matamaiticiúla, toisc go bhfuil siad soiléir agus beacht.\nNí bhíonn tomhas cruinn riamh. Ní mór do shaineolaí meastachán a dhéanamh do gach tomhas maidir le cé chomh neamhchinnte a bhí toradh an tomhais sin. Ón méid seo, is féidir le duine a ríomh cad é an seans go raibh earráid de mhéid áirithe ag an tomhas. Is minic a scríobhtar tomhas eolaíoch mar luach móide nó lúide neamhchinnteacht, mar shampla 6.3 ± 0.2 le haghaidh luach a bhfuil sé is dócha idir 6.1 agus 6.5.\nIs minic a bhíonn teoiric bunaithe ar rudaí tomhaiste, nach bhfuil ar eolas go beacht. Ní bhíonn tuar a dhéantar ó theoiric den sórt sin cruinn freisin.\nMá tá tú comparáid a dhéanamh idir tomhas le réamhaisnéis ó teoiric, ansin tá seans ann, mar gheall ar an éiginnteacht sa tomhas agus sa réamhaisnéis, go bhfuil an teoiric a mheas go mícheart, go bhfuil sé diúltú nuair a bhí sé i ndáiríre ceart, nó glacadh nuair a bhí sé i ndáiríre mícheart.\nIs féidir le duine a ríomh cé chomh dóchúil is atá sé go bhfuil an teoiric mícheart, ag tabhairt na tomhais agus a n-easnamh. I gcleachtas, is minic a oibríonn duine le tairseach de 5 faoin gcéad. Má tá seans níos mó ná 5 faoin gcéad go bhfuil teoiric mícheart, ansin diúltaítear don teoiric.\nMás mian leat níos mó cinnteachta faoi an teoiric, ansin is féidir leat ach a dhéanamh níos mó tuar agus a ghlacadh níos mó tomhais. Má tá an teoiric mícheart, ansin méadaíonn an seans go bhfaighidh tú amach é seo nuair a thógann tú níos mó tomhais agus iad a chur i gcomparáid leis na réamhaisnéisí ón teoiric. Ar a mhalairt, méadaíonn do muinín i teoiric le gach tuar maith a sholáthraíonn sé.\nIs achoimre ar eolas é teoiric mhaith. Mar shampla, is féidir leat a ríomh na suíomhanna na pláinéid le cruinneas mór ar feadh na mílte bliain isteach sa am atá caite agus sa todhchaí, ach an teoiric ceart agus cúpla luachanna tosaigh (an mais, agus na suíomhanna agus luasanna ag nóiméad amháin). Is é an teoiric agus na luachanna tosaigh le chéile achoimre ar na suíomhanna go léir le chéile.\nAr an mbealach seo, tá líonra teoiricí curtha ar fáil ag an eolaíocht faoi na codanna éagsúla den domhan. Caithfidh na teoiricí sin go léir a bheith ag teacht le chéile.\nIs féidir leat patrún a aimsiú uaireanta fiú i mbailiúchán teoiricí maithe, agus ó na patrún sin is féidir leat teoiricí nua a dhéanamh a thugann achoimre ar níos mó eolais. Tá, mar shampla, an Dlí Coimirce Fuinnimh, a deir nach féidir le fuinneamh (a shainmhínítear ar bhealach áirithe ar leith) dul in éag agus nach féidir a bheith ag teacht amach as aon rud. Tá ról ag an dlí seo (ar a dtugtar teoiric ar eolaithe a bhfuil an oiread sin fianaise ann nach bhfuil aon amhras ann) i go leor cásanna, agus cuireann sé srian mór ar an méid is féidir.\nTá na srianta a fhorchuireann dlí eolaíoch de chineál difriúil ná na srianta a fhorchuireann dlí breithiúnach. Deir dlí breithiúnach cad nach bhfuil ceadaithe (de réir lucht déanta an dlí), ach deir dlí eolaíoch cad nach féidir. Is féidir leat dlí breithiúnach a athrú nó a bhriseadh, ach ní féidir leat dlí eolaíoch a athrú nó a bhriseadh (más ceart é).\nteangacha: [en] [nl]\nNuashonrú deireanach: 2020-07-18"} {"text": "Black mamba (Dendroaspis polylepis)\n|Synonyms:||Dendraspis angusticeps, Dendraspis antinorii|\n|Size||Length: up to 4.3 m (2) (3)|\n|Weight||1.6 kg (2)|\n- The black mamba is Africa’s largest venomous snake.\n- Interestingly, the black mamba is a brown to grey colour, and is instead named for its blue-black mouth lining.\n- One of the fastest snakes in the world, the black mamba is an agile species that actively hunts warm-blooded prey.\n- Although widely feared for its lethal venom, the black mamba generally prefers to avoid contact with humans.\nThe black mamba is classified as Least Concern (LC) on the IUCN Red List (1).\nThe black mamba (Dendroaspis polylepis) is Africa’s largest venomous snake (2) and also one of its most feared (4) (5). This species is also one of the fastest snakes in the world and can slither at speeds of up to about 20 kilometres per hour (2).\nThe black mamba is an olive-brown to grey colour, with a blue-black colouration on the inside of its mouth which gives this species its common name (2) (3) (4) (5). The underside of the body is usually light grey (3) (5). Like other members of the Elapidae family, the black mamba has short, fixed fangs at the front of its mouth (5).\nAlthough it can potentially reach up to 4.3 metres in length, the black mamba more commonly reaches around 2.5 metres (2) (3). Its body is long and slender, with smooth scales (3) (5), and it has a narrow, coffin-shaped head (3) (4). Two subspecies of the black mamba have been described, Dendroaspis polylepis polylepis and Dendroaspis polylepis antinori (6).\nThe black mamba is extremely widespread across sub-Saharan Africa, with individuals sighted as far north and west as Senegal, and as far south as north-eastern South Africa (1). Most reports of this species come from eastern and southern Africa (2) (4). In certain areas there are relatively low numbers of recorded sightings, but this is more likely to be due to under-collection of data rather than a low abundance of individuals (1).\nThe black mamba occurs in a variety of different habitats, including well-wooded savannah and riverine forest, particularly in areas with an abundance of rocky hills and large trees. It also inhabits coastal bush, moist and dry savannah and woodland (1).\nAlthough the black mamba is mostly found on the ground, it is also occasionally arboreal (1) (4) (7).\nThe black mamba is lethally venomous, and without treatment its bite can kill a human within 20 minutes. If cornered, the black mamba may adopt a defensive posture, raising its head, spreading its neck like a cobra, displaying its black mouth lining and hissing. If further provoked, it will strike repeatedly, injecting its attacker with large amounts of deadly neurotoxins and cardiotoxins, which affect the nerves and heart (2) (3) (4). The neurotoxins in the black mamba’s venom cause muscle paralysis, eventually killing the victim through respiratory failure (3). However, the black mamba is a shy creature and generally seeks to escape when confronted (2).\nThe diet of the black mamba consists of warm-blooded prey such as bushbabies, rock hyraxes, bats and other small mammals, as well as birds (3) (7). This snake is a fast and agile hunter with excellent vision, and actively pursues its prey, striking rapidly to inject its venom (3) (4). The adult black mamba has few natural predators apart from birds of prey, but juveniles are occasionally predated by other snakes (7).\nThe black mamba is active during the day (4) (8), often basking in the branches of a tree in the early morning before it goes hunting (4). This species usually occupies a favoured refuge such as a hole, hollow log, rock crevice or termite nest, to which it returns at night (4) (8).\nThe black mamba usually breeds between October and November (7), when the males compete for females by entwining their bodies and attempting to force their opponent to the ground (3) (4). The female black mamba lays a clutch of up to 17 white, elongated eggs (3) (4) (7), often inside a termite mound, and the eggs hatch after 80 to 90 days (3). In some studies, young black mambas have rarely been observed, possibly because they grow rapidly and can reach almost two metres in length in their first year (3) (8), and because they are likely to be more arboreal than the adults (8).\nA relatively long-lived species, the black mamba may live for 11 years or more in the wild (2), or for up to 20 years in captivity (3).\nThere are currently no major threats to the black mamba that extend across its full range, and this large snake is believed to be common in suitable habitats. However, human population expansion and encroachment on the black mamba’s habitat may cause increased human interaction with the species, and as it is considered to be a shy species that avoids human contact this may have detrimental impacts on its populations in the future (1). Increased contact with humans may also lead to more conflict with this potentially dangerous snake (2).\nThe black mamba has a large range and is not believed to be undergoing population declines, so there are no specific measures currently in place concerning the conservation of this species. However, it may receive some indirect protection where it occurs in a number of protected areas (1).\nThere are gaps within the black mamba’s known distribution in areas of West Africa such as Chad, Nigeria, Mali and the Central African Republic, probably due to a lack of research. The lack of knowledge on this species in these areas could potentially lead to misdiagnosis and erroneous treatment of snake bites (9).\nFind out more about the black mamba and other snakes:\nBBC Nature - Black mamba:\nThe Reptile Database :\nThis information is awaiting authentication by a species expert, and will be updated as soon as possible. If you are able to help please contact:\n- Arboreal: an animal which lives or spends a large amount of time in trees.\n- Subspecies: a population usually restricted to a geographical area that differs from other populations of the same species, but not to the extent of being classified as a separate species.\nIUCN Red List (October, 2013)\nNational Geographic - Black mamba (October, 2013)\n- Branch, B. (1998) Field Guide to Snakes and Other Reptiles of Southern Africa. Struik Publishers, Cape Town.\n- O’Shea, M. (2008) Venomous Snakes of the World. New Holland Publishers, London.\n- Richardson, A.D. (2004) Mambas. Capstone Press, Mankato, Minnesota.\nThe Reptile Database (October, 2013)\n- Haagner, G.V. and Morgan, D.R. (1993) The maintenance and propagation of the black mamba Dendroaspis polylepis at the Manyeleti Reptile Centre, Eastern Transvaal. International Zoo Yearbook, 32: 191-196.\n- Phelps, T. (2002) A study of the black mamba (Dendroaspis polylepis) in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, with particular reference to long-term-refugia. Herpetological Bulletin, 80: 7-19.\n- Håkansson, T. and Madsen, T. (1983) On the distribution of the black mamba (Dendroaspis polylepis) in West Africa. Journal of Herpetology, 17(2): 186-189.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-22", "url": "http://www.arkive.org/black-mamba/dendroaspis-polylepis/factsheet", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-22/segments/1432207929230.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20150521113209-00179-ip-10-180-206-219.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.904822588, "token_count": 1752, "score": 3.171875, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Mamba dubh (Dendroaspis polylepis)\n Synonyms:\n️Size ️Length: suas le 4.3 m (2) ️\n♬Weight: 1.6 kg (2) ♬\n- Is é an mamba dubh an nathair cheithmhianach is mó san Afraic.\n- Suimiúil go leor, tá an mamba dubh dath donn go liath, agus ainmnítear é mar gheall ar a liathróid bhlaosc gorm.\n- Ceann de na nathanna is tapúla ar domhan, is é an mamba dubh speiceas áisiúil a shealbhaíonn preas fuil te go gníomhach.\n- Cé go bhfuil eagla ar an mórchuid as a nimh mharfach, is fearr leis an mamba dubh teagmháil le daoine a sheachaint de ghnáth.\nTá an mamba dubh aicmithe mar a bhfuil an imní is lú (LC) air ar Liosta Dearg an IUCN (1).\nIs é an mamba dubh (Dendroaspis polylepis) an nathair cheithne is mó san Afraic (2) agus ceann de na nathair is mó eagla air (4) (5). Tá an speiceas seo ar cheann de na nathracha is tapúla ar domhan freisin agus is féidir leis luas suas le thart ar 20 ciliméadar san uair a bheith aige (2).\nTá an mamba dubh d'uibheacha óbhraon go liath, le dath gorm-dubh ar an taobh istigh dá bhéal a thugann an t-ainm coiteann don speiceas seo (2) (3) (4) (5). De ghnáth bíonn an taobh thíos den chorp liath éadrom (3) (5). Cosúil le baill eile den teaghlach Elapidae, tá clainneacha gearr, seasta ag an mamba dubh ar aghaidh a bhéal (5).\nCé go bhféadfadh sé a bheith suas le 4.3 méadar ar fhad, is gnách go sroicheann an mamba dubh thart ar 2.5 méadar (2) (3). Tá a chorp fada agus tanaí, le scamaill shleachta (3) (5), agus tá ceann caol, coffin-chruthach aige (3) (4). Tá dhá fho-chineál den mamba dubh tuairiscithe, Dendroaspis polylepis polylepis agus Dendroaspis polylepis antinori (6).\nTá an mamba dubh an-sórthaite ar fud Afraic theas ó Sahara, agus feictear daoine aonair chomh fada ó thuaidh agus ó thuaidh le Seneagál, agus chomh fada ó dheas le hiar-oirthear na hAfraice Theas (1). Tá an chuid is mó de na tuairiscí ar an speiceas seo ag teacht ó oirthear agus ó dheas na hAfraice (2) (4). I réimsí áirithe tá líon réasúnta íseal de radharcanna taifeadta, ach is dóichí go bhfuil sé seo mar gheall ar dhroch-ghruinniú sonraí seachas ar líon íseal daoine aonair (1).\nTá an mamba dubh le feiceáil i réimse leathan gnáthóga éagsúla, lena n-áirítear savannah dea-chruthaithe agus foraoise abhainn, go háirithe i gceantair a bhfuil go leor cnoic charraigeacha agus crainn mhóra iontu. Tá sé ina chónaí freisin i gcrann cósta, saibhne taise agus tirim agus i bhforaoisí (1).\nCé go bhfuil an mamba dubh le fáil den chuid is mó ar an talamh, bíonn sé arboreal uaireanta freisin (1) (4) (7).\nTá an mamba dubh nimhiúil go mór, agus gan cóireáil is féidir a cheile a mharú laistigh de 20 nóiméad. Má bhíonn an mamba dubh i gcúinne, d'fhéadfadh sé seasamh cosanta a ghlacadh, a cheann a ardú, a mhuineál a leathnú mar cobra, a bhéal dubh a thaispeáint agus a shéanadh. Má spreagtar é tuilleadh, buailfidh sé arís agus arís eile, ag instealladh a ionsaitheoir le méideanna móra neurotoxins agus cardiotoxins marfach, a théann i bhfeidhm ar na néaróga agus ar an gcroí (2) (3) (4). Is é an t-ionad neurotoxins i ndún an mamba dubh ná paraiséis muscle a chur ar an ngéarghníomhach, agus mar thoradh air sin, marú a chur ar an ngéarghníomhach trí mhainneachtain an anailís (3). Mar sin féin, is créatúr cúthail é an mamba dubh agus de ghnáth déanann sé iarracht éalú nuair a bhíonn sé i ngleic leis (2).\nIs é bia an mamba dubh ná preas te-fhuil mar bhuschababies, hyraxes carraige, sleamhnáin agus mamaigh bheaga eile, chomh maith le héin (3) (7). Is sealgaire tapa agus cliste é an nathair seo a bhfuil radharc den scoth aige, agus leanann sé a ghabháil go gníomhach, ag bualadh go tapa chun a nimhe a instealladh (3) (4). Tá cúpla dílseoir nádúrtha ag an mamba dubh fásta seachas éan creimthe, ach bíonn na nathracha eile ag dílseáil na n-éan óg ó am go ham (7).\nTá an mamba dubh gníomhach i rith an lae (4) (8), agus is minic a bhíonn sé ag cócaireacht i nglaonna crainn go luath ar maidin sula dtéann sé ag fiach (4). Is gnách go nglacann an speiceas seo dídeanaithe fabhracha amhail poll, lóga folctha, creathadh carraige nó nead termití, a n-aisíonn sé san oíche (4) (8).\nDe ghnáth bíonn an mamba dubh ag breeding idir Deireadh Fómhair agus Samhain (7), nuair a bhíonn na fir ag dul i gcomórtas as mná trína gcorp a dhéanamh agus iarracht a dhéanamh a n-ionsaí a chur ar an talamh (3) (4). Cuireann an mamba dubh baineann suas le 17 uibheacha bán, fada (3) (4) (7) i gcló, go minic taobh istigh de thírmhíle, agus eascaíonn na huibheacha tar éis 80 go 90 lá (3). Tá an t-am ar fad le haghaidh an t-am a bheidh an t-am ar a mbeidh an t-am ar fad ag an mbád a bheith ag obair.\nIs speiceas réasúnta fadbhliant é an mamba dubh, agus d'fhéadfadh sé maireachtáil ar feadh 11 bliana nó níos mó sa fhiáin (2), nó ar feadh suas le 20 bliain i ngábháil (3).\nFaoi láthair níl aon bhagairtí móra ar an mamba dubh a leathnaíonn ar fud a raon iomlán, agus creidtear go bhfuil an nathair mhór seo coitianta i gnáthóga oiriúnacha. Mar sin féin, d'fhéadfadh méadú daonra an duine agus ionradh ar ghnáthóg an mamba dubh a bheith ina chúis le hidirghníomhaíocht mhéadaithe an duine leis an speiceas, agus ós rud é go meastar gur speiceas cúthail é a sheachain teagmháil dhaonna d'fhéadfadh tionchair díobhálacha a bheith aige ar a chuid daonra sa todhchaí (1). D'fhéadfadh go dtiocfadh níos mó teagmhála leis an nathair atá contúirteach go bhféadfadh sé seo a bheith ina chúis le níos mó coinbhleachta leis an nathair seo (2).\nTá raon leathan ag an mamba dubh agus ní chreidtear go bhfuil laghdú ar a líon, mar sin níl aon bhearta sonracha i bhfeidhm faoi láthair maidir le caomhnú na speiceas seo. D'fhéadfadh sé, áfach, go bhfaigheadh sé roinnt cosanta indíreach nuair a tharlaíonn sé i roinnt limistéar cosanta (1).\nTá bearnaí laistigh de scaipeadh ar eolas na mamba dubh i gceantair san Afraic Thiar amhail an tChad, an Nigéir, an Mháili agus Poblacht na hAfraice Láir, is dócha mar gheall ar easpa taighde. D'fhéadfadh go mbeadh easpa eolais ar an speiceas seo sna ceantair seo mar thoradh ar mheabhianscéal agus cóireáil earráideach i gcás cnáibhiota (9).\nFaigh amach níos mó faoin mamba dubh agus sna snaithíní eile:\nBBC Nature - Mamba Dubh:\nAn Stáisiún Sonraí Réptílí:\nTá an fhaisnéis seo ag fanacht le fíorú ag saineolaí speiceas, agus déanfar í a nuashonrú a luaithe is féidir. Más féidir leat cabhrú, déan teagmháil le:\n- Arboreal: ainmhí a chónaíonn nó a chaitheann méid mór ama sna crainn.\n- Fo-chineál: pobal a bhíonn teoranta de ghnáth i limistéar geografach a bhíonn difriúil ó phobail eile den speiceas céanna, ach ní chomh mór go nglactar leis mar speiceas ar leithligh.\nLiosta Dearg IUCN (Deireadh Fómhair, 2013)\nNational Geographic - Mamba Dubh (Deireadh Fómhair, 2013)\n- Brainse, B. (1998) Treoir Réimseach do Snakes agus Réptílí Eile i dTharth na hAfraice. Foilsitheoirí Struik, Cape Town.\n- OShea, M. (2008) Snake Venomous of the World. Foilsitheoirí Nua Holland, Londain.\n- Richardson, A.D. (2004) Mambas. Capstone Press, Mankato, Minnesota.\nAn Stáisiún Sonraí um Réptílí (Deireadh Fómhair, 2013)\n- Haagner, G.V. agus Morgan, D.R. (1993) Cothabháil agus leathadh an mamba dubh Dendroaspis polylepis ag Ionad Reptile Manyeleti, Oirthear Transvaal. Bliainleabhar Idirnáisiúnta an Zú, 32: 191-196.\n- Phelps, T. (2002) Staidéar ar an mamba dubh (Dendroaspis polylepis) i KwaZulu-Natal, an Afraic Theas, le tagairt ar leith do thearmann fadtéarmach. Builleachán Eipitíoch, 80: 7-19.\n- Håkansson, T. agus Madsen, T. (1983) Ar scaipeadh an mamba dubh (Dendroaspis polylepis) san Afraic Thiar. Journal of Herpetology, 17 ((2): 186-189."} {"text": "A Dutch startup has teamed up with a group of engineering students to develop a prototype for a new electric bike that charges itself using solar cells on its front wheel, so you’ll never need to plug it in.\n“This is a product that is capable of recharging itself during daytime or when you are cycling,” said Marc Peters, CEO, Solar Applications.\nGreen & Healthy Transport: First solar-bike is Dutch TUeindhoven CicloviaPanama URBANOS2 https://t.co/ZyDKb2x0JC pic.twitter.com/xDYtaFFwNA\n— Netherlands Embassy (NLinPanama) February 23, 2016\nThe first solar bikes came onto the market in the late 1980’s, but they had a bulky trailer to carry solar panels. Thanks to new technology, they’re becoming much sleeker. All the power this new model needs comes from solar panels covering the front wheel, and from the rider’s pedaling. It can also make up for low-light conditions, for instance on a rainy day. But for now it’s just a prototype, and it’s expected to cost around 2,500 euros when it’s released in 2018.\nCycling has historically been very popular in the Netherlands, where a quarter of all travel is done by bike. And various initiatives are helping riders improve their experience by making cycling safer, easier and even greener. Among them is a bike path that generates power through solar cells embedded in the concrete. It opened a year ago and so far has produced more energy than expected.\nThis Dutch solar-panel bike lane works really well https://t.co/YU5M2RtdYj pic.twitter.com/4YwLS0Pr4G— CityLab (@CityLab) November 19, 2015", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-30", "url": "http://www.euronews.com/amp/2016/03/09/dutch-team-unveils-sleek-solar-powered-bike", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676589892.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20180717183929-20180717203929-00506.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9400364161, "token_count": 391, "score": 3.015625, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Tá tús-ghníomhaíocht ó na hÍsiltíre tar éis comhoibriú le grúpa mac léinn innealtóireachta chun próta-amhrán a fhorbairt do rothar leictreach nua a ghearrann sé féin trí chill ghrian ar a roth tosaigh, ionas nach mbeidh ort é a chur i gcló.\n'Is táirge é seo atá in ann é féin a athchúrsáil i rith an lae nó nuair a bhíonn tú ag rothaíocht,' a dúirt Marc Peters, POF, Solar Applications.\nIompar Glas & Shláintiúil: Is é an chéad rothar gréine ná TUeindhoven CicloviaPanama URBANOS2 https://t.co/ZyDKb2x0JC pic.twitter.com/xDYtaFFwNA\n Ambasáid na hÍsiltíre (NLinPanama) 23 Feabhra, 2016\nTháinig na chéad rothar gréine ar an margadh ag deireadh na 1980idí, ach bhí trealaimh mhóra acu chun painéil gréine a iompar. A bhuíochas leis an teicneolaíocht nua, tá siad ag éirí i bhfad níos sleamhain. Tagann an chumhacht go léir a theastaíonn ón tsamhail nua seo ó phainéil ghrian a chlúdaíonn an roth tosaigh, agus ó phéideáil an rothair. Is féidir leis a mhaolú freisin i gcásanna éadroma, mar shampla, ar lá báistí. Ach ar an am seo níl ann ach próta-amhail, agus táthar ag súil go mbeidh costas thart ar 2,500 euro air nuair a scaoiltear é in 2018.\nTá an-tóir ar rothaíocht ó am go ham san Ísiltír, áit a ndéantar ceathrú cuid de na turais go léir ar rothar. Agus tá tionscnaimh éagsúla ag cabhrú le rothaithe a dtaithí a fheabhsú trí rothaíocht a dhéanamh níos sábháilte, níos éasca agus níos glaine. I measc na n-oibreacha sin tá cosán rothaíochta a ghineann cumhachta trí chill ghrian atá suite sa chonraim. Osclaíodh é bliain ó shin agus go dtí seo tá níos mó fuinnimh déanta aige ná mar a bhíothas ag súil leis.\nOibríonn an tslí rothar painéal gréine na hÍsiltíre seo go han-mhaith https://t.co/YU5M2RtdYj pic.twitter.com/4YwLS0Pr4G CityLab (@CityLab) 19 Samhain, 2015"} {"text": "A turtle makes a great pet if you provide the right habitat. Aquatic and semi-aquatic turtles have their own requirements in terms of water versus land area, lighting, heating, humidity and substrate (material that covers the bottom of the tank) [source: Foster and Smith Educational Staff]. Ask your local pet store for guidance.\nHere are some general guidelines for building the right turtle tank:\n- Choose an aquarium large enough to give the turtle plenty of room. Remember, while a baby turtle requires a 10-gallon (37.9-liter) aquarium, a fully grown adult will require at least twice that volume, depending on its carapace (outer shell) size.\n- Provide enough water for your turtle. Aquatic turtles require more water than do semi-aquatic turtles. Either way, the water should be deep enough for the turtle to swim in [source: CVM.MSU].\n- Provide enough land area. Different types of turtles require different amounts of land. Aquatics need less land than do semi-aquatics. The land area should be easy to climb onto, yet high enough to stay dry. There should be enough room for basking. Use bricks, foam, rocks or wood for the dry area.\n- Provide adequate lighting. UVA and UVB lighting is best for turtles. Use a timer to simulate a day/night cycle, with 12 to 14 hours of light and 10 to 12 hours of darkness [source: Foster and Smith Educational Staff]. It's best to place the tank out of direct sunlight.\n- Use a proper filtering system. The filter should be strong enough to properly clean a tank of your size. If you don't use a filter, you'll have to change the water weekly -- or more often if it's dirty.\n- Keep the water at the proper temperature with a heating system and thermometer.\n- Decide what substrate to use. Most turtles require a soft substrate on the bottom of the dry area of the tank. Some turtles will eat the substrate, which could be dangerous. Sand or some other soft soil is the best choice for substrate [source: CVM.MSU].", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-30", "url": "https://home.howstuffworks.com/home-improvement/how-to-build/how-to-build-turtle-tank.htm", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676593208.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20180722100513-20180722120513-00550.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9041031003, "token_count": 442, "score": 3.0, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Is peata iontach é an turtar má sholáthraíonn tú an t-áit chónaithe ceart dó. Tá a riachtanais féin ag turtar uisceacha agus leath-uisceacha maidir le limistéar uisce i gcomparáid le limistéar talún, soilsiú, téamh, taise agus substrát (ábhar a chlúdaíonn bun an tanca) [foinse: Foireann Oideachais Foster agus Smith]. Iarr ar do siopa peataí áitiúil treoir a fháil.\nSeo roinnt treoirlínte ginearálta maidir leis an tanc ceart turtar a thógáil:\n- Roghnaigh uiscíd mhór go leor chun go mbeidh go leor spáis ag an turtar. Cuimhnigh, cé go dteastaíonn 10 galún (37.9 lítear) d'aicéarim ó thortóg óg, beidh méid dhá oiread sin ag teastáil ó dhuine fásta, ar a laghad, ag brath ar mhéid a chárpás (cásca seachtrach).\n- Soláthraíonn uisce go leor do do turtar. Éilíonn turtar uisce níos mó uisce ná turtar leath-uisceach. Ar aon nós, ba chóir go mbeadh an t-uisce domhain go leor chun an turtar a shnámh [foinse: CVM.MSU].\n- Ar fáil go leor limistéar talún. Éilíonn cineálacha éagsúla turtar méid talún difriúil. Ní gá níos lú talún do uisceach ná do leath-uisceach. Ba cheart go mbeadh an limistéar talún éasca le dreapadh air, ach ard go leor chun fanacht tirim. Ba chóir go mbeadh go leor seomra ann chun an t-am a chaitheamh. Úsáid brící, scamh, carraigeacha nó adhmad don limistéar tirim.\n- Solas leordhóthanach a sholáthar. Is é solas UVA agus UVB an ceann is fearr do thorthaí. Úsáid amadóir chun timthriall lá/oíche a shamhlú, le 12 go 14 uair an chloig solais agus 10 go 12 uair an chloig dorchadais [foinse: Foireann Oideachais Foster agus Smith]. Is fearr an tanc a chur amach ó sholas díreach na gréine.\n- Úsáid córas scagála ceart. Ba chóir go mbeadh an scagaire láidir go leor chun tanc de do mhéid a ghlanadh i gceart. Mura n-úsáideann tú scagaire, beidh ort an t-uisce a athrú gach seachtain - nó níos minice más salach é.\n- Coinnigh an t-uisce ag an teocht cheart le córas téimh agus teirmiméadar.\n- Cinntigh cén substrát a úsáid. Éilíonn an chuid is mó de na cnámha clóis bhog ar bhonn na limistéar tirim den chisterna. Ithefaidh roinnt turtar an t-aighneacht, rud a d'fhéadfadh a bheith contúirteach. Is é an gaineamh nó talamh bog eile an rogha is fearr le haghaidh substrate [foinse: CVM.MSU]."} {"text": "July 5, 2017 – A parasitic eel-like fish with a gaping mouth, the rarely seen Pacific lamprey is often vilified. In reality, they provide an important service in our local California waterways. This native creature cleans our rivers, delivers food to the water system with marine nutrients and provides sustenance to tribes.\n“They can be scary-looking, slimy, and they are nocturnal, so you don’t know what’s going on; some people see them as ‘blood-sucking lampreys,’” said Damon Goodman, fish biologist with the Arcata U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service office. “People think: ‘what if they grab ahold of me?’”\nThe fact is Pacific lamprey only filter-feed in freshwater systems, eating microorganisms and helping to clean the water. When they are first born, they are about the size of an eyelash and burrow in the stream bottom for five to seven years. Once they are about the size of a pencil, they transform, developing eyes, teeth and a sucker mouth. Then they migrate out to the ocean to feed parasitically on whales, pollock and other fish. They grow to about two feet long before returning to fresh water to spawn.\nWith their ability to travel farther into the river system than Chinook salmon or steelhead, Pacific lamprey, which can live up to 11 years, also help increase ecosystem productivity.\n“When they come up to spawn and die, all that energy is released back into the system, which drives macroinvertebrate production, providing bugs for other fish and birds to eat,” said Goodman who did his Master’s thesis on Pacific lamprey at Humboldt State University (HSU). “They construct these nests in the cobbles, grab rocks using their suctorial disks (mouths) and move them to form a ‘fire ring’ for their eggs, creating topographic diversity in the channel.”\nBald eagles, river otters, bears and raccoons also feed on lampreys.\nUnfortunately, the number of lampreys has declined in rivers throughout the state. As recently as the 1990s, Pacific lampreys occupied larger freshwater streams as far south as northern Baja California, Mexico. However, by 2016 they were absent south of Big Sur. To the north, lampreys are still present along the coast to Alaska.\nGoodman along with Dr. Stewart Reid from Western Fishes got together to work with partners throughout the state, including the California Department of Fish and Wildlife, to try and reverse the trend, and avoid placing the species on the federal Endangered Species List.\nVan Arsdale Fisheries Station in Potter Valley, California. “People might ask ‘can’t they just get over the dam,’ well they were getting over the dam but it was taking three to four weeks and only a small fraction were successful,” said fisheries biologist Dr. Stewart Reid. “If you had to spend three weeks to get into your house, you’d probably look for a solution as well.” Credit: John Heil/USFWS\n“A lot of what we have done is an approach to conservation,” Goodman said. “We’re trying to get ahead of the game, by identifying problems and where we can get the most bang for the buck – practical, low cost approaches to solutions to assist the species.”\nGoodman and Reid found a low-cost solution at the Van Arsdale Fisheries Station in Potter Valley, California, where only six percent of lampreys were making it through the fish ladder, and with a great deal of exertion. Fish ladders are designed specifically for fish that jump such as salmon or steelhead, presenting a challenge for a non-jumping fish like the Pacific lamprey.\nBob Clarke, regional fisheries program supervisor (left), and biologist Damon Goodman review the lamprey monitoring system. The project includes a camera and a computer to monitor the number of lampreys going through the migration tube. Credit: John Heil/USFWS\n“People might ask ‘can’t they just get over the dam,’ well they were getting over the dam but it was taking three to four weeks and only a small fraction were successful,” Reid said. “If you had to spend three weeks to get into your house, you’d probably look for a solution as well.”\nThe Van Arsdale project, which cost less than $3,000 in materials, helps lampreys get through to the upper Eel River through four-inch PVC tubing bought at a local hardware store. The project also includes a camera and a computer to monitor the number of lampreys going through the tube.\n“All the lampreys that go up the tube get counted and measured, so, for very little cost we get a really effective monitoring system,” Reid said. “This is the first time we are able to get numbers from the monitoring. We already found that the average time to get up the tube is three hours.”\nThe project which started in 2015 will get a full-year look by July 2017.\n“We had no evidence that this would work,” Goodman said. “No one has ever put lampreys up a tube, much less a 50-foot climb across 300 feet of tube. We wondered whether this was going to actually work.\n“It was a really cool feeling seeing the first one pop out of the top. There were high-fives all-around. We figured if they are using their suctorial disks to climb up, why couldn’t they climb up a tube.”\nThe result is near perfect success through the tube.\nScott Harris, California Department of Fish and Wildlife fisheries biologist, displays a lamprey at the Van Arsdale Fisheries Station, Potter Valley, Calif. “Their whole life history and biology is just so different from any other fish. We’re learning something different every day,” he said. Credit: CDFW\n“I’ve been working with young salmon for 23 years, so when this popped up as something that needed to be addressed, I was really quite happy,” said Scott Harris, environmental scientist in fisheries biology for CDFW who has been at Van Arsdale for eight years. “Their whole life history and biology is just so different from any other fish. We’re learning something different every day, dealing with the lampreys.\n“The Eel River is named after lampreys and I think it is pretty cool that we have had a two-year success of giant runs of the river’s namesake.”\nWorking with the National Marine Fisheries Service and PG&E, the Van Arsdale project started as a process to speed up the timing of juvenile Chinook salmon getting out of the project area. During the first block water release in 2012 Harris became aware of the lampreys.\n“They went pretty crazy that very first year and were quiet for a few years and in 2016 it absolutely blew up,” said Harris of the numbers of lampreys that year.\nA Pacific lamprey dipped out of the Eel River in Van Arsdale Fisheries Station in Potter Valley, California. “The Eel River is named after lampreys and I think it is pretty cool that we have had a two-year success of giant runs of the river’s namesake,” said Scott Harris, fisheries biologist for CDFW. Credit: Steve Martarano/USFWS\nIn 2012, Goodman got wind of what was taking place and gave Harris a call to start the process of creating a passage and setting up a process to monitor them.\nSean Ledwin at the Trinity River Restoration Program Bucktail Project. “The Hoopa Valley Tribe have been fishing for salmon, sturgeon and lamprey since time immemorial,” said Sean Ledwin. Credit: Courtesy of David Bandrowski/Yurok Tribe\nThe importance of this project and efforts made by Goodman, Reid, Harris and the Pacific Lamprey Conservation Initiative, including over 300 partners, cannot be understated. In addition to helping improve river health, the lampreys provide an important cultural benefit to local tribes.\n“The Hoopa Valley Tribe have been fishing for salmon, sturgeon and lamprey since time immemorial,” said Sean Ledwin, habitat division lead for Hoopa Valley Tribal Fisheries.\n“Lamprey in particular are of real interest,” he said. “Tribal people start fishing for eels in winter months at the mouth of the Klamath using eel hooks and then in the spring there’s upstream fishing with eel baskets. It is the first push of fish that come in after a long wet winter. Lampreys are incorporated into some of the ceremonies and dances for the tribe.”\nTim Nelson, natural resources director for the Wiyot Tribe, gathers information on Butte Creek, a main tributary to the mainstream of the Eel River recently. “These last couple of years we’ve had some really good runs of Pacific lamprey, and we’ve been able to tell our elders the specific reasons (for it),” he said. Credit: Courtesy of Eddie Koch, Wiyot Tribe\nTim Nelson, natural resources director for the Wiyot Tribe, added, “Our elders tell me stories about how they used to just go down to Benbow dam and fill their gunny sacks up in minutes with lampreys and a couple of years ago we were lucky if we caught one or two at the mouth of the Eel.”\n“These last couple of years we’ve had some really good runs of Pacific lamprey, and we’ve been able to tell our elders the specific reasons and more about the life cycle of the lamprey,” he said. “When they go out eeling now, they feel even more of a connection.”\nThe efforts at Van Arsdale are one of many projects Goodman and Reid are spearheading. For example, a climbing surface made from $300 of recycled material in 2013 helped bring lampreys back into the creek in Mission Plaza in San Luis Obispo, California.\nKristine Pepper and Fernando Manzanera, of CalTrans, gathering data on Cedar Creek, a tributary to the South Fork Eel River. “If something is passing through an area I don’t want to be responsible for changing patterns, whether it is endangered or not,” Pepper said. Credit: Wesley Johnson/CalTrans\nAlso, Caltrans Engineer Kristine Pepper now considers lampreys in design of weirs. After seeing a one-hour presentation in 2013 by Goodman for biologists with Caltrans, Pepper decided to incorporate it in a project at Cedar Creek, a tributary of the South Fork of the Eel River. In collaboration with Goodman, she developed a lamprey fish passage weir to be included for the Cedar Creek project and future projects within Caltrans District 1.\n“He put it in my mind that there are other creatures to think about,” said Pepper. “I would not want to inhibit any natural process what-so-ever. If something is passing through an area I don’t want to be responsible for changing patterns, whether it is endangered or not. I believe in looking at the whole system.”\nThe Cedar Creek project is slated for construction in the summer of 2017.\nService biologist Damon Goodman holds a Pacific lamprey at the Van Arsdale Fisheries Station in Potter Valley, California.“It was a really cool feeling seeing the first one pop out of the top (of the migration tube). There were high-fives all-around. We figured if they are using their suctorial disks to climb up, why couldn’t they climb up a tube,” he said. Credit: John Heil/USFWS\nJohn Heil serves as the deputy assistant regional director for external affairs in the Pacific Southwest Region headquarters in Sacramento, Calif. He writes frequently about the Service’s wildlife conservation activities in California and Nevada.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-21", "url": "https://yubanet.com/california/looks-are-deceiving-for-scary-looking-lamprey/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243991982.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20210511092245-20210511122245-00222.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9629042149, "token_count": 2560, "score": 3.65625, "int_score": 4, "irish_text": "5 Iúil, 2017 Is iasc cosúil le cnámh parasach é le béal gaping, is minic a dhéantar an lamprey an Aigéin Chiúin a fheictear go searbh a scriosadh. I ndáiríre, soláthraíonn siad seirbhís thábhachtach inár n-uiscebhealaí California áitiúla. Déanann an créatúr dúchasach seo ár n-aibhneacha a ghlanadh, bia a sheachadadh chuig an gcóras uisce le cothaithigh mara agus soláthraíonn sé cothú do threibheanna.\n\"Is féidir leo a bheith scanrúil, sliamhach, agus tá siad oíche, mar sin ní bhíonn a fhios agat cad atá ar siúl; feiceann daoine áirithe iad mar\" lampreasanna a chuireann fola, \"a dúirt Damon Goodman, bitheolaí éisc leis an Arcata U.S. Oifig na Seirbhíse Iascaigh agus Fiadhúlra. Tá daoine ag smaoineamh: cad a tharlaíonn má ghlacann siad greim orm?\nIs é fírinne an phobail ná go bhfuil lamprey an Aigéin Chiúin ag feistiú ach amháin i gcórais uisce úr, ag ithe micreorganismí agus ag cabhrú leis an uisce a ghlanadh. Nuair a rugadh iad den chéad uair, tá siad thart ar mhéid an tsúil agus bíonn siad ag dul i mbun an srutháin ar feadh cúig go seacht mbliana. Nuair a bhíonn siad thart ar mhéid peann luaidhe, athraíonn siad, ag forbairt súile, fiacla agus béal sucker. Ansin imirceann siad amach go dtí an aigéan chun beatha parasiteach ar bhaláin, pollock agus iasc eile. Fásann siad go dtí thart ar dhá troigh ar fhad sula dtéann siad ar ais go dtí an t-uisce úr chun spawn.\nLeis an gcumas atá acu dul níos faide isteach sa chóras abhainn ná an t-salmón Chinook nó an ceann cruach, cuireann lampree an Aigéin Chiúin, a fhéadann maireachtáil suas le 11 bliana, le táirgeacht an éiceachórais a mhéadú.\n'Nuair a thagann siad chun spawn agus bás, go léir go bhfuil fuinneamh scaoilte ar ais isteach sa chóras, a thiomáint macroinvertebrate táirgeadh, a sholáthar bugs do iasc eile agus éan a ithe,'a dúirt Goodman a rinne a thesis Máistreachta ar lamprey an Aigéin Chiúin ag Humboldt State University (HSU). Déanann siad na nead seo a thógáil sna cobbles, greim ar charraigí ag baint úsáide as a gcuid dioscaí suctorial (beul) agus iad a bhogadh chun 'geall tine' a dhéanamh dá n-uibheacha, ag cruthú éagsúlacht topagrafach sa chainéal.\nBíonn eireaball bald, otters abhainn, béar agus raccoons ag ithe lampreas freisin.\nAr an drochuair, tá líon na lampreys tar éis titim i n-aibhneacha ar fud an stáit. Go dtí le déanaí sna 1990idí, bhí lampreys an Aigéin Chiúin ina gcónaí i sruthanna uisce milis níos mó chomh fada ó dheas le tuaisceart Baja California, Meicsiceo. Mar sin féin, faoi 2016 bhí siad as láthair ó dheas ó Big Sur. Go tuaisceart, tá lampreys fós i láthair ar feadh an chósta go dtí Alasca.\nTháinig Goodman le chéile leis an Dr. Stewart Reid ó Iasc an Iarthair chun oibriú le comhpháirtithe ar fud an stáit, lena n-áirítear Roinn Iasc agus Fiadhúlra California, chun iarracht a dhéanamh an treocht a aisiompú, agus na speicis a chur ar an Liosta Speiceas i mbaol cónaidhme.\nStáisiún Iascaigh Van Arsdale i Potter Valley, California. \"D'fhéadfadh daoine a rá 'Nach féidir leo an dam a shárú ach amháin,'\" bhí siad ag dul thar an dam ach bhí trí nó ceithre sheachtain ag teastáil uaidh agus ní raibh ach codán beag acu rathúil, \"a dúirt an t-eolaí iascaigh Dr. Stewart Reid. Má chaithfeadh tú trí sheachtain chun dul isteach i do theach, b'fhéidir go mbeadh tú ag lorg réiteach freisin. Creidmheas: John Heil/USFWS\nIs cur chuige é cuid mhór den méid a rinneamar maidir le caomhnú,a dúirt Goodman. Táimid ag iarraidh dul ar aghaidh leis an gcluiche, trí fhadhbanna a shainaithint agus trína bhféadfaimis an chuid is mó a fháil don dollar cur chuige praiticiúil, ar chostas íseal do réitigh chun cabhrú leis an speiceas.\nFuair Goodman agus Reid réiteach ar chostas íseal ag Stáisiún Iascaigh Van Arsdale i Potter Valley, California, áit nach raibh ach sé faoin gcéad de na lampreas ag éirí tríd an scála iasc, agus le go leor iarrachta. Tá léarscáileanna iasc deartha go sonrach le haghaidh iasc a léim mar an salmón nó an ceann cruach, rud a chuireann dúshlán ar fáil do iasc nach léim mar an lamprey an Aigéin Chiúin.\nDéanann Bob Clarke, maoirseoir clár iascaigh réigiúnach (ar chlé), agus an bitheolaí Damon Goodman athbhreithniú ar an gcóras faireacháin lamprey. Áirítear ar an tionscadal ceamara agus ríomhaire chun monatóireacht a dhéanamh ar líon na lampreys a théann tríd an feadán imirce. Creidmheas: John Heil/USFWS\n\"D'fhéadfadh daoine a rá 'Nach féidir leo an dam a shárú ach amháin,'\" a dúirt Reid, \"bhí siad ag dul thar an dam ach bhí trí nó ceithre sheachtain ag teastáil uaidh agus ní raibh ach codán beag acu rathúil. Má chaithfeadh tú trí sheachtain chun dul isteach i do theach, b'fhéidir go mbeadh tú ag lorg réiteach freisin.\nCabhraíonn tionscadal Van Arsdale, a chosnaíonn níos lú ná $ 3,000 i n-ábhar, le lampreys dul tríd an Abhainn Eel uachtarach trí thús ceithre orlach PVC a cheannaíodh i siopa crua-earraí áitiúil. Áirítear sa tionscadal ceamara agus ríomhaire freisin chun monatóireacht a dhéanamh ar líon na lampreys a théann tríd an feadán.\nCuirtear na lampreas go léir a théann suas an feadán i láthair agus déantar iad a thomhas, mar sin, le costas an-íseal faigheann muid córas faireacháin an-éifeachtach, a dúirt Reid. Is é seo an chéad uair a bhfuil muid in ann figiúirí a fháil ón monatóireacht. Fuair muid cheana féin go bhfuil an meán-am chun dul suas an feadán trí uair an chloig.\nBeidh an tionscadal a thosaigh in 2015 ag breathnú ar feadh na bliana go hiomlán faoi Iúil 2017.\n\"Ní raibh aon fhianaise againn go n-oibreoidh sé seo\", a dúirt Goodman. Níor chuir aon duine lampreys suas le feadán riamh, gan trácht ar shleamhnú 50 troigh ar fud 300 troigh de theach. Bhíomar ag smaoineamh an mbeadh sé seo ag obair i ndáiríre.\nBhí sé ina mothúchán an-chúramach an chéad cheann a fheiceáil ag popadh amach as an mbarr. Bhí high-fives ar fud. Shíl muid má tá siad ag baint úsáide as a gcuid dioscaí suctorial chun dul suas, cén fáth nach bhféadfadh siad a bheith ag dul suas ar thús.\nTá an toradh beagnach rathúil tríd an feadán.\nTaispeánann Scott Harris, bitheolaí iascaigh Roinn Iascaigh agus Fiadhúlra California, lamprey ag Stáisiún Iascaigh Van Arsdale, Potter Valley, Calif. Tá a stair saoil agus a bitheolaíocht iomlán chomh difriúil ó aon éisc eile. Tá rud éigin nua á fhoghlaim againn gach lá, a dúirt sé. Creidmheas: CDFW\n\"Tá mé ag obair le salmón óg le 23 bliain, agus mar sin nuair a tháinig sé seo chun cinn mar rud a theastaíonn aghaidh a thabhairt air, bhí mé an-sásta\", a dúirt Scott Harris, eolaí comhshaoil i bitheolaíocht iascaigh do CDFW a bhí ag Van Arsdale ar feadh ocht mbliana. Tá a stair saoil agus a bitheolaíocht go léir chomh difriúil le haon éisc eile. Tá rud éigin nua á fhoghlaim againn gach lá, ag déileáil leis na lampreys.\nTá an t-ainm Eel River ar an lampreas agus sílim go bhfuil sé go leor fionnuar go bhfuil rath dhá bhliain againn ar rith ollmhór an abhráin.\nAg obair leis an tSeirbhís Náisiúnta Iascaigh Mhuirí agus le PG&E, thosaigh tionscadal Van Arsdale mar phróiseas chun luas a chur ar an am a d'fhág an t-easnamh óg saillín Chinook limistéar an tionscadail. Le linn an chéad scaoileadh uisce i 2012 tháinig Harris ar an eolas faoi na lampreys.\n\"Bhí siad go leor dÚsachtach an chéad bhliain sin agus bhí siad ciúin ar feadh cúpla bliain agus in 2016 bhí sé go hiomlán ag pléascadh\", a dúirt Harris faoi líon na lampreys an bhliain sin.\nD'imigh lamprey an Aigéin Chiúin amach as Abhainn Eel i Stáisiún Iascaigh Van Arsdale i Potter Valley, California. \"Tá an t-ainm Eel River ar an lampreas agus sílim go bhfuil sé go leor fionnuar go bhfuil rath dhá bhliain againn ar rith ollmhór an abhráin\", a dúirt Scott Harris, bitheolaí iascaigh do CDFW. Creidmheas: Steve Martarano/USFWS\nSa bhliain 2012, fuair Goodman wind of cad a bhí ag tarlú agus thug sé glaoch do Harris chun tús a chur leis an bpróiseas a chruthú pasáiste agus próiseas a chur ar bun chun monatóireacht a dhéanamh orthu.\nSean Ledwin ag an gClár Athchóiriú Abhainn Trinity, Tionscadal Bucktail. \"Tá an Tribe Hoopa Valley ag iascaireacht le haghaidh salmón, sturgeon agus lamprey ó am go ham\", a dúirt Sean Ledwin. Creidmheas: Ar chúirtéis David Bandrowski/Tríobhlach Yurok\nNí féidir a rá go bhfuil an tionscadal seo agus na hiarrachtaí a rinne Goodman, Reid, Harris agus Tionscnamh Caomhnaithe Lamprey an Aigéin Chiúin, lena n-áirítear níos mó ná 300 comhpháirtí, tábhachtach. Chomh maith le cabhrú le sláinte na habhann a fheabhsú, soláthraíonn na lampreas buntáiste cultúrtha tábhachtach do threibheanna áitiúla.\n\"Tá an Tribe Gleann Hoopa ag iascaireacht le haghaidh salmón, sturgeon agus lamprey ó am go ham\", a dúirt Sean Ledwin, ceann na rannán gnáthóg do Hoopa Valley Tribal Fisheries.\n\"Tá spéis mhór ag na Lamprey go háirithe\", a dúirt sé. Tosaíonn daoine treibhe ag iascaireacht ar éileanna i míonna an gheimhridh ag béal Klamath ag baint úsáide as gaoithe éile agus ansin i rith an earraigh bíonn iascaireacht suas an sruth ann le ciseáin éileanna. Is é an chéad brú de iasc a thagann isteach tar éis gheimhreadh fada fliuch. Cuirtear lámpáin isteach i roinnt de na searmanais agus na damhsaí don threibh.\nTim Nelson, stiúrthóir acmhainní nádúrtha do Thrioblóid Wiyot, faisnéis a bhailiú ar Butte Creek, príomh-theach do phríomhshrutha Abhainn Eel le déanaí. \"Le cúpla bliain anuas, bhí roinnt raonta an-mhaith againn de lampree an Aigéin Chiúin, agus bhíomar in ann na cúiseanna sonracha (do sin) a insint dár seanóirí\", a dúirt sé. Creidiúint: Le cúirtéisí Eddie Koch, Wiyot Tribe\nDúirt Tim Nelson, stiúrthóir acmhainní nádúrtha do Thrioblóid Wiyot, \"Tá ár seanóirí ag insint scéalta dom faoi conas a bhí siad ag dul síos go damba Benbow agus a gcuid saic gunny a líonadh suas i nóiméad le lampreys agus cúpla bliain ó shin bhí áthas orainn má ghabhadh muid ceann nó beirt ag béal an Eel. \"\n\"Le cúpla bliain anuas, bhí roinnt raonta an-mhaith againn de lamprey an Aigéin Chiúin, agus bhíomar in ann na cúiseanna sonracha agus níos mó faoi timthriall saoil an lamprey a insint dár seanóirí\", a dúirt sé. Nuair a théann siad amach ag iascaireacht anois, mothaíonn siad níos mó nasc.\nTá na hiarrachtaí ag Van Arsdale ar cheann de na tionscadail go leor atá Goodman agus Reid ag stiúradh. Mar shampla, chabhraigh dromchla dreapadóireachta a rinneadh as $ 300 de ábhar athchúrsáilte in 2013 le lampreys a thabhairt ar ais isteach sa sruth i Mission Plaza i San Luis Obispo, California.\nKristine Pepper agus Fernando Manzanera, de CalTrans, ag bailiú sonraí ar Cedar Creek, brainseach do Abhainn Eel Fork Theas. 'Má tá rud éigin ag dul trí limistéar ní theastaíonn uaim a bheith freagrach as patrúin a athrú, cibé acu atá sé i mbaol nó nach bhfuil,' a dúirt Pepper. Creidmheas: Wesley Johnson/CalTrans\nChomh maith leis sin, tá Innealtóir Caltrans Kristine Pepper ag smaoineamh anois ar lampreys i ndearadh na ndíon. Tar éis cur i láthair uair an chloig a fheiceáil in 2013 ag Goodman do bithéolaithe le Caltrans, shocraigh Pepper é a ionchorprú i dtionscadal ag Cedar Creek, brainseach de Fork Theas Abhainn Eel. I gcomhar le Goodman, d'fhorbair sí díon pasáiste iasc lamprey a chur san áireamh le haghaidh tionscadal Cedar Creek agus tionscadail sa todhchaí laistigh de Cheantar Caltrans 1.\n\"Cuir sé i mo intinn go bhfuil créatúir eile le smaoineamh orthu\", a dúirt Pepper. Níor mhaith liom aon phróiseas nádúrtha a chosc ar chor ar bith. Má tá rud éigin ag dul trí limistéar ní ba mhaith liom a bheith freagrach as patrúin a athrú, cibé acu atá sé i mbaol nó nach bhfuil. Creidim go bhfuil sé riachtanach féachaint ar an gcóras iomlán.\nTá an tionscadal Cedar Creek sceidealta le tógáil i samhradh 2017.\nTá an bitheolaí seirbhíse Damon Goodman ag coinneáil lamprey an Aigéin Chiúin ag Stáisiún Iascaigh Van Arsdale i Potter Valley, California. Bhí sé ina mothúchán an-sásta an chéad cheann a fheiceáil ag popadh amach as an mbarr (an feadán imirce). Bhí high-fives ar fud. Shíl muid má tá siad ag úsáid a gcuid dioscaí suctorial chun dul suas, cén fáth nach bhféadfadh siad dul suas ar thús, \"a dúirt sé. Creidmheas: John Heil/USFWS\nTá John Heil ina leas-chomh-stiúrthóir réigiúnach le haghaidh gnóthaí seachtracha i gceanncheathrú Réigiún an Aigéin Chiúin Thiar i Sacramento, California. Scríobhann sé go minic faoi ghníomhaíochtaí caomhnaithe fiadhúlra na Seirbhíse i California agus Nevada."} {"text": "The cold front that swept Tropical Depression Arthur out to sea\nin the Bahamas.\nA deep closed low developed near the tail end of this frontal trough, and convection\nincreased on the 7th. Winds increased to tropical storm strength on the 8th, and\nthe cyclone was designated Diana. After initially drifting westward and threatening\nthe central Florida coast, the system moved north-northeast ahead of a frontal system\nmoving out of Canada, essentially along the Gulf Stream. The frontal system bypassed\nthe hurricane to the north, allowing it to move in a slow anticyclonic loop just offshore\nNorth Carolina. On the morning of the 13th, Diana finally made landfall as a category\ntwo hurricane, and weakened into a tropical storm 12 hours later. The blocking high\nmoved out to sea, allowing the storm to move out to the east, offshore Oregon Inlet\non the 14th and the system nearly regained hurricane strength. After passing just north\nof Sable Island, Nova Scotia, the cyclone became extratropical as it passed through\nNewfoundland on the 16th. Below is the track of this cyclone, provided by the\nNational Hurricane Center.\nThe graphics below show the storm total rainfall for Diana.\nthe maximum across North Carolina near\nthe track of the storm.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-27", "url": "http://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/tropical/rain/diana1984.html", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-27/segments/1435375096780.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20150627031816-00244-ip-10-179-60-89.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9416074157, "token_count": 272, "score": 2.890625, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "An aghaidh fuar a scrios an Depression Trópaiceach Arthur amach ar muir\nsna Bahámaí.\nForbraíodh íseal dúnta domhain gar do dheireadh eireaball an trog tosaigh seo, agus comhghabháil\nméadaithe ar an 7ú. D'fhás na gaotha go neart stoirm thrópaiceach an 8ú, agus\nainmníodh an ticéid Diana. Tar éis a drileadh go dtí an iarthar ar dtús agus a bhagairt\nan chósta lár Florida, ghluais an córas ó thuaidh-northeast os comhair córas tosaigh\nag bogadh amach as Ceanada, go bunúsach ar feadh an Sream na Murascaille. An córas tosaigh a shárú\nan hurricane go dtí an tuaisceart, ag ligean dó chun bogadh i lúb anticyclonic mall díreach amach ón gcósta\nCarolina Thuaidh. Ar maidin an 13ú, Diana ar deireadh rinne landfall mar chatagóir\ndhá hurricane, agus lagú go stoirm thrópaiceach 12 uair an chloig ina dhiaidh sin. An ard-bhac\nbhog amach ar muir, ag ligean don stoirm bogadh amach go dtí an oirthear, amach ó Mhuir Oregon\nar an 14ú agus an córas beagnach neart hurricane a fháil ar ais. Tar éis dó dul díreach ó thuaidh\nd'Oileán Sable, Nova Scotia, tháinig an t-sioclóin thar-trópaiceach mar a chuaigh sé trí\nNewfoundland ar an 16ú. Anseo thíos tá an rian na sioclóin, a sholáthraíonn an\nIonad Náisiúnta na Hurricane.\nTaispeánann na grafaicí thíos an báisteach iomlán stoirme do Diana.\nan t-uasmhéid ar fud Carolina Thuaidh in aice\nan rian na stoirme."} {"text": "Czech Independence Day Speech\nThe dramatic changes in Eastern Europe happened so rapidly and over so broad an area that making these events understandable for students can be a challenge. This case study uses a landmark speech by Vaclav Havel as a means to unpack the rapid events of 1989.\nPresident Václav Havel’s “Czech Independence Day Speech” marked the first celebration of Czechoslovak Independence day since the fall of the communist regime during November and December 1989. I included this document in a two-semester sequence of courses (in which students had the option of taking either or both of the courses in the sequence) on Nationalism in Eastern Europe, which was taught almost exclusively on the basis of reading and analyzing primary source documents.\nThis course was offered within the University Honors Program at my institution (the George Washington University), so it was a small, seminar class of highly motivated and highly qualified students. Throughout the two semesters, by reading and analyzing source texts, we pursued the origins, development, splintering, possible decline and reassertion of Nationalism in the region from the late eighteenth century to the present.\nThis source illustrated the reappearance of issues related to nationalism in the aftermath of the collapse of the Soviet imperium, and brought home to the students the fact that the \"Velvet Revolution\" in Czechoslovakia did not necessarily lead to a \"living happily ever after\" ending for the common state of Czechs and Slovaks. It also led into wider considerations of the role of commemorations and political rituals in the politics of identity.\nBy the time the class was discussing this particular text, the students had garnered a semester's worth or more of experience in approaching primary source texts. My practice was to assign context-giving readings from a narrative textbook or textbooks, to provide some framework from which the students could approach the documents. Where necessary I could also intervene to explain important contextual issues that were not clear from the readings.\nThis source and all the primary sources for the course were included in a course packet distributed at the beginning of the semester and including the primary readings for the entire semester. Students had read other sources related to the problem of nationalism and communism, and indeed had read Václav Havel's essay \"The Power of the Powerless,\" so they had some familiarity with Havel's approaches and style.\nSince I taught this document in a small, seminar class, I began discussing it and the other readings for that day's topic jointly with the students, in the typical seminar discussion. By this stage in the semester the students had already markedly developed their ability to read and analyze a primary source text, to identify quickly not only the major points in a given extract, but to recognize their significance to the author, the intended audience, and their setting in the general context both specific and more widely. All of these skills should be transferable to other sources and even other types of sources.\nThroughout the semester I tried to limit my role to facilitating (even prodding and pushing) discussion along, rather than lecturing. Still, from time to time, I served as an additional \"textbook\" as it were, able to throw out significant details of the context that perhaps were not fully developed in the other readings the students had already done, or that they had overlooked. I tried to ask them leading questions when spontaneous discussion flagged, but did not attempt to direct the discussion towards my exclusively pre-determined end point.\nFor example, one question I asked specific students was how they would react to the speech if they were Czech, Slovak, or a member of a minority community such as a Roma (Gypsy), and why. That stimulated some imaginative discussions and proved productive. Perhaps this sort of approach could be taking within a group context, with groups of students assigned to read the text and formulate responses from various points of view (not just national, but, for example, points of view of other Czechs who were political opponents of Havel).\nThe broadest conclusion that we all took away from this exercise, I believe, was that every political epiphany is followed by a \"morning after\" (not to sound too cynical about it). Discussing this speech helped open the students to appreciating the sources and course of the post-communist development of identity politics. Through the contextual reading of such sources, students were also exposed to the more general changes that occurred in the political and social life in Czechoslovakia (and the Czech Republic and Slovakia) following the euphoric moment of liberation. In fact, the Czechoslovak example made a useful contrast and compare case for discussing developments in other countries of the region that experienced somewhat different transitions (Yugoslavia, of course, but also Poland, Hungary or Romania).\nThe text is a good example of Havel's style, and has a strong effect on the reader. The likeliest future use of this text will not be in a small seminar class, so I will adapt its presentation to a more lecture-oriented class with larger student numbers. In that sort of class, I will adapt more structure-giving techniques, such as formally dividing the class into working teams, perhaps with each being assigned a particular point of view as suggested above. Teams could work on response papers, including questions for discussion, from their assigned point of view, which could be circulated either on paper or using other forms of information technology such as Blackboard or downloadable podcasts, weblogs, or discussion bulletin boards. These technological assets were not available to me when I taught the Honors course, which was several years ago, before my institution even used web-based syllabus delivery.\nDocument 1: Havel's Independence Day Address, 1990\nThe Elliott School of International Affairs", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-27", "url": "http://chnm.gmu.edu/1989/exhibits/czech-independence-day-speech/essay", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-27/segments/1435375096738.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20150627031816-00148-ip-10-179-60-89.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9701013565, "token_count": 1172, "score": 3.34375, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Aistriúchán ar Lá Neamhspleáchais na Seice\nBhí na hathruithe suntasacha san Oirthear Eorpach chomh tapa agus chomh mór sin go bhféadfadh sé a bheith ina dhúshlán na himeachtaí seo a dhéanamh tuisceanach do mhic léinn. Úsáidtear sa chás-staidéar seo óráid suntasach ag Vaclav Havel mar mhodh chun na himeachtaí tapa 1989 a phéinteáil.\nBhí an chéad cheiliúradh ar lá neamhspleáchais na Seiceaslóvaice ó thit an réimeas cumannach i mí na Samhna agus i mí na Nollag 1989 le \"Tráth ar Lá Neamhspleáchais na Seice\". Chuir mé an doiciméad seo isteach i sraith dhá sheimeastar de chúrsaí (ar féidir le mic léinn ceann amháin nó an dá chúrsa sa sraith a ghlacadh) ar Náisiúntachta san Oirthear na hEorpa, a mhúineadh beagnach go heisiach ar bhonn na doiciméid foinse tosaigh a léamh agus a anailísiú.\nBhí an cúrsa seo ar fáil laistigh de Chlár Onóracha na hOllscoile ag mo institiúid (Ollscoil George Washington), mar sin bhí sé ina rang beag, seimineár de mhic léinn ard-spreagtha agus ardcháilithe. Le linn an dá sheimeastar, trí theacsanna foinse a léamh agus a anailísiú, leanamar ar aghaidh le bunús, forbairt, scoilteadh, titim agus athdhéanamh féideartha Náisiúntachta sa réigiún ó dheireadh an ochtú haois déag go dtí an lá atá inniu ann.\nLéirigh an fhoinse seo athfhéachaint saincheisteanna a bhaineann le náisiúnachas i ndiaidh titim impireacht na Sóivéide, agus thug sé ar na mic léinn an fíric nach raibh an \"Réabhlóid Velvet\" sa tSeiceaslóvaic mar thoradh ar \"maireachtáil go sona sásta go deo\" ag deireadh le stát choiteann na Seice agus na Slovacach. Thug sé aird níos leithne freisin ar ról na gcuimhneacháin agus na deasghnátha polaitiúla i bpolaitíocht na féiniúlachta.\nFaoin am a bhí an rang ag plé leis an téacs seo, bhí taithí ag na mic léinn ar luach leathchéad bliain nó níos mó i dtaca le téacsanna bunfhoinse a chur i láthair. Ba é mo chleachtas léitheoireacht a thabhairt i gcomhthéacs ó leabhar nó ó leabhair teagaisc insint, chun creat a sholáthar as ar féidir leis na mic léinn dul i ngleic leis na doiciméid. I gcás inar gá, d'fhéadfainn dul i bhfeidhm freisin chun saincheisteanna comhthéacsúla tábhachtacha nach raibh soiléir ó na léachtaí a mhíniú.\nCuireadh an fhoinse seo agus na foinsí príomhúla go léir don chúrsa san áireamh i bpacáiste cúrsa a d'eisigh siad ag tús na seimeastar agus a raibh na léitheoireachtaí príomhúla don seimeastar iomlán san áireamh iontu. Bhí foinsí eile a bhaineann le fadhb na náisiúntachta agus na cumannachta léite ag mic léinn, agus bhí aiste Václav Havel \"The Power of the Powerless\" léite acu i ndáiríre, mar sin bhí roinnt eolais acu ar chur chuige agus ar stíl Havel.\nÓs rud é gur mhúineadh mé an doiciméad seo i rang beag, seimineár, thosaigh mé ag plé leis agus leis na léitheoireachtaí eile don ábhar an lae sin i gcomhar leis na mic léinn, sa phlé tipiciúil seimineár. Ag an gcéim seo sa seimeastar bhí forbairt suntasach tagtha ar a gcumas ag na mic léinn téacs bunfhoinse a léamh agus a anailísiú, ní hamháin na pointí móra i sliocht áirithe a aithint go tapa, ach a n-iarmhéid don údar, don lucht féachana atá beartaithe, agus a suíomh sa chomhthéacs ginearálta a aithint, ar bhealach sonrach agus níos leithne. Ba cheart go mbeadh na scileanna seo go léir in-aistrithe ar fhoinsí eile agus fiú ar chineálacha eile foinsí.\nLe linn na seimeastar seo, rinne mé iarracht mo ról a theorannú chun plé a éascú (fiú ag spreagadh agus ag brú) in éineacht leis, seachas léacht a thabhairt. Mar sin féin, ó am go ham, bhí mé mar \"leabhar teagaisc\" breise, mar a bhí sé, in ann sonraí suntasacha den chomhthéacs a chur amach nach raibh, b'fhéidir, leagtha amach go hiomlán sna léachtaí eile a bhí déanta ag na mic léinn cheana féin, nó a bhí dearmad déanta acu. Rinne mé iarracht ceisteanna ceannaireachta a chur orthu nuair a tháinig plé spontáineach, ach níor rinne mé iarracht an plé a threorú i dtreo mo phointe deiridh réamhshocraithe go heisiach.\nMar shampla, bhí ceist amháin a d'iarr mé ar mhic léinn ar leith ná conas a dhéanfadh siad leis an óráid dá mbeadh siad ina n-iasacht na Seice, na Slóvaice nó ina mbaill de phobal mionlaigh amhail Roma (Gypsy), agus cén fáth. Chuir sé sin spreagadh ar roinnt plé cruthaitheach agus bhí toradh air sin. B'fhéidir go bhféadfaí cur chuige den chineál seo a ghlacadh laistigh de chuntas grúpa, le grúpaí mac léinn a ceapadh chun an téacs a léamh agus freagraí a fhoirmiú ó phointí éagsúla tuairimí (ní amháin náisiúnta, ach, mar shampla, phointí tuairimí na Seiceach eile a bhí ina n-ionsaitheoirí polaitiúla ar Havel).\nIs é an t-ionchur is forleithne a ghlacamar as an tsaothar seo, dar liom, ná go leanann gach epiphany polaitiúil \"amárach ina dhiaidh\" (gan bheith ró-ciníoch faoi). Chuidigh plé ar an óráid seo leis na mic léinn a chur ar fáil chun meas a bheith acu ar fhoinsí agus ar chúrsa forbartha iar-choimisinéireachta pholaitíocht féiniúlachta. Trí léitheoireacht chomhthéacsúil a dhéanamh ar fhoinsí den sórt sin, bhí na mic léinn nochtaithe freisin do na hathruithe níos ginearálta a tharla sa saol polaitiúil agus sóisialta sa tSeiceaslóvaic (agus sa Phoblacht na Seice agus sa tSlóvaic) tar éis an nóiméad euforach na saoirse. Go deimhin, bhí an sampla Seiceaslóvaice ina chás úsáideach chun comparáid a dhéanamh agus forbairtí a phlé i dtíortha eile sa réigiún a raibh aistriú beagán difriúil acu (an Iúgslaiv, ar ndóigh, ach an Pholainn, an Ungáir nó an Rómáin freisin).\nIs sampla maith de stíl Havel é an téacs, agus tá tionchar láidir aige ar an léitheoir. Ní dócha go n-úsáidfear an téacs seo sa todhchaí i rang seimineár beag, mar sin oirionnfidh mé a chur i láthair do rang níos dírithe ar léacht le líon níos mó mac léinn. Sa chineál sin ranga, beidh mé a chur in oiriúint níos mó struchtúr-a thabhairt teicnící, mar shampla go foirmiúil a roinnt an rang i ngrúpaí oibre, b'fhéidir le gach a bheith sannta pointe áirithe de thuairim mar a mholtar thuas. D'fhéadfadh foirne oibriú ar pháipéir fhreagra, lena n-áirítear ceisteanna le haghaidh plé, óna gcuid dearcadh a shanntar, a d'fhéadfaí a scaipeadh ar pháipéar nó ag baint úsáide as cineálacha eile teicneolaíochta faisnéise mar Blackboard nó podchraoltaí in-íoslódála, weblogs, nó painéil buileáin phlé. Ní raibh na sócmhainní teicneolaíochta seo ar fáil dom nuair a mhúin mé an cúrsa Honor, a bhí roinnt blianta ó shin, sula raibh mo institiúid ag úsáid cur i láthair na silabáis ar líne.\nDoiciméad 1: Aistriúchán Lá na Saoirse Havel, 1990\nScoil Ghnóthaí Idirnáisiúnta Elliott"} {"text": "From tapeworms to cabbage soup, mind-boggling food crazes litter the world of nutrition like so many discarded cigarette butts.\nBut, there are gems hidden within the dietary refuse; particular eating plans that provide a key ingredient to living a longer, healthier life.\nOne such jewel is the \"Mediterranean diet,\" a collection of nutritional and behavioral best-practices typically adhered to by people living in the areas surrounding the Mediterranean Sea. This particular eating regimen also offers a series of benefits specific to the aging population.\nWhat is the Mediterranean diet?\nBuilt on a foundation of fruits, vegetables, whole grains and fish, the Mediterranean diet has slowly gained prominence as an effective way to increase longevity and stave off chronic illness and cognitive decline.\nRecently, the diet nabbed the third place spot (out of 29) on U.S. News and World Report's, \"Best Overall Diets,\" list—receiving four out of five stars from nutritional experts.\n\"This diet is an example of great nutrition mostly because it is rich in colorful fruits and vegetables. Which means it's rich in a variety of powerful vitamins and minerals,\" says Gwen Weiss-Numeroff, nutritionist and author of, \"Extraordinary Centenarians in America: Their Secrets to Living a Long Vibrant Life.\"\nHere's what science has to say about the positive effects of the eating habits of Mediterranean natives:\n- Keeps elders agile: A 2012 study conducted on elderly residents of Tuscany, Italy, found that keeping to a Mediterranean-style diet decreased a senior's odds of developing hallmark signs of frailty (slow walking speed, muscle weakness, generalized exhaustion) by about 70 percent, when compared to those who subscribed to a different nutritional program. Avoiding signs of frailty can help prevent falls, fractures and broken bones in the elderly.\n- Fights chronic ailments: Study after study shows how Mediterranean diet foods can help reduce a person's risk for developing chronic illnesses, including heart disease, diabetes, cancer, arthritis, dental disease, macular degeneration and Alzheimer's. They may also play a role in helping people with asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) manage their condition.\n- Protects the brain: Adhering to healthy lifestyle practices may reduce a person's risk of Alzheimer's disease and other cognitive disorders. \"We know that dietary habits can and do have profound effects on our brains both directly, as well as indirectly,\" says Christopher Ochner, Ph.D., a leading nutrition and brain health researcher and co-author of the book, \"The Alzheimer's Diet: A Step-by-Step Nutritional Approach for Memory Loss Prevention and Treatment.\" Ochner's co-author and colleague, Richard Isaacson, M.D., an Alzheimer's disease specialist says that a good diet is one that is high in fruits, vegetables and whole grains, and low in dairy, saturated fat and refined sugar (a.k.a. the Mediterranean diet). He adds, \"The positive effects on memory function associated with a brain-healthy diet may be as effective (or even more effective over time) than those achieved with current FDA-approved medications.\"\nGood nutrition alone isn't enough. To reap the maximum health advantages, Weiss-Numeroff stresses the importance of the non-food elements of the Mediterranean diet.\n\"The Mediterranean people also remain active well into their platinum years, eat moderate portions and savor their food. Americans tend to be more sedentary, eat way too quickly and in excess—which contributes to digestive disorders and obesity,\" she says.\nCommunal meals eaten in the company of family and friends are also an important component of dietary lifestyle of these individuals. Sharing a meal with others strengthens social bonds and is an effective way to help prevent loneliness in the elderly.\nGuidelines for going Mediterranean\nOne of the oft-cited advantages of the Mediterranean diet is that it's relatively easy to follow.\nYou don't have to forgo any major food groups—even sweets. And, because you're mainly noshing on fiber-rich foods, there's no starvation necessary.\nHere are a few guidelines to keep in mind when attempting to adopt a Mediterranean-style diet:\n- Go fishing for Omega-3s: A central tenant of the Mediterranean Diet is to avoid all but the leanest meats (sirloin, beef round), and even those should be consumed infrequently. Fish is the preferred supplier of animal protein. According to Weiss-Numeroff, the rule of thumb is to eat fish twice a week. She suggests tucking into tuna or salmon—both of which are good sources of heart-healthy Omega-3 fatty acids.\n- Get friendly with (good) fats: The word, ‘fat' has become taboo in modern society, but there is a crucial difference between \"good\" fats and \"bad\" fats. According to Weiss-Numeroff, monounsaturated fats (found in avocados, almond, olives, salmon and tuna) are essential for a heart healthy diet because they play a role in regulating blood pressure and promoting properly functioning blood vessels.\n- Know your reds: The Mediterranean Diet allows for moderate consumption of red wine which, research indicates may increase longevity, improve immune and digestive system functioning and help maintain healthy levels of good cholesterol (HDL).\n- Fill up on fiber: Fiber-rich foods such as, fruits, vegetables, nuts and whole grains should be a staple in everyone's diet—regardless of age. But, fiber plays a particularly essential role in regulating the digestive tracts of the elderly.\n- Spice things up: The right spices can make a dish delicious without excess salt and fat. Basil, Cardamom, Cumin, Garlic, Nutmeg, Oregano, Paprika, Saffron and Sage are all used in traditional Mediterranean dishes.\nList of Mediterranean diet foods:\n- Baba Ghanoush\n- Feta cheese\n- Pita bread\n- Red wine\n- Whole grains", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-34", "url": "https://www.agingcare.com/articles/mediterranean-diet-foods-155468.htm", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221218101.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20180821092915-20180821112915-00391.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9284610748, "token_count": 1243, "score": 2.703125, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Ó thineas-ghream go súp cabáiste, tá na bianna a bhfuil an t-intinn ag dul in olcas orthu ag cur isteach ar an saol cothaithe mar a bheadh go leor cadhnraí tobac scartha.\nAch, tá seodra i bhfolach taobh istigh den dhramhaíl aiste bia; pleananna bia ar leith a sholáthraíonn príomh-chomhábhar chun saol níos faide, níos sláintiúla a bheith agat.\nCeann de na seodra sin is ea \"aiste bia na Meánmhara\", bailiúchán de na cleachtais is fearr cothaithe agus iompair a leanann daoine a chónaíonn i gceantair timpeall na farraige Meánmhara de ghnáth. Cuireann an aiste bia áirithe seo sraith tairbhí ar fáil freisin atá sonrach don daonra atá ag dul in aois.\nCad é an aiste bia Meánmhara?\nBunaithe ar thorthaí, glasraí, gráin iomlána agus iasc, tá an aiste bia Mheánmhuirí ag éirí suntasach go mall mar bhealach éifeachtach chun fad saoil a mhéadú agus galar ainsealach agus titim cognaíoch a chosc.\nLe déanaí, fuair an aiste bia an tríú háit (ar 29 as) ar liosta \"Na hIontrálacha Iomlán is Fearr\", de chuid US News and World Report, ag fáil ceithre as cúig réalta ó shaineolaithe cothaithe.\n\"Is sampla den chothú iontach é an aiste bia seo den chuid is mó toisc go bhfuil sé saibhir i dtorthaí agus glasraí datha. Ciallaíonn sé go bhfuil sé saibhir i réimse vitimíní agus mianraí cumhachtach\", a deir Gwen Weiss-Numeroff, cothaitheach agus údar, \"Chunta bliain sa Mheiriceá: A n-ailt chun saol fada beoga a bheith acu\".\nSeo a deir an eolaíocht faoi éifeachtaí dearfacha nósanna itheacha na ndaoine dúchasacha sa Mheánmhuir:\n- Coinníonn sé daoine scothaosta áille: Fuair staidéar 2012 a rinneadh ar chónaitheoirí scothaosta na Toscana, an Iodáil, gur laghdaigh coinníocht ar aiste bia stíl Mheánmhuirí seans na seanóirí comharthaí sainithe na laige a fhorbairt (luath a shiúl, laige matáin, tuirse foriomlán) thart ar 70 faoin gcéad, i gcomparáid leo siúd a shínigh clár cothaithe difriúil. Is féidir le comharthaí lagú a sheachaint titim, briseadh agus cnámha briste a chosc i ndaoine scothaosta.\n- Déileálann sé le tinneas ainsealach: Léiríonn staidéar i ndiaidh staidéir conas is féidir le bianna aiste bia na Meánmhara cabhrú le riosca duine a laghdú chun tinneas ainsealach a fhorbairt, lena n-áirítear tinneas croí, diaibéiteas, ailse, artritis, tinneas fiacla, díghrádú macúla agus Alzheimer. D'fhéadfadh ról a bheith acu freisin chun cabhrú le daoine a bhfuil asthma agus galar plúmach cosanta ainsealach (COPD) acu a riar a riar.\n- Cosnaíonn sé an inchinn: D'fhéadfadh cleachtais stíl mhaireachtála sláintiúla a bheith ag cloí le riosca duine galar Alzheimer agus neamhoird chognaíocha eile a laghdú. \"Tá a fhios againn go bhfuil tionchar mór ag nósanna aiste bia ar ár n-inchinn go díreach, chomh maith le go hindíreach\", a deir Christopher Ochner, Ph.D., taighdeoir meáchain agus sláinte inchinn agus comh-údar an leabhair, \"The Alzheimer's Diet: A Step-by-Step Nutritional Approach for Memory Loss Prevention and Treatment\". Deir comh-údar agus comhghleacaí Ochner, Richard Isaacson, M.D., speisialtóir ar ghalar Alzheimer go bhfuil aiste bia maith ina cheann atá ard i dtorthaí, glasraí agus gráin iomlána, agus íseal i déiríochta, saill shásta agus siúcra scagtha (a.k.a. an aiste bia Mheánmhuirí). Agus é ag cur leis, \"D'fhéadfadh na héifeachtaí dearfacha ar fheidhm chuimhne a bhaineann le aiste bia sláintiúil don inchinn a bheith chomh héifeachtach (nó níos éifeachtaí fós le himeacht ama) ná iad siúd a baintear amach le cógais atá ceadaithe ag an FDA faoi láthair\".\nNí leor cothú maith ina n-aonar. Chun na buntáistí sláinte is mó a bhaint amach, leagann Weiss-Numeroff béim ar thábhacht na n-eilimintí neamh-bhia a bhaineann le réim bia na Meánmhara.\n\"Fágann daoine na Meánmhara gníomhach go maith ina gcuid blianta platanam, itheann siad codanna measartha agus blasann siad a gcuid bia. Tá Meiriceánaigh i dteideal a bheith níos suíochánaí, ithe ró-luath agus i bhfad níos mó, rud a chuireann le neamhoird díleá agus murtall, \"a deir sí.\nTá béilí comhchoiteanna a itheann daoine i gcuideachta an teaghlaigh agus na gcairde ina gcomhpháirt thábhachtach de stíl mhaireachtála aiste bia na ndaoine seo. Déantar béile a roinnt le daoine eile chun na ceangail shóisialta a neartú agus is bealach éifeachtach é chun cabhrú le haontacht a chosc i measc na ndaoine scothaosta.\nTreoirlínte maidir le dul go Meánmhara\nCeann de na buntáistí a luaitear go minic maidir le aiste bia na Meánmhara ná go bhfuil sé réasúnta éasca a leanúint.\nNí gá duit aon phríomhghrúpaí bia a sheachaint - fiú milseoga. Agus, toisc go bhfuil tú ag snacking go príomha ar bianna saibhir snáithín, níl aon ocras riachtanach.\nSeo roinnt treoirlínte le coinneáil i gcuimhne nuair a bhíonn tú ag iarraidh aiste bia de chineál na Meánmhara a ghlacadh:\n- Téigh ag iascaireacht le haghaidh Omega-3s: Is é príomh-chónaitheoir an Chothaithe Mheánmhara ná gach feoil ach na feola is leanúnaí (sirloin, mairteola cruinn) a sheachaint, agus fiú iad sin ba chóir a ithe go neamhchoitianta. Is é an t-iasc an soláthraí is fearr de phróitéin ainmhíoch. De réir Weiss-Numeroff, is é an riail mhóil é iasc a ithe dhá uair sa tseachtain. Molann sí go n-ithfí tuinnín nó salmón, is foinsí maithe iad de aigéid shailleacha Omega-3 atá sláintiúil don chroí.\n- Bí cairdiúil le saill (mhaith): Tá an focal, \"saill\" tar éis éirí ina taboo sa tsochaí nua-aimseartha, ach tá difríocht ríthábhachtach idir saill \"mhaith\" agus saill \"mhioc\". De réir Weiss-Numeroff, tá saillte monounsaturated (a fhaightear i avocados, almond, ológa, salmón agus tuna) riachtanach le haghaidh aiste bia sláintiúil croí toisc go bhfuil ról acu i rialú brú fola agus i gcur chun cinn na soithigh fola a fheidhmíonn i gceart.\n- Bíodh a fhios agat cad iad do chuid fíon dearga: Ceadaíonn an aiste bia Mheánmhuirí tomhaltas measartha fíon dearg a d'fhéadfadh, de réir taighde, fad saoil a mhéadú, feabhas a chur ar fheidhmiú an chórais imdhíonachta agus díleá agus cabhrú le leibhéil sláintiúla de chholesterol maith (HDL) a chothabháil.\n- Líon na snáithín: Ba cheart go mbeadh bianna saibhre snáithín mar thorthaí, glasraí, cnónna agus gráin iomlána ina bpríomh-aiste bia i réim bia gach duine, beag beann ar a aois. Ach, tá ról ríthábhachtach ag snáithín go háirithe i rialaithe na bpáirteanna díleá ag daoine scothaosta.\n- Spice suas rudaí: Is féidir leis na spíosraí ceart a dhéanamh ar mhias delicious gan salann iomarcach agus saill. Úsáidtear basil, cardamom, cumin, garlic, nutmeg, oregano, paprika, saffron agus sage i miasa traidisiúnta na Meánmhara.\nLiosta de bhianna aiste bia na Meánmhara:\n- Baba Ghanoush\n- Óst Feta\n- Arán pita\n- Fíon dearg\n- Gráin iomlána"} {"text": "Better batteries mean better products. They give us longer-lasting smartphones, anxiety-free electric transport, and potentially, more efficient energy storage for large-scale buildings like data centers. But battery tech is frustratingly slow to advance, due to both the chemical processes involved and the challenges that exist around commercializing new battery designs. It remains incredibly tough for even the most promising battery experiments to find their way out of research labs and into the devices we carry.\nThat hasn't stopped people from trying. In recent years researchers and technologists have presented a variety of ways in which the materials in rechargeable lithium batteries—the kind in your phone right now—can be tweaked to improve battery density and, more importantly, battery safety. These technologies aren't going to make it to market in time for the Next Big Product Launch, but as we watch our phones slurp up the last dribble of power at the end of a long day, we can dream about the future.\nComplex battery technology can make even the most tech-savvy person feel like they need a PhD in chemistry to make sense of it, so here's an attempt to break it down. Most handheld and portable electronics use lithium ion batteries, which are made up of an anode, a cathode, a separator, an electrolyte, a positive current, and a negative current. The anode and cathode are the \"ends\" of the battery; a charge is generated and stored when the lithium ions (carried by the electrolyte) move between the two ends of the battery.\nLithium ion is still considered to be one of the lightest and most efficient battery solutions. But because it only has so much physical energy density, there are limits to how much of a charge it can hold. It's also sometimes dangerous: if something goes awry with the separator, and electrodes come in contact with one another, the battery starts to heat up. And liquid electrolytes are highly flammable. This often is what leads to exploding batteries. \"[Electric] car crashes, Samsung phones–those are mostly thermal runaway problems,\" says Partha Mukherjee, who researches energy storage and conversion at Purdue University's school of mechanical engineering.\nSome of the solutions being worked on now introduce alternative materials that increase the efficiency and thermal stability of batteries—for example, using silicon nanoparticles for the anode instead of commonly-used carbon graphite, or using solid electrolytes instead of liquid ones.\nTypically, graphite anode materials are used in lithium ion batteries. But microscopic silicon particles have been emerging as a more efficient replacement for graphite–and at least one company thinks this technology will come to market within the next year.\n\"An atom of silicon can store about 20 times more lithium than atoms of carbon,\" says Gene Berdichevsky, the CEO of California-based Sila Nanotechnologies and an early Tesla employee. \"Essentially, it takes fewer atoms to store the lithium, so you can have a smaller volume of material storing the same amount of energy\" as a typical graphite material. He says Sila Nano will launch its first battery product for the consumer market early next year. At launch, Berdichevsky expects to see 20 percent improvement in battery life over traditional lithium ion batteries.\nOthers have already pursued a silicon anode as a solution to today's battery problems; there's an entire consortium dedicated to the cause, which includes the Argonne, Sandia, and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratories. Berdichevsky and Sila co-founder and CTO Gleb Yushin say what sets their research apart is that they believed they've solved the \"expansion\" problem. Silicon has a tendency to swell, essentially destroying batteries with every charge. Sila's tech involves tucking the microscopic silicon particles into tiny spherical structures inside the battery that leave some room for the silicon to expand.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-21", "url": "https://www.wired.com/story/building-a-better-battery/?mbid=BottomRelatedStories_Sections_1", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243988753.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20210506083716-20210506113716-00326.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9430516958, "token_count": 797, "score": 3.65625, "int_score": 4, "irish_text": "Ciallaíonn cadhnraí níos fearr táirgí níos fearr. Tugann siad fón cliste níos buan dúinn, iompar leictreach gan imní, agus go bhféadfadh, stóráil fuinnimh níos éifeachtaí do fhoirgnimh ar scála mór cosúil le hionaid sonraí. Ach tá teicneolaíocht na ceallraí go frustrach mall chun cinn, mar gheall ar na próisis cheimiceacha a bhaineann leis agus na dúshláin atá ann maidir le dearadh ceallraí nua a thrádáil. Tá sé fós an-deacair fiú do na turgnaimh cadhnraí is geallta a mbealach a fháil amach as saotharlanna taighde agus isteach sna feistí a iompraíonn muid.\nNíor chuir sin cosc ar dhaoine iarracht a dhéanamh. Le blianta beaga anuas, tá taighdeoirí agus teicneolaithe tar éis bealaí éagsúla a chur i láthair inar féidir na hábhair i mbatraí lítiam athchúrsáilte - an cineál atá i do ghuthán anois - a chur in oiriúint chun dlús an bhaitéire a fheabhsú agus, níos tábhachtaí fós, sábháilteacht an bhaitéire. Ní bheidh na teicneolaíochtaí seo ar fáil ar an margadh in am don chéad seoladh eile den táirge mór, ach nuair a fheicimid ár bhfón ag cur suas an chumhacht deireanach ag deireadh an lae fada, is féidir linn aisling a dhéanamh faoin todhchaí.\nIs féidir le teicneolaíocht chustaiméara casta a dhéanamh go mbraitheann fiú an duine is mó a bhfuil eolas aige ar theicneolaíocht go bhfuil PhD sa cheimic ag teastáil chun ciall a bhaint as, mar sin seo iarracht é a bhriseadh síos. Baineann an chuid is mó de leictreonaic láimhe agus iomlána le ceallraí liotáiniam, a chuimsítear as anód, catód, scaradhóir, leictreal, sruth dearfach, agus sruth diúltach. Is iad an anód agus an catód \"deireadh\" an charbóin; déantar muirear a ghiniúint agus a stóráil nuair a ghluaiseann na heiúin litiam (a iompróidh an leictreal) idir an dá cheann den charbóin.\nMeastar go bhfuil ion-liotáim fós ar cheann de na réitigh ceallraí is éadroime agus is éifeachtúla. Ach toisc nach bhfuil ach an oiread sin dlús fuinnimh fisiciúil, tá teorainneacha ann maidir le cé mhéad muirear is féidir leis a shealbhú. Tá sé contúirteach uaireanta freisin: má théann rud éigin mícheart leis an scaradhóir, agus má thagann leictreoga i dteagmháil lena chéile, tosaíonn an ceallraí ag téamh suas. Agus tá leictreolaithe leachtacha in-athlasta. Is minic a bhíonn sé seo mar thoradh ar charrthóirí ag pléascadh. \"Tá [charr] leictreach, fóin Samsung - is fadhbanna teiripeacha iad sin den chuid is mó\", a deir Partha Mukherjee, a dhéanann taighde ar stóráil agus ar thiontú fuinnimh in scoil innealtóireachta meicniúla Ollscoil Purdue.\nTá roinnt de na réitigh atá á n-oibreacht anois ag tabhairt isteach ábhair mhalartacha a mhéadaíonn éifeachtúlacht agus cobhsaíocht teirmeach na mbatraí - mar shampla, nanoparticles síleacain a úsáid don anód in ionad grafait charbóin a úsáidtear go coitianta, nó leictrealít soladach a úsáid in ionad na ndíolaí.\nDe ghnáth, úsáidtear ábhair anód grafait i mbatraí iain lithiam. Ach tá deighiltí siliciam micreascópacha ag teacht chun cinn mar athsholáthar níos éifeachtaí do ghrafíit agus creideann cuideachta amháin ar a laghad go dtiocfaidh an teicneolaíocht seo ar an margadh i mbliana.\n\"Is féidir le h-aon adamh síleacóin thart ar 20 uair níos mó liatham a stóráil ná adamh carbóin\", a deir Gene Berdichevsky, POF Sila Nanotechnologies atá lonnaithe i gCeilfíornia agus fostaí Tesla luath. \"Go bunúsach, ní thógann sé níos lú adamh an litiam a stóráil, mar sin is féidir leat méid níos lú ábhar a stóráil an méid céanna fuinnimh\" mar ábhar tipiciúil graifíte. Deir sé go seolfaidh Sila Nano a chéad táirge ceallraí don mhargadh tomhaltóra go luath an bhliain seo chugainn. Ag seoladh, tá súil ag Berdichevsky feabhas 20 faoin gcéad a fheiceáil ar shaolré na ceallraí i gcomparáid le ceallraí ion lithiam traidisiúnta.\nTá daoine eile tar éis anód siliciam a shaothrú mar réiteach ar fhadhbanna ceallraí an lae inniu; tá comhchoiste iomlán tiomanta don chúis, lena n-áirítear na Saotharlanna Náisiúnta Argonne, Sandia, agus Lawrence Berkeley. Deir Berdichevsky agus comhbhunaitheoir agus CTO Sila Gleb Yushin gurb é an rud a chuireann a gcuid taighde ar leith ná go gcreideann siad go bhfuil an fhadhb \"fhorleathnú\" réitithe acu. Tá claonadh ag sileacain a dhúnadh, ag scriosadh ceallraí go bunúsach le gach muirear. Baineann teicneolaíocht Sila leis na cáithníní síleacnamacha microscópacha a chur isteach i struchtúir sféarach beaga taobh istigh den charbad a fhágann roinnt seomra don síleacnama chun leathnú."} {"text": "In the middle of Asgard, where the Gods and Goddesses lives, is Yggdrasil. Yggdrasil is the tree of life, and it is an eternal green Ash tree; the branches stretch out over all of the nine worlds in Norse mythology, and extend up and above the heavens. Yggdrasil is carried by three enormous roots, the first root from Yggdrasil is in Asgard, the home of the Gods it is just next to the well-named Urd, this is where the Gods and Goddesses have their daily meetings.\nThe second root from Yggdrasil goes all the way down to Jotunheim, the land of the giants, next to this root is Mimir’s well. The third root from Yggdrasil goes down to Niflheim, close to the well Hvergelmir. It is here the dragon Nidhug is chewing on one of Yggdrasil’s roots. Nidhug is also known to suck the blood out of the dead bodies, that arrives at Hel. At the very top of Yggdrasil lives an eagle, the eagle and the dragon Nidhug are bitter enemies, they truly despise each other. There is a squirrel named Ratatosk, and he spending almost the entire day, by running up and down the ash tree.\nRatatosk does whatever he can, to keep the hatred between the eagle and the dragon alive. Every time Nidhug says a curse or an insult about the eagle, Ratatosk will run up to the top of the tree, and tell the eagle what Nidhug just said. The eagle is equally rude in his comments about Nidhug. Ratatosk just loves to gossip which is the reason why the eagle and the dragon remain constant foes.\nYggdrasil, the Tree of Life, is not only one of the most prominent Viking symbols/Norse symbols but an important element of the Norse faith itself.\nAccording to Norse mythology, Yggdrasil is the Great Tree that connects the nine worlds/nine realms of the universe, namely Asgard, Midgard, Muspelheim, Jotunheim, Vanaheim, Niflheim, Alfheim, Svartalfheim, Helheim.\nThat is why Yggdrasil is considered the symbol of the interconnectedness of all things in the universe.\nYggdrasil stands in a spring according to the Norse faith which suggests all life comes from water. That is one of the reasons why it is called the Tree of Life.\nThe second reason is that it is believed for Yggdrasil’s fruits to provide youth for the gods, ‘giving them life’.\nAccording to Norse mythology, the world will end with Ragnarok, a battle between gods with only a man and a woman surviving it by hiding inside the hollow of a tree. The couple will leave the tree to bring life back again to the world.\nAlthough the tree in question is not mentioned specifically or Yggdrasil is not clearly associated with the myth, it is believed by some to be the tree that will protect life from Ragnarok.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-25", "url": "https://berloga-workshop.com/blog/170-yggdrasil.html", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623488539480.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20210623134306-20210623164306-00361.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9391446114, "token_count": 663, "score": 2.59375, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "I lár Asgard, áit a bhfuil na Déithe agus Goddesses cónaí, Is Yggdrasil. Is é Yggdrasil crann na beatha, agus is crann Ash glas síoraí é; síneann na brainsí amach thar na naoi saol i miotaseolaíocht na Seice, agus síneann siad suas agus os cionn na bhflaitheas. Tá Yggdrasil i dtrí fréamhacha ollmhóra, tá an chéad fréamhach ó Yggdrasil i Asgard, baile na nDiaigh tá sé díreach in aice leis an Urd dea-ainmnithe, is é seo an áit a bhfuil na Déithe agus na Goddesses a gcruinnithe laethúla.\nTéann an dara fréamh ó Yggdrasil go léir an bealach síos go Jotunheim, an talamh na giants, in aice leis an fréamh seo Mimirs maith. Téann an tríú fréamh ó Yggdrasil síos go Niflheim, gar don tobar Hvergelmir. Tá sé anseo an dragan Nidhug ag chewing ar cheann de Yggdrasil's fréamhacha. Tá a fhios ag Nidhug freisin go gcuireann sé an fhuil as na comhlachtaí marbh, a thagann go Hel. Ar an barr is airde de Yggdrasil cónaí ar eagle, an eagle agus an dragan Nidhug Is naimhde bitter, siad i ndáiríre despise a chéile. Tá squirrel ainmnithe Ratatosk, agus chaitheann sé beagnach an lá ar fad, ag rith suas agus síos an crann ash.\nRatatosk dhéanann gach rud is féidir leis, chun an fuath idir an eagle agus an dráma beo. Gach uair a deir Nidhug mallacht nó insult faoi an eallach, rithfidh Ratatosk suas go barr an chrainn, agus inis don eallach cad a dúirt Nidhug díreach. Tá an t-eagla chomh neamhchinnte ina chuid tuairimí faoi Nidhug. Ratatosk loves ach le gossip a bhfuil an chúis go bhfuil an eagle agus an Dragon fanacht naimhde seasmhach.\nNí amháin go bhfuil Yggdrasil, Crann na Beatha, ar cheann de na siombailí Vicighne/Siombailí Norse is suntasaí ach tá sé ina ghné thábhachtach den chreideamh Norse féin.\nDe réir miotaseolaíocht na Searcainne, is é Yggdrasil an Crann Mór a nascann na naoi saol / naoi ríocht den chruinne, is é sin Asgard, Midgard, Muspelheim, Jotunheim, Vanaheim, Niflheim, Alfheim, Svartalfheim, Helheim.\nSin é an fáth go meastar go bhfuil Yggdrasil ina siombail de idirnascadh gach rud sa chruinne.\nYggdrasil Seasann i earrach de réir an chreideamh Norse a thugann le tuiscint go dtagann gach saol ó uisce. Sin ceann de na cúiseanna go dtugtar Crann na Beo air.\nAn dara cúis ná go gcreidtear go soláthraíonn torthaí Yggdrasil óige do na déithe, \"ag tabhairt beatha dóibh\".\nDe réir miotaseolaíocht na hIorua, beidh deireadh leis an domhan le Ragnarok, cath idir na déithe agus ní maireann ach fear agus bean é trí bheith i bhfolach taobh istigh de bholl crann. Fágfaidh an lánúin an crann chun an saol a thabhairt ar ais ar an domhan.\nCé nach luaitear an crann i gceist go sonrach nó nach bhfuil Yggdrasil nasctha go soiléir leis an miotas, creideann cuid gur crann é a chosnóidh an saol ó Ragnarok."} {"text": "Titanic's Youngstown Connection\nThe city of Youngstown has had a strong connection with the sinking of the Titanic. The maritime disaster, which occurred 100 years ago this weekend, claimed the life of one of the city’s most prominent citizens.\nGeorge Dennick Wick was one of the founders of Youngstown Sheet and Tube, and served as its president. The company went on to become the largest locally-owned steel company in America. Wick, along with his wife and daughter and some cousins, were touring Europe in 1912, and were returning home on the Titanic.\nWhen the ship, called in press coverage “the acme of luxury and bigness,” struck an iceberg, Wick assured his family that it was nothing more than a glancing blow. He was last seen waving to them from the deck as they got into a lifeboat. His body was never recovered, but a memorial stone was placed in Youngstown's Oak Hill Cemetery.\nI first heard the story of Wick’s death on the Titanic during a tour of the Arms Museum while growing up in Youngstown. He was not the only passenger on the ship headed to Youngstown, but the most prominent. Titanic aficionados and local history buffs can learn more about the sinking of the Titanic and local coverage and effects at “Titanic: Tragedy in the Headlines,” an exhibit at the Arms Museum through June.\nThe exhibit includes news coverage from Youngstown’s two daily newspapers at the time, the Vindicator and the Telegram. Many of the headlines focused on the Wicks and their traveling party, but there was also mention of the immigrants in third class who were bound for Youngstown, many to find work in the mills and factories in the area. Some of the immigrants were from Eastern Europe. There were a sizeable number of Lebanese people on board, estimated around 165, including several headed to Youngstown. They had their own dining room.\nJessica Trickett, Ann Kilcawley Christman Memorial Collections manager, assembled the exhibit and was amazed at the early accounts, which claimed not only that George Wick survived the crash, but that the ship itself was safe.\n“It’s kind of amazing how fast and furious the information was published without fact checking,” she said.\nThe Arms Museum, open from 1 to 5 p.m. Tuesday through Sunday, is operated by the Mahoning Valley Historical Society, whose offices and archives are on the grounds as well. It's dedicated to exhibits on local history and people.\nThe museum is at 648 Wick Avenue near the campus of Youngstown State University. It's not far from the Butler Institute of American Art, and a short walk from the MVR, a local restaurant started by Italian immigrants on Walnut Street in the neighborhood called Smoky Hollow. The MVR, which stands for Mahoning Valley Restaurant, boasts one of the oldest liquor licenses in Mahoning County.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-32", "url": "http://www.discoverohio.com/blogs/2012/04/titanics-youngstown-connection", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-32/segments/1438042988458.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20150728002308-00342-ip-10-236-191-2.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9840803742, "token_count": 609, "score": 2.671875, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Ceangal Youngstown Titanic\nBhí nasc láidir ag cathair Youngstown le titim an Titanic. An tubaiste muirí, a tharla 100 bliain ó shin an deireadh seachtaine seo, a éilíodh saol ar cheann de na cathracha is suntasaí saoránach.\nBhí George Dennick Wick ar cheann de bhunaitheoirí Youngstown Sheet and Tube, agus bhí sé ina uachtarán air. D'éirigh leis an gcuideachta a bheith ar an gcuideachta cruach is mó faoi úinéireacht áitiúil i Meiriceá. Bhí Wick, lena bhean chéile agus a iníon agus roinnt seantuismitheoirí, ag taisteal san Eoraip i 1912, agus bhí siad ag filleadh abhaile ar an Titanic.\nNuair a bhuail an long, ar a dtugtar sa chlúdach preasa \"an cúis is mó de luxury and bigness\", le haisbheirg, chinntigh Wick dá theaghlach nach raibh ann ach buaic glantach. Chonacthas é den uair dheireanach ag cur lámh orthu ón dromchla nuair a chuaigh siad isteach i mbád saoil. Níor aimsíodh a chorp riamh, ach cuireadh cloch chuimhneacháin i gCléibh Oak Hill Youngstown.\nChuala mé an scéal faoi bhás Wick ar an Titanic den chéad uair le linn cuairt a thabhairt ar Mhúsaem na nArm agus mé ag fás suas i Youngstown. Ní raibh sé an paisinéir amháin ar an long a bhí ag dul go Youngstown, ach an ceann is suntasaí. Is féidir le lucht leanúna Titanic agus le buffs staire áitiúla níos mó a fhoghlaim faoi thuit an Titanic agus faoin gcumhdacht agus na héifeachtaí áitiúla ag Titanic: Tragedy in the Headlines, taispeántas ag an Músaem Armáin go dtí Meitheamh.\nÁirítear sa taispeántas clúdach nuachta ó dhá nuachtán laethúil Youngstown ag an am, an Vindicator agus an Telegram. D'fhógródh go leor de na cinn-scéala ar na Wicks agus a ngrúpa taistil, ach luaitear freisin na himirceoirí sa tríú rang a bhí i gceannas ar Youngstown, go leor acu chun obair a fháil sna muilte agus sna monarchana sa cheantar. Bhí cuid de na hinimircigh ó Oirthear na hEorpa. Bhí líon suntasach daoine Liobáineacha ar bord, a mheastar a bheith thart ar 165, lena n-áirítear roinnt a bhí ag dul go Youngstown. Bhí seomra bia acu féin.\nChuir Jessica Trickett, bainisteoir Ann Kilcawley Christman Memorial Collections, an taispeántas le chéile agus bhí iontas uirthi na cuntas luatha, a mhaígh ní amháin gur chaill George Wick an timpiste, ach go raibh an long féin sábháilte.\n\"Tá sé iontach cé chomh tapa agus chomh furious a foilsíodh an fhaisnéis gan fíricí a sheiceáil\", a dúirt sí.\nOibríonn an t-Músaem Arm, atá ar oscailt ó 1 go 5 p.m. Dé Máirt go Dé Domhnaigh, ag an Mahoning Valley Historical Society, a bhfuil a hoifigí agus a gcuid cartlanna ar na forais freisin. Tá sé tiomanta do thaispeántais ar stair agus ar dhaoine áitiúla.\nTá an músaem ag 648 Wick Avenue in aice le campa na hOllscoile Stáit Youngstown. Níl sé i bhfad ó Institiúid Butler d'Ealaín Mheiriceá, agus siúlóid ghearr ó MVR, bialann áitiúil a thosaigh inimircigh Iodálacha ar Walnut Street sa chomharsanacht ar a dtugtar Smoky Hollow. Tá an MVR, a sheasann do Mahoning Valley Restaurant, ar cheann de na ceadúnais deochanna alcóil is sine i gContae Mahoning."} {"text": "All the evidence demonstrates that Scotland is a wealthy nation. Scotland would be the 14th wealthiest nation in the developed world by GDP per head of population. Scotland’s wealth is also built on solid financial foundations, a diverse economy and substantial economic potential in new industries such as biotechnology and renewables, as well as current key sectors like food and drink, tourism and oil and gas\nVoting for independence – to have control over taxation, regulation and global promotion – will give the Scottish government the tools to create greater opportunities for growth and a better business climate for Scottish business. In short, a Yes vote will improve Scotland’s economy. This will make people in Scotland financially better off.\nHere are 10 key economic facts for why Scotland will be a wealthy independent nation.\n1) Scotland has a rich and diverse economy\nScotland’s economy includes £21.4 billion in construction which employs 170,000 people, £11.6 billion in tourism which supports 292,000 jobs, £39 billion yearly turnover in manufacturing with a value added of £12.7 billion and 127,000 people employed. Scotland also has world leading expertise in life science, world class universities (5 in the world’s top 200), a multi-billion pound creative sector and vast energy (oil, gas, tidal, wave, wind and solar), fishing and agricultural resources.\nIn a broad context it is already clear that Scotland has vast economic wealth in resources, talent and business ingenuity.\n2) Scotland is a net contributor to the UK\nLast year Scotland provided £800 more in tax per person that the UK average. This means Scotland would have been £8.3 billion better off as an independent country over the past 5 years. We could have spent that money investing in our economy with the same debt levels as the rest of the UK or saved it and had £8.3 billion less debt.\n3) Scotland generates far more tax than the UK average\nScotland generated £800 more in tax per person than the UK as a whole in 2012-13. Scotland has generated more tax per head than the UK every year for the past 33 years. The graph below is for a shorter time period but produced by the UK Government. Even in the years where oil prices were lowest, Scotland tax generation was always been considerably higher than the UK average and England in particular.\n4) Westminster has cost Scotland £64 billion in the past 30 years\nScotland has paid £64 billion in UK debt interest that Scotland didn’t need. An independent Scotland would have been far better off economically. This was reported recently in the Sunday Times after bespoke Business for Scotland research showed that Scotland has been subsidising the failings of Westminster economic mismanagement.\n5) Scotland has a lower deficit and lower public spending than the UK\nOver the past 5 years Scotland had lower deficits than the UK. Scotland’s average deficit has been 7.2%, while the UK deficit has been 8.4%. Scotland only spends 42.7% of Scotland’s GDP on public spending. The UK spends 45.4%. (also over the past 5 years) This demonstrates that Scotland’s public finances are in a stronger position than the UK as a whole.\n6) Scotland has strong exports\nScotland’s top export markets are USA, Netherlands, France and Germany, which are worth a combined total worth of £9.5 billion. (Table 9.1) Scottish whisky exports are valued at £4.27 billion last year. This is because Scotland exports 40 bottles every second! The food and drink market is key to Scotland’s exports across the world. Other key industries include chemical manufacturing, computer products, finance and insurance and other forms of equipment. (Table 9.1) With the powers of independence combining with the Scottish Government gaining direct control over international relations, there is a target to increase exports by 50%, which would create over 100,000 new jobs.\n7) Scotland’s oil fields remain a massive financial asset\nThe oil in the North Sea is worth over £1 trillion. There are at least 15-24 billion barrels of oil remaining which will continue long into the 21st century. Over 90% of the tax revenue will go to an independent Scotland which can help to establish a national oil fund for future investment. Recently, Business for Scotland explained the potential for a West coast oil boom that is currently blocked by Westminster. Independence could revitalise the economies of Ayrshire and the Strathclyde region as a whole. Most oil price forecasts are upward, with one of the exceptions being the UK Government’s OBR which has a political motivation to underestimate oil revenue.\n8) Scotland has huge potential in renewable energy\nScotland has 25% of Europe’s total tidal energy potential, 25% of total wind energy potential and 10% of total wave energy potential. This has the power to reindustrialise Scotland bringing more jobs and greater prosperity. Key examples include the Pentland Firth – the Saudi Arabia of renewable tidal energy – and the Moray Firth – a substantial offshore wind energy project. Small scale and often community owned renewable projects also have huge potential to provide low cost energy to revitalise Scotland’s rural communities.\n9) Scotland is one of the top UK locations for inward investment\nInward investment into Scotland’s economy has hit a 15 year high. Last year Ernst & Young ranked Scotland as the most popular UK destination for global investment outside of London. Scotland secured 11% of all UK Foreign and Direct Investment despite being only 8.4% of the UK population. The report confirmed that far from uncertainty over Scotland referendum causing a slow down in inward investment that “it seemed to have the opposite effect”. A combination of tax incentives combined with a raft of other economic measures such as significant government investment in fast growing sectors should ensure FDI continues to be a strong contributor to Scotland’s economy. Indeed evidence suggests that newly independent nations enjoy significantly increased FDI.\n10) An independent Scotland can support Scottish business in tax, regulation, the labour market, innovation and global exports\nAn independent Scotland will prioritise the interests of business in Scotland following decades of Westminster prioritising London and the South East. This includes the opportunity to create a simpler tax system that supports Scottish business; reforming the labour market to improve employer/employee relations; encouraging migration to Scotland to balance Scotland’s unique demographic needs; and supporting Scottish exports globally through a Scottish diplomatic and trade service. The opportunities of independence are vast and long-term.\n11) More reasons?\nThese points provide a starting point for analysing Scotland’s numerous economic strengths and the reasons Scotland will be financially better off as an independent country.\nThere are 1000s of pages of detailed research by the Fiscal Commission, the Jimmy Reid Foundation, Scottish Government Papers like ‘Scotland’s Future’ or ‘Economic Policy Choices in an Independent Scotland‘, the Institute for Fiscal Studies, Jim and Margaret Cuthbert, which agree that Scotland is a wealthy nation that can do even better with independence.\nThere are also hundreds of other positive economic reasons for independence that can’t be covered in just 10 points such as controlling air passenger duty, retail support, Scotland’s independence asset windfall of £109 billion, the economic defence dividend that will save Scotland at least £500 million a year, improving Scotland’s pension system, the benefits to business of improving social mobility and equality or the Common Agricultural Policy dividend that Scotland would gain with independence.\nThere is overwhelming evidence that Scotland will be economically better off as an independent country. Even opponents of independence have conceded that Scotland can be a successful independent country. Their own negative economic forecast estimated that Scots would be just £1 worse off a year.\nIn contrast every single Government Expenditure and Revenue report for the last 30 years – compiled with official statistics – finds that Scotland generated more tax per head than the UK.\nIf voters are convinced that Scotland will do better economically a majority support independence. Yet astonishingly around 34% of the electorate currently believe that Scotland would fare worse economically as an independent country; while 37% believe Scotland is incapable of independence. There is absolutely no evidence to suggest this. Not a single economic expert supports such a doom laden proposition.\nThis demonstrates that truthful economic information like the facts contained in this article will change the result of the independence referendum.\nWith the knowledge that Scotland will benefit economically from independence, business and citizens will move towards voting Yes as it is the only way to ensure progress for themselves, their businesses and their communities.\nScotland will vote for independence because the economic case for independence is unanswerable.\nJoin Business for Scotland – Read More or follow us on twitter\nYou may also like Where does Scotland’s wealth go? which has over 23,000 likes on Facebook", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-32", "url": "http://www.businessforscotland.co.uk/10-key-economic-facts-that-prove-scotland-will-be-a-wealthy-independent-nation/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-32/segments/1438042990112.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20150728002310-00278-ip-10-236-191-2.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9465641379, "token_count": 1813, "score": 2.90625, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Léiríonn na fianaise go léir gur náisiún saibhir í an Albain. Bheadh an Albain an 14ú náisiún is saibhre sa domhan forbartha de réir OTI in aghaidh an daonra. Tá saibhreas na hAlban tógtha freisin ar bhunús láidir airgeadais, ar gheilleagar éagsúil agus ar acmhainneacht eacnamaíoch suntasach i dtionscail nua amhail biththeicneolaíocht agus in in-athnuaite, chomh maith le príomh-earnálacha reatha amhail bia agus deoch, turasóireacht agus ola agus gáis\nBeidh vótáil ar son neamhspleáchais - chun smacht a bheith aige ar chánachas, rialachán agus cur chun cinn domhanda - ag tabhairt na huirlisí do rialtas na hAlban chun deiseanna níos mó fáis agus aeráid ghnó níos fearr a chruthú do ghnó na hAlban. Go hachomair, cuirfidh vóta \"Tá\" feabhas ar gheilleagar na hAlban. Cuirfidh sé seo daoine in Albain ar fheabhas ó thaobh airgeadais de.\nSeo 10 fíricí eacnamaíocha is tábhachtaí ar an gcúis go mbeidh Albain ina náisiún saibhir neamhspleách.\n1) Tá geilleagar saibhir agus éagsúil ag Albain\nÁirítear le geilleagar na hAlban £21.4 billiún i dtógáil a fhostaíonn 170,000 duine, £11.6 billiún i turasóireacht a thacaíonn le 292,000 post, £39 billiún de láimhdeachas bliantúil i ndéantúsaíocht le breisluach de £12.7 billiún agus 127,000 duine fostaithe. Tá saineolas ceannródaíoch ar domhan ag Albain freisin i eolaíocht na beatha, ollscoileanna den chéad scoth ar domhan (5 i measc 200 barr an domhain), earnáil chruthaitheach il-bhilliúnta punt agus acmhainní ollmhóra fuinnimh (ola, gáis, tuilte, tonn, gaoth agus gréine), iascaireachta agus talmhaíochta.\nI gcomhthéacs leathan, tá sé soiléir cheana féin go bhfuil saibhreas eacnamaíoch ollmhór ag Albain i acmhainní, i dteideal agus i ndea-ghnóthach gnó.\n2) Is cáiníocóir glan é Albain don RA\nAn bhliain seo caite, chuir Albain £800 níos mó ar fáil i gcáin in aghaidh an duine ná meán na Ríochta Aontaithe. Ciallaíonn sé seo go mbeadh £8.3 billiún níos fearr ag Albain mar thír neamhspleách le 5 bliana anuas. D'fhéadfaimis an t-airgead sin a chaitheamh ag infheistiú inár ngeilleagar leis na leibhéil fiachais céanna leis an gcuid eile den Ríocht Aontaithe nó é a shábháil agus £ 8.3 billiún fiach níos lú a bheith againn.\n3) Gineann Albain i bhfad níos mó cánacha ná meán na Ríochta Aontaithe\nGhlac Albain £800 níos mó i gcáin in aghaidh an duine ná an RA ina iomláine in 2012-13. Tá níos mó cánacha a ghineann an Albain in aghaidh an duine ná an Ríocht Aontaithe gach bliain le 33 bliain anuas. Tá an graif thíos le haghaidh tréimhse ama níos giorra ach a d'eagraigh Rialtas na Ríochta Aontaithe. Fiú sna blianta nuair a bhí praghsanna ola is ísle, bhí an ghnéas cánach in Albain i gcónaí i bhfad níos airde ná meán na Ríochta Aontaithe agus na Sasana go háirithe.\n4) Tá Westminster tar éis costas £64 billiún a chur ar an mBéarla don Albain le 30 bliain anuas\nTá £64 billiún d'ús fiach na Ríochta Aontaithe a d'íoc Albain nach raibh gá leis. Bheadh Albain neamhspleách i bhfad níos fearr go heacnamaíoch. Tuairiscíodh é seo le déanaí sa Sunday Times tar éis do thaighde a rinneadh ar nós Business for Scotland a thaispeáint go bhfuil Albain ag fóirdheontas a thabhairt do mhífheidhmiú eacnamaíoch Westminster.\n5) Tá easnamh níos ísle ag Albain agus caiteachas poiblí níos ísle ná an RA\nLe cúig bliana anuas bhí easnamh níos ísle ag Albain ná an RA. Is é an meán-easnaimh in Albain ná 7.2%, agus is é an meán-easnaimh sa RA ná 8.4%. Ní chaitheann Albain ach 42.7% de OTI na hAlban ar chaiteachas poiblí. Caitheann an Ríocht Aontaithe 45.4%. (arna 5 bliana anuas freisin) Léiríonn sé seo go bhfuil staid níos láidre ag airgeadas poiblí na hAlban ná an Ríocht Aontaithe ina iomláine.\n6) Tá onnmhairí láidre ag Albain\nIs iad na príomhmhargaí onnmhairithe in Albain na Stáit Aontaithe, an Ísiltír, an Fhrainc agus an Ghearmáin, a bhfuil luach iomlán comhcheangailte £9.5 billiún acu. (Tábla 9.1) Meastar go raibh £4.27 billiún ar luach onnmhairí uiscí na hAlban an bhliain seo caite. Tá sé seo mar go n-onnmhairíonn Albain 40 buidéal gach soicind! Tá an margadh bia agus deochanna ríthábhachtach d'onnmhairí na hAlban ar fud an domhain. I measc na n-aimsir phríomhghnéithe eile tá déantúsaíocht cheimiceach, táirgí ríomhaireachta, airgeadas agus árachas agus cineálacha eile trealaimh. (Tábla 9.1) Le cumhachtaí neamhspleáchais ag teacht le chéile agus Rialtas na hAlban ag fáil smacht dhíreach ar chaidreamh idirnáisiúnta, tá sprioc ann chun onnmhairí a mhéadú 50%, rud a chruthaíonn breis agus 100,000 post nua.\n7) Tá réimse ola na hAlban fós ina sócmhainn mhóra airgeadais\nIs fiú an ola sa Mhuir Thuaidh níos mó ná £1 trilliún. Tá 15-24 billiún bairille ola ar a laghad fágtha a leanfaidh ar aghaidh go fada isteach sa 21ú haois. Beidh níos mó ná 90% de na hioncam cánach ag dul chuig Albain neamhspleách a d'fhéadfadh cabhrú le ciste náisiúnta ola a bhunú le haghaidh infheistíochta sa todhchaí. Le déanaí, mhínigh Business for Scotland an fhéidearthacht go mbeadh borradh ola ar chósta an Iarthair atá faoi bhac ag Westminster faoi láthair. D'fhéadfadh neamhspleáchas geilleagair Ayrshire agus réigiún Strathclyde ina iomláine a athbheochan. Tá an chuid is mó de na réamhaisnéisí ar phraghas na ola ag dul suas, agus ceann de na heisceachtaí ná OBR Rialtas na Ríochta Aontaithe a bhfuil mothúchán polaitiúil aige chun ioncam ola a mhí-mheas.\n8) Tá acmhainneacht ollmhór ag Albain i réimse na n-fhuinneamh in-athnuaite\nTá 25% de chumas fuinnimh na tuile san Eoraip ag Albain, 25% de chumas fuinnimh na gaoithe agus 10% de chumas fuinnimh na tonnta san Eoraip. Tá sé seo in ann an Albain a ath-ghnóthachadh, rud a thabharfaidh níos mó post agus rathúnas níos mó. I measc na n-eispéiris is mó ná Pentland Firth an t-Arabaigh Shádach d'fhuinneamh athnuachanaithe na loinge agus Moray Firth tionscadal mór fuinnimh gaoithe amach ón gcósta. Tá acmhainn ollmhór ag tionscadail in-athnuaite ar scála beag agus a bhíonn faoi úinéireacht phobail go minic chun fuinneamh ar chostas íseal a sholáthar chun pobail thuaithe na hAlban a athbheochan.\n9) Tá Albain ar cheann de na háiteanna is fearr sa Ríocht Aontaithe le haghaidh infheistíochta isteach\nTá an t-infheistíocht inmheánach i ngeilleagar na hAlban tar éis a airde le 15 bliana. An bhliain seo caite, rinne Ernst & Young an Albain a rangú mar an ceann scríbe is mó tóir ar infheistíocht dhomhanda sa Ríocht Aontaithe lasmuigh de Londain. D'éirigh le hAlban 11% d'infheistíocht dhíreach agus eachtrach na Ríochta Aontaithe a fháil cé nach raibh ann ach 8.4% de dhaonra na Ríochta Aontaithe. Deimhníodh sa tuarascáil gur cosúil go raibh an éifeacht eile ag an neamhchinnteacht maidir le reifreann na hAlban, seachas go raibh sé ina chúis le mallú san infheistíocht inmheánach. Ba cheart go n-áiritheofaí, le hairíonna cánach a chur le racht de bhearta eacnamaíocha eile amhail infheistíocht shuntasach rialtais i earnálacha atá ag fás go tapa, go leanfaidh CID de bheith ina ranníocóir láidir d'eacnamaíocht na hAlban. Go deimhin, tugann fianaise le fios go bhfuil méadú suntasach tagtha ar FDI i náisiúin nua-eisimeileach.\n10) Is féidir le hAlban neamhspleách tacú le gnó na hAlban i gcúrsaí cánach, rialála, an mhargaidh saothair, nuálaíochta agus onnmhairí domhanda\nCuirfidh Albain neamhspleách leasanna gnó na hAlban ar thús tar éis blianta de Westminster ag cur Londan agus an Oirdheisceart ar thús. Áirítear leis seo an deis córas cánach níos simplí a chruthú a thacaíonn le gnóthas na hAlban; an margadh saothair a athchóiriú chun caidreamh fostóirí/fhostaithe a fheabhsú; imirce go hAlban a spreagadh chun riachtanais daonlathais uathúla na hAlban a chothromú; agus easpórtálacha na hAlban a thacú go domhanda trí sheirbhís taidhleoireachta agus trádála na hAlban. Tá deiseanna neamhspleáchais ollmhór agus fadtéarmach.\n11) Cúiseanna eile?\nSoláthraíonn na pointí seo tús le anailís a dhéanamh ar neart eacnamaíoch iomadúil na hAlban agus ar na cúiseanna a mbeidh Éire níos fearr ó thaobh airgeadais de mar thír neamhspleách.\nTá 1000s de leathanaigh de thaighde mionsonraithe ag an gCoimisiún Ciste, an Jimmy Reid Foundation, Páipéir Rialtais na hAlban cosúil le Scotland's Future nó Economic Policy Choices in an Independent Scotland, an Institiúid um Staidéar Ciste, Jim agus Margaret Cuthbert, a aontaíonn go bhfuil an Albain náisiún saibhir a d'fhéadfadh a dhéanamh níos fearr le neamhspleáchas.\nTá na céadta cúiseanna eacnamaíocha dearfacha eile ann freisin le haghaidh neamhspleáchais nach féidir a chumhdach i 10 phointe amháin, amhail dleacht ar phaisinéirí aeir a rialú, tacaíocht miondíola, £109 billiún de mhaoin neamhspleáchais na hAlban, an díbhidéal cosanta eacnamaíoch a shábhálfaidh ar a laghad £500 milliún sa bhliain don Albain, feabhas a chur ar chóras pinsin na hAlban, na buntáistí do ghnó a bhaineann le soghluaisteacht shóisialta agus comhionannas a fheabhsú nó an díbhidéal Comhbheartas Talmhaíochta a gheobhaidh an Albain le neamhspleáchas.\nTá fianaise mhór ann go mbeidh Éire níos fearr ó thaobh eacnamaíochta de mar thír neamhspleách. Fiú is iad na daoine a bhí i gcoinne neamhspleáchas na hAlban a admhaigh gur féidir leis an mBéarla a bheith ina thír neamhspleách rathúil. Measadh ina réamh-mheastachán eacnamaíoch diúltach féin nach mbeadh na hAlbanaigh ach £1 níos measa in aghaidh na bliana.\nI gcodarsnacht leis sin, tá sé le feiceáil i ngach tuarascáil ar Chaiteachas agus Ioncam Rialtais na 30 bliain anuas - arna chomhlánú le staitisticí oifigiúla - go raibh níos mó cánacha in aghaidh an duine ag Albain ná sa Ríocht Aontaithe.\nMá tá vótálaithe cinnte go ndéanfaidh an Albain níos fearr go heacnamaíoch, tacóidh tromlach leis an neamhspleáchas. Ach go hiontach, creideann thart ar 34% den eagarthóras faoi láthair go mbeadh droch-cháil eacnamaíoch ag Albain mar thír neamhspleách; agus creideann 37% nach bhfuil Albain in ann a bheith neamhspleách. Níl aon fhianaise ar chor ar bith ann a thugann le tuiscint go bhfuil. Ní thacaíonn aon saineolaí eacnamaíoch amháin le moladh den sórt sin atá lán de bhrón.\nLéiríonn sé seo go n-athróidh faisnéis eacnamaíoch fíor mar na fíricí atá san alt seo toradh an reifrinn neamhspleáchais.\nAgus a fhios acu go mbainfidh Albain tairbhe eacnamaíoch as neamhspleáchas, gluaiseoidh gnólachtaí agus saoránaigh i dtreo vótáil \"Tá\" mar is é an t-aon bhealach chun dul chun cinn a chinntiú dóibh féin, dá ngnólachtaí agus dá bpobail.\nVótálfaidh an Albain ar son neamhspleáchais toisc nach bhfuil an cás eacnamaíoch maidir le neamhspleáchas in-fhreagrach.\nJoin Business for Scotland Léigh tuilleadh nó lean sinn ar twitter\nB'fhéidir go mbainfidh tú taitneamh as freisin Cá dtéann saibhreas na hAlban? a bhfuil os cionn 23,000 maith air ar Facebook"} {"text": "Boston, MA, September 09, 2011 --(PR.com\n)-- The Mexican Foundation for Health (FUNSALUD) used SIMUL8 simulation software to understand the economic burden of obesity in Mexican children. FUNSALUD used the findings of their research to determine the shape their health services will need to be to cope with the future demand and costs of associated treatments.\nIn a recent series of research articles published in The Lancet, obesity was highlighted as a major issue for governments across the world and without state action, health systems would be unable to cope with demand.\nThe research predicts that by 2030 treatment costs for obesity-associated diseases such as diabetes would increase by $66 billion per year in the US and £2 billion per year in the UK.\nWhile a large part of the research focuses on the prevention of obesity, health systems must prepare now for an increase in demand and re-shape services to cope with impact of treatment costs and delivery.\nThe use of new technologies was highlighted in the research as key to meeting this future challenge. It states, “Science is a driver of technological innovation and a medium to influence public policy – we need to ensure that the very best science helps us make the best decisions about our future health.”\nFUNSALUD has used SIMUL8 simulation software to not only project the future costs of obesity in Mexican children, but to visualize the impact the demand would have on service requirements in the health system and highlight areas for improvement.\nClaire Cordeaux, SIMUL8 Lead for Healthcare, said, “With tightening budgets in health systems across the world it is not surprising that Governments are questioning investment in strategies to prevent obesity. Simulation software gives them the ability to understand the impact of the continuing rise in obesity on services and to test prevention interventions.”\nThe FUNSALUD study projected an incremental increase in costs of 108% and will continue to develop the simulation further to include disease complications and gain a better understanding of the impact on their health system.\nRead the full case study at www.SIMUL8.com/FUNSALUD.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-39", "url": "https://www.pr.com/press-release/351863", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267158045.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20180922044853-20180922065253-00507.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9441307187, "token_count": 431, "score": 2.84375, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Boston, MA, Meán Fómhair 09, 2011 --\n) -- D'úsáid Fondúireacht Sláinte Mheicsiceo (FUNSALUD) bogearraí samhlaíochta SIMUL8 chun an t-ualach eacnamaíoch a bhaineann le murtall a thuiscint i leanaí Mheicsiceo. Ba é FUNSALUD a bhain úsáid as torthaí a gcuid taighde chun a chinneadh an cruth a bheidh ar a seirbhísí sláinte chun déileáil leis an éileamh amach anseo agus costais na gcóireálacha gaolmhara.\nI sraith de na hailt taighde a foilsíodh le déanaí in The Lancet, leagadh béim ar murtall mar mhórcheist do rialtais ar fud an domhain agus gan gníomhú an stáit, ní bheadh córais sláinte in ann déileáil leis an éileamh.\nTáthar ag súil go dtiocfaidh méadú $66 billiún in aghaidh na bliana ar chostais chóireála galair a bhaineann le murtall mar shampla diaibéiteas sna Stáit Aontaithe agus £2 billiún in aghaidh na bliana sa Ríocht Aontaithe faoi 2030.\nCé go bhfuil cuid mhór den taighde dírithe ar chosc ar murtall, ní mór do chórais sláinte ullmhú anois le haghaidh méadú ar éileamh agus seirbhísí athmhúnlú chun déileáil le tionchar na gcostas cóireála agus na seachadta.\nBhí sé tábhachtach go mbeadh na teicneolaíochtaí nua á n-úsáid sa taighde chun dul i ngleic leis an dúshlán seo sa todhchaí. Deirtear ann, Is tiománaí nuálaíochta teicneolaíochta agus meán é an eolaíocht chun tionchar a imirt ar bheartas poiblí ní mór dúinn a chinntiú go gcabhróidh an eolaíocht is fearr linn na cinntí is fearr a dhéanamh maidir lenár sláinte sa todhchaí.\nD'úsáid FUNSALUD bogearraí samhlaíochta SIMUL8 chun ní amháin costais sa todhchaí a bhaineann le murtall i leanaí Mheicsiceo a phleanáil, ach chun an tionchar a bheadh ag an éileamh ar riachtanais seirbhíse sa chóras sláinte a shamhlú agus chun réimsí a bhfuil feabhas le déanamh a chur i bhfios.\nDúirt Claire Cordeaux, Ceann SIMUL8 um Chúram Sláinte, \"Le buiséid a shrianadh i gcórais sláinte ar fud an domhain, ní haon ionadh go bhfuil Rialtais ag ceistiú infheistíocht i straitéisí chun murtall a chosc. Tugann bogearraí samhlaíochta an cumas dóibh tuiscint a fháil ar thionchar an méadú leanúnach ar murtall ar sheirbhísí agus idirghabhálacha coscála a thástáil.\nBhí méadú 108% ar chostais ag an staidéar FUNSALUD agus leanfar leis an samhlaíocht a fhorbairt chun deacrachtaí galar a áireamh agus tuiscint níos fearr a fháil ar an tionchar ar a gcóras sláinte.\nLéigh an cás-staidéar iomlán ar www.SIMUL8.com/FUNSALUD."} {"text": "Florida Traffic Law Highlights\nBicycle regulations (see Section 316.2065, F. S.)\n- Bicyclists must obey all traffic controls and signals.\n- Bicyclists must use a fixed, regular seat for riding.\n- A bicycle may not be used to carry more persons at one time than the number for which it is designed or equipped.\n- An adult bicyclist may carry a child in a backpack or sling, child seat or trailer designed to carry children.\n- A bicyclist may not allow a passenger to remain in a child seat or carrier when not in immediate control of the bicycle.\n- Bicyclists and passengers under age 16 must wear a helmet approved by ANSI, Snell or any other standard recognized by Florida.\n- At least one hand must be kept on the handlebars while riding.\n- Parents and guardians must not knowingly allow a child or minor ward to violate any provisions of this section.\n- Every bicycle must be equipped with a brake or brakes which allow the rider to stop within 25 feet from a speed of 10 miles per hour on dry, level, clean pavement.\nSidewalk Riding (see Section 316,2065, F.S.)\n- When riding on sidewalks or in crosswalks, a bicyclist has the same rights and duties as a pedestrian.\n- A bicyclist riding on sidewalks or in crosswalks must yield the right-of-way to pedestrians and must give an audible signal before passing.\nLighting (see Section 316.2065, F.S.)\n- A bicycle operated between sunset and sunrise must be equipped with a lamp on the front exhibiting a white light visible from 500 feet to the front and both a red reflector and a lamp on the rear exhibiting a red light visible from 600 feet to the rear.\n- Additional lighting is permitted and recommended. See the “Night Riding” section for safety tips.\nRoadway Position (see Section 316.2065, F.S.)\n- A bicyclist who is not traveling at the same speed of other traffic must ride as close as practicable to the right hand curb or edge of roadway. A bicyclist may leave the right-most portion of the road in the following situations: when passing, making a left turn, to avoid hazards, or when a lane is too narrow for a bicycle and a car to share it safely.\n- A bicyclist operating on a one-way street with two or more traffic lanes may ride as close to the left hand edge of the roadway as practicable.\n- Riding single file is required except on bike paths or parts of roadways set aside for the exclusive use of bicycles, or when two people riding side-by-side within one lane will not impede traffic flow.\nLeft Turns (see Subsections 316.155(1)(b)(c), F.S.)\n- A bicyclist intending to make a vehicle left turn is entitled to full use of the lane from which the turn is made. After scanning, signaling and moving to the center of that lane, the bicyclist must check the signal, then proceed when it is green and safe to do so.\n- In addition to the normal vehicle left turn, a bicyclist may proceed through the right-most portion of the intersection and turn as close to the curb or edge as possible at the far side. After complying with any official traffic control device, the bicyclist may proceed in the new direction of travel.\n- Another option available to a bicyclist is to dismount and walk through the intersection in the crosswalk like a pedestrian.\nSignaling Turns (see Subsection 316.155(2) and 316.157(2), F.S.)\n- A signal or intention to turn must be given during the last 100 feet traveled by the vehicle before turning. If a bicyclist needs both hands for control, the signal need not be given continuously\n- A bicyclist may signal intent to turn right either by extending the left hand and arm upward or by extending the right hand and arm horizontally to the right side of the bicycle.\nHeadsets (see Section 316.304, F.S.)\n- A bicyclist must not wear a headset, headphone or other listening device other than a hearing aid when riding. Wearing a headset blocks out important audio cues needed to detect the presence of other traffic.\nCivil Penalties (see Subsections 316.2065 and 318.18 F.S.)\n- Civil penalties may be issued for violations of bicycle laws as well as for moving and non-moving violations if applicable.\n- The local governments of counties, cities, towns and other municipalities can adopt ordinances regulating bicycle riding. Some towns may also have registration and licensing ordinances. Sidewalk riding may be prohibited entirely or only in certain areas such as business districts. Local law enforcement agencies can provide copies of local ordinances.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-25", "url": "http://zmotion.org/Rules/Traffic-Law", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623487622234.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20210616063154-20210616093154-00352.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9223277569, "token_count": 1003, "score": 2.84375, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Treoirlínte um Thrácht Florida\nRialacháin rothair (féach Alt 316.2065, F. S.)\n- Ní mór do rothaithe na rialacháin agus na comharthaí tráchta go léir a chomhlíonadh.\n- Ní mór do rothaithe suíochán seasta rialta a úsáid chun marcaíocht a dhéanamh.\n- Ní fhéadfar rothar a úsáid chun níos mó daoine a iompar ag an am céanna ná an líon do a ndearnadh an rothar a dhearadh nó a trealamh.\n- Féadfaidh rothairéir fásta leanbh a iompar i mbabhla nó i sling, i suíochán páiste nó i trealaimh atá deartha chun leanaí a iompar.\n- Ní féidir le rothair a cheadú do phaisinéir fanacht i suíochán páiste nó i gcarraig nuair nach bhfuil sé i riocht láithreach an rothar a rialú.\n- Ní mór do rothaithe agus do phaisinéirí faoi 16 bliana d'aois casc a cheadú ag ANSI, Snell nó aon chaighdeán eile a aithníonn Florida.\n- Ní mór lámh amháin ar a laghad a choinneáil ar an stiúideo agus tú ag marcaíocht.\n- Ní mór do thuismitheoirí ná do chaomhnóirí a ligean do leanbh nó do chúram mionaoiseach aon fhorálacha den alt seo a shárú.\n- Ní mór gach rothar a bheith feistithe le briseadh nó briseadh a cheadaíonn an rothair chun stopadh laistigh de 25 troigh ó luas 10 míle in aghaidh na huaire ar thraschur tirim, leibhéal, glan.\nRith ar Chonair (féach Alt 316,2065, F.S.)\n- Nuair a bhíonn sé ag marcaíocht ar thráthbhealaí nó i gcrosbhealaí, tá na cearta agus na dualgais chéanna ag rothairí agus ag coisithe.\n- Ní mór d'rothaitheoir atá ag marcaíocht ar thráthbhealaí nó ar thrasbhealaí an ceart chun dul ar aghaidh a thabhairt do choisithe agus ní mór dó comhartha fuaime a thabhairt sula rachaidh sé thar.\nSolas (féach Alt 316.2065, F.S.)\n- Ní mór lampa a bheith ar rothar a fheidhmítear idir an ghrian a thuirlingt agus an ghrian a ardú a thaispeánann solas bán atá le feiceáil ó 500 troigh chun tosaigh agus léargas dearg agus lampa ar chúl a thaispeánann solas dearg atá le feiceáil ó 600 troigh chun cúl.\n- Ceadaítear agus moltar solas breise. Féach an chuid \" Rith Oíche \" le haghaidh leideanna sábháilteachta.\nCríochfort (féach alt 316.2065, F.S.)\n- Ní mór do rothair nach bhfuil ag taisteal ag an luas céanna le trácht eile dul chomh gar agus is féidir leis an mbóthar nó le imeall an bhóthair ar dheis. Féadfaidh rothair an chuid is deise den bhóthar a fhágáil sna cásanna seo a leanas: nuair a bhíonn sé ag dul thart, ag casadh ar chlé, chun contúirtí a sheachaint, nó nuair a bhíonn léine ró-chrom le haghaidh rothar agus carr a roinnt go sábháilte.\n- Féadfaidh rothair atá ag feidhmiú ar shráid aon-bhóthar le dhá shraith tráchta nó níos mó rothaíocht a dhéanamh chomh gar do imeall chlé an bhóthair agus is féidir.\n- Ní mór an tsraith aonair a thiomáint ach amháin ar shlí rothaíochta nó ar chodanna bóithre a bhfuil siad curtha ar leataobh le húsáid rothaíochta amháin, nó nuair nach gcuirfidh dhá dhuine ag rith taobh le taobh laistigh de aon tsraith bac ar shreabhadh tráchta.\nCúlra ar chlé (féach Fo-Ailt 316.155 (b) (c), F.S.)\n- Tá an rothair a bhfuil sé ar intinn aige feithicil a thiomáint ar chlé i dteideal úsáid iomlán a bhaint as an tslí a ndéantar an tiomáint as. Tar éis scanadh, comharthaíocht agus bogadh go lár an tslí sin, ní mór don rothair a sheiceáil an comhartha, ansin leanúint ar aghaidh nuair a bhíonn sé glas agus sábháilte é sin a dhéanamh.\n- Chomh maith leis an gnáth-bhreathnú ar chlé, féadfaidh rothair dul tríd an chuid is mó ar dheis den chroisbhealach agus dul chomh gar don chrób nó don imeall agus is féidir ar an taobh is faide. Tar éis dó aon fheiste rialaithe tráchta oifigiúil a chomhlíonadh, féadfaidh an rothair dul ar aghaidh sa treo nua taistil.\n- Rogha eile atá ar fáil d'rothaitheoir ná dul as agus siúl tríd an gcruinniú sa chrosbhealach mar chodlaí.\nTuairimí comharthaíochta (féach Fo-alt 316.155 (((2) agus 316.157 (((2), F.S.)\n- Ní mór comhartha nó intinn cas a thabhairt le linn na 100 troigh deireanach a thaistil an fheithicil sula casfar. Má theastaíonn an dá lámh ó rothair chun an t-údarás a rialú, ní gá an comhartha a thabhairt go leanúnach\n- Féadfaidh rothair a chur in iúl go bhfuil sé ar intinn aige dul ar dheis trí lámh agus lámh chlé a shíneadh suas nó trí lámh agus lámh dheis a shíneadh go cothrománach ar thaobh na rothair.\nCeannairí agus córais chun ceallraí a úsáid\n- Ní féidir le rothair a bheith ag caitheamh cluasáin, cluasáin nó feiste éisteachta eile seachas cabhair éisteachta agus é ag marcaíocht. Má bhíonn headset ar do chluas, ní bheidh aon fhuaim á fháil agat ar na comharthaí fuaime tábhachtacha a theastaíonn chun teacht ar thrácht eile.\nNí dhéantar aon athruithe ar na rialacha maidir le saincheisteanna a bhaineann le saincheisteanna a bhaineann le saincheisteanna a bhaineann le saincheisteanna a bhaineann le saincheisteanna a bhaineann le saincheisteanna a bhaineann le saincheisteanna a bhaineann le saincheisteanna a bhaineann le saincheisteanna a bhaineann le saincheisteanna.\n- Féadfar pionóis shibhialta a eisiúint i gcás sárú ar dhlíthe rothair chomh maith le sárú ar ghluaiseacht agus neamh-gluaiseacht más infheidhme.\n- Is féidir le rialtais áitiúla contae, cathracha, bailte agus bailte eile ordúcháin a ghlacadh lena rialaítear rothaíocht. D'fhéadfadh go mbeadh ordúcháin clárúcháin agus ceadúnaithe ag roinnt cathracha freisin. D'fhéadfadh cosc a bheith ar rothaíocht ar an mbóthar go hiomlán nó i gceantair áirithe amháin, mar shampla ceantair ghnó. Féadfaidh gníomhaireachtaí forfheidhmithe dlí áitiúla cóipeanna d'ordúcháin áitiúla a sholáthar."} {"text": "This was 175th day of the year and 190 days remained in the year.\nJune 24 in History\nEarly American feminist Margaret Brent demanded a seat and vote in the Maryland Assembly, but was ejected from that body.\nKing Philip's War, the most devastating war between the colonists and Indians, began with Indians attacking the Swansea (Mass.) settlement.\nKenneth Arnold, an American pilot, reported seeing strange objects near Mt. Rainier, Washington. He described them as \"saucers skipping across the water,\" hence the term \"flying saucers\" was born.\nThe U.S. Air Force released The Roswell Report, closing the case on the 1947 Roswell, N.M. incident concerning UFOs and alien bodies.\nNew York passes a law to allow same-sex marriage, becoming the largest state that allows gay and lesbian couples to marry.\nLonesome George, the last known Pinta Island Tortoise, died at a Galapagos National Park, making the subspecies extinct.\nReturn to perpetual calendar\nNote: Dates in the Islamic calendar are provided for planning purposes only, and calculated with the hdate Islamic calendar program for moonrise in Boston, Masschusetts. Depending on your location and other factors, this result may differ from actual religious observances by one day. Please consult your local religious authority for any religious determinations of hejiric date.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-35", "url": "http://www.infoplease.com/onthisday?year=2013&month=June&day=24", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-35/segments/1440646242843.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20150827033042-00259-ip-10-171-96-226.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9284906983, "token_count": 287, "score": 2.65625, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Ba é seo an 175ú lá den bhliain agus bhí 190 lá fágtha sa bhliain.\n24 Meitheamh sa Stair\nD'éiligh an t-eagraí feimineach Mheiriceá Margaret Brent suíochán agus vóta i dToghchán Maryland, ach cuireadh as an gcomhlacht sin í.\nThosaigh Cogadh Rí Philip, an cogadh is tubaisteacha idir na coilíneoirí agus na hIndiaigh, le hIndiaigh ag ionsaí an Swansea (Mass.) socrú.\nD'aithin Kenneth Arnold, píolótach Meiriceánach, go bhfaca sé rudaí aisteach in aice le Mt. Rainier, Washington. Chuir sé síos orthu mar \"saucers ag léim thar an uisce\", dá bhrí sin rugadh an téarma \"saucers eitilte\".\nD'eisigh Air Force na Stát Aontaithe The Roswell Report, ag dúnadh an cháis ar thuras Roswell, NM i 1947 maidir le UFOanna agus comhlachtaí eachtracha.\nÉiríonn Nua-Eabhrac an stát is mó a cheadaíonn pósadh a lánúin ghnéas céanna.\nFuair Lonesome George, an Turtle Oileán Pinta is déanaí a bhí ar eolas, bás i bPáirc Náisiúnta Galapagos, rud a fhágann go ndeachaigh an fho-chineál as an ngnáth.\nFill ar ais go dtí an féilire síoraí\nNóta: Tá dáta sa féilire Ioslamach ar fáil chun críocha pleanála amháin, agus tá sé ríofa leis an gclár féilire Ioslamach hdate le haghaidh moonrise i Boston, Massachusetts. Ag brath ar do shuíomh agus ar fhachtóirí eile, d'fhéadfadh an toradh seo a bheith difriúil ó na ceiliúradh reiligiúnacha iarbhír trí lá amháin. Déan teagmháil le do údarás reiligiúnach áitiúil le haghaidh aon chinntí reiligiúnacha maidir le dáta heicriúil."} {"text": "Published on 13.03.18 in Vol 4, No 1 (2018): Jan-Jun\nPreprints (earlier versions) of this paper are available at http://preprints.jmir.org/preprint/9635, first published Dec 11, 2017.\nImproving Internal Medicine Residents’ Colorectal Cancer Screening Knowledge Using a Smartphone App: Pilot Study\nBackground: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common type of cancer and the second leading cause of cancer death in the United States. About one in three adults in the United States is not getting the CRC screening as recommended. Internal medicine residents are deficient in CRC screening knowledge.\nObjective: The objective of our study was to assess the improvement in internal medicine residents’ CRC screening knowledge via a pilot approach using a smartphone app.\nMethods: We designed a questionnaire based on the CRC screening guidelines of the American Cancer Society, American College of Gastroenterology, and US Preventive Services Task Force. We emailed the questionnaire via a SurveyMonkey link to all the residents of an internal medicine department to assess their knowledge of CRC screening guidelines. Then we designed an educational intervention in the form of a smartphone app containing all the knowledge about the CRC screening guidelines. The residents were introduced to the app and asked to download it onto their smartphones. We repeated the survey to test for changes in the residents’ knowledge after publication of the smartphone app and compared the responses with the previous survey. We applied the Pearson chi-square test and the Fisher exact test to look for statistical significance.\nResults: A total of 50 residents completed the first survey and 41 completed the second survey after publication of the app. Areas of CRC screening that showed statistically significant improvement (P<.05) were age at which CRC screening was started in African Americans, preventive tests being ordered first, identification of CRC screening tests, identification of preventive and detection methods, following up positive tests with colonoscopy, follow-up after colonoscopy findings, and CRC surveillance in diseases.\nConclusions: In this modern era of smartphones and gadgets, developing a smartphone-based app or educational tool is a novel idea and can help improve residents’ knowledge about CRC screening.\nJMIR Med Educ 2018;4(1):e10\n- colorectal cancer;\n- cancer screening;\n- early detection of cancer;\n- residents’ education;\n- mobile apps\nColorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most commonly diagnosed cancer among both men and women in the United States. It is the second leading cause of cancer-related death overall. Incidence and mortality rates have been declining because of increased awareness of risk factors such as smoking and red meat consumption, and improvement in screening rates and treatment modalities [- ]. According to the American Cancer Society (ACS), 135,430 new cases and 50,260 deaths from CRC were expected to occur in 2017, and the lifetime risk of developing CRC is about 1 in 21 (4.7%) for men and 1 in 23 (4.4%) for women [ ]. The management of CRC is associated with substantial health care costs, with national expenditures exceeding US $14 billion annually [ , ]. There are striking disparities by age, race, and tumor subsite despite a reduction in CRC incidence and mortality overall. The goal of further reducing CRC incidence and mortality can be achieved by ensuring access to high-quality health care, incentivizing healthy lifestyles, and increasing CRC screening. Meester and colleagues and others estimated that achieving the US National Colorectal Cancer Roundtable’s goal of increasing screening prevalence to 80% by 2018 would prevent 277,000 CRC cases and 203,000 deaths by 2030 [ - ]. About one in three adults in the United States is not getting CRC screening as recommended. According to the US National Health Interview Survey, CRC screening in accordance with the guidelines among adults 50 years of age and older increased from 34% in 2000 to 63% in 2015 [ ].\nGenerally, it is expected that as resident physicians advance in their training, CRC screening rates should improve with the expected improvement in knowledge of CRC screening. Wong measured performance outcomes in multiple screening categories over 3 years of training and found that actual patient screening rates were similar across all years . One of the reasons for this lack of improvement in CRC screening could be residents’ deficient knowledge about CRC screening, even though guidelines from the American College of Gastroenterology (ACG), ACS, and US Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) are mostly in agreement about screening modalities and age [ - ]. Akerman et al [ ] assessed residents’ CRC screening knowledge via a Web-based survey and concluded that there were many deficiencies. They concluded that fecal occult blood testing for screening purposes remains undervalued, and confusion about administering the test persists. The distinction between screening and prevention needs further reinforcement [ ].\nPrimary medical care of many underserved populations is dependent on resident outpatient practices. The physician-in-training role in health maintenance and screening has been assessed by various studies [- ]. Other factors could be responsible for the compromise in effective health maintenance and screening in resident practice in addition to residents’ knowledge deficiencies. One of these factors could be provider turnover every few years. Some studies even estimate that as many as 50% of patients are lost to follow-up of their chronic medical conditions and screenings when resident physicians graduate and pass their patients on to new providers [ ].\nBesides addressing other factors to improve health maintenance and screening in residents’ practice, improving medical knowledge about preventive health and screening is the key. One of the reasons for residents’ deficient knowledge about CRC screening is lack of training and educational tools. We conducted this comprehensive study to improve internal medicine residents’ CRC screening knowledge via a pilot approach using a smartphone app.\nThis pilot study was completed in 3 parts. Initially, we designed a questionnaire based on the CRC screening guidelines of the ACS, ACG, and USPSTF; we then requested institutional review board approval. The institutional review board of the University of Toledo Medical Center then granted the request for approval after reviewing the app and the survey questionnaire (no. 201713). The survey contained 14 questions on 7 areas of CRC screening,outlines. We emailed the questionnaire via a SurveyMonkey (SurveyMonkey Inc, San Mateo, CA) link to all the residents of an internal medicine department. We analyzed the responses after 4 weeks. The first question simply asked for the year of training, to create a subset for analysis by year of training. Respondents had the ability to answer with multiple correct choices for some questions, reflecting the multiple options presented in the source guidelines. shows the survey form.\nIn the second part, we designed a smartphone app. The decision to use a smartphone app for education was purely experimental and was based on the recent advancement in technology of smartphones and gadgets and the subsequent growth of the smartphone app industry. First, we collected information about CRC screening based on the ACG, ACS, and USPSTF guidelines, and then made a screen tree based on this information. The screen tree consisted of a total of 9 screens, including the main screen, as, , , and show. The smartphone app was created on an online app creation portal (Mobincube, San Francisco, CA, USA). We designed the app keeping in mind simplicity yet ensuring good visibility of the information. The portal subscription we obtained for the app creation and publication was without advertisements to avoid any conflicts of interest. We tested the trial version of the app on a smartphone and a tablet before publication.\nThen we uploaded the app onto the Google Developers Console (Google Inc, Mountain View, CA, USA) and published it the Google Play Store (Google Inc) for Android users. We also sent the app to Apple support for testing before publication in the App Store (Apple Inc, Cupertino, CA, USA). All the residents were introduced to the app via emails and flyers. We tracked the number of app downloads via a developer account in both the Play Store and the App Store. The app was purely educational and there were no interactive components in the app. The purpose of the app was to improve residents’ knowledge about CRC screening.\nIn the third and final part, we repeated the survey after 4 weeks and compared the responses with those of the first survey. Weekly reminders were sent to residents to complete both the surveys. We gave residents no incentives to complete the surveys. We applied the Pearson chi-square test and the Fisher exact test to look for statistical significance.\nSurvey Response Rates\nWe analyzed and compared the data in 3 subsets. In the first subset, we compared responses to the survey questions from respondents in the same training year to determine improvement in knowledge in each training year individually after publication of the smartphone app. In the second subset analysis, we compared responses between each of the 3 resident training years (ie, postgraduate year [PGY]-1, PGY-2, and PGY-3) to look for differences in knowledge between different training levels at baseline and differences in knowledge improvement after publication of the smartphone app. In the third and final analysis, we analyzed responses in aggregate to look for overall improvement in knowledge.\nWe emailed the survey link to 59 residents during the first phase and allowed 4 weeks for completion of the survey, with weekly reminders sent via email. A total of 50 residents completed the survey, for response rate of 85%. Of the 50 respondents, there were 22 PGY-1 residents, 15 PGY-2 residents, and 13 PGY-3 residents. After publication of the app, we emailed the survey link again. A total of 41 residents responded to the second survey, for a response rate of 69%; of the respondents, there were 20 PGY-1 residents, 11 PGY-2 residents, and 10 PGY-3 residents.\nAssessment of Residents’ Knowledge\nThe first few survey questions assessed the resident’s knowledge about CRC screening in average-risk patients and with a family history of CRC (). Most of the residents correctly identified the screening age in such patients. The residents were lacking knowledge about the ACG recommendation to start screening for CRC in African Americans at age 45 years. But after using the smartphone app, their knowledge improved significantly, from only 4 residents (8%) responding correctly before using the app to 29 residents (71%) responding correctly after using the app (P<.001). Although not statistically significant, knowledge about offering preventive tests first (P=.01) and offering colonoscopy every 5 years to patients with family history of CRC in a first-degree relative at age less than 60 years (P=.17) all improved.\nWhen asked to identify screening modalities for CRC screening, many residents were lacking the knowledge about the various tests that can be offered. The number of correct responses indicating their knowledge about computed tomography (CT) colonography every 5 years, double-contrast barium enema every 5 years, sigmoidoscopy every 10 years with annual fecal immunochemical testing at home, and fecal DNA testing every 1 to 3 years increased with statistical significance after intervention (). The residents were also tested on their ability to identify preventive tests, which can detect precancerous polypoid lesions. Most residents could identify only colonoscopy every 10 years as a preventive test at baseline, but after the intervention, more of them, at all training levels, correctly identified flexible sigmoidoscopy every 5 years, CT colonography every 5 years, and double-contrast barium enema every 5 years as preventive tests ( ).\nDetection methods only can detect CRC; they can’t prevent it as prevention methods do by detecting precancerous polypoid lesions. Stool-based CRC screening tests are the detection methods. Residents knowledge for correctly identifying detection methods was not satisfactory at baseline but improved significantly after education with the app, and they were able to identify annual fecal immunochemical testing, fecal occult blood testing at home, and fecal DNA testing every 1 to 3 years as CRC detection methods (). Most residents could identify sigmoidoscopy and fecal occult blood testing as the tests that are to be followed by colonoscopy if the test result is positive. At baseline, they did not all know that positive results on CT colonography, double-contrast barium enema, fecal immunochemical testing, and fecal DNA testing should also be followed by colonoscopy. After using the smartphone app, however, more of the residents identified these tests as needing to be followed by colonoscopy ( ).\nThe residents were also tested on the recommended follow-up after colonoscopy screening. Overall, the residents’ knowledge was not satisfactory on the follow-up periods of 10 years in the case of small hyperplastic rectal polyps being found, 5 years for 1 or 2 small tubular adenomas, 3 years for 3 to 10 adenomas, 1 to 3 years for more than 10 adenomas, and 2 to 6 months for sessile adenomas. Knowledge improved, but this was statistically significant only in the case of knowledge about the follow-up of sessile adenomas and of more than 10 adenomas (). Finally, residents were asked about surveillance for CRC in familial adenomatous polyposis, Lynch syndrome, and inflammatory bowel disease. Residents’ knowledge about CRC surveillance in familial adenomatous polyposis was lacking before using the smartphone app but improved significantly after the educational intervention ( ).\nMost of the recommendations for CRC screening from the ACG, ACS, and USPSTF are similar. For our study, we extracted commonalities and only tested recommendations that were similar between all of these guidelines. Apart from these organizations, others also publish guidelines, most of which reinforce the already-stated recommendations, but they also make some new recommendations, adding to the confusion for residents and other health care professionals. Recently, the US Multi-Society Task Force on Colorectal Cancer made new recommendations, in which they divided the screening tests into three tiers based on performance features, costs, and practical considerations . In our study, we tested the knowledge of residents to identify these screening tests but didn’t test for division of these tests into three tiers.\nOur study showed that, regardless of the levels of training, residents in one internal medicine department were lacking knowledge about CRC screening. This finding agrees with that of Sharma et al [, ], who investigated the understanding of CRC screening among primary care physicians and internists. There was no difference in residents’ knowledge between baseline and after the educational intervention in the form of a smartphone app: knowledge improved equally among all 3 PGY levels. This finding is consistent with a study in 2005 [ ], which showed no statistically significant difference in CRC screening rates between different years of training.\nOur study was different from previously reported ones in that, first, ours was very comprehensive and covered all aspects of CRC screening and, second, it used the novel approach of a smartphone app for education of the residents. Previously reported studies, such as that of Akerman et al , only tested for identification of CRC screening tests. Beyond testing for knowledge of CRC screening in average-risk patients and with a family history of CRC, we also tested the important concept of differentiation between prevention and detection tests, which is acknowledged in the ACG and ACS guidelines. Residents were lacking knowledge in other areas of CRC screening, such as identifying tests other than colonoscopy, screening in African American patients, following up positive tests with colonoscopy, follow-up after colonoscopy findings, and surveillance for CRC in various diseases such as familial adenomatous polyposis, Lynch syndrome, and inflammatory bowel disease.\nOur study showed that residents were knowledgeable about screening of average-risk patients with colonoscopy at age 50 years and those with a family history of CRC. Because ACS guidelines state that colonoscopy should be offered at age 40 years to patients with a family history of CRC in a first-degree relative at or over age 60 years and ACG guidelines state that screening in these patients should be the same as for average-risk patients, we considered both responses correct in our survey analysis. The areas that showed improved knowledge after use of the smartphone app were correctly identifying all of the CRC screening tests, differentiating between prevention and detection tests, and correctly identifying these tests. Also, the postsurvey results showed improved knowledge of screening tests that need to be followed by colonoscopy if the test result is positive. The areas that didn’t improve much were the follow-up of a screening colonoscopy in case of findings, as well as surveillance for CRC in various diseases.\nResidents’ knowledge about alternative CRC screening methods is important, as some patients do not wish to have colonoscopies because of the invasive nature of the test. Residents can only offer alternative, less-invasive methods if they have knowledge about them. Although the use of screening colonoscopies has increased over the last few years, it is still far from the National Colorectal Cancer Roundtables’ goal of achieving 80% by 2018, and awareness of alternative methods is important in achieving this target. It is important for residents to know about follow-up after colonoscopy findings and surveillance for CRC in various diseases, as residents ultimately take care of the primary needs of these patients in the clinic.\nVarious educational strategies have been employed in the past for improving knowledge of CRC screening, ranging from didactic lectures, as shown by Lane et al , to an interactive case-based model, as shown by Schroy et al [ ]. These educational methods showed variable improvement in knowledge, and additional interventions may be needed to improve screening performance. In this modern era of smartphones and gadgets, developing a smartphone-based app or educational tool can work very well for residents’ education, as shown by Shaw and Tan [ ]. Using a smartphone app to improve internal medicine residents’ knowledge of CRC screening is a novel idea and worked very well in our study.\nOur response rate was good, but our study was limited by being a single-center study with a small sample size. This intervention can be expanded to other institutions to determine the validity of our results in a multicenter setting. In addition, this study did not check whether the residents’ improved knowledge translated into their clinical practice in terms of an improved CRC screening rate. A multi-institutional study is being planned, and the original study will be expanded to determine the app’s effect on the screening rate. Here it is important to mention that, although this study was not intended to observe a change in practice, a few residents reported that the app was a readily available tool on their smartphone and was helpful to them when they encountered the issue of CRC screening of their patients in an outpatient setting.\nWhile residents seem knowledgeable about colonoscopic CRC screening in average-risk patients, we found significant deficiencies in other areas of the comprehensive evaluation. A smartphone-based app or educational tool is a novel idea and can help improve residents’ knowledge about CRC screening. A smartphone-based educational tool can be a part of residents’ orientation before the start of their residency to reinforce their knowledge about age-appropriate and specific screenings.\nZK designed the study, developed the smartphone app, collected data, conducted statistical analysis, drafted the manuscript, did critical revision, and approved the final manuscript. UD, MN, BK, YAA, and YA collected data and drafted the manuscript. MAK designed the study, collected data, and critically revised the study. WB did statistical analysis and drafted the manuscript. TS and AN did a critical revision for intellectual content and gave final approval of the manuscript.\nConflicts of Interest\nMultimedia Appendix 1\nSurvey form emailed via SurveyMonkey to residents.PDF File (Adobe PDF File), 33KB\nMultimedia Appendix 2\nScreening in average-risk patients and with a positive family history of colorectal cancer.PDF File (Adobe PDF File), 24KB\nMultimedia Appendix 3\nIdentification of colorectal cancer screening tests.PDF File (Adobe PDF File), 32KB\nMultimedia Appendix 4\nIdentification of colorectal cancer prevention methods.PDF File (Adobe PDF File), 31KB\nMultimedia Appendix 5\nIdentification of colorectal cancer detection methods.PDF File (Adobe PDF File), 29KB\nMultimedia Appendix 6\nIdentification of positive tests to be followed by colonoscopy.PDF File (Adobe PDF File), 33KB\nMultimedia Appendix 7\nIdentification of follow-up after colonoscopy.PDF File (Adobe PDF File), 32KB\nMultimedia Appendix 8\nIdentification of surveillance for colorectal cancer in various diseases.PDF File (Adobe PDF File), 30KB\n- Jemal A, Siegel R, Xu J, Ward E. 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[CrossRef] [Medline]\n|ACS: American Cancer Society|\n|ACG: American College of Gastroenterology|\n|CRC: colorectal cancer|\n|CT: computed tomography|\n|FIT: fecal immunochemical test|\n|PGY: postgraduate year|\n|USPSTF: US Preventive Services Task Force|\nEdited by G Eysenbach; submitted 11.12.17; peer-reviewed by A Koskan, W Leclercq, I Wani; comments to author 24.01.18; revised version received 11.02.18; accepted 11.02.18; published 13.03.18\n©Zubair Khan, Umar Darr, Muhammad Ali Khan, Mohamad Nawras, Basmah Khalil, Yousef Abdel-Aziz, Yaseen Alastal, William Barnett, Thomas Sodeman, Ali Nawras. Originally published in JMIR Medical Education (http://mededu.jmir.org), 13.03.2018.\nThis is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work, first published in JMIR Medical Education, is properly cited. The complete bibliographic information, a link to the original publication on http://mededu.jmir.org/, as well as this copyright and license information must be included.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-39", "url": "https://mededu.jmir.org/2018/1/e10/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267156305.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20180919200547-20180919220547-00122.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9079337716, "token_count": 6642, "score": 2.5625, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Foilsithe ar 13.03.18 i dTeach 4, Uimh. 1 (2018): Eanáir-Meitheamh\nTá réamhphriontaí (leaganacha níos luaithe) den pháipéar seo ar fáil ag http://preprints.jmir.org/preprint/9635, a foilsíodh den chéad uair an 11 Nollaig 2017.\nMeasúnú ar an eolas a bhaineann le scagadh ar ailse colórach ag baint úsáide as aip fón cliste: Staidéar píolótach\nCúlra: Is é ailse colórctal (CRC) an tríú cineál ailse is coitianta agus an dara cúis is mó de bhás ailse sna Stáit Aontaithe. Ní bhíonn thart ar duine as gach triúr daoine fásta sna Stáit Aontaithe ag déanamh scagadh CRC mar a mholtar. Tá easpa eolais ag cónaitheoirí leighis inmheánacha maidir le scagadh CRC.\nCuspóir: Ba é cuspóir ár staidéir feabhas a mheas i measc cónaitheoirí i gcógas inmheánach eolas scagthástála CRC trí chur chuige píolótach ag baint úsáide as app fón cliste.\nModhanna: D'eagraíomar ceistneoir bunaithe ar threoirlínte scagthástála CRC de chuid an American Cancer Society, American College of Gastroenterology, agus Tascfhórsa Seirbhísí Cosanta na SA. Chuir muid an cheistneoir ar ríomhphost trí nasc SurveyMonkey chuig gach cónaitheoir de roinn leigheas inmheánach chun a gcuid eolais ar threoirlínte scagála CRC a mheas. Ansin, d'eagraíomar idirghabháil oideachasúil i bhfoirm aip fón cliste ina bhfuil an t-eolas go léir faoi threoirlínte scagála CRC. Tugadh an aip ar na cónaitheoirí agus iarradh orthu é a íoslódáil ar a gcuid fón cliste. Rinneamar an suirbhé arís chun athruithe i eolas na n-áitritheoirí a thástáil tar éis an aip fón cliste a fhoilsiú agus rinneamar comparáid idir na freagraí agus an suirbhé roimhe seo. Rinneamar tástáil chi-chearnach Pearson agus tástáil chruinn Fisher chun tábhacht staidrimh a lorg.\nTorthaí: Chuir 50 duine den daonra an chéad suirbhé i gcrích agus chuir 41 duine an dara suirbhé i gcrích tar éis an aip a fhoilsiú. Ba iad réimsí scagthástála CRC a léirigh feabhas suntasach go staitistiúil (P<. 05) an aois a thosaigh scagthástáil CRC i Meiriceánaigh Afracacha, tástálacha coisctheacha a ordú ar dtús, tástálacha scagthástála CRC a shainaithint, a shainaithint modhanna coisctheacha agus braite, leanúint suas le tástálacha dearfacha le colonoscopy, leantach tar éis torthaí colonoscopy, agus faireachán CRC i ghalair.\nConclúidí: Sa ré nua-aimseartha seo de fhóin chliste agus gaistí, is smaoineamh nua é app nó uirlis oideachais bunaithe ar fhóin chliste a fhorbairt agus is féidir leis cabhrú le feabhas a chur ar eolas na n-áitritheoirí faoi scagadh CRC.\nJMIR Med Educ 2018;4(1):e10\n- ailse colorectal;\n- scagadh ar ailse;\n- ailse a bhrath go luath;\n- oideachas na n-áitritheoirí;\n- feidhmchláir soghluaiste\nIs é ailse colorectal (CRC) an tríú ailse is coitianta a dhiagnóisiú i measc fir agus mná sna Stáit Aontaithe. Is é an dara cúis is mó de bhás a bhaineann le hailse ar an iomlán. Tá rátaí teagmhála agus báis ag titim mar gheall ar fheasacht mhéadaithe ar fhachtóirí riosca amhail caitheamh tobac agus tomhaltas feola dearga, agus feabhas ar rátaí scagthástála agus ar mhodhanna cóireála [- ]. De réir an American Cancer Society (ACS), bhíthar ag súil go dtarlódh 135,430 cás nua agus 50,260 bás ó CRC in 2017, agus is é an baol ar feadh an tsaoil CRC a fhorbairt thart ar 1 as 21 (4.7%) d'fhir agus 1 as 23 (4.4%) do mhná [ ]. Tá bainistíocht CRC bainteach le costais chúnamh sláinte suntasacha, le caiteachas náisiúnta os cionn US $ 14 billiún in aghaidh na bliana [ , ]. Tá difríochtaí suntasacha ann de réir aoise, cine agus fo-áit tumor in ainneoin laghdú ar iontráil agus ar bháis CRC san iomlán. Is féidir an sprioc a bhaineann le hionchais agus bású CRC a laghdú tuilleadh a bhaint amach trí rochtain ar chúram sláinte ardchaighdeáin a chinntiú, stiúir a thabhairt ar stíl mhaireachtála sláintiúil, agus scagadh CRC a mhéadú. Meester agus a chomhghleacaithe agus daoine eile measta gur chuirfeadh sé cosc ar 277,000 cás CRC agus 203,000 bás faoi 2030 [ - ], tar éis sprioc Thábla Cuardaigh Náisiúnta Ailse Colorectal na Stát Aontaithe a bhaint amach maidir le forleithne scagála a mhéadú go 80% faoi 2018. Ní bhíonn thart ar duine as gach triúr daoine fásta sna Stáit Aontaithe ag déanamh scagadh CRC mar a mholtar. De réir Suirbhé Náisiúnta Idirghabhála Sláinte na SA, tháinig méadú ó 34% i 2000 go 63% i 2015 ar scagadh CRC i gcomhréir leis na treoirlínte i measc daoine fásta 50 bliain d'aois agus níos sine [ ].\nGo ginearálta, táthar ag súil go dtiocfaidh feabhas ar rátaí scagadh CRC de réir mar a théann dochtúirí cónaitheoirí chun cinn ina hoiliúint, agus go dtiocfaidh feabhas ar an eolas a bhíonn acu ar scagadh CRC. Rinne Wong torthaí feidhmíochta a thomhas i gcatagóirí scagadh iomadúla thar 3 bliana oiliúna agus fuair sé go raibh rátaí scagadh iarbhír na n-othar cosúil thar na blianta go léir . D'fhéadfadh go mbeadh eolas easnamh na n-áitritheoirí faoi scagadh CRC ar cheann de na cúiseanna leis an easpa feabhsaithe seo i scagadh CRC, cé go bhfuil treoirlínte ón gColáiste Mheiriceá Gastroenterology (ACG), ACS, agus Tascfhórsa Seirbhísí Coscála na Stát Aontaithe (USPSTF) i gcomhaontú den chuid is mó maidir le modhanna scagadh agus aois [ - ]. Rinne Akerman et al [ ] measúnú ar eolas na n-áitritheoirí maidir le scagadh CRC trí shuirbhé ar líne agus tháinig siad ar an gconclúid go raibh go leor easnaimh ann. Chinn siad go bhfuil tástáil fola oculta fecal chun críocha scagála fós faoi mheas, agus go leanann mearbhall ar an tástáil a riaradh. Ní mór an idirdhealú idir scagadh agus cosc a neartú tuilleadh [ ].\nTá cúram sláinte bunscoile a bhaineann le go leor daonra nach bhfuil seirbhís mhaith á fháil acu ag brath ar chleachtais ospidéil chónaitheacha. Rinneadh measúnú ar ról an liachta atá i mbun oiliúna i gcothabháil agus scagadh sláinte trí staidéir éagsúla [- ]. D'fhéadfadh go mbeadh tosca eile freagrach as an idirbheart maidir le cothabháil agus scagadh sláinte éifeachtach i gcleachtas cónaitheoirí chomh maith le heasnaimh eolais cónaitheoirí. D'fhéadfadh go mbeadh an láimhdeachas soláthraithe gach cúpla bliain ar cheann de na tosca sin. Measann roinnt staidéir fiú go gcailltear suas le 50% de othair chun leanúint ar aghaidh lena riochtaí leighis ainsealacha agus scagthástálacha nuair a bhíonn lianna cónaitheacha céim amach agus a gcuid othair a tharchur chuig soláthraithe nua [ ].\nChomh maith le dul i ngleic le tosca eile chun feabhas a chur ar chothabháil sláinte agus scagadh i gcleachtas na n-áitritheoirí, is é an eochair feabhas a chur ar an eolas leighis faoi shláinte choscála agus scagadh. Ceann de na cúiseanna a bhfuil eolas easnamh ag cónaitheoirí faoi scagadh CRC ná easpa oiliúna agus uirlisí oideachais. Rinneamar an staidéar cuimsitheach seo chun feabhas a chur ar eolas cónaitheoirí leigheas inmheánach maidir le scagadh CRC trí chur chuige píolótach a úsáideann aip smartphone.\nCuireadh an staidéar píolótach seo i gcrích i 3 chuid. Ar dtús, d'eagraíomar ceistneoir bunaithe ar threoirlínte scagthástála CRC an ACS, ACG, agus USPSTF; d'iarramar ceadúnas an bhoird athbhreithnithe institiúideach ansin. Thug an bord athbhreithnithe institiúideach de chuid Ionad Leighis Ollscoil Toledo an t-iarratas ar cheadú i ndiaidh athbhreithniú a dhéanamh ar an aip agus ar an gceistcheist suirbhé (uimh. 201713). Bhí 14 cheist sa suirbhé ar 7 réimse de scagadh CRC, léiríonn an suirbhé seo. Chuir muid an cheistneoir trí ríomhphost trí nasc SurveyMonkey (SurveyMonkey Inc, San Mateo, CA) chuig gach cónaitheoir de roinn leigheas inmheánach. Rinneamar anailís ar na freagraí tar éis 4 sheachtain. Ní raibh sa chéad cheist ach an bhliain oiliúna, chun fo-shraith a chruthú le haghaidh anailíse de réir na bliana oiliúna. Bhí an cumas ag na freagróirí freagra a thabhairt le roghanna iomadúla cearta do roinnt ceisteanna, ag léiriú na roghanna iomadúla a chuirtear i láthair sna treoirlínte foinse. léiríonn an fhoirm suirbhé.\nSa dara cuid, rinneamar aip fón cliste. Bhí an cinneadh chun aip fón cliste a úsáid le haghaidh oideachais go hiomlán turgnamhach agus bhí sé bunaithe ar an dul chun cinn le déanaí i dteicneolaíocht na bhfón cliste agus na ngléasra agus an fás ina dhiaidh sin ar thionscal na bpróiseála app fón cliste. Ar dtús, bhailímid faisnéis faoi scagadh CRC bunaithe ar threoirlínte ACG, ACS, agus USPSTF, agus ansin rinneamar crann scagadh bunaithe ar an bhfaisnéis seo. Bhí an crann scáileáin comhdhéanta de 9 scáileáin san iomlán, lena n-áirítear an príomhscáileáin, mar, , , agus taispeáint. Cruthaíodh an aip fón cliste ar phortal cruthaithe app ar líne (Mobincube, San Francisco, CA, SAM). Dearbhaíomar an aip ag cur simplíocht san áireamh agus ag cinntiú go bhfuil an fhaisnéis le feiceáil go maith. Bhí an síntiús tairseach a fuair muid le haghaidh an app a chruthú agus a fhoilsiú gan fógraí chun aon choimhlintí leasa a sheachaint. Rinneamar tástáil ar an leagan trialach den aip ar fhón cliste agus ar phláinéid sula foilsíodh é.\nAnsin, chuir muid an aip ar an Google Developers Console (Google Inc, Mountain View, CA, USA) agus d'fhoilsigh muid é ar Google Play Store (Google Inc) d'úsáideoirí Android. Chuir muid an aip chuig tacaíocht Apple freisin chun tástáil a dhéanamh sula bhfoilseofar é san App Store (Apple Inc, Cupertino, CA, SAM). Tugadh an aip do na cónaitheoirí go léir trí ríomhphoist agus trí phléireacha. Rinneamar rian ar líon na n-uaslódálacha app trí chuntas forbartha i Play Store agus i App Store araon. Bhí an aip oideachasúil go hiomlán agus ní raibh aon chomhpháirteanna idirghníomhacha san aip. Ba é cuspóir an aip eolas na n-áitritheoirí a fheabhsú maidir le scagadh CRC.\nSa tríú cuid agus sa chuid dheireanach, rinneamar an suirbhé arís tar éis 4 sheachtain agus rinneamar comparáid idir na freagraí agus iad siúd sa chéad suirbhé. Seoltar meabhrúcháin seachtainiúla chuig cónaitheoirí chun an dá suirbhé a chomhlánú. Níor thugamar aon spreagadh do chónaitheoirí na suirbhéanna a chomhlánú. Rinneamar tástáil chi-chearnach Pearson agus tástáil chruinn Fisher chun tábhacht staidrimh a lorg.\nRátaí Freagra ar an Suirbhé\nRinneamar anailís agus comparáid idir na sonraí i 3 fho-shraith. Sa chéad fho-sórt, rinneamar comparáid idir freagraí na n-fhreagróirí ar cheisteanna an suirbhé sa bhliain oiliúna céanna chun feabhas ar an eolas a chinneadh i ngach bliain oiliúna ar leithligh tar éis an aip fón cliste a fhoilsiú. Sa dara anailís fo-sóite, rinneamar comparáid idir freagraí idir gach ceann de na 3 bhliain oiliúna cónaitheach (ie, bliain iarchéime [PGY]-1, PGY-2, agus PGY-3) chun difríochtaí i dtaithí a lorg idir leibhéil oiliúna éagsúla ag bunlíne agus difríochtaí i bhfeabhsú eolais tar éis foilsiú an aip fón cliste. Sa tríú anailís dheireanach, rinneamar anailís ar fhreagraí go forleathan chun feabhas forleathan ar eolas a lorg.\nChuir muid nasc an suirbhé chuig 59 cónaitheoir le linn an chéad chéim agus thugamar 4 sheachtain chun an suirbhé a chríochnú, agus cuireadh meabhrúcháin seachtainiúla ar fáil trí ríomhphost. Chuir 50 duine san iomlán an suirbhé i gcrích, agus bhí ráta freagartha 85% acu. I measc na 50 freagróir, bhí 22 cónaitheoir PGY-1, 15 cónaitheoir PGY-2 agus 13 cónaitheoir PGY-3. Tar éis an aip a fhoilsiú, chuir muid an nasc suirbhé ar ríomhphost arís. D'fhreagair 41 cónaitheoir san iomlán an dara suirbhé, le haghaidh ráta freagartha de 69%; de na freagróirí, bhí 20 cónaitheoir PGY-1, 11 cónaitheoir PGY-2 agus 10 cónaitheoir PGY-3.\nMeasúnú ar Chónaitheoirí Eolas\nBhí an t-eolas a bhí ag na cónaitheoirí faoi scagadh CRC i ndaltaí a raibh riosca meánach acu agus a raibh CRC ina stair teaghlaigh acu, á mheasúnú sna chéad chúpla ceist suirbhé. D'aithin an chuid is mó de na cónaitheoirí go ceart an aois scagála i gcás na n-othair sin. Bhí easpa eolais ag na cónaitheoirí faoi mholadh ACG chun triail a thosú le haghaidh CRC i Meiriceánaigh Afracacha ag aois 45 bliana. Ach tar éis dóibh an aip fón cliste a úsáid, tháinig feabhas suntasach ar a gcuid eolais, ó 4 chónaitheoir (8%) amháin a d'fhreagair i gceart sula n-úsáidtear an aip go dtí 29 chónaitheoir (71%) a d'fhreagair i gceart tar éis an aip a úsáid (P<.001). Cé nach raibh sé suntasach ó thaobh staidrimh de, tháinig feabhas ar an eolas maidir le tástálacha coisctheacha a thairiscint ar dtús (P=. 01) agus colonoscopy a thairiscint gach 5 bliana d' othair a bhfuil stair teaghlaigh CRC acu i gcairde den chéad chéim atá níos lú ná 60 bliain d' aois (P=.17) go léir.\nNuair a iarradh orthu modail scagthástála a aithint le haghaidh scagthástáil CRC, bhí eolas ag go leor cónaitheoirí faoi na tástálacha éagsúla is féidir a thairiscint. D' éirigh líon na bhfreagraí ceart a léiríonn a gcuid eolais faoi colúnagrafaíocht tomagrafaíochta ríomhaireachta (CT) gach 5 bliana, enema báire dúbailte-choimeádais gach 5 bliana, sigmoidoscópáil gach 10 mbliana le tástáil inimhiocimic fecal bliantúil sa bhaile, agus tástáil DNA fecal gach 1 go 3 bliana le suntas staidrimh tar éis idirghabhála (). Rinne na cónaitheoirí tástáil freisin ar a gcumas tástálacha coisctheacha a aithint, ar féidir leo leo leoinmneacha polipoideacha réamh-ailseacha a bhrath. Ní raibh an chuid is mó de na cónaitheoirí in ann colonoscopy a aithint gach 10 mbliana mar thástáil choscála ag tús an chórais, ach tar éis an idirghabhála, aithin níos mó acu, ag gach leibhéal oiliúna, sigmoidoscopy solúbtha gach 5 bliana, colonography CT gach 5 bliana, agus enema báiream dhá-choinbhleacht gach 5 bliana mar thástálacha coscála ( ).\nNí féidir le modhanna braite ach CRC a bhrath; ní féidir leo é a chosc mar a dhéanann modhanna coscála trí léisiúin polipoid réamh-ailseacha a bhrath. Is iad na modhanna braite a bhaineann le CRC ná tástálacha scagála CRC atá bunaithe ar an stoc. Ní raibh eolas na n-áitritheoirí maidir le modhanna braite a shainaithint go ceart sásúil ag tús an phróisis ach tháinig feabhas suntasach orthu tar éis oideachas a fháil leis an aip, agus bhí siad in ann tástáil bhliantúil imdhíonachta fecal, tástáil fola occult fecal sa bhaile, agus tástáil DNA fecal gach 1 go 3 bliana a aithint mar mhodhanna braite CRC (). D'fhéadfadh an chuid is mó de na cónaitheoirí sigmoidoscopy agus tástáil fola occult fecal a aithint mar na tástálacha a bheidh le leanúint le colonoscopy má tá toradh dearfach an tástála. Ag tús an staidéir, ní raibh a fhios ag gach duine go gcaithfear colonoscóp a dhéanamh freisin tar éis torthaí dearfacha ar colonagrafaíocht CT, enema báire dúbailte-choimeádach, tástáil imdhíonachta fecal, agus tástáil DNA fecal. Tar éis dóibh an aip fón cliste a úsáid, áfach, d'aithin níos mó de na cónaitheoirí go raibh gá le colonoscóp a dhéanamh i ndiaidh na dtástálacha sin ( ).\nRinne na cónaitheoirí tástáil freisin ar an leanúint-suas a mholtar tar éis scagadh colonoscopy. Go ginearálta, ní raibh eolas na n-áitritheoirí sásúil maidir le tréimhsí leantacha 10 bliana i gcás póilíní mionsonraithe mionsonraithe beaga a bheith le fáil, 5 bliana i gcás 1 nó 2 adenoma beag tubular, 3 bliana i gcás 3 go 10 adenoma, 1 go 3 bliana i gcás níos mó ná 10 adenoma, agus 2 go 6 mhí i gcás adenomaí sessile. Bhí feabhas ar an eolas, ach ní raibh sé seo suntasach ó thaobh staidrimh ach i gcás eolas faoi leanúint adenomas sessile agus níos mó ná 10 adenomas (). Ar deireadh, d'iarradh ar chónaitheoirí faireachán a dhéanamh ar CRC i bpoilipós adenomatous teaghlaigh, i siondróm Lynch, agus i ghalair athlastach an intestine. Bhí easpa eolais ag cónaitheoirí maidir le faireachán ar CRC i bpoiliposis adenomatous teaghlaigh sular úsáideadh an aip smartphone ach feabhsaíodh go suntasach tar éis an idirghabhála oideachais ( ).\nTá an chuid is mó de na moltaí maidir le scagadh CRC ó ACG, ACS, agus USPSTF cosúil. Chun ár staidéar, rinneamar na comhpháirteanna a bhaint agus níor thástáil muid ach moltaí a bhí cosúil idir na treoirlínte seo go léir. Seachas na heagraíochtaí seo, foilsíonn daoine eile treoirlínte freisin, a chuireann an chuid is mó acu na moltaí a luaitear cheana féin a neartú, ach déanann siad roinnt moltaí nua freisin, ag cur leis an mearbhall do chónaitheoirí agus do ghairmithe cúraim sláinte eile. Le déanaí, rinne an Tascfhórsa Il-Sochaí Mheiriceá ar Ailse Colorectal moltaí nua, ina roinn siad na tástálacha scagála ina thrí thrí ar bhonn gnéithe feidhmíochta, costais, agus machnamh praiticiúil . Sa staidéar a rinneamar, rinneamar tástáil ar eolas na n-ionadaithe chun na tástálacha scagála seo a aithint ach níor rinneamar tástáil ar na tástálacha seo a roinnt ina dtrí thréimhse.\nLéirigh ár staidéar, is cuma cé chomh oiliúna a bhí acu, go raibh easpa eolais ag cónaitheoirí i roinn amháin leighis inmheánaí faoi scagadh CRC. Tá an toradh seo ag teacht le Sharma et al [, ], a rinne imscrúdú ar an tuiscint ar scagadh CRC i measc lianna príomhchothabhála agus internists. Ní raibh aon difríocht i eolas na n-áitritheoirí idir an bunlíne agus tar éis an idirghabhála oideachais i bhfoirm app fón cliste: tháinig feabhas ar an eolas go cothrom i measc na 3 leibhéal PGY. Tá an toradh seo comhoiriúnach le staidéar a rinneadh in 2005 [ ], nach léirigh aon difríocht shuntasach ó thaobh staidrimh de i rátaí scagála CRC idir blianta éagsúla oiliúna.\nBhí ár staidéar difriúil ó na cinn a tuairiscíodh roimhe sin, ar an gcéad dul síos, bhí an staidéar againn an-chuimsitheach agus chlúdaigh sé gach gné de scagadh CRC agus, ar an dara dul síos, d'úsáid sé cur chuige nua app smartphone chun oideachas a thabhairt do na cónaitheoirí. Ní dhéantar staidéar a thuairiscigh roimhe seo, mar shampla staidéar Akerman et al , ach amháin chun tástálacha scagthástála CRC a shainaithint. Chomh maith le tástáil a dhéanamh ar eolas faoi scagadh CRC i n-othair atá i mbaol meán agus a bhfuil stair teaghlaigh CRC acu, rinneamar tástáil freisin ar an gcoincheap tábhachtach maidir le difríocht idir tástálacha cosc agus braite, a aithnítear i dtreoirlínte ACG agus ACS. Bhí easpa eolais ag cónaitheoirí i réimsí eile scagadh CRC, mar shampla tástálacha seachas colonoscopy a shainaithint, scagadh i n-othair Mheiriceá Afracacha, leanúint suas tástálacha dearfacha le colonoscopy, leanúint suas tar éis torthaí colonoscopy, agus faireachán ar CRC i ghalair éagsúla mar polyposis adenomatous teaghlaigh, siondróm Lynch, agus galar inchinn athlastach.\nLéirigh ár staidéar go raibh eolas ag cónaitheoirí maidir le scagadh ar othair a bhfuil riosca meánmhéide acu le colonoscopy ag aois 50 bliain agus iad siúd a bhfuil stair teaghlaigh CRC acu. Ós rud é go luaitear i dtreoirlínte ACS gur chóir colonoscopy a thairiscint ag aois 40 bliain d' othair a bhfuil stair teaghlaigh CRC acu i gcairde den chéad chéim ag aois 60 bliain nó níos sine agus a luaitear i dtreoirlínte ACG gur chóir go mbeadh an scagadh i ndaoine seo mar an gcéanna le haghaidh othair ar riosca meán, mheasamar go raibh an dá fhreagra ceart inár anailís suirbhé. Ba iad na réimsí a léirigh feabhas ar eolas tar éis an aip fón cliste a úsáid na tástálacha scagthástála CRC go léir a shainaithint i gceart, idirdhealú a dhéanamh idir tástálacha cosanta agus braite, agus na tástálacha seo a shainaithint i gceart. Chomh maith leis sin, léirigh torthaí an suirbhéigh feabhas ar an eolas faoi thástálacha scagála a chaithfear a leanúint le colonoscopy má tá toradh dearfach an tástála. Ba iad na réimsí nach ndearnadh mórán feabhsaithe orthu ná leanúint colonoscópáil scagála i gcás ina bhfaightear torthaí, chomh maith le faireachán ar CRC i ghalair éagsúla.\nTá sé tábhachtach go mbeadh eolas ag cónaitheoirí faoi mhodhanna scagála CRC malartacha, toisc nach mian le roinnt othair colonoscopes a bheith acu mar gheall ar nádúr ionrach an tástála. Ní féidir le cónaitheoirí modhanna eile, nach bhfuil chomh ionrach sin a thairiscint ach amháin má tá eolas acu faoi. Cé go bhfuil méadú tagtha ar úsáid colonoscópithe sgríbeacha le cúpla bliain anuas, tá sé i bhfad ó sprioc na nTaibléad Domhanda um Ailse Colórach Colórach 80% a bhaint amach faoi 2018, agus tá feasacht ar mhodhanna malartacha tábhachtach chun an sprioc seo a bhaint amach. Tá sé tábhachtach go mbeadh a fhios ag cónaitheoirí faoi leantach tar éis torthaí colonoscopy agus faireachán ar CRC i ghalair éagsúla, mar go ndéanann cónaitheoirí cúram de bhunriachtanais na n-othair seo sa chlinic sa deireadh.\nTá straitéisí oideachais éagsúla curtha i bhfeidhm san am atá thart chun feabhas a chur ar an eolas maidir le scagadh CRC, ó léachtaí didachtacha, mar a léiríonn Lane et al , go samhail idirghníomhach bunaithe ar chás, mar a léiríonn Schroy et al [ ]. Tá an t-eolas a fuarthas ó na modhanna oideachais seo feabhsaithe éagsúil, agus d'fhéadfadh go mbeadh gá le hiontrálacha breise chun feabhas a chur ar fheidhmíocht na sgríbe. Sa ré nua-aimseartha seo de fhóin chliste agus gaistí, is féidir le feidhmchlár nó uirlis oideachais bunaithe ar fhón cliste a fhorbairt a bheith ag obair go han-mhaith d'oideachas cónaitheoirí, mar a léiríonn Shaw agus Tan [ ]. Is smaoineamh nua é feidhmchlár smartphone a úsáid chun eolas cónaitheoirí leighis inmheánacha a fheabhsú maidir le scagadh CRC agus d'oibrigh sé go han-mhaith inár staidéar.\nBhí an ráta freagartha go maith, ach bhí teorainn ag ár staidéar mar go raibh staidéar ar ionad amháin ann agus go raibh méid samplach beag ann. Is féidir an idirghabháil seo a leathnú go hinstitiúidí eile chun bailíocht ár dtorthaí a chinneadh i suíomh il-ionad. Ina theannta sin, níor sheiceáil an staidéar seo an raibh an t-eolas feabhsaithe a bhí ag na cónaitheoirí á aistriú ina gcleachtas cliniciúil i dtéarmaí ráta scagála CRC feabhsaithe. Tá staidéar il-institiúideach á phleanáil, agus leathnófar an staidéar bunaidh chun éifeacht an aip ar ráta scagadh a chinneadh. Tá sé tábhachtach a lua anseo, cé nach raibh sé i gceist leis an staidéar seo athrú a fheiceáil sa chleachtas, gur thuairiscigh cúpla cónaitheoir go raibh an aip ar uirlis atá ar fáil go héasca ar a gcuid fón cliste agus go raibh sé cabhrach dóibh nuair a tháinig siad ar cheist scagadh CRC a gcuid othair i suíomh othair seachtracha.\nCé gur cosúil go bhfuil eolas ag cónaitheoirí faoi scagadh CRC colonoscopic i n-othair atá i meánriosca, fuair muid easnaimh shuntasacha i réimsí eile den mheastóireacht chuimsitheach. Is smaoineamh nua é aip nó uirlis oideachais atá bunaithe ar fhón cliste agus is féidir leis cabhrú le feabhas a chur ar eolas na n-áitritheoirí faoi scagadh CRC. Is féidir le huirlis oideachais ar fhón cliste a bheith mar chuid de threoir na n-ionadaithe roimh thús a n-ionadaíochta chun a gcuid eolais a threisiú maidir le scagthástálacha atá oiriúnach d'aois agus sonracha.\nDearbhaigh ZK an staidéar, d'fhorbair sé an aip fón cliste, bailíodh sonraí, rinne sé anailís staidrimh, d'fhorbair sé an lámhscríbhinn, rinne sé athbhreithniú criticiúil, agus cheadaigh sé an lámhscríbhinn deiridh. Ba é UD, MN, BK, YAA, agus YA na daoine a bhailiú sonraí agus a dhréacht an lámhscríbhinn. D'eagraigh MAK an staidéar, bailíodh sonraí, agus d'athbhreithnigh sé an staidéar go criticiúil. Rinne WB anailís staidrimh agus d'eagraigh sé an lámhscríbhinn. Rinne TS agus AN athbhreithniú criticiúil ar ábhar intleachtúil agus thug siad cead deiridh don lámhscríbhinn.\nComhtháthaithe Suim\nIarscríbhinn 1 um Ilmheán\nFoirm suirbhé a chuirtear chuig cónaitheoirí trí ríomhphost trí SurveyMonkey.Faile PDF (Adobe PDF File), 33KB\nLeas-Mheide 2\nScreening i n-othair atá i meánriosca agus a bhfuil stair teaghlaigh dearfach ailse colorectal acu.Faile PDF (Adobe PDF File), 24KB\nIarscríbhinn 3 um Ilmheán\nTástálacha scagthástála ailse colorectal a shainaithint.Faile PDF (Adobe PDF File), 32KB\nLeas-Mheide 4\nMeáin chun ailse colorrectal a chosc a shainaithint.Faile PDF (Adobe PDF File), 31KB\nLeas-Mheide 5\nMeánanna chun ailse colorrectal a bhrath a shainaithint.Faile PDF (Adobe PDF File), 29KB\nLeas-Mheide 6\nDéanfar tástálacha dearfacha a shainaithint le colonoscóp a leanúint.Faile PDF (Adobe PDF File), 33KB\nLeas-Mheide 7\nAithint na leantacha tar éis colonoscopy.PDF File (Adobe PDF File), 32KB\nLeas-Mheide 8\nAithint faireachán ar ailse colorectal i ghalair éagsúla.Faile PDF (Adobe PDF File), 30KB\n- Jemal A, Siegel R, Xu J, Ward E. 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Screening agus faireachán chun ailse colorectal agus póilíop adenomatous a bhrath go luath, 2008: treoirlínte comhpháirteach ó Shochaí Ailse Mheiriceá, an Tascfhórsa Il-Sochaí na Stát Aontaithe ar Ailse Colorectal, agus an Coláiste Meiriceánach Radialaíochta. CA Cancer J Clin 2008;58(3):130-160 [Text iomlán saor in aisce] [CrossRef] [Medline]\n- Bibbins-Domingo K, Grossman DC, Curry SJ, Davidson KW, Epling JW, García FAR, et al. Screening do ghalar colór-réitigh: ráiteas molta ag Tascfhórsa Seirbhísí Cosanta na Stát Aontaithe. JAMA 2016 Jun 21;315(23):2564-2575. [CrossRef] [Medline]\n- Akerman S, Aronson SL, Cerulli MA, Akerman M, Sultan K. Eolas cónaitheach maidir le screening ailse colorectal arna mheas trí shonraí ar líne. J Clin Med Res 2014 Apr;6(2):120-126 [Text iomlán saor in aisce] [CrossRef] [Medline]\n- Borum ML. Screening ailse i measc na mban ag dochtúirí cónaitheach leighis inmheánaí. Meánmhuir Theas J 1997 Nov;90{}11):1101-1105. [Medline]\n- Borum ML. D'fhéadfadh go mbeadh scagadh ar ailse colorectal na cónaitheoirí leighis ag brath ar oideachas cúraim ambulatóireachta. Dig Dis Sci 1997 Jun;42{6):1176-1178. [Medline]\n- Kerns JW, Krist AH, Woolf SH, Flores SK, Johnson RE. - Tá sé ar an mbord. Tuiscintí othar ar an gcaoi a n-idirghníomhaíonn dochtúirí le linn plé ar scagadh ailse próstatach: comparáid idir cónaitheoirí agus lucht teagaisc. Fam Med 2008 Mar;40(3):181-187 [Text iomlán saor in aisce] [Medline]\n- A PG, Ashburner JM, Fosburgh BW, Atlas SJ. - Tá sé ar an mbord. Tá an t-údarás inniúil freagrach as an méid seo a leanas: Teach Learn Med 2010 Jan;22(1):45-49. [CrossRef] [Medline]\n- Ward SH, Parameswaran L, Bass SB, Paranjape A, Gordon TF, Ruzek SB. Tuiscintí dochtúirí cónaithe ar bhacainní agus éascaitheoirí le haghaidh scagadh ailse colorectal do Mheiriceánaigh Afracacha. J Natl Med Assoc 2010 Apr;102(4):303-311. [Medline]\n- Caines LC, Brockmeyer DM, Tess AV, Kim H, Kriegel G, Bates CK. - Tá sé ar an mbord. An doras imchlúdach i gcleachtas leanúnachas cónaithe: easpaí a aithint i n-aistrithe cúraim. J Gen Intern Med 2011 Sep;26(9):995-998 [Text iomlán saor in aisce] [CrossRef] [Medline]\n- Rex DK, Boland CR, Dominitz JA, Giardiello FM, Johnson DA, Kaltenbach T, et al. Screening ailse colúineach: moltaí do dhochtúirí agus do othair ó Tascfhórsa Il-Sochaí na Stát Aontaithe ar Ailse Colúineach. Am J Gastroenterol 2017 Jul;112(7):1016-1030. [CrossRef] [Medline]\n- Sharma VK, Corder FA, Raufman JP, Sharma P, Fennerty MB, Howden CW. Suirbhé ar úsáid na n-oideas cónaitheacha leighis inmheánacha an tástáil fola occult fecal agus a dtuiscint ar scagadh agus faireachán ar ailse colorectal. Am J Gastroenterol 2000 Aug;95(8): 1968-2073. [CrossRef] [Medline]\n- Sharma VK, Vasudeva R, Howden CW. Cleachtais scagthástála agus faireachais ailse colórctála ag lianna príomhchothabhála: torthaí suirbhé náisiúnta. Am J Gastroenterol 2000 Jun;95(6):1551-1556. [CrossRef] [Medline]\n- Willett LL, Palonen K, Allison JJ, Heudebert GR, Kiefe CI, Massie FS, et al. Difríochtaí i gcáilíocht sláinte coisctheach de réir na bliana cónaithe. An bhfuil sean-aoise níos fearr? J Gen Intern Med 2005 Sep;20(9):825-829 [Text iomlán saor in aisce] [CrossRef] [Medline]\n- Lane DS, Messina CR, Cavanagh MF, Chen JJ. Idirghabháil soláthraí chun scagadh ar ailse colorectal a fheabhsú i lárionaid sláinte an chontae. Med Care 2008 Sep;46(9 Suppl 1):S109-S116. [CrossRef] [Medline]\n- Schroy PC, Glick JT, Geller AC, Jackson A, Heeren T, Prout M. Straitéis oideachais nua chun eolas teaghlaigh ar ailse colorectal agus scileanna meastóireachta riosca cónaitheoirí leigheas inmheánach a fheabhsú. Am J Gastroenterol 2005 Mar;100(3):677-684. [CrossRef] [Medline]\n- Shaw CM, Tan SA. Feabhsaíonn comhtháthú teicneolaíochta soghluaiste i ábhar oideachais rannpháirtíocht: cur i bhfeidhmchlár nua smartphone a chruthú le haghaidh oideachais cónaitheoirí. J Surg Educ 2015;72(4):670-673. [CrossRef] [Medline]\nACS: American Cancer Society a bhí\nACG: American Coláiste Gastroenterology\nCRC: ailse colorectal\nCT: tomagraf ríomhaireachta\nFIT: tástáil imdhíoncheimiceach fecal\nPGY: bliain iarchéime\nUSPSTF: US Foras Tasc Seirbhísí Coscála\nArna eagarthú ag G Eysenbach; curtha isteach 11.12.17; athbhreithnithe ag A Koskan, W Leclercq, I Wani; tuairimí don údar 24.01.18; an leagan athbhreithnithe a fuarthas 11.02.18; glacadh 11.02.18; foilsithe 13.03.18\n© Zubair Khan, Umar Darr, Muhammad Ali Khan, Mohamad Nawras, Basmah Khalil, Yousef Abdel-Aziz, Yaseen Alastal, William Barnett, Thomas Sodeman, Ali Nawras. Foilsíodh ar dtús i JMIR Medical Education (http://mededu.jmir.org), 13.03.2018.\nIs alt rochtana oscailte é seo a dháileadh faoi théarmaí an Cheadúnais Creatúnais Creative Commons Attribution (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), a cheadaíonn úsáid, dáileadh agus atáirgeadh gan srian in aon mheán, ar choinníoll go gcuirtear an obair bhunaidh, a foilsíodh den chéad uair i JMIR Medical Education, i láthair go cuí. Ní mór an fhaisnéis leabharlainne iomlán, nasc chuig an bhfoilseachán bunaidh ar http://mededu.jmir.org/, chomh maith leis an bhfaisnéis seo faoi chóipcheart agus ceadúnas a bheith san áireamh."} {"text": "The urban farms sprouting up and across cities around the world aren’t just feeding mouths—they are “critical to survival” and a “necessary adaptation” for developing regions and a changing climate, according to a new study.\nUrban farms—which include plain ol’ allotments, indoor vertical farms and rooftop gardens nestled amongst busy streets and skyscrapers—have become increasingly popular and important as the world’s population grows and more and more people move to cities.\nThe United Nations predicts that by 2030, two-thirds of the world’s population will be living in cities, with the urban population in developing countries doubling. That’s a lot of mouths to feed.\nThe new paper, published in the journal Earth’s Future and led by the Arizona State University and Google, finds that this expected urban population boom will benefit from urban farming in multiple ways.\nAs the Thomson Reuters Foundation explained from the study, “Urban farms could supply almost the entire recommended consumption of vegetables for city dwellers, while cutting food waste and reducing emissions from the transportation of agricultural products.”\nAccording to the study, urban agriculture can help solve a host of urban environmental problems, from increasing vegetation cover (thus contributing to a decrease in the urban heat island intensity), improving the livability of cities, and providing enhanced food security to more than half of Earth’s population.\nAfter analyzing multiple datasets in Google Earth Engine, the researchers calculated that the existing vegetation on urban farms around the world already provides some $33 billion annually in services from biocontrol, pollination, climate regulation and soil formation.\nThe future of urban agriculture has even more potential, the researchers found.\n“We project potential annual food production of 100–180 million tonnes, energy savings ranging from 14 to 15 billion kilowatt hours, nitrogen sequestration between 100,000 and 170,000 tonnes, and avoided storm water runoff between 45 and 57 billion cubic meters annually,” the authors wrote.\n“In addition, we estimate that food production, nitrogen fixation, energy savings, pollination, climate regulation, soil formation and biological control of pests could be worth as much as $80–160 billion annually in a scenario of intense [urban agriculture] implementation.”\nOthers have praised urban farming for its many benefits.\n“Urban agriculture won’t resolve all food production and distribution problems, but it could help take pressure off rural land while providing other advantages,” wrote environmentalist Dr. David Suzuki.\nHe cited an example of how one patch of Detroit land, where 12 vacant houses were removed to grow food, “has supplied almost 200,000 kilograms of produce for 2,000 local families, provided volunteer experience to 8,000 residents and brought the area new investment and increased safety.”\n“Local and urban agriculture can also help reduce greenhouse gas emissions and recycle nutrient-rich food scraps, plant debris and other ‘wastes,'” Suzuki continued. “Because maintaining lawns for little more than aesthetic value requires lots of water, energy for upkeep and often pesticides and fertilizers, converting them to food gardens makes sense.”\nWriter and former Vancouver city councillor Peter Ladner also wrote in The Urban Food Revolution: Changing the Way We Feed Cities, “When urban agriculture flourishes, our children are healthier and smarter about what they eat, fewer people are hungry, more local jobs are created, local economies are stronger, our neighborhoods are greener and safer, and our communities are more inclusive.”", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-39", "url": "http://www.rapidshift.net/urban-farming-key-in-fight-against-hunger-and-climate-change/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267162563.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20180925222545-20180926002945-00300.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9269381166, "token_count": 735, "score": 3.375, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Tá feirmeacha uirbeacha ag fás suas agus ar fud cathracha ar fud an domhain nach bhfuil ach ag beathaint béilí - tá siad \"criticiúil chun maireachtáil\" agus \"oiriúnú riachtanach\" do réigiúin atá ag forbairt agus do chlima atá ag athrú, de réir staidéir nua.\nTá feirmeacha uirbeacha - lena n-áirítear allotmentí plain ol, feirmeacha ingearacha faoi thalamh agus gairdíní ar uachtar a bhfuil siad suite i measc sráideanna gnóthacha agus skyscrapers - ag éirí níos coitianta agus níos tábhachtaí de réir mar a fhásann daonra an domhain agus a théann níos mó agus níos mó daoine go cathracha.\nTáthar ag súil go mbeidh dhá thrian de dhaonra an domhain ina gcónaí i gcathracha faoi 2030, agus go mbeidh an daonra uirbeach i dtíortha i mbéal forbartha ag dul in éag. Sin a lán de na béal a chothú.\nFaigheann an páipéar nua, a foilsíodh sa iris Earth's Future agus a bhí faoi stiúir Ollscoil Stáit Arizona agus Google, go mbainfidh an borradh daonra uirbeach a bhfuiltear ag súil leis tairbhe as feirmeoireacht uirbeach ar bhealaí éagsúla.\nMar a mhínigh Fondúireacht Thomson Reuters ón staidéar, D'fhéadfadh feirmeacha uirbeacha tomhaltas glasraí beagnach iomlán na gceannairí cathrach a mholtar a sholáthar, agus dramhaíl bia a laghdú agus astaíochtaí ó thras-iompar táirgí talmhaíochta a laghdú.\nDe réir an staidéir, is féidir le talmhaíocht uirbeach cuidiú le go leor fadhbanna comhshaoil uirbeacha a réiteach, ó chlúdach plandaíochta a mhéadú (ag cur leis sin le laghdú ar an déine oileán teasa uirbeach), feabhas a chur ar inláimhsitheacht na gcathracha, agus slándáil bhia feabhsaithe a sholáthar do níos mó ná leath de dhaonra na Domhain.\nTar éis anailís a dhéanamh ar shraith sonraí i Google Earth Engine, rinne na taighdeoirí a ríomh go soláthraíonn na plandaí atá ann cheana féin ar fheirmeacha uirbeacha ar fud an domhain thart ar $ 33 billiún in aghaidh na bliana i seirbhísí ó bithrialú, pollú, rialáil aeráide agus foirmiú ithreach.\nTá níos mó féidearthachta ag feirmeoireacht uirbeach sa todhchaí, a fuair na taighdeoirí.\n\"Táthar ag súil go mbeidh táirgeadh bia bliantúil féideartha de 100-180 milliún tonna, go sábhálfar 14 go 15 billiún kilowatt uair an chloig fuinnimh, go ndéanfar idir 100,000 agus 170,000 tonna nítrigine a chealú, agus go seachnófar sreabhadh uisce stoirme idir 45 agus 57 billiún méadar ciúbach in aghaidh na bliana\", a scríobh na húdair.\n Ina theannta sin, meastar go bhféadfadh táirgeadh bia, socrú nítrigine, sábháil fuinnimh, pollú, rialáil aeráide, foirmiú ithir agus rialú bitheolaíoch na n-easláin a bheith fiú $80160 billiún in aghaidh na bliana i gcás cur chun feidhme dian [talmhaíochta uirbeach].\nTá daoine eile tar éis moladh a thabhairt don fheirmeoireacht uirbeach mar gheall ar a chuid buntáistí iomadúla.\n\"Ní réitíonn talmhaíocht uirbeach gach fadhb maidir le táirgeadh agus dáileadh bia, ach d'fhéadfadh sé cabhrú le brú a bhaint as talamh tuaithe agus buntáistí eile a sholáthar\", a scríobh an comhshaoil Dr. David Suzuki.\nThug sé sampla de conas a chuir sé leath amháin de thalamh Detroit, áit a ndearnadh 12 teach folamh a bhaint chun bia a fhás, beagnach 200,000 cileagram táirge ar fáil do 2,000 teaghlach áitiúil, taithí dheonach a sholáthar do 8,000 cónaitheoir agus infheistíocht nua agus sábháilteacht níos mó a thabhairt don cheantar.\n'Is féidir le talmhaíocht áitiúla agus uirbeach cuidiú freisin le hastaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa a laghdú agus le haiscéimeanna bia atá saibhir i gcothaithigh, le scriosanna plandaí agus le 'dramhaíl' eile a athchúrsáil,' a dúirt Suzuki. Toisc nach gá go leor uisce, fuinnimh le haghaidh cothabhála agus go minic lotnaidicídí agus leasacháin chun gairdíní a chothabháil ar mhaithe le luach beag níos mó ná ealaíne, tá sé ciallmhar iad a thiontú go gairdíní bia.\nScríobh an scríbhneoir agus iar chomhairleoir cathrach Vancouver Peter Ladner freisin sa The Urban Food Revolution: Changing the Way We Feed Cities, \"Nuair a fhásann talmhaíocht uirbeach, tá ár gcuid leanaí níos sláintiúla agus níos cliste faoi na rudaí a itheann siad, tá níos lú daoine gortaithe, cruthaítear níos mó post áitiúil, tá geilleagair áitiúla níos láidre, tá ár gcomharsanachtaí níos glaise agus níos sábháilte, agus tá ár bpobail níos cuimsithí\"."} {"text": "Science of Masks - Q & A\nDo masks REALLY help spread COVID-19? What if my child has asthma, can she wear a mask safely? We know you have questions and want to help you get the facts you need to make good decisions to keep you, your family and our community safe.\nNews9’s Amanda Taylor moderated a virtual Q&A with doctors to get the answers to the questions you have. Below you can sort by doctor or by the category of questions.\nGeneral Mask Questions\nPhil Maytubby is the current Director of Public Health Protection for Oklahoma City County Health Department. A 1986 graduate of the University of Central Oklahoma with a Bachelor of Science in Biology, Phil has worked in Public Health for 27 years. His preparedness and response experience dates back to the 1995 Oklahoma City Bombing. Phil has been an Incident Commander for public health for numerous events in the Oklahoma City area including tornado strikes, Ice storms, 2008 Hurricane Evacuation shelters, 2009 H1N1 Pandemic, 2012 West Nile Virus Outbreak, 2014 Ebola outbreak and Ricin Cleanup and the 2015/2106 Zika Virus Outbreak.\nPhil presents frequently on preparedness and response issues and is an advocate for Public Health policy and funding at the national, state and local levels. He is a member of many boards and organizations, including the NACCHO Preparedness Policy Advisory Group, NACCHO Big Cities Work Group, Harvard Chan Local Multi Agency Stakeholders Preparedness Committee, Oklahoma Senior Advisory Committee on Preparedness and Response, the Central Oklahoma Resiliency Project and Medical Reserve Corps for Oklahoma County.\nIsn’t it true that Surgeon General Jerome Adams said that masks can’t prevent the spread of COVID and can actually INCREASE the virus risk?\nWhat makes a good mask?\nIf I wear a mask do I still need to social distance? Why?\nWhat if the virus gets on my face covering? Isn't that more dangerous?\nMasks & Respiratory Issues\nDr. Laura Chong has been a member of the Oklahoma Allergy & Asthma Clinic staff since 2012. She is also a clinical associate professor of medicine with the Department of Medicine at the University of Oklahoma College of Medicine in Oklahoma City.\nShe received her medical degree from the University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine. She completed her internal medicine residency at the University of Wisconsin Hospital and Clinics in Madison, Wisconsin. She subsequently served as the Primary Care Chief Resident in the Department of Internal Medicine. Dr. Chong went on to complete her fellowship training in Allergy & Immunology at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, Maryland. She is board certified in Internal Medicine and Allergy & Immunology and a Fellow of the American Academy of Allergy and Immunology and the American College of Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology.\nWhich masks are best for breathing since I have a respiratory problem?\nIs it safe for me to wear a mask if I have asthma?\nI struggle to breathe because of seasonal allergies, which in Oklahoma seems to be all the time! And I can't imagine wearing a mask too. Help!\nMasks & sensory sensitivity\nDr. Beth DeGrace is an Associate Professor in the Department of Rehabilitation Science at the University of Oklahoma Health Science Center in Oklahoma City. She has worked as an occupational therapist, specializing in pediatrics, for 27 years. Beth earned her bachelor of science in occupational therapy from Elizabethtown College; master of science degree in occupational therapy from State University of New York at Buffalo and PhD in occupational therapy from Nova Southeastern University in Ft. Lauderdale.\nBeth has worked as a consultant to SoonerStart, Oklahoma’s early intervention program, served on the state wide autism task force, held an appointed position on the ICC Low Incidence Disability Subcommittee which examined early intervention practices in Oklahoma and currently provides services at the Stephenson Cancer Center. Beth’s teaching responsibilities include entry level and post professional OT and PT education in the areas of neurological rehabilitation, autism, culture of disability, community participation and family. She has presented nationally and internationally on family life and autism. Beth currently serves as Chairman of the Board for Autism Oklahoma.\nMy child will likely return to in person school this fall, how can I help them make the adjustment to wearing a mask?\nWhat tips or recommendations do you have for introducing masks to kids with sensory issues?\nMy child has special needs, is a mask safe?\nI’m claustrophobic and suffer from anxiety I can’t wear a mask. What can I do?\nMy mother has dementia and refuses to wear a mask. She has to go to doctor's appointments where a mask is required. Any suggestions?\nDr. Monique Naifeh is a pediatric hospital medicine specialist and associate residency program director at the University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center. Dr. Naifeh earned her Bachelor’s Degree in English Literature and Language from Northwestern University; her Master’s in Public Health from the University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center and her medical degree from the University of Oklahoma College of Medicine.\nShe is also a mother of three, so essentially spends her whole life taking care of children and loves every minute of it. She has served on the board of Science Museum Oklahoma for the past 4 years and has treasured her involvement with the museum. Dr. Naifeh has loved science for as long as she can remember and is excited to talk to you about the science of mask wearing.\nAre masks dangerous for kids?\nMy children are involved in sports and marching band. They are being told to wear a mask during practice and have been told that there may be mask wearing during games. I’m having a hard time with allowing my child to wear one while exerting energy, sweat and already in the heat. I have a hard time breathing while wearing a mask just to grocery shop, so Is this safe?\nDo my kids need to have a new/different mask for each day of the week?\nIf I wear a mask and my grandchildren wear a mask, can we hug?\nMy kids won’t wear masks. Does it really matter? They’re just kids!\nIn addition to his role as Chief COVID Officer, Dr. Dale Bratzler is a professor and chair of the Department of Health Administration and Policy in the Hudson College of Public Health at OU. He has devoted nearly 25 years toward researching infection prevention and treatment, in addition to advising health care leaders on public health topics. Dr. Bratzler also is a faculty member in the Department of Internal Medicine in the OU College of Medicine and serves as enterprise chief quality officer for the three-hospital health system and faculty practice at OU Medicine.\nHe has served two terms as president of the American Health Quality Association and is a past member of the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality National Advisory Council and the CDC Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee. He has given more than 600 lectures nationally on health care quality topics. Dr. Bratzler earned his medical degree from the Kansas City University College of Medicine and Biosciences and his Master’s degree in Public Health from the University of Oklahoma. Board certified in internal medicine, he is a Master Fellow of the American College of Osteopathic Internists, and a Fellow of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.\nDo mask keep the bacteria in and can it make you sick?\nHow long can I wear a mask at a time? Can wearing a mask cause long term medical problems?\nDo the disposable non-surgical masks offer me any protection?\nHow often do I really need to wash my mask? If it’s airing out in between wears, wouldn’t the virus die on it?\nYou know her as one of the most trusted faces in journalism. Amanda Taylor can be seen weekdays co-anchoring the 5pm, 6pm, and 10pm newscasts and reporting on issues important to Oklahomans.She's anchored news coverage from the devastation in Moore after the 2013 tornado, brought us live coverage from Cushingafter the 2016 earthquake, and traveled across state lines to get the whole story.Asa consumer reporter, Amanda's gone to bat for Oklahomans who were wronged and even helped send a con man away to prison thanks to her investigative report.Since joining the News 9 team, Amanda's been recognized with multiple awards for her work. These include 5 Emmys, an Edward R. Murrow Award, Oklahoma Association of Broadcasters awards, Associated Press honors, and Societyof Professional Journalist awards.\nAmanda graduated from the University of Florida but grew up a \"Hoosier\" in Bloomington, Indiana. She joined the News 9 team in 2006 after leaving KENS in San Antonio, Texas. Prior to her work in San Antonio, Amanda reported and anchored for KAUZ in Wichita Falls, Texas and WUFT in Gainesville, Florida.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-31", "url": "https://www.sciencemuseumok.org/science-of-masks-answered", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046150134.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20210724063259-20210724093259-00498.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9600839615, "token_count": 1837, "score": 2.875, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Eolaíocht na Maisc - Ceisteanna & Freagraí\nAn gcuireann mascanna le scaipeadh COVID-19 i ndáiríre? Cad a tharlaíonn má tá asthma ag mo pháiste, an féidir léi masc a chaitheamh go sábháilte? Tá a fhios againn go bhfuil ceisteanna agat agus ba mhaith linn cabhrú leat na fíricí a fháil a theastaíonn uait chun cinntí maithe a dhéanamh chun tú féin, do theaghlach agus ár bpobal a choinneáil sábháilte.\nBhí Amanda Taylor de News9 ag cur i láthair ag ceacht fíorúil Ceisteanna agus Freagraí le dochtúirí chun freagraí a fháil ar na ceisteanna atá agat. Anseo thíos is féidir leat a ordú de réir dochtúir nó de réir catagóire na gceisteanna.\nCeisteanna Ginearálta faoi Mhasc\nIs é Phil Maytubby an Stiúrthóir reatha um Chosaint Sláinte Poiblí do Roinn Sláinte Chontae Oklahoma City. Ollscoil Oklahoma Lárnach a bhain céim amach i 1986 le Baitsiléir Eolaíochta i Bithíocht, d'oibrigh Phil i Sláinte Poiblí ar feadh 27 bliana. Téann a thaithí ullmhaithe agus freagairt siar go dtí Bombáil Oklahoma City 1995. Bhí Phil ina Cheannasaí Ionsaithe ar shláinte phoiblí le haghaidh imeachtaí iomadúla i gceantar Oklahoma City lena n-áirítear stailceanna tornáide, stoirmeacha oighir, tearmann dí-athchóirithe Hurricane 2008, 2009 H1N1 Pandemic, 2012 West Nile Virus Outbreak, 2014 Ebola outbreak agus Ricin Cleanup agus 2015/2106 Zika Virus Outbreak.\nCuireann Phil i láthair go minic ar shaincheisteanna ullmhachta agus freagartha agus is abhcóide é do bheartas Sláinte Poiblí agus maoiniú ar an leibhéal náisiúnta, stáit agus áitiúil. Tá sé ina bhall de go leor boird agus eagraíochtaí, lena n-áirítear an Grúpa Comhairleach Polasaí Ullmhaitheachta NACCHO, Grúpa Oibre Cathracha Móra NACCHO, Coiste Ullmhaitheachta Stáicphoirt Áitiúla il-Gníomhaireachta Harvard Chan, Coiste Ullmhaitheachta agus Freagra Seanair Oklahoma, an Tionscadal Athshlánaitheachta Oklahoma Lárnach agus Corps Cúlchiste Leighis do Chontae Oklahoma.\nAn bhfuil sé fíor gur dúirt an tArd-Oibrithe Jerome Adams nach féidir le masc scaipeadh COVID a chosc agus gur féidir leis an riosca víris a mhéadú i ndáiríre?\nCad a dhéanann masc maith?\nMá tá masc orm, an gá dom fad sóisialta a choinneáil? Cén fáth?\nCad a tharlaíonn má fhaigheann an víreas ar mo chlúdach aghaidh? Nach bhfuil sé sin níos contúirteacha?\nMásc & Fadhbanna Aisghabhála\nTá an Dr. Laura Chong ina ball de fhoireann Chlinic Ailléirge agus Asthma Oklahoma ó 2012. Tá sí ina ollamh cónaidhme cliniciúil i gcógas freisin leis an Roinn Leighis in Ollscoil Oklahoma Coláiste Leighis i gCathair Oklahoma.\nFuair sí a céim leighis ó Ollscoil Illinois i gColáiste Leighis Chicago. Chríochnaigh sí a cónaitheacht i gcógas inmheánach in Ospidéal agus Clinicí Ollscoil Wisconsin i Madison, Wisconsin. Ina dhiaidh sin d'fhóin sí mar Príomh-Chinnsitheoir Cúraim Príomhúil i Roinn na Leighis Inmheánach. Chuaigh an Dr. Chong ar aghaidh chun a oiliúint comhaltachta a chríochnú in Ailléirge & Imdhíonlathas in Ollscoil Johns Hopkins i Baltimore, Maryland. Tá sí deimhnithe ag an mbord i Leigheas Inmheánach agus Ailléirge & Imdhíonlathas agus Comhalta den Acadamh Meiriceánach Ailléirge agus Imdhíonlathas agus de Choláiste Meiriceánach Ailléirge, Asthma, agus Imdhíonlathas.\nCé na maisc is fearr le haghaidh anailís ós rud é go bhfuil fadhb anailís agam?\nAn bhfuil sé sábháilte dom masc a chaitheamh má tá asthma agam?\nTáim ag streachailt le haeráil mar gheall ar ailléirgí séasúracha, rud a bhfuil i Oklahoma cosúil go bhfuil sé i gcónaí! Agus ní féidir liom a shamhlú ag caitheamh masc freisin. Cabhair!\nMásc & íogaireacht shimplí\nIs Ollamh Comhlánaithe é an Dr. Beth DeGrace i Roinn Eolaíochta Athshlánúcháin i Lárionad Eolaíochta Sláinte Ollscoil Oklahoma i gCathair Oklahoma. Tá sí ag obair mar theiripeoir saothair, ag speisialtóireacht i bpeidiatraíocht, ar feadh 27 bliain. Bhuaigh Beth a baitsiléir eolaíochta i teiripe oibre ó Choláiste Elizabethtown; máistreacht eolaíochta i teiripe oibre ó Ollscoil Stáit Nua Eabhrac ag Buffalo agus PhD i teiripe oibre ó Ollscoil Nova Southeastern i Ft. Lauderdale.\nD'oibrigh Beth mar chomhairleoir do SoonerStart, clár idirghabhála luath Oklahoma, sheirbheáil sí ar an ngrúpa tasc uathaithe stát-leathan, bhí post ceaptha aici ar an ICC Low Incidence Disability Subcommittee a rinne scrúdú ar chleachtais idirghabhála luath in Oklahoma agus a sholáthraíonn seirbhísí faoi láthair ag an Ionad Ailse Stephenson. I measc fhreagrachtaí teagaisc Beth tá oideachas OT agus PT gairmiúil tosaigh agus iar-aiste i réimsí athshlánú néareolaíoch, uathachas, cultúr na míchumais, rannpháirtíocht pobail agus an teaghlaigh. Thug sí léargas go náisiúnta agus go hidirnáisiúnta ar shaol an teaghlaigh agus ar uathachas. Tá Beth ina Chathaoirleach ar Bhord Autism Oklahoma faoi láthair.\nIs dócha go dtiocfaidh mo pháiste ar ais go dtí an scoil go pearsanta an titim seo, conas is féidir liom cabhrú leo an t-oiriúnú a dhéanamh chun masc a chaitheamh?\nCad iad na leideanna nó na moltaí atá agat maidir le masc a thabhairt isteach do pháistí a bhfuil fadhbanna ciallmhar acu?\nTá riachtanais speisialta ag mo pháiste, an bhfuil masc sábháilte?\nTá claustrofóbach agus tá imní orm nach féidir liom masc a chaitheamh. Cad is féidir liom a dhéanamh?\nTá dementia ag mo mháthair agus diúltaíonn sí masc a chaitheamh. Caithfidh sí dul chuig ceapacháin le dochtúir ina gceanglaítear masc. Aon mholtaí?\nIs speisialtóir cógais ospidéil páistí é an Dr. Monique Naifeh agus stiúrthóir clár cónaitheachta comhlánaithe in Ionad Eolaíochtaí Sláinte Ollscoil Oklahoma. Fuair an Dr. Naifeh a Céim Baitsiléir i Litríocht Béarla agus i dTeanga ó Ollscoil Northwestern; a Máistreacht i Sláinte Poiblí ó Lárionad Eolaíochtaí Sláinte Ollscoil Oklahoma agus a céim leighis ó Choláiste Leighis Ollscoil Oklahoma.\nTá sí ina máthair ar thrí, mar sin go bunúsach caitheann sí a saol ar fad ag tabhairt aire do leanaí agus is breá léi gach nóiméad de. Tá sí ag freastal ar bhord Músaem Eolaíochta Oklahoma le 4 bliana anuas agus tá sí ag cur luach ar a rannpháirtíocht leis an músaem. Tá grá ag an Dr. Naifeh don eolaíocht chomh fada agus is féidir léi cuimhneamh agus tá sí ar bís labhairt leat faoi eolaíocht na masc a chaitheamh.\nAn bhfuil maisc contúirteach do leanaí?\nTá mo pháistí páirteach i spóirt agus i bhanna máirseála. Tá siad á rá le masc a chaitheamh le linn na cleachtais agus dúradh leo go bhféadfadh masc a chaitheamh le linn cluichí. Tá sé deacair orm ligean do mo pháiste ceann a chaitheamh agus é ag cur fuinnimh, ag fiach agus sa teas cheana féin. Tá sé deacair orm a bheith ag anailís agus masc á chaitheamh agam ach amháin chun dul chuig an siopa grósaera, mar sin an bhfuil sé seo sábháilte?\nAn gá masc nua/difriúil a bheith ag mo pháistí do gach lá den tseachtain?\nMá tá masc orm agus má tá masc ar mo chlann-nínn, an féidir linn grámhar a dhéanamh?\nNí bheidh mo pháistí ag caitheamh maisc. An bhfuil sé tábhachtach i ndáiríre? Níl siad ach páistí!\nChomh maith lena ról mar Phríomh-Oifigeach COVID, is ollamh agus cathaoirleach ar an Roinn Riaracháin agus Beartais Sláinte i gColáiste Sláinte Poiblí Hudson ag OU é an Dr. Dale Bratzler. Tá beagnach 25 bliain caite aige ag déanamh taighde ar chosc agus ar chóireáil ionfhabhtuithe, chomh maith le comhairle a thabhairt do cheannairí cúram sláinte ar ábhair sláinte poiblí. Tá an Dr Bratzler ina chomhalta dáimhe freisin i Roinn na Leigheas Inmheánach i gColáiste Leighis OU agus feidhmíonn sé mar phríomh-oifigeach cáilíochta fiontair don chóras sláinte trí ospidéal agus do chleachtas dáimhe ag OU Medicine.\nD'fhóin sé dhá théarma mar uachtarán ar Chumann Cáilíochta Sláinte Mheiriceá agus is comhalta roimhe seo é den Chomhairle Comhairleach Náisiúnta na Gníomhaireachta um Thaighde agus Cáilíocht Sláinte agus den Choiste Comhairleach um Cleachtais um Rialú Inbhéimí CDC. Thug sé níos mó ná 600 léacht go náisiúnta ar ábhair cháilíochta cúram sláinte. Fuair an Dr. Bratzler a chéim leighis ó Choláiste Leighis agus Bith eolaíochtaí Ollscoil Kansas City agus a chéim Máistreachta i Sláinte Poiblí ó Ollscoil Oklahoma. Tá sé deimhnithe ag an mbord i leigheas inmheánach, is Comhalta Máistir é de Choláiste Mheiriceá na nIontrálaithe Osteopathic, agus Comhalta de Chumann na gCearbhálacha Mheiriceá.\nAn gcoinníonn masc na baictéir istigh agus an féidir leis an bpacáiste a dhéanamh tinn?\nCé chomh fada is féidir liom masc a chaitheamh ag an am? An féidir le masc a chaitheamh fadhbanna sláinte fadtéarmacha a chur ar bun?\nAn dtugann na mascanna neamh-mhionscartha inúsáidte aon chosaint dom?\nCé chomh minic is gá dom mo masc a ní i ndáiríre? Má tá sé ag aerú amach idir caitheamh, nach mbeadh an víreas bás air?\nTá a fhios agat í mar cheann de na faces is iontaofa i iriseoireacht. Is féidir Amanda Taylor a fheiceáil i rith na seachtaine ag comh-ancraíocht na nuachtlitreacha 5pm, 6pm, agus 10pm agus ag tuairisciú ar shaincheisteanna atá tábhachtach do Oklahomaans. Tá clúdach nuachta ann ó na scriosadh i Moore tar éis an tornado 2013, thug sí clúdach beo dúinn ó Cushing tar éis na crith talún 2016, agus thaistil sí trasna línte stáit chun an scéal iomlán a fháil. Mar iriseoir tomhaltóirí, chuaigh Amanda chun bata a dhéanamh do Oklahomaans a ndearnadh míchompord orthu agus d'fhág sí fiú fear con a sheoladh ar shiúl go príosún a bhuíochas dá tuarascáil imscrúdaithe. Ó chuaigh sí leis an bhfoireann News 9, aithníodh Amanda le bronntanas iol a cuid oibre. I measc na n-uaireanta sin tá 5 Emmys, Gradam Edward R. Murrow, Gradaim Chumann Craolaithe Oklahoma, onóir Associated Press, agus Gradaim Shochaí na nImeartóir Gairmiúil.\nChríochnaigh Amanda ó Ollscoil Florida ach d'fhás sí suas mar \"Hoosier\" i Bloomington, Indiana. Chuaigh sí isteach i bhfoireann News 9 i 2006 tar éis di KENS a fhágáil i San Antonio, Texas. Roimh a cuid oibre i San Antonio, rinne Amanda tuairisciú agus anchored do KAUZ i Wichita Falls, Texas agus WUFT i Gainesville, Florida."} {"text": "Five Places Where Malware Hides\nMalware has to live somewhere. And while some Web filtering solutions can detect known malware hosts, most malware hides in sites that are otherwise benign.\nNew research from Symantec has unveiled another piece of the puzzle relating to the elusive and troublesome Stuxnet malware. It's already known that the malware targets systems that control the PLC, or Programmable Logic Controller, which is a programmable microprocessor-based device typically used to control production machinery on an assembly line.\nWhile researchers have ascertained that Stuxnet comes with a payload that will quietly modify selective bits of PLC code sent out from a controlling workstation, the very specialized nature of the changes has kept them from determining its exact purpose.\nThe Stuxnet Conspiracy\nA Wired article puts it this way:\nIt [Stuxnet] inventories a plant's network and only springs to life if the plant has at least 33 frequency converter drives made by Fararo Paya in Teheran, Iran, or by the Finland-based Vacon ... Stuxnet targets only frequency drives from these two companies that are running at high speeds-between 807 Hz and 1210 Hz. Such high speeds are used only for select applications.\nWhile Symantec was careful not to claim that Stuxnet was designed to target a nuclear facility, the security company did note in the same blog that\n... efficient low-harmonic frequency converter drives that output over 600Hz are regulated for export in the United States by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission as they can be used for uranium enrichment.\nThat's not all. The modification of the output frequency is only changed for short periods of time, effectively sabotaging whatever automation is in place and making detection even more difficult. To be clear: The fact that Stuxnet intercepts the commands between workstation and PLC without corrupting or replacing other software makes it extremely difficult to detect in the first place.\nThe Chilling Possibilities\nWhether it's government-level action or industrial espionage, the entire incident highlights highly uncomfortable facts on the computer security front. For one, it's proven that the advanced state of IT integration today means that remote cyber attacks can result in \"real world\" damage. Rather than the unrealistic portrayal of hacking as seen in some movies of yesteryear, the sombre details involving Stuxnet show that such attacks can be pulled off with just a smattering of zero-day exploits and mundane ways of delivering them. My point? It is entirely possible to target an entity or corporation in a cyber attack and cause damage.\nSo what does this have to do with the small and mid-sized business? SMBs need to know that security lapses are no longer limited to mid- and long-term problems that are often the case from simple data leakages. Today, it is altogether possible for bank accounts to be emptied or \"live\" production systems to be sabotaged. While I've often belabored that security is for all, including SMBs, it is a topic I cannot emphasize enough. And yes, hackers are already increasingly targeting mid-sized organizations, too.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-35", "url": "http://www.itbusinessedge.com/cm/blogs/mah/symantec-research-into-stuxnet-unravels-its-payload/?cs=44389", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-35/segments/1440644066586.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20150827025426-00307-ip-10-171-96-226.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9439656734, "token_count": 641, "score": 2.546875, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Cúig Áit A Dhéanann Malware A Iompar\nNí mór do malware cónaí áit éigin. Agus cé gur féidir le roinnt réitigh scagála gréasáin hosts malware a aithint, bíonn an chuid is mó malware i bhfolach i suíomhanna nach bhfuil neamhdhíobhálach ar shlí eile.\nTá taighde nua ó Symantec tar éis píosa eile den pháisle a bhaineann leis an malware Stuxnet atá mí-áisiúil agus trioblóideach a nochtadh. Tá sé ar eolas cheana féin go bhfuil an malware dírithe ar chórais a rialaíonn an PLC, nó Rialtóir Loighic Inchláraithe, a bhfuil feiste microprocessor-bhunaithe inchláraithe a úsáidtear de ghnáth chun rialú a dhéanamh ar mheaisín táirgeachta ar líne tionóil.\nCé gur chinn taighdeoirí go dtagann Stuxnet le hualach úsáideach a mhodhnóidh go ciúin píosaí roghnacha cód PLC a seoladh amach ó stáisiún oibre rialaithe, chuir nádúr an-speisialaithe na n-athruithe cosc orthu a chuspóir cruinn a chinneadh.\nAn Chuimilt Stuxnet\nCuireann alt Wired é ar an mbealach seo:\n[Stuxnet] Inventories líonra gléasra agus amháin springs chun beatha má tá an gléasra ar a laghad 33 tiománaí tiontaire minicíochta déanta ag Fararo Paya i Teheran, an Iaráin, nó ag an Vacon bunaithe sa Fhionlainn ... Stuxnet spriocanna ach tiománaí minicíochta ó na dhá chuideachta atá ag rith ag luas ard-idir 807 Hz agus 1210 Hz. Ní úsáidtear luasanna ard den sórt sin ach le haghaidh iarratais roghnaithe.\nCé go raibh Symantec cúramach gan a éileamh go raibh Stuxnet deartha chun díriú ar áis núicléach, thug an chuideachta slándála faoi deara sa bhlag céanna go\n... tiománaí comhshó minicíochta íseal-harmónach éifeachtach a bhfuil aschur os cionn 600Hz rialaithe le haghaidh onnmhairithe sna Stáit Aontaithe ag an gCoimisiún Rialála Núicléach mar is féidir iad a úsáid chun úráiniam a shaibhriú.\nNí hé sin go léir. Ní athraítear modhnú na minicíochta aschuir ach ar feadh tréimhsí gearr ama, ag sabóideáil go héifeachtach cibé uathoibriú atá i bhfeidhm agus ag déanamh braite níos deacra. Chun a bheith soiléir: An bhfíric go Stuxnet intercepts na orduithe idir stáisiún oibre agus PLC gan truailliú nó a chur in ionad bogearraí eile a dhéanann sé thar a bheith deacair a bhrath sa chéad áit.\nNa Féidearthachtaí Scáileáin\nCibé an gníomh é ar leibhéal an rialtais nó spionáil tionsclaíoch, léiríonn an eachtra iomlán fíricí an-neamhchompordach ar thaobh na slándála ríomhaireachta. Ar dtús, tá sé cruthaithe go bhfuil an staid chun cinn de chomhtháthú TF inniu a chiallaíonn go bhféadfadh cibear-ionsaithe iargúlta damáiste \"sa saol fíor\" a chur ina dhiaidh sin. Seachas an léiriú neamhréalaíoch ar hacking a fheictear i roinnt scannáin ó shin, léiríonn na sonraí dorcha a bhaineann le Stuxnet gur féidir ionsaithe den sórt sin a tharraingt amach le díreach cúpla fealltóireacht lá-allamh agus bealaí trédhearcacha chun iad a sheachadadh. Mo phointe? Tá sé indéanta go hiomlán ionsaí cibear a dhéanamh ar eintiteas nó ar chorparáid agus damáiste a dhéanamh dóibh.\nMar sin, cad a dhéanann sé seo a dhéanamh leis an gnó beag agus meánmhéide? Ní mór do FBManna a bheith ar an eolas nach bhfuil na haill slándála teoranta a thuilleadh do fhadhbanna meántéarmacha agus fadtéarmacha a bhíonn i gceist go minic de bharr sceitheadh sonraí simplí. Sa lá atá inniu ann, is féidir go hiomlán cuntais bhainc a ghlanadh nó córais táirgthe \"bheo\" a sabóideáil. Cé go bhfuil mé ag rá go minic go bhfuil slándáil do gach duine, lena n-áirítear FBManna, is ábhar é nach féidir liom a chur i bhfios go leor. Agus tá, tá hackers ag díriú níos mó ar eagraíochtaí meánmhéide freisin."} {"text": "Tuberculosis (TB), often thought of as a disease of the past, continues to plague the world’s most vulnerable populations. The Stop TB Partnership estimates there are around 8.8 million new cases of TB globally each year and about 1.4 million deaths.\nIn some areas of the world, one in four people with TB has a drug-resistant form of the disease. In sheer numbers, Asia bears the brunt of the epidemic. Almost 50% of multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB) cases worldwide are estimated to occur in India and China. In Africa, estimates show 69,000 cases emerged in 2008, the vast majority of which went undiagnosed.\nThese dire statistics are even more dismal considering that TB and MDR-TB are treatable and curable. The real problem lies in the fact that TB – in all its forms – is a complex disease, one which is not only a medical problem; it is also a social and economic problem.\nRecognizing that MDR-TB cannot be halted by medicine alone, in 2003, Eli Lilly and Company officially created The Lilly MDR-TB Partnership. This public-private initiative now mobilizes over 25 partners on five continents to tackle the scourge of TB and MDR-TB head on. Lilly contributed US$ 120 million in cash, medicines, advocacy tools and technology to focus global resources on prevention, diagnosis and treatment of patients with MDR-TB; and an additional US$ 15 million to the Lilly TB Drug Discovery Initiative to accelerate the discovery of new drugs to treat TB. The company made this investment to ensure that thousands of MDR-TB patients receive the care and medication they need to combat this disease.\nThe Eli Lilly and Company Foundation will support the Partnership and commit US$30 million for five years (2012-2016) to organizations in the Partnership. The third stage of The Lilly MDR-TB Partnership will be topically focused on:\nLilly and the Lilly Foundation will work with partners at the global and local level, with a specific focus on partners in the four countries carrying the highest burden of MDR-TB: China, India, Russia and South Africa.\nThe devastation of TB is a stark and inescapable reality for many individuals, families and communities around the globe. Lilly and its Partners work together closely, sharing knowledge, expertise and research in the quest to contain and conquer MDR-TB, a disease that disproportionately affects impoverished populations. The initiatives of The Lilly MDR-TB Partnership all have one thing in common: improved care for some of the world’s most vulnerable people, delivered in a manner that is sustainable and builds capacity within the communities where it is needed most.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-43", "url": "http://archive.gbchealth.org/member_profiles/147-eli_lilly_and_company_/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583509326.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20181015142752-20181015164252-00330.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.932569921, "token_count": 553, "score": 2.8125, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Tá an tsleamhnán (TB), a mheastar go minic mar ghalair a bhí ann roimhe seo, fós ag cur báis ar na daonra is leochailí ar domhan. Measann an Comhpháirtíocht Stop TB go bhfuil thart ar 8.8 milliún cás nua TB ar fud an domhain gach bliain agus thart ar 1.4 milliún bás.\nI roinnt áiteanna ar domhan, tá foirm an ghalair atá frithsheasmhach i gceann amháin as gach ceathrar duine le TB. I líon mór, tá an t-eipidéim ag bualadh go mór ar an Áise. Meastar go dtarlaíonn beagnach 50% de chásanna TB atá frithsheasmhach i gcoinne go leor drugaí (MDR-TB) ar fud an domhain san India agus sa tSín. I san Afraic, léiríonn meastacháin go ndearnadh 69,000 cás a nochtadh in 2008, agus níor aithníodh an chuid is mó díobh.\nTá na staitisticí uafásacha seo níos lúcháire fós má mheasann tú go bhfuil cóireáil agus leigheas ar TB agus MDR-TB. Is é an fhadhb bhfíor ná go bhfuil TB - ina fhoirmeacha go léir - ina ghalair chasta, ní fhadhb leighis amháin í; is fadhb shóisialta agus eacnamaíoch í freisin.\nAg aithint nach féidir MDR-TB a stopadh le leigheas amháin, i 2003, chruthaigh Eli Lilly and Company The Lilly MDR-TB Partnership go hoifigiúil. Tá an tionscnamh poiblí-priobháideach seo ag cur níos mó ná 25 chomhpháirtí ar chúig mhór-roinn i mbun oibre anois chun dul i ngleic go ceannródaíoch le plá TB agus MDR-TB. Chuir Lilly US $ 120 milliún i airgead tirim, cógais, uirlisí abhcóideachta agus teicneolaíocht chun acmhainní domhanda a dhíriú ar chosc, diagnóis agus cóireáil othair le MDR-TB; agus US $ 15 milliún breise chuig Tionscnamh Taiscéalaithe Drugaí TB Lilly chun teacht ar dhrugaí nua chun cóireáil TB a luathachadh. Rinne an chuideachta an infheistíocht seo chun a chinntiú go bhfaigheann na mílte othar MDR-TB an cúram agus an cógais a theastaíonn uathu chun an galar seo a chomhrac.\nTacóidh Eli Lilly and Company Foundation leis an gComhpháirtíocht agus tiomnóidh sé US $ 30 milliún ar feadh cúig bliana (2012-2016) d'eagraíochtaí sa Chomhpháirtíocht. Beidh an tríú céim de Chomhpháirtíocht Lilly MDR-TB dírithe go háitiúil ar:\nOibreoidh Lilly agus an Lilly Foundation le comhpháirtithe ar an leibhéal domhanda agus áitiúil, agus fócas sonrach ar chomhpháirtithe sna ceithre thír a bhfuil an t-ualach is airde MDR-TB orthu: an tSín, an India, an Rúis agus an Afraic Theas.\nIs fíor-realtacht é an scrios a dhéanann TB do go leor daoine aonair, teaghlaigh agus pobail ar fud an domhain. Oibríonn Lilly agus a chomhpháirtithe le chéile go dlúth, ag roinnt eolais, saineolas agus taighde sa iarracht MDR-TB a chuimsiú agus a shárú, galar a théann i bhfeidhm go neamhchomhréireach ar phobail bhochta. Tá rud amháin i gcoitinne ag tionscnaimh The Lilly MDR-TB Partnership: cúram feabhsaithe do chuid de na daoine is leochailí ar domhan, a sheachadtar ar bhealach atá inbhuanaithe agus a thógann cumas laistigh de na pobail áit is mó a bhfuil gá leis."} {"text": "Tuesday says the House of Representatives on the Energy Agreement. That agreement are principles support that does not seem tenable scientifically. This is evident from the vision document ‘Biofuel and wood as energy sources’ that the Royal Dutch Academy of Sciences (KNAW) has published today.\nThe vision document can be read as a summary of the findings of the most renowned independent experts at home and abroad. The document some questionable assumptions that underlie the policies of both the Dutch government and the European Commission, has been revisited. Thus, it is doubtful whether the climate benefits from biofuels or co-firing of wood coal plants. That doubt proposes subsidizing these supposed alternatives to fossil fuels in a different light. The Academy concludes that biomass – which includes cooking oil and agricultural waste are included – should not be considered as a fuel but as a feedstock.\nThe conclusion: the burning of wood in power stations and bio-ethanol and biodiesel in cars seems hardly contribute to saving CO2 emissions. They are therefore not suitable as a means for the transition to a sustainable energy supply.\nHugo van Bergen (email link)\nTel.: 020 551 0769\nWould you like us to organize a debate on biofuel? Please send your wish then to: email@example.com", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-43", "url": "http://news.bio-based.eu/confidence-in-biofuel-and-wood-firing-misplaced/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583516135.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20181023111223-20181023132723-00180.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9541602731, "token_count": 271, "score": 2.734375, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Dé Máirt a deir an Teach Ionadaithe ar an gComhaontú Fuinnimh. Is é sin a aontaíonn siad prionsabail tacaíochta nach bhfuil cosúil le bheith inbhuanaithe go heolaíoch. Is léir é seo ón doiciméad fís Biofuel and wood as energy sources a d'fhoilsigh Acadamh Ríoga na hEolaíochtaí na hÍsiltíre (KNAW) inniu.\nIs féidir an doiciméad fís a léamh mar achoimre ar thorthaí na saineolaithe neamhspleácha is cáiliúla sa bhaile agus thar lear. Tá roinnt tuairimí amhrasacha a bhí mar bhunús le beartais Rialtas na hÍsiltíre agus an Choimisiúin Eorpaigh, le feiceáil sa doiciméad. Dá bhrí sin, tá amhras ann an bhfuil an aeráid ag baint tairbhe as bithbhreoslaí nó as comh-threáchtáil gléasraí guail adhmaid. Tugann an amhras sin le fios go bhfuil sé beartaithe go fóirdheonófaí na roghanna eile seo do bhreoslaí iontaise i solas difriúil. Tugann an t-Ollscoil le fios nach mór bithmhais lena n-áirítear ola cócaireachta agus dramhaíl talmhaíochta a mheas mar bhreosla ach mar amhábhar.\nAn chonclúid: is cosúil nach gcuireann dóiteadh adhmaid i gcathaoirleacha cumhachta agus bith-etanól agus bithdísil i gcarranna go mór le astaíochtaí CO2 a shábháil. Dá bhrí sin, ní hionann iad agus modhanna chun aistriú go soláthar fuinnimh inbhuanaithe.\nHugo van Bergen (nasc ríomhphoist)\nTel. : 020 551 0769\nAr mhaith leat díospóireacht a eagrú ar bithbhreosla? Seol do mhiann ansin chuig: email@example.com"} {"text": "When managing stormwater the main objective is to reduce runoff and increase infiltration. There are a variety of ways this can be accomplished in residential areas. Below is a list of helpful techniques that can be implemented.\n1. Direct downspouts to previous areas. A significant amount of water is collected on roofs. By way of gutters and downspouts, this water can be directed to pervious areas, such as lawns or gardens, where it can infiltrate into the ground instead of running off over impervious areas.\n2. Minimize impervious areas. This can be done by reducing the size of paved areas, patios, walkways, and parking areas. If a paved area needs to be repaired, consider using permeable pavers, or gravel instead of concrete or asphalt.\n3. Use a broom instead of a hose. When cleaning your driveway or other paved areas, consider using a broom and collecting the debris instead of washing the area with a hose. When driveways are washed with a hose, all the debris and pollutants get washed directly into the stormwater system, which deposits the pollutant filled water into the river.\n4. Take your car to the car wash or wash it over a grassy area. Detergents used for car washing can be very harmful to river ecosystems. Car wash facilities have the proper infrastructure to handle contaminated water. The water is treated before it is released back into the ecosystem. Taking your car to a car wash is the best option, but if you do wash your car at home, wash it over a grassy area and not in the driveway or over pavement. By washing your car on the grass it keeps detergents out of the stormwater system. Soapy water is allowed to infiltrate into the grass. This is a much better option than depositing the water into the river. It is also helpful to reduce the amount of soap you use and wash with mild detergents that are labeled as “biodegradable” or “phosphate free.”\n5. Keep your vehicle well maintained. Any leaks or debris that comes from your car will get washed by the next rainstorm down to the river. By keeping a well maintained car, you can help keep these pollutants out of the water.\n6. Clean up after your pet. If pet waste is improperly disposed of it can be picked up by stormwater and carried to a storm drain and nearby water body. Feces carry bacteria, viruses, and parasites that are unhealthy both for wildlife and humans. Feces that are carried to the river can make recreational users of the river very sick. Always properly dispose of pet waste in your own yard as well as throughout town. The city of Aspen has pet waste stations that provide bags and waste receptacles, making it easy to clean up after your pet.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-31", "url": "https://cityofaspen.com/386/Residential", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046154878.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20210804142918-20210804172918-00671.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9520885944, "token_count": 579, "score": 3.125, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Agus uisce báistí á bhainistiú, is é an príomhchuspóir ná sreabhadh a laghdú agus infiltration a mhéadú. Tá bealaí éagsúla ann chun é seo a chur i gcrích i gceantair chónaithe. Seo thíos liosta de theicnící cabhrach is féidir a chur i bhfeidhm.\n1. an t-am a bhí ann. Tarraingí síos go dtí réimsí roimhe seo. Bailítear méid suntasach uisce ar díonta. Trí ghreannáin agus downspouts, is féidir an t-uisce seo a dhíriú chuig limistéir shláintiúla, mar shampla gairdíní nó gairdíní, áit ar féidir leis dul isteach sa talamh in ionad a bheith ag rith thar limistéir neamhshláintiúla.\n2. Seachadadh. Déan na háiteanna neamh-inbhuanaithe a íoslaghdú. Is féidir é seo a dhéanamh trí mhéid na limistéar paite, patios, cosáin, agus áiteanna páirceála a laghdú. Má tá gá le limistéar plátaithe a dheisiú, smaoinigh ar plátaí inscne a úsáid, nó greabhlín in ionad concrait nó asfalt.\n3. Tá an t-am ann. Bain úsáid as scuab in ionad snáthaid. Nuair a bhíonn tú ag glanadh do chosán nó áiteanna eile a bhfuil an píopaí déanta orthu, smaoinigh ar scuab a úsáid agus na scraobhanna a bhailiú seachas an limistéar a ní le snáthaid. Nuair a bhíonn na bealaí tiomána á n-éag le snáthaid, cuirtear na miotail agus na truailleoirí go léir isteach go díreach sa chóras uisce báistí, a chuireann an t-uisce truaillithe isteach sa abhainn.\n4. Tá an t-am Tóg do charr chuig an níochán gluaisteán nó níochán é thar limistéar féir. Is féidir le mionsúirí a úsáidtear chun gluaisteáin a ní a bheith an-díobhálach do éiceachórais abhainn. Tá bonneagar cuí ag áiseanna níocháin gluaisteán chun uisce truaillithe a láimhseáil. Déantar an t-uisce a chóireáil sula scaoiltear ar ais é isteach sa éiceachóras. Is é an rogha is fearr ná do charr a thabhairt chuig gluaiseacht gluaisteán, ach má ghlanann tú do charr sa bhaile, bain úsáid as é i limistéar féar agus ní sa chosán nó ar an gcosán. Trí do charr a ní ar an ngrás coinníonn sé glantacháin amach as an gcóras uisce báistí. Ceadaítear uisce seapánach a shroich isteach sa ghruaig. Is rogha i bhfad níos fearr é seo ná an t-uisce a thaisceadh isteach sa abhainn. Tá sé cabhrach freisin méid an tsápa a úsáideann tú a laghdú agus ní mór duit é a ní le glantacháin éadrom a bhfuil lipéad \"bhíodheagróideach\" nó \"gan fhosfáit\" orthu.\n5. Tá an t-am ann. Coinnigh do charr i riocht maith. Aon sceitheadh nó scraobtha a thagann ó do charr a fháil a nigh ag an chéad stoirm eile síos go dtí an abhainn. Trí charr a choinneáil go maith, is féidir leat cabhrú leis na truailleoirí seo a choinneáil amach as an uisce.\n6. Ceacht. Glan suas tar éis do pheata. Má dhéantar dramhaíl peataí a dhiúscairt go míchuí, is féidir le huisce na stoirme é a phiocadh suas agus a thabhairt chuig drenach stoirme agus comhlacht uisce in aice láimhe. Tá baictéir, víris agus paraisítí sa feces atá míshláintiúil don fhiadhúlra agus do dhaoine araon. Is féidir le feces a iompraítear chuig an abhainn úsáideoirí áineasa na habhann a dhéanamh an-breoite. Déan dramhaíl peataí a dhiúscairt i gcónaí i do ghairdín féin chomh maith le linn na cathrach. Tá stáisiúin dramhaíola peataí i gcathair Aspen a sholáthraíonn málaí agus coimeádáin dramhaíola, rud a fhágann go bhfuil sé éasca glanadh suas tar éis do pheata."} {"text": "In How The City Moved To Mr Sun (2012) Michiel Hulshof and Daan Roggeveen give a fascinating account of the emergence of China’s super cities. Over the past ten years the share of city dwellers in China rose from 39 to 53% of the population. That is, 180 million Chinese abandoned the countryside to start a new life in the city. By 2035 almost 70% of China’s population will be urbanized, according to the United Nations, the largest migration in human history. Investors have not waited for the arrival of the masses, but have started building cities in advance. As a result, the world’s most populated nation is home to quite a few ghost towns: endless rows of vacant buildings in anticipation of new residents.\nChina’s export- and investment-based growth model has met a lot of criticism, and even outright derision, in the West. The comparison with India, a country with almost as many inhabitants, raises the question whether the criticism is justified. India has done exactly what western economists believe is needed for sustained economic growth, that is make an early transition from exports and investment to domestic consumption. But while growth in China over the past five years fell by a third (from 12 to 8%), growth in India was cut by half (from 10 to 5%). India’s economic slowdown is all the more remarkable as India’s per capita GDP, calculated on a purchasing power basis, is still 60% lower than China’s, and so are labor costs.\nAs Nobel laureate Paul Krugman’s new trade theory shows, international trade does not only arise because of comparative advantages but also because of economies of scale. Not all goods are like wheat or bananas, which mainly depend on climate conditions, but there are goods like cars and computers as well. For those goods labor costs matter, but economies of scale are important too. This explains why particular industries concentrate in certain locations, as they thus benefit from a deep labor market for specialized skills and an expansive market for suppliers of specialized inputs.\nAccording to Mr Krugman, it is often merely an accident where an industry locates. Silicon Valley owes its existence in large part to two young men named Hewlett and Packard, who started a company out of their garage. New York is New York because of a river, which mainly serves tourist boats these days. But even though it is mostly chance that determines where a particular industry locates, it doesn’t mean that you can’t lend chance a helping hand. And that is exactly what the Chinese government is doing with its large-scale investments in infrastructure, and to a somewhat lesser extent with its investment in housing.\nYunnan, one of the poorest provinces of China that is mostly known for its cuisine, saw international trade explode in the first quarter of 2013, rising by almost 50% compared to the previous year, while exports throughout China rose by a modest 13%. The most significant gains in Yunnan's trade came in the mechanical and electronic sectors, neatly fitting the new trade theory. It is hard to imagine that mountainous Yunnan, which is not located on the Chinese coastline but is bordering Tibet, Laos and Vietnam instead, would have experienced the same growth without the central governments’ years of investing in Yunnan’s infrastructure.\nThat is not to say that China’s growth model has no drawbacks. It obviously has. The smog in China’s metropolis is smothering large swaths of the population, even though the air pollution in Delhi is often worse. Food scandals are undermining consumer confidence. Environmentalists are raising alarm bells about the central government’s plan to build a series of hydropower dams in the Nu, China’s last free flowing river. The project may force tens of thousands of ethnic minorities in Yunnan to relocate. These are serious issues that the Chinese leadership needs to address.\nThat being said, within the framework of the new trade theory, China’s investment-led growth model makes more sense than western economists give it credit for.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-40", "url": "http://www.project-syndicate.org/blog/china-s-growth-model-makes-sense-by-heleen-mees", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-40/segments/1443737952309.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20151001221912-00031-ip-10-137-6-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9587850571, "token_count": 840, "score": 2.609375, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "I How The City Moved To Mr Sun (2012) tugann Michiel Hulshof agus Daan Roggeveen cuntas suimiúil ar éirí amach na mborpús móra sa tSín. Le deich mbliana anuas, tháinig méadú ar an sciar de mhuintir na cathrach sa tSín ó 39 go 53% den daonra. Is é sin, d'fhág 180 milliún Síneach an tuaithe chun saol nua a thosú sa chathair. Faoi 2035 beidh beagnach 70% de dhaonra na Síne i mbailte, de réir na Náisiún Aontaithe, an imirce is mó i stair an duine. Níor fhan infheisteoirí ag fanacht le teacht na mórshluagh, ach thosaigh siad ag tógáil cathracha roimh ré. Mar thoradh air sin, tá an tír is mó daonra ar domhan ina bhaile do go leor cathracha taibhse: sreangacha gan deireadh d'fhoirgnimh folamh ag súil le cónaitheoirí nua.\nTá an tsamhail fáis atá bunaithe ar onnmhairiú agus infheistíocht ag an tSín tar éis a lán cáineadh a fháil, agus fiú gáire iomlán, san Iarthar. Tá an comparáid leis an India, tír le beagnach an oiread sin daoine ina gcónaí, ag cur an cheist an bhfuil an cáineadh réasúnta. Tá an India tar éis a dhéanamh go díreach cad a chreideann eacnamaithe an Iarthair is gá le haghaidh fás eacnamaíoch inbhuanaithe, is é sin a dhéanamh ar aistriú go luath ó onnmhairí agus infheistíocht a thomhaltas intíre. Ach cé gur thit fás na Síne le trian (ó 12 go 8%) le cúig bliana anuas, laghdaíodh fás na hIndia go leath (ó 10 go 5%). Tá moill eacnamaíoch na hIndia níos suntasaí go léir mar go bhfuil OTI na hIndia in aghaidh an duine, arna ríomh ar bhonn cumhacht ceannaigh, fós 60% níos ísle ná an tSín, agus is amhlaidh atá costais saothair.\nMar a léiríonn teoiric nua trádála an duais Nobel Paul Krugman, ní amháin go dtagann trádáil idirnáisiúnta chun cinn mar gheall ar bhuntáistí comparáideacha ach freisin mar gheall ar gheilleagar scála. Ní gach earraí cosúil le cruithneacht nó banana, a bhfuil ag brath go príomha ar na coinníollacha aeráide, ach tá earraí cosúil le gluaisteáin agus ríomhairí chomh maith. Maidir leis na hearraí sin, tá costas saothair tábhachtach, ach tá eacnamaíochtaí scála tábhachtach freisin. Míníonn sé seo cén fáth go ndéanann tionscail ar leith tiúchan i gceantair áirithe, mar go bhfaigheann siad tairbhe dá bhrí sin as margadh saothair domhain le haghaidh scileanna speisialaithe agus as margadh leathnaithe le haghaidh soláthraithe ionchur speisialaithe.\nDe réir an Uasail Krugman, is minic nach bhfuil ann ach timpiste nuair a bhíonn tionscal suite. Tá Silicon Valley i mbun a bheith ann go mór do dhá fhear óg darb ainm Hewlett agus Packard, a thosaigh cuideachta as a ngárach. Tá Nua-Eabhrac mar Nua-Eabhrac mar gheall ar abhainn, a fhreastalaíonn go príomha ar bhád turasóireachta na laethanta seo. Ach cé gur seans go príomha a chinneann áit a bhfuil tionscal áirithe, ní chiallaíonn sé sin nach féidir leat lámh cabhrach a thabhairt don seans. Agus is é sin go díreach a dhéanann rialtas na Síne lena infheistíochtaí ar scála mór i mbonneagar, agus go pointe éigin níos lú lena infheistíocht i dtithíocht.\nD'fhás trádáil idirnáisiúnta i Yunnan, ceann de na cúigeanna is boichte sa tSín a bhfuil a chuid is mó ar eolas mar gheall ar a chistin, sa chéad ráithe de 2013, ag ardú beagnach 50% i gcomparáid leis an mbliain roimhe sin, agus méadaigh onnmhairí ar fud na Síne 13%. Tháinig na gnóthachain is suntasaí i trádáil Yunnan sna hearnálacha meicniúla agus leictreonacha, ag oiriúnú go hálainn don teoiric nua trádála. Tá sé deacair a shamhlú go mbeadh an fás céanna tagtha ar Yunnan beanntannach, nach bhfuil suite ar chósta na Síne ach a bhfuil teorainn aige le Tíobóid, Laos agus Vítneam ina ionad sin, gan na rialtas lárnach a bhí ag infheistiú i mbonneagar Yunnan ar feadh blianta.\nNí chiallaíonn sé sin nach bhfuil aon lochtanna ag samhail fáis na Síne. Is léir go bhfuil sé. Tá an smog i mhitropolis na Síne ag cur go leor de na daonra, cé go bhfuil truailliú aeir i Delhi níos measa go minic. Tá scandálacha bia ag cur báis ar muinín tomhaltóirí. Tá comhshaoil ag ardú cloganna alarma faoi phlean an rialtais lárnach sraith damha cumhachta uisce a thógáil i Nu, abhainn saor-shruthach deireanach na Síne. D'fhéadfadh an tionscadal na mílte mionlach eitneach a chur iallach ar Yunnan athlonnú. Is saincheisteanna tromchúiseacha iad seo a chaithfidh ceannaireacht na Síne aghaidh a thabhairt orthu.\nÉ sin ráite, laistigh de chreat na teoiric nua trádála, tá samhail fáis infheistíochta faoi stiúir na Síne níos ciallmhara ná mar a thugann eacnamaithe san Iarthar creidiúint dó."} {"text": "Under crescent and cross: the Jews in the Middle Ages\nDid Muslims and Jews in the Middle Ages cohabit in a peaceful \"interfaith utopia\"? Or were Jews under Muslim rule persecuted, much as they were in Christian lands? Rejecting both polemically charged ideas as myths, Mark Cohen offers a systematic comparison of Jewish life in medieval Islam and Christendom--and the first in-depth explanation of why medieval Islamic-Jewish relations, though not utopic, were less confrontational and violent than those between Christians and Jews in the West.Under Crescent and Cross has been translated into Turkish, Hebrew, German, Arabic, French, and Spanish, and its historic message continues to be relevant across continents and time. This updated edition, which contains an important new introduction and afterword by the author, serves as a great companion to the original.\nWhat people are saying - Write a review\nUNDER CRESCENT AND CROSS: The Jews in the Middle AgesUser Review - Kirkus\nA thorough comparative study of the conditions of medieval Jewish life in Christian and Muslim lands. Cohen (Near Eastern Studies/Princeton) explores and explodes the recently resurrected myth of ... Read full review\nUnder crescent and cross: the Jews in the Middle AgesUser Review - Not Available - Book Verdict\nDid medieval Jews enjoy peace and security while living in an interfaith utopia under the crescent of Islam but experience hostility and persecution under the cross of Christianity? In this important ... Read full review", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-43", "url": "https://books.google.com/books/about/Under_crescent_and_cross.html?id=LEzuAAAAMAAJ&hl=en", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583514708.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20181022050544-20181022072044-00350.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9330641627, "token_count": 305, "score": 2.8125, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Faoi croise agus croise: na Giúdaigh san Oíche Mheán\nAn raibh Moslamaigh agus Giúdaigh san Oíche Mheán ag maireachtáil le chéile i \"útóip idirchreidmheach\" síochánta? Nó an raibh géarleanúint ar na Giúdaigh faoi rialú Moslamach, an oiread agus a bhí siad i dtíortha Críostaí? Ag diúltú do na smaointe araon a bhfuil muirear polaimic orthu mar mhiotais, cuireann Mark Cohen comparáid chórasach ar shaol na nGiúdach san Ioslam agus sa Chríostaíocht lár-aos - agus an chéad mhíniú domhain ar an gcúis go raibh caidreamh Ioslamach-Giúdach lár-aos, cé nach utopic, níos lú comhraic agus foréigneach ná iad siúd idir Críostaithe agus Giúdaigh san Iarthar. Tá Under Crescent and Cross aistrithe go Tuirc, Eabhrais, Gearmáinis, Araibis, Fraincis, agus Spáinnis, agus leanann a theachtaireacht stairiúil a bheith ábhartha ar fud mór-roinn agus am. Tá an t-eagrán nuashonraithe seo, ina bhfuil réamhrá nua tábhachtach agus iarfhocal ón údar, ina chomhpháirtí iontach don fhoirmle bunaidh.\nCad atá á rá ag daoine - Scríobh athbhreithniú\nFaoi Chrois agus Crois: Na Giúdaigh san Oíche MheánUser Review - Kirkus\nStaidéar comparáideach críochnúil ar choinníollacha saoil na nGiúdach san aois mheán i dtíortha Críostaí agus Moslamacha. Léiríonn Cohen (Stéideanna an Oirthir Chugainn/Princeton) an miotas a tháinig chun cinn le déanaí de ... Léigh athbhreithniú iomlán\nFaoi croise agus croise: na Giúdaigh san Oíche Mheán\nAn raibh síocháin agus slándáil ag Giúdaigh na meánaoise agus iad ag maireachtáil i utopia idirchreidmheach faoi chrios na hIoslamach ach ag fulaingt naimhde agus na géarleanúna faoi chros na Críostaíochta? Sa chuid thábhachtach seo ... Léigh athbhreithniú iomlán"} {"text": "inscribed by Lindbergh to his business manager\nLINDBERGH, CHARLES. “We.” The Famous Flier’s Own Story of His Life and his Transatlantic Flight\nNew York: Putnam’s, 1927\n318 pp. Original cloth and dust jacket. Very good.\nFIRST EDITION. An important presentation copy inscribed and signed by Lindbergh on the portrait frontispiece to Donald E. Keyhoe. On May 20, 1927, Lindbergh left Roosevelt Field, New York in The Spirit of St. Louis. 33 ½ hours later he landed in Paris to a hero’s welcome, completing the first solo flight across the Atlantic. This is Lindbergh’s book on his great achievement. “We” in the title refers to Lindbergh and his plane.\nThe naval aviator Donald Keyhoe, recipient of this presentation copy, managed Lindbergh’s triumphant 48-state tour after the Atlantic crossing. Keyhoe had been a Navy pilot of both balloons and airplanes and in later years was a successful author and test pilot, as well as a leading early authority on UFOs. Keyhoe has signed and inscribed this book.\nAlthough signed copies of this book are not uncommon, presentation copies of this quality and interest are rare.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-43", "url": "http://www.19thshop.com/book/we-the-famous-fliers-own-story-of-his-life-and-his-transatlantic-flight/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583511206.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20181017174543-20181017200043-00499.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9541518092, "token_count": 270, "score": 2.640625, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "inscribed by Lindbergh to his business manager (Inscribed ag Lindbergh chuig a bhainisteoir gnó)\nLINDBERGH, CHARLES. Tá sé ar an mbóthar. Nós. An Fheisteoir cáiliúil Scéal féin dá shaol agus a eitilt trasatlantánach\nNua Eabhrac: Putnams, 1927\n318 pp. Céad-dhuine agus seaicéad póca bunaidh. An-mhaith.\nPRÍOMHÉIR. Cóip thábhachtach cur i láthair inscríofa agus sínithe ag Lindbergh ar an frontispiece portréite do Donald E. Keyhoe. Ar 20 Bealtaine, 1927, d'fhág Lindbergh Roosevelt Field, Nua-Eabhrac i The Spirit of St. Louis. 33 1⁄2 uair an chloig ina dhiaidh sin tháinig sé i dtír i bPáras chun fáilte a chur roimh na laochra, ag críochnú an chéad eitilt aonair thar an Atlantaigh. Is é seo leabhar Lindbergh ar a chuid éachtaí mór. Tagraíonn 'We' sa teideal do Lindbergh agus a eitleán.\nBa é an t-eitleach mara Donald Keyhoe, a fuair an cóip cur i láthair seo, a bhainistiú turas buachaill Lindbergh ar 48 stát tar éis an trasnú Atlantach. Bhí Keyhoe ina phíolóta Cabhlaigh ar balún agus ar eitleáin araon agus sna blianta ina dhiaidh sin bhí sé ina údar rathúil agus ina phíolóta tástála, chomh maith le príomh-údarás luath ar UFOs. Keyhoe tá síniú agus inscribed an leabhar seo.\nCé nach bhfuil cóipeanna sínithe den leabhar seo neamhchoitianta, is annamh a bhíonn cóipeanna cur i láthair den chaighdeán agus den spéis seo."} {"text": "PhD Student & Outreach Officer\nCassie is investigating if clownfish themselves can become toxic through their symbiotic relationship with anemones! Bright colours and stripes are well known warning signals for species who have a chemical defence such as toxins. Incorporating anemone toxins into the clownfish's mucus layer could contribute to their long lifespan (up to 30 years) and the lack of parasites found on individuals in the wild.\nYou can follow Cassie's work through her webpage, or\nHoepner, C.M.; Abbott, C.A.; Burke da Silva, K. The Ecological Importance of Toxicity: Sea Anemones Maintain Toxic Defence When Bleached. Toxins 2019, 11, 266.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-31", "url": "https://www.savingnemo.org/cassie-hoepner", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046153816.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20210729043158-20210729073158-00629.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9159187078, "token_count": 152, "score": 3.328125, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Mac léinn PhD & Oifigeach Teanga\nTá Cassie ag imscrúdú an féidir le clownfish féin a bheith tocsaineach trína gcaidreamh siombéiseach le anemone! Is comharthaí rabhaidh maith iad dathanna geal agus stiallacha do speicis a bhfuil cosaint cheimiceach acu, amhail tocsainí. D'fhéadfadh tocsainí anemone a chur isteach i sraith mucus an t-iasc clown a bheith ina rannchuid dá saolré fada (suas go 30 bliain) agus gan paraisítí a fhaightear ar dhaoine sa fhiáin.\nIs féidir leat obair Cassie a leanúint trína leathanach gréasáin, nó\nHoepner, C.M. ; Abbott, C.A. ; Burke da Silva, K. The Ecological Importance of Toxicity: Sea Anemones Maintain Toxic Defence When Bleached. Tocsaíneacha 2019, 11, 266."} {"text": "Key elements of Montessori education that are shared with other educational methods\nThis article discusses research that has not directly evaluated the Montessori method, but has evaluated other educational methods and interventions that share elements of the Montessori method. These, together with our growing understanding of the science that underlies learning, can be added to the evidence base for Montessori education. Given the huge amount of research and the limited space in which to look, priority is given to systematic observations and meta-analyzes.\nOne of the best-studied learning techniques is to use phonetics to teach children to read. Phonetics is the explicit teaching of letter-sound correspondences that allow the child to understand the alphabetic code. Montessori’s first schools were in Italy, and Italian spelling had relatively transparent one-to-one comparisons between letters and sounds, making phonetics a logical choice of method for teaching children the mechanics of reading and spelling. However, English spelling is much less common: comparisons between letters and sounds are many to many, and for this reason the use of phonetics as a method of teaching is disputed for the English language. However, there is huge evidence of its effectiveness despite the irregularities of the English language. At the same time, great strides have been made in elucidating the neural mechanisms underlying early reading and reading skills disorders. They also show the importance of successfully reading the integration of audio and visual images.\nAs always in education, the truth is in the details. It is important that phonetic programs have the greatest impact on reading accuracy when they are systematic.\nBy “systematic” is meant that the connections between letters and sound are taught in an organized sequence, rather than being taught in fragments. However, within the systematic teaching of phonetics there are two very different approaches: synthetic phonetics and analytical phonetics. Synthetic phonetics starts from the parts and works to the whole: children learn the sounds that correspond to letters or groups of letters and use this knowledge to pronounce words from left to right. Analytical phonetics begins with the whole and extends to the parts: sound-letter connections are derived from sets of words that share letter and sound. Several control studies have compared synthetic and analytical sounds and how they affect children’s learning, but it is not clear which of the two approaches has an advantage.\nThe Montessori approach to teaching phonetics is certainly systematic. For example, many schools in the United Kingdom use word lists derived from Morris’s Phonics 44. In addition, Montessori’s approach to phonetics is synthetic rather than analytical: children learn the sound letter code before using it to encode words (when spelling) and decode them (when reading). One of the criticisms of synthetic phonetics is that it teaches letters and sounds taken out of their significant linguistic context in a way that analytical phonetics does not. It has long been recognized that the purpose of reading is understanding. Meaning reading requires both code-based skills and language skills such as vocabulary, morphology, syntax and intensive skills. These two skill sets are not strictly separated, but rather interact on multiple levels. Indeed, phonetics training works best where it is integrated with text-level reading instructions. The explicit teaching of phonetics in a rich linguistic context – both spoken and written – is essential to the Montessori curriculum. Assessments of the teaching of phonetics in the Montessori classroom have not yet been made in comparison with the teaching of sounds in the conventional classroom. It is therefore not known whether conventional training is more effective than Montessori.\nResearch on writing supports Montessori’s view that writing involves many component skills, including handwriting, spelling, vocabulary, and sentence construction.\nMastering these skills predicts the quality of children’s writing. In the Montessori classroom, these skills worked on their own before being combined, but they can continue to be practiced on their own. The growing number of studies from conventional and special classrooms demonstrates that the specific teaching of component writing skills improves the quality of children’s writing.\nWhen it comes to teaching math to young children, there are many recommendations that Montessori teachers would recognize in their own classrooms. For example, teaching geometry, numbers, and operations using developmental progression and using progress monitoring to ensure that math learning builds on what every child knows. Some of the recommended activities, such as helping children recognize, name, and compare shapes, and then teach them to combine and divide shapes, are accurately applied to Montessori sensory materials, such as the geometric cabinet and structural triangles. Other activities, such as encouraging children to label objects using numbers and words, affected Montessori’s early mathematical material. Such as number sticks, spindle box, cards and abacus. The importance of conceptual knowledge as a basis for understanding children in general is emphasized. The circles of Montessori factions, which provide a sensory experience with fractions from one whole to ten tenths, provide just such a basis. Also, exercises for practical life, such as making snacks (how should a banana be cut so that it can be shared between three children?) And folding napkins.\nFinally, in this article, it is worth returning to the prolonged retention of attention and self-regulation that are said to characterize children’s engagement with learning materials in the Montessori classroom.\nThese are important parts of the complex cognitive construction of self-control (EF), which also include inhibition, working memory, and planning. Simply put, EFs are a set of processes that allow us to control our thoughts and actions to participate in motivated, purposeful behavior. The fact that EFs are critical to academic success is supported by a wealth of scientific evidence. Given this key role, EFs have become a target for a number of individually administered interventions, full curricula and ancillary ones. Such curricula in the classroom are music, yoga and martial arts. Research shows that combining the Montessori method with normal classroom activities such as music and writing lessons give exceptional results on the development of EF skills in children.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-31", "url": "https://montessoriami.ie/montessori-method/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046152085.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20210805224801-20210806014801-00595.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9591836333, "token_count": 1247, "score": 3.765625, "int_score": 4, "irish_text": "Príomhghnéithe den oideachas Montessori a roinntear le modhanna oideachais eile\nDéantar plé san alt seo ar thaighde nach ndearna measúnú go díreach ar mhodh Montessori, ach a rinne measúnú ar mhodhanna agus idirghabhálacha oideachais eile a roinneann eilimintí den mhodh Montessori. Is féidir iad seo, mar aon lenár dtuiscint atá ag fás ar an eolaíocht atá mar bhunús le foghlaim, a chur leis an mbonn fianaise do oideachas Montessori. I bhfianaise an méid ollmhór taighde agus an spás teoranta le breathnú ann, tugtar tosaíocht do bhreathnóireachtaí córeacha agus do mhéata-anailísí.\nCeann de na teicnící foghlama is fearr a ndearnadh staidéar orthu ná fónsaí a úsáid chun leanaí a mhúineadh a léamh. Is éard atá i fóinéitic ná comhfhreagras litreacha-fuaime a theagasc go soiléir a ligeann don leanbh an cód aibítre a thuiscint. Bhí na chéad scoileanna Montessori san Iodáil, agus bhí comparáidí réasúnta trédhearcacha idir litreacha agus fuaimeanna i litriú na hIodáile, rud a fhágann go raibh fónéitic mar rogha loighciúil modha chun meicnic an léitheoireachta agus an litriú a mhúineadh do leanaí. Mar sin féin, tá litriú na Béarla i bhfad níos lú coitianta: tá comparáidí idir litreacha agus fuaimeanna go leor le go leor, agus ar an gcúis seo tá díospóid ar úsáid fónéiteic mar mhodh teagaisc don teanga Béarla. Mar sin féin, tá fianaise ollmhór ann go bhfuil sé éifeachtach in ainneoin neamhrialtachtaí na teanga Béarla. Ag an am céanna, rinneadh dul chun cinn mór i míniú na meicníochtaí néarócha atá bunoscionn do dhroch-leabhair agus do dhroch-leabhair. Léiríonn siad chomh maith an tábhacht a bhaineann le hairíonna fuaime agus íomhánna amhairc a léamh go rathúil.\nMar is gnách i oideachas, tá an fhírinne sna mionsonraí. Tá sé tábhachtach go mbeidh an tionchar is mó ag cláir fhóntacha ar chruinneas léitheoireachta nuair a bhíonn siad córais.\nCiallaíonn \"siostamaíoch\" go múintear naisc idir litreacha agus fuaimeanna i seicéad eagraithe, seachas a mhúineadh i gcodanna. Mar sin féin, laistigh de theagasc córeálach na fóinéide tá dhá chur chuige an-difriúla ann: fóinéide sintéiseach agus fóinéide anailíseacha. Tosaíonn fónitic shintéiseach ó na codanna agus oibríonn sé go dtí an iomlán: foghlaimíonn leanaí na fuaimeanna a fhreagraíonn do litreacha nó do ghrúpaí litreacha agus úsáideann siad an t-eolas seo chun focail a fhuaimniú ó chlé go ceart. Tosaíonn fónitic anailíseach leis an iomlán agus leathnaíonn sé go dtí na codanna: déantar naisc fuaime-litreacha a dhíorthaítear ó shraith focal a roinneann litir agus fuaim. Tá roinnt staidéir rialaithe i gcomparáid le fuaimeanna sintéiseacha agus anailíseacha agus an chaoi a ndéanann siad difear do fhoghlaim na bpáistí, ach níl sé soiléir cén ceann de na dhá chur chuige a bhfuil buntáiste aige.\nIs cinnte go bhfuil cur chuige Montessori maidir le foinéis a mhúineadh córais. Mar shampla, úsáideann go leor scoileanna sa Ríocht Aontaithe liostaí focal a dhíorthaítear ó Fhonics 44 Morris. Ina theannta sin, tá cur chuige Montessori maidir le fóinéisí sintéiseach seachas anailíseach: foghlaimíonn leanaí an cód litreacha fuaime sula n-úsáidtear é chun focail a chódú (nuair a bhíonn litriú) agus iad a dhíchódú (nuair a bhíonn ag léamh). Ceann de na cáineadh a dhéantar ar fhóntaic shintéiseach ná go múineann sé litreacha agus fuaimeanna a tógadh as a gcomhthéacs teanga suntasach ar bhealach nach ndéanann fóntaic anailíseach. Tá sé aithníodh le fada go bhfuil an cuspóir a bhaineann le léamh ná tuiscint a fháil. Éilíonn léitheoireacht brí scileanna cód-bhunaithe agus scileanna teanga mar fhocail, morfology, sintéise agus scileanna dian. Ní dhéantar na dhá shraith scileanna seo a scaradh go docht, ach idirghníomhaíonn siad ar leibhéil éagsúla. Go deimhin, oibríonn oiliúint fóntaic is fearr nuair a bhíonn sé comhtháite le treoracha léitheoireachta ar leibhéal téacs. Tá teagasc follasach na fóinéite i gcomhthéacs saibhir teanga labhartha agus scríofa riachtanach do chúrsa teagaisc Montessori. Níor rinneadh measúnuithe ar theagasc na fóinéide sa seomra ranga Montessori i gcomparáid le teagasc na mbreataí sa seomra ranga traidisiúnta. Dá bhrí sin, níl a fhios an bhfuil oiliúint thraidisiúnta níos éifeachtaí ná Montessori.\nTacaíonn taighde ar scríbhneoireacht le dearcadh Montessori go bhfuil go leor scileanna comhpháirteacha i gceist le scríbhneoireacht, lena n-áirítear lámhscríobh, litriú, foclóir, agus tógáil abairt.\nTá na scileanna seo a bheith i gceannas orthu ag rá go bhfuil cáilíocht scríbhneoireachta na leanaí. Sa seomra ranga Montessori, d'oibrigh na scileanna seo ar a gcuid féin sula gcuirtear le chéile iad, ach is féidir leanúint ar aghaidh ag cleachtadh ar a gcuid féin. Léiríonn líon méadaitheach staidéir ó ranganna clasaiceacha traidisiúnta agus speisialta go bhfeabhsaíonn teagasc sonrach scileanna scríbhneoireachta comhpháirteacha cáilíocht scríbhneoireachta na leanaí.\nNuair a thagann sé chun matamaitice a mhúineadh do pháistí óga, tá go leor moltaí ann a d'aithneoidh múinteoirí Montessori ina seomraí ranga féin. Mar shampla, geimri, uimhreacha agus oibríochtaí a mhúineadh ag baint úsáide as dul chun cinn forbartha agus ag baint úsáide as faireachán dul chun cinn chun a chinntiú go mbunaíonn foghlaim matamaitice ar an méid a bhfuil a fhios ag gach leanbh. Tá cuid de na gníomhaíochtaí a mholtar, mar shampla cabhrú le páistí cruthanna a aithint, a ainmniú, agus a chur i gcomparáid, agus ansin iad a mhúineadh chun cruthanna a chur le chéile agus a roinnt, a chur i bhfeidhm go cruinn ar ábhair bhfianaise Montessori, mar shampla an caibinéid gheoiméadacha agus triantanna struchtúracha. Bhí tionchar ag gníomhaíochtaí eile, amhail leanaí a spreagadh chun rudaí a lipéadú ag baint úsáide as uimhreacha agus focail, ar ábhar matamaiticiúil luath Montessori. Cosúil le bataí uimhreacha, bosca spindle, cártaí agus abacus. Cuirtear béim ar thábhacht na faisnéise coincheapaí mar bhunús chun leanaí a thuiscint go ginearálta. Soláthraíonn ciorcail na ngrúpaí Montessori, a sholáthraíonn eispéireas ciallmhar le haicmí ó aon iomlán go deich n-deichú, bonn den sórt sin. Chomh maith leis sin, cleachtaí le haghaidh saol praiticiúil, mar shampla greimíní a dhéanamh (cad a dhéanfaí le bananaí a ghearradh ionas gur féidir le trí leanbh é a roinnt?) Agus napkins fillte.\nAr deireadh, sa t-alt seo, is fiú filleadh ar an gcothabháil fadtéarmach aird agus féinrialú a deirtear go bhfuil sé ina thréith ar rannpháirtíocht leanaí le hábhair foghlama sa seomra ranga Montessori.\nIs cuid thábhachtach iad seo den tógáil choigníochta casta féin-rialú (EF), a chuimsíonn cosc, cuimhne oibre agus pleanáil freisin. Go simplí, is sraith próisis iad EFanna a ligeann dúinn ár smaointe agus ár ngníomhartha a rialú chun páirt a ghlacadh i ngníomhartha spreagtha agus spriocdhírithe. Tá neart fianaise eolaíoch ag tacú leis an bhfíric go bhfuil EFanna ríthábhachtach don rath acadúil. Ós rud é go bhfuil ról lárnach ag EFanna, tá siad mar sprioc le haghaidh roinnt idirghabhálacha a riaradh go aonair, cláir oideachais iomlánacha agus curricula coimhdeacha. Is iad na cúrsaí sin sa seomra ranga ceol, yoga agus ealaíona comhraic. Léiríonn taighde go dtugann an modh Montessori a chomhcheangal le gnáthghníomhaíochtaí sa seomra ranga mar ceol agus ceachtanna scríbhneoireachta torthaí eisceachtúla maidir le forbairt scileanna EF i leanaí."} {"text": "The discovery that the universe really did expand at many times the speed of light immediately after the Big Bang should bring physicists slightly closer to their ultimate goal — the long-sought \"Theory of Everything.\"\nOn March 17, researchers announced that they had detected the signature of gravitational waves in the cosmic microwave background, the ancient light that began pervading the universe 380,000 years after the Big Bang.\nIf it holds up, the landmark find confirms the theory of inflation, which posits that the cosmos exploded from mere quantum fluctuations into something of macroscopic size just a few tiny fractions of a second after its birth. [How Inflation Gave the Universe the Ultimate Kickstart (Infographic)]\nThe discovery also gives researchers a new window onto a realm of extreme physics, potentially aiding their daunting quest to devise a theoretical framework that can explain all aspects of the universe.\n\"This will give additional motivation, and also additional constraints, on models of inflation and, perhaps, a Theory of Everything,\" Harvard theorist Avi Loeb, who was not a member of the study team, told SPACE.com. \"But, of course, it will take time.\"\nExplaining the universe\nPhysicists rely on two different theories to explain the universe: Einstein's general relativity, which applies to the realm of large objects such as stars and galaxies, and quantum mechanics, which works well at the subatomic level.\nTogether, the two frameworks cover the four fundamental forces in the universe; general relativity deals with gravity, while quantum mechanics focuses on the weak force, the strong force and electromagnetism.\nBut the two theories are inherently incompatible, breaking down in extreme realms such as those found inside black holes or in the instants just after the Big Bang. So physicists long for a single framework that marries all four fundamental forces and works at all levels and in all situations.\nOne of the leading contenders for such a Theory of Everything is string theory, which holds that all of the fundamental particles in the universe are actually vibrating, one-dimensional objects. The new gravitational wave discovery should help refine that idea, Loeb said.\nFor example, many string theorists had predicted a \"low-energy\" version of inflation that did not result in the production of gravitational waves. [The Universe: Big Bang to Now in 10 Easy Steps]\n\"Now these models are ruled out, and they [string theorists] have to go back to the drawing board and make new models that are compatible with the data,\" Loeb said.\nHigh energy birth\nThe energy levels present during inflation were likely on the order of 10^16 billion electron volts, or roughly 1 trillion times greater than those achieved by Earth's most powerful particle accelerator, the Large Hadron Collider. At such energies, the strong, weak and electromagnetic forces probably all blended together, researchers say.\n\"This discovery probes new physics, and that's why it's of such fundamental importance, to physics as well as cosmology,\" Loeb said. \"Since we can't really do the experiments in the laboratory, we better rely on the universe to give us some clues about what happens at these energy scales.\"\nPrimordial gravitational waves give scientists a way to peer further back in time than they ever have before — to around just a trillionth of a trillionth of a trillionth of a second after the Big Bang.\nWhile the new discovery likely marks a watershed moment in our understanding of the universe, physicists working on a Theory of Everything would love to look back further still — to the earliest of all times, the \"Planck epoch,\" in which all four fundamental forces are thought to have been unified.\nThe bottom part of this illustration shows the scale of the universe versus time. Specific events are shown such as the formation of neutral Hydrogen at 380 000 years after the big bang. Prior to this time, the constant interaction between matter (electrons) and light (photons) made the universe opaque. After this time, the photons we now call the CMB started streaming freely. (Image: BICEP2 Collaboration)\nA long way to go\nScientists are piecing together an increasingly accurate picture of the universe and its history, but there is still much left to be learned.\nFor example, Loeb said, researchers have no idea what the substance that propelled inflation — known as the \"inflaton\" — actually is. They also lack basic information about mysterious dark matter and dark energy, which together make up 96 percent of the universe.\n\"It looks like we are at a relatively primitive early stage in cosmology, where we find the constituents that are necessary to explain the data that we have about the universe, but we don't really know what they are,\" Loeb said. \"There are some islands of knowledge, but they are surrounded by an ocean of ignorance.\"\nStill, he said, a Theory of Everything may eventually emerge — as long as scientists continue making landmark observations that can guide the theorists' thinking.\n\"I think it's possible, as long as we have experimental clues like this one, for example,\" Loeb said, referring to the detection of primordial gravitational waves.\n\"If we get enough constraints, then they can guide us in the right direction,\" he added. \"But just thinking about it abstractly, like was done over the past few decades, just from pure thought — I think there are too many mathematical possibilities for us to figure out which one describes reality.\"\nRelated on SPACE.com and MNN:", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-48", "url": "http://www.mnn.com/earth-matters/space/stories/big-bang-discovery-gives-more-credence-to-the-theory-of-everything", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-48/segments/1448398460982.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20151124205420-00129-ip-10-71-132-137.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9558784366, "token_count": 1125, "score": 3.296875, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Ba cheart go gcuirfeadh an fionnachtana go raibh an cruinne ag leathnú go leor uaireanta luas an tsolais díreach tar éis an Big Bang na fisiceoirí beagán níos gaire dá gcuspóir deiridh - an \"Teoiric Gach Rud\" a bhí á lorg le fada.\nAr an 17 Márta, d'fhógair taighdeoirí go raibh siad tar éis síntiús tonnta tríthiománacha a bhrath sa chúlra micreathonn cosmach, an solas ársa a thosaigh ag scaipeadh ar an chruinne 380,000 bliain tar éis an Big Bang.\nMá choinníonn sé suas, dearbhaíonn an teacht mór-scéal teoiric an phléascála, a chuireann i láthair go d'fhéach an cosmos ó mhéideanna méadaithe ach amháin i rud éigin de mhéid macroscópach ach cúpla codanna beaga de soicind tar éis a bhreith. [Conas a Thug Inflation an Cruinne an Tosaíocht Deiridh (Infographic) ]\nTugann an fionnachtanas fuinneog nua do thaighdeoirí ar réimse na fisice mhór, rud a d'fhéadfadh cabhrú lena n-éileamh daunting chun creat teoiriciúil a cheapadh a d'fhéadfadh gach gné den chruinne a mhíniú.\n\"Tugfaidh sé seo spreagadh breise, agus srianta breise freisin, ar mhúnlaí boilscithe agus, b'fhéidir, ar Theoiric na hOibre\", a dúirt an teoiricéir Harvard Avi Loeb, nach raibh ina bhall den fhoireann staidéir, le SPACE.com. \"Ach, ar ndóigh, beidh sé am a ghlacadh\".\nAn Cruinne a mhíniú\nTá an t-eolaíocht ag brath ar dhá teoiric éagsúla chun an domhan a mhíniú: teoiric ghinearálta Einstein, a bhaineann le réaltaí móra mar réaltaí agus réaltraí, agus meicnic chandamach, a oibríonn go maith ar an leibhéal subatóamach.\nLe chéile, clúdaíonn an dá chreat na ceithre fhórsa bunúsacha sa chruinne; déileálann an réalaíocht ghinearálta le gravity, agus díreodh meicnic chandamach ar an gcumhacht lag, an chumhacht láidir agus leictreamaighnéadachas.\nAch tá an dá teoiric neamh-chomhoiriúnach ó thaobh a n-intinn de, ag titim síos i réimsí iomarcacha mar iad siúd a fhaightear taobh istigh de phoill dhubh nó sna huaireanta díreach tar éis an Big Bang. Mar sin, tá físitheoirí ag súil le creat amháin a phósann na ceithre fhórsa bunúsacha agus a oibríonn ar gach leibhéal agus i ngach cás.\nCeann de na príomh-iomaitheoirí ar an Teoiric seo de Gach rud is ea teoiric na sreang, a choinníonn go bhfuil na cáithníní bunúsacha go léir sa chruinne ag vibrate i ndáiríre, rudaí aon-dimleata. Ba cheart go gcabhródh an fionnachtana tonn grafaíochta nua leis an smaoineamh sin a shaothrú, a dúirt Loeb.\nMar shampla, bhí go leor teoiricí sreang ag tuar leagan \"fhuinneamh íseal\" de phléasadh nach raibh tonnta mearthanachta mar thoradh air. [An Cruinne: Big Bang go Anois i 10 Céim Éasca]\n\"Tá na samhlacha seo anois ar ceal, agus caithfidh siad [teoiricí sreang] dul ar ais go dtí an bord líníochta agus samhlacha nua a dhéanamh atá comhoiriúnach leis na sonraí\", a dúirt Loeb.\nRugadh ardfhuinnimh\nIs dócha go raibh na leibhéil fuinnimh a bhí i láthair le linn an phléasadh ar an ord 10 ^ 16 billiún voltais leictreon, nó thart ar 1 trilliún uair níos mó ná iad siúd a bhain luasghéarlóir cáithníní is cumhachtaí an Domhain, an Choláisteoir Mór Hadron amach. Ag fuinneamh den sórt sin, is dócha go raibh na fórsaí láidre, lag agus leictreamaighnéadacha go léir le chéile, a deir taighdeoirí.\n\"Tá an fionnachtanas seo ag déanamh suirbhé ar fhisice nua, agus sin an fáth go bhfuil sé chomh tábhachtach sin, don fhisice chomh maith leis an gcosmaolaíocht\", a dúirt Loeb. \"Ós rud é nach féidir linn na turgnaimh a dhéanamh i saotharlann, is fearr linn brath ar an bhféar chun roinnt leideanna a thabhairt dúinn faoi na rudaí a tharlaíonn ag na scálaí fuinnimh seo\".\nTugann tonnta mearthanachta primordial bealach do eolaithe chun breathnú níos faide siar in am ná mar a bhí acu riamh roimhe seo - go dtí thart ar trilliún trilliún trilliún de thrian de thrian de soicind tar éis an Big Bang.\nCé gur dócha go bhfuil an fionnachtán nua ina lá breac-uisce inár dtuiscint ar an Cruinne, ba mhaith le fiosaí a oibríonn ar Theoiric na hOibre go mbeadh siad ag breathnú siar níos faide fós go dtí an t-am is luaithe de gach am, an \"ré Planck\", ina gceaptar go raibh na ceithre chumhacht bhunúsacha uile aontaithe.\nTaispeánann an chuid íseal den léaráid seo scála na cruinne i gcoinne ama. Taispeántar imeachtaí sonracha mar fhoirmiú Hidrigine neodrach ag 380 000 bliain tar éis an Bhreab mór. Roimh an am seo, rinne an t-idirghníomhaíocht leanúnach idir ábhar (leictreoin) agus solas (photons) an cruinne opaque. Tar éis an ama seo, thosaigh na fótóin a ghlaoimid ar an CMB anois ag sruthú go saor. (Iontráil: Comhoibriú BICEP2)\nBealach fada le dul\nTá eolaithe ag cur pictiúr níos cruinne den chruinne agus dá stair le chéile, ach tá go leor fós le foghlaim.\nMar shampla, dúirt Loeb, níl aon smaoineamh ag taighdeoirí cad é an tsubstaint a thiomáin an boilsciú ar a dtugtar an \"inflaton\" i ndáiríre. Níl eolas bunúsach acu freisin faoi mhaire dorcha agus fuinneamh dorcha mistéireach, a chumann le chéile 96 faoin gcéad den chruinne.\n\"Is cosúil go bhfuilimid ag céim réamhtheoranta réamhtheoranta i gcosmaolaíocht, áit a bhfaighimid na comhpháirteanna atá riachtanach chun na sonraí atá againn faoin bhféar a mhíniú, ach ní fios dúinn i ndáiríre cad iad\", a dúirt Loeb. \"Tá roinnt oileáin eolais ann, ach tá farraige aineolais timpeall orthu\".\nMar sin féin, a dúirt sé, d'fhéadfadh teoiric gach rud teacht chun cinn sa deireadh fad is a leanann eolaithe ag déanamh breathnóireachtaí suntasacha ar féidir leo smaointeoireacht na teoiricí a threorú.\n\"Sílim go bhfuil sé indéanta, chomh fada agus a bhfuil leideanna turgnamhacha againn mar seo, mar shampla\", a dúirt Loeb, ag tagairt do bhrath tonnta meartharraingthe.\n\"Má fhaighimid go leor srianta, ansin is féidir leo treoir a thabhairt dúinn sa treo ceart\", a dúirt sé. \"Ach ag smaoineamh air go hachomair, mar a rinneadh le cúpla bliain anuas, ach ó smaointeoireacht íon Sílim go bhfuil ró-chuid féidearthachtaí matamaiticiúla ann dúinn chun a fháil amach cé acu a thuairiscíonn an réaltacht\".\nCeangailte ar SPACE.com agus MNN:"} {"text": "Earth Day is celebrated each year on April 22nd. Events dedicated to supporting the environment are celebrated worldwide, and over 192 countries participate in the Earth Day Network. Celebrations range from simple tree plantings to large pro-environment rallies.\nThe first Earth Day was launched by Senator Gaylord Nelson after an oil spill in California. Nelson worked with Congressman Pete McCloskey to promote the event. Realizing the success of the anti-war movement on college campuses, they selected April 22nd as a date when many students would be on spring break and be able to participate without worrying about missing classes or exams.\nApril 22nd also happens to be the birthday of Soviet Union founder Vladimir Lenin. Despite popular rumors to the contrary, this was merely by coincidence. Despite this, many people still believed Earth Day had a communist connection and the FBI closely monitored its early events.\nThe idea of Earth Day quickly caught on, and in 1970, 20 million Americans participated in events across the nation. By 1990, the event had grown to an international level and over 200 million people in 141 countries participated. Today, nearly every country observes Earth Day in some way.\nThe goal of Earth Day is to raise awareness of Environmental issues. Many demonstrations are political in nature and have the goal of influencing national and international governing bodies to pass laws that protect the environment. In addition, the event seeks to raise awareness at the individual level about what steps people can take on their own to help the environment.\nHow to Observe\nEarth Day rallies and demonstrations are held in most cities throughout the world. If you don’t have the time or desire to attend, many people also mark the day by planting trees or other plants. This small step can help encourage friends and neighbors to improve their own landscapes and think of other ways to make their neighborhood a better place.\nGiving gifts of flowers or other plants is a good way to encourage friends and family to participate. Evergreens, perennials, and other long-lasting plants are most desirable because they can be a long-lasting piece in a garden and are more sustainable than constantly replanting.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-47", "url": "https://www.billyheromans.com/blog/earth-day-tradition-quick-reference-guide/amp/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039743248.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20181117020225-20181117042225-00372.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9614060521, "token_count": 428, "score": 3.359375, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Déantar Lá na Talún a cheiliúradh gach bliain ar an 22 Aibreán. Déantar imeachtaí a bhfuil dírithe orthu tacú leis an gcomhshaol a cheiliúradh ar fud an domhain, agus tá breis agus 192 tír rannpháirteach sa Líonra Lá na Talún. Tá ceiliúradh ann ó phlandaí crann simplí go rallyí móra pro-chomhshaoil.\nSeanaire Gaylord Nelson a chuir an chéad Lá Domhanda ar bun tar éis sceitheadh ola i California. D'oibrigh Nelson leis an mBill Congresach Pete McCloskey chun an ócáid a chur chun cinn. Ag tabhairt faoi deara rath an ghluaiseachta frith-chogaidh ar champais choláiste, roghnaigh siad 22 Aibreán mar dháta nuair a bheadh go leor mac léinn ar saoire earraigh agus a bheith in ann páirt a ghlacadh gan a bheith buartha faoi ranganna nó scrúduithe a chailleadh.\nIs é 22 Aibreán freisin lá breithe bunaitheoir an Aontais Shóivéadaigh Vladimir Lenin. In ainneoin ráflaí coitianta a mhalairt, bhí sé seo ach ag teagmhas. In ainneoin seo, chreid go leor daoine go raibh nasc cumannach ag Lá na Talún agus rinne an FBI monatóireacht dlúth ar a imeachtaí luatha.\nGhlac an smaoineamh ar Lá na Talún go tapa, agus i 1970, ghlac 20 milliún Meiriceánach páirt in imeachtaí ar fud na tíre. Faoi 1990, bhí an ócáid tar éis fás go leibhéal idirnáisiúnta agus ghlac níos mó ná 200 milliún duine i 141 tír páirt ann. Sa lá atá inniu ann, déantar Lá na Talún a cheiliúradh i mbeagnach gach tír ar bhealach éigin.\nIs é aidhm Lá na Talún feasacht a ardú ar shaincheisteanna Comhshaoil. Tá go leor agóidí polaitiúla de chineál agus tá sé mar aidhm acu tionchar a imirt ar chomhlachtaí rialála náisiúnta agus idirnáisiúnta chun dlíthe a rith a chosnaíonn an timpeallacht. Ina theannta sin, tá sé mar aidhm ag an ócáid feasacht a ardú ar an leibhéal aonair faoi na céimeanna is féidir le daoine a dhéanamh ar a gcuid féin chun cabhrú leis an gcomhshaol.\nConas a Bheith ag Breathnú\nReáchtáiltear rallyí agus taispeántais Lá na Talún i bhformhór na gcathracha ar fud an domhain. Mura bhfuil an t-am nó an t-ádh agat freastal, déanann go leor daoine an lá a cheiliúradh trí chrainn nó plandaí eile a phlandaí. Is féidir leis an gcéim bheag seo cabhrú le cairde agus comharsana a spreagadh chun a gcuid tírdhreacha féin a fheabhsú agus chun modhanna eile a dhéanamh chun a gcomharsanacht a dhéanamh ina áit níos fearr.\nIs bealach maith é bláthanna nó plandaí eile a thabhairt mar bhronntanas chun cairde agus teaghlach a spreagadh chun páirt a ghlacadh. Tá an-áisiúil le plandaí síoraí, plandaí ilbhliantúla, agus plandaí eile fadtéarmacha toisc gur féidir leo a bheith ina gcuid fada buan i gcur i gcur i gcur i gcur agus tá siad níos inbhuanaithe ná athfhásadh i gcónaí."} {"text": "By Donna Duarte-Ladd\nWhether you actively talk about racism in your home or realize that you have never really broached the subject, the United States, is frankly dealing with huge racial issues. Unfortunately, these injustices span multiple generations. With the recent death of George Floyd, the latest fatality in the many senseless deaths of black men and women from police brutality — our country has erupted in a fury. It was already a vulnerable time with living amid a pandemic, and now, a string of racial inequalities in just two weeks. We have seen (wrongfully) black people die or simply not be able to peacefully walk down the street.\nAs parents, for the sake of our children’s future, we must first look within ourselves for change. Moving judgment aside, we all have work to do, and if you wish to broaden your understanding of our black community, here are resources and tips that are a helpful starting point.\nWhere to Start\nKristy Leder of Education For Progress shares, “Begin by examining your own ideas and biases. We have ALL been raised in a system that has perpetuated systematic racism and oppression. We as parents and teachers have to begin to unpack that and undo that within ourselves before we can teach our children.”\nStart sharing on your Facebook page and social media resources that you are utilizing or reading. If you have a large following in social media, share what you know to help benefit other parents. “It is important that we speak up against what is happening in our country and sharing anti-racism resources. It is important that we acknowledge their (black community) pain and not be silent,” says New York City mom Tricia Savino.\nRead, Study, and Listen\n“How to Be An Anti-Racist“-Iram X Kendi\n“White Fragility“- Robin Di Angelo\n“Pushout-The Criminalization of Black Girls in Schools“- Monique Morris\n“So You Want To Talk About Race“- Ijeoma Oluo\n“Me and White Supremacy“- Layla Saad\n“Between The World And Me“- Ta-Nehisi Coates\nThe Conscious Kid– Parenting and Education through a Critical Race Lens\nPlease feel free to email us at firstname.lastname@example.org with any book suggestions or webinar subjects on race that you’d like us to share with the New York Family Community. #blacklivesmatter\nThis story first appeared on NewYorkFamily.com", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-39", "url": "https://www.bxtimes.com/47875-2/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780057347.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20210922102402-20210922132402-00426.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.93260324, "token_count": 535, "score": 2.9375, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Le Donna Duarte-Ladd\nCibé an bhfuil tú ag caint go gníomhach faoi ghnéaschas i do theach nó go dtuigeann tú nach ndearna tú an t-ábhar a chur i láthair i ndáiríre, tá na Stáit Aontaithe ag déileáil go francach le saincheisteanna ciníocha ollmhóra. Ar an drochuair, tá na neamhréir seo ag dul thar na glúine. Le bás George Floyd le déanaí, an bás is déanaí i measc na mbásanna gan chiall a tharla do mhná agus d'fhir dubh ó bhrúiteacht póilíní tá ár dtír ag teacht i ngrá. Bhí sé ina am leochaileach cheana féin le maireachtáil i measc paindéime, agus anois, sraith de neamhionannais ciníoch i gceann dhá sheachtain. Chonaic muid daoine dubh ag fáil bháis (ar mícheart) nó gan a bheith in ann siúl go síochánta síos an tsráid.\nMar thuismitheoirí, ar mhaithe le todhchaí ár bpáistí, ní mór dúinn breathnú isteach inár n-aonar ar dtús chun athrú a dhéanamh. Ag cur breithiúnas ar leataobh, tá obair le déanamh againn go léir, agus más mian leat do thuiscint ar ár bpobal dubh a leathnú, seo acmhainní agus leideanna a bhfuil mar phointe tosaigh cabhrach.\nCá háit a Thosaíonn tú\nTá Kristy Leder ó Oideachas le haghaidh Forbartha ag roinnt, Tosaigh ag scrúdú do chuid smaointe agus claonta féin. Tá muid go léir tar éis a bheith tógtha suas i gcóras a bhfuil perpetuated ciníochas agus brúchtaithe córais. Ní mór dúinn mar thuismitheoirí agus múinteoirí tús a chur leis sin a dhíbalú agus é a dhíbirt laistigh de dúinn féin sula bhféadfaimis ár gcuid páistí a theagasc.\nTosaigh ag roinnt ar do leathanach Facebook agus ar acmhainní meán sóisialta atá á n-úsáid agat nó á léamh agat. Má tá go leor daoine ag leanúint ort ar na meáin shóisialta, roinn an méid atá ar eolas agat chun cabhrú le tuismitheoirí eile a leas. Tá sé tábhachtach go labhraímid in aghaidh na rudaí atá ag tarlú inár dtír agus go roinnfimid acmhainní frith-ciníochas. Tá sé tábhachtach go nglacaimid lena bpian (an phobal dubh) agus nach mbeidh muid ag fanacht ciúin, \"a deir máthair Nua-Eabhrac Tricia Savino.\nLéigh, Foghlaim, agus Éist\nConas a bheith ina Frith-Racistach-Iram X Kendi\n Fragility Bán - Robin Di Angelo\nPushout-An Coiriúlacht a bhaineann le Cailíní Dubha sna Scoileanna- Monique Morris\n Mar sin Ba mhaith leat labhairt faoi rás - Ijeoma Oluo\nMe and White Supremacy- Layla Saad\nBetween The World And Me- Ta-Nehisi Coates\nAn Páiste Fhiosach A bheith i do Dhaoine Móra agus Oideachas trí Léinse Rása Críciúil\nBíodh spraoi agat ríomhphost a chur chugainn ag firstname.lastname@example.org le haon moltaí leabhair nó ábhair webinar ar chine a theastaíonn uait a roinnt le Comhphobal Teaghlaigh Nua Eabhrac. #blacklivesmatter\nTháinig an scéal seo ar dtús ar NewYorkFamily.com"} {"text": "Old Hickory was a disaster for slaves and Native Americans, but from the perspective of the early-nineteenth-century electorate his policies were better than most. He curbed the growth of government, increased competition in the financial sector, and, most importantly, made resources more available to citizens by helping to put fertile land into the hands of the voting public.\n|Other Independent Review articles by Robert M. Whaples|\n|Winter 2016||The Economic Future: An Introduction|\n|Fall 2015||Hubris: Why Economists Failed to Predict the Crisis and How to Avoid the Next One|\n|Spring 2015||Skeptical Thoughts on a Taxpayer-Funded Basic Income Guarantee|\n|[View All (11)]|", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-07", "url": "http://www.independent.org/publications/tir/article.asp?a=988", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-07/segments/1454701162938.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20160205193922-00017-ip-10-236-182-209.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.926504612, "token_count": 151, "score": 2.625, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Bhí Old Hickory ina thubaiste do sclábhaithe agus do Mheiriceánaigh Dúchasacha, ach ó thaobh toghthóirí an naoú haois déag a bhí níos fearr ná a chuid is mó. Chuir sé srian ar fhás an rialtais, méadaigh sé iomaíocht sa earnáil airgeadais, agus, is tábhachtaí fós, chuir sé acmhainní ar fáil do shaoránaigh trí chabhair a dhéanamh chun talamh torthúil a chur i lámha an phobail vótála.\nAr ailt eile ó athbhreithnithe neamhspleácha le Robert M. Whaples\n Winter 2016 \n Fall 2015 Hubris: Cén fáth nach raibh na heacnamaithe in ann an géarchéim a thuar agus conas an chéad cheann eile a sheachaint\n♬ Earrach 2015 ♬♬♬♬♬♬♬♬♬♬♬♬♬♬♬♬♬♬♬♬♬♬♬Sceptical Thoughts on a Taxpayer-Funded Basic Income Guarantee ♬♬♬♬♬♬\n[Féach ar gach (11) ]"} {"text": "Of all the creatures in the sea, few are considered as incredible and awe-inspiring as whales. If you’re hoping to catch a glimpse of these gentle giants during an upcoming whale watching tours , be sure to take a look at the information below to discover some interesting information about the lives of these mysterious mammals.\nWhales Never Fully Sleep\nIn order to get a bit of shuteye each day, whales become semi-conscious, meaning they only shut down half of their brain. They do this in order to remain alert enough to breathe out of their blowholes. Unlike land-roaming mammals, whales are conscious breathers and have to remain near the surface as they sleep in order to continue taking in enough air.\nThe Blue Whale Is the Largest of All Whales\nNot only is the blue whale the largest species of whale, but it is also the largest mammal in the world and, as far as scientists can tell, the largest animal that has ever existed on the planet. Researchers have yet to unearth any dinosaur fossils that rival the sheer size of a blue whale. Blue whales easily dwarf whale watching boats, but are rarely seen on the East Coast since they are more heavily concentrated in the North Pacific and Indian Oceans.\nWhales Are Classified by Their Eating Habits\nScientists classify whales into two major categories based on their diet. Baleen whales eat krill and plankton, while toothed whales feed on fish and small mammals. It’s not uncommon to see a group of toothed whales working together while cod fishing or hunting for seals. With an average speed of 30 miles per hour, it’s no surprise that whales are adept at hunting and fishing.\nNow that you know some useful facts about whales, it’s time to get out onto the water to catch a glimpse of some in person. The team here at Captain John Whale Watching & Fishing Tours has over 60 years of experience in providing tourists and locals with unforgettable whale watching adventures. To find out how you can book one of our tours, contact us today at (508) 746-2643.\nAre you getting ready to embark on your very first deep sea fishing trip? While deep sea fishing is an exciting and incredibly rewarding activity, it’s also one that requires a bit of advanced preparation as well as patience. In order to make sure that your trip is a successful one, begin your preparations by selecting a good fishing company with a solid reputation.\nOnce you’ve found a reputable fishing company to take you deep sea fishing, inquire about equipment, food, and other items you may need to bring yourself as well as what sort of expectations you should have about the trip. For more information on deep sea fishing, check out this helpful video.\nIf you’re interested in spending an afternoon deep sea fishing with family and friends, contact Captain John Whale Watching & Fishing Tours. You can find out what makes us the best choice for deep sea fishing adventures by visiting our website or calling us at (508) 746-2643.\nDid you know that Massachusetts is ranked by the World Wildlife Fund as one of the best spots for whale watching in the entire world? The waters around Cape Cod and the surrounding islands are prime feeding areas for different types of whales, making this area an ideal destination for a maritime adventure . Your entire family will enjoy a day out on a boat looking for whales, and you’ll all be astounded at their size and beauty. Keep reading for a closer look at whale watching in Massachusetts.\nWhen to Go\nObserving the beauty and majesty of whales in their natural habitat is an experience you won’t soon forget. In order to make sure that you get the most out of your whale watching experience , you should know the best time of year to go. Whales tend to be most active and visible around Massachusetts from April through October, though they have been spotted from mid-March through early November.\nWhat to Look For\nEvery whale watching excursion is different, and you may be able to see a few different types of whales on your trip. Humpbacks, Finbacks, Minke whales, and Northern Right whales may be visible during your trip. Though whales may be the main attraction during your whale watching cruise, you should still keep an eye out for other marine wildlife, such as dolphins, porpoises, seals, and a wide variety of birds.\nWhat to Bring\nTo get the most out of your whale watching experience, go prepared and bring a jacket or sweatshirt on board with you. You may even want a winter hat or gloves during cooler months. If you suffer from motion sickness, be sure to bring appropriate medicine. Don’t forget your camera, and pack a pair of binoculars to get the best view of the whales during your journey.\nAt Captain John Whale Watching & Fishing Tours, we guarantee that you’ll see whales during your trip. In fact, we have a 99% success rate, so book your adventure with us by calling (508) 746-2643. We are one of the premier outfits in Massachusetts for whale watching.\nAre you ready for a deep sea fishing adventure in the coastal waters of Massachusetts? If so, you can trust Captain John Whale Watching & Fishing Tours to give you an experience you’ll remember for a lifetime. Whether you’re a beginner or an experienced fisher, you’ll have an incredible time and catch fish you can show off to your friends and family. Before you arrive for your deep sea fishing tour, make sure that you are prepared. Bring a jacket or sweatshirt with you, especially if the forecast calls for clouds or rain. Dressing in layers can help you stay comfortable as the weather changes. Protect yourself with sunscreen and sunglasses, and bring a hat to keep the glare off your face. Be sure to wear comfortable shoes with rubber soles, as you’ll be standing for a while and will need stable footing in case the deck becomes damp and slippery.\nCaptain John Whale Watching & Fishing Tours has been fishing around Cape Cod for over 60 years. We’ll provide the rods, reels, and bait, as well as a full galley service to keep your thirst and hunger at bay. Call us today at (508) 746-2643 to set up your deep sea fishing trip .\nWhether you live near Cape Cod or are just visiting with your family for vacation, it’s always a good idea to take advantage of your proximity to the ocean and get out on a boat for a day. If you don’t have your own vessel, that’s perfectly fine. Instead of doing all of the work yourself, you can take a whale watching trip or a fishing tour to experience maritime life without the hassle of buying or renting a boat. Before you embark on a boating journey, it’s important for your family to know how to be safe on board. Read on for boating safety tips for your family.\nWear Life Jackets\nIt doesn’t matter if you and your family are experienced swimmers—wearing a life jacket on board a boat is always a good idea. Children should always wear life jackets that are Coast Guard-approved, and infants shouldn’t ride boats until they are big enough to wear their own personal flotation devices. When you are fitting your child with a life jacket, make sure that it is the right size. If the jacket hits your child’s chin or ears when he lifts his arms straight up overhead, the jacket could be too big or not fastened tight enough.\nTaking a whale watching trip on a boat is an exciting adventure for the whole family, but it’s important to keep in mind that the weather can change while you’re out on the water. Bring a sweatshirt or rain jacket in case the weather turns, or in case you get hit with sea spray. Ocean water can be quite chilly, so pay attention to your children to make sure they are warm and comfortable.\nIf you are concerned about your family’s safety on a boat, you can always enroll everyone in a boating safety course. That way, you’ll all feel comfortable and secure while on the boat, and you can even help out others if need be.\nWhen you’re ready for an adventure that you and your family won’t soon forget, call Captain John Whale Watching & Fishing Tours in Plymouth at (508) 746-2643. We offer exciting deep sea fishing and whale watching ex\n- Tips for Staying Warm During a Cold Weather Deep Sea Fishing Trip\n- Crucial Differences: Whales, Dolphins, and Porpoises | Captain John Whale Watching & Fishing Tours – Whale Watching In Plymouth\n- Types of Whales That Call Cape Cod Waters Home\n- FAQs for First-Time Deep Sea Fishers\n- When Is the Best Time for Whale Watching in Massachusetts?", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-47", "url": "https://www.captainjohnwhalewatchingma.com/blog/2014/09/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039742117.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20181114150002-20181114172002-00449.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9421374798, "token_count": 1844, "score": 2.640625, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "De na créatúir uile san fharraige, is beag a mheastar a bheith chomh dochreidte agus chomh spreagúil le baill. Má tá súil agat léargas a fháil ar na hiontaigh mhaol seo le linn turais bhreathnaithe báistí atá le teacht, bí cinnte go dtabharfaidh tú breathnú ar an bhfaisnéis thíos chun roinnt faisnéise suimiúla a fháil faoi shaol na mamaigh rúnda seo.\nNí chodlaíonn baill-each go hiomlán riamh\nD'fhonn a fháil ar beagán de shuteye gach lá, baill a bheith leath-chomasach, rud a chiallaíonn nach bhfuil siad ach leath a n-inchinn a dhúnadh. Déanann siad seo chun fanacht réasúnta airdeall chun anáil amach as a gcuid buille. Murab ionann agus mamaigh a bhíonn ag siúl ar an talamh, tá na baillí ag anailís go ciallmhar agus caithfear iad a choinneáil gar don dromchla agus iad ag codladh chun go leanfaidh siad ag cur isteach aer go leor.\nIs é an Bán Gorm an Bán is Mó de na Bán Uile\nNí hamháin gurb é an bhalán gorm an speiceas baile is mó, ach is é an mamaíleach is mó ar domhan é chomh maith, agus, a mhéid is féidir le heolaithe a rá, is é an t-ainmhí is mó a bhí ann ar an bpláinéad. Tá fós le taighdeoirí fóisíní dínosaúr a fháil a bhfuil a mhéid chomh mór le baillín gorm. Is furasta do bhaláin ghlas a bheith níos lú ná báid faire ar bhaláin, ach is annamh a fheictear iad ar an gCósta Thoir ós rud é go bhfuil siad níos mó tiubhaithe sa Mheánmhuir Theas agus san Aigéan Indiach.\nDéantar na baill a aicmiú de réir a gcuid nósanna ithe\nDéanann eolaithe na baill a aicmiú ina dhá phríomhchatagóir bunaithe ar a n-aiste bia. Bíonn baillíní baillín ag ithe krill agus planctón, agus bíonn baillíní toothed ag ithe iasc agus mamaigh bheaga. Ní rud neamhchoitianta é grúpa de bhalann fiacla a fheiceáil ag obair le chéile agus iad ag iascaireacht cod nó ag fiacla a dhíol. Le luas meán de 30 míle in aghaidh na huaire, níl aon iontas ann go bhfuil na baillín ag caitheamh agus ag iascaireacht.\nAnois go bhfuil eolas úsáideach agat faoi bhéileacha, tá sé in am dul amach ar an uisce chun cúpla ceann a fheiceáil go pearsanta. Tá níos mó ná 60 bliain taithí ag an bhfoireann anseo ag Captain John Whale Watching & Fishing Tours i dtaca le turasóirí agus muintir na háite a chur ar fáil le eachtraí neamhoirdhealacha ag féachaint ar na baill. Chun a fháil amach conas is féidir leat ceann dár turais a chur in áirithe, déan teagmháil linn inniu ag (508) 746-2643.\nAn bhfuil tú ag ullmhú chun dul ar do chéad turas iascaireachta domhain-mhuir? Cé gur gníomhaíocht spreagúil agus thar a bheith luachmhar í iascaireacht domhain-mhuir, is gníomhaíocht í a éilíonn beagán ullmhúcháin chun cinn chomh maith le foighne. Chun a chinntiú go mbeidh do thuras rathúil, tosaigh do ullmhúcháin trí chuideachta iascaireachta maith a roghnú a bhfuil dea-cháil orthu.\nNuair a bheidh cuideachta iascaireachta measartha agat chun iascaireacht domhain-mhuir a dhéanamh leat, faigh amach faoi threalamh, bia agus earraí eile a d'fhéadfadh a bheith ag teastáil uait a thabhairt leat féin chomh maith le cén cineál ionchais ba chóir duit a bheith agat faoin turas. Le tuilleadh eolais a fháil ar iascaireacht ar fharraige domhain, féach ar an bhfíseán cabhrach seo.\nMá tá suim agat i dtráthnóna a chaitheamh ag iascaireacht ar fharraige domhain le do theaghlach agus le do chairde, déan teagmháil le Captaen John Whale Watching & Fishing Tours. Is féidir leat a fháil amach cad a dhéanann dúinn an rogha is fearr le haghaidh eachtraí iascaireachta farraige domhain trí cuairt a thabhairt ar ár suíomh Gréasáin nó glaoch orainn ag (508) 746-2643.\nAn raibh a fhios agat go bhfuil Massachusetts rangaithe ag an Chiste Domhanda Fiadhúlra mar cheann de na spots is fearr le haghaidh breathnú ar bhéile ar fud an domhain? Is iad na huiscí timpeall Cape Cod agus na hoileáin máguaird príomhchríochanna beathaithe do chineálacha éagsúla baill, rud a fhágann go bhfuil an limistéar seo ina cheann scríbe idéalach le haghaidh eachtraí muirí . Beidh do theaghlach ar fad ag taitneamh as lá ar bord ar lorg na bhfíoraí, agus beidh iontas ort go léir ar a méid agus a áilleacht. Lean ort ag léamh le haghaidh breathnú níos dlúithe ar fhéile a fheiceáil i Massachusetts.\nNuair a Bheadh Tú Ag Dul\nIs eispéireas nach ndéanfaidh tú dearmad air go luath é áilleacht agus maorgacht na n-aibhneacha a fheiceáil ina gnátháit nádúrtha. D'fhonn a chinntiú go bhfaighidh tú an chuid is mó as do thaithí ar fhéileacha, ba cheart duit a fhios a bheith agat an t-am is fearr den bhliain chun dul. Is gnách go mbíonn na baillínn is gníomhaí agus is infheicthe timpeall Massachusetts ó Aibreán go Deireadh Fómhair, cé go bhfaictear iad ó lár Mhárta go luath i mí na Samhna.\nCad atá le Breathnú\nTá gach turas faire ar bhaláin difriúil, agus d'fhéadfadh go mbeadh tú in ann cúpla cineál bailí éagsúla a fheiceáil le linn do thurais. D'fhéadfadh go bhfeicfí baill-bhá, baill-bhá, baill-bhá Minke, agus baill-bhá ceart Thuaidh le linn do thuras. Cé gur na baillín is mó a mheallann tú le linn do thuras faire baillín, ba cheart duit súil a choinneáil ar fhiadhúlra mara eile, amhail dalfíní, porpoise, síolaí, agus éagsúlacht mhór éin.\nCad a Thógfaidh Tú\nChun an leas is fearr a bhaint as do thaithí ar fhéileacha, téigh réidh agus bain seaicéad nó sweatshirt leat. B'fhéidir go dteastaíonn hata nó lámhainní geimhridh uait i rith na míonna níos fuíle. Má tá tú ag fulaingt ó ghalar gluaiseachta, bí cinnte go dtógfaidh tú leigheas cuí. Ná déan dearmad ar do cheamara, agus tóg péire dornán le go bhfaighidh tú an radharc is fearr ar na baillíní le linn do thurais.\nAg Captain John Whale Watching & Fishing Tours, ráthaímid go bhfeicfidh tú baill le linn do thurais. Go deimhin, tá ráta rath 99% againn, mar sin déan do eachtraíocht a chur in áirithe linn trí ghlaoch ar (508) 746-2643. Tá muid ar cheann de na trealamh is fearr i Massachusetts le haghaidh faire ar bhéile.\nAn bhfuil tú réidh le haghaidh eachtra iascaireachta domhain farraige i uiscí cósta Massachusetts? Má tá, is féidir leat muinín a bheith agat go dtabharfaidh Captain John Whale Watching & Fishing Tours taithí duit a chuimhneoidh tú ar feadh an tsaoil. Cibé an t-iascaire nua-aimseartha nó taithí agat, beidh am iontach agat agus iasc a ghabháil ar féidir leat a thaispeáint do do chairde agus do do theaghlach. Sula dtagann tú ar do thuras iascaireachta domhain-mhuir, déan cinnte go bhfuil tú ullmhaithe. Tabhair seaicéad nó sweatshirt leat, go háirithe má thugann an t-aimsir le néal nó báisteach. Is féidir le hais a bheith agat i sraitheanna cabhrú leat fanacht compordach de réir mar a athraíonn an aimsir. Cosc a chur ort féin le gréasán cosanta gréine agus spéaclaí gréine, agus tabhair hata leat chun an scáth a choinneáil ar do aghaidh. Bí cinnte go n-úsáidfidh tú bróga compordacha le suil rabhaigh, mar go mbeidh tú i do sheasamh ar feadh tamaill agus go mbeidh ort seasamh go cobhsaí i gcás go mbeidh an deic fliuch agus sleamtha.\nTá Captaen John Whale Watching & Tours Iascaireacht ag iascaireacht timpeall Cape Cod le breis agus 60 bliain. Beidh muid a chur ar fáil na rótaí, reels, agus bait, chomh maith le seirbhís galley iomlán a choinneáil ar do tart agus ocras ar cíos. Glaoigh orainn inniu ag (508) 746-2643 chun do thuras iascaireachta farraige domhain a chur ar bun .\nCibé an bhfuil cónaí ort in aice le Cape Cod nó go bhfuil tú ag tabhairt cuairte ar an oileán le do theaghlach ar saoire, is smaoineamh maith é i gcónaí leas a bhaint as do chaidreamh leis an aigéan agus dul amach ar long ar feadh lá. Mura bhfuil do shoitheach féin agat, tá sé sin go hiomlán ceart go leor. In ionad an obair go léir a dhéanamh leat féin, is féidir leat turas faire ar bhéile nó turas iascaireachta a dhéanamh chun taithí a fháil ar shaol muirí gan an trioblóid a bhaineann le báid a cheannach nó a fháil ar cíos. Sula dtéann tú ar thuras ar bhád, tá sé tábhachtach go mbeadh a fhios ag do theaghlach conas a bheith sábháilte ar bord. Léigh ar aghaidh le haghaidh leideanna sábháilteachta báid do do theaghlach.\nGlac Lifebreakets\nIs cuma cé acu a bhfuil tú féin agus do theaghlach ina n-uisceadóirí taithí, is smaoineamh maith i gcónaí seaicéad beatha a chaitheamh ar bord báid. Ba chóir do leanaí seaicéad slánaíochta a bheith acu i gcónaí a bhfuil an Garda Cósta tar éis a cheadú, agus níor cheart do naíonáin dul ar bhád go dtí go mbeidh siad mór go leor chun a gcuid feistí flotaíochta pearsanta féin a chaitheamh. Nuair a bhíonn tú ag feistiú seaicéad saoil le do leanbh, déan cinnte go bhfuil sé ar an méid ceart. Má bhuaileann an seaicéad le cnámh nó cluasa do pháiste nuair a thógann sé a chuid lámha go díreach suas os a chionn, d'fhéadfadh go mbeadh an seaicéad ró-mhór nó nach raibh sé ceangailte go daingean go leor.\nIs eachtra spreagúil é turas faire ar bhéile ar long don teaghlach ar fad, ach tá sé tábhachtach a choinneáil i gcuimhne go bhféadfadh an aimsir athrú agus tú ar an uisce. Tóg sweatshirt nó seaicéad báistí i gcás go n-athróidh an aimsir, nó i gcás go bhfaighidh tú sprae mara. Is féidir le huisce na farraige a bheith go leor fuar, mar sin tabhair aird ar do pháistí chun a chinntiú go bhfuil siad te agus compordach.\nMá tá imní ort faoi shábháilteacht do theaghlaigh ar long, is féidir leat gach duine a chlárú i gcónaí i gcúrsa sábháilteachta báid. Ar an mbealach sin, beidh sibh go léir a bhraitheann compordach agus sábháilte agus tú ar an bád, agus is féidir leat fiú cabhrú le daoine eile más gá.\nNuair a bheidh tú réidh le haghaidh eachtra nach ndéanfaidh tú féin agus do theaghlach dearmad go luath, glaoigh ar Captain John Whale Watching & Fishing Tours i Plymouth ag (508) 746-2643. Cuirimid iascaireacht agus faire ar bhéile ar fáil\n- Leideanna chun fanacht te le linn turas iascaireachta domhain-mhuir le linn aimsir fuar\n- Difríochtaí Cruinneacha: Whales, Delphins, agus Porpoises Captain John Whale Watching & Fishing Tours Whale Watching in Plymouth\n- Cineálacha Whales a Glaoigh Uisceacha Cape Cod Baile\n- Ceisteanna Coitianta do Tharraingí Fhoirdhearcaigh den Chéad Uair\n- Nuair a Is é an t-am is fearr le haghaidh Whale Watching i Massachusetts?"} {"text": "PROFESSIONAL CHIMNEY SWEEPING SERVICES | DERBYSHIRE / NOTTINGHAM\nThe primary reason for the sweeping of chimneys is to remove flammable soot and creosote to aid in the prevention of chimney fires. These extremely fierce fires can be very dangerous and possibly lead to house fires and loss of life.\nSecondary reasons for sweeping of flues are to ensure a clear passage way which the toxic exhaust gasses can escape through. Deaths through carbon monoxide poisoning have been well documented in the press and a major cause is a blocked flue way.\nHow often should your chimney be cleaned?\n- Smokeless Coals: At least once a year\n- Wood: Once a season when in use\n- Bitumous Coal: Twice a year\n- Oil: Once a year\n- Gas: Once a year\nNOTE: Many insurance companies will not pay for claims where regular maintenance intervals have not been observed and documented by certification", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-47", "url": "https://yourlocalsweep.co.uk/chimney-sweeping/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039741294.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20181113062240-20181113084240-00356.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9084711671, "token_count": 201, "score": 2.5625, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Seirbhísí Gairmiúla Scaipthe CIMNÍÓLA DERBYSHIRE / Nottingham\nIs é an príomhchúis le sciathadh siombailí ná an soot agus an creosot tineacha a bhaint chun cuidiú le tine siombailí a chosc. Is féidir leis na tinte an-fhiáin seo a bheith an-chontúirteach agus d'fhéadfadh tinte tí agus caillteanas beatha a bheith mar thoradh orthu.\nIs cúiseanna tánaisteach le scuabadh na n-aigéad ná bealach gluaiseachta shoiléir a chinntiú ar féidir leis na gáis sceite tocsaineacha dul as. Tá na báis trí thráthú monócsaíd charbóin go maith i gcló sa phreas agus is é an chúis is mó ná bealach sceite a bhac.\nCé chomh minic ba chóir do chiminé a ghlanadh?\n- Ghual gan deatach: uair amháin sa bhliain ar a laghad\n- Crann: Uair sa séasúr nuair a bhíonn sé in úsáid\n- Ghual bitumasach: dhá uair sa bhliain\n- Ola: Uair sa bhliain\n- Gás: Uair sa bhliain\nNótaí: Ní íocfaidh go leor cuideachtaí árachais le haghaidh éilimh nach bhfuil tréimhsí rialta cothabhála á gcur i bhfeidhm agus á dhoiciméadú trí dheimhniú"} {"text": "Cultural Features In Management\nThe meaning of management Management activity is one of the deciding factors of effective work of the firm in a free market. Management is constantly being improved in line with the objective requirements of production and changes in economic relations.\nIs management theory universal? There isn’t a common theory of management which is useful for all times and for all nations. We have only a few common principals. But they can be a base for national systems of management with their unique features and characteristics.\n“Bureaucratic” management German management system is based on the conception of bureaucratic rationalization which was made by Marx Weber. He thought that companies must be ruled on impersonal rational base, which he named ‘bureaucratic’. As Weber said bureaucracy is a system of running business not on a base of personal rating, but with using exact and strict instructions and rules.\nGerman rationality The most important characteristic of the German model is rationality, which requires using the most effective means for achievement the objectives of the company.\nBritish individualism British managers are individualistic, they are not inclined to believe that the company is a \"big family“. The British are more focused, closed and respectful, these qualities make the atmosphere of business relationships more formal and impersonal.\nJapanese management: “Our wealth is our human resources” The main task for Japanese managers is to establish normal relations with employees, to form an understanding that workers and managers are one family.\nMethods of strengthening the identification of the employee with the company using the material and spiritual bonuses, including considerable payments to employees for social purposes; starting every day with common morning exercises and singing the anthem of the firm;annual celebration of “Day of the company's foundation”.\nUsual day of a Japanese manager It is usual for Japanese managers when they are at work every day, they communicate with people all the time, solve problems on the spot, systematically interview workers and experts to find out the way of production improvement.\nManagement in Russia For the Russian system of management is typical the situation of replication experience of both European and Asian countries as well.\nThe basic features of Russian management individual responsibility;clear allocation of responsibilities;strict structure of management;slow feedback.\nToday’s Russian managers seek to maximize profits gain power and personal benefitsreach top positions in the company\nFood for thought In Russia, despite having significant technical, natural and material resources, management is mostly interpreted as the art of managing people. The same we can see in Japan, which is extremely poor in natural resources.\nFinally: Each country has its own characteristics of management, but the transfer of successful experience of one country to another is often impossible because there are too many differences in national cultures. A country can only adopt some aspects of foreign management, but the whole system of running business is formed independently, keeping in mind strong and weak points.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-39", "url": "https://ppt4web.ru/anglijjskijj-jazyk/cultural-features-in-management.html", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780057496.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20210924020020-20210924050020-00526.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9588692784, "token_count": 593, "score": 2.75, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Feidhmeanna Cultúrtha i mBainistíocht\nCiall na bainistíochta Is é gníomhaíocht bainistíochta ceann de na tosca cinntitheacha d'oibriú éifeachtach an ghnólachta i margadh saor in aisce. Tá feabhas leanúnach á cur ar an mbainistíocht de réir riachtanais oibiachtúla na táirgeachta agus athruithe i gcaidreamh eacnamaíoch.\nAn bhfuil teoiric bainistíochta uilíoch? Níl aon teoiric choiteann bainistíochta ann a bheadh úsáideach do gach am agus do gach náisiún. Níl ach cúpla prionsabal comhchoiteann againn. Ach is féidir leo a bheith ina mbonn do chórais bhainistíochta náisiúnta lena gcuid gnéithe agus tréithe uathúla.\nTá córas bainistíochta na Gearmáine bunaithe ar choincheap na réasúnaithe bairócrataí a rinne Marx Weber. Shíl sé gur chóir cuideachtaí a rialú ar bhonn réasúnach neamhphearsanta, a d'ainmnigh sé \"bureaucratic\". Mar a dúirt Weber, is córas gnó a reáchtáil é an birocracis, ní ar bhonn rátála pearsanta, ach le treoracha agus rialacha cruinn agus dian a úsáid.\nRéasúnacht na Gearmáine Is é an saintréith is tábhachtaí atá ag an tsamhail Ghearmáinis ná réasúnacht, rud a éilíonn na modhanna is éifeachtaí a úsáid chun cuspóirí na cuideachta a bhaint amach.\nIndividuachas na Breataine Tá bainisteoirí na Breataine indibhidiúla, níl siad claonta a chreidiúint go bhfuil an chuideachta \"teaghlach mór\". Tá na Breataine níos dírithe, dúnta agus measúil, déanann na cáilíochtaí seo atmaisféar na gcaidrimh ghnó níos foirmiúla agus níos neamhphearsanta.\nBainistíocht na Seapáine: \"Is é ár n-acmhainní daonna ár saibhreas\". Is é an phríomhchuspóir atá ag bainisteoirí na Seapáine caidreamh gnáth a bhunú le fostaithe, tuiscint a chruthú go bhfuil oibrithe agus bainisteoirí ina dteaghlach amháin.\nModhanna chun aitheantas an fhostaí leis an gcuideachta a neartú ag baint úsáide as na bónais ábhartha agus spioradálta, lena n-áirítear páistí suntasacha d'fhostaithe chun críocha sóisialta; ag tosú gach lá le cleachtaí coiteann maidin agus ag canadh amhrán an ghnólachta; ceiliúradh bliantúil ar Lá bunaíochta na cuideachta .\nLá gnáth bainisteoir Seapánach Is gnách le bainisteoirí Seapánacha nuair a bhíonn siad ag obair gach lá, cumarsáid a dhéanamh le daoine an t-am ar fad, fadhbanna a réiteach ar an láthair, agallamh a dhéanamh go córais le hoibrithe agus saineolaithe chun a fháil amach an bealach chun feabhas a chur ar tháirgeadh.\nBaineann an córas bainistíochta sa Rúis le staid na taithí atá ag tíortha Eorpacha agus na hÁise a athdhéanamh.\nNa príomhghnéithe de bhainistíocht na Rúise: freagracht aonair; leithdháileadh soiléir freagrachtaí; struchtúr dian bainistíochta; aisghabháil mall.\nTá bainisteoirí na Rúise inniu ag iarraidh a gcuid brabúis a uasmhéadú, cumhacht a fháil agus tairbhí pearsanta a bhaint amach, agus ard-shuímh a bhaint amach sa chuideachta.\nBia le haghaidh smaointeoireachta Sa Rúis, in ainneoin go bhfuil acmhainní suntasacha teicniúla, nádúrtha agus ábhair aige, léirítear bainistíocht den chuid is mó mar ealaín chun daoine a bhainistiú. Is féidir an rud céanna a fheiceáil sa tSeapáin, atá an-bhocht i acmhainní nádúrtha.\nAr deireadh: Tá a saintréithe féin bainistíochta ag gach tír, ach is minic nach féidir taithí rathúil ó thír amháin a aistriú go tír eile mar go bhfuil an iomarca difríochtaí i gcultúir náisiúnta. Ní féidir le tír ach gnéithe áirithe de bhainistíocht eachtrach a ghlacadh, ach déantar an córas iomlán chun gnó a reáchtáil a fhoirmiú go neamhspleách, ag cuimhneamh ar phointí láidre agus lag."} {"text": "A recent report has indicated that a new strain of Whooping Cough (Pertussis) is affecting young children and the disturbing part is that the strain is affecting children who have already been immunized. The new Whooping Cough strain appears to be resistant to the current vaccinations used by doctors and health officials are concerned that they may see an increase in Whooping Cough throughout the country.\nThe issue at hand regarding the DTaP vaccine (Whooping Cough vaccine) is that many believe it has never really worked in the first place. It is a known fact that the vaccine does wear off over a period of time and many in the health industry also question whether the vaccine is making matters worse. Studies have shown that rates of contracting Whooping Cough are higher among vaccinated children mainly due to the fact that the vaccine doesn’t prevent infection in the first place but simply makes symptoms milder than they would have been if the child were not vaccinated. In essence this means a vaccinated child can carry the pertussis infection and spread it to other children since they are still contagious even though they were not clinically diagnosed as having the infection. Quite scary that so many medical professionals are pushing to vaccinate children or to get the Tdap Booster when in fact the vaccines may just be masking symptoms and ultimately playing a role in spreading the infection to others.\nThere are two sides to every story, but there is some evidence that points to a possible connection between the Pertussis vaccination and increased rates of sick children. Could it be true that the Whooping Cough vaccine does NOT protect society? Could it be true that new strains of Whooping Cough may be developing because vaccines are simply not working?\nWell, in Pierce County Washington, health officials are seeing epidemic levels of Whooping Cough that are prompting them to to declare that all children should be vaccinated. As always, as sickness spreads the first thing families are advised to do is “get vaccinated.”\nOLYMPIA Today Secretary of Health Mary Selecky announced that whooping cough disease has reached epidemic levels in Washington. So far in 2012, 640 cases have been reported in 23 counties as of March 31. This compares to 94 cases during this same time period last year, putting Washington on-pace to have the highest number of reported cases in decades.\n“We’re very concerned about the continued rapid increase in reported cases,” said Secretary of Health Mary Selecky. “This disease can be very serious for young babies, who often get whooping cough from adults and other family members. We want all teens and adults who haven’t had Tdap to be vaccinated to help protect babies that are too young for the vaccine.” Source\nBABIES AND WHOOPING COUGH\nSo what age group are we all most concerned about when it comes to Whooping Cough? By far everyone would agree it would be infants and babies under 1 year old that have not built up an immunity and that are more susceptible to infections like Whooping Cough. As Whooping Cough cases start to increase, the likelihood of a young baby becoming infected by a carrier of Whooping Cough increases. We’re seeing more and more cases of babies coming down with Pertussis because they were infected by a sick parent or child and again health officials are putting on the full court press to have parents vaccinate young children with the DTap Vaccine, a series of shots from 2-months to around 4-5 years old.\nWHAT DO PARENTS DO ABOUT PREVENTING WHOOPING COUGH?\nAs always I like to give my bottom line and in this case it’s that parents need to do their due dilligence when it comes to vaccinating their children. As a parent, I’m always walking a very fine line when it comes to vaccinations with the possible side effects on one side and the infections and diseases that can be prevented on the other. Talk with your doctors and find out what they recommend for YOUR child, not the entire population that walks though their doors. Every child is different so ask your doctor for advice on what is best for YOUR child. You want to prevent these horrible infections but at the same time you don’t want to do something that will harm your child unintentionally. Ask lots of questions and if need be seek a second opinion as Whooping Cough is not something a parent should take lightly.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-07", "url": "http://www.healtharticlesforkids.org/1224/new-whooping-cough-strain-threatens-outbreak-in-children/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-07/segments/1454701158609.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20160205193918-00049-ip-10-236-182-209.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.971627295, "token_count": 917, "score": 2.78125, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Léirigh tuarascáil le déanaí go bhfuil cine nua de Whooping Cough (Pertussis) ag dul i bhfeidhm ar leanaí óga agus is é an chuid imní ná go bhfuil an cine ag dul i bhfeidhm ar leanaí a bhfuil imdhíonacht déanta acu cheana féin. Is cosúil go bhfuil an strain nua de Whooping Cough frithsheasmhach i gcoinne na vacsaínithe reatha a úsáideann dochtúirí agus tá imní ar oifigigh sláinte go bhféadfadh méadú a bheith acu ar Whooping Cough ar fud na tíre.\nIs é an cheist atá ar fáil maidir le vacsaín DTaP (vacsaín Cochall Cochall) ná go gcreideann go leor nár oibrigh sé riamh i ndáiríre ar an gcéad dul síos. Is fíric ar eolas é go bhfuil éifeacht an vacsaín thar thréimhse ama agus tá go leor sa tionscal sláinte ag ceistiú freisin an bhfuil an vacsaín ag déanamh rudaí níos measa. Léirigh staidéir go bhfuil rátaí níos airde de chostaí Whooping i measc leanaí vacsaínithe go príomha mar gheall ar an bhfíric nach gcuireann an vacsaín cosc ar ionfhabhtú sa chéad áit ach go ndéanann sé na hairíonna níos éadroime ná mar a bheadh siad mura raibh an leanbh vacsaínithe. Go bunúsach ciallaíonn sé seo gur féidir le leanbh vacsaínithe an t-ionfhabhtú pertussis a iompar agus é a scaipeadh ar leanaí eile ós rud é go bhfuil siad fós gabhaltach cé nach ndearnadh diagnóis cliniciúil orthu mar atá an t-ionfhabhtú acu. Is mór an eagla go bhfuil an oiread sin gairmithe leighis ag brú chun leanaí a vacsaínú nó chun an Tdap Booster a fháil nuair a d'fhéadfadh na vacsaíní a bheith ag mascadh comharthaí agus ag imirt ról sa deireadh i scaipeadh an ionfhabhtaithe ar dhaoine eile.\nTá dhá thaobh ag gach scéal, ach tá roinnt fianaise ann a léiríonn go bhféadfadh nasc a bheith idir vacsaínú Pertussis agus rátaí méadaithe leanaí tinn. An bhféadfadh sé a bheith fíor nach gcosnaíonn an vacsaín Cochall Cochall an tsochaí? An bhféadfadh sé a bheith fíor go bhféadfadh strains nua de Whooping Cough a bheith ag forbairt toisc nach bhfuil vacsaíní ag obair go simplí?\nBhuel, i gContae Pierce Washington, tá oifigigh sláinte ag féachaint ar leibhéil eipidéimeacha de Whooping Cough atá ag spreagadh iad chun a dhearbhú gur chóir gach leanbh a vacsaínú. Mar is gnách, de réir mar a scaipeann an galar, is é an chéad rud a mholtar do theaghlaigh a dhéanamh ná vacsaín a fháil.\nOLYMPIA inniu D'fhógair Rúnaí Sláinte Mary Selecky go bhfuil galar an chúlra tar éis leibhéil eipidéime a bhaint amach i Washington. Go dtí seo in 2012, tuairiscíodh 640 cás i 23 contae ar 31 Márta. Tá 94 cás ann i rith na tréimhse chéanna seo anuraidh, rud a chuireann Washington ar an luas a bheith ag an líon is airde cásanna a tuairiscíodh le blianta.\n\"Tá imní mór orainn faoin méadú leanúnach tapa atá ar chásanna a tuairiscítear\", a dúirt Rúnaí Sláinte Mary Selecky. Is féidir leis an galar seo a bheith an-tromchúiseach do naíonáin óga, a fhaigheann go minic coughing whooping ó dhaoine fásta agus ó bhaill eile den teaghlach. Ba mhaith linn go ndéanfaí vacsaíníocht ar gach déagóir agus ar dhaoine fásta nach ndearna Tdap a fháil chun cabhrú le leanaí atá ró-óg don vacsaín a chosaint.\nBAIBÍÍÍ agus COUGH WHOOPING\nMar sin cén aoisghrúpa is mó a bhfuil imní orainn go léir maidir le Whooping Cough? Go mór go n-aontódh gach duine go mbeadh sé ina leanaí agus i leanaí faoi 1 bhliain d'aois nach bhfuil díolúine tógtha acu agus atá níos so-ghabhálach do ionfhabhtuithe cosúil le Whooping Cough. De réir mar a thosaíonn cásanna Cochall Cochall ag méadú, méadaíonn an dóchúlacht go mbeidh leanbh óg ionfhabhtaithe ag iompróir Cochall Cochall. Tá níos mó agus níos mó cásanna á fheiceáil againn de na páistí a thagann síos le Pertussis toisc go raibh siad ionfhabhtaithe ag tuismitheoir nó leanbh tinn agus arís tá oifigigh sláinte ag cur ar an bpreas cúirte iomlán chun go ndéanfaidh tuismitheoirí vacsaín a dhéanamh ar leanaí óga leis an Vacsaín DTap, sraith shots ó 2 mhí go thart ar 4-5 bliana d'aois.\nCÉ A Dhéanann tuismitheoirí chun an whooping coch a chosc?\nMar is gnách is maith liom mo chuid tuairimí a thabhairt agus sa chás seo is gá do thuismitheoirí a gcuid dícheall cuí a dhéanamh maidir lena gcuid leanaí a vacsaínú. Mar thuismitheoir, táim i gcónaí ag siúl ar líne an-fhiú nuair a thagann sé chun vacsaínithe leis na fo-iarsmaí féideartha ar thaobh amháin agus na haingne agus na galair is féidir a chosc ar an taobh eile. Labhair le do dhochtúirí agus faigh amach cad a mholann siad do DÓITHIR, ní an pobal ar fad a théann trína doirse. Tá gach leanbh difriúil mar sin iarr comhairle ar do dhochtúir maidir leis an méid is fearr do DO leanbh. Ba mhaith leat na haingneacha uafásacha seo a chosc ach ag an am céanna ní mhaith leat rud éigin a dhéanamh a dhéanfaidh dochar do do leanbh gan iarraidh. Cuir go leor ceisteanna agus más gá a bheith ag lorg dara tuairim mar nach bhfuil Cough Whooping rud a ba chóir do thuismitheoir a ghlacadh go héasca."} {"text": "Back to Dhamma Sharing\nKhun Mae said that if we can practice patience successfully and endure at one place, then we have endurance anywhere we go. If we cannot stay at one place because of conflict, then everywhere we go we would encounter conflict. People are similar everywhere- therefore wherever we go we would also face challenges.\nThat’s why she told us that it is important to look at our own hearts instead of judging other people’s characters and looking down on them. If someone were to go to Khun Mae and start to talk bad about another person, obviously the state of heart of that person is questionable.\nIf anyone who had stayed with Khun Mae for a while start to complain about someone that they may not get along well with, Khun Mae would listen quietly. Once the person finished talking, Khun Mae would if the person had observed her own heart or not.\nIf there was any conflict, she would call both parties to hear their respective versions. Then, she would evaluate the situation based on sila (precepts). She said in any situation, she does not take sides or give anyone preference. She looked at whose sila is incorrect. And in actual sense, the precepts go beyond just the 5 or 8 precepts. If we say very hurtful words towards someone, we are ‘killing’ the person’s heart- thus we broke the first precept.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-51", "url": "https://methika.com/2011/05/before-we-judge-others-look-at-our-own-hearts/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376828697.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20181217161704-20181217183704-00157.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9780313373, "token_count": 293, "score": 2.96875, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Ar ais go Comhroinnt Dhamma\nDúirt Khun Mae má is féidir linn foighne a chleachtadh go rathúil agus maireachtáil in aon áit amháin, ansin tá maireachtáil againn in áit ar bith a théann muid. Mura féidir linn fanacht in aon áit amháin mar gheall ar choimhlint, ansin cibé áit a rachaidh muid, gheobhaidh muid coimhlint. Tá daoine cosúil lena chéile i ngach áit - dá bhrí sin cibé áit a rachaidh muid, beidh dúshláin orainn freisin.\nSin an fáth a dúirt sí linn go bhfuil sé tábhachtach féachaint ar ár gcroíthe féin in ionad breithiúnas a dhéanamh ar charachtar daoine eile agus féachaint síos orthu. Má bhí duine éigin chun dul go Khun Mae agus tús a labhairt go dona faoi dhuine eile, is léir go bhfuil staid croí an duine sin amhrasach.\nMá bhí duine ar bith a bhí ag fanacht le Khun Mae ar feadh tamaill ag tosú ag gearán faoi dhuine nach bhféadfadh siad a bheith go maith leis, d'éistfeadh Khun Mae go ciúin. Nuair a chríochnaigh an duine ag caint, d'fhéadfadh Khun Mae más rud é go raibh an duine a chroí féin faoi deara nó nach raibh.\nMá bhí aon chonspóid ann, glaoigh sí ar an dá pháirtí chun a gcuid tuairimí faoi seach a chloisteáil. Ansin, mheasfadh sí an cás bunaithe ar sila (precepts). Dúirt sí i gcás ar bith, ní ghlacann sí páirt ná ní thugann sí tosaíocht do dhuine ar bith. D'fhéach sí ar cé a bhfuil an sila mícheart. Agus i bhfíor-shuim, téann na prionsabail thar na 5 nó 8 prionsabal. Má labhraímid focail an-gorta i dtreo duine, tá muid ag \"marú\" croí an duine - agus dá bhrí sin rinneamar an chéad phrionsabal a bhriseadh."} {"text": "THE EFFECT ON LUPIN ESTABLISHMENT AS A RESULT OF REDUCED SEED INTEGRITY\n21 October 2019\n27 May 2022\nGrowers in the Kwinana East, Kwinana West, Geraldton and Albany port zones will have an improved understanding of the contributing factors behind poor lupin establishment. In recent seasons, growers have been experiencing issues with poor germination of lupin crops from retained seed and as such want to better understand the contributing factors behind this.\nProject lead organisation\nIn recent seasons, growers have been experiencing issues with poor germination of lupin crops from retained seed and as such want to better understand the contributing factors behind this. Manganese (Mn) deficiency, variety, harvester settings and moisture at harvest have all been identified as contributing factors behind poor establishment, however there is limited information available to growers and advisors as to the most important and controllable factors in our modern farming systems (some research was done in the 1970’s but farming practises have changed drastically since then) that could be managed differently, to improve lupin germination percentages.\nThe issue has been raised in the Geraldton zone RCSN meeting in June 2019 after issues in 2018 with retained seed from the previous season. Whilst it is widely accepted that Manganese deficiency is a contributing factor toward poor germination due to its expression in Lupins as split seed, it is however unclear under what circumstances Mn deficiency is most prevalent and what other factors contribute to this issues. Harvest operations are considered the other likely contributing factor as the threshing mechanisms within the header can damage the seed coating, an effect possibly exacerbated by grain moisture, harvesting conditions and variety. This project will assist all stakeholders in the lupin industry including growers, advisors, researchers and breeders to ensure the issue is better managed in future seasons.\nThe project has been extended through a variation with GRDC, investigating various mechanical handling processes that are leading to this decline in germination.\nResults and Reports", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-43", "url": "https://www.liebegroup.org.au/grdc-lupin-estab", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323587593.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20211024173743-20211024203743-00081.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.956738174, "token_count": 417, "score": 2.890625, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "TÁIRT ar Fhorbairt na Luí mar thoradh ar Iomláine Síolta Laghdaithe\n21 Deireadh Fómhair 2019\n27 Bealtaine 2022\nBeidh tuiscint níos fearr ag feirmeoirí i gcriosanna calafoirt Kwinana East, Kwinana West, Geraldton agus Albany ar na tosca a chuireann leis an drochbhunaíocht lupin. Le blianta beaga anuas, tá fadhbanna ag feirmeoirí le droch-ghléimniú na mbreithiúna lupín ó shíol a choinníodh agus mar sin ba mhaith leo tuiscint níos fearr a fháil ar na fachtóirí a chuireann leis seo.\nAn eagraíocht a bheidh i gceannas ar an tionscadal\nLe blianta beaga anuas, tá fadhbanna ag feirmeoirí le droch-ghléimniú na mbreithiúna lupín ó shíol a choinníodh agus mar sin ba mhaith leo tuiscint níos fearr a fháil ar na fachtóirí a chuireann leis seo. Tá an easpa mangainéis (Mn), an éagsúlacht, socruithe an choimhthionscála agus an taise ag an bpictiúradh aitheanta mar fhachtóirí a chuireann leis an drochbhunaíocht, ach níl mórán faisnéise ar fáil do thalmhaitheoirí agus do chomhairleoirí maidir leis na fachtóirí is tábhachtaí agus is féidir a rialú inár gcórais feirmeoireachta nua-aimseartha ( rinneadh roinnt taighde sna 1970idí ach tá cleachtais feirmeoireachta athraithe go mór ó shin) a d'fhéadfaí a bhainistiú ar bhealach difriúil, chun céatadáin ghormála lupin a fheabhsú.\nTógadh an cheist i gcruinniú RCSN limistéar Geraldton i mí an Mheithimh 2019 tar éis saincheisteanna i 2018 le síolta a choimeád ón séasúr roimhe sin. Cé go nglacfar go forleathan leis go bhfuil easnamh Mangáinis ina fhachtóir rannpháirteach i dtreo na géarmhíleachta bochta mar gheall ar a léiriú i Lupins mar síol scoilte, níl sé soiléir, áfach, faoi na cúinsí is mó a bhíonn easnamh Mn ann agus cad iad na fachtóirí eile a chuireann leis na saincheisteanna seo. Meastar gur oibríochtaí na feirmeoireachta an fachtóir is dóichí a rannchuidíonn leis an gcúis eile toisc gur féidir leis na meicníochtaí trialach laistigh den cheannán damáiste a dhéanamh do chlúdach na síolta, éifeacht a d'fhéadfadh a bheith ag méadú de bharr taise na gráin, dálaí na feirmeoireachta agus éagsúlacht. Beidh an tionscadal seo ina chúnamh do gach páirtí leasmhara i dtionscal na lúibín lena n-áirítear táirgeoirí, comhairleoirí, taighdeoirí agus briodóirí chun a chinntiú go ndéantar an cheist a bhainistiú níos fearr sna séasúir amach anseo.\nTá an tionscadal curtha ar fad trí athrú le GRDC, ag imscrúdú próisis éagsúla láimhseála meicniúil a bhfuil an laghdú seo ar fhéithíocht ina dhiaidh sin.\nTorthaí agus Tuarascálacha"} {"text": "What Is Volumetric Weight?\nThe courier industry and carriers, in general, use different methods to assess their shipment methods and the cost of their services. The vast majority provides their services based on either the size of a parcel or its volumetric weight. The first strategy is easy to understand - basically, the bigger the parcel, the more expensive it is to send since it takes up a lot of vehicle space. But what exactly is the volumetric weight and how is it different from the actual weight of a package? How do carriers calculate it and why do they prefer to use this method?\nVolumetric weight, also known as dimensional weight, is a pricing method used to calculate the weight of a parcel. The formula involves multiplying the length, width, and height of a package. Different couriers tend to use different metrics, and they also divide the final figure by 5,000 or 4,000 - this number is known as the dim divisor.\nVolume Calculator for Different Shipping Methods\nMost carriers, including Packlink shipping partners, such as UPS, DHL, DPD, Hermes, GLS, and more, equate 1 cubic metre with 200 kg (1 cbm = 200kg). Some, like TNT, equate 1 cubic metre with 250 kg (1 cbm = 250 kg). Also, the standard volumetric weight formulas they use are different, depending on their shipping method. Here's how it looks in the cases of air freight, sea freight, and road freight:\n- Air freight: 1 cubic metre = 167 kilograms\n- Sea freight: 1 cubic metre = 1,000 kilograms\n- Road freight: 1 cubic metre = 333 kilograms\nVolumetric Weight vs. Actual Weight\nThe volumetric weight of your parcel is not the same as its actual weight, since it involves using a different formula (length x height x width divided by the dim divisor). For a courier company, the actual weight of your parcel is not the most important factor. What's more important is the amount of space your package will take up in a vehicle. In a nutshell, carriers price the cost for shipping large packages on the size of the box, not the weight. On the other hand, the price for shipping a smaller parcel will be based on the weight, not the size.\nLet's take two different parcels to explain it better. The first parcel is a large cardboard box and weighs 5 kilograms. The second is a flat parcel box and weighs 15 kilograms. The courier will compare the volumetric weight to the actual physical weight of a parcel and charge whichever is the greater of the two. This method is also known as billable weight or chargeable weight. As such, you might end up paying more for the delivery of a lighter, but bigger box, since it takes up more vehicle space.\nHow Do You Calculate Volumetric Weight?\nCalculating volumetric weight is simple - you just need to know the formula and follow these steps:\n- Measure your package. You need to know its three dimensions: length, height, and width.\n- Multiply your parcel's three dimensions (length x height x width).\n- Note down the number and divide it by the dim divisor. Every courier company has its dim divisor - most frequently, you'll have to divide the final figure by 5,000 or 4,000, but don't forget to check it every time you use courier services.\n- The figure you got after step 3 represents the volumetric weight of your parcel. The dimensional pricing parcel quote will be based on the actual weight, provided that the actual weight is more than the dimensional weight.\nKeep in mind that while you can run the calculations on your own, you can also look for a volumetric weight calculator online. Many courier and transportation companies give you access to a volume calculator on their websites, allowing you to calculate the dimensional weight of your package yourself.\nWhy Carriers Use Volumetric Weight?\nYour packages and goods are transported by vehicles. Those vehicles, such as a van, a truck, or a plane, have different weights and size capacities. On this basis, companies earn their revenue, and carriers use a weight-to-volume formula. For example, a large parcel box that weighs 5 kilograms may take up a lot of space on the back of a van without it reaching its weight capacity. On the other hand, a flat parcel box that weighs 15 kilograms is heavier than the large box but doesn't take up as much space, leaving plenty of room for other boxes until the vehicle reaches its weight capacity.\nAs such, carriers use volumetric weight while delivering packages. The formula may differ depending on the carrier and the transportation method they decide to use for shipping.\nCan You Reduce the Volumetric Weight of Your Parcel?\nYou may be worried about the costs of your delivery. With an added confusion of different guidelines and prices provided by various courier companies, it may be even discouraging to send a parcel in the first place. You may also be worried about extra fees you might pay for providing incorrect package details. Fortunately, there are some things you can do to prevent that, and you can even reduce the shipping costs based on the volumetric weight of your parcel.\nMost importantly, remember to use the right-sized box to send your goods. If you buy a box that's too big for the contents, you'll pay higher courier rates. If you want to reduce your shipping costs by reducing the volumetric weight of your parcel, you can buy a smaller box. However, you run the risk of damaging what's inside by overpacking or cramming the items to make them fit inside.\nAlso, remember that not all courier services use volumetric weight to determine the cost of delivery. Volumetric weight calculations apply for parcels that are longer than 100 centimetres. Sometimes, these calculations won't apply in cases of packages under 30 kilograms and less than 100 cm long.\nWhat Are the Benefits of Using Volumetric Weight?\nFor some people, the term \"volumetric weight\" might be confusing. You may be wondering, why use volumetric weight and complicate things instead of using the actual weight? The main benefit of calculating your parcel's volumetric weight is that you save money by avoiding any potential fees for declaring invalid parcel weight.\nAdditionally, it's more cost-effective for both you and the courier company of your choice. As we mentioned earlier, couriers can use either the volumetric weight or parcel size to determine the cost of their services. By choosing the volumetric weight method in certain situations, they ensure you're charged for their services fairly.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-43", "url": "https://www.packlink.com/en-GB/volume-calculator/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585231.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20211019012407-20211019042407-00140.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9282188416, "token_count": 1376, "score": 2.515625, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Cad é Meáchan Tomhais?\nBaineann tionscal na gcurrála agus iompróirí, go ginearálta, le modhanna éagsúla chun a modhanna loingseoireachta agus costas a gcuid seirbhísí a mheas. Soláthraíonn an chuid is mó acu a gcuid seirbhísí ar bhonn méid na bpáirce nó a meáchain toirte. Tá an chéad straitéis éasca le tuiscint - go bunúsach, is é an méid is mó a bhíonn sa phasáiste, is mó an costas a bhíonn air a sheoladh ós rud é go nglacann sé go leor spás feithicle. Ach cad é an meáchan toirteach go díreach agus conas a bhíonn sé difriúil ó mheáchan iarbhír pacáiste? Conas a dhéanann iompróirí é a ríomh agus cén fáth go mbraitheann siad gur fearr an modh seo a úsáid?\nIs modh praghsála é meáchan toirte, ar a dtugtar meáchan tomhais freisin, a úsáidtear chun meáchan páirce a ríomh. Baineann an fhoirmle le fad, le leithead agus le airde pacáiste a iolrú. Is gnách go n-úsáideann seoltóirí éagsúla tomhais éagsúla, agus roinnfidh siad an figiúr deiridh le 5,000 nó 4,000 - is é an uimhir seo a dtugtar an roinnteoir dim.\nRíomhchláir Bhóim do Mhodhanna Loingseoireachta Difríúla\nIs éard atá i gceist leis an méid seo ná go bhfuil an t-airgead a chuirtear ar fáil ag an gcuideachta i gcás ina bhfuil an t-airgead a chuirtear ar fáil ag an gcuideachta i gcás ina bhfuil an t-airgead a chuirtear ar fáil ag an gcuideachta i gcás ina bhfuil an t-airgead a chuirtear ar fáil ag an gcuideachta i gcás ina bhfuil an t-airgead a chuirtear ar fáil ag an gcuideachta i gcás ina bhfuil an t-airgead a chuirtear ar fáil ag an gcuideachta i gcás ina bhfuil an t-airgead a chuirtear ar fáil ag an gcuideachta i gcás ina bhfuil an t-airgead a chuirtear ar fáil ag an gcuideachta. Tá cuid acu, cosúil le TNT, comhionann le 1 méadar ciúbach le 250 kg (1 cbm = 250 kg). Chomh maith leis sin, tá na foirmlí meáchain toirmeascacha caighdeánacha a úsáideann siad difriúil, ag brath ar a modh loingseoireachta. Seo mar a fhéachann sé i gcásanna lasta aeir, lasta farraige, agus lasta bóthair:\n- Loingseoireacht: 1 méadar ciúbach = 167 cileagram\n- Loingseoireacht: 1 méadar ciúbach = 1,000 cileagram\n- Earraí bóthair: 1 méadar ciúbach = 333 cileagram\nMeáchan toirteach i gcoinne Meáchan iarbhír\nNí hionann meáchan toirteach do phascála agus a mheáchan iarbhír, ós rud é go n-úsáidtear foirmle difriúil (fhad x airde x leithead roinnte ar an roinnteoir dim). Maidir le cuideachta seolta, ní hé meáchan iarbhír do phasáiste an fachtóir is tábhachtaí. Is é an rud is tábhachtaí ná an méid spáis a ghlacfaidh do phacáiste i bhfeithicil. Go hachomair, déanann iompróirí an costas a bhaineann le pacáistí móra a sheoladh a phraghasú ar mhéid an bhosca, ní ar an meáchan. Ar an láimh eile, beidh an praghas le haghaidh loingseoireacht bpacáiste níos lú bunaithe ar an meáchan, ní ar an méid.\nDéanaimis dhá phacáiste éagsúla a ghlacadh chun é a mhíniú níos fearr. Is é an chéad phacáiste bosca cártaí mór agus meáchan 5 cileagram. Is bosca pacáiste cothrom an dara ceann agus meáchan 15 cileagram é. Déanfaidh an teachtaire an meáchan toirteamhachta a chur i gcomparáid le meáchan fisiciúil iarbhír an phascail agus gearrfaidh sé an táille is mó den dá cheann. Tugtar meáchan iníoctha nó meáchan iníoctha ar an modh seo freisin. Dá bhrí sin, d'fhéadfadh go n-íocfá níos mó as bosca níos éadroime, ach níos mó, a sheachadadh, ós rud é go nglacann sé níos mó spáis feithicle.\nConas a ríomhann tú meáchan tomhais?\nTá sé simplí meáchan toirte a ríomh - ní mór duit ach an fhoirmle a fhios agus na céimeanna seo a leanúint:\n- Tomhais do phacáiste. Ní mór duit a trí thomhais a fhios: fad, airde, agus leithead.\n- Moltaí trí thrí-thaobhacha do phasc (fhad x airde x leithead).\n- Tóg an uimhir síos agus é a roinnt leis an roinnteoir dim. Tá a roinnteoir éadrom ag gach cuideachta seoltaí - is minic, beidh ort an figiúr deiridh a roinnt le 5,000 nó 4,000, ach ná déan dearmad é a sheiceáil gach uair a úsáideann tú seirbhísí seoltaí.\n- Léiríonn an figiúr a fuair tú tar éis chéim 3 meáchan toirteach do phascle. Beidh an luachan praghsála uathoibríoch bunaithe ar an meáchan iarbhír, ar choinníoll go bhfuil an meáchan iarbhír níos mó ná an meáchan uathoibríoch.\nCoinnigh i gcuimhne cé gur féidir leat na ríomhanna a reáchtáil leat féin, is féidir leat ríomhchlár meáchain toirte a lorg ar líne freisin. Tugann go leor cuideachtaí seolta agus iompair rochtain duit ar ríomhchlár toirte ar a suíomhanna Gréasáin, rud a ligeann duit meáchan tomhais do phacáiste a ríomh tú féin.\nCén fáth a n-úsáideann iompróirí meáchan tomhais?\nDéantar do phacáistí agus do earraí a iompar le feithiclí. Tá meáchan agus cumas méideanna éagsúla ag na feithiclí sin, mar shampla feithicil, trucail, nó eitleán. Ar an mbonn seo, gheobhaidh cuideachtaí a n-ioncam, agus úsáideann iompróirí foirmle meáchain-le-toirte. Mar shampla, d'fhéadfadh bosca mór pacála a mheá 5 cileagram go leor spáis a ghlacadh ar chúl an bhosca gan a chumas meáchain a bhaint amach. Ar an láimh eile, tá bosca pacála cothrom a mheáchan 15 cileagram níos trom ná an bosca mór ach ní thógann sé an oiread spáis, ag fágáil go leor spáis do bhoscaí eile go dtí go sroichfidh an fheithicil a chumas meáchain.\nMar sin, úsáideann iompróirí meáchan toirte nuair a sheachadann siad pacáistí. Féadfaidh an fhoirmle a bheith difriúil ag brath ar an iompróir agus ar an modh iompair a chinneann siad a úsáid le haghaidh loingseoireachta.\nAn Féidir Leat Meáchan Toirteach Do Pháirceal a Laghdú?\nB'fhéidir go bhfuil imní ort faoi chostais do sheachadadh. Agus mearbhall breise ann de threoirlínte agus praghsanna éagsúla a sholáthraíonn cuideachtaí curry éagsúla, d'fhéadfadh sé a bheith díspreagúil pacáiste a sheoladh sa chéad áit. D'fhéadfadh go mbeadh imní ort freisin faoi mhuirir bhreise a d'fhéadfadh a bheith agat a íoc as sonraí mícheart a sholáthar maidir le pacáiste. Ar an dea-uair, tá roinnt rudaí is féidir leat a dhéanamh chun é sin a chosc, agus is féidir leat fiú na costais loingseoireachta a laghdú bunaithe ar mheáchan toirteach do phacáiste.\nIs é an rud is tábhachtaí, cuimhnigh an bosca ceart a úsáid chun do chuid earraí a sheoladh. Má cheannaíonn tú bosca atá ró-mhór don ábhar, íocfaidh tú rátaí seolta níos airde. Más mian leat do chostais loingseoireachta a laghdú trí mheáchan toirteach do phasáiste a laghdú, is féidir leat bosca níos lú a cheannach. Mar sin féin, tá an baol ann go ndéanfaidh tú damáiste don rud atá istigh má chuireann tú na míreanna thar a bheith i mbosca nó má chuireann tú iad i mbosca go leor chun go mbeidh siad in ann dul isteach.\nCuimhnigh freisin nach n-úsáideann gach seirbhís seolta meáchain toirte chun costas an seachadta a chinneadh. Tá feidhm ag na ríomhanna meáchain toirteacha maidir le píosaí atá níos faide ná 100 ceintiméadar. Uaireanta, ní bheidh feidhm ag na ríomhanna seo i gcás pacáistí faoi 30 kg agus níos lú ná 100 cm ar fhad.\nCad iad na buntáistí a bhaineann le meáchan tomhais a úsáid?\nD'fhéadfadh an téarma \"tromleabhar\" a bheith mearbhall ar roinnt daoine. B'fhéidir go bhfuil tú ag smaoineamh, cén fáth a úsáid meáchan toirte agus rudaí a chasta a úsáid in ionad an meáchan iarbhír a úsáid? Is é an príomhbhuntáiste a bhaineann le meáchan toirteach do phasáiste a ríomh ná go sábhálann tú airgead trí aon táillí a d'fhéadfadh a bheith ann maidir le meáchan neamhbhailí an phasáiste a dhearbhú.\nIna theannta sin, tá sé níos costéifeachtúla don dá tú agus an chuideachta seolta de do rogha. Mar a luadh thuas, is féidir le seoltóirí úsáid a bhaint as meáchan tomhais nó as méid na bpacáiste chun costas a gcuid seirbhísí a chinneadh. Trí mhodh an mheáchain bhuamála a roghnú i gcásanna áirithe, cinntíonn siad go gcuirtear táille cothrom ort as a gcuid seirbhísí."} {"text": "Definition of Budgerygah\n1. Noun. Small Australian parakeet usually light green with black and yellow markings in the wild but bred in many colors.\nGeneric synonyms: Parakeet, Paraquet, Paroquet, Parrakeet, Parroket, Parroquet\nGroup relationships: Genus Melopsittacus, Melopsittacus\nClick the following link to bring up a new window with an automated collection of images related to the term: Budgerygah Images", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-18", "url": "http://www.lexic.us/definition-of/budgerygah", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-18/segments/1461860121090.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20160428161521-00094-ip-10-239-7-51.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.771175921, "token_count": 104, "score": 2.53125, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Sainmhíniú ar Budgerygah\n1. an t-am a bhí ann. Ainmfhocal. De ghnáth bíonn parakeet beag na hAstráile bán éadrom le marcanna dubh agus buí sa fhiáin ach tá sé tógtha i go leor dathanna.\nSinimacha cineálacha: Parakeet, Paraquet, Paroquet, Parrakeet, Parroket, Parroquet\nCaidrimh ghrúpa: Gineas Melopsittacus, Melopsittacus\nCliceáil ar an nasc seo a leanas chun fuinneog nua a thabhairt suas le bailiúchán uathoibrithe íomhánna a bhaineann leis an téarma: Budgerygah Images"} {"text": "Throat ulcers could be a repercussion of untreated infections of the respiratory tract, or problems such as tonsillitis and pharyngitis. These ulcers may also indicate serious infections caused by the HIV, Epstein-Barr virus, herpes simplex virus or yeast.\nTreatment generally involves seeking medical attention, as soon as the symptoms start appearing. Medications may help to curb the progress of the ulcers and any further deterioration of the throat tissues.\n# To ease the throat pain, you can make use of warm saline water to gargle, and take some anti-inflammatory prescribed medicines.\n# If you are having a difficult time in swallowing food, then taking thicker liquid foods like soups and the like, would be a better option.\n# Avoid taking spicy foods or those containing any chemicals or salts. This may worsen the condition and aggravate the painful symptoms.\n# To take care of the foul taste and bad breath, you can clean your teeth and mouth more often.\nThe affected person may recuperate within a span of few weeks or it may even take a month for him to recover fully. Sometimes it may happen that the ulcers recur even after a successful treatment.\nThe first and most noticeable symptom which may signify that a person has developed throat ulcers is difficulty in swallowing food . For some, it might be a mild discomfort, while the condition may make it almost impossible for others to swallow any food, at all. The open cuts of the ulcers generally cause great pain, the moment any food (especially solid food) passes over them.\nIf you are suffering from throat ulcers, then you may have a check at the ulcers by doing a self inspection of your throat.\nLooking at the mirror, open your mouth and flatten your tongue so that you get more visibility of the throat area. Use a flashlight to get a better view. If there are any ulcers present, then you may be able to clearly notice some white spots on the tonsil area. These white spots are usually the place where the ulcers are located.\nWith time, the ulcer tissues secrete pus and take on a gray color, signifying that the cells of the throat are dying.\nDue to pus secretion, you may also experience foul taste or breath in your mouth. Other symptoms could be enlarged lymph nodes, fever, cough or nasal congestion.\nAs said, medical treatment is the only viable option when it comes to curing throat ulcers. Do not cater to the risk of practicing any kind of home remedies without any adequate information or guidance. Prevention of throat ulcers is a difficult prospect. The best you can do is strengthen your immune system. This you can do by inculcating a balanced diet which consists of all the important vitamins and minerals required by the body to ward off infections. Avoiding the onset of throat infections may also contribute to the prevention of these ulcers to some extent and so does shunning habits such as smoking, tobacco chewing, alcohol abuse, etc.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-51", "url": "https://healthhearty.com/throat-ulcers", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376830479.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20181219025453-20181219051453-00230.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9422000647, "token_count": 617, "score": 2.78125, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "D'fhéadfadh ulcers throat a bheith ina iarmhairt ar ionfhabhtuithe neamhchóireáilte ar an gcosán haeráide, nó fadhbanna mar tonsilitis agus pharyngitis. D'fhéadfadh go léireodh na ulcers seo ionfhabhtuithe tromchúiseacha a d'fhéadfadh a bheith mar thoradh ar VEID, víreas Epstein- Barr, víreas herpes simplex nó fíosta.\nIs gnách go mbíonn cóireáil i gceist le cúnamh leighis a lorg, a luaithe a thosaíonn na hairíonna ag teacht chun cinn. D'fhéadfadh cógais cabhrú le dul chun cinn na n-ulcers a chosc agus aon athruithe breise ar na fíocháin throat.\n# Chun an pian throat a mhaolú, is féidir leat uisce salann te a úsáid chun gargle a dhéanamh, agus roinnt cógais frith-athlastacha a fhorordaítear a ghlacadh.\n# Má tá tú ag a bheith ag am deacair i swallow bia, ansin ag ithe bianna leachtach thicker cosúil le súp agus mar sin de, bheadh rogha níos fearr.\n# Seachain bianna spicy a ithe nó iad siúd ina bhfuil ceimiceáin nó salainn. D'fhéadfadh sé seo an staid a dhéanamh níos measa agus na hairíonna pianmhara a mhéadú.\n# Chun aire a thabhairt don bhlas agus do bhlag bocht, is féidir leat do chuid fiacla agus do bhéal a ghlanadh níos minice.\nD'fhéadfadh an duine a bhfuil an galar air a bheith ag teacht ar ais laistigh de chúpla seachtain nó d'fhéadfadh sé go dtógfadh sé mí go hiomlán. Uaireanta d'fhéadfadh sé tarlú go dtarlóidh na ulcers arís fiú tar éis cóireála rathúil.\nIs é an chéad chomhartha agus is suntasaí a d' fhéadfadh a léiriú go bhfuil ulcers throat forbartha ag duine ná deacracht bia a shlógáil . D'fhéadfadh sé a bheith ina neamhchompordach éadrom do chuid acu, agus d'fhéadfadh an staid a bheith beagnach dodhéanta do dhaoine eile aon bhia a shlógáil, ar chor ar bith. De ghnáth bíonn pian mór ag na gearradh oscailte ar na ulcers, an nóiméad a théann aon bhia (beagnach bia soladach) thar iad.\nMá tá ulcers throat agat, ansin is féidir leat na ulcers a sheiceáil trí féin-iniúchadh a dhéanamh ar do throat.\nAg féachaint ar an scáthán, oscail do bhéal agus cuir do theanga go cothrom ionas go mbeidh níos mó le feiceáil ar an gceantar throat. Bain úsáid as lasc-lámhach chun radharc níos fearr a fháil. Má tá aon ulcers i láthair, ansin d'fhéadfadh go mbeadh tú in ann a thabhairt faoi deara go soiléir roinnt spotaí bána ar an limistéar tonsil. Is gnách gurb iad na spotaí bána seo an áit ina bhfuil na ulcers.\nLe himeacht ama, scaipeann na fíocháin ulcer pus agus bíonn dath liath orthu, rud a léiríonn go bhfuil cealla na throat ag fáil bháis.\nMar gheall ar secretion pus, d'fhéadfadh go mbeadh blas nó anailís olc i do bhéal agat freisin. D'fhéadfadh comharthaí eile a bheith i ngnóid lymph méadaithe, fiabhras, cough nó congestion nasal.\nMar a luadh, is é an chóireáil leighis an t-aon rogha inmharthana maidir le leigheas ulcers throat. Ná bíodh imní ort faoi aon chineál leigheasanna baile a chleachtadh gan aon fhaisnéis nó treoir leordhóthanach. Is ionchas deacair é cosc a chur ar ulcers throat. Is é an rud is fearr is féidir leat a dhéanamh ná do chóras imdhíonachta a neartú. Is féidir leat é seo a dhéanamh trí aiste bia cothrom a chur i do chroí a chuimsíonn na vitimíní agus na mianraí tábhachtacha go léir a theastaíonn ón gcomhlacht chun ionfhabhtuithe a chosc. D'fhéadfadh go gcuirfeadh cosc ar ionfhabhtuithe throat a thosaíonn le dul i bhfeidhm freisin chun na ulcers seo a chosc go pointe áirithe agus mar sin féin, tá cleachtais mar cheimiceáil tobac, mí-úsáid alcóil, etc."} {"text": "It’s a debate that has raged on between parents and children, between teachers and students for decades; whether or not it is better for students to listen to music while performing their studies. We have all had the experience of being better able to stay focused while listening to music. But is it just our imagination, or does music really help us to be more productive?\nThere’s no debate around the idea that people experience positive emotions while listening to music. We listen to music in order to make all sorts of activities more enjoyable such as driving, doing house chores, exercising, and so on. We listen to music to help us feel more enthusiastic about tasks that are otherwise monotonous.\nNew research is telling us that what we told our parents during high school may be true after all; listening to music while working really can help us to stay focused and to enjoy our time at work.\nStudies show that music does, in fact, reduce the effects of negative emotions such as anxiety, stress, and depression. Some researchers say that it can even reduce the intensity of delirium and confusion in the elderly while recovering from surgeries.\nIt’s a finding that readily jibes with our intuition. We tend to say that music helps us to feel rewarded in the moment by our work. Choosing the right type of music for the right types of activity helps us to perceive ourselves in our working capacity as being successful and productive. This is especially true with music that features lyrics- when those lyrics tell a story that is congruous with the narrative that we want to create around productive behavior.\nInterestingly, the researchers found that when people listen to sad music, they are more likely to see others as being sad, and when they listen to happy music they are more prone to perceive others accordingly. With this in mind, it’s not hard to infer that listening to upbeat music that isn’t terribly interruptive can help people in an office environment to feel better about the time they spend at work. This, in turn, makes people more productive.\nWhere large corporations sometimes run into trouble with this is by piping Muzak into their office spaces hoping to impose a generalized positive effect on their entire workforce. While there are some benefits to this- many research participants report that they find the music to be annoying. Of course, modern information technology allows people to listen to the music of their choice while working at their own desks. This is ideal because the music selection that creates a positive working atmosphere for one person would feel like noise pollution to another person.\nOne of the most mysterious findings has been that a number of neurological centers in the brain that are activated by music varies from one person to another. So it’s best to avoid the ‘one sound system fits all’ answer to the question of supplying music to working people.\nIn addition to the fact that different people respond differently to different genres of popular music, researchers have also found that different types of music are best for different types of tasks. This is perhaps the strongest evidence for why it is a bad idea for employers, for example, to impose one type of music on their entire work force.\nHere’s a quick breakdown of what types of music are best for what types of tasks.\nClassical symphonies are the best type of music to listen to when performing mathematical operations, or when your work requires high attention to detail. Proof reading technical material or working on circuit boards are good examples.\nPopular music is great for repetitive tasks like washing dishes, data entry, and so on. Popular music contains upbeat rhythms that are generally fun to listen to, and it also offers listeners a great deal of positive socialization-related input. This is a great help in maintaining attention in tasks that could easily become monotonous.\nGenres like hard rock, hip hop, and raucous country can be a bit divisive when they are imposed on others. However, for those who enjoy it- bass heavy music and hard driving rhythms are great for boosting confidence. This is a great benefit before important meetings or before giving a presentation where confidence and assertiveness can be key to success. The research shows that these types of music should be listened to before tasks and during breaks since they can be quite interruptive. The exception, of course, is exercise. Empowering pop during fitness activities can give you the boost you need to break through plateaus in your regimen.\nMusic that creates a mood without using lyrics or interruptive musical styling is ideal for creative and repetitive tasks. Activities that do not require high cognitive function are best supported by ambient music. Music that is repetitive and energetic, but low on imagery has been shown to have a positive effect on pacing in tasks that would otherwise feel monotonous.\nWe would be remiss to omit the cognitive and learning benefits associated with the compositions of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. The University of California published a study that has been reproduced multiple times and is well accepted. They found that by exposing students to recordings of Mozart’s compositions increased memory retention, attention, cognitive abilities and also boosted mood. Most importantly, test scores improved. The works of this composer have been studied so thoroughly, and the benefits are so well accepted that they have come to be known as The Mozart Effect.\nMusic has been stimulating our imaginations, boosting our mood, enhancing social experiences, and improving the quality of people’s lives for as long as human beings have inhabited the Earth. Our relationship to music- like our relationship to food- is an extraordinarily intimate one. So it should not be surprising that it should have such beneficial effects on our ability to perform our daily tasks.\nScience has shown us that using music strategically will make you more productive- and in time- we think that becoming more effective can enhance our overall enjoyment of music, and make our daily lives much more fulfilling.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-51", "url": "https://specterwireless.com/does-listening-to-music-improve-productivity/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376825916.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20181214140721-20181214162221-00268.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9686486721, "token_count": 1204, "score": 3.125, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Is díospóireacht é atá ag dul ar aghaidh idir tuismitheoirí agus leanaí, idir múinteoirí agus mic léinn le blianta fada; cibé an bhfuil sé níos fearr nó nach bhfuil do mhic léinn éisteacht le ceol agus iad ag déanamh a gcuid staidéir. Bhí taithí againn go léir ar bheith níos fearr in ann díriú a choinneáil agus muid ag éisteacht le ceol. Ach an bhfuil sé ach ár samhlaíocht, nó an chuidíonn ceol go fírinneach linn a bheith níos táirgiúla?\nNíl aon díospóireacht ann faoin smaoineamh go mbíonn mothúcháin dhearfacha ag daoine agus iad ag éisteacht le ceol. Éisteann muid le ceol chun go mbeidh gach cineál gníomhaíochtaí níos taitneamhaí mar tiomáint, obair bhaile a dhéanamh, aclaíocht a dhéanamh, agus mar sin de. Éisteann muid le ceol chun cabhrú linn mothú níos díograise faoi thrialacha a bhíonn monotonous ar shlí eile.\nDeir taighde nua linn go bhféadfadh an méid a dúirt muid lenár dtuismitheoirí le linn na scoile ard a bheith fíor tar éis an tsaoil; ag éisteacht le ceol agus muid ag obair is féidir linn cabhrú linn díriú agus taitneamh a bhaint as ár n-am ag obair.\nLéiríonn staidéir go laghdaíonn ceol éifeachtaí mothúchán diúltach amhail imní, strus, agus dúlagar. Deir roinnt taighdeoirí go bhféadfadh sé fiú déileáil go mall le déileáil agus mearbhall i measc daoine scothaosta agus iad ag teacht ar ais ó mháinliúcháin.\nIs toradh é a chomhcheanglaíonn go héasca lenár dtuiscint. Is minic a deirimid go gcuireann ceol le linn dúinn a bheith luachmhara ag an nóiméad seo le linn ár gcuid oibre. Cuidíonn an cineál ceoil cheart a roghnú do na cineálacha gníomhaíochta ceart linn a bheith ag smaoineamh orainn féin inár gcumas oibre mar a bheith rathúil agus táirgiúil. Tá sé seo fíor go háirithe le ceol a bhfuil liricí- nuair a insíonn na liricí sin scéal atá comhoiriúnach leis an scéal a theastaíonn uainn a chruthú timpeall ar iompar táirgiúil.\nGo suimiúil, fuair na taighdeoirí amach go bhfuil daoine a chloiseann ceol brónach níos mó seans ann go bhfeiceann siad daoine eile mar dhaoine brónach, agus nuair a chloiseann siad ceol sona bíonn siad níos mó seans ann daoine eile a mheas mar sin. Agus é seo san áireamh, ní deacair a rá gur féidir le ceol ardchraicinn nach bhfuil ró-srianmhar a éisteacht cabhrú le daoine i dtimpeallacht oifige mothú níos fearr a fháil faoin am a chaitheann siad ag obair. Déanann sé seo, ina dhiaidh sin, daoine a dhéanamh níos táirgiúla.\nNuair a bhíonn corparáidí móra i dtrioblóid leis seo uaireanta is trí Muzak a chur isteach ina n-áiteanna oifige ag súil le héifeacht dhearfach ginearálta a fhorchur ar a bhfoireann iomlán. Cé go bhfuil roinnt buntáistí leis seo - tuairiscíonn go leor rannpháirtithe taighde go bhfaigheann siad an ceol a bheith annoying. Ar ndóigh, tugann teicneolaíocht faisnéise nua-aimseartha deis do dhaoine éisteacht le ceol a roghnaíonn siad agus iad ag obair ina mboscaí féin. Tá sé seo oiriúnach toisc go mbraitheann an rogha ceoil a chruthaíonn atmaisféar oibre dearfach do dhuine amháin mar thruailliú torainn do dhuine eile.\nCeann de na torthaí is mistéireach a fuarthas ná go bhfuil roinnt ionad néarólach sa inchinn a ghníomhaítear le ceol éagsúil ó dhuine go duine. Dá bhrí sin is fearr an freagra ar an gceist maidir le ceol a sholáthar do dhaoine atá ag obair a sheachaint ar an bhfreagra \"ceol amháin a oireann do gach duine\".\nChomh maith leis an bhfíric go bhfreagraíonn daoine éagsúla ar ghinearrtha éagsúla ceoil tóir ar bhealach difriúil, d'aimsigh taighdeoirí freisin go bhfuil cineálacha éagsúla ceoil is fearr le haghaidh cineálacha éagsúla tascanna. Is dócha gurb é seo an fhianaise is láidre ar an gcúis go bhfuil sé ina droch-smaoineamh do fhostóirí, mar shampla, cineál ceoil amháin a fhorchur ar a lucht oibre ar fad.\nSeo roinnt gairid de na cineálacha ceoil is fearr le haghaidh na cineálacha tascanna.\nIs iad na siombailí clasaiceacha an cineál ceoil is fearr le éisteacht nuair a bhíonn oibríochtaí matamaiticiúla á ndéanamh agat, nó nuair a éilíonn do chuid oibre aird mhór ar mhionsonraí. Is samplaí maith iad próifílí a bhaineann le ábhar teicniúil a léamh nó le obair ar bhord chiorcaid.\nTá ceol tóir iontach le haghaidh tascanna athdhéanta cosúil le miasa a ní, sonraí a iontráil, agus mar sin de. Tá rithimí fionnuar i gceol tóir a bhfuil spraoi ag éisteacht leo de ghnáth, agus cuireann sé go leor ionchur dearfach a bhaineann le sóisialaíocht ar fáil do lucht éisteachta freisin. Cabhraíonn sé seo go mór le aird a choinneáil ar chúraimí a d'fhéadfadh a bheith monotonous go héasca.\nIs féidir le seánraí cosúil le hard rock, hip hop, agus tír thráthúil a bheith beagán scoilteach nuair a chuirtear orthu ar dhaoine eile iad. Mar sin féin, dóibh siúd a thaitníonn leis an gceol trom agus an t-uafás crua tiomána, is iontach iad chun muinín a mhéadú. Is mór an tairbhe é seo roimh chruinnithe tábhachtacha nó sula ndéantar cur i láthair ina bhféadfadh muinín agus dearbhacht a bheith ina gcloí chun rath a bhaint amach. Léiríonn an taighde gur chóir éisteacht leis na cineálacha ceoil seo roimh tascanna agus le linn sosanna ós rud é gur féidir leo a bheith go leor scoir. Is é an eisceacht, ar ndóigh, an cleachtadh. Is féidir le cumhacht a thabhairt do pop le linn gníomhaíochtaí aclaíochta an treoshuíomh a theastaíonn uait a bhriseadh trí phlátaí i do chóireáil.\nTá ceol a chruthaíonn stádas gan liricí nó stíl ceoil bhriseadh-chríoch a úsáid oiriúnach le haghaidh tascanna cruthaitheacha agus athdhéanta. Is fearr tacú le ceol timpeallachta le gníomhaíochtaí nach dteastaíonn feidhm chognaíoch ard uathu. Tá sé léirithe go bhfuil éifeacht dhearfach ag ceol atá ath-aithris agus fuinniúil, ach íseal ar íomhánna, ar luas a chur ar thascanna a bhraitheann monotonous ar shlí eile.\nBheadh sé neamhchúramúil na buntáistí cognaíocha agus foghlama a bhaineann le hailt Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart a fhágáil ar lár. D'fhoilsigh Ollscoil California staidéar a rinneadh arís agus arís eile agus a bhfuil glacadh maith leis. Fuair siad amach go raibh méadú ar choimeád cuimhne, ar aird, ar chumais chognaíocha agus ar mheon freisin trí dhaltaí a chur in iúl do thaifeadadh de chumrachtaí Mozart. Is é an rud is tábhachtaí ná go ndeachaigh scóir na tástála chun cinn. Tá saothair an chumadóra seo staidéar chomh críochnúil, agus na buntáistí a glacadh chomh maith go bhfuil siad a tháinig ar a dtugtar an Eifig Mozart.\nTá ceol ag spreagadh ár samhlaíochta, ag cur ár n-ainneoin, ag feabhsú eispéiris shóisialta, agus ag feabhsú cáilíocht na beatha daoine chomh fada agus a bhí daoine ina gcónaí ar an Domhan. Is é ár gcaidreamh leis an gceol - cosúil lenár gcaidreamh le bia - ceann neamhghnách dlúth. Dá bhrí sin, níor cheart go mbeadh iontas orainn go mbeadh tionchar chomh tairbheach sin aige ar ár gcumas a gcuid oibre laethúla a dhéanamh.\nTaispeánann an eolaíocht dúinn go ndéanfaidh úsáid straitéiseach ceoil tú níos táirgiúla - agus le himeacht ama - creidimid gur féidir le bheith níos éifeachtaí ár nglacadh le ceol a fheabhsú, agus ár saol laethúil a dhéanamh i bhfad níos sásúla."} {"text": "SAC'S GREEN PLAN\nIn January 2009, the Administration decided to strengthen its efforts to make SAC a greener place. We wanted to build on the momentum of student projects and initiatives led by SAGE, such as, banning plastic water bottles on campus, instituting a no-idling policy, using recycled paper, and banning pesticides on the grounds. In short, we wanted a plan for making St. Andrew’s College “the greenest place possible.\"\nTo do so, we created a multi-stakeholder Environmental Task Force, comprised of faculty, staff, administrators, parents, and students, which was tasked with developing an Environmental Plan that includes short, medium, and long term goals for greening the School. The Task Force was formed in January 2009 and completed its work in December 2014.\nThe Environmental Plan\nis organized into four categories which focus on different aspects of the School. They are: Education and Curriculum, Community and Communications, Physical Plant and Facilities, and Operations. Over the year, the Task Force and working groups met several times to explore ideas, costs, and benefits of several strategies for greening of the School.\nThe ambitious plan has achieved great success including a 25% reduction in energy consumption, a 45% increase in recycling rate, a 30% reduction in paper consumption, and a 15% reduction in carbon footprint/greenhouse gas emissions. To read more about how SAC accomplished its greening mission, click here", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-43", "url": "https://www.sac.on.ca/discover/green-school/green-plan", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585353.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20211020214358-20211021004358-00416.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9589048624, "token_count": 301, "score": 2.609375, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "PÉIN GREEN SAC\nI mí Eanáir 2009, chinn an Riarachán a chuid iarrachtaí a neartú chun SAC a dhéanamh ina áit níos glaine. Bhíomar ag iarraidh tógáil ar an luas a bhí ag tionscadail agus tionscnaimh mhic léinn faoi stiúir SAGE, mar shampla, buidéil uisce plaisteach a thoirmeasc ar an gcampas, beartas gan idling a bhunú, páipéar athchúrsáilte a úsáid, agus lotnaidicídí a thoirmeasc ar an gcúis. Go hachomair, theastaigh uainn plean a dhéanamh chun Coláiste Naomh Andrew a dhéanamh mar an áit is glas is féidir\".\nChun é sin a dhéanamh, chruthaíomar Tascfhórsa Comhshaoil il-pháirtithe leasmhara, comhdhéanta de fhoireann, foireann, riarthóirí, tuismitheoirí agus daltaí, a raibh sé de chúram orthu Plean Comhshaoil a fhorbairt a chuimsíonn spriocanna gearrthéarmach, mheántéarmacha agus fadtéarmacha chun an Scoil a ghlasú. Bunaíodh an Tascfhórsa i mí Eanáir 2009 agus chríochnaigh sé a chuid oibre i mí na Nollag 2014.\nAn Plean Comhshaoil\neagraithe i gceithre chatagóir a dhíríonn ar ghnéithe éagsúla den Scoil. Is iad seo: Oideachas agus Cúrsa, Pobail agus Cumarsáid, Plandaí agus Áiseanna Físeacha, agus Oibríochtaí. Le linn na bliana, bhuail an Tascfhórsa agus grúpaí oibre arís agus arís eile chun smaointe, costais agus tairbhí straitéisí éagsúla chun an Scoil a ghlasú a iniúchadh.\nTá an plean uaillmhianach tar éis rath mór a bhaint amach lena n-áirítear laghdú 25% ar thomhaltas fuinnimh, méadú 45% ar ráta athchúrsála, laghdú 30% ar thomhaltas páipéir, agus laghdú 15% ar an mbraighdean carbóin/astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa. Chun tuilleadh a léamh faoi conas a chomhlíon SAC a mhisean glasúcháin, cliceáil anseo"} {"text": "A stent is a small, expandable tube. During a procedure called\nangioplasty, the stent is inserted into a coronary artery and expanded using a\nsmall balloon. A stent is used to open a narrowed or clotted artery.\nByHealthwise Staff Primary Medical ReviewerRakesh K. Pai, MD, FACC - Cardiology, Electrophysiology Specialist Medical ReviewerStephen Fort, MD, MRCP, FRCPC - Interventional Cardiology\nRakesh K. Pai, MD, FACC - Cardiology, Electrophysiology & Stephen Fort, MD, MRCP, FRCPC - Interventional Cardiology\nThe Health Encyclopedia contains general health information. Not all treatments or services described are covered benefits for Kaiser Permanente members or offered as services by Kaiser Permanente. For a list of covered benefits, please refer to your Evidence of Coverage or Summary Plan Description. For recommended treatments, please consult with your health care provider.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-22", "url": "https://healthy.kaiserpermanente.org/static/health-encyclopedia/en-us/kb/zm23/11/zm2311.shtml", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-22/segments/1464049274191.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20160524002114-00123-ip-10-185-217-139.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8755230308, "token_count": 204, "score": 3.0, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Is feadán beag, in-leathnaithe é stent. Le linn nós imeachta ar a dtugtar\nangioplasty, cuirtear an stent isteach i n-artéar corónach agus leathnaítear é ag baint úsáide as\nballún beag. Úsáidtear stent chun artery a bhí caol nó clúdaithe a oscailt.\nByHealthwise Staff Primary Medical ReviewerRakesh K. Pai, MD, FACC - Cardiology, Electrophysiology Specialist Medical ReviewerStephen Fort, MD, MRCP, FRCPC - Cardiology Idirghabhálach\nRakesh K. Pai, MD, FACC - Cardiology, Electrophysiology & Stephen Fort, MD, MRCP, FRCPC - Cardiology Idirghabhálach\nTá faisnéis ghinearálta sláinte san Health Encyclopedia. Ní hionann gach cóireáil nó seirbhís a thuairiscítear agus sochair faoi chumhdach do chomhaltaí Kaiser Permanente ná seirbhísí a thairgeann Kaiser Permanente. Chun liosta de na sochair atá clúdaithe, féach do Fhianaise Clúdaithe nó Cur síos Gearrthóg ar an bPlean. Maidir le cóireálacha molta, déan teagmháil le do sholáthraí cúraim sláinte."} {"text": "adjective, yeast·i·er, yeast·i·est.\nOrigin of yeasty\nRelated Words for yeastycarbonated, sudsy, lathery, ebullient, effervescent, effusive, exuberant, yeasty, barmy, boiling, creamy, fizzy, frothy, simmering, spumous, fermented, scummy, seething, spumescent, bubbling\nExamples from the Web for yeasty\nContemporary Examples of yeasty\nIt is as yeasty as a dinner roll, and cut to form a pocket with closed ends that shore in all ingredients.El Guero Canelo Serves Tucson’s Most Mexcellent Hot Dog\nJane & Michael Stern\nMarch 30, 2014\nHistorical Examples of yeasty\nThey are the dough, and they dislike that yeasty stuff of life which comes and works about in them.The Island Pharisees\nWhat awakening, what striving with tears, what working of a yeasty conscience!Introduction to Robert Browning\nWe wheeled away to the right, and splashed into yeasty froth.The Riddle of the Sands\nThe Nadine's rockets had burned away the yeasty soil when she came to ground.Planet of Dread\nAt length the head assumes a yeasty appearance, the colour becomes yellowish brown, and a vinous odour is developed.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-04", "url": "https://www.dictionary.com/browse/yeasty", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547583681597.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20190119201117-20190119223117-00329.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9120881557, "token_count": 289, "score": 2.65625, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "adhéat, leacht, leacht.\nBunús na féasta\nFocail gaolmhara le haghaidh físteachcarbónáilte, spúdach, lathery, eibhlíneach, effervescent, effusive, exuberant, físteach, barmy, boiling, creamy, fizzy, foamy, simmering, spumous, fermented, scummy, seething, spumescent, bubbling\nSamplaí ón nGréasán le haghaidh leaiste\nSamplaí Coimhthíocha de Leiví\nTá sé chomh giosta mar rolla dinnéar, agus gearradh chun póca a dhéanamh le foircinn dúnta a shore i ngach comhábhar. El Guero Canelo Serves Tucson's Most Mexcellent Hot Dog\nJane agus Michael Stern\n30 Márta, 2014\nSamplaí Stairiúla de Leibhí\nIs iad an taos, agus nach maith leo go bhfuil an t-ábhar leavened na beatha a thagann agus oibríonn thart i n-a.The Oileán Pharisees\nCén awakening, cad struggling le deora, cad a oibríonn de choinsias leaistithe!Tagartha tosaigh do Robert Browning\nBhí muid rothlaithe ar shiúl ar dheis, agus splashed i spúnóg fíon.The Riddle na Sands\nBhí roicéid an Nadine ag dó an ithir giosta nuair a tháinig sí ar an talamh.\nFaoi dheireadh, bíonn cuma fíochmhar ar an gcinn, bíonn an dath donn-ghlártha, agus forbraítear boladh fíona."} {"text": "Collaborative Care for Chronic Pain in Primary Care: A Cluster Randomized Trial\nがん以外の慢性疼痛（おもに腰痛）に、いろいろな職種が共同で治療をすると、痛みのグレード（Chronic Pain Grade）が減少した報告。精神科医や、アシスタントの訪問や、電話でのフォローをした。残念ながら、pharmasistという職業は登場しないが、治療の比較で介入群はこれまでの治療群とくらべて、NSAIDsとカプサイシンの処方が多かったようだ。\nちなみにクラスターランダム化試験、Cluster Randomized Trialとは？\nCluster randomized trials\nA cluster randomized trial is a trial in which individuals are randomized in groups (i.e. the group is randomized, not the individual). For example, in a rural area with an endemic disease, we might randomise whole villages to have the intervention or not, rather than individual people. We then say that the village is the unit of randomization. In other situations, general practices, hospitals, families or school classrooms may be randomized. Reasons for performing cluster randomized trials vary. Sometimes the intervention can only be administered to the group, for example an addition to the water supply or a public education campaign; sometimes the motivation is to avoid contamination (all participants in the trial are affected by the intervention, even if it is only given directly to some of them); sometimes the design is simply more convenient or economical.\nA simple approach to dealing with cluster randomized trials is to assess outcomes only at the level of the group thereby keeping the unit of analysis the same as the unit of randomisation. One might measure a dichotomous outcome of whether the practice/classroom/village was a ‘success’ or a ‘failure’, or a continuous outcome of the percentage of individuals in the group who benefited. In this way, we obtain one outcome measurement from each randomized unit, and the analysis can proceed as if the groups were individuals – that is, using the techniques described elsewhere in Modules 11 and 12. It will probably strike you that there are limitations to this approach. First, cluster randomized trials are likely to randomize fewer groups than most simple trials randomize individuals. For example, a trial might randomise ten villages with a total of 15,000 inhabitants. Analysing by village, we would end up with only ten observations. So, we would end up with fewer data (and hence less statistical power) than a simple trial involving substantially fewer participants analysed as individuals. Second, not all groups will be the same size, and we would give the same weight to a village of 10,000 inhabitants as a village of 150 inhabitants.\nAn alternative possibility is to ignore the groupings and compare all the individuals in intervention groups with all those in control groups. This has been a common approach both to analysing individual cluster randomized trials and to representing them in systematic reviews. But it is problematic because it ignores the fact that individuals within a particular group tend to be more similar to each other than to members of other groups. Such analyses can spuriously overestimate the significance of differences, and should be avoided.\nThink of the example where we randomize villages. Residents in one village may share the same climate, nutrition, education and health care, which make their outcomes more similar to each other than to residents in a different village. We use the term intra-cluster correlation coefficient to describe the extent to which two members of one cluster are more similar than two people from different clusters.\nThere are statistical techniques for appropriate analyses of cluster randomized trials. We can recognize that clusters are made up of individuals and that there may be more individuals in one cluster than in another. The intra-cluster correlation coefficient plays an important role in these techniques. Further details can be found in Section 8 of the Reviewers’ Handbook. Cluster randomized trials may be incorporated into meta-analyses using the generic inverse-variance method.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-43", "url": "http://motonesu.net/2009/04/%E3%83%81%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A0%E5%8C%BB%E7%99%82%E3%81%A7%E6%85%A2%E6%80%A7%E7%96%BC%E7%97%9B%EF%BC%88%E3%81%8C%E3%82%93%E4%BB%A5%E5%A4%96%EF%BC%89/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323588282.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20211028065732-20211028095732-00380.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8805212379, "token_count": 967, "score": 2.546875, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Cúram Comhoibritheach le haghaidh Pianta Crónta i gCúram Príomhúil: Trialach Randomized Cluster\nCancer seachas crónach pian (((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((\n⇒ Cad é an triail randamach cluster?\nTrialacha randamaithe clústra\nIs éard atá i dtrialach randamaithe clúste ná triail ina ndéantar daoine a randamú i ngrúpaí (i.e. Tá an grúpa randamach, ní an duine aonair). Mar shampla, i gceantar tuaithe le galar endemic, d'fhéadfaimis sráidbhailte iomlána a randamú chun an idirghabháil a bheith acu nó nach bhfuil, seachas daoine aonair. Deirimid ansin gurb é an sráidbhaile an t-aonad randamaithe. I gcásanna eile, d'fhéadfadh cleachtais ghinearálta, ospidéil, teaghlaigh nó seomraí ranga scoile a bheith randamach. Tá cúiseanna éagsúla ann chun trialacha randamaithe clúste a dhéanamh. Uaireanta ní féidir an idirghabháil a riaradh ach don ghrúpa, mar shampla cur leis an soláthar uisce nó feachtas oideachais phoiblí; uaireanta is é an spreagadh é truailliú a sheachaint (tá tionchar ag an idirghabháil ar gach rannpháirtí sa triail, fiú mura dtugtar é go díreach ar chuid acu); uaireanta níl sa dearadh ach níos áisiúla nó níos eacnamaí.\nIs é cur chuige simplí chun déileáil le trialacha randamaithe clústeora ná torthaí a mheas ach amháin ar leibhéal an ghrúpa agus dá bhrí sin an t-aonad anailíse a choinneáil mar an gcéanna leis an aonad randamaithe. D'fhéadfadh duine toradh dichotomous a thomhas de cibé an raibh an cleachtas/aicme/sráidbhaile ina 'sásamh' nó ina 'fhéile', nó toradh leanúnach ar an céatadán daoine aonair sa ghrúpa a bhain tairbhe as. Ar an mbealach seo, faighimid tomhas toradh amháin ó gach aonad randamach, agus is féidir leis an anailís dul ar aghaidh amhail is dá mba daoine aonair na grúpaí is é sin, ag baint úsáide as na teicnící a thuairiscítear in áiteanna eile i mModúil 11 agus 12. Is dócha go gcuirfidh sé seo in iúl duit go bhfuil teorainneacha ag an gcur chuige seo. Ar dtús, is dócha go ndéanfaidh trialacha randamaithe clústra níos lú grúpaí randamaithe ná mar a dhéanfaidh an chuid is mó de thrialacha simplí daoine aonair randamaithe. Mar shampla, d'fhéadfadh triail deich sráidbhaile a roghnú go randamach le 15,000 áitritheoir san iomlán. Ag anailísiú de réir sráidbhaile, ní bheadh ach deich mbeathaithe againn. Mar sin, bheadh níos lú sonraí againn (agus dá bhrí sin níos lú cumhachta staidrimh) ná triail shimplí lena mbaineann níos lú rannpháirtithe a anailísítear mar dhaoine aonair. Ar an dara dul síos, ní bheidh na grúpaí go léir den mhéid céanna, agus tabharfaimis an meáchan céanna do thír le 10,000 áitritheoir agus do thír le 150 áitritheoir.\nIs féidir neamhaird a dhéanamh ar na grúpaí agus comparáid a dhéanamh idir na daoine aonair go léir i ngrúpaí idirghabhála agus iad siúd go léir i ngrúpaí rialaithe. Is cur chuige coitianta é seo maidir le triail randamaithe clústéar aonair a anailísiú agus chun iad a léiriú i athbhreithnithe córais. Ach tá sé fadhbmhar toisc go ndéanann sé neamhaird ar an bhfíric go mbíonn daoine laistigh de ghrúpa áirithe níos cosúla lena chéile ná le baill de ghrúpaí eile. Is féidir le hanailíse den sórt sin tábhacht na difríochtaí a ró-mheas go mícheart, agus ba cheart iad a sheachaint.\nSmaoinigh ar an sampla ina ndéanaimid sráidbhailte randamach. D'fhéadfadh go mbeadh an aeráid, an cothú, an t-oideachas agus an cúram sláinte céanna ag cónaitheoirí i sráidbhaile amháin, rud a fhágann go bhfuil a dtorthaí níos cosúla lena chéile ná le cónaitheoirí i sráidbhaile difriúil. Úsáidimid an téarma cóimheas comhghaol laistigh de chlústéar chun cur síos a dhéanamh ar an méid a bhfuil dhá chomhalta de chlústéar amháin níos cosúla ná dhá dhuine ó chlústéir éagsúla.\nTá teicnící staidrimh ann chun anailíseanna cuí a dhéanamh ar thrialacha randamaithe cluster. Is féidir linn a aithint go bhfuil clústáin déanta suas de dhaoine aonair agus go bhféadfadh go mbeadh níos mó daoine aonair i gclústán amháin ná i gclústán eile. Tá ról tábhachtach ag an gcomhéifeacht comhghabhála laistigh den chlústéar sna teicnící sin. Tá tuilleadh sonraí le fáil i Roinn 8 de Leabharlann na nAithneoirí. Is féidir triail randamaithe clúste a ionchorprú i méadanailísí ag baint úsáide as an modh géiniteach inverse-variance."} {"text": "With asbestos, formaldehyde, and other VOCs leaching off every wall of our home, it’s no surprise that indoor pollution may be causing 50% of illnesses worldwide. If you experience headaches on a regular basis and the reason simply can’t be pinpointed, consider the pollution in your home as the cause. The good news is that you can cleanse the air within your home with air purifying plants – what better way to solve a problem than with nature.\nIn nature, plants naturally purify their environment. We can use the same principle in our human-made homes by bringing in select plants that remove volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from the air. NASA gave this idea a shot in the late ‘80s when trying to clean the air in space facilities of three common pollutants: benzene, formaldehyde, and trichloroethylene. The following plants proved to be some of the most effective:\n5 Air Purifying Plants\n- Chrysanthemum (Chrysantheium morifolium) – Not only is this one of the many air purifying plants that is effective at reducing benzene and formaldehyde, it will add a splash of color in your home with its vibrantly-hued flowers.\n- Gerbera daisy (Gerbera jamesonii) – This plant flowers beautifully in plenty of sunlight and removes benzene and trichloroethylene from its environment.\n- Bamboo palm (Chamaedorea sefritzii) – This statement plant looks great in corners (out of direct sunlight) while cleansing the air of formaldehyde.\n- Red-Edge dracaena (Dracaena marginata) – This imposing plant (it can grow up to 15 feet!) pulls its weight by removing benzene and trichloroethylene from its surroundings.\n- Spider plant (Chlorophytum comosum) – Don’t want to baby plants? Try this low-maintenance option that filters formaldehyde.\nChildren and pets should be considered before bringing plants—some of which may be poisonous—into the home. Remember, too, that toxins in your home aren’t just from the awful paint your landlord slapped on the walls. You can further reduce your exposure to indoor air pollution by:\n- Leaving your shoes (and the layers of dust, chemicals, bacteria, and mold on the sole) at the door.\n- Replace chemical cleaners with natural and/or homemade varieties.\n- Check your chimney for buildup.\n- Avoid commercial fragrances and air fresheners. Replace with natural and/or homemade varieties.\nAlong with the use of these air purifying plants and the above methods to reduce indoor air pollution, here are 4 more ways to naturally purity the air in your home here. Additionally, try your best to avoid these toxic home cleaning products to reduce air pollution within your home.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-22", "url": "http://naturalsociety.com/5-air-purifying-plants-your-home/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-22/segments/1464049277313.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20160524002117-00142-ip-10-185-217-139.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8997866511, "token_count": 604, "score": 3.0625, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Agus asbestos, formaldehíd, agus COVanna eile ag leá ó gach balla dár dteach, ní haon ionadh go bhféadfadh truailliú laistigh a bheith ina chúis le 50% de ghalair ar fud an domhain. Má bhíonn tinneas cinn ort go rialta agus mura féidir an chúis a aithint go díreach, déan an truailliú i do theach a mheas mar an chúis. Is é an dea-scéal ná gur féidir leat an t-aer laistigh de do theach a ghlanadh le plandaí íonú aeir cén bealach níos fearr chun fadhb a réiteach ná leis an dúlra.\nSa nádúr, déanann plandaí a dtimpeallacht a ghlanadh go nádúrtha. Is féidir linn an prionsabal céanna a úsáid inár dtithe de dhéantús an duine trí phlandaí roghnaithe a thabhairt isteach a chuireann comhdhúile orgánacha luaithleacha (VOCanna) as an aer. Thug NASA an smaoineamh seo le lámhaigh i ndeireadh na 80idí nuair a bhí sé ag iarraidh an t-aer a ghlanadh i saoráidí spáis de thrí thruailliú coitianta: binsín, foirmleadh, agus trichloroethylene. Bhí na plandaí seo a leanas ar na plandaí is éifeachtaí:\n5 Plandaí a Glanann an t-Aer\n- Chrysanthemum (Chrysantheium morifolium) Ní amháin go bhfuil sé seo ar cheann de na plandaí íonú aeir go leor atá éifeachtach ag laghdú benseine agus formaldehyde, cuirfidh sé splash de dath i do theach lena bláthanna vibrantly-hued.\n- Gerbera daisy (Gerbera jamesonii) Tá bláthanna álainn ag an gléasra seo i go leor solas na gréine agus cuireann sé bensein agus trichlóréiteiléin as a thimpeallacht.\n- Pálm bambú (Chamaedorea sefritzii) Tá an planda ráite seo iontach i gcúinneacha (seachadadh ó sholas díreach na gréine) agus é ag glanadh an aeir de fhóramhéad.\n- Dracaena Red-Edge (Dracaena marginata) An planda mórmhéide seo (is féidir leis fás suas le 15 troigh!) tarraingíonn sé a mheáchan trí bhensene agus trichloroethylene a bhaint as a thimpeallacht.\n- Plandaí spidéil (Chlorophytum comosum) Nach bhfuil tú ag iarraidh plandaí leanbh? Bain triail as an rogha seo a bhfuil cothabháil íseal air a scagann foirmleadéad.\nBa cheart aird a thabhairt ar leanaí agus ar pheataí sula gcuirtear plandaí isteach sa bhaile - a d'fhéadfadh a bheith nimhiúil i gcuid acu. Cuimhnigh freisin, nach bhfuil na tocsainí i do theach ach ón péint uafásach a chuir do thiarna talún ar na ballaí. Is féidir leat do nochtadh do thruailliú aeir laistigh a laghdú tuilleadh trí:\n- Do bhróga a fhágáil (agus na sraitheanna de dhúshláin, ceimiceáin, baictéir, agus múnla ar an mbarr) ag an doras.\n- Glanadh ceimiceach a chur in ionad cineálacha nádúrtha agus/nó homemade.\n- Seiceáil do chiminéireacht le haghaidh buildup.\n- Seachain boinn agus frasóirí aeir tráchtála. Déan an t-athrú ar chineálacha nádúrtha agus/nó ar chineálacha tí.\nChomh maith le húsáid na bplandaí íonú aeir seo agus na modhanna thuasluaite chun truailliú aeir laistigh a laghdú, tá 4 bhealach eile ann chun an t-aer i do theach a íonú go nádúrtha anseo. Ina theannta sin, déan do dhícheall na táirgí glantacháin seo atá tocsaineach a sheachaint chun truailliú aeir a laghdú laistigh de do theach."} {"text": "Passamaquoddy Bay, Grand Manan map, 1817\nThis map of Passamaquoddy Bay and the Grand Manan area was one of a series of maps drawn to help determine the northeast boundary between the United States and Canada.\nThe map was copied from surveys by George Sproule.\n\"Map to accompany and elucidate the memorial of the agent of His Britannic Majesty in reply to the memorial of the agent of the United States in support of their claim to the islands in the Bay of Passamaquoddy and Grand Manan in the Bay of Fundy Sept. 1817.\"Scale [1:506,880] ca. 10 miles to 2.5 inches.\nPlease post your comment below to share with others. If you'd like to privately share a comment or correction with MMN staff, please use this form.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-26", "url": "http://www.mainememory.net/artifact/8561/enlarge", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783393997.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154953-00113-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.937507093, "token_count": 173, "score": 2.625, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Bhaile Passamaquoddy, léarscáil Grand Manan, 1817\nBa é an léarscáil seo de Bhaile Passamaquoddy agus d'áiteanna Grand Manan ceann de shraith léarscáileanna a tharraingíodh chun cabhrú leis an teorainn ó thuaidh idir na Stáit Aontaithe agus Ceanada a chinneadh.\nRinne George Sproule an léarscáil a chóipeáil ó thaighde.\n\"Map a chur in éineacht agus a shoiléiriú ar an cuimhneachán an ghníomhaire a Mhór-Mhéarachta Britannic i bhfreagra ar an cuimhneachán an ghníomhaire na Stáit Aontaithe i dtaca lena n-éileamh ar na hoileáin i mBá Passamaquoddy agus Grand Manan i mBá Fundy Sept. 1817. - Tá sé ann. \"Scéal [1:506,880] ca. 10 míle go 2.5 orlach.\nCuir do thuairim thíos le do thoil chun é a roinnt le daoine eile. Más mian leat trácht nó ceartú a roinnt go príobháideach le foireann MMN, bain úsáid as an bhfoirm seo le do thoil."} {"text": "In 2013, a total of approximately 2.8 million TBI-related ED visits, hospitalizations, and deaths occurred in the United States. This consisted of approximately 2.5 million TBI-related ED visits, approximately 282,000 TBI-related hospitalizations, and approximately 56,000 TBI-related deaths, according to a report released by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.\nThe report, \"Traumatic Brain Injury in the United States: Emergency Department Visits, Hospitalizations, and Deaths,\" is based on data from 2007-2013.\nProgress has been made to prevent motor-vehicle crashes, resulting in a decrease in the number of TBI-related hospitalizations and deaths from 2007 to 2013. However, during the same time, the number and rate of older adult fall-related TBIs have increased substantially. Although considerable public interest has focused on sports-related concussion in youth, the findings in this report suggest that TBIs attributable to older adult falls, many of which result in hospitalization and death, should receive public health attention.\nThe increase in the number of fall-related TBIs in older adults suggests an urgent need to enhance fall-prevention efforts in that population. Multiple effective interventions have been identified, and CDC has developed the STEADI initiative (Stopping Elderly Accidents Deaths and Injuries) as a comprehensive strategy that incorporates empirically supported clinical guidelines and scientifically tested interventions to help primary care providers address their patients’ fall risk through the identification of modifiable risk factors and implementation of effective interventions (e.g., exercise, medication management, and Vitamin D supplementation).\nChildren from birth to 4 years of age, older adolescents aged 15 to 19 years, and adults aged 65 years and older are most likely to sustain a TBI.\nFalls are the leading cause of TBI (35.2 percent). Rates are highest for children from birth to 4 years and for adults aged 75 years and older.\nAmong all age groups, road traffic injury is the second leading cause of TBI (17.3 percent) and results in the largest percentage of TBI-related deaths (31.8 percent).\nIn every age group, TBI rates are higher for males than for females.\n\"This report not only presents TBI numbers, it helps to show the impact of this injury nationwide. These data can help to impact the lives of millions of Americans as they serve as building blocks that guide TBI prevention strategies. They also help to identify research and education priorities and support the need for services among individuals at risk or living with a TBI,\" states Richard C. Hunt, MD, FACEP, director of CDC's Division for Injury Response.\nAn on-line source for information about brain injury. Site includes causes of brain injury, research, fact sheets, and publications.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-04", "url": "https://biane.org/braininjury/national.html", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547583823140.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20190122013923-20190122035923-00269.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9571556449, "token_count": 579, "score": 3.03125, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "I 2013, tharla thart ar 2.8 milliún cuairt, ospidéalú agus bás a bhaineann le TBI i E.S.A. Bhí thart ar 2.5 milliún cuairt ar an ED a bhaineann le TBI, thart ar 282,000 ospidéalú a bhaineann le TBI, agus thart ar 56,000 bás a bhaineann le TBI, de réir tuarascála a d'eisigh na hIonaid um Rialú agus Cosc ar Ghalair.\nTá an tuarascáil, \"Trámaí Céir i Meiriceá: Taisteal chuig an Roinn Éigeandála, Ospidéalú agus Bás\", bunaithe ar shonraí ó 2007 go 2013.\nTá dul chun cinn déanta chun timpistí mótarfheithiclí a chosc, rud a fhágann go bhfuil laghdú tagtha ar líon na n-ospidéalú agus na mbásanna a bhaineann le TBI ó 2007 go 2013. Le linn na tréimhse chéanna, áfach, tá méadú suntasach tagtha ar líon agus ar ráta na n-IBT a bhaineann le titim do dhaoine fásta níos sine. Cé go bhfuil spéis mhór an phobail dírithe ar chonnadh a bhaineann le spórt i measc na n-óige, léiríonn na torthaí sa tuarascáil seo gur cheart aird sláinte poiblí a thabhairt ar TBIanna a bhaineann le titim daoine fásta níos sine, a mbíonn go leor acu ina gcosc san ospidéal agus ina mbás.\nTá an líon méadaithe de GCTanna a bhaineann le titim i measc daoine fásta níos sine ag léiriú go bhfuil gá práinneach le hiarrachtaí chun titim a chosc a fheabhsú sa phobal sin. Tá go leor idirghabhálacha éifeachtacha sainaitheanta, agus d'fhorbair CDC an tionscnamh STEADI (Stop Accidents Deaths and Injuries Elderly) mar straitéis chuimsitheach a chuimsíonn treoirlínte cliniciúla a bhfuil tacaíocht empiriúil acu agus idirghabhálacha a thástáil go eolaíoch chun cuidiú le soláthraithe cúraim phríomhúil dul i ngleic le riosca titim a gcuid othair trí fhachtóirí riosca inathraithe a shainaithint agus idirghabhálacha éifeachtacha a chur i bhfeidhm (m.sh., aclaíocht, bainistiú cógais, agus forlíonadh Vitimín D).\nIs dóichí go bhfaighidh leanaí ó bhreith go 4 bliana d'aois, déagóirí níos sine idir 15 agus 19 bliana d'aois, agus daoine fásta 65 bliana d'aois agus níos sine TBI.\nIs iad na titim an chúis is mó le TBI (35.2 faoin gcéad). Tá na rátaí is airde i measc leanaí ó bhreith go 4 bliana d'aois agus i measc daoine fásta 75 bliain d'aois agus níos sine.\nI measc na ghrúpaí aoise go léir, is é an ghortú bóthair an dara cúis is mó le TBI (17.3 faoin gcéad) agus is é an céatadán is mó de bháis a bhaineann le TBI (31.8 faoin gcéad) a thagann de thoradh air.\nI ngach grúpa aoise, tá rátaí TBI níos airde i measc fir ná i measc mná.\n\"Ní amháin go léiríonn an tuarascáil seo uimhreacha TBI, cabhraíonn sé le tionchar an ghortú seo a thaispeáint ar fud na tíre. Is féidir leis na sonraí seo cabhrú le tionchar a imirt ar shaol na milliúin Meiriceánach agus iad ag fónamh mar bhloic thógála a threoraíonn straitéisí coscála TBI. Cuidíonn siad freisin le tosaíochtaí taighde agus oideachais a shainaithint agus le tacú leis an ngá le seirbhísí i measc daoine atá i mbaol nó atá ag maireachtáil le TBI, \"a deir Richard C. Hunt, MD, FACEP, stiúrthóir Rannóg Freagartha Gortú CDC.\nFoinse ar líne le haghaidh faisnéise faoi ghortú inchinn. Áirítear ar an suíomh seo cúiseanna le dochar inchinn, taighde, bileoga fíricí, agus foilseacháin."} {"text": "Astronomers have found the closest example yet to a twin of planet Earth.\nThey've named it Kepler 438b and say it's about a tenth bigger than our planet and only receives about a third more heat from its sun than we do from our Sun.\nBecause of this it's being called the \"most Earth-like alien world\".\nIt's even more Earth-like that than Kepler 186f which had been called our most likely twin.\nHot and red\nBut what would it be like if we could stand on Kepler 438b?\nScientist Dr Doug Caldwell from the Seti (the Search for Extra-Terrestrial Intelligence) Institute in America says it would probably be warmer and the sky would look redder.\nThat's because its star is a red dwarf which gives off a more reddish light than our own Sun.\nHowever humans heading there is very unlikely: the planet is 475 light years away - and just one light year is around 6 trillion miles!", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-49", "url": "https://www.bbc.co.uk/newsround/30708497", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964358705.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20211129104236-20211129134236-00461.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9716347456, "token_count": 202, "score": 3.1875, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Fuair réalteolaithe an sampla is gaire go fóill do dhúbaill den phláinéid Talún.\nTá siad ainmnithe Kepler 438b agus a rá go bhfuil sé thart ar an deichiú níos mó ná ár bpláinéad agus a fhaigheann ach thart ar an tríú níos mó teas ó a ghrian ná a dhéanann muid ó ár n-Grian.\nMar gheall air seo tá sé á rá \"an domhan eachtrannach is cosúil leis an Domhan\".\nTá sé fiú níos mó cosúil leis an Domhan ná Kepler 186f a bhí ar a dtugtar ár dúiní is dóichí.\nTe agus dearg\nAch cad a bheadh sé cosúil má d'fhéadfaimis seasamh ar Kepler 438b?\nDeir an eolaí Dr Doug Caldwell ó Institiúid Seti (an Cuardach ar Intleacht Eile-Tríoiseach) i Meiriceá go mbeadh sé níos teo agus go mbeadh an spéir níos dearga.\nTá sé sin toisc go bhfuil a réalta ina dwarf dearg a thugann amach solas níos dearga ná ár n-Sol féin.\nMar sin féin, is beag seans go mbeidh daoine ag dul ann: tá an phláinéid 475 bliain solais ar shiúl - agus tá bliain solais amháin thart ar 6 trilliún míle!"} {"text": "The Miracle of Translation\nJoseph Smith was only 22 years-old in September of 1827, when he obtained the Gold Plates. He was charged to translate, but in the area of Palmyra, New York there was not peace sufficient to do so. In December 1827, he moved to Harmony, Pennsylvania where he “commenced copying the characters off the Plates.” By the aid of the Urim and Thummim he was able to translate some of them.\nThe Book of Mormon was written in reformed Egyptian. Joseph did not speak or write this language, and neither did anyone else. Joseph never claimed mastery, or even fluency, in this language. Indeed, his wife Emma, who knew him best, said he, “could neither write nor dictate a coherent and well-worded letter, let alone dictate a book like the Book of Mormon.” Young Joseph was an uneducated farmer. How then could he translate a record that he could not read? Therein lies a miracle.\nEmma who possibly served first as his scribe described the translation process. She said. “I am satisfied that no man could have dictated the writing of the manuscript unless he was inspired; for when acting as his scribe, [Joseph] would dictate to me hour after hour; and when returning after meals, or after interruptions, he would at once begin where he had left off, without either seeing the manuscript or having any portion of it read to him. This was a usual thing for him to do. It would have been improbable that a learned man could do this; and for one so ignorant and unlearned as he was, it was simply impossible.”\nMartin Harris assisted with the translation in the spring of 1828. Martin said this. “By aid of the seer stone, sentences would appear and were read by the Prophet and written…and when finished he would say, ‘Written,’ and if correctly written, that sentence would disappear and another appear in its place, but if not written correctly it remained until corrected.”\nIn April 1829, Oliver Cowdery became Joseph’s scribe. Oliver later testified that Joseph Smith “found with the plates, from which he translated his book, two transparent stones, resembling glass, set in silver bows. That by looking through these, he was able to read in English, the reformed Egyptian characters, which were engraven on the plates.”\nIn June 1829, persecution forced Joseph and Oliver to move to Fayette, New York. It was there that other scribes assisted with the work. Among those was David Whitmer who left this account. “Joseph Smith would put the seer stone into a hat and put his face in the hat, drawing it close around his face to exclude the light. And in the darkness the spiritual light would shine. A piece of something resembling parchment would appear, and on that appeared the writing. One character at a time would appear, and under it was the interpretation in English. Brother Joseph would read off the English to Oliver Cowdery who was his principal scribe. And when it was written down and repeated to Brother Joseph to see if it was correct, then it would disappear and another character with the interpretation would appear. Thus the Book of Mormon was translated by the gift and power of God and not by any power of man.”\nEven the citizens of Palmyra, though they adamantly opposed the book, knew how it came to be. A local newspaperman, Jonathon Hadley published this. “By placing the spectacles in a hat, and looking into it, Smith could…interpret these characters…. Now it appears not a little strange that there should have been deposited in this western world, and in the secluded town of Manchester, too, a record of this description, and still more so, that a person like Smith…should have been gifted by inspiration to read and interpret it.”\nIt is approaching two centuries now since the Book of Mormon was translated and the only viable explanation for how the book came to be is the one provided by Joseph and multiple witnesses who were there. Emma Smith said it best. “Though I was an active participant in the scenes that transpired, and was present during the translation of the plates, and had cognizance of things as they transpired, it is marvelous to me, ‘a marvel and a wonder’ as much so as to anyone else.”\nThe Book of Mormon is a miracle, both in what it is and how it came to be.\nFor more information on the miracle of the Book of Mormon go to http://historyofthesaints.org/product/the-miracle-of-the-book-of-mormon-2-disc-dvd-set/", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-26", "url": "http://www.glennrawson.com/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783408828.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155008-00022-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9871125221, "token_count": 996, "score": 2.84375, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Míorbhail na hIonad\nNí raibh Joseph Smith ach 22 bliain d'aois i Meán Fómhair 1827, nuair a fuair sé na Plátaí Óir. Bhí sé cúisithe a aistriú, ach i gceantar Palmyra, Nua-Eabhrac ní raibh síocháin go leor chun é sin a dhéanamh. I mí na Nollag 1827, bhog sé go Harmony, Pennsylvania áit a thosaigh sé ag cóipeáil na gcarachtair ó na Plátaí. Le cabhair an Urim agus an Thummim bhí sé in ann cuid acu a aistriú.\nScríobhadh Leabhar Mhormóin i hÉigipteach athchóirithe. Ní raibh an teanga seo á labhairt ná á scríobh ag Iósaef, ná ag aon duine eile. Níor éileamh riamh ó Joseph go raibh sé ina mháistir, nó go raibh sé go réidh sa teanga seo. Go deimhin, a bhean Emma, a bhí aithne aige ar an duine is fearr, dúirt sé, \"ní fhéadfaí litir chomhsheasmhach agus dea-fhoclaithe a scríobh ná a dhítheáil, gan trácht ar leabhar mar Leabhar Mormon a dhítheáil\". Bhí Joseph óg ina fheirmeoir neamh-oideachas. Conas, ansin, a d'fhéadfadh sé a aistriú taifead nach raibh sé in ann a léamh? Tá míorúilt ann.\nChuir Emma, a d'fhéadfadh a bheith ina scríobhaí ar dtús, cur síos ar an bpróiseas aistriúcháin. Dúirt sí. Táim sásta nach bhféadfadh aon duine a bheith ag ordú scríbhneoireacht an lámhscríbhneoireachta mura raibh sé spreagtha; mar nuair a bhí sé ag gníomhú mar a scríobhaí, [Joseph] d'ordaigh sé dom uair an chloig tar éis uair an chloig; agus nuair a bhí sé ag filleadh tar éis béilí, nó tar éis cur isteach, thosaigh sé láithreach áit a raibh sé scoite, gan an lámhscríbhinn a fheiceáil ná aon chuid de a léamh dó. Ba é seo an rud is gnách dó a dhéanamh. Bheadh sé dochreidte go bhféadfadh fear foghlama a dhéanamh; agus do dhuine chomh neamhuisceanach agus gan foghlaim mar a bhí sé, ní raibh sé indéanta.\nChabhraigh Martin Harris leis an aistriúchán i bpríomhthréimhse 1828. Dúirt Martin seo. Le cabhair ón gcloch feictheora, d'fhéachfadh abairtí agus léann an Prophet iad agus scríobhann siad...agus nuair a chríochnódh sé deirtear, Scríobh, agus má scríobhadh go ceart, imíonn an abairt sin agus feictear ceann eile ina háit, ach mura scríobhadh go ceart d'fhan sé go dtí go gceartaíodh é.\nI mí Aibreáin 1829, tháinig Oliver Cowdery mar scríobhtóir Joseph. D'fhiafraigh Oliver ina dhiaidh sin go bhfuair Joseph Smith leis na plátaí, as a d'aistrigh sé a leabhar, dhá chloch trédhearcach, cosúil le gloine, socraithe i bpáistí airgid. Go ag féachaint tríd seo, bhí sé in ann a léamh i mBéarla, na carachtair Éigipteacha athchóirithe, a bhí graven ar na plátaí.\nI mí an Mheithimh 1829, chuir géarleanúint iallach ar Joseph agus Oliver bogadh go Fayette, Nua-Eabhrac. Bhí scríobhaithe eile ann a chabhraigh leis an obair. I measc na ndaoine sin bhí David Whitmer a d'fhág an cuntas seo. Chuir Joseph Smith an cloch féar i hata agus chuir sé a aghaidh sa hata, ag tarraingt é go dlúth timpeall a aghaidh chun an solas a eisiamh. Agus sa dorchadas bheadh an solas spioradálta ag soiléiriú. Bhí píosa rud éigin cosúil le pergament ag teacht chun cinn, agus ar an scríbhneoireacht a bhí le feiceáil. Bhí carachtar amháin ag an am a thaispeántar, agus faoin bhfocal sin bhí an t-aistriúchán i mBéarla. Ba é an Bráthair Joseph a léann as an Béarla do Oliver Cowdery a bhí ina phríomhscríobhaí. Agus nuair a bhí sé scríofa síos agus a athrá go dtí an deartháir Joseph a fheiceáil má tá sé ceart, ansin bheadh sé a imtheacht agus carachtar eile leis an léirmhíniú a bheith le feiceáil. Dá bhrí sin, d'aistrigh Leabhar Mhormóin le bronntanas agus cumhacht Dé agus ní le cumhacht duine ar bith.\nFiú amháin na saoránaigh de Palmyra, cé go raibh siad i gcoinne an leabhair go dian, bhí a fhios acu conas a tháinig sé chun bheith. D'fhoilsigh iriseoir áitiúil, Jonathon Hadley é seo. De réir na spéaclaí a chur i hata, agus ag féachaint isteach ann, d'fhéadfadh Smith... na carachtair seo a léiriú.... Anois is cosúil nach beag aisteach gur chóir go mbeadh curtha i gcuntas sa domhan iarthair, agus i mbaile scoite Manchester, freisin, taifead den tuairisc seo, agus níos mó fós, gur chóir go mbeadh duine cosúil le Smith... a bheith deartha ag inspioráid a léamh agus a léirmhíniú. \nTá sé ag druidim dhá chéad bliain anois ó bhí an Leabhar Mormon a aistriú agus an t-aon mhíniú inmharthana ar conas a tháinig an leabhar a bheith ar an ceann a sholáthraítear ag Joseph agus finnéithe iomadúla a bhí ann. Dúirt Emma Smith é is fearr. Cé go raibh mé mar rannpháirtí gníomhach sna radhairc a tharla, agus bhí mé i láthair le linn aistriúchán na plátaí, agus bhí eolas agam ar rudaí mar a tharla siad, tá sé iontach domsa, a wonder agus wonder chomh mór le duine ar bith eile.\nIs é an Leabhar Mormon a miracle, araon i cad é agus conas a tháinig sé chun bheith.\nChun tuilleadh eolais a fháil ar an míorúilt atá i Leabhar Mhormóin téigh chuig http://historyofthesaints.org/product/the-miracle-of-the-book-of-mormon-2-disc-dvd-set/"} {"text": "Decomposing Numbers 0-10Kindergarten • Half Day Lesson Plan\nSubject: Math, Operations and Algebraic Thinking\nType: Half Day Lesson Plan\nSkills: Decompose Numbers Less Than or Equal to 10 into Pairs, Using Objects, Using Drawings, Record Decomposition as a Drawing or Equation\nFile Type: PDF Document\nMaterials Needed: blank paper, pencils, crayons/colored pencils, math manipulatives (10 per student), student dry erase board and dry erase markers (can be substituted for paper and pencil), and a document camera or whiteboard\nPrintable Resources: Printable Resources: “Exit Slips” (as an optional assessment component, 1 copy per student), Optional Printable Student Resources: “Decomposing Numbers” (1 copy per student), “Number Slips 1-10” (1 copy per group - precut these slips and put them in a ziplock bag/envelope/paper clip), Optional Printable Teacher Resources: “Teacher Example” for game (1 copy for display)\nLesson Plan Description\nThis fully scripted Kindergarten half day lesson plan is broken down into 2 separate segments (30-60 minutes each). The lessons address Operations and Algebraic Thinking: Decompose numbers less than or equal to 10 into pairs in more than one way, e.g., by using objects or drawings, and record each decomposition by a drawing or equation (e.g., 5 = 2 + 3 and 5 = 4 + 1) (K.OA.3). The lessons include: an introduction to what decomposing a number means, interactive demonstrations of decomposing numbers, using number bonds to show decomposition of a number, using manipulatives to show decomposition of a number, an exit slip as an optional assessment component for students to show understanding of decomposition of numbers, and finally a game for students to review and practice decomposing numbers 0-10.\n- Segment 1: Students will decompose numbers less than or equal to 10. Students will also learn that numbers can be represented in a different way.\n- Segment 2: Playing a game called, “Finger Cubes,” students will practice decomposing numbers less than or equal to 10. Students will also represent numbers as an equation.\nThese lessons can be taught over the span of a half day or you can use the lessons independently, broken up over several days.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-09", "url": "https://daybreaklessonplans.com/lesson_plan/decomposing-numbers-0-10/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550249508792.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20190223162938-20190223184938-00597.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8412269354, "token_count": 518, "score": 3.84375, "int_score": 4, "irish_text": "Decomposing Numbers 0-10Ghairdín • Plean Ceachtanna leath lae\nÁbhar: Matamaitic, Oibríochtaí agus Smaointe Algaibreach\nCineál: Plean Ceachtanna leath lae\nScileanna: Íosloinneadh uimhreacha níos lú ná nó comhionann le 10 i bpáirtithe, ag baint úsáide as rudaí, ag baint úsáide as líníochtaí, ag taifeadadh dí-lochtú mar líníocht nó mar chothromán\nCineál Comhad: Doiciméad PDF\nÁbhair is gá: páipéar bán, peann luaidhe, crionna/peann luaidhe datha, meaisíní chun matamaitice a mhalairt (10 ar an mac léinn), bord scriosadh tirim agus marcóirí scriosadh tirim don mac léinn (is féidir iad a chur in ionad páipéir agus peann luaidhe), agus ceamara doiciméid nó tábla bán\nAcmhainní in-phrintáilte: Acmhainní in-phrintáilte: Sleipí asála (mar chomhpháirt measúnaithe roghnach, 1 chóip in aghaidh an mhic léinn), Acmhainní in-phrintáilte in-roghnach do mhic léinn: Decomposing Numbers (1 cóip in aghaidh an mhic léinn), Number Slips 1-10 (1 cóip in aghaidh an ghrúpa - na sleipí seo a réamhchliceáil agus iad a chur i mála ziplock / clúdach / clip páipéir), Acmhainní in-phrintáilte in-roghnach do mhúinteoirí: Teacher Sampla le haghaidh cluiche (1 cóip le taispeáint)\nCur síos ar an bPlean Ceachtanna\nTá an plean ceachtanna leathlá den Chéim Chúige seo, atá scríofa go hiomlán, roinnte ina dhá chuid ar leithligh (30-60 nóiméad gach ceann). Tá na ceachtanna seo dírithe ar Oibríochtaí agus Smaointe Algaibreach: Íosloigh uimhreacha atá níos lú ná nó comhionann le 10 ina bpáirtithe ar níos mó ná bealach amháin, mar shampla, trí rudaí nó líníochtaí a úsáid, agus taifead gach dí-lochtú trí líníocht nó cothromán (mar shampla, 5 = 2 + 3 agus 5 = 4 + 1) (K.OA.3). Áirítear ar na ceachtanna seo: réamhrá ar a chiallaíonn dí-athrú uimhreacha, taispeántais idirghníomhacha de uimhreacha dí-athrú, ag baint úsáide as bannaí uimhreacha chun dí-athrú uimhreacha a thaispeáint, ag baint úsáide as ionramhóirí chun dí-athrú uimhreacha a thaispeáint, sliotán scoir mar chomhpháirt measúnaithe roghnach do mhic léinn chun tuiscint a thaispeáint ar dí-athrú uimhreacha, agus ar deireadh cluiche do mhic léinn chun athbhreithniú a dhéanamh ar uimhreacha dí-athrú 0-10.\n- Rannán 1: Déanfaidh mic léinn uimhreacha níos lú ná nó comhionann le 10 a dhíscaoileadh. Foghlaimfidh mic léinn freisin gur féidir uimhreacha a léiriú ar bhealach difriúil.\n- Rannán 2: Ag imirt cluiche ar a dtugtar, Finger Cube, beidh mic léinn ag cleachtadh uimhreacha a dhíchumasú níos lú ná nó comhionann le 10. Léireoidh mic léinn uimhreacha mar chothromóid freisin.\nIs féidir na ceachtanna seo a mhúineadh thar thréimhse leathlá nó is féidir leat na ceachtanna a úsáid go neamhspleách, arna bhriseadh suas thar roinnt laethanta."} {"text": "Late-spring chill in southeastern Australia\nA burst of cold, wet and windy weather will hit southeastern Australia during the second half of this week, with Melbourne forecast to have its coldest November day in 12 years.\nA series of cold fronts passing over southeastern Australia will drag a mass of frigid Southern Ocean air over Tasmania, Victoria, SA and NSW between Wednesday and Saturday.\nImage: ECMWF-HRES model showing cold air moving over southeastern Australia on Saturday morning.\nThis frontal precession is more typical during early spring than November. However, a negative phase of the Southern Annular Mode (SAM) is responsible for this week's chilly weather pattern.\nThe SAM is an index that measures the north-south displacement of a westerly wind belt that surrounds Antarctica, flowing between Antarctica and Australia throughout the year. When the SAM is negative, these westerly winds shift towards the equator, which can cause cold fronts to become more active over southern Australia.\nImage: Southern Annular Mode (SAM) index values during the last four months, showing a sustained period of negative values since mid-October. Source: NOAA\nThis week's flurry of cold fronts over southeastern Australia is a consequence of a negative phase of the SAM, which has been occurring since mid-October.\nThe impending cold weather should cause temperatures to drop low enough for snow to settle on highland areas of Tasmania, Victoria and NSW later in the week.\nSnow could reach about 600 metres above sea level in Tasmania from Thursday and lower to 500 metres on Saturday. Further north, snow could fall to 800-1000 metres in Victoria and southern NSW when the coldest air arrives on Friday night and Saturday morning. There's even a chance of a few snow flurries in elevated areas of central NSW on Friday night or Saturday morning, although this depends on how much moisture makes it this far north.\nMelbourne is only forecast to reach 14 degrees on Friday, which is eight below average and would make it the city's coldest November day since 2007. Melbourne's coldest November day on record was 11.0 degrees in 1913.\nThe impending cold fronts are also likely to cause blustery winds, with damaging gusts possible in some areas. As of midday EDT on Wednesday, severe weather warnings had already been issued for parts of SA, Victoria, NSW/ACT and Tasmania.\nShowers, thunderstorms, small hail and raised dust should also be a feature in southeastern Australia during the next several days.\nVisit https://www.weatherzone.com.au/warnings.jsp for the latest warnings.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-49", "url": "https://www.weatherzone.com.au/news/late-spring-chill-in-southeastern-australia/530468", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964363229.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20211206012231-20211206042231-00582.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9585900307, "token_count": 531, "score": 2.9375, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Fuar i ndeireadh an earraigh i ndeisceart na hAstráile\nBeidh rást aimsire fuar, fliuch agus gaoithe ag bualadh ó dheas ó dheas na hAstráile le linn an dara leath den tseachtain seo, agus táthar ag tuar go mbeidh lá an mhí na Samhna is fuaire i Melbourne le 12 bliana.\nBeidh sraith de thír fuar ag dul thar oirdheisceart na hAstráile ag tarraingt mais aer fuar an Aigéin Theas thar Tasmania, Victoria, SA agus NSW idir Dé Céadaoin agus Dé Sathairn.\nGrianghraf: Múnla ECMWF-HRES a léiríonn aer fuar ag gluaiseacht thar oirdheisceart na hAstráile ar maidin Dé Sathairn.\nTá an t-ionsaí tosaigh seo níos coitianta i rith an earraigh go luath ná i mí na Samhna. Mar sin féin, tá céim dhiúltach den Mhodh Annular Theas (SAM) freagrach as patrún aimsire fuar na seachtaine seo.\nIs táscaire é SAM a thomhas díláithriú ó thuaidh go deisceart crios gaoithe siar a chuairteann an Antartach, a shruthaíonn idir an Antartach agus an Astráil i rith na bliana. Nuair a bhíonn SAM diúltach, bogann na gaotha siar seo i dtreo an echatóra, rud a d'fhéadfadh a bheith ina chúis le frontaí fuar a bheith níos gníomhaí thar an Astráil theas.\nÍomhá: Luachanna innéacs an Mhodh Annálach Theas (SAM) le ceithre mhí anuas, ag taispeáint tréimhse leanúnach luachanna diúltacha ó lár mhí Dheireadh Fómhair. Foinse: NOAA\nIs é an ráflaí na ndeor-chomhchlaonna an tseachtain seo thar oirdheisceart na hAstráile mar thoradh ar chéim dhiúltach SAM, a bhí ag tarlú ó lár mhí Dheireadh Fómhair.\nBa cheart go gcuirfeadh an aimsir fuar atá le teacht go leor teocht síos go leor chun sneachta a shuí ar cheantair ardchríocha Tasmania, Victoria agus NSW níos déanaí sa tseachtain.\nD'fhéadfadh sneachta a shroicheadh thart ar 600 méadar os cionn leibhéal na farraige i Tasmáine ó Déardaoin agus níos ísle go 500 méadar Dé Sathairn. Níos faide ó thuaidh, d'fhéadfadh sneachta titim go 800-1000 méadar i Victoria agus i ndeisceart NSW nuair a thagann an t-aer is fuaire ar oíche Dé hAoine agus maidin Dé Sathairn. Tá seans ann fiú go mbeidh cúpla snámh i gceantair ard i lár NSW oíche Dé hAoine nó maidin Dé Sathairn, cé go mbraitheann sé seo ar an méid taise a dhéanann sé seo go dtí an tuaisceart.\nTá Melbourne réamh-mheasta a bhaint amach 14 céim Dé hAoine, atá ocht faoi bhun an meán agus a bheadh a dhéanamh ar an chathair is fuar lá Samhain ó 2007. Ba é 11.0 céim i 1913 an lá is fuaire i mí na Samhna i Melbourne.\nIs dócha go dtarlóidh gaoth buartha freisin mar gheall ar na frontaí fuar atá le teacht, agus is féidir go mbeidh breacanna damáisteacha i roinnt ceantair. Ón meán lae EDT Dé Céadaoin, bhí rabhaidh thirimteachta eisithe cheana féin do chuid de SA, Victoria, NSW / ACT agus Tasmania.\nBa chóir go mbeadh racha, stoirmeacha thunder, hail bheag agus deatach ard i ndeisceart na hAstráile le linn na laethanta atá romhainn.\nTabhair cuairt ar https://www.weatherzone.com.au/warnings.jsp chun na rabhaidh is déanaí a fháil."} {"text": "The nature of ethics revolves around a practical way that intrinsically connects with the correct conduct in society. By being reasonable people consider standards and apply norms before embarking on newer always evolving circumstances. However, people are often faced with puzzlement on what should be done while tackling different situations (MacIntyre, 2013). Puzzlement becomes evident when individuals are unable to apply existing principles to concrete situations. For instance, journalists are often puzzled in various situations. Especially when they have to invade the privacy of politicians in their investigations of allegations concerning unethical conducts.\nThe history of ethics is shaped by the critical thinking of some key philosopher. They include Aristotle, Plato, Immanuel Kunt, and Socrates. Socrates lived most of his life trying to examine and explain in clarity the critical concepts of issues that lacked concrete definitions like beauty and truth and the virtues of wisdom, courage, piety, temperance, and justice. Plato, who was a student of Socrates central idea, was based on the theory of forms. He proceeded to explain that metaphysical abstraction possesses a higher and more fundamental kind of reality. This theory became the foundation of understanding existentialism. Aristotle was the most eminent philosopher who criticized issues that ranged from ethics, pure logic, literature, politics, and science (MacIntyre, 2013). He theorized the four causes of all things that are in existence. Besides, he argued about the hierarchy of life thus classifying the ladder of life with eleven rungs topped by humans. Moreover, he formulated the principles of ethics whose concepts are founded on doing good instead of just being good. Immanuel Kunt being a modern philosopher based his criticism on reconciling empiricism and rationalism which he claims is a mind structured experience.\nNormative ethics provide a generalized theory telling people on how they ought to live. They are classified into three types virtue, consequentiality and deontological theories each exhibiting different elements. Virtue theory emphasizes on the moral characters that an individual is supposed to possess. Some of the characteristics manifested are in forms of courage, compassion, generosity, etc. The deontological theory explains that one should focus on their duties and obligations before acting in a particular situation (MacIntyre, 2013). Thus agreeing that by performing the right action according to the requirement of their duties is what is acceptable. The consequentialists approach explains that whichever action is taken the good it brings justifies its undertaking.\nAn example of a concrete situation where normative theory can be applied is an instance when a brave man intervenes in a bid to prevent youth from being assaulted by his peers. In virtue theory, this interprets to a positive character trait which is bravery. Therefore, his actions are right because he has acted by the exemplary aspects of virtues. A consequentialist in this situation will weigh the outcome of his actions and in this situation, there were good because he prevented the youth from being injured. Consequently, a deontologist commends the actual actions of the man. Considering that it was his duty to stand up for the youth thus this kind of behavior rated as intrinsically good.\nConsequentialism and deontology tend to have almost similar approaches since their main attempt is to justify and specify principles and moral rules. However, each of the two theories has different approaches deontology reigns on acting according to duty which should result in good. On the other hand, utilitarianism basis on consequences but encourages people to do what they deem as good regardless of whether they are right or wrong (MacIntyre, 2013). However, virtues are quite different because they define that human beings should have particular good character traits that translate to acceptable morals. Thus, virtues do not have exceptions good character traits are the standard measure.\nNonetheless, each approach to ethical theory contains advantages and disadvantages. The benefits accrued to deontology include an emphasis on valuing every human being, says that some actions are always wrong, it provides certainty and measures the intentions and motives of an action. On the other hand, it has disadvantages such as allowing people to act in ways that make the world seem like a lesser good place to live and it based on absolute rules without exceptions. The consequentialist theory has advantages in making informed decisions concerning a large group of people and making space weigh the good or wrong of an action. Also, it provides a platform for taking actions that produce more good than harm to all the affected people (MacIntyre, 2013). However, there are some limitations to the same theory like its egoistic approach that seems to campaign for self-interest. Lastly, virtues have some advantages like accounting for all human experiences and their roles in deliberating ethics. However, virtues have limitations, especially when resolving disputes because people often disagree on virtues rather than values. Also, ethics emphasize on displaying good character traits instead of helping people decide on the actions they should take in particular situations. Besides, it limits people by stressing the importance of education and role modeling ethical behavior.\nIn the world business, some contemporary issues should be addressed like pollution especially on what a company should do with waste disposal. Posing the question of what is the best ethical way of dealing with such an environmental degrading situation. Ethically it is wrong to pollute the environment because it hurts not only the people but also the environment. Therefore, it is virtuous for a company to practice what is appropriate by caring about the people around them and thus should embark on alternative ways of disposal. By so doing they avoid hurting the society and environment and act in a socially responsible manner.\nMacIntyre, A. (2013). A Short History of Ethics: a history of moral philosophy from the Homeric age to the 20th century. Routledge.\nIf you are the original author of this essay and no longer wish to have it published on the SuperbGrade website, please click below to request its removal:\n- Concepts in the Modern Post-Colonial Studies\n- Effects of Indias Dowry System on Women\n- Om Sokdae as the Twisted Hero\n- Paper Example on Historical Interference with Racial and Ethnic Groups\n- Expository Essay on Ideal Lady as a Social Construct: Isabella dEste\n- Why Doesnt Evolution Get Rid Of Ugly People?\n- Definition Essay Sample on Culture Problems", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-49", "url": "https://superbgrade.com/essays/making-a-moral-decision", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964358673.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20211128224316-20211129014316-00607.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.957115829, "token_count": 1265, "score": 3.953125, "int_score": 4, "irish_text": "Tá nádúr na eitice ag casadh timpeall ar bhealach praiticiúil a nascadh go bunúsach leis an iompar ceart sa tsochaí. Trí bheith réasúnta, déanann daoine meas ar chaighdeáin agus feidhmíonn siad caighdeáin sula dtéann siad i mbun cúinsí nua atá ag athrú i gcónaí. Mar sin féin, is minic a bhíonn daoine ag tabhairt aghaidh ar mhíchumas maidir le cad ba cheart a dhéanamh agus iad ag dul i ngleic le cásanna éagsúla (MacIntyre, 2013). Tá an t-eagla soiléir nuair nach féidir le daoine prionsabail atá ann cheana a chur i bhfeidhm i gcásanna sonracha. Mar shampla, is minic a bhíonn míniúchán ag iriseoirí i gcásanna éagsúla. Go háirithe nuair a bhíonn orthu príobháideacht pholaiteoirí a ionsaí ina n-imscrúduithe ar líomhaintí maidir le hiompar neamh-eiticiúil.\nTá stair na heitice déanta ag smaointeoireacht chriticiúil roinnt fealsúna lárnach. I measc na ndaoine sin tá Aistritheoil, Platón, Immanuel Kunt, agus Sócráit. Chaith Sócráit an chuid is mó dá shaol ag iarraidh na coincheapa criticiúla a bhaineann le saincheisteanna nach raibh sainmhínithe coincréite acu mar áilleacht agus fírinne agus na deiseanna eagna, misneach, dílseacht, meath agus ceartais a scrúdú agus a mhíniú go soiléir. Bhí Plato, a bhí ina mhac léinn ar phríomh-smaoineamh Socrates, bunaithe ar theoiric na bhfoirmeacha. Chuaigh sé ar aghaidh ag míniú go bhfuil cineál réaltachta níos airde agus níos bunúsaí ag an astracadh meiteafisic. Tháinig an teoiric seo mar bhunús chun an réamhtheachtachas a thuiscint. Ba é Aristoteles an fealsamh is suntasaí a rinne cáineadh ar shaincheisteanna a bhí ó eitic, loighic íon, litríocht, polaitíocht agus eolaíocht (MacIntyre, 2013). Rinne sé teoiric ar na ceithre chúis le gach rud atá ann. Thairis sin, rinne sé argóint faoi ordlathas na beatha agus dá bhrí sin aicmiú ar an léardlann na beatha le aon chéim dhéag a bhí ag daoine. Thairis sin, chuir sé prionsabail na n-eitic a bhfuil a gcuid coincheapa bunaithe ar mhaith a dhéanamh seachas a bheith go maith. Bhí Immanuel Kunt ina fhealsúnach nua-aimseartha agus d'fhás sé ar a chuid cáineadh maidir le empiriceachas agus réasúnachas a chur le chéile a mhaíonn sé gur eispéireas struchtúrtha intinne é.\nSoláthraíonn eitic choinbhinsiúnach teoiric ghinearálaithe ag insint do dhaoine conas ba chóir dóibh maireachtáil. Déantar iad a aicmiú i dtrí chineál deoir, deoir agus deoirteoirí deontúlacha a léiríonn eilimintí éagsúla. Cuireann teoiric na virtue béim ar na carachtair mhóracha a gceaptar go bhfuil ag an duine aonair. Tá cuid de na tréithe a léirítear i bhfoirmeacha misneach, trócaire, flaithiúlacht, srl. Míníonn an teoiric deontological gur chóir do dhuine díriú ar a ndualgais agus a oibleagáidí sula ngníomhóidh sé i gcás áirithe (MacIntyre, 2013). Mar sin ag comhaontú go bhfuil ag déanamh an gníomh ceart de réir riachtanais a ndualgais is é an rud atá inghlactha. Míníonn an cur chuige iarmhairtí go bhfuil an mhaith a thugann sé a údarú a ghnóthais cibé gníomh a dhéantar.\nSampla de chás nithiúil ina bhféadfaí teoiric choinbhinsiúnach a chur i bhfeidhm is ea cás nuair a dhéanann fear cróga idirghabháil i ndícheall chun cosc a chur ar dhaoine óga ionsaí a dhéanamh ar a chomhghleacaithe. Sa teoiric deimhneachta, léiríonn sé seo tréith dearfach carachtair is ea misneach. Dá bhrí sin, tá a chuid gníomhartha ceart toisc go ndearna sé gníomhú de réir na gnéithe samplacha de mhaitheas. Beidh consequentialist sa chás seo a mheá na torthaí dá ghníomhartha agus sa chás seo, bhí maith toisc go raibh sé cosc ar an óige ó a bheith gortaithe. Dá bhrí sin, molaíonn deontologist gníomhartha iarbhír an duine. Ag smaoineamh gurbh é a dhualgas seasamh suas don óige dá bhrí sin, measadh an cineál seo iompair mar mhaith go bunúsach.\nIs gnách go mbíonn cur chuige beagnach cosúil ag iarmhairtí agus deontology ós rud é gurb é an príomhfheidhm atá acu ná prionsabail agus rialacha morálta a fhíorú agus a shonrú. Mar sin féin, tá gach ceann de na dhá teoiric a bhfuil cur chuige difriúil deontology reigns ar gníomhú de réir dualgas a ba chóir a bheith ina thoradh ar mhaith. Ar an láimh eile, tá an utilitarianism bunaithe ar iarmhairtí ach spreagann sé daoine a dhéanamh ar a mheasann siad go maith gan aird a thabhairt ar cibé acu atá siad ceart nó mícheart (MacIntyre, 2013). Mar sin féin, tá na deiseanna go leor difriúil toisc go ndéanann siad a shainmhíniú gur chóir go mbeadh tréithe dea-charachtair áirithe ag daoine a aistriú go moráltachtaí inghlactha. Dá bhrí sin, ní bhíonn eisceachtaí ag dea-ghnéithe carthanachta mar an tomhas caighdeánach.\nMar sin féin, tá buntáistí agus míbhuntáistí ag gach cur chuige maidir le teoiric eiticiúil. I measc na buntáistí a bhaineann le deontology tá béim ar luacháil gach duine, deir sé go bhfuil roinnt gníomhartha mícheart i gcónaí, soláthraíonn sé cinnteacht agus tomhais ar intinn agus ar fhéinicí gníomhartha. Ar an láimh eile, tá míbhuntáistí aige, mar shampla ligean do dhaoine gníomhú ar bhealaí a fhágann go bhfuil an domhan cosúil le háit níos lú maith le maireachtáil agus tá sé bunaithe ar rialacha iomlán gan eisceachtaí. Tá buntáistí ag an teoiric iarbhír i gcinneadh eolasach a dhéanamh maidir le grúpa mór daoine agus spás a dhéanamh chun dea-eagla nó mícheart gníomhaíochta a mheá. Chomh maith leis sin, soláthraíonn sé ardán chun gníomhartha a dhéanamh a tháirgeann níos mó maitheasa ná dochar do na daoine go léir a bhfuil tionchar acu orthu (MacIntyre, 2013). Mar sin féin, tá roinnt teorainneacha leis an teoiric chéanna mar a chur chuige egoistic a bhfuil an chuma ar an bhfeachtas ar son leas féin. Ar deireadh, tá roinnt buntáistí ag na dea-ghníomhairí mar cuntas a thabhairt do gach taithí daonna agus a róil i ndíriú ar eitic. Mar sin féin, tá teorainneacha ag na dea-ghníomhan, go háirithe nuair a bhíonn díospóidí á réiteach toisc go mbíonn daoine ag easaontú go minic ar na dea-ghníomhan seachas ar na luachanna. Chomh maith leis sin, cuireann an eitic béim ar thréithe dea-charachtair a thaispeáint in ionad cabhrú le daoine cinneadh a dhéanamh ar na gníomhartha ba chóir dóibh a dhéanamh i gcásanna áirithe. Thairis sin, cuireann sé teorainn ar dhaoine trí béim a chur ar thábhacht an oideachais agus ar mhúnlaí iompair eitice.\nSa ghnó domhanda, ba cheart aghaidh a thabhairt ar roinnt saincheisteanna comhaimseartha cosúil le truailliú go háirithe ar an méid ba cheart do chuideachta a dhéanamh le diúscairt dramhaíola. Ag cur an cheist cad é an bealach eiticiúil is fearr chun déileáil le staid chomhshaoil ídiú den sórt sin. Go heiticiúil tá sé mícheart an timpeallacht a thruailliú toisc go ndéanann sé dochar ní amháin do na daoine ach don chomhshaol freisin. Dá bhrí sin, is dea-scéal é do chuideachta an rud is cuí a dhéanamh trí aire a thabhairt do na daoine timpeall orthu agus dá bhrí sin ba cheart dó dul i mbun bealaí eile diúscairt. Trí sin a dhéanamh, seachnaíonn siad dochar a dhéanamh don tsochaí agus don chomhshaol agus gníomhú ar bhealach atá freagrach go sóisialta.\nMacIntyre, A. (2013). A Short History of Ethics: stair na fealsúnachta morálta ó aois Homeric go dtí an 20ú haois. Routledge.\nMá tá tú an t-údar bunaidh an aiste seo agus nach bhfuil ag iarraidh a bheith a thuilleadh a bheith foilsithe ar an suíomh Gréasáin SuperbGrade, le do thoil cliceáil thíos chun a iarraidh a bhaint:\n- Coinníoll sna Staidéir Iar-Cholúnúla Nua-aimseartha\n- Iarsmaí Córas Doire na hIndia ar Mná\n- Om Sokdae mar an Laoch Tortuithe\n- Píosa samplach ar idirghabháil stairiúil le grúpaí ciníocha agus eitneacha\n- Sábhál léargasúil ar an mBan Ideal mar Thórt Sóisialta: Isabella d'Este\n- Cén fáth nach bhfuil an Eabhlóid fáil réidh le daoine ugly?\n- Sainmhíniú Ar an Saineolas ar Fadhbanna Cultúir"} {"text": "A Hypertext Edition of Charles Hoy Fort's Book\nEdited and Annotated by Mr. X\nUNKNOWN, luminous things, or beings have often been seen, sometimes close to this earth, and sometimes high in the sky. It may be that some of them were living things that occasionally come from somewhere else in our existence, but that others were lights on the vessels of explorers, or voyagers, from somewhere else.\nFrom time to time, luminous objects, or beings, have been reported from Brown Mountain, North Carolina. They appear, and then for a long time are not seen, and then they appear again. See the Literary Digest, Nov. 7, 1925.(1) I have other records. The luminosities travel, as if with motions of their own. They are brilliant, globular forms, and move in the sky, with a leisureliness and duration that exclude any explanation in meteoric terms. For many years, there [123/124] had been talk upon this subject, and then, in the year 1922, people of North Carolina, asking for a scientific investigation, were referred to the United States Geological Survey. A geologist was sent from Washington to investigate these things in the sky.\nOne imagines, but most likely only faintly, the superiority of this geologist from Washington. He heard stories from the natives. He contrasted his own sound principles with the irresponsible gab of the denizens, and went right to the investigation, scientifically. He went out on a road, and saw lights, and made his report. Forty-seven per cent. of the lights that he saw were automobile headlights, 33 per cent. of them were locomotive headlights, 10 per cent. were lights in houses, and 10 per cent. were bush fires. Tot that up, and see that efficiency can't go further. The geologist from Washington, having investigated nothing that he had been sent to investigate, returned to Washington, which also, by the way, is a place where there's plenty to investigate, and I suppose that the people of North Carolina will be no wiser, as to these things in the sky, if some other time they appeal to a United States Fish Commission, or the Department of Labour.\nI don't know to just what degree my accusation, in these matters, is of laziness and feeble-mindedness of scientists. Or, instead of accusing, I am simply pointing out everybody's inability seriously to spend time upon something, which, according to his preconceptions, is nonsense. Scientists, in matters of our data, have been like somebody in Europe, before the year 1492, hearing stories of lands to the west, going out on the ocean for an hour or so, in a row-boat, and then saying, whether exactly in these words, or not: \"Oh, hell! there ain't no America.\"\nIn Knowledge, Sept., 1913, Count de Sibour enjoyed his laziness, or incompetence, which a merciful provi- [124/125] dence, bent upon keeping us human beings reconciled to being human beings, made him think was his own superiority.(2) He told a story of foolish, credulous people, in North Norfolk, England, who, in the winter of 1907-08, believed that a pair of shining things, moving about the fields, could not be explained as he explained them. We are told of a commonplace ending of this alleged mystery: that finally a gamekeeper shot one of these objects, and found that it was a common barn owl, phosphorescent with decayed wood from its nesting place, or with a fungous disease of its feathers. According to other accounts, these things were as brilliant as electric lights. But a phosphorescent owl could not shine with a light like an electric light. So De Sibour described the light as \"a pale, yellow glow,\" such as a phosphorescent owl could shine with.\nScience concerns itself with adaptations, and science itself is adaptation. We are reminded of the Rev. Hugh Guy. He could not explain downpours: so he turned downpours into \"a small quantity,\" which he could explain.\nDe Sibour knew nothing about this subject, from his own experiences. We go to the same records to which he went. Like him, we find just about what we want to find. In the London Times, Dec. 10, 1907, and in following issues, are accounts of these luminous objects, which were flying about the fields of North Norfolk, having been reported by Mr. R.W. Purdy, a well-known writer upon biologic subjects.(3)\nAmong other attempts to assimilate with the known, or among other expressions of a world-wide antipathy to the finding out of anything new, was the idea that owls are sometime luminous. The idea came first, or the solution of the problem was published first, and then the problem was fitted to the solution. This is [125/126] said to be a favourite method of ratiocination with inmates of a home for the mentally deficient, but I should think that one of these inmates should feel at home anywhere. De Sibour and others fitted in a story that a luminous owl had been shot. I think that at times there may be faintly luminous owls, because I accept that, under some circumstances, almost anything may be luminous. English Mechanic, 10-15 -- case of a woman with a luminous toe.(4)\nShining things, flying like birds, in the fields of North Norfolk continued to be reported. The brilliant things looked electric. When they rested on trees, everything around them was illuminated. Purdy's descriptions are very different from \"a pale, yellow glow.\" Upon the night of December 1st, he saw something that he thought was the lamp of a motor cycle, moving rapidly, in a field, stopping, then rising several yards, moving higher, and then retreating. It moved in various directions. See the Field, Jan. 11, 1908.(5)\nDe Sibour was uncareful, in his mystery-squelching story, his bobbed story, a story, that forced a mystery to a commonplace ending. No gamekeeper shot a luminous owl, at this time, in North Norfolk.\nBut somebody did say that he had conventionally solved the mystery. Eastern Daily Press (Norwich), Feb. 7, 1908 -- that, early in the morning of the 5th, Mr. E.S. Cannell, of Lower Hellesdon, saw something shining on a grass bank.(6) According to him, it fluttered up to him, and he found that it was the explanation of a mystery. It was a luminous owl, he said: and, as told by him, he carried it to his home, where it died, \"still luminous.\"\nBut see the Press of the 8th -- that Mr. Cannell's dead owl had been taken to a taxidermist, who had been interviewed.(7) Of course a phosphorescence of a bird, whether from decayed wood, or feather fungi, [126/127] would be independent of life or death of the bird. Questioned as to whether the body of the owl was luminous or not, the taxidermist said: \"I have seen nothing luminous about it.\"\nIn zoological journals, one frequently comes upon allusions to these things, or beings, of North Norfolk. No gamekeeper killed one of them, but the story of the gamekeeper who killed a luminous owl is told in these records that are said to be scientific. It is not necessary that a gamekeeper should kill a luminous owl, and so put an end to a mystery. A story that he did, will serve just as well.\nThe finding, or procuring in some way or another, of the body of an owl, did not put an end to the mystery, except in most of the records, that are said to be scientific. There were at first two lights, and there continued to be two lights. The brilliant things continued to be seen in the fields, flitting about, appearing and disappearing. The last observation findable by me (May 3, 1908) is recorded in the Trans. Norfolk and Norwich Naturalists' Society, 8-550.(8) Purdy records an observation upon the two lights, seen together, more than a month after the date upon which Mr. Cannell said that his owl fluttered right up to him.(9)\nSomething else was reported, in this region. In the Eastern Daily Press, Jan. 28, 1908, it is said that, at night -- moon bright -- \"a dark, globular object, with a structure of some kind upon the side of it, travelling at a great pace,\" had been seen in the sky, by employees of the Norwich Transportation Company, at Mousehead.(10) \"It seemed too large for a kite, and, besides, its movements seemed under control, for it was travelling against the wind.\"\nI am here noting only a few of the many records of unknown, seeming living, luminous things that used [127/128] to be called will-o'-the-wisps. They come and they go, and their reappearances in a small region make me think of other localised repetitions that we have noted.\nLondon Daily Express, Feb. 15, and following issues, 1923 -- brilliant luminous things moving across fields, sometimes high in the air, at Fenny Compton, Warwickshire.(11) They were \"intense lights,\" like automobile headlights. Sometimes these luminous things, or beings, hovered over a farm house. It was a deserted farm house, according to the London Daily News, Feb. 13.(12) About a year later, one of these objects, or whatever they were, returned, and was reported as \"a swiftly moving light,\" by several persons, one of them Miss Olive Knight, a school teacher, of Fenny Compton (London Sunday News, Jan. 27, 1924).(13)\nThe Earl of Erne tells, in the London Daily Mail, Dec. 24, 1912,\nof brilliant luminosities that, from time to time, in a period of seven\nor eight years, had been appearing near Lough Erne, Londonderry, Ireland,\n\"in size and shape very much like a motor-car lamp.\"(14)\nIn later issues of the Daily Mail, the Countess of Erne tells of\nthese things, or creatures, \"like motor-car lamps, large and round.\"(15)\n1. \"The queer lights on Brown Mountain.\" Literary Digest, 87 n. 6 (wh.n. 1855; November 7, 1925): 44, 49. Ten per cent of the lights observed by the geologist in 1922 were attributed to \"fixt lights,\" (not only house lights).\n2. L. de Sibour. \"The existence of luminous birds.\" Knowledge, n.s., 10 (September 1913): 321-322.\n3. T. Digby Pigott. \"Luminous owl.\" London Times, December 14, 1907, p.16 c.5. \"A luminous owl?\" London Times Weekly Edition, December 20, 1907, p.iv c.4. \"Luminous owl.\" London Times, December 26, 1907, p.2 c.6. T. Digby Pigott. \"Luminous owls.\" London Times, January 9, 1908, p.6 c.3. H.D. Rawnsley. \"Luminous birds.\" London Times, January 14, 1908, p.6 c.2. Oswald Crawford. \"Luminous birds.\" London Times, January 18, 1908, p.7 c.3. \"Luminous birds.\" London Times, January 22, 1908, p.17 c.6.\n4. \"A luminous toe.\" English Mechanic, 10 (September 24, 1869): 24.\n5. R.J.W.P. \"Luminosity of the white owl.\" Field, 111 (January 11, 1908): 70. c.1. Correct quote: \"...lamp of a motor bicycle moving rapidly....\"\n6. \"Luminous owl at Hellesdon.\" Eastern Daily Press (Norwich), February 7, 1908, p.4 c.7.\n7. \"The luminous owl.\" Eastern Daily Press (Norwich), February 8, 1908, p.9 c.5.\n8. R.J.W. Purdy. \"The occasional luminosity of the white owl (Strix flammea).\" Transactions of the Norfolk and Norwich Naturalists' Society, 8, 547-52, at 551-2. The two were observed for half an hour, on March 12, 1908, along the valley between Twyford and Guist.\n9. For further correspondence on this subject: H.C. Cooke. \"The luminous owl.\" Eastern Daily Press (Norwich), January 1, 1908, p.6 c.7. John Knowlittle. \"The luminous owl.\" Eastern Daily Press, January 2, 1908, p.3 c.7. \"The luminous owl.\" Eastern Daily Press, January 3, 1908, p.6 c.6-7. \"The luminous owl.\" Eastern Daily Press, January 7, 1908, p.6 c.5-6. W.R. \"The luminous owl.\" Eastern Daily Press, January 8, 1908, p.3 c.5. \"Luminous owl.\" Eastern Daily Press, January 9, 1908, p.6 c.6. C.A. Hamond, and, T.W. Purdy. \"The luminous owl.\" Eastern Daily Press, January 17, 1908, p.8 c.5. W.S. Everitt. \"The Hellesdon owl.\" Eastern Daily Press, February 8, 1908, p.8 c.3.\n10. \"Airship seen over Norwich.\" Eastern Daily Press (Norwich), January 29, 1908, p.6 c.5. The object over Mousehold, (not Mousehead), was observed by employees of the Norwich Tramway Company, at Norwich. Correct quotes: \"...a dark globular object travelling at a great pace;\" \"...and there appeared some structure attached to the side of it,\" and, \"It appeared too large for a kite or a small balloon, and, besides, its movements seemed to be under human control....\"\n11. \"Ghost lights.\" London Daily Express, February 13, 1923, p.7 c.3. \"Ghost ray mystery.\" London Daily Express, February 14, 1923, p.1 c.7. Correct quote: \"The light is intense.\" \"When the ghost walks.\" London Daily Express, February 15, 1923, p.4 c.4. \"The farm of spooks.\" London Daily Express, February 19, 1923, p.7 c.7. \"Ox-trot of the spooks.\" London Daily Express, February 20, 1923, p.7 c.7. \"The ghost hunters.\" London Daily Express, February 21, 1923, p.1. c.7 & p.5 c.3. \"Midnight ghost thunder.\" London Daily Express, February 22, 1923, p.3 c.2. \"Bewitched farm.\" London Daily Express, February 26, 1923, p.3 c.1.\n12. \"Village ghost scare.\" London Daily News, February 13, 1923, p.5 c.3.\n13. London Sunday News, (January 27, 1924).\n14. \"The yellow light.\" London Daily Mail, December 24, 1912, p.5 c.5. The period given was six or seven years, (not seven or eight); and, Lough Erne is located in Co. Fermanagh, (not at Londonderry). Correct quote: \"...very much the same as a motor-car lamp.\"\n15. \"Chase of the will-o'-the-wisp.\" London Daily Mail, December 26, 1912, p.3 c.6. \"Lake lights mystery.\" London Daily Mail, January 1, 1913, p.3 c.6. Elliot Mackirdy. \"A mysterious light.\" London Daily Mail, January 2, 1913, p.4 c.5. James M. Monteith Erskine. \"Will-o'-the-wisps.\" London Daily Mail, January 3, 1913, p.3 c.2.\nOr, go to:\nPart One 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19\nPart Two 1 2 3 4\nPart Three 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9\nReturn to Mr. X's Fortean Web-Site\nCommunications, (preferably in English), may be sent to Mr. X by electronic mail at email@example.com\nor by letters to: Box 1598, Kingston, Ontario K7L 5C8 CANADA.\n© X, 1998, 1999", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-30", "url": "http://www.resologist.net/lo110.htm", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-30/segments/1469257828322.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20160723071028-00269-ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9643937349, "token_count": 3571, "score": 2.796875, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Leagan Hipirtheangach de Leabhar Charles Hoy Fort\nArna eagarthóireacht agus arna cur síos ag an Uasal X\nGLACHAIDH rudaí, nó daoine, neamhfhoirmiúla, solais go minic, uaireanta gar don talamh seo, agus uaireanta ard sa spéir. B'fhéidir go raibh roinnt acu ina n-eintiteas beo a thagann ó áit éigin eile inár saol ó am go ham, ach go raibh daoine eile ina solais ar shoithí na ndeardaitheoirí, nó na dtuaslagóirí, ó áit éigin eile.\nÓ am go ham, tá rudaí solais, nó daoine, tuairiscíodh ó Brown Mountain, Carolina Thuaidh. Tá siad le feiceáil, agus ansin ar feadh i bhfad nach bhfuil le feiceáil, agus ansin tá siad le feiceáil arís. Féach an Literary Digest, 7 Samhain, 1925. (1) Tá taifid eile agam. Na luminosities taisteal, amhail is dá mba le gluaiseachtaí a gcuid féin. Tá siad geal, foirmeacha spórtha, agus bogann siad sa spéir, le leisiness agus fad a eisiamh aon mhíniú i dtéarmaí meteoric. Ar feadh blianta fada, bhí [123/124] ag caint ar an ábhar seo, agus ansin, sa bhliain 1922, tugadh daoine ó Carolina Thuaidh, ag iarraidh fiosrúchán eolaíoch, chuig Suirbhéireacht Geolaíochta na Stát Aontaithe. Seoladh geolaí ó Washington chun na rudaí seo sa spéir a imscrúdú.\nIs féidir le duine a shamhlú, ach is dócha ach go héasca, an superiority an gheolaí seo ó Washington. Chuala sé scéalta ó na dúchasaigh. D'éirigh sé a prionsabail fuaime féin leis an gab neamhfhreagrach na dtuismitheoirí, agus chuaigh sé díreach chuig an imscrúdú, go heolaíoch. Chuaigh sé amach ar bhealach, agus chonaic solas, agus rinne sé a thuairisciú. Ceithre is seacht faoin gcéad. na soilse a chonaic sé bhí headlights gluaisteán, 33 faoin gcéad. Bhí ceannlár locomotiveanna, 10 faoin gcéad díobh. bhí solais i dtithe, agus 10 faoin gcéad. Bhí tine Bush. Tot go suas, agus féach go bhfuil éifeachtúlacht nach féidir dul níos faide. An geologist ó Washington, tar éis imscrúdú aon rud go raibh sé a sheoladh chun imscrúdú, ar ais go Washington, a bhfuil freisin, ar an mbealach, is áit ina bhfuil go leor a imscrúdú, agus is dóigh liom go mbeidh na daoine de Carolina Thuaidh a bheith níos ciallmhar, mar a na rudaí seo sa spéir, má am éigin eile a achomharc siad chuig an Choimisiún Eitil Stáit Aontaithe, nó an Roinn Oibre.\nNíl a fhios agam go díreach cé chomh mór is é mo chúiseamh, sna hábhair seo, de laziness agus weak-mindedness eolaithe. Nó, in ionad cúisithe, táim ag tabhairt le fios go simplí nach bhfuil gach duine in ann am a chaitheamh go dáiríre ar rud éigin, rud atá, de réir a réamh-mheastacháin, gan chiall. Bhí eolaithe, i dtaca lenár sonraí, cosúil le duine san Eoraip, roimh 1492, ag éisteacht le scéalta faoi thalamh san iarthar, ag dul amach ar an aigéan ar feadh uair an chloig nó mar sin, i mbád róil, agus ansin ag rá, cibé acu go díreach sna focail seo, nó nach bhfuil: \"Ó, diabhal! Níl aon Mheiriceá. \"\nI Eolas, Meán Fómhair, 1913, bhain an Grúpa de Sibour taitneamh as a laziness, nó neamhchomhoibriú, a providence trócaire, bent ar a choinneáil orainn daoine a réitíodh le bheith ina ndaoine, rinne sé smaoineamh go raibh a chuid féin níos fearr. (2) D'inis sé scéal faoi dhaoine amaideach, creidiúnacha, i dTuaisceart Norfolk, Sasana, a chreid, i rith gheimhridh 1907-08, nach bhféadfaí péire rudaí geal, ag gluaiseacht ar fud na bhfeirmeacha, a mhíniú mar a mhínigh sé iad. Inis dúinn ar an commonplace deireadh an rúndiamhair líomhnaithe: go deireadh thiar shoot gamekeeper ar cheann de na rudaí, agus fuair sé go raibh sé ina owl baránta coitianta, phosphorescent le adhmad decayed ó a áit neadaithe, nó le galar fungach a chuid féitheacha. De réir cuntais eile, bhí na rudaí seo chomh geal le soilse leictreacha. Ach ní fhéadfadh owl phosphorescent gloine le solas cosúil le solas leictreach. Mar sin, mhínigh De Sibour an solas mar \"glow páirteach, buí\", mar a d'fhéadfadh owl phosphorescent a bheith ag solas leis.\nBaineann an eolaíocht féin le hoiriúnaithe, agus is oiriúnaíocht an eolaíocht féin. Cuirtear i gcuimhne dúinn an Rev. Hugh Guy. Ní raibh sé in ann a mhíniú rainfalls: mar sin rinne sé rainfalls i \"cainníocht bheag\", a d'fhéadfadh sé a mhíniú.\nNí raibh a fhios ag De Sibour ar bith faoin ábhar seo, óna thaithí féin. Téimid go dtí na taifid chéanna a chuaigh sé. Cosúil leis, faighimid díreach an rud ba mhaith linn a fháil. Sa London Times, 10 Nollaig, 1907, agus i n-eisiúintí ina dhiaidh sin, tá cuntais na n-ábhar soilsitheacha, a bhí ag eitilt ar fud na réimsí de Norfolk Thuaidh, tar éis a thuairiscigh an tUasal R.W. Purdy, scríbhneoir ar eolas ar ábhair bitheolaíocha. (3)\nI measc iarrachtaí eile a chomhghuaillithe leis an eolas, nó i measc na léirithe eile ar antipathy ar fud an domhain chun teacht amach ar rud ar bith nua, bhí an smaoineamh go bhfuil owl uaireanta luminous. Tháinig an smaoineamh ar dtús, nó foilsíodh réiteach an fhadhb ar dtús, agus ansin cuireadh an fhadhb in oiriúint don réiteach. Deirtear gurb é seo [125/126] an modh is fearr leat chun réasúnaíocht a dhéanamh le príosúnaigh i dteach do dhaoine atá faoi mhíchumas meabhrach, ach ba cheart dom a cheapadh gur chóir go mbraitheadh duine de na príosúnaigh seo sa bhaile in áit ar bith. De Sibour agus daoine eile a oireann i scéal go raibh a lámhaigh owl luminous. Sílim go bhféadfadh go mbeadh owl beagáinín luminous uaireanta, toisc go nglacfaidh mé leis, faoi chúinsí áirithe, is féidir le beagnach rud ar bith a bheith luminous. Meicnic Béarla, 10-15 - cás de bhean le toe luminous. (4) an\nBhí rudaí geal, ag eitilt cosúil le héin, i réimsí Thuaisceart Norfolk leanófar ag tuairisciú. Bhí na rudaí geal cosúil le leictreachas. Nuair a bhí siad ag scíth a ligean ar chrainn, bhí gach rud timpeall orthu soilsithe. Tá cur síos Purdy an-difriúil ó \"glow páirteach, buí\". Ar an oíche an 1 Nollaig, chonaic sé rud éigin a cheap sé a bhí an lampa de rothar, ag bogadh go tapa, i réimse, stopadh, ansin ag ardú roinnt slat, ag bogadh níos airde, agus ansin a tharraingt siar. Ghluais sé i dtreo éagsúla. Féach an Field, 11 Eanáir, 1908. (5)\nBhí De Sibour neamhchúramach, ina scéal rúnda-squeezing, a scéal bobbed, scéal, a chuir deireadh gnáthchúramach ar rúndacht. Ní raibh aon gamekeeper shot owl luminous, ag an am seo, i dTuaisceart Norfolk.\nAch dúirt duine éigin go raibh sé réitigh an rúndiamhair go traidisiúnta. Eastern Daily Press (Norwich), Feabhra 7, 1908 - go, go luath ar maidin an 5ú, an tUasal E.S. Cannell, de Hellesdon Íochtarach, chonaic rud éigin shining ar an banc féar. (6) De réir a chuid tuairimí, thit an t-amhrán suas go dtí é, agus fuair sé amach gur léirigh sé rúndiamhair. Bhí sé owl luminous, a dúirt sé: agus, mar a dúirt ag dó, rinne sé é a theach, áit a bhfuair sé bás, \"fós luminous\".\nAch féach an Preas an 8ú - go raibh an tUasal Cannell's owl marbh a bhí i gceannas ar a taxidermist, a bhí agallaimh. (7) Ar ndóigh, bheadh fosfórsaíocht éan, cibé acu ó adhmad atá ag dul in olcas, nó ó fungais plumha, [126/127] neamhspleách ar shaol nó ar bhás an éan. Nuair a d'fhiafraigh an taxidermist an raibh corp an chúlra geal nó nach raibh, dúirt sé: \"Ní fhaca mé aon rud geal air\".\nI irisí zoological, tagann duine go minic ar allusions do na rudaí, nó a bheith, de Thuaidh Norfolk. Ní raibh aon caomhnóir game maraíodh ceann acu, ach an scéal an caomhnóir game a maraíodh owl luminous insítear sna taifid sin a bhfuil a rá go bhfuil eolaíoch. Níl sé riachtanach go gcaithfidh caomhnóir game a mharú owl luminous, agus mar sin a chur deireadh le mistéar. Scéal a rinne sé, beidh freastal chomh maith.\nAn aimsiú, nó a fháil ar bhealach éigin nó eile, de chorp an owl, nach bhfuil a chur deireadh leis an rúndiamhair, ach amháin i bhformhór na taifid, a bhfuil a rá go bhfuil eolaíoch. Ar dtús bhí dhá sholas, agus lean an dá sholas. Lean na rudaí geal a bheith le feiceáil sna réimsí, flitting thart, ag teacht chun cinn agus ag imithe. Tá an breathnóireacht deireanach a fhaighim (3 Bealtaine, 1908) taifeadta sa Trans. Cumann Nádúr-eolaithe Norfolk agus Norwich, 8-550. (8) Scríobhann Purdy breathnóireacht ar an dá sholas, a fheictear le chéile, níos mó ná mí tar éis an dáta ar a dúirt an tUasal Cannell go raibh a chúl ag fliuchadh díreach chuige. (9)\nTuairiscíodh rud éigin eile, sa réigiún seo. Sa Eastern Daily Press, 28 Eanáir, 1908, tá sé ráite go, san oíche - ghealach geal - \"a dark, réad spólar, le struchtúr de chineál éigin ar an taobh de, ag taisteal ag luas mór, \"a bhí le feiceáil sa spéir, ag fostaithe an Chuideachta Iompair Norwich, ag Mousehead. (10) \"Bhí an-mhór le bheith ina chataí, agus, dá bharr sin, bhí an chuma ar a ghluaiseachtaí go raibh sé faoi smacht, mar bhí sé ag taisteal i gcoinne an ghaoithe\".\nNíl mé anseo ach ag tabhairt faoi deara cúpla ceann de na taifid go leor de rudaí anaithnid, cosúil le maireachtáil, solais a úsáidtear [127/128] chun a bheith ar a dtugtar will-o'-the-wisps. Tagann siad agus téann siad, agus cuireann a n-athfhéachtais i réigiún beag i gcuimhne dom athdhéanamh áitiúla eile a thugamar faoi deara.\nLondon Daily Express, 15 Feabhra, agus eisiúintí ina dhiaidh sin, 1923 -- rudaí geal geal ag gluaiseacht ar fud réimsí, uaireanta ard san aer, ag Fenny Compton, Warwickshire. (11) Ba iad \"solas dian\", cosúil le soilse tosaigh gluaisteán. Uaireanta, bhí na rudaí solais seo, nó na créatúir, ag dul thar teach feirme. Ba teach feirme thréigthe é, de réir an London Daily News, Feb. 13. Céard a tharla? (12) Beagnach bliain ina dhiaidh sin, d'fhill ceann de na rudaí seo, nó cibé rud a bhí iontu, agus tuairiscíodh é mar \"solas a bhí ag gluaiseacht go tapa\", ag roinnt daoine, ceann acu Miss Olive Knight, múinteoir scoile, de Fenny Compton (Londain Sunday News, 27 Eanáir, 1924). (13) an\nDeir an Iarla de Erne, sa Londain Daily Mail, 24 Nollaig, 1912,\nde luminosities iontach go, ó am go ham, i dtréimhse de sheacht\nnó ocht mbliana, bhí ag teacht i láthair in aice le Lough Erne, Londonderry, Éire,\n\"i méid agus i bhfoirm an-chosúil le lampa gluaisteán-mótar. \" (i)\nI n-eisiúintí níos déanaí den Daily Mail, insíonn an Countess of Erne\nna rudaí seo, nó créatúir, \"cosúil le lampaí gluaisteán mótar-car, mór agus cruinn. \" (§15)\n1. an t-am a bhí ann. \"Na soilse queer ar Brown Mountain\". Literary Digest, 87 n. 6 (wh.n. 1855; 7 Samhain, 1925): 44, 49. Deich faoin gcéad de na soilse a d'amharc an gheolaí i 1922 a tugadh de bharr \"solas seasta\", (ní soilse tí amháin).\n2. Seachadadh. L. de Sibour. \"A bheith ann d'einíon luminous\". Eolas, n.s., 10 (Meán Fómhair 1913): 321-322.\n3. Tá an t-am ann. T. Digby Pigott. \"Owl gléasta\". London Times, 14 Nollaig, 1907, p.16 c.5. \"A owl gléasta?\" London Times Weekly Edition, 20 Nollaig 1907, p.iv c.4. \"Owl gléasta\". London Times, 26 Nollaig, 1907, l. 2 c. 6. T. Digby Pigott. \"Owl glowing\". London Times, 9 Eanáir 1908, l6 c.3. HD. Rawnsley. \"Einíon luminous\". London Times, 14 Eanáir 1908, l6 c.2. Oswald Crawford. \"Einíon luminous\". London Times, 18 Eanáir 1908, l.7 c.3. \"Einíon luminous\". London Times, 22 Eanáir 1908, p.17 c.6.\n4. Tá an t-am \"A toe luminous\". Meicnic Béarla, 10 (24 Meán Fómhair, 1869): 24.\n5. Tá an t-am ann. R.J.W.P. \"Luminosity an owl bán\". Cír, 111 (11 Eanáir 1908): 70. c.1. Tá an t-alt ceart: \"... lampa de rothar mótarbhealach ag gluaiseacht go tapa.... \"\n6. Ceacht. \"Owl gléasta ag Hellesdon\". Eastern Daily Press (Norwich), 7 Feabhra, 1908, p.4 c.7.\n7. Ceacht. \"An owl gléasta\". Eastern Daily Press (Norwich), 8 Feabhra, 1908, l. 9 c.5.\n8. Ceacht. R.J.W. Purdy. \"An luminosity ócáideach an owl bán (Strix flammea)\". Transactions of the Norfolk and Norwich Naturalists' Society, 8, 547-52, ag 551-2. Breathnaíodh ar an mbeirt ar feadh leathuair an chloig, ar 12 Márta, 1908, ar feadh na gleann idir Twyford agus Guist.\n9. Naoi. Le haghaidh tuilleadh comhfhreagras ar an ábhar seo: H.C. Cooke. \"An owl gléasta\". Eastern Daily Press (Norwich), 1 Eanáir 1908, p.6 c.7. John Knowlittle. \"An owl gléasta\". Eastern Daily Press, 2 Eanáir 1908, p.3 c.7. \"An owl gléasta\". Eastern Daily Press, 3 Eanáir 1908, l.6 c.6-7. \"An owl gléasta\". Eastern Daily Press, 7 Eanáir 1908, l. 6 c. 5-6. W.R. \"An t-eul gléasta\". Eastern Daily Press, 8 Eanáir 1908, l. 3 c.5. \"Owl gléasta\". Eastern Daily Press, 9 Eanáir 1908, p.6 c.6. C.A. Hamond, agus, T.W. Purdy. \"An owl gléasta\". Eastern Daily Press, 17 Eanáir 1908, p.8 c.5. W.S. Everitt. \"An Hellesdon owl\". Eastern Daily Press, 8 Feabhra, 1908, l.8 c.3.\n10. Tá sé seo fíor? \"Féach airship os cionn Norwich\". Eastern Daily Press (Norwich), 29 Eanáir 1908, p.6 c.5. Breathnaigh fostaithe de chuid Chompánach Tramaigh Norwich ar an réad os cionn Mousehold, (ní Mousehead), i Norwich. Tá na hairíonna ceart: \"...object spólar dorcha ag taisteal ag luas mór;\" \"...agus bhí roinnt struchtúr ceangailte leis an taobh de\", agus, \"Is cosúil go raibh sé ró-mhór do chata nó ballún beag, agus, ina theannta sin, is cosúil go raibh a ghluaiseachtaí faoi rialú an duine .... \"\n11. Céard a tharla? \"Solas Ghost\". London Daily Express, 13 Feabhra, 1923, l.7 c.3. \"Ghost Ray Mystery\". (Rá rúnda na rás spiorad) London Daily Express, 14 Feabhra, 1923, l. 1 c. 7. Tá an t-eagrán ceart: \"Tá an solas dian\". \"Nuair a shiúlann an taibhse\". London Daily Express, 15 Feabhra, 1923, p.4 c.4. \"An feirm de spooks\". London Daily Express, 19 Feabhra 1923, p.7 c.7. \"Ox-trot na spooks\". London Daily Express, 20 Feabhra 1923, p.7 c.7. \"An lucht siúil taibhse\". London Daily Express, 21 Feabhra, 1923, l.1. c.7 & p.5 c.3. \"Midnight ghost thunder\". London Daily Express, 22 Feabhra, 1923, l. 3 c.2. \"Feirme Bewitched\". London Daily Express, 26 Feabhra, 1923, l.3 c.1.\n12. Tá sé seo fíor? \"Séala ghost scare\". London Daily News, 13 Feabhra, 1923, p.5 c.3.\n13. Céard a tharla? London Sunday News, (27 Eanáir, 1924).\n14. Céard a tharla? \"An solas buí\". London Daily Mail, 24 Nollaig, 1912, p.5 c.5. Ba é an tréimhse a tugadh sé nó seacht mbliana, (ní seacht nó ocht mbliana); agus, tá Lough Erne suite i gContae Fermanagh, (ní ag Londonderry). Tá an t-amhrán ceart: \"... an-chosúil le lampa gluaisteán\".\n15. Ceacht. \"Chase an toil-o'-an-wisp\". London Daily Mail, 26 Nollaig, 1912, p.3 c.6. \"Lake lights mistério\". London Daily Mail, 1 Eanáir 1913, p.3 c.6. Elliot Mackirdy. \"Solas mistéireach\". London Daily Mail, 2 Eanáir 1913, p.4 c.5. James M. Monteith Erskine. \"Will-o'-the-wisps\". London Daily Mail, 3 Eanáir 1913, p.3 c.2.\nNó, téigh go dtí:\nCuid a hAon 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19\nCuid a Dó 1 2 3 4\nCuid a Trí 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9\nFill ar ais go suíomh Gréasáin Fortean an Uasail X\nIs féidir cumarsáid (de rogha ann i mBéarla) a sheoladh chuig an Uasal X trí ríomhphost ar email@example.com\nnó trí litir chuig: Cás 1598, Kingston, Ontario K7L 5C8 CANADA.\n© X, 1998, 1999"} {"text": "Many athletes and sports enthusiasts experience injuries.\nInjuries can occur due to body contact, poor co-ordination, trauma, lack of balance, repetitive movement, jolting or excessive force, but regardless, any kind of sport damage encounters pain to the injured part of the body, usually followed by inflammation and swelling.\nBlood clots can also form as a response to tissue damage and when bleeding occurs, coagulation of blood takes place to block leakage, encouraging repair to damaged blood vessels.\nProlonged inflammation of an injured area can lead to a chronic condition and destruction of surrounding normal cells and tissues, further delaying the healing process, which can lead to a temporary loss of function.\nTreating Golfer's Elbow with Leech Therapy\nGolfer's elbow is an inflammatory condition of the elbow caused by the same tendon being stressed during a game.\nIt can become very painful over time and unfortunately can interfere with a player's handicap, which is particularly frustrating for professional players as well as enthusiastic amateurs.\nUsually, many players suffering golfer's elbow will try conservative treatment before resorting to anesthetics and steroids and in many cases will continue to feel pain due to the same tendon being continuously stressed during a golf swing.\nMr. Mehdi Jaffari uses natural leech therapy to successfully treat Golfer's Elbow and depending on the severity, the problem can be resolved in two to four treatments.\nLeech Therapy is a safe and natural solution to Golfer's Elbow, without the need for continued visits to an occupational therapist or the use of anti-inflammatory drugs or steroids and most importantly, the requirement of resting the elbow for long periods, resulting in taking time away from the passion of the players.\nTreating Rugby Injuries with Leech Therapy\nDirect injuries caused by an external blow or force is very common in Rugby. Examples of collisions with other players during a tackle can cause haematomas [corks] and bruising, damage to joints and ligaments as well as dislocations and bone fractures.\nDuring practice and tournaments, excessive and repetitive force can often be placed on the bones and other connective tissues of the body, causing overuse injury. In the early stages of these injuries, little or no pain might be experienced until the damage accumulates, causing the injured site to become inflamed and painful.\nMehdi Jaffari uses his vast experience to treat sports injuries with Leech Therapy.\nTreating Sport Injuries with Leech Therapy\nLeech therapy is extremely beneficial in the healing process of sport injuries due to enzymes found in leech saliva, which are known to reduce pain, inflammation and dissolving blood clots.\nEnzymes found in leech saliva dilate vessels and work together with other enzymes to flush out toxins and promote healthy circulation to accelerate the healing process, as well as containing antibacterial enzymes that help prevent and eliminate the production of bacteria.\nLeech therapy diminishes inflammation, swelling and pain of an injured area, leading to an accelerated normal function.\nDuring therapy, leeches also inject an anesthetic enzyme which deadens the pain, as well as an antibacterial enzyme, which destroys the bacteria present, preventing further infection of the site, all of which work together to speed up the healing process of sport injuries.\nDuration of leech therapy is dependent upon the severity of the sport injury. Likewise, the frequency of the sessions and the number of leeches used in the treatment also vary per individual.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-09", "url": "https://www.leechestherapy.com.au/sport-injuries", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247481428.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20190217010854-20190217032854-00031.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9531629086, "token_count": 715, "score": 2.890625, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Bíonn go leor lúthchleasaithe agus lucht díograise spóirt ag fulaingt ó ghortú.\nIs féidir le díobhálacha tarlú mar gheall ar theagmháil coirp, droch-chomhordaithe, trauma, easpa cothromaíochta, gluaiseacht athdhéanta, jolting nó fórsa iomarcach, ach is cuma, bíonn pian ag aon chineál damáiste spóirt ar chuid díobhálach an choirp, de ghnáth ina dhiaidh sin le athlasadh agus tuitim.\nIs féidir le clútha fola a bheith ann mar fhreagra ar damáiste fíocháin agus nuair a tharlaíonn fuil, bíonn coagulation fola ag cur bac ar sceitheadh, ag spreagadh a dheisiú ar shoithí fola damáiste.\nIs féidir le tinneas ainsealach agus scrios cealla agus fíocháin gnáth a bhaineann le limistéar díobhálaithe a bheith mar thoradh ar athlasadh fada, rud a fhágann go gcuirfear moill ar an bpróiseas leighis, rud a d'fhéadfadh a bheith mar thoradh ar chaillteanas sealadach feidhme.\nCóireáil Leac Gholaí le Teiripe Leech\nIs éard atá i gcúlchúl an gholfa ná riocht athlastaithe an chúlchúl a tharlaíonn mar gheall ar an tendon céanna a bheith i bhfianaise le linn an chluiche.\nIs féidir leis a bheith an-chasta le himeacht ama agus is féidir leis cur isteach ar dheacraíocht imreoir, rud atá frustrach go háirithe do imreoirí gairmiúla chomh maith le lucht leanúna díograiseacha.\nDe ghnáth, déanfaidh go leor imreoirí a bhfuil clog golfer acu iarracht cóireáil choimeádach a thriail sula dtéann siad chuig anaesthetics agus stéaróidigh agus i go leor cásanna leanfaidh siad ag mothú pian mar gheall ar an tendon céanna a bheith i gcónaí ag cur iallach le linn swing gailf.\nÚsáideann an tUasal Mehdi Jaffari teiripe liúch nádúrtha chun cóireáil a dhéanamh ar Chlúdach Golfer agus ag brath ar an dáileog, is féidir an fhadhb a réiteach i dhá nó ceithre chóireáil.\nIs réiteach sábháilte agus nádúrtha é Teiripe Leech ar Chlúdach Golfer, gan an gá le cuairteanna leanúnacha ar theiripeoir oibre nó úsáid drugaí frith-athlastacha nó stéaróidigh agus an rud is tábhachtaí, an riachtanas an chlúdach a chur ar scor ar feadh tréimhsí fada, rud a fhágann go dtógtar am ar shiúl ó paisean na n-imreoirí.\nAg cóireáil Gortú Rugbaí le Teiripe Leech\nTá díobhálacha díreacha a tharlaíonn de bharr bua nó fórsa seachtrach an-choitianta i Rugbaí. Is féidir le samplaí de chollóidí le himreoirí eile le linn an chúlra a bheith ina gcúis le haematomas [cork] agus bruising, damáiste do chomhpháirteanna agus ligament chomh maith le dífhilleadh agus briseadh cnámh.\nLe linn cleachtadh agus comórtais, is minic a chuirtear fórsa iomarcach agus athdhéanta ar na cnámha agus ar fhíocháin cheangailteacha eile an choirp, rud a fhágann go ndéantar gortaíocht ró-úsáid. I gcéimeanna luatha na n-ionsaí seo, d'fhéadfadh pian beag nó gan aon pian a bheith ann go dtí go ndéantar an damáiste a bhailiú, rud a fhágann go mbeidh an suíomh díobhálaithe athraithe agus pianmhar.\nÚsáideann Mehdi Jaffari a thaithí ollmhór chun leideanna spóirt a chóireáil le Teiripe Leech.\nLeigheas le Gortú Spóirt le Teiripe Leech\nTá teiripe leech an-tairbheach i bpróiseas leighis díobhálacha spóirt mar gheall ar einsímí a fhaightear i saliva leech, a bhfuil a fhios acu pian, athlasadh agus clútha fola a laghdú.\nDéantar ensímí a fhaightear i saliva leech a leathnú ar shoithigh agus a bheith ag obair le ensímí eile chun tocsainí a chur amach agus scaipeadh sláintiúil a chur chun cinn chun an próiseas cóireála a luathaithe, chomh maith le ensímí frithbhabhtáracha a bheith iontu a chabhraíonn le táirgeadh baictéir a chosc agus a dhíchur.\nLaghdaíonn teiripe leech athlasadh, titim agus pian limistéar gortaithe, rud a fhágann go nglacann gnáthfheidhm go tapa.\nLe linn na teiripe, cuireann liopaí instealladh freisin ar einsím anaesthetic a mharaíonn an pian, chomh maith le einsím frithbacteriach, a scriosann na baictéir atá i láthair, ag cosc a chur ar ionfhabhtú breise an láithreáin, a oibríonn go léir le chéile chun luas a chur ar phróiseas leighis na gcionta spóirt.\nBraitheann fad na teiripe le leá ar thréimhse an ghortú spóirt. Ar an gcaoi chéanna, tá éagsúlacht ag baint le minicíocht na seisiúin agus líon na leeches a úsáidtear sa chóireáil."} {"text": "Iceland has been the darling of adventure travel for nearly a decade. Tourists flock to its limits to see its mighty waterfalls, glaciers, and fjords. Although not quite as popular as it used to be, Iceland is still one of the most popular Top 50 most popular travel destinations for American tourists. We are sure that when you learn more about this beautiful cold-weather country, it will be on your must-see list!\nThere are many facts to learn and even more to love about Iceland. Whether you love folklore, language learning or breathtaking scenery, Iceland has something for you.\nFacts about Iceland\nDon’t worry if preparing to travel to another country is stressful for you. We have already put together a comprehensive Iceland travel guide to help you find holiday apartments, plan routes and put together a vacation route. In the meantime, let’s start with 15 cool facts about Iceland that will inspire your next vacation!\n1. Iceland was settled by Vikings\nFor a European country, Iceland is considered relatively young. It wasn’t until the 800s that Vikings came from Norway to colonize what we now know as Iceland. Viking culture is still reflected in the language, art, and even the land itself. Fun fact The Vikings series touched on that fact last season. You should see it, it’s great!\n2. The name Iceland is meant to be confusing\nWhat was one of the first things the Vikings did when they came to their new land? They gave it a name – and one that would ward off potential intruders.\nYou may have wondered why Iceland and Greenland have the names they have when Iceland is covered in foliage and Greenland is covered in ice. Believe it or not, it was done on purpose! The Vikings knew that enemies would follow them and hoped that this confusion would send their enemies to Greenland and leave them in peace.\n3. Iceland is home to Europe’s first parliament\nThe Althing is Iceland’s national parliament and one of the longest-running parliaments in the world. In fact, the original location of the Althing is the first parliamentary site in European history.\nThe Icelandic parliament has changed over the years, especially after Iceland was united with Norway. However, it is still functional today and tourists can see the place where one of the earliest democracies took shape.\n4. Iceland offers a unique view of the tectonic plate\nIngvellir National Park is home to the Althing, but it also has serious geographic significance. It is one of only two places on the planet where you can physically see the rift between two tectonic plates. More precisely, this is where you can get a glimpse of the North American and Eurasian plates, where they meet in the Atlantic Ocean. Read more: Diving in Silfra – Iceland underwater\n(Where is the other place you can see this phenomenon? You will find it on your next trip to Africa.)\n5. Iceland has tons of volcanoes\nWe don’t tend to associate cold-weather countries with volcanoes, but Iceland is full of them. In fact, Iceland has over 125 volcanoes spread across the country.\nSome of these volcanoes are still active while others could awaken at any time. Much of Iceland is covered in lava fields, and the nation experiences at least one new eruption roughly every four years. Read more: Iceland – Experience the land of fire and ice\n6. Cold land, hot springs\nVolcanic activity doesn’t just take place above the earth where we can see it. There are all kinds of underground volcanic activity in Iceland that turns into geothermal activity. As a result, Iceland has a fair share of hot springs that people enjoy swimming in all year round.\nNote that some of the most famous hot springs (e.g. the Blue Lagoon) were actually man-made – although the water is naturally heated. If you want to splash around in a natural hot spring, you have to venture out into the great outdoors. Check out: How to visit the Blue Lagoon in Iceland – is it worth it?\n7. Iceland is one of the most environmentally friendly countries in the world\nIceland is one of the most environmentally friendly countries in the world. In a way, they achieve this low carbon footprint by default.\nIceland relies on an exceptionally small amount of fossil fuels to power its infrastructure. Hydropower and geothermal energy are obtained from volcanic activity and hot springs to be valued 85% of the nation. Read On: Mighty Icelandic Waterfalls You Must See To Believe\n8. Glaciers play a role in Iceland’s unique topography\nNo matter where you go in Iceland, you will find how unique the topography is. Much of Iceland is characterized by frequent earthquakes and volcanic activity. The third element that adds to the beautiful landscape is glacier activity!\n9. Iceland is short of trees\nAs you can imagine, a landscape shaped by volcanoes and glaciers can be a harsh environment for natural growth. When you travel around Iceland you will find that you will not come across any forests. There are certainly trees in Iceland and the country has increased afforestation in recent decades, but there are no ancient forests.\n(Bonus fact! It wasn’t just the harsh conditions that contributed to the lack of forests in Iceland. When the Vikings settled the land, it seems that they have become a bit cumbersome with their logging.)\n10. Do you hate mosquitos? Go to Iceland\nIn most countries, being in nature means getting bitten by mosquitos. In Iceland, you don’t have to worry about these particular pests as they simply don’t have any.\nScientists believe that this shortage of mosquitoes is caused by Iceland strange weather patterns. Throughout the year Iceland experiences three cycles of freezing and thawing, making temperatures unsuitable for mosquitoes to live on.\nThe bad news? Iceland has sand flies, so you’ll still need to pack your bug spray.\n11. The Icelandic language has hardly changed\nThe Icelandic language can best be compared to the Norwegian and Danish languages. However, it remains a unique and well-preserved language overall.\nMost languages change over time. For example, the English of Shakespeare’s contemporaries looks and sounds different from the English we use today. The Icelandic language, on the other hand, still looks and sounds almost identical to what was spoken centuries ago.\n12. Legends abound and merge with history\nIf you love legends and folklore, you will have great fun in Iceland. Trolls and elves are abundant in Icelandic folklore and the stories you hear are just delightful. For example, you can hear that large rock formations are frozen trolls or that some land is left undeveloped because it is home to elves.\nThere is some confusion about how many Icelanders really believe in elves and trolls. A survey found that many people in Iceland neither confirm nor deny their existence because there is no evidence either way – and we agree!\n13. Iceland is great for adventurous eaters\nIceland is one of those rare countries where you won’t find a McDonald’s. Instead, be sure to try some of their exciting and unusual dishes!\nSome things you might find on an Icelandic restaurant’s menu are puffins, fermented shark, whale, sheep’s head, and dried fish. Don’t worry, non-meat eaters! Iceland is also a great place for vegan and vegetarian food!\n14. Beer is a big thing in Iceland\nIf you’re familiar with American history, you will know all about Prohibition (the years when alcohol was banned in America). Something similar happened in Iceland – and it took a long time.\nAll alcohol was illegal in Iceland between 1915 and the 1930s. Then, from the 1930s to 1989, there was wine and spirits, but beer was still not legal.\nNow you can find many microbreweries in Iceland! To celebrate the legalization of beer, Iceland celebrates National Beer Day on March 1st each year.\n15. Book lovers will feel right at home in Iceland\nIceland is home to a large number of published writers, in part because the written word is highly valued by almost all Icelanders! In fact, one of Iceland’s unique vacation traditions falls on Christmas Eve, when family members exchange books and spend the day reading.\nIf you are an avid reader, check out some of Iceland’s lovely bookstores. We also recommend planning your vacation properly so you can go to the annual Reykjavik International Literature Festival. Then head to the turtle-shaped National Library of Iceland to round out your book-themed trips!\nGo beyond the facts about Iceland and see the sights firsthand\nWe hope that these interesting facts about Iceland have made you curious and want more! Iceland is a beautiful country that cannot be compared to any other country in the world. Why not see the sights of Iceland firsthand by making it your next major travel destination?\nHere at Planet D, our goal is to make traveling easier and more enjoyable for everyone. We offer travel guides, useful tips and interesting information for planning your vacation.\nNot sure where to go next? Enter any location in our destination finder and get to know it today.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-05", "url": "https://mediafrolic.com/15-interesting-facts-about-iceland/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320300616.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20220117182124-20220117212124-00248.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9592299461, "token_count": 1906, "score": 2.734375, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Tá an Íoslainn ar cheann de na turais is fearr le dul i ngleic le eachtraí le beagnach deich mbliana. Tá turasóirí ag teacht go dtí a theorainneacha chun a thimpistí, a ghealaigh, agus a fjords móra a fheiceáil. Cé nach bhfuil an-tóir ar an Ísiltír mar a bhí, tá an t-ionsaí fós ar cheann de na 50 cinn scríbe taistil is mó tóir ar thurasóirí Mheiriceá. Tá muid cinnte go mbeidh an tír seo, a bhfuil a aimsir fuar álainn aici, ar do liosta de na háiteanna nach mór duit a fheiceáil nuair a fhoghlaimfidh tú níos mó faoi!\nTá go leor fíricí le foghlaim agus níos mó fós le grá a fháil faoi Éirinn. Cibé an bhfuil grá agat do phoilclóir, do theangacha a fhoghlaim nó do radharcra iontach, tá rud éigin ag an Ísiltír duit.\nFíricí faoi Éirinn\nNá bíodh imní ort má tá tú ag ullmhú le taisteal go dtí tír eile. Tá treoir chuimsitheach taistil in Éirinn curtha le chéile againn cheana féin chun cabhrú leat árasán saoire a aimsiú, bealaí a phleanáil agus bealach saoire a chur le chéile. Idir an dá linn, déanaimis tús le 15 fíricí fionnuar faoi Éirinn a spreagfaidh do chéad laethanta saoire eile!\n1. an t-am a bhí ann. Bhí na Víicíní ag socrú in Éirinn\nMaidir le tír Eorpach, meastar go bhfuil an Íoslainn réasúnta óg. Ní raibh sé go dtí na 800í go tháinig na Víicíní ón Iorua chun an méid a bhfuil a fhios againn anois mar an Íoslainn a choilíneáil. Tá cultúr na Víicingí fós le feiceáil sa teanga, san ealaín, agus fiú sa tír féin. Fíric suimiúil The Vikings sraith phlé ar an bhfíric seo an séasúr seo caite. Ba chóir duit é a fheiceáil, tá sé iontach!\n2. Seachadadh. Tá an t-ainm Éireannaigh i gceist a bheith mearbhall\nCad é ceann de na chéad rudaí a rinne na Víicíní nuair a tháinig siad ar a dtír nua? Thug siad ainm dó agus ceann a chuirfeadh iontrálaithe ionchasacha as.\nB'fhéidir go raibh tú ag smaoineamh cén fáth go bhfuil na hainmneacha sin ag an Íoslainn agus ag an nGréinlainn nuair a bhíonn an Íoslainn clúdaithe i bhfógradh agus an Ghréinlainn clúdaithe i oighear. Creid é nó ná creid, rinneadh é ar an gcuspóir! Bhí a fhios ag na Víicíní go leanfadh naimhde iad agus bhí súil acu go gcuirfeadh an mearbhall seo a n-iníonanna go dtí an Ghráinéil agus go dtabharfadh sé síocháin dóibh.\n3. Tá an t-am ann. Tá an chéad pharlaimint san Eoraip lonnaithe in Éirinn\nIs é an tAlthing parlaimint náisiúnta na hÍoslainne agus ceann de na parlaimintí is faide a rith ar domhan. Go deimhin, is é an suíomh bunaidh den Althing an chéad suíomh parlaiminteach i stair na hEorpa.\nTá athrú tagtha ar Pharlaimint na hÍoslainne thar na blianta, go háirithe tar éis don Íoslainn a bheith aontaithe le hIorua. Mar sin féin, tá sé fós feidhmiúil inniu agus is féidir le turasóirí an áit a bhfaca siad áit a raibh ceann de na daonlathas is luaithe ann.\n4. Tá an t-am Tugann an Íoslainn radharc uathúil ar an bplate teicteonach\nTá Páirc Náisiúnta Ingvellir ina bhaile don Althing, ach tá tábhacht thírdhéanach tromchúiseach aige freisin. Tá sé ar cheann de dhá áit amháin ar an bpláinéad áit ar féidir leat a fheiceáil go fisiciúil an rift idir dhá phlátaí teicteonacha. Níos cruinne, is é seo an áit ar féidir leat léargas a fháil ar phlátaí Mheiriceá Thuaidh agus na hIoruaise, áit a mbuaileann siad san Aigéan Atlantach. Léigh tuilleadh: Ag tumadh i Silfra An Íoslainn faoi uisce\n(Cá bhfuil an áit eile is féidir leat a fheiceáil ar an bhfeiniméan? Gheobhaidh tú é ar do thuras eile go hAfraice.)\n5. Tá an t-am ann. Tá tonna bolcán ag an Íoslainn\nNí bhíonn claonadh againn tíortha a bhfuil aimsir fuar acu a chur i gcomhar le bolcánna, ach tá an Íoslainn lán de. Go deimhin, tá os cionn 125 bolcán ar fud na tíre in Éirinn.\nTá cuid de na bolcánna seo fós gníomhach agus d'fhéadfadh daoine eile a bheith ag teacht chun solais ag am ar bith. Tá cuid mhór d'Éirinn clúdaithe i réimsí lábha, agus bíonn easpa nua amháin ar a laghad ag an náisiún thart ar gach ceithre bliana. Léigh tuilleadh: An Íoslainn Taithí ar thír an tine agus an oighir\n6. Ceacht. Talamh fuar, foinsí te\nNí tharlaíonn gníomhaíocht bholcánacha ach os cionn na talún áit ar féidir linn é a fheiceáil. Tá gach cineál gníomhaíochta volcán faoi thalamh in Éirinn a thiocfaidh chun bheith ina ghníomhaíocht gheoiteirmeach. Mar thoradh air sin, tá sciathán mór de fhoinsí te ann a bhfuil daoine ag taitneamh a bhaint as snámh iontu ar feadh na bliana.\nTabhair faoi deara go bhfuil cuid de na foinsí te is cáiliúla (m.sh. an Lagún Gorm) a bhí déanta ag an duine i ndáiríre cé go bhfuil an t-uisce te go nádúrtha. Más mian leat splash timpeall i earrach te nádúrtha, caithfidh tú dul amach sa tsaoirse mór. Féach: Conas cuairt a thabhairt ar an Lagún Gorm in Éirinn an bhfuil sé fiú é?\n7. Ceacht. Tá an Íoslainn ar cheann de na tíortha is cairdiúla don chomhshaol ar domhan\nTá an Íoslainn ar cheann de na tíortha is cairdiúla don chomhshaol ar domhan. Ar bhealach, déanann siad an lorg carbóin íseal seo de réir réamhshocraithe.\nTá an t-ionsaí ag an Ísland go bhfuil sé ag brath ar chainníocht eisceachtúil beag breoslaí iontaise chun a bhonneagar a chumhachtú. Bailítear fuinneamh hidrealaíoch agus geothermal ó ghníomhaíocht bholcánacha agus foinsí te chun luach 85% den náisiún a mheas. Léigh ar aghaidh: Torthaí Uisce Éireannacha Mór-mhór nach mór duit a fheiceáil chun a chreidiúint\n8. Ceacht. Tá ról ag na géarchéimeanna i dtaitneamh uathúil na hIoslainne\nIs cuma cá dtéann tú san Íoslainn, gheobhaidh tú amach cé chomh uathúil is atá an t-eagraíocht. Tá cuid mhór d'Éirinn tréitheithe ag crith talún agus gníomhaíocht bholcánacha go minic. Is é an tríú gné a chuireann leis an tírdhreach álainn gníomhaíocht na gleisiúir!\n9. Naoi. Tá easpa crainn ar an Íoslainn\nMar is féidir leat a shamhlú, is féidir le tírdhreach a shainmhínítear le bolcán agus le giléacháin a bheith ina timpeallacht chrua d'fhás nádúrtha. Nuair a thaistealaíonn tú timpeall na hÍoslainne, gheobhaidh tú nach dtiocfaidh tú ar aon fhoraois. Is cinnte go bhfuil crainn in Éirinn agus tá an tír tar éis foraoiseacht a mhéadú le blianta beaga anuas, ach níl aon fhoraois ársa ann.\n(Fíric bhuan! Ní raibh na coinníollacha crua amháin a chuir le easpa foraoisí in Éirinn. Nuair a shocraigh na Víicíní an talamh, is cosúil go bhfuil siad tar éis a bheith beagán cumbersome lena logging.)\n10. Tá sé seo fíor? An fuath leat mosquitos? Téigh go hÍoslainn\nI bhformhór na dtíortha, is é a bheith sa nádúr ná go ndéanann mosquitos cnagadh ort. Ní gá duit a bheith buartha faoi na plágaí áirithe seo in Éirinn, toisc nach bhfuil aon plágaí acu.\nCreideann eolaithe go bhfuil an easpa mosquitoes seo mar gheall ar na patrúin aimsire aisteach in Éirinn. Le linn na bliana, bíonn trí timthriall de reo agus de thaint ar an Ísiltír, rud a fhágann nach bhfuil teochtaí oiriúnach do mosquitoes maireachtáil orthu.\nAn droch-scéal? Tá eitiltí gaineamh in Éirinn, mar sin beidh ort do spray bug a phacáil.\n11. Céard a tharla? Ní raibh mórán athraithe ar an nGaeilge\nIs féidir an Ghaeilge a chur i gcomparáid leis an nGaeilge agus leis an nGaeilge. Mar sin féin, tá sé fós ina theanga uathúil agus a chaomhnaítear go maith i gcoitinne.\nAthraíonn formhór na dteangacha le himeacht ama. Mar shampla, tá cuma agus fuaimeanna na Béarla a bhí ag comhaimseartha Shakespeare difriúil ón Béarla a úsáideann muid inniu. Ar an láimh eile, tá cuma agus fuaim an Ghaeilge beagnach comhionann leis an teanga a labhraíodh séanta ó shin.\n12. Tá sé seo fíor? Tá go leor finscéalta agus tá siad ag teacht le stair\nMá tá grá agat do na finscéalta agus do na heolaíochtaí, beidh spraoi mór agat in Éirinn. Tá trolls agus elves go leor i dtógáil tíre na hIoslainne agus tá na scéalta a chloiseann tú díreach álainn. Mar shampla, is féidir leat a chloisteáil go bhfuil foirmiú carraig mhór trolls reoite nó go bhfuil roinnt talún fágtha neamhfhorbartha toisc go bhfuil sé ina bhaile do elves.\nTá roinnt mearbhall ann maidir le cé mhéad Éireannach a chreideann i ndíoltóirí agus i trolls i ndáiríre. Fuair suirbhé go bhfuil go leor daoine in Éirinn nach bhfuil a dhearbhú ná a shéanadh a bheith ann toisc nach bhfuil aon fhianaise ar an dá bhealach agus aontaímid!\n13. Céard a tharla? Tá an Íoslainn iontach do itheoirí eachtrannach\nTá an Íoslainn ar cheann de na tíortha seo nach bhfaighidh tú McDonalds. Ina áit sin, bí cinnte go ndéanfaidh tú iarracht ar chuid dá mhionchaillí spreagúla agus neamhghnácha!\nIs iad na rudaí a gheobhaidh tú ar bhiachlár bialann na hIoslainne ná puffins, siorc fermented, baile, ceann caorach, agus iasc triomaithe. Ná bíodh imní ort, neamh-ithe feola! Is áit iontach í an Íoslainn freisin le haghaidh bia vegan agus glasraí!\n14. Céard a tharla? Is mór an rud é beoir in Éirinn\nMá tá tú eolach ar stair Mheiriceá, beidh a fhios agat go léir faoi an toirmisc (na blianta nuair a bhí alcól toirmiscthe i Meiriceá). Tharla rud éigin den chineál céanna in Éirinn agus thóg sé tamall fada.\nBhí gach alcól mídhleathach in Éirinn idir 1915 agus na 1930idí. Ansin, ó na 1930idí go 1989, bhí fíon agus deochanna spioradálta ann, ach ní raibh beoir dlíthiúil fós.\nAnois is féidir leat go leor micribhearnaí a fháil in Éirinn! Chun ceiliúradh a dhéanamh ar dhlíthiú na beorach, déantar Lá Náisiúnta na Beorach in Éirinn ar an 1 Márta gach bliain.\n15. Ceacht. Beidh lucht grá leabhair i dteagmháil go díreach in Éirinn\nTá líon mór scríbhneoirí foilsithe in Éirinn, go páirteach toisc go bhfuil luach mór ag beagnach gach Éireannach ar an bhfocal scríofa! Go deimhin, is é ceann de thraidisiúin saoire uathúla na hÍoslainne ná an oíche roimh an Nollaig, nuair a mhalartú baill teaghlaigh leabhair agus a chaitheamh an lá ag léamh.\nMá tá tú ina léitheoir díograiseach, féach ar chuid de na siopaí leabhar álainn in Éirinn. Moltar duit freisin do laethanta saoire a phleanáil go cuí ionas gur féidir leat dul chuig Féile Idirnáisiúnta Litríochta Reykjavik. Ansin téigh go dtí Leabharlann Náisiúnta na hÍoslainne a bhfuil cruth turtar air chun do thurais le téamaí leabhair a chríochnú!\nNí hamháin go bhfuil an t-eisling ar eolas agat ach féach ar na radharcanna go pearsanta\nTá súil againn gur chuir na fíricí suimiúla seo faoi Éirinn fiosracht ort agus gur mhaith leat tuilleadh a fháil! Is tír álainn í an Íoslainn nach féidir a chur i gcomparáid le tír ar bith eile ar domhan. Cén fáth nach bhfaighidh tú radharcanna na hÍoslainne ar do shúil féin trína dhéanamh mar do chéad cheann scríbe turasóireachta eile?\nAnseo ag Pláinéad D, is é ár gcuspóir taisteal a dhéanamh níos éasca agus níos taitneamhaí do gach duine. Cuirimid treoracha taistil, leideanna úsáideacha agus faisnéis suimiúil ar fáil chun do laethanta saoire a phleanáil.\nNíl tú cinnte cá háit le dul ina dhiaidh sin? Cuir áit ar bith isteach inár bhfianaise cinn scríbe agus faigh aithne air inniu."} {"text": "by: Peyman Yousefi, Chair for Laserphysics,\nFriedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany\nPhotonics-based laser accelerators are enticing candidates for future particle accelerators. They could reduce the size of current large radio-frequency accelerators by one to two orders of magnitude. This could essentially lead to compact high-energy electron sources for a variety of applications in medicine and high-energy physics. Our research centers on demonstrating the required steps towards this new kind of laser-powered accelerator.\nTo demonstrate such a concept, we use silicon as the substrate material and use a top-down approach to fabricate our desired structures. The fabrication process consists of two major steps, namely electron beam lithography as a high-resolution patterning technique and inductively coupled plasma reactive ion etching (ICP-RIE) as an anisotropic etching technique to transfer the written patterns into the substrate. We write the patterns on a negative tone resist with a reasonable etching durability.\nAfter developing the resist, we then etch the silicon substrates by a PlasmaPro 100 RIE Oxford Instruments etcher, using SF6 and O2 as the etching components. A good control over the ratio of the two gases is essential to have a perfect anisotropic etching with a high selectivity. The etching starts by igniting a stable plasma in the chamber.\nOnce the plasma is formed, the radicals start to accelerate towards the substrate. Fluorine and oxygen radicals interact chemically with the silicon substrate forming a passive layer of SiOxFy. This prevents lateral etching throughout the process. However an optimized ratio of SF6 and O2 is essential to keep the passivation rate and the etching rate in balance. We have developed an etching process with an etch rate of 32 nm/s for a perfect anisotropic etching and smooth sidewalls. Our silicon structures are 3 μm tall with an aspect ratio of 20, making them ideal to perform our experiments around photonics-based particle acceleration.\nFigure 1 shows a two-stage silicon dual pillar accelerator equipped with Bragg reflectors, which is comprised of four solid walls left of the dual pillar photonics accelerator structure in the upper right. This device is capable of delivering accelerated electrons with attosecond pulse\ndurations. An aperture in front is etched for alignment purposes. This device structure together with the attosecond electron bunch generation represent a major breakthrough towards an on-chip laser-driven particle accelerator[1, 2]. See achip.fau.de for more details.\nFigure 1. A two-stage silicon accelerator device fabricated by electron beam lithography and inductively coupled plasma reactive ion etching (ICP-RIE).", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-05", "url": "https://plasma.oxinst.com/media-centre/process-news/electron-accelerator-on-a-chip", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320304961.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20220126192506-20220126222506-00253.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8985863328, "token_count": 576, "score": 2.78125, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "le: Peyman Yousefi, Cathaoirleach Laserphysics,\nOllscoil Friedrich-Alexander in Erlangen-Nuremberg, an Ghearmáin\nTá luasairí léasair fotóinicse bunaithe ar iarrthóirí tarraingteach d'luasairí cáithníní sa todhchaí. D'fhéadfadh siad méid na luasairí mór-raidió-mhinicíochta reatha a laghdú trí ordú amháin nó dhá ordú. D'fhéadfadh sé seo a bheith ina chúis le foinsí leictreonacha ardfhuinnimh dlúth le haghaidh feidhmchláir éagsúla i leigheas agus i fisice ardfhuinnimh. Tá ár gcuid taighde dírithe ar na céimeanna riachtanacha a thaispeáint i dtreo an chineál nua luasaire le cumhacht léasair seo.\nChun coincheap den sórt sin a léiriú, bainimid úsáid as síleacóin mar ábhar substrata agus úsáidimid cur chuige ó thuas go dtí síos chun ár struchtúir inmhianaithe a mhonarú. Tá an próiseas déantúsaíochta comhdhéanta de dhá phríomhchéim, is é sin litagrafaíocht píosa leictreona mar theicníc patrúinithe ard-réitigh agus eitcháil ion imoibrithe plaisimeach (ICP-RIE) mar theicníc eitchála anisotropic chun na patrúin scríofa a aistriú isteach sa tsubstaint. Scríobhann muid na patrúin ar ton diúltach resist le durability etching réasúnta.\nTar éis an resist a fhorbairt, déanaimid an t-aighneacht síleacóin a éadaí le héadaí PlasmaPro 100 RIE Oxford Instruments, ag baint úsáide as SF6 agus O2 mar chomhpháirteanna éadaí. Tá sé riachtanach rialú maith a dhéanamh ar an gcaidreamh idir an dá ghás chun eitch anisotropic foirfe a bheith agat le roghnúcháin ard. Tosaíonn an t-eitching trí phlasma cobhsaí a lasadh sa seomra.\nNuair a bhíonn an plasma déanta, tosaíonn na radaicí ag luathachadh i dtreo an tsubstairt. Déantar idirghníomhú ceimiceach idir radacailí flúiríne agus ocsaigine leis an substrát silicon agus déantar ciseal éighníomhach de SiOxFy. Cuireann sé seo cosc ar eisiúint thráthúil i rith an phróisis. Mar sin féin, tá cóimheas oiriúnach SF6 agus O2 riachtanach chun an ráta passivation agus an ráta eitch a choinneáil i gcothroime. Tá próiseas eitchithe forbartha againn le ráta eitchithe de 32 nm / s le haghaidh eitchithe anisotropic foirfe agus taobhbhealaí réidh. Tá ár struchtúir siliceam 3 μm ar airde le cóimheas gné 20, rud a fhágann go bhfuil siad oiriúnach chun ár dturgnaimh a dhéanamh timpeall luasghéarú cáithníní fotóinicse-bhunaithe.\nLéiríonn Fíor 1 luasaire colún dúbailte síleacain dhá chéim atá feistithe le braiteoirí Bragg, atá comhdhéanta de cheithre bhalla soladach ar chlé de struchtúr luasaire fótaine dúbailte colún sa chúinne thuas ar dheis. Tá an gléas seo in ann a sheachadadh leictreoin luathaithe le puls attosecond\ntréimhsí. Tá oscailt os comhair eiteáilte chun críocha ailíniúcháin. Léiríonn struchtúr an fheiste seo mar aon leis an ghlúin bunch leictreon attosecond go bhfuil teacht chun cinn mór i dtreo luasaire cáithníní ar-chips a thiomáint le léasair [1, 2]. Féach ar achip.fau.de le haghaidh tuilleadh sonraí.\nFigiúr 1. Feiste luathaithe siliam dhá chéim a dhéantar trí liotagrafaíocht píosa leictreona agus eisiúint ion athghníomhach plaisimeach láncheangailte go hinchinneach (ICP-RIE)."} {"text": "Apart from being a memorial, it is usually intended as a reminder to passing motorists to share the road. Ghost bikes are usually junk bicycles painted white, sometimes with a placard attached, and locked to a suitable object close to the scene of the accident. They are also sometimes stripped of their tires, to deter theft.\nAccording to The Guardian, the first recorded ghost bike was in St. Louis, Missouri, in 2003. A witness to a collision between a cyclist and a car placed a painted bike at the location with a message that read: \"Cyclist struck here.\nThe original idea of painting bikes white reportedly goes back to the city of Amsterdam in the 1960s as an anarchist project to liberate two-wheel transport—white bikes were free, help yourself and then leave it for someone else.\nThe ghost bike idea in the United States may have originated with a project by San Francisco artist Jo Slota, begun in April 2002. This was a purely artistic endeavor. Slota was intrigued by the abandoned bicycles that he found around the city, locked up but stripped of useful parts. He began painting them white, and posted photographs on his website, ghostbike.net. As the idea was taken up for different purposes, Slota faced a dilemma. San Francisco is one of the safer U.S. cities for bicyclists, but memorial ghost bikes sprang up there as elsewhere, changing perceptions of his project.\nA ghost bike memorial project was started in St. Louis in October 2003. After observing a motorist strike a bicyclist in a bike lane on Holly Hills Boulevard, Patrick Van Der Tuin placed a white-painted bicycle on the spot with a hand-painted sign reading \"Cyclist Struck Here\". Noticing the effect that this had on motorists in the area, Van Der Tuin then enlisted the help of friends to place 15 more \"ghost bikes\" in prominent spots in the St. Louis area where cyclists had recently been hit by automobiles. They used damaged bikes, in some cases deliberately damaged to create the desired mangled effect.\nSimilar projects began in Pittsburgh in 2004, New York City, Seattle in 2005, Albuquerque, and Toronto in 2006. In August 2005, nearly 40 ghost bikes were placed throughout Seattle to draw awareness to locations of accidents, near-misses, and poor road conditions. A ghost bike in Dupont Circle, Washington, D.C., commemorating a rider killed by a garbage truck in 2008, remained for a full year. When it was removed by city employees, friends of the rider replaced it with 22 ghost bikes, one on every lamppost. London Ghostcycle was active in 2005 and 2006. There have been similar projects in dozens of other cities worldwide.A bike memorial project was recently started Durham, North Carolina to commemorate the death of two prominent cyclist and bicycle safety advocates In Late 2013 and early 2014 The Houston Ghost Bike Group has placed 47 ghost bikes to raise awareness during an especially deadly string of cycling accidents involving automobiles taking place in Houston, many of them hit and run. As of this posting, they are working on 13 more bikes to bring the list of deaths in recent years up to date.\n- Harper, Tom White 'ghost bikes' pay tribute to dead riders in danger spots across Britain Daily Mail, 1 October 2008\n- Sanders, Jacob Quinn (1 December 2010), \"Ghost Bikes: Rough memorials honor cyclists killed while riding\", post-gazette, retrieved 1 December 2010\n- Walker, Peter (10 November 2011). \"Ghost bikes: memorials to road victims blamed for putting people off cycling\". The Guardian. Retrieved 24 November 2011.\n- Furness, Zack (2010). One Less Car: Bicycling and the Politics of Automobility. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. pp. 55–59. ISBN 978-1-59213-613-1.\n- Terry Lowe. \"Ghost Bikes\". Momentum Planet. Archived from the original on 12 June 2009. Retrieved 23 May 2011.\n- \"Jo Slota's website\". Ghostbike.net. Retrieved 25 April 2012.\n- Fagan, Mark Friends seek ghost bike memorial for hit-and-run victim Lawrence Journal-World 25 October 2009\n- Roadside displays focus on plight of bicyclists, Greg Jonsson, St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 17 November 2003; re-posted on Missouri Bicycle Federation website, 29 October 2007.\n- Twarowski, Christopher. \"Ghostly bikes commemorate fallen cyclists, article at Columbia News Service\". Jscms.jrn.columbia.edu. Retrieved 25 April 2012.\n- \"Pittsburgh ghost bikes\". Pittsburgh.indymedia.org. Retrieved 25 April 2012.\n- \"New York Ghost Bikes\". Ghostbikes.org. Retrieved 25 April 2012.\n- 'Ghost bikes' offer eerie reminder to share the road, Seattle Post-Intelligencer 3 August 2005.\n- Created by gleejb View Groups. \"Albuquerque ghost bikes\". Dukecityfix.com. Retrieved 25 April 2012.\n- O'Connor, Josh (26 September 2011). \"Information Booth: Where did those ghostly white bikes come from?\". National Post. Toronto. Archived from the original on 2015-07-06. Retrieved 25 April 2012.\n- Ashley Halsey III (11 September 2009). \"Their Love Cannot Be Unchained: After 'Ghost Bike' Removal, Cyclists' Memorial Effort Intensifies\". The Washington Post. Retrieved 11 September 2009.\n- \"London Ghost Bikes\". Ghostbikes.org. 9 January 2012. Retrieved 25 April 2012.\n- http://www.newsobserver.com/2013/07/13/3027977/ghost-bike-memorial.html News & Observer Retrieved 14 July 2013\n- http://www.wral.com/bicyclist-killed-in-durham-hit-and-run/12639104/ Retrieved 13 July 2013\n- http://www.beaumontenterprise.com/news/article/Silsbee-cyclist-takes-on-mission-to-spread-ghost-5439365.php https://www.facebook.com/groups/HTXGhostBike/?fref=nf https://mapsengine.google.com/map/edit?mid=zSZ5jdlg3FEI.k1Elhip2Ncj0\n|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ghost bicycles.|", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-36", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost_bike", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-36/segments/1471982932823.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20160823200852-00229-ip-10-153-172-175.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.907507658, "token_count": 1336, "score": 2.75, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Seachas a bheith ina chuimhneachán, is gnách go bhfuil sé mar mheabhrúchán do mhótarfheithiclí a théann thart an bóthar a roinnt. Is gnách go mbíonn rothair gháis ina rothair bhréagach péinteáilte go bán, uaireanta le plácar ceangailte, agus faoi ghlas ar ghné oiriúnach gar do láthair na timpiste. Uaireanta, déantar a mbreataí a bhaint acu freisin, chun go gcuirfí cosc ar ghoid.\nDe réir The Guardian, ba é an chéad rothar taibhse a taifeadadh i St. Louis, Missouri, i 2003. Chuir duine a chonaic bualadh idir rothair agus carr rothar péinteáilte ar an láthair le teachtaireacht a bhí á léamh: \"Thit rothair anseo.\nDeirtear go bhfuil an smaoineamh bunaidh rothair a phéinteáil bán ag dul ar ais go dtí cathair Amstardam sna 1960idí mar thionscadal anárcach chun iompar dhá roth a shaoradh - bhí rothair bhána saor in aisce, tabhair duit féin agus ansin fág é do dhuine eile.\nD'fhéadfadh go raibh an smaoineamh rothar taibhse sna Stáit Aontaithe a tháinig le tionscadal ag ealaíontóir San Francisco Jo Slota, a thosaigh i mí Aibreáin 2002. Ba é seo iarracht ealaíne íon. Bhí spéis ag Slota sna rothair thréigthe a fuair sé timpeall na cathrach, faoi ghlas ach gan páirteanna úsáideacha. Thosaigh sé ag péintáil iad bán, agus grianghraif a phostáil ar a shuíomh Gréasáin, ghostbike.net. De réir mar a tógadh an smaoineamh chun críocha éagsúla, bhí dilema ag Slota. Tá San Francisco ar cheann de na cathracha is sábháilte sna Stáit Aontaithe do rothaitheoirí, ach tháinig rothair spiorad chuimhneacháin suas ann mar áit eile, ag athrú tuairimí faoina thionscadal.\nCuireadh tionscadal cuimhneacháin rothar taibhse ar bun i St. Louis i mí Dheireadh Fómhair 2003. Tar éis dó breathnú ar mhótarfheithicil a bhuail rothair i rian rothair ar Holly Hills Boulevard, chuir Patrick Van Der Tuin rothar péinteáilte bán ar an láthair le comhartha péinteáilte le lámh ag léamh \"Rothar Struck Here\". Ag tabhairt faoi deara an éifeacht a bhí ag an méid seo ar mhótarfheithiclí sa cheantar, d'iarr Van Der Tuin cabhair ó chairde chun 15 \"baicéad spioradálta\" eile a chur in áiteanna suntasacha i gceantar St. Louis áit a raibh rothair ag rothaíocht le déanaí. D'úsáid siad rothair damáiste, i gcásanna áirithe damáiste d'aon ghnó chun an éifeacht mhíchumhal a bhí ag teastáil a chruthú.\nCuireadh tionscadail den chineál céanna i bhfeidhm i gcathair Pittsburgh i 2004, i gCathair Nua Eabhrac, i Seattle i 2005, i mBaile Átha Cliath, agus i Toronto i 2006. I mí Lúnasa 2005, cuireadh beagnach 40 rothar taibhse ar fud Seattle chun feasacht a tharraingt ar áiteanna timpistí, beagnach-mhill, agus drochchoinníollacha bóthair. Bhí rothar taibhse i Dupont Circle, Washington, D.C., chun cuimhneamh ar rothaire a maraíodh ag trucail dramhaíola i 2008, ar feadh bliana iomlán. Nuair a bhí sé a bhaint ag fostaithe na cathrach, cairde an rothair athsholáthar é le 22 rothar taibhse, ceann ar gach post lampa. Bhí Ghostcycle Londain gníomhach i 2005 agus 2006. Bhí tionscadail den chineál céanna i mórán cathracha eile ar fud an domhain. Tosaíodh tionscadal cuimhneacháin rothar le déanaí i Durham, Carolina Thuaidh chun bás dhá abhcóide rothair agus sábháilteachta rothar a chomóradh In 2013 déanach agus go luath i 2014 Chuir Grúpa Ghost Bike Houston 47 rothar spiorad chun feasacht a ardú le linn sraith tubaistí rothaíochta a bhí ina n-áirítear gluaisteáin a bhí ag tarlú i Houston, go leor acu buailte agus rith. Ós rud é go bhfuil an post seo á chur ar fáil, tá siad ag obair ar 13 rothar eile chun an liosta de na báis le blianta beaga anuas a thabhairt suas chun dáta.\n- Harper, Tom White 'baicéid ghost' ómós a thabhairt do rothaithe marbh i bpáirtithe contúirteacha ar fud na Breataine Daily Mail, 1 Deireadh Fómhair 2008\n- Sanders, Jacob Quinn (1 Nollaig 2010), \"Ghost Bikes: Rough memorials honor cyclists killed while riding\", post-gazette, retrieved 1 Nollaig 2010\n- Walker, Peter (10 Samhain 2011). \"Baicéid gháis: cuimhní cinn do mharaigh bóithre a bhfuil an chúis leo daoine a chur as rothaíocht\". An Caomhnóir. Faighte ar 24 Samhain 2011.\n- Furness, Zack (2010). Carr amháin níos lú: Baicéalaíocht agus Polaitíocht na hOimhiotail. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. pp. 5559. ISBN 978-1-59213-613-1.\n- Terry Lowe. - Tá sé. \"Baicíní Ghost\". Pláinéid Impulse. Archaithe ón bhunaidh ar 12 Meitheamh 2009. Faighte ar 23 Bealtaine 2011.\n- \"Lá Jo Slota ar an suíomh Gréasáin\". Ghostbike.net. Arna óstáil ar an 25 Aibreán 2012.\n- Fagan, Mark Friends lorg cuimhneachán rothar taibhse do bhuail-agus-ruith íospartach Lawrence Journal-World 25 Deireadh Fómhair 2009\n- Díreoidh taispeántais ar thaobh na bóthair ar dhúshlán rothaithe, Greg Jonsson, St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 17 Samhain 2003; ath-phostáilte ar shuíomh Gréasáin Chónaidhm rothaíochta Missouri, 29 Deireadh Fómhair 2007.\n- Twarowski, Christopher. - Tá sé ar an mbord. \"Baineann rothair ghostly le comóradh rothaithe a thit, alt ag Seirbhís Nuacht Columbia\". Jscms.jrn.columbia.edu. Arna óstáil ar an 25 Aibreán 2012.\n- \"Baicéid Ghost Pittsburgh\". Pittsburgh.indymedia.org. Arna óstáil ar an 25 Aibreán 2012.\n- \"Baicéad Ghost Nua Eabhrac\". Ghostbikes.org. Arna óstáil ar an 25 Aibreán 2012.\n- 'Baineann rothair gháis' le cuimhní grinn chun an bóthar a roinnt, Seattle Post-Intelligencer 3 Lúnasa 2005.\n- Cruthaithe ag Gleejb View Groups. \"Baicéid spiorad Albuquerque\". Dukecityfix.com. Arna óstáil ar an 25 Aibreán 2012.\n- O'Connor, Josh (26 Meán Fómhair 2011). \"Booth Faisnéise: Cá as a tháinig na rothair bhána ghostly sin?\". Post Náisiúnta. Toronto. Archaithe ón bhunaidh ar 2015-07-06. Arna óstáil ar an 25 Aibreán 2012.\n- Ashley Halsey III (11 Meán Fómhair 2009). \"Ní Féidir a n-Ghrá a Scaoileadh: Tar éis 'Baicéad Ghost' a bhaint, Déantar iarracht Cuimhneacháin na mBíosaicléirí a Dhéanamh\". An Washington Post. Faighte 11 Meán Fómhair 2009.\n- \"Baicéid Ghost Londain\". Ghostbikes.org. 9 Eanáir 2012. Arna óstáil ar an 25 Aibreán 2012.\n- http://www.newsobserver.com/2013/07/13/3027977/ghost-bike-memorial.html Nuacht & Observer Aighneofar 14 Iúil 2013\n- http://www.wral.com/bicyclist-killed-in-durham-hit-and-run/12639104/ Ar ais 13 Iúil 2013\n- http://www.beaumontenterprise.com/news/article/Silsbee-cyclist-takes-on-mission-to-spread-ghost-5439365.php https://www.facebook.com/groups/HTXGhostBike/?fref=nf https://mapsengine.google.com/map/edit?mid=zSZ5jdlg3FEI.k1Elhip2Ncj0\nTá meáin ag Wikimedia Commons a bhaineann le Ghost bicycles."} {"text": "Hawaii is making moves to help protect the future of its coral reefs. Gov. David Ige is expected to sign a bill that passed last week that would ban the sale of certain sunscreens that may damage coral.\nAnd in Australia, the government is pledging nearly $380 million to help save the Great Barrier Reef, which has been badly damaged by warming waters.\nSome scientists say it might be too late to save the reef. Others say there's still hope.\n\"This bleaching event has been devastating, and people who have been working on reefs around the world have just been heartbroken by what's occurred,\" he tells Here & Now's Jeremy Hobson. \"But I haven't given up on coral reefs yet.\"\nOn how the Great Barrier Reef is doing at this moment\n\"It's had a couple of bad years. We had huge marine heat waves that hit in 2016 and 2017. In 2016, the Great Barrier Reef lost about 29 percent of its corals, and in 2017, another 22 percent. All of this was a part of a global bleaching event that lasted for three years from, 2014 to 2017, and, as I say, reached all around the world. Climate change has increased water temperatures, and you add to that climate events like El Niños and La Niñas, and the high temperatures are causing the corals to bleach and die.\"\n\"Bleaching actually is when the corals eject the microscopic algae that live inside their tissues. Corals are animals, vegetables and minerals, and these algae that live inside their tissues give them most of their food. And when high temperature stresses them, they object the algae into the water column. It leaves them injured, starving and clear-looking. And so you're actually seeing right through the tissue into the skeletons — that's bleaching. If it lasts long enough, if it's severe enough, the corals will die.\"\nOn bringing coral back\n\"It's not so much how do you bring them back, it's how do they bring themselves back. If it's a mild event, short-lived, the corals will actually — they have some algae still in their tissues and those algae will be able to reproduce and repopulate and you get the color back. Unfortunately, the coral is still injured, it's weaker and it's more susceptible to disease, as well. So sometimes they recover, and then they die. And, of course, the question is how do they come back after they die. Well, they're dead. It's just a matter of having the reef come back, and that takes at least 10 to 15 years for even the fast-growing corals to come back.\"\n\"This bleaching event has been devastating, and people who have been working on reefs around the world have just been heartbroken by what's occurred. But I haven't given up on coral reefs yet.\"Mark Eakin\nOn how the Australian government will try to save the Great Barrier Reef\n\"That's a good question. I've heard different things. The majority of what they're looking at are efforts to improve water quality, and that's great because water quality does cause problems to reefs. But unless we can control climate change, just doing water-quality adjustments alone are not going to be enough.\n\"The crown-of-thorns starfish is a predator that been naturally occurring on reefs, but there's some evidence that under situations where there are more nutrients, you actually have more starfish. And, you know, right now the reef's in bad enough shape that any of these waves of starfish coming through are going to cause real problems. So, yes, that's another good thing, and going through and getting rid of the starfish as much as they can will help the reef. But, again, that's just a piece of the problem.\"\nOn the global phenomenon\n\"The Great Barrier Reef is just one of the reefs around the world that is really being affected by climate change at this point. This global bleaching event — and that's why it's important to keep it in mind, that what happened in Australia was part of a global event. We had severe bleaching in Florida in 2014 and 2015. We had severe bleaching in Hawaii in 2014 and 2015. We had bleaching in Guam and the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, both U.S. territories, that have actually happened four of the last five years. So it's all of our coral reefs. And these are amazing places that, you have a billion people around the world relying on them for fish, they protect shoreline from storms and tsunamis and they're very important economically. And so it's not just the Great Barrier Reef that we're talking about.\"\nOn taking action to address the future of the Great Barrier Reef and other reefs\n\"The important thing, though, is for the last decade we've been saying that the two things we have to do is, No. 1, we have to get climate change under control. And that's a matter of reducing the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere — not just reducing emissions, but reducing carbon dioxide and other heat-trapping gases.\n\"No. 2, we need to reduce those local stresses, and this is where their work on nutrients and other pollutants is very important, where the crown-of-thorns starfish is important. Dealing with overfishing, habitat destruction — all really important. But now we've waited so long to really do anything about these, people are looking at very dramatic, radical conservation steps. Trying to selectively breed corals to put out on the reef. There's even talk of genetic engineering. There's talk of geoengineering, cooling the reef on large scales, either with water pumps or even making low-level clouds in areas. You're not talking about it for all the reefs, but for sections of the reef. There are other projects, one of which I'm a part of, called 50 Reefs, where we're trying to identify those reefs around the world most likely to survive during climate change and be able to reseed nearby reefs after climate change is under control. And then those become very important places to look at protecting. So, it's a big job, and we need to get on it fast. But I haven't given up hope, and I don't want anyone else to either.\"\nThis segment aired on May 9, 2018.\n- Australia Investing $377 Million To Protect Great Barrier Reef\n- Climate Change Is Killing Coral On The Great Barrier Reef\n- Once Dying And Bleached, A Pacific Coral Reef Is Blooming Again\n- Hawaii Approves Bill Banning Sunscreen Believed To Kill Coral Reefs\n- NOAA: Global Bleaching Event Threatens World's Coral Reefs\nSupport the news\nSupport the news", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-13", "url": "https://www.wbur.org/hereandnow/2018/05/09/great-barrier-reef-bleach-climate-change", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912202530.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20190321172751-20190321194751-00039.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9703019261, "token_count": 1400, "score": 3.453125, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Tá Hawaii ag déanamh gluaiseachtaí chun cabhrú le todhchaí a chuid criosanna corail a chosaint. Gob. Táthar ag súil go síneoidh David Ige bille a ritheadh an tseachtain seo caite a chuirfeadh cosc ar dhíol scátháin ghréasáin áirithe a d'fhéadfadh damáiste a dhéanamh do chorrál.\nAgus san Astráil, tá an rialtas ag gealladh beagnach $380 milliún chun cuidiú leis an gCarraig Mhór a shábháil, a ndearnadh damáiste mór dó de bharr uisce atá ag téamh.\nDeir roinnt eolaithe go bhféadfadh sé a bheith ró-dhéanach an ríf a shábháil. Deir daoine eile go bhfuil dóchas ann fós.\n\"Tá an t-imeacht bleaching seo tar éis a bheith tubaisteach, agus tá daoine a bhí ag obair ar charraigí ar fud an domhain díreach tar éis a chroí a bhriseadh leis an méid a tharla\", a deir sé Jeremy Hobson de Here & Now. \"Ach ní dhearna mé suas ar chraobhanna corail go fóill\".\nAr conas a bhfuil an Great Barrier Reef ag déanamh ag an nóiméad seo\n\"Tá sé a bhí cúpla bliain olc. Bhí tonnta te mara ollmhór againn a bhuail i 2016 agus 2017. Sa bhliain 2016, chaill an Great Barrier Reef thart ar 29 faoin gcéad dá chorráin, agus sa bhliain 2017, 22 faoin gcéad eile. Bhí sé seo go léir mar chuid d'imeacht bleaching domhanda a mhair ar feadh trí bliana, ó 2014 go 2017, agus, mar a deirim, a shroich an domhan ar fad. Tá athrú aeráide tar éis teocht an uisce a mhéadú, agus má chuirtear leis sin imeachtaí aeráide mar El Niños agus La Niñas, agus tá na teochtaí ard ag cur na corail a bhleith agus a bháis\".\n\"Is é an bleaching i ndáiríre nuair a scaipeann na corail na algaí micreascópúla a chónaíonn taobh istigh dá bhfíocháin. Is ainmhithe, glasraí agus mianraí iad na corail, agus tugann na glóine seo a chónaíonn taobh istigh dá bhfíocháin an chuid is mó dá n-aiste dóibh. Agus nuair a bhíonn teochta ard ag cur brú orthu, déanann siad na algaí a chur isteach sa cholún uisce. Fágann sé iad gortaithe, ag fulaingt agus soiléir-ag féachaint. Agus mar sin tá tú ag féachaint i ndáiríre díreach tríd an fíochán isteach sna cnámha - sin bleaching. Má mhaireann sé fada go leor, má tá sé tromchúiseach go leor, básfaidh na corail. \"\nAr coral a thabhairt ar ais\n\"Níl sé chomh mór sin conas a thabhairt dóibh ar ais, tá sé conas a thabhairt iad féin ar ais. Má tá sé ina ócáid éadrom, gearr-bheatha, beidh na corail i ndáiríre tá siad roinnt algaí fós ina gcuid fíocháin agus beidh na algaí a bheith in ann a atáirgeadh agus ath-chló agus a fháil ar ais an dath. Ar an drochuair, tá an corail fós gortaithe, tá sé níos laige agus tá sé níos so-ghabhálach do ghalair, chomh maith. Mar sin uaireanta téann siad ar ais, agus ansin bás. Agus, ar ndóigh, is é an cheist conas a thagann siad ar ais tar éis a mbás. Bhuel, tá siad marbh. Ní gá ach an crios a athbhunú, agus tógann sé 10 go 15 bliain ar a laghad chun na corail atá ag fás go tapa a athbhunú\".\n\"Tá an t-imeacht bleaching seo devastating, agus tá daoine a bhí ag obair ar reefs ar fud an domhain díreach a bhí briseadh croí ag an méid a tharla. Ach níor thug mé suas ar chraobhanna corail go fóill. \"Mark Eakin\nAr an gcaoi a ndéanfaidh rialtas na hAstráile iarracht an Charraig Mhór a shábháil\n\"Is ceist mhaith í sin. Chuala mé rudaí éagsúla. Is é an chuid is mó de na rudaí a bhfuil siad ag féachaint orthu ná iarrachtaí chun cáilíocht an uisce a fheabhsú, agus tá sé sin iontach mar go gcuireann cáilíocht an uisce fadhbanna le hailtíní. Ach mura féidir linn athrú aeráide a rialú, ní bheidh sé go leor ach oiriúnú cáilíochta uisce a dhéanamh.\n\"Is éard atá sa rás-chroí-thorns ná rabhadóir a tharlaíonn go nádúrtha ar na hiomáin, ach tá roinnt fianaise ann go bhfuil níos mó rás-chroí i gcásanna ina bhfuil níos mó cothaithigh agat. Agus, tá a fhios agat, anois an crios-chraobh i gcruth dona go leor go bhfuil aon cheann de na tonnta de réaltaí mara ag teacht trí ag dul a chur faoi deara fadhbanna fíor. Mar sin, tá, sin rud maith eile, agus ag dul trí agus fáil réidh leis an réaltaí mara an oiread agus is féidir leo cabhróidh sé an reef. Ach, arís, ní hé sin ach cuid den fhadhb\".\nMaidir leis an bhfeiniméan domhanda\n\"Ní hé an Great Barrier Reef ach ceann de na cnáibí ar fud an domhain atá i ndáiríre ag fulaingt ó athrú aeráide ag an bpointe seo. Seo ócáid bleaching domhanda agus sin an fáth go bhfuil sé tábhachtach a choinneáil i gcuimhne, go raibh an méid a tharla san Astráil mar chuid d'eispéireas domhanda. Bhí bleaching tromchúiseach againn i Florida in 2014 agus 2015. Bhí bleaching tromchúiseach againn i Haváí in 2014 agus 2015. Bhí bleaching againn i Guam agus i gComhchoitinn Oileáin Mhuiríana Thuaidh, an dá chríoch de chuid na Stát Aontaithe, a tharla i ndáiríre ceithre bliana de na cúig bliana anuas. Mar sin tá sé go léir ár n-aislingí corail. Agus is áiteanna iontacha iad seo, tá billiún duine ar fud an domhain ag brath orthu le haghaidh iasc, cosnaíonn siad cósta ó stoirmeacha agus tsunamis agus tá siad an-tábhachtach go heacnamaíoch. Agus mar sin ní amháin an Great Barrier Reef atá á labhairt againn\".\nMaidir le gníomh a ghlacadh chun aghaidh a thabhairt ar thodhchaí an Chraobh Mór Bhairric agus na gcraobhchraobh eile\n\"Ach is é an rud tábhachtach, le deich mbliana anuas, go bhfuil muid ag rá go bhfuil an dá rud a chaithfimid a dhéanamh, Níl. 1, ní mór dúinn athrú aeráide a fháil faoi smacht. Agus is ceist í sin méid na dé-ocsaide carbóin san atmaisféar a laghdú - ní hamháin astaíochtaí a laghdú, ach dé-ocsaide carbóin agus gáis eile a chaitheann teas a laghdú.\n\"Níl. 2, ní mór dúinn na strusanna áitiúla sin a laghdú, agus is é seo an áit a bhfuil a gcuid oibre ar chothaithigh agus truailleoirí eile an-tábhachtach, áit a bhfuil an crown-of-thorns starfish tábhachtach. Déileáil le ró-iascaireacht, scrios gnáthóg go léir an-tábhachtach. Ach anois tá muid ag fanacht chomh fada le rud éigin a dhéanamh faoi seo, tá daoine ag féachaint ar chéimeanna caomhnaithe an-drámatúla, radacach. Ag iarraidh corail a ghiniúint go roghnach chun iad a chur ar an gcarraig. Tá fiú labhairt de innealtóireacht ghéiniteach. Tá cainte ann faoi ghéar-innealtóireacht, an crios-chraobh a fhuaraithe ar scála mór, le caidéil uisce nó fiú scamaill ísealleibhéil a dhéanamh i gceantair. Ní bhaineann sé leis na criosanna go léir, ach le codanna den chrios. Tá tionscadail eile ann, ceann acu ina bhfuil mé mar chuid, ar a dtugtar 50 Rith, áit a bhfuil muid ag iarraidh na rith ar fud an domhain a aithint a bhfuil an seans is mó acu maireachtáil le linn athrú aeráide agus a bheith in ann ríthe in aice láimhe a athshéanadh tar éis athrú aeráide a bheith faoi smacht. Agus ansin bíonn na háiteanna sin an-tábhachtach chun iad a chosaint. Mar sin, tá sé ina phost mór, agus ní mór dúinn a fháil ar sé go tapa. Ach ní chaill mé dóchas, agus nílim ag iarraidh go gcaillfeadh duine ar bith eile dóchas\".\nSeoladh an t-earra seo ar 9 Bealtaine, 2018.\n- Tá an Astráil ag infheistiú $377 milliún chun an Chraobh Mór Cothroime a chosaint\n- Tá Athrú Aeráide ag Murt Coral ar an Réamhchraobh Mór\n- A bhí ag bás agus ag bleachtaithe uair amháin, tá crios corail an Aigéin Chiúin ag bláthadh arís\n- Hawaii Approves Bill to Ban Sunscreen Creidtear go bhfuil sé ag Maraíocht Réithe Coral\n- NOAA: Tá an t-eagrán bleaching domhanda ag bagairt ar chraobhanna corail an domhain\nTacaigh leis an nuacht\nTacaigh leis an nuacht"} {"text": "Questions and Answers\n- Why is ESA running a public consultation?\n- How will public opinion be taken into account in ESA's long-term planning?\n- Why do you not mention crewed missions or sending humans to other planets and moons in the Solar System?\n- I will complete my studies in space science/astronomy soon. Should I respond to the public survey or to the professional consultation?\n- There is no survey in my native language. Can I reply in my language to one of the other surveys?\n- Why is ESA planning now for missions that will be operating in 30 years time?\n- Why do you need another X-ray/infrared/microwave mission when there have already been several?\n- I don't live in/am not a citizen of an ESA Member State. Do you want my opinion?\n- I have an idea for a mission for the Science Programme. Where can I send it?\n- I cannot use a computer but I want to share my views on the future science programme. Can I submit my responses on paper?\nESA's Science Directorate is responsible for developing the long-term plan for space science missions at ESA. Since the mid 1980s this plan has been developed in consultation with the scientific community in Europe. The Director of Science, Günther Hasinger, is responsible for preparing Voyage 2050 the next long-term plan. This will cover the period from about 2035 to 2050. In addition to consulting the scientific community, the Director is inviting the public to share their views about the big science questions that should be addressed by space missions during that time period. By providing an opportunity to participate in the formation of Voyage 2050, ESA wishes to foster a sense of ownership and involvement in the missions, as well as creating a transparent and open process.\nThe views expressed by the public during this consultation will be presented to the Director and decision-makers in the Science Directorate, as well as to the scientists from the community who have been tasked with devising the future programme.\nWhy do you not mention crewed missions or sending humans to other planets and moons in the Solar System?\nESA's Science Programme falls under the responsibility of the Directorate of Science and is focused on the investigation of astrophysical phenomena and natural bodies in outer space using spacecraft or scientific probes for remote and/or in-situ physical measurements. Crewed missions and human exploration beyond Earth fall under the responsibility of the Directorate of Human and Robotic Exploration Programmes and do not form part of the long-term Science Programme.\nI will complete my studies in space science/astronomy soon. Should I respond to the public survey or to the professional consultation?\nIf you are not yet active in the field you are welcome to respond to the public consultation. If you are already an active space scientist/astronomer we encourage you to participate in the consultation with the professional community, details of this are available here.\nWe can only support the survey in these languages: Dutch, English, Estonian, French, German, Hungarian, Italian, and Spanish. You are welcome to submit your replies, in your native language, via any of the forms.\nThe missions in ESA's Science Programme form the building blocks of a long-term space science plan that has been devised to answer big science questions, such as:\n- What are the conditions for planetary formation and the emergence of life?\n- How does the Solar System work?\n- What are the physical fundamental laws of the Universe?\n- How did the Universe originate and what is it made of?\nThe existence of a long-term plan has led to ground-breaking missions such as:\n- Huygens, the probe that landed on Saturn's moon, Titan, in 2005;\n- Rosetta, the spacecraft that accompanied a comet during its closest approach to the Sun and, in 2014, deployed a lander to the comet's surface;\n- Gaia, which since 2014 has been mapping the positions and motions of more than 1 billion stars in our Milky Way and beyond;\nand many more.\nMissions like these take decades to come to fruition, requiring a long period of preparation and technological development before construction can begin. The existence of a long-term plan for the Science Programme provides the confidence for scientists, engineers, industry, and funding agencies that their sustained efforts for decades are not in vain.\nEach new generation of spacecraft and instruments takes advantage of developments in technology and builds on the knowledge that has already been gained to choose new questions that can be fruitfully tackled with the available tools.\nWe welcome your opinion, even if you are not resident in an ESA Member State.\nSpecific ideas for missions can be submitted under the Call for White Papers; for further details, see this web page.\nI cannot use a computer but I want to share my views on the future science programme. Can I submit my responses on paper?\nIf you cannot respond to the survey online we will accept responses on paper. Please post your response to:\nDiscovering our Universe – public consultation\nEuropean Space Research & Technology Centre\n2200 AG Noordwijk", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-05", "url": "https://sci.esa.int/web/discovering-our-universe/-/61156-questions-and-answers", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320301737.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20220120100127-20220120130127-00573.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9254909158, "token_count": 1071, "score": 2.515625, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Ceisteanna agus Freagraí\n- Cén fáth a bhfuil an ESA ag seoladh comhairliúcháin phoiblí?\n- Conas a dhéanfar tuairim an phobail a chur san áireamh i bpleanáil fhadtéarmach ESA?\n- Cén fáth nach luaitear misin criú nó daoine a sheoladh chuig pláinéid eile agus míonna sa Chóras Sólar?\n- Beidh mé ag críochnú mo chuid staidéir i spáis eolaíocht / réalteolaíocht go luath. An cheart dom freagairt don suirbhé poiblí nó don chomhairliúchán gairmiúil?\n- Níl aon suirbhé i mo theanga dhúchais. An féidir liom freagra a thabhairt i mo theanga ar cheann de na suirbhéanna eile?\n- Cén fáth go bhfuil ESA ag pleanáil anois le haghaidh misean a bheidh ag feidhmiú i gceann 30 bliain?\n- Cén fáth a bhfuil tú ag teastáil eile X-ray / infridhearg / micreathonn misean nuair a bhí cheana féin roinnt?\n- Ní mhairim/ní saoránach mé de Bhallstát de chuid ESA. An bhfuil tú ag iarraidh mo thuairim?\n- Tá smaoineamh agam le haghaidh misean don Chlár Eolaíochta. Cá háit is féidir liom é a sheoladh?\n- Ní féidir liom ríomhaire a úsáid ach ba mhaith liom mo thuairimí a roinnt ar an gclár eolaíochta sa todhchaí. An féidir liom mo fhreagraí a chur isteach ar pháipéar?\nTá Stiúrthóireacht Eolaíochta ESA freagrach as an plean fadtéarmach a fhorbairt do mhisean eolaíochta spáis ag ESA. Ó lár na 1980idí, tá an plean seo á fhorbairt i gcomhairle leis an bpobal eolaíoch san Eoraip. Tá an Stiúrthóir Eolaíochta, Günther Hasinger, freagrach as an Voyage 2050 a ullmhú, an chéad phlean fadtéarmach eile. Clúdóidh sé seo an tréimhse ó 2035 go 2050 thart. Chomh maith le dul i gcomhairle leis an bpobal eolaíoch, tá an Stiúrthóir ag tabhairt cuireadh don phobal a gcuid tuairimí a roinnt faoi na ceisteanna eolaíochta móra ar cheart aghaidh a thabhairt orthu le misin spáis le linn na tréimhse ama sin. Trí deis a chur ar fáil chun páirt a ghlacadh i bhfoirmiú Voyage 2050, ba mhaith leis an ESA mothú úinéireachta agus rannpháirtíochta sna misin a chothú, chomh maith le próiseas trédhearcach agus oscailte a chruthú.\nCuirfear na tuairimí a chuir an pobal in iúl le linn na comhairliúcháin seo i láthair an Stiúrthóra agus lucht cinnteoireachta sa Stiúrthóireacht Eolaíochta, chomh maith leis na heolaithe ón bpobal a bhfuil sé de chúram orthu an clár sa todhchaí a cheapadh.\nCén fáth nach luaitear misin criú nó daoine a sheoladh chuig pláinéid agus ghealach eile sa Chóras Sólar?\nTá Clár Eolaíochta ESA faoi fhreagracht na Stiúrthóireachta Eolaíochta agus dírithe ar imscrúdú ar fheiniméin réalteolaíochta agus comhlachtaí nádúrtha sa spás amuigh ag baint úsáide as spásárthaí nó sondes eolaíocha le haghaidh tomhais fhisiceacha iargúlta agus/nó in-situ. Tá misin le criú agus iniúchadh daonna thar an Domhan faoi fhreagracht na Stiúrthóireachta um Chláir Iniúchta Daonna agus Róbataí agus ní cuid den Chlár Eolaíochta fadtéarmach iad.\nCríochnóidh mé mo chuid staidéir i eolaíocht spáis / réalteolaíocht go luath. An cheart dom freagairt don suirbhé poiblí nó don chomhairliúchán gairmiúil?\nMá tá tú nach bhfuil gníomhach fós sa réimse, tá fáilte romhat freagra a thabhairt ar an gcomhairliúchán poiblí. Má tá tú cheana féin ina eolaí/réalteolaí spáis gníomhach, molaimid duit páirt a ghlacadh sa chomhairliúchán leis an bpobal gairmiúil, tá sonraí faoi seo ar fáil anseo.\nNí féidir linn tacú leis an suirbhé ach sna teangacha seo: an Ollainnis, an Béarla, an Eistinneach, an Fraincis, an Ghearmáinis, an Ungáiris, an Iodáilis agus an Spáinnis. Tá fáilte romhat a gcuid freagraí a chur isteach, i do theanga dhúchais, trí aon cheann de na foirmeacha.\nIs iad na misin atá i gClár Eolaíochta ESA na bloic thógála a bhaineann le plean eolaíochta spáis fadtéarmach a ceapadh chun ceisteanna móra eolaíochta a fhreagairt, amhail:\n- Cad iad na coinníollacha le haghaidh foirmiú pláinéid agus teacht chun cinn na beatha?\n- Conas a oibríonn an Córas Sólar?\n- Cad iad na dlíthe bunúsacha fisiceach an Cruinne?\n- Conas a tháinig an Cruinne agus cad é a dhéantar as?\nTá an plean fadtéarmach seo tar éis misean réabhlóideach a chruthú, amhail:\n- Huygens, an sond a tháinig i dtír ar ghealach Satarn, Titan, i 2005;\n- Rosetta, an spásárthach a bhí ag gabháil le coimhéad le linn a chur chuige is gaire don Ghrian agus, in 2014, a chuir lander ar an dromchla coimhéadach;\n- Gaia, a bhfuil, ó 2014, ag mapsáil suíomhanna agus gluaiseachtaí níos mó ná 1 billiún réalta inár mBóthar Bainne agus níos faide uainn;\nagus go leor eile.\nTógann misean den sórt sin blianta fada chun torthaí a bhaint amach, rud a éilíonn tréimhse fada ullmhúcháin agus forbartha teicneolaíochta sula bhféadfar tús a chur leis an tógáil. Tugann plean fadtéarmach don Chlár Eolaíochta muinín do eolaithe, do innealtóirí, d'fhiontair agus d'eagraíochtaí cistiúcháin nach bhfuil a gcuid iarrachtaí leanúnacha le blianta fada ar neamhní.\nBaineann gach glúin nua de na spásárthaí agus de na hionstraimí leas as forbairtí sa teicneolaíocht agus tógann sé ar an eolas a fuarthas cheana féin chun ceisteanna nua a roghnú ar féidir dul i ngleic leo go torthaích leis na huirlisí atá ar fáil.\nTá fáilte roimh do thuairim, fiú mura bhfuil cónaí ort i mBallstát de chuid ESA.\nIs féidir smaointe sonracha le haghaidh misin a chur isteach faoin gCarraig do Leabhair Bán; le haghaidh tuilleadh sonraí, féach an leathanach gréasáin seo.\nNí féidir liom ríomhaire a úsáid ach ba mhaith liom mo thuairimí a roinnt ar an gclár eolaíochta sa todhchaí. An féidir liom mo fhreagraí a chur isteach ar pháipéar?\nMura féidir leat an suirbhé a fhreagairt ar líne glacfaimid le freagraí ar pháipéar. Cuir do fhreagra ar aghaidh chuig:\nAg Fionnachtain ár nDomhnach comhairliúchán poiblí\nIonad Eorpach Taighde agus Teicneolaíochta Spáis\n2200 AG Noordwijk"} {"text": "|The Salting Salamander|\nEurope, Sixteenth Century\nThe Victoria & Albert Museum\nA large Baroque pearl forms the body of this salamander. Jewelers have always appreciated the irregularity of the baroque pearl which affords a chance to be creative. Renaissance jewelers especially enjoyed the challenge of taking the natural shape of the pearl and forcing it into the very controlled compositions of the era.\nMade in the Sixteenth Century, this European pendant, known as the Salting Salamander, was treasured not only for its beauty, but also for its symbolic meaning. Since antiquity, salamanders were thought to be impervious to fire. Aristotle and Pliny actually claimed that a salamander had the power to extinguish flames. Within time, the salamander became a symbol of fire itself and was often used to communicate ardent passion. It’s likely this pendant served as a token of affection.\nThe pendant, hung with a pearl, is meant to be viewed from all sides and represents a salamander in three dimensions. A table-cut emerald is set at the creature's head and the whole is adorned with fine enamel work.\nIts last owner, George Salting, bequeathed the piece to the V&A in 1910.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-36", "url": "http://stalkingthebelleepoque.blogspot.com/2012/12/gifts-of-grandeur-salting-salamander.html", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-36/segments/1471982295494.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20160823195815-00019-ip-10-153-172-175.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9606400132, "token_count": 268, "score": 3.15625, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "An Salamander Salting\nAn Eoraip, an Séú haois déag\nAn Músaem Victoria & Albert\nTá péarla mór Barócach ar chorp an salamandra seo. Tá meas ag seodraithe i gcónaí ar neamhrialtacht na bpéire barócacha a thugann deis a bheith cruthaitheach. Bhí spéis ag seodraithe an Renaissance go háirithe sa dúshlán a bhí ann cruth nádúrtha na bpéarla a ghlacadh agus é a chur i gcomhdhéanamh an-rialta na ré.\nDéanta sa Séú haois déag, bhí luach ar an mbonn Eorpach seo, ar a dtugtar an Salamander Salting, ní hamháin as a áilleacht, ach freisin as a chiall shiombalach. Ó shin, meastar go raibh salamanders neamh-inbhéartach don tine. D'éiligh Aistritheoil agus Plíine go raibh cumhacht ag salamander lasadh lasadh. Le tamall, tháinig an salamander ina siombail den tine féin agus baineadh úsáid as go minic chun paisean ard a chur in iúl. Is dócha gur comhartha grámhar é an pendant seo.\nTá an pendant, a bhfuil péarla crochta air, ceaptha le feiceáil ó gach taobh agus léiríonn sé salamander i dtrí thrí. Tá smaraide deartha ag an mbord curtha ag ceann an chreatúir agus tá an t-iomláine adorned le obair smálach fíneáil.\nD'fhág a úinéir dheireanach, George Salting, an píosa don V&A i 1910."} {"text": "Turning steam into power\nNew Zealand’s geothermal power stations produce electricity using the following process:\n- Geothermal fluid – a naturally occurring mineralised mixture of pressurised water and steam heated to between 200º and 300ºC – is drawn from a geothermal field by production wells at depths of 1–3 kilometres. Temperatures as high as 326ºC have been recorded at Mōkai, which is thought to be New Zealand’s hottest geothermal field.\n- The high-pressure hot water is separated into steam and water, and the dry steam is used to spin turbines. The spinning of the turbines generates electricity.\n- Modern geothermal power plants such as Rotokawa, commissioned in 1997, have secondary (binary) turbines. Low-pressure exhaust steam heats pentane (a hydrocarbon with the low boiling point of 34ºC), producing the gas that spins the binary turbines.\n- All waste fluids are injected back into the geothermal field to help replenish it and to avoid contaminating surface waters with dissolved chemicals.\nGeothermal energy potential\nDespite the success of the Wairākei project, which has proved to be a cost-effective and reliable contributor to New Zealand’s electricity supply system, it was not until the late 1980s that further geothermal power stations were built, at Ōhākī and Kawerau. The pioneering zeal of the 1950s and 1960s was followed by a lull during the 1970s and 1980s, when attention turned to the large Māui natural-gas field. However, this is expected to run out before 2010, and interest in geothermal power, along with other renewable sources such as wind and solar energy, has been revived.\nThere was a rapid growth in the production of electricity between 1995 and 2000 in response to the 1993 deregulation of electricity supply and generation. In 2002 New Zealand had seven geothermal power stations. Six were in the Taupō Volcanic Zone, and one at Ngāwhā in Northland. Geothermally generated electricity provided about 7% of New Zealand’s total electricity.\nNew Zealand’s geothermal energy potential is considered large in comparison to other renewable energy sources, and could supply a third of our total electricity needs if fully developed. However, there are significant costs to the environment.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-13", "url": "https://teara.govt.nz/en/geothermal-energy/page-3", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912202689.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20190322200215-20190322222215-00177.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9617503285, "token_count": 482, "score": 3.75, "int_score": 4, "irish_text": "Ag casadh gaile go cumhachta\nTáirgeann stáisiúin chumhachta geotermacha na Seilge Nua leictreachas trí úsáid a bhaint as an bpróiseas seo a leanas:\n- Tá sreabhach geotermaí meascán mianraíithe de ghnáth de uisce brúite agus gaile téite go 200o agus 300oC á tharraingt ó réimse geotermaí trí bhoscaí táirgeachta ag doimhneacht 13 ciliméadar. Taifeadadh teocht chomh hard le 326oC ag Mōkai, a mheastar a bheith ina réimse geothermal is teo sa Nua-Shéalainn.\n- Déantar an t-uisce te ardbhrú a scaradh i bpá agus uisce, agus úsáidtear an bpá tirim chun turbinaí a rothlú. Tá an t-eitiltire ag a bheith ag casadh agus tá leictreachas á ghiniúint aige.\n- Tá turbíní (dhéagrúch) tánaisteacha ag gléasraí geothermacha nua-aimseartha mar Rotokawa, a cuireadh i mbun oibre i 1997. Teasann gaile aschuir íseal-bhrú pentane (hiodrocarbóin a bhfuil pointe boilg íseal de 34oC) agus déantar an gáis a tháirgeann na turbinaí déthaobhacha a thiomáint.\n- Instealladh gach sreabhach dramhaíola ar ais isteach sa réimse geothermacha chun cuidiú leis an réimse a athshlánú agus chun truailliú uisce dromchla a sheachaint le ceimiceáin tuaslagtha.\nD'fhéadfadh an t-eagóir fuinnimh geotermaí\nIn ainneoin rath an tionscadail Wairākei, a chruthaigh go raibh sé ina ranníocóir costéifeachtach agus iontaofa do chóras soláthair leictreachais na Nua-Shéalainne, ní raibh sé go dtí deireadh na 1980idí gur tógadh stáisiúin cumhachta geotermacha eile, ag Ōhākī agus Kawerau. Lean díograis na mbreitheála sna 1950idí agus sna 1960idí le cúl le linn na 1970idí agus na 1980idí, nuair a d'fhéach aird ar réimse mór gáis nádúrtha Māui. Táthar ag súil go mbeidh sé seo caite roimh 2010, áfach, agus tá spéis ar ais ag an gcumhacht gheoiteirmeach, mar aon le foinsí in-athnuaite eile amhail fuinneamh gaoithe agus gréine.\nBhí fás tapa ar tháirgeadh leictreachais idir 1995 agus 2000 mar fhreagra ar dhíreagrú soláthair agus giniúna leictreachais 1993. Sa bhliain 2002, bhí seacht gcathair cumhachta geothermaí ag an Nua-Shéalainn. Bhí sé sa Chrios Volcán Taupō, agus ceann amháin ag Ngāwhā i dTuaisceart. Soláthraíonn leictreachas a ghineann geothermal thart ar 7% de ghinearáil iomlán na Nua-Shéalainne.\nMeastar go bhfuil acmhainneacht fuinnimh geotermaí na Nua-Shéalainne mór i gcomparáid le foinsí eile fuinnimh in-athnuaite, agus d'fhéadfadh sé a sholáthar ar an tríú cuid dár ngá leictreachais iomlán má fhorbraítear go hiomlán é. Mar sin féin, tá costais shuntasacha ann don chomhshaol."} {"text": "Today, I read a magazine along with my morning tea and came across the word “ubiquitous.” Unknowingly my eyebrows went up with a doubt hitting my vocabulary list. Then I found out that it is one of my most commonly used words omnipresent through Google. Nowadays, it has evolved into something more than a search engine. Technically there are many search engines. And there is no rocket science involved in it. Search engines keep track of their customers’ surfing activities and share that data with marketers and other interested parties.\nWhat is Elastic search?\nElasticsearch was created as an output of the third version of the compass by Shay Banon. He developed “a distributed solution from the ground up” and employed a standard interface, JSON via HTTP, that could be used by programs written in languages other than Java. Elasticsearch was launched in February 2010. It is a software that enables you to store, search easily, and analyse large amounts of data in near real-time, with responses arriving in milliseconds.\nHow does it work?\nThe best way to understand what is elasticsearch and how it works is to know the basic concept in what way it organizes the data and its back-end components. The basic or logical components are documents, indices, and inverted indexes. Documents are the basic units, and index is the collection of documents that are logically related. In Elasticsearch, an index is an inverted index, which is how all search engines operate. It’s a data structure that stores a mapping between information (such as words or integers) and their places in a document or series of documents.\nOn the other hand, backend components are clusters, nodes, shards, and replicas. Elasticsearch cluster is what gives it its power. A node is a storage device that also participates in the cluster’s indexing and search functions. Elasticsearch allows you to split the index into shards, which are smaller portions of the index. Replicas provide redundant copies of your data to defend against hardware failure and boost capacity to satisfy read demands such as document searches and retrieval.\nWhy is Elasticsearch preferable?\nElasticsearch is the most prominent and popular search engine. It uses the Lucene library as its foundation. It’s a full-text search engine with a distributed, multitenant capability, an HTTP web interface, and schema-free JSON documents. It is written in Java and is dual-licensed under the open-source Server-Side Public License and the Elastic license. Some sections are under the Elastic commercial license (source-available) L’elastique.\nElasticsearch is an important search engine that focuses on documents. It searches an index rather than the text directly, and it is possible to provide quick search results. It can be used in several use cases like search for an application, a website, or a company, Logging and Analysis of logs, Container monitoring and infrastructure metrics, Monitoring the performance of an application, Analysis and display of geospatial data, Analytical security, and Analytical business. It has made web services rapid and more effective, especially in business and information technology. The potential is increasing day by day, and so the productivity. Elasticsearch is super fast because it’s built on top of Lucane, it works amazingly at full-text-search, a document is indexed within a short time period sometimes within one second, I know it’s crazy!\nElasticsearch is super fast because it’s built on top of Lucane, it works amazingly at full-text-search, a document is indexed within a short time period sometimes within one second, I know it’s crazy!", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-05", "url": "https://www.bestultrawide.com/web-services-and-the-perfect-search-engine/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320305423.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20220128074016-20220128104016-00280.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9448702335, "token_count": 762, "score": 3.0, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Sa lá atá inniu ann, léigh mé iris chomh maith le mo tae maidin agus tháinig mé ar an bhfocal ubiquitous. Gan fhios agam d'ardaigh mo bhróga le amhras ag bualadh ar mo liosta focal. Ansin fuair mé amach go bhfuil sé ar cheann de mo chuid is mó a úsáidtear go coitianta focail omnipresent trí Google. Sa lá atá inniu ann, tá sé tar éis éabhlóid a dhéanamh i rud éigin níos mó ná inneall cuardaigh. Go teicniúil tá go leor innill chuardaigh ann. Agus níl aon eolaíocht roicéad i gceist leis. Déanann innill chuardaigh rian ar ghníomhaíochtaí surfála a gcustaiméirí agus roinntear na sonraí sin le margaitheoirí agus páirtithe leasmhara eile.\nCad é cuardach Éalastach?\nCruthaíodh Elasticsearch mar aschur den tríú leagan den champas ag Shay Banon. D'fhorbair sé \"réiteach dáileadh ó bhun go barr\" agus d'fhostaigh sé comhéadan caighdeánach, JSON trí HTTP, a d'fhéadfadh cláir a scríobh i dteangacha seachas Java a úsáid. Seoladh Elasticsearch i mí Feabhra 2010. Is bogearraí é a chuireann ar do chumas méideanna móra sonraí a stóráil, a chuardach go héasca, agus a anailísiú i bhfíor-am, agus freagraí ag teacht i míleatiméadair.\nConas a oibríonn sé?\nIs é an bealach is fearr chun tuiscint a fháil ar cad é an cuardach éalais agus conas a oibríonn sé ná an bunchoincheap a fhios a bheith agat ar an mbealach a eagraíonn sé na sonraí agus a chomhpháirteanna cúlra. Is iad na comhpháirteanna bunúsacha nó loighciúla doiciméid, innéacsanna agus innéacsanna inbhéartaithe. Is iad doiciméid na haonaid bhunúsacha, agus is é innéacs an bailiúchán doiciméid atá gaolmhar go loighciúil. I Elasticsearch, is innéacs inbhéartaithe é innéacs, is é sin an chaoi a n-oibríonn gach innill chuardaigh. Is struchtúr sonraí é a stórálann mhapáil idir faisnéis (mar fhocail nó líon iomlán) agus a n-áiteanna i ndoiciméad nó i sraith doiciméid.\nAr an láimh eile, is iad comhpháirteanna cúlra na cnuasaigh, na nóid, na sracáin agus na hathscríbhinní. Is é an clústeoir Elasticsearch a thugann a chumhacht dó. Is gléas stórála é nód a ghlacann páirt freisin i bhfeidhmeanna innéacsaithe agus cuardaigh an chlústéir. Ligeann Elasticsearch duit an t-innéacs a roinnt ina chuid is lú den innéacs. Soláthraíonn máilí cóipeanna as cuimsí de do chuid sonraí chun cosaint a chur i gcoinne easpa crua-earraí agus cumas a mhéadú chun éilimh léitheoireachta a shásamh amhail cuardach agus aisghabháil doiciméid.\nCén fáth go bhfuil Elasticsearch níos fearr?\nIs é Elasticsearch an t-inneall cuardaigh is suntasaí agus is mó a bhfuil tóir air. Úsáideann sé leabharlann Lucene mar bhunús. Is inneall cuardaigh iomlán téacs é le cumas dáileadh, il-chomhthánaithe, comhéadan gréasáin HTTP, agus doiciméid JSON saor ó scéim. Tá sé scríofa i Java agus tá sé faoi cheadúnas dúbailte faoin gceadúnas poiblí server-side foinse oscailte agus an cheadúnas Elastic. Tá roinnt rannáin faoi cheadúnas tráchtála Elastic (foinse-infhaighte) Lelastique.\nIs inneall cuardaigh tábhachtach é Elasticsearch a dhíríonn ar dhoiciméid. Cuardaíonn sé innéacs seachas an téacs go díreach, agus is féidir torthaí cuardaigh tapa a sholáthar. Is féidir é a úsáid i roinnt cásanna úsáide mar chuardach ar iarratas, ar shuíomh Gréasáin, nó ar chuideachta, Logáil agus anailís ar chláir, Monatóireacht coimeádáin agus tomhais bonneagair, Monatóireacht a dhéanamh ar fheidhmíocht iarratais, Anailís agus taispeáint sonraí geospáis, slándáil anailíseach, agus gnó anailíseach. Tá sé tar éis seirbhísí gréasáin a dhéanamh níos tapúla agus níos éifeachtaí, go háirithe i ngnó agus i dteicneolaíocht faisnéise. Tá an acmhainn ag méadú ó lá go lá, agus mar sin tá an táirgiúlacht. Tá Elasticsearch an-tapa toisc go bhfuil sé tógtha ar bharr Lucane, oibríonn sé go hiontach ag cuardach téacs iomlán, tá doiciméad innéacsaithe laistigh de thréimhse ghearr ama uaireanta laistigh de shé nóiméad, tá a fhios agam go bhfuil sé crazy!\nTá Elasticsearch an-tapa toisc go bhfuil sé tógtha ar bharr Lucane, oibríonn sé go hiontach ag cuardach téacs iomlán, tá doiciméad innéacsaithe laistigh de thréimhse ghearr ama uaireanta laistigh de shé nóiméad, tá a fhios agam go bhfuil sé crazy!"} {"text": "(Last Updated on : 25/04/2014)\nRajapalayam is an important municipal city in Virudunagar district of Tamil Nadu\n. It is situated 85 kilometer south west of Madurai. Its main attraction is Ayyanar falls and the town of Srivilliputur. It is also known for its Rajapalayam breed of dogs.\nRajapalayam gets its name from the name of the community that is dominant here - Rajas or Rajus a Telugu speaking community that had migrated from Andhra Pradesh centuries ago. The word 'palayam' is frequently used in many Tamil cities as a suffix and it translates roughly as a 'fort'. The origin of Rajapalayam dates back to 1700 AD. The exact timing of the settling of Raju people in this specific area is not established, but believed to have happened as a consequence of collapse of Vijayanagara empire and the arrival of Rajus as administrators or commanders to this region.\nInitially, Rajapalyam developed as an agricultural community and most people had farming as their source of livelihood. In the mid 1900s, the small town of Rajapalayam gradually evolved into a thriving business community. Due to the enterprising and hard working nature of its people, commerce developed quickly in the region and several industries, particularly cotton based flourished. Hence it got the name \"Cotton city\". Today Rajapalayam is one of the most industrialized cities in southern Tamil Nadu and people of all communities and religions live and contribute for its growth.\nRajapalayam city acquired the total area of 11 sq kms. It is located 9° 12' to 9° 47' N latitude and 77° 20' to 78° 26' E longitude. The climate of the city is Semi- arid -tropical monsoon type. It has a high mean temperature and a low degree of humidity. In summer the maximum temperature is 37.1°C and minimum is 25.4°C. In winter the maximum temperature is 29.2°C and minimum is 20.4°C. The maximum rainfall of the city is 792 mm.\nThe economy of the city is based on the manufacture of textiles, and there are mills for spinning and weaving cotton, as well as a large cotton market.\nThe major industries of Rajapalayam are-\nRajapalayam Mills Ltd- Manufacturer of cotton yarn\nRajapalaiyam Spintext- Manufacturer of cotton yarn\nRajapalaiyam Textiles- Manufacturer of cotton yarn\nSri Ramco Spinners- Manufacturer of cotton yarn\nSri Vishnu Shankar Mill Ltd- Manufacturer of cotton yarn\nRamaraju Surgical Cotton Mills- Manufacturer of surgical bandages & cloth\nSandhya Spinning Mills Ltd- Spinning mill, part of Ramco Group\nGeetha Krishna Spinning Mill Pvt. Ltd.- A quality cotton yarn manufacturer\nSree Karpagambal Mills Ltd.- Large yarn spinning and fabric weaving mill since 1956\nSethuram Spinners Pvt. Ltd.- Leading spinning mill in Rajapalayam. Manufacturers and exporters of open end yarn, 100% cotton open end (OE) yarn used for making of denim, terry towel, bottom weights, industrial fabrics and furnishings etc\nPolyspin Export ltd- manufacturer and exporter of p.p.bags and jumbo bags\nSterling Techno(P) Ltd- Manufacturer of cotton yarn\nMadras Chip Boards- Manufacturer of flush doors\nLimenaph Chemicals (P) Ltd is Manufacturers of cement paints (colours), adhesives, lime powder, paints, distemper and alloied products.\nRamaraju Surgicals Surgical dressings, cotton wool, grey, gauze, absorbent gauze and bandages from the Ramaraju Surgical Cotton Mills have been manufactured to international quality standards for almost 60 years now.\nRaju Spinning Mills (P) Ltd-Manufacturer of cotton yarn\nNachiar Spinning Mills. - The largest and number one exporters of cotton yarns and cloths from Rajapalayam to all the Europe and African countries\nShri Padmavathi Cotton Mills- Manufacturer of cotton Yarn.\nThe nearest airport to Rajapalayam is Madurai.\nRajapalayam has a railway station that connects it with Tirunelvel\ni, Sivakasi, Srivilliputur and other towns and cities of the state.\nRajapalayam is well connected by road with the neighbouring towns and cities of the state.\nAs per 2001 Census of India, Rajapalayam had a population of 121,982. Males constitute 50% and females 50% of the population . 9% of the population is under 6 years of age.\nRajapalayam has an average literacy rate of 73%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 80%, and female literacy is 66%.\nThe major languages used in Rajapalayam are Tamil, Telugu and English.\nMost important festival of Rajapalayam is the sacred wedding ceremony of Goddess Meenakshi and Lord Sundareswarar. This festival is held during March -April. During this festival the city displays a colourful and joyous mood. Images of the divine couple are taken around the city in a tastefully decorated chariot, amidst the presence of a huge gathering of devotees. The notes of Nadaswaram and drums further aggravate the festive ambience. The annual float festival marks the images of Meenakshi and her consort floating on the Mariamman tank on an illuminated raft bedecked with flowers. As such there are festivals throughout the year in Rajapalayam. All most 11 big annual festivals are celebrated, which are spread through the year with exception of the monsoon months. There are several libraries, theaters and town halls for entertainment in the city.\nThe Rajapalayam breed dog was used for hunting long back in Rajapalayam. It is a hound dog, white in colour with good height. Its nose is generally light in colour-pink.\nAyyanar Koil (Ayyanar Falls):\nAyyanar Falls is located on the slope of Western Ghats, It has lot of waterfalls and a temple. It provides good opportunity for woodland mountain climbing. Dam is situated on the way to Ayyanar Falls which is providing water for the whole city.\nSanjeevi Hills is situated in Rajapalayam on the way to Chatrapatti. The calm and serene ambience makes it a favorite spot for tourists. Tradition recounts that in order to save the unconscious Lakshmana, Hanuman, the monkey god carried the entire Sanjeevi Hill with the herbal plants to Sri Lanka and threw it away afterwards. It is said that the thrown down hill is the Sanjeevi Hills.\nSri Andal's Temple is located in Srivilliputtur . Andal was a great devotee of Lord Krishna. The tower at the entrance gate (Main Gopuram) is the second highest in Tamil Nadu. And the tower is the symbol of Tamilnadu Government.\nShenbagathope Grizzled Squirrel Sanctuary:\nThe forests are found on the eastern slopes of the Western Ghats. Only 6.3% of the total geographical area is under forests. Many rare and endemic varieties of flora and fauna are found along the mountain slopes. A wildlife sanctuary, spread over 480 square kilometres was established in 1989 at Shenbagathopu in Srivilliputtur taluk..\nThis sanctuary is contiguous with the Periyar tiger reserve on the south-western side and the Megamalai reserve forest on the north-western side. The altitude varies from 100 to 2010 m above sea level. The sanctuary is home to the endangered, arboreal grizzled giant squirrel 'Ratufa macrora'. This greyish brown squirrel weighs 1 to 1.8 kg. and is the size of a small cat. It measures about 735 mm. from nose to tail with the tail being 360 to 400 mm. long. They construct drays at forked branches where the crowns of neighbouring trees meet. This enables the squirrel to move away from the site by jumping from tree to tree when threatened. The home range of an individual is between 1,970 and 6,110 square metres.\nRajapalayam has many higher secondary and high schools, which provide quality education. Most of the schools are established due to the vision and philanthropy of wealthy Rajus.\nNotable schools in town are-\nS.S.Govt. Higher Secondary School\nP. A. Chinnaiah Raja Memorial School\nP.A.C Ramasamy Raja Matriculation Higher Secondary School,\nA.K.D. Dharmaraja School,\nN.A. Annappa Raja Higher Secondary school\nNadar Hr. Secondary School.\nN.A. Ramachandra Raja Gurukulam.\nIn recent years, there has been some progress in women education beyond high school and many have become accomplished doctors, engineers and professionals.\nHigher education which was once the preserve of wealthy people of this town has become possible to its ordinary people with the beginning of a separate women's college in the town.\nA Gurukulam (old style institute teaching Sanskrit and Vedic literature) has also been set up recently.\nPACR Polytechnic College\nN.A.Manjammal Polytechnic College\nRajapalayam Raju's College\nAKD Dharma Raja Women's college.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-40", "url": "http://www.indianetzone.com/8/rajapalayam_tamil_nadu.htm", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-40/segments/1474738662058.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20160924173742-00034-ip-10-143-35-109.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.943639636, "token_count": 2043, "score": 2.734375, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "(Uasdátú deireanach ar: 25/04/2014)\nIs cathair uilíoch tábhachtach í Rajapalayam i gcathair Virudunagar i Tamil Nadu.\n. . go deo . Tá sé suite 85 ciliméadar siar ó dheas ó Madurai. Is iad na príomh-ionad tarraingthe ann ná titim Ayyanar agus baile Srivilliputur. Tá sé ar eolas freisin mar gheall ar a bhraon madraí Rajapalayam.\nFaigheann Rajapalayam a ainm ó ainm an phobail atá i réim anseo - Rajas nó Rajus, pobal a labhraíonn Telugu a imirceadh ó Andhra Pradesh na céadta bliain ó shin. Úsáidtear an focal 'palayam' go minic i go leor cathracha Tamil mar fho-iarscríbhinn agus aistrítear go garbh é mar 'fort'. Tosaíonn bunús Rajapalayam siar go 1700 AD. Níl an t-am cruinn a socraíodh do dhaoine Raju sa cheantar sonrach seo bunaithe, ach creidtear gur tharla sé mar thoradh ar thuiteam impireacht Vijayanagara agus teacht Rajus mar riarthóirí nó ceannairí sa réigiún seo.\nAr dtús, d'fhorbair Rajapalyam mar phobal talmhaíochta agus bhí feirmeoireacht ag formhór na ndaoine mar fhoinse maireachtála. I lár na 1900idí, d'fhorbair baile beag Rajapalayam go mall ina phobal gnó rathúil. Mar gheall ar nádúr fiontraíoch agus diongbháilte a mhuintir, d'fhorbair tráchtáil go tapa sa réigiún agus d'fhás roinnt tionscail, go háirithe a bhí bunaithe ar chotan. Dá bhrí sin fuair sé an t-ainm \"Cathán-chathair\". Sa lá atá inniu ann tá Rajapalayam ar cheann de na cathracha is tionsclaithe i ndeisceart Tamil Nadu agus tá daoine de gach pobal agus reiligiún ina gcónaí agus ag cur lena bhfás.\nFuair cathair Rajapalayam an limistéar iomlán de 11 ciliméadar cearnach. Tá sé suite 9° 12' go 9° 47' Leithid N agus 77° 20' go 78° 26' Leithid E. Tá aeráid an bhaile ar chineál monsoon leath-arid-trópaiceach. Tá teocht mheán ard agus leibhéal íseal taise aici. Sa samhradh is é an teocht uasta 37.1°C agus is é an teocht íosta 25.4°C. Sa gheimhreadh is é an teocht uasta 29.2°C agus is í an teocht íosta 20.4°C. Is é an báisteach uasta sa chathair ná 792 mm.\nTá geilleagar na cathrach bunaithe ar mhonarú teicstíle, agus tá muilneanna ann chun cotton a threal agus a fhéachaint, chomh maith le margadh mór cotton.\nIs iad na príomhghnóthais i Rajapalayam-\nRajapalayam Mills Ltd- Déantóir snáithín cadáis\nRajapalaiyam Spintext- Déantóir snáithín cadáis\nRajapalaiyam Textiles- Déantóir snáithín cadáis\nSri Ramco Spinners- Déantóir snáithín cadáis\nSri Vishnu Shankar Mill Ltd- Déantóir snáithín cadáis\nMills Cotton Ramaraju - Déantóir bandais agus éadach máinliachta\nSandhya Spinning Mills Ltd- Mhiontair Spinning, cuid de Ghrúpa Ramco\nGeetha Krishna Spinning Mill Pvt. Ltd.- Déantóir snáithín cotton ardchaighdeáin\nSree Karpagambal Mills Ltd.- Mhiotal mór fiacla agus fíochán ó 1956\nSethuram Spinners Pvt. Ltd.- Mhiotal fiach tosaigh i Rajapalayam. Déantúsóirí agus onnmhaireoirí snáithe oscailte, snáithe oscailte 100% cadáis (OE) a úsáidtear chun denim, tuáille terry, meáchain bun, fíocháin thionsclaíocha agus troscáin a dhéanamh srl.\nPolyspin Export ltd- déantóir agus onnmhaireoir málaí p.p. agus málaí jumbo\nSterling Techno (((P) Ltd- Déantóir snáithín cadáis\nMadras Chip Boards- Déantóir doirse srutháin\nTá Limenaph Chemicals (P) Ltd ina mhonaróirí péinteanna (datháin) ceimeanta, greamaigh, púdar chime, péinteanna, distemper agus táirgí cóimhiotail.\nRamaraju Surgicals Tá dressingí máinliachta, uachtar cadáis, liath, gauze, gauze suathach agus bandages ó Mills Cotton Máinliachta Ramaraju á ndéanamh de réir caighdeáin cháilíochta idirnáisiúnta le beagnach 60 bliain anois.\nRaju Spinning Mills (P) Ltd-Déantóir snáithín cadáis\nMills Spinning Nachiar. - An t-onnmhaireoir is mó agus is mó de na snáitheanna agus de na gclúdaigh cadáis ó Rajapalayam chuig na tíortha Eorpacha agus na hAfraice go léir\nMills Cotton Shri Padmavathi - Déantóir Uisce Cotton Yarn.\nIs é an t-aerfort is gaire do Rajapalayam Madurai.\nTá stáisiún iarnróid ag Rajapalayam a nascann é le Tirunelvel\ni, Sivakasi, Srivilliputur agus bailte agus cathracha eile an stáit.\nTá Rajapalayam ceangailte go maith le bóithre le bailte agus cathracha comharsanacha an stáit.\nDe réir Daonáireamh na hIndia 2001 , bhí daonra 121,982 ag Rajapalayam. Is iad fir 50% agus mná 50% den daonra . Tá 9% den daonra faoi bhun 6 bliana d'aois.\nTá ráta litearthachta meán 73% ag Rajapalayam, níos airde ná an meán náisiúnta de 59.5%: is é litearthacht na bhfear 80%, agus is é litearthacht na mban 66%.\nIs iad na príomh-theangacha a úsáidtear i Rajapalayam ná an Tamil, an Telugu agus an Béarla.\nIs é an fhéile is tábhachtaí de Rajapalayam ná searmanas pósadh naofa Déithe Meenakshi agus an Tiarna Sundareswarar. Déantar an fhéile seo i mí an Mhárta - Aibreán. Le linn na féile seo taispeánann an chathair stádas dathach agus aoibhneach. Tógtar íomhánna den lánúin dhiviúil timpeall na cathrach i gcarr a bhí maisiúil, i measc chruinniú ollmhór dílis. Cuireann nótaí Nadaswaram agus drumaí an timpeallacht féile níos measa. Is é an fhéile snámha bliantúil íomhánna Meenakshi agus a comhghleacaí ag snámh ar an tanc Mariamman ar raft soilsithe adorned le bláthanna. Mar sin tá féilte ann i rith na bliana i Rajapalayam. Ceiliúrtar an chuid is mó de na 11 fhéile mhóra bliantúla, a scaiptear tríd an mbliain ach amháin i míonna na monsoon. Tá roinnt leabharlanna, amharclanna agus hallaí baile ann chun siamsaíocht a chur ar fáil sa chathair.\nBaineadh úsáid as madra cine Rajapalayam chun fiach a dhéanamh i bhfad ar ais i Rajapalayam. Is madra sealga é, bán de dhath agus go maith ar airde. Tá a shrón de ghnáth bándearg-dath éadrom.\nAyyanar Koil (Ayyanar Falls):\nTá Ayyanar Falls suite ar shliabh na Ghats Thiar, tá go leor waterfalls agus teampall ann. Soláthraíonn sé deis mhaith le haghaidh dreapadóireachta sléibhe foraoise. Tá dam suite ar an mbealach go Ayyanar Falls atá ag soláthar uisce don chathair ar fad.\nTá Sánjeevi Hills suite i Rajapalayam ar an mbealach go Chatrapatti. Is áit a bhfuil an-tóir ar thurasóirí é mar gheall ar an timpeallacht shíochánta agus socair atá ann. Insíonn an traidisiún go raibh an dé maoine chun an Lakshmana, Hanuman, a bhí gan choinsias a shábháil, ag iompar Cnoc Sanjeevi ar fad leis na plandaí luibhe go dtí an tSrí Lánca agus é a chaitheamh amach ina dhiaidh sin. Deirtear gurb iad na Cnoc Sanjeevi na cnocanna a chuirtear síos.\nTá Teampall Sri Andal suite i Srivilliputtur. Bhí Andal ina dhearbhuí mór ar an Tiarna Krishna. Is é an túr ag an geata iontrála (Main Gopuram) an dara ceann is airde i Tamil Nadu. Agus tá an túr an siombail de Rialtas Tamilnadu.\nShenbagathope Grizzled Squirrel Sanctuary:\nTá na foraoisí ar shléibhte thoir na Ghats Thiar. Níl ach 6.3% den limistéar geografach iomlán faoi fhoraois. Tá go leor cineálacha neamhchoitianta agus endemic de fhlóra agus ainmhithe le fáil ar feadh na mbóithre sléibhe. Bunaíodh ionad coiscthe fiadhúlra, atá scaipthe ar feadh 480 ciliméadar cearnach i 1989 ag Shenbagathopu i taluk Srivilliputtur.\nTá an tearmann seo in aice leis an gcoscáil tíogair Periyar ar an taobh thiar theas agus foraoise chúlchiste Megamalai ar an taobh thiar thuaidh. Athraíonn an airde ó 100 go 2010 m os cionn leibhéal na farraige. Tá an tearmann ina bhaile don sciathán mór grizzled arbórach atá i mbaol 'Ratufa macrora'. Meáchan an sciathán donn-grá seo 1 go 1.8 kg. agus tá sé chomh mór le cat beag. Tá sé thart ar 735 mm ar thomhas. ó shrón go crann, agus an crann 360 go 400 mm. fada. Tógann siad drays ag brainsí forcáilte áit a mbuaileann coróin na gcrann comharsanacha. Cuireann sé seo ar chumas an sciatháin bogadh ar shiúl ón suíomh trí léim ó chrainn go crann nuair a bhíonn bagairt air. Tá raon baile an duine aonair idir 1,970 agus 6,110 méadar cearnach.\nTá go leor scoileanna meánscoile agus ardscoileanna ag Rajapalayam, a sholáthraíonn oideachas ardchaighdeáin. Bunaítear an chuid is mó de na scoileanna mar gheall ar fhís agus filantróip Rajus saibhir.\nIs iad na scoileanna suntasacha sa bhaile-\nSS.Govt. Scoil Mheánleibhéil\nScoil Chuimhneacháin P. A. Chinnaiah Raja\nP.A.C Ramasamy Raja Matriculation Ard-Séimeartha Scoil,\nA.K.D. Scoil Dharmaraja,\nGan ainm Annappa Raja Ard-Scoile\nNadar Hr. Scoil Mheánmhéide.\nGan ainm Ramachandra Raja Gurukulam.\nLe blianta beaga anuas, tá dul chun cinn déanta i dtaca le hoideachas na mban thar an scoil ard agus tá go leor acu ina dochtúirí, ina n-innealtóirí agus ina ngairmithe.\nTá an t-oideachas arda a bhí ar fáil uair amháin do dhaoine saibhre an bhaile seo, ar fáil do dhaoine coitianta le bun coláiste mná ar leithligh sa bhaile.\nBunaíodh Gurukulam (institiúid sean-stíle ag múineadh Sanskrit agus litríocht Véideach) le déanaí freisin.\nColáiste Politeicniúil PACR\nColáiste Politeicniúil N.A. Manjammal\nColáiste Rajapalayam Raju\nColáiste na mBan AKD Dharma Raja."} {"text": "When you are studying in college or university, you have to write a research paper because it is an integral part of the curriculum. Generally, while preparing this academic work, you will do research on the various technical, scientific or social aspects of some phenomenon and then organize the obtained information. It is not easy. If you have never faced this type of academic writing before, the task may seem complicated or even impractical. What makes it difficult?\nThere are many pitfalls that make the process harder and in fact, the majority get stuck on the first stage – choosing the right research paper topics. Others simply can’t write the work on their own. Luckily, there is a simple solution for the second issue as there’re many different professional services that will help you with your paper all you need is to ask to “write my research paper”. It can be a good choice for some of you. However, this task is not as difficult as it looks like if you know what it is all about! You can easily accomplish writing a research paper on your own by following the tips that we provide on our website.\nThere are a few types of research articles. However, the objectives of this task are always similar – it is a piece, scientific in nature that is related to scientific research. Experiments aimed at improving and acquiring new knowledge, testing scientific hypotheses, the establishment of laws that are manifested in nature and in society, scientific generalizations, and scientific confirmation of projects.\nWhat does it consist of? The whole paper is based on your own experience and thoughts that you write using the analysis of the topic you knew before and the data that you acquired. Students tend to not like such types of papers. It requires spending much time on researching, making reports, and analyzing data. It’s a very important type of the paper because it teaches students how to do research properly and helps them gain some vital skills.\nThere are a few main types of research papers. Each of them requires a special approach that you should mark while preparing to write it. We will try to walk you through every single type of research paper in order to help you better understand them and the differences between them.\nAbove we provided the seven main categories of research papers. You could also find some brief information about each of them. We hope this information was useful for you and can help you cope with your assignments because accomplishing this kind of project is important for your overall academic success! It can appear like a complex task. There are too many nuances to keep in mind and apart from following the requirements of a particular project type, you also have to follow the right structure and format. Therefore, if you still think that it’s quite hard to cope with this task on your own, we recommend you consider hiring a term papers writing service that will complete the work for you.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-18", "url": "https://papersowl.com/blog/types-research-paper", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578530060.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20190420220657-20190421002657-00252.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9662440419, "token_count": 581, "score": 2.6875, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Nuair a bhíonn tú ag staidéar i gcoláiste nó in ollscoil, ní mór duit páipéar taighde a scríobh toisc go bhfuil sé ina chuid lárnach den churaclam. De ghnáth, agus an obair acadúil seo á ullmhú agat, déanfaidh tú taighde ar ghnéithe teicniúla, eolaíocha nó sóisialta éagsúla de phléinmneacha áirithe agus ansin eagraíonn tú an fhaisnéis a fhaightear. Níl sé éasca. Mura ndearna tú an cineál seo scríbhneoireachta acadúil riamh roimhe seo, d'fhéadfadh an tasc a bheith casta nó fiú neamhrialach. Cad a dhéanann sé deacair?\nTá go leor cúlra ann a dhéanann an próiseas níos deacra agus, i ndáiríre, bíonn an chuid is mó acu i mbun an chéad chéim ag roghnú na n-ábhar páipéir taighde ceart. Ní féidir le daoine eile an t-oibre a scríobh ar a gcuid féin. Ar an dea-shástacht, tá réiteach simplí ann don dara ceist mar go bhfuil go leor seirbhísí gairmiúla éagsúla ann a chabhróidh leat le do pháipéar, ní gá duit ach a iarraidh \"mo pháipéar taighde a scríobh\". D'fhéadfadh sé a bheith ina rogha maith do chuid agaibh. Mar sin féin, ní bhíonn an tasc seo chomh deacair agus a fheiceann sé má tá a fhios agat cad é an rud atá i gceist leis! Is féidir leat a dhéanamh go héasca ag scríobh páipéar taighde ar do chuid féin trí na leideanna a chuirimid ar fáil ar ár suíomh Gréasáin a leanúint.\nTá cúpla cineál alt taighde ann. Mar sin féin, tá cuspóirí an tasc seo i gcónaí cosúil - is píosa eolaíoch í de chineál atá bainteach le taighde eolaíoch. Taighde a bhfuil sé mar aidhm acu feabhas a chur ar eolas nua agus eolas nua a fháil, tuairimí eolaíocha a thástáil, dlíthe a bhunú a léirítear sa nádúr agus sa tsochaí, ginearálta eolaíochta, agus dearcadh eolaíoch ar thionscadail.\nCad é a chuimsíonn sé? Tá an páipéar iomlán bunaithe ar do thaithí féin agus ar smaointe a scríobhann tú ag baint úsáide as anailís ar an ábhar a raibh a fhios agat roimhe seo agus na sonraí a fuair tú. Ní maith le mic léinn na cineálacha páipéir sin. Éilíonn sé go gcaithfear go leor ama ag déanamh taighde, ag déanamh tuairiscí, agus ag anailísiú sonraí. Is cineál páipéar an-tábhachtach é toisc go múineann sé do mhic léinn conas taighde a dhéanamh i gceart agus go gcabhróidh sé leo roinnt scileanna ríthábhachtacha a fháil.\nTá cúpla príomhchineál páipéir taighde ann. Éilíonn gach ceann acu cur chuige speisialta ar chóir duit a chur in iúl agus tú ag ullmhú chun é a scríobh. Déanaimid iarracht tú a thabhairt trí gach cineál páipéir taighde chun cabhrú leat iad a thuiscint níos fearr agus na difríochtaí eatarthu.\nAr na príomhchatagóirí seacht bpáipéar taighde a chuir muid ar fáil thuas. D'fhéadfá eolas gairid a fháil freisin faoi gach ceann acu. Tá súil againn go raibh an t-eolas seo úsáideach duit agus go gcabhróidh sé leat dul i ngleic le do chuid tascanna toisc go bhfuil sé tábhachtach an cineál tionscadail seo a chur i gcrích chun do rath acadúil foriomlán a bhaint amach! D'fhéadfadh sé gur tasc casta é. Tá an iomarca nuans ann le coinneáil i gcuimhne agus seachas riachtanais chineál áirithe tionscadail a leanúint, ní mór duit an struchtúr agus an fhormáid cheart a leanúint freisin. Dá bhrí sin, má cheapann tú go bhfuil sé deacair go leor an tasc seo a dhéanamh leat féin, molaimid duit smaoineamh ar sheirbhís scríbhneoireachta páipéir téarma a fhostú a chríochnóidh an obair ar do shon."} {"text": "Focal Point: CSS-Framework Scales Down Images In Responsive Designs Intelligently\nResponsive webdesign aims to present websites in the best possible way, even if viewed on mobile devices. Images are usually simply scaled down in that approach. If you use images with a high grade of details pictures soon become too small. The new CSS framework Focal Point cares for shifting the focus to the most important part of the image before scaling down. That way smaller resolutions only see part of the image but larger.\nYou know it. The center of an image is not always in the center of the image. Which means that the most important part does not necessarily show up in the middle of a photo. With Focal Point you can define an area, that represents the parts you do not want to miss out on smaller resolutions. Parts covered by Focal Point stay visible no matter how far down you scale.\nHow To Define The Focal Point\nThe principle of Focal Point is simple: a grid is put upon each picture. The grid consists of 12 by 12 units. Using CSS we now define one unit of the grid as the Focal point, the area that will always stay visible. Imagine that picture of Uncle Hugo. Define his head as Focal Point. Even though Uncle Hugo’s face resides on the right side of the photo, it will stay in focus when being scaled down to smaller resolutions. I don’t think Uncle Hugo would have accepted any other solution on his own website…\nTo define the Focal Point, we assign two classes to the image. These classes position the Focal Point inside the grid horizontally and vertically. We start counting from the center of the grid. That way we have six classes altogether, counting up, down, left and right.\n
\"\"
\nIn this example the Focal Point is defined to be three grid units from the center to the left and then two units up. The class\nfocal-point is as mandatory as the surrounding\ndiv around the image.\nBy default the frameworks cuts down the image as soon as the browser window gets resized to sizes smaller than 767 pixels. You can easily adjust this value in the accompanying style sheet.\nHow Focal Point Works\nFocal Point’s mode of operation is easily understandable: Different CSS classes cut the image using negative\nmargin values. The unit for the value is\nem. Use images with a 4:3 proportion for best results, add the additional class\nportrait for 3:4 proportions.\nConclusion: Focal Point follows an interesting approach to optimize the presentation of images at smaller resolutions. With only one single file to embed and customize there is no tedious learning curve to work along. So, start using it now…", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-18", "url": "https://www.noupe.com/development/focal-point-css-framework-scales-images-in-responsive-designs-intelligently-74315.html", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578582584.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20190422195208-20190422221208-00526.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9016957283, "token_count": 607, "score": 2.640625, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Pointe fócais: CSS-Framework scaipeann íomhánna i ndearadh freagartha go cliste\nTá sé mar aidhm ag dearadh gréasáin fhreagrach suíomhanna gréasáin a chur i láthair ar an mbealach is fearr is féidir, fiú má fheictear iad ar fheistí soghluaiste. De ghnáth ní dhéantar ach na híomhánna a scálaithe síos sa chur chuige sin. Má úsáideann tú íomhánna le grád ard mionsonraithe, bíonn na pictiúir ró-bheag go luath. Is é an creat CSS nua Focal Point a thugann aire do dhíriú a aistriú chuig an chuid is tábhachtaí den íomhá sula ndéantar scála síos. Ar an mbealach sin ní fheiceann rúin níos lú ach cuid den íomhá ach níos mó.\nTá a fhios agat é. Ní bhíonn lár na híomhá i gcónaí i lár na híomhá. Ciallaíonn sé sin nach gá go léirítear an chuid is tábhachtaí i lár na grianghraf. Le Focal Point is féidir leat limistéar a shainiú, a léiríonn na codanna nach dteastaíonn uait a chailleadh ar réitigh níos lú. Fanann codanna atá clúdaithe ag Focal Point le feiceáil is cuma cé chomh fada síos is a scálaíonn tú.\nConas an Phríomhphointe a Shainmhíniú\nTá prionsabal Focal Point simplí: cuirtear roth ar gach pictiúr. Tá an gráid comhdhéanta de 12 ar 12 aonad. Ag baint úsáide as CSS sainmhínímid anois aonad amháin den ghréasán mar an pointe fócais, an limistéar a bheidh i gcónaí le feiceáil. Samhlaigh go pictiúr de Uncail Hugo. Sainmhínigh a cheann mar Phointe Focal. Cé go bhfuil aghaidh uncail Hugo ar thaobh na láimhe deise den ghrianghraf, fanfaidh sé i bhfócas nuair a dhéantar é a scálaithe go réitigh níos lú. Ní dóigh liom go nglacfadh uncail Hugo le haon réiteach eile ar a shuíomh Gréasáin féin...\nChun an Phríomhphointe a shainiú, cuirimid dhá rang leis an íomhá. Suíonn na ranganna seo an Phríomhphointe taobh istigh den ghréasán go cothrománach agus go ingearach. Tosaímid ag comhaireamh ó lár an ghréasáin. Ar an mbealach sin tá sé ranganna againn go léir, ag comhaireamh suas, síos, ar chlé agus ar dheis.\n
\"\"
\nSa sampla seo sainmhínítear an Phríomhphointe mar thrí aonad gríde ón lár go dtí an taobh clé agus ansin dhá aonad suas. An rang\nTá an t-ábhar a bhfuil an t-ábhar i gceist aige chomh tábhachtach leis an ábhar atá timpeall air.\ndiv timpeall an íomhá.\nDe réir réamhshocraithe, laghdaíonn na frámaí an íomhá a luaithe a dhéantar uasmhéid an fhuinneog brabhsálaí a athrú go méideanna níos lú ná 767 píosail. Is féidir leat an luach seo a choigeartú go héasca sa bhileog stíl a ghabhann leis an alt.\nConas a Oibríonn an Phríomhphointe\nTá modh oibriú Focal Point éasca le tuiscint: Clasanna CSS éagsúla a ghearradh an íomhá ag baint úsáide as diúltach\nluachanna máirseála. Is é an t-aonad don luach\nem. Úsáid íomhánna le cóimheas 4: 3 le haghaidh na torthaí is fearr, cuir an rang breise\npictiúr i gcomhréireacht 3:4.\nConclúid: Tá cur chuige suimiúil ag Focal Point chun cur i láthair íomhánna a bharrfheabhsú ag réitigh níos lú. Le comhad amháin amháin le cur isteach agus le saincheaptha ní bheidh aon chúrsa foghlama tedious le bheith ag obair ar feadh. Mar sin, tosú ag baint úsáide as anois..."} {"text": "Previous studies have demonstrated regional variation in mortality rates, this reducing for younger but not older individuals. However, it has not been clear from such studies whether or not the overall findings can or cannot be attributed to particular regions that may have abnormal patterns of change over time. We analyse mortality rates by region using data from the census years from 1931 until 1991 for adults. Age period cohort models, based on the local 'curvatures', are used to describe the changes in the rates. We also use estimable contrasts to compare the later periods with the earlier periods and to compare pre- and post-war cohorts. There is strong evidence that the changes in the mortality rates are associated with non-linear period and cohort effects. There is no evidence that these curvatures vary over regions. There is evidence that the curvatures are not the same among men and women. Among women there is evidence that there is a change in trend in the periods from 1961 to 1991 compared with the trend in the earlier periods from 1931 to 1951, such that the reduction in the mortality rates with time are slowing down for women. Among men who had higher mortality rates, there is not so much evidence of a slowing down of the reduction. Post-war cohorts of women from 1941 onwards are enjoying a reduction in mortality compared with the cohorts from 1901 to 31, while among men there is no evidence of a change in mortality trends among younger cohorts. Changes in the mortality rates over regions have come about from different long-term temporal trends in the regions rather than abrupt changes taking place at different times in different regions. The general convergence of mortality rates over regions over time with a consequent reduction in regional variance is masked by two regions, Scotland and East Anglia. These regions appear to differ from the regions as a whole in the relationship of mortality to age at a given period and in the reduction of mortality over time (drift), Scotland having a higher mortality, especially at younger ages, and lower downward trend, and East Anglia vice versa.\n- mortality rates", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-21", "url": "https://pureportal.strath.ac.uk/en/publications/age-period-cohort-analysis-of-time-trends-in-regional-mortality-r", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662625600.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20220526193923-20220526223923-00297.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9515094161, "token_count": 422, "score": 3.125, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Léirigh staidéir roimhe seo éagsúlacht réigiúnach i rátaí báis, ag laghdú seo do dhaoine níos óige ach ní do dhaoine níos sine. Mar sin féin, ní raibh sé soiléir ó staidéir den sórt sin an féidir na torthaí foriomlán a chur i leith réigiúin ar leith a d'fhéadfadh patrún neamhghnácha athraithe a bheith acu le himeacht ama. Déanaimid anailís ar rátaí báis de réir réigiúin ag baint úsáide as sonraí ó na blianta daonáirimh ó 1931 go 1991 d'aosaigh. Úsáidtear samhlacha cohorta tréimhsí aoise, bunaithe ar na 'curbhúirí' áitiúla, chun na hathruithe sna rátaí a thuairisciú. Bainimid úsáid as an gcodarsnacht a mheasfar freisin chun na tréimhsí níos déanaí a chur i gcomparáid leis na tréimhsí níos luaithe agus chun cohorts roimh agus i ndiaidh an chogaidh a chur i gcomparáid. Tá fianaise láidir ann go bhfuil na hathruithe i rátaí báis bainteach le héifeachtaí tréimhse agus cohorta neamhlíneacha. Níl aon fhianaise ann go bhfuil na coirceanna seo éagsúil ó réigiún go réigiún. Tá fianaise ann nach bhfuil na cromáin mar an gcéanna i measc fir agus mná. I measc na mban, tá fianaise ann go bhfuil athrú ar an treocht sna tréimhsí ó 1961 go 1991 i gcomparáid leis an treocht sna tréimhsí roimhe sin ó 1931 go 1951, ar bhealach go bhfuil an laghdú ar na rátaí báis ag mallú le himeacht ama do mhná. I measc na bhfear a raibh rátaí báis níos airde acu, níl mórán fianaise ann go bhfuil an laghdú ag mallú. Tá laghdú ar bháis ag baint le cohorts mná i ndiaidh an chogaidh ó 1941 ar aghaidh i gcomparáid leis na cohorts ó 1901 go 31, agus i measc na bhfear níl aon fhianaise ann go bhfuil athrú ar threochtaí báis i measc cohorts níos óige. Tá athruithe i rátaí báis thar réigiúin tagtha as treochtaí ama fadtéarmacha éagsúla sna réigiúin seachas athruithe tobann a tharlaíonn ag amanna éagsúla i réigiúin éagsúla. Tá an comhtháthú ginearálta i rátaí báis thar réigiúin thar am le laghdú dá thoradh ar an difríocht réigiúnach mascáilte ag dhá réigiún, Albain agus Oirthear na Breataine. Is cosúil go bhfuil difríocht idir na réigiúin seo agus na réigiúin ina n-iomláine i gcaidreamh an bháis le haois ag tréimhse áirithe agus i laghdú an bháis thar am (drift), agus an Albain ag a bhfuil básmhaireacht níos airde, go háirithe ag aois níos óige, agus treocht ísle, agus East Anglia a mhalairt.\n- rátaí báis"} {"text": "Europe's Galileo navigation system set for expansion\nBY STEPHEN CLARK\nPosted: August 21, 2014\nTwo satellites are buttoned up on top of a Soyuz rocket for launch Friday to join Europe's Galileo navigation network, a civilian-run counterpart to the U.S. military's Global Positioning System.\nThe objective of the $7.2 billion Galileo program, which is run by the European Commission with support from the European Space Agency, is to develop and deploy a navigation system independent of the U.S. military's fleet of GPS satellites, which could be shut down at the order of the Pentagon.\nLaunch of the next two satellites, the fifth and sixth in the Galileo network, is set for 1227:11 GMT (8:27:11 a.m. EDT) Friday aboard a Soyuz rocket from the Guiana Space Center, a European-run spaceport on the northern coast of South America.\nLiftoff will occur at 9:27 a.m. local time in French Guiana.\nLaunch was delayed from Thursday to wait for inclement weather to move away from the space center.\nIt will be the ninth flight of the venerable Russian launcher from French Guiana since 2011, when Soyuz missions from South America began under the auspices of Arianespace, the French launch services firm.\nRussian launch crews, managers in charge of the Galileo satellites, and officials overseeing ground systems at the spaceport gave the green light to continue final preflight preparations during a customary launch readiness review Wednesday.\nThe two Galileo navigation satellites are mounted side-by-side on top of the Soyuz launcher. With a full load of maneuvering propellant, each satellite weighs 730 kilograms, or 1,609 pounds.\nThe three-stage kerosene-fueled Soyuz ST-B rocket, flying in a \"Europeanized\" configuration with modifications to permit launches from French Guiana, will boost a Fregat upper stage and the two Galileo satellites on a suborbital trajectory in the first 10 minutes of the launch.\nThe Fregat stage's main engine will ignite two times to place the Galileo satellites in a circular orbit approximately 23,500 kilometers (14,600 miles) above Earth with an inclination of 55 degrees.\nSeparation of the satellites is scheduled for 1615 GMT (12:15 p.m. EDT; 1:15 p.m. French Guiana time).\n\"We are now entering a new phase we call FOC -- Full Operational Capability -- which is devoted to the full completion of the constellation,\" said Didier Faivre, director of navigation programs at the European Space Agency. \"With a quite impressive cadence of launches, we expect to launch six-to-eight satellites per year starting tomorrow.\"\nThe European Commission, the EU's executive body, and ESA have launched or contracted for 26 Galileo satellites.\nOfficials say the network needs 24 satellites to be fully operational. With a full complement of spare spacecraft in orbit, the fleet will be consist of 30 satellites.\nThe satellites will be spread into three orbital pathways to ensure global coverage.\nFaivre said officials are pleased with the performance of the four existing satellites, which will be integrated into the operational Galileo constellation, despite an anomaly that has knocked one of the craft offline.\nJavier Benedicto, ESA's Galileo project manager, told reporters Wednesday that the Galileo FM4 satellite has a \"permanent degradation\" in two of its three frequency bands. Engineers are still investigating the root cause of the anomaly, but teams have ruled out any risk to the satellites launching Friday.\nEach satellite transmits 10 positioning and timing signals to users on the ground via three L-band frequencies.\nThe Galileo satellites are fitted with hydrogen maser atomic clocks, keeping time accurate to a few billionths of a second. The accurate timekeeping is necessary to gauge the distance between the satellites and users on the ground.\nWith four satellites visible to a ground user -- one for latitude, longitude, elevation and time -- the Galileo system can render a position and time estimate independent of GPS satellites.\nThe Galileo system is designed to be interoperable with GPS and Russia's Glonass navigation satellites.\n\"A combined GPS-Galileo receviver can bring a specific spacecraft into a navigation position solution,\" Benedicto said. \"There is no need to wait for a declaration or such. You can use the spacecraft one-by-one as they're being declared operational.\"\nThe Galileo satellites also host search-and-rescue antennas to receive distress signals worldwide. Using Galileo's navigation payload, officials say the constellation can ensure first responders know the location of the source of the distress signal with an accuracy of 3 meters, or about 10 feet.\n\"The advantage of the search-and-rescure payload on Galileo provides for real-time detection of distress beacons and the real-time determination of the location of a person [in distress] with a very high level of accuracy, which will improve significantly the rescue operations,\" Benedicto said.\nAfter Friday's launch, 20 more Galileo satellites are being assembled and tested in Europe before shipment to the Guiana Space Center.\nThe next two spacecraft are scheduled for liftoff on a Soyuz rocket in December.\nThe satellites are built in OHB System of Bremen, Germany. Each spacecraft's navigation payload is supplied by Surrey Satellite Technology Ltd. of the United Kingdom.\n\"The challenge today is more on operations, cadence, continuity and maintaining such a constellation, which is quite new for Europe,\" Faivre said.\nFollow Stephen Clark on Twitter: @StephenClark1.\nINDEX | PLUS | NEWS ARCHIVE | LAUNCH SCHEDULE\nASTRONOMY NOW | STORE\n© 2014 Spaceflight Now Inc.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-40", "url": "http://spaceflightnow.com/soyuz/vs09/140821preview/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-40/segments/1474738662698.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20160924173742-00190-ip-10-143-35-109.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9037338495, "token_count": 1195, "score": 2.515625, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Córas loingseoireachta Galileo na hEorpa atá le leathnú\nBY STEPHEN CLARK\nPostáilte: 21 Lúnasa, 2014\nTá dhá satailíte cnaipeáilte ar bharr roicéad Soyuz le seoladh Dé hAoine chun dul isteach i líonra loingseoireachta Galileo na hEorpa, comhghleacaithe sibhialta a reáchtáiltear le Córas Suíomh Domhanda arm na SA.\nIs é cuspóir an chláir Galileo $7.2 billiún, a reáchtálann an Coimisiún Eorpach le tacaíocht ón nGníomhaireacht Spáis Eorpach, córas loingseoireachta a fhorbairt agus a chur i bhfeidhm atá neamhspleách ar chabhlach satailítí GPS arm na Stát Aontaithe, a d'fhéadfadh a bheith dúnta ar ordú an Pintagóin.\nTá sé beartaithe an chéad dá satailíte eile, an cúigiú agus an séú sa líonra Galileo, a sheoladh ar 1227:11 GMT (8:27:11 am EDT) Dé hAoine ar bord roicéad Soyuz ó Ionad Spáis Guiana, spáisphort faoi rialú na hEorpa ar chósta thuaidh Mheiriceá Theas.\nTosaíonn an t-aistriú ag 9:27 am am áitiúil i Guiana na Fraince.\nCuireadh moill ar an seoladh ó Déardaoin chun fanacht le huisce diúltach chun bogadh ar shiúl ón ionad spáis.\nIs é seo an naoú eitilt a bheidh ag an seoladh Rúisis ó Guiana na Fraince ó 2011, nuair a thosaigh misin Soyuz ó Mheiriceá Theas faoi mhaoirseacht Arianespace, an chuideachta seirbhísí seolta na Fraince.\nThug foirne seolta na Rúise, bainisteoirí atá i gceannas ar satailítí Galileo, agus oifigigh a dhéanann maoirseacht ar chórais talún ag an spásphort solas glas chun ullmhúcháin deiridh réamh-fhéile a leanúint le linn athbhreithnithe réamh-ullmhúcháin seolta traidisiúnta Dé Céadaoin.\nTá an dá satailíte loingseoireachta Galileo suite taobh le taobh ar bharr an seolta Soyuz. Le lasta iomlán de propellant maneuvering, meáchan gach satailíte 730 cileagram, nó 1,609 punt.\nBeidh an roicéad Soyuz ST-B trí chéim, a bhfuil breosla cearaisín ann, ag eitilt i gcumraíocht \"Eorpacháilte\" le modhanna chun seoltaí a cheadú ó Ghuíana na Fraince, ag cur céim uachtarach Fregat agus an dá satailíte Galileo ar thraenáil suborbital sna chéad 10 nóiméad den seoladh.\nBeidh príomh-inneall an chéim Fregat ag lasadh dhá uair chun na satailítí Galileo a chur i bhfithis chiorclach thart ar 23,500 ciliméadar (14,600 míle) os cionn na Talún le claonadh de 55 céim.\nTá sé beartaithe na satailítí a scaradh ag 1615 GMT (12:15 pm EDT; 1:15 pm am Guiana na Fraince).\n\"Táimid ag dul isteach i gcéim nua a ghlaoimid FOC - Comhchomhthionscanta Oibríochtúil - atá dírithe ar chríochnú iomlán an chomhchruinne\", a dúirt Didier Faivre, stiúrthóir cláir loingseoireachta ag an nGníomhaireacht Spáis Eorpach. \"Le cadence an-iontach de seoltaí, táimid ag súil le seoladh sé go hocht satailíte in aghaidh na bliana ag tosú amárach\".\nTá 26 satailíte Galileo seolta nó conarthaithe ag an gCoimisiún Eorpach, comhlacht feidhmiúcháin an AE, agus ESA.\nDeir oifigigh go dteastaíonn 24 satailíte ón líonra chun a bheith go hiomlán oibríochtúil. Le comhlánú iomlán de spásárthaí cúltaca i bhfithis, beidh 30 satailíte sa chabhlach.\nBeidh na satailítí scaipthe i dtrí bhealach imchlaonta chun clúdach domhanda a chinntiú.\nDúirt Faivre go bhfuil na hoifigigh sásta le feidhmíocht na gceithre satailíte atá ann cheana, a chuirfear isteach i gconstellation oibríochtúil Galileo, in ainneoin neamhghnáchas a chuir ceann de na crainn as feidhm.\nDúirt Javier Benedicto, bainisteoir tionscadail Galileo de chuid ESA, le tuairisceoirí Dé Céadaoin go bhfuil \"difríocht bhuan\" ag satailíte Galileo FM4 i dhá cheann dá thrí bhanda minicíochta. Tá innealtóirí fós ag fiosrú bunchúis an neamhghnáchas, ach tá foirne scriosadh aon riosca do na satailítí a seoladh Dé hAoine.\nTá an t-am a chaitear an t-am a chuirtear an t-am a chuirtear an t-am a chuirtear an t-am a chuirtear an t-am a chuirtear an t-am a chuirtear an t-am a chuirtear an t-am a chuirtear an t-am a chuirtear an t-am.\nTá cloganna adamhacha maser hidrigine feistithe ar satailítí Galileo, rud a choinníonn an t-am cruinn go dtí cúpla billiún de soicind. Tá an t-amchomhchomhá cruinn riachtanach chun an fad idir na satailítí agus na húsáideoirí ar an talamh a thomhas.\nLe ceithre satailíte atá le feiceáil ag úsáideoir talún - ceann amháin le haghaidh leitheid, fad, airde agus am - is féidir leis an gcóras Galileo a chur in iúl go bhfuil a shuíomh agus a mheastachán ama neamhspleách ar satailítí GPS.\nTá an córas Galileo deartha chun a bheith idir-inoibritheach le satailítí loingseoireachta GPS agus Glonass na Rúise.\n\"Is féidir le glacadóir GPS-Galileo comhcheangailte spásárthach ar leith a thabhairt isteach i réiteach suíomh nascleanúna\", a dúirt Benedicto. \"Níl aon gá a bheith ag fanacht le haghaidh dearbhú nó mar sin. Is féidir leat na spásárthaí a úsáid ceann ar cheann de réir mar a dhearbhaítear go bhfuil siad oibríochtúil. \"\nTá antennaí cuardaigh agus tarrthála ag na satailítí Galileo freisin chun comharthaí tubaiste a fháil ar fud an domhain. Ag baint úsáide as an loading loingseoireachta Galileo, deir oifigigh gur féidir leis an gconstellation a chinntiú go bhfuil a fhios ag na chéad fhreagróirí suíomh foinse an chomhartha tubaiste le cruinneas 3 mhéadar, nó thart ar 10 troigh.\n\"Tá buntáiste na n-ualach cuardaigh agus tarrthála ar Galileo le hairíonna tubaiste a bhrath i bhfíor-am agus le suíomh duine [i mbaol] a chinneadh i bhfíor-am le leibhéal an-ard cruinneas, rud a chuirfidh feabhas suntasach ar na hoibríochtaí tarrthála\", a dúirt Benedicto.\nTar éis an seoladh Dé hAoine, tá 20 satailíte Galileo eile á mbailiú agus á thástáil san Eoraip sula gcuirfear chuig Ionad Spáis Guiana iad.\nTá an dá spásárthach eile sceidealta le hochtú ar roicéad Soyuz i mí na Nollag.\nDéantar na satailítí a thógáil i OHB System i Bremen, sa Ghearmáin. Soláthraíonn Surrey Satellite Technology Ltd. sa Ríocht Aontaithe an t-ualach úsáideach loingseoireachta do gach spásárthach.\n\"Is é an dúshlán inniu ná oibriú, cadans, leanúnachas agus comhthreomhar den sórt sin a choimeád, rud atá nua go leor don Eoraip\", a dúirt Faivre.\nLean Stephen Clark ar Twitter: @StephenClark1.\nINDEX PLUS NEWS ARCHIVE SCHÁDAL TORTHA\nAstronomy Now \n© 2014 Spaceflight Now Inc."} {"text": "In the Yoga Sutras, Patanjali offers several formulations of yoga. Each reveals the discipline from another angle and provides some unique perspective on the whole. The most poignant, however, belongs to the second verse: Yogas chitta vritti nirodha (I.2). “Yoga is the nirodha of the activity of the mind.” The term nirodha is polysemous, with over forty different meanings, but these meanings hang together in a cohesive family of uses.\nThe term nirodha is derived from nirruddham, which means “restrained” or “inhibited.” And what is restrained or inhibited in yoga are the impositions of the conceptual mind. These impositions organize and condition our experiences, but they also prevent us from seeing things as they are. When we suspend our concepts, experience becomes more direct. We enter a more lucid state of consciousness, in which we can see ourselves, and other beings, with unusual clarity.\nIn recent English translations, nirodha is often rendered as “cessation” or “annihilation” but these rather violent-sounding terms mislead. The aim of yoga is not to obliterate the mind, nor to induce mental paralysis, but to suspend the distorting effects of our mental conditioning. Thought and emotion may continue to arise, but we do not succumb to their delusions. Instead, we recognize their projected nature, and we appreciate them as part of the sensory apparatus by which we interface with reality.\nPatanjali distinguishes nirodha from five other mental activities, which he describes as the most basic modifications of the mind. These are right knowledge, false knowledge, imagination, sleep and memory (I.6). In each of these, Patanjali explains, we are wholly assimilated into our mental activity (I.4). That is, we are wholly taken by the dualistic delusions that our minds project.\nIn nirodha, by contrast, we stand apart from such delusions. We see them as delusions, without comparing them to some other projection of truth or reality. So nirodha is not so much a unique mental state, but the gesture of suspending the distorting elements of our minds. In that gesture, we make a mental clearing, in which we can experience things with less conditioning.\nTo be sure, Patanjali himself describes states of absorption in which there is nothing recognizable as mental activity, states of entrancement in which the conceptual centers of the mind have shut down. But these are limiting cases, and we should not take them as definitive. In Patanjali’s presentation, these higher states of samadhi or absorption fall by grace, and only in the rarest instances. But we can invite them through the assiduous practice of nirodha, as the gradual suspension of our mental projections about the way things are.\nThis process does not spurn thought. On the contrary, it uses thought, in all but the latest stages, to dispel the delusions of the thinking mind. As the ancient Greeks discovered (right around the time of Patanjali) thought is the finest solvent for the structures of our mental conditioning. When used with intelligence, thought exposes the distortions and inadequacies of our beliefs, compelling us to release them, and to surrender our conceited claims to know things that we do not.\nThe Greeks called the resultant state aporia, which is the suspension of ordinary thought, and the precursor to direct insight into the hidden nature of reality. It was Socrates who taught the virtue of aporia to ancient Greece, and who showed Plato, his disciple, how to cultivate aporia through philosophical inquiry. After the death of Socrates, Plato founded a school to continue the inquiries of his master, and these inquires centered around the cultivation of aporia.\nThe practice of nirodha, as the suspension of mental activity, is meant to induce the same state. Through nirodha, we remove the distorting effects of our ideas, to allow ourselves a more direct experience of reality. And just as the Greeks sought aporia through inquiry, so inquiry is an instrument of nirodha.\nInquiry allows us to hold our experiences in a sane perspective. When we inquire into the ground of our experiences, we tend to find them less compelling. We tend to see them as distorted reflections of our past conditioning, and this allows us to take a saner stance toward our own thoughts and emotions. It allows us to see our thoughts and emotions as projections of our egocentric minds, and this allows us to take a more expansive view of what is really happening.\nThe reality that we come to through inquiry may involve another imposition of ideas, but those ideas may be more expansive, and more capacious, than the ideas that we had before. They might for that matter reveal a deeper unity among the objects of our thoughts, and thus attune us to a more fundamental level of reality. The progression to an ever more basic apprehension of the unity of things (which is what Socrates called philosophy) is the purpose of yoga in the classical sense.\nSo what is essential in yoga is not some experience of entrancement, but the gesture of opening and releasing in which nirodha consists. And this is precisely as it should be. The purpose of yoga is not to isolate us from other beings, nor to close us off from the world of experience, but, on the contrary, to take us out of ourselves, to wake us up from our egocentric delusions, and to expose us relentlessly to our intimate connections to all that lives and breathes. This kind of awakening requires the opening the senses, not some deeper retreat into the confines of the subconscious mind.\nThe practice of yoga, therefore, should not be undertaken as an exercise in suppressing embodied experience in order to induce entrancement, but as an exercise in opening completely to the full spectrum of experience, and allowing the ego to be overwhelmed in the process.\nAs Patanjali explains, the ego is but a delusion of the mind. Through sustained practice of nirodha, this delusion dissolves, and when it does, Patanjali explains, “The seer abides in its true nature” (I.3). The seer is not some divine essence or spiritual substance, but the selfless process of seeing that underlies every experience (II.20). So to realize the seer is not to bring some deeper self into being, but to lose the self in the open radiance of pure awareness.\nSo let us suppose that what we are practicing in yoga – through this gesture of nirodha – is the surrender of our delusions, including, at the upper limit, the delusion of selfhood, and of our separateness from other beings. When that delusion is suspended, there is a prevailing sense of intimacy or union with whatever falls within the field of experience. And that union is the original meaning of yoga.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-18", "url": "https://www.tylandrum.com/the-meaning-of-nirodha/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578582736.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20190422215211-20190423001211-00363.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9462877512, "token_count": 1455, "score": 2.6875, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Sna Yoga Sutras, tugann Patanjali roinnt foirmlí yoga. Léiríonn gach ceann den disciplín ó uillinn eile agus soláthraíonn sé dearcadh uathúil ar an iomlán. Is é an ceann is mó a bhaineann leis an dara véarsa, áfach: Yogas chitta vritti nirodha (I.2). Is é Yoga nirodha gníomhaíocht an intinn. Tá an téarma nirodha polysemous, le breis agus daichead bríonna éagsúla, ach tá na bríonna seo ag crochadh le chéile i dteaghlach comhtháite úsáide.\nTá an téarma nirodha díorthaithe ó nirruddham, rud a chiallaíonn coibhneasta nó cosc. Agus is iad na rudaí a choibhneasta nó cosc i yoga ná impúidí an intinn choincheapúil. Déanann na forchur seo ár dtaithí a eagrú agus a choigeartú, ach cuireann siad cosc orainn rudaí a fheiceáil mar atá siad. Nuair a chuireann muid ár gcoincheapa ar fionraí, bíonn taithí níos díreacha. Téann muid isteach i stát níos soiléire feasachta, ina bhfeicimid muid féin, agus daoine eile, le soiléireacht neamhghnách.\nI aistriúcháin Béarla le déanaí, is minic a dhéantar nirodha mar cealú nó annihilation ach tá na téarmaí seo a bhfuil fuaim foréigneach orthu seo míthreorach. Ní é is aidhm le yoga an intinn a scriosadh, ná paraisín mheabhrach a spreagadh, ach éifeachtaí claonta ár gcoinníollacha meabhrach a chur ar fionraí. B'fhéidir go leanfaidh smaointe agus mothúcháin ag teacht chun cinn, ach ní dhéanaimid a gcuid meabhlaithe a thréigean. Ina áit sin, aithníonn muid a nádúr réamh-mheasta, agus measann muid iad mar chuid den fheiste ciallmhar trína n-idirghníomhaímid leis an réaltacht.\nDéanann Patanjali idirdhealú idir nirodha agus cúig ghníomhaíocht mheabhrach eile, a thuairiscíonn sé mar mhodhnú is bunúsaí ar an intinn. Is iad seo eolas ceart, eolas bréagach, samhlaíocht, codladh agus cuimhne (I.6). I ngach ceann díobh seo, a mhíníonn Patanjali, táimid ag teacht go hiomlán isteach inár ngníomhaíocht mheabhrach (I.4). Is é sin, tá muid go hiomlán ag na delusions dualtach go bhfuil ár n-intinn tionscadal.\nI nirodha, ar a mhalairt, seasann muid ar shiúl ó mheabhlachtaí den sórt sin. Feicimid iad mar mheabhlaíocht, gan iad a chur i gcomparáid le haon léiriú eile ar fhírinne nó ar réaltacht. Mar sin ní staid mheabhrach uathúil é nirodha, ach an ghné de na heilimintí claontacha dár n-intinn a chur ar fionraí. Sa ghné sin, déanaimid clearing intinne, inar féidir linn rudaí a fháil le níos lú coinníollaithe.\nChun a bheith cinnte, Patanjali féin cur síos ar stáit an ionsú ina bhfuil aon rud aitheanta mar ghníomhaíocht mheabhrach, stáit entrancement ina bhfuil na hionaid coincheapacha an intinn dúnta. Ach is cásanna teoranta iad seo, agus níor cheart dúinn iad a ghlacadh mar cinntitheach. I láthair Patanjali, na stáit níos airde samadhi nó ionsú titim ag grásta, agus ach amháin i gcásanna is annamh. Ach is féidir linn iad a chur isteach trí chleachtas leanúnach nirodha, mar an fionraí de réir a chéile ar ár réamh-mheastacháin mheabhrach faoi an chaoi a bhfuil rudaí.\nNí chuireann an próiseas seo an smaoineamh ar ceal. Ar a mhalairt, úsáideann sé smaointeoireacht, i ngach céim ach na céimeanna is déanaí, chun meabhlachtaí an intinn smaointeoireachta a dhíspreagadh. Mar a fuair na Gréagaigh ársa amach (i gceart timpeall am Patanjali) is é an smaoineamh an tuaslagóir is fearr do struchtúir ár gcoinníollaithe meabhrach. Nuair a úsáidtear é le heolas, nochtann smaoineamh na dícheangail agus na neamhoiriúnachtaí inár gcreideamh, ag cur iallach orainn iad a scaoileadh, agus ár n-éileamh arrogant a thabhairt suas chun rudaí a fhios againn nach bhfuil a fhios againn.\nD'iarr na Gréagaigh an staid mar thoradh air aporia, is é sin an fionraí ar smaointe gnáth, agus an réamhtheachtaí chun léargas díreach a fháil ar nádúr i bhfolach an réaltachta. Ba é Sócrataigh a mhúin an dea-ghníomh aporia don Ghréig ársa, agus a thaispeáin Plato, a dheisceabal, conas aporia a chothú trí fhiosrúchán fealsúnachta. Tar éis bháis Socrates, bhunaigh Plato scoil chun leanúint ar aghaidh le fiosrúcháin a mháistir, agus bhí na fiosrúcháin seo dírithe ar chothú aporia.\nIs é an cleachtas nirodha, mar fhionraí ar ghníomhaíocht mheabhrach, chun an stát céanna a spreagadh. Trí nirodha, bainimid na héifeachtaí claonta dár gcuid smaointe, chun eispéireas níos díreacha réaltachta a cheadú dúinn féin. Agus díreach mar a d'iarr na Gréagaigh aporia trí fhiosrúchán, mar sin tá fiosrúchán ina uirlis de nirodha.\nLigeann fiosrúchán dúinn ár dtaithí a shealbhú i bpeirspictíocht folláin. Nuair a dhéanann muid fiosrúchán ar bhonn ár dtaithí, bíonn claonadh againn iad a fháil níos lú ina luí. Is gnách go bhfeicimid iad mar léiriú coirciúil ar ár gcumhachtaíocht roimhe seo, agus tugann sé seo deis dúinn seasamh níos réasúnta a ghlacadh i leith ár gcuid smaointe agus mothúchán féin. Ligeann sé dúinn ár smaointe agus ár n-éachtaí a fheiceáil mar phroijectúir dár n-intinn egocentric, agus tugann sé seo deis dúinn dearcadh níos forleithne a bheith againn ar an méid atá ag tarlú i ndáiríre.\nD'fhéadfadh go mbeadh i gceist leis an réaltacht a thagann muid tríd an fiosrúchán a fhorchur eile smaointe, ach d'fhéadfadh na smaointe a bheith níos forleithne, agus níos mó cumas, ná na smaointe a bhí againn roimhe seo. D'fhéadfadh siad a nochtadh ar an ábhar sin aontacht níos doimhne i measc na n-ábhar dár smaointe, agus dá bhrí sin a chur ar intinn dúinn le leibhéal níos bunúsaí réaltachta. Is é an dul chun cinn go tuiscint níos bunúsaí ar aonad rudaí (rud a d'iarr Socrates fealsúnacht) cuspóir an yoga sa chiall clasaiceach.\nMar sin, ní hé an rud atá riachtanach i yoga roinnt taithí ar iontráil, ach an ghné de oscailt agus scaoileadh ina bhfuil nirodha. Agus is é seo go beacht mar ba chóir go mbeadh sé. Ní é cuspóir an yoga sinn a leithéid de bheith ar shiúl ó dhaoine eile, ná sinn a dhúnadh amach ó shaol na taithí, ach, ar a mhalairt, chun muid a thógáil amach as ár n-é féin, chun sinn a dhúiseáil ó ár delusions egocentric, agus chun nochtadh dúinn gan staonadh chun ár nasc dlúth le gach rud a bhfuil cónaí agus a anailís. Éilíonn an cineál seo an t-aosú an oscailt na ciall, ní roinnt aisghabháil níos doimhne isteach i teorainneacha an intinn fo-chomhfhiosach.\nNíor cheart cleachtas an yoga, dá bhrí sin, a dhéanamh mar chleachtadh chun taithí chorpraithe a chur faoi chois d'fhonn dul isteach a spreagadh, ach mar chleachtadh chun oscailt go hiomlán ar an speictream iomlán taithí, agus ligean don ego a bheith tuirseach sa phróiseas.\nMar a mhíníonn Patanjali, níl an ego ach meabhlaíocht na meabhair. Trí chleachtas leanúnach nirodha, tá an mheall seo ag díleá, agus nuair a dhéanann sé, míníonn Patanjali, \"Tá an bhfeiceoir ina bhfíor-nádúr\" (I.3). Ní hé an t-aisteoir an croí diaga nó an tsubstaint spioradálta, ach an próiseas neamhfhiúchas a fheiceann go bhfuil gach taithí bunús aige (II.20). Mar sin chun a bhaint amach an seers nach bhfuil a thabhairt ar roinnt féin níos doimhne a bheith ann, ach a chailleadh féin i radiance oscailte an fhéachaint íon.\nMar sin, lig dúinn a shamhlú go bhfuil an méid atá á chleachtadh againn i yoga trí an ghné seo de nirodha Is é an t-aistriú ar ár delusions, lena n-áirítear, ag an teorainn uachtarach, an delusion de féin, agus ar ár leithligh ó bheith eile. Nuair a bhíonn an mheabhlaíocht sin ar fionraí, tá tuiscint thromchúiseach ar dhúchas nó ar aontacht le cibé rud a thagann laistigh de réimse na taithí. Agus is é an t-aontas sin brí bunaidh an yoga."} {"text": "MRSA and Your Baby\nStaphylococcus aureus is a bacterium that can cause severe sepsis.1 Therefore, knowing whether a patient is colonized by Staph is important. Colonization is having the bacteria in the body at a certain site. About 30% of Americans are colonized with Methicillin Sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) and 1-4% of mothers and infants are colonized with Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA).2 Colonization with MSSA is usually seen with larger households, breastfeeding, and antibiotic exposure, but it is unknown if mothers can transfer the bacteria to their infants at the time of delivery (vertical transmission).\nA study tried to see if infants had a similar pattern for colonization as adults and studied the roles of different variables. This study found maternal colonization rates with MSSA to be about 30% and infant colonization rates to be 40 to 50% in the first 8 weeks of life. The researchers determined that 25% of infants were never colonized with the MSSA, and the remaining infants had a different pattern of colonization than adults. About 68% of the mother-infant pairs were colonized with the same strain of MSSA. The environmental factors that were found to be important were breastfeeding at any time and maternal colonization during 6 months. The authors suggested that MSSA colonization of the nipples may have played a role in transferring the bacteria from the mother to the infant.1\nAnother study enrolled 629 pregnant women (at 34-36 weeks), and used questionnaires to determine risk factors for colonization2. Swabs of the mother (nasal and vaginal) and infant (nasal and umbilical) were tested for MSSA and MRSA during the first 4 months of life. African American infants (75% vs. 41%) and those born vaginally (86% vs. 69%) had the highest risk of colonization.2 This study had 20 maternal-infant pairs in which the mother was colonized during pregnancy and the infant was colonized within 2 hours of birth. Of these 20 pairs, only 2 of the infant isolates were colonized with the same bacterial strain as their mothers. Of the women colonized at delivery, 20 had infants that were colonized at birth and 14 at discharge; colonization peaked at 2 months of age and declined by 4 months of age.\nAlthough this study suggests that breastfeeding is a risk factor for colonization, it does not provide enough information to say for sure.2 This study did find a higher rate of colonization compared to other previously studied populations. Horizontal transmission (contact with mother and family members) after delivery was the most common mode of colonization.\nIn another study that looked at transmission around the time of delivery, the authors found that of 304 women, 43 were colonized with MSSA and 9 with MRSA.3 Of the 252 infants, 25 were colonized with MSSA at delivery or discharge from the hospital, 9 had MRSA. Only 5 of the infant-mother pairs had the same strain of MSSA. 5 infants from this study developed staphylococcal infections within the first month of life: 1 had been colonized in the perinatal period and 4 after 48 hours of life.\nAnother study reviewed breast milk and skin samples from 8 mothers without mastitis along with oral cavity and nasal cultures from their infants.4 The rate of Staphylococcus aureus transmission between these mother-infant pairs was 50%, 4 pairs and 1 infant were colonized.\nA different study reported a case of MRSA colonization and infection in pre-term triplets. Surveillance cultures taken due to a recent outbreak of MRSA in the NICU revealed MRSA colonization starting on the 10th day of life for infant A and 18th day for infant B.5 Infant C who was not given breastmilk had negative routine cultures and passed away from premature lung disease. Infant A developed MRSA sepsis, a MRSA eye infection and pneumonia. Infant B developed a coagulase-negative staphylococcus bacteremia and a MRSA eye infection. Breastmilk stored before colonization of infants A and B was tested, and the cultures grew the same strain of MRSA. This mother had no signs or symptoms of mastitis or other infections.\nThese trials support that horizontal transmission is a greater risk factors than vertical transmission. However, the timing of colonization and infection varied. At this time it is not clear if mothers who are colonized with Staphylococcus aureus should stop breastfeeding their babies. Until we know more about the transmission of MSSA and MRSA, there is no reason to withhold breastmilk from mothers who are carriers.\nAdapted by Saneea Almas, MD from an original written by Hilary Rowe, PharmD\n1. Peacock SJ, Justice A, Griffiths D, et al. Determinants of acquisition and carriage of Staphylococcus aureus in infancy. Journal of clinical microbiology. Dec 2003;41(12):5718-5725\n2. Jimenez-Truque N, Tedeschi S, Saye EJ, et al. Relationship between maternal and neonatal Staphylococcus aureus colonization. Pediatrics. May 2012;129(5):e1252-1259\n3. Pinter DM, Mandel J, Hulten KG, Minkoff H, Tosi MF. Maternal-infant perinatal transmission of methicillin-resistant and methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus. American journal of perinatology. Feb 2009;26(2):145-151\n4. Kawada M, Okuzumi K, Hitomi S, Sugishita C. Transmission of Staphylococcus aureus between healthy, lactating mothers and their infants by breastfeeding. Journal of human lactation : official journal of International Lactation Consultant Association. Nov 2003;19(4):411-417\n5. Behari P, Englund J, Alcasid G, Garcia-Houchins S, Weber SG. Transmission of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus to preterm infants through breastmilk. Infection control and hospital epidemiology. Sep 2004;25(9):778-780", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-18", "url": "http://mommymeds.com/content/mrsa-and-your-baby", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578530100.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20190421000555-20190421022555-00421.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9413705468, "token_count": 1321, "score": 3.375, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "MRSA agus do Leanaí\nIs baictéar Staphylococcus aureus é a d'fhéadfadh seipsis thromchúiseach a chur faoi deara.1 Dá bhrí sin, tá sé tábhachtach a fhios a bheith agat an bhfuil Staph ag coilíneacht i do dhuine. Is é an coilíneacht ná go bhfuil na baictéir sa chorp ag suíomh áirithe. Tá thart ar 30% de Mheiriceánaigh coilíniú le Staphylococcus aureus atá íogair le Methicillin (MSSA) agus tá 1-4% de mháithreacha agus leanaí coilíniú le Staphylococcus Aureus atá frithsheasmhach le Methicillin (MRSA).2 Is gnách go bhfeictear coilíniú le MSSA le teaghlaigh níos mó, beathú cíche, agus nochtadh antaibheathach, ach níl a fhios an féidir le máithreacha na baictéir a aistriú chuig a gcuid leanaí tráth an tsoláthair (tarchur ingearach).\nRinne staidéar iarracht a fheiceáil an raibh patrún den chineál céanna ag na leanaí maidir le coilíneacht mar dhaoine fásta agus rinne siad staidéar ar ról na n-athraitheacha éagsúla. Fuair an staidéar seo go raibh rátaí coilíneachta máithreacha le MSSA thart ar 30% agus rátaí coilíneachta naíonáin a bheith 40 go 50% sna chéad 8 seachtaine den saol. Chinn na taighdeoirí nár choilíneáladh MSSA riamh le 25% de na leanaí, agus bhí patrún coilíneála difriúil ag na leanaí eile ná daoine fásta. Bhí thart ar 68% de na péirí máthair-infant colonized leis an strain céanna de MSSA. Is iad na tosca comhshaoil a fuarthas a bheith tábhachtach ná beathú cíche ag am ar bith agus coilíneacht mháthar le linn 6 mhí. Mhol na húdair go bhféadfadh ról a bheith ag coilíneacht MSSA ar na nipples sa baictéir a aistriú ón máthair go dtí an leanbh.1\nI staidéar eile, cuireadh 629 bean torracha (ag 34-36 seachtaine) ar an áireamh, agus úsáideadh ceistneoirí chun fachtóirí riosca a chinneadh le haghaidh coilíneachta2. Rinneadh tástáil ar shampáin ón máthair (snáithín agus vagina) agus ón leanbh (snáithín agus umbilical) le haghaidh MSSA agus MRSA le linn na chéad 4 mhí den saol. Bhí an baol is airde de choilíneacht ag na leanaí Afracach Meiriceánach (75% i gcoinne 41%) agus iad siúd a rugadh go vaginally (86% i gcoinne 69%).2 Bhí an staidéar seo ar 20 lánúin mháthar-naíonán inar choilíneáladh an mháthair le linn toirchis agus an leanbh laistigh de 2 uair an chloig tar éis an bhreith. As na 20 péire seo, ní raibh ach 2 cheann de na h-aonáin leanbh colonized leis an bhfíor-bhactair chéanna a bhí ina máithreacha. As na mná a bhí faoi choilíneacht ag an bhreith, bhí leanaí ag 20 a bhí faoi choilíneacht ag an bhreith agus 14 ag an scaoileadh; tháinig an choilíneacht ar a bharr ag 2 mhí d'aois agus tháinig laghdú ar 4 mhí d'aois.\nCé go léiríonn an staidéar seo go bhfuil beathú cíche ina fhachtóir riosca do choilíneacht, ní sholáthraíonn sé go leor faisnéise chun a rá go cinnte.2 Fuair an staidéar seo ráta níos airde coilíneachta i gcomparáid le daonra eile a ndearnadh staidéar orthu roimhe seo. Ba é an t-aistriú cothrománach (contact le máthair agus le baill teaghlaigh) tar éis an tsoláthair an modh coilíneachta is coitianta.\nI staidéar eile a rinne féachaint ar tharchur timpeall an ama a d'eisigh na hailt, fuair na húdair go raibh 43 de 304 bean a bhí coilíniú le MSSA agus 9 le MRSA. 3 As na 252 leanbh, bhí 25 coilíniú le MSSA ag seachadadh nó ag scaoileadh as an ospidéal, 9 bhí MRSA. Ní raibh an strain MSSA céanna ach ag 5 de na páirteanna leanbh-máthair. D'fhorbair ionfhabhtuithe staphylococcal i 5 leanbh ón staidéar seo laistigh den chéad mhí de shaol: 1 a bhí coilíniúithe sa tréimhse perinatal agus 4 tar éis 48 uair an chloig de shaol.\nRinne staidéar eile athbhreithniú ar bhainne cíche agus ar shamplaí craiceann ó 8 mháthair gan mastitis chomh maith le cothracha cavity béil agus nasal óna leanaí.4 Ba é ráta tarchuir Staphylococcus aureus idir na péirí máthair-bhean seo 50%, bhí 4 péire agus 1 leanbh coilíneáilte.\nTuairiscíodh i staidéar difriúil cás de choilíneacht agus ionfhabhtú MRSA i tríúchanna roimh ré. Léirigh cultúir faireachais a tógadh mar gheall ar ráig MRSA le déanaí sa NICU go raibh coilíneacht MRSA ag tosú ar an 10ú lá de shaol do leanbh A agus an 18ú lá do leanbh B. Bhí cultúir rialta diúltacha ag leanbh C nár tugadh bainne cíche dó agus fuair sé bás ó ghalair scamhóige roimh am. D'fhorbair seipis MRSA, ionfhabhtú súl MRSA agus niúmóine ag leanbh A. D'fhorbair bacteremia staphylococcus coagulase-diúltach agus ionfhabhtú súl MRSA ag Infant B. Rinne siad tástáil ar bhainne cíche a stóráil roimh chónaisiú na leanaí A agus B, agus d'fhás na cultúir an strain céanna MRSA. Ní raibh aon chomharthaí ná comharthaí mastitis nó ionfhabhtuithe eile ag an máthair seo.\nTacaíonn na trialacha seo leis go bhfuil tarchur cothrománach ina fhachtóirí riosca níos mó ná tarchur ingearach. Mar sin féin, bhí éagsúlacht ann maidir le hamháin na coilíneachta agus na haitheanta. Ag an am seo níl sé soiléir an gcaithfidh máithreacha a bhfuil Staphylococcus aureus acu a stopadh ag beathú a gcuid leanaí. Go dtí go mbeidh níos mó eolais againn faoi tharchur MSSA agus MRSA, níl aon chúis le bainne cíche a choinneáil ó mháithreacha atá ina n-iompróirí.\nOiriúnaithe ag Saneea Almas, MD ó bhunús scríofa ag Hilary Rowe, PharmD\n1. an t-am a bhí ann. Peacock SJ, Breitheamh A, Griffiths D, et al. Cinntíonn Staphylococcus aureus a fháil agus a iompar i naíonán. Iris na micreabhiolaíochta cliniciúla. Deireadh Fómhair 2003;41\n2. Seachadadh. Jimenez-Truque N, Tedeschi S, Saye EJ, et al. Caidreamh idir Staphylococcus aureus colonisation máthar agus nuabheirthe. Pediatrics. Bealtaine 2012;129(5):e1252-1259\n3. Tá an t-am ann. Pinter DM, Mandel J, Hulten KG, Minkoff H, Tosi MF. Tarchur perinatal Staphylococcus aureus atá frithsheasmhach i gcoinne meiticilín agus atá íogair i gcoinne meiticilín ó mháthair go leanbh. Iris Mheiriceá ar perinatology. Feabhra 2009;26(2):145-151\n4. Tá an t-am Kawada M, Okuzumi K, Hitomi S, Sugishita C. Tarchur Staphylococcus aureus idir máithreacha sláintiúla a bhfuil bainne acu agus a gcuid leanaí trí chothabháil cíche. Journal of Human Lactation: iris oifigiúil de Chumann Idirnáisiúnta na Comhairleach Lactation. Deireadh Fómhair 2003;19(4):411-417\n5. Tá an t-am ann. Behari P, Englund J, Alcasid G, Garcia-Houchins S, Weber SG. Staphylococcus aureus atá frithsheasmhach i gcoinne meiticilín a tharchur chuig leanaí roimh am trí bhainne cíche. Rialú ionfhabhtuithe agus eipidéimeolaíocht ospidéil. Sep 2004;25(9):778-780"} {"text": "“The good old days”\nSlovakia and its difficult journey from East to West\nLanguages: Slovak as official language, other languages: Czech, Hungarian, Rusyn\nPopulation: approx. 5 Million\nDid you know?\nSurveys in Eastern and Central Europe show that many people in the post-communist countries feel a pronounced nostalgia for socialism. The dark sides of the dictatorship are pushed into the background or even trivialised. Many people long for „the good old days“. But was everything better in the past? We talk about that with primary school teacher Silvia Gemzová, who represents a generation that grew up under a socialist dictatorship in Czechoslovakia and now lives in the independent democratic Slovakia.\nSlovakia became an independent state on 1 January 1993 connected with many challenges such as unemployment, corruption, the „wild“ nineties and, in recent years, the increasing emigration of young people abroad, followed a difficult path from east to west. The path was not only marked by economic and political changes; an entire generation had to suddenly rethink and identify themselves with values that they did not know before.\n„Slovakia has been disoriented for a long time. There is a radical rhetoric in politics, a high level of populism, many lies. On top of that, there is an arrogant political style. The gap between poor and rich is widening, the risk of poverty for children has even increased; regional differences are also growing. In this problematic situation, the murder of a journalist happened, more and more corruption scandals come to light, and people go out into the streets with a clear statement: Enough is enough! It is finally enough“.1\nPeople go out into the streets with a clear statement: Enough is enough! It is finally enough!\nThese are the words of Iveta Radičová, who was Prime Minister of Slovakia for two years. A woman without scandals, who was seen as a bearer of hope, but who could not assert herself in the problematic political situation in Slovakia. On 25 February 2018, the double murder of the investigative journalist Ján Kuciak and his fiancée Martina Kušnírová shook Slovakia and surprisingly triggered a government crisis. It led to the biggest protest marches since the Velvet Revolution in 1989, demanding a „decent Slovakia“ and new elections.\nApart from the murder itself, the political crisis was triggered by Kuciak’s investigative work, which revealed the close ties of the Italian mafia to the highest government circles. This was the culmination of the systematic intertwining of controversial politicians, businessmen, the police, and a weak rule of law. The protests following the murder of Ján Kuciak and his fiancée showed an enormous distrust of the government, the police, and the public prosecutor’s office, which are actually responsible for solving the crime. The murder resulted in more people taking to the streets than at any time since 1993. The protests were not only aimed at uncovering the double murder but also represented the hope that Slovakia would finally change for the better.\nChange of government during the Corona crisis\nOn 21 March 2020, a photo went around the world that may one day be found in Slovak history books. A photo showing the new government with facemasks and gloves at their swearing-in ceremony. And the photo clearly shows that instead of fighting the corruption, the corona crisis is now the top priority.\nThe murder of the investigative journalist who reported on the corruption had influenced the outcome of the elections. The winner was the party OLANO (Ordinary People and Independent Personalities), which won the elections mainly by its strong focus on the fight against corruption. The left-wing populist SMER party, which has ruled with a two-year break since 2006, is now in opposition. The new head of government, Igor Matovic, had probably never imagined that he would fight not against corruption but against the global pandemic in the first months of his term. Slovakia managed the first wave of the pandemic very well – mainly thanks to immediate compulsory masks and strict corona rules.\nIn the summer, however, the rules were relaxed and even the clubs were allowed to open. Therefore, the second wave, which hit Slovakia hard, was no surprise. In response to the second wave, the government introduced mass antigen testing, which allowed more than 3.5 million Slovak citizens to be tested within two weekends. Time will show whether the mass testing had an impact. Currently (16.11.2020) a total of 526 deaths have been reported in Slovakia.2\nThe year 1968 still represents an important event in the history of both Czech and Slovak people. The Prague Spring is so important because it was the first government-led attempt for peaceful reform in Czechoslovakia. In fact, the Prague Spring can be considered the forerunner of the Russian Perestroika. The Soviet Union was in crisis in the 1960s, and the reforms of the Prague Spring were intended to overcome them.3 But is the combination of communism and democracy, communism with a human face, even possible? We will never know the answer. On 21 August 1968, the military intervention of the five Warsaw Pact states of the Soviet Union put a violent end to the Czechoslovak attempt of reform. Occupied Czechoslovakia became the European country with the strongest political repression. The symbol and main representative of the Prague Spring, the Slovak politician Alexander Dubček, was deprived of power and the period of „normalization“ began.4 The ruling Communist Party organized trials reminiscent of the monster trials based on the Soviet model in the 1950s. The purpose of the trials was to intimidate the citizens in order to discipline them. More than 400,000 Czechoslovaks fled into exile.5\nNostalgia for the former East refers to the feeling of lost security and the simplicity of life of the former regime. Nostalgia expresses itself, for example, in a mourning for the „good old days“, when everything was supposedly much more simple and better than in the present. The vivid memory of a comparatively quiet and predictable life is very different from the capitalist rampant growth that the transition after 1989 had brought with it. Just a simple look into photographs in the family albums was enough to awaken memories and a feeling of nostalgia and to realize that life in a former socialist regime was not as terrible as displayed by the West. Especially the people who had experienced the old regime are nostalgic. A psychological fact is that you idealize the things that were in the past. The uncertainty about the future, the lack of familiar structures, and the new challenges to which the old rules no longer apply contribute to dissatisfaction with the present and democracy.\nStatistics show that the older generation, in particular, yearns for the socialist regime and Czechoslovakia. According to New Europe Barometer survey data from 2001 and 2004, 29 percent of Czech citizens over 50* answered „yes“ to the question of whether a return to the communist system was desirable. In 2004 the figure was still 22 percent. By comparison, the approval rate among 18 to 29-year-old is eight and six percent respectively, and among 30 to 49-year-old twelve and nine percent. We can also say: With the increasing age of the interviewees, the probability of support for a return to the communist system increases. What is the reason?6 We will now discuss this topic with Silvia Gemzová.\nThe Velvet Revolution began as a student demonstration. After ten days of peaceful protests, the Communist Party (KSC) gave in. The party leader Miloš Jakeš resigned on 24 November 1989 and the new balance of power was negotiated between the opposition „Civic Forum“ and the communist government. The deputies of the communist assembly, who until then had always been accustomed to unquestioningly approve anything, elected the leading figure of the anti-socialist movement, the Czech Václav Havel, as President of Czechoslovakia. The symbol of the Prague Spring, the Slovak Alexander Dubček, was elected as President of the National Assembly.7 On 1st January 1993 Czechoslovakia split into the Czech and Slovak Republic. The dissolution of Czechoslovakia was one of the processes of the division of multi-ethnic federal states in Eastern and Central Europe which took place after the collapse of the Soviet Union and the end of the Communist dictatorship in Europe. It is important to note, however, that unlike other countries, this development did not reflect the will of the citizens.8\nInterview Silvia Gemzová\nWe live in a democracy, enjoy the desired freedom. The young generation knows war only from the news. Economically we are doing better than ever before. Nevertheless, some Slovaks are longing for socialism. How do you explain that to yourself?\nGemzová: I think people do not miss communism, but their youth. Of course, there was something good about that time – people were less envious because everyone had the same thing. You had security. Today, you have freedom, but if you don’t have the opportunity to use that freedom, you are wishing to have the old certainties back.\nLet us go back to the time of the Velvet Revolution. Where were you? What were you hoping for? What did you feel when the Iron Curtain was suddenly gone?\nGemzová: I remember it like it was yesterday. I was 20 years old and a student. I and my classmates were rattling with our keys and had very big dreams and hopes. We thought that within two or three years the situation would be like in the West. But then came the disillusionment.\nDoes this mean that your hopes were not fulfilled?\nGemzová: Yes, many of us remained very disappointed. Especially during the „dark“ 90s, life was very difficult. Every day murders happened which remain unexplained to this day. Mafia, blackmailing, people did not even want to turn on the news anymore. Under Prime Minister Vladimir Meciar, Slovakia became a „black hole“ in the middle of Europe. Unemployment was high, wages were low. People had not any security and were afraid. I think the main problem was that although communism was officially gone, the people in power were the same as before. There was suddenly a transition from autocracy to democracy. But nobody knew how to govern a state. Nobody except those who did it recently. How do you write minutes? How do you make international calls? That’s how the old communists came back to power. Officially we had democracy, but the political culture remained the same. As George Orwell wrote, „All animals are equal, but some are more equal“. And so the politicians did what they wanted because they knew they don´t have to justify themselves. And the people capitulated. Until February 2018. It is really very sad that only the murder of two young people, who had their whole lives ahead of them, opened people’s eyes.\nHow would you explain the fact that mainly young people vote for the extreme right-wing party LSNS (Slovak People’s Party) and in general that Europe is moving to the right?\nGemzová: It is a paradox. LSNS is elected mainly by young people, for a simple reason – they have never lived in a totalitarian system. They don’t know how precious freedom is and take many things for granted. On the other hand, LSNS has enough supporters from the older generation. They are the so-called frustrated voters who have completely lost trust in established parties. And when somebody comes along and promises that we will leave the EU and we will not live under the „dictatorship of Brussels“, which sounds very ironic here, they just fuel the nostalgia for a totalitarian system that will solve the problems. In my opinion, however, such parties will always remain in opposition. They have no solutions, only an aggressive vocabulary. I also have the feeling that the right-wing radicals are taking advantage of the freedom of speech and the corona pandemic to spread various conspiracy theories. That would not have been possible under communism.\nAfter twelve years, there was a change of government – the previous opposition is now in power. The change came in March when the pandemic broke out in Slovakia and the government found itself in an unenviable situation. How do you assess their first year and the handling of the pandemic?\nGemzová: I don’t think anyone would want to be in their place right now. It doesn’t matter what they do, there will always be some group dissatisfied. I think that the government has done a good job so far and I particularly appreciate the fact that, despite Corona, they are also fighting corruption. Every day we hear in the news that someone from the judiciary has been arrested. I have been hoping for a long time that the political culture in Slovakia will finally change and that we will finally come closer to the West. Better later than never.\n- Deutschlandfunk (2018): Ansichten einer Anständigen. Retrieved from: https://www.deutschlandfunk.de/getroffene-slowakei-5-5-ansichten-eineranstaendigen.\nLast accessed on 14.09.2020.\n- Ministry of Investments, Regional Development and Informatization of the Slovak Republic (2020): Koronavírus a Slovensko.Všetky dôležité a aktuálne informácie o ochorení COVID−19 a o opatreniach, ktoré Slovensko prijíma v boji proti nemu. Retrieved from: https://korona.gov.sk . Last accessed on 30.11.2020.\n- Gehring, Hubert/ Paul, Mathias (2010): „Zurück in die Vergangenheit? Die Rolle der kommunistischen Partei in Tschechien“. Retrieved from: https://www.kas.de/de/web/auslandsinformationen/artikel/detail/-/content/zurueck-in-die-vergangenheit Last accessed on 29.11.2020.\n- Pauer, Jan (1993): „Prag 1968. Einmarsch des Warschauer Paktes.“, Edition Temmen, Bremen.\n- Hofbauer, Hannes/ Noack, David (2012): „Slowakei. Der mühsame Weg nach Westen.“, Promedia, Wien .\n- Bartošek, Karel (1999): „Střední a jihovýchodní Evropa (Zentral- und Südoseuropa).“ in: Stéphane Courtois: „Černá kniha komunismu (Das Schwarzbuch des Kommunismus)“, Prag.\n- Vodička, Karel (1996): „Politisches System Tschechiens“, Münster.\n- SOÚ, Sociologický ústav AV ČR\nWrite a comment\nWe look forward to your contributions on this blog in the form of questions, suggestions and criticism. It is important to us that we deal with each other in an open, friendly and respectful manner. We reserve the right not to publish racist, sexist, or other discriminating content.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-21", "url": "https://theyelling20s.com/slovakia-the-good-old-days/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662522270.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20220518115411-20220518145411-00045.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9607481956, "token_count": 3286, "score": 2.875, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Na sean-amanna maithe\nAn tSlóvaic agus a thuras deacair ó Oirthear go dtí an Iarthar\nTeangacha: An tSlóvaic mar theanga oifigiúil, teangacha eile: an tSeic, an Ungáir, an Rúisín\nDaonra: thart ar. 5 milliún\nAn raibh a fhios agat?\nLéiríonn suirbhéanna in Oirthear agus i Meán na hEorpa go mbraitheann go leor daoine sna tíortha iar-choimisinéadacha nostalgia suntasach don sóisialachas. Cuirtear taobhanna dorcha an fhéidearthachta ar chúlra nó déantar iad a trioblóid. Tá go leor daoine ag súil leis an \"aimsir mhaith a bhí againn\". Ach an raibh gach rud níos fearr sa am atá caite? Labhair muid faoi sin le múinteoir bunscoile Silvia Gemzová, a léiríonn glúin a d'fhás suas faoi dhriotáil shóisialach sa tSeiceaslóvaic agus a chónaíonn anois sa tSlóvaic dhaonlathach neamhspleách.\nTháinig an tSlóvaic ina stát neamhspleách ar an 1 Eanáir 1993 a bhí ceangailte le go leor dúshláin mar dhífhostaíocht, éilliú, na naoiúidí \"féiceach\" agus, le blianta beaga anuas, imirce mhéadaithe daoine óga thar lear, lean sé bealach deacair ó oirthear go dtí an iarthar. Ní hamháin go raibh athruithe eacnamaíocha agus polaitiúla ar an mbealach; bhí ar ghlúin iomlán athmhínithe a dhéanamh go tobann agus iad féin a aithint le luachanna nach raibh ar eolas acu roimhe seo.\nTá an tSlóvaic dí-airdithe le fada. Tá ráiteas radacach sa pholaitíocht, ardleibhéal poblachta, go leor bréaga. Ar a bharr sin, tá stíl pholaitiúil arrogant ann. Tá an bhearna idir bochta agus saibhre ag méadú, tá an baol bochtaineachta do leanaí méadaithe fiú; tá difríochtaí réigiúnacha ag méadú freisin. Sa chás fhadhbúil seo, tharla dúnmharú iriseoir, tháinig níos mó agus níos mó scandála éilliú chun solais, agus téann daoine amach ar na sráideanna le ráiteas soiléir: Is leor é! Tá sé go leor ar deireadh.1\nTéann daoine amach ar na sráideanna le ráiteas soiléir: Is leor é! Tá sé go leor sa deireadh!\nSeo focail Iveta Radičová, a bhí ina Phríomh-Aire ar an tSlóvaic ar feadh dhá bhliain. Bean gan scandála, a bhí le feiceáil mar thomhaltóir dóchais, ach nárbh fhéidir léi é féin a dhearbhú sa staid pholaitiúil fhadhbúil sa tSlóvaic. Ar 25 Feabhra 2018, chuir an dá mharú ar an iriseoir imscrúdaitheach Ján Kuciak agus a fiancé Martina Kušnírová an tSlóvaic i gcontúirt agus chuir sé géarchéim rialtais i gcontúirt. Mar thoradh air sin, bhí na siúlóidí agóide is mó ó Réabhlóid Velvet i 1989, ag éileamh \"Slóvaic chasta\" agus toghcháin nua.\nSeachas an dúnmharú féin, spreag an ghéarchéim pholaitiúil obair imscrúdaithe Kuciak, a nocht naisc dlútha an mhafia na hIodáile leis na ciorcail rialtais is airde. Ba é seo an buaicphointe a bhí ar an idirghabháil córeálach idir polaiteoirí conspóideach, lucht gnó, na póilíní, agus riail lag lag. Léirigh na hagóidí tar éis dúnmharú Ján Kuciak agus a phósadh mí-chreidmheas ollmhór ar an rialtas, ar an bpóilíní, agus ar oifig an ionchúisimh phoiblí, atá freagrach i ndáiríre as an coir a réiteach. Mar thoradh ar an dúnmharú tháinig níos mó daoine ar na sráideanna ná aon uair eile ó 1993. Ní raibh na hagóidí dírithe ar an dúnmharú dúbailte a nochtadh ach bhí siad mar ionann freisin agus an dóchas go n-athródh an tSlóvaic ar mhaithe le níos fearr sa deireadh.\nAthrú ar an rialtas le linn na géarchéime Corona\nAr 21 Márta 2020, chuaigh grianghraf ar fud an domhain a d'fhéadfadh a bheith le fáil i leabhair staire na Slóvaice lá amháin. Grianghraf a léiríonn an rialtas nua le masc aghaidh agus lámhainní ag a searmanas mionnúcháin. Agus léiríonn an grianghraf go soiléir gurbh é an géarchéim corona an tosaíocht is airde anois seachas dul i ngleic leis an éilliú.\nBhí tionchar ag dúnmharú an iriseoir imscrúdaitheora a d'fhógair faoin éilliú ar thoradh na dtoghchán. Ba é an páirtí OLANO (Daoine Ordaí agus Pearsantachtaí Neamhspleácha) a bhuaigh na toghcháin go príomha trína fócas láidir ar an gcomhrac i gcoinne an éilliú. Tá an páirtí populist chlé SMER, a rialaigh le sos dhá bhliain ó 2006, i gcoinne anois. Ní raibh an ceann nua rialtais, Igor Matovic, tar éis shamhlú riamh go bhféadfadh sé a bheith ag troid, ní i gcoinne an éilliú ach i gcoinne an phaindéime domhanda sna chéad mhí dá théarma. D'éirigh leis an tSlóvaic an chéad tonn den phaindéim a bhainistiú go han-mhaith go príomha a bhuíochas le masc éigeantach láithreach agus rialacha déine corona.\nSa samhradh, áfach, bhí na rialacha suaimhneach agus ceadaíodh fiú na clubanna a oscailt. Dá bhrí sin, ní raibh aon iontas ar an dara tonn, a bhuail go crua ar an tSlóvaic. Mar fhreagra ar an dara tonn, thug an rialtas tástáil ollmhór antaigin isteach, rud a thug deis do níos mó ná 3.5 milliún saoránach Slóvacach a thástáil laistigh de dhá deireadh seachtaine. Taispeánfaidh an t-am an raibh tionchar ag an tástáil mhóra. Faoi láthair (16.11.2020) tuairiscíodh 526 bás ar an iomlán sa tSlóvaic.2\nTá 1968 fós ina ócáid thábhachtach i stair na ndaoine sa tSeice agus sa tSlóvaic araon. Tá an Earrach Praga chomh tábhachtach toisc gurbh é an chéad iarracht faoi stiúir an rialtais é chun athchóiriú síochánta a dhéanamh sa tSeiceaslóvaic. Go deimhin, is féidir an Earrach Praga a mheas mar réamhtheachtaí an Perestroika na Rúise. Bhí an tAontas Sóivéadach i ngéarchéim sna 1960idí, agus bhí sé mar aidhm ag athchóirithe an Earraigh Phraig dul thar na géarchéimeanna sin.3 Ach an féidir cumarsáid idir an chumannachas agus an daonlathas, cumarsáid a bhfuil aghaidh daonna aici, a dhéanamh? Ní bheidh a fhios againn an freagra. Ar 21 Lúnasa 1968, chuir idirghabháil mhíleata na cúig stát Chomhaontú Warszawa den Aontas Sóivéadach deireadh foréigneach leis an iarracht athchóirithe na Seiceaslóvaice. Bhí an tSeicislóvaic faoi choimhlint mar an tír Eorpach a raibh an brú polaitiúil is láidre uirthi. Cuireadh an siombail agus príomh-ionadaí Earrach Phrague, an polaiteoir Slóvacach Alexander Dubček, as cumhacht agus thosaigh tréimhse an \"nóirmhilleadh\".4 D'eagraigh an Páirtí Cumanntach atá i gceannas triail a chuir i gcuimhne na triail mhúnstra bunaithe ar mhúnla na Sóivéide sna 1950idí. Ba é cuspóir na n-imeachtaí ná na saoránaigh a chur i gcontúirt chun iad a phionósú. D'eitil níos mó ná 400,000 Seiceaslóvaiceach chun dílleachta.5\nTagraíonn an t-ádh leis an iar-Oirthear don mhothú ar shlándáil chaillte agus ar shimpliúlacht na beatha sa réimeas roimhe seo. Léiríonn an t-ádh, mar shampla, é féin i bád ar na \"seana laethanta maithe\", nuair a bhí gach rud i bhfad níos simplí agus níos fearr ná mar atá anois. Tá an chuimhne beo ar shaol réasúnta ciúin agus intuartha an-difriúil ón bhfás caipitiliste neamhspleách a thug an t-aistriú tar éis 1989 leis. Ní raibh ach breathnú simplí ar ghrianghraif sna halbaim teaghlaigh le cuimhneacháin a dhíscaoileadh agus mothú nostalgia a mhúscailt agus a thuiscint nach raibh an saol i réimeas sóisialach roimhe seo chomh uafásach agus a thaispeánann an Iarthar. Go háirithe tá nostalgia ag na daoine a d'fhulaing an sean-riail. Is fíric síceolaíoch é go n-idéalaíonn tú na rudaí a bhí san am atá caite. Tá an neamhchinnteacht maidir leis an todhchaí, an easpa struchtúr a bhfuil aithne orthu air, agus na dúshláin nua nach bhfuil feidhm ag na sean-rialacha a thuilleadh, ag cur le míshástacht leis an láthair agus leis an daonlathas.\nLéiríonn staitisticí go bhfuil an ghlúin níos sine, go háirithe, ag súil leis an gcóras sóisialach agus leis an Seiceaslóvaic. De réir sonraí suirbhé New Europe Barometer ó 2001 agus 2004, d'fhreagair 29 faoin gcéad de shaoránaigh na Seice os cionn 50* 'tá' ar an gceist an raibh an ais chuig an gcóras cumannach inmhianaithe. Sa bhliain 2004, bhí an figiúr fós 22 faoin gcéad. I gcomparáid leis sin, is é an ráta ceadaithe i measc daoine 18 go 29 bliain d'aois ocht agus sé faoin gcéad faoi seach, agus i measc daoine 30 go 49 bliain d'aois dhá bhliain déag agus naoi faoin gcéad. Is féidir linn a rá freisin: De réir mar a mhéadaíonn aois na ndaoine a ndearnadh agallamh orthu, méadaíonn an dóchúlacht go dtacóidh siad le filleadh ar an gcóras cumannach. Cad é an chúis?6 Pléfaimid an t-ábhar seo anois le Silvia Gemzová.\nThosaigh Réabhlóid Velvet mar léiriú mac léinn. Tar éis deich lá de agóidí síochánta, thug an Páirtí Cumannach (KSC) isteach. D'éirigh ceannaire an pháirtí Miloš Jakeš as an oifig an 24 Samhain 1989 agus caibidlíodh an cothromaíocht cumhachta nua idir an freasúra Fóram Shibhialta agus an rialtas cumannach. Roghnaigh feisirí an tionóil chumannach, a bhí cleachtaithe go dtí sin le haon rud a cheadú gan cheist, príomhfhigiúr an ghluaiseachta frith-shóisialaigh, an Seiceach Václav Havel, mar Uachtarán na Seiceaslóvaice. Toghadh siombail Earrach Phraig, an tSeolac Alexander Dubček, mar Uachtarán ar an Tionól Náisiúnta.7Ar an 1 Eanáir 1993, scoilteadh an tSeiceaslóvaic ina Phoblacht na Seice agus sa Phoblacht na Seolac. Ba é dífhilleadh na Seiceaslóvaice ceann de na próisis a bhí ag roinn stáit fhorbartha il-eitneach san Oirthear agus i Meán-Eorpa a tharla tar éis titim an Aontais Shóivéadaigh agus deireadh an ordaithe cumannach san Eoraip. Tá sé tábhachtach a thabhairt faoi deara, áfach, go murab ionann agus i dtíortha eile, nach raibh an fhorbairt seo ag léiriú toil na saoránach.8\nAgallamh le Silvia Gemzová\nTá muid i dteorainneacha daonlathais, agus tá an tsaoirse is mian linn. Ní fheiceann an ghlúin óg cogadh ach ó na nuachtáin. Go heacnamaíoch tá muid ag déanamh níos fearr ná riamh roimhe seo. Mar sin féin, tá roinnt Slovacach ag súil go mór le sóisialachas. Conas a mhíniú go bhfuil tú féin?\nGemzová: Sílim nach bhfuil an cumannachas ag daoine, ach a n-óige. Ar ndóigh, bhí rud éigin maith faoin am sin - bhí daoine níos lú éadúil toisc go raibh an rud céanna ag gach duine. Bhí slándáil agat. Sa lá atá inniu ann, tá saoirse agat, ach mura bhfuil an deis agat an tsaoirse sin a úsáid, tá tú ag iarraidh na sean-chinnteachtaí a bheith agat ar ais.\nLig dúinn dul ar ais go dtí am an Réabhlóid Velvet. Cá raibh tú? Cad a bhí tú ag súil? Cad a mhothaigh tú nuair a bhí an Cúntóir Iarainn imithe go tobann?\nGemzová: Cuimhním air mar a bhí sé inné. Bhí mé 20 bliain d'aois agus mar mhac léinn. Bhí mé féin agus mo chomhghleacaithe ag cainnt lenár n-ailtí agus bhí aislingí agus dóchais an-mhór againn. Shíl muid go mbeadh an staid mar atá san Iarthar laistigh de dhá nó trí bliana. Ach ansin tháinig an díomá.\nAn gciallann sé seo nár chomhlíon do chuid dóchais?\nGemzová: Sea, d'fhan go leor againn an-díomá. Go háirithe le linn na 90í 'dorcha', bhí an saol an-deacair. Gach lá tharla dúnmharú a bhfuil fós unexplained go dtí an lá seo. Mafia, blackmailing, ní raibh daoine fiú ag iarraidh a chasadh ar an nuacht níos mó. Faoi ré an Phríomh-Aire Vladimir Meciar, tháinig an tSlóvaic ina \"poll dubh\" i lár na hEorpa. Bhí dífhostaíocht ard, bhí pá íseal. Ní raibh aon slándáil ag daoine agus bhí eagla orthu. Sílim gurb é an phríomhfhadhb ná cé go raibh an cumannachas imithe go hoifigiúil, bhí na daoine i gcumhacht mar a bhí roimhe. Bhí aistriú go tobann ó uathrialachas go daonlathas. Ach ní raibh a fhios ag aon duine conas stáit a rialú. Ní duine ach amháin iad siúd a rinne sé le déanaí. Conas a scríobhann tú nóiméid? Conas a dhéanann tú glaonna idirnáisiúnta? Sin an chaoi a tháinig na sean-chomh-phobail ar ais ar an gcumhacht. Go hoifigiúil bhí daonlathas againn, ach d'fhan an cultúr polaitiúil mar an gcéanna. Mar a scríobh George Orwell, \"Tá na hainmhithe go léir comhionann, ach tá cuid acu níos comhionanna\". Agus mar sin rinne na polaiteoirí an rud a theastaigh uathu toisc go raibh a fhios acu nach gá dóibh iad féin a chosaint. Agus capitulated na daoine. Go dtí Feabhra 2018. Tá sé an-sásta go bhfuil an dúnmharú ar dhá dhuine óg, a raibh a saol ar fad acu roimh ré, ag oscailt súile na ndaoine.\nConas a d'fhéadfadh tú a mhíniú go bhfuil na daoine óga go príomha ag vótáil don pháirtí ar dheis dheas LSNS (Páirtí Daonlathacha na Slóvaice) agus go bhfuil an Eoraip ag bogadh ar dheis i gcoitinne?\nGemzová: Is paradox é. Toghann daoine óga LSNS den chuid is mó, ar chúis shimplí - níor chónaigh siad riamh i gcóras iomlán. Níl a fhios acu cé chomh luachmhar is atá saoirse agus glacann siad go leor rudaí mar gheall orthu. Ar an láimh eile, tá go leor tacaitheoirí ag LSNS ón seanghinealach. Is iad na vótálaithe frustracha mar a thugtar orthu a chaill muinín go hiomlán i bpáirtithe bunaithe. Agus nuair a thagann duine éigin agus gealltanais a dhéanamh go bhfágfaimid an AE agus nach mairfidh muid faoi \"dictatorship na Bruiséile\", rud a bhfuil an-ionraic aici, ní dhéanann siad ach an nostalgia a spreagadh le haghaidh córas iomlánach a réitíonn na fadhbanna. Is é mo thuairim, áfach, go bhfanfaidh páirtithe den sórt sin i gcoinne an Choimisiúin i gcónaí. Níl aon réiteach acu, ach focal ionsaitheach. Tá an mothú agam freisin go bhfuil na radacaigh dheas ag baint leas as an tsaoirse cainte agus an paindéim corona chun teoiricí comhcheilge éagsúla a scaipeadh. Ní bheadh sé sin indéanta faoi choimhinis.\nTar éis dhá bhliain déag, bhí athrú ar an rialtas - tá an freasúra roimhe seo anois ag an gcumhacht. Tháinig an t-athrú i mí an Mhárta nuair a thit an paindéim sa tSlóvaic agus fuair an rialtas é féin i staid neamh-inbhéartach. Conas a mheasann tú a gcéad bhliain agus an láimhseáil ar an bpaindéim?\nGemzová: Ní dóigh liom go mbeadh duine ar bith ag iarraidh a bheith ina áit anois. Is cuma cad a dhéanann siad, beidh grúpa éigin míshásta i gcónaí. Sílim go bhfuil an rialtas tar éis obair mhaith a dhéanamh go dtí seo agus is mór agam go háirithe an fhíric go bhfuil siad ag troid le truailliú, in ainneoin Corona. Gach lá cloisimid sna nuachtanna go bhfuil duine ó na breithiúnachta gabhadh. Tá súil agam le fada go n-athróidh an cultúr polaitiúil sa tSlóvaic agus go dtiocfaidh muid níos gaire don Iarthar. Níos fearr níos déanaí ná riamh.\n- Deutschlandfunk (2018): Ansichten einer Anständigen. Tá an t-alt seo curtha ar fáil ag an suíomh gréasáin seo: https://www.deutschlandfunk.de/getroffene-slowakei-5-5-ansichten-eineranstaendigen.\nRinneadh an rochtain dheireanach ar 14.09.2020.\n- Aireacht Infheistíochtaí, Forbartha Réigiúnaí agus Faisnéise na Poblachta Slóvaice (2020): Koronavírus a Slovensko. Tá sé tábhachtach go mbeadh faisnéis reatha ann faoi ghalair COVID-19 agus faoi na bearta a ghlacann Slovensko chun dul i ngleic leis. Faighte ó: https://korona.gov.sk . Arna rochtain deireanach ar 30.11.2020.\n- Gehring, Hubert/ Paul, Mathias (2010): Zurück in die Vergangenheit? Die Rolle der kommunistischen Partei in Tschechien. (Ról na Páirtí Coimisinéide sa tSéic.) Aighneofar ó: https://www.kas.de/de/web/auslandsinformationen/artikel/detail/-/content/zurueck-in-die-vergangenheit Rochtain deireanach ar 29.11.2020.\n- Pauer, Jan (1993): Prague 1968. Einmarsch des Warschauer Paktes., Eisiúint Temmen, Bremen.\n- Hofbauer, Hannes/ Noack, David (2012): Slowakei. Der mühsame Weg nach Westen., Promedia, Wien.\n- Bartošek, Karel (1999): Střední a jihovýchodní Evropa (Zentral- und Südoseuropa). in: Stéphane Courtois: Černá kniha komunismu (Das Schwarzbuch des Kommunismus) , Prague.\n- Vodička, Karel (1996): Politisches System Tschechiens, Münster.\n- SOÚ, Sociologický ústav AV ČR\nScríobh trácht\nTáimid ag súil go mór le do chuid ranníocaíochtaí ar an mblag seo i bhfoirm ceisteanna, moltaí agus cáineadh. Tá sé tábhachtach dúinn go gcaithfimid le chéile ar bhealach oscailte, cairdiúil agus measúil. Coimeádann muid an ceart gan ábhar ciníoch, gnéasach nó idirdhealú eile a fhoilsiú."} {"text": "My research into Vahanas and Flags show that the Vahanas or Mounts of Gods and Goddesses came from their flags. For instance Lord Skanda had peacock and Sanaiswara had Kaka( crow) in their flags first. When the sculptors wanted to make the sculptures or idols it became easier for them to show as Vahanas instead of flags. If we accept this theory, it becomes logical that Lord Ganesh had mouse as flag first and then it was made in to Vahana. Another proof for my theory is the oldest Ganesh statues are found in South East Asian countries like Indonesia and Laos. They did not have mouse (Mushika) as vahana.\nBut we see the oldest Vahanas in Babylonia where most of the gods had lion as their vahanas. Deer and bull also figure as Vahanas in the Middle East.\n*Oldest Flag: Egyptians carried a standard (3000 BC) *Phonician Ships carried double cone flag like the Hindu Bhagavat Dwaja in 700BC *Garuda dwaja-Vishnu: The concept of Garuda seems to have evolved in the Vedic age. Suparna Garudman is in RV I-164-46 Garuda bringing Soma plant (RV III-43-7; VII-26-6)\n*Indus valley dwaja: The type of flag/dwaja popular with the people of Mohanjo-Daro comprised a staff, a bowl like receptacle and a cage.\nRecommended By Colombia\nJohn Marshal says it carried a bird in the cage.\n*Indus Valley: The most frequently represented ox-like beast with a single horn usually described as unicorn (Eksringa) may be identified with Sringa-Vrisha (Rig Veda VII-17-3;AV 20-5-7) according to VS Agrawal. It might have become Rishaba Vahana (Bull). *On a seal discovered from Chanbu-daro, two nude women are represented carrying a standard each. Chanbu-Daro excavations Pl 11-36 ,pp149/50\nPicture: Hindu Flag\n*Kapi dwaja- Arjuna (monkey flag) or Vanara dwaja In the Vanaparva there is a story that Hanuman assured Bhima that he will make terrible sounds staying in the dwaja of Arjuna (MB, Vana.150) *Yudhistra- pair of Mrdanga *Bhima- a simha *Nakula- sarabha *Sahadeva- Hamsa (swan) *Abhimanyu- Saranga *Drstadyumna—Kovidara- *Ghatotkacha-grddha *Duryodhana- - snake *Bhisma- Tala (Palmyra) *Dronaa- an altar covered with a deer skin & kamandalu *Karna- elephant chain *Krpacharya- bull *Asvattama- Lion Tail *Jayadratha- Boar *Somadatta- yupa *Salya- plough *Bhoja- elephant *Alayudha- band of jackals *Vrsasena- peacock *Bhurisrava- yupa *Brhadbala- lion *Kalingaraja- a flame *Pradyumna- crocodile *Uttara- lion\nKETU (flag) suffix in Mahabharata (nine kings) Asvaketu Ketumana Svetaket- u Viraketu and more.\nSOUTH INDIAN FLAGS\n*Malayadwajan- Pandya King , Father of Meenakshi, husband of Kanchanamala ( Surasenan’s daughter) *Chakradwaja Pandya (Drona Parva sloka)=kodi ther cheziyan *Babruvahanan= Hamsa flag *Chera Kings- Bow and Arrow *Choza kings- Tiger flag *Pandya Kings- Fish flag *Pallava- Bull flag *Parameswara Varman- Katwanga Ketu *Nandhivarma Pallavan- Katwanga Ketu (Skull inserted in a hand bone) *Chalukya Vikramadityan boasts of capturing Pallava Katvanga ketu\n*During coronation ceremonies Flag Hoisting was an important event *Flags were fluttering in every part of the country till the boundary *One of the ten symbols of Kings is a flag (Kural etc.) *Kalingatu Parani describes how the flag was taken in the forefront when the army marched into another kingdom *Parankusa Maravarman- Thunder flag (pandi Kovai mentions it in 3 places) *Pallavas and Pandyas had extra flags in addition to their Fish and Bull flags. *Nandhivarman’s commander Uthayachandran defeated a hunter king Udhayanan and captured his Kannadi flag ( it is made up of peacock feathers, probably decorated with glass) *Chalukya king- boar flag (Rajendra chola II boasts of capturing varaha flag of chalukyas\nKushana king Kumara- Cock flag, Kukkuta Dwaja.\n*Velalar- kalappaik koti (plough)\nAbove facts about SOUTH INDIAN FLAGS were taken from Dr R Nagasamy’s book Yavarum Kelir)\nJaffna Royal Family (Sri Lanka) –Bull,Conch,Sun,Moon and Parasol Samudragupta- Garuda (eagle) Huna king Mihirakula- Recumbent bull Rashtrakuta king Govinda II captured as many as 13 standards from his enemies. Nandhivarma captured Mirror flag Vinayaditya’s father- Pali dwaja\nSanskrit words for Flag : Ketu, Dwaja, Pathaka, Vaijayanthi\nTAMIL WORDS FOR FLAGS (koti) *Vijaya Ven Koti =Victorious white flag (puram 462) *Visaiyam Vel Koti ( Mullai 91), *Venrezu Koti ( Malaipadu. 582), *Vaanthoy vel koti ( Pathtru. 67-1)", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-44", "url": "http://www.speakingtree.in/blog/flags-of-ancient-indian-kings", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719843.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00554-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8530982733, "token_count": 1368, "score": 2.703125, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Léiríonn mo thaighde ar Vahanas agus ar Phláin go raibh na Vahanas nó na Sléibhte Déithe agus Déitheas óna bhratacha. Mar shampla, bhí peacock ag an Tiarna Skanda agus bhí Kaka (crag) ag Sanaiswara ina mbratacha ar dtús. Nuair a bhí na dealbhóirí ag iarraidh na deilbh nó na idols a dhéanamh bhí sé níos éasca dóibh Vahanas a thaispeáint in ionad bratacha. Má ghlacann muid leis an teoiric seo, bíonn sé loighciúil go raibh luch ag an Tiarna Ganesh mar bhratach ar dtús agus ansin rinneadh é i Vahana. Deimhniú eile ar mo theoiric is ea go bhfuil na deilbh is sine Ganesh le fáil i dtíortha Oirdheisceart na hÁise cosúil le hIndinéis agus Laos. Ní raibh luch (Mushika) acu mar vahana.\nAch feicimid an Vahanas is sine i Babylon áit a raibh león ag formhór na n-dibh mar a vahanas. Tá deer agus bull mar Vahanas san Mheánoirthear freisin.\n*An bratach is sine: d'iompaigh na hÉigiptigh caighdeán (3000 RC) *Iompar longa Phoiniceach bratach cóin dhúbailte cosúil leis an Bhagavat Dwaja Hindu i 700 RC *Garuda dwaja-Vishnu: Is cosúil go ndearnadh coincheap Garuda a fhorbairt san aois Véideach. Tá Suparna Garudman i RV I-164-46 Garuda ag tabhairt planda Soma (RV III-43-7; VII-26-6)\n*Dwaja Gleann Indus: Ba é an cineál bratach / dwaja a bhí tóir air le daoine Mohanjo-Daro ná buille, coimeádán cosúil le clog agus cage.\nMolann an Cholóim\nDeir John Marshal go raibh éan sa chliabhán.\n*Ghleann Indus: Is féidir an beithid a léirítear go minic cosúil le hual le coirn amháin a thuairiscítear de ghnáth mar unicorn (Eksringa) a aithint le Sringa-Vrisha (Rig Veda VII-17-3; AV 20-5-7) de réir VS Agrawal. D'fhéadfadh sé a bheith ina Rishaba Vahana (Bull). * Ar shloinneadh a fuarthas ó Chanbu-daro, tá dhá bhean nocht á léiriú ag iompar caighdeán gach ceann acu. Iarnróid Chanbu-Daro Pl 11-36,pp149/50\nGrianghraf: Blag Hindú\n*Kapi dwaja- Arjuna (flag na mhoncaí) nó Vanara dwaja Sa Vanaparva tá scéal ann go ndearna Hanuman a dhearbhú do Bhima go ndéanfadh sé fuaimeanna uafásacha ag fanacht i dwaja Arjuna (MB, Vana.150) *Yudhistra- péire Mrdanga *Bhima- a simha *Nakula- sarabha *Sahadeva- Hamsa (swan) *Abhimanyu- Saranga *DrstadyumnaKovidara- *Gothatkacha-grddha *Duryodhana-snake *Bhisma- Tala (Palmyra) *Dronaa- altóir clúdaithe le craiceann deer & kamandalu *Karna- slabhra fíon *Krpacharya- bull *Asvattama- Lion Tail *Jayadha-ratha *Somadatta-Samaratta-Salya *Bhoothama-fíon *Abhudha-bhudha-bhandlay *Varsena-palay *Bhurshar-Bhurshar-Udhara-Udhara-pradyumna *Pradyummyra-Udhara-Udhara-pradyumna *\nKETU (cló) in Mahabharata (naoi rí) Asvaketu Ketumana Svetaket- u Viraketu agus níos mó.\nBLAGHAÍ INDÍNEACH an DEAS\n*Malayadwajan- Pandya King, Athair Meenakshi, fear céile Kanchanamala (iníon Surasenan) *Chakradwaja Pandya (Drona Parva sloka) = kodi ther cheziyan *Babruvahanan= Hamsa bratach *Chera Kings- Bow and Arrow *Choza Kings- Tiger bratach *Pandya Kings- Fish bratach *Pallava- Bull bratach *Parameswara Varman- Katwanga Ketu *Nandhivarma Pallavan- Katvanga Ketu (Skull inserted in a hand bone) *Chalukya Vikramadityan boasting of capturing Pallava Katvanga ketu\n* Le linn searmanais coróinithe Ba é Hoisting bratach ócáid thábhachtach * Bhí bratacha ag fluttering i ngach cuid den tír go dtí an teorainn * Ceann de na deich siombailí na Ríthe is bratach (Kural srl.) *Míríonn Kalingatu Parani conas a bhí an bratach i gceannas nuair a chuaigh an t-arm isteach i ríocht eile *Parankusa Maravarman- bratach Thunder (luaitear é i 3 áit ag Pandi Kovai) *Bhí bratacha breise ag Pallavas agus Pandyas chomh maith lena gcuid bratacha Fish agus Bull. * Bhuaigh ceannasaí Nandivarman, Uthayachandran, rí sealgaire Udhayanan agus ghlac sé a bhratach Kannadi (tá sé déanta as plúir peacock, is dócha go bhfuil sé sgeadaithe le gloine) * Bratach rí-próg Chalukya (Bratach varaha Chalukyas a ghabháil ag Rajendra chola II\nKushana rí Kumara- Cluiche, Kukkuta Dwaja.\n*Velalar- kalappaik koti (plough)\nTógadh na fíricí thuas faoi FLAGHAÍN INDÍNEACH an DEAS ó leabhar an Dr R Nagasamy Yavarum Kelir)\nJaffna Royal Family (Srí Lanca) Bull, Conch, Sun, Moon and Parasol Samudragupta- Garuda (eagle) Huna rí Mihirakula- Bull Recumbent Rashtrakuta rí Govinda II ghlac chomh mór le 13 stándart óna naimhde. Nandhivarma gabhadh Mirror bratach Vinayaditya athair-Pali dwaja\nFocail Sanscrait le haghaidh Blag: Ketu, Dwaja, Pathaka, Vaijayanthi\nFLAGHAÍ TAMILÍN (koti) *Vijaya Ven Koti =Flag bán buaite (puram 462) *Visaiyam Vel Koti (Mullaigh 91), *Venrezu Koti (Malaipadu). 582), *Vaanthoy vel koti (Pathtru. 67-1)"} {"text": "DID YOU KNOW...\nWhile both boys' and girls' voices will change during puberty, the change in a boy's voice is dramatic, sometimes dropping a whole octave in tone. Males in other species develop a deeper voice to attract females and intimidate other males, and scientists believe the change in the male human voice evolved for the same reasons.\n1. What year did the American League first use the Designated Hitter?\na. – 1970\nb. – 1971\nc. – 1972\nd. - 1973\n2. What's the distance between the stakes in a standard Horseshoe game?\n3. the \"Umbilicus\" is the medical term for what body part?\n4. Name the TV Sit-com that had a character named D.J. Conner.\n5. What is the name of the region of Italy referred to as the \"Toe of the Boot\"?\n6. Name the movie in which Kris Kristofferson traveled with the Cabrini Circus.\n7. What is measured by a Cardiotachometer?\n8. What river flows through 8 countries and four capitols?\nTRUTH OR CRAP ??\nEinstein won the noble prize for physics for his theory of relativity.\n1. – d\n2. 40 feet\n3. THE NAVEL\n6. \"BIG TOP PEE-WEE\"\n7. HEART RATE\n8. The Danube\nRelativity may have captured the public's consciousness, but it was the unglamorous\nPhotoelectric Effect that got him the Nobel Prize in 1921.\nWalk with the person who's searching for truth........ run from the person who says they've found it !", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-44", "url": "http://www.discusscooking.com/forums/f26/trivia-8-7-a-81008.html", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988718866.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183838-00416-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9328046441, "token_count": 354, "score": 2.765625, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "An raibh a fhios agat...\nCé go n-athróidh guthanna na bhfear agus na mban le linn na puberty, tá an t-athrú i guth buachaill drámatúil, ag titim octave iomlán i tona uaireanta. Forbraíonn fir in speicis eile guth níos doimhne chun mná a mhealladh agus fir eile a eagla, agus creideann eolaithe gur tháinig an t-athrú ar ghuth an duine fireann ar na cúiseanna céanna.\n1. an t-am a bhí ann. Cén bhliain a d'úsáid an Liga Mheiriceá an Bhuachaill Ainmníochta den chéad uair?\na. 1970\nb. 1971\nc. 1972\nd. - 1973\n2. Seachadadh. Cad é an fad idir na geallúintí i gclár caighdeánach Horseshoe?\n3. an \"Umbilicus\" an téarma leighis do céard de chuid an choirp?\n4. Tá an t-am Ainmní an TV Sit-com a bhí carachtar ainmnithe D.J. Conner.\n5. Tá an t-am ann. Cad é ainm an réigiúin san Iodáil a dtugtar \"Toe of the Boot\"?\n6. Ceacht. Ainmníodh an scannán ina ndeachaigh Kris Kristofferson leis an Cabrini Circus.\n7. Ceacht. Cad a dhéantar a thomhas le Cardiotachometer?\n8. Ceacht. Cén abhainn a shruthaíonn trí 8 tír agus ceithre chaipitil?\nFírinne nó CRAP ? An bhfuil tú?\nBhuaigh Einstein an duais uasal don fhisice as a theoiric na coibhneastachta.\n1. an t-am a bhí ann. d\n2. Seachadadh. 40 troigh\n3. Tá an t-am ann. An NAVEL\n6. Ceacht. \"Big Top PEE-WEE\"\n7. Ceacht. RATH CÚRA\n8. Ceacht. An Danúib\nIs féidir leis an gcoincheap a bheith gabhadh an comhfhiosach an phobail, ach bhí sé an unglamorous\nEacht Phóta-Eileictreach a thug Duais Nobel dó i 1921.\nSiúil leis an duine atá ag cuardach na fírinne ... ... reáchtáil ó an duine a deir go bhfuil siad fuair sé !"} {"text": "WHY An ‘Overseas’ Business Function?\nSuppose you are asked: What is the primary purpose of any business?\nWhat answer will you give?\nThe primary purpose of any business is:\n- To design products or services that offer some ‘value’\n- To convert more ‘leads’ into customers\n- To build relationships with stakeholders\n- To serve its community\nWhile none of these responses is incorrect per se, they miss a larger point.\nAccording to Nobel Prize-winning economist Milton Friedman, the main purpose of a business is to maximise profits for its owners. Friedman was one of the foremost proponents of free-market capitalism in the free world, so he knew a thing or two about business and commerce.\nIt doesn’t matter who the business owners are – a family, a group of business partners, a charitable trust or even the public. The raison d’être of every business remains the same – to make money. Reaching all the other goals is a worthless endeavour if the business cannot make enough money to sustain itself in the short term and to grow in the long term.\nThus, a firm’s decision to move a business function overseas is primarily driven by the health of its bottom line. With such a decision, a firm can take advantage of cost arbitrage, weaker currencies and cheaper labour in overseas markets, which can all help to save money. That said, overseas business functions also incur a cost for the company and need to be controlled.\nThis article will explain the types of overseas business functions and propose some ideas on how firms can reduce their cost impact.\nWHAT Is An Overseas Business Function?\nMany businesses choose to move some of their functions overseas. Although cost-cutting at the firm (micro) level is the primary trigger for such a strategy, a number of macro factors make such internationalisation of business possible:\n- Globalisation: the growing economic interdependence between countries, markets and firms\n- Economic liberalisation, the rise of capitalism and free trade\n- Expansion of communication systems\n- Globalisation of labour and lowered barriers to immigration\n- Greater technology and knowledge-sharing between countries, firms and people\nThe business functions of most organisations can be classified into two types:\n- Core, i.e. primary and/or secondary business functions\n- Support, i.e. ancillary (or value-add) business functions\nDepending on a number of factors, including organisation type, size, industry and operational geography, one or more of these functions can be carried out in an overseas location. In the context of sourcing to an external provider in an overseas location, this model is referred to as offshore outsourcing (not the same as offshoring which involves completely moving one or more processes/services overseas but within the same company).\nIt is more common for firms to outsource or offshore their support functions, rather than core functions. However, there are some exceptions to this thumb rule. In the past, official reports from the EU have stated that some member countries do outsource their core functions, thanks to the “growth of digitalisation and codification of services”. This outsourcing model applies even if these core functions are service-oriented.\nThe business functions that are commonly moved overseas through outsourcing or offshoring are:–\n- Manufacturing (in-house or ‘contract’)\n- Information & Communication Technology (ICT) services\n- Software development and maintenance\n- Digital communication: websites, newsletters, apps\n- Customer service: Email, telephone\n- Remote support\n- Travel arrangements\n- Document management: proofreading, data entry, filing\n- Research, data collection and organisation\n- Calendar management\n- Shift, attendance and holiday rosters\n- Human resource management\n- Compliance and risk management\n- Finance and Accounting\n- Payroll management\nFunctions that are sometimes moved overseas through outsourcing or offshoring are:-\n- Legal and Compliance\n- Sales & Marketing\n- Lead generation/business development\nWhat Kinds Of Firms Have Overseas Functions?\nAny business that has any or all of the above functions can outsource or offshore them to save money.\n- Manufacturers: e.g. Apple’s iPhone/iPad products are designed in the company’s home country (USA) but their components are manufactured and assembled in different overseas locations.\n- Software/IT products/services provider: e.g. Dell outsources many of its non-critical functions to Business Process Outsourcing (BPO) firms in India.\n- Legal services firms: Law firms outsource some functions to Legal Process Outsourcing (LPO) firms.\n- Educational institutions: Many international universities have sales/marketing departments in overseas locations.\n- Retail firms: Many multinational retail firms outsource or offshore their admin/online marketing/IT functions overseas.\n- eCommerce firms: Firms like Amazon have their web development, marketing and customer support functions in overseas locations.\nHow Firms Can Reduce Their Overseas Business Costs: 5 Useful Strategies\nAlthough cost-cutting is usually the primary trigger for firms to move some business functions overseas, the move cannot be completely cost-free. A cost comparison between the home location and the overseas location will generally yield a positive result, but firms can cut their overseas costs even further by trying some of these approaches:\n1. Make Cost-Reduction Strategic & Purposeful\nIn the world of business, the only constant is change, and one of the most common knee-jerk reactions to change is cost-cutting.\nHowever, instead of cutting costs across the board because it seems more straightforward and/or fair, firms with overseas functions are better off considering their long-term strategic needs first. Strategic cost reduction starts by identifying good costs and differentiating them from bad costs. Good costs are capabilities that drive profits and growth for the firm, while bad costs are non-essential spending areas. For example, a low-traffic, brick-and-mortar flagship store is a bad cost because it involves rent/salaries/overheads for little or no return. On the other hand, an upfront investment to set up an online eCommerce store is a good cost because digitalisation enables your business to develop a new value proposition for customers.\nThe next step is to utilise as many resources as possible to make all strategically-critical good costs more effectively, and simultaneously devise methods to eliminate bad costs. The bottom line is that businesses need to think carefully before deciding which costs can be eliminated, reduced or even increased – a one-size-fits-all cost-cutting strategy can be counterproductive.\n2. Identify & Eliminate Duplication, Consider Local Outsourcing\nInvestigate if any activities are being duplicated across multiple departments or verticals.\nAre two or more departments performing functions that only one of them can do for both? Or can a separate support department perform this function for both departments? Are the activities driving value for the firm overseas or can they be outsourced to a local firm? Find answers to these questions and consider restructuring your overseas business to cut costs.\n3. Technology Is Powerful – Use It\nResearch technological tools and figure out if you can use them to improve efficiencies and cut costs in your overseas functions. Don’t restrict yourself to tools used only in your industry – in the course of your research, you might discover a tool used in another industry that can help you in yours! Some examples of tools and technologies that you might consider in your cost-cutting endeavour are machine learning, robotics, artificial intelligence, predictive modelling, Blockchain and cognitive computing.\n4. Explore Non-Traditional Working Methods\nEven in cheaper overseas locations, the costs of office space (rent, overheads) and human resources (salaries, insurance, conveyance) can spiral out of control. In such cases, you might consider instituting a hub-and-spokes office arrangement, with the skeletally-staffed hub or main office in one overseas location (e.g. Mumbai) and the spokes in lower-cost locations (e.g. Hyderabad). Another cost-cutting measure you might implement is telecommuting/work from home. Virtual and collaborative working technologies can enable people to access work resources from any location and save the firm costs associated with physical space.\n5. Manage Payroll Costs Through Money Transfer Services\nFor firms paying salaries to overseas staff, especially across different countries, managing payroll disbursements can be complex, arduous and expensive. Other concerns around cross-border payments include lack of reliability, the risk of currency fluctuations, compliance issues and difficulties around cost consolidation.\nInstaReM’s low-cost online remittance service eliminates all of these issues in a click! With its broad network of over 8000 banks, InstaReM can help you manage money transfers to your overseas staff, freelancers and suppliers in 55+ countries across Asia, Europe, North America and Oceania. When you pay your employees in their local currency using InstaReM, you can avoid high conversion costs and gain improved exchange rates, thus avoiding losses due to market and currency volatility.\nWhen you sign up with InstaReM as a corporate user, you are assured of secure online data access and versatile reporting options. Click here for more information on how InstaReM can help your firm reduce its overseas payment costs.\nClick here for hassle-free sign-up!", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-22", "url": "https://www.instarem.com/blog/5-effective-strategies-to-cut-your-overseas-business-costs/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232256997.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20190523003453-20190523025453-00117.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9253662825, "token_count": 1946, "score": 2.65625, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "CÉ DÁ MÓR a bheith ina Ghnó Oibríocht thar lear?\nMá iarrtar ort: Cad é príomhchuspóir aon ghnó?\nCad é an freagra a thugann tú?\nIs é príomhchuspóir aon ghnó:\n- Táirgí nó seirbhísí a dhearadh a thairgeann roinnt luach\n- Chun níos mó \"líonta\" a thiontú ina gcustaiméirí\n- Caidreamh a thógáil le páirtithe leasmhara\n- Chun freastal ar a phobal\nCé nach bhfuil aon cheann de na freagraí seo mícheart i ndáiríre, cailltear pointe níos mó iontu.\nDe réir an eacnamaí Milton Friedman a bhuaigh Duais Nobel, is é príomhchuspóir gnó ná brabús a uasmhéadú dá úinéirí. Bhí Friedman ar cheann de na tacadóirí is mó de chaipitilíocht an mhargaidh saor in aisce sa domhan saor in aisce, mar sin bhí a fhios aige rud nó dhó faoi ghnó agus tráchtáil.\nNí chuireann sé ábhar ar bith cé hiad úinéirí na ngnólachtaí - teaghlach, grúpa comhpháirtithe gnó, iontaobhas carthanúil nó fiú an pobal. Tá an réasún d'éire ag gach gnó mar an gcéanna - airgead a dhéanamh. Is iarracht gan luach é na spriocanna eile a bhaint amach mura féidir leis an ngnó go leor airgid a dhéanamh chun é féin a chothú san fhadtéarma agus chun fás a dhéanamh san fhadtéarma.\nDá bhrí sin, is é sláinte a líne bhunúsach an príomhchúis a spreagann cinneadh cuideachta chun feidhme gnó a aistriú thar lear. Le cinneadh den sórt sin, is féidir le gnólacht leas a bhaint as arbirtíocht chostais, airgeadraí níos laige agus saothair níos saoire i margaí thar lear, rud a d'fhéadfadh cabhrú le airgead a shábháil. Tá sé sin ráite, bíonn costas ag feidhmeanna gnó thar lear don chuideachta freisin agus caithfear iad a rialú.\nSa t-alt seo, mínítear na cineálacha feidhmeanna gnó thar lear agus moltar roinnt smaointe maidir le conas is féidir le gnólachtaí a n-éifeacht ar chostas a laghdú.\nCÉ AON FUNCTION A Gnó thar lear?\nRoghnaíonn go leor gnólachtaí cuid dá bhfeidhmeanna a aistriú thar lear. Cé gur é an laghdú ar chostais ar an leibhéal gnó (micro) an príomh-tharraing don straitéis sin, déanann roinnt fachtóirí macró a dhéanamh ar an idirnáisiúnú sin gnó indéanta:\n- Domhandú: an t-idirspleáchas eacnamaíoch atá ag fás idir tíortha, margaí agus gnólachtaí\n- Saoirse eacnamaíoch, ardú caipitil agus saorghluaiseacht\n- Forbairt na gcóras cumarsáide\n- Domhandú na saothair agus bacainní ar inimirce a ísliú\n- Teicneolaíocht agus eolas a roinnt níos mó idir tíortha, gnólachtaí agus daoine\nIs féidir feidhmeanna gnó an chuid is mó d'eagraíochtaí a aicmiú i dhá chineál:\n- Core, i.e. feidhmeanna gnó príomhúla agus/nó haighneachta\n- Tacaíocht, i.e. feidhmeanna gnó coimhdeacha (nó a chuireann luach le chéile)\nI gcomhréir le roinnt fachtóirí, lena n-áirítear cineál eagraíochta, méid, tionscal agus tíreolaíocht oibríochtúil, is féidir ceann amháin nó níos mó de na feidhmeanna seo a dhéanamh in áit thar lear. I gcomhthéacs soláthair chuig soláthraí seachtrach i suíomh thar lear, tugtar an tsamhail seo mar shíntiús lasmuigh (ní hionann é agus aistrithe amach ón gcósta a chuimsíonn próiseas/seirbhís amháin nó níos mó a aistriú go hiomlán thar lear ach laistigh den chuideachta chéanna).\nTá sé níos coitianta do ghnólachtaí a gcuid feidhmeanna tacaíochta a lasmuigh den chuideachta nó a chur ar iasacht, seachas a gcúraimí lárnacha. Mar sin féin, tá roinnt eisceachtaí ar an riail seo. San am atá caite, luaigh tuarascálacha oifigiúla ón AE go ndéanann roinnt ballstáit a gcuid príomhfheidhmeanna a lasmuigh den Aontas, a bhuíochas leis an \"fhás digitiú agus códú seirbhísí\". Tá feidhm ag an tsamhail sin aschur fiú má tá na príomhfheidhmeanna seo dírithe ar sheirbhísí.\nIs iad na feidhmeanna gnó a aistrítear thar lear go coitianta trí shaorshóiriú nó trí shaorshóiriú ná:\n- Déantúsaíocht (ag obair sa bhaile nó ar conradh)\n- Seirbhísí Teicneolaíochta Faisnéise agus Cumarsáide (FHTI)\n- Forbairt agus cothabháil bogearraí\n- Cumarsáid dhigiteach: láithreáin ghréasáin, nuachtlitir, aipeanna\n- Seirbhís do Chustaiméirí: ríomhphost, teileafón\n- Tacaíocht iargúlta\n- Socrúcháin taistil\n- Bainistíocht doiciméid: léitheoireacht, iontráil sonraí, comhdhlúthú\n- Taighde, bailiú sonraí agus eagraíocht\n- Bainistíocht Chláir\n- Rollaí ama, láithreacht agus laethanta saoire\n- Bainistíocht acmhainní daonna\n- Comhlíonadh agus bainistíocht riosca\n- Airgeadas agus Cuntasaíocht\n- Bainistíocht pá\nIs iad na feidhmeanna a aistrítear thar lear uaireanta trí shaorshoradh nó dílseacht ná:\n- Dlí agus Comhlíontacht\n- Díolacháin agus Margaíocht\n- Gníomhaíocht chun ceannairí a ghiniúint/fhorbairt gnó\nCén Cineál Fiontair a bhfuil Feidhmeanna thar lear acu?\nIs féidir le haon ghnó a bhfuil aon cheann nó gach ceann de na feidhmeanna thuasluaite a chur ar iasacht nó a chur ar cíos chun airgead a shábháil.\n- Déantúsóirí: e.g. Tá na táirgí iPhone/iPad de chuid Apple deartha i dtír dhúchais na cuideachta (SAM) ach déantar a gcuid comhpháirteanna a mhonarú agus a shuiteáil in áiteanna éagsúla thar lear.\n- Soláthraí bogearraí/táirgí/seirbhísí TF: e.g. Cuireann Dell a lán dá fheidhmeanna neamh-chríthábhachtacha ar fáil do ghnólachtaí a bhaineann le próiseas gnó a chur ar fáil (BPO) san India.\n- Fiontair seirbhísí dlí: Cuireann gnólachtaí dlí roinnt feidhmeanna ar iasacht do ghnólachtaí a dhéanann soláthar amach do phróisis dhlíthiúla (LPO).\n- Institiúidí oideachais: Tá ranna díolacháin/margaíochta ag go leor ollscoileanna idirnáisiúnta in áiteanna thar lear.\n- Fiontair mhiondíola: Molann go leor fiontair mhiondíola ilnáisiúnta a gcuid feidhmeanna riaracháin/margaíochta ar líne/TI a lasmuigh den tír nó a chur ar iasacht.\n- gnólachtaí ríomhthráchtála: Tá a gcuid feidhmeanna forbartha gréasáin, margaíochta agus tacaíochta do chustaiméirí ag gnólachtaí mar Amazon in áiteanna thar lear.\nConas is Féidir le Fiontair a Chostas Gnó thar lear a Laghdú: 5 Straitéis Chabhracha\nCé gur gnách go mbíonn an príomh-trigger do ghnólachtaí roinnt feidhmeanna gnó a aistriú thar lear ná costais a laghdú, ní féidir an t-aistriú a bheith saor ó chostas go hiomlán. Is gnách go dtabharfar toradh dearfach as comparáid chostais idir an suíomh baile agus an suíomh thar lear, ach is féidir le gnólachtaí a gcostais thar lear a laghdú níos mó fós trí roinnt de na cur chuige seo a thriail:\n1. an t-am a bhí ann. Déan an Laghdú Costas Straitéiseach agus Céimúil\nSa saol gnó, is é an t-aon rud buan ná athrú, agus is é an laghdú costais ceann de na freagartha is coitianta ar athruithe.\nMar sin féin, seachas costais a ghearradh ar fud an bhfreastalaí toisc go bhfuil sé níos simplí agus/nó níos cóir, is fearr do ghnólachtaí a bhfuil feidhmeanna thar lear a gcuid riachtanas straitéiseacha fadtéarmacha a mheas ar dtús. Tosaíonn laghdú costas straitéiseach trí chostais maithe a shainaithint agus iad a idirdhealú ó chostais dhroch. Is cumais iad costais maithe a spreagann brabúis agus fás don ghnólachta, agus is réimsí caiteachais neamh-riachtanacha iad costais dhroch. Mar shampla, tá costas dona ag siopa mór-mhara de bhriogán agus mhortair a bhfuil trácht íseal air toisc go bhfuil sé ina luí / tuarastal / costais forleithne le beagán nó gan aon aisíocaíocht. Ar an láimh eile, is costas maith é infheistíocht tosaigh chun siopa ríomhthráchtála ar líne a chur ar bun toisc go gcuireann digitiú ar do ghnó tairiscint luach nua a fhorbairt do chustaiméirí.\nIs é an chéad chéim eile ná an oiread acmhainní agus is féidir a úsáid chun na costais maithe go léir atá ríthábhachtach go straitéiseach a dhéanamh níos éifeachtaí, agus modhanna a cheapadh ag an am céanna chun drochchostais a dhíchur. Is é an rud is tábhachtaí ná go gcaithfidh gnólachtaí smaoineamh go cúramach sula gcinnfidh siad cé na costais is féidir a dhíchur, a laghdú nó a mhéadú fiú d'fhéadfadh straitéis laghdaithe costais aon-mhéid-a-oireann-duine a bheith friththábhachtach.\n2. Seachadadh. Aithint agus deireadh a chur le dúblaíocht, smaoineamh ar fhoinsí amach ón láthair\nDéan imscrúdú ar aon ghníomhaíochtaí atá á n-iompú ar fud roinnt ranna nó vertical.\nAn bhfuil dhá roinn nó níos mó ag feidhmiú feidhmeanna nach féidir ach le ceann amháin díobh a dhéanamh dóibh araon? Nó an féidir le roinn tacaíochta ar leithligh an fheidhm seo a chomhlíonadh do na dá roinn? An bhfuil na gníomhaíochtaí ag cur luach ar an ngnóthas thar lear nó an féidir iad a chur ar iasacht chuig gnólacht áitiúil? Faigh freagraí ar na ceisteanna seo agus smaoinigh ar athstruchtúrú do ghnó thar lear chun costais a laghdú.\n3. Tá an t-am ann. Tá Cumhacht ag Teicneolaíocht Bain úsáid as\nDéan taighde ar uirlisí teicneolaíochta agus faigh amach an féidir leat iad a úsáid chun feabhas a chur ar éifeachtúlacht agus costais a laghdú i do chuid feidhmeanna thar lear. Ná teorantaigh tú féin le huirlisí a úsáidtear i do thionscal amháin i rith do thaighde, d'fhéadfadh tú uirlis a úsáidtear i dtionscal eile a fháil amach a d'fhéadfadh cabhrú leat i do thionscal! Tá roinnt samplaí de uirlisí agus teicneolaíochtaí a d'fhéadfadh tú a mheas i do chuid iarrachtaí chun costais a laghdú ar fhoghlaim meaisín, róbataic, intleacht shaorga, samhlaíocht réamhaisnéisí, Blockchain agus ríomhaireacht chognaíoch.\n4. Tá an t-am Modhanna Oibre Neamhthraidisiúnta a Fheistiú\nFiú amháin i suíomhanna thar lear níos saoire, d'fhéadfadh costais spás oifige (díol, costais ginearálta) agus acmhainní daonna (salacha, árachas, iompar) dul amach as smacht. I gcásanna den sórt sin, d'fhéadfá a mheas go gcuirfí ar bun socrú oifige lárnach-agus-spokes, leis an mbonn nó an príomh-oifig a bhfuil foirne foirne aige i gceann amháin de na háiteanna thar lear (m.sh. Tá an t-airgead seo á úsáid ag an gcustaiméir i bhFrainc (Mumbai) agus ag na speiceas i suíomhanna ar chostas níos ísle (m.sh. Hyderabad). Beart eile chun costais a laghdú a d'fhéadfadh tú a chur i bhfeidhm ná teilifís-obair/obair ón mbaile. Is féidir le teicneolaíochtaí oibre fíorúla agus comhoibritheacha a chur ar chumas daoine rochtain a fháil ar acmhainní oibre ó áit ar bith agus na costais ghnólachta a bhaineann leis an spás fisiciúil a shábháil.\n5. Tá an t-am ann. Costas Pá a bhainistiú trí Sheirbhísí Aistrithe Airgid\nMaidir le gnólachtaí a íocann tuarastal do fhoireann thar lear, go háirithe thar tíortha éagsúla, is féidir go mbeadh sé casta, deacair agus costasach íocaíochtaí pá a bhainistiú. I measc na bhfadhbanna eile a bhaineann le híocaíochtaí trasteorann tá easpa iontaofachta, an baol a bhaineann le luaineachtaí airgeadra, saincheisteanna comhlíontachta agus deacrachtaí maidir le comhdhlúthú costais.\nCuireann seirbhís iompair airgid ar líne ar chostas íseal InstaReM deireadh leis na saincheisteanna seo go léir le cliceáil! Le líonra leathan os cionn 8000 banc, is féidir le InstaReM cabhrú leat aistrithe airgid a bhainistiú chuig do fhoireann thar lear, saor-shaothair agus soláthraithe i 55+ tír ar fud na hÁise, na hEorpa, Mheiriceá Thuaidh agus Aigéin. Nuair a íocann tú do chuid fostaithe ina n-airgeadra áitiúil ag baint úsáide as InstaReM, is féidir leat costais ard tiontaithe a sheachaint agus rátaí malairte níos fearr a fháil, agus mar sin caillteanais mar gheall ar luaineacht an mhargaidh agus an airgeadra a sheachaint.\nNuair a chláraíonn tú le InstaReM mar úsáideoir corparáideach, tá rochtain shláintiúil ar shonraí ar líne agus roghanna tuairiscithe ilchineálacha deimhnithe agat. Cliceáil anseo le haghaidh tuilleadh faisnéise ar conas is féidir le InstaReM cabhrú le do ghnólacht a chostais íocaíochta thar lear a laghdú.\nCliceáil anseo chun clárú gan bhrú ar bith!"} {"text": "What does preanesthetic bloodwork assess?\nWhile the exact biochemical parameters measured in preanesthetic bloodwork vary, depending on the particular bloodwork panel your veterinarian recommends, preanesthetic bloodwork typically involves two primary components. These components are the CBC (Complete Blood Count) and a serum biochemistry. These tests provide valuable information about your pet’s internal health status.\nCBC (Complete Blood Count):\nA complete blood count assesses the cells that are present in your pet’s blood. Abnormalities in your pet’s cell counts may indicate an underlying disease and affect your pet’s surgical/anesthetic risks and recovery.\nA complete blood count specifically looks at three types of cells that are found in the blood:\n- Red blood cells: these cells carry oxygen through the blood to your pet’s tissues. A CBC assesses the quantity, shape and hemoglobin content of your pet’s red blood cells. These tests detect a number of diseases, including anemia (low red blood cells) and polycythemia (elevated red blood cells).\n- White blood cells: these cells typically respond to inflammation and infection. A CBC not only measures your pet’s overall white blood cell count, but also provides separate counts for each unique type of white blood cell. Elevated white blood cells counts often indicate infection or inflammation; the specific white blood cell type that is abnormally elevated can often provide additional information about a possible diagnosis. Abnormally low white blood cells counts may indicate a more serious infection or possible immunodeficiency. Less commonly, dramatic white blood cell count abnormalities may indicate cancer.\n- Platelets: platelets are responsible for blood clotting. A low platelet count suggests that your pet may be at greater risk of excessive blood loss during surgery.\nThe serum biochemistry examines levels of a number of chemicals in the blood associated with organ function. The exact parameters that are checked in a blood panel will vary depending on the particular panel your veterinarian recommends; young, healthy pets may receive a smaller biochemistry panel than seniors. In general, a serum biochemistry will include values that assess your pet’s liver, kidneys, blood glucose, serum proteins and possibly other parameters.\n- Liver function: is assessed through a number of values on the serum biochemistry. These values include alkaline phosphatase (ALP), alanine transferase (ALT) and can include others (ie. AST, GGT, total bilirubin). Elevations in these values may suggest an increased risk of liver disease in your pet.\n- Kidney function: is assessed by measuring the blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine. Both of these substances are normally cleared by the kidney. Increased levels of BUN and creatinine suggest that they are not being effectively cleared by the kidney, due to dehydration or kidney disease.\n- Glucose: is a measure of the sugar in the blood. Dramatically elevated blood glucose levels may indicate diabetes.\n- Serum proteins: include albumin (ALB), globulin (GLOB) and total protein (TP). Low protein levels are associated with a number of medical conditions. Pets with low protein levels may experience delayed post-surgical healing. Elevated serum protein levels may indicate dehydration.\n- Electrolytes: such as potassium (K), sodium (Na) and chloride (Cl) may be tested and may become increased or decreased with various disease states that may affect surgical healing or suitability for anesthesia.\nWhy is Preanesthetic Bloodwork Recommended?\nPreanesthetic bloodwork is typically recommended for most animals that are undergoing anesthesia. This allows your veterinarian to assess your pet’s overall health, ensuring that your pet is a good candidate for anesthesia. If preanesthetic bloodwork shows any abnormalities, these can be addressed by making any necessary adjustments to your pet’s treatment plan.\nFor geriatric or ill pets, additional blood tests, electrocardiograms, or x-rays may be recommended before surgery as well. If serious problems are detected, surgery can be postponed until the problem is corrected.\nAlong with the bloodwork we perform a thorough physical exam on your pet before administering anesthetics, this is to ensure that a fever or other illness won’t be a problem. We also adjust the amount and type of anesthetic used depending on the age and health of your pet. We have advanced anesthesia monitoring equipment and will make surgery as safe and efficient as possible.\nHow might the test results affect my pet’s treatment?\nIf your veterinarian finds abnormalities in your pet’s preanesthetic bloodwork, there are several potential outcomes.\nSome abnormalities are mild and unlikely to be clinically relevant. For example, a white blood cell count that is just marginally above the normal range, in the absence of clinical signs, may be an indication of stress and not of any underlying disease.\nA marginally elevated blood glucose without other abnormalities may also be seen with stress. If your pet has a very mild elevation, your veterinarian may proceed with anesthesia without any further testing or interventions. In some cases, your veterinarian may recommend rechecking the value in the future, to ensure that more significant abnormalities do not develop, even if the elevation does not appear to be significant at the time of testing.\nIn some cases, preanesthetic bloodwork detects abnormalities that can be corrected prior to anesthesia. For example, if your pet’s preanesthetic bloodwork indicates mild dehydration, your veterinarian may administer intravenous fluids prior to anesthesia. This allows your pet to be as medically stable as possible prior to undergoing anesthesia.\nIn other cases, however, more significant abnormalities might be detected on preanesthetic bloodwork. In these cases, your veterinarian may recommend postponing surgery until additional testing or treatment can be performed. Examples of situations where this may occur include anemia, elevated liver or kidney values, or diabetes. In the case of significant bloodwork abnormalities, postponing surgery until the pet’s condition can be thoroughly diagnosed and addressed helps maximize the chances of a safe anesthetic procedure and smooth recovery.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-27", "url": "https://sequistah.com/pre-anesthetic-blood-tests/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656104683708.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20220707063442-20220707093442-00411.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9049653411, "token_count": 1267, "score": 2.53125, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Cad a mheasann tástáil fola réamh-anesthetic?\nCé go bhfuil na paraiméadair bithcheimiceacha beacht a thomhas i dtástáil fola réamh-anesthetic éagsúil, ag brath ar an bpainéal tástála fola ar leith a mholann do vet, de ghnáth bíonn dhá phríomhchomhpháirteanna i gceist le tástáil fola réamh-anesthetic. Is iad na comhpháirteanna seo an CBC (Complete Blood Count) agus bithcheimic serum. Soláthraíonn na tástálacha seo faisnéis luachmhar faoi stádas sláinte inmheánach do pheataí.\nCBC (Comh- Léitheoireacht Fuil):\nMeasann líon iomlán fola na cealla atá i láthair i fhuil do pheataí. D'fhéadfadh neamhghnácha i líon cealla do pheataí a léiriú go bhfuil galar bunúsach ann agus go mbeadh tionchar acu ar rioscaí máinliachta/ anaistéise do pheataí agus ar a shlánú.\nBreathnaíonn líon iomlán fola go sonrach ar thrí chineál cealla a fhaightear sa fhuil:\n- Cealla fola dearga: iompraíonn na cealla seo ocsaigin tríd an fhuil go dtí fíocháin do pheata. Déanann CBC measúnú ar chainníocht, ar fhoirm agus ar ábhar hemiglóibín na gcealla dearga fola do do pheata. Léiríonn na tástálacha seo roinnt galair, lena n-áirítear anaimic (leibhéal íseal cealla dearga fola) agus poilicítéim (leibhéal ard cealla dearga fola).\n- Céilí bána fola: is gnách go bhfreagraíonn na cealla seo ar athlasadh agus ar ionfhabhtú. Ní hamháin go ndéanann CBC líon iomlán na gcealla fola bána do pheataí a thomhas, ach soláthraíonn sé comhaireamh ar leithligh do gach cineál cealla fola bána uathúil. Is minic a léiríonn líon ard cealla bána fola ionfhabhtú nó athlasadh; is minic gur féidir leis an gcineál áirithe cealla bána fola atá ard go neamhghnácha faisnéis bhreise a sholáthar maidir le diagnóis a d'fhéadfadh a bheith ann. D'fhéadfadh líon neamhghnácha glúine bána a bheith níos measa ná sin a léiriú ar ionfhabhtú níos tromchúisí nó ar imdhíolú inmheánach a d'fhéadfadh a bheith ann. Ní minic a tharlaíonn sé go dtarlaíonn neamhghnáchas suntasach i líon na gcealla fola bána, rud a d'fhéadfadh a bheith ina tháscaire ar ailse.\n- Plaitéil: tá plaitéil freagrach as coaglú fola. Tugann líon íseal plaitéil le fios go bhféadfadh do pheata a bheith i mbaol níos mó caillteanas fola iomarcach le linn an máinliachta.\nDéanann an t-athrú bithcheimiceach sream-chomhfhiosrúchán ar leibhéil roinnt ceimiceán sa fhuil a bhaineann le feidhm orgánach. Beidh na paraiméadair beacht a dhéantar a sheiceáil i bpainéal fola ag athrú ag brath ar an bpainéal ar leith a mholann do vet; d'fhéadfadh peataí óga sláintiúla painéal bithcheimiceolaíochta níos lú a fháil ná daoine scothaosta. Go ginearálta, beidh luachanna a mheasann do pheataí ae, duáin, glúcóis fola, próitéiní serum agus b'fhéidir paraiméadair eile san áireamh i mbiacheimic serum.\n- Feidhm an ae: measfar é trí roinnt luachanna ar bithcheimic an serum. Áirítear leis na luachanna seo fosfatase alcaileach (ALP), aláinín aistrithe (ALT) agus d'fhéadfadh siad a bheith san áireamh i luachanna eile (ie. AST, GGT, bilirubín iomlán). D'fhéadfadh go mbeadh méadú ar na luachanna seo ina léiriú ar riosca méadaithe galar ae i do pheata.\n- Feidhm na duáin: measfar é trí na hníotáine úireacha fola (BUN) agus creatinine a thomhas. Déantar an dá shubstaint seo a ghlanadh go gnáth ag an duáin. Léiríonn leibhéil mhéadaithe BUN agus creatinine nach bhfuil siad á n-aistriú go héifeachtach ag an duáin, mar gheall ar díhiodráitiú nó ar ghalar duáin.\n- Glúcóis: is tomhas é ar an siúcra san fhuil. D'fhéadfadh leibhéil glúcóis fola ard go suntasach a bheith ina léargas ar diaibéiteas.\n- Próitéiní séaracha: áirítear albúimín (ALB), glóbalín (GLOB) agus próitéin iomlán (TP). Tá leibhéil íseal próitéine bainteach le roinnt riochtaí leighis. D'fhéadfadh go mbeadh moill ar leigheas iar-mhianscéalaithe ag peataí a bhfuil leibhéil íseal próitéine acu. D'fhéadfadh leibhéil ard próitéine serum a léiriú go bhfuil an t-uisce caillte.\n- Is féidir le leictreolaithe: mar shampla potaisiam (K), sóidiam (Na) agus clóiríd (Cl) a thástáil agus d'fhéadfadh siad a bheith méadaithe nó laghdaithe le staidí galar éagsúla a d'fhéadfadh tionchar a bheith acu ar leigheas máinliachta nó oiriúnacht le haghaidh anesthesia.\nCén fáth a mholtar an t-athbhreithniú fola roimh an anaesthesia?\nIs gnách go moltar tástáil fola réamh-anesthetic don chuid is mó d'ainmhithe atá faoi anesthesia. Ligeann sé seo do dochtúir tréidliachta measúnú a dhéanamh ar shláinte ghinearálta do pheataí, ag cinntiú go bhfuil do pheataí ina iarrthóir maith ar anaesthesia. Má léiríonn tástáil fola roimh an anesthetic aon neamhghnácha, is féidir iad seo a chur i ngleic trí aon choigeartuithe is gá a dhéanamh ar phlean cóireála do pheata.\nI gcás peataí seanlaethúla nó tinn, d'fhéadfadh sé a bheith molta tástálacha fola breise, leictreacardiograms, nó x-ghaoth a dhéanamh sula ndéantar an máinliacht freisin. Má aimsítear fadhbanna tromchúiseacha, is féidir an máinliacht a chur siar go dtí go ndéantar an fhadhb a cheartú.\nChomh maith leis an obair fola déanaimid scrúdú fisiceach cuimsitheach ar do pheata sula ndéanaimid anaesthetics a riar, is é seo chun a chinntiú nach mbeidh teas nó tinneas eile ina fhadhb. Déanaimid an méid agus an cineál anaistéise a úsáidtear a choigeartú freisin ag brath ar aois agus ar shláinte do pheata. Tá trealamh faireacháin anesthesia chun cinn againn agus déanfaidh muid an máinliacht chomh sábháilte agus chomh héifeachtach agus is féidir.\nConas a d'fhéadfadh tionchar a bheith ag torthaí na tástála ar chóireáil mo pheataí?\nMá fhaigheann do dhealtóir tréidliachta i gcuid fola do pheata roimh an anesthesia, tá roinnt torthaí féideartha ann.\nTá roinnt neamhghnáchtaí éadrom agus is dócha nach bhfuil siad ábhartha go cliniciúil. Mar shampla, d'fhéadfadh go mbeadh líon na gcealla bána fola atá díreach beagán os cionn an gnáthmheán, gan comharthaí cliniciúla, ina léiriú ar strus agus ní ar aon ghalar bunúsach.\nIs féidir ardú beag glúcóis fola gan neamhghnácha eile a fheiceáil le strus freisin. Má tá ardú an- éadrom ag do pheata, féadfaidh do dhealtóir tréidliachta dul ar aghaidh le haisteas gan aon tástáil nó idirghabháil bhreise. I gcásanna áirithe, féadfaidh do dhealtóir tréidliachta a mholadh go ndéanfar an luach a athsheiceáil sa todhchaí, chun a chinntiú nach bhforbróidh neamhghnáchtaí níos suntasaí, fiú mura bhfuil an t- ardú le feiceáil go suntasach tráth an tástála.\nI gcásanna áirithe, léiríonn tástáil fola roimh an anesthesia neamhghnácha a d'fhéadfaí a cheartú roimh an anesthesia. Mar shampla, má léiríonn tástáil fola do pheata roimh an anesthesia díhiodráitiú éadrom, féadfaidh do dhealtóir fialáin leachta intravenous a riar roimh an anesthesia. Ligeann sé seo do pheata a bheith chomh cobhsaí go míochaine agus is féidir sula ndéantar anesthesia air.\nI gcásanna eile, áfach, d'fhéadfadh neamhghnáchtaí níos suntasaí a bheith le feiceáil ar thástáil fola roimh an anesthetic. I gcásanna den sórt sin, féadfaidh do dhochtúir tréidliachta a mholadh go gcuirfear an máinliacht siar go dtí go bhféadfar tástáil nó cóireáil bhreise a dhéanamh. I measc na gcásanna ina dtarlóidh sé seo tá anemia, luachanna ardaithe ae nó duáin, nó diaibéiteas. I gcás neamhghnáchtaí suntasacha sa phróiseas fola, cuireann a chur siar ar an bpíosaireacht go dtí go bhféadfar staid an pheata a dhiagnóisiú go críochnúil agus aghaidh a thabhairt air chun an seans a uasmhéadú go mbeidh nós imeachta sábháilte anaesthetic agus téarnamh réidh."} {"text": "Fort St James National Historic Site is a restored Hudson’s Bay Company post on the southern shores of Stuart Lake in the interior of British Columbia. It is commemorated as a centre of trade and commerce in the 19th century fur trade. Originally established by Simon Fraser for the North West Company in 1806, this place displays the largest group of original wooden buildings representing the fur trade in Canada. The story revolves around the relationships and interactions between the fur traders and Native Peoples of the region, namely the Carrier First Nations.\nToday, site visitors have the same spectacular view of Stuart Lake that the Carrier and the fur traders knew so well. Not that they all saw this view the same way: while this was “home” to the Carrier people, to the fur traders it was “wilderness” Assignment to one of the cluster of posts in the northern fur district known as New Caledonia was a dreaded posting. Company officers and labourers alike lamented their “exile” to this “Siberia of the fur trade.” Their methods and strategies – first for survival, then for Company profits — were hard learned and depended upon the relationship they could negotiate with their Carrier neighbours.\nHardships, adventures, challenges and changes are all part of the story of this place. In 1805 and 1806, the North West Company constructed the first two permanent fur trade posts west of the Rocky Mountains. The second, Fort St. James, became the centre of the northern fur trade district, known as New Caledonia. Although today it is restored to a single year in time, 1896, the story you will hear spans about one hundred and forty six years, starting with the arrival of the fur traders and ending in 1952, when the Hudson’s Bay Company closed shop on the original site.\nThe years of early contacts and the decades of trade between Carrier and the Euro-Canadian newcomers were an era of important changes and adjustments. As you wander among the historic buildings, you will meet and talk to site interpretative staff in period costume. You will discover that Fort St James is a place of many stories, and that the array of events and experiences have had different meanings and implications for different people.\nEnjoy your virtual tour of Fort St James, and we hope you can come see us in person soon!\nGeneral Warehouse and Fur Storage (1888-89)\nThe general warehouse holds the highest designation Parks Canada can bestow on heritage resources. It is perhaps the finest example of Red River framing (or “piece-on-piece construction”) in North America. This style of construction was perfectly suited to accommodate the changing needs of the fur trade. Because of “bottom log rot,” a post’s buildings had to be renewed about every twenty-five years. Today’s warehouse is from the fourth rebuilding of Fort St James. The walls of this unique type of building are comprised of sections or “bays.” When the fur traders wanted to rebuild, they could easily change the size and shape of the new buildings by reconfiguring and reusing bays from previous structures.\nThe warehouse is piled high with furs, reproductions of trade goods, and original artifacts to give visitors a sense of the role that Fort St. James played as the distribution and administrative centre of New Caledonia.\nMen’s House (1884)\nIn February of 1884 two men from Fort St James, Long Joe and Vital le Fort, were sent across the frozen Stuart Lake to commence squaring timber for a house, 32 feet by 22 feet. The building served first as a clerk’s house, then as a men’s house, and later as a guest house, a school, and finally, in the mid-1900s, as a private residence.\nAs the men’s house the building provided accommodation for temporary and permanent fort employees, as well as occasional visitors. The pack train hands, who transported goods between posts, used it as their bunk house between trips or while they were waiting for the arrival of the schooner. The “expressmen,” who carried the mail to Fort St. James, also rested in the men’s house before making their return journeys.\nThe workforce living and working at Fort St James changed dramatically over the years. While during most of the first century of its operation the post was run by men from the British Isles and from Eastern Canada, by the early 20th century many of the people who stayed in the men’s house were local Carrier people working for the Hudson’s Bay Company. This represented a clear change in the roles taken on by the Carrier — from providing mostly goods (salmon and furs) to providing services, such as day labour at the post, or expertise in boat building and transportation of goods.\nWharf and Tramway (1894-1914)\nThe tramway is the culmination of many years spent refining trade and transportation routes on the Pacific slope. It recalls the relatively short period of time when schooners and steamers plied the waters of Stuart and Babine Lakes and the mighty Skeena, Fraser, and Nechako Rivers. By then pack trains of horses and mules, and teamsters with draft horses, oxen and wagons had replaced the dog teams, canoes and boats of earlier days. All would eventually fade in 1914, when the railroad, and then cars and highways, forever changed the way goods move and men and women work in the northern interior of British Columbia.\nIn the 1890s, the tramway was the fur traders’ connection to the rest of Canada and the world. Places such as Fort Langley, Rocky Mountain House, Lower Fort Gary, Fort Walsh, Fort Battleford and the Chilkoot Trail were common points on the travel maps of the day. Today the tramway is a visual link that continues to connect us to these and more places that are now part of the family of Canada’s National Historic Sites. Our vast country and those who built it are commemorated in these special places throughout the land. Collectively they are woven into the tapestry of Canada’s story and are a part of the Canadian spirit.\nFish Cache (1889)\nBy the 1890s Fort St. James reflected a combination of Carrier and European influences. Architecturally, no other building illustrates this better than the fish cache. The Carrier used raised buildings for their caches, often including living trees for the upright posts. The Europeans copied the Carrier idea of a fish cache in their own “piece-on-piece,” or Red River Frame, style: a post and beam construction incorporating hewn “filler” logs. Today the hewn logs in the fish cache bear marks of a long and varied past, having spent many years as parts of other buildings in previous constructions of the post, before finally being incorporated into the fish cache you see today.\nIn the early 1800s when Simon Fraser founded Fort St. James, buffalo was the main staple in the diet of many people living on the west side of the Rocky Mountains. Salmon were the “buffalo” east of the Rockies. In 1815 John Stuart, officer in charge of Fort St James, wrote, “We have no buffalo or deer, except the reindeer and not many even of those; so that, properly speaking, we may say that water alone supplies the people of New Caledonia with food.”\nFor decades after their arrival, the fur traders found themselves without the technology or know-how to stay alive in this new land. The traders had to rely on the Carrier who had the tools and skills to trap salmon in weirs, then process and sell the dried fish. Buying local salmon cut deeply into the profits of the fur trade. For decades the traders did not achieve their goal of self-sufficiency, until they finally succeeded in establishing reliable trails, waterway routes and a transportation labour system to bring flour, meat and other provisions to the region.\nTrade Store and Office (1884)\nThe trade store is a reconstructed building, as the original burnt down in 1919. The trade store was rebuilt because it is such an important part of Fort St James, being in fact, the heart of the fur trade operation.\nIn the early years things did not always work out the way the fur traders intended. The Carrier people quickly discovered they could get most of the things they wanted from the trade store without ever bringing in furs. This was because the traders were in such desperate need of salmon and traded them from the Carrier in huge quantities. To encourage the trapping and trading of furs, the Company eventually adopted a policy to accept only furs in trade for the most valued store items, such as blankets or metal pots.\nThe relationship between the Carrier trappers and the fur traders was often a difficult one. The basic concepts Europeans had about trade were fundamentally different from those of the Carrier. This led to many misunderstandings, especially around debt and gift-giving. While the trade account books record the recurring frustration of the traders, it is likely that the fur trappers were often equally frustrated and disagreed about ‘who’ owed ‘what’ to ‘whom.’ Probably the root of the misunderstandings was that, while the Carrier saw trade as primarily a social act, the fur trade companies saw it, first and foremost, as a business transaction.\nGardens, Fields and Fences\nAs early as May 22, 1811, fur trader Daniel Harmon reported, “We have planted our potatoes, and sowed barley, turnips, & which are the first that we ever sowed, on this west side of the mountain.” A few years later the Daniel again described the state of agricultural operations at the post:\nA few days since, we cut down and threshed our barley. The five quarts, which I sowed on the first of May, have yielded as many bushels. One acre of ground, producing in the same proportion that this has done, would yield eighty four bushels. This is sufficient proof that the soil, in many places in this quarter, is favourable to agriculture. It will probably be long, however, before it will exhibit the fruits of cultivation.\nHe was correct, and it was indeed many years of frustration, experimentation and determination before the Fort garden may have resembled its present appearance.\nThe present appearance of the fort itself is largely to the credit of one person — Roderick MacFarlane. Charging bull-like into the district in 1888, he set about the much-needed construction of a “new post” during a time of economic restraint, and without approval from his superiors. With A.C. Murray as his foreman, MacFarlane started on the fish cache, fur warehouse and interpreter’s house only months after his arrival. This involved dismantling and reusing much of the building materials from the previous post. We have MacFarlane’s determination and outright disobedience to thank for Fort St James continued existence, its present layout, its buildings and boardwalks, as well as its approximate mile long of fencing, made up of six types, each suited for its particular purpose.\nVisitor Reception Centre\nOpen the doors to the visitor centre and your adventure in the fur trade begins with a warm welcome from staff. Here you will find washrooms, exhibits and presentations in the theatre. Your experience in the visitor centre will prepare you for your walk out to the historic grounds by providing an understanding of the site’s “national messages”. They are:\n1. The strategic importance of Fort St. James and former posts on Stuart Lake (1806-1952) in the fur trade of the Pacific slope and by extension its importance in the history of Canada;\n2. The significant role of Fort St. James a centre of trade and commerce with the First Nations of the Pacific slope;\n3. The strategic importance of Fort St. James as an administrative centre of New Caledonia (1826-1868);\n4. The important role Fort St. James played as a transportation and communications link in north-central British Columbia.\nThe Officers House (1884)\nIn Fort St. James’ early decades, the officers and men of the fur traders saw themselves in an isolated and hostile land. Daniel Harmon, in charge of Fort St. James in 1811-13, wrote in his journal about life at the post and revealed his attitudes towards his surroundings:\nNo other people, perhaps, who pursue business to obtain a livelihood, have so much leisure, as we do. Few of us are employed more, and many of us much less, than one fifth of our time, in transacting the business of the Company. The remaining four fifths are at our own disposal. If we do not, with such an opportunity, improve our understandings, the fault must be our own; for there are few posts, which are not tolerably well supplied with books. These books are not, indeed, all of the best kind; but among them are many which are valuable. If I were deprived of these silent companions, many a gloomy hour would pass over me. Even with them, my spirit at times sinks, when I reflect on the great length of time which has elapsed, since I left the land of my nativity, and my relatives and friends, to dwell in this savage country.\nSome ninety years later, one indicator of the many changes in the post society is that A.C. Murray, the officer then in charge of Fort St. James, elected to retire in Fort St. James rather than to leave the district. Ultimately, his ties to the local community were stronger than his ties to his place of origin. Unlike earlier gentlemen like Harmon, he regarded Fort St. James as his home.\nThe Carrier are members of the Athapaskan language group and live in the north central interior of British Columbia on lake and river tributaries of the Upper Skeena and Fraser rivers. Carrier people call themselves “Dakelh-ne” or “Yinka Dene,” or they identify themselves by the community from which they come with the addition of the suffix “t’en” or “whut’en” (people of). There are three dialects of Carrier: “central” spoken by the Carrier around Stuart and Trembleur Lakes; “Babine” spoken by those Carrier around the Bulkley River and Babine Lake; and “southern” spoken by the Carrier groups around Quesnel and in the Anaheim Lake areas.\nMany of the Carrier families became trade partners with the newcomers who set up posts in their region in the early 1800s. Some of the more prominent Carrier traders of the 19th and early 20th century fur trade were Qua, Simeon Le Prince, Gross Tete, Tayah, and Joseph Prince. The alliances between Carrier and fur trader were forged through trade ceremonies, gift giving and sometimes marriages between Native women and the fur traders. While the Carrier expectations of this relationship leaned toward mutual loyalty and reciprocal obligation, the fur traders hoped the connections would ultimately translate into smoothly-operating system of profits for the Company’s business.\nHowever, the traditional economy of the Carrier was based on fishing, rather than on fur trapping. And so it was with much frustration — and limited success — that the fur trade companies encouraged the Carrier to adopt the necessary changes in their seasonal round, tools, and activities to get a sometimes-profitable trade in furs established. One obstacle was that, like the salmon fisheries, access to beaver and the beaver lands was proprietary and based on a ceremonial network of potlatching, clans, and inherited titles. The fur traders likely found this social reality both annoying and incomprehensible, and they spent considerable effort to overcome these “obstacles” to rallying a “useful” fur trapping workforce.\nToday, while the cash economy is well rooted at Fort St James, it is significant that the ancient systems for the distribution of resources between Carrier families and clans continue to function. In fact, the degree of change over the past century and the persistence and resilience of the traditional Carrier culture at Fort St James are equally noteworthy.\nDaily Flag Raising\nRaising and lowering the red ensign of the Hudson’s Bay Company occurs daily at Fort St. James. Adopted around 1818 as a symbol of the Company, its forts, ships and personnel, the ensign is made up of the British Union Jack on a red field with the letters HBC, for Hudson’s Bay Company.\nIn 1670, when the Charter of the Hudson’s Bay Company was granted, the Company was allowed to fly the “King’s Jack,” or the combination of St. Andrews and St. Georges Crosses. Until this time, only the Royal Navy could fly the King’s own flag. But the charter granted the Company of Adventurers not only sole trading rights over the vast territory of Rupert’s Land, but also gave it the power of governance on the King’s behalf, and was authorized, “if Necessary to send either Shippes of War Men or Amunicion unto any theire Plantacions Fortes Factoryes or Places of Trade aforesaid for the security and defence of the same…or otherwise to continue or make peace or Warre…”.\nIn essence, the Hudson’s Bay Company was the King’s representative and army in Canada. From HBC ships the Union Flag was apparently transferred to the Company’s posts such as Fort St. James.\n“A Letter Home” Introduction to Fort St. James\nGetting There: The site is located 160 km north-west of Prince George, B.C., and can be reached by road, rail and air. Follow Highway 16 west from Prince George, then turn north onto Highway 27 just beyond Vanderhoof. Fort St. James is 45 minutes off Highway 16.\nMaking the Most of Your Visit: Allow two hours to explore the fort, and don’t forget your camera! Stop at the modern Visitor Reception Centre, watch a video and stroll through our interpretative displays. Rent our 45-minute audio tape tour and step back in time to the days of the fur trade. Meet costumed interpreters working in the buildings and garden. Watch Carrier people building canoes, tanning hides and preparing salmon for smoking and drying onsite. Visit our gift shop, and relax at the Old Fort Café for lunch with a lovely view of the lake. Enjoy fishing, swimming, hiking, canoeing and spectacular waterfront camping on nearby lakes and rivers. Join the ‘Ghost Walk‘, a special Parks Day event on the third Saturday in July.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-44", "url": "http://britishcolumbia.com/about-bc/history-heritage/history-of-fort-st-james/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988720972.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183840-00047-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9659704566, "token_count": 3920, "score": 3.234375, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Is é Fort St James National Historic Site post athchóirithe Hudson's Bay Company ar chóstaí theas Loch Stuart i ndeisceart Columbia na Breataine. Cuirtear i gcuimhne é mar lárionad trádála agus tráchtála sa trádáil féir sa 19ú haois. Bunaithe ar dtús ag Simon Fraser don Chuideachta Thuaidh Thiar i 1806, léiríonn an áit seo an grúpa is mó de fhoirgnimh adhmaid bhunaidh a léiríonn trádáil na féir i gCeanada. Téann an scéal timpeall ar na caidrimh agus na hidirghníomhaíochtaí idir na trádálaithe feirme agus Peoples Dúchasacha na réigiúin, eadhon na Príomh-Náisiún Carrier.\nSa lá atá inniu ann, tá an radharc iontach céanna ar Loch Stuart ag cuairteoirí ar an suíomh a raibh an Carrier agus na trádálaithe fairsí chomh maith. Ní raibh an dearcadh céanna acu ar fad: cé gur \"tí\" é seo do mhuintir na Carrier, d'oibrithe an trádála feirme bhí sé ina \"fholáthar\" Bhí postáil uafásach ag ceann de na clústáin post i gcathair an fheirme thuaidh ar a dtugtar Nua-Caledóin. Bhí oifigeach agus oibrithe na Cuideachta araon ag caoineadh a n-easpórtáil chuig an Sibéir seo den thrádáil fheirme. Bhí a gcuid modhanna agus straitéisí - ar dtús chun maireachtáil, ansin do bhrabús na Cuideachta - deacair a fhoghlaim agus bhí siad ag brath ar an gcaidreamh a d'fhéadfadh siad a chaibidlíocht lena gcomharsana Carrier.\nTá deacrachtaí, eachtraí, dúshláin agus athruithe ar fad mar chuid de scéal an áit seo. I 1805 agus 1806, thóg Cuideachta an Iarthuaiscirt an chéad dá phost trádála feirme buan siar ó na Sléibhte Carraig. An dara ceann, Fort St. James, tháinig chun bheith ina lárionad ar cheantar trádála feirme thuaidh, ar a dtugtar Nua-Caledonia. Cé go bhfuil sé athchóirithe inniu go dtí bliain amháin i am, 1896, tá an scéal a chloiseann tú thart ar 146 bliain, ag tosú le teacht na trádálaithe feirme agus ag críochnú i 1952, nuair a dhún Cuideachta Bhaile Hudson siopa ar an suíomh bunaidh.\nBhí na blianta a raibh teagmhálacha luath agus na blianta déag de thrádáil idir Carrier agus na nua-theachtóirí Eorpacha-Cheanada ina ré athruithe agus coigeartuithe tábhachtacha. Agus tú ag siúl i measc na bhfoirgnimh stairiúla, buailfidh tú agus labhróidh tú le foireann léirithe an láithreáin i gúna tréimhse. Feicfidh tú go bhfuil Fort St James ina áit le go leor scéalta, agus go raibh brí agus impleachtaí éagsúla ag an raon imeachtaí agus eispéiris do dhaoine éagsúla.\nBíodh spraoi ag comhrá le daoine ó gach cearn den Oileán na Gaeilge.\nStóráil Ghinearálta agus Stóráil Foll (1888-89)\nTá an stóras ginearálta ar an ainmniúchán is airde is féidir le Páirceanna Ceanada a thabhairt ar acmhainní oidhreachta. B'fhéidir gurb é an sampla is fearr de chreatú Abhainn Dearg (nó tógáil píosa ar píosa) i Meiriceá Thuaidh. Bhí an stíl tógála seo oiriúnach go foirfe chun freastal ar riachtanais athraitheacha na trádála feirme. Mar gheall ar \"bottom log rot\", bhí ar na foirgnimh a bhí ag an bpost a athnuachan thart ar gach cúig bliana is fiche. Tá stóras an lae inniu ó cheathrú atógáil Fort St James. Tá ballaí an chineáil uathúil seo de fhoirgneamh comhdhéanta de rannáin nó baill. Nuair a bhí na trádálaithe feirme ag iarraidh athchruthú, d'fhéadfadh siad méid agus cruth na bhfoirgnimh nua a athrú go héasca trí bhaill a athchruthú agus a athúsáid ó struchtúir roimhe seo.\nTá an stóras piled ard le peirsí, athdhéanamh earraí trádála, agus earraí bunaidh chun tuiscint a thabhairt do chuairteoirí ar an ról a bhí ag Fort St. James mar ionad dáileacháin agus riaracháin na Caledonia Nua.\nTeach na bhfear (1884)\nI mí Feabhra 1884 cuireadh beirt fhear ó Fort St James, Long Joe agus Vital le Fort, trasna Loch Stuart reoite chun tús a chur le crainn a chearnadh le haghaidh tí, 32 troigh ag 22 troigh. D'fhóin an foirgneamh ar dtús mar theach clerk, ansin mar theach fir, agus ina dhiaidh sin mar theach cuairte, mar scoil, agus ar deireadh, i lár na 1900idí, mar chónaí príobháideach.\nMar theach na bhfear, bhí árasán sa fhoirgneamh do fhostaithe sealadacha agus buan, chomh maith le cuairteoirí ó am go ham. Baineann na hoibrithe traenach pacáiste, a d'iompaigh earraí idir postanna, úsáid as mar a teach bunk idir turais nó agus iad ag fanacht le teacht an sceanair. Bhí na \"expressmen\", a bhí ag iompar na poist go Fort St. James, ag scíth a ligean sa teach na bhfear freisin sula ndearna siad a gcuid turais ar ais.\nD'athraigh an lucht saothair a bhí ina gcónaí agus ag obair i Fort St James go suntasach thar na blianta. Cé gur bhain fir ó Oileáin na Breataine agus ó Oirthear Cheanada an post ar feadh an chuid is mó den chéad chéad chéad bliain dá oibriú, go luath sa 20ú haois bhí go leor de na daoine a d'fhan i dteach na bhfear ina ndaoine Carrier áitiúla a bhí ag obair do Chuideachta Bhaile Hudson. Léiríodh seo athrú soiléir ar na róil a ghlac an tIompróir ó earraí (salmón agus feirmeacha) a sholáthar den chuid is mó go seirbhísí a sholáthar, amhail lá oibre ag an bpost, nó saineolas i mbonn long agus iompar earraí.\nWharf agus Tramway (1894-1914)\nIs é an tramway an buaicphointe de na blianta fada a chaitear ag scagadh bealaí trádála agus iompair ar an gcladach an Aigéin Chiúin. Is cuimhníonn sé ar an tréimhse ama a bhí sách gearr nuair a bhí scúnna agus gailearaí ag dul ar na huiscí de Loch Stuart agus Loch Babine agus na hIuiscí cumhachtach Skeena, Fraser, agus Nechako. Ag an am sin bhí traenacha pacála capaill agus muileáin, agus carthóirí le capaill tarraingthe, eallach agus carranna tar éis na foirne coinín, canoes agus báid a bhí ann roimhe sin a chur in ionad. Bhí gach rud ag dul in éag sa deireadh i 1914, nuair a d'athraigh an iarnród, agus ansin gluaisteáin agus bóithre móra, an bealach a mbogann earraí agus a n-oibríonn fir agus mná i lár thuaidh Columbia na Breataine go deo.\nSna 1890idí, ba é an trambhealach nasc na trádálaithe feirme leis an gcuid eile de Cheanada agus an domhan. Bhí áiteanna mar Fort Langley, Rocky Mountain House, Lower Fort Gary, Fort Walsh, Fort Battleford agus Chilkoot Trail ina phointí coitianta ar léarscáileanna taistil an lae. Sa lá atá inniu ann is nasc amhairc é an trambhealach a leanann ag nascadh linn leis na háiteanna seo agus le háiteanna eile atá anois mar chuid de theaghlach Áiteanna Stairiúla Náisiúnta Cheanada. Cuirtear ár dtír mhór agus na daoine a thóg í i gcuimhne sna háiteanna speisialta seo ar fud na tíre. Tá siad ar fad ina n-a chéile i dtapeastair stair Cheanada agus is cuid de spiorad Cheanada iad.\nCache Iasc (1889)\nFaoi na 1890idí léiríodh Fort St. James meascán d'infheidhmeanna Carrier agus Eorpacha. Go hailtireachta, níl aon fhoirgneamh eile a léiríonn seo níos fearr ná an cache iasc. Baineadh úsáid as na hOthar foirgnimh ardaithe dá gcúlchistí, go minic lena n-áirítear crainn bheo do na postanna seasamh suas. Rinne na hEorpaigh cóip den smaoineamh Carrier ar choimeádán iasc ina stíl féin \"píosa ar píosa\", nó \"Framáiste Abhainn Dearg\": tógáil post agus beam a chuimsíonn lógaí \"líonta\" gearradh. Sa lá atá inniu ann, tá marcanna fada agus éagsúil ar na lógaí a bhí i gcúlra an iasc, tar éis dóibh blianta fada a chaitheamh mar chuid de thogaisc eile i dtógálacha roimhe seo den phoist, sula gcuirtear isteach iad sa gcúlra éisc a fheiceann tú inniu.\nGo luath sna 1800idí nuair a bhunaigh Simon Fraser Fort St. James, ba é an buffalo an príomh-chomhábhar i réim bia go leor daoine a bhí ina gcónaí ar an taobh thiar de na Sléibhte Carraig. Bhí an salmón an \"buffalo\" ó thuaidh de na Rockies. Sa bhliain 1815, scríobh John Stuart, oifigeach atá i gceannas ar Fort St James, \"Níl aon bhfíon nó searbh againn, ach amháin na reindeer agus ní go leor fiú iad sin; ionas go bhféadfaimis a rá go bhfuil uisce ina n-aonar ag soláthar bia do mhuintir Nua-Caledonia. \"\nAr feadh na mblianta tar éis a n-airíocht, fuair na trádálaithe plúr iad féin gan an teicneolaíocht nó an t-eolas chun maireachtáil sa tír nua seo. Bhí ar na trádálaithe brath ar an iompróir a raibh na huirlisí agus na scileanna aige chun siocáin a ghabháil i ndíoláin, agus an t-iasc triomaithe a phróiseáil agus a dhíol ansin. Ag ceannach salmón áitiúil ghearradh go domhain isteach ar na brabúis na trádála feirme. Ar feadh na mblianta níor éirigh leis na trádálaithe a gcuspóir féin-dháileachta a bhaint amach, go dtí gur éirigh leo ar deireadh bealaí iontaofa, bealaí uiscebhealaí agus córas saothair iompair a bhunú chun plúr, feoil agus forálacha eile a thabhairt chuig an réigiún.\nStór Trádála agus Oifig (1884)\nIs foirgneamh athchóirithe é an siopa trádála, mar a d'ól an bunaidh i 1919. Atógadh an siopa trádála toisc go bhfuil sé mar chuid chomh tábhachtach de Fort St James, agus i ndáiríre, croí na hoibríochta trádála feirme.\nSna blianta tosaigh, ní raibh rudaí ag obair i gcónaí ar an mbealach a bhí beartaithe ag na trádálaithe feirme. Fuair daoine Carrier amach go tapa go bhféadfadh siad an chuid is mó de na rudaí a theastaigh uathu a fháil ón siopa trádála gan a bheith ag tabhairt feirmeacha isteach riamh. Bhí sé seo toisc go raibh an-éileamh mór ar na trádálaithe ar shalmóin agus gur trádáil siad iad ón Carrier i gcainníochtaí ollmhóra. Chun gabháil agus trádáil na bpeanna a spreagadh, ghlac an Cuideachta beartas sa deireadh gan ach peanna a ghlacadh i trádáil le haghaidh na míreanna stórála is luachmhaire, mar chlúdach nó potaí miotail.\nBhí an caidreamh idir na trapálaithe Carrier agus na trádálaithe feirme go minic deacair. Bhí bunchoincheapa na hEorpaigh maidir le trádáil difriúil go bunúsach ó na Coimhlintithe. Mar thoradh air seo, bhí go leor mí-thuiscintí ann, go háirithe maidir le fiacha agus bronnadh bronntanais. Cé go bhfuil an frustrachas athfhillteach a bhí ag na trádálaithe taifeadta sna leabhair chuntas trádála, is dócha go raibh frustrachas comhionann ag na trapálaithe plúr agus go raibh siad míchruinn faoi \"cé\" a bhí \"cad\" dlite \"cén duine\". Is dócha gurb é bunús na mí-thuiscintí go raibh, cé go raibh an t-iompróir ag féachaint ar thrádáil mar ghníomh sóisialta go príomha, na cuideachtaí trádála plúr a chonaic é, ar dtús agus go príomha, mar idirbheart gnó.\nGairdíní, Cír agus Fál\nGo luath ar 22 Bealtaine, 1811, thuairiscigh trádálaí feirme Daniel Harmon, \"Tá ár mbratach curtha againn, agus tá ársa, turnaipí curtha againn, & is iad seo an chéad rud a chuir muid riamh, ar an taobh thiar seo den sliabh. \" Cúpla bliain ina dhiaidh sin thuairiscigh an Daniel arís staid na n-oibríochtaí talmhaíochta ag an bpost:\nCúpla lá ó shin, ghearramar agus thripped ár barla. An cúig cairteal, a chuir mé ar an gcéad de Bealtaine, tá toradh mar go leor buiseal. Ceann acra talún, ag táirgeadh sa mhéid céanna go bhfuil sé seo déanta, a thabhairt ochtó agus ceithre buicéal. Is fianaise leordhóthanach é seo go bhfuil an ithir, in go leor áiteanna sa cheantar seo, fabhrach don talmhaíocht. Is dócha go dtógfaidh sé tamall fada, áfach, sula léireoidh sé torthaí an chothú.\nBhí sé ceart, agus bhí sé i ndáiríre blianta fada frustrachas, turgnamh agus cinneadh sula d'fhéadfadh an ghairdín Fort a bheith cosúil lena chuma reatha.\nTá an chuma atá ar an gcladach féin sa lá atá inniu ann i bhfad chun creidmheas duine amháin Roderick MacFarlane. Ag gearradh isteach sa cheantar i 1888, chuir sé tús le tógáil an-riachtanach \"post nua\" le linn am de shrian eacnamaíoch, agus gan cead óna chuid níos airde. Le A.C. Murray mar a forman, thosaigh MacFarlane ar an gcúlchiste iasc, ar an stóras feirme agus ar theach an ateangaire gan ach míonna tar éis a theacht. Ba éard a bhí i gceist leis seo cuid mhór de na hábhair tógála ón bpost roimhe seo a dhíghrádú agus a athúsáid. Tá MacFarlane's cinneadh agus neamhchomhlíonadh iomlán a bhuíochas le Fort St James a bheith ann, a leagan amach reatha, a foirgnimh agus a bhóthar, chomh maith lena fál thart ar míle fada, comhdhéanta de shé chineál, gach ceann oiriúnach dá chuspóir ar leith.\nIonad Fáilte do Chuairteoirí\nOscail na doirse chuig an ionad cuairteoirí agus tosóidh do eachtra sa trádáil feirme le fáilte ó fhoireann. Anseo gheobhaidh tú seomraí folctha, taispeántais agus cur i láthair sa amharclann. Beidh do thaithí sa ionad cuairteoirí ag ullmhú duit le haghaidh do siúlóid amach chuig na cúiseanna stairiúla trí thuiscint a thabhairt ar \"teachtaireachtaí náisiúnta\" an láithreáin. Is iad seo a leanas:\n1. an t-am a bhí ann. An tábhacht straitéiseach atá ag Fort St. James agus na sean-phoist ar Loch Stuart (1806-1952) i dtrádáil na féirín ar shliabh an Aigéin Chiúin agus dá bharr sin a thábhacht i stair Cheanada;\n2. Seachadadh. An ról suntasach a bhí ag Fort St. James mar ionad trádála agus tráchtála le Príomh-Náisiún na Sléibhe an Aigéin Chiúin;\n3. Tá an t-am ann. An tábhacht straitéiseach atá ag Fort St. James mar lárionad riaracháin na Caledóine Nua (1826-1868);\n4. Tá an t-am Bhí ról tábhachtach ag Fort St. James mar nasc iompair agus cumarsáide i dtuaisceart lárnach Columbia na Breataine.\nTeach na n-Oifigigh (1884)\nI Fort St. James na blianta luatha, na hoifigigh agus fir na trádálaithe feirme a fheiceáil iad féin i talamh iargúlta agus naimhdeach. Scríobh Daniel Harmon, atá i gceannas ar Fort St. James i 1811-13, ina dhiagnóis faoi shaol an phoist agus nocht sé a chuid dearcadh i leith a thimpeallacht:\nNíl daoine eile, b'fhéidir, a leanann gnó a fháil ar mhaireachtáil, go bhfuil an oiread sin am saor in aisce, mar a dhéanann muid. Is beag againn atá fostaithe níos mó, agus go leor againn i bhfad níos lú, ná cúigiú cuid dár n-am, i idirbheart gnó na Cuideachta. Tá na ceithre chúigiú cuid eile ar fáil dúinn féin. Mura ndéanaimid, le deis den sórt sin, feabhas ar ár dtuiscintí, ní mór go mbeadh an locht ar ár gcuid féin; mar tá cúpla post, nach bhfuil a chur in iúl go maith le leabhair. Níl na leabhair seo go léir den chineál is fearr, go deimhin; ach i measc go leor acu atá luachmhar. Dá mba mé díbirt de na comhghleacaithe ciúin, go leor uair an chloig gloomy rachaidh thar dom. Fiú leo, mo spiorad ag amanna titim, nuair a smaoiním ar an fad mór ama a bhí caite, ó d'fhág mé an talamh mo nativity, agus mo ghaolta agus cairde, chun cónaí sa tír fholáineach.\nNíos mó ná naoi mbliana ina dhiaidh sin, is é ceann de na táscairí ar na hathruithe go leor sa tsochaí poist ná gur roghnaigh A.C. Murray, an t-oifigeach a bhí i gceannas ar Fort St. James, dul ar scor i Fort St. James seachas an ceantar a fhágáil. Sa deireadh, bhí a cheangal leis an bpobal áitiúil níos láidre ná a cheangal leis an áit a tháinig sé. Murab ionann agus fear uasal roimhe sin cosúil le Harmon, measadh sé ar Fort St. James mar a theach.\nIs comhaltaí de ghrúpa teanga Athapaskan iad na Carrier agus tá cónaí orthu i lár thuaidh intíre na hColumbia Breataine ar shliocht loch agus abhainní na n-aibhneacha Uachtarach Skeena agus Fraser. Glaonn daoine Carrier orthu féin Dakelh-ne nó Yinka Dene, nó aithníonn siad iad féin ag an bpobal as a dtagann siad leis an bhfo-aistriúchán ten nó whuten (daoine de). Tá trí dhiaclach ag Carrier: central a labhraíonn na Carrier timpeall Loch Stuart agus Loch Trembleur; Babine a labhraíonn na Carrier timpeall Abhainn Bulkley agus Loch Babine; agus southern a labhraíonn na grúpaí Carrier timpeall Quesnel agus i gceantair Loch Anaheim.\nTháinig go leor de na teaghlaigh Carrier ina gcomhpháirtithe trádála leis na daoine nua a bhunaigh poist ina réigiún go luath sna 1800í. Ba iad cuid de na trádálaithe Carrier níos suntasaí den trádáil plúr an 19ú haois agus go luath sa 20ú haois Qua, Simeon Le Prince, Gross Tete, Tayah, agus Joseph Prince. Bhí na comhghuaillíochtaí idir Carrier agus trádálaí feirme déanta trí searmanas trádála, bronnadh bronntanais agus uaireanta póstaí idir mná Dúchasacha agus na trádálaithe feirme. Cé go raibh ionchais na hIompróirí faoin gcaidreamh seo i dtreo dílseacht fhrithpháirteach agus oibleagáid fhrithpháirteach, bhí súil ag na trádálaithe feirme go n-athraíonn naisc go deireadh thiar go córas brabúis a oibríonn go réidh do ghnó na Cuideachta.\nMar sin féin, bhí geilleagar traidisiúnta an iompróra bunaithe ar iascaireacht, seachas ar ghabháil feirme. Agus mar sin bhí sé le frustrachas mór agus rath teoranta gur spreag na cuideachtaí trádála feirme an t-iompróir na hathruithe riachtanacha a ghlacadh ina gcúrsa séasúrach, uirlisí agus gníomhaíochtaí chun trádáil a bheith brabúsach uaireanta i feirmeacha a bhunú. Ba é ceann de na constaicí ná, cosúil leis an iascaireacht salaimín, go raibh rochtain ar an mbéabhar agus ar na talún bhéabhair faoi úinéireacht agus bunaithe ar líonra searmanach de photlatching, clans, agus teidil oidhreachta. Is dócha gur aimsigh trádálaithe na féir an réaltacht shóisialta seo a bhí bothánta agus do-thuigthe araon, agus chaith siad iarracht mhór chun na 'contraí' seo a shárú chun lucht saothair 'úsáideach' a bhailiú.\nSa lá atá inniu ann, cé go bhfuil an geilleagar airgid fite fuaite go maith i Fort St James, tá sé suntasach go leanann na seanchórais chun acmhainní a dháileadh idir teaghlaigh agus clans Carrier ag feidhmiú. Go deimhin, tá an méid athraithe le linn na céadta bliain anuas agus seasmhacht agus athléimneacht chultúr traidisiúnta na nGairdineoirí ag Fort St James chomh suntasach céanna.\nAn Blag a Ardaítear go Laethúil\nTarlaíonn ardú agus ísliú an bhratach dearg de Chuideachta Bhaile Hudson gach lá ag Fort St. James. Glacadh é timpeall 1818 mar shiombail den Chuideachta, a fortí, a longa agus a phearsanra, tá an fhianaise déanta suas den Bhreatain Jack na hEorpa ar réimse dearg leis na litreacha HBC, do Chuideachta Bhaile Hudson.\nSa bhliain 1670, nuair a tugadh Cairt Chumann Bhaile Hudson, ceadaíodh don Chuideachta an \"King's Jack\", nó an teaglaim de Chrosanna Naomh Andrew agus Naomh George, a eitilt. Go dtí an t-am seo, ní raibh ach an Cabhlach Ríoga in ann bratach an Rí féin a eitilt. Ach thug an cairt do Chompánach na dTréimhseachtóirí ní amháin cearta trádála aonair thar chríoch ollmhór Tíre Rupert, ach thug sé cumhacht rialachais ar son an Rí freisin, agus údarás a bhí aige, más gá, long de dhaoine cogaidh nó amúnis a sheoladh chuig aon cheann de na Plantacions Forts Factories nó Áiteanna Trádála thuasluaite chun slándáil agus cosaint na gcéanna a dhéanamh... nó ar shlí eile chun leanúint nó síocháin nó cogadh a dhéanamh...\nGo bunúsach, ba é Cuideachta Bhaile Hudson ionadaí agus arm an Rí i gCeanada. Ó longa HBC, is cosúil gur aistríodh an Bhanra an Aontais go dtí poist na Cuideachta mar Fort St. James.\nA Letter Home Cur isteach ar Fort St. James\nAn bealach chun an áit: Tá an suíomh suite 160 km ó thuaidh ó Phrionsa George, B.C., agus is féidir teacht air ar bhóthar, ar iarnród agus ar aer. Lean an Highway 16 siar ó Prince George, ansin cas ar thuaidh ar Highway 27 díreach tar éis Vanderhoof. Tá Fort St. James 45 nóiméad ó Highway 16.\nAn chuid is mó a bhaint as do chuairte: Tabhair dhá uair an chloig chun an daingne a iniúchadh, agus ná déan dearmad ar do cheamara! Stop ag an Ionad Fáilte do Chuairteoirí nua-aimseartha, féach ar fhíseán agus siúlóid trí ár taispeántais léirmhínitheacha. Seol ár turas taifead fuaime 45 nóiméad agus téigh ar ais go dtí laethanta na trádála feirme. Faigh amach céard a dhéanann na haistriúcháin a bhíonn ag obair sna foirgnimh agus sa ghairdín. Féach ar dhaoine Carrier ag tógáil canoes, ag cócaireacht chraiceann agus ag ullmhú salmón le haghaidh caitheamh tobac agus triomú ar an láthair. Tabhair cuairt ar ár siopa bronntanais, agus scíth a ligean ag an Old Fort Café le haghaidh lóin le radharc álainn ar an loch. Is féidir leat iascaireacht, snámh, siúlóid, canoeing agus campáil ar bhruach na farraige ar lochanna agus ar abhainní in aice láimhe. Bí páirteach sa Ghost Walk, imeacht speisialta Lá na bPáirceanna ar an tríú Satharn i mí Iúil."} {"text": "- CDC Information About H3N2 Swine Influenza\nGet the most up-to-date information about H3N2 Swine Influenza from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.\n- Zika Virus Information for Michigan Residents\nGet the most up-to-date information about Zika virus from the Michigan Department of Health and Human Services and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.\n- Michigan Zoonotic and Vector-borne Disease Surveillance Report: 2014\n- Tick Bite and Lyme Disease Prevention in Michigan\n- Don't Let the Bed Bugs Bite!\nMichigan related resources for identifying and preventing bed bug infestations, and how to choose the right pest control options. Don't Let the Bed Bugs Bite!\nSites of Interest\n- State and Federal Diagnostic Laboratories\n- Michigan Veterinary Medical Association\n- Centers for Disease Control (CDC)\n- United States Animal Health Association (USAHA)\n- Southeast Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study (SCWDS)\n- Pestworld for Kids\n- Merck Veterinary Manual\n- Bird Disease Field Manual - U.S. Geological Survey National Wildlife Health Center\n- Office International des Epizooties - animal disease status world-wide\n- Who should report conditions and diseases that threaten the health of the public?", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-50", "url": "http://www.michigan.gov/emergingdiseases/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698541886.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170901-00045-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.750962913, "token_count": 259, "score": 2.65625, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "- Eolas ó CDC faoi Ghrí Fuar H3N2\nFaigh an t-eolas is nuashonraithe faoi Ghrí na Muc H3N2 ó na hIonaid um Rialú agus Cosc ar Ghalair.\n- Fhaisnéis maidir le Víreas Zika do Thithisigh Michigan\nFaigh an t-eolas is nuashonraithe faoi víreas Zika ó Roinn Sláinte agus Seirbhísí Daonna Michigan agus ó na hIonaid um Rialú agus Cosc ar Ghalair.\n- Tuarascáil um Fheagrú ar Ghalair Zoonotic agus Veicteora Michigan: 2014\n- Beirt Tick agus Cosc ar Leigheas Lyme i Michigan\n- Ná Lig an Bed Bugs Bit!\nTá acmhainní gaolmhara i Michigan le haghaidh ionfhabhtuithe agus cosc a chur ar ionfhabhtuithe bug leaba, agus conas na roghanna ceart rialaithe plága a roghnú. Ná Lig do na Beagáin Leapa Beirt!\nÁiteanna Suimiúla\n- Saotharlanna Staid agus Saotharlanna Fhionscanta\n- Cumann Leighis Eitilte Michigan\n- Ionad um Rialú Galar (CDC)\n- Cumann Sláinte Ainmhithe na Stát Aontaithe (USAHA)\n- Staidéar um Ghalair Fiadhúlra an Chomhpháirtíochta Oirdheisceart (SCWDS)\n- Pestworld do Leanaí\n- Leabhrán Eitilte Merck\n- Leabharlann Feirme na Breoiteachta Éanlaithe - Suirbhé Geolaíochta na Stát Aontaithe Ionad Sláinte Náisiúnta na Fiadhúlra\n- Oifig Idirnáisiúnta na nEipíseochta - staid na ghalair ainmhithe ar fud an domhain\n- Cé ba cheart a thuairisciú coinníollacha agus galair a bhagair do shláinte an phobail?"} {"text": "An erupting volcano in the east of the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) is turning the war-torn African country into an unlikely tourist destination. Tourists have been visiting the Virunga National Park on overnight treks and in increasing numbers to witness the latest lava eruptions, spewing red hot lava 300 meters in the air from the volcano, which have been flowing since November 6.\nMount Nyamulagira is considered to be the most active volcano in the area and for $300 each, around 60 to 70 volcano fans have been traveling an hour from the eastern city of Goma to the start of the trek at the Virunga National Park.\nWith the aid of the European Union, Virunga National Park has been a driver in boosting tourism to eastern Congo over the past few years. Tourism officials predict that visitor numbers at Virunga National Park will rise to nearly 4,000 this year, up from 1,800 in 2010, while Africa’s oldest national park is expected to raise over $1 million in revenue for the first time in its history, according to a report in the International Business Times.\nThe Democratic Republic of Congo is home to eight national parks, five of which are UNESCO World Heritage Sites, as well as being home to many endangered species, making it ripe territory for eco-tourism.\nThe impoverished central African country also made its debut at the World Travel Market in London in September this year, signaling to the world that it means business when it comes to boosting tourism revenue. In its efforts to promote tourism, the DRC government, in conjunction with the Institut Congo pour la Conservation de la Nature (Congolese Wildlife Authority), has recently launched a tourism visa that can be obtained online through Virunga’s website for $50.\nDRC borders Uganda, Burundi and Rwanda at the junction of the Rift Valley Lakes region, but despite the country’s more varied biodiversity, Uganda and Rwanda generate more revenue from the gorilla tourism trade, because of the instability in the area according to analysts EuroMonitor.\nMany governments currently warn their citizens against traveling to the Democratic Republic of Congo due to extreme security risks as a result of continued military activity. However, Go Congo, a tourist operator in the area, describes the DRC as a place of adventure.\nGo Congo is second to none when it comes to arranging trips in country. The Kinshasa-based operation offers a selection of tailored trips as well as services for individual travellers such as hotel reservations, transfers and guides. Another option is the British-based Undiscovered Destinations.\nA one-time stopover for overlanders to and from Rwanda, Goma is a base camp for UN aid agencies trying to deal with the dual catastrophes of the 2002 Mt Nyiragongo volcanic eruption and the ongoing Rwandan refugee crisis. The one reason to visit Goma is as a transit town on the way to Parc National Des Virungas, home of the famous mountain gorillas and the world’s second-oldest national park. You should check up-to-date travel warnings before planning your trip.\n- The local currency is the Congolese franc (CDF); it cannot be converted and cannot be taken out of the country. With individual note denominations nearly worthless it is often easier to use US dollars, though you should be careful not to use old dollar bills or small denominations (anything below a US$20 note). Travelers checks and credit cards are rarely accepted here; credit cards are only accepted in one or two upmarket hotels in Kinshasa. Your best bet is to travel with a carefully concealed money belt containing US dollars. You can change money around the port, but it’s better to find a reliable contact (ask around where you are staying).\n- Malaria remains rife throughout DRC. Check with your GP before leaving home and take all the necessary precautions.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-22", "url": "http://travelonthedollar.com/2011/11/29/mount-nyamulagira-volcano-in-congo-attracts-tourists/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232255092.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20190519181530-20190519203530-00533.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9371723533, "token_count": 806, "score": 2.640625, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Tá bolcán ag titim i n-oirthear Phoblacht Dhaonlathach an Chongó (DRC) ag athrú an tír Afracach a bhfuil cogadh ag baint léi ina cheann scríbe turasóireachta nach dócha. Tá turasóirí ag tabhairt cuairte ar Pháirc Náisiúnta Virunga ar thráthnóna agus i líon méadaitheach chun na ráflaí lábha is déanaí a fheiceáil, ag spewing lábha dearg te 300 méadar san aer ón bholcán, atá ag sreabhadh ó 6 Samhain.\nMeastar gurb é Mount Nyamulagira an bolcán is gníomhaí sa cheantar agus ar $ 300 an ceann, tá thart ar 60 go 70 lucht leanúna bolcán ag taisteal uair an chloig ó chathair thoir Goma go dtí tús an chonair ag Páirc Náisiúnta Virunga.\nLe cabhair ón Aontas Eorpach, tá Páirc Náisiúnta Virunga ina thiománaí chun turasóireacht a spreagadh go dtí oirthear Chongó le cúpla bliain anuas. Táthar ag súil go mbeidh líon na gcuairteoirí ag Páirc Náisiúnta Virunga ag ardú go dtí beagnach 4,000 i mbliana, ó 1,800 in 2010, agus táthar ag súil go mbainfidh an pháirc náisiúnta is sine san Afraic níos mó ná $ 1 milliún i bhfáiltiú den chéad uair ina stair, de réir tuarascála in International Business Times.\nTá ocht bpáirc náisiúnta sa Phoblacht Dhaonlathach Chongó, agus tá cúig cheann acu ar shuímh Oidhreachta Domhanda UNESCO, chomh maith le go bhfuil go leor speiceas atá i mbaol, rud a fhágann go bhfuil sé ina chríoch aibí d'eicotúrachas.\nRinne an tír bhochta lár-afrikach a chéad uair freisin ag an Margadh Taistil Domhanda i Londain i Meán Fómhair na bliana seo, ag comharthaíocht don domhan go bhfuil sé ciallmhar gnó nuair a thagann sé chun ioncam turasóireachta a threisiú. Ina chuid iarrachtaí chun turasóireacht a chur chun cinn, sheol rialtas an DRC, i gcomhar leis an Institut Congo pour la Conservation de la Nature (Údarás Fiadhúlra na Cóngó), víosa turasóireachta le déanaí is féidir a fháil ar líne trí shuíomh Gréasáin Virunga ar $ 50.\nTá teorainneacha ag an RD Congo le hUganda, Burundi agus Ruanda ag an gcruinniú de réigiún Lochanna Gleann Rift, ach in ainneoin na bithéagsúlachta níos éagsúla sa tír, cruthaíonn Uganda agus Ruanda níos mó ioncaim ó thrádáil turasóireachta gorilla, mar gheall ar an éagobhsaíocht sa cheantar de réir anailísithe EuroMonitor.\nTá go leor rialtais ag rabhadh a gcuid saoránach faoi láthair gan taisteal go Poblacht Dhaonlathach an Chongó mar gheall ar rioscaí slándála iomarcacha mar thoradh ar ghníomhaíocht mhíleata leanúnach. Mar sin féin, déanann Go Congo, oibreoir turasóireachta sa cheantar, cur síos ar an DR Congo mar áit eachtraíochta.\nTá Go Congo ar an dara háit i dtaca le turais a eagrú sa tír. Cuireann an oibríocht atá lonnaithe i Kinshasa rogha de thurais oiriúnaithe chomh maith le seirbhísí do thurasóirí aonair amhail áirithintí óstáin, aistrithe agus treoracha. Rogha eile is ea na Críochanna Neamhfhoilsithe atá lonnaithe sa Bhreatain.\nIs camp bunaidh é Goma do ghníomhaireachtaí cabhrach na Náisiún Aontaithe atá ag iarraidh déileáil le tubaistí dúbailte le titim bolcán Mt Nyiragongo 2002 agus leis an ngéarchéim dídeanaithe Ruandánach atá ar siúl. Is é an chúis amháin le cuairt a thabhairt ar Goma ná mar bhaile idirthurais ar an mbealach go Parc National Des Virungas, baile na gorilaí sléibhe cáiliúla agus an dara páirc náisiúnta is sine ar domhan. Ba cheart duit seiceáil a dhéanamh ar na rabhaidh taistil is déanaí sula ndéanann tú plean do thurais.\n- Is é an franc Congaise (CDF) an t-airgeadra áitiúil; ní féidir é a thiontú agus ní féidir é a thógáil amach as an tír. Le nótaí aonair atá beagnach gan luach is minic a bhíonn sé níos éasca dolar SAM a úsáid, cé gur chóir duit a bheith cúramach gan seanbhileoga dollar nó ainmníochtaí beaga a úsáid (aon rud atá faoi bhun nóta US $ 20). Ní ghlacann siad le seiceanna taistil ná le cártaí creidmheasa anseo; ní ghlacann siad le cártaí creidmheasa ach in óstán nó dhá óstán ardchaighdeáin i Kinshasa. Is é an geall is fearr atá agat taisteal le crios airgid atá i bhfolach go cúramach ina bhfuil dollar SAM. Is féidir airgead a athrú timpeall an chalafoirt, ach is fearr teagmháil iontaofa a fháil (féach sa bhaile ina bhfuil tú ag fanacht).\n- Tá an malartaigh fós forleathan ar fud an DRC. Déan seiceáil le do dhochtúir cónaithe sula n-éireoidh leat as an teach agus déan na réamhchúraimí is gá."} {"text": "Relays are constructive elements that make contacts and control some energy expenditure. With the relays, it is possible to control a power much higher with very low power consumption. The relays are used to process signals, and can also be used as switches.\nA normal relay is an electrical device that works like an electrically operated switch, when the current reaches the relay coil, the open contacts get close, and the closed contacts get open. When no current reaches the relay coil, the contacts return to their normal position, the initial state of rest.\nWhat are Time Relays?\nA basic function within the industry is time control, all this process can be carried out by timing relays.\nNo matter what the application is when a solution to a circuit that requires time control is needed, these tools are usually the most optimal option. Because, timed relays provide simple control, and high reliability and are also quite economical.\nNow, when the opening or closing of the contacts of a relay depends on a certain time after activating or deactivating the relay coil, they are called “Timed Relays” or Electrical Timers or Timer Relays.\nA timed relay is nothing but a control relay with time delay built-in.\nIn this article, we study the most used timing relays. We will learn how they work, their timing diagrams, connections, uses, etc.\nPrinciple of Time delay Relay\nTime delay relay provides a change of state of the contacts that are controlled by the energizing or de-energizing of the timer.\nOnce the timer is energized or de-energized, the timer starts counting from zero to the present time. This is called accumulated time.\nOnce accumulated time and pre-set time are equal the contact of the timer change the state.\nTypes of Timing Relays\nDepending on when the time for the relay contacts to change position begins, we have 2 main types.\nTimer Relay with Connection Delay\nThis is also known as “On Delay” or “ To work with delay”. Whose contacts change position after a time since the timer coil began to activate (energize).\nOnce the current reaches the timer coil, after a time “t”, the contacts change position, that is, the ones that were open close and the closed contacts open (working state).\nThey will stay that way as long as the coil is powered.\nThey will return to their initial state (at rest) when no current reaches the timing relay coil. If the power supply to the coil is cut, at that moment, the contacts return to their resting state automatically.\nThe time is regulated by using a rotary knob built into the timer itself. The pre-set time can be from as few as milliseconds to hours and even days. But it is usually set in seconds and minutes in industrial control systems.\nTimer Relay with Disconnection Delay\nAlso known as sleep delay or “Off Delay”. In these times, the contacts change position as soon as the current reaches the coil. As soon as the coil is deactivated, the deactivation time “t” starts to lapse, so that they start to return to their initial state (rest).\nThe “t” represents the time between the moment the coil is disconnected and the moment the contacts change their positions.\nAs long as the coil is energized, the contacts will be in the working position.\nIn this diagram, the contacts return to their resting positions “t” seconds after the coil is deactivated.\nThe diagram below does not specify the time, but the activation is called a trigger, and the contacts or outputs, output.\nThis type of timer can be used for automatic stairs. When we press and release a button, the lamps will remain ON for the time t. For example, 2 minutes after releasing the button.\nAnother use may be for star-delta starting control of the motor. When pressing the button and releasing it, the motor starts in “star”, after a certain time, for example, 5 seconds, it enters the “delta” start.\nNormally Open Timed Closed (NOTC)\nNormally open, (instant open), time delay close (NOTC) upon energizing. It means that when the relay is energized, the contact closes only after a certain time delay.\nThe contact opens immediately (instant open) upon de-energization of the relay coil.\nNormally Closed Timed Open (NCTO)\nNormally closed, (instant close), time delay open (NCTO) upon energization. In this type, when the relay is energized, the contact opens only after a time delay.\nThe contact closes immediately upon the de-energization of the relay coil.\nThis is the same as the previous relay except that normally closed contacts are used.\nNormally Open Timed Open (NOTO)\nNormally open, (instant close on energization), time delay open (NOTO) after de-energization.\nAs soon as the relay is energized, the contact will close and remain closed for some time after power is removed from the coil.\nNormally Closed Time Closed (NCTC)\nNormally closed, (instant open on energization), time delay close after de-energization (NCTC), this is similar to the previous relay except that the normally closed contacts are used.\nAdvantages of Time Delay Relays\n- Time delay relays are useful in implementing control logic with electronic control systems.\n- Time delay relay helps in scheduling the start or stop of machinery.\n- Time delay relay helps to set delay time from a few seconds to even hours.\n- Energy saving is possible.\nApplications of Time Delay Relays\n- Automatic Control\n- Remote control\n- Electronic equipment\nIf you liked this article, then please subscribe to our YouTube Channel for Instrumentation, Electrical, PLC, and SCADA video tutorials.\nShare With Your Friends\nAbout the author\nAn astute professional with 25 years of service as an Instrumentation Engineer, started a career in Pulp & Paper. In the course of time, shifted to Power plant, Cellulose unit, Chemical plants (Carbon di Sulphide, Clo2, and Sulphuric Acid), Oil and Gas (Exploration & Production).", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-27", "url": "https://instrumentationtools.com/what-is-a-time-delay-relay-principle-advantages-disadvantages/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103034170.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20220625034751-20220625064751-00748.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9342817068, "token_count": 1360, "score": 4.0, "int_score": 4, "irish_text": "Is eilimintí tógálacha iad reléi a dhéanann teagmhálacha agus a rialaíonn roinnt caiteachais fuinnimh. Leis na reiléi, is féidir cumhacht i bhfad níos airde a rialú le tomhaltas cumhachta an-íseal. Úsáidtear na reiléi chun comharthaí a phróiseáil, agus is féidir iad a úsáid mar lascainí freisin.\nIs feiste leictreach é rille gnáth a oibríonn cosúil le casadh a oibrítear go leictreach, nuair a shroicheann an sruth an coil rille, dúnann na teagmhálacha oscailte, agus osclaíonn na teagmhálacha dúnta. Nuair nach sroicheann aon sruth an coil relay, téann na teagmhálacha ar ais ina gnáthshuíomh, an staid réime tosaigh.\nCad iad na Rolaí Ama?\nIs feidhm bhunúsach sa tionscal é rialú ama, is féidir an próiseas seo go léir a dhéanamh trí reléanna ama.\nIs cuma cén feidhmchlár a bhíonn ann nuair a bhíonn gá le réiteach ar chiorcad a éilíonn rialú ama, is gnách gurb iad na huirlisí seo an rogha is fearr. Toisc go soláthraíonn reléi am-am rialú simplí, agus ard-iontaofacht agus tá siad eacnamaíoch go leor freisin.\nAnois, nuair a bhíonn oscailt nó dúnadh teagmhálacha relay ag brath ar am áirithe tar éis an coil relay a ghníomhachtú nó a dhíchumasú, tugtar 'Relays Timed' nó 'Timers Leictreacha' nó 'Relays Timer' orthu.\nNíl aistrithe ama ach aistrithe rialaithe le moille ama tógtha isteach.\nSan alt seo, déanaimid staidéar ar na r-aisghabhálaithe ama is mó a úsáidtear. Foghlaimimid conas a oibríonn siad, a gcuid diagramaí ama, naisc, úsáidí, srl.\nPrionsabal an Athsheachadta moill ama\nSoláthraíonn seoladh moille ama athrú stádas na dteagmhálacha a rialaítear trí chumhachtú nó dí-chumhachtú an amaire.\nNuair a bhíonn an t-amamóir fuinneamh nó de-energetized, tosaíonn an t-amamamóir ag comhaireamh ó nialach go dtí an t-am reatha. Tugtar am carntha air seo.\nNuair a bhíonn am carntha agus am réamhshocraithe comhionann, athraíonn teagmháil an amaire an stát.\nCineálacha Rolaí Timing\nAg brath ar an am a thosaíonn na teagmhálacha relay chun a seasamh a athrú, tá 2 phríomhchineál againn.\nAthsheachadadh ama le moilleanna nasc\nTugtar \"On Delay\" nó \"To work with delay\" air freisin. A n-athraíonn a dteagmhálacha a seasamh tar éis tamall ó thosaigh an coil amaire ag cur i ngníomh (fuinneamh a thabhairt).\nNuair a shroicheann an sruth an coil amaire, tar éis ama t, athraíonn na teagmhálacha seasamh, is é sin, na cinn a bhí oscailte dúnta agus na teagmhálacha dúnta oscailte (stádas oibre).\nFanfaidh siad mar sin chomh fada agus a bheidh an coil cumhacht.\nBeidh siad ag filleadh ar a staid tosaigh (ag scíthe) nuair nach sroicheann aon sruth an coil relay ama. Má tá an soláthar cumhachta don chraobh scoilte curtha ar ceal, ag an nóiméad sin, téann na teagmhálacha ar ais go huathoibríoch chuig a staid choisithe.\nDéantar an t-am a rialáil trí ghnótha rothlach a úsáidtear sa tamer féin. Is féidir leis an am réamhshocraithe a bheith idir ach míleatiméadar go uaireanta an chloig agus fiú laethanta. Ach is gnách go socraítear é i soicindí agus i nóiméid i gcórais rialaithe tionsclaíocha.\nAthsheachadadh ama le moill ar dhíchumarsáid\nAr a dtugtar moill codlata nó \"moill scoite\" freisin. Sna hamanna seo, athraíonn na teagmhálacha a seasamh a luaithe a shroicheann an sruth an coil. A luaithe a dhéantar an coil a dhíghníomhachtú, tosaíonn an t-am díghníomhachtaithe t ag dul in éag, ionas go dtosóidh siad ag filleadh ar a riocht tosaigh (spoil).\nLéiríonn an t an t-am idir an nóiméad a scoitear an coil agus an nóiméad a athraíonn na teagmhálacha a bpoist.\nChomh fada agus a bheidh an coil fuinniúil, beidh na teagmhálacha i riocht oibre.\nSa léaráid seo, téann na teagmhálacha ar ais chuig a bpoist réasúnta t soicind tar éis an coil a dhíghníomhachtú.\nNí shonraíonn an léaráid thíos an t-am, ach tugtar trigger ar an ngníomhachtú, agus tugtar an toradh ar na teagmhálacha nó ar na aschuir.\nIs féidir an cineál amaire seo a úsáid le haghaidh staighre uathoibríoch. Nuair a bhrúimid agus a scaoileann muid cnaipe, fanfaidh na lampaí ar siúl don am t. Mar shampla, 2 nóiméad tar éis an cnaipe a scaoileadh.\nD'fhéadfadh úsáid eile a bheith ann chun rialú tosaithe an mhótair a dhéanamh le réalta-delta. Nuair a bhrúitear an cnaipe agus a scaoiltear é, tosaíonn an mótar i star, tar éis ama áirithe, mar shampla, 5 soicind, téann sé isteach sa delta tosaíonn sé.\nDe ghnáth Oscailte Cláráilte Dúnadh (NOTC)\nDe ghnáth oscailte, (oscailte láithreach), moill ama dúnta (NOTC) nuair a chuirtear fuinneamh air. Ciallaíonn sé sin nuair a chuirtear fuinneamh ar an relé, ní dhúnann an teagmháil ach tar éis moill ama áirithe.\nOsclaítear an teagmháil láithreach (osclaítear láithreach) nuair a dhéantar an coil relay a dhí-ghníomhachtú.\nDe ghnáth dúnta dúnta oscailte (NCTO)\nDe ghnáth dúnta, (dúnadh láithreach), moill ama oscailte (NCTO) nuair a chuirtear fuinneamh air. Sa chineál seo, nuair a bhíonn an relé fuinniúil, ní osclaítear an teagmháil ach tar éis moill ama.\nDúnann an teagmháil láithreach nuair a dhéantar an coil relay a dhí-ghníomhachtú.\nTá sé seo mar an gcéanna leis an relé roimhe seo ach amháin go n-úsáidtear teagmhálacha dúnta de ghnáth.\nDe ghnáth Oscailte Oscailte le Uair (NOTO)\nDe ghnáth oscailte, (dúnadh láithreach ar chumhachtú), moill ama oscailte (NOTO) tar éis dí-chumhachtú.\nA luaithe a chuirtear fuinneamh ar an relé, dúnfar an teagmháil agus fanfaidh sé dúnta ar feadh tamaill tar éis an chumhacht a bhaint as an coil.\nAm dúnta de ghnáth dúnta (NCTC)\nDe ghnáth dúnta, (oscailte láithreach ar chumhachtú), moill ama dúnta tar éis dí-chumhachtú (NCTC), tá sé seo cosúil leis an relé roimhe seo ach amháin go n-úsáidtear na teagmhálacha dúnta de ghnáth.\nBuntáistí na n-aisghabhála ama\n- Tá reléanna moille ama úsáideach chun loighic rialaithe a chur i bhfeidhm le córais rialaithe leictreonacha.\n- Cabhraíonn an relé moille ama le tosú nó stopadh an mheaisín a sceidealú.\n- Cabhraíonn an t-aisghabháil ama leis an am moille a shocrú ó chúpla soicind go fiú uaireanta an chloig.\n- Is féidir fuinneamh a shábháil.\nIarratais ar Athsheachadáin Moill Ama\n- Rialú uathoibríoch\n- Rialú ar shiúl\n- Trealamh leictreonach\nMá thaitin an t-alt seo leat, ansin déan síntiús le do thoil ar ár gCainéal YouTube le haghaidh teagaisc físeáin Ionstraimí, Leictreacha, PLC, agus SCADA.\nComhroinn Le Do Chairde\nMaidir leis an údar\nPearsantacht shuntasach a bhfuil 25 bliain de sheirbhís aige mar Innealtóir Ionstraimí, a thosaigh a ghairm bheatha i Pulp & Paper. Le himeacht ama, aistríodh go dtí Gléasra Cumhachta, Aonad Ceallais, Gléasra Ceimiceacha (Carbon di Sulphide, Clo2, agus Aigéad Sulphuric), Ola agus Gás (Scaitheadh & Táirgeadh)."} {"text": "🔼The name Barkos: Summary\n- Son After His Father\n- From (1) בר (bar), son, and (2) קוס (qos), to resemble one's father.\n- From the noun ברק (baraq), lightning.\n🔼The name Barkos in the Bible\n🔼Etymology of the name Barkos\nThe name Barkos is a complete mystery, and it's definitely not Hebrew. Or at least, nothing that can be convincingly tied to any of the Hebrew language that makes up the Bible. Barkos may very well be a foreign name, which was transliterated into Hebrew.\nAlfred Jones (Dictionary of Old Testament Proper Names) thinks our name comes from an unknown Hebrew verb קוס (qos) that in Arabic may mean to resemble one's father. And the first part, according to Jones, comes from בר (bar), the common Aramaic word for son:\nThe Aramaic noun בר (bar) is cognate with the Hebrew noun בן (ben) and both mean \"one of,\" i.e. one of a certain house, one of a certain profession, one of a certain country, and so on. These nouns are also the regular words for \"son.\"\nAnd then, perhaps Barkos was originally Barak who lived in Greece, where folks Hellenized his name into Barkos:\nThe verb ברק (baraq) means to cast forth, predominantly of light and lightning. Noun ברק (baraq) means lightning, or the glittering of weapons. Nouns ברקת (bareqet) and ברקת (bareqat) describe a kind of sparkling or glittering gem.\nFor a meaning of the name Barkos, Alfred Jones reads Son After His Father. NOBSE Study Bible Name List has found the unexplained (or inexplicable) Parti-Colored (and that means partly in one way and partly in another, according to the Oxford Dictionary). BDB Theological Dictionary resolutely declares \"root and meaning unknown\".", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-27", "url": "https://www.abarim-publications.com/Meaning/Barkos.html", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656104668059.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20220706060502-20220706090502-00262.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8888257146, "token_count": 486, "score": 2.6875, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "An t-ainm Barkos: achoimre\n- Mac Tar éis a Athair\n- Ó (1) בר (bar), mac, agus (2) קוס (qos), a bheith cosúil le athair.\n- Ón ainmfhocal ברק (baraq), léim.\nAn t-ainm Barkos sa Bhíobla\nEitimeolaíocht an ainm Barkos\nIs é an t-ainm Barkos rúndiamhair iomlán, agus tá sé cinnte nach bhfuil Eabhrais. Nó ar a laghad, aon rud is féidir a bheith ceangailte go cinnte le haon cheann de na teangacha Eabhrais a dhéanann suas an Bíobla. B'fhéidir go raibh Barkos ina ainm eachtrach, a bhí traslitterated go Heabhrais.\nAlfred Jones (Dictionary of Old Testament Proper Names) cheapann go dtagann ár n-ainm ó bhriathar Eabhrais anaithnid קוס (qos) a d'fhéadfadh a bheith i gceist i nGaeilge a bheith cosúil le athair duine. Agus tagann an chéad chuid, de réir Jones, ó בר (bar), an focal Aramaic coitianta do mhac:\nTá an ainmfhocal Aramaic בר (bar) comhghleacaithe leis an ainmfhocal Eabhrais בן (ben) agus ciallaíonn an dá cheann \"aon cheann de\", ie. ceann de theach áirithe, ceann de ghairm áirithe, ceann de thír áirithe, agus mar sin de. Is iad na hainmneacha seo na focail rialta le haghaidh \"mac\".\nAgus ansin, b'fhéidir go raibh Barkos ar dtús Barak a bhí ina chónaí sa Ghréig, áit a raibh daoine Hellenized a ainm go Barkos:\nCiallaíonn an briathar ברק (baraq) a chaitheamh amach, go príomha solas agus léim. Ciallaíonn an t-ainm ברק (baraq) léim, nó glittering na n-arm. Déanann na hainmneacha ברקת (bareqet) agus ברקת (bareqat) cur síos ar chineál seodra geal a shíníonn nó a shíníonn.\nMaidir le brí ainm Barkos, léann Alfred Jones Mac Tar éis a Athair. Fuair Liosta Ainmneacha Béarla Staidéar NOBSE an Parti-Colored neamhmhínithe (nó neammhínithe) (agus ciallaíonn sé sin go páirteach ar bhealach amháin agus go páirteach ar bhealach eile, de réir an Oxford Dictionary). Deir BDB Theological Dictionary go cinnte \"nach bhfuil a bunús agus a bhrí ar eolas\"."} {"text": "of Harmindir Sahib, Amritsar laid for 2nd time.\nJassa Singh Ahluwalia laid the foundation stone of Sri Harmindir Sahib, Amritsar, for the second time.\nIn 1755, Ahmad Shah Abdali attacked India for the fourth time. After looting Mathura, Bindraban, Agra, and Delhi, he brought back jewelry, gold and thousands of young Hindu men and women. In order to liberate the enslaved hindus, Baba Deep Singh and his associates attacked Durani near Peepli and Markanda (now in Haryana). The infuriated Abdali, made his son, Tamur Shah, as the subaedar of Punjab and Jahan Khan as his General. He ordered them to kill all Sikhs and demolish Darbar Sahib, Amritsar. Following orders, Jahan Khan went to Amritsar with heavy artillery. Baba Gurbaksh Singh along with 30 other Sikhs fought back, but unfortunately, Jahan Khan demolished Darbar Sahib, its surrounding buildings and filled the sarovar with garbage.\nWhen Baba Deep Singh got hold of this disheartening news, he challenged the whole Sikh community to get revenge. Sikhs from all over started gathering at Damdama Sahib. Baba ji drew a line with his Khanda (double edged sword) and wanted only those, who were willing to sacrifice their lives, to cross the line and join him. About 500 Sikhs crossed the line and Baba Deep Singh lead them towards Amritsar. On the way many more Sikhs joined in making about 5000 Sikhs near Tarntaran. When Jahan Khan heard this, he reached Amritsar with an army of 20,000. The both sides clashed, 5 miles outside Amritsar. Sikhs were fighting with great enthusiasm. Dayal Singh killed Jahan Khan and Sikhs started moving towards Amritsar. In the mean time, another Mughal general, Atai Khan, reached with more force. There was yet another clash. A mughal commander attacked Baba ji with full force. Baba Deep Singh killed him immediately, but got badly injured in the process. His severed head came off to one side. A Sikh challenged Baba Deep Singh, \"Baba ji, you promised to die at Harmindar Sahib.\" Baba Deep Singh with remaining energy held his head with one hand and started used Khanda with other hand. Finally, he reached Darbar Sahib, Amritsar and fulfilled his promise at the bank of Sarovar. Sikhs under the leadership of Baba Deep Singh took the revenge and liberated Harmindar Sahib. Subsequently, Darbar Sahib was reconstructed in a few years, through the diligent efforts of DeesRaj. The foundation stone of the re-constructed structure was laid by Jassa Singh Ahluwalia.\n==> SRI DARBAR SAHIB also known as Harminder Sahib and Golden Temple was constructed by Guru Arjun in the middle of an sacred water tank (sarowar).\nIn sunmat 1621, with Guru Amar Das's permission, Guru Ram Das started the digging of a tank (Taal) near villages Tugh, Gumtala, and Sultanwind. This digging was completed by Guru Arjun Dev in sunmat 1645 and named \"Santoksar\".\nSimultaneously, with Guru Amar Das's permission, a village was established nearby and named \"Guru Ka Chaak\". Guru Sahib's residence in this village were popularly known as \"Guru Kae Mahal\". To the west of these residences, next to the tree known as \"DukhBhanjani Baeri\", the digging of a tank was started in 1634. However, this digging remained incomplete and was eventually completed by Guru Arjun Dev after he ascended to the Gur Gadhi. Guru Arjun Dev vigorously pushed all of the projects initiated by Guru Ram Das. He invited business people, scholars, and skilled people from all over, to come and settle around this area and establish new markets. As a result this area came to known as \"Ramdas Pur\". Bhai Sallo is especially noted for his hard work in establishing and populating this area. His contributions are extremely noteworthy.\nIn sunmat 1643, the construction of permanent sarowar began and its name changed to \"Amritsar\". As a result the surrounding city also adopted the \"Amritsar\" name. On magh 1, sunmat 1645, Guru Arjun Dev Patshah asked Sain Mian Meer to lay the foundation stone of Harminder Sahib. The foundation stone was laid right in the middle of the sarowar and upon completion of its construction, Sri Guru Granth Sahib's prakash was established in sunmat 1661.\nHarminder Sahib is the most prominent among all Sikh Gurudwaras, where Akhand Kirtan is performed for most of the day. The Vaisakhi Maela celebrations in Harminder Sahib were established by Guru Arjun Dev, while the Diwali Maela celebrations were instituted by Baba Budha Ji, immediately upon the release and safe return of Guru Hargobind from the Gawalior fort.\nIn Sunmat 1818, Ahmad Shah Abdali blew up the Harminder Sahib with explosives and leveled the sarowar. However, Jassa Singh Ahluwalia once again laid the foundation stone on 11 Vaishakh, sunmat 1821. And through Dees Raj's diligent efforts Harminder Sahib was reconstructed in a few years. Abdali, on three occasions, 1757, 1761, and 1762 pulled down Harimandir Sahib and defiled the sacred tank by caracases of cows. The Sikhs for the first time in 1757 defeated Afghan forces at the battle of Amritsar. The following year, they captured retreating Afghan forces and made them clean Harimandir and the sacred tank.\nMaharaja Ranjit Singh took control of Amritsar in sunmat 1859 and decorated Harminder sahib with white marble and gold. Additionally during 1805-9, \"Ram Bagh\" was developed in remembrance of Guru Ram Das and \"GobindGadh Fort\" was established in remembrance of Guru Gobind Singh. Khalsa College was established by the Panth in 1892.\n-Ref. Mahan Kosh (pp. 267)\nFor further details\non Harminder Sahib, interested readers are referred to the following:\n==> Sardar JASSA SINGH AHLUWALIA was born in 1718. He was son of Ahluwalia resident Bader Singh. His close association with Nawab Kapur Singh influenced him in service of GurPanth. Raja Amir Singh of Patiala was introduced to amrit by him. He was a great General of the Khalsa forces during the 18th century and was called \"Sultan-ul-Quom\", king of the nation, his heroic deeds and qualities of leadership. He killed Hakim Salabat Khan of Amritsar, in 1748, and captured the surrounding region. In 1789, he helped Diwan KodhaMal in removing Shahan Wadh from Multan. In 1753, he defeated Hakim Adinabaegh and conquered Fataibad. He won the successful release of enslaved Hindu men and women from Ahmad Shah Durani. As a result he came to be popularly known as \"BandiShoadh\" (liberator). He bravely fought in Wada Ghulughara\" (the big holocaust). Even after receiving 22 grave bounds, he kept fighting. He was head as well as the life of the Ahluwalia Misl. In 1774, he captured Kapurthala state, established his capital there, and issues coins under our Gurus name. He was extremely popular among our Panth. He dies in 1783 in Amritsar. A monument in his memory was erected near Baba Atal, in Amritsar.\n-Ref. Mahan Kosh\n|1923||First attempt is made by the Babbars to murder Lambardars and Chaukidars of Pindori Nijjaran.|\n|1944||Harbans Singh babbar of Sirhala was sent to the scaffold.|\n|1947||Patel announced the formation of Sikhstan after independence.|\n|1984||Sikhs attacked during Harbans Lal Khan's funeral procession. Central Reserve Police of India killed 8 Sikhs.|", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-50", "url": "http://www.allaboutsikhs.com/sikh-history-timeline/today-in-sikh-history-3rd-april", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698541864.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170901-00060-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9728057384, "token_count": 1817, "score": 2.78125, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Harmindir Sahib, Amritsar a leagadh don dara huair.\nChuir Jassa Singh Ahluwalia cloch bhunús Sri Harmindir Sahib, Amritsar, don dara huair.\nSa bhliain 1755, thug Ahmad Shah Abdali ionsaí ar an India den cheathrú huair. Tar éis dó Mathura, Bindraban, Agra, agus Delhi a phléasc, thug sé seodra, ór agus na mílte fear agus bean óg Hindú ar ais. D'fhonn na hindeas a bhí faoi sclábhaíocht a shaoradh, rinne Baba Deep Singh agus a chomhghleacaithe ionsaí ar Durani in aice le Peepli agus Markanda (i Haryana anois). Rinne an Abdali infuriated, a mhac, Tamur Shah, mar subaedar na Punjab agus Jahan Khan mar a Ghinearál. D'ordaigh sé dóibh gach Sikh a mharú agus Darbar Sahib, Amritsar a scriosadh. Ag leanúint orduithe, chuaigh Jahan Khan go Amritsar le artilléar trom. Throid Baba Gurbaksh Singh chomh maith le 30 Sikh eile, ach ar an drochuair, scrios Jahan Khan Darbar Sahib, a foirgnimh timpeall agus líonadh an sarovar le dramhaíl.\nNuair a fuair Baba Deep Singh an nuacht díomá seo, chuir sé dúshlán ar phobal Sikh ar fad chun díoltas a fháil. Thosaigh Sikhs ó gach cearn den domhan ag bailiú ag Damdama Sahib. Bhain Baba ji líne leis a Khanda (saoradh dhá thaobh) agus theastaigh uaidh ach iad siúd, a bhí sásta a saol a íobairt, an líne a thrasnú agus a bheith páirteach leis. Chuaigh thart ar 500 Sikh trasna na líne agus thug Baba Deep Singh iad i dtreo Amritsar. Ar an mbealach chuaigh go leor Sikhs eile isteach chun thart ar 5000 Sikh a dhéanamh in aice le Tarntaran. Nuair a chuala Jahan Khan é seo, shroich sé Amritsar le hearmáid de 20,000. Chuaigh an dá thaobh i ngleic, 5 míle lasmuigh de Amritsar. Bhí Sikhs ag troid le díograis mhór. D'imir Dayal Singh Jahan Khan agus thosaigh na Siúcra ag bogadh i dtreo Amritsar. Idir an dá linn, tháinig ginearál Mughal eile, Atai Khan, le níos mó fórsa. Bhí clash eile. Thug ceannasaí Mughal ionsaí ar Baba ji le neart iomlán. Bhásaigh Baba Deep Singh é láithreach, ach gortaíodh go dona é sa phróiseas. Tháinig a cheann scoite amach ar thaobh amháin. D'fhéach Sikh ar Baba Deep Singh, \"Baba ji, gheall tú go bhfaighidh tú bás ag Harmindar Sahib\". Bhain Baba Deep Singh le fuinneamh atá fágtha a cheann le lámh amháin agus thosaigh sé ag úsáid Khanda leis an lámh eile. Faoi dheireadh, shroich sé Darbar Sahib, Amritsar agus chomhlíon sé a ghealladh ag cósta Sarovar. Ghlac Sikhs faoi cheannaireacht Baba Deep Singh an díoltas agus scaoileadh Harmindar Sahib. Ina dhiaidh sin, atógadh Darbar Sahib i gceann cúpla bliain, trí iarrachtaí díograiseacha DeesRaj. Chuir Jassa Singh Ahluwalia cloch bhunúsach an struchtúir athchóirithe.\n==> SRI DARBAR SAHIB ar a dtugtar Harminder Sahib agus Golden Temple a thóg Guru Arjun i lár tanca uisce naofa (sarowar).\nI sunmat 1621, le cead Guru Amar Das, thosaigh Guru Ram Das ag tochailt tanc (Taal) in aice le sráidbhailte Tugh, Gumtala, agus Sultanwind. Chuir Guru Arjun Dev an tochailt seo i gcrích i sunmat 1645 agus ainmníodh é \"Santoksar\".\nAg an am céanna, le cead Guru Amar Das, bunaíodh sráidbhaile in aice láimhe agus ainmníodh é \"Guru Ka Chaak\". Bhí cónaí ar Guru Sahib sa sráidbhaile seo ar a dtugtar \"Guru Kae Mahal\". I ndeisceart na gcónaithe seo, in aice leis an gcrann ar a dtugtar \"DukhBhanjani Baeri\", thosaigh an tobac a chaithfear a chaithfear a chaithfear a chaithfear a chaithfear a chaithfear a chaithfear a chaithfear a chaithfear a chaithfear a chaithfear a chaithfear a chaithfear. Mar sin féin, d'fhan an tochailt seo neamhiomlán agus chríochnaigh Guru Arjun Dev é sa deireadh tar éis dó dul suas go Gur Gadhi. Chuir Guru Arjun Dev go láidir na tionscadail go léir a chuir Guru Ram Das i mbun. Thug sé cuireadh do lucht gnó, do scoláirí, agus do dhaoine sgileacha ó gach cearn den domhan teacht agus socrú timpeall na háite seo agus margaí nua a bhunú. Mar thoradh air sin tháinig an limistéar seo ar a dtugtar \"Ramdas Pur\". Tá Bhai Sallo ar eolas go háirithe as a chuid oibre crua chun an limistéar seo a bhunú agus a phobalú. Tá a chuid ranníocaíochtaí thar a bheith suntasach.\nSa bhliain 1643, thosaigh tógáil sarowar buan agus d'athraigh a ainm go \"Amritsar\". Mar thoradh air sin ghlac an chathair timpeall air an t-ainm \"Amritsar\" freisin. Ar magh 1, sunmat 1645, d'iarr Guru Arjun Dev Patshah ar Sain Mian Meer cloch bhunúsach Harminder Sahib a leagan. Cuireadh an cloch bhunaidh i lár an sarowar agus ar chríochnú a thógála, bunaíodh prakash Sri Guru Granth Sahib i sunmat 1661.\nIs é Harminder Sahib an ceann is suntasaí i measc na Sikh gurudwaras go léir, áit a ndéantar Akhand Kirtan don chuid is mó den lá. Bunaíodh ceiliúradh Vaisakhi Maela i Harminder Sahib ag Guru Arjun Dev, agus bunaíodh ceiliúradh Diwali Maela ag Baba Budha Ji, díreach tar éis scaoileadh agus filleadh slán Guru Hargobind ó fhort Gawalior.\nI Sunmat 1818, chuir Ahmad Shah Abdali an Harminder Sahib le pléascóirí agus rinne sé an sarowar a phlé. Mar sin féin, leag Jassa Singh Ahluwalia an cloch bhunaidh arís ar 11 Vaishakh, sunmat 1821. Agus trí iarrachtaí díograiseacha Dees Raj, atógadh Harminder Sahib i gceann cúpla bliain. Tharraing Abdali, trí huaire, 1757, 1761 agus 1762, Harimandir Sahib agus chuir sé carcases na n-aimhreacha ar an tanc naofa. An Sikhs don chéad uair i 1757 defeated Afganach fórsaí ag an cath de Amritsar. An bhliain dar gcionn, ghlac siad fórsaí Afganastanach a bhí ag éirí as agus chuir siad ar an Harimandir agus an tanc naofa a ghlanadh.\nGhlac Maharaja Ranjit Singh smacht ar Amritsar i sunmat 1859 agus rinne sé Harminder sahib a mhaisiú le marmair bán agus ór. Ina theannta sin, le linn 1805-9, forbraíodh \"Ram Bagh\" i gcuimhne ar Guru Ram Das agus bunaíodh \"GobindGadh Fort\" i gcuimhne ar Guru Gobind Singh. Bunaíodh Coláiste Khalsa ag an Panth i 1892.\n-Ref. Mahan Kosh (pp. 267)\nLe haghaidh tuilleadh sonraí\nar Harminder Sahib, tugtar an méid seo a leanas chuig léitheoirí leasmhara:\n==> Rugadh Sardar JASSA SINGH AHLUWALIA i 1718. Bhí sé ina mhac ar Bader Singh, cónaitheoir Ahluwalia. Bhí tionchar ag a dlúthchaidreamh le Nawab Kapur Singh air i seirbhís GurPanth. Thug sé aithne ar Amrit do Raja Amir Singh de Patiala. Bhí sé ina Ghinearál mór de na fórsaí Khalsa le linn an 18ú haois agus ar a dtugtar \"Sultan-ul-Quom\", rí na náisiúin, a chuid gníomhartha laochra agus cáilíochtaí ceannaireachta. D'imir sé Hakim Salabat Khan d'Amritsar, i 1748, agus ghlac sé an réigiún timpeall air. Sa bhliain 1789, chabhraigh sé le Diwan KodhaMal Shahan Wadh a bhaint as Multan. Sa bhliain 1753, bhuail sé Hakim Adinabaegh agus bhuaigh sé Fataibad. Bhuaigh sé scaoileadh rathúil fir agus mná Hindu sclábhaithe ó Ahmad Shah Durani. Mar thoradh air sin, tháinig sé ar a dtugtar go coitianta mar \"BandiShoadh\" (saoróir). Throid sé go cróga i Wada Ghulughara\" (an holocaust mór). Fiú tar éis dó 22 teorainn uafásach a fháil, lean sé ag troid. Bhí sé ina cheann chomh maith le saol an Ahluwalia Misl. Sa bhliain 1774, ghlac sé stát Kapurthala, bhunaigh sé a phríomhchathair ann, agus eisíonn sé monaí faoin ainm ar ár Gúrú. Bhí sé an-tóir i measc ár Panth. Fuair sé bás i 1783 in Amritsar. Tógadh sé séadchomhartha ina chuimhne in aice le Baba Atal, in Amritsar.\n-Ref. Mahan Kosh\n♬1923 ♬ chéad iarracht a dhéanamh ag an Babbars a mharú Lambardars agus Chaukidars de Pindori Nijjaran. ♬\n♬1944 Saidhbhín Harbans Singh babbar de Sirhala a sheoladh chuig an scaffold.\n1947 \n♬1984ShaidlesSikhs ionsaí le linn Harbans Lal Khan's procession sochraide. D'éirigh le póilíní Cúlchiste Lárnach na hIndia 8 Sikhs a mharú."} {"text": "The new database, a joint venture with the Friedberg Jewish Manuscript Society, takes that endeavor into the 21st century, with multispectral and high-definition images and an internet search engine.\nSource: NY Times\nIsrael's National Library launched an online database on Wednesday aggregating tens of thousands of digitized Jewish manuscripts belonging to collections from across the globe. Scholars and laypersons can access almost half of the known handwritten Jewish texts from Spain to Afghanistan, which have been digitized and catalogued online. In some cases, parts of a manuscript that have been long divided between collections will be reunited __ digitally __ for the first time in centuries. The archive contains nearly 4.5 million images from 45,000 manuscripts — slightly more than half of all known volumes. They include prayer books, biblical texts and commentary, philosophy, literature and scientific writings, in Hebrew, Yiddish, Ladino, Judeo-Arabic and more.\nThe database, called Ktiv, Hebrew for \"written word,\" is the culmination of a project conceived by Israel's founding prime minister David Ben Gurion. In 1950, Ben Gurion launched the initiative of ingathering Jewish texts scattered in libraries and collections around the world and bringing them to the fledgling state in the form of microfilms.\nThe National Library partnered with some of the world's largest collections of Jewish manuscripts, including the British Library, Parma's Palatina Library and the Vatican Library, in an effort to bring all the known texts under one digital roof.\nThe library is also working to make the texts within the manuscripts searchable to users online.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-26", "url": "http://education.jed.macam.ac.il/article/3357", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560627999130.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20190620004625-20190620030625-00426.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9387822747, "token_count": 329, "score": 2.96875, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Tógann an bunachar sonraí nua, comhfhiontar le Cumann Fhorlíonta Giúdach Friedberg, an iarracht sin isteach sa 21ú haois, le híomhánna il-spéictrála agus ard-mhínithe agus inneall cuardaigh idirlín.\nFoinse: NY Times\nSeoladh bunachar sonraí ar líne ag Leabharlann Náisiúnta Iosrael Dé Céadaoin ag comhtháthú na mílte lámhscríbhinn Giúdach digiteach a bhaineann le bailiúcháin ó gach cearn den domhan. Is féidir le scoláirí agus le daoine neamhspleácha rochtain a fháil ar beagnach leath de na téacsanna Giúdacha lámhscríofa a bhfuil aithne orthu ó Spáinn go hAfganastáin, a dhigitíodh agus a chatalóigíodh ar líne. I gcásanna áirithe, cuirfear páirteanna de lámhscríbhinn a bhí roinnte idir bailiúcháin le fada le chéile arís __ go digiteach __ den chéad uair le céadta bliain. Tá beagnach 4.5 milliún íomhá ó 45,000 lámhscríbhinn sa chartlann - beagán níos mó ná leath de na méideanna uile atá ar eolas. I measc na n-eolais seo tá leabhair urnaí, téacsanna agus míniúcháin bíobla, fealsúnacht, litríocht agus scríbhinní eolaíocha, i nGaeilge, i nGaeilge, i nGaeilge Laidin, i nGaeilge Giúdaigh-Arabach agus níos mó.\nIs é an bunachar sonraí, ar a dtugtar Ktiv, Hebraice le haghaidh \"fhocal scríofa\", an t-ardú ar thionscadal a cheap príomh-aire bunaitheoir Iosrael David Ben Gurion. I 1950, sheol Ben Gurion an tionscnamh téacsanna Giúdach a bhailiú a scaiptear i leabharlanna agus bailiúcháin ar fud an domhain agus iad a thabhairt chuig an stát nua i bhfoirm micreafilm.\nD'oibrigh an Leabharlann Náisiúnta i gcomhpháirtíocht le cuid de na bailiúcháin is mó ar domhan de lámhscríbhinní Giúdach, lena n-áirítear Leabharlann na Breataine, Leabharlann Palatina Parma agus Leabharlann na Vataine, i iarracht na téacsanna ar fad a aithnítear a thabhairt faoi dhíon digiteach amháin.\nTá an leabharlann ag obair freisin chun na téacsanna laistigh de na lámhscríbhinní a chur ar fáil d'úsáideoirí ar líne."} {"text": "By Ariella Cohen, The Lens staff writer |\nThe accidents unfold with eerie similarity: an unexpected explosion, a stubborn blaze, workers coughing and rubbing damaged eyes, a thick, ash-colored cloud of toxins racing away from the burning refinery.\nOn July 19, 2009, when a refinery in Corpus Christi, Texas, lit up, a worker was critically hurt and the fire burned for two days. On Nov. 24, 1987, an explosion at an ExxonMobil refinery in Torrance, Calif., shot a fireball 1,500 feet into the air, blasted the windows out of nearby houses and generated allegations of broken eardrums, back pain and lung damage.\nThe common denominator in both explosions was a toxic chemical many Louisiana residents have never heard of, though more than 3.7 million people across the state are at risk if a similar explosion happens here, according to company filings submitted to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.\nHydrofluoric acid is a chemical catalyst known for its power to etch glass, as well as its extreme toxicity. Equally distinctive: its ability to move across long distances in a potent chemical cloud. While historically used in many industrial processes, the acid’s highest-volume consumers today in the United States are oil refineries that use it to make high-octane gasoline.\nExposure to hydrofluoric acid fumes causes lung congestion and severe burns of the eyes, skin and digestive tract. It corrodes bones. Extreme exposure has caused fatal lung failures. Experiments in 1986 showed that the acid compound, commonly known as HF, can be lethal almost 2 miles from the point of release, and cause sickness almost 5 miles away.\nDespite this capacity for harm – and despite the availability of a safer alternative that is used in half of the nation’s refineries that do such work – 50 of the nation’s 148 oil producing facilities continue to rely on the lethal compound, five of them in Louisiana, and three of those in the New Orleans area.\nThe Louisiana refineries are:\n- Chalmette Refining in Chalmette\n- ConocoPhillips Alliance in Belle Chasse\n- Marathon Petroleum in Garyville\n- Murphy Oil in Meraux\n- Placid Refinery in Port Allen\nOnly Texas, with 10 refineries that use hydrofluoric acid, has more of the toxin within its state borders. Elsewhere, refineries and other industries that could use hydrofluoric acid have turned to alternatives, chiefly sulfuric acid, which is used by more than half of them, and a modified HF that was developed by ExxonMobil in the 1990s, in response to safety concerns. Modified HF is now used in 10 refineries across the country, none of them in Louisiana. These alternative catalysts don’t race across the landscape in ways comparable to HF when used in the concentrations required by the oil industry. And because these chemicals aren’t as easily spread, the U.S. Department of Homeland Security doesn’t consider them to be as high a security risk as unmodified HF, a federal registry of chemical threats show.\nNew facilities can also rely on solid acid catalysts, a material that does not create a toxic cloud if released, though no companies have made the switch to the newly developed technology, said Paul Orum, a chemical safety consultant who works with public-interest groups.\n“They are invested in the technology they have, and it would cost money to convert,” he said.\nIndustry lobbyists have said a switch would be too expensive. They estimate the cost of switching from HF to one of the alternatives to be somewhere between $50 million and $150 million per refinery. For comparison’s sake, ExxonMobil alone reported profits of $9 billion in the fourth-quarter of 2010.\nA recent spate of refinery equipment breakdowns, fires and safety violations has heightened concern nationwide. Over the past five years, authorities have cited 30 of the 50 refineries using HF for willful, serious or repeat violations of federal rules designed to prevent fires, explosions and chemical releases, according to data from the federal Occupational Safety and Health Administration. The data was analyzed in a joint investigation by The Lens, the Center for Public Integrity, a non-profit investigative newsroom based in Washington, D.C., and ABC News.\nAmong the violators, ExxonMobil’s St. Bernard Parish refinery, Chalmette Refining stands out for its long list of safety violations. Since May of 2009, the facility on West St. Bernard Highway has racked up 16 serious violations totaling $27,750 in penalties, OSHA records show. Several of the violations specify safety hazards in the unit of the refinery where the company stores the 620,000 pounds of hydrofluoric acid.\nTwice in the past five years, the toxic chemical has escaped from the refinery in accidents, Louisiana Department of Environmental Quality records compiled by the Louisiana Bucket Brigade show. In both instances, the releases were contained and no serious damages were reported, despite the sizeable release of 3,357 pounds. If the releases had been larger, up to a million people could have been injured, according to the worst-case scenario documents that the company is required to submit to the federal Environmental Protection Agency.\n“The community has been fortunate,” the Bucket Brigade’s founding director Anne Rolfes said. “But it’s very much like the BP oil spill: You can be relaxed about a threat until something terrible happens.”\nThe industry minimizes the risks of HF, saying it has adequate safeguards in place and that the chances of a catastrophic accident at any one refinery are slim. All five Louisiana refineries declined to comment for this story, referring all questions to the National Petrochemical & Refiners Association, in Washington, DC. The lobbying group declined to speak to The Lens, but in an interview with the Center for Public Integrity and ABC News, the association’s president, Charles Drevna, said that the industry has never released HF in a way that “impacted” communities. “We’ve controlled [releases],” he said.\nExxonMobil owns Chalmette Refining as well as a larger refinery in Baton Rouge, and the Torrance Refinery in California where HF escaped in the 1987 blaze. Of the three, Chalmette is the only one where hydrofluoric acid is still used. When asked why the multinational giant has not switched to a safer alternative in Chalmette, company spokesman Kevin Allexon declined to comment. “These are industry issues and not ExxonMobil-specific issues,” he said. On the website of the Torrance Refinery, the company touts its introduction of modified HF as a change to make facility operations “safer for workers and the community.”\nChronic disregard for safety\nOn Sept. 6, 2010, thousands of people from Chalmette Vista to New Orleans’ Lower 9th Ward woke up to find their world coated in a mysterious white dust. The fine powder covered lawns and trees, houses and cars, giving the odd appearance that snowfall had interrupted the balmy Louisiana autumn.\nMany in St. Bernard assumed that the chemical dusting, like the sulfurous odors that occasionally wash over the parish, came from the refineries. Beyond that, no one knew exactly what the dust was, or what it would do to their lungs.\n“I was concerned and I think everyone was,” St. Bernard Parish Council Member-at-large Wayne Landry recently recalled. “When you don’t know what’s going on, you don’t know what’s in the air you are breathing in, you are concerned.”\nWithin hours of the accidental release, Chalmette Refining issued a statement telling the public that the powder was a material called spent catalyst that had been released during a power outage at the refinery. It was not hazardous and could be safely washed off, state officials and ExxonMobil spokesman Will Hinson assured worried residents. Yet when people asked for a list of chemicals in the material that had blanketed their communities, Hinson said he did not know. The company initially reported that one ton of the catalyst, which the Environmental Protection Agency classifies as a hazardous waste but not an extremely hazardous substance, had been released. Later, ExxonMobil reported that the actual release totaled 19 tons. In the months since, civilians have filed lawsuits against the company, alleging the dust harmed them and their children.\nMeanwhile, a Louisiana Department of Environmental Quality investigation has not yet determined whether the company will be penalized for the accident, though the agency’s preliminary findings report that it released two chemicals classified by the federal government as “extremely hazardous,” along with the less toxic spent catalyst. Any penalties levied would be subject to challenges from the company before any final settlement is reached, agency spokeswoman Jean Kelly said. Parish officials say there is nothing more to be done now that the dust is gone.\nA look at Chalmette Refining’s violation history reveals patterns of disregarded safety precautions and lax enforcement. In the past two years, OSHA downgraded all 17 penalties against the refinery, informally settling with ExxonMobil and collecting fewer dollars in fines with each downgrade.\nAlarmingly, the bulk of the violations were recorded in areas of the refinery reserved for the processing of hydrofluoric acid and other toxins deemed dangerous enough by both the U.S. Department of Homeland Security and the EPA to require risk-management plans.\nIn September of 2009, for instance, OSHA imposed a $2,000 penalty for the refinery’s failure to provide “safe access” to the emergency fire-water pump in the alkylation unit, where hydrofluoric acid is used as a catalyst. The fire-water pump is the first defense available to refinery workers in the case of a spill or explosion. The refinery settled the issue with OSHA in January 2010, paying a $1,500 penalty. Another violation pointed to hazardous conditions on work platforms adjacent to the HF alkylation unit. Still another penalized the company for failing to provide safety equipment next to the HF unit.\n“Where employees were exposed to injurious corrosive materials, suitable facilities for quick drenching or flushing of the eyes and body were not provided within the work area for immediate emergency use,” an OSHA inspector wrote.\nOSHA inspectors also found in 2009 that the refinery was not adequately maintaining and inspecting its equipment.\n“The frequency of inspections and tests of process equipment to maintain its mechanical integrity, was not consistent with applicable manufacturers’ recommendations and good engineering practices,” an inspector wrote. In this case too, the refinery ended up negotiating a reduction in the penalty, from an initial fine of $7,000 to a $5,250 settlement.\nAround the same time, OSHA cited the refinery for a long-term failure to correct serious safety violations in its hydrocracker unit, where workers handle hydrogen and other extremely volatile chemicals. The hazards were first observed in 2003 and then in 2009.\n“This exposed employees to fire, explosion, and respiratory hazards,” an OSHA inspector wrote in November 2009. The inspector also noted the “possibility of losing containment” of hydrogen “a very explosive and flammable gas,” and hydrogen sulfide, “an extremely toxic gas.”\nThe warning was prescient. Less than a year later, a contract worker at the refinery, Gregory Starkey, 33, died while repairing a pipe leaking hydrogen sulfide gas. The pipe had been broken for two weeks before Starkey’s death, company reports show.\nIn January 2010, the violation was settled with the refinery paying $5,250, a downgrade from the initial $7,000 penalty.\nResidents say the record of lax enforcement illustrates the challenge they face in pushing area refineries to be more accountable to the community members and to make changes, such as switching to modified HF.\n“Often times when a resident approaches a local official about a routine code compliance issue involving the refineries, they will just say, ‘Oh, but that is a refinery,’ like we should just expect codes to be violated. It is a non-response,” Chalmette resident Suzanne Kneale said, adding that she recalls instances in which homeowners succeeded in filing insurance claims against a refinery for damaging a house with machine vibration before the local government even acknowledged the refinery was in violation of the zoning code.\nRecently, some of Kneale’s neighbors, members of a St. Bernard group called Concerned Citizens Around Murphy, won a victory against Murphy Oil USA in federal court, successfully charging that the company had released more chemicals than allowed from its Meraux plant. In penance for its violations of the federal Clean Air Act, U.S. District Judge Sarah Vance signed off on a consent decree earlier this month ordering the refinery to pay $1.25 million in civil penalties, invest more than $142 million in new equipment to reduce future pollution and spend at least $1.5 million on environmental projects statewide. Yet even with that legal victory behind them, Kneale doesn’t think residents have much leverage when it comes to getting refineries to switch to modified HF.\n“If there was an alternative these refineries could use, we would prefer they use it,” she said. “But how can you sue for an alternative when HF is allowed under the current regulations?”\nBefore Hurricane Katrina, Chalmette Refining stood within three miles of twenty schools, two hospitals, and six retirement communities. The steep population loss since the storm means not all those facilities are back in operation, but a number have reopened, including two public schools within a two-mile radius of the refinery.\n“We are not asking them to shut down the industry,” she said. “We just want them to make the industry comply with regulations that provide for health and safety.”\nIn the case of HF, federal agencies and the state Department of Environmental Quality regulate its use with permits and safety requirements. With more than 10,000 sites under its watch, the agency typically inspect sites just once a year, though inspectors will return if incidents occur or inspectors observe a need, said Chris Piehler, administrator of the inspection division. He said that while the agency would prefer that industry use the least noxious chemicals possible, it is not within DEQ’s mandate to force companies to use safer materials, as long as all materials being used are legal.\n“We reduce or minimize the release of any pollutant whether it is HF or some safer ingredient,” Piehler said.\nLike Drevna from the National Petrochemical & Refiners Association, he pointed out there had yet to be a major release of HF in Louisiana.\nSt. Bernard Parish officials have a similar view of the limits of their power.\n“These refineries are basically big time bombs that could explode if you are not careful,” Councilman Landry said. “If there are alternative materials to use that are safer, I would obviously be in support of that, but ultimately, I don’t know what say the council has. As long as they are within EPA limits, government can’t tell business which chemicals to use. Those are business decisions they have to make on their own.” If government and the industry viewed serious accidents as more likely, it would take dangerous materials more seriously, said Orum, the chemical safety consultant who works with public-interest groups.\n“These are low-probability, high-consequence events, which is why any individual company is not, by itself, motivated to make potentially expensive changes to a safer technology,” Orum said. He too likens the HF risk to the Deepwater Horizon catastrophe: “The BP oil spill [in the Gulf of Mexico] showed us that worst-case releases actually do happen.” In Torrance, ExxonMobil stopped using HF only after a series of chemical explosions in the late 1980s, including a 17-hour fire in the alkylation unit that killed one worker, injured 12 other people and caused $17 million in damages. While the acid itself was not a direct cause of any of the casualties, the collateral damage inspired local government officials to give refinery operations a closer look.\nIn 1989, the city of Torrance sued ExxonMobil, then known simply as Mobil, asking the courts to declare the refinery a public nuisance and let the city regulate it. Before the case went to trial, Torrance stopped its suit in exchange for Mobil’s agreement to a consent decree that required the company to modify or phase out hydrofluoric acid and pay for the appointment of a safety adviser to monitor compliance. Torrance area activists say other communities shouldn’t wait to lose lives before demanding companies operate more safely.\n“It’s night and day after something happens,” said Yuki Kidokoro, southern California program director of Communities for a Better Environment. “It shouldn’t have to be that way.”\nAfter 50 years living seven miles from both Chalmette Refining and Murphy Oil, Joy Lewis gave no more thought to smokestacks exhaling thick puffs of white-gray smoke than to leaves blowing in the wind. Then her daughter died of bone cancer at age 41. She and her husband, John Lewis, grocers by trade, began to pay attention to stack smoke and the sulfurous odors that wafted from the refineries. They spoke to their neighbors and realized their daughter was not the only victim of bone and blood cancers, types of malignancy often linked to air pollution. The couple, who had never before been environmental activists, started to get involved with the Bucket Brigade, testing the air around their home and eventually participating in a lawsuit that forced Chalmette Refining to pay state penalties for air pollution.\nLewis and her husband say they wish the refineries would take more responsibility for the risks borne by the community.\n“It’s not that we want to close the refineries,” she said. “There’s no way little people like us could do it, but they make enough money that they could change things, make it a little safer for the community.”\nAn easy first step would be replacing dangerous HF with the modified version used in Torrance, they say.\n“I just don’t trust their ability to be safe,” John Lewis said. “They used to have a system set up where you could call in to check safety conditions at the refinery. They had a big fire there a few years back, so while the refinery was in flames … I called in and ask what’s going on and the recorder says, ‘everything’s fine, operations normal.’ ”\nThe Center for Public Integrity and ABC News contributed to this report.\nCorrection 02/28/2011: A map originally published with this article showed ConocoPhillips Alliance refinery erroneously . The map has been updated.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-27", "url": "https://thelensnola.org/2011/02/24/refinery-hf-alternative/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103036099.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20220625190306-20220625220306-00133.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9597170353, "token_count": 3979, "score": 2.828125, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Le Ariella Cohen, scríbhneoir foirne The Lens.\nTá na timpistí ag teacht chun cinn le cosúlacht uafásach: pléascadh gan choinne, lasadh stuama, oibrithe ag coughing agus ag scuabadh súile damáiste, scamall tiubh, dath luaine de thocsainí ag rith amach ón mhonarcha ag lasadh.\nAr an 19 Iúil, 2009, nuair a bhí an t-eagrán i Corpus Christi, Texas, ag lasadh, bhí fear oibre go dona gortaithe agus d'ól an tine ar feadh dhá lá. Ar 24 Samhain, 1987, d'éirigh le pléascadh i mhonarcha ExxonMobil i Torrance, California, liathróid tine a lámhach 1,500 troigh san aer, ag scriosadh na fuinneoga as tithe in aice láimhe agus ag cur líomhaintí faoi chluasanna briste, pian cúl agus damáiste scamhóg.\nBa é an t-ainmníocht choiteann sa dá bhlasadh ceimiceán tocsaineach nach ndearna go leor cónaitheoirí Louisiana riamh éisteacht leis, cé go bhfuil níos mó ná 3.7 milliún duine ar fud an stáit i mbaol má tharlaíonn pléascadh den chineál céanna anseo, de réir comhaid cuideachta a cuireadh faoi bhráid Gníomhaireacht Chosaint Comhshaoil na Stát Aontaithe.\nIs catalaí ceimiceach é aigéad hidreafluarach a bhfuil aithne air mar gheall ar a chumhacht gloine a eitilt, chomh maith lena tocsaineacht mhór. Chomh sainiúil: a chumas bogadh ar fud fad i ngrian ceimiceach cumhachtach. Cé go n-úsáidtear go stairiúil é i go leor próisis tionsclaíocha, is iad na tomhaltóirí is mó ar an aigéad inniu sna Stáit Aontaithe ná scagthíolacháin ola a úsáideann é chun gásailín ard-octaine a dhéanamh.\nDéantar é a chur i láthair do dhúsacháin aigéad hidreafluarach a fhágann go mbíonn cosc ar na scamhóga agus go mbíonn dóthain tromchúiseacha ar na súile, ar an gcraiceann agus ar an gconair díleá. Tá sé ag creimeadh cnámha. Tá easnamh iomarcach tar éis faill phearsanta scamhóg a chur ar dhaoine. Léirigh turgnaimh i 1986 gur féidir leis an gcomhdhúil aigéadach, ar a dtugtar HF go coitianta, a bheith marfach beagnach 2 mhíle ón bpointe scaoilte, agus tinneas a chur ar fáil beagnach 5 mhíle ar shiúl.\nIn ainneoin an cumas seo do dochar agus in ainneoin an infhaighteacht de rogha níos sábháilte a úsáidtear i leath de na náisiúin's raffineries a dhéanann obair den sórt sin 50 de na náisiúin's 148 saoráidí táirgeachta ola leanann ag brath ar an comhdhúil marfach, cúig acu i Louisiana, agus trí cinn de na cinn i limistéar New Orleans.\nIs iad na scagthíoltóirí i Louisiana:\n- Athsholáthair Chalmette i Chalmette\n- Comhlachas ConocoPhillips i Belle Chasse\n- Maraithon Peitriliam i Garyville\n- Murphy Oil i Meraux\n- Rafadóireacht Placid i bPort Allen\nNíl ach Texas, le 10 scagthíolachán a úsáideann aigéad hidreafluarach, níos mó den tocsain laistigh dá theorainneacha stáit. I gcásanna eile, tá cúlchistí agus tionscail eile a d'fhéadfadh aigéad hidreafluarach a úsáid tar éis dul i ngleic le roghanna eile, aigéad sulfarach go príomha, a úsáideann níos mó ná leath díobh, agus HF modhnaithe a d'fhorbair ExxonMobil sna 1990idí, mar fhreagra ar imní sábháilteachta. Úsáidtear HF modhnaithe anois i 10 scagthíolachán ar fud na tíre, gan aon cheann acu i Louisiana. Ní bhíonn na catalóirí malartacha seo ag rás ar fud na tírdhreach ar bhealaí atá inchomparáide le HF nuair a úsáidtear iad sna tiúchan a éilíonn tionscal na ola. Agus toisc nach scaiptear na ceimiceáin seo chomh héasca, ní mheasann Roinn Slándála Baile na Stát Aontaithe go bhfuil siad chomh ard ina riosca slándála mar a léiríonn HF neamhmhodhnaithe, clár cónaidhme bagairtí ceimiceacha.\nIs féidir le saoráidí nua brath freisin ar chatalailithe aigéad soladach, ábhar nach gcruthaíonn scamall tocsaineach má scaoiltear é, cé nach bhfuil aon chuideachta tar éis an t-athrú a dhéanamh ar an teicneolaíocht nua-fhorbartha, a dúirt Paul Orum, comhairleoir sábháilteachta ceimiceach a oibríonn le grúpaí leasa poiblí.\nTá siad infheistiú sa teicneolaíocht atá acu, agus bheadh costas airgid ann chun é a thiontú, a dúirt sé.\nDúirt lucht brústocaireachta an tionscail go mbeadh athrú ró-chostasach. Measann siad go bhfuil an costas a bhaineann le haistriú ó HF go ceann de na roghanna eile idir $ 50 milliún agus $ 150 milliún in aghaidh an tsoláthair. Chun comparáid a dhéanamh, d'fhógair ExxonMobil amháin brabús de $ 9 billiún sa cheathrú ráithe de 2010.\nTá an tsraith de mhilleadh trealaimh athsholáthair, dóiteáin agus sáruithe sábháilteachta le déanaí tar éis imní a mhéadú ar fud na tíre. Le cúig bliana anuas, tá údaráis tar éis 30 de na 50 scagthíoltóir a úsáideann HF a lua le haghaidh sáruithe intinne, tromchúiseacha nó athfhillte ar rialacha cónaidhme atá deartha chun dóiteáin, pléascadh agus scaoileadh ceimiceach a chosc, de réir sonraí ón Riarachán um Shábháilteacht agus Shláinte Oibre cónaidhme. Rinneadh anailís ar na sonraí i gcomhfhiosrúchán ag The Lens, an Ionad um Chothroime Poiblí, seomra nuachta imscrúdaitheach neamhbhrabúis atá lonnaithe i Washington, D.C., agus ABC News.\nI measc na sáruithe, tá scagthíoltóir Paróiste Naomh Bernard ExxonMobil, Chalmette Refining ar a liosta fada sáruithe sábháilteachta. Ó mhí na Bealtaine 2009, tá an saoráid ar West St. Bernard Highway racked suas 16 sárú tromchúiseach ar fiú $ 27,750 i pionóis, OSHA taifid a thaispeáint. Leagtar amach i roinnt de na sárúithe rioscaí sábháilteachta in aonad na mhianóireachta áit a stórálann an chuideachta an 620,000 punt d'aigéad hidrifluarach.\nDhá uair le cúig bliana anuas, tá an ceimiceán tocsaineach imithe as an raifíneireacht i dtimpistí, léiríonn taifid Roinn Cháilíocht Chomhshaoil Louisiana a chuir Briogáid Bucket Louisiana le chéile. Sa dá chás, bhí na scaoilteacha faoi réir agus níor tuairiscíodh aon damáiste tromchúiseach, in ainneoin scaoileadh suntasach de 3,357 punt. Dá mbeadh na scaoileadh níos mó, d'fhéadfadh suas le milliún duine a bheith gortaithe, de réir na ndoiciméid is measa a cheanglaítear ar an gcuideachta a chur faoi bhráid na Gníomhaireachta um Chaomhnú Comhshaoil cónaidhme.\n\"Tá an pobal ádh\", a dúirt Anne Rolfes, stiúrthóir bunaitheach an Bhriogáid Bucket. Ach tá sé an-chosúil le scaipeadh ola BP: Is féidir leat a bheith suaimhneach faoi bhagairt go dtí go dtarlóidh rud uafásach.\nDéanann an tionscal na rioscaí a bhaineann le HF a íoslaghdú, ag rá go bhfuil cosaintí leordhóthanacha i bhfeidhm aige agus go bhfuil na seansanna go dtarlóidh timpiste tubaisteach ag aon chlóisín amháin beag. Dhiúltaigh na cúig mhonarcha Louisiana trácht a dhéanamh ar an scéal seo, ag tabhairt na ceisteanna go léir chuig an Cumann Náisiúnta Peitreochimic & Mhonaróirí, i Washington, DC. Dhiúltaigh an grúpa brústocaireachta labhairt leis an Lens, ach in agallamh leis an Ionad um Chothroime Poiblí agus ABC News, dúirt uachtarán an chomhlachais, Charles Drevna, nár scaoileadh an tionscal HF riamh ar bhealach a \"mhéadaigh\" pobail. \"Tá [eisiúintí] á rialú againn\", a dúirt sé.\nTá Chalmette Refining ag ExxonMobil chomh maith le scagthíoltóir níos mó i Baton Rouge, agus an Scagthíoltóir Torrance i California áit ar éalaigh HF i dtimpiste 1987. As na trí cinn, is é Chalmette an t-aon cheann amháin ina n-úsáidtear aigéad hidreafluarach fós. Nuair a fiafraíodh de cén fáth nach bhfuil an ollmhór ilnáisiúnta tar éis aistriú go malartach níos sábháilte i Chalmette, dhiúltaigh urlabhraí na cuideachta Kevin Allexon trácht a dhéanamh. \"Is saincheisteanna tionsclaíocha iad seo agus ní saincheisteanna sonracha ExxonMobil iad\", a dúirt sé. Ar shuíomh Gréasáin an tSoláthair Torrance, déanann an chuideachta a thabhairt isteach ar HF modhnaithe mar athrú chun oibríochtaí saoráide a dhéanamh níos sábháilte do oibrithe agus don phobal.\nGan aird ar shábháilteacht go seasta\nAr 6 Meán Fómhair, 2010, d'éirigh na mílte duine ó Chalmette Vista go New Orleans Lower 9th Ward chun a saol a fháil clúdaithe i dtuiscí bán mistéireach. Bhí an púdar fíneáil clúdaithe le gairdíní agus crainn, tithe agus gluaisteáin, ag tabhairt an chuma aisteach go raibh sneachta ag cur isteach ar an earrach balmy Louisiana.\nGo leor i Naomh Bernard glacadh leis go raibh an dusting ceimiceach, cosúil leis na boladh sulfurous a wash ocsaídiúil thar an paróiste, tháinig ó na raffineries. Seachas sin, ní raibh a fhios ag aon duine go díreach cad é an deannach, nó cad a dhéanfadh sé lena n-a scamhóga.\n\"Bhí imní orm agus sílim go raibh imní ar gach duine\", a dúirt Wayne Landry, comhalta de Chomhairle Pháirce St. Bernard, le déanaí. Nuair nach bhfuil a fhios agat cad atá ag tarlú, nach bhfuil a fhios agat cad atá san aer atá tú ag anailís air, tá imní ort.\nLaistigh de uaireanta an scaoileadh thorthaí, Chalmette Athsholáthair a eisíodh ráiteas ag insint don phobal go raibh an púdar ábhar ar a dtugtar catalaí caite a bhí scaoileadh le linn a bhí as cadhnraí sa cháilíocht. Ní raibh sé contúirteach agus d'fhéadfaí é a ní go sábháilte, a dhearbhaigh oifigigh stáit agus urlabhraí ExxonMobil Will Hinson do chónaitheoirí imní. Ach nuair a d'iarr daoine liosta de na ceimiceáin sa t-ábhar a bhí ina gcumhdaigh ar a bpobail, dúirt Hinson nach raibh a fhios aige. D'fhógair an chuideachta ar dtús go raibh tonna amháin den chatalailitheoir, a aicmíonn an Ghníomhaireacht um Chosaint Comhshaoil mar dhramhaíl ghéar ach ní substaint an-ghéar, scaoilte. Níos déanaí, thuairiscigh ExxonMobil go raibh an scaoileadh iarbhír 19 tonna. Sna míonna ó shin, tá sibhialtaigh tar éis cásanna dlí a chomhdú i gcoinne na cuideachta, ag líomhnú gur chuir an deannach díobháil orthu féin agus dá gcuid leanaí.\nIdir an dá linn, ní dhearna imscrúdú ón Roinn um Cháilíocht Comhshaoil i Louisiana cinneadh go fóill an ndéantar pionós a ghearradh ar an gcuideachta as an timpiste, cé go bhfuil tuarascáil réamh-aimsigh na gníomhaireachta go scaoileadh dhá cheimiceán a aicmitheann an rialtas cónaidhme mar \"an-chontúirteach\", in éineacht leis an gcatalailitheoir caite níos lú tocsaineach. D'fhéadfadh aon phionóis a ghearrfar a bheith faoi réir dúshláin ón gcuideachta sula sroicheann aon réiteach deiridh, a dúirt urlabhraí na gníomhaireachta Jean Kelly. Deir oifigigh na bparóiste nach bhfuil aon rud eile le déanamh anois go bhfuil an deannach imithe.\nLéiríonn breathnú ar stair shárú Chalmette Refining patrún neamhaird a dhéanamh ar réamhchúraimí sábháilteachta agus forfheidhmiú lax. Le dhá bhliain anuas, laghdaigh OSHA na 17 phionós i gcoinne an cháilíochta, ag socrú go neamhfhoirmiúil le ExxonMobil agus ag bailiú níos lú dollar i bpíosaí le gach laghdú.\nGo scanrúil, taifeadadh an chuid is mó de na sáruithe i gceantair an chlóis a bhí i gceist le haigéad hidreafluarach agus tocsainí eile a phróiseáil a mheasann Roinn Slándála Baile na Stát Aontaithe agus an EPA go leor contúirteach chun pleananna bainistíochta riosca a éileamh.\nI mí Mheán Fómhair 2009, mar shampla, chuir OSHA pionós $ 2,000 ar fáil don cháilíocht as \"rochtana sábháilte\" a sholáthar don phump uisce dóiteáin éigeandála san aonad alcaileála, áit a n-úsáidtear aigéad hidreafluarach mar chatalaíste. Is é an caidéal uisce dóiteáin an chéad chosaint atá ar fáil d'oibrithe na hionstraime i gcás sceitheadh nó pléasc. D'éirigh leis an mhonarcha an cheist a shocrú le OSHA i mí Eanáir 2010, ag íoc pionós $ 1,500. Léiríodh sárú eile ar choinníollacha contúirteacha ar ardáin oibre in aice leis an aonad alcálaithe HF. Bhí pionós ag ceann eile ar an gcuideachta as a bheith ag teip ar threalamh sábháilteachta in aice leis an aonad HF.\nNuair a bhí fostaithe nochtaithe do ábhair chorrúcháin díobhálacha, ní raibh áiseanna oiriúnacha le haghaidh súgradh nó sruthlú tapa na súl agus an choirp ar fáil laistigh den limistéar oibre le húsáid láithreach éigeandála, scríobh iniúchóir OSHA.\nFuair cigirí OSHA i 2009 freisin nach raibh an scagthimpeallraíocht ag cothabháil agus ag iniúchadh a threalamh go leordhóthanach.\n'Ní raibh minicíocht na n-iniúchtaí agus na dtástálacha ar threalamh próiseála chun a iomláine meicniúil a choinneáil ag teacht le moltaí infheidhme na monaróirí agus dea-chleachtais innealtóireachta,' a scríobh cigire. Sa chás seo freisin, tháinig an scagthimpeall ar an mhonarú laghdú ar an pionós, ó phionós tosaigh de $7,000 go socrú $5,250.\nTimpeall an ama céanna, thug OSHA an t-aighlinne chun cúis le teip fadtéarmach a dhéanamh ar shárú tromchúiseach sábháilteachta ina haonaid hidreacraicéir, áit a ndéileálann oibrithe le hidrigin agus ceimiceáin an-éasca eile. Breathnaíodh ar na guaiseacha den chéad uair i 2003 agus ansin i 2009.\n'Bhí sé seo ag nochtadh fostaithe do thine, do phléasc, agus do bhagairtí análaithe,' a scríobh iniúchóir OSHA i mí na Samhna 2009. Thug an t-imscrúdaitheoir faoi deara freisin an \"féidearthacht go gcaillfí comhtháthú\" hidrigine, gáis an-leadúil agus in-athlasta, agus sulfaid hidrigine, gáis an-tocsaineach.\nBhí an rabhadh foréigneach. Níos lú ná bliain ina dhiaidh sin, fuair oibrí ar conradh sa mhonarú, Gregory Starkey, 33, bás agus é ag deisiú píopa a raibh gáis sulfáit hidrigine ag sceitheadh. Bhí an píopa briste ar feadh dhá sheachtain roimh bhás Starkey, léiríonn tuarascálacha na cuideachta.\nI mí Eanáir 2010, socraíodh an sárú leis an raffinery ag íoc $ 5,250, a íosghrádaithe ó na pionóis tosaigh $ 7,000.\nDeir cónaitheoirí go léiríonn taifead na forfheidhmithe lax an dúshlán atá acu chun brú a chur ar shaotharlanna an cheantair a bheith níos cuntasaí do bhaill an phobail agus athruithe a dhéanamh, mar shampla aistriú go HF modhnaithe.\nGo minic nuair a théann cónaitheoir i dteagmháil le hoifigeach áitiúil maidir le saincheist chomhlíonta cód gnáthamh a bhaineann leis na scagthíolacháin, ní bheidh siad ach a rá, Ó, ach is scagthíolachán é sin, amhail is dá mba cheart dúinn a bheith ag súil go ndéanfar cóid a shárú. Is neamhfhreagra é, a dúirt Suzanne Kneale, cónaitheoir Chalmette, ag cur leis go gcuimhneoidh sí ar chásanna ina ndeachaigh úinéirí tí i mbun éilimh árachais a chomhdú i gcoinne raifíniúcháin as damáiste a dhéanamh do theach le cithim meaisín sular admhaigh an rialtas áitiúil fiú go raibh an raifíniúchán ag sárú an chód ceantair.\nLe déanaí, bhuaigh cuid de chomharsana Kneale, baill de ghrúpa St. Bernard ar a dtugtar Concerned Citizens Around Murphy, bua i gcoinne Murphy Oil USA i gcúirt choiriúil, ag gearradh go rathúil go raibh an chuideachta scaoileadh níos mó ceimiceáin ná mar a cheadaítear ó a phlanda Meraux. Mar phósadh as a sárú ar an Acht um Aeir Glan cónaidhme, shínigh Breitheamh Ceantair na Stát Aontaithe Sarah Vance deic ar fhorordú toiliú níos luaithe an mhí seo ag ordú don cháilíocht $ 1.25 milliún a íoc i pionóis shibhialta, níos mó ná $ 142 milliún a infheistiú i dtrealamh nua chun truailliú sa todhchaí a laghdú agus $ 1.5 milliún ar a laghad a chaitheamh ar thionscadail chomhshaoil ar fud an stáit. Ach fiú leis an bua dlíthiúil sin taobh thiar dóibh, ní dóigh le Kneale go bhfuil mórán slite ag cónaitheoirí maidir le hiompar na scagthíolacháin a athrú go HF modhnaithe.\nMá bhí rogha eile ann a d'fhéadfadh na scagthíolacháin seo a úsáid, b'fhearr linn é a úsáid,a dúirt sí. Ach conas is féidir leat achainí a dhéanamh ar mhaithe le rogha eile nuair a cheadaítear HF faoin rialachán reatha?\nRoimh Hurricane Katrina, bhí Chalmette Refining laistigh de thrí mhíle de fiche scoil, dhá ospidéal, agus sé phobal scoir. Ciallaíonn an caillteanas daonra go mór ó tháinig an stoirm nach bhfuil na háiseanna sin go léir ar ais i ngníomh, ach d'oscail roinnt acu arís, lena n-áirítear dhá scoil phoiblí laistigh de raidió dhá mhíle ón mhianchóir.\n\"Níor iarrann muid orthu an tionscal a dhúnadh\", a dúirt sí. Ba mhaith linn ach go gcuirfeadh siad an tionscal i gcomhréir le rialacháin a chuireann sláinte agus sábháilteacht ar fáil.\nI gcás HF, rialaíonn gníomhaireachtaí cónaidhme agus an Roinn um Cháilíocht Comhshaoil stáit a úsáid le ceadanna agus ceanglais sábháilteachta. Le níos mó ná 10,000 suíomh faoi a faire, de ghnáth déanann an ghníomhaireacht iniúchadh ar láithreáin uair amháin sa bhliain, cé go dtiocfaidh iniúchóirí ar ais má tharlaíonn teagmhas nó má thugann iniúchóirí faoi deara go bhfuil gá leis, a dúirt Chris Piehler, riarthóir an rannáin iniúchta. Dúirt sé cé gur fearr leis an ngníomhaireacht go n-úsáidfeadh an tionscal na ceimiceáin is lú díobhálacha is féidir, nach bhfuil sé laistigh de shainordú DEQ chun cuideachtaí a chur i bhfeidhm chun ábhair níos sábháilte a úsáid, chomh fada agus a bhíonn na hábhair go léir atá á n-úsáid dlíthiúil.\n\"Ligimid síos nó laghdaímid scaoileadh aon truailleoir cibé acu HF nó comhábhar níos sábháilte é\", a dúirt Piehler.\nCosúil le Drevna ón National Petrochemical & Refiners Association, thug sé le fios nach raibh scaoileadh mór HF ann i Louisiana fós.\nTá dearcadh den chineál céanna ag oifigigh Pháirtí Naomh Bernard ar theorainneacha a gcumhacht.\n\"Is buamaí ama móra iad na scagthíolacháin seo a d'fhéadfadh pléasc má nach bhfuil tú cúramach\", a dúirt an Chomhairleoir Landry. Má tá ábhair mhalartacha ann a úsáid a bhfuil níos sábháilte, is léir go mbeinn ag tacú leis sin, ach sa deireadh, níl a fhios agam cad a deir an Chomhairle. Chomh fada agus a bhíonn siad laistigh de theorainneacha EPA, ní féidir leis an rialtas a rá leis an ngnó cé na ceimiceáin a úsáid. Is cinntí gnó iad sin a chaithfidh siad a dhéanamh ar a gcuid féin. Dá mbeifeá ag féachaint ar thimpistí tromchúiseacha mar níos dóchúla, bheadh sé níos tromchúisí ag baint le hábhair contúirteacha, a dúirt Orum, an comhairleoir sábháilteachta ceimiceach a oibríonn le grúpaí leasa poiblí.\n'Is imeachtaí íseal dóchúlachta iad seo, is é an fáth nach bhfuil aon chuideachta aonair, ina n-aonar, spreagtha chun athruithe costasacha a dhéanamh ar theicneolaíocht níos sábháilte,' a dúirt Orum. Tá sé chomh maith compares an HF riosca chun an Deepwater Horizon tubaiste: An BP ola a scaoileadh [i Murascaill Mheicsiceo] léirigh dúinn go bhfuil an cás is measa scaoileadh i ndáiríre a tharlaíonn. I Torrance, ExxonMobil stopadh ag baint úsáide as HF ach amháin tar éis sraith de explosions ceimiceacha i 1980s déanach, lena n-áirítear 17-uaire tine sa alkylation aonad a maraíodh oibrí amháin, gortaíodh 12 daoine eile agus a d'fhág $ 17 milliún i damáiste. Cé nach raibh an aigéad féin ina chúis dhíreach le haon cheann de na báis, spreag an damáiste coibhneasta oifigigh rialtais áitiúla chun breathnú níos dlúithe a thabhairt ar oibríochtaí na scagthíola.\nI 1989, d'fhógair baile Torrance ExxonMobil, ar a dtugtar Mobil ansin, ag iarraidh ar na cúirteanna an scagadh a dhearbhú mar dhroch-chúrsaí poiblí agus lig don chathair é a rialáil. Sula ndeachaigh an cás chun trialach, chuir Torrance a cháis ar ceal mar mhalairt ar chomhaontú Mobil le deicr chomhaontaithe a cheanglaigh ar an gcuideachta aigéad hidreafluarach a mhodhnú nó a chur amach agus íoc as comhairleoir sábháilteachta a cheapadh chun faireachán a dhéanamh ar chomhlíonadh. Deir gníomhaithe i gceantar Torrance nár cheart do phobail eile fanacht le beatha a chailleadh sula n-éileamh siad ar chuideachtaí oibriú níos sábháilte.\n\"Is é an oíche agus an lá tar éis rud éigin a tharlaíonn\", a dúirt Yuki Kidokoro, stiúrthóir clár na gComhphobal i ndeisceart California le haghaidh Comhshaol Níos Fearr. Níor cheart go mbeadh sé mar sin.\nTar éis 50 bliain a bheith ina cónaí seacht míle ó Chalmette Refining agus Murphy Oil araon, ní raibh Joy Lewis ag smaoineamh níos mó ar smiginn a bhí ag cur amach puffs tiubh de dhún bán-ghrá ná ar duilleoga a bhí ag an gaoth. Ansin fuair a hiníon bás de ghalar cnámh ag aois 41. Thosaigh sí féin agus a fear céile, John Lewis, a raibh grósaeraí mar shaothar acu, ag tabhairt aird ar an deatach agus ar na boladh sulfaróideach a bhí ag teacht ó na scagthréadaí. Labhair siad lena gcomharsana agus thuig siad nach raibh a n-iníon an t-aon íospartach de chearcáin chnámha agus fola, cineálacha ailse a bhaineann go minic le truailliú aeir. Thosaigh an lánúin, nach raibh gníomhaithe comhshaoil riamh roimhe seo, a bheith páirteach leis an mBriogáid Bucket, ag tástáil an aeir timpeall a dteach agus ag glacadh páirt sa chás dlí a chuir iallach ar Chalmette Refining pionóis stáit a íoc as truailliú aeir.\nDeir Lewis agus a fear céile gur mhaith leo go nglacfadh na scagthíolacháin níos mó freagrachta as na rioscaí a bhíonn ag an bpobal.\n\"Ní hé go bhfuilimid ag iarraidh na raifíní a dhúnadh\", a dúirt sí. Ní féidir le daoine beaga cosúil linn é a dhéanamh, ach tá go leor airgid déanta acu chun rudaí a athrú, chun é a dhéanamh beagán níos sábháilte don phobal.\nBa chóir go mbeadh an chéad chéim éasca a bheith ag malartú HF contúirteach leis an leagan modhnaithe a úsáidtear i Torrance, a deir siad.\n\"Nílim ag brath ar a gcumas a bheith sábháilte\", a dúirt John Lewis. Ba ghnách go raibh córas acu inar féidir leat glaoch isteach chun coinníollacha sábháilteachta a sheiceáil ag an mhianlann. Bhí tine mór ann cúpla bliain ó shin, mar sin nuair a bhí an raffinery i ngéarlóidí ... ghlaoigh mé isteach agus d'iarr cad a bhí ag dul ar aghaidh agus an taifeadóir a deir, \"Tá gach rud go maith, oibríochtaí gnáth\".\nChuir an Ionad um Ionracas Poiblí agus ABC News leis an tuairisc seo.\nDeisigh 02/28/2011: Léirigh léarscáil a foilsíodh ar dtús leis an alt seo líonra cóireála ConocoPhillips Alliance go mícheart. Tá an léarscáil nuashonraithe."} {"text": "This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, reproduction and adaptation in any medium and for any purpose provided that it is properly attributed. For attribution, the original author(s), title, publication source (PeerJ Preprints) and either DOI or URL of the article must be cited.\nThe study of ontogeny in the fossil record is complicated by two main factors: growth series are not available for many taxa, and correctly assigning juveniles and adults to the same taxon is often difficult, especially where several related taxa coexisted. Ontogenetic change can also be revealed in single individuals whose morphology records characters from multiple ontogenetic stages. A snail shell is an intuitive example: the shell grows by accretion at its margin, starting from the larval shell (protoconch), and moving outward. Larval shell shape varies predictably between planktotrophic and non-planktotrophic lineages; and since the protoconch is embedded in the adult shell, larval ecology can be inferred in adults from the size and morphology of the retained protoconch. In many extinct lagomorphs, the occlusal surface of the molars changed markedly over the lifespan of an individual, as features such as enamel ridges were revealed and then obliterated by wear. In this case, the complete ‘stack’ of potential occlusal morphologies was present in the adult tooth as soon as it was done mineralizing, and further change progressively erased the ontogenetically early character states. In sauropodomorph dinosaurs, morphological complexity of the vertebrae increases along the cervical series. The simple morphology of anterior cervicals reflects both earlier ontogenetic stages and more primitive character states. More posterior vertebrae reveal the sequential formation of complex structures. Individuals that record multiple ontogenetic stages can help solve palaeobiological problems, such as inferring life histories, assessing ranges of variation, and determining the origin of complex morphological characters.\nThis abstract is identical to the previous version. The only difference is that now the poster itself is attached as a supplementary file.\nGrowth series of one: case studies in time-transgressive morphology [POSTER]", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-27", "url": "https://peerj.com/preprints/3162/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103341778.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20220627195131-20220627225131-00459.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.925231874, "token_count": 469, "score": 3.09375, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Is alt rochtana oscailte é seo a dháileadh faoi théarmaí an Cheadúnais Creatúnais Creative Commons, a cheadaíonn úsáid, dáileadh, atáirgeadh agus oiriúnú gan teorainn in aon mheán agus chun aon chuspóir ar choinníoll go bhfuil sé luaite go cuí. Chun a leithdháileadh, ní mór an t-údar bunaidh, an teideal, foinse foilseacháin (PeerJ Preprints) agus DOI nó URL an ailt a lua.\nTá dhá phríomhfhachtóir ag cur an staidéir ar ontogeny sa taifead iontaise i gcontúirt: níl sraitheanna fáis ar fáil do go leor tacsa, agus is minic a bhíonn sé deacair daoine óga agus daoine fásta a shannadh go ceart don tacsain chéanna, go háirithe nuair a bhí roinnt tacsainn gaolmhara ann. Is féidir athrú ontogenetic a nochtadh i ndaoine aonair a bhfuil a morphology taifid carachtair ó chéimeanna ontogenetic il. Is sampla intuitive é craiceann snail: fásann an craiceann trí chraobhú ag a imeall, ag tosú ón gcraiceann larbha (protoconch), agus ag bogadh amach. Athraíonn cruth craiceann na larbha go intuartha idir línte planctotrophic agus neamh-planctotrophic; agus ós rud é go bhfuil an protoconch leabaithe sa chraiceann fásta, is féidir éiceolaíocht na larbha a léiriú in fásta ó mhéid agus ó mhorphology an protoconch a choinnítear. I go leor lagomorphs atá imithe as an saol, d'athraigh dromchla occlusal na molars go suntasach thar shaolré an duine aonair, mar a nochtadh gnéithe mar chruachanna emal agus ansin scriosadh iad le caitheamh. Sa chás seo, bhí an \"stac\" iomlán de mhórfológaíochtaí oclusal féideartha i láthair sa fiaclóir fásta a luaithe a rinneadh mionailíocht air, agus scrios athrú breise na stáit carachtair ontogenetically luath go forleathan. I dtinosairí sauropodomorph, méadaíonn castacht mhorphological na vertebrae ar feadh na sraithe ceirvicale. Léiríonn morfolaíocht shimplí na cervicals tosaigh céimeanna ontogenetic níos luaithe agus stáit charachtair níos primitive. Léiríonn níos mó vertebrae cúlra an fhoirmiú seicheamhnach de struchtúir chasta. Is féidir le daoine aonair a thaifeadann céimeanna ontogenetic il cabhrú le fadhbanna palaeobiological a réiteach, mar shampla stair bheatha a inferring, raon éagsúlachta a mheas, agus bunús carachtair morphological casta a chinneadh.\nTá an achoimre seo comhionann leis an leagan roimhe seo. Is é an t-aon difríocht ná go bhfuil an póstaer féin ceangailte anois mar chomhad forlíontach.\nSraith fáis de cheann: cás-staidéir i mhorfolaíocht thar-thaoiseach ama [POSTER]"} {"text": "All listings for this product\nAbout this product\n- DescriptionThis is an inspiring and creative resource for developing empathy, understanding feelings and recognising emotions. Designed to stimulate animated discussion, these imaginative photocards provide an invative way of initiating conversation with individuals and groups. They are also useful for creative writing with all ages. The user imagines what the people are thinking and how they may feel in a similar situation, then fills in the speech bubble either verbally or in writing. This provides an opportunity to: focus on thinking; explore the relationship between thoughts and feelings; recognise that behaviour can affect others; and, look at the influences on thoughts and feelings, of factors such as surprise, stress, anger and excitement. It includes a CD-ROM with all the images to print out as individual worksheets. It is a valuable resource for SEAL.\n- Author BiographyProduced by Speechmark, ColorCards(R) are a hugely adaptable teaching tool designed to help develop both language and social skills. Real objects, people, situations and activities are shown on the photographs to provide you with creative and highly visual resources.\n- PublisherSpeechmark Publishing Ltd\n- Date of Publication04/02/2009\n- SubjectEducation & Teaching\n- Series TitleColorCards\n- Place of PublicationBicester, Oxon\n- Country of PublicationUnited Kingdom\n- ImprintSpeechmark Publishing Ltd\n- Weight1050 g\nBest-selling in Non-Fiction Books\nSave on Non-Fiction Books\n- AU $17.73Trending at AU $22.02\n- AU $79.89Trending at AU $90.22\n- AU $17.51Trending at AU $30.26\n- AU $31.46Trending at AU $40.54\n- AU $35.26Trending at AU $35.78\n- AU $11.63Trending at AU $21.86\n- AU $28.00Trending at AU $30.37\nThis item doesn't belong on this page.\nThanks, we'll look into this.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-04", "url": "http://www.ebay.com.au/p/What-are-They-Thinking-ColorCards-by-Speechmark-Publishing-Ltd-Paperback-2009/105580265", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281084.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00548-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9090779424, "token_count": 432, "score": 2.515625, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Gach liosta don táirge seo\nMaidir leis an táirge seo\n- Cur síosIs acmhainn spreagúil agus cruthaitheach é seo chun comhbhá a fhorbairt, mothúcháin a thuiscint agus mothúcháin a aithint. Deartha chun plé beoga a spreagadh, soláthraíonn na cártaí grianghraf samhlacha seo bealach cruthaitheach chun comhrá a thosú le daoine aonair agus le grúpaí. Tá siad úsáideach freisin le haghaidh scríbhneoireachta cruthaitheach le gach aois. Samhlaigh an t-úsáideoir cad atá á smaoineamh ag na daoine agus conas a d'fhéadfadh siad a bheith i gcás den chineál céanna, ansin líonadh isteach an bolg labhairt go béil nó i scríbhinn. Tugann sé seo deis: díriú ar smaointeoireacht; an gaol idir smaointe agus mothúcháin a iniúchadh; aithint gur féidir le hiompar tionchar a imirt ar dhaoine eile; agus, féachaint ar thionchar na ngnéithe ar smaointe agus mothúcháin, amhail iontas, strus, fearg agus spreagadh. Cuimsíonn sé CD-ROM leis na híomhánna go léir le priontáil mar leathanaigh oibre aonair. Is acmhainn luachmhar é do SEAL.\n- Bitheolaíocht an ÚdairArna tháirgeadh ag Speechmark, is uirlis teagaisc an-athchuí atá deartha chun cabhrú le scileanna teanga agus sóisialta a fhorbairt. Taispeántar rudaí, daoine, cásanna agus gníomhaíochtaí fíor ar na grianghraif chun acmhainní cruthaitheacha agus ardfheicteacha a sholáthar duit.\n- Foilsitheoir Speechmark Publishing Ltd\n- Dáta Foilsithe 04/02/2009\n- ÁbharOideachas & Múineadh\n- Teideal SraithCártaí Dath\n- Áit FoilseacháinBicester, Oxon\n- tír foilsitheorais Ríocht Aontaithe\n- ImprintSpeechmark Publishing Ltd\n- Meáchan1050 g\nAn Leabhar is Fearr a Díol i Leabhair Neamh-Fictiúin\nSábháil ar Leabhair Neamh-Ficsean\n- AU $ 17.73 Ag dul go AU $ 22.02\n- AU $ 79.89Treandála ag AU $ 90.22\n- AU $ 17.51 ag dul ag AU $ 30.26\n- AU $ 31.46 ag dul go AU $ 40.54\n- AU $ 35.26 ag dul ag AU $ 35.78\n- AU $ 11.63 ag dul ag AU $ 21.86\n- AU $ 28.00 ag dul ag AU $ 30.37\nNí bhaineann an t-earra seo leis an leathanach seo.\nGo raibh maith agat, beidh muid ag breathnú isteach seo."} {"text": "\"Learn from the birds what food the thickets yield;\nLearn from the beasts the physic of the field;\nThe arts of building from the bee receive;\nLearn of the mole to plow, the worm to weave.\"\nSustainability comes in many shapes and sizes, small things like turning your light off when you leave or large things like making sure the hazardous chemicals you used in chemistry were disposed of properly. As we've alluded to in previous LibGuides, leaders should not treat the world like a garbage bin, whether that means its people, its animals, its plants, or its atmosphere. Use your own position as a leader in society to be a catalyst in changing the world.\nWe are the ones in charge of the world, so don't dismiss the size your impact could be. Whether you lower your technology use, or make your community more efficient, or simply better the conditions around you, work towards a cleaner and more sustainable future.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-30", "url": "https://guides.library.illinois.edu/leadership/community-society/sustainability", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195525829.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20190718211312-20190718233312-00298.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9575121999, "token_count": 195, "score": 3.109375, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "\"Féach ar na héin cad é an bia a thugann na thiúbhálacha;\nFoghlaim ó na beasts an fisice an réimse;\nNa healaíona na tógála ó na beacha a fháil;\nFoghlaim an mol a plough, an worm a weave. \"\nTagann inbhuanaitheacht i go leor cineálacha agus méideanna, rudaí beaga cosúil le do sholas a mhúchadh nuair a fhágann tú nó rudaí móra cosúil le cinntiú go ndéantar na ceimiceáin contúirteacha a úsáideann tú sa cheimic a dhiúscairt i gceart. Mar a luadh i LibGuides roimhe seo, níor cheart do cheannairí an domhan a chóireáil mar dhramhaíl, cibé acu a chiallaíonn sé sin a ndaoine, a ainmhithe, a phlandaí, nó a atmaisféar. Úsáid do shuíomh féin mar cheannaire sa tsochaí chun a bheith ina chatalailitheoir chun an domhan a athrú.\nIs muidne atá i gceannas ar an domhan, mar sin ná déan dearmad ar mhéid an tionchar a d'fhéadfadh a bheith agat. Cibé an laghdaíonn tú d'úsáid teicneolaíochta, nó an ndéanann tú do phobal níos éifeachtúla, nó go simplí na coinníollacha timpeall ort a fheabhsú, oibrigh i dtreo todhchaí níos glaine agus níos inbhuanaithe."} {"text": "by artists as a tool to\nrepresent thoughts ideas, and reflect different views according to each era. And to study the\ndevelopment of the use of photography in the visual arts as well as the perception of\naesthetics in contemporary photography.\nThis boundary of change in the way we look at beauty is known as the ” turning point of\naesthetics”. Artist Ana Mendieta created the series “Untitled” in 1972. The work’s appearance\nshowed the artist’s image where the face was pressed against the plane of the mirror in\ndifferent perspectives to arouse and reflect the suffering of the body as a female status.\nMendieta’s face is distorted in varied images, just like expressing thoughts through physical\nphotography that oppose and deny others who gaze and judge themselves.\nConceptual Photography was defined after the 1960s from the formation of a group of artists to create artworks that emphasized and stimulated the thoughts of the audience. There\nwas a movement of artists who created artworks called post-modern art. The artist creates\nthought-provoking art through events, live performances, media art, sculpture, painting, and\nphotography as the medium by which artists express themselves. In a research study in the\nresearch project entitled “Conceptual art creation process through photography media” , the\nstudy of photography in the context of the visual arts medium was used\nThe process of\nexpressing thoughts by using the plane of the mirror and the effect that showed the distortion\nof the face was born from the concept of a modular identity, in terms of race, gender, and\nage. It is an interesting form of expression for communicating and explaining the unique\nsymbolic connotation of artist Ana Mendieta (Moma, 2021). In addition to the study of the\nworks of the artist. The process of research also studies the history of moving photography\nbetween 1886 to the present. Using the body as a symbolic representation of the meaning.Searching for an understanding of symbols in the history of contemporary art. The information that the researcher has studied and researched opens up new possibilities for creating\nconceptual photography. Demonstrates the process of creation of works, the development of\nideas, the form of photography, and the aesthetics that arise from the creation of thoughtful photography.\nFinally, the photography is taken during the creative process of the research project. It is considered a model in the creation of conceptual photography. The process of creating\nphotography works can take place in a variety of ways. The researchers hope that the\nresearch studies that lead to this art will benefit those interested in the visual arts and art\nstudents. And hope the art series “Slumber” will create unique styles and aesthetics in different cultural contexts and open up new opportunities in art as contemporary art.\nThe research project entitled “The process of creating conceptual art through the\nphotography.” had been studied and ascertained by the researcher from sorts of information to\nanalyze and find ways to create photography and including creating new forms from the scope\nof content and social issues that have arisen from the past to the present. This visualization process has invited new interpretations of the concept of photography to be a communication tool that expresses thoughts upon problems occurring in society through language and theartistic symbols hidden in photography. The artistic tactics in this work have encouraged viewers to watch, question, and find out the meaning in their perspectives.\nObjectives Aims or Purposes\nTo research and develop the process of conceptual photography.\nTo apply the knowledge gained from research to develop concepts to convey the meaning of photography as contemporary art.\nTo study the interpretation process of conceptual photography as a visual language that stimulates the perception of the audience\nProcess or Methods\nStudy the history of photography and the development of photography Photography History – Pictorialism Photography – Modern Photography – Post-modern Photography – After Post-modern Photography\nStudy from thought-provoking artists who create works through photography. Contemporary Artist & photographer – Andreas Gursky – Nobuyoshi Araki – Nancy Goldin – Wolfgang Tillman Conceptual Photography – Jeffrey Wall – Ana Mendieta\nStudy the principles of Value of visual art. – Aesthetic Value – Content Value\nIdentify content issues in “The body in contemporary art” by Sally O’Reilly – Representation and Presence – The Body in Time and Space – Difference and Solidarity – Nature, Myth, and Technology – Monstrous Bodies – Over to You\nAnalyze the theoretical data from the components of the creation as follows: 22.214.171.124 Analysis of conceptual photography. 126.96.36.199 Analysis of thought processes in Visual Art. 188.8.131.52 Analyze content issues.\nSynthesize data to design processes for creation and drafting.\nDevelop an idea from a draft and set the sample group according to the concept of creativity (Vanz Boy and Skoy Girl, 9-12 persons)\nSummary of information for production preparation\nPrepare equipment and structure for photo shooting.\nSurvey the area before photo shooting.\n2.2 Assemble the structure of the set for filming and test the strength of the structure before shooting.\nGuidelines for photo shooting per specified sample group.\nPhotoshoot according to the plan.\nRetouch the images and color correct to suit the printing process.\nTest print before printing all works.\nInstall the photos in the lightbox.\nInstallation design for exhibition.\nMake a questionnaire for the audience who viewed the artwork.\nAnalyze the results according to the stated objectives. Bring the evaluation results from peer review and the audience to analyze the photography in the research project.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-33", "url": "https://www.rsu-workinprogress.com/exhibition/clean-design/slumber-2022/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573104.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817183340-20220817213340-00156.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9281628132, "token_count": 1195, "score": 3.265625, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "ag ealaíontóirí mar uirlis chun\nléiríonn smaointe smaointe, agus léiríonn tuairimí éagsúla de réir gach ré. Agus chun staidéar a dhéanamh ar an\nforbairt úsáid an ghrianghrafadóireachta sna healaíona amhairc chomh maith le tuiscint na\naisteictic sa ghrianghrafadóireacht choimeádach.\nTá an teorainn seo athraithe sa tslí a bhímid ag féachaint ar áilleacht ar a dtugtar pointe casadh na\naesthetics. Chruthaigh an t-ealaíontóir Ana Mendieta an tsraith Untitled i 1972. An chuma ar an saothar\nléirigh an t-ealaíontóir 's íomhá áit a raibh an aghaidh brúite i gcoinne an eitleán an scáthán i\nTá an t-ábhar seo á chur i láthair ag an mBord, agus tá an t-ábhar seo á chur i láthair ag an mBord, agus tá an t-ábhar seo á chur i láthair ag an mBord.\nMendieta aghaidh tá distorted i íomhánna éagsúla, díreach cosúil le smaointe a chur in iúl trí fhisiceach\ngrianghrafadóireacht a dhiúltú agus a dhiúltú daoine eile a gazed agus breithiúnas iad féin.\nSainmhíníodh Grianghrafadóireacht Choincheapaigh tar éis na 1960idí ó fhoirmiú grúpa ealaíontóirí chun saothair ealaíne a chruthú a chuir béim ar smaointe an lucht féachana agus a spreag iad. Anseo\nBhí gluaiseacht ealaíontóirí a chruthaigh saothair ealaíne ar a dtugtar ealaín iar-nua-aimseartha. Cruthaíonn an t-ealaíontóir\nealaín a spreagann smaointe trí imeachtaí, léirithe beo, ealaín meán, dealbh, péintíocht, agus\ngrianghrafadóireacht mar an meán trína léiríonn ealaíontóirí iad féin. I staidéar taighde sa\ntionscadal taighde dar teideal Próiseas cruthaitheacht ealaíne coincheapaigh trí mheán grianghrafadóireachta ,\nBaineadh úsáid as staidéar ar phictiúr i gcomhthéacs na meán ealaíon amhairc\nAn próiseas\nag cur smaointe in iúl trí eitleán an scátháin a úsáid agus an éifeacht a thaispeáin an claonadh\nBhí an t-eagrán seo ar fáil i ngach áit, agus bhí an t-eagrán seo ar fáil i ngach áit.\naois. Is foirm léiriú suimiúil í chun an t-aon-\ncomharthaíocht shiombalach an ealaíontóra Ana Mendieta (Moma, 2021). Chomh maith leis an staidéar ar an\nsaothair an ealaíontóra. Déantar staidéar ar stair na grianghrafadóireachta gluaiseachta freisin\nidir 1886 agus an lá atá inniu ann. An corp a úsáid mar léiriú siombalach ar an bhrí.Forgáil ar thuiscint ar shiombailí i stair na healaíne comhaimseartha. Tá an fhaisnéis a rinne an taighdeoir staidéar uirthi agus a rinne taighde uirthi ag oscailt féidearthachtaí nua chun\ngrianghrafadóireacht choincheapúil. Léiríonn sé an próiseas chun saothair a chruthú, forbairt\nsmaointe, an fhoirm grianghrafadóireachta, agus an aisteic a thagann as an cruthaitheacht grianghrafadóireacht smaointeach.\nAr deireadh, tógann an grianghrafadóir an próiseas cruthaitheach a bhaineann leis an tionscadal taighde. Meastar gur samhail é i gcruthú grianghrafadóireachta coincheapa. An próiseas chun\nIs féidir le saothair grianghrafadóireachta a bheith ar siúl ar bhealaí éagsúla. Tá súil ag na taighdeoirí go\nBeidh staidéar taighde a thiocfaidh leis an ealaín seo ina bhfabhar dóibh siúd a bhfuil suim acu sna healaíona amhairc agus san ealaín\nmic léinn. Agus tá súil againn go gcruthóidh an tsraith ealaíne Slumber stíleanna agus ealaíne uathúla i gcomhthéacsanna cultúrtha éagsúla agus go n-osclaíonn sé deiseanna nua san ealaín mar ealaín comhaimseartha.\nAn tionscadal taighde dar teideal An próiseas chun ealaín coincheapa a chruthú trí na\nBhí an t-eolaí ag déanamh staidéir ar an ngrianghrafadóireacht agus ag cinntiú go raibh an taighdeoir ag brath ar chineál faisnéise a bhí ag an taighdeoir.\nanailís a dhéanamh ar dheasca agus bealaí a aimsiú chun grianghrafadóireacht a chruthú agus foirmeacha nua a chruthú ón raon feidhme san áireamh\nTá an t-ábhar agus na saincheisteanna sóisialta a tháinig chun cinn ón am atá caite go dtí an lá atá inniu ann. Tá an próiseas léargasú seo tar éis léirmhínithe nua a dhéanamh ar choincheap na grianghrafadóireachta mar uirlis cumarsáide a léiríonn smaointe ar fhadhbanna a tharlaíonn sa tsochaí trí theanga agus siombailí ealaíne atá i bhfolach sa ghrianghrafadóireacht. Chuir na beart ealaíne sa saothar seo spreagadh ar lucht féachana féachaint, ceist a chur orthu, agus an bhrí a fháil amach ina bpeirspictíochtaí féin.\nCinntí Céimeanna nó cuspóirí\nAn próiseas grianghrafadóireachta coincheapaigh a thaighde agus a fhorbairt.\nNa heolaíochtaí a fuarthas as taighde a chur i bhfeidhm chun coincheapa a fhorbairt chun brí na grianghrafadóireachta mar ealaín comhaimseartha a chur in iúl.\nAn próiseas léirmhínithe a bhaineann le grianghrafadóireacht choincheapúil a staidéar mar theanga amhairc a spreagann tuiscint an lucht féachana\nPróiseas nó Modhanna\nStaidéar ar stair na grianghrafadóireachta agus forbairt na grianghrafadóireachta Stair na grianghrafadóireachta Grianghrafadóireacht Pictorialism Grianghrafadóireacht Nua-aimseartha Grianghrafadóireacht Iar-Aimseartha Grianghrafadóireacht Tar éis an Grianghrafadóireachta Iar-Aimseartha\nLéigh ó ealaíontóirí smaointeoireachta a chruthaíonn saothair trí ghrianghrafadóireacht. Ealaíontóir agus grianghrafadóir comhaimseartha Andreas Gursky Nobuyoshi Araki Nancy Goldin Wolfgang Tillman Grianghrafadóireacht Choincheapúil Jeffrey Wall Ana Mendieta\nFoghlaim prionsabail Luach na n-ealaíne amhairc. Luach Eisteatúil Luach Ábhar\nAithint ceisteanna ábhair i An comhlacht san ealaín comhaimseartha le Sally OReilly Ionadaíocht agus Fáil An comhlacht in Am agus Spás Difríocht agus Dlúthpháirtíocht Dúlra, Míth agus Teicneolaíocht Corp Monstrach Ar Do Chéile\nDéantar anailís ar na sonraí teoiriciúla ó chomhpháirteanna an chruthaitheachta mar a leanas: 22.214.171.124 Anailís ar ghrianghrafadóireacht choincheapúil. 126.96.36.199 Anailís ar phróisis smaointeoireachta in Ealaín Amhairc. 188.8.131.52 Anailís a dhéanamh ar shaincheisteanna ábhar.\nSonraí a shintéisiú chun próisis a dhearadh le haghaidh cruthaithe agus dréachtú.\nSmaointe a fhorbairt ó dhréacht agus an grúpa samplach a shocrú de réir coincheap na cruthaitheachta (Bhainín Vanz agus Beanán Skoy, 9-12 duine)\nachoimre ar fhaisnéis chun ullmhú a dhéanamh don táirgeadh\nUirlisí agus struchtúr a ullmhú le haghaidh lámhach grianghraf.\nSuirbhé an limistéar roimh lámhach grianghraf.\n2.2 Struchtúr an tsraith a chur le chéile le haghaidh scannánú agus neart an struchtúir a thástáil sula ndéantar scannánú.\nTreoirlínte maidir le grianghrafadóireacht i gcás grúpa samplach sonraithe.\nGlacadh grianghraf de réir an phlean.\nDéan na híomhánna a athshlánú agus déan iad a cheartú i gcló chun iad a oiriúnú don phróiseas priontála.\nCló tástála sula ndéantar na hoibreacha go léir a phriontáil.\nCuir na grianghraif sa bhosca solais.\nDearadh suiteála le haghaidh taispeántais.\nDéan ceistneoir don lucht féachana a bhreathnaigh ar an saothar ealaíne.\nAnailís a dhéanamh ar na torthaí de réir na gcuspóirí a luaitear. Tóg torthaí meastóireachta ó athbhreithniú piaraí agus an lucht féachana chun an grianghrafadóireacht a anailísiú sa tionscadal taighde."} {"text": "Bible Story: David and Goliath | 1 Samuel 17:17-52\nMain Point: I Am Able!\nMemory Verse: “This is my command — be strong and courageous! Do not be afraid.” Joshua 1:9a\nWe joined our friends Sticks and Stones for another episode of “Calling Sticks and Stones.” See how your child discovered how to embrace God’s calling on their lives by using their special gifts, just like David!\nQuest children learned “I Am Able!” from the Bible story about David defeating Goliath. Just like David was able to beat Goliath with his special gifts, children learned that God gives each of us special gifts, too, and we are able to do great things for God!\nJanuary Memory Verse\nGod commands us not to be afraid, but to to be strong and courageous because He has called us to do great things! Help your child learn our January memory verse by practicing at home, at the dinner table, or before bedtime.\n“This is my command (hold hands out like a book)—\nbe strong (make muscles)\nand courageous! (hands on hip like a superhero)\nDo not (cross hands on top of each other)\nbe afraid. (cover eyes)”", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-33", "url": "https://elevationekidz.com/calling-sticks-and-stones-week-2-quest/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570765.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808031623-20220808061623-00105.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.939697206, "token_count": 281, "score": 2.8125, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Scéal Bíobla: David agus Goliath 1 Samuel 17:17-52\nAn Príomhphointe: Tá mé in ann!\nCuimhne Verse: Is é seo mo ordú a bheith láidir agus misneach! Ná bíodh eagla ort. - Iósua 1:9a\nChuaigh muid le ár gcairde Sticks and Stones le haghaidh eipeasóid eile de Calling Sticks and Stones. Féach conas a fuair do leanbh amach conas glaoch Dé ar a saol a ghlacadh trína gcuid bronntanais speisialta a úsáid, díreach cosúil le David!\nD'fhoghlaim leanaí Quest I Am Able! ón scéal sa Bhíobla faoi David ag bualadh le Goliath. Díreach mar a bhí ar chumas Daidí Goliath a bhuachan lena chuid deiseanna speisialta, d'fhoghlaim leanaí go dtugann Dia deiseanna speisialta do gach duine againn freisin, agus go bhfuil muid in ann rudaí móra a dhéanamh do Dhia!\nAn Bille Chuimhneacháin Eanáir\nNí chuireann Dia a n-ordú dúinn a bheith eagla, ach a bheith láidir agus misneach toisc go bhfuil sé glaodh orainn a dhéanamh rudaí móra! Cabhraigh le do leanbh an véarsa a chuimhneamh i mí Eanáir trí chleachtadh a dhéanamh sa bhaile, ag an mbord dinnéir, nó sula dtéann sé a chodladh.\nIs é seo mo ordú (coinnigh do lámha amach mar leabhar) \nbheith láidir (múscail a dhéanamh)\nagus misneach! (Lámha ar hip cosúil le superhero)\nNá (cros na lámha ar bharr a chéile)\nbheith eagla. (Clúdaigh súile) "} {"text": "Although distributions of bumble bees\nin the United States have been defined broadly (Franklin, 1913; Mitchell, 1962), most range-wide treatments are dated and rarely contain geographically discrete records of occurrence.\nOver the past few years, one bumble bee\nin particular, the western bumble bee\n, Bombus occidentalis, has caught his eye.\nA FETED Welsh artist yesterday handed out free sketches to highlight the plight of the British bumble bee\nAt the same time, queen bumble bees\nbecome very active.\nSo a detailed study into the lifecycle of the bumble bee\nwas commissioned as a starting point to solving the quandary.\nIn a bid to save the gravity defying insects, the trust has called on gardeners to help them find out how dependent bumble bees\nare on garden flowers.\nOne of the most spectacular species is the red-tailed bumble bee\nThe image was of a big bumble bee\ncomplete with its furry, fat middle and tiny, delicate wings - a welcome change from drawings of nuclear reactors and spaghetti-like circuit diagrams.\nThe Carder is pretty much brown all over, and the Red-Tailed bumble bee\nis yellow and black with a red tailend.\nSue began by explaining the differences between honey bees, bumble bees\nand wasps - discussing the important differences between their stings, swarms and nests.\nOther types of bees, such as bumble bees\n,are also suffering because of the loss of their nesting habitats and modern intensive agriculture.\nThe resulting colonies were exposed to parasites which commonly infest bumble bees", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-04", "url": "http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Bumble+bees", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281151.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00425-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9442099333, "token_count": 338, "score": 3.921875, "int_score": 4, "irish_text": "Cé go bhfuil dáileadh na mbéillí\nTá an t-easpa de thorthaí ar an gcóras cóireála ar fud na tíre ag an leibhéal is airde de thorthaí ar thorthaí ar thorthaí ar thorthaí ar thorthaí ar thorthaí ar thorthaí ar thorthaí ar thorthaí ar thorthaí ar thorthaí ar thorthaí ar thorthaí ar thorthaí ar thorthaí ar thorthaí ar thorthaí ar thorthaí ar thorthaí ar thorthaí ar thorthaí ar thorthaí ar thorthaí ar thorthaí ar thorthaí ar thorthaí ar thorthaí ar thorthaí ar thorthaí ar thorthaí ar thorthaí ar thorthaí ar thorthaí ar thorthaí ar thorthaí ar thorthaí ar thorthaí ar thorthaí ar thorthaí ar thorthaí ar thorthaí ar thorthaí ar thorthaí ar thorthaí ar thorthaí ar thorthaí ar thorthaí ar thorthaí ar thorthaí ar thorthaí ar thorthaí ar thorthaí ar thorthaí ar thorthaí ar thorthaí ar thorthaí.\nLe cúpla bliain anuas, amháin bumble bee\ngo háirithe, an bumble bee an iarthair\n, Bombus occidentalis, a ghabháil a súl.\nFETED An ealaíontóir na Breataine a bhronnadh scaipeanna saor in aisce a chur i bhfios an staid an bumble Beag Bhreatain\nAg an am céanna, baineann banríon\nbheith an-ghníomhach.\nMar sin, staidéar mionsonraithe ar an timthriall saoil an bumble bee\ncuireadh i gcrích mar phointe tosaigh chun an dilemma a réiteach.\nI iarracht chun na h-ionsaithe a shábháil a mhaireann an tromchúis, d'iarr an muinín ar ghairdínéirí chun cabhrú leo a fháil amach conas a bhíonn na humble beacha ag brath\nTá ar bláthanna gairdín.\nCeann de na speicis is suntasaí ná an bumble beacha-dearg\nBhí an íomhá de bumble beacha mór\nTá sé ina chónaí i gCathair na hAlban, i gCathair na hAlban, i gCathair na hAlban, i gCathair na hAlban, i gCathair na hAlban, i gCathair na hAlban, i gCathair na hAlban, i gCathair na hAlban, i gCathair na hAlban, i gCathair na hAlban, i gCathair na hAlban, i gCathair na hAlban, i gCathair na hAlban, i gCathair na hAlban, i gCathair na hAlban, i gCathair na hAlban, i gCathair na hAlban, i gCathair na hAlban, i gCathair na hAlban, i gCathair na hAlban.\nTá an Carder go leor go leor donn ar fud, agus an Red-Tailed bumble bee\nTá sé buí agus dubh le tailend dearg.\nThosaigh Sue ag míniú na difríochtaí idir beacha milis, beacha bumble\nagus wasps - ag plé na difríochtaí tábhachtacha idir a stings, swarms agus nead.\nCineálacha eile beacha, amhail beacha boinn\nTá an t-eagrán seo á chur i bhfeidhm ag an gCoimisiún i mí na Samhna.\nBhí na coilíneachtaí a tháinig as sin nochtaithe do pharaisítí a bhíonn ag cur báistí bumble go coitianta"} {"text": "The economic gap between the rich and the poor in most South American countries is larger than in most of the other continents.\nHere are the five richest countries in South America as of 2015, ranked by GDP per capita:\nVenezuelan economy is largely based on the petroleum and manufacturing sectors. More than 50 percent of the nation’s revenue comes from petroleum exports. It is one of the leading exporters of oil. More than 60 percent of Venezuela’s international reserves are in gold, around eight times more than the average for the region.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-30", "url": "https://richestlifestyle.com/richest-countries-in-south-america/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195524548.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20190716115717-20190716141717-00492.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9583821297, "token_count": 112, "score": 2.546875, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Tá an bhearna eacnamaíoch idir na saibhre agus na bochta i bhformhór na dtíortha Mheiriceá Theas níos mó ná i bhformhór na mór-roinn eile.\nSeo iad na cúig thír is saibhre i Meiriceá Theas ó 2015, rangaithe de réir OTI in aghaidh an duine:\nTá geilleagar na Venuézueile bunaithe go mór ar na hearnálacha peitriliam agus déantúsaíochta. Tagann níos mó ná 50 faoin gcéad de ioncam na náisiúin ó onnmhairí peitriliam. Tá sé ar cheann de na príomh-onnmhaireoirí ola. Tá níos mó ná 60 faoin gcéad de chúlchistí idirnáisiúnta na Venuesúla in ór, thart ar ocht n-uaire níos mó ná an meán don réigiún."} {"text": "Atom chips allow for a great variety of trapping geometries for atomic ensembles by means of magnetic, electric, optical, microwave and radio-frequency potentials. Our research aims at the creation of multiply connected topologies, like rings, tori, and cylinders. These traps are used to investigate the low temperature behaviour of ultracold quantum gases when the dimensionality of the trapping geometry changes. Of particular interest are studies of low dimensional systems (2D and 1D) with periodic boundary conditions.\nTwo-dimensional quantum gases do not show a true Bose-Einstein condensation (BEC) in homogenous systems, but rather a Berezinskii-Kosterlitz-Thouless (BKT) type transition. A BEC can still occur in harmonic traps though, hence providing a “mixture” of BEC and BKT physics. A quasi-homogenous geometry as provided by the torus trap will enable the study of pure BKT physics.\nOur current atom chip generation will produce cylinder-symmetric traps by using a combination of dc and radio-frequency fields. Further to the investigation of low-dimensional systems the chip can be used to dynamically split an elongated cloud of ultracold atoms. This “unzipping” of the cloud is intended to be used as a quantum simulator for effects of the Fulling-Davies-Unruh type.\nQuantum optics and light-matter interfaces\nWe investigate techniques to map the quantum states of light pulses into the spin degrees of freedom of atomic ensembles and vice versa. Using their long coherence times, the atoms serve as a quantum memory, enabling, e.g., long-distance quantum communication.\nOn the other hand, mapping quantum states of matter onto light makes them accessible to well established quantum optical techniques like photon counting and homodyne detection. These can then be used as analytical tools for a variety of strongly correlated many-body states. We plan to trap very elongated clouds of atoms inside the small hollow core of a photonic crystal fibre, which will lead to strong interactions with the light field even for gases containing only a few hundred atoms.\nToroidal and ring-shaped matterwaves\nAnother line of experiments will make use of atom chip based traps with non-trivial topologies. By confining an ultracold gas to the surface of a hollow torus, we want to realise a two-dimensional matter wave with periodic boundary conditions.\nThis will help overcoming certain restrictions to the validity of theoretical models, which are encountered when using harmonic trapping potentials. A major ingredient to our experiments are radio-frequency (rf) dressed potentials.\nBy exploiting the vector type coupling between atoms and rf-fields we gain control over atomic motion and will be\nable to let atoms counterpropagate in two rings. Such a setup can be used as a matter wave Sagnac interferometer that is extremely sensitive to rotation.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-30", "url": "https://coldatomsgroupnottingham.com/research/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195525863.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20190718231656-20190719013656-00428.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8733985424, "token_count": 609, "score": 2.53125, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Ligeann sliseanna adamh éagsúlacht mhór geoimeatraíochtaí gabháil d'eintinn adamh trí chumas maighnéadach, leictreacha, optúla, micreathonn agus raidió-mhinicíochta. Tá sé mar aidhm ag ár dtaighde topológaí atá nasctha go il, cosúil le fáinní, tori, agus sorcóir a chruthú. Úsáidtear na gaistí seo chun imscrúduithe a dhéanamh ar iompar teochta íseal gáis uachtaracha ultrachothaosta nuair a athraíonn gnéithe an gheoiméide gaistí. Tá spéis ar leith ag staidéir ar chórais íseal-mheánmhéide (2D agus 1D) le coinníollacha teorann tréimhsiúla.\nNí léiríonn gáis cheantúla dhá-thomhaise fíor-chomhdhéantacht Bose-Einstein (BEC) i gcórais chomhionanna, ach aistriú cineál Berezinskii-Kosterlitz-Thouless (BKT). Is féidir le BEC tarlú i bpáistí harmónacha, mar sin, ag soláthar 'meascán' de fhisice BEC agus BKT. Cuirfidh geoiméide chaoi-homogineach mar a sholáthraíonn an gaile torus ar chumas staidéar a dhéanamh ar fhisiceann íon BKT.\nTá sé beartaithe ag ár ngrúpa reatha de scipí adamha a chur ar fáil le gaistí siliméadacha-siliméadacha trí chomhcheangal de cheantair dc agus raidió-mhinicíochta a úsáid. Ina theannta sin ar an imscrúdú ar chórais íseal-dimheanacha is féidir an sliseanna a úsáid chun scáileán dinimiciúil de chnuasach elongated d'aotamaí ultra-fhuar a scoilt. Tá sé beartaithe an \"unzipping\" seo den scamall a úsáid mar insamhlóir cuanta le haghaidh éifeachtaí den chineál Fulling-Davies-Unruh.\nÓpsaíocht chuantúil agus comhéadan léine-matter\nDéanaimid imscrúdú ar theicnící chun staitisticí cuanmacha pholl solais a mhapeáil isteach i gcéimeanna saoirse spín ensembles adamhach agus a mhalairt. Ag baint úsáide as a gcuid amanna fada comhsheasmhachta, feidhmíonn na h-aatómaí mar chuimhne cuanta, ag cur ar chumas, mar shampla, cumarsáid cuanta fad-achair.\nAr an láimh eile, déanann mapsáil stáit chuanmacha ábhar ar an solas iad inrochtana do theicnící optúla chuanmacha dea-bhunaithe cosúil le cuntáil fótóin agus braite homodyne. Is féidir iad seo a úsáid mar uirlisí anailíseacha le haghaidh stáit éagsúla go láidir comhghaoltach go leor comhlachtaí. Tá sé beartaithe againn scamaill an-fhada d'atamaí a ghabháil taobh istigh den chroí beag lom de shnáithín criostail fótan, rud a thiocfaidh le hidirghníomhaíochtaí láidre leis an réimse solais fiú le haghaidh gáis nach bhfuil ach cúpla céad adamh iontu.\ntonnta ábhar toroidal agus annálach\nÚsáidfear le líne eile turgnaimh gaileacha bunaithe ar sliceáil adamhach le topológaí neamh-trivial. Trí ghás ultra-fhuar a shrianadh ar dhromchla torus, ba mhaith linn tonn ábhar dhá-thaobhach a bhaint amach le coinníollacha teorann tréimhsiúla.\nCabhróidh sé seo le srianta áirithe a shárú maidir le bailíocht na samhlacha teoiriciúla, a bhíonn ann nuair a úsáidtear féidearthachtaí gabháil harmónach. Is ionchasacha cóirithe raidió-mhinicíochta (rf) príomh-chomhábhar dár dturgnamh.\nTrí úsáid a bhaint as an gcúpláil cineál veicteora idir adamh agus rf-chathair a fháil againn rialú ar ghluaiseacht adamhach agus beidh\nin ann ligean adamh contra-fhorleathadh i dhá fáinne. Is féidir socrú den sórt sin a úsáid mar idirghabhálaí Sagnac tonn ábhar atá an-íogair do rothlú."} {"text": "In order to diagnose this, you need to do an arterial blood gas\nPaO2<8kPa. There are two types which are defined based on the PaCO2.\nPaCO2 is normal or low. Basically, hypoxia without hypercapnia (low oxygen, not high carbon dioxide). It doesn't matter if the CO2 is low or normal - if it's not high and the patient is hypoxic, it's type I respiratory failure.\nPaCO2 > 6kPa i.e. it's high. In words, it's hypoxia with hypercapnia (low oxygen with high carbon dioxide).\nType I is caused by anything which results in a ventilation/perfusion (V/Q) mismatch. In normal ventilation the amount of air coming into the lungs (ventilation) is just enough to oxygenate the amount of blood coming into the lungs (perfusion). In V/Q mismatch, that ratio is out of whack causing the body to breath more quickly to make up for it. Causes include: pneumonia, pulmonary oedema, PE, asthma, emphysema, fibrosing alveolitis and ARDS\nAs for type II, there are a bunch of theories on how this works. The theory of hypoxic drive (where oxygen becomes the primary stimulus for breathing) has become more controversial recently. So in terms of pathophysiology, it's a bit difficult to be sure what's right or not. If nothing else, remember the \"hypoxia with hypercapnia (PaCO2 > 6kPa)\" bit and nothing else. It's basically anything with respiratory failure where they are hypoventilating (breathing too slowly). Causes include:\n- Lung - asthma, COPD, pneumonia, pulmonary fibrosis, sleep apnoea\n- Brain - sedative drugs, CNS tumour, trauma\n- Neuro/Muscle - Cervical cord lesion, paralysed diaphragm, polio, myastehnia gravis, Guillain-Barre syndrome\n- Bones - kyphoscolisosis, any deformity of the chest wall that would stop efficacious chest expansion on inspiration\nHaving any of the diseases listed above, really.\nEssentially, they can be split into those caused by hypoxia and those causes by hypercapnia.\nHypoxia will present with: dyspnoea, restlessness, agitation, confusion and central cyanosis. Longstanding, it will give polycythaemia, pulmonary hypertension and cor pulmonale.\nHypercapnia will present with: headache, peripheral vasodilatation, tachycardia, bounding pulse, tremor (CO2 retention tremor), papilloedema, confusion, drowsiness, coma\n- FBC - WCC↑ in infection, platelets↑ in inflammation, Hb↓ in anaemia\n- U+Es - provide baseline if they become very ill\n- CRP - raised in inflammation\n- D-dimer if PE suspected\n- ABG - determines nature of respiratory failure\n- Blood culture if febrile - determine infection\n- Sputum culture - infection\nTreat underlying cause. Whether it's type I or type II, you need to figure out what's causing it and deal with it.\nType I - give oxygen (35-60%) and assisted ventilation if PaO2<8kPa. You are looking to get oxygen saturation up (92-96% depending on age).\nType II - controlled oxygen (24%). You also need to recheck ABG after 20 mins. If the PaCO2 remains the same or gets lower, increase O2 to 28%. If the PaCO2 continues to fall consider assisted ventilation or a respiratory stimulant (doxapram 1.5-4mg IVI). If all this fails, intubate and ventilate.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-33", "url": "https://medrevise.co.uk/index.php?title=Respiratory_failure", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571987.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813202507-20220813232507-00636.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8631840348, "token_count": 864, "score": 3.140625, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Chun a dhearbhú seo, ní mór duit a dhéanamh gáis fola arterial\nPaO2<8kPa. Tá dhá chineál ann a shainmhínítear bunaithe ar an PaCO2.\nTá PaCO2 gnáth nó íseal. Go bunúsach, hipocsia gan hypercapnia (ocsaigin íseal, ní dé-ocsaíd charbóin ard). Níl sé tábhachtach an bhfuil an CO2 íseal nó gnáth - mura bhfuil sé ard agus go bhfuil an t-othar hypoxic, tá sé cineál I easnamh anailíse.\nPaCO2 > 6kPa i.e. Tá sé ard. I bhfocail, is hypoxia é le hypercapnia (ocsaigin íseal le dé-ocsaíd charbóin ard).\nIs é an cineál I a tharlaíonn de bharr aon rud a fhágann go bhfuil mí-chomhoiriúnú aerála/fhorchuir (V/Q) ann. I gnáth-aimsíocht, tá an méid aeir a thagann isteach sna scamhóga (aimsíocht) díreach go leor chun an méid fola a thagann isteach sna scamhóga (fhorchur) a ocsaigineáil. I míchomhoiriúnú V / Q, tá an cóimheas sin as ucht a fhágann go bhfuil an corp ag anailís níos tapúla chun é a dhéanamh suas. I measc na gcúiseanna tá: niúmóine, edema scamhóige, PE, asthma, emfysema, alveolitis fibrosing agus ARDS\nMaidir le cineál II, tá go leor teoiricí ann maidir leis an gcaoi a n-oibríonn sé. Tá an teoiric tiomána hypoxic (nuair a bhíonn ocsaigin mar phríomh-spreagadh don anailís) níos conspóideacha le déanaí. Mar sin ó thaobh paiteofiseolaíocht de, tá sé deacair a bheith cinnte cad atá ceart nó nach bhfuil. Mura bhfuil aon rud eile, cuimhnigh ar an \"hypoxia le hypercapnia (PaCO2 > 6kPa) \" bit agus aon rud eile. Is rud é go bunúsach aon rud le teip anáil nuair a bhíonn siad hypoventilating (anáil ró-mhall). I measc na gcúiseanna tá:\n- Asthma scamhóg, COPD, nimonóid, fíbróis scamhóg, apnea codlata\n- Drogaipeanna suaimhneacha inchinne, tumoir CNS, trauma\n- Neuro/Muscle - Léasúr cnámh ceircíochta, diaphragm paraliasta, póilíneo, myastehnia gravis, siondróm Guillain-Barre\n- Cnámha - kyphoscolisosis, aon dífhoirmiú ar bhalla na cnámha a chuirfeadh cosc ar leathnú éifeachtach an chnámha nuair a\nAg aon cheann de na galair atá liostaithe thuas, i ndáiríre.\nGo bunúsach, is féidir iad a roinnt ina n-aonad a bhíonn mar thoradh ar hypoxia agus na cinn a bhíonn mar thoradh ar hypercapnia.\nBeidh hypoxia i láthair le: dyspnoea, restlessness, agitation, mearbhall agus cyanosis lárnach. Le fada, beidh sé a thabhairt polycythaemia, ardteannas pulmonary agus cor pulmonale.\nBeidh hipearcapnia le: tinneas cinn, vasodilatation imeallach, tachycardia, buille teoranta, tremor (trémor coinneála CO2), papilloedema, mearbhall, drowsiness, coma\n- FBC - WCC↑ i n-ionfhabhtú, plátaí↑ i ndea-\n- U+Es - bunlíne a sholáthar má bhíonn siad an-breoite\n- CRP - ardaithe i ndea-\n- D-dimer má tá amhras ar PE\n- ABG - cinntíonn sé cineál an mhainneachtain aeir\n- Cultúr fola má tá fiabhras ann - ionfhabhtú a chinneadh\n- Cultúr sputum - ionfhabhtú\nDéan cóireáil ar an gcúis bhunúsach. Cibé an cineál I nó cineál II é, ní mór duit a fháil amach cad é a bhíonn ag cúis leis agus déileáil leis.\nGné I - ocsaigin a thabhairt (35-60%) agus gaoithe a chabhrú má tá PaO2<8kPa. Tá tú ag iarraidh a fháil ar sháthaitheacht ocsaigine suas (92-96% ag brath ar aois).\nCineál II - ocsaigin rialaithe (24%). Ní mór duit ABG a sheiceáil arís tar éis 20 nóiméad. Má fhanann an PaCO2 mar an gcéanna nó má théann sé níos ísle, méadaigh O2 go 28%. Má leanann an PaCO2 ag titim, déan machnamh ar fhéinteáil chúnta nó ar spreagóir anáil (doxapram 1.5 - 4 mg IVI). Má theipeann ar seo go léir, intubat agus ventilate."} {"text": "The difference between Eastern Standard Time and Eastern Daylight Time is one hour, as Eastern Standard Standard Time is one hour earlier. Eastern Daylight Time is used in the summer months. Conversely, Eastern Standard Time is used in the winter months, where clocks are set one hour earlier.Continue Reading\nVarious converters can be found through the Internet to change EDT times to EST times and vice versa, but their difference is very simple. EDT time will always be an hour later, or EST will be one hour earlier. The EDT time zone variation is used in various eastern parts of North America and Canada.\nEastern Daylight Time is observed in various states and areas, like Connecticut, Delaware, the District of Columbia, Georgia, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Vermont, Virginia and West Virginia. There are other states where Eastern Daylight Time is observed, but it only applies for sections of these states, such as the southern and eastern parts of Florida, all counties in Indiana that aren't near Chicago, the eastern parts of Kentucky, all parts of Michigan besides the western counties and the eastern counties of Tennessee.\nThere are also some Canadian provinces that observe the rules of Eastern Daylight Time. These parts of Canada include most areas in Nunavut and Quebec, as well as areas within Ontario that are east of 90 West, including the Shebandowan and Upsala communities, which are are west of 90 West.Learn more about Time Zones", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-09", "url": "https://www.reference.com/science/difference-between-est-edt-3b522f712bccf117", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501173866.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104613-00016-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9383516312, "token_count": 306, "score": 3.796875, "int_score": 4, "irish_text": "Tá an difríocht idir Am Caighdeánach an Oirthir agus Am Laethanta an Oirthir uair an chloig, mar go bhfuil Am Caighdeánach Caighdeánach an Oirthir uair an chloig níos luaithe. Úsáidtear Am Laethanta an Oirthir i míonna an tsamhraidh. Ar a mhalairt, úsáidtear am Chaighdeánach an Oirthir i míonna an gheimhridh, áit a bhfuil cloganna socraithe uair an chloig níos luaithe.Continue Reading\nIs féidir le hiontrálaithe éagsúla a fháil tríd an Idirlíon chun amanna EDT a athrú go amanna EST agus a mhalairt, ach tá a gcuid difríochta an-simplí. Beidh am EDT i gcónaí uair an chloig níos déanaí, nó beidh EST uair an chloig níos luaithe. Úsáidtear an athrú crios ama EDT i gcodanna éagsúla ó oirthear Mheiriceá Thuaidh agus i gCeanada.\nDéantar am Laethanta an Oirthir a urramú i stáit agus i gceantair éagsúla, mar Connecticut, Delaware, Dúiche Columbia, Georgia, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Carolina Thuaidh, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Carolina Theas, Vermont, Virginia agus West Virginia. Tá stáit eile ann ina ndéantar am Laethanta an Oirthir a urramú, ach ní bhaineann sé ach le codanna de na stáit seo, mar shampla codanna theas agus thoir Florida, gach contae in Indiana nach bhfuil in aice le Chicago, codanna thoir Kentucky, gach cuid de Michigan seachas na contaeanna thiar agus na contaeanna thoir Tennessee.\nTá roinnt cúigeanna Cheanada ann freisin a choimeádann rialacha am Laethanta an Oirthir. Áirítear leis na codanna seo de Cheanada an chuid is mó de na ceantair i Nunavut agus i Quebec, chomh maith le ceantair laistigh d'Ontario atá soir ó 90 West, lena n-áirítear pobail Shebandowan agus Upsala, atá siar ó 90 West."} {"text": "Essential tremor is a disorder of your nervous system. It is marked by uncontrolled rhythmic tremors (shaking) in different areas and on different sides of your body. Uncontrolled means that you are not trying to shake.\nEssential tremor occurs most often in your hands. However, it may also affect your arms, chin, tongue, head, larynx or voice box (makes your voice sound shaky). Essential tremor does not usually affect your lower body, but it can.\nEssential tremor can make it difficult to do some simple tasks. You may have trouble doing things like writing, drinking from a glass, shaving or tying your shoelaces.\nEssential tremor is known by other names. It is also referred to as ET, benign essential tremor, hereditary tremor and familial tremor.\nEssential tremor is a common disorder that affects around 10 million people in the United States. It affects 4 to 5% of people between the ages of 40 to 60. Essential tremor affects about 6.3 to 9% of people over the age of 60.\nEven though essential tremor primarily affects elderly people, it can also affect middle-aged people and children. This disorder is not gender or race specific.\nThere are several signs and symptoms that may be an indication of essential tremor. Some of these are:\n§ Shaking that is usually small, rapid movements that occur more than five times a second\n§ A quivering or shaking voice\n§ Difficulty doing simple things like writing, drawing or using tools\n§ Nodding of your head.\nThe shaking (tremors) may:\n§ Start gradually\n§ Be aggrevated by fatigue, caffeine, temperature extremes or emotional stress\n§ Occur and be more noticeable when you move and be less noticeable when you rest\n§ Not affect both sides of your body in the same way\n§ Come and go, but usually get worse as you get older.\nEssential tremor is often confused with Parkinson’s disease. However, there are some key differences in the two conditions. These include:\n§ Associated conditions – Essential tremor does not cause other health problems, but Parkinson’s does.\n§ Parts of your body that are affected – Essential tremor affects more parts of your body than Parkinson’s.\n§ When tremors happen – Essential tremor usually occurs when you use your hands, while Parkinson’s usually occurs when your hands are at rest.\nYou or a loved one may have essential tremor. This disorder and/or complications that have resulted from or other conditions that you may have along with it may be why you are disabled and in need of financial help.\nYou or your loved one may have applied for financial assistance from the Social Security Administration by applying for Social Security disability benefits or disability benefits because of the disability caused by essential tremor and/or complications that have resulted from or other conditions that you have along with it. Have you or your loved one already applied and been denied?\nIf you or your loved one reapplies or appeals the denial, consider this. People who are represented by a disability attorney like the one at Social Security Home are approved more often than people who do not have a disability lawyer on their side.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-09", "url": "http://www.disabilitycasereview.com/disabilityblog/2010/11/29/essential-tremor-and-receiving-social-security-disability/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501169776.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104609-00504-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9623586535, "token_count": 673, "score": 3.84375, "int_score": 4, "irish_text": "Is neamhoird é tremor riachtanach do chóras néaróg. Tá sé marcáilte le tremors ritimice neamhrialta (shaking) i réimsí éagsúla agus ar thaobh éagsúla de do chorp. Ciallaíonn neamhrialú nach bhfuil tú ag iarraidh a shake.\nTarlaíonn creathadh riachtanach is minic i do lámha. Mar sin féin, d'fhéadfadh sé difear a dhéanamh do do lámha, do chin, do theanga, do cheann, do larynx nó do bhosca gutha (déanann sé do ghuth a bheith crith). Ní dhéanann creathadh riachtanach difear de ghnáth do chuid íochtarach do chorp, ach d'fhéadfadh sé.\nD'fhéadfadh sé go mbeadh sé deacair ag an gcreathrú bunúsach roinnt tascanna simplí a dhéanamh. B'fhéidir go mbeadh deacracht agat rudaí a dhéanamh amhail scríobh, ól ó ghloine, rothú nó do shuachaillí a cheangal.\nTá ainmneacha eile ar an gcreathadh riachtanach. Tugtar ET, tremor bunúsach neamhdhíobhálach, tremor oidhreachta agus tremor teaghlaigh air freisin.\nIs neamhoird choitianta é tremor riachtanach a théann i bhfeidhm ar thart ar 10 milliún duine sna Stáit Aontaithe. Bíonn tionchar aige ar 4 go 5% de dhaoine idir 40 agus 60 bliain d'aois. Bíonn tionchar ag creathadh bunúsach ar thart ar 6.3 go 9% de dhaoine os cionn 60 bliain d'aois.\nCé go mbíonn tionchar ag creathadh bunúsach go príomha ar dhaoine scothaosta, is féidir go mbeadh tionchar aige ar dhaoine meánaosta agus ar leanaí freisin. Ní bhaineann an neamhord seo le gnéas nó cine.\nTá roinnt comharthaí agus comharthaí ann a d'fhéadfadh a bheith ina léargas ar chothroime bunúsach. Seo cuid de na cinn seo a leanas:\n§ Tréigthe a bhíonn beag de ghnáth, gluaiseachtaí tapa a tharlaíonn níos mó ná cúig huaire sa dara\n§ Guth ag crith nó ag crith\n§ Éascachtaí le rudaí simplí a dhéanamh mar scríobh, líníocht nó uirlisí a úsáid\n§ Ag ceapadh le do cheann.\nFéadfaidh an cith (trémor):\n§ Tosaigh de réir a chéile\n§ A bheith ag éirí níos measa le tuirse, caiféin, teochtaí iomarcacha nó strus mothúchánach\n§ Tarlaíonn sé agus bíonn sé níos suntasaí nuair a ghluaiseann tú agus bíonn sé níos lú suntasaí nuair a bhíonn tú ag fanacht\n§ Ní dhéanann sé difear do dhá thaobh de do chorp ar an mbealach céanna\n§ Téann agus tagann, ach de ghnáth bíonn sé níos measa de réir mar a théann tú in aois.\nIs minic a dhéantar mearbhall ar tremor riachtanach le galar Parkinson. Tá roinnt difríochtaí tábhachtacha idir an dá choinníoll, áfach. I measc na n-ábhar sin tá:\n§ Coinníollacha gaolmhara Ní bhíonn trioblóid bhunúsach ina chúis le fadhbanna sláinte eile, ach bíonn Parkinsons ann.\n§ Cuid de do chorp a bhfuil tionchar aige Bíonn tionchar ag creathadh riachtanach ar níos mó codanna de do chorp ná Parkinson.\n§ Nuair a tharlaíonn tremors Is gnách go dtarlaíonn tremor riachtanach nuair a úsáideann tú do lámha, agus is gnách go dtarlaíonn Parkinsons nuair a bhíonn do lámha ag fanacht.\nD'fhéadfadh go mbeadh tremor bunúsach agat féin nó ag duine a bhfuil grá agat. D'fhéadfadh go mbeadh an t-aontacht seo agus/nó na deacrachtaí a tháinig as nó coinníollacha eile a d'fhéadfadh a bheith agat in éineacht leis an ghalair seo mar chúis go bhfuil tú faoi mhíchumas agus go bhfuil cabhair airgeadais de dhíth ort.\nD'fhéadfadh go raibh tú féin nó do ghaolmhar tar éis iarratas a dhéanamh ar chúnamh airgeadais ó Riarachán na Slándála Sóisialaí trí thacaíocht míchumais Slándála Sóisialaí a iarraidh nó trí thacaíocht míchumais a iarraidh mar gheall ar an míchumais a tharla mar gheall ar chothroime riachtanach agus/nó ar choimhlintí a tháinig as nó ar choinníollacha eile a bhí agat in éineacht leis. An ndearna tú nó do ghaolmhar iarratas cheana féin agus an diúltaíodh?\nMá dhéanann tú nó do ghaolta iarratas ar an diúltú arís nó achomharc, déan smaoineamh ar seo. Déantar daoine a bhfuil dlíodóir míchumais acu, cosúil leis an duine sa Chúirt Slándála Sóisialta, a cheadú níos minice ná daoine nach bhfuil dlíodóir míchumais acu."} {"text": "Jokes are statements or acts that stir amusement or laughter. They are meant to be funny, yet you and I know there are dry jokes out there.\nWhy Tell Jokes?\nTelling jokes will make people laugh and help you connect easier with people. Not only that, some people’s source of income comes from being funny.\nAlso, sometimes, a joke aims to criticize or point out wrongs but in a humorous way. It makes people not to take you seriously while hammering a valid point to them.\nElements that make up funny jokes\n6 main elements make a funny joke. The six elements form an acronym spelled as THREES.\nJokes are always about someone or something. Your job is to choose a target, what you want your joke to be. A target can be a country, a person, an animal, an event, and more.\nAfter picking a target, be sure to direct your jokes at the right people.\nFor instance, if you are telling a joke about teachers, students are your right audience. They will relate better than someone who has never been to school.\nJokes can be cruel. Usually, they are in the form of subtle criticism or satire, so that they reduce the blow on the target.\nBy employing hostility in your jokes, you are telling the truth about an idea, a group of people, or even a celebrity form of ridicule. A classic example is Trevor Noah’s jokes about Donald Trump.\nMeanwhile, while being hostile with jokes, it is essential to make it so funny that people think of you as funny not cruel.\nFunny jokes should be truthful or believable. It’s the way people can relate to you. Jokes should be about real things, real people but told in an exaggerated way. Also, imagining the reality differently makes listeners find you relatable.\nFor instance, you can make jokes about how a particular politician would be if he were female.\nA practical joke isn’t enough. Also, exaggeration is necessary to make funny jokes. Stretch your joke a little bit and spice it up in a way most people haven’t imagined. It will surprise them and make them laugh.\nMaking someone laugh depends on how you make them feel. Build up suspense and anticipation when telling jokes. This will keep people aching for what you will say next. Also, it will keep them curious, attentive and makes what you say funny.\nYour jokes must surprise the listeners. It should be unexpected. Spin your jokes, curve it unexpectedly. Make people think they know what you are going to say next and divert to a different route.\nWhen my wife and I argue, she wins half of the time. Her family wins the rest of the time.\nIn summary, to tell funny jokes, you should:\nTarget a place, person you want to talk about.\nBe hostile in a way that is funny so that even the people affected by the joke would find it funny and less hostile.\nMake your jokes real and believable. Exaggerate the truth; build up the emotions of the listeners by creating suspense. In the end, spin off your joke in a different direction that surprises the audience.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-35", "url": "https://knaconnected.com/funny-jokes/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027315132.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20190819221806-20190820003806-00559.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9537305832, "token_count": 660, "score": 2.734375, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Is ráitis nó gníomhartha iad greannanna a spreagann spraoi nó gáire. Tá siad ceaptha a bheith greannmhar, ach tá tú agus a fhios agam go bhfuil greannmhar greannmhar amuigh ansin.\nCén Fáth a Dhéanann Sé Gnéas?\nCuirfidh greann a insint daoine ag gáire agus cuideoidh sé leat nasc a dhéanamh níos éasca le daoine. Ní hamháin sin, tagann foinse ioncaim daoine áirithe ó bheith greannmhar.\nUaireanta, bíonn sé mar aidhm ag greann freisin cáineadh a dhéanamh nó mícheart a chur in iúl ach ar bhealach greannmhar. Ní chuireann sé daoine a ghlacadh tú dáiríre agus hammering pointe bailí dóibh.\nEileamaint a dhéanann greann greannmhar\n6 príomh-eilimintí a dhéanamh greann greannmhar. Tá na sé eilimint seo mar fhocail ghrianghraf a scríobhtar mar THREES.\nIs i gcónaí faoi dhuine nó rud éigin a bhíonn greann. Is é do phost a roghnú sprioc, cad ba mhaith leat do joke a bheith. Is féidir le sprioc a bheith i dtír, duine, ainmhí, imeacht, agus níos mó.\nTar éis duit sprioc a roghnú, bí cinnte go ndéanann tú do chuid greann ar na daoine ceart.\nMar shampla, má tá tú ag insint greann faoi mhúinteoirí, is iad na mic léinn do lucht féachana ceart. Beidh siad a chur i dteagmháil níos fearr ná duine éigin nach raibh riamh ag an scoil.\nIs féidir le greann a bheith cruálach. De ghnáth, bíonn siad i bhfoirm cáineadh nó satire subtle, ionas go laghdaíonn siad an buille ar an sprioc.\nTrí naimhdeas a úsáid i do chuid greann, tá tú ag rá an fhírinne faoi smaoineamh, grúpa daoine, nó fiú foirm gáire cáiliúil. Is sampla clasaiceach é greann Trevor Noah's faoi Donald Trump.\nIdir an dá linn, cé go bhfuil tú in aghaidh na scéalta greannmhar, tá sé riachtanach é a dhéanamh chomh greannmhar sin go measaíonn daoine go bhfuil tú greannmhar agus nach bhfuil tú cruálach.\nBa chóir go mbeadh greann spraoi fíor nó creidiúnach. Is é an bealach is féidir le daoine a bhaineann leat. Ba chóir go mbeadh greann faoi rudaí fíor, daoine fíor ach a insint ar bhealach iomarcach. Chomh maith leis sin, nuair a bhíonn an réaltacht á shamhlú agat ar bhealach difriúil, bíonn lucht éisteachta in ann teacht ar a leithéid de rud.\nMar shampla, is féidir leat greann a dhéanamh faoi conas a bheadh polaiteoir áirithe dá mba bean í.\nNí leor greann cleachtúil. Chomh maith leis sin, tá sé riachtanach an t-idirmhíniú chun greann spraoi a dhéanamh. Spreag do joke beagán agus spice sé suas ar bhealach nach bhfuil an chuid is mó daoine imagined. Beidh sé iontas orthu agus beidh siad ag gáire.\nBraitheann a dhéanamh ar dhuine gáire ar an gcaoi a mbraitheann tú iad. Cuir an t-amhrán agus an t-amhrán i láthair nuair a bhíonn tú ag insint greann. Coinneoidh sé seo daoine ag súil leis an méid a ráfidh tú ina dhiaidh sin. Chomh maith leis sin, coinneoidh sé a n-aigne, aireach agus déanann sé an rud a deir tú greannmhar.\nNí mór do chuid greann a iontas ar an lucht éisteachta. Ba chóir go mbeadh sé gan choinne. Spin do greann, curve sé gan choinne. Déan daoine a cheapann go bhfuil a fhios acu cad atá tú ag dul a rá ina dhiaidh sin agus a chur ar bhealach difriúil.\nNuair a phléann mé agus mo bhean chéile, buaileann sí leath an ama. Faigheann a teaghlach an chuid eile den am.\nI gcur síos, chun greann spraoi a insint, ba cheart duit:\nCinntigh áit, duine ar mhaith leat labhairt faoi.\nBí ionsaitheach ar bhealach atá greannmhar ionas go bhfaighidh fiú na daoine a bhfuil tionchar ag an greann orthu go bhfuil sé greannmhar agus níos lú ionsaitheach.\nDéan do chuid greannáin fíor agus creidiúnach. Déan an fhírinne a chur i bhfad níos mó ná mar a bhí; tóg mothúcháin na gcluichí trí shuspóir a chruthú. Sa deireadh, cas ar do joke i dtreo difriúil a chuireann iontas ar an lucht féachana."} {"text": "Bermuda Grass vs. Fescue Gass\nCommon Bermuda grass (Cynodon spp.) grows as a turf grass in subtropical and tropical climates, but your best choice for a lawn will likely be a hybrid. Hybrid Bermuda grasses were developed to grow denser turf with finer blades of a richer green color. Of the many species of fescue, the deep-rooted tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) is most often used for lawns and turf.\nWarm-season grasses grow well in the summer and tend to lose their color in winter. Cool-season grasses are green in fall, winter and spring and tend to lose their color in the summer. Bermuda grass, a warm-season grass, grows best in warm climates, generally U.S. Department of Agriculture plant hardiness zones 9 through 11. Tall fescue, a cool-season grass, grows best in roughly USDA zones 3 through 8.\nUniversity of California Agriculture and Natural Resources rated 14 commonly planted lawn and turf grass varieties for their qualities of growing and use. It concluded common and hybrid Bermuda grasses tolerate heat well, but tall fescue does not. Similarly, common and hybrid Bermuda grasses withstand drought better than tall fescue. Neither hybrid Bermuda grass nor tall fescue can tolerate shade, but they can take it better than common Bermuda grass. Tall fescue has a medium tolerance for cold, better than common and hybrid Bermuda grass. If you live near the ocean, both common and hybrid Bermuda grass tolerate salt; tall fescue tolerates salt less well.\nTexture and Wear\nTall fescue and common Bermuda grass have roughly similar, wide, coarse blades. Hybrid Bermuda grasses have finer blades. All three grasses withstand wear from foot traffic and sports equally well. University of California Agriculture and Natural Resources found hybrid and common Bermuda grass recover quickly from heavy use, but tall fescue takes slightly longer.\nEstablishment and Maintenance\nYou can plant common Bermuda grass and tall fescue from seed, but you have to plant hybrid Bermuda grass from sprigs or lay sod. Hybrid Bermuda grasses need a lot of maintenance, but common Bermuda grass and tall fescue have lower maintenance needs. You have to mow tall fescue 1 1/2 inches or taller, but you can mow common Bermuda grass at moderate heights. You can close-crop hybrid Bermuda grass -- it’s used for putting greens in warm climates. You have to provide hybrid Bermuda grass with high amounts of nitrogen fertilizer, while common Bermuda grass and tall fescue require far less nitrogen.\n- University of Hawaii Cooperative Extension: Bermudagrass\n- University of Tennessee Extension: Bermudagrass\n- Texas A&M University Extension: Tall Fescue\n- University of California Statewide Integrated Pest Management Program: Tall Fescue - Festuca arundinacea\n- University of California Agriculture and Natural Resources: Turfgrass Selection for the Home Landscape", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-40", "url": "https://homeguides.sfgate.com/bermuda-grass-vs-fescue-gass-71920.html", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030337415.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20221003101805-20221003131805-00427.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9093564749, "token_count": 630, "score": 3.21875, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Grá Bermuda vs Gás Fescue\nGrá choitianta na Bermuda (Cynodon spp.) fásann sé mar ghlas trá i gclimaí fo-theochracha agus thrópaiceacha, ach is dócha gurb é an rogha is fearr atá agat do ghruaim ná hibrideach. Forbraíodh féar Bermuda hibrideach chun tuirse níos dlúithe a fhás le liopaí níos fíneáil de dhath glas níos saibhre. De na speicis fescue go leor, is minic a úsáidtear an fescue ard-rooted (Festuca arundinacea) le haghaidh lawns agus turf.\nFásann féar na séasúr te go maith sa samhradh agus bíonn claonadh acu a gcuid dath a chailleadh sa gheimhreadh. Tá féar glas i rith an earraigh, an gheimhridh agus an earraigh agus bíonn claonadh acu a gcuid dath a chailleadh sa samhradh. Fásann féar Bermuda, féar shéasúr te, is fearr i gclimaí te, go ginearálta, limistéir inbhuanaitheachta plandaí Roinn Talmhaíochta na Stát Aontaithe 9 go 11. Fescue ard, féar séasúr fionnuar, fásann sé is fearr i gceantair 3 go 8 de chuid USDA.\nRinne Ollscoil Talmhaíochta agus Acmhainní Nádúrtha California 14 cineálacha féar agus féar féar a phlandaítear go coitianta a rátáil ar a gcáilíochtaí fáis agus úsáide. Chinn sé go ndéanann féasóg Bermuda coitianta agus hibrideach caitheamh go maith le teas, ach ní dhéanann fescue ard. Ar an gcaoi chéanna, is fearr le féiscín ard ná féiscín coitianta agus hibrideach Bermuda fhulaingt trioma. Ní féidir le féisc hibrideach Bermuda ná le féisc ard tolladh scáth, ach is féidir leo é a dhéanamh níos fearr ná féisc choitianta Bermuda. Tá toilteanas meánmhéide ag fescue ard ar fuar, níos fearr ná féar Bermuda coitianta agus hibrideach. Má tá cónaí ort in aice leis an aigéan, déanann féasóg Bermuda a dhíchumas salann, an féasóg coitianta agus an féasóg hibrideach araon; ní dhéanann an féasóg ard salann a dhíchumasú go maith.\nTeachtaireacht agus Caitheamh\nTá sciathanna garbh, leathan, garbh den chineál céanna ag fescue ard agus ag féar coitianta Bermuda. Tá sciathanna níos fíneáil ag féar hibrideacha Bermuda. Tá an trí ghruaig go léir in ann dul in aghaidh an iompair coise agus an spóirt go maith. Fuair Ollscoil Talmhaíochta agus Acmhainní Nádúrtha California go bhfás hibrideach agus coitianta Bermuda a ghnóthú go tapa ó úsáid throm, ach tógann fescue ard beagán níos faide.\nBunú agus Cothabháil\nIs féidir leat féar Bermuda coitianta agus féasc ard a phlanda ó shíol, ach caithfidh tú féar Bermuda hibrideach a phlanda ó sprigs nó sod a leagan. Teastaíonn go leor cothabhála ó ghrásaí hibrideacha Bermuda, ach tá riachtanais chothabhála níos ísle ag grásaí coitianta Bermuda agus fescue ard. Ní mór duit a mowing ard fescue 1 1/2 or inch níos airde, ach is féidir leat mowing bermuda grass coitianta ag airde measartha. Is féidir leat crainn na Bermuda hibrideach a chur in aice le chéile - úsáidtear é chun glasraí a chur i gclimaí te. Ní mór duit a chur ar fáil hibrideach Bermuda féirín le méideanna arda de naitróigin, cé go bhfuil coitianta Bermuda féirín agus fescue ard ag teastáil i bhfad níos lú nítrigin.\n- Ollscoil Hawaii Co-Oibriúcháin: Bermudagrass\n- Ollscoil Tennessee Extension: Bermudagrass\n- Leathnú Ollscoil Texas A&M: Tall Fescue\n- Clár Comhtháite um Bainistíocht Lochtanna in Ollscoil California: Tall Fescue - Festuca arundinacea\n- Ollscoil Talmhaíochta agus Acmhainní Nádúrtha California: Roghnú Turfgrass don tírdhreach Baile"} {"text": "Recently, scientists discovered that bottlenose dolphins (the ones that look like Flipper) have more complex social communication than was previously thought.\nAt the University of St Andrews in Scotland, Nicola J. Quick and Vincent M. Janik recorded bottlenose dolphins encountering other pods in the wild. Using computerized sound analysis, they found consistent sounds when the groups approached each other. They observed that each dolphin made a particular whistle, as if they were saying, “Hi, my name is Mary.” The scientists are calling these sounds “signature whistles.” The dolphins will call out to another pod, then join up and travel together for a little while. You can read the entire academic paper here.\nBut what does this mean? Just because the dolphins repeat sounds, does it mean that they are using a language? Scientists have long known that animals communicate with each other. Some species (like vervet monkeys) make particular sounds that represent a specific direction or warning to others, but we don’t really know how animal groups relate to each other linguistically in the wild.\nOther animal studies have looked into how animals understand human language. For example, when dogs follow directions, do they actually understand the words? Learn about the border collie who understands 1,000 words here.\nThe bottlenose dolphin research is still in the early stages, and scientists don’t know what all the sounds they make might mean. Questions like how dolphins decide who calls out to other dolphin groups, and if groups regularly “speak” to the the same groups during one day are still being studied. You can learn more at the Discover Magazine blog.\nDo you think dolphins are “speaking?”\nBack to Top", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-09", "url": "http://blog.dictionary.com/dolphinwhistles/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501170614.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104610-00027-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.951826036, "token_count": 358, "score": 3.703125, "int_score": 4, "irish_text": "Le déanaí, fuair eolaithe amach go bhfuil cumarsáid shóisialta níos casta ag na dalfíneanna a bhfuil a n-aghaidh cosúil le Flipper ná mar a cheapadh roimhe seo.\nIn Ollscoil St Andrews sa Albain, Nicola J. Chonaic Quick agus Vincent M. Janik dalfáin bhotlónacha ag teacht ar cháblaí eile san fhiáine. Ag baint úsáide as anailís fuaime ríomhaireachta, fuair siad fuaimeanna comhsheasmhacha nuair a chuaigh na grúpaí in aice lena chéile. Thug siad faoi deara go ndearna gach dalfín síolta ar leith, amhail is dá mba rud é go raibh siad ag rá, \"Slá, is é Mary mo ainm\". Tá na heolaithe ag glaoch ar na fuaimeanna seo \"síolta síolta\". Is féidir leat an páipéar acadúil iomlán a léamh anseo.\nAch cad a chiallaíonn sé seo? An ciallaíonn an rud go ndéanann na dalfíneanna fuaimeanna a athdhéanamh go bhfuil teanga á úsáid acu? Tá a fhios ag eolaithe le fada go bhfuil ainmhithe ag cumarsáid lena chéile. Déanann roinnt speiceas (cosúil le haimhreacha vervet) fuaimeanna ar leith a léiríonn treo ar leith nó rabhadh do dhaoine eile, ach níl a fhios againn i ndáiríre conas a bhaineann grúpaí ainmhithe lena chéile go teangacha sa fhiáine.\nD'fhéach staidéir eile ar ainmhithe ar an gcaoi a dtuigeann ainmhithe teanga an duine. Mar shampla, nuair a leanann madraí treoracha, an dtuigeann siad na focail i ndáiríre? Foghlaim faoi na collies teorann a thuigeann 1,000 focal anseo.\nTá taighde ar an dolphin boladh-a-naos fós i gcéimeanna luatha, agus níl a fhios ag eolaithe cad a d'fhéadfadh a bheith i gceist leis na fuaimeanna go léir a dhéanann siad. Tá ceisteanna mar conas a chinneann dalfíní cé a ghlaonn le grúpaí dalfíní eile, agus má bhíonn grúpaí ag \"labhairt\" go rialta leis na grúpaí céanna le linn lá amháin á staidéar fós. Is féidir leat níos mó a fhoghlaim ag an Discover Magazine blog.\nAn gceapann tú go bhfuil dalfíiní ag \"labhairt\"?\nAr Ais go dtí an Céad"} {"text": "The 2012 Hurricane Season should be a “near normal” season – according to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration – or NOAA.\nWHQR’s Rachel Lewis Hilburn reports that Hurricane Preparedness Week, which begins Sunday, is not just for newcomers to coastal areas.\n“Near normal” in the meteorological vernacular means that between June 1st and November 30th, the United States could see nine to fifteen named storms. And that makes hurricane preparation critical for residents near the coast. But not everyone takes the warnings seriously.\nRick Kreitner, lead forecaster at the National Weather Service in Wilmington, says it’s not uncommon for people to ignore warnings and skip the development of an emergency plan… until they’ve survived a Category 3, 4, or 5 storm.\nKreitner says this year forecasters predict that between four and eight storms will become hurricanes – with one to three of those storms turning into major category 3 storms or higher.\nHurricane Preparedness Week starts Sunday, with each day of the week focused on a different aspect of readiness.\nFor more information on Hurricane Preparedness Week, visit http://www.ready.gov/hurricanes.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-09", "url": "http://whqr.org/post/2012-hurricane-season-forecast-near-normal-us-could-see-9-15-named-storms", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501174135.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104614-00628-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9406753182, "token_count": 254, "score": 2.9375, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Ba chóir go mbeadh Séasúr na Hurricane 2012 ina séasúr beagnach gnáth de réir an Riaracháin Náisiúnta Aigéin agus Atmaisféire nó NOAA.\nTuairiscíonn Rachel Lewis Hilburn de WHQR go bhfuil Seachtain Ullmhaitheachta na Hurricane, a thosaíonn Dé Domhnaigh, ní hamháin do dhaoine nua-theachta i gceantair chósta.\nCiallaíonn \"thart ar ghnáth\" i bhfocal na meitéareolaíochta go bhféadfadh na Stáit Aontaithe naoi go cúig déag stoirm ainmnithe a fheiceáil idir an 1 Meitheamh agus an 30 Samhain. Agus déanann sé sin ullmhúchán hurricane ríthábhachtach do chónaitheoirí in aice leis an gcósta. Ach ní ghlacann gach duine na rabhaidh dáiríre.\nRick Kreitner, príomh-réamhaisnéisí ag an tSeirbhís Náisiúnta Aeráide i Wilmington, deir nach bhfuil sé neamhchoitianta do dhaoine neamhaird a dhéanamh ar rabhaidh agus plean éigeandála a sheachaint... go dtí go mairfidh siad stoirm Catagóir 3, 4, nó 5.\nCreitner deir an bhliain seo caite réamhaisnéisí a thuar go mbeidh idir ceithre agus ocht stoirmeacha a bheith hurricanes le ceann amháin go trí de na stoirmeacha ag casadh isteach i mór stoirmeacha catagóir 3 nó níos airde.\nTosaíonn Seachtain Ullmhaitheachta na Hurricane Dé Domhnaigh, agus dírithe gach lá den tseachtain ar ghné éagsúil den ullmhacht.\nLe haghaidh tuilleadh faisnéise ar Sheachtain Ullmhaitheachta na Hurricane, tabhair cuairt ar http://www.ready.gov/hurricanes."} {"text": "More than 400 miles above Earth, a satellite the size of a school bus is earning its frequent flyer miles. On October 6, 2018 Terra completed 100,000 orbits around Earth. But just as a plane can’t fly without a crew, the Terra satellite never could have reached this milestone without decades of dedicated work by talented engineers and scientists.\nCompleting over 2.5 billion miles of flight around Earth over almost 19 years does not happen unless a satellite is designed, constructed, and operated with the greatest care. “You have multiple, different aspects in the team to make it work,” says the Deputy Project Manager – Technical at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center, Eric Moyer.\n“You have flight operations, subsystem engineers, subject matter experts, the instrument teams, and the science teams for each of the instruments. Overall it all has to be coordinated, so that one activity doesn’t negatively impact another instrument,” explains Moyer, who worked on Terra during construction and continues to be involved with its operations today.\nTerra joins a handful of satellites to mark this orbit milestone, including the International Space Station, Landsat 5 and Landsat 7. Terra, which launched December 18, 1999, is still going strong and is projected to continue operation into the 2020s.\nDimitrios Mantziaras, Terra Mission Director at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center, sums up what it takes: “A well-built spacecraft, talented people running it and making great science products, with lots of people using the data, that’s what has kept it running all these years.”\nDesigning a Pioneer\nTerra was unique from the beginning. It was the first satellite to study Earth system science, looking at land, water and the atmosphere. Unlike many previous, smaller satellites, Terra didn’t have a previously launched satellite platform to build upon. It had to be designed from scratch.\n“Unlike the Landsat mission, that continues to improve upon its original design, nothing like Terra had ever been built,” says Dick Quinn, Terra’s spacecraft manufacturing representative from Lockheed Martin, who still works part-time with the team responsible for Terra’s continued flight.\nTerra was meant to be the first in a series of satellites, known as AM-1, 2, and 3, each with a design life of about 5 years. Instead, they ended up designing a satellite that lasted longer than the combined design life of 3 generations of Terra satellites.\nConstructing and Operating a Solid Satellite\nThe built-in redundancies and flexibility of the satellite were put to the test in 2009, when a micrometeoroid struck a power cell, degrading the thermal control for the battery. “We had to change the way we manage the battery to keep it operating efficiently and keep it at the right temperature.” says Jason Hendrickson, Terra flight systems manager at Goddard Space Flight Center, who joined the team in 2013. To do this, the team used the charge and discharge cycle of the battery itself to generate the heat necessary to keep the battery operating. They have been fine tuning this cycle ever since.\nTerra engineers and scientists continually plan for worst-case scenarios, anticipating problems that may never develop. “We are always thinking, if this were to fail, how are we going to respond?” says, Hendrickson. “You can’t just go to the garage and swap out parts.”\nNot only does the team plan for many possible scenarios, but it also looks back at the response and figures out how it can be improved.\nHowever, most of the time, they don’t have to wait for a system failure to practice contingency plans. For example, in 2017 the team executed a lunar deep space calibration maneuver that turned the satellite to look at deep space, instead of at Earth. “We had to take into account what would happen if the computer were to fail when we were pointed at deep space,” says Hendrickson.\nThe calibration maneuver was executed successfully and the team never had to conduct their contingency plan. The science gained from calibrating Terra’s data against deep space, allowed the scientists to improve the data collected by the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER). ASTER is one of five instruments on Terra. It monitors volcanic eruptions and provides high resolution imagery of locations all over the world.\nIn addition to ASTER, the instruments on Terra are:\n- • The Moderate Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) protects people’s lives and property through operations like MODIS rapid response, which monitors wildfires daily. Additionally, MODIS collects data on land cover, land and sea surface temperatures, and cloud cover changes worldwide.\n- • The Multi-angle Imaging Spectroradiometer (MISR) continues to provide data useful for health researchers studying the effects of particulate matter on populations all over the world.\n- • Measurements of Pollution in the Troposphere (MOPITT) is used to study carbon monoxide in the atmosphere, an indicator of pollution concentrations, also a contributor to global health issues.\n- • Clouds and Earth’s Radiant Energy System (CERES) provides data on the Earth’s energy budget, helping monitor the incoming and outgoing radiation of Earth.\nTerra’s instruments provide one of the longest running satellite climate data records and continue to add valuable data used by researchers and land managers daily. The science teams for each instrument work with the operations and technical teams to ensure that the scientific data provided is accurate and useful to the researchers who access it.\nTogether these instruments provide both long-term and immediate data about the health of our planet and provide data to help us understand and protect people’s health.\nMost recently, for example, scientists analyzed 15 years of pollution data in California, collected by MISR, and discovered that the state’s clean air programs have been successful in reducing particle pollution. More urgently, data from ASTER and MISR provided crucial information about the air quality and land change conditions around Hawaii’s erupting Kilauea volcano, informing critical public health and safety decisions.\nThe data is free and is valued by people all over the world. Not only can it be accessed daily, there are over 240 direct broadcast sites, where data can be downloaded in near real-time, all over the world. Moyer finds that one of the most rewarding parts of working with Terra is that,” the science data is truly valued by people we don’t even know. People all over the world.”\nLearn more about the data Terra has collected over 100,000 orbits from NASA EOSDIS.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-35", "url": "https://terra.nasa.gov/news/terra-celebrates-100K", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027314641.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20190819032136-20190819054136-00130.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9427906871, "token_count": 1399, "score": 3.4375, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Níos mó ná 400 míle os cionn na Talún, tá satailíte de mhéid bus scoile ag fáil a mhíleanna eitilteora minice. Ar 6 Deireadh Fómhair, 2018, chríochnaigh Terra 100,000 órbít timpeall na Talún. Ach díreach mar nach féidir le pláinéad eitilt gan criú, ní fhéadfaí an satailíte Terra an chéim mhíle seo a bhaint amach gan blianta de shaothar tiomanta ag innealtóirí agus eolaithe cumasach.\nNí tharlaíonn sé go bhfuil níos mó ná 2.5 billiún míle eitilte timpeall na Talún curtha i gcrích thar beagnach 19 bliain mura ndéantar satailíte a dhearadh, a thógáil, agus a oibriú leis an gcúram is mó. 'Tá gnéithe éagsúla agus éagsúla sa fhoireann agat chun go n-oibreoidh sé,' a deir Leas-Mheann Stiúrthóir Tionscadail Teicniúil i Lárionad Eitilte Spáis Goddard NASA, Eric Moyer.\nTá oibríochtaí eitilte, innealtóirí fochórais, saineolaithe ábhair, foirne ionstraimí, agus foirne eolaíochta agat do gach ceann de na hionstraimí. Ar an iomlán, ní mór é a chomhordú, ionas nach mbeidh tionchar diúltach ag gníomhaíocht amháin ar ionstraim eile\", a mhíníonn Moyer, a d'oibrigh ar Terra le linn a thógáil agus a bhfuil baint aige le hoibríochtaí an lae inniu.\nTá Terra ag teacht le dornán satailíte chun an chéim mhíle seo a mharcáil, lena n-áirítear an Stáisiún Spáis Idirnáisiúnta, Landsat 5 agus Landsat 7. Tá Terra, a seoladh an 18 Nollaig, 1999, fós ag dul go láidir agus táthar ag súil go leanfaidh sé ag feidhmiú sna 2020idí.\nTugann Dimitrios Mantziaras, Stiúrthóir Misin Terra i Lár na Spláinte Spáis Goddard NASA, achoimre ar a bhfuil ag teastáil: Spóid spáis a tógadh go maith, daoine cumasach ag rith é agus ag déanamh táirgí eolaíochta iontacha, le go leor daoine ag úsáid na sonraí, is é sin a choinnigh sé ag rith na blianta seo go léir.\nAg Déantúsaíocht Píolóim\nBhí Terra uathúil ón tús. Ba é an chéad satailíte é chun eolaíocht an chórais talún a staidéar, ag féachaint ar thalamh, uisce agus an t-atmaisféar. Murab ionann agus go leor satailíte níos lú roimhe seo, ní raibh ardán satailíte seolta roimhe seo ag Terra chun tógáil air. Bhí sé a dhearadh ó scratch.\n\"Níor mhalairt ar mhisean Landsat, a leanann ag feabhsú ar a dhearadh bunaidh, ní raibh aon rud cosúil le Terra tógtha riamh\", a deir Dick Quinn, ionadaí déantúsaíochta spásárthaí Terra ó Lockheed Martin, a oibríonn go páirtaimseartha fós leis an bhfoireann atá freagrach as eitilt leanúnach Terra.\nBhí sé i gceist ag Terra a bheith ar an gcéad cheann i sraith satailítí, ar a dtugtar AM-1, 2, agus 3, agus saol dearadh thart ar 5 bliana ag gach ceann acu. Ina áit sin, chríochnaigh siad ag dearadh satailíte a mhair níos faide ná saol dearadh comhcheangailte 3 ghlúin de satailítí Terra.\nSatalóid Dhomhanda a Thógáil agus a Oibriú\nCuireadh an iomarcaíocht agus solúbthacht a bhí i mbéal an satailíte ar thástáil in 2009, nuair a bhuail micreamhéiteoir cill cumhachta, ag laghdú an rialaithe teirmeach don chadhnraí. 'Bhí orainn an bealach a bhainistiú muid an ceallraí a athrú chun é a choinneáil ag feidhmiú go héifeachtach agus é a choinneáil ag an teocht cheart.' a deir Jason Hendrickson, bainisteoir córais eitilte Terra ag Ionad eitilte spáis Goddard, a chuaigh isteach sa fhoireann in 2013. Chun é seo a dhéanamh, d'úsáid an fhoireann timthriall muirir agus dí-mhúnlaithe an chadhnraí féin chun an teas a ghiniúint atá riachtanach chun an chadhnraí a choinneáil ag feidhmiú. Tá siad ag déanamh an tsraith seo go fíneáil ó shin.\nDéanann innealtóirí agus eolaithe Terra pleanáil i gcónaí ar na cásanna is measa, ag súil le fadhbanna a d'fhéadfadh a bheith ann riamh. \"Táimid i gcónaí ag smaoineamh, dá mbeadh sé seo ag teip, conas a fhreagróimid?\" a deir Hendrickson. Ní féidir leat díreach dul go dtí an garais agus páirteanna a mhalartú.\nNí hamháin go ndéanann an fhoireann pleanáil do go leor cásanna féideartha, ach féachann sé ar ais ar an bhfreagra agus a fháil amach conas is féidir é a fheabhsú.\nNí gá dóibh fanacht le heaspa córais chun pleananna contúirteacha a chleachtadh, áfach, den chuid is mó den am. Mar shampla, in 2017 rinne an fhoireann beart calibrála spáis domhain ghealach a chas an satailíte chun breathnú ar spáis domhain, seachas ar an Domhan. \"Bhí orainn a chur san áireamh cad a tharlódh dá mbeadh an ríomhaire ag teip nuair a bhíomar ag díriú ar an spás domhain\", a deir Hendrickson.\nRinneadh an beart calibrála go rathúil agus níor ghá don fhoireann a bplean contúirte a sheoladh riamh. Thug an eolaíocht a fuarthas ó shonraí Terrace a chalabrú i gcoinne an spáis domhain, deis do na heolaithe na sonraí a bhailíodh ag an Radiméadar Ardleibhéil Teirmeach Eisiúna agus Athbhunaithe Spáis (ASTER) a fheabhsú. Tá ASTER ar cheann de chúig ionstraim ar Terra. Déanann sé monatóireacht ar easpaí bolcáin agus soláthraíonn sé íomhánna ardréitigh de áiteanna ar fud an domhain.\nChomh maith le ASTER, is iad na hionstraimí ar Terra:\n- • Cosnaíonn an Speictraráiméadar Íomháithe Measartha (MODIS) saol agus maoin daoine trí oibríochtaí cosúil le freagairt tapa MODIS, a dhéanann monatóireacht ar theine foraoise go laethúil. Ina theannta sin, bailíonn MODIS sonraí maidir le clúdach talún, teochtaí dromchla talún agus farraige, agus athruithe clúdach scamall ar fud an domhain.\n- • Tá an Speictraráiméadar Íomháithe il-uillinn (MISR) ag soláthar sonraí úsáideacha d'fhor-rannsitheoirí sláinte atá ag staidéar ar éifeachtaí na n-ábhar cáithnithe ar dhaonra ar fud an domhain.\n- • Úsáidtear tomhais ar thruailliú sa Troposphere (MOPITT) chun staidéar a dhéanamh ar mhonocsaíd charbóin san atmaisféar, táscaire ar thiúchan truaillithe, rud a chuireann le saincheisteanna sláinte domhanda freisin.\n- • Soláthraíonn an Córas Fuinnimh Radálach do Throm agus don Domhan (CERES) sonraí ar bhuiséad fuinnimh an Domhan, rud a chabhraíonn le faireachán a dhéanamh ar radaíocht atá ag teacht isteach agus ag imeacht ón Domhan.\nTá na hionstraimí Terras ar cheann de na taifid sonraí aeráide satailíte is faide a bhí ann agus leanann siad ag cur sonraí luachmhara a úsáideann taighdeoirí agus bainisteoirí talún go laethúil leis. Tá na foirne eolaíochta do gach ionstraim ag obair leis na foirne oibríochta agus teicniúla chun a chinntiú go bhfuil na sonraí eolaíocha a chuirtear ar fáil cruinn agus úsáideach do na taighdeoirí a bhfuil rochtain acu orthu.\nLe chéile soláthraíonn na hionstraimí seo sonraí fadtéarmacha agus láithreach faoi shláinte ár bplainéad agus soláthraíonn siad sonraí chun cabhrú linn sláinte na ndaoine a thuiscint agus a chosaint.\nLe déanaí, mar shampla, rinne eolaithe anailís ar shonraí truaillithe 15 bliana i California, a bhailíodh ag MISR, agus fuair siad amach go raibh cláir aeir ghlan an stáit rathúil i laghdú truaillithe cáithníní. Níos práinne, soláthraigh sonraí ó ASTER agus MISR faisnéis ríthábhachtach faoi cháilíocht an aeir agus coinníollacha athraithe talún timpeall bolcán Kilauea atá ag easpa i Haváí, ag cur le cinntí criticiúla sláinte poiblí agus sábháilteachta.\nTá na sonraí saor in aisce agus tá luach ag daoine ar fud an domhain orthu. Ní hamháin gur féidir rochtain a fháil air go laethúil, tá os cionn 240 suíomh craolacháin dhíreach, áit ar féidir sonraí a íoslódáil i bhfíor-am, ar fud an domhain. Moyer a fhaigheann go bhfuil ceann de na codanna is luachmhar de bheith ag obair le Terra go bhfuil, na sonraí eolaíochta i ndáiríre luach ag daoine nach bhfuil a fhios againn fiú. Daoine ar fud an domhain.\nFaigh tuilleadh eolais faoi na sonraí a bhailigh Terra ó níos mó ná 100,000 órbít ó EOSDIS NASA."} {"text": "The landscapes of the causses are characteristic of the geography of the south of the Massif Central. With a karstic-type geology, they have a plateau profile bordered by deep gorges or canyons. The soils of these mid-mountain territories are generally shallow and covered with natural grasslands. Sheep farming of the pastoral type has established itself here and has contributed to the shaping of the landscapes. The main Causses: Causse Méjean, Causse Noir, Causse de Sauveterre, Causse de Blandas and Causse du Larzac.\nThe open landscapes, the rich heritage and the authenticity of these territories make them privileged sites for hiking and mountain biking. As for the cliffs of the gorges that border these causses, they are major sites for climbing.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-40", "url": "https://www.languedoc-nature.com/en/Causses", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030337836.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20221006124156-20221006154156-00378.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8960683346, "token_count": 185, "score": 2.703125, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Tá tírdhreacha na gcúisín tréithúil d'fhéagar na tíre ó dheas den Massif Central. Le heolas cineál karstach, tá próifíl plátaí acu atá teoranta ag gorges nó canyons domhain. Tá ithir na gcríoch seo i lár na sléibhte go ginearálta lom agus clúdaithe le féaraí nádúrtha. Tá feirmeoireacht chaorach den chineál pearsantachta bunaithe anseo agus tá sé rannpháirteach i gcruthú na tírdhreacha. Na príomh-Casanna: Causse Méjean, Causse Noir, Causse de Sauveterre, Causse de Blandas agus Causse du Larzac.\nTá na tírdhreacha oscailte, an oidhreacht shaibhir agus fírinneacht na gcríocha seo ina suíomhanna uasal le haghaidh siúlóidí agus rothaíocht bheann. Maidir le cnaipí na gcanóga a shíneann na cúiseanna seo, is suíomhanna móra iad le dreapadh."} {"text": "Laser cutting machine is the processing of sheet metal parts to significantly improve the productivity of advanced equipment, with the processing of parts of high precision, short processing cycle, as well as processing without the traditional stamping die replacement can be processed any complex parts and other advantages, so more and more switchgear manufacturing enterprises to adopt.\nLaser cutting is the use of focusing mirrors to focus the laser beam on the surface of the material to melt the material, while the compressed gas used for the laser beam coaxial blow away the melted material, and make the laser beam and the material along a certain track for relative movement, so as to form a certain shape of the cut. Laser cutting technology is developing rapidly and is increasingly being used as an advanced processing method, especially for cutting steel plates.\nThe obvious advantages of laser cutting technology over other methods are.\n(1) good cutting quality narrow kerf width (generally 0.1-0.5mm), high precision (general hole centre distance error 0.1-0.4mm, contour size error 0.1-0.5mm), good surface roughness of the kerf (generally 12.5-25μm), the kerf generally does not require further processing can be welded.\n(2) Fast cutting speed For example, using 2kW laser power, the cutting speed of 8mm thick carbon steel is 1.6m/min; 2mm thick stainless steel cutting speed is 3.5m/min, the heat-affected zone is small and the deformation is extremely small.\n(3) Clean, safe, no pollution.\n(4) from a technical and economic point of view is not suitable for the manufacture of metal sheet metal parts of the mould, especially the outline shape is complex, the batch is not large, the general thickness of less than 12mm mild steel, less than 6mm thick stainless steel, in order to save the cost of manufacturing moulds and cycle.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-40", "url": "https://www.jlinstainless.com/some-process-issues-in-laser-cutting-of-steel-sheets-i/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030334855.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20220926082131-20220926112131-00294.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9021220803, "token_count": 404, "score": 2.875, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Is é an meaisín gearradh léasair próiseáil páirteanna miotail bileog a fheabhsú go suntasach ar an táirgiúlacht trealamh chun cinn, le próiseáil páirteanna ar ard-chruinneas, timthriall próiseála gearr, chomh maith le próiseáil gan an traidisiúnta stampáil bás athsholáthar is féidir a phróiseáil aon páirteanna casta agus buntáistí eile, mar sin níos mó agus níos mó fiontair déantúsaíochta switchgear a ghlacadh.\nIs é an gearradh léasair úsáid scátháin fócas a dhíriú ar an léasair píosa ar dhromchla an ábhair a leá an t-ábhar, agus an gáis chómpaithe a úsáidtear don léasair píosa comhchruinnigh buille amach an t-ábhar leá, agus a dhéanamh ar an léasair píosa agus an t-ábhar ar feadh rian áirithe le haghaidh gluaiseacht coibhneasta, ionas go mbeidh cruth áirithe den ghearradh. Tá teicneolaíocht an ghearradh léasair ag forbairt go tapa agus tá sí á úsáid go forleathan mar mhodh próiseála chun cinn, go háirithe chun plátaí cruach a ghearradh.\nTá na buntáistí soiléire a bhaineann le teicneolaíocht gearradh léasair thar modhanna eile.\n(1) cáilíocht ghearradh maith le leithead cnotha caol (de ghnáth 0.1-0.5mm), cruinneas ard (earráid fad lár an phoill ghinearálta 0.1-0.4mm, earráid méid contúirte 0.1-0.5mm), garbhú dromchla maith an cnotha (de ghnáth 12.5-25μm), ní gá go ndéanfaí próiseáil bhreise ar an cnotha go ginearálta.\n(2) luas gearradh tapa Mar shampla, ag baint úsáide as cumhacht léasair 2kW, is é luas gearradh cruach charbóin 8mm tiubh 1.6m / min; is é luas gearradh cruach dhosmálta 2mm tiubh 3.5m / min, tá an crios a mbíonn tionchar teasa air beag agus tá an dífhoirmiú an-bheag.\n(3) Glan, sábháilte, gan truailliú.\n(4) ó thaobh teicniúil agus eacnamaíoch de nach bhfuil sé oiriúnach do tháirgeadh páirteanna miotail mhiotail mhiotail an mhúnla, go háirithe tá an cruth forlíonta casta, níl an baisc mór, an tiús ginearálta de níos lú ná 12mm cruach mhaol, níos lú ná 6mm tiús cruach dhosmálta, d'fhonn costas múnlaí agus timthriall déantúsaíochta a shábháil."} {"text": "Considered: early 1930s\nType: Fighter aircraft (also tested as a Dive Bomber)\nEngine: A number of different engines were offered:\n- Bristol Jupiter VII\n- BMW Hornet\n- P&W Wasp\n- Jaguar Major GF\n- Jaguar S\n- Jaguar Major S\n- Bristol Jupiter VI\n- Siemens Sh20\nMax Speed: 300 km/hr (with the BMW engine)\n- Length: 8.55 m.\n- Wing Span: 12.40 m.\n- Height: 2.80 m\nRange: 500 km\nMaximum Ceiling: 4250 m\n- This image is something of a mystery. It depicts a Junkers K.47, German registration number D-2284, with\nLatvian Ugunskrusts markings. They are definitely Latvian, as they do not conform to either the Finnish or\nGerman use of this symbol and the symbol appears on the point, as it does on Latvian military aircraft.\n- The working hypothesis is that the aircraft was being demonstrated by Junkers in hopes of generating some\nsales. Some manufacturers would paint the potential customer's markings on the plane as a sales practice, which\ncould explain the image. At no time did a Junkers K.47 ever appear on the Latvian Air Force lists.\n- My thanks to Paul Bezouska who appears to have solved this mystery:\n\"Prior the [German] election of 1933 several pilots flew propaganda for the Nazi party with the swastikas on the undersides of\nthe wings or on one side and the text \"Wählt NSDAP\" (elect NSDAP) on the other wing underside. This K47 is such\nan example, other aircraft known to me had been a Klemm L 25 (or L26) and a Junkers F 13.\"\n- This particular aircraft, D-2284, underwent Dive Bomber trials in Breslau and the knowledge gained in these trials\nwas subsequenly used in the development of the JU-87 Stuka.\nProfile courtesy of Arvo Vercamer\nIf anyone has access to the Junkers archives or other sources of information about the event depicted in this photo,\nI would be very pleased to hear from them. ( Zulis@aol.com )\nLATVIANAVIATION.COM contents copyright © 2017 Gunārs Zūlis and heirs. All Rights Reserved.\nContributors of individual materials retain all rights to their collections and creative works.\nLATVIANAVIATION.COM is a LATVIANS.COM project.\nDesign and hosting by [Clear-and-Simple] · Chicago · New York", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-13", "url": "http://latvianaviation.com/index.php?en/content/pnrplanes/PNR_K47.ssi", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218189466.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212949-00185-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9320947528, "token_count": 562, "score": 2.65625, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Breathnaíodh: tús na 1930idí\nCineál: Aerárthach troid (thástáil mar Bhombaire Díbh)\nInneall: Tairgtear roinnt inneall éagsúla:\n- Bristol Jupiter VII\n- BMW Hornet\n- P&W Wasp\n- Jaguar Mór GF\n- Jaguar S\n- Jaguar Mór S\n- Bristol Jupiter VI\n- Siemens Sh20\nIs féidir leis an bpróiseas a dhéanamh ar an gcineál feithicle a bhfuil an t-ábhar aige.\n- Fad: 8.55 m.\n- Scaip: 12.40 m.\n- Ardacht: 2.80 m\nRéimse: 500 km\nUasmhéid an uasteorainn: 4250 m\n- Tá an íomhá seo rud éigin de mistéar. Léirítear air Junkers K.47, uimhir chlárúcháin na Gearmáine D-2284, le\nLéarscáileanna Ugunskrusts na Laitvia. Tá siad go cinnte Laitviach, toisc nach bhfuil siad ag teacht le haon cheann de na\nÚsáid na Gearmáine an tsiombail seo agus tá an tsiombail le feiceáil ar an bpointe, mar a dhéanann sé ar eitleán míleata na Laitvia.\n- Is é an t-iarratas oibre go raibh an t-aerárthach á léiriú ag Junkers i dóchas go dtógfaí roinnt\ndíolacháin. Ba mhaith le roinnt déantúsóirí marcálacha an chustaiméara féideartha a phéinteáil ar an eitleán mar chleachtas díolacháin, rud a\nD'fhéadfadh a mhíniú an íomhá. Ní raibh Junkers K.47 ar aon am ar liostaí na hAerfhórsa na Laitvia.\n- Mo bhuíochas le Paul Bezouska a bhfuil an chuma air go bhfuil an mistéar seo réitithe aige:\n\"Sular toghadh [an Ghearmáin] i 1933 bhí roinnt píolótaí ag eitilt ag déanamh propaganda don pháirtí Naitsíoch leis na swastikas ar an taobh thíos de\nna sciatháin nó ar thaobh amháin agus an téacs \"Wählt NSDAP\" (NSDAP toghcháin) ar an taobh eile de bhun na sciatháin. Tá an K47 sin\nmar shampla, bhí Klemm L 25 (nó L26) agus Junkers F 13 ar eitleáin eile a bhí ar eolas agam. \"\n- Bhí tástálacha ar an aerárthach seo, D-2284, i mBreslau agus an t-eolas a fuarthas sna tástálacha sin\nBaineadh úsáid as an t-eitleán sin ina dhiaidh sin chun an JU-87 Stuka a fhorbairt.\nPróifíl de chúirtéis Arvo Vercamer\nMá tá rochtain ag duine ar bith ar chartlann Junkers nó foinsí eile faisnéise faoin imeacht atá léirithe sa ghrianghraf seo,\nBheadh an-áthas orm éisteacht leo. (Zulis@aol.com)\nLATVIANAVIATION.COM ábhar cóipcheart © 2017 Gunārs Zūlis agus oidhreacha. Gach Ceart Coimeádta.\nCoinníonn rannchuiditheoirí ábhair aonair gach ceart dá mbailiúcháin agus dá gcuid oibre cruthaitheacha.\nIs tionscadal de chuid LATVIANS.COM é LATVIANAVIATION.COM.\nDearadh agus óstáil ag [Clear-and-Simple] · Chicago · New York"} {"text": "At the heart of this new market was a legally binding commitment by the 37 industrialised member nations to an averaged 5.2% reduction in their greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from 1990 levels by 2008-2012. Crucially for the carbon market, the Kyoto agreement also acknowledged that countries that produce more CO2 than their accepted targets would be able to purchase an “absorption ability” from another nation. Hence the birth of the “Carbon Credit” currency. One carbon credit is an allowance to emit one metric tonne of CO2 and is called a CO2e (or CO2 equivalent).\nThe Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), allows industrialised countries with GHG reduction commitments to invest in emission-reducing projects in developing countries as an alternative to more costly emission reductions in their own countries. The CDM is managed and run by the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC).\nA CDM project issues carbon offsets, also known as CERs (Certified Emission Reductions) every time a UNFCCC registered and audited project prevents one tonne of CO2e being emitted. A good example would be a project replacing coal-fired electricity with clean technology or methane capture from landfill sites. The ultimate objective for issuing CERs is to help developed countries meet their emission targets at relatively affordable costs by investing in cleaner energy projects in developing nations.\nEurope was developing its own method to help combat emissions at the same time: the European Union Emission Trading System (EU ETS). The EU ‘cap and trade’ plan identified around 12,000 physical installations in six major industrial sectors within the 27 member states that were large emitters of carbon dioxide. All 12,000 sites were obliged by law to submit accurate annual estimates of their carbon emissions to the EU-ETS. Based on the initial 2005 figures, each installation was then given an emission allowance of carbon permits, allowing them to emit a specified, ever decreasing amount of CO2e annually without penalty. These permits are known as EUAs (or EU allowances). Emitters incapable of achieving their emission targets must buy permits on the free market, from their sovereign government or via the recently introduced EU auction forum. Conversely, if emitters are able to reduce their CO2 emissions below the specified allowable amount, they may sell their spare allowances to anybody in the marketplace. Allowance auctions will progressively replace the (controversial) free distribution as the default method of allocating allowances to businesses from 2013. Over half of all allowances are expected to be auctioned by 2013, and thereafter there will be no more free allocation to electricity generators (the major emitters in the EU), apart from a few limited exceptions.\nThe leading trading platform for the EU carbon market is the European Climate Exchange (ECX), which handles over 95% of the derivative trade on the ETS. There has been a massive increase in volumes since 2005 (the inception of the ETS), with 2009 volumes 20 times greater than those of 2005.\nThe jargon surrounding the industry can be daunting. A carbon offset is a UN-issued allowance called a CER. A carbon permit is an EU-issued allowance called an EUA. Both permits and offsets are allowances for one metric tonne of CO2, so in theory they carry the same value and could be traded and offset against each other. Many traders are positioned long or short of the EUA-CER spread, a correlation which has spawned its own spread contract on the ECX. Fig.1 shows daily closing prices of the rolling daily CER and EUA futures since early 2009. CERs have always traded at a discount to their EUA counterparts, due to differences in their associated risks: while EUAs are issued by the EU, and might be regarded as a “currency” with no underlying issuer risk, the same cannot be said for CERs.\nEach CER is linked to a specific UN-registered project. Whether it is a biomass project in Brazil producing electricity from waste, or a wind farm in South Africa, many CDM projects rely heavily on initial funding by raising capital through the discounted forward-selling of CERs, which may only be certified by the UN up to five years from the date of issuance. The added associated risk of these unregistered CERs at project level can only be quantified by associating a “certainty factor” (similar to the delta of an option) to each project, and applying this factor during portfolio valuation.\nSome CERs are ‘cleaner’ than others, and legislative changes can have huge effects on the market. The proposed EU legislation to exclude credits created by the controversial industrial gas projects (HFC-23 etc.) from 2013 is a case in point. These supply issues provide wonderful volatility plays for hedge funds strong in option trading capabilities, and software such as Ozone3 caters for it perfectly by managing all the Greeks of the derivative book as well as including a high-level exposure report on any investments in forward-trading spot CERs.\nThe EU ETS was activated to help European countries to meet their Kyoto Protocol obligations, and remains the domain of the emitters, energy-traders, and associated speculators.\nMarket participation has increased rapidly over the years, despite – and in certain cases because of – illegal practices such as the VAT carousel, which increased turnover in the spot market by huge percentages in 2008. Other blows to market confidence have included phishing attacks, the trade in already retired credits, as well as the massive theft in January 2011 of Czech EUAs, which shut down the whole EU spot-trading system for two weeks. The need for a centralised registry is paramount. In 2010 the EU ETS made up 81% of globalcarbon trade, and the fact that a major player like the International Clearing Exchange (ICE), has joined the fray (it bought a majority shareholding in the European Climate Exchange last year), adds gravitas to the market. Today one of the leading London independent emissions brokers describes the broad list of participants like this:\n• The 11,000 – 12,000 EU compliance companies who must be involved\n• Other small spot market players\n• Asset managers\n• Private wealth managers\n• Pension funds\n• Hedge funds\nOne immediately assumes that these players are EU-based – but they go on to remark that they see a lot of active interest from these types of institutions in the USA as well, and see the area as offering growth potential in the coming year.\nThere is very little to be gained for a socially responsible fund manager by holding a portfolio of EUAs. CERs are a different game entirely. With asset managers worldwide being asked to hold anything up to 15% of their portfolios in socially-responsible and environmentally friendly assets, we have seen a marked trend towards a two-tier approach of investment. Firstly, investing in the equity of companies making the plant to be used by the UN-approved project, whether it be a wind-turbine manufacturer, or a company manufacturing biomass converters. This is the easy step to take, because the manager normally has access to high quality research about the company, which makes his stock-picking much easier. Secondly, investing in the CDM project itself, which is much harder to do because:\n1. Many projects use cutting-edge technology out of the realm of the normal research analyst.\n2. Investment is required before the foundations have even been dug, and there are little or no hard figures to back up the decision when facing an investment committee.\n3. Most CDM projects are based in developing countries, which makes it hard for a busy fund manager to at least do an on-site inspection of their investment.\n4. The lack of suitable portfolio management software to handle the complexities of valuing CERs.\nGiven the above, investment in physical projects has been slow, but as market knowledge increases, and software products like Ozone3 come on stream, we are already seeing more confidence in direct CDM project investment.\nThe investment industry’s approach to the carbon market has also been polarised by climate-change “believer/non-believer” syndrome, much of it fuelled by ignorance, and slick PR from companies with vested interests in its failure.\nWhether you believe in the theory or not, all one needs to do is stand back, and take a rational look at the amount of pollution we are creating today compared to 100 years ago, to conclude that it must be having an impact on our fragile planet.\nThe carbon market remains a new market, and it is characterised by illiquid contracts and high volatility. It is still subject to surprise announcements, like the January forced closures of European registries (national custodians of issued, traded and retired carbon credits), and the ban on all spot trade after the theft of an estimated €28m worth of CERs. But the other thing that goes with a nascent market is wide margins, and hedge funds are well placed to take advantage of the wild price swings and broad bid-offer doubles that an illiquid market offers.\nTrading strategies include playing – and then ignoring – any correlations with the energy complex, as the two markets couple and then disengage, depending on extraneous events such as an added supply of CERs into the market. (Ozone3 calculates the vanilla beta correlation between these markets at 0.1357% for 2010). Fig.2 does not conclude a strong correlation. It examines the 21 day rolling correlation between the Brent crude near contract against the ICEDEUA daily future.\nEach type of participant has a different axe to grind: the compliance companies are always leveraging their internal emission numbers (and the consequent number of credits they must retire) against the EUAs they have been awarded, as well as pricing at the regular auctions. All players are mindful of the fact that the aviation industry will join the cap and trade scheme in 2012, followed by the petrochemicals, ammonia and aluminium industries in 2013. Many players perceive a net increase in demand for credits in the next few years, and are buying in advance of these fundamental changes.\nA strong area of growth in the carbon markets has proved to be exchange traded options. Initially constituting a very small percentage of annual trade, the number of options traded in 2010 (415,567 contracts) was very nearly double that traded in 2009, and made up about 14.5% of the total contracts traded on the ECX in 2010.\nHedge fund managers are in the game to make a return for their investors, no matter how warm and fuzzy the investment might look: as CDM projects increase both in number and size we have seen a new industry of financiers helping to package CDM projects to fund managers and private equity players.\nThe forward selling of CERs to raise initial capital is just one example: many new packages include two-way options which allow both the project-owner and the investor to share in greater-than-forecast profits. All of these sophisticated offerings are helping to make CDM investment more attractive to the fund manager, irrespective of the socially-responsible aspect.\nWith all of the above in mind, there is a strong future for the carbon markets, especially as the level of both the sophistication of the projects and the way they are financed starts to make good investment sense. This, together with a solid and well-administered trading exchange platform and clearing process will underpin the growth we have seen, and expect to continue to see, in the carbon derivative markets.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-39", "url": "https://thehedgefundjournal.com/carbon-trading/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514574765.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20190922012344-20190922034344-00080.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.959777236, "token_count": 2373, "score": 3.46875, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "I gcroílár an mhargaidh nua seo bhí tiomantas ceangailteach ó thaobh dlí ag na 37 náisiún baill tionsclaithe go laghdófaí a n-astaíochtaí gáis cheaptha teasa (GCE) ar an meán 5.2% ó leibhéil 1990 faoi 2008-2012. Go ríthábhachtach do mhargadh na carbóin, d'admhaigh comhaontú Kyoto freisin go mbeadh tíortha a tháirgeann níos mó CO2 ná a spriocanna inghlactha in ann \"cumas ionsú\" a cheannach ó náisiún eile. Dá bhrí sin, rugadh an t-airgeadra \"Cárta Chabóin\". Is éard atá i gcreidmheas carbóin amháin ná ceadúnas chun tonna méadrach CO2 a astaíocht agus tugtar CO2e air (nó CO2 coibhéiseach).\nIs éard atá i gceist leis an Sásra um Fhorbairt Glan (CDM) ná go gceadaítear do thíortha tionsclaithe a bhfuil tiomantais laghdaithe GCE acu infheistíocht a dhéanamh i dtionscadail laghdaithe astaíochtaí i dtíortha i mbéal forbartha mar mhalairt ar laghdú astaíochtaí níos costasaí ina dtíortha féin. Tá an CDM á bhainistiú agus á reáchtáil ag Coinbhinsiún Réime na Náisiún Aontaithe ar Athrú Aeráide (UNFCCC).\nIs éard atá i gceist le tionscadal CDM ná cúiteamh carbóin a eisiúint, ar a dtugtar CERanna (Lighinne Eisiúna Deimhnithe) freisin, gach uair a chuireann tionscadal atá cláraithe agus arna iniúchadh ag UNFCCC cosc ar tonna CO2e a bheith eisithe. Is sampla maith é tionscadal a chuirfeadh teicneolaíocht glan in ionad leictreachais a thiománaítear le guail nó a ghlacfadh meitéin ó láithreáin líonta talún. Is é an cuspóir deiridh maidir le CERanna a eisiúint ná cabhrú le tíortha forbartha a spriocanna astaíochta a bhaint amach ar chostais réasúnta inacmhainne trí infheistíocht a dhéanamh i dtionscadail fuinnimh níos glaine i dtíortha atá i mbéal forbartha.\nBhí an Eoraip ag forbairt a mhodh féin chun cabhrú le astaíochtaí a chomhrac ag an am céanna: Córas Trádála Astaíochtaí an Aontais Eorpaigh (CETA an AE). Sa phlean AE \"cap agus trádáil\" sainaithníodh thart ar 12,000 suiteáil fhisiceach i sé phríomh-earnáil tionsclaíocha laistigh de na 27 mBallstát a bhí ina n-astaitheoirí móra dé-ocsaíd charbóin. Bhí dualgas ar na 12,000 láithreán go léir de réir dlí meastacháin bliantúla cruinn a n-astaíochtaí carbóin a chur faoi bhráid an EU-ETS. Bunaithe ar na figiúirí tosaigh don bhliain 2005, tugadh ceadanna astaíochta carbóin do gach suiteáil ansin, rud a cheadaíonn dóibh méid sonraithe, atá ag laghdú i gcónaí de CO2e a astaíocht go bliantúil gan phionós. Tugtar EUAanna (nó allowances AE) ar na ceadúnais seo. Ní mór d'astaitheoirí nach bhfuil in ann a spriocanna astaíochta a bhaint amach ceadanna a cheannach ar an saormhargadh, óna rialtas uachtaránachta nó trí fhóram ceant an AE a tugadh isteach le déanaí. Ar a mhalairt, má tá na hachtóirí in ann a n-astaíochtaí CO2 a laghdú faoi bhun an méid incheadaithe sonraithe, féadfaidh siad a gcuid ceadaithe breise a dhíol le duine ar bith ar an margadh. Beidh ceantanna scaoilte ag malartú go céimnithe in ionad an dáileadh saor in aisce (dathscéalta) mar an modh réamhshocraithe chun ceadaithe a leithdháileadh ar ghnólachtaí ó 2013. Táthar ag súil go gcuirfear os cionn leath de na ceadaithe ar díol faoi 2013, agus ina dhiaidh sin ní bheidh aon leithdháileadh saor in aisce ar aon cheann de na gineadóirí leictreachais (na príomh-astaitheoirí san AE), seachas cúpla eisceacht teoranta.\nIs é an t-ardán trádála is mó do mhargadh carbóin an AE an Malartú Eorpach Aeráide (ECX), a láimhseálann níos mó ná 95% den trádáil díorthaigh ar an ETS. Tá méadú ollmhór tagtha ar na méideanna ó 2005 (an tús a chur leis an ETS), agus is é an méid 2009 20 uair níos mó ná méideanna 2005.\nIs féidir leis an seargon a bhaineann leis an tionscal a bheith scanrúil. Is éard atá i gcúiteáil charbóin ná liúntas arna eisiúint ag na Náisiúin Aontaithe ar a dtugtar CER. Is ceadúnas a eisíonn an AE é ceadúnas carbóin ar a dtugtar EUA. Is ceadaithe iad ceadúnais agus cúiteamh le haghaidh tonna méadrach CO2 amháin, mar sin go teoiriciúil tá an luach céanna acu agus d'fhéadfaí iad a thrádáil agus a chúiteamh i gcoinne a chéile. Tá go leor trádálaithe i riocht fada nó gearr ar an leithreas EUA-CER, comhghaol a chruthaigh a chonradh leithreas féin ar an ECX. Taispeánann Fig.1 praghsanna dúnta laethúla na dtodhchaí CER agus EUA laethúla rothlúcháin ó thús 2009. Tá CERanna dírithe i gcónaí ar lascaine i gcomparáid lena gcomhghleacaithe EUA, mar gheall ar dhifríochtaí sna rioscaí a bhaineann leo: cé go n-eisíonn an AE AEanna, agus d'fhéadfaí iad a mheas mar \"airgeadra\" gan aon riosca foinseach d'eisiúnaí, ní féidir an rud céanna a rá maidir le CERanna.\nTá gach CER nasctha le tionscadal sonrach atá cláraithe ag na Náisiúin Aontaithe. Cibé an tionscadal bithmhaise é sa Bhrasaíl a tháirgeann leictreachas ó dhramhaíl, nó páirc gaoithe san Afraic Theas, tá go leor tionscadal CDM ag brath go mór ar mhaoiniú tosaigh trí chaipiteal a bhailiú trí dhíolachán ar thras-dháta CERanna, nach féidir leis na Náisiúin Aontaithe a dheimhniú ach suas le cúig bliana ó dháta eisiúna. Ní féidir an riosca a bhaineann leis na CERanna neamhchláraithe seo a mhéadú ar leibhéal tionscadail ach amháin trí fachtóir cinnteachta (arna chosúil le delta rogha) a chur i gcomparáid le gach tionscadal, agus an fachtóir seo a chur i bhfeidhm le linn luacháil phoirtleóige.\nTá roinnt CERanna 'níos glan' ná cinn eile, agus d'fhéadfadh go mbeadh tionchar mór ag athruithe reachtacha ar an margadh. An reachtaíocht bheartaithe AE chun creidmheasanna a chruthaigh na tionscadail gháis tionsclaíocha conspóideach (HFC-23 etc.) a eisiamh Is cás é an 2013 a bhaineann le cur i bhfeidhm an Rialacháin seo. Soláthraíonn na saincheisteanna soláthair seo imreoirí luaineachta iontach do chistí fáltais atá láidir i gcumas trádála roghanna, agus soláthraíonn bogearraí mar Ozone3 é go foirfe trí bhainistiú a dhéanamh ar na Gréagaigh go léir den leabhar díorthaigh chomh maith le tuarascáil ar phlé ardleibhéil a áireamh ar aon infheistíochtaí i CERanna láthair a thrádáil go ceann ama.\nCuireadh an CÉEanna AE i ngníomh chun cabhrú le tíortha Eorpacha a n-oibleagáidí faoi Phrótacal Kyoto a chomhlíonadh, agus tá sé fós ar cheannas na n-eisiúnaithe, na trádálaithe fuinnimh, agus na spéicleoirí gaolmhara.\nTá méadú tapa tagtha ar an rannpháirtíocht sa mhargadh thar na blianta, in ainneoin agus i gcásanna áirithe mar gheall ar cleachtais neamhdhleathacha amhail an carusell CBL, a mhéadaigh an láimhdeachas sa mhargadh láithreach de phreas céatadáin ollmhóra in 2008. I measc na gcúis eile a raibh tionchar ag an gcreideamh sa mhargadh orthu bhí ionsaithe phishing, trádáil i gcreidmheasanna a bhí ar scor cheana féin, chomh maith leis an fiacla ollmhór i mí Eanáir 2011 de AEAs na Seice, a dhún córas iomlán trádála láthair an AE ar feadh dhá sheachtain. Tá an gá le clár lárnach ríthábhachtach. I 2010, bhí 81% de thrádáil dhomhanda carbóin ag an ETS AE, agus tá an fíric go bhfuil imreoir mór cosúil leis an gCumhalartú Comhdhlúite Idirnáisiúnta (ICE), tar éis dul isteach sa chraobh (cheannaigh sé sciar formhór sa Chumhalartú Eorpach Aeráide anuraidh), ag cur gravitas leis an margadh. Inniu, déantar cur síos ar liosta leathan na rannpháirtithe mar seo ag ceann de na bróicéirí neamhspleácha astaíochtaí is mó i Londain:\n• Na 11,000 12,000 cuideachta chomhlíonta AE nach mór a bheith rannpháirteach\n• Gníomhaithe beaga eile ar an margadh ama\n• Bainistithe sócmhainní\n• Bainistithe sócmhainní príobháideacha\n• Cistí pinsin\n• Cistí fáltais\nIs dócha go bhfuil na himreoirí sin lonnaithe san AE ach ansin deir siad go bhfeiceann siad go bhfuil suim ghníomhach ag na cineálacha institiúidí seo sna Stáit Aontaithe freisin, agus go bhfeiceann siad go bhfuil féidearthacht fáis ag an limistéar sa bhliain atá romhainn.\nTá an-bheag le fáil do bhainisteoir ciste atá freagrach go sóisialta trí photefolio de CCEanna a bheith aige. Tá CERanna cluiche difriúil go hiomlán. Agus baintear ag iarraidh ar bhainistitheoirí sócmhainní ar fud an domhain suas le 15% dá bportaifílí a choinneáil i sócmhainní atá freagrach go sóisialta agus atá neamhdhíobhálach don chomhshaol, feicimid treocht shoiléir i dtreo cur chuige dhá thréimhseach maidir le hinfheistíocht. Ar an gcéad dul síos, infheistíocht i scairfiúcht na gcuideachtaí a dhéanann an planda a úsáidfear le haghaidh an tionscadail atá ceadaithe ag na Náisiúin Aontaithe, cibé acu déanann sé monaróir tuirbíní gaoithe nó cuideachta a dhéanann tiontairí bithmhaise. Is é seo an chéim éasca a ghlacadh, toisc go mbíonn rochtain ag an mbainisteoir de ghnáth ar thaighde ardchaighdeáin faoin gcuideachta, rud a fhágann go bhfuil a stoc-roghnaithe i bhfad níos éasca. Ar an dara dul síos, infheistíocht a dhéanamh sa tionscadal MChL féin, rud atá i bhfad níos deacra a dhéanamh toisc:\n1. an t-am a bhí ann. Baineann go leor tionscadal úsáid as teicneolaíocht is airde nach féidir le gnáth-anailíséir taighde a dhéanamh.\n2. Seachadadh. Tá infheistíocht riachtanach sular cuireadh na bunscoileanna i mbun na foirgnimh, agus níl mórán nó gan aon fhigiúirí daingean ann chun tacú leis an gcinneadh nuair a bhíonn coiste infheistíochta i láthair.\n3. Tá an t-am ann. Tá an chuid is mó de thionscadail CDM bunaithe i dtíortha i mbéal forbartha, rud a fhágann go bhfuil sé deacair do bhainisteoir ciste gnóthach iniúchadh ar a n-infheistíocht ar an láthair a dhéanamh ar a laghad.\n4. Tá an t-am Níl bogearraí bainistíochta punann oiriúnach chun déileáil le castachtaí luachála CERanna.\nÓs rud é go bhfuil an méid thuasluaite, tá infheistíocht i dtionscadail fhisiciúla mall, ach de réir mar a mhéadaíonn eolas an mhargaidh, agus táirgí bogearraí cosúil le Ozone3 a thagann ar an sruth, táimid ag féachaint cheana féin níos mó muiníne i dtionscadal CDM infheistíocht dhíreach.\nTá cur chuige an tionscail infheistíochta i leith an mhargaidh charbóin polaraithe freisin ag siondróm \"creidiúnaí/neamhchreidmheach\" an athraithe aeráide, rud a spreagtar go mór ag aineolas, agus PR slick ó chuideachtaí a bhfuil leasanna dílse acu ina bhféile.\nCibé an gcreideann tú sa teoiric nó nach gcreideann tú, ní mór duit ach seasamh siar, agus breathnú réasúnach ar an méid truaillithe atá á chruthú againn inniu i gcomparáid le 100 bliain ó shin, chun a thabhairt i gcrích go gcaithfidh sé a bheith ag dul i bhfeidhm ar ár bpláinéad frásaí.\nTá an margadh carbóin fós ina mhargadh nua, agus tá sé tréitheithe ag conarthaí neamh-leachtacha agus le caochlaíocht ard. Tá sé fós faoi réir fógraí iontas, mar an dúnadh éigeantach i mí Eanáir ar chlárlanna Eorpacha (caomhnóirí náisiúnta creidmheasanna carbóin a eisíodh, a thrádáil agus a scor), agus toirmeasc ar gach trádáil láthair tar éis go raibh CERs ar fiú thart ar €28 milliún a ghoid. Ach an rud eile a théann le margadh nascent is mór imill, agus cistí fáltais atá suite go maith chun leas a bhaint as an swingings praghas fiáin agus cuardach-tairiscint leathan dúbailte go bhfuil margadh neamh-leachtach a thairiscint.\nI measc straitéisí trádála tá imirt agus ansin neamhaird a dhéanamh ar aon chomhghaol leis an gcomhchruinniú fuinnimh, de réir mar a bhíonn an dá mhargadh ag lánúineacht agus ansin ag dícheangal, ag brath ar imeachtaí seachtracha amhail soláthar breise CERanna isteach sa mhargadh. (Rinneann Ozone3 an comhghaol béite vanilla idir na margaí seo ag 0.1357% do 2010). Ní thugann Fig.2 le tuiscint go bhfuil comhghaol láidir ann. Scrúdaíonn sé an comhghaol 21 lá ag gluaiseacht idir an gconradh gar-chruda Brent i gcoinne an todhchaí laethúil ICEDEUA.\nTá cúram difriúil ag gach cineál rannpháirtí: tá na cuideachtaí comhlíonta ag baint leas i gcónaí as a gcuid uimhreacha astaíochta inmheánacha (agus an líon creidmheasanna dá thoradh sin a chaithfidh siad a scor) i gcoinne na CAEanna a thugtar dóibh, chomh maith le praghsanna a shocrú ag na ceantanna rialta. Tá na himreoirí go léir ar an eolas go nglacfaidh tionscal na haeráide leis an scéim ceapa agus trádála in 2012, agus na tionscail peitríochimic, amóinia agus alúmanaim ina dhiaidh sin in 2013. Measann go leor imreoirí go mbeidh méadú glan ar éileamh ar chreidmheasanna sna blianta beaga amach romhainn, agus tá siad ag ceannach roimh na hathruithe bunúsacha seo.\nIs é an rud a chruthaigh fás láidir i margaí carbóin ná roghanna a thrádáiltear ar an malartú. I dtús báire bhí céatadán an-bheag den trádáil bhliantúil, bhí líon na roghanna a thrádáil in 2010 (415,567 conradh) beagnach dhá oiread ná an líon a thrádáil in 2009, agus bhí thart ar 14,5% de na conarthaí iomlána a thrádáil ar an ECX in 2010.\nTá bainisteoirí cistí fáltais sa chluiche chun toradh a thabhairt dá n-infheisteoirí, is cuma cé chomh te agus fuzzy a d'fhéadfadh an infheistíocht a bheith: de réir mar a mhéadaíonn tionscadail CDM araon i líon agus i méid, feicimid tionscal nua de mhaoinithe ag cabhrú le tionscadail CDM a phacáistiú do bhainisteoirí cistí agus d'imreoirí cothromais phríobháideacha.\nNíl ach sampla amháin de dhíol CERanna ar aghaidh chun caipiteal tosaigh a bhailiú: tá roghanna dhá bhealach i measc go leor pacáiste nua a ligeann do úinéir an tionscadail agus don infheisteoir a bheith páirteach i mbrabúis níos mó ná mar a bhí beartaithe. Tá na tairiscintí sofaisticiúla seo go léir ag cabhrú le hinfheistíocht CDM a dhéanamh níos tarraingtí don bhainisteoir ciste, beag beann ar an ngné atá freagrach go sóisialta.\nAgus na rudaí thuasluaite i gcuimhne, tá todhchaí láidir ag na margaí carbóin, go háirithe toisc go bhfuil leibhéal na n-ardchomhtháthaithe na dtionscadal agus an bealach a mhaoinítear iad ag tosú ag déanamh ciall infheistíochta maith. Beidh sé seo, mar aon le hardán trádála agus próiseas imréitigh a bheidh á riaradh go maith, mar bhonn don fhás a chonaic muid, agus a bhfuil súil againn go leanfaidh sé de bheith ann, i margaí díorthaigh carbóin."} {"text": "In March 2020, almost the entire world stopped due to the threat of a novel virus that would later infect over 6.3 million people and lead to the deaths of more than 376,000 people. Entire countries were shut down, with only essential workers allowed to leave their homes and go to work so that grocery stores, healthcare facilities, and public transportation systems could continue to operate. For societies that centered their cultures and institutions around the basis of socializing and personable interaction, the pandemic came as an extreme shock. In the United States, the pandemic led to millions of people filing for unemployment and companies bracing for significant financial losses. Almost everyone entered unfamiliar circumstances that required a lot of personal adaptation especially to daily life. Without the looming threat of economic collapse and a pandemic, those who come from lower socioeconomic statuses or impoverished areas already experience disadvantages when trying to access proper menstrual hygiene products and relevant resources. Now, a greater number of menstruators are at risk of losing access to essential products due to limited income or lack of supply in their local stores, as many stores have faced product shortages. In addition, many frontline workers were thrown into long working hours with little break time and called for better access to products in their workplaces that they would now be spending more time in. With governments determining which products and services were essential, the most widespread way to ensure menstruators had proper access to the products they needed was through legislation. In the United States, the CARES Act signed on March 27th, 2020 listed all menstrual products as essential and were now covered by Health Savings Accounts and Flexible Spending Accounts. Considering the constant battle between American menstruators and their efforts in repealing the Tampon Tax, many believe this is a step in the right direction. However, it is important to note that CARES is not an adequate solution for people who still cannot afford or find pads, tampons, menstrual cups, soap, and other hygiene goods. Another instance of positive action occurred in Wuhan City where about 40,000 pads were shipped and distributed to female frontline workers. The efforts taken by the United States and China are examples of constructive measures, but other countries continue to face systemic oppression with regard to menstrual rights. As discussed, only essential items on government-curated lists remained in production, so in countries like India where pads, toilet tissue, and soap were not among the specific items, the nation’s supply quickly became scarce. Indian menstruators in migrant or rural populations felt the hardest impact of this shortage as they had to heavily rely on relief groups to obtain what they needed. A few interviews in the cited article discuss the unhygienic means some people have had to take to “stay dry during menstruation.” Some girls biked for miles across their towns to get products while others used cloth scraps to make pads. In parts of the world where menstruation is stigmatized and access to supplies is disproportionate, the COVID-19 crisis presents yet another challenge for people to properly be able to take care of themselves during menstruation. The articles about India are only a few of the hundreds of stories where menstruators are left to fend for themselves while greater institutions continue to overlook their struggles. In fact, as previously mentioned, healthcare workers all over the globe have expressed an overall lack of menstrual hygiene products and minimal action taken by authorities to fulfill their requests. With so much uncertainty ahead in this pandemic, the best we can do is to use our resources and platforms to help others. At the end of this post, I have included some links where you can find information about donating items or money to various organizations that provide menstrual hygiene products either in the Ann Arbor/Ypsilanti area or nationally. Please feel free to repost these organizations on social media or spread the word about their missions to bring more awareness to people who may be able to contribute to this cause in these uncertain times.\n-https://coronavirus.jhu.edu/map.html (cited on June 2nd, 2020)", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-40", "url": "http://www.thedotorg.org/blog/archives/06-2020", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030337415.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20221003101805-20221003131805-00157.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9651277661, "token_count": 996, "score": 2.953125, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "I mí an Mhárta 2020, d'fhág beagnach an domhan ar fad mar gheall ar bhagairt víreas nua a chuirfeadh níos mó ná 6.3 milliún duine i mbaol agus a d'fhág go bhfuair níos mó ná 376,000 duine bás. Dúnadh tíortha iomlána, agus ní raibh cead ag oibrithe riachtanacha ach a dtithe a fhágáil agus dul ag obair ionas gur féidir le siopaí grósaera, áiseanna cúraim sláinte, agus córais iompair phoiblí leanúint ar aghaidh ag feidhmiú. I gcás sochaithe a raibh a gcultúir agus a n-institiúidí dírithe ar bhonn na sochealaithe agus idirghníomhaíochta phearsanta, tháinig an paindéim mar shoc mhór. Sna Stáit Aontaithe, thug an paindéim go ndearna na milliúin duine iarratas ar dífhostaíocht agus chuir cuideachtaí i láthair caillteanais mhóra airgeadais. Tháinig beagnach gach duine i gcúinsí neamhchoitianta a d'éiligh go leor oiriúnaithe pearsanta go háirithe don saol laethúil. Gan bagairt ag teacht ar an gcorp eacnamaíoch agus ar phaindéim, bíonn míbhuntáistí ag na daoine sin a thagann ó stádas sóisia-eacnamaíoch níos ísle nó ó cheantair bhochtaine nuair a bhíonn siad ag iarraidh rochtain a fháil ar tháirgí sláintíochta míosta cuí agus ar acmhainní ábhartha. Anois, tá líon níos mó menstruators i mbaol rochtain a chailleadh ar tháirgí riachtanacha mar gheall ar ioncam teoranta nó easpa soláthair ina siopaí áitiúla, mar go leor siopaí ag tabhairt aghaidh ar easpa táirgí. Ina theannta sin, cuireadh go leor oibrithe ar an líne tosaigh i gcur isteach ar uaireanta fada oibre le beagán ama scoir agus d'iarr siad rochtain níos fearr ar tháirgí ina n-áit oibre a bheadh siad ag caitheamh níos mó ama iontu anois. Agus rialtais ag cinneadh cé na táirgí agus na seirbhísí a bhí riachtanach, ba é an bealach is forleithne chun a chinntiú go raibh rochtain cheart ag menstruators ar na táirgí a theastaíonn uathu trí reachtaíocht. Sna Stáit Aontaithe, liostaíodh le hAcht CARES a síníodh an 27 Márta, 2020 na táirgí céilí go léir mar thábhachtaí agus bhí siad clúdaithe anois ag Cuntais Sábháil Sláinte agus Cuntais Caiteachais Fléasaí. Ag smaoineamh ar an gcath leanúnach idir menstruators Mheiriceá agus a gcuid iarrachtaí a aisghairm an Cánach Tampon, go leor creideann go bhfuil sé seo céim sa treo ceart. Tá sé tábhachtach, áfach, a thabhairt faoi deara nach réiteach leordhóthanach é CARES do dhaoine nach féidir leo páistí, tampóin, cupáin menstrual, gallúnach agus earraí sláintíochta eile a cheannach nó a fháil. Tharla cás eile de ghníomhaíocht dhearfach i gCathair Wuhan áit a ndearnadh thart ar 40,000 pad a sheoladh agus a dháileadh ar oibrithe ban ar an líne tosaigh. Is samplaí de bhearta tógálacha iad na hiarrachtaí a rinne na Stáit Aontaithe agus an tSín, ach tá géarchéim chórasach ag tíortha eile i ndáil le cearta menstrual. Mar a pléadh, níor fhan ach earraí riachtanacha ar liostaí a bhí á gcúráil ag an rialtas i dtáirgeadh, mar sin i dtíortha cosúil le hIndia nach raibh pads, fíocháin theileataí agus gallúnach i measc na n-earraí sonracha, tháinig ganntanas ar sholáthar na tíre go tapa. Bhraith menstruators Indiach i ndaonraí imirceacha nó tuaithe an tionchar is deacra ar an easpa seo mar go raibh orthu brath go mór ar ghrúpaí faoisimh chun a gcuid riachtanas a fháil. Déantar roinnt agallaimh san alt luaite a phlé ar na modhanna neamhshláintiúla a bhí le déanamh ag daoine áirithe chun fanacht tirim le linn a n-imthriall. Bhí roinnt cailíní ag rothaíocht ar feadh míle ar fud a mbailte chun táirgí a fháil agus d'úsáid daoine eile scraps éadaí chun pads a dhéanamh. I gcodanna den domhan ina bhfuil an menstruacion stigmatized agus rochtain ar soláthairtí tá disproportionate, an COVID-19 géarchéim a chuireann fós dúshlán eile do dhaoine a bheith in ann a bheith i gceart a bheith in ann a ghlacadh cúram de féin le linn menstruacion. Níl sna hailt faoin India ach cúpla ceann de na céadta scéalta ina bhfuil mná céilí fágtha chun iad féin a chosaint agus go leanann institiúidí níos mó ag dul thar a gcroí lena gcuid streachailtí. Go deimhin, mar a luadh roimhe seo, tá oibrithe cúraim sláinte ar fud an domhain tar éis cur in iúl go bhfuil easpa foriomlán táirgí sláine menstrual agus gníomh íosta a rinne na húdaráis chun a n-iarratas a chomhlíonadh. Le an oiread sin éiginnteachta romhainn sa phaindéim seo, is é an rud is fearr is féidir linn a dhéanamh ná ár n-acmhainní agus ár n-ardáin a úsáid chun cabhrú le daoine eile. Ag deireadh an phoist seo, tá roinnt nasc curtha isteach agam áit ar féidir leat faisnéis a fháil faoi earraí nó airgead a bhronnadh ar eagraíochtaí éagsúla a sholáthraíonn táirgí sláinteachais menstrual i gceantar Ann Arbor/Ypsilanti nó go náisiúnta. Bíodh spraoi agat na heagraíochtaí seo a athphostáil ar na meáin shóisialta nó an focal a scaipeadh faoina misean chun níos mó feasachta a thabhairt do dhaoine a d'fhéadfadh a bheith in ann cur leis an gcúis seo sna hamanna éiginnte seo.\n-https://coronavirus.jhu.edu/map.html (cited on June 2nd, 2020)"} {"text": "Subnet Mask Cheat SheetRecords Cheat SheetGeoDNS ExplainedFree Network TroubleshooterKnowledge BasePricing CalculatorLive CDN PerformanceVideo Demos\nBlogsNewsPress ReleasesIT NewsTutorials\nGive us your email and we'll send you the good stuff.\nHeather Oliver is a Technical Writer for Constellix and DNS Made Easy, subsidiaries of Tiggee LLC. She’s fascinated by technology and loves adding a little spark to complex topics. Want to connect? Find her on LinkedIn.\nDo you ever wonder how email is delivered to your domain? It may seem like it’s simply handled by an email client, but there’s more to it than that. In order for messages to be sent to the right place, the server needs to know how and where to deliver them. That’s where Mail Exchange (MX) records come in.\nThe purpose of an MX record is to route emails to a mail server using the Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP). It’s what tells resolving nameservers where your domain “mailbox” is, and without it, you wouldn’t get your emails. In order for an MX record to function correctly, it must point to an A or AAAA record.\nTip: MX Records can never be pointed to a CNAME record.\nIn the above example, you may have noticed that there is a Priority value for MX records. This value indicates which mail server is the preferred server, or which one should be used first. In the case of MX records, the lower value, also known as an MX level, represents the favored server.\nWhile Failover isn’t compatible with MX records, configuring multiple MX records essentially achieves the same result. If your preferred mail server is unavailable, messages will be directed to an alternate mail server based on priority. If you have MX records with the same priority, they’ll be treated the same as a round robin configuration and your email will be directed to your mail servers randomly.\nTip: Priorities are most commonly set in increments of 5 or 10, but can also start at 0 and just be single digits, or be say 53 or 102. Many people use increments of 5 or 10 to allow for future adjustments, but it really boils down to your organization’s preferences. The important thing to remember is the lowest value should be assigned to your most preferred server.\nOne way to make sure your MX records are correct or that any changes you’ve made to them have been propagated is by performing a DNS lookup. A lookup will list all the MX records for your domain based on the order of the priority values you set in your configuration.\nHere are a few tools that you can use for testing your records:\nDNS Lookup Tool by Constellix\nAnd there you have it. Once you know what MX records are for, configuring them is relatively simple. It’s always good practice to have at least two mail servers, that way you’ll always receive your email. Whether you prioritize one server over another or want your email cycled to each server randomly depends on the unique needs of your domain. The most important thing to remember is that an MX record must be mapped to an A or AAAA record in order to function properly.\nSign up for news and offers from Constellix and DNS Made Easy", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-49", "url": "https://constellix.com/news/what-is-an-mx-record", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446711001.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20221205000525-20221205030525-00494.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9131367207, "token_count": 734, "score": 2.703125, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Subnet Mask Cheat SheetRecords Cheat SheetGeoDNS ExplainedFree Network TroubleshooterCúis EolaisCúis EolaisPrice CalculatorLive CDN PerformanceDemos físe\nBlógaíNuachtRasáin Phríomh\nTabhair do ríomhphost dúinn agus cuirfimid an t-ábhar maith chugat.\nIs Scríbhneoir Teicniúil í Heather Oliver do Constellix agus DNS Made Easy, fochuideachtaí de Tiggee LLC. Tá an teicneolaíocht ina spéis di agus is breá léi spártha beag a chur le hábhair chasta. Ar mhaith leat a nascadh? Faigh í ar LinkedIn.\nAn ndearna tú smaoineamh riamh ar conas a sheoltar ríomhphost chuig do réimse? D'fhéadfadh sé a bheith cosúil go bhfuil sé ach láimhseáil ag cliant ríomhphoist, ach tá níos mó ná sin. Chun go gcuirfear teachtaireachtaí chuig an áit cheart, ní mór don fhreastalaí a fhios a bheith aige conas agus cá háit a sheachadfaidh sé iad. Is ann sin a thagann taifid Mail Exchange (MX) isteach.\nIs é cuspóir taifead MX ríomhphoist a thrasnú chuig freastalaí ríomhphoist ag baint úsáide as an bPrótacal Aistrithe Post Simplí (SMTP). Is é an rud a insíonn do fhreastalaithe ainm a réiteach cá bhfuil do réimse \"bogearraí\" agus gan é, ní bhfaighidh tú do r-phostanna. Chun go bhfeidhmeoidh taifead MX i gceart, ní mór dó dul i dtreo taifead A nó AAAA.\nTreoir: Ní féidir taifid MX a chur i dtreo taifead CNAME riamh.\nSa sampla thuas, b'fhéidir go bhfaca tú go bhfuil luach tosaíochta ann do thaifid MX. Léiríonn an luach seo cé acu freastalaí ríomhphoist is freastalaí is fearr, nó cé acu ba cheart a úsáid ar dtús. I gcás taifid MX, léiríonn an luach is ísle, ar a dtugtar leibhéal MX freisin, an freastalaí fabhrach.\nCé nach bhfuil Failover comhoiriúnach le taifid MX, déantar an toradh céanna a bhaint amach go bunúsach trí mholtaí taifid MX a chumrú. Mura bhfuil do fhreastalaí ríomhphoist is fearr leat ar fáil, cuirfear teachtaireachtaí chuig freastalaí ríomhphoist malartach bunaithe ar thosaíocht. Má tá taifid MX agat leis an tosaíocht chéanna, déileálfar leo mar an gcéanna le cumraíocht bhabhta agus cuirfear do r-phost chuig do fhreastalaithe ríomhphoist go randamach.\nLeideanna: Is gnách go socraítear tosaíochtaí i méaduithe de 5 nó 10, ach is féidir iad a thosú ag 0 agus a bheith ina n-aon dhigit amháin, nó a bheith 53 nó 102. Baineann go leor daoine úsáid as méaduithe de 5 nó 10 chun oiriúnú a dhéanamh sa todhchaí, ach is é an rud is mó atá i gceist ná do chuid roghanna eagraíochta. Is é an rud tábhachtach a mheabhrú gur chóir an luach is ísle a shannadh do do fhreastalaí is fearr leat.\nIs é bealach amháin chun a chinntiú go bhfuil do thaifid MX ceart nó go bhfuil aon athruithe a rinne tú orthu tar éis a bheith scaipthe ná cuardach DNS a dhéanamh. Liostálfaidh cuardach na taifid MX go léir do do réimse bunaithe ar ord na luachanna tosaíochta a shocraigh tú i do chumraíocht.\nSeo roinnt uirlisí is féidir leat a úsáid chun do thaifid a thástáil:\nUirlis Cuardaigh DNS ag Constellix\nAgus tá sé agat. Nuair a bhíonn a fhios agat cad é an t-ús atá le taifid MX, tá sé réasúnta simplí iad a chumrú. Is dea-chleachtas i gcónaí dhá fhreastalaí ríomhphoist ar a laghad a bheith agat, ar an mbealach sin gheobhaidh tú do ríomhphost i gcónaí. Braitheann sé ar riachtanais uathúla do chomaoin an bhfuil tú ag cur tosaíocht ar fhreastalaí amháin thar freastalaí eile nó an bhfuil tú ag iarraidh go rachaidh do ríomhphost go sicicleach chuig gach freastalaí go randamach. Is é an rud is tábhachtaí le cuimhneamh ná go gcaithfear taifead MX a mhapeáil le taifead A nó AAAA d'fhonn feidhmiú i gceart.\nCláráil le haghaidh nuacht agus tairiscintí ó Constellix agus DNS Made Easy"} {"text": "Dolores Cannon, Gregg Braden, David Wilcock, Geoff Stray, Daniel Pinchbeck and Bill Donahue share their expertise regarding Crop Circles.\nA crop circle is a sizable pattern created by the flattening of a crop such as wheat, barley, rye, maize, or rapeseed. Crop circles are also referred to as crop formations, because they are not always circular in shape. The documented cases have substantially increased from the 1970s to current times. In 1991, two hoaxers claimed authorship of many circles throughout England.\nTwenty-six countries reported approximately 10,000 crop circles in the last third of the 20th century; 90% of those were located in southern England. Many of the formations appearing in that area are positioned near ancient monuments, such as Stonehenge. According to one study, nearly half of all circles found in the UK in 2003 were located within a 15 km (9.3 miles) radius of Avebury. Archeological remains can cause cropmarks in the fields, in the shapes of circles and squares, but they do not appear overnight and they are always in the same places every year.\nOn the following video, go to the 3:42 marker to view Daniel Pinchbeck, Gregg Braden, Geoff Stray and David Wilcock’s views on Crop Circles:\nBill Donahue talks about crop circles:", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-13", "url": "http://in5d.com/cannon-braden-wilcock-stray-pinchbeck-and-donahue-talk-about-crop-circles/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218187113.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212947-00140-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9682961702, "token_count": 286, "score": 3.9375, "int_score": 4, "irish_text": "Dolores Cannon, Gregg Braden, David Wilcock, Geoff Stray, Daniel Pinchbeck agus Bill Donahue a gcuid saineolas maidir le ciorcail chothaithe.\nIs patrún mór é ciorcal barra a cruthaítear trí chothú barra mar cruithneacht, arbhair, ríthe, arbhar nó rapeseed. Tugtar foirmiúí barra ar chiorcail chothaithe freisin, toisc nach bhfuil siad ciorclach i gcruth i gcónaí. Tá méadú suntasach tagtha ar na cásanna cáipitithe ó na 1970idí go dtí na laethanta reatha. Sa bhliain 1991, d'éiligh beirt hoaxers údarú go leor ciorcail ar fud Shasana.\nTuairiscíodh go raibh thart ar 10,000 ciorcal barra i gcúig deireanach an 20ú haois i 26 tír; bhí 90% díobh sin suite i ndeisceart Shasana. Tá go leor de na foirmiú a léirítear sa cheantar sin suite in aice le séadchomharthaí ársa, mar shampla Stonehenge. De réir staidéar amháin, bhí beagnach leath de na ciorcail go léir a fuarthas sa RA in 2003 suite laistigh de raidió 15 km (9.3 míle) de Avebury. Is féidir le fáinní seandálaíochta marcanna barra a chur ar bun sna páirceanna, i gcruth ciorcail agus cearnóg, ach ní thagann siad le chéile thar oíche agus bíonn siad i gcónaí sna háiteanna céanna gach bliain.\nSa físeán seo a leanas, téigh go dtí an marcóir 3:42 a fheiceáil Daniel Pinchbeck, Gregg Braden, Geoff Stray agus David Wilcock ' s tuairimí ar ciorcail chothaithe:\nLabhraíonn Bill Donahue faoi chiorcail chathracha:"} {"text": "US flag burning amendment approved by House\nThursday, June 23, 2005\nThe United States House of Representatives today passed an that would allow Congress to prohibit the of the . The bill (H.J.Res.10), whose main sponsor was ( -Calif.), was passed by a vote of 286 to 130. The required two-thirds was present. This is the fifth time a has passed the House.\nThe bill will now move on to the Senate, where it stands the best chance of passing ever. If a majority of two-thirds passes the bill, it will then move on to the states to be ratified with a seven-year window open on the ratification. Each time an amendment like this was passed in the House, it died in the Senate, the last time being in 2000.\nAn informal survey conducted by the Associated Press suggested that the vote will be close — 34 senators surveyed opposed the amendment, the exact number required to defeat it. However, supporters of the amendment are optimistic that the amendment will pass because four seats were gained by the Republicans in the election last November.\nThe amendment seeks to bypass the 1989 Supreme Court case New Zealand, a 22-year-old law banning the destruction of their flag was also as it was considered an act of free speech.which ruled that desecration of the flag was legal; flag burning was established to be a form of protected speech under the First Amendment to the United States Constitution. In\n- Cynthia H. Cho. \"Flag amendment clears House, goes to Senate\" — , June 23, 2005\n- Laurie Kellman. \"House Approves Flag-Burning Amendment\" — , June 22, 2005\n- Associated Press. \"House approves flag-burning amendment\" — , June 22, 2005\n- Cynthia H. Cho. \"House Approves Amendment Prohibiting Flag Burning\" — , June 22, 2005\n- Reuters. \"House approves flag-protection amendment\" — , June 22, 2005\n- Bob Dart. \"House passes flag protection amendment\" — , June 22, 2005\n- U.S. House of Representatives\n- Information on House bill (H.J.RES.10)\n- House vote results for H.J.RES.10\n- Text of H.J.RES.10\n| The text of this article has been released into the public domain. In the event that this is not legally possible, this article may be used for any purpose, without any condition, unless such conditions are required by law. This applies worldwide. Copyright terms on images, however, may vary, so please check individual image pages prior to duplication.\nPlease note that this only applies to Wikinews content created prior to September 25, 2005. All content created after that date is released under a Creative Commons license which is mentioned at the bottom of each article. This is currently the Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 License.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-39", "url": "https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/US_flag_burning_amendment_approved_by_House", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514570830.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20190915072355-20190915094355-00370.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9602335691, "token_count": 590, "score": 2.765625, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Fuarthas leasú ar fhlag na SA a dhó ag an Teach\nDéardaoin, 23 Meitheamh, 2005\nD' éirigh le Teach na nIonadaithe na Stát Aontaithe inniu an tAcht a cheadaigh don Choigríocht cosc a chur ar an ... Ghlac an bille (H.J.Res.10), a raibh (Calif.), mar phríomhsponsóir air, le vóta 286 go 130. Bhí an dhá thrian a theastaíonn i láthair. Is é seo an cúigiú huair a ritheadh an Teach.\nBeidh an bille ag bogadh anois ar aghaidh chuig an Seanad, áit a bhfuil sé an seans is fearr a rith riamh. Má rithann tromlach dhá thrian an bille, gluaisfidh sé ansin ar aghaidh chuig na stáit le daingniú le fuinneog seacht mbliana oscailte ar an daingniúchán. Gach uair a ritheadh leasú mar seo sa Teach, d'éag sé sa Seanad, an uair dheireanach a bhí ann i 2000.\nThug suirbhé neamhfhoirmiúil a rinne an Associated Press le fios go mbeidh an vótáil dlúth 34 seanadóir a ndearnadh suirbhé orthu i gcoinne an leasú, an líon cruinn a theastaíonn chun é a shárú. Mar sin féin, tá lucht tacaíochta an leasú dóchasach go rachaidh an leasú tríd toisc go bhfuair na Poblachtánaigh ceithre suíochán san olltoghchán i mí na Samhna seo caite.\nTá an leasú ag iarraidh cás na Cúirte Uachtaraí 1989 a shárú An Nua-Shéalainn, dlí 22 bliain d'aois a chuir cosc ar scrios a mbratach mar a bhí sé meastar gur gníomh de shaoirse cainte. a rialaigh go raibh neamhchlaonadh an bhratach dlíthiúil; bunaíodh é a dhó ar bhratach mar chineál cainte faoi chosaint faoin gCéad Leasú ar Bhunreacht na Stát Aontaithe. I\n- Cynthia H. Cho. \"Clears Flag Amendment House, go to Senate\" , 23 Meitheamh, 2005\n- Laurie Kellman. - Tá sé. \"Tugann an Teach Fheasacht ar Leasú na mBratach a Dóiteáil\" , 22 Meitheamh, 2005\n- Associated Press. - Tá sé ar an mbord. \"Cáilíonn an Teach le leasú ar lasadh bratach\" , 22 Meitheamh, 2005\n- Cynthia H. Cho. \"Fuarthas an Leasú ag an Teach a d'fhág go bhfuil cosc ar an bhratach a dhó\" , 22 Meitheamh, 2005\n- Reuters. - Tá sé. \"Fágann an Teach leasú ar chosaint an bhratach\" , 22 Meitheamh, 2005\n- Bob Dart. \"Tógann an Teach leasú ar chosaint an bhratach\" , 22 Meitheamh, 2005\n- Teach Ionadaithe na Stát Aontaithe\n- Eolas ar bhille an Tí (H.J.RES.10)\n- Torthaí vótála an Teach le haghaidh H.J.RES.10\n- Téacs H.J.RES.10\nTá téacs an ailt seo scaoilte sa réimse poiblí. I gcás nach féidir é sin a dhéanamh go dlíthiúil, féadfar an t-alt seo a úsáid chun aon chríche, gan aon choinníoll, mura gceanglaítear coinníollacha den sórt sin le dlí. Baineann sé seo le gach cearn den domhan. D'fhéadfadh téarmaí cóipcheart ar íomhánna, áfach, a bheith éagsúil, mar sin seiceáil leathanaigh íomhánna aonair sula ndéantar dúblaíocht.\nTabhair faoi deara le do thoil nach mbaineann sé seo ach le hábhar Wikinews a cruthaíodh roimh an 25 Meán Fómhair, 2005. Tá gach ábhar a cruthaíodh tar éis an dáta sin scaoilte faoi cheadúnas Creative Commons a luaitear ag bun gach alt. Tá an ceadúnas seo faoi láthair faoi Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 License."} {"text": "North Hills School District Curriculum Department believes that the written curriculum is the road map to instruction and learning. In an age of accountability, it is easy to rationalize stripping away the richness and variety of the curriculum and teaching to the test. This approach may address the immediate need to achieve on a single high stakes test, but weakens the integrity of the educational program in the long term. It is also important to provide developmentally appropriate curriculum in the context of and integrated with other meaningful curricula when possible. Our goal is to provide a rigorous curriculum in all subject areas and at all levels that is integrated and developmentally appropriate.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-43", "url": "https://www.nhsd.net/Curriculum.aspx", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570986693979.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20191019114429-20191019141929-00287.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9566431046, "token_count": 127, "score": 2.625, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Creideann Roinn Cúrsa Scoláireachta Dúiche na Hills Thuaidh gurb é an curaclam scríofa an léarscáil bóthair chun teagasc agus foghlaim. In aois an fhreagrachta, tá sé éasca a réasúnaíocht stripping amach an saibhreas agus éagsúlacht an curaclam agus teagasc go dtí an tástáil. D'fhéadfadh an cur chuige seo aghaidh a thabhairt ar an ngá láithreach a bhaint amach ar thástáil ard-stailc amháin, ach lagóidh sé sláine an chláir oideachais san fhadtéarma. Tá sé tábhachtach freisin curaclam a chur ar fáil atá oiriúnach don fhorbairt i gcomhthéacs curaclaim chiallmhar eile agus a chomhtháthú leo nuair is féidir. Is é ár gcuspóir curaclam dian a sholáthar i ngach réimse ábhair agus ag gach leibhéal atá comhtháite agus oiriúnach don fhorbairt."} {"text": "IN THIS COURSE YOU WILL LEARN:\nThe history of the formation of the Former USSR.\nHow the USSR developed through the years.\nWhat were the causes of the USSR’s collapse.\nHow different countries formed and why they are so different from each other.\nCurrent events that are shaping the future of Post-Soviet countries and the rest of the world.\nAndre Kamenshikov is a civil society activist in the field of peacebuilding, with both a US and Russian background. He graduated Moscow State University majoring in sociology in 1991 as well as studied various subjects in Carroll College, Waukesha, Wisconsin and undertook courses in human rights and other relevant topics. He is the representative of a US-based NGO Nonviolence International and the regional coordinator of an international civil society network - the Global Partnership for the Prevention of Armed Conflict (GPPAC) in the Eastern Europe region. He has over 28 years of experience as a civil peacebuilding activist in conflict areas of the ex-USSR and was a founder of a few civil society organizations in those countries. For 22 years he was based in Russia, till the political climate forced him to move to Kyiv, Ukraine, where he continues working with the local civil society sector on enhancing its capacities to contribute to peace and democratic development of the country. He is an author of a number of publications about the role of civil society in post-soviet conflicts, including “International experience of civilian peacebuilding in the post-soviet space” (2016), the “Strategic framework for the development of civil peacebuilding activities in Ukraine” (2017).\nThe course will include personal stories and personal points of view on the past and present situations of the Post-Soviet states.\nIn this course, we focus especially on explaining how different ethnic, cultural,\nand national groups affected the\ncollapse of the former USSR.\nFrom more authoritarian countries like Turkmenistan that can be compared to North Korea to countries like Estonia introducing a new form of digital democracy and where political and civil rights are widely respected, we will explore different drivers that have influenced the development of new countries and why they took such different paths from each other. Finally, we will discuss the challenges of rising authoritarianism in Belarus and Russia, current events in and around Ukraine, and why these developments are so important not only for future of these countries, but how they might affect the rest of the world.\nThis course is prepared by Nonviolence International New York, a global innovative organization with an emphasis on advocacy, education, and communication. It conducts and produces important research on a growing number of issues, including peace, disarmament, and American politics, as well as operates an extensive internship program within the United Nations.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-49", "url": "https://www.nonviolenceny.org/understandingsovietspace", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710417.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20221127173917-20221127203917-00561.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9524799585, "token_count": 583, "score": 2.765625, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "SA CURS seo, foghlaimeoidh tú:\nStair na foirmiú an Iar-USSR.\nConas a d'fhorbair an USSR thar na blianta.\nCad iad na cúiseanna a bhí le titim an USSR?\nConas a bhí tíortha éagsúla agus cén fáth go bhfuil siad chomh difriúil óna chéile.\nImeachtaí reatha atá ag cruthú todhchaí na dtíortha iar-Sóivéadacha agus an chuid eile den domhan.\nIs gníomhaí sa tsochaí shibhialta i réimse na síochána a thógann Andre Kamenshikov, le cúlra na Stát Aontaithe agus na Rúise araon. Chríochnaigh sé Ollscoil Stáit Moscó ag déanamh ceirde sa tsocheolaíocht i 1991 chomh maith le hábhair éagsúla a staidéar i gColáiste Carroll, Waukesha, Wisconsin agus rinne sé cúrsaí i gcearta an duine agus ábhair ábhartha eile. Is ionadaí é do NGO Nonviolence International atá lonnaithe sna Stáit Aontaithe agus is comhordaitheoir réigiúnach é do líonra idirnáisiúnta na sochaí sibhialta - an Comhpháirtíocht Domhanda chun Coimhlint Armtha a Chosc (GPPAC) i réigiún Oirthear na hEorpa. Tá níos mó ná 28 bliain taithí aige mar ghníomhaí síochána sibhialta i limistéir choimhlinte an iar-USSR agus bhí sé ina bhunaitheoir ar roinnt eagraíochtaí sochaí sibhialta sna tíortha sin. Bhí sé bunaithe sa Rúis ar feadh 22 bliana, go dtí gur éirigh leis an aeráid pholaitiúil bogadh go Kiev, an Úcráin, áit a leanann sé ag obair leis an earnáil sochaí shibhialta áitiúil chun a acmhainní a fheabhsú chun cur le síocháin agus forbairt dhaonlathach na tíre. Tá sé ina údar ar roinnt foilseachán faoi ról na sochaí sibhialta i gcathracha iar-Sóivéadacha, lena n-áirítear Taithí idirnáisiúnta ar throscadh síochána sibhialta san spás iar-Sóivéadach (2016), an Creat straitéiseach chun gníomhaíochtaí síochána sibhialta a fhorbairt san Úcráin (2017).\nBeidh scéalta pearsanta agus dearcadh pearsanta ar chásanna iar-Sóivéadacha san am atá caite agus san am atá ann.\nSa chúrsa seo, díreofar go háirithe ar mhíniú conas a éagsúlacht eitneach, cultúrtha,\nagus grúpaí náisiúnta a raibh tionchar acu ar an\ntitim an iar-Sóivéadaigh.\nÓ thíortha níos údarásacha cosúil le Turcméinistáin is féidir a chur i gcomparáid le hIorua na Cóiré go dtí tíortha cosúil le hEastóin a chuireann isteach foirm nua de dhaonlathas digiteach agus ina bhfuil meas mór ar chearta polaitiúla agus sibhialta, scrúdóimid tiománaithe éagsúla a raibh tionchar acu ar fhorbairt na dtíortha nua agus cén fáth a ghlac siad bealaí chomh difriúil óna chéile. Ar deireadh, pléfaimid na dúshláin a bhaineann le húdaras a ardú sa Bhealarúis agus sa Rúis, na himeachtaí reatha san Úcráin agus timpeall uirthi, agus cén fáth go bhfuil na forbairtí seo chomh tábhachtach, ní hamháin do thodhchaí na dtíortha seo, ach conas a d'fhéadfadh siad difear a dhéanamh don chuid eile den domhan.\nTá an cúrsa seo ullmhaithe ag Nonviolence International New York, eagraíocht nuálaíoch domhanda a chuireann béim ar abhcóideacht, oideachas agus cumarsáid. Déanann sé taighde tábhachtach ar líon méadaitheach saincheisteanna, lena n-áirítear síocháin, dí-armáil, agus polaitíocht Mheiriceá, chomh maith le clár staire fairsing a oibriú laistigh de na Náisiúin Aontaithe."} {"text": "Anubhaga, Anubhāga: 8 definitions\nAnubhaga means something in Jainism, Prakrit, Hinduism, Sanskrit, Buddhism, Pali, Hindi. If you want to know the exact meaning, history, etymology or English translation of this term then check out the descriptions on this page. Add your comment or reference to a book if you want to contribute to this summary article.\nAnubhaga has 7 English definitions available.\nAlternative spellings of this word include Anubhag.\nLanguages of India and abroad\n[Deutsch Wörterbuch]Source: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Böhtlingk and Roth Grosses Petersburger Wörterbuch\nAnubhāga (अनुभाग):—(1. anu + bhāga) m.\n1) ein untergeordneter —, ein kleinerer Theil: tato bhāgānubhāgena devagandharvadānavāḥ . avatartuṃ mahīṃ sarve mantrayāmāsurañjasā .. [Mahābhārata 3, 15936.] —\n2) feeling, or sensible quality [WILSON, Sel. Works 1, 313]; wohl fehlerhaft für anubhāva .\nSanskrit, also spelled संस्कृतम् (saṃskṛtam), is an ancient language of India commonly seen as the grandmother of the Indo-European language family (even English!). Closely allied with Prakrit and Pali, Sanskrit is more exhaustive in both grammar and terms and has the most extensive collection of literature in the world, greatly surpassing its sister-languages Greek and Latin.\nSee also (Relevant definitions)\nEnds with: Shanubhaga.\nSearch found 7 books and stories containing Anubhaga, Anubhāga, Aṇubhāga; (plurals include: Anubhagas, Anubhāgas, Aṇubhāgas). You can also click to the full overview containing English textual excerpts. Below are direct links for the most relevant articles:\nBhagavati-sutra (Viyaha-pannatti) (by K. C. Lalwani)\nTattvartha Sutra (with commentary) (by Vijay K. Jain)\nVerse 8.22 - The nature of fruition (anubhava) < [Chapter 8 - Bondage of Karmas]\nVerse 6.27 - The nature of Obstructive-karmas < [Chapter 6 - Influx of Karmas]\nVerse 8.3 - The four kinds of bondage (bandha) < [Chapter 8 - Bondage of Karmas]\nTrishashti Shalaka Purusha Caritra (by Helen M. Johnson)\nJain Science and Spirituality (by Medhavi Jain)\n4.6. Yoga and Karmic Bondage < [Chapter 4 - Main Theory and Practices in Jainism]\n4.7. Yoga and Passions < [Chapter 4 - Main Theory and Practices in Jainism]\nA History of Indian Philosophy Volume 1 (by Surendranath Dasgupta)\nSutrakritanga (by Hermann Jacobi)", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-49", "url": "https://de.wisdomlib.org/definition/anubhaga", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710972.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20221204104311-20221204134311-00423.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.7548698783, "token_count": 759, "score": 3.328125, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Anubhaga, Anubhāga: 8 sainmhíniú\nCiallaíonn Anubhaga rud éigin i Jainism, Prakrit, Hinduism, Sanskrit, Búdachas, Pali, Hindi. Más mian leat an ciall, an stair, an eitimíocht nó an t-aistriúchán Béarla ar an téarma seo a fháil amach go díreach, féach ar na tuairiscí ar an leathanach seo. Cuir do thuairim nó tagairt le leabhar más mian leat cur leis an alt achoimre seo.\nTá 7 sainmhíniú Béarla ar fáil ar Anubhaga.\nI measc na bhfocal seo tá Anubhag.\nTeangacha na hIndia agus thar lear\n[Deutsch Wörterbuch] Foinse: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Böhtlingk agus Roth Grosses Petersburger Wörterbuch\nAnubhāga (अनुभाग):(1. anu + bhāga) m.\n1) ein untergeordneter , ein kleinerer Theil: tato bhāgānubhāgena devagandharvadānavāḥ . avatartuṃ mahīṃ sarve mantrayāmāsurañjasā .. [Mahābhārata 3, 15936.] \n2) mothú, nó cáilíocht shuntasach [WILSON, Sel. Oibreacha 1, 313]; wohl fehlerhaft für anubhāva.\nIs teanga ársa na hIndia í an Sanscrait, a littear freisin संस्कृतम् (saṃskṛtam), a mheastar go coitianta mar seanmháthair an teaghlaigh teangacha Ind-Eorpach (fiú an Béarla!). Tá an Sanscrait, atá in éineacht le Prakrit agus Pali, níos cuimsithí i gcúrsaí gramadaí agus téarmaí araon agus tá an bailiúchán litríochta is fairsinge ar domhan aige, ag dul thar a deirfiúr-theangacha Gréagach agus Laidineach.\nFéach freisin (saineolaithe ábhartha)\nCríochnaíonn sé le: Shanubhaga.\nFuair an cuardach 7 leabhar agus scéalta ina bhfuil Anubhaga, Anubhāga, Aṇubhāga; (plúrlacha áirítear: Anubhagas, Anubhāgas, Aṇubhāgas). Is féidir leat cliceáil freisin chun an forbhreathnú iomlán a fheiceáil ina bhfuil sliocht téacs Béarla. Seo thíos naisc dhíreacha chuig na hailt is ábhartha:\nBhagavati-sutra (Viyaha-pannatti) (le K. C. Lalwani)\nTattvartha Sutra (le trácht) (ag Vijay K. Jain)\nVerse 8.22 - An nádúr na fruition (anubhava) < [Caibidil 8 - Bondage of Karmas]\nVerse 6.27 - An nádúr de Obstructive-karmas < [Caibidil 6 - Influx de Karmas]\nVerse 8.3 - Na ceithre chineál na bondage (bandha) < [Caibidil 8 - Bondage of Karmas]\nTrishashti Shalaka Purusha Caritra (le Helen M. Johnson)\nEolaíocht agus Spioradúlacht Jain (le Medhavi Jain)\n4. 6 Yoga agus Bondage Karmic < [Caibidil 4 - Príomh-Theoiric agus Cleachtais sa Jainism]\n4. 7 Yoga agus Passions < [Caibidil 4 - Príomh-Theoiric agus Cleachtais i Jainisme]\nA History of Indian Philosophy Volume 1 (le Surendranath Dasgupta)\nSutrakritanga (le Hermann Jacobi)"} {"text": "What is the first thing that comes to mind when you think of a river? If you are from the mountains, you most likely envision clear water tumbling by and maybe some trout swimming around. But if you live down along a large, flatland river like the Missouri, Ohio, or lower Colorado it is muddy water and bottom feeders that come to mind. These two types of rivers, though wildly different in appearance, have one big thing in common: day and night they are all moving sediment downstream.\nAs water makes is Sisyphean journey from the oceans, into the atmosphere, and down over the land, what runs off into rivers brings sediment with it: from cobbles and boulders in mountain streams to sand, silt, and clay in large rivers. Over time this continuous conveyor belt delivers, as one pioneer in sediment studies, G. K. Gilbert, calls it, the “debris” of the continental interiors to the oceans and shapes landscapes everywhere.\nA river’s ability to shape landscapes is most evident during floods where orders of magnitude more sediment is moved over hours and days compared to how much is moved during low flow periods. This was evident during the wide spread floods that ravaged the Colorado Front Range in September, 2013. Just over a year ago, massive amounts of rain fell on steep mountain slopes carrying sediment from the hills into streams and eventually rivers. In steeper areas, like the narrow canyons that spill out into the Front Range, the energy in the flow was so great it moved car-sized boulders! Smaller-sized sediment lining river channels did not stand a chance and was carried downstream until the canyon rivers became prairie rivers where the slope dramatically reduces. Here, physics took over and with less energy to carry the tons and tons of sediment moving downstream most of it stopped moving and came to rest in places like Lyons (pictured below) where three to four feet deposited in some places!\nBesides resulting in a major cleaning bill, what did all of this sediment do? It changed the course of the river. Instead of flowing left in some places, the river moved right, bringing flood waters to areas not originally considered part of the floodplain. Rivers change, which can be surprising to someone living near one that has not moved appreciably in a while.\nRiver change is not as uncommon as you might think. It does not take a biblical flood (or even a 100 year flood, with a 1% chance of occurring in a given year) to move a river. A geologic study the Mississippi River drawn out in beautiful color below (active channel in white) shows a spaghetti bowl of meander scrolls denoting historic locations of the river over the years. This change is evident even over the relatively short (from a geologic standpoint) history of our country. Look anywhere at the state lines drawn along the Mississippi River and you will see meandering borders drawn down the middle of dry land formerly known as the Mississippi, which left polyps of land belonging to one state marooned on the other side of the river.\nMoving downriver, we arrive at one of the great deltas of North America: the Mississippi River delta, the final resting place for so much of the sediment that bumps, rolls, and glides downstream from the peaks of the Rocky Mountains and the cornfields of the Midwest. Or at least is used to be. Locks, dams, and river engineering has essentially turned the Missouri river, a major tributary to the Mississippi and a major source of sediment from the arid west, into a string of reservoirs. Just like when the rivers left the canyon and found the prairie in Colorado, when a river flows into a reservoir, the majority of the sediment comes to rest there. Not only does this mean reservoirs have a limited life span as they fill up with sediment naturally carried by a river, it also means that the sediment never arrives to its original destination.\nTwo river scientists who work extensively on large rivers estimated the original, pre-dam sediment loads that reach the Gulf of Mexico from the Mississippi river and compared that to modern measurements of sediment loads (Moode and Meade, 2010), see river graphic below). They estimate that sediment loads to the Gulf from the Mississippi River have decreased by over 75% because of human influence. They attribute about half of the decrease in sediment loads to the trapping ability of the dams we have built in the Mississippi basin and the other half to river engineering practices that attempt to keep the river from moving around and make it more suitable for barge traffic. The Mississippi River of today is a far cry from the wild and unpredictable beast that Mark Twain navigated as a young man. All of this means that the Mississippi delta, America’s Wetland, receives a lot less sediment than it used to. Add that to 1,000’s of miles of canals dug for oil exploration and extraction which bring saltwater into freshwater marshes, slowly killing off the plants that hold the sediment in place, rising sea levels, and naturally subsiding land (Törnqvist et al., 2008), and you get a delta that is rapidly disappearing. As the delta subsides, so too do the highly productive wetland ecosystems, fisheries, and protection from storm surges during hurricanes. In a recent article in the New York Times Magazine, Nathanial Rich chronicles the human impacts on this vast and vanishing area and a fight to pay for its reclamation.\nWe’ve come a long way from clear headwater streams down to the turbid and brackish waters of the delta. I have touched on only a couple examples of the role sediment plays in rivers and why it matters to us and the environment. But there are many more issues and stories about sediment, and the rivers that move it. Please feel free to contact me with any sediment or river related questions or comments.\n- For more reading about the Colorado Floods, see a series of articles by the Denver Post\n- For more reading about the Mississippi Delta, and land subsidence, here are a few places to start:\nMeade, R. H., & Moody, J. A. (2010). Causes for the decline of suspended‐sediment discharge in the Mississippi River system, 1940–2007. Hydrological Processes, 24(1), 35-49.\nTörnqvist, T. E., Wallace, D. J., Storms, J. E., Wallinga, J., Van Dam, R. L., Blaauw, M., ... & Snijders, E. M. (2008). Mississippi Delta subsidence primarily caused by compaction of Holocene strata. Nature Geoscience, 1(3), 173-176.\nBoulder cascade: Fall Creek, Colorado, © Joel Sholtes 2012\nSandy River: Yampa River at Deerlodge Park, Colorado, © Joel Sholtes 2012\nCanyon Flood: Andy Cross, Denver Post © 2013\nLyons Flood: R.J. Sangosti, Denver Post © 2013\nMeandering Mississippi Map: Plate 22. Fisk, H. N. (1944) Geological Investigation of the alluvial valley of the Lower Mississippi River. Army Corps of Engineers Geology and Geophysics Branch. Lower and Middle Mississippi Valley Engineering Geology Mapping Program.\nRiver Sediment Diagram: R.H. Meade and J.A. Moody (2010). © Hydrologic Sciences\nMississippi River Delta: USGS Landsat Image, 2011: http://landsat.usgs.gov/images/gallery/239_L.jpg\nMy research, as part of Mongolian Rangeland and Resilience project at CSU, is aimed to assess social outcomes of Community-based Rangeland Management (CBRM) efforts to help pastoral communities to manage their resources in a more sustainable manner while maintaining their livelihoods. Any positive results in herders’ livelihood, social relationships, and conditions of natural resources they depend on are considered as social outcomes. In addition, my results may help inform policy formulation for emerging herder organizations as well as more effective support strategies for the development of social institutions for rangeland management.\nThe major research questions I am asking are: (1) do social outcomes of formally organized CBRM groups differ from those informal groups? and (2) if they differ, what causes such differences? I am examining 142 community groups from 36 districts in 10 provinces of Mongolia, of which 77 are formal groups and 65 are informal or traditional groups. I am also looking at their members’ grazing practices, and social norms related to grazing management at household level using data from 706 families.\nPicture 1. Study sites.\nThe study is focused on Mongolia, the country at the heart of Northern Asia, which is famous for two facts. First, it is the homeland of Ghengis Khan, who created the largest empire in the world. Second, the country possesses one of the largest remaining rangelands on the planet. The latter poses great responsibility and policy challenges to Mongols to maintain and steward these precious resources of global importance under competing needs for economic development and improvement of social and environmental well-being.\nPicture 2. Photo courtesy of Ch.Batzaya\nMy research is deeply embedded in social and political context of Mongolia. The country has undergone dramatic social and political changes in the last century, to a socialist centrally planned system and the more recent transition to a free market economy and democracy. Mongolian nomads, the key users and guardians of rangelands have demonstrated remarkable resilience. Nationalization of their livestock and forced membership in state cooperatives has been replaced by livestock privatization dismantling state institutions for grazing management, combined with loss of access to health, education, and market services. Together with natural hazards pastoralists frequently face, these socio-economic reforms have increased pressure on the natural resources they depend on.\nAt the end of 20th century, 80% of the rural poor were herders, whose traditional practices and customary norms for rangeland management have been reported to be dramatically neglected, and leading to negative impacts on rangeland condition. In response, community-based rangeland management (CBRM) has been seen by international donors as an alternative solution to increasingly ineffective state management to address rural poverty and land degradation. The CBRM approach to community development resulted in the creation of over 2000 formal groups supported by 14 different donor projects by 2007.\nOn the other hand, mixed CBRM outcomes globally have challenged researchers interested in sustainable management of communally used resources such as rangelands. Specifically, the effectiveness of CBRM programs and the factors influencing CBRM success in pastoralist contexts have been rarely investigated. Hence, my results of the study contribute to the efforts of rangeland management both in Mongolia and globally.\nSo far my results show that formal CBRMs had more information sources, stronger leadership, greater knowledge exchange, rules and cooperation, and used more sustainable practices than traditional neighborhoods but had the same levels of social capital and livelihood. Results signify positive social effect of the co-management approach but calls for consideration of how to reach livelihood outcomes, a key incentive for community-based management.\nAs my research progresses further, I will keep sharing my results on my blog. Everybody interested in this study are welcome to comment and share your views on my posts!\nLinks to hyperlinked/highlighted words:\nMongolian Rangeland and Resilience project http://warnercnr.colostate.edu/frs-research-outreach/department-research/mongolian-rangelands-and-resilience-mor2\nWritten by Matt Luizza, SoGES 2013-2014 Sustainability Leadership Fellow, and PhD Candidate in the Department of Political Science and the Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory Graduate Degree Program in Ecology\nI was able to conduct in-depth focus groups at seven villages with pastoralists about changes they are seeing on the landscape, invasive species and water resources. Afar is by far the harshest environment I have ever witnessed. 100+ degrees Fahrenheit and seemingly limited water or other resources. The pastoralists here have been really welcoming and the participatory mapping and focus group interviews have been very enlightening. My colleague Tewodros and I had a great local guide named Seid. He speaks fluent Afar and Amharic and a little English (and is hilarious). He navigates us to these extremely remote villages and negotiates with the village chairmen to pay them respect before we conduct our work. Everything revolves around local norms and tradition. We had to reschedule one interview because a village member died merely hours before we arrived. Everyone in the village must attend the funeral.\nThe pictures are of the participatory mapping activities, where the villagers used a satellite image and located water resources and invasive species. Once people get wind that something is going on tons of people (and goats) gather around to watch and participate. It's really awesome. The villagers have also identified two other invasive species locally called \"Wola Howla\" (Parthenium hysterophorous) and \"Hanlemero\" (Cryptostegia grandiflora) which we are taking GPS points of so we can map their suitable habitat when we return. The main invasive species we have been cataloguing in Afar is Prosopis juliflora (known as \"wayani\" locally.) We also met with a representative of the international organization CARE and they are planning to integrate our findings into their program planning, as well as connect us with the regional government as they will also be very interested in what we are discovering. This will be really helpful for the next trip in the fall.\nDescription of the photos below from left to right:\n1. Soemmering Gazelle at the Hailadegi National Wildlife Preserve; 2. Local Afar villager taking a break from collecting water to investigate the forengi (foreigner); 3. Besia Oryx in the Awash National Park; 4. Day old lion track outside of our camp site; 5. Invasive Prosopis juliflora in Afar\nDiversity and Performance of U.S. Businesses\nEnvironmental science research stresses the importance of diversity in sustaining a successful ecosystem. Yet, even outside of the natural sciences, the evidence that diversity is good for performance is mounting. Recently, a Harvard economist and his coauthor found that scientific papers written by a more diverse group of authors make greater contributions to science as measured by the quality of the journal and citations.1 Even outside of academia, diversity seems to be good for performance.2 A 2012 study, by the Credit Suisse Research Institute shows that businesses with women on their boards outperformed their peers with all male boards by 26% in share price performance. Similarly, a 2011 study by Catalyst shows that Fortune 500 companies that had a more diverse board of directors, specifically a relatively large share of women members, out-performed their peers by 16% in return on sales.3\nIt seems that diversity can be good for the environment, good for science, and good for business, but is it good for the economy?\nThere’s at least some evidence that it is. The basic argument linking diversity to economic performance is focused on how we share knowledge and how we innovate. Knowledge shared between experts from different industries, rather than among experts within the same industry, is more likely to lead to valuable information spillovers that stimulate innovation.4 That is to say that inter-industry knowledge sharing, rather than intra-industry knowledge sharing, is most conducive to new insights and advancing ideas. The classic example uses the brassiere industry, which actually came about not from the lingerie industry, but from dressmakers’ innovations in the garment industry.5 The first major empirical test linking diversity to economic performance found that local industrial diversity leads to higher employment growth in cities.6 There is also evidence that compared to a concentration of specialized activity, bringing together diverse and complementary economic activities better promotes innovation.7\nTo the extent that the variety in a market and niche of each business in an industry is connected to the culture, expertise, and traditions of the business owner, the U.S. economy may be lacking valuable diversity. It’s striking that female and minority entrepreneurs are severely outnumbered most everywhere in the country. Economically speaking, the low rates of business ownership among women and minorities suggest that the U.S. economy may be underutilizing a valuable resource. Non-traditional entrepreneurs are likely to perceive otherwise unrecognized opportunities and bring unique products and services to market, in addition to generating jobs and income.\nNationally, 51% of businesses are owned exclusively by males, whereas only 29% are women-owned, which is disproportionately low given that men and women comprise nearly equal shares of the labor force.8 The gender disparity in sales is even more dramatic with male-owned businesses earning $7.10 in sales for every $1 earned by female-owned business. Minorities own just 21% of businesses and again there is a dramatic disparity in sales.9 Nonminority-owned businesses earn $9.60 in sales for every $1 earned by minority-owned businesses.10\nThese numbers demonstrate that women and minorities have only a limited presence in the market. However, national averages don’t capture the important variation across regions within the U.S. The maps show the density of female-owned firms and male-owned firms by county.11 It seems that the success of female entrepreneurs may be linked to specific factors associated with particular locations such as the West Coast and the front range of the Rocky Mountains. Male entrepreneurship too, it seems, is associated with specific factors but not necessarily the same factors as women. Unfortunately, we know fairly little about the gender- and minority-specific drivers of entrepreneurship across the U.S and there is an opportunity for research in this field.\nIf it is the case that talented women and minorities who are considering entrepreneurship face barriers that discourage them from starting their business, then there may be significant costs to the economy in terms of jobs and income. With a better understanding of why non-traditional entrepreneurs do better in some regions than in others, it may be possible to consider policy alternatives that would minimize barriers to entry or adjust incentives in such a way that would lead to greater rates of entrepreneurship nationally.\nA sustainable economy will enable its most talented innovators, and in doing so, facilitate diversity and growth. With better knowledge of the barriers and opportunities for entrepreneurs of all backgrounds, there is greater potential for a new and more diverse class of entrepreneurs in the future. As the class of entrepreneurs evolves, businesses may well also evolve. In addition to new products and services, the practices and operations could also change. New businesses have the advantage of implementing socially responsible and environmentally conscience methods from the beginning. By enhancing environmental awareness and increasing green business practices, there is an opportunity for a generation of businesses that start-up with a focus on sustainability that is good for both business owners and their customers.\n1 Freeman , Richard, and Huang Wei. \"Collaborating With People Like Me: Ethnic co-authorship within the US.\" NBER Working Paper No. 19905. (2014).\n2Gender Diversity and Corporate Performance. Rep. Zurich: Credit Suisse Research Institute. (2012).\n3The Bottom Line: Corporate Performance and Women's Representation on Boards (2004-2008). Rep. New York: Catalyst. (2011)\n4 Jacobs, Jane. The Economy of Cities. New York: Random House, 1969. Print.\n5 Glaeser, Edward L. \"Growth in Cities.\" Journal of Political Economy 100.6, Centennial Issue (1992): 1126-152. JSTOR. Web. 12 Apr. 2014.\n7 Feldman, Maryann P., and David B. Audretch. \"Innovation in Cities: Science-based Diversity, Specialization and Localized Competition.\" European Economic Review 43 (1999): 409-29. Web.\n8 Percentages discussed above do not sum to 100% as there are four ownership categories as classified by the 2007 Survey of Business Owners including “Male-owned,” Female-Owned,” “Equally male-/female-owned”, and “Publicly Held.”\n9 \"USA QuickFacts from the US Census Bureau.\" USA QuickFacts from the US Census Bureau. Web. 10 Apr. 2014.\n10 Nonminority-owned refers to firms where Non-Hispanic Whites own 51 percent or more of the interest or stock of the business. Minority-owned refers to firms where Blacks or African Americans, American Indians and Alaska Natives, Asians, Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders, and/or Hispanics own 51 percent or more of the interest or stock of the business.\n11 The density of male- and female-owned firms is calculated as the ratio of the number of male-owned (female-owned) firms to the male (female) labor force. Estimates of the number of firms come from the 2007 Survey of Business Owners. Labor force estimates come from the 2005-2009 American Community Survey.\nFor those of us who live in the 21st century, modernization, civilization, globalization, and concomitant legislation for human rights and equity make the world look simpler, easier, and more democratic for the various domestic and international groups. Still, it is not a perfect world for all groups. Within this context, despite all the progress of professional women in gaining access to leadership positions, there is more to be done in acquiring equal access to that which men enjoy.\nFor example, in higher education in the United States, the typical college president is a 60-year-old white male that moved up the ladder from one position to the other until he reached the presidency. The proportion of women who have served as presidents of American colleges and universities has increased from 23% in 2006 to 26% 2011. In addition, other countries reflect similar small numbers of female leaders, such as in the United Kingdom and Australia, where 9% of college presidents were female, and 27% of vice-chancellors were female, respectively.\nThese numbers reflect the barrier of glass ceiling that helps us understanding the gender gap between men and women in accessing leadership positions. The term glass ceiling refers to “artificial barriers in the workplace which have served to block the advancement of qualified women.” Glass ceilings exist as a result of societal barriers, organizational barriers, and governmental barriers. The extent to which glass ceilings bar access for women to leadership positions frequently depends on the gender distribution among industries. Women are more likely to access top management and leadership positions in predominately female disciplines than in predominately male ones. Many professional women believe that the root of the glass ceiling is that most institutions and organizations were created by and for men, and are based on males’ experiences.\nSo, let me ask you a question: What would you do if you were deprived equal access to leadership positions just because of your gender, being a woman, even when you are qualified and skilled enough to play that role? So, as a woman, I am so passionate about studying the barriers and support professional women encounter when accessing leadership positions, especially in higher education. I believe at this modern age, there should be equal access to top leading positions since women’s participation has termendously increased in the workplace. I also believe that it is our responsibiltiy to promote for social change through the application of affirmative actions, and more importantly, through educating the new generation. I totally understand that the road is still long, but I believe that we as a global community can make it a reality in creating more inclusive and just workplace for women and other various groups where we can sustain a better, brighter future for coming generations.\nAmerican Council on Education. (2012). Leading demographic portrait of college presidents reveals ongoing challenges in diversity, aging Retrieved from: http://www.acenet.edu/news-room/Pages/ACPS-Release-2012.aspx\nJolls, C. (2002). Is there a glass ceiling? Harvard Journal of Law & Gender, 25(1), 1‒18.\nKloot, L. (2004). Women and leadership in universities: A case study of women academic managers. The International Journal of Public Sector Management, 17(6), 470‒485.\nMunoz, M. (2010). In their own words and by the numbers: A mixed-methods study of Latina community college presidents. Community College Journal of Research and Practice, 34, 153‒174.\nPompper, D. (2011). Fifty years later: Mid-career women of color against the glass ceiling in communications organizations. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 24(4), 464‒486.\nRyan, M. K., & Haslam, S. A. (2007). The glass cliff: Exploring the dynamics surrounding the appointment of women to precarious leadership positions. Academy of Management Review, 32(2), 549‒572.\nStill, L. V. (2006). Where are the women in leadership in Australia? Women in Management Review, 21(3), 180‒194.\nU. S. Department of Labor. (1995). Good for business: Making full use of the nation’s human capital. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office.\nDroughts are one of the most expensive extreme weather events, second only to hurricanes. In 2012, the US experienced its most extensive drought since the 1930’s Dust Bowl. Over half the country experienced moderate to extreme drought, costing an estimated $30 billion. The central plains were hit the hardest, causing widespread failure of crops and leading to the lowest cattle heard size since 1951, which has recently driven beef costs to the highest level since 1987.\nThe newest IPCC report on climate change predicts that extreme events, such as drought, will be more frequent and intense in the future as result of manmade climate change.\nThis leads to the question: Was the 2012 US drought caused by climate change?\nWell, most climate scientists would argue that currently we cannot attribute individual weather events to climate change. However, it is very likely that today’s droughts are influenced by climate change. For example, warmer air temperatures can increase the evaporative demand of the atmosphere and thus intensify the effects of drought. Warmer temperatures can also alter hydrologic cycles, changing rainfall patterns and amounts. Combined, these two factors – greater evaporation and altered precipitation – can affect drought severity.\nBut as bad as the 2012 US drought was, natural climate variability over the past millennia have spawned droughts worse than anything we have witnessed or are prepared to deal with as a society.\nWe can categorize drought severity on three different time scales – yearlong (think 2012 US drought), multiyear (think 1930’s Dust Bowl) and multidecade (think “megadrought”). A recent study by Cook et al. (2014), examined tree ring data in North America for the past 1000 years, to investigate drought variability over time scales longer than our instrumental record. It turns out that the 2012 US drought was not an uncommon event – short-term pancontinental droughts occurred about 12% of the time or about once every decade. On the other hand, there were only four megadroughts during this period, all occurring during the Medieval Warming Period (between 1900-1400 AD), and each lasting for decades.\nSo perhaps a better question is: What if the 2012 drought had developed into a megadrought?\nThe truth is we have no idea what the consequences of such an event would be. We can look back at the 1930’s Dust Bowl, but that was just under a decade long (not a megadrought) and the ecological and agricultural impacts were exacerbated by poor agricultural practices. Basically the Dust Bowl looks pretty tame when we zoom our timescale out to the millennial level.\nOur current thinking about drought is small, or more accurately, short. Our agricultural systems struggle with single year droughts and few ecological studies examine drought effects beyond a single grant funding cycle (about four years). Although environmentally and economically disruptive, most ecosystems and our highly industrialized agricultural system have the resilience to bounce back from such short-term droughts. However the impacts of megadroughts are uncertain at best and apocalyptic at worst (ask the Mayans). Therefore it is important that we begin to consider how to improve societal resilience and investigate the potential ecological consequences of megadroughts.\nI never thought I would be doing research on soil - though I was wildly curious in high school and college it did not even cross my mind to read about it, soil science sounded like the dullest discipline imaginable. But after learning about biotic soil crusts during a spring in the Mojave desert I realized soils are not just inert matter we walk around on but are alive, and I started to get curious. I wanted to work on solutions to major environmental problems and the more I read the more I saw that soils and the living organisms within them have immense impacts on the world around us. One of these impacts is the role soils play in carbon cycling – carbon resides in soils in a vast array of forms and is slowly eaten and turned into CO2 by microorganisms and bugs. Because of how slowly soil carbon can decompose, soils are an excellent place to store carbon to reduce the severity of climate change. We often think of planting a tree to reduce CO2 concentrations, but, surprisingly, the amount of carbon currently in soils is four times greater than the carbon in all the trees and plants put together and three times greater than all the CO2 in the atmosphere (Ontl & Schulte, 2012).\n(Caption for the above photo: Slow decomposition in soil: Plant material in the center of this soil core still looked like fresh wheat straw even though the surrounding material has decomposed and darkened in the 14 week study.)\nSoils each have a different capacity for the amount of carbon they can hold and most cropland soils can store much more. These soils are also very accessible to us – already farmers make massive alterations to cropland soils every year through specific plowing, cultivation, and harvest techniques. In the United States alone this affects over 430 million tons of soil (or 300 million acres). There is enormous opportunity for changes in farming techniques to cause rapid, large increases in carbon stored in these agricultural soils. Ending the plowing of a field, that is moving to no-tillage techniques, is the most common approach used to store more carbon. When a field is no longer plowed dead roots and other pieces of the plant are left in the soil, slowly decomposing and storing that year’s plant carbon in the meantime.\nCaption for this image: 100-year global warming potential of the three primary greenhouse gases, bars not to scale (IPCC 2013).\nHowever, even though the dead plant material helps prevent that carbon from becoming CO2 quickly it also allows stronger greenhouse gases, methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O), to be produced (Johnson et al., 2007). This paradoxical effect, that avoiding CO2 emissions can lead to greater emission of other greenhouse gases, could mean that farmers and governments won’t try to increase soil carbon if there is not a good understanding of how or why this can happen. Over the past two years I have found that buried plant material can create significant quantities of CH4 and N2O, but that the amount of those strong greenhouse gases produced depends on soil moisture, available nutrients, and the size of plant pieces. This means that when farmers stop plowing and plant material is left in the ground production of the strong greenhouse gases could be avoided by choosing a particular timing of fertilizer application and irrigation. The specific situations that create greenhouse gases vary by soil and crop type, so continued studies will give us the knowledge necessary to minimize climate change by nudging cropping practices one way or another. This topic is a good example of how more abstract ecological research can be combined with applied agricultural work to help solve a global problem.\nOntl, T. A. & Schulte, L. A. 2012. Soil Carbon Storage. Nature Education Knowledge 3(10):35\nJohnson, J. M.-F., A. J. Franzluebbers, S. L. Weyers, and D. C. Reicosky. 2007. Agricultural opportunities to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions. Environmental Pollution 150:107–124\nParticulates in the atmosphere (aerosol) are everywhere, although they are too small to be seen with the naked eye (from nano-meter to micron scale). If you take one mL of air from outside, the chances are that there are thousands of liquid or solid suspended particles. Some are emitted from sources as is (e.g., soil dust); some are produced in the atmosphere through chemical reactions; some are alive or once alive (bioaerosol).\nDo aerosol help us or harm us? – It’s complicated. They are air pollutant (e.g., PM2.5); however, without aerosol, there will be no clouds (water needs something to condense onto). They act as a sunshade by reflecting some sunlight back into space, as well as seeding clouds. The \"cooling effect\" by aerosol is estimated to mask approximately half of the warming effect by green house gases (with a large uncertainty) (IPCC 2007, 2014). The important role of the scientific community is to improve the understanding of the link between emissions and their impacts (air quality and climate change). My research focus has been on the fundamental interaction between gas, particle, and cloud.\nOne of the research topics I am interested in is the role of water in the atmosphere. Importance of cloud chemistry has been recognized for decades (e.g., sulfate formation); some gaseous compounds dissolve into water and react within water, leaving behind aerosols after evaporation of clouds. Similar processes may also occur in wet aerosols. Recently, another potentially important process emerged. To explain this, let me ask you a simple question - What happens if you dilute peanut butter with water? It gets soft. Something like this may be occurring in the atmosphere. Historically, aerosol particles are treated either as liquid or solid. However, recent studies suggest something in between may be important (Virtanen et al., Nature, 2010). Water may be helping softening the peanut-butter-like material in the atmosphere, impacting their physics (e.g., diffusion within gooey particles) and chemistry.\nNext time you see clouds, I hope you can imagine tiny particles that formed each cloud droplet. Are they really like peanut butter? We will figure it out.\n- Atop the Amazon rainforest / Harvard scientist, others study how pristine air becomes polluted, and how that may change climate http://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2013/08/atop-the-amazon-rainforest/\n- Cumulus, Cirrus, Stratus: What Clouds Say about Climate Change / Prof. Dan Cziczo, MIT http://techtv.mit.edu/videos/e51a577104618761922f775b0eb2f65f08cc792c/private\n- Polluting the internet / A blog hosted by the European Geosciences Union http://blogs.egu.eu/hazeblog/\n- A Better Answer to Climate Change Is Hidden in the Clouds / Scientific American http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/observations/2013/12/13/a-better-answer-to-climate-change-is-hidden-in-the-clouds/\nLink to my website:\nWritten by William Timpson, SoGES 2013-2014 Global Challenges Research Team member for Biodiversity Case Studies, and Fullbright Senior Specialist, Peace and Reconciliation Studies, School of Education, CSU\nJust 31 miles north of Seoul is the site for high stakes dramas that periodically crescendo. This week had one such moment. As reported in The Korea Herald (Tue. Mar. 4, 2014): “North Korea on Monday (March 3) fired two short-range ballistic missiles into the East Sea in its latest saber-rattling apparently to protest the South Korean-U.S. military drills, Seoul’s Military Defense Minister said. Seoul called the move a ‘provocative action’ that further raised military tensions on the peninsula and violated a series of U.N. Security Council resolutions prohibiting any launch using ballistic missile technologies. The North fired four ballistic missiles last Thursday and four ‘KN-09” rockets into the East Sea about a week earlier (1).”\nHigh drama indeed. I am serving this semester as a Fulbright Scholar at Kyung Hee University’s Graduate Institute of Peace Studies (GIP) and teaching a class on peacemaking. GIP has its own campus in north Seoul with a dormitory, cafeteria, gym, library, and administration building with a separate mediation hall, all on meticulously manicured grounds. Every morning we gather for a brief student-lead talk, meditation, walk and/or exercises.\nDespite this “saber rattling” from the north, most here do not seem that worried. They do not believe the North Koreans have the capacity to defeat the South and their American allies although they admit that, if it came to war, Seoul would be vulnerable. These threats from North Korea have been repeated so often that they have lost much of their ability to frighten anyone here.\nOne of my students is new to GIP. He has been in the army for ten years and has achieved the rank of captain. Like others, he is not that worried about the North but is very appreciative of American sacrifices in fighting the Korean War and then providing troops—now at nearly 30,000—ever since to help secure the peace.\nA question I have is this: To what extent do North Korean “hawks” use the presence of these U.S. troops in South Korea to reinforce the iron grip they maintain on their politics, budgets and people? This is the kind of issue they explore at GIP.\nAnother of my students has completed his required military service and sees a real “weirdness” here. He remembers visiting China and being at the Beijing airport, waiting in line to board a flight to another city in China, when he noticed another line nearby for North Koreans on that same flight. Here in China they could stand next to each other but never back home.\nGiven that, another question I have is this: What will normalization, reconciliation or reunification require, especially in the absence of ongoing communication at every level? Again, this is the kind of issue they study at GIP.\nI feel very fortunate to have landed at GIP. Because my students here come from so many different countries and discussions are very rich. For its contributions, the GIP was honored with the 1993 UNESCO Prize for Peace Education. Provost Gi Bung Kwon says that he welcomes any student who has the ambition to make the world a better place and he can offer a full scholarship for the two years of required study.\nFinal question: How do we get this kind of investment in peace studies in the U.S.?\nBill Timpson is a professor at Colorado State University.\nWritten by Matt Luizza, SoGES 2013-2014 Sustainability Leadership Fellow, and PhD Candidate in the Department of Political Science and the Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory Graduate Degree Program in Ecology\nSince my early childhood I have been fascinated with rural indigenous cultures from across the globe. The romantic notion of seemingly forgotten places, inhabited by people existing in primal harmony with the natural world was the most exciting thing I could imagine. My mind ran wild as I envisioned living with each and every group I learned about, from the feared Comanche horse culture of the historical U.S. Great Plains, to newly discovered tribes hidden in the depths of the Brazilian Amazon Rainforest. Out of all of my childhood friends, I was the only kid, that if the culturally insensitive game of “Cowboys and Indians” were to arise, would gladly and emphatically choose to be in the latter group of wild west combatants. Now, well into my mid-to-late childhood, my naïve understanding of local indigenous communities has advanced beyond a narrow view of simple cultures frozen in time, but this formative curiosity and reverence has stuck with me and turned into the underlying passion fueling my doctoral research.\nMy PhD work is driven by a conviction which I, and a number of other scholars and practitioners share. It is a belief that indigenous communities, whose livelihoods are predominately tied to their local landscapes, harbor a vast wealth of important intergenerational knowledge, including empirical observations, cultural values and spiritual practices; and this knowledge is critical to conservation planning. I believe that acknowledgement and inclusion of such knowledge, values and perceptions, and meaningful consultation and collaboration throughout all stages of research and planning with indigenous communities, is necessary for local empowerment and effective conservation.\nAt a recent lunch meeting with renowned ecosystem ecologist and social-ecological systems scholar F. Stuart Chapin III (see Chapin III et al. 2000 and 2010), Dr. Chapin poignantly voiced a supporting sentiment when discussing the idea of “ecological integrity”. Ecological integrity can be defined broadly as a given ecosystem's structure and function, operating in a manner that fits a natural/historic range of variation. Noting first that most systems are so heavily influenced by humans that pristine places with intact ecological integrity are rare, he went on to point out the importance of knowing a system very well, as this “sense of place” affords a better intuition about the processes related to ecosystem structure and function, facilitating the ability to pick up on even the most subtle changes. This observation nicely encapsulates one of the many important contributions of indigenous knowledge, which is comprised of the same in-depth understanding of place, and further affords a better view of the intimately linked nature of social and ecological systems. An understanding that is needed to ensure the longevity of both through conservation practices which protect ecological integrity but also human livelihoods.\nIndigenous knowledge is an increasingly popular topic in both the scientific and philanthropic worlds, with two key terms, “traditional ecological knowledge” and “local ecological knowledge” alone producing over 17,000 results in Google Scholar and 657 peer-reviewed manuscripts in Web of Science. Despite this, in the rapidly growing fields of risk assessment studies (see Buckley 2008 and Lindgren 2012) and ecological modeling (see Elith et al. 2010 and Evangelista et al. 2012), indigenous knowledge has yet to be adequately acknowledged. This is troubling as such powerful risk management and vulnerability assessment approaches are often the driving force behind conservation planning and resource management decision making. Many land managers and local communities have limited resources (especially geospatial) for assessing the risk posed by linked disturbance drivers like invasive species and climate change. Working in Alaska and Ethiopia provides an opportunity to employ novel approaches and engage very distinct ecologies and cultures, facing similar acute environmental changes.\nMy research specifically seeks collaboration with rural indigenous communities in Alaska and Ethiopia, to integrate their knowledge with geospatial applications, and better understand the vulnerability of ecosystem services (i.e. the benefits that humans receive from the environment) (see MA 2005), which they rely on for their livelihoods, to problematic invasive species and changing climate at the local and landscape scale. This spatial understanding can then hopefully promote dialogue about conservation strategies linked with local community needs and values. Alaska is one the fastest warming places on the planet (Rupp & Springsteen, 2009). Disruption of environmental processes are known to negatively affect biodiversity and overall ecosystem resilience, in addition to impacting local Alaskan communities whose livelihoods are dependent on the landscape (McNeeley & Shulski 2011). Located in eastern interior Alaska is one of my research sites, the Yukon Flats National Wildlife Refuge, which is the third largest conservation area in the national wildlife refuge system. It is comprised of a mosaic of critical subarctic habitat and one of the greatest waterfowl breeding areas in North America. Additionally, seven Gwich'in Athabascan indigenous communities live within or adjacent to the Refuge and are heavily reliant on the local landscape. The ecological, cultural and economic importance of this site cannot be overstated, and currently a number of highly aggressive invasive species are noted to be present, and of growing concern for U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) and the villages, including aquatic species like western waterweed (Elodea nuttallii and Elodea canadensis), and terrestrial species including Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense), White sweet clover (Melilotus albus), and Bird vetch (Vicia cracca). Both the tribes and USFWS have an especially vested interest in understanding and managing aquatic invasive Elodea, as it negatively impacts Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) spawning habitat, becoming an impenetrable mass of tangled plant matter that clogs lakes and slow-moving creek and stream tributaries, thus holding major implications for a region that houses the longest Pacific salmon run in the world. As noted by a Native Alaskan Chief at a recent inter-tribal summit in the Yukon Territory, “water is our life. It sustains us...We define ourselves as being part of the land [and] King salmon was and is the life line on the Yukon”.\nOver 7,000 miles away, across the Pacific Ocean, is my other research site, Ethiopia. Like Alaska, the wonders of Ethiopia cannot be overstated. As the headwaters of the Blue Nile, Ethiopia provides the majority of water for both tributaries of the longest and most recognizable river in the world. The lush, forested southern reaches of the country are captivating and home to some of the most spectacular biodiversity in the world. The Bale Mountains National Park, located adjacent to one of my project sites, is noted to be among the world's most irreplaceable Protected Areas for conservation of amphibian, bird and mammal species (LeSaout et al. 2013). The flora is equally impressive with the United Nations Environmental Programme (UNEP) noting that “...the conditions and the isolation of these areas have led to the evolution of unique plant communities that are found nowhere else” (UNEP 2008). Preliminary results of my current work in Ethiopia reveal important gender distinctions of plant knowledge and valuation of plant-derived ecosystem services (Luizza et al. 2013). For more on this project, please visit my blog post on NREL's EcoPress site, and see what other projects are occurring in Ethiopia through the recently announced strategic alliance between the Warner College of Natural Resources and Ethiopia.\nIn both Alaska and Ethiopia there is a need to include indigenous communities in conservation planning, through novel, interdisciplinary approaches, which are above all community-driven. Indigenous communities in both places (and around the globe) are facing an array of challenges fueled by a number of environmental and anthropogenic disturbances. As I prepare for the next round of field work in Ethiopia in April 2014 and Alaska in August 2014, I am aware of the vast amount of work that lies ahead, but excited to see the growing number of scholars, land managers and local practitioners seeking collectively to bring indigenous knowledge to the forefront of conservation planning.\nBuckley, Y.M. 2008. The role of research for integrated management of invasive species, invaded landscapes and communities. Journal of Applied Ecology 45: 397-402.\nChapin III., F.S., Zavaleta, E.S., Eviner, V.T., Naylor, R.L., Vitousek, P.M., Reynolds, H.L., Hooper, D.U., Lavorel, S., Sala, O.E., Hobbie, S.E., Mack, M.C., and Díaz, S. 2000. Consequences of changing biodiversity. Nature 405: 234-242.\nChapin III., F.S., Carpenter, S.R., Kofinas, G.P., Folke, C., Abel, N., Clark, W.C., Olsson, P., Stafford Smith, D.M., Walker, B., Young, O.R., Berkes, F., Biggs, R., Grove, J.M., Naylor, R.L., Pinkerton, E., Steffen, W., and Swanson, F.J. 2010. Ecosystem stewardship: Sustainability strategies for a rapidly changing planet. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 25(4): 241-249.\nElith, J., Kearney, M., and Phillips, S. 2010. The art of modelling range-shifting species. Methods in Ecology and Evolution 1: 330-342.\nEvangelista, P., Norman III, J., Swartzinki, P., and Young, N. 2012. Assessing habitat quality of the mountain nyala Tragelaphus buxtoni in the Bale Mountains, Ethiopia. Current Zoology 58(4): 525-535.\nLe Saout, S., Hoffman, M., Shi, Y., Hughes, A., Bernard, C., Brooks, T.M., Bertzky, B., Butchart, S.H.M., Stuart, S.N., Badman, T., & Rodrigues, A.S.L. 2013. Protected areas and effective biodiversity conservation. Science, 342(15): 803-805.\nLindgren, C.J. 2012. Biosecurity policy and the use of geospatial predictive tools to address invasive plants: Updating the risk analysis toolbox. Risk Analysis 32(1): 9-15.\nLuizza, M.W., Young, H., Kuroiwa, C., Evangelista, P., Worede, A., Bussmann, R.W., and Weimer, A. 2013. Local knowledge of plants and their uses among women in the Bale Mountains, Ethiopia. Ethnobotany Research and Applications 11: 315-339.\nMcNeeley, S.M., and Shulski, M.D. 2011. Anatomy of a closing window: Vulnerability to changing seasonality in Interior Alaska. Global Environmental Change 21: 464-473.\nMillennium Ecosystem Assessment (MA). 2005. Ecosystems and human well-being: a framework for assessment. Washington, DC: Island Press.\nRupp, T.S., and Springsteen, A. 2009. Projected Climate Change Scenarios for the Bureau of Land Management Eastern Interior Management Area, Alaska, 2001-2099. University of Alaska Fairbanks Report. Prepared for U.S. Department of the Interior Bureau of Land Management. 10pp.\nUnited Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). 2008. Africa: Atlas of Our Changing Environment. Division of Early Warning and Assessment (DEWA). Nairobi: Kenya.\nIt is sometimes startling for me to think how many fish interiors I have seen. Summing over three tours on the annual Gulf of Alaska/Aleutian Islands survey run by NOAA's Alaska Fisheries Science Center (AFSC), the number is surely in the thousands. For someone with no fewer than three blood-induced fainting incidents on his resume, there has to be a pretty compelling reason to willfully look at the insides of that many fish. Fortunately, there is – to find out what they eat. Though I was only a small cog in a much larger data-collecting machine, I was out there because I am fascinated by food webs – networks that map who eats whom in an ecosystem. Assembling these food webs means identifying what all the species are eating, and in the case of marine fish, this means identifying what's in their stomachs. Collecting these data requires a great deal of effort – AFSC scientists have peered into hundreds of thousands of stomachs over the last thirty years – but offers powerful insights in return.\nDespite the visual tangle of an assembled food web (network diagrams like the one shown here are sometimes unaffectionately referred to as hairballs), there are patterns – nonrandom structures – that can be extracted. For instance, many food webs, like the Chesapeake Bay marine food web, can be broken into a few tightly knit groups that only loosely interact with one-another (Krause et al. 2003). In the case of the Chesapeake Bay, this means that the food web separates into two groups: a benthic group (bottom-dwelling species), and a pelagic group (water-column species), with a few key species connecting the two.\nIdentifying such structures in the tangle of a food web can tell us a great deal about how energy moves through an ecosystem (flowing from plants on up) and how it might respond if one or more species are lost. When a species is removed, or its abundance substantially reduced, the effects can cascade through the food web, affecting many other species. Knowing the structure of the food web allows us to predict what other species will be affected and how severely. In the case of the Chesapeake Bay food web, the effects of the loss of a benthic species are more likely to be contained within the benthic group, without affecting the pelagic species. Knowing how species break into groups allows us to identify the major avenues through which energy flows and how the loss of different species will disrupt that flow.\nSuch tools are especially useful in fisheries management (hence the interest from AFSC) as they allow us to explore how the harvest of a particular species of fish will affect all of the others in a community. For instance, the collapse of the Atlantic cod population on the Scotian Shelf in the early 1990's created a cascade that affected the whole community (Frank et al., 2011). Without the cod there to eat them, the fish that had previously been the cod's prey – herring, capelin, and sandlance – exploded in population. Because of this boom, they in turn drove down the populations of their prey, and so on through the food chain. Understanding such chains of events, and how they are governed by the layout of the food web, can help us to better manage how we harvest fish so that we can keep the whole community stable.\nAcknowledging and studying such interconnections highlights the fact that we participate in, and exert a large influence over, these marine food webs. Before it made it to your plate, that fish was part of a community, part of a food web, where it acquired its own dinners and might have provided dinner for something else had it not made it to you first. The energy that reaches our plate must first pass through the complex interactions between myriad organisms, and understanding how and where exactly that energy flows is of critical importance if we are to continue to safely and sustainably enjoy the products of the sea.\nFrank, K. T., Petrie, B., Fisher, J. a D., & Leggett, W. C. (2011). Transient dynamics of an altered large marine ecosystem. Nature, 477(7362), 86–9.\nKrause, A. E., Frank, K. a, Mason, D. M., Ulanowicz, R. E., & Taylor, W. W. (2003). Compartments revealed in food-web structure. Nature, 426(6964), 282–5.\nBy Philip Cafaro, PhD and Professor of Philosophy and affiliated faculty member with the School of Global Environmental Sustainability, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, United States, and Richard B. Primack, PhD and Professor of Biology, Boston University, United States\nPosted on 12 February 2014\nNearly three decades ago, Michael Soulé published an article titled ‘‘What is Conservation Biology?’’ (1985). Its strong and enduring influence stemmed partly from Soulé’s success in articulating an appealing ethical vision for this rapidly developing field. At its heart was the belief that the anthropogenic extinction of species is a great moral wrong. ‘‘The diversity of organisms is good,’’ Soulé wrote, and ‘‘the untimely extinction of populations and species is bad.’’ Other species have ‘‘value in themselves,’’ he asserted: an ‘‘intrinsic value,’’ which should motivate appreciation, respect, and restraint in our dealings with them.\nIn ‘‘What is Conservation Science?’’ (2012), a recent attempt to update Soulé, Peter Kareiva and Michelle Marvier lose sight of this moral commitment. Specifying the practical principles that they believe should guide conservationists, they give prominent place to increasing human wealth (‘‘economic development’’) and ‘‘working with corporations,’’ while recognition of the right of other species to continue to flourish is nowhere to be found. Indeed, the article’s rhetoric serves to normalize anthropogenic extinctions and make readers more comfortable with them. For example, it describes concern for the extirpation of wolves and grizzly bears in the United States as ‘‘nostalgia’’ for ‘‘the world as it once was,’’ and states that ‘‘some realism is in order’’ regarding whether or not people should be required to keep other species on the landscape when their continued presence is incompatible with our economic goals.\nUnfortunately this position does not appear to be an aberration of this one article, but an essential part of Karieva and Marvier’s brief for conservationists to accommodate ourselves to the new realities of the Anthropocene Epoch. An earlier piece that they published with Robert Lalasz, ‘‘Conservation in the Anthropocene’’ (2011), also contemplates mass extinction with equanimity, in part, apparently, because such extinctions will not necessarily inconvenience human beings.\n‘‘Ecologists and conservationists have grossly overstated the fragility of nature,’’ they argue there. ‘‘In many circumstances, the demise of formerly abundant species can be inconsequential to ecosystem function. The American chestnut, once a dominant tree in eastern North America, has been extinguished by a foreign disease, yet the forest ecosystem is surprisingly unaffected. The passenger pigeon, once so abundant that its flocks darkened the sky, went extinct, along with countless other species from the Steller’s sea cow to the dodo, with no catastrophic or even measurable effects.’’\nPresumably these extinction events were indeed catastrophic for the species in question, and perhaps too for other species that preyed on or parasitized them, or depended on them in other ways. But such catastrophes do not appear to count morally for the authors—they are not real catastrophes—as long as the ‘‘ecosystem functions’’ that benefit people remain intact. (Regarding the near-extinction of the American chestnut and the demise of the passenger pigeon, among the most abundant tree and bird species in temperate eastern North American forests five hundred years ago, if they had no ‘‘measurable effects,’’ we may assume that was because no one bothered to measure them at the time.)\nAccording to recent studies, humanity could extinguish one out of every three species on Earth during the next several centuries, if we continue on our current habitat-destroying, resource-monopolizing path (Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity, 2010). In one sign of the times, in 2008 the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service listed the polar bear as threatened with extinction due to current and potential future effects of global climate change. Those of us who love wild nature receive such news with lumps in our throats. Yet about the polar bear Kareiva et al. (2011) have this to say:\n‘‘Even that classic symbol of fragility—the polar bear, seemingly stranded on a melting ice block—may have a good chance of surviving global warming if the changing environment continues to increase the populations and northern ranges of harbor seals and harp seals. Polar bears evolved from brown bears 200,000 years ago during a cooling period in Earth’s history, developing a highly specialized carnivorous diet focused on seals. Thus, the fate of polar bears depends on two opposing trends—the decline of sea ice and the potential increase of energy-rich prey. The history of life on Earth is of species evolving to take advantage of new environments only to be at risk when the environment changes again.’’\nNote the way this account equates past extinctions due to natural causes with the possible extinction of the polar bear due to human-caused climate change. That’s just ‘‘the history of life,’’ adapting or failing to adapt to changing conditions. Note the disappearance of any sense of human agency for the threat to the polar bear: Ursus maritimus’ fate depends on ‘‘two opposing trends’’ as ‘‘the environment changes’’—not on whether or not humanity ratchets back greenhouse gas emissions. Finally, note the glibness with which the authors talk about the extinction of this magnificent beast (‘‘seemingly stranded on a melting ice block’’).\nExtinguishing species through the continued expansion of human economic activities appears to be morally acceptable to Kareiva, Marvier and some other Anthropocene proponents (e.g. Bradbury, 2012), as long as this destruction does not rebound and harm people themselves. But this view is selfish and unjust. Human beings already control more than our fair share of Earth’s resources. If increased human numbers and economic demands threaten to extinguish the polar bear and many other species, then we need to limit our numbers and economic demands (Cincotta and Gorenflo, 2011; Noss et al., 2013). Exactly how to curb human demands or reform dysfunctional economic institutions that endanger wild nature may be open questions, but they are not optional questions for conservationists, nor can we ignore moral issues in answering them (Rolston, 1994).\nConservation biologists, with our knowledge and appreciation of other species, are the last people who should be making excuses for their displacement, or making light of their extinction. It is particularly inappropriate for Peter Kareiva to do so, given his position as chief scientist at the Nature Conservancy, an organization dedicated to preserving biodiversity. TNC’s fundraising rests in part on appeals to a strong and widely shared moral sense that other species have a right to continued existence. Much of the conservation value of TNC’s easements and land purchases depends on societywide moral and legal commitments to preserve threatened and endangered species. Kareiva and Marvier (2012) state that they ‘‘do not wish to undermine the ethical motivations for conservation action,’’ or presumably, conservation law. Yet their articles do precisely that, with potentially disastrous implications for practical conservation efforts, particularly in the long-term.\nTo be clear: we do not think there is anything wrong with people looking after our own legitimate needs. This is an important component of conservation, as conservation biologists have long recognized (Greenwald et al., 2013). Kareiva and Marvier are right to remind us that protecting ecosystem services for human beings is important. They are right, too, that concern for our own wellbeing can sometimes motivate significant biodiversity preservation. We believe that people should preserve other species both for their sakes and for ours (see Primack, 2010, chapter 6, for a fuller treatment of these ethical claims).\nHowever, it is a mistake to reduce conservation solely to a selfconcerned prudence, or to anthropocentrically assume that it is acceptable to extinguish those species that do not provide us with important ecosystem services. As with marriage, education, or any other important human institution or activity, an overly economistic approach to conservation leads us astray morally. It makes us selfish, and that is the last thing we want when the very existence of so many other life forms is at stake. Fairly sharing the lands and waters of Earth with other species is most importantly a matter of justice, not economic convenience (Staples and Cafaro, 2012).\nNatural species are the primary expressions and repositories of organic nature’s order, creativity, and diversity. They represent thousands of millions of years of evolution and achievement. They show incredible functional, organizational, and behavioral complexity. Every species, like every person, is unique, with its own history and destiny. When people take so many resources or degrade so much habitat that another species is driven extinct, we have taken or damaged too much, and brought a valuable and meaningful story to an untimely end.\n‘‘The prime motive of science is not to control the Universe but to appreciate it more fully. It is a huge privilege to live on Earth and to share it with so many goodly and fantastical creatures.’’\nFrom this perspective, even one anthropogenic extinction is one too many. From this perspective, the goodness of the human career on Earth depends as much on how well we appreciate and get along with other species, as on how well we do so with other people.\nMichael Soulé (1985, 2013) is right: other species have value in themselves and a right to continued existence free from anthropogenic extinction, whether or not we find them beautiful, useful, profitable, or interesting, and whether or not preserving them is convenient or economically beneficial for people.\nBradbury, R., 2012. A World Without Corals. New York Times, op-ed pages, July 13, 2012.\nCincotta, R.P., Gorenflo, L.J., 2011. Human Population: Its Influences on Biological Diversity. Springer.\nGreenwald, N., Dellasala, D., Terborgh, J., 2013. Nothing new in Kareiva and Marvier. BioScience 63, 241.\nKareiva, P., Marvier, M., 2012. What is conservation science? BioScience 62, 962– 969.\nKareiva, P., Lalasz, R., Marvier, M., 2011. Conservation in the Anthropocene: beyond solitude and fragility. Breakthrough J., 29–37 (Fall).\nNoss, R., Nash, R., Paquet, P., Soulé, M., 2013. Humanity’s domination of nature is part of the problem: a response to Kareiva and Marvier. BioScience 63, 241–242.\nPrimack, R., 2010. Essentials of Conservation Biology, fifth ed. Sinauer Associates.\nRolston, H., 1994. Conserving Natural Value. Columbia University Press.\nSecretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity, 2010. Global Biodiversity Outlook 3. Montréal.\nSoulé, M.E., 1985. What is conservation biology? BioScience 35, 727–734.\nSoulé, M.E., 2013. The ‘‘New Conservation’’. Conservation Biol. 27, 897–899.\nStaples, W., Cafaro, P., 2012. For a species right to exist. In: Cafaro, P., Crist, E. (Eds.), Life on the Brink: Environmentalists Confront Overpopulation. University of Georgia Press, pp. 283–300.\nTudge, C., 2000. The Variety of Life: A Survey and a Celebration of all the Creatures that Have Ever Lived. Oxford University Press.\nTo comment on this blog post, visit the ElsevierConnect website with the original article HERE.\nOne of the most incredible aspects of life in the tropics is the shear force with which raindrops seem to fall. As if shot out of a cannon with the specific aim of teaching a painful lesson that won’t soon be forgotten to silly humans attempting to feebly take shelter under a palm tree, raindrops from tropical thunderstorms are quite impressive already. But what will happen to these raindrops, or more precisely their number, with a warming climate?\nThis question is one that has been on the minds of atmospheric scientists in the last decade. I am just now sitting down to write this blog entry after attending a colloquium during which the idea that tropical rainfall might be responsible for events occurring in the Arctic was discussed, and, as so often occurs, the subsequent discussion became one on trends in tropical rainfall. And the reason this question is so common a refrain is that understanding how and why precipitation might change under climate change scenarios is crucial to the lives and livelihoods of populations living in the tropics. Local populations in the tropics have developed a dependence on frequent, but not too frequent, heavy, but not too heavy, rainfall. There are two ways in which this balance could be broken. Either the frequency or intensity of rainfall could change. And, unfortunately, climate change is expected to change both.\nAs the climate warms, a myriad of changes will probably occur to the tropical atmosphere. The warmer atmosphere will be able to “hold” higher amounts of water vapor than it can today. So, the same storm in a warmer climate would rain more than it would in a cooler one. Also where it rains is expected to change. Today, much of the rain in the tropics is confined to narrow bands around the equator. Due to a variety of influences, these bands are expected to shrink in a warmer climate. Since the atmosphere has to rain a certain amount each day to maintain a constant water cycle, and because this rain will be confined to a smaller area, that effect too will create stronger rain rates. Combined, these predicted changes portend bad news for many vulnerable populations in the tropics. “Extreme” rainfall will get heavier and “normal” rainfall will become less frequent. The situation is often referred to as the “Rich-get-Richer” response. This name reflects the nature of regions receiving an abundance of precipitation being predicted to get more.\nTraditional global circulation models (GCMs) that climate scientists use to make predictions about climate change have been predicting a “Rich-get-Richer” response to global climate change for some time. However, these models lack the ability to simulate individual thunderstorms. Recently, work with special, high-resolution models has been conducted to understand how individual thunderstorms will respond to climate change. These simulations have revealed an even grimmer picture of changes to rainfall. What they have shown is that groups of thunderstorm conspire to exacerbate the problem. It seems that clouds will group together in new ways to pour down rain on rainy areas at the expense of the drier ones. The strongest thunderstorms appear to get even stronger. Together with the results of the large-scale weather well simulated by the GCMs, there is reason for concern.\nThe “Rich-get-Richer” and thunderstorm difference mechanisms only account for the daily variations in rainfall. Tropical rainfall is also influenced by longer time scale phenomena. Both monthly and yearly time scales see broad changes in rainfall. On monthly scales the so-called Madden-Julian Oscillation (the MJO), a broad region of storminess that slowly moves eastward along the equator, can enhance or deter rainfall. Very recent work has suggested that MJOs may become harder to predict with greater time between rain events. The events that do occur might result in heavier rainfall. On yearly timescales, hurricanes come and go. But with climate warming, the hurricanes that come will likely be less frequent and more intense than those we see today.\nAnecdotally, some of these changes have already been seen. Regions like Australia and the Indian subcontinent have seen changes in the frequency and intensity of their rainfall. The Indian monsoon, a seasonal rain pattern, used to be amazingly consistent year-to-year, and therefore, predictable. Now monsoon onset occurs at a more variable time and monsoon rains are often heavy enough to flood. Australia too has seen drought and flooding with unfamiliar regularity.\nClimate warming will likely require adaptation to new weather. While those in the tropics are generally spared the worst effects, they will have to adapt to rising sea levels and, unfortunately, it seems, changes in the rainfall that is so vital to their everyday life.\nOf molecules and mosquitoes: molecular biology techniques underlie our efforts to sustainably eradicate mosquito-borne viruses\nWritten by Stephanie Moon, SoGES 2013-2014 Sustainability Leadership Fellow, and PhD Candidate in the Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology\nNot so very long ago, the prevailing belief was that mosquitoes were not capable of transmitting such devastating agents of disease as malaria, Yellow fever virus (YFV) and West Nile virus (WNV). It was believed that YFV was transmitted through mysterious fogs or general filth, and it wasn’t until early in the twentieth century that scientific investigation by the U.S. Army in Cuba uncovered the role of mosquitoes in virus transmission (1). Despite the prevailing public sentiment that it was ridiculous to consider that mosquitoes carried human pathogens, experiments by the U.S. Army led by Dr. Walter Reed in Cuba in the early 1900’s revealed that humans can transmit YFV to mosquitoes and mosquitoes can in turn consistently pass the virus back to humans. Shockingly, these experiments would not have been possible without the help of human volunteers willing to be infected with YFV, and some died as a result of their participation (1). However, the eventual eradication of YFV from Central and North America during the twentieth century would not have taken place without these key experiments defining the transmission cycle and a rigorous multi-pronged approach that aimed to destroy mosquito populations, discover a vaccine, and prevent mosquito-human contact through quarantine efforts, screens and mosquito nets (1).\nLaboratory-based research efforts were successful in eradicating YFV from the U.S., but surveillance efforts to detect YFV or research into finding a cure for the disease are still important goals. Aside from contributing to sickness and death in sub-Saharan Africa and Central and South America, there is still a risk of YFV and other mosquito-borne viruses once again gaining a foothold in the U.S. It was also recently reported that the main vector for YFV and the related Dengue virus, Aedes aegypti, has been found in California, and 22 patients have been identified so far as having acquired Dengue virus in Key West, Florida (2).\nToday in the U.S., West Nile virus is rapidly becoming a major concern as human and animal cases have burgeoned since the virus was introduced in New York in 1999. Yellow fever virus and its mosquito vector Aedes aegypti were also imported to the New World (thought to derive from West Africa and spread to the Americas as a consequence of the African slave trade) and we know now that the way we changed the landscape during the European expansion into the Americas contributed to the expanding region in which YFV was found (1). For example, razing the forest to create sugar cane plantations in the islands of the Caribbean in the early seventeenth century promoted the formation of new favorable habitats for Aedes aegypti, facilitating the spread of YFV (1). Similarly, the incidence of WNV in the northeastern U.S. has been shown to be higher in urban areas, and our agricultural practices have also contributed to WNV disease incidence in the western U.S. (3, 4).\nBecause West Nile virus normally exists in a transmission cycle between birds and mosquitoes (with humans and horses acquiring WNV incidentally), the ecology of this virus-host-vector system is in some ways more complex than that of YFV, which is maintained in humans and tree-dwelling monkeys (in the Americas). Eradicating WNV therefore presents a particularly complex challenge, especially as WNV, unlike YFV, has no vaccine. It follows that mitigation efforts will focus on mosquito control rather than disease prevention, which can negatively affect ecosystems by harming other insects and the animals that depend on insects as a food source (5). Coming up with new ways to treat patients infected with WNV and other mosquito-borne pathogens or prevent infection in the first place through vaccinations will permit a more sustainable approach to eradicating these diseases. Therefore, molecular biology research into the underlying molecular mechanisms of virus infection and transmission will be essential for our future efforts if we want a more environmentally friendly, sustainable solution to the problem of mosquito-transmitted viruses.\nHow do we manage the risk of WNV transmission locally? The city of Fort Collins provides a wealth of information to the public about this process. Data you can access online includes how many patients have been diagnosed with WNV, the severity of their disease symptoms, and fatalities in Larimer County. You can also easily find how many mosquitoes were trapped in certain areas in Larimer County and whether or not they tested positive for WNV online (6). These data are used to determine what actions the city should take to prevent a WNV outbreak. Part of the city’s response to a predicted outbreak is the use of insecticides that kill larval or adult mosquitoes, but they are applied in small areas and only used when the risk of WNV transmission is high. Despite the efforts of the city of Fort Collins to make data and information available to the public about WNV transmission risk and insecticide application, there is controversy surrounding the use of insecticides. A fairly recent article in the Coloradoan (http://noconow.co/1hqQcti) discusses some the pitfalls of the current system the city uses to decide when and where to spray insecticides (7). One major problem with our current system is the way that we decide when to spray (7). Because the city won’t spray insecticides until several human cases are reported, there is a delay of almost a month between when people are getting infected with WNV and when they come down with symptoms and therefore when the city may take action (7). We could potentially stop this delay by relying more on mosquito surveillance efforts (7) and by developing improved diagnostics that will detect infection in people who are at risk of infection before the onset of symptoms.\nThe way that we currently evaluate and abrogate the risk of WNV transmission locally is rooted in molecular biology techniques, as both surveillance and (some) diagnostic tests rely on a method called the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to detect viral genetic material. Unfortunately, our current repertoire of diagnostic tests are not useful until the patient has symptoms of the disease, so there is a need for more rapid, reliable diagnostic tests to detect WNV before the onset of illness. Surprisingly, there are no specific treatments or human vaccines for many important mosquito-borne viral diseases, including WNV. Research aimed at developing new vaccines, diagnostic tests and exposing new viral (or host) drug targets to mitigate the onset of disease symptoms will be a crucial component of a sustainable strategy for disease control. Laboratory-based research efforts can potentially also pinpoint why certain viruses cause disease or spread across the globe.\nMy research is focused on how a large group of arthropod-borne viruses including Dengue virus and WNV cause disease at the cellular and molecular level. If we can determine what factors are required for viruses to replicate in human cells, then we can potentially develop novel treatments to reduce the symptoms of the disease. Furthermore, by studying the common mechanisms that many different viruses use to cause disease, we could ultimately derive a common treatment. Many viruses that aren’t transmitted by mosquitoes (including Hepatitis C virus and Bovine viral diarrhea virus- a common ailment of cattle) are close relatives of YFV, Dengue virus, and WNV. Our work has uncovered some exciting mechanisms that these related viruses share to potentially cause disease in humans and animals that you can read about here: http://bit.ly/1lF4M0x (8). Ultimately, research efforts should contribute to the production of treatments, vaccines, and sustainable methods of implementing both to supplement or replace our current approaches that rely heavily on mosquito control to mitigate disease risk in humans and animals.\nWorks cited and suggested reading:\n(1) McNeill, JR. Mosquito Empires: Ecology and War in the greater Caribbean, 1620-1914. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2010. Press.\n(2) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention- Dengue Homepage. http://www.cdc.gov/dengue/epidemiology/local_dengue.html. 27 Sept. 2012. Accessed 8 Jan 2014.\n(3) Brown HE, Childs JE, Diuk-Wasser MA, Fish D. Ecologic factors associated with West Nile virus transmission, northeastern USA. Emerg Infect Dis [serial on the Internet]. 2008 Oct [8 Jan. 2014]. Available from http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/14/10/07-1396.htm\n(4) Kilpatrick AM. “Globalization, land use, and the invasion of West Nile virus” Science. 2011 Oct 21; 334(6054):323-7. doi: 10.1126/science.1201010.\n(5) U.S. Fish & Wildlife Services, Appendix K4, Environmental Effects of Mosquito Control www.fws.gov/cno/refuges/DonEdwards/CCP-PDFs/Appendix-K4_EffectsofMosquitoControl.pdf 2004. Accessed 1 Jan. 2014.\n(6) Colorado Mosquito Control, Inc. http://www.comosquitocontrol.com/larimer.html 2010. Accessed 8 Jan. 2014.\n(7) Duggan, Kevin. “Fort Collins’ West Nile spraying could fly in new directions” Coloradoan.com. The Coloradoan, 12 Nov. 2013. http://www.coloradoan.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=2013311090084 Web. 6 Jan. 2013.\n(8) Moon, SL and Wilusz, J. Rage against the (cellular RNA decay) machine. PloS Pathog. 2013 Dec 9 (12):e1003762. doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003762.\nPlenty of scientists, economists and think tankers are talking about the 9 billion people question, or the ‘9BPQ’. Our population is predicted to plateau in 2050 with 9 billion humans. That is a lot of bodies to provide water, food, shelter and clean air for. Is it possible? I’m not sure.\nDr. H.C.J. Godfray, University of Oxford professor, and his coauthors (2010) say it is possible, with a multifaceted and linked global strategy that can ensure sustainable and equitable food security. My favorite component of their optimism is reducing waste. Dr. John Foley, Director of the Institute on the Environment at the University of Minnesota, another prolific writer on food security, agrees. In this blog post, he talks not only of changing diets to increase our food supply by 28%, but also about reducing food wasted. Think about it, if you collected all the mashed potatoes people didn’t finish on Thanksgiving, you could feed several villages in Africa the mountains of nutritious mash. After working in agriculture and studying plant pathology for many years, I’ve become fascinated by the disparity we humans have about understanding the sources of what sustain us and the dire threats to these sources we face and will leave for our children to tackle in the years to come.\nDr. Foley spoke about sustainability at an event hosted by the School of Global and Environmental Sustainability here at Colorado State University last month. While sitting in the audience too shy to ask my question, I began to consider local versus global food movements and how that relates to food security. It’s an intricate balance. What can we do today? How? If I don’t order a steak at this restaurant am I really making a difference? If I choose to buy this locally grown lettuce over that shipped from Mexico, am I contributing to global sustainability and securing our food supply? It feels like the answer is no, but really it is yes. If we consider all the small decisions made worldwide, the collective impact is ultimately a comprehensive change.\nMy research group works with Oryza sativa, known commonly as rice. This is a power house staple crop that feeds half of our world and an ancient, global food religion. Rice is intensively grown with several cropping cycles per year and it produces a significant amount of agricultural waste. A giant focus in our research is sustainably managing the pests and pathogens that threaten this simple, yet life sustaining plant. Tapping into the inherent tolerance to disease available in diverse wild varieties for introduction into those that are grown year after year is a sustainable approach to combating evolving microbes, and it will lessen the need for chemical applications for management, but more importantly, yield losses. Essentially, breeders can take advantage of what these plants already have to offer.\nGrowers are and will continually be faced with decisions to change their cropping systems, their seeds, their management strategies and their resource allocations. Our research involves molecular diagnostics, microbiology, molecular biology, plant physiology, genetics, genomics and transcriptomics to help understand from the smallest to the largest level how these different kingdoms interact in a rice system. Opportunities for sustainable production also exist in making use of crop residue that is otherwise wasted in a very pollutant-heavy way, most commonly by burning directly in the field. A viable option to dealing with this waste is to use gasification. Gasification is a closed system that would bring a value added commodity in the form of energy to fuel downstream processes, like milling. The question is, will growers be willing to transport their leftover stems and leaves down the road to support this operation? Would it be cost effective for them? This scenario could be applied to many annual cropping systems, especially those where several crops are consecutively produced in one year. Another beauty in working with rice is that it is a simple grass. It is heavily studied so many research tools are available, such as a complete genome sequence and a multitude of invested researchers worldwide. Due to the nature of evolution, many of the traits people are interested in for bioenergy, such as cell wall structure, are highly conserved among plants. By taking advantage of rice as a model, research can quickly advance to optimize systems for not only sustainable food production, but reducing wasted crop residue and using it for bioenergy. So much like reducing that amount of consumed food wasted, creative approaches to reducing waste in all steps of agricultural productions should be explored.\nIt’s easy to feel far removed from the people and environments we’re working to help, since no one grows rice for hundreds of miles from my lab bench or our tropics-simulating greenhouses. However, much like the lettuce dilemma, we know our work locally does affect the global movement towards sustainable crop production and that our results can be readily translated to other food crops. This solution sounds straight forward when simply written in a blog. But what is perhaps most frightening in the sustainable food security challenge is climate change. Weather extremes and natural resource abuse trigger complications in microbial and agricultural ecology. The phytobiome (a new ‘ome’, meaning the microbes that hang out, for better or for worse, on plants above ground) is a diverse and complex environment that is sensitive to even single degree changes in temperature. Rice isn’t going anywhere; it has been around as a staple crop for centuries. So when I ponder my career and my own decisions around food security, I think there is a balance. We can make choices locally to support our growers up the street and tend our own little plots of land, but research and decisions we make around our food supply can influence our neighbors across the world.\nDr. Foley so accurately describes the absolute power agriculture has over our environment, our society, our diet, our governance and our day to day lives. Agriculture is like the economic ‘Sauron’ of plants and animals followed by reliant humans. It has to be a priority for sustainability studies. If our population is set to reach 9 billion by 2050 AND people are going to live longer, food security is not an option, it is a necessity otherwise, our planet may shift from looking like the Shire to Mordor.\nGodfray, H.C.J., Beddington, J.R., Crute, I.R., Haddad, L., Lawrence, D., Muir, J.F., Pretty, J., Robinson, S., Thomas, S.M. and Toulmin, C. 2010. Food Security: The challenge of feeding 9 billion people. Science. 327:812-818.\nFrom the Pacific Coast, to the forests of Northwest, and over the snow-capped Rocky Mountains, the western United States contains a checkerboard of geographic, ecological, and social diversity. These westernmost 11 states (including Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming) are home to over 73.5 million people (which is 23% of US population), and contain the highest concentration of federal land ownership in the US. This region is also home to historic water rights (western water law principle of ‘use it or lose it’), suffers from arid and unpredictable precipitation, and drought-induced risks such as wildfire, and a contains critically important headwaters of major river systems (the Colorado Rockies alone contain headwaters for seven major US river systems).\nOver the past couple decades the western US region has grown faster than the entire country. This growth has been accompanied by complex, expensive, and often poorly defined conflicts, which are fueled by rapid land use pattern changes, such as exurban development, and public land use transitions, and changes in climate, demographics, socio-economic conditions, and decreased funding for land stewards. Particularly on public (federally-managed) lands, significant funding limitations and gaps in forest and watershed maintenance have increased, as budgets are reprioritized to address immediate environmental and social concerns such as wildfire. States and their respective watersheds are not uniformly exposed to all these factors, nor are they only factors pertinent to this region, yet these factors are all cited as playing a role in driving the development of new approaches to addressing watershed stewardship challenges.\nThere is a clear need for new and creative ways to address these increasing concerns, especially since the majority of drinking water in the region comes from surface water supplies primarily protected by forests on public lands (Barnes, et al, 2009). So what occurs in the forested watersheds upstream is indeed linked to the water most of us in the region receive at our faucet. These new approaches to watershed stewardship have developed hand-in-hand with a shift from historically federally-managed conservation actions to decentralized collaborative efforts aimed at the local and regional scale (Nie, 2008).\nOne such approach, broadly called “Payments for Watershed Services” (PWS) has increased in the region. We can think of PWS as a set of mechanisms that attempt to address these complex conflicts facing the region, designed in different ways to fit a variety of preexisting institutional and ecological conditions. This kind of expansion in PWS approaches is not specific to just the western US, in fact, PWS expansion is occurring across the globe. Ecosystem Marketplace (a Forests Trends Initiative) has tracked the development of PWS globally, culminating in the State of Watershed Payments 2012 report, and an interactive map.\nZooming back in to the western US, our recent research included collaboration with Ecosystem Marketplace to inventory existing PWS programs in the region (data used in our work is part of the State of Watershed Payments data set). Our program inventory found 55 programs in operation or in design in the region in 2012; a number that more than doubled from the 20 programs in the region in 2003. These programs and their status (active, in design) are listed on the map to the right. Point map of Payments for Watershed Services in the Western United States (Huber-Stearns et al., 2013-unpublished). Our research resulted in information about the programmatic components of all 55 programs, which is more comprehensively covered in our full manuscript (email me for more information). In keeping with the theme of this blog, we will focus in on one specific subgroup of programs that emerged in our data analysis: Watershed Restoration and Protection programs.\nWe identified nine Watershed Restoration and protection programs in our 2012 inventory, and this number has increased since, with more programs under design and beginning full operation. Watershed Restoration and Protection programs focus primarily on targeting water quality ecosystem services, including general water quality, as well as some specific concerns, primarily, temperature, sediment and nitrogen. The programs focus on these ecological concerns through management actions, mainly: land restoration (forest thinning, prescribed burning, riparian restoration, and other actions to improve watershed health); and protection actions (outreach and increased patrols to educate public about appropriate activities in key watersheds, purchasing of conservation easements). These management actions are aimed at the protection and restoration of upper watershed lands that directly affect water municipalities’ source water, and in some cases, lands affecting wastewater and storm water discharge.\nIn all cases, water municipalities and utilities fund these programs. These programs include cities such as Denver, San Francisco, Santa Fe, Salt Lake City, Seattle, and Tualatin. Due to the inherent checkerboard of land ownership in the region, those conducting stewardship practices on the land for these programs are varied. In the Pacific Northwest, these programs contain mainly private landowners who conduct a variety of restoration and protection practices on their land to enhance and improve water quality. In more arid states, the key land steward in the US Forest Service, who partners with utilities to cost-share restoration and protection actions on public lands.\nIt may seem unusual that water providers and federal agencies are teaming up to address water quality concerns. However, the Forest Service is increasingly focused on strategies to improve upstream water health, with a specific focus on engaging large water users who are willing to pay for protection, risk aversion and/or restoration practices. Both utilities and public agencies see these partnerships as opportunities to leverage their limited staff and funding towards improved watershed management. The utilities are motivated by source water protection, and other water quality and quantity concerns, while the public agencies and private individuals are motivated by the opportunity to improve overall health of both public and private lands. PWS can serve as a mechanism to work across land ownership boundaries in order to address larger social and ecological concerns.\nThese watershed restoration actions are often seen as investments in natural infrastructure: as a complement, or in lieu of municipalities increasing technology and treatment within drinking water and wastewater treatment facilities. (Click here to read a recent report: Natural Infrastructure: Investing in Forested Landscapes for Source Water Protection in the United States) As the old adage goes, an ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure. As one example, investment in natural infrastructure can be worth avoidance of severe wildfire costs (loss of lives and property, forest health effects, costs of fire suppression) and subsequent damage (increased nutrients and sediment in water, increased water treatment costs, negative impact on water security, biodiversity). This approach can address such watershed health issues at their root cause, conducting restoration work along waterways and in headwaters.\nPrograms such as these PWS show that major urban water users are focusing on proactive thinking beyond their own intake and discharge pipes; investments in such programs are starting to solidify the economic value of upstream forests to downstream water users. PWS provides a mechanism that can facilitate: new partnerships and work across boundaries, leveraging of resources (making a dollar go further), and co-benefits such as habitat restoration, and landscape beauty. The relative newness and increasing popularity of PWS means that the next few years will be key for studying new programs coming online, and existing programs reporting outcomes and program effectives. In conclusion, the answer is yes; the clean, cold drinking water gushing forth from your open faucet can indeed be connected to falling trees in your watershed.\nHeidi’s research is supported by the Agricultural Experiment Station. Heidi is also the Coordinator for the Colorado Conservation Exchange, a program of the Center for Collaborative Conservation.\nMaps were produced by the Geospatial Centroid at Colorado State University.\nBarnes, M., Todd, A., Lilja, R, and Barten, P. (2009). Forests, Water and people: Drinking water supply and forest lands in the Northeast and Midwest United States. United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service report.\nBennett, G., Nathaniel .C and Hamilton, K. (2012). Charting New Waters: State of Watershed Payments 2012. Washington, DC: Forest Trends. Available online at http://www.ecosystemmarketplace.com/reports/sowp2012.\nCarpe Diem West. (2011). Watershed investment programs in the American West: An updated look: Linking upstream watershed health and downstream security. A Carpe Diem West Report. California. www.carpediemwest.org.\nFolke, C. (2006). Resilience: The emergence of a perspective for social-ecological systems analyses. Global Environmental Change-Human and Policy Dimensions, 16(3): 253-267.\nGorte, R., Hardy Vincent, C., Hanson, L., Rosenblum, M. (2012). Federal land ownership: Overvew and data. Congressional research Service 7-5700, R42346.\nMajanen, T., Friedman, R., Milder, J. (2011). Innovations in market-based watershed conservation in the United States: Payments for watershed services for agricultural and forest landowners. Ecoagriculture partners. June 2011.\nNie, M. (2008). The governance of Western public lands: Mapping its present and future. University Press of Kansas: Lawrence, Kansas.\nRobbins, Meehann, Gosnell, & Gilbertz. (2009). Writing the new west: A critical review. Rural Sociology 74(3); 356.\nTheobald, D. M., Travis,W. R., Drummond, M. A., and Gordon, E. S. (2013). “The Changing Southwest.” In Assessment of Climate Change in the Southwest United States: A Report Prepared for the National Climate Assessment, edited by Garfin,G., Jardine, A., Merideth,R., Black, M., and LeRoy, S. 37–55. A report by the Southwest Climate Alliance. Washington, DC: Island Press.\nTravis, W., Theobald, D., Mixon, G., and Dickinson, T. (2005). Western Futures: A look into the patterns of land use and future development in the American West. Report from The Center #6, Center of the American West, University of Colorado at Boulder.\nWeidner, E. and A. Todd. 2011. From the forest to the faucet: Drinking water and forests in the US, Methods Paper. Ecosystem Services and Markets Program Area, State and Private Forestry, United States Forest Service.\nHabits make life easier in a hectic, fast-paced world. It’s hard to fight routine and convenience. There are actions taken everyday that we probably would acknowledge as something we could, to our own benefit, do differently (candy dish, anyone?). We unfortunately aren’t the perfectly rational or consistent decision-makers suggested by traditional economic theory.\nHowever, behavioral economics, a field gaining popularity and credibility, seeks to apply the evidence from behavioral psychology to improve economic models of decision-making. There’s been a recent burst of popular non-fiction titles surrounding behavior and psychology like Predictably Irrational, Nudge, and Thinking, Fast and Slow, (all great reads!) and the President officially established a Social and Behavioral Sciences Team (a.k.a. “The Nudge Squad”), modeled after the success of the UK government.\nThis line of research is being applied to the design of public policy related to health, diet, finance, savings, retirement plans and the environment. Environmental behavioral economics sets out to find what influences decisions that have an impact on the environment. For example, which method might get the most people to bike to work: pro-environmental messaging, pro-health messaging, improving/expanding the bike lanes and routes of a community, offering an individual a tax rebate on the purchase of a bike, or telling people how many of their coworkers bike to work?\nBehavioral economics focuses on two channels of change, in addition to the tried-and-true price incentives. First, we can change behaviors and habits directly: “changing minds”. Or, we can change the architecture of the decision-making environment: “changing context”. We all have the ability to process information, critically weigh the options and change our behavior (for example when I learned that butter was the second largest ingredient of my favorite granola). However, it’s often our subconscious, automatic reflexes that dictate many of our choices. These choices may be based on emotions and associations rather than objective, rational processes. If this is how people make the majority of their choices, how can we encourage people to make better decisions when it comes to their impact on the environment?\nRichard Thaler, one of the behavioral economists who authored Nudge, argues that “the solution is to apply the single most useful bit of psychology one can ever learn: If you want to encourage people to do something, make it easy -- or even better, automatic.”\nThe following are a few examples that highlight how behavioral economic research and concepts influences (via “nudges”) how we impact the environment. Nudges are ways of changing the context in which we make decisions to potentially reach different outcomes, while not limiting consumer choice.\nLet’s start small with plastic bags at the grocery store. Here we invoke a concept called loss aversion (sometimes called framing). Loss aversion is the notion that people will react differently if a decision is framed as a loss than as a gain. Furthermore, people tend to be swayed more by a loss than by a gain of the same amount. In some U.S. grocery stores you can earn a 10-cent rebate for each reusable bag you bring. You get rewarded for doing something ‘good’. However, in Europe (and perhaps soon in more U.S. cities), you get charged for any plastic bag you need to tote your groceries home. You get punished for something ‘bad’. These are seemingly the same incentive schemes, but result in very different outcomes. Framing the situation as paying for the bag results in far more people bringing their own bags (or not using a bag at all), whereas ‘getting’ money to not use a bag doesn’t actually encourage many to consistently use reusable bags.\nOne example from the White House is the website fueleconomy.gov, which lets consumers compare the total fuel costs of a car over five years, rather than only by the traditional metric of miles per gallon (MPG). MPG doesn’t easily or quickly convey the true fuel costs of a vehicle. This is an example of the behavioral economics concept called salience. The fuel costs over the lifetime of a vehicle are often not salient to a consumer the way the price tag on the car window is. By doing the math for consumers and make the information easy to find, the overall fuel costs have a better chance of playing a role in a car purchasing decision.\nSalience is a concept that similarly applies to household water and energy use. When someone purchases a home, they’re more likely to think about the price of the home rather than the additional monthly cost of living in the home (e.g. energy and water bills) and thus are less likely to consider the efficiency of the home (e.g. insulation, appliances). These additional costs of being a homeowner are less salient than the sticker price of the house.\nDefaults, which relates to the physics concept of inertia, are another concept that’s getting a lot of attention in behavioral economics. People tend to go with the flow and often stick to the default option. Policies can be designed to offer the same options to consumers, but changing the default option to the one that is expected to maximize benefits is an easy way to improve well being without restricting choice. For example, having to request a change of sheets or towels at a hotel vs. these automatically getting changed for you each day you stay. This is one example of changing the decision-making environment from “opt-in” to “opt-out” (i.e. organ donation, retirement plans). Another example: some utilities offer the voluntary option for consumers to pay a bit more for their electricity but then amp up the use of renewable energy sources. If you make this an “opt-in” program, few would participate, but setting it up as an “opt-out” program results in more households who stay enrolled.\nContinuing with home efficiency, research finds that informational campaigns (think utility bill inserts) improve knowledge, but don’t actually change energy use behavior. However, social norms reports, like what the company OPower provides, show how much energy a household is using compared to similar neighbors. This nudge does have a significant impact on changing household energy use. As a result of this social norms driven program, households reduce energy use in the short run (e.g. changing light blubs or actually program the programmable thermostat), and in the long term (e.g. improving insulation or HVAC systems). Telling people what other people do has a strong impact on what we do. The concept of norms also ties in with the concept commitment where we seek to be consistent with public promises and try to reciprocate other’s actions, as well as the concept of ego where we tend to act in ways that make us feel better about ourselves. The Opower report includes a smiley face if you’re doing better than your average neighbor. This simple positive reinforcement is typically enough to keep the most efficient households from increasing their energy use when they learn they’re using less than most of their neighbors. Check out Allcott (2011) to learn more.Behavioral economics seeks to find ways to nudge people in the right direction without limiting choice. Small reminders and small changes to the context of the decision-making environment are often easier, more cost-effective means to improve individual well-being and the environment. The following are some visual examples of behavioral economics in action. E-mail me with examples of nudges you see!\nA few visual examples of behavioral economics at work:\nInvoking social norms to reduce littering in public spaces\nHousehold reminder of the bigger picture when it comes to flipping a switch\nWhole Foods' trash options\nChallenges to Biodiversity Conservation: What can we learn from the Yasuní-ITT Initiative in Ecuador?\nYasuní National Park\nThe Yasuní National Park, located in Ecuador on the Northwestern edge of the Amazon basin, is one of the most biodiverse places on Earth. It occupies a unique location that intersects the Andes (located less than 100 km from the Andean foothills), the Amazon, and the Equator. Created in 1979, the Park encompasses an area of 9,820 km2 and was declared a UNESCO Biosphere Reserve in 1989. It has more than 1,300 species of vertebrates, more than 100,000 species of insects, and more than 2,500 species of plants. In just one hectare of forest in Yasuní, 664 species of plants can be found, which is more than all the plant species in North America. Yasuní also encompasses part of the ancestral territory of the Waorani (Huaorani) people.\nMy first encounter with the Yasuní National Park was more than 10 years ago during a class on biological field techniques in which we were taken to the university’s Yasuní Research Station. I did not have to spend very long in the Park to witness the detrimental footprints of human extraction activities. Although, the access to the Park is designed to be limited, the Yasuní Research Station uses a road built by the multinational oil and gas company REPSOL-YPF. Oil extraction in the Park started in the 1950s, before it was declared a National Park. Currently, oil exploitation is listed as the largest threat to the Yasuní National Park: a substantial part of northwestern Yasuní has either been exploited or is targeted for future exploitation. Besides the impact of the oil extraction process itself, oil access roads have led to deforestation, colonization, and overhunting. One of the most striking impacts of oil companies has occurred on the Waorani people. Since oil extraction started in their territory in the 1950s, it has placed them on a conflictive edge between traditional and modern influences. Convergence of these two worlds has led to several issues, including but not limited to illness, division between clans, and conflict. In fact, while some Waorani communities participate in activities like trade, research and tourism with the outside world, some have shown aggressive behavior toward the oil companies that have tried to drill in their lands.\nThe Yasuní-ITT Initiative\nPerhaps the greatest threat that the park faces lies in its easternmost region, the ITT block (Ishpingo-Tambococha-Tiputini). Approximately 20% of Ecuador’s oil reserves lie in this block (846 millions of barrels of oil, currently estimated to be worth $18 billion) along with the presumed territories of the two voluntarily isolated indigenous groups, the Tagaeri and Taromenane. In 2007, Ecuador proposed to maintain the oil under the ITT field for perpetuity in an attempt to conserve Yasuní’s biodiversity, protect the Tagaeri and Taromenane, and to avoid emission of a significant amount of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. By leaving the oil underground, Ecuador would have avoided the emission of 407 million metric tons of carbon dioxide, which, at the time the Initiative was proposed, represented $7.2 billion on the carbon market. The Yasuní-ITT Initiative proposed an alternative to address global climate change, in which countries collaborate to avoid gas emissions to the atmosphere while protecting biodiverse regions. Ecuador, in a co-responsibility approach, was willing to forego the income obtained by extracting the oil at the ITT field, which was estimated to be $7 billion when the Initiative was first proposed. Ecuador would contribute (forego) half that total income ($3.6 billion) if the world community contributed the other half by 2023, regardless of price changes in the oil market.\nBut how would a country, with a history of political instability, guarantee that oil would be left underground for perpetuity? And what would happen to the contributions? On August 2010, the Yasuní-ITT Trust Fund, administered by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) was officially launched. The funds supporting the Yasuní-ITT Initiative would be collected by the Yasuní- ITT Trust Fund and were going be allocated to development strategies for handling the proposed income solution. One part of the funds would go towards investment in strategic renewable energy projects to change Ecuador’s energy matrix from fossil fuel to renewable energy sources, including hydro, geothermal, solar, wind, biomass, and tidal energy projects. The other part would fund a shift from an extractive economy based on oil extraction to a more sustainable model of development. First, these funds would be used for the conservation of protected areas in Ecuador. Ecuador has one of the highest percentages (20%) of protected areas in the world. Secondly, funds would contribute to reforestation, natural regeneration, and management of watersheds and forests. Additional funds would go towards strengthening social development in the Initiative’s zone of influence by investing in health, education, and training programs along with the encouragement of sustainable activities like ecotourism. Lastly, remaining funds would go towards supporting research, science, technology, and innovation projects in Ecuadorian institutions that enhance sustainability. The government would issue Yasuní Guarantee Certificates to donors of more than $50,000. The Certificates would not expire as long as the ITT field remained unexploited.\nThe optimistic times\nAfter the Yasuní-ITT Trust Fund was officially launched in 2010, Ecuadorian citizens, organizations, and the government were all proudly bragging about Ecuador’s historical decision to leave oil reserves underground. According to the United Nations Development Group, 78% of Ecuadorians citizens supported the Initiative. Ecuador was already proud of being the first country to concede rights to nature in its constitution in democratic election in 2008, and the Yasuní-ITT Initiative was a clear gesture in respect of those natural rights and a forward-looking step towards environmental protection. The proposal was also in line with the new development paradigm of Ecuador, known as Sumak Kawsay (from Kichwa, meaning Living Well or Fulfilled Life in English), which strives for improving the population’s quality of life while promoting equality and harmonic coexistence among different ethnic groups and with nature.\nDuring those years, the Yasuní-ITT Initiative was well covered in documentaries, books, and scientific publications in Ecuador and abroad. Ecuadorian scientists, including myself, named newly described species after Yasuní, and even mention the Initiative in the etymology section of those scientific publications. National and international organizations were created, like “Viva Yasuní” created by a group of people in France to support the Initiative and convince governments of western countries to contribute. The National Geographic Magazine, in its special 125-year anniversary issue dedicated to the age of exploration, included an article about Yasuní, the threat of oil exploitation, and the Initiative. The Yasuní National Park and Yasuní-ITT Initiative were continuously mentioned in social, local, and international media. The campaign “Yasunízate” (Yasunize yourself) was launched in Ecuador, and more and more people became “Yasunized”. Ecuador wanted the world to Yasunize.\nThe end of the Yasuní-ITT Initiative?\nOn August 15th, 2013, President Rafael Correa announced that after six years of its existence, only $336 million had been pledged and only $13.3 million had been delivered to the Initiative. Due to the indifferent international response, he cancelled the Trust Fund, thus ending the Yasuní-ITT Initiative.\nAfter this announcement, the supporters of the Initiative protested around the globe. Ecuadorian citizens and the international community actively manifested their disagreement. One very significant manifestation of the unrest occurred in Ecuador just a few weeks ago. Women leaders from Amazonian groups walked for days to Quito to debate with government officials about the oil extraction in their territories. In the meantime, the Ecuadorian government initiated a persuasive campaign stating that only 0.001% of the Park will be affected, that the best technology will be used, and that Ecuadorians will greatly benefit from the revenues obtained by the extraction. Unfortunately, even with the public outrage and protests, oil drilling in the ITT block was approved a few weeks ago. Currently, Ecuadorian people against the exploitation of the ITT block are putting pressure on the government, asking for a referendum on the subject.\nWhat can we learn from the Yasuní-ITT Initiative?\nThe Yasuní-ITT Initiative is a very complex subject with ecological, social, economical, and political implications. However, as an Ecuadorian conservation and evolutionary biologist, I want to address issues that the Initiative brings up from my perspective. I will first focus on the value of biodiversity. Then, since almost all conservation strategies must incorporate the human dimension, I will add some thoughts on this subject from my perspective as a citizen of this megadiverse, and multicultural country.\nThe value of diversity\nFirst of all, as a biologist, especially one interested in conservation, the intrinsic value of biodiversity is a given. However, for most people, the value of biodiversity is not so obvious. Biodiversity seems to lose value as urbanization increases, and people connect less and less with nature. The disconnection from the natural world happens not only on emotional and intellectual levels, but also in the losing the realization that natural resources sustain our life and that our actions truly impact nature. Urbanization prevents us from witnessing and experiencing our interactions with nature, and this disconnection has an influence on our daily choices. When decision-makers adopt that attitude, they might overlook the importance of conserving nature simply because they do not have the opportunity to experience it. For example, it is not uncommon to hear the false dilemma of development versus conservation. Certainly, a central component of conservation is public education, particularly in urban areas. Conservation education programs, especially when coupled with outdoor activities and field trips, would be one way to enhance experiencing nature.\nBiodiversity also has a utilitarian value, providing humans with goods, services, and information. Estimating the utilitarian value of biodiversity has increased in interest as a less controversial and more pragmatic approach than focusing on the intrinsic value of biodiversity. Following this justification, ecology and economics have been brought together to help make conservation decisions. There are several techniques that can be used to estimate both the intrinsic and the utilitarian value of diversity in monetary terms, for example, a cost-benefit analysis. This approach has proven to be useful in many instances, though there is debate over a strict focus on the utilitarian and economic value of diversity.\nA major flaw of this utilitarian approach is that economic appraisals will always underestimate the real monetary value of biodiversity. For example, most analyses on the economic value of an extractive activity such as oil drilling ignore the costs of the social impact (e.g. health issues related to activity, displacement of people where the activity will be carried out) or the environmental impact (e.g. remediation costs, loss of biodiversity). In most places, including Latin America, the cost-benefit analysis is far from complete. Eduardo Gudynas, an expert on development, economics, and ecology from Uruguay, maintains that if the assessment of the environmental impacts of extractive activities were more extensive and considered all of the repercussions of drilling, most projects would not be approved. Moreover, by monetizing the value of biodiversity, we are ignoring indigenous groups, particularly the ones who rely on the land, not money, to sustain their lives.\nIn addition, recognizing the intrinsic value of biodiversity “has a dramatic effect upon the framework of environmental debate and decision-making” (Fox, 1993). If biodiversity is considered to have an intrinsic value, then sufficient justification has to be provided to put biodiverse areas at risk. Whereas, if biodiversity is only considered to have utilitarian value, then sufficient justification has to be provided to conserve it. If we focus only on the utilitarian value, biodiversity will always lose. Therefore, it is essential that we bring not only the economic but also the cultural, traditional, anthropological, and ecological values of biodiversity to the environmental debate and decision-making. Increasing focus on the utilitarian value and economic assessment of biodiversity could potentially be shifting the attention of conservation biologists away from other strategies that focus on the intrinsic value of nature. As cautioned by Soulé (2013), known as the father of conservation biology, conservationism based only on utilitarian values is drifting away from true conservationism.\nAn important step in the task of conserving biodiversity is recognizing that, in order to implement adequate conservation strategies, we need to add a human dimension. It is one of the biggest challenges and requires substantial collaboration between ecological and social disciplines. We desperately need to consider indigenous groups, to develop strategies together that are actually applicable and in line with their culture. In these cases, it is even more pressing to expand our utilitarian logic as mentioned earlier and incorporate the cultural, social and ecological values of these people. Ignoring this in the past, has led to conflicts within indigenous groups and with extractive activities in every South American country (except Uruguay, which is the only country in the region that does not have indigenous groups).\nFurthermore, the importance of local and indigenous knowledge in conservation decisions has been overlooked in the past. If we want to find sustainable alternatives for the use of our natural resources, indigenous knowledge is an invaluable resource that has to be taken into account. Examples of indigenous agricultural systems in Bolivia, Mexico, and New Guinea, among other places, show that they are highly sophisticated and productive; however, these systems have been at risk of disappearing in the face of modern management. Recently, the Intergovernmental Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES) has been trying to come up with methodology that puts indigenous knowledge at the same level of importance as scientific knowledge when making land management decisions.\nIn countries like Ecuador, the economy has mainly based on the extraction of minerals, oil and gas that are destined for international markets, which is commonly referred as extractivism. The pressure to develop threatens natural resources and biodiversity, but new paradigms of development could alleviate that pressure. The National Plan based on the Sumak Kawsay, which acknowledges the importance of a harmonic coexistence between different ethnic groups and nature, is a first step. However, that acknowledgement has to be translated into actions. The Yasuní-ITT might have been a first attempt, and even if the Initiative fails and the ITT is exploited, the debate is open now. It is the perfect time to collaborate and propose new initiatives that would translate into a truly progressive, post-extractivism economy.\nRecognizing the value of biodiversity, expanding the human dimension in conservation by incorporating indigenous knowledge, and proposing alternative paradigms of development are some actions that would enable biodiversity conservation while allowing people to attain what they consider fulfillment. That fulfillment could mean the Sumak Kawsay for the Ecuadorian people, or remaining in isolation to the Tagaeri and Taromenane in the heart of perhaps the most biodiverse place on Earth.\nWritten by Chubashini Suntharalingam, SoGES 2013-2014 Sustainability Leadership Fellow, and PhD Candidate in the Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics and Graduate Degree Program in Ecology\nMalaysia is moving from a manufacturing-based economy to one that is service-oriented, with a vision of becoming a developed knowledge economy by 2020. In doing so, biotechnology has been positioned as a new key engine of growth by policymakers (MOSTI, 2005). There are a couple of strategic reasons for this. Malaysia is rich in biodiversity and has been identified as one of the twelve mega-diversity countries in the world, which together comprise 70% of the world’s species diversity, (Polski, 2005; Krishnapillay et al., 2003) a source of natural capital which can be utilized in developing many biotechnology products of the future.\nSecond, the Malaysian agriculture sector is important both for contribution to GDP and for food production. In terms of GDP, the agriculture sector contributed approximately USD 17 billion, which is 7.6% of total GDP in 2011 (EPU, 2011).\nYet, in terms of food production, Malaysia does not have self-sufficiency for major food commodities such as rice (72%), vegetables (44%), fruits (66%), beef (29%), mutton (11%) and milk (5%) (MOA, 2012). There are concerns that in recent years, growth in agricultural productivity has been slowing in several key commodities globally (Hossain, 2007). In coming years, climate change, limited fertile lands and, emerging pests and diseases are expected to pose additional challenges to Malaysian agriculture (Jaganath and Bakar, 2012). While Malaysia is not currently facing any food security crisis, researchers from the Malaysian Agricultural Research and Development Institute (MARDI) have identified transgenic crops to play a significant role in helping to solve some of these problems, increase food output by using fewer resources as well as to enhance nutritional and therapeutic content, taste and quality of some of these crops in Malaysia (Jaganath and Bakar, 2012; The Sun Daily, 2012).\nEndowed with such a wealth of natural biodiversity and an agricultural sector with much unrealized potential, the development of agricultural applications of biotechnology, in particular have been proposed as a way to transform and enhance value creation of the agricultural sector.\nHowever, while biotechnology is anticipated to drive innovation, and thus economic development, in Malaysia, the policy framework is not in place to achieve this agenda. One of the biggest impediments being voiced to the development of transgenic varieties in Malaysia are environmental concerns over the potential impact of transgenic crops on Malaysia’s wealth of natural biodiversity. These concerns, and the resulting policy stalemate, have resulted in no commercial release of transgenic crops in Malaysia to date. The national policy regime, it seems, is not fully in line with stated economic development goals.\nHence, I am planning on identifying potential environmental effects that transgenic crops might have on natural biodiversity, in order to assist policy makers make science based decisions on regulations concerning the interaction between transgenic crops and Malaysia’s biodiversity.\nEPU (Economic Planning Unit, Malaysia). 2012. The Malaysian Economy in Figures 2012. Prime Minister’s Department, Putrajaya.\nHossain, M. 2007. “Technological Progress for Sustaining Food-Population Balance: Achievement and Challenges.” Agricultural Economics 37: 161-172\nJaganath, I. B., and U. K. A. Bakar. 2012. “GM Technology to Address Food Security and Climate Change.” Paper presented at Workshop by the Malaysian Agricultural Research and Development Institute and Malaysian Biotechnology Information Centre on GM Technology for Ensuring Food Security, Health and\nEnvironmental Sustainability, Serdang, Malaysia, 24 September.\nKrishnapillay, B., M. I. Adenan, A.R. M. Ali, and S. Nimura. 2003.”Tropical Rainforest: A Cradle for Biological Resources and the Malaysian Policies on CBD.” Actinomycetologica 17(2): 50-53.\nMOA (Ministry of Agriculture and Agro-Based Industry, Malaysia). 2012. Agrofood Statistics 2011. Strategic Planning and International Division. Putrajaya, Malaysia.\nMOSTI (Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation, Malaysia). 2005. National Biotechnology Policy. Putrajaya, Malaysia.\nPolski, M. 2005. “The Institutional Economics of Biodiversity, Biological Materials, and Bioprospecting.” Ecological Economics 53: 543-557.\nRafflesia flower. The flower may be over 100 centimetres\n(39 in) in diameter, and weigh up to 10 kilograms (22 lb).\nOrangutan – Native species to Malaysia\nWritten by Katie Renwick, SoGES 2013-2014 Sustainability Leadership Fellow, and PhD Candidate in the Department of Ecosystem Science and Sustainability and Graduate Degree Program in Ecology\nThroughout the past decade, an unusually severe outbreak of the mountain pine beetle has affected millions of acres of forest across western North America. The mountain pine beetle is a native insect that affects several species of pine. Beetles burrow into trees to lay their eggs just beneath the bark, and trees are ultimately killed by a fungus that the beetles carry.\nTo a forester, the mountain pine beetle may be seen as a pest that destroys valuable timber resources. To tourist visiting Rocky Mountain National Park, the millions of dead trees may be seen as an eye sore. As a scientist, I view the mountain pine beetle outbreak as an opportunity to learn more about the impacts of forest disturbances.\nDisturbances can create a sort of natural experiment when different parts of the landscape are affected to different degrees, and can help us answer questions that cannot be addressed experimentally. My research focuses on understanding how beetle outbreaks may interact with climate change to alter the composition and structure of forests. Drought stress can make trees more susceptible to insect attacks, and rising temperatures allow more beetles to survive the winter. As a result, mountain pine beetle outbreaks are expected to become more frequent and severe as the climate warms. Understanding the implications of this interaction between climate change and forest disturbances will become increasingly important for land managers tasked with maintaining diverse and productive forest ecosystems in the future.\nBy studying how forests located at different elevations respond to this current outbreak, I can learn how the impact of insect outbreaks may differ in relation to temperature. One question that I am particularly interested in is whether or not the beetle outbreak will facilitate tree migrations. Many species are expected to migrate towards higher (cooler) elevations as a result of climate change. Trees are immobile, and so in forests this process occurs through the death of old trees at lower elevations and an increase in the number of seedlings at higher elevations. As a result, tree “migrations” are slow and can lag behind the rate of climate change. Insect outbreaks can accelerate the migration process by killing old trees that might have persisted for many decades and reducing competition so that new seedlings can become established. The mountain pine beetle outbreak may consequently allow trees to “migrate” faster than would otherwise be expected.\nVisitors at Rocky Mountain National Park are confronted by vast hillsides of gray, needless trees killed by the mountain pine beetle.\nMountains create sharp climatic gradients that allow us to study how temperature may affect forest recovery following the mountain pine beetle outbreak.\nNew seedlings at the upper elevation limit of lodgepole pine indicate that the species is already starting to migrate in response to climate change.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-17", "url": "http://sustainability.colostate.edu/aggregator/sources/1?page=3", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917118310.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031158-00021-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.936229825, "token_count": 27066, "score": 3.90625, "int_score": 4, "irish_text": "Cad é an chéad rud a thagann chun cuimhne nuair a cheapann tú ar abhainn? Má tá tú ó na sléibhte, is dócha go mbreathnaíonn tú ar uisce glan ag titim thart agus b'fhéidir go bhfuil roinnt truthanna ag snámh timpeall. Ach má tá tú ag maireachtáil síos feadh abhainn mór, flatland cosúil leis an Missouri, Ohio, nó Colorado níos ísle tá sé uisce muddy agus feeders bun a thagann chun cuimhne. Cé go bhfuil cuma an-difriúil ar an dá chineál abhainn seo, tá rud amháin mór i gcoitinne acu: lá agus oíche, tá siad go léir ag bogadh taiscéala síos an sruth.\nDe réir mar a dhéanann uisce turas Sisyphean ó na farraigí, isteach san atmaisféar, agus síos ar an talamh, tugann an méid a ritheann isteach i n-aibhneacha leataobh leis: ó charraigí agus carraigeacha i sruthanna sléibhe go dtí gaineamh, silt, agus cré i n-aibhneacha móra. Le himeacht ama, tugann an crios iompair leanúnach seo, mar a thugann G. K. Gilbert, ceannródaí amháin i staidéir ar shéideamh, \"an debhris de na hinmheánacha mór-roinne chuig na farraigí agus déanann sé cruthanna tírdhreacha a mhúnlú i ngach áit.\nTá cumas abhainn chun cruthanna tírdhreacha a mhúnlú is léir le linn tuilte nuair a dhéantar ordú de mhéid níos mó díleá a bhogadh thar uaireanta agus laethanta i gcomparáid le cé mhéad a bhogtar le linn tréimhsí sruth íseal. Bhí sé seo le feiceáil le linn na tuilte forleathan a rinne scrios ar Chontae Chéad Colorado i Meán Fómhair, 2013. Níos mó ná bliain ó shin, thit méideanna ollmhóra báistí ar shléibhte cnoic bheaga ag iompar díleá ó na cnoic go sruthanna agus, sa deireadh, i n-aibhneacha. I limistéir níos géire, cosúil leis na canyons caol a shroicheann amach go dtí an Front Range, bhí an fuinneamh sa sreabhadh chomh mór sin gur bhog sé boulders carranna-mhéide! Ní raibh seans ag sediment níos lú le cainéil abhainní agus tugadh síos an sruth go dtí gur tháinig na haibhneacha canyon ina haibhneacha prairie áit a laghdaíonn an claonadh go suntasach. Anseo, ghlac an fhisice leis agus le níos lú fuinnimh chun na tonna agus na tonna de shliocht a iompar ag gluaiseacht síos an sruth, stop an chuid is mó de agus tháinig sé chun sos in áiteanna cosúil le Lyons (sa phictiúr thíos) áit a d'fhág trí go ceithre troigh i roinnt áiteanna!\nChomh maith le bille mór glantacháin a bheith mar thoradh air, cad a rinne an sediment seo go léir? D'athraigh sé cúrsa na habhann. In ionad a bheith ag srutháil ar chlé i roinnt áiteanna, bhog an abhainn ar dheis, ag tabhairt uisce tuile chuig ceantair nach raibh meastar ar dtús mar chuid den phláinéid tuile. Athraíonn na haibhneacha, rud a d'fhéadfadh a bheith iontas ar dhuine a chónaíonn in aice le haibhneacha nach ndeachaigh go mór ar shiúl le tamall.\nNí bhíonn athrú abhainn chomh neamhchoitianta agus a cheapfá. Ní thógann sé tuile bíobla (nó fiú tuile 100 bliain, le seans 1% a tharlaíonn i mbliain ar leith) abhainn a bhogadh. Léiríonn staidéar géolaíoch ar Abhainn Mississippi a tharraingíodh amach i dhath álainn thíos (cainéal gníomhach i bán) bowl spaghetti de scrollaí meander a léiríonn áiteanna stairiúla an abhainn thar na blianta. Tá an t-athrú seo le feiceáil fiú thar stair réasúnta gearr (ó thaobh na tíreolaíochta) ár dtíre. Féach áit ar bith ar na teorainneacha stáit a tharraingtear ar feadh Abhainn Mississippi agus feicfidh tú teorainneacha meandering a tharraingtear síos i lár na talún tirim a bhí ar a dtugtar an Mississippi roimhe seo, a d'fhág póilíopaí talún a bhaineann le stát amháin ar an taobh eile den abhainn.\nAg dul síos ar an abhainn, tagann muid ar cheann de na deltaí móra i Meiriceá Thuaidh: an delta Abhainn Mississippi, an áit deiridh sosanna do an oiread sin de na síodaí a bhuaileann, a rollaíonn, agus a shleamhnaíonn síos an abhainn ó bharr na Sléibhte Carraig agus ó chornchríocha an Mheán-iarthair. Nó ar a laghad a úsáidtear chun a bheith. Tá slóic, damha, agus innealtóireacht abhainn tar éis abhainn Missouri, a chuid mhór de abhainn Mississippi agus foinse móra de shéide ó an iarthar tirim, a thiontú go sraith cisternaí. Díreach mar a d'fhág na haibhneacha an canyon agus fuair an prairie i Colorado, nuair a shruthaíonn abhainn isteach i gcosán, tagann formhór na síodaí chun sos ann. Ní amháin go bhfuil saolré teoranta ag na cisternaí mar a líonadh siad le síoda a iompraíonn abhainn go nádúrtha, ciallaíonn sé freisin nach dtagann an síoda riamh chuig a cheann scríbe bunaidh.\nRinne beirt eolaithe abhainn a oibríonn go forleathan ar abhainní móra meastachán ar na hualaí díoma réamh-díoma a shroicheann Cúl na Meicsice ó abhainn Mississippi agus chuir siad i gcomparáid é sin le tomhais nua-aimseartha ar na hualaí díoma (Moode agus Meade, 2010), féach grafach abhainn thíos). Measann siad go bhfuil an t-ualach díleá a thagann go dtí an Ghleann ó Abhainn Mississippi laghdaithe le breis agus 75% mar gheall ar thionchar an duine. Tugann siad thart ar leath an laghdú i n-ualach sediment do chumas gabháil na ndámanna a thógamar i mbonn Mississippi agus an leath eile do chleachtais innealtóireachta abhainn a dhéanann iarracht an abhainn a choinneáil ó ghluaiseacht timpeall agus é a dhéanamh níos oiriúnaí do thrácht barge. Tá an Abhainn Mississippi inniu i bhfad ó na beithid fiáin agus dochreidte a sheol Mark Twain mar fhear óg. Ciallaíonn sé seo go léir go bhfaigheann dlúthchroí an Mhisisipí, an t-Uisceachrainn Mheiriceá, i bhfad níos lú díleá ná mar a bhíodh. Cuir sin le 1,000 míle de chanálacha a chuirtear chun taiscéalaithe agus eastóscadh ola a thugann uisce salainn isteach i mbásanna uisce milis, ag maraíodh go mall na plandaí a choinníonn an t-uisce i bhfeidhm, ag ardú leibhéil na farraige, agus ag titim talún go nádúrtha (Törnqvist et al., 2008), agus faigheann tú delta atá ag imeacht go tapa. De réir mar a théann an dlúthchríoch síos, téann na héiceachórais úllchríochta atá an-táirgiúil, an t-iasc, agus an cosaint ó thimpistí le linn hurricane freisin. In alt le déanaí in New York Times Magazine, déanann Nathanial Rich taifead ar na tionchair dhaonna ar an limistéar ollmhór seo atá ag imeacht agus ar an streachailt chun íoc as a athshlánú.\nTá bealach fada déanta againn ó sruthanna glan fo-uisce go dtí uiscí torbtha agus salacha an dulta. Ní raibh mé ach ar chúpla sampla den ról a imríonn an t-iontae i n-aibhneacha agus cén fáth go bhfuil sé tábhachtach dúinn agus don chomhshaol. Ach tá go leor ceisteanna agus scéalta eile ann faoi shéideamh, agus na haibhneacha a ghluaiseann é. Bíodh spraoi agat teagmháil a dhéanamh liom le haon cheisteanna nó tuairimí a bhaineann le taiscéala nó le haibhne.\n- Le haghaidh léitheoireachta níos mó faoi na Colorado Floods, féach sraith de ailt ag an Denver Post\n- Chun tuilleadh léitheoireachta a dhéanamh faoi Dilt na Mississippi, agus titim talún, seo cúpla áit le tosú:\nMeade, R. H., & Moody, J. A. Is é sin. (2010). Cúiseanna le laghdú ar an dtuiteam díleá ar fionraí i gcóras Abhainn Mississippi, 19402007. Próisis Hidrolaíochta, 24 (1), 35-49.\nTörnqvist, T. E., Wallace, D. J., Storms, J. E., Wallinga, J., Van Dam, R. L., Blaauw, M., ... & Snijders, E. M. (2008). Tá an t-iontaobhas i Delta Mississippi de bharr dlúthú strataí Holocene. Geo-eolaíochtaí na Nádúr, 1 ((3), 173-176.\nCascade Boulder: Fall Creek, Colorado, © Joel Sholtes 2012\nAbhainn Sandy: Abhainn Yampa ag Páirc Deerlodge, Colorado, © Joel Sholtes 2012\nTuilte Canyon: Andy Cross, Denver Post © 2013\nTuilte Lyons: R.J. Sangosti, Denver Post © 2013\nLéarscáil Meandering Mississippi: Pláta 22. Fisk, H. N. (1944) Imscrúdú Geolaíoch ar ghleann alluvial Abhainn Lower Mississippi. Corps Arm na nInnealtóirí Geology agus Geophysics Branch. Clár Mapeála Gineolaíochta Innealtóireachta Ghleann Lower agus Meán Mississippi.\nDiagram Séadán Abhainn: R.H. Meade agus J.A. Moody (2010). © Eolaíochtaí Hidrolaíocha\nDelta Abhainn Mississippi: Íomhá Landsat USGS, 2011: http://landsat.usgs.gov/images/gallery/239_L.jpg\nTá sé mar aidhm ag mo thaighde, mar chuid de thionscadal Rangeland agus Athshlánú Mhongóil ag CSU, torthaí sóisialta iarrachtaí Bainistíochta Rangeland bunaithe ar an gComhphobal (CBRM) a mheas chun cabhrú le pobail chaithríochta a n-acmhainní a bhainistiú ar bhealach níos inbhuanaithe agus a mbeatha a choimeád. Meastar gur torthaí sóisialta iad aon torthaí dearfacha ar mhaireachtáil na bhfeirmeoirí, ar na caidrimh shóisialta agus ar na coinníollacha a bhaineann leis na hacmhainní nádúrtha ar a bhfuil siad ag brath. Ina theannta sin, d'fhéadfadh mo thorthaí cabhrú le beartas a fhoirmiú d'eagraíochtaí caomhnóirí atá ag teacht chun cinn chomh maith le straitéisí tacaíochta níos éifeachtaí d'fhorbairt institiúidí sóisialta le haghaidh bainistíocht feirmeoireachta.\nIs iad na príomhcheisteanna taighde atá á dtabhairt agam ná: (1) an bhfuil torthaí sóisialta grúpaí CBRM eagraithe go foirmiúil difriúil ó na grúpaí neamhfhoirmiúla sin? agus (2) má tá siad difriúil, cad a dhéanann na difríochtaí sin? Táim ag scrúdú 142 grúpa pobail ó 36 cheantar i 10 chúige de Mhongóil, agus is grúpaí foirmiúla iad 77 acu agus is grúpaí neamhfhoirmiúla nó traidisiúnta iad 65. Táim ag féachaint freisin ar chleachtais féaraigh a mbaill, agus ar nósanna sóisialta a bhaineann le bainistiú féaraigh ar leibhéal an teaghlaigh ag baint úsáide as sonraí ó 706 teaghlach.\nÍomhá 1. Áiteanna staidéir.\nTá an staidéar dírithe ar Mhongóil, an tír i gcroílár Thuaisceart na hÁise, atá clú ar dhá fhíric. Ar dtús, is í an tír dhúchais é de Ghengis Khan, a chruthaigh an impireacht is mó ar domhan. Ar an dara dul síos, tá ceann de na páirceanna is mó atá fágtha ar an bpláinéad sa tír. Tá freagracht mhór agus dúshláin bheartais ag an dara ceann seo do Mhongóil na hacmhainní luachmhara seo a bhfuil tábhacht dhomhanda acu a chothabháil agus a bhainistiú faoi riachtanais iomaíocha d'fhorbairt eacnamaíoch agus d'fheabhsú folláine shóisialta agus comhshaoil.\nÍomhá 2. Grianghraf de chúirtéis Ch.Batzaya\nTá mo thaighde cuimsithe go domhain i gcomhthéacs sóisialta agus polaitiúil na Mongóile. Tá athrú suntasach sóisialta agus polaitiúil tagtha ar an tír sa chéad bliain anuas, go córas sóisialach pleanáilte go lárnach agus an t-aistriú níos déanaí go geilleagar margaidh saor in aisce agus daonlathas. Tá athléimneacht suntasach léirithe ag nótaí Mhongóil, príomhúsáideoirí agus caomhnóirí na bhfeirmeoireachta. Tá príobháidiú na beostoic tar éis teacht in ionad náisiúnaithe a gcuid beostoic agus a mballraíocht éigeantach i gcomharsanachtaí stáit ag cur institiúidí stáit a scriosadh le haghaidh bainistíocht féaraigh, i dteannta le rochtain ar sheirbhísí sláinte, oideachais agus margaidh a chailleadh. Chomh maith le contúirtí nádúrtha a bhíonn ag caomhnóirí go minic, tá na hathchóirithe socheacnamaíocha seo tar éis brú a mhéadú ar na hacmhainní nádúrtha ar a bhfuil siad ag brath.\nAg deireadh an 20ú haois, ba chaomhnóirí 80% de na bochta tuaithe, a ndearnadh a gcuid cleachtais thraidisiúnta agus a gcuid nósanna coiteann maidir le bainistiú feirmeoireachta a thuar go raibh siad faoi neamhaird go suntasach, agus a raibh tionchar diúltach acu ar riocht na feirmeoireachta. Mar fhreagra air sin, tá bainistiú feirmeoireachta bunaithe ar phobal (CBRM) á fheiceáil ag deontóirí idirnáisiúnta mar réiteach malartach ar bhainistiú stáit atá ag éirí níos neamhéifeachtach chun dul i ngleic le bochtaineacht tuaithe agus le díghrádú talún. Mar thoradh ar chur chuige CBRM maidir le forbairt pobail, cruthaíodh os cionn 2000 grúpa foirmiúil a raibh tacaíocht ó 14 tionscadal deontóra éagsúla acu faoi 2007.\nAr an láimh eile, tá torthaí measctha CBRM ar fud an domhain tar éis dúshlán a thabhairt d'fhor-imeoirí a bhfuil suim acu i mbainistiú inbhuanaithe acmhainní a úsáidtear go comhchoiteann mar fheirmeacha. Go sonrach, is annamh a rinneadh imscrúdú ar éifeachtacht chláir CBRM agus ar na fachtóirí a mbíonn tionchar acu ar rath CBRM i gcomhthéacsanna peastóireachta. Dá bhrí sin, cuireann torthaí mo staidéir leis na hiarrachtaí a dhéantar maidir le bainistiú na bhfeirmeoireachta sa Mhongóil agus ar fud an domhain.\nGo dtí seo léiríonn mo thorthaí go raibh níos mó foinsí faisnéise ag CBRMs foirmiúla, ceannaireacht níos láidre, malartú eolais níos mó, rialacha agus comhar, agus cleachtais níos inbhuanaithe a úsáideadh ná comharsanachtaí traidisiúnta ach go raibh na leibhéil céanna caipitil shóisialta agus maireachtála acu. Léiríonn na torthaí éifeacht shochaíoch dearfach an chur chuige comhbhainistíochta ach éilíonn sé go ndéanfaí machnamh ar conas torthaí maireachtála a bhaint amach, príomh-spreagadh le haghaidh bainistíochta bunaithe ar an bpobal.\nDe réir mar a théann mo thaighde chun cinn, leanfaidh mé ag roinnt mo thorthaí ar mo bhlag. Tá fáilte roimh gach duine a bhfuil suim acu sa staidéar seo chun trácht a dhéanamh agus do thuairimí a roinnt ar mo phoist!\nNasc do fhocail atá i hipearnasc/i bhfiosrú:\nTionscadal Rangelands agus Athléimneachta Mhongóil http://warnercnr.colostate.edu/frs-research-outreach/department-research/mongolian-rangelands-and-resilience-mor2\nScríobh Matt Luizza, SoGES 2013-2014 Comhalta ceannaireachta inbhuanaitheachta, agus iarrthóir PhD i Roinn na Polaiteolaíochta agus an Graduate Degree Clár Graduate Scoláireacht Eiceolaíochta Saotharlann Aclaíochta Acmhainní Nádúrtha in Eiceolaíocht\nBhí mé in ann grúpaí fócais domhain a reáchtáil i seacht sráidbhaile le peastóirí faoi athruithe a bhí á bhfeicthe acu ar an tírdhreach, speicis ionracha agus acmhainní uisce. Tá Afar ar fad an timpeallacht is crua a chonaic mé riamh. 100+ céim Fahrenheit agus uisce teoranta cosúil nó acmhainní eile. Tá fáilte mhór roimh na pearsanra anseo agus tá an mapsáil rannpháirtíochta agus na hidirghabhálacha grúpa fócas an-soiléir. Bhí treoir iontach áitiúla againn le mo chomhghleacaí Tewodros, Seid. Labhraíonn sé Afar agus Amharic go rialta agus beagán Béarla (agus tá sé hilarious). Déanann sé muid a threorú chuig na sráidbhailte iargúlta seo agus déanann sé idirbheartaíocht leis na cathaoirleach sráidbhaile chun meas a thabhairt dóibh sula ndéanaimid ár gcuid oibre. Tá gach rud ag dul timpeall ar nósanna agus ar thraidisiúin áitiúla. Bhí orainn agallamh amháin a athsheiceáil toisc go bhfuair ball den sráidbhaile bás gan ach uaireanta an chloig sula bhfuair muid. Caithfidh gach duine sa sráidbhaile freastal ar an adhlacadh.\nIs iad na pictiúir de na gníomhaíochtaí léarscáileála rannpháirtíochta, áit a d'úsáid na sráidbhailte íomhá satailíte agus a shuigh acmhainní uisce agus speicis ionracha. Nuair a fhaigheann daoine a fhios go bhfuil rud éigin ag tarlú, tiocfaidh tonna daoine (agus gabhair) le chéile chun féachaint agus páirt a ghlacadh. Tá sé go hiontach. Tá dhá speiceas ionrach eile aitheanta ag na sráidbhailte freisin ar a dtugtar \"Wola Howla\" (Parthenium hysterophorous) agus \"Hanlemero\" (Cryptostegia grandiflora) a bhfuil pointe GPS á nglacadh againn ionas gur féidir linn a gnáthóg oiriúnach a mhapeáil nuair a fhillfimid. Is é an phríomhchineál ionrach a bhí á catalógáil againn in Afar Prosopis juliflora (ar a dtugtar \"wayani\" go háitiúil). Bhuail muid le hionadaithe ó eagraíocht idirnáisiúnta CARE freisin agus tá siad ag pleanáil ár bhfillteán a chomhtháthú ina bpleanáil clár, chomh maith le nascadh a chur orainn leis an rialtas réigiúnach mar go mbeidh suim mhór acu freisin sa méid atá á fháil againn. Beidh sé seo an-chabhrach don chéad turas eile san fhómhar.\nTuairisc ar na grianghraif thíos ó chlé go deas:\n1. an t-am a bhí ann. Gáisle ag snámh ag Coimeádtas Náisiúnta Fiadhúlra Hailadegi; 2. Saoránach áitiúil Afar ag déanamh sos ó uisce a bhailiú chun imscrúdú a dhéanamh ar an forengi (eachtrannach); 3. Beisia Oryx i bPáirc Náisiúnta Awash; 4. Sliocht laethúil na leoine taobh amuigh dár suíomh campa; 5. Prosopis juliflora ionrach in Afar\nÉagsúlacht agus Feidhmíocht na Stát Aontaithe Gnólachtaí\nCuireann taighde eolaíochta comhshaoil béim ar thábhacht an éagsúlachta chun éiceachóras rathúil a chothabháil. Ach, fiú lasmuigh de na heolaíochtaí nádúrtha, tá fianaise ag méadú go bhfuil éagsúlacht maith le haghaidh feidhmíochta. Le déanaí, fuair eacnamaí ó Harvard agus a chomh-údar amach go ndéanann páipéir eolaíocha a scríobhann grúpa údair níos éagsúlaithe ranníocaíochtaí níos mó leis an eolaíocht mar a dhéantar iad a thomhas trí cháilíocht an iris agus na luachana.1 Fiú lasmuigh den acadamh, is cosúil go bhfuil éagsúlacht go maith le haghaidh feidhmíochta.2 Léiríonn staidéar 2012, ag Institiúid Taighde Credit Suisse go raibh gnólachtaí a raibh mná ina mbordanna níos fearr ná a gcomhghleacaithe le bordanna fireannacha go léir le 26% i bhfeidhmíocht praghas scaire. Ar an gcaoi chéanna, léiríonn staidéar 2011 ó Catalyst go raibh cuideachtaí Fortune 500 a raibh bord stiúrthóirí níos éagsúla acu, go sonrach sciar réasúnta mór de chomhaltaí baineann, níos fearr ná a gcomhghleacaithe faoi 16% mar thráth ar díolacháin.3\nIs cosúil go bhféadfadh éagsúlacht a bheith maith don chomhshaol, maith don eolaíocht, agus maith do ghnó, ach an bhfuil sé maith don gheilleagar?\nTá roinnt fianaise ann ar a laghad go bhfuil. Tá an argóint bhunúsach a bhaineann éagsúlacht le feidhmíocht eacnamaíoch dírithe ar an gcaoi a roinneann muid eolas agus ar an gcaoi a nuálaímid. Is dóichí go dtiocfaidh scileanna a roinntear idir saineolaithe ó thionscail éagsúla, seachas idir saineolaithe laistigh den tionscal céanna, le scaipeadh faisnéise luachmhar a spreagann nuálaíocht.4 Is é sin le rá go bhfuil scileanna a roinntear idir tionscail, seachas scileanna a roinntear laistigh den tionscal, is mó a chuideoidh le léargas nua agus smaointe a chur chun cinn. Baineann an sampla clasaiceach le tionscal na bhróga, a tháinig i ndáiríre, ní ó thionscal na lóistín, ach ó nuálaíochtaí na n-ealaíontóirí éadaí sa tionscal éadaí.5Fuarthas sa chéad thástáil mhór empiriúil a bhaineann éagsúlacht le feidhmíocht eacnamaíoch go dtagann éagsúlacht thionsclaíoch áitiúil le fás níos airde fostaíochta i gcathracha.6Tá fianaise ann freisin go gcuireann comhchruinniú gníomhaíochtaí speisialaithe, gníomhaíochtaí eacnamaíocha éagsúla agus comhlántacha le chéile, nuálaíocht chun cinn níos fearr.7\nSa mhéid go bhfuil an éagsúlacht i margadh agus i nideoige gach gnó i dtionscal ceangailte le cultúr, saineolas agus traidisiúin úinéir an ghnó, d'fhéadfadh go mbeadh easpa éagsúlachta luachmhar ar gheilleagar na Stát Aontaithe. Tá sé suntasach go bhfuil líon na n-imreoirí mná agus mionlaigh i bhfad níos lú ná an chuid is mó i ngach áit sa tír. Go heacnamaíoch, léiríonn na rátaí íseal úinéireachta gnó i measc na mban agus na mionlaigh go bhféadfadh go bhfuil acmhainn luachmhar á úsáid go dona ag geilleagar na Stát Aontaithe. Is dócha go bhfeicfidh fiontraithe neamhthraidisiúnta deiseanna nach raibh aitheanta ar shlí eile agus go dtabharfaidh siad táirgí agus seirbhísí uathúla ar an margadh, chomh maith le poist agus ioncam a ghiniúint.\nAr an leibhéal náisiúnta, tá 51% de ghnólachtaí faoi úinéireacht fir go heisiach, ach níl ach 29% faoi úinéireacht mhná, rud atá neamhchomhréireach íseal ós rud é go bhfuil sciar beagnach comhionann de na fórsa saothair ag fir agus mná.8 Tá an difríocht inscne i ndíolacháin níos suntasaí fós le gnólachtaí faoi úinéireacht fir a thuilleann $ 7.10 i ndíolacháin in aghaidh gach $ 1 a thuilleann gnó faoi úinéireacht mná. Ní bhíonn ach 21% de ghnólachtaí faoi úinéireacht mhionlaigh agus arís eile tá difríocht mhór ann i ndíolacháin.9 Faigheann gnólachtaí nach bhfuil faoi úinéireacht mhionlaigh $9.60 i ndíolacháin do gach $1 a thuilleann gnólachtaí faoi úinéireacht mhionlaigh.10\nLéiríonn na figiúirí seo nach bhfuil ach láithreacht theoranta ag mná agus mionlaigh sa mhargadh. Mar sin féin, ní léiríonn meánmhéideanna náisiúnta an difríocht thábhachtach idir réigiúin sna Stáit Aontaithe. Léiríonn na léarscáileanna dlús na ngnólachtaí atá faoi úinéireacht na mban agus na ngnólachtaí atá faoi úinéireacht na bhfear de réir contae.11 Is cosúil go bhféadfadh rath na mban fiontraithe a bheith nasctha le tosca sonracha a bhaineann le háiteanna áirithe amhail an Chósta Thiar agus an raon tosaigh de na Sléibhte Carraige. Is cosúil go bhfuil baint ag fiontraíocht fireann freisin le fachtóirí ar leith ach ní gá go mbeadh na fachtóirí céanna ag baint leis na mná. Ar an drochuair, níl mórán eolais againn faoi na tiománaithe speisialacha inscne agus mionlaigh fiontraíochta ar fud na Stát Aontaithe agus tá deis ann taighde a dhéanamh sa réimse seo.\nMá tá sé fíor go bhfuil bacainní ag mná cumasacha agus mionlaigh atá ag smaoineamh ar fhiontraíocht a chuireann bac orthu a ngnó a thosú, d'fhéadfadh costais shuntasacha a bheith ann don gheilleagar i dtéarmaí poist agus ioncaim. Má thuigeann tú níos fearr cén fáth go bhfuil feabhas ag na fiontraithe neamhthraidisiúnta i roinnt réigiúin ná i réigiúin eile, d'fhéadfadh sé a bheith indéanta roghanna beartais a mheas a d'fhéadfadh bacainní ar iontráil a íoslaghdú nó dreasachtaí a choigeartú ar bhealach a d'fhéadfadh rátaí níos mó fiontraíochta a bheith ann go náisiúnta.\nCuirfidh geilleagar inbhuanaithe ar chumas na nuálaithe is cumasaí, agus trína dhéanamh amhlaidh, éascú a chur ar éagsúlacht agus ar fhás. Le níos mó eolais ar na bacainní agus na deiseanna do fhiontraithe de gach cúlra, tá acmhainn níos mó ann do chatagóir nua agus níos éagsúla fiontraithe sa todhchaí. De réir mar a éiríonn an rang fiontraithe, d'fhéadfadh gnóthais a bheith ag teacht chun cinn freisin. Chomh maith le táirgí agus seirbhísí nua, d'fhéadfadh na cleachtais agus na hoibríochtaí athrú freisin. Tá buntáiste ag gnólachtaí nua modhanna atá freagrach go sóisialta agus atá comhshaoil-chomhairleach a chur i bhfeidhm ón tús. Trí fheasacht chomhshaoil a fheabhsú agus cleachtais ghnó glasa a mhéadú, tá deis ann do ghlúin gnólachtaí a thosaíonn le fócas ar inbhuanaitheacht atá maith do úinéirí gnó agus dá gcustaiméirí araon.\n1 Freeman , Richard , agus Huang Wei . \"Comhghníomhaíocht le Daoine Cosúil liomsa: Comh-údarú eitneach laistigh de na Stáit Aontaithe\". Doiciméid oibre NBER Uimh. 19905. (2014).\n2Iolraíocht inscne agus Feidhmíocht Chorparáideach. Rep. Zurich: Institiúid Taighde Credit Suisse. (2012).\n3An Bottom Line: Feidhmíocht Chorparáideach agus Ionadaíocht na mBan ar Bhordanna (2004-2008). Rep. Nua Eabhrac: Catalyst. (2011)\n4 Jacobs, Jane. Geilleagar na gCathracha. Nua Eabhrac: Random House, 1969. Cló.\n5 Glaeser, Edward L. \"Fás i gCathracha\". Journal of Political Economy 100.6, Centennial Issue (1992): 1126-152. JSTOR. Líon. 12 Aibreán 2014.\n7 Feldman, Maryann P. agus David B. Audretch. \"Nuálaíocht i gCathracha: Éagsúlacht, Speisialtóireacht agus Iomaíocht Áitiúil atá bunaithe ar an Eolaíocht\". Athbhreithniú Eacnamaíoch na hEorpa 43 (1999): 409-29. Líon.\n8 Ní thagann 100% de na céatadáin a pléadh thuas mar go bhfuil ceithre chatagóir úinéireachta ann de réir mar a aicmíodh iad ag Suirbhé ar Úinéirí Gnó 2007, lena n-áirítear úinéireacht fireann, úinéireacht mná, úinéireacht chomh maith fireann/baineann, agus úinéireacht phoiblí.\n9 \"USA QuickFacts ó Bhureau Daonáireamh na Stát Aontaithe\". USA QuickFacts ó Bhureau Daonáireamh na Stát Aontaithe. Líon. 10 Aibreán 2014.\n10 Tagraíonn úinéireacht neamh-mionlaigh do ghnólachtaí ina bhfuil 51 faoin gcéad nó níos mó de leas nó stoc na gnó ag daoine Bán neamh-Hispanic. Tagraíonn úinéireacht mhionlaigh do ghnólachtaí ina bhfuil 51 faoin gcéad nó níos mó de leas nó stoc an ghnó ag Duibheanna nó Meiriceánaigh Afracacha, Indiaigh Mheiriceá agus Dúchasaigh Alasca, Asians, Dúchasaigh Hawaii agus Oileáin eile an Aigéin Chiúin, agus / nó Hispanics.\n11 Rinneadh an dlús gnólachtaí faoi úinéireacht fireann agus mná a ríomh mar an cóimheas idir líon na ngnólachtaí faoi úinéireacht fireann (ar úinéireacht mná) agus an lucht saothair fireann (ar úinéireacht mná). Tagann meastacháin ar líon na ngnólachtaí ó Fhiosrúchán 2007 ar Úinéirí Gnó. Tagann meastacháin ar fhórsa saothair ó Fhionraí Pobail Mheiriceá 2005-2009.\nI gcás na ndaoine againn atá ag maireachtáil sa 21ú haois, déanann nuachóiriú, sibhialtacht, domhandacht, agus reachtaíocht chomhthreomhar do chearta an duine agus do chothromaíocht an domhan a bheith níos simplí, níos éasca, agus níos daonlathais do na grúpaí éagsúla intíre agus idirnáisiúnta. Ach, níl sé ina domhan foirfe do gach grúpa. Sa chomhthéacs sin, in ainneoin na dul chun cinn go léir a rinne mná gairmiúla maidir le rochtain a fháil ar phoist cheannaireachta, tá níos mó le déanamh chun rochtain chomhionann a fháil ar an méid a bhfuil fir ag baint taitneamh as.\nMar shampla, i dtascáil ardoideachais sna Stáit Aontaithe, is fear bán 60 bliain d'aois an t-uachtarán coláiste tipiciúil a chuaigh suas ar an staighre ó phost amháin go ceann eile go dtí go raibh sé ina uachtarán. Tá an cion de mhná a d'fhóin mar uachtaráin coláistí agus ollscoileanna Mheiriceá tar éis méadú ó 23% in 2006 go 26% in 2011. Ina theannta sin, léiríonn tíortha eile líon beag comhchosúil ceannairí baineann, mar shampla sa Ríocht Aontaithe agus san Astráil, áit a raibh 9% de uachtaráin coláiste baineann, agus 27% de leas-chansalairí baineann, faoi seach.\nLéiríonn na huimhreacha seo an bacainn de shrón gloine a chabhraíonn linn an bhearna inscne idir fir agus mná a thuiscint maidir le rochtain a fháil ar phoist cheannaireachta. Tagraíonn an téarma \"tairseach gloine\" do bacainní saorga san ionad oibre a d'fhóin chun cur isteach ar chur chun cinn na mban cáilithe. Tá tairseacha gloine ann mar thoradh ar bhacainní sochaíocha, bacainní eagraíochta agus bacainní rialtais. Is minic a bhíonn an méid a chuireann uasteorainn ghloine bac ar rochtain na mban ar phoist cheannaireachta ag brath ar an dáileadh inscne i measc na n-earnálacha. Tá seans níos mó ann go rachaidh mná chuig poist bainistíochta agus ceannaireachta in ábhair a bhfuil mná den chuid is mó ann ná i réimsí a bhfuil fir den chuid is mó ann. Creideann go leor mná gairmiúla go bhfuil bunús na huasteorainne gloine ann go ndearnadh an chuid is mó d'institiúidí agus d'eagraíochtaí a chruthú ag fir agus do na fir, agus go bhfuil siad bunaithe ar thaithí fir.\nMar sin, lig dom ceist a chur ort: Cad a dhéanfá dá mba rud é go ndearnadh rochtain chomhionann ar phoist cheannaireachta a chealú ort toisc go bhfuil tú ina ghnéas, toisc go bhfuil tú ina bhean, fiú má tá tú cáilithe agus sásúil go leor chun an ról sin a imirt? Mar sin, mar mhná, táim chomh paiseanta faoi staidéar a dhéanamh ar na bacainní agus tacaíocht a fhaigheann mná gairmiúla nuair a bhíonn postanna ceannaireachta á gcur ar fáil, go háirithe san ardoideachas. Creidim go gcaithfí rochtain chomhionann a bheith ann ar na poist ceannaireachta is airde san aois nua-aimseartha seo ós rud é go bhfuil rannpháirtíocht na mban méadaithe go mór san ionad oibre. Creidim freisin go bhfuil sé de dhualgas orainn a bheith ag cur le hathrú sóisialta trí ghníomhaíochtaí dearfacha a chur i bhfeidhm, agus níos tábhachtaí fós, trí oideachas a thabhairt don ghlúin nua. Tuigim go hiomlán go bhfuil an bóthar fada fós, ach creidim gur féidir linn mar phobal domhanda é a dhéanamh ina réaltacht trí áit oibre níos cuimsithí agus níos cirtí a chruthú do mhná agus do ghrúpaí éagsúla eile inar féidir linn todhchaí níos fearr agus níos geal a chothú do na glúine atá le teacht.\nComhairle Mheiriceá ar Oideachas. (2012). Léiríonn léargas déimeagrafach ar cheannas uachtaráin coláiste dúshláin leanúnacha i ndíospóireacht, ag dul in aois.\nJolls, C. (2002). An bhfuil uasteorainn ghloine ann? Harvard Journal of Law & Gender, 25), 1‒18.\nKloot, L. (2004). Mná agus ceannaireacht in ollscoileanna: Staidéar cás ar mhná bainisteoirí acadúla. An Iris Idirnáisiúnta um Bainistíocht na Seicteora Poiblí, 17 ((6), 470‒485.\nMunoz, M. (2010). Ina bhfocail féin agus trí na huimhreacha: Staidéar measctha ar uachtaráin coláiste pobail Latina. Journal of Research and Practice, 34, 153‒174.\nPompper, D. (2011). 50 bliain ina dhiaidh sin: Mná dath-chraolta i lár a ghairm bheatha i gcoinne an uasteorainn ghloine i eagraíochtaí cumarsáide. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 24(4), 464‒486.\nRyan, M. K., & Haslam, S. A. (2007). An cliff gloine: Ag iniúchadh na dinimic a bhaineann le ceapachán mná chuig poist ceannaireachta éagórach. Academy of Management Review, 322), 549‒572.\nFós, L. V. (2006). Cá bhfuil na mná i gceannas san Astráil? Mná i gCaitheamh na Bainistíochta, 213 (3), 180-194.\nRoinn Oibre na Stát Aontaithe. (1995) agus Maith le haghaidh gnó: Caipiteal daonna na tíre a úsáid go hiomlán. Washington, DC: Oifig Chlócháin an Rialtais.\nTá triomaigh ar cheann de na himeachtaí aimsire iomarcacha is costasaí, an dara ceann ach amháin do hurricaneanna. I 2012, bhí an triomaíocht is mó i SAM ó bhí an Dust Bowl sna 1930í. Bhí triomaíocht mheánmhéide go mór ag níos mó ná leath na tíre, agus tá costas measta $ 30 billiún ann. Bhí an bua is measa ar na pláiníní lárnacha, rud a d'fhág go raibh droch-chosaint forleathan ar thorthaí agus a d'fhág go raibh an méid bailiúcháin sin an méid is ísle ó 1951 i leith, rud a threoraigh costais na mairteola go dtí an leibhéal is airde ó 1987 le déanaí.\nTá an tuarascáil is déanaí ó IPCC maidir le hathrú aeráide ag tuar go mbeidh imeachtaí iomarcacha, mar shampla triomaigh, níos minice agus níos déine sa todhchaí mar thoradh ar athrú aeráide de bharr an duine.\nMar thoradh air sin, tá an cheist: An raibh an triomach i 2012 sna Stáit Aontaithe mar gheall ar athrú aeráide?\nBhuel, déarfadh formhór na n-eolaithe aeráide nach féidir linn imeachtaí aeráide aonair a chur i leith athrú aeráide faoi láthair. Mar sin féin, is dócha go bhfuil tionchar ag athrú aeráide ar thriomachanna atá ann inniu. Mar shampla, d'fhéadfadh teocht aer níos teo cur le éileamh díghalraitheach an atmaisféir agus dá bhrí sin éifeachtaí triomaigh a mhéadú. Is féidir le teochtaí níos teo athrú a dhéanamh ar timthriallta hidreolaíocha, ag athrú patrúin agus méideanna báistí. I gcomhcheangal, is féidir leis an dá fhachtóir seo - an t-éapadh níos mó agus an t-ionsaí a athrú - tionchar a imirt ar déine an triomaigh.\nAch chomh dona agus a bhí an triomaíocht 2012 sna Stáit Aontaithe, tá athraitheacht nádúrtha aeráide thar na mílte bliain anuas tar éis triomachtaí a chruthú níos measa ná aon rud a chonaic muid nó atá ullmhaithe againn déileáil leis mar shochaí.\nIs féidir linn déine an triomach a chatagóirithe ar thrí scála ama éagsúla bliain fada (smaoinigh ar thriomach 2012 SAM), ilbhliantúil (smaoinigh ar 1930s Dust Bowl) agus ilbhliantúil (smaoinigh ar megadrought). Staidéar le déanaí le Cook et al. (2014), rinne sé scrúdú ar shonraí fáinne crainn i Meiriceá Thuaidh le 1000 bliain anuas, chun éagsúlacht triomaigh a imscrúdú thar scála ama níos faide ná ár taifead ionstraim. Tá sé ar an eolas go raibh an triomaíocht i 2012 sna Stáit Aontaithe ar ócáid neamhchoitianta tharla triomachtaí gearrthéarmach ar fud na mór-roinne thart ar 12% den am nó thart ar uair amháin gach deich mbliana. Ar an láimh eile, ní raibh ach ceithre megadrought le linn na tréimhse seo, a tharla go léir le linn na Tréimhse Teasa Meánaoise (idir 1900-1400 AD), agus gach ceann acu a mhair blianta fada.\nMar sin b'fhéidir go bhfuil ceist níos fearr: Cad a tharlaíonn má d'fhorbair an triomaíocht 2012 ina megatriomaíocht?\nIs é an fhírinne nach bhfuil aon smaoineamh againn cad a bheadh na hiarmhairtí de nós na himeachta. Is féidir linn breathnú siar ar an Dust Bowl sna 1930idí, ach bhí sé sin díreach faoi dheich mbliana fada (ní megadráth) agus bhí na tionchair éiceolaíocha agus talmhaíochta ag méadú de bharr drochchleachtais talmhaíochta. Go bunúsach, tá an Dust Bowl ag breathnú go leor tame nuair a dhéanaimid ár scála ama amach go dtí an leibhéal míle bliain.\nTá ár smaointeoireacht faoi thráth faoi láthair beag, nó níos cruinne, gearr. Tá ár gcórais talmhaíochta ag streachailt le triomachtaí aonbhliana agus ní dhéanann mórán staidéir éiceolaíocha staidéar ar éifeachtaí triomachta thar timthriall amháin maoinithe deontais (thart ar cheithre bliana). Cé go bhfuil sé contúirteach ó thaobh an chomhshaoil agus an gheilleagair de, tá an-chomhfholúntas ag formhór na n-éiceachórais agus ár gcóras talmhaíochta ard-industaraiúil chun teacht ar ais ó thriomchúis ghearrthéarmacha den sórt sin. Mar sin féin, tá tionchair megadroughts neamhchinnte sa chás is fearr agus apocalyptic sa chás is measa (féach ar na Mayaigh). Dá bhrí sin, tá sé tábhachtach go dtosóimid ag smaoineamh ar conas athléimneacht sochaí a fheabhsú agus na hiarmhairtí éiceolaíocha a d'fhéadfadh a bheith ag megadroughts a fhiosrú.\nNíor shíl mé riamh go mbeadh taighde á dhéanamh agam ar ithir - cé go raibh mé an-aisteach sa scoil ard agus sa choláiste níor shroich sé fiú mo intinn léamh faoi, d'fhéach eolaíocht ithir mar an disciplín is dorcha is féidir a shamhlú. Ach tar éis dom foghlaim faoi chróis ithreach bithéadach le linn earrach i bhfásach Mojave thuig mé nach ábhar neamhghníomhach iad ithir a shiúilimid timpeall orthu ach go bhfuil siad beo, agus thosaigh mé ag cur fiosrúchta orm. Bhí mé ag iarraidh oibriú ar réitigh do fhadhbanna mór comhshaoil agus an níos mó a léigh mé an níos mó a chonaic mé go bhfuil tionchair mhór ag ithir agus na heintitis bheo atá iontu ar an domhan timpeall orainn. Tá an carbóin i gcruth i réimse leathan foirmeacha agus itheann micreorganismí agus bugs é go mall agus déanann siad é a thiontú ina CO2. Toisc go bhfuil an carbóin talún in ann a dhíscaoileadh go mall, is áit iontach iad ithir chun carbóin a stóráil chun déine an athraithe aeráide a laghdú. Is minic a smaoinímid ar chrann a phlandaíocht chun tiúchan CO2 a laghdú, ach, go hiontach, tá an méid carbóin atá i dtalamh faoi láthair ceithre huaire níos mó ná an carbóin i ngach crann agus plandaí le chéile agus trí huaire níos mó ná an CO2 go léir san atmaisféar (Ontl & Schulte, 2012).\n(Cáipéis don ghrianghraf thuas: Dí-chruthú mall sa ithir: Bhí an t-ábhar plandaí i lár an chroí ithir seo fós cosúil le straw fíon úr cé go bhfuil an t-ábhar timpeall air dí-chruthú agus dorcha sa staidéar 14 seachtaine.)\nTá cumas difriúil ag gach ithir maidir leis an méid carbóin is féidir leo a choinneáil agus is féidir le formhór na ithir talún a stóráil i bhfad níos mó. Tá na ithir seo an-rochtana dúinn freisin - déanann feirmeoirí athruithe ollmhóra ar ithir na talún gach bliain trí theicnící sonracha plódaithe, saothair agus fómhar. Sna Stáit Aontaithe amháin, bíonn tionchar ag an ngéarchéim seo ar níos mó ná 430 milliún tonna talún (nó 300 milliún acra). Tá deis ollmhór ann go dtiocfadh athruithe i dteicneolaíochtaí feirmeoireachta le méaduithe tapa, móra ar charbóin a stóráiltear sna ithir feirmeoireachta seo. Is é deireadh a chur le plócadh réimse, is é sin, bogadh go teicnící gan díriú, an cur chuige is coitianta a úsáidtear chun níos mó carbóin a stóráil. Nuair nach bhfuil réimse plódaithe níos mó, fágtar fréamhacha marbh agus codanna eile den phlanda sa ithir, ag dul in olcas go mall agus ag stóráil charbóin phlanda na bliana sin san am céanna.\nTeideal don íomhá seo: Cumas téimh domhanda 100 bliain de na trí phríomhghás ceaptha teasa, barraí nach bhfuil ar scála (IPCC 2013).\nMar sin féin, cé go gcuireann an t-ábhar plandaí marbh cosc ar an gcarbón sin ó bheith ina CO2 go tapa, tugann sé deis freisin do gháis cheaptha teasa níos láidre, meitéin (CH4) agus ocsaíd nítreach (N2O), a tháirgeadh (Johnson et al., 2007). D'fhéadfadh an éifeacht paraidósach seo, go bhféadfadh astaíochtaí níos mó gáis cheaptha teasa eile a bheith mar thoradh ar astaíochtaí CO2 a sheachaint, go mbeadh feirmeoirí agus rialtais ag iarraidh carbóin ithreach a mhéadú mura bhfuil tuiscint mhaith ann ar conas nó cén fáth a d'fhéadfadh sé seo tarlú. Le dhá bhliain anuas, fuair mé amach gur féidir le matáin phlandaí curtha faoi thalamh cainníochtaí suntasacha de CH4 agus N2O a chruthú, ach go mbraitheann méid na ngáisí cumhachtach cheaptha teasa sin a tháirgtear ar fhliuch na talún, ar chothaithigh atá ar fáil, agus ar mhéid na gcodanna plandaí. Ciallaíonn sé seo go bhféadfaí táirgeadh na ngáis cheaptha teasa láidir a sheachaint nuair a stopann feirmeoirí ag plódaíocht agus go bhfágtar ábhar plandaí sa talamh trí am áirithe a roghnú le haghaidh taiscéala agus uisciú. Tá na cásanna sonracha a chruthaíonn gáis cheaptha teasa éagsúil de réir ithreach agus cineál na ngealltanas, mar sin tabharfaidh staidéir leanúnacha an t-eolas riachtanach dúinn chun athrú aeráide a íoslaghdú trí chleachtais chothúcháin a chur i bhfeidhm ar bhealach amháin nó ar bhealach eile. Is sampla maith é an t-ábhar seo de conas is féidir taighde éiceolaíoch níos abstracha a chomhcheangal le hobair fheirmeoireachta a chur i bhfeidhm chun cuidiú le fadhb dhomhanda a réiteach.\nAn t-aon, T. A. & Schulte, L. A. 2012. Tá sé seo go maith. Stóráil Charbóin ithreach. Eolas um Oideachas Nádúr 3\nJohnson, J. M.-F., A. J. Franzluebbers, S. L. Weyers, agus D. C. Reicosky. 2007. Deiseanna talmhaíochta chun astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa a mhaolú. An truailliú comhshaoil 150:107124\nTá cáithníní san atmaisféar (aeróisól) i ngach áit, cé go bhfuil siad ró-bheag le feiceáil leis an tsúil ghlan (ó scála nanoméadar go micream). Má thógann tú 1 mL d'aer ón taobh amuigh, tá na seansanna go bhfuil na mílte de phéintéirí leachtacha nó soladacha ar fionraí. Tá cuid acu a astaítear ó fhoinsí mar atá (m.sh. deannaigh ithreach); tá cuid acu a tháirgtear san atmaisféar trí imoibrithe ceimiceacha; tá cuid acu beo nó a bhí beo (bith-aeróisól).\nAn cuireann aeróisín cabhair nó dochar orainn? Tá sé casta. Is truailleoir aeir iad (m.sh., PM2.5); áfach, gan aeróis, ní bheidh aon scamaill ann (teastaíonn rud éigin ó uisce chun tiontú air). Feidhmíonn siad mar scáth gréine trí roinnt solas na gréine a léiriú ar ais sa spás, chomh maith le scamaill a chur ar bun. Meastar go maslaíonn \"éifeacht fuaraithe\" aerosóil thart ar leath den éifeacht téimh a bhaineann le gáis cheaptha teasa (le neamhchinnteacht mhór) (IPCC 2007, 2014). Is é ról tábhachtach an phobail eolaíochta tuiscint a fheabhsú ar an nasc idir astaíochtaí agus a dtionchar (cáilíocht an aeir agus athrú aeráide). Tá mo chuid taighde dírithe ar an idirghníomhaíocht bhunúsach idir gáis, coirp, agus scamall.\nCeann de na hábhair taighde a bhfuil suim agam iontu ná ról an uisce san atmaisféar. Tá tábhacht na ceimice scamall aitheanta le blianta fada (m.sh., foirmiú sulfate); scaiptear roinnt comhdhúile gásacha isteach san uisce agus imoibríonn siad laistigh den uisce, ag fágáil aeróisíní ina dhiaidh sin tar éis na scamaill a bheith ag dul as. D'fhéadfadh próisis chomhchosúla tarlú freisin i aeróisíní fliuch. Le déanaí, tháinig próiseas eile a d'fhéadfadh a bheith tábhachtach chun cinn. Chun é seo a mhíniú, lig dom ceist shimplí a chur ort - Cad a tharlaíonn má dhéantar an bata peanut a dhíscaoileadh le huisce? Faigheann sé bog. D'fhéadfadh rud éigin mar seo a bheith ag tarlú san atmaisféar. Go stairiúil, déantar déileáil le cáithníní aeróisól mar leacht nó mar sholadach. Mar sin féin, léiríonn staidéir le déanaí go bhféadfadh rud éigin idir an dá rud a bheith tábhachtach (Virtanen et al., Nature, 2010). D'fhéadfadh go mbeadh uisce ag cabhrú leis an ábhar cosúil le bata peanut san atmaisféar a mhaolú, ag dul i bhfeidhm ar a n-fhíseolaíocht (e.g., scaipeadh laistigh de pharaillí greamaithe) agus ar a gceimic.\nAn chéad uair eile a fheiceann tú scamaill, tá súil agam gur féidir leat pictiúir bheaga a shamhlú a chruthaigh gach titim scamaill. An bhfuil siad i ndáiríre cosúil le bata peanut? Déanfaidh muid é a fháil amach.\n- Ar bharr foraois thirim Amazon / Eolaí Harvard, staidéar a dhéanamh ar dhaoine eile conas a éiríonn aer pristine truaillithe, agus conas a d'fhéadfadh sé sin athrú aeráide http://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2013/08/atop-the-amazon-rainforest/\n- Cumulus, Cirrus, Stratus: What Clouds Say about Climate Change / Prof. Dan Cziczo, MIT http://techtv.mit.edu/videos/e51a577104618761922f775b0eb2f65f08cc792c/private\n- An t-idirlíon a thruailliú / Blag a óstáil an tAontas Eorpach um Ghnéitheolaíocht http://blogs.egu.eu/hazeblog/\n- Tá freagra níos fearr ar athrú aeráide i bhfolach sna scamaill / Scientific American http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/observations/2013/12/13/a-better-answer-to-climate-change-is-hidden-in-the-clouds/\nNasc chuig mo shuíomh Gréasáin:\nScríobh William Timpson, SoGES 2013-2014 Comhalta den fhoireann taighde maidir le dúshláin dhomhanda do chás-staidéir bithéagsúlachta, agus Speisialtóir Sinsearach Fullbright, Staidéir Síochána agus Athmhuintearais, Scoil Oideachais, CSU\nNíl ach 31 míle ó thuaidh de Seoul Is é an suíomh do drámaí stakes ard go tréimhsiúil crescendo. Bhí nóiméad den sórt sin againn an tseachtain seo. Mar a thuairiscíodh in The Korea Herald (Tue. Mar. 4, 2014): D'fhógair an Chóiré Thuaidh Dé Luain (3 Márta) dhá mhiseal ballaisteach gearr-raon isteach sa Mhuir Thuaidh ina chuid is déanaí de na seabha-ratling go dealraitheach chun agóid a dhéanamh i gcoinne na n-oiliúintí míleata Chóiré Theas-SA, a dúirt Aire Cosanta Míleata Seoul. D'iarr Seól ar an gcion \"gníomh spreagtha\" a d'ardaigh teannas míleata ar an leithinis agus a sháraigh sraith rún de chuid Chomhairle Slándála na Náisiún Aontaithe a chuir cosc ar aon seoladh ag baint úsáide as teicneolaíochtaí mísleataí ballaíocha. Thóg an Tuaisceart ceithre mhiseál bailísteach an Déardaoin seo caite agus ceithre roicéad KN-09 isteach sa Mhuir Thoir thart ar sheachtain roimhe sin (1).\nDramatóir ard go deimhin. Táim ag freastal an seimeastar seo mar Eolaí Fulbright in Institiúid Staidéar Síochána Ollscoil Kyung Hee (GIP) agus ag múineadh rang ar shíochána. Tá a champais féin ag GIP i dtuaisceart Seoul le dorms, caiféire, seomra aclaíochta, leabharlann, agus foirgneamh riaracháin le halla idirghabhála ar leithligh, ar thalamh a ndearnadh cúram mionsonraithe air. Gach maidin, bainimid le chéile le haghaidh cainte ghearr faoi stiúir na mac léinn, meabhrú, siúlóid agus/nó cleachtaí.\nIn ainneoin an \"sabhra rattling\" ó thuaidh, is cosúil nach bhfuil an chuid is mó anseo chomh buartha. Ní chreideann siad go bhfuil an cumas ag na hIoruaigh an Deisceart agus a gcomhghuaillithe Mheiriceá a bhuachan cé go n-admhaíonn siad, dá dtiocfadh cogadh, go mbeadh Seól leochaileach. Tá na bagairtí seo ó Chóiré Thuaidh a athrá chomh minic sin go bhfuil siad caillte go mór a gcumas chun eagla ar dhuine ar bith anseo.\nTá ceann de mo mhic léinn nua le GIP. Tá sé sa arm ar feadh deich mbliana agus tá rang captaen aige. Cosúil le daoine eile, níl sé chomh buartha faoin Tuaisceart ach tá meas mór aige ar íobairtí Mheiriceá i ngleic le Cogadh na Cóiré agus ansin trúpaí a sholáthar - anois ag beagnach 30,000 - ó shin i leith chun cabhrú leis an tsíocháin a chinntiú.\nIs é seo an cheist atá agam: Cé chomh fada a úsáideann \"hawkes\" na Cóiré Thuaidh láithreacht na n-arm sna Stáit Aontaithe sa Chóiré Theas chun a nglacadh cruach a chothabháil ar a bpolaitíocht, a mbuiséid agus a ndaoine a threisiú? Is é seo an cineál saincheist a dhéanann siad iniúchadh air ag GIP.\nTá mo mhic léinn eile tar éis a shaoráil mhíleata a chomhlánú agus feiceann sé fíor- \"eagla\" anseo. Cuimhníonn sé ar chuairte ar an tSín agus ar a bheith ag aerfort Phéagain, ag fanacht i líne chun eitilt a fháil chuig cathair eile sa tSín, nuair a thug sé faoi deara líne eile in aice láimhe do Chóiréigh Thuaidh ar an eitilt chéanna. Anseo sa tSín d'fhéadfadh siad seasamh in aice le chéile ach riamh ar ais sa bhaile.\nAgus é sin á chur san áireamh, is é seo an cheist eile atá agam: Cad a éilíonn normalú, athmhuintearas nó athaontú, go háirithe i ndeireadh na cainte leanúnach ar gach leibhéal? Arís, is é seo an cineál saincheist a dhéanann siad staidéar air ag GIP.\nTáim an-sásta gur tháinig mé ar GIP. Toisc go dtagann mo mhic léinn anseo ó go leor tíortha éagsúla agus tá na pléanna an-saibhir. Mar gheall ar a chuid ranníocaíochtaí, tugadh Duais UNESCO don Oideachas Síochána do GIP i 1993. Deir an t-easpag Gi Bung Kwon go dtugann sé fáilte roimh aon mhic léinn a bhfuil uaillmhiantacht acu an domhan a dhéanamh ina áit níos fearr agus go bhféadfaidh sé scoláireacht iomlán a thairiscint don dá bhliain de staidéar riachtanach.\nCeist dheireanach: Conas a fhaighimid an cineál infheistíochta seo i staidéir síochána sna Stáit Aontaithe?\nIs ollamh é Bill Timpson in Ollscoil Stáit Colorado.\nScríobh Matt Luizza, SoGES 2013-2014 Comhalta ceannaireachta inbhuanaitheachta, agus iarrthóir PhD i Roinn na Polaiteolaíochta agus an Graduate Degree Clár Graduate Scoláireacht Eiceolaíochta Saotharlann Aclaíochta Acmhainní Nádúrtha in Eiceolaíocht\nÓ mo luath-óige bhí spéis agam i gcultúir dúchasacha tuaithe ó gach cearn den domhan. Ba é an smaoineamh rómánsúil ar áiteanna a bhí dearmadta orthu, ina raibh daoine a bhí i gcomhchuibhiú primordial leis an saol nádúrtha an rud is spreagúla a d'fhéadfainn a shamhlú. Bhí mo intinn ag dul ar shiúl agus mé ag samhlú go raibh cónaí orm le gach grúpa a d'fhoghlaim mé faoi, ó chultúr capall Comanche a bhí eagla air i gCill Mhór na Stát Aontaithe, go treibheanna a fuarthas le déanaí atá i bhfolach i bhfolach i bhForaois Rain Amazon na Brasaíle. As mo chairde óige go léir, bhí mé ar an leanbh amháin, go má bhí an cluiche cultúrtha neamhfhaithneach de \"Cowboys agus Indiaigh\" a bheith ag teacht chun cinn, go sásta agus go láidir a roghnú a bheith sa ghrúpa deireanach de na comhraic thiar fiáin. Anois, go maith isteach i lár go déanach mo óige, tá mo thuiscint naíon ar phobail dúchasacha áitiúla tar éis dul thar amharc caol ar chultúir shimplí reoite in am, ach tá an fiosracht agus an urraim fhoirmithe seo cloí liom agus d'athraigh sé go dtí an paisean bunúsach a d'fhógair mo thaighde dochtúireachta.\nTá mo chuid oibre PhD tiomanta ag fírinne a bhfuil mé féin agus roinnt scoláirí agus cleachtóirí eile ag roinnt. Creidtear go bhfuil saibhreas ollmhór eolais idirghinearálta tábhachtach ag pobail dúchasacha, a bhfuil a mbeatha ag baint go príomha lena dtimpeallachtaí áitiúla, lena n-áirítear breathnuithe empiriciúla, luachanna cultúrtha agus cleachtais spioradálta; agus tá an t-eolas seo ríthábhachtach le haghaidh pleanála caomhnaithe. Creidim go bhfuil sé riachtanach aitheantas a thabhairt do na heolas, na luachanna agus na dtuiscintí sin agus iad a chur san áireamh, agus comhairliúchán agus comhoibriú bríomhar a dhéanamh le pobail dúchasacha i ngach céim den taighde agus den phleanáil, chun cumhachtú áitiúil agus caomhnú éifeachtach a bhaint amach.\nAg cruinniú lóin le déanaí leis an éiceolaí agus an scoláirí ar chórais shóisialta-éiceolaíochta F. Stuart Chapin III (féach Chapin III et al. 2000 agus 2010), chuir an Dr. Chapin mothúchán tacaíochta in iúl go géar nuair a phléann sé smaoineamh \"iontaofacht éiceolaíoch\". Is féidir sláine éiceolaíoch a shainiú go forleathan mar struchtúr agus mar fheidhm éiceachórais ar leith, ag feidhmiú ar bhealach a oireann do raon éagsúlachta nádúrtha/stairiúil. Ag tabhairt faoi deara ar dtús go bhfuil tionchar an-mhór ag daoine ar an gcuid is mó de na córais go bhfuil áiteanna neamhchlaonta le sláine éiceolaíoch neamhchlaonta ann, chuaigh sé ar aghaidh ag tabhairt faoi deara an tábhacht a bhaineann le córas a fhios go han-mhaith, toisc go dtugann an \"sint áit\" seo intuition níos fearr faoi na próisis a bhaineann le struchtúr agus feidhm éiceachórais, ag éascú an cumas fiú na hathruithe is subtle a phiocadh. Cuireann an breathnóireacht seo go hálainn le ceann de na ranníocaíochtaí tábhachtacha go leor de eolas dúchasach, atá comhdhéanta den tuiscint dhomhain chéanna ar an áit, agus tugann sé léargas níos fearr ar nádúr dlúthcheangailte na gcóras sóisialta agus éiceolaíoch. Tuiscint atá riachtanach chun fad saoil an dá cheann a chinntiú trí chleachtais chaomhnaithe a chosnaíonn sláine éiceolaíoch ach freisin maireachtáil an duine.\nTá eolas dúchasach ina ábhar atá ag éirí níos coitianta sa saol eolaíoch agus sa saol daonlathach araon, agus tá dhá phríomhthéarma, eolas éiceolaíoch traidisiúnta agus eolas éiceolaíoch áitiúil ina n-aonar ag táirgeadh os cionn 17,000 toradh i Google Scholar agus 657 lámhscríbhinn a ndearnadh athbhreithniú piaraí air i Web of Science. In ainneoin seo, i réimsí atá ag fás go tapa de staidéir mheasúnaithe riosca (féach Buckley 2008 agus Lindgren 2012) agus samhlaíocht éiceolaíoch (féach Elith et al. 2010 agus Evangelista et al. 2012), ní aithnítear go leor an t-eolas dúchasach go fóill. Tá sé seo imníoch mar is minic gurb iad cur chuige cumhachtach den sórt sin maidir le bainistíocht riosca agus measúnú leochaileachta an fórsa tiomána atá taobh thiar de phleanáil chaomhnaithe agus cinnteoireacht bainistíochta acmhainní. Tá acmhainní teoranta ag go leor bainisteoirí talún agus pobail áitiúla (go háirithe geo-spáis) chun an riosca a bhaineann le tiománaithe suaitheadh nasctha mar speicis ionracha agus athrú aeráide a mheas. Is deis é oibriú in Alasca agus san Aetóip cur chuige nua a úsáid agus dul i ngleic le heicilíochtaí agus cultúir an-difriúla, agus iad ag tabhairt aghaidh ar athruithe comhshaoil géarúil den chineál céanna.\nTá mo thaighde ag iarraidh go sonrach comhoibriú le pobail dúchasacha tuaithe in Alaska agus san Aetóip, chun a gcuid eolais a chomhtháthú le feidhmchláir gheo-spáis, agus tuiscint níos fearr a fháil ar leochaileacht seirbhísí éiceachórais (i.e. Tá an t-ábhar seo ag cur le forbairtí agus le forbairtí eile a bhaineann le speicis ionracha atá ina gcúis le fadhbanna agus le hathrú aeráide ar an scála áitiúil agus ar an scála tírdhreacha. Tá súil againn go gcuirfidh an tuiscint spásúil seo le díospóireacht faoi straitéisí caomhnaithe a bhaineann le riachtanais agus luachanna an phobail áitiúil. Tá Alasca ar cheann de na háiteanna is tapa a téann an domhan (Rupp & Springsteen, 2009). Tá a fhios go mbíonn tionchar diúltach ag cur isteach ar phróisis chomhshaoil ar bithéagsúlacht agus ar éadránacht iomlán na héiceachórais, chomh maith le tionchar a bheith aige ar phobail áitiúla Alascacha a bhfuil a mbeo ag brath ar an tírdhreach (McNeeley & Shulski 2011). Lonnaithe in oirthear intíre Alasca tá ceann de mo láithreáin taighde, an Tearmann Náisiúnta Fiadhúlra Yukon Flats, atá ar an tríú limistéar caomhnaithe is mó sa chóras náisiúnta tearmann fiadhúlra. Tá sé comhdhéanta de mhósaic de ghnáthóg subhartach ríthábhachtach agus ceann de na limistéir breithe uisce is mó i Meiriceá Thuaidh. Ina theannta sin, tá seacht bpobal dúchasach Gwich'in Athabascan ina gcónaí laistigh den Tearmann nó in aice leis agus tá siad ag brath go mór ar an tírdhreach áitiúil. Ní féidir an tábhacht éiceolaíoch, cultúrtha agus eacnamaíoch a bhaineann leis an suíomh seo a rá go leor, agus faoi láthair tá roinnt speiceas ionrach an-ionsaitheach i láthair, agus tá imní méadaitheach ag na Stáit Aontaithe. Seirbhís Iascaigh agus Fiadhúlra (USFWS) agus na sráidbhailte, lena n-áirítear speicis uisceacha cosúil le uisceach an iarthar (Elodea nuttallii agus Elodea canadensis), agus speicis talún lena n-áirítear thistle Cheanada (Cirsium arvense), clover milis bán (Melilotus albus), agus vetch éan (Vicia cracca). Tá leas speisialta ag an treibh agus ag an USFWS araon i dtuiscint agus i mbainistiú Elodea ionrach uisceach, toisc go mbíonn tionchar diúltach aige ar shalmon an Aigéin Chiúin (Oncorhynchus spp.) Tá an t-ábhar plandaí mearbhall ag cur isteach ar lochanna agus ar shliocht agus ar shliocht-shliocht a théann go mall, rud a bhfuil impleachtaí móra aige do réigiún ina bhfuil an sceideal salmón an Aigéin Chiúin is faide ar domhan. Mar a dúirt ceannasaí Alascach Dúchasach ag cruinniú mullaigh idirthríochta i gcríoch Yukon le déanaí, is é uisce ár saol. Cuireann sé ar ár gcumas...Dearbhaímid muid féin mar chuid den talamh [agus] ba é agus is é an salmón rí líne saoil ar an Yukon.\nNíos mó ná 7,000 míle ar shiúl, thar an Aigéan Ciúin, is é mo shuíomh taighde eile, an Aetóip. Cosúil le Alasca, ní féidir míniú a dhéanamh ar iontais na hIodáile. Mar cheann uisce na Níle Gorm, soláthraíonn an Eitióp an chuid is mó den uisce do dhá fho-aibhneacha an abhainn is faide agus is aitheanta ar domhan. Tá na foraoisí fiáin, foraoiseacha ag teacht go deisceart na tíre tarraingteach agus tá cuid de na bithéagsúlachtaí is suntasaí ar domhan ina gcónaí iontu. Tá sé luaite go bhfuil Páirc Náisiúnta na mBóithre Bale, atá suite in aice le ceann de na suíomhanna tionscadail agam, i measc na Limistéir Chosaithe is neamh-athsholáthraithe ar domhan chun speicis amfibia, éanlaith agus mamaigh a chaomhnú (LeSaout et al. 2013). Tá an flóra chomh mór sin le Clár Comhshaoil na Náisiún Aontaithe (UNEP) ag tabhairt faoi deara go bhfuil ... na coinníollacha agus an t-aonar na gceantair seo tar éis teacht chun cinn i bpobail phlandaí uathúla nach bhfaightear in áit ar bith eile (UNEP 2008). Léiríonn réamhthorthaí mo chuid oibre reatha san Aetóip difríochtaí tábhachtacha inscne ar eolas plandaí agus luacháil seirbhísí éiceachórais a dhíorthaítear ó phlandaí (Luizza et al. 2013). Chun tuilleadh a fháil faoin tionscadal seo, tabhair cuairt ar mo phost bhlag ar shuíomh EcoPress NREL, agus féach cad iad na tionscadail eile atá ag tarlú san Aetóip trí chomhghuaillíocht straitéiseach a fógraíodh le déanaí idir Coláiste na nEacmhainní Nádúrtha Warner agus an Aetóip.\nTá gá le pobail dúchasacha a chur san áireamh i bpleanáil chaomhnaithe, trí chur chuige nua, idirdhisciplíneach, atá ina stiúir den phobal go háirithe, in Alasca agus san Aetóip araon. Tá dúshláin éagsúla ag teacht os comhair phobail dúchasacha sa dá áit (agus ar fud an domhain) a spreagann roinnt suaitheadh comhshaoil agus antropoigineach. Agus mé ag ullmhú don chéad bhabhta eile de obair ar an réimse san Aetóip i mí Aibreáin 2014 agus san Alasca i mí Lúnasa 2014, táim ar an eolas faoin méid ollmhór oibre atá romham, ach táim thar a bheith sásta an líon méadaitheach scoláirí, bainisteoirí talún agus cleachtóirí áitiúla a fheiceáil ag iarraidh go comhchoiteann eolas dúchasach a thabhairt chun tosaigh i bpleanáil chaomhnaithe.\nBuckley, Y.M. Tá sé i gceist agam. 2008. Ról na taighde chun speicis ionrach, tírdhreacha ionracha agus pobail a bhainistiú go comhtháite. Journal of Applied Ecology 45: 397-402.\nChapin III., F.S., Zavaleta, E.S., Eviner, V.T., Naylor, R.L., Vitousek, P.M., Reynolds, H.L., Hooper, D.U., Lavorel, S., Sala, O.E., Hobbie, S.E., Mack, M.C., agus Díaz, S. 2000. Iarsmaí a bhaineann le bithéagsúlacht a athrú. Nádúr 405: 234-242.\nChapin III., F.S., Carpenter, S.R., Kofinas, G.P., Folke, C., Abel, N., Clark, W.C., Olsson, P., Stafford Smith, D.M., Walker, B., Young, O.R., Berkes, F., Biggs, R., Grove, J.M., Naylor, R.L., Pinkerton, E., Steffen, W., agus Swanson, F.J. 2010. Stiúrthóireacht éiceachórais: Straitéisí inbhuanaitheachta do phláinéid atá ag athrú go tapa. Treochtaí in Éiceolaíocht agus Eabhlóid 25 ((4): 241-249.\nElith, J., Kearney, M., agus Phillips, S. 2010. An ealaín chun speicis a mhodhlaíonn a bhfuil a raon ag athrú. Modhanna in Éiceolaíocht agus Eabhlóid 1: 330-342.\nEvangelista, P., Norman III, J., Swartzinki, P., agus Young, N. 2012. Measúnú ar cháilíocht gnáthóg an nyala tragelaphus buxtoni sléibhe i Sléibhte Bale, an Aetóip. Saolíocht reatha 58 ((4): 525-535.\nLe Saout, S., Hoffman, M., Shi, Y., Hughes, A., Bernard, C., Brooks, T.M., Bertzky, B., Butchart, S.H.M., Stuart, S.N., Badman, T., & Rodrigues, A.S.L. 2013. Ceoltóirí Limistéir chosanta agus caomhnú éifeachtach na bithéagsúlachta. Eolaíocht, 342 (§15): 803-805.\nLindgren, C.J. 2012. Tá sé seo go maith. Beartas bithshlándála agus úsáid uirlisí réamhaisnéisíochta geo-spáis chun aghaidh a thabhairt ar phlandaí ionrach: an pacáiste uirlisí anailíse riosca a nuashonrú. Anailís Riosca 32 (a) (1): 9-15.\nLuizza, M.W., Young, H., Kuroiwa, C., Evangelista, P., Worede, A., Bussmann, R.W., agus Weimer, A. 2013. Ceoltóirí Eolas áitiúil ar phlandaí agus ar a n-úsáidí i measc na mban i Sléibhte Bale, an Aetóip. Taighde agus Iarratas Eitneobotán 11: 315-339.\nMcNeeley, S.M., agus Shulski, M.D. 2011. Anatomy of a closing window: Vulnerability to changing seasonality in Interior Alaska. Anatomy of a closing window: Vulnerability to changing seasonality in Interior Alaska. Athrú Comhshaoil Domhanda 21: 464-473.\nMeasúnú Éiceachórais na Mílaoise (MA). 2005. Ceoltóirí Éiceachórais agus folláine an duine: creat um mheasúnú. Washington, DC: Island Press.\nRupp, T.S., agus Springsteen, A. 2009. an bhliain. Scéimeanna Athraithe Aeráide Tuartha don Bhureau um Bainistíocht Talún Limistéar Bainistíochta Intíre an Oirthir, Alasca, 2001-2099. Tuarascáil Ollscoil Alaska Fairbanks. Ullmhaithe do Roinn Intíre na Stát Aontaithe, Biúró um Bainistíocht Talún. 10pp.\nClár Comhshaoil na Náisiún Aontaithe (UNEP). 2008. An Afraic: Atlas ar ár dTimpeallacht Athraitheach. An Roinn Réamhrabhaidh agus Meastóireachta (DEWA). Nairobi: An Cheanada.\nUaireanta tá sé iontas dom a smaoineamh ar cé mhéad intíreanna éisc a chonaic mé. Ag cur síos ar thrí thuras ar an suirbhé bliantúil ar Ghleann Alasca/Oileáin Aleutian a reáchtálann Ionad Eolaíochta Iascaigh Alasca (AFSC) de chuid NOAA, is cinnte go bhfuil na mílte ann. Do dhuine nach bhfuil níos lú ná trí teagmhas faillí a spreagadh le fuil ar a CV, ní mór go mbeadh cúis álainn láidir ann chun breathnú go ciallmhar ar an taobh istigh de go leor iasc. Ar an dea-uair, tá chun a fháil amach cad a itheann siad. Cé nach raibh mé ach cog beag i meaisín bailiúcháin sonraí i bhfad níos mó, bhí mé amuigh ansin mar go bhfuil mé fascinated ag gréasáin bia líonraí a léarscáileanna a itheann cé a i éiceachóras. Is éard a chiallaíonn na gréasán bia seo a chur le chéile ná a aithint cad atá ag na speicis go léir ag ithe, agus i gcás iasc mara, ciallaíonn sé seo a aithint cad atá ina gcuid boilg. Éilíonn an bailiú sonraí seo go leor iarrachta Tá eolaithe AFSC tar éis breathnú isteach i na céadta mílte stamag le tríocha bliain anuas ach cuireann sé léargas cumhachtach ar ais.\nIn ainneoin an tangle amhairc de ghréasán bia a chuir le chéile (tá léaráidí líonra cosúil leis an gceann atá léirithe anseo dá ngairtear hairballs uaireanta), tá patrún ann struchtúir neamh-imthriallta is féidir a bhaint amach. Mar shampla, is féidir go leor líonraí bia, cosúil leis an líonra bia mara Bhaile Chesapeake, a bhriseadh ina roinnt grúpaí dlúth-threasaithe nach n-idirghníomhaíonn ach go scaoilte lena chéile (Krause et al. 2003). I gcás Bhá Chesapeake, ciallaíonn sé seo go bhfuil an gréasán bia scartha ina dhá ghrúpa: grúpa benthic (ghrúpaí a chónaíonn ar bhonn), agus grúpa pelagic (ghrúpaí colún uisce), le cúpla speiceas príomhúil ag nascadh an dá cheann.\nIs féidir le struchtúir den sórt sin a aithint i dtráchtán an ghréasáin bhia a insint dúinn go leor faoi conas a ghluaiseann fuinneamh trí éiceachóras (ag srutháil ó phlandaí ar aghaidh) agus conas a d'fhéadfadh sé freagairt má chailltear speiceas amháin nó níos mó. Nuair a bhaintear speiceas as, nó má laghdaítear a iomarcacht go suntasach, is féidir leis na héifeachtaí a bheith ag tarlú tríd an ngréasán bia, ag dul i bhfeidhm ar go leor speiceas eile. Ag eolas ar struchtúr an ghréasáin bhia, is féidir linn a thuar cad iad na speicis eile a mbeidh tionchar acu agus cé chomh tromchúiseach. I gcás líonra bia Bhaile Chesapeake, is dóichí go mbeidh éifeachtaí caillteanas speiceas benthic laistigh den ghrúpa benthic, gan difear a dhéanamh do speiceas pelagach. Ag a fhios conas speiceas briseadh isteach i ngrúpaí ligeann dúinn a aithint ar na príomhbhealaí trína sreabhann fuinneamh agus conas a chailliúint speiceas éagsúla a bhriseadh an sreabhadh.\nTá uirlisí den sórt sin úsáideach go háirithe i mbainistíocht iascaigh (is as sin an spéis atá ag AFSC) toisc go gceadaíonn siad dúinn iniúchadh a dhéanamh ar an gcaoi a mbeidh tionchar ag fiontar speiceas áirithe éisc ar gach ceann eile i bpobal. Mar shampla, ba chúis le titim na daonra cod san Atlantach ar Shelf na hAlban go luath sna 1990idí le cascade a raibh tionchar aige ar an bpobal ar fad (Frank et al., 2011). Gan an t-eisc ann chun iad a ithe, thit na hiasc a bhí ina n-íobairt don t-eisc roimhe sin - an t-eisc, an capelin, agus an t-eisc - i líon. Mar gheall ar an bhrú seo, chuir siad síos ar líon na n-íobairtí, agus mar sin de tríd an slabhra bia. Agus an t-easnamh seo a thuiscint, agus an chaoi a rialaíonn an t-easnamh an ghréasáin bia, is féidir linn cabhrú linn a bhainistiú níos fearr conas a bhailímid éisc ionas gur féidir linn a choinneáil ar an bpobal iomlán cobhsaí.\nTá sé tábhachtach a thuiscint go bhfuil an t-idirnascadh seo ag cur i bhfios go mór go bhfuil tionchar mór againn ar na gréasanna bia mara seo agus go bhfuil muid rannpháirteach iontu. Sula raibh sé ar do phláta, bhí an t-iasc sin mar chuid de phobal, mar chuid de ghréasán bia, áit a raibh a dinnéar féin aige agus d'fhéadfadh sé dinnéar a sholáthar do rud éigin eile mura raibh sé ar do shon ar dtús. Ní mór don fhuinneamh a shroicheann ár bplata dul trí na hidirghníomhaíochtaí casta idir ainmhithe iomadúla, agus tá sé ríthábhachtach a thuiscint conas agus cá bhfuil an fuinneamh sin ag sreabhadh go díreach más mian linn leanúint ar aghaidh ag baint taitneamh as táirgí na farraige go sábháilte agus go hinbhuanaithe.\nFrank, K. T., Petrie, B., Fisher, J. a D., & Leggett, W. C. (2011). Dinimiceacha tréimhsiúla éiceachóras mór mara a athraíodh. Nature, 477{7362}, 869.\nKrause, AE, Frank, K. a, Mason, DM, Ulanowicz, R. E., & Taylor, WW (2003). Cuidithe a nochtadh i struchtúr líonra bia. Nature, 426 6964), 282 5.\nLe Philip Cafaro, PhD agus Ollamh Fealsúnaíochta agus comhalta dáimhe cleamhnaithe leis an Scoil um Inbhuanaitheacht Comhshaoil Domhanda, Ollscoil Stáit Colorado, Fort Collins, Stáit Aontaithe Mheiriceá, agus Richard B. Primack, PhD agus Ollamh Bithéolaíochta, Ollscoil Boston, Stáit Aontaithe Mheiriceá\nPostáilte ar 12 Feabhra 2014\nBeagnach trí scór bliain ó shin, d'fhoilsigh Michael Soulé alt dar teideal What is Conservation Biology? (1985). Bhí tionchar láidir agus buan ag an leabhar seo go páirteach mar gheall ar an rath a bhí ar Soulé i bhfís éiticiúil tarraingteach a chur in iúl don réimse seo atá ag forbairt go tapa. I gcroílár an chreideamh go bhfuil an extinction anthropogenic speiceas mór mícheart morálta. \"Tá éagsúlacht na n-orgánaigh go maith\", a scríobh Soulé, \"agus tá an díothú neamhleor de phobail agus speiceas go dona\". \"Tá luach ag speiceas eile ina n-aonar\", a dhearbhaigh sé: \"luach inmheánach\", ar cheart dó meas, meas agus srian a chur orainn i gcaidreamh leo.\nI \"What is Conservation Science?\" (2012), iarracht le déanaí Soulé a nuashonrú, cailleann Peter Kareiva agus Michelle Marvier an tiomantas morálta seo. Agus na prionsabail phraiticiúla a shonrú a chreideann siad gur chóir do na caomhnóirí a threorú, tugann siad áit shuntasach do shaibhreas daonna a mhéadú (fhorbairt eacnamaíoch) agus a bheith ag obair le corparáidí, cé nach bhfuil aitheantas ar cheart speicis eile chun leanúint ar aghaidh ag fás le fáil in áit ar bith. Go deimhin, is é an retorica an ailt a dhéanann na scriosadh anthrópaigineach a normalú agus a dhéanamh ar léitheoirí níos compordaí leo. Mar shampla, déanann sé cur síos ar imní maidir le díothú na n-uaimhreacha agus na mbéar grizzly sna Stáit Aontaithe mar nostalgia don domhan mar a bhí sé uair amháin, agus deir sé go bhfuil roinnt réalachais in ord maidir le cibé an chóir go mbeadh daoine ag teastáil ó dhaoine speicis eile a choinneáil ar an tírdhreach nuair nach bhfuil a láithreacht leanúnach comhoiriúnach lenár gcuspóirí eacnamaíocha.\nAr an drochuair, ní cosúil gur eisceacht den alt seo é an seasamh seo, ach cuid riachtanach de threoir Karieva agus Marvier do chaomhnóirí chun freastal orainn féin ar réaltachtaí nua Epoch Anthropocene. I bpíosa níos luaithe a d'fhoilsigh siad le Robert Lalasz, \"Conservation in the Anthropocene\" (2011), déantar machnamh ar an éagothroime ollmhór le cothromaíocht, go páirteach, is cosúil, toisc nach gá go gcuirfeadh éagothroime den sórt sin míchompord ar dhaoine.\n\"Tá an-mhéadú déanta ag éiceolaithe agus coimirceoirí ar an éagmais atá ag an dúlra\", a deir siad ansin. I go leor cúinsí, d'fhéadfadh go mbeadh deireadh le speicis a bhí go leor roimhe seo gan aon éifeacht ar fheidhm na héiceachórais. Tá galar coigríche tar éis an chastain Mheiriceá, a bhí ina chrann is mó san oirthear Mheiriceá Thuaidh, a dhíothú, ach tá an éiceachóras foraoise gan tionchar go hiontach. An colm taistealaithe, uair amháin chomh abundant go raibh a chuid drámaí dorchla an spéir, chuaigh amach, chomh maith le speicis eile gan áireamh ó na Stellers mara-bhó go dtí an dodo, gan aon éifeachtaí tubaisteach nó fiú measartha. \nIs dócha gur tharla na himeachtaí díothaithe seo go mór don speiceas atá i gceist, agus b'fhéidir freisin do speiceas eile a bhí ag caitheamh nó ag parasitizeadh orthu, nó a bhí ag brath orthu ar bhealaí eile. Ach is cosúil nach bhfuil cúiseanna morálta ag na tubaistí sin do na húdair - ní fíor-chastais iad - fad is a fhanann na \"fheidhmeanna éiceachórais\" a bhaineann tairbhe as daoine slán. (Maidir le beagnach-éagothú an chastain Mheiriceá agus bás an t-uabain taistealaithe, i measc na speicis crann agus éan is iomadaí i bhforaoisí meathta oirthear Mheiriceá Thuaidh cúig chéad bliain ó shin, mura raibh aon \"éifeachtaí in-mheasta\" acu, is féidir linn a mheas gur mar gheall ar nár chuir aon duine an trioblóid orthu iad a thomhas ag an am.)\nDe réir staidéir le déanaí, d'fhéadfadh an chine daonna ceann de gach trí speiceas ar an Domhan a dhíothú le linn na gcéadta bliain amach romhainn, má leanann muid ar ár mbealach reatha chun gnáthóg a scriosadh, acmhainní a mhónóiplithe (Rúnaíocht an Choinbhinsiúin ar Éagsúlacht Bitheolaíoch, 2010). I gceann de chomharthaí na huaire, i 2008 na Stáit Aontaithe Liostáil Seirbhís Iascaigh agus Fiadhúlra an bhéar polach mar a bhagairt le díothú mar gheall ar éifeachtaí reatha agus féideartha sa todhchaí an athraithe aeráide domhanda. I measc na ndaoine againn a bhfuil grá acu don dúlra, bíonn an-díomá orainn nuair a fhaighimid na nuachtanna sin. Ach faoin ursaí polaracha Kareiva et al. (2011) a rá:\nFéadfaidh fiú an siombail clasaiceach seo na leochaileachta an bhéar polach, a bhfuil an chuma air go bhfuil sé ar thromlach oighear atá ag titim seans maith a bheith aige maireachtáil le téamh domhanda má leanann an timpeallacht atá ag athrú ag méadú daonra agus raon tuaisceart na seilge calafoirt agus na seilge harp. D'eabhlóigh béar polach ó béar donn 200,000 bliain ó shin le linn tréimhse fuaraithe i stair na Talún, ag forbairt aiste bia carnáivéir an-speisialaithe dírithe ar shéalta. Dá bhrí sin, braitheann an t-ádh ar bhéar polach ar dhá threocht os coinne - titim na oighear farraige agus méadú féideartha na n-íobair saibhir fuinnimh. Is é stair na beatha ar an Domhan speiceas a éabhlóíonn chun leas a bhaint as timpeallachtaí nua ach a bheith i mbaol nuair a athraíonn an timpeallacht arís.\nTabhair faoi deara an chaoi a ndéanann an cuntas seo comhionannas idir na haontais a bhí ann roimhe seo de bharr cúiseanna nádúrtha agus an fhéidearthacht go dtarlódh easpa an bhéar polaigh de bharr athrú aeráide de bharr an duine. Is é sin ach \"stair na beatha\", ag oiriúnú nó ag teip ar oiriúnú do dhálaí athraitheacha. Tabhair faoi deara go bhfuil aon bhraistint de ghníomhaíocht an duine maidir leis an mbagairt don bhéar polach imithe: Braitheann an t-ádh ar Ursus maritimus ar dhá threocht os coinne, de réir mar a athraíonn an timpeallacht, ní ar an méid a chuireann an duine astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa ar ais. Ar deireadh, tabhair faoi deara an glibness leis a bhfuil na húdair ag caint faoi dhíothú an ainmhí iontach seo ( cosúil go raibh sé ar thrá ar bhloc oighear leá).\nIs cosúil go bhfuil sé inghlactha go morálta speicis a dhíothú trí leathnú leanúnach gníomhaíochtaí eacnamaíocha an duine do Kareiva, Marvier agus roinnt tacadóirí eile an Anthropocene (m.sh. Bradbury, 2012), chomh fada agus nach ndéanann an scrios seo athshlánú agus dochar do dhaoine féin. Ach tá an dearcadh seo féinbhreithiúnach agus éagórach. Tá níos mó ná an sciar cothrom atá againn de acmhainní an Domhain á rialú ag daoine cheana féin. Má tá méadú ar líon na ndaoine agus éilimh eacnamaíocha ag bagairt an bhéar polach agus go leor speiceas eile a dhíothú, ansin ní mór dúinn ár líon agus éilimh eacnamaíocha a theorannú (Cincotta agus Gorenflo, 2011; Noss et al., 2013). D'fhéadfadh go mbeadh ceisteanna oscailte maidir le conas éilimh an duine a chur faoi chois nó institiúidí eacnamaíocha neamhoibrithe a athchóiriú a chuireann an dúlra i mbaol, ach ní ceisteanna roghnacha iad do chaomhnóirí, ná ní féidir linn neamhaird a dhéanamh ar cheisteanna morálta agus iad á fhreagairt againn (Rolston, 1994).\nIs iad bitheolaithe caomhnaithe, lenár n-eolas agus ár meas ar speicis eile, na daoine deireanach ba chóir a bheith ag déanamh leithscéal as a n-aistrithe, nó ag déanamh lightning ar a n-éagothú. Tá sé míchuí go háirithe do Peter Kareiva é sin a dhéanamh, mar gheall ar a phost mar phríomheolaí ag an gConservacht Dúlra, eagraíocht atá tiomanta do chaomhnú bithéagsúlachta. Tá maoiniú a bhailiú ag TNCanna bunaithe go páirteach ar achomhairc do mhothú morálta láidir agus forleathan a roinnt go bhfuil ceart ag speicis eile chun leanúint ar aghaidh le bheith ann. Braitheann cuid mhór de luach caomhnaithe easnálacha agus ceannaigh talún TNCanna ar thiomantas morálta agus dlíthiúil na sochaí ar fad chun speicis atá faoi bhagairt agus i mbaol a chaomhnú. Deir Kareiva agus Marvier (2012) nach bhfuil siad ag iarraidh na spreagadh eitice a bhaineann le gníomh caomhnaithe a chur faoi dhúnadh, nó, is dócha, an dlí caomhnaithe. Ach is é sin go díreach a dhéanann a n-ailt, agus d'fhéadfadh sé go mbeadh impleachtaí tubaisteacha acu ar iarrachtaí caomhnaithe praiticiúla, go háirithe san fhadtéarma.\nChun a bheith soiléir: ní dóigh linn go bhfuil aon rud cearr le daoine ag tabhairt aire do riachtanais dlisteanacha féin. Is comhpháirt tábhachtach é seo den chaomhnú, mar a d'aithin bitheolaithe caomhnaithe le fada (Greenwald et al., 2013). Tá an ceart ag Kareiva agus Marvier a chur i gcuimhne dúinn go bhfuil sé tábhachtach seirbhísí éiceachórais a chosaint do dhaoine. Tá an ceart acu freisin, go bhféadfadh cúram as ár bhfolláine féin a bheith ina spreagadh uaireanta chun an bithéagsúlacht a chaomhnú go suntasach. Creidimid gur chóir do dhaoine speicis eile a chaomhnú ar mhaithe leo féin agus ar mhaithe linn féin (féach Primack, 2010, caibidil 6, le haghaidh cóireáil níos iomláine ar na héilimh eiticiúla seo).\nMar sin féin, is botún é caomhnú a laghdú go heisiach go cúramach féin-imní, nó a mheas go antropocentrically go bhfuil sé inghlactha na speicis sin a dhíothú nach soláthraíonn seirbhísí éiceachórais tábhachtacha dúinn. Cosúil le pósadh, le hoideachas, nó le haon institiúid nó gníomhaíocht thábhachtach eile ó dhaoine, tugann cur chuige ró-eacnamaíoch maidir le caomhnú dúinn ar strae go morálta. Déanann sé féinfhiúchas orainn, agus is é sin an rud deireanach a theastaíonn uainn nuair a bhíonn an oiread sin foirmeacha maireachtála eile i mbaol. Is ábhar ceartais é an t-airgead a roinnt go cothrom le speicis eile ar thalamh agus ar uisce na Talún, ní ábhar áisiúlachta eacnamaíoch (Staples agus Cafaro, 2012).\nIs iad speicis nádúrtha príomhfhocail agus stórálacha ord, cruthaitheacht agus éagsúlacht an nádúr orgánach. Léiríonn siad na mílte milliún bliain d'eabhlóid agus de bhaint amach. Léiríonn siad castacht fheidhmiúil, eagraíochtúil agus iompraíochta dochreidte. Tá gach speiceas, cosúil le gach duine, uathúil, lena stair agus a chinniúint féin. Nuair a thógann daoine an oiread sin acmhainní nó a laghdaíonn an oiread sin gnáthóg go bhfuil speiceas eile díothaithe, tá an iomarca tógtha againn nó damáiste déanta againn, agus tar éis deireadh a chur le scéal luachmhar agus bríomhar go luath.\nNí é príomh-mhionscnamh na heolaíochta an Cruinne a rialú ach í a mheas níos iomláine. Is mór an phribhléid é maireachtáil ar an Domhan agus é a roinnt le go leor créatúir maithe agus iontach.\nÓn dearcadh seo, fiú amháin anthropogenic extinction is é ceann ró-mhór. Ón dearcadh seo, braitheann dea-chúrsa an duine ar an Domhan chomh mór sin ar cé chomh maith agus a thugaimid meas agus a fháil le speicis eile, agus ar cé chomh maith agus a dhéanaimid é sin le daoine eile.\nTá an ceart ag Michael Soulé (1985, 2013): tá luach ag speicis eile iontu féin agus tá ceart acu chun leanúint ar aghaidh le bheith ann saor ó dhíothú anthrópaigineach, cibé acu a fhaighimid iad nó nach bhfaighimid iad álainn, úsáideach, brabúsach, nó suimiúil, agus cibé acu a bhfuil a gcosnamh nó nach bhfuil sé áisiúil nó tairbheach ó thaobh eacnamaíochta de do dhaoine.\nBradbury, R., 2012. Domhan Gan Coral. New York Times, leathanaigh eagarthóireachta, 13 Iúil, 2012.\nCincotta, R.P., Gorenflo, L.J., 2011. Daonra an Duine: A n-Ionchair ar Éagsúlacht Bitheolaíoch. Springer.\nGreenwald, N., Dellasala, D., Terborgh, J., 2013. Níl aon rud nua i Kareiva agus Marvier. Eolaíocht Bithdhíola 63, 241.\nKareiva, P., Marvier, M., 2012. Cad é an eolaíocht chaomhnaithe? Beola Eolaíochta 62, 962 969.\nKareiva, P., Lalasz, R., Marvier, M., 2011. Coimirce san Anthropocene: thar aonlathas agus frásaíocht. Breathnú J., 2937 (Titim).\nNoss, R., Nash, R., Paquet, P., Soulé, M., 2013. Tá an chumhacht atá ag an duine ar an dúlra mar chuid den fhadhb: freagra ar Kareiva agus Marvier. Beolaíocht 63, 241242.\nPrimack, R., 2010. Essentials of Conservation Biology, an cúigiú heagrán. Sinauer Comhlach.\nRolston, H., 1994. Luach nádúrtha a chaomhnú. Foilseachán Ollscoil Columbia.\nRúnaíocht an Choinbhinsiúin ar Éagsúlacht Bitheolaíoch, 2010. An tSean-Aithris ar an mBithéagsúlacht Domhanda 3. Montreal.\nSoulé, M.E., 1985. Cad é bithéolaíocht chaomhnaithe? Beola Eolaíochta 35, 727734.\nSoulé, M.E., 2013. An Conservacion Nua. Biol Coimirce. 27, 897 899.\nStaples, W., Cafaro, P., 2012. Chun ceart speiceas a bheith ann. I: Cafaro, P., Crist, E. (Eds. ), Life on the Brink: Environmentalists Confront Overpopulation. University of Georgia Press, pp. 283 300.\nTudge, C., 2000. An éagsúlacht na beatha: Suirbhé agus Ceiliúradh ar na Creatúir go léir a bhí riamh. Foilseachán Ollscoil Oxford.\nChun trácht a dhéanamh ar an bpost blag seo, tabhair cuairt ar shuíomh ElsevierConnect leis an alt bunaidh anseo.\nCeann de na gnéithe is dochreidte den saol sna trópaiceanna is ea an fórsa sciála a bhfuil an chuma air go dtagann na cnapanna báistí. Cosúil le lámhaigh as canóin a bhfuil sé mar aidhm sonrach le ceacht pianmhar a mhúineadh nach ndéantar dearmad go luath ar dhaoine amaideach a dhéanann iarracht tearmann a fháil faoi chrann pailme, tá titim báistí ó thimpistí trópaiceacha go leor suntasach cheana féin. Ach cad a tharlóidh leis na dropaí báistí seo, nó a líon níos cruinne, le haeráid atá ag téamh?\nIs ceist í seo a bhí ag meabhair eolaithe an atmaisféir le deich mbliana anuas. Táim díreach ag suí síos anois chun an post seo a scríobh tar éis dom páirt a ghlacadh i gcolóim a pléadh an smaoineamh go bhféadfadh sé go mbeadh báistí trópaiceacha freagrach as imeachtaí a tharlaíonn san Ard-Mhír Thuaidh, agus, mar a tharlaíonn go minic, tháinig an plé ina dhiaidh sin ar threochtaí i báistí trópaiceacha. Agus is é an chúis go bhfuil an cheist seo chomh coitianta ná go bhfuil sé ríthábhachtach tuiscint a fháil ar conas agus cén fáth a bhféadfadh titim na báistí athrú faoi chásanna athraithe aeráide do shaol agus do mhaireachtáil na ndaoine a chónaíonn sna trópaiceacha. Tá an pobal áitiúil sna trópaiceanna tar éis spleáchas a fhorbairt ar thrá go minic, ach ní ró-thrá, trom, ach ní ró-dhorcha. Tá dhá bhealach ann ar féidir an cothromaíocht seo a bhriseadh. D'fhéadfadh go n-athródh minicíocht nó déine na báistí. Agus, ar an drochuair, táthar ag súil go n-athróidh athrú aeráide an dá rud.\nDe réir mar a théiteann an aeráid, is dócha go dtarlóidh athruithe iomadúla ar an atmaisféar trópaiceach. Beidh an t-atmaisféar níos teo in ann méideanna níos mó gaile uisce a \"choimeád\" ná mar is féidir leo inniu. Mar sin, bheadh an stoirm chéanna i gclás níos teo rachadh sé níos mó ná mar a bheadh sé i ceann níos fionnuar. Chomh maith leis sin, táthar ag súil go n-athróidh sé áit a n-uisceann sé. Sa lá atá inniu ann, tá cuid mhór den bháisteach sna trópaiceanna teoranta do bhainc bheaga timpeall an echtair. Mar gheall ar éagsúlacht tionchair, táthar ag súil go n-iompóidh na bannaí seo i gcluaiseacht níos teo. Ós rud é go gcaithfidh an t-atmaisféar méid áirithe báistí a thuilleamh gach lá chun timthriall uisce buan a chothabháil, agus toisc go mbeidh an báisteach seo teoranta do limistéar níos lú, cruthaíonn an éifeacht sin rátaí báistí níos láidre freisin. Le chéile, is drochscéal iad na hathruithe a thuar seo do go leor daonra leochaileacha sna trópaiceacha. Beidh báistí 'an-mhór' níos déine agus beidh báistí 'nádúrtha' níos lú minic. Is minic a thugtar freagra Rich-get-Richer ar an staid. Léiríonn an t-ainm seo nádúr na réigiún a fhaigheann go leor báistí agus a bhfuiltear ag tuar go bhfaighidh siad níos mó.\nTá samhlacha traidisiúnta scaipeadh domhanda (GCManna) a úsáideann eolaithe aeráide chun tuar a dhéanamh faoi athrú aeráide ag tuar freagra Rich-get-Richer ar athrú aeráide domhanda le tamall anuas. Mar sin féin, níl an cumas ag na samhlacha seo stoirmeacha trócaire aonair a shamhlú. Le déanaí, rinneadh obair le samhlacha speisialta ard-réitigh chun tuiscint a fháil ar an gcaoi a bhfreagróidh stoirmeacha trócaire aonair ar athrú aeráide. Tá pictiúr níos grámhara fós le feiceáil sna samhlacha seo maidir le hathruithe ar thitim na báistí. Is é an méid a léiríodh ná go ndéanann grúpaí stoirme thunderclap conspiracy chun an fhadhb a mhéadú. Is cosúil go ngrúpaíonn na scamaill le chéile ar bhealaí nua chun báisteach a thuilleamh ar cheantair thirim ag costais na gceantair níos tirim. Is cosúil go bhfuil na stoirmeacha torann is láidre ag éirí níos láidre fós. Mar aon le torthaí na aimsire ar scála mór a rinne na GCManna samhail go maith, tá cúis imní ann.\nNí chuireann na meicníochtaí difríochta \"Rich-get-Richer\" agus thunderstorm ach na hathruithe laethúla ar thráth. Bíonn tionchar ag feiniméin scála ama níos faide ar thrácht na n-uisceacha trópaiceacha freisin. Tá athruithe móra i dtuiteam báistí ag scála ama míosúil agus bliantúil araon. Ar scála míosúil is féidir leis an Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO) mar a thugtar air, réigiún leathan stoirmeach a ghluaiseann go mall siar ar feadh an echtair, báistí a mhéadú nó a chosc. Tá sé de mhian le hoibre an-dhéanach go bhféadfadh sé a bheith níos deacra MJOs a thuar le níos mó ama idir imeachtaí báistí. D'fhéadfadh na himeachtaí a tharlaíonn a bheith ina thoradh ar thréimhse níos mó báistí. Ar scála ama bliantúil, tagann agus imíonn hurricanes. Ach le téamh aeráide, is dócha go mbeidh na hurricaneanna a thiocfaidh níos lú go minic agus níos déine ná iad siúd a fheicimid inniu.\nGo neamh-chomhthátha, tá cuid de na hathruithe seo le feiceáil cheana féin. Tá athruithe tagtha ar réigiúin cosúil le hOstaire agus an fho-chríoch Indiach i minicíocht agus déine na báistí. Bhí an monsoon Indiach, patrún báistí séasúracha, chomh comhsheasmhach go hiontach ó bhliain go bliain, agus dá bhrí sin, intuartha. Anois, bíonn tús na monsoon ag am níos athromaí agus is minic a bhíonn báistí monsoon trom go leor chun tuile. Tá an tSín chomh maith le na hOstaire ag fulaingt ó thriomú agus ó shéideadh le rialtacht neamhchoitianta.\nIs dócha go mbeidh gá le hoiriúnú do thréimhse nua de bharr téamh aeráide. Cé go bhfuil na daoine sna trópaiceanna ar an gcoitinne a shábháil ar na héifeachtaí is measa, beidh orthu dul i ngleic le leibhéil na farraige ag ardú agus, ar an drochuair, is cosúil, athruithe ar an bháisteach atá chomh ríthábhachtach dá saol laethúil.\nMoiléiceáin agus moscaí: tá teicnící bitheolaíochta móilíneacha mar bhunús dár n-iarrachtaí víris a dtarraingíonn moscaí a dhíothú go hinbhuanaithe\nScríobh Stephanie Moon, SoGES 2013-2014 Comhalta ceannaireachta inbhuanaitheachta, agus iarrthóir PhD i Roinn na Miocrialaise, Imdhíonlaise, agus Paiteolaíochta\nNí fada ó shin, ba é an creideamh is mó ná nach raibh mosquitoes in ann gníomhairí ghalair chomh tubaisteach sin a tharchur mar an malária, víreas an fiabhras buí (YFV) agus víreas an Nile Thiar (WNV). Creidtear go dtarchuirfí YFV trí bhlaosc mistéireach nó trí dhroch-earraí ginearálta, agus ní raibh sé go dtí go luath sa ficheú haois gur nocht taighde eolaíoch ag Arm na Stát Aontaithe sa Chúba ról na mosquitoes i dtarchur víris (1). In ainneoin an mhothúcháin phoiblí a bhí ann go raibh sé greannmhar a mheas go raibh paiteogainí daonna i gcúrsaí mosquitoes, nochtadh turgnaimh ó Arm na Stát Aontaithe faoi stiúir an Dr. Walter Reed i gCúba go luath sna 1900í gur féidir le daoine YFV a tharchur chuig mosquitoes agus is féidir le mosquitoes an víreas a tharchur ar ais go comhsheasmhach chuig daoine. Is iontas é nach mbeadh na turgnaimh seo indéanta gan cabhair ó dhaoine deonacha a bhí sásta a bheith ionfhabhtaithe le YFV, agus fuair cuid acu bás mar thoradh ar a rannpháirtíocht (1). Mar sin féin, ní tharlafeadh deireadh a chur le YFV ó Mheiriceá Láir agus Thuaidh le linn an fhichiú haois gan na príomhthrialacha seo a shainmhínigh an timthriall tarchuir agus cur chuige dian il-chomhartha a bhí mar aidhm aige daonra na moscaí a scriosadh, vacsaín a fháil, agus teagmháil moscaí-daonna a chosc trí iarrachtaí carthain, scáileáin agus líonta moscaí (1).\nBhí rath ar iarrachtaí taighde atá bunaithe ar an saotharlann YFV a dhíothú ó na Stáit Aontaithe, ach tá iarrachtaí faireachais chun YFV a bhrath nó taighde a dhéanamh ar leigheas a fháil ar an ghalair fós mar spriocanna tábhachtacha. Seachas a bheith ag cur le galar agus bás san Afraic faoi-Shahárach agus i Meiriceá Láir agus Theas, tá baol ann go mbeidh YFV agus vírisí eile a iompróidh mosquitoes ag teacht isteach sna Stáit Aontaithe arís. Tá sé le fios go bhfuil an príomh-fheicteoir do YFV agus an víreas Dengue gaolmhar, Aedes aegypti, le fáil i California, agus go bhfuil 22 othar aitheanta go dtí seo mar a bhfuil víreas Dengue faighte acu i Key West, Florida (2).\nSa lá atá inniu ann sna Stáit Aontaithe, tá víreas an Nile Thiar ag éirí ina mhórchúis imní go tapa mar go bhfuil cásanna daonna agus ainmhithe ag fás ó tugadh an víreas isteach i Nua-Eabhrac i 1999. Tugadh víreas an fhabhar buí agus a veictóir mosquito Aedes aegypti isteach sa Domhan Nua freisin (meastar gur tháinig sé ó Iarthar na hAfraice agus gur scaipeadh go Meiriceá mar thoradh ar thrádáil sclábhaithe na hAfraice) agus tá a fhios againn anois gur chuir an bealach a d'athraigh muid an tírdhreach le linn leathnú na hEorpa go Meiriceá leis an réigiún atá ag leathnú ina bhfuarthas YFV (1). Mar shampla, chuir an foraoise a scriosadh chun plandálacha canna siúcra a chruthú in oileáin na Cairibe san 17ú haois go luath leis an gcruthú gnáthóga fabhracha nua do Aedes aegypti, rud a chuir chun cinn scaipeadh YFV (1). Ar an gcaoi chéanna, léiríodh go bhfuil an t-ionfhabhtú WNV san oirthear-thuaidh de na Stáit Aontaithe níos airde i gceantair uirbeacha, agus tá ár gcleachtais talmhaíochta tar éis cur le hionfhabhtú galar WNV san iarthar na Stát Aontaithe freisin (3, 4).\nToisc go mbíonn víreas an Nile Thiar ann de ghnáth i dtimthriall tarchuir idir éin agus moscaí (le daoine agus capaill ag fáil WNV ar an láimh eile), tá éiceolaíocht an chórais víreas-óstach-veicteora seo i roinnt bealaí níos casta ná sin de YFV, a choinnítear i ndaoine agus i mbeacáin crainn-chónaithe (sa Mheiriceá). Tá dúshlán an-chasta ag baint le WNV a dhíothú, go háirithe toisc nach bhfuil vacsaín ag WNV, murab ionann agus YFV. Dá bhrí sin, díreoidh iarrachtaí maolúcháin ar rialú moscaí seachas ar chosc ar ghalair, rud a d'fhéadfadh tionchar diúltach a bheith aige ar éiceachórais trí na hidirbheathaigh eile agus na hainmhithe a bhíonn ag brath ar inseictí mar fhoinse bia a ghortú (5). Beidh cur chuige níos inbhuanaithe a cheadú chun na galair seo a dhíothú, má thagann bealaí nua chun cóireáil a dhéanamh ar othair atá ionfhabhtaithe le WNV agus le paiteogain eile a iompróidh mosquito nó chun ionfhabhtú a chosc sa chéad áit trí vacsaínithe. Dá bhrí sin, beidh taighde bitheolaíochta móilíneach ar na meicníochtaí móilíneacha atá faoi bhun ionfhabhtaithe víris agus tarchuir riachtanach dár n-iarrachtaí sa todhchaí más mian linn réiteach níos cairdiúla don chomhshaol, inbhuanaithe a fháil ar fhadhb na víris a tharchur ag mosquito.\nConas a bhainistímid an baol go dtarchuirfear WNV go háitiúil? Soláthraíonn cathair Fort Collins saibhreas faisnéise don phobal faoin bpróiseas seo. I measc na sonraí is féidir leat rochtain a fháil orthu ar líne tá cé mhéad othar a ndearnadh diagnóis WNV orthu, déine na hairíonna galar, agus báis i gContae Larimer. Is féidir leat a fháil amach go héasca ar líne cé mhéad mosquito a bhí gafa i gceantair áirithe i gContae Larimer agus an ndearna siad tástáil dearfach nó nach ndearna siad ar WNV (6). Úsáidtear na sonraí seo chun a chinneadh cad iad na gníomhaíochtaí ba cheart don chathair a dhéanamh chun ráig WNV a chosc. Cuid de fhreagra na cathrach ar ráig fhéadfaí a thuar is ea úsáid inseictídí a mharú mosquitoes larva nó fásta, ach tá siad a chur i bhfeidhm i limistéir bheaga agus a úsáidtear ach amháin nuair a bhíonn an riosca tarchur WNV ard. In ainneoin iarrachtaí cathair Fort Collins sonraí agus faisnéis a chur ar fáil don phobal faoi riosca tarchuir WNV agus iarratas ar inseticíd, tá conspóide ann maidir le húsáid inseticíd. Scrúdaíonn alt réasúnta le déanaí sa Coloradoan (http://noconow.co/1hqQcti) cuid de na cúlra den chóras reatha a úsáideann an chathair chun cinneadh a dhéanamh cathain agus cá háit a spraeálfar inseticidí (7). Is é an bealach a roghnaímid cathain a spraeáil (7). Ós rud é nach ndéanfaidh an chathair inseticídí a spraeáil go dtí go dtabharfar tuairisc ar roinnt cásanna daonna, tá moill beagnach mí idir nuair a bhíonn daoine ag fáil ionfhabhtaithe le WNV agus nuair a thagann siad síos le hairíonna agus dá bhrí sin nuair a d'fhéadfadh an chathair gníomhú (7). D'fhéadfadh go gcuirfí deireadh leis an moill seo trí bheith ag brath níos mó ar iarrachtaí faireachais mosquito (7) agus trí dhiagnóisis fheabhsaithe a fhorbairt a bhrathfaidh ionfhabhtú i ndaoine atá i mbaol ionfhabhtú sula dtosaíonn na hairíonna.\nTá an bealach a ndéanaimid measúnú faoi láthair agus a scriosann an baol tarchuir WNV go háitiúil bunaithe ar theicnící bitheolaíochta móilíneacha, toisc go mbraitheann an dá fhaireachas agus (cuid) de na tástálacha diagnóiseacha ar mhodh ar a dtugtar imoibriú slabhra polymerase (PCR) chun ábhar géiniteach víreasach a bhrath. Ar an drochuair, níl ár gcartlann reatha tástálacha diagnóiseacha úsáideach go dtí go bhfuil comharthaí an ghalair ag an othar, mar sin tá gá le tástálacha diagnóiseacha níos gasta, níos iontaofa chun WNV a bhrath sula dtosaíonn an galar. Is ionadh nach bhfuil cóireálacha sonracha ná vacsaíní daonna ann do go leor galair thábhachtacha víreasacha a iompróidh mosquitoes, lena n-áirítear WNV. Beidh taighde a bhfuil sé mar aidhm aige vacsaíní nua, tástálacha diagnóiseacha a fhorbairt agus spriocdhrugaí víreasacha (nó óstach) nua a nochtadh chun tús na hairíonna galar a mhaolú ina chomhpháirt ríthábhachtach de straitéis inbhuanaithe chun galar a rialú. Is féidir le hiarrachtaí taighde atá bunaithe ar an saotharlann a bheith in ann a fháil amach cén fáth a mbíonn víris áirithe ina chúis le galar nó ina scaipeadh ar fud an domhain.\nTá mo thaighde dírithe ar an gcaoi a gcuireann grúpa mór víris a dtarraingítear ag arthrópaidí, lena n-áirítear víreas Dengue agus WNV, galair ar an leibhéal ceallach agus móilíneach. Má tá sé ar chumas againn a chinneadh cad iad na fachtóirí a theastaíonn le haghaidh víris a athdhéanamh i gcealla daonna, ansin is féidir linn cóireálacha nua a fhorbairt chun comharthaí na galair a laghdú. Ina theannta sin, trí staidéar a dhéanamh ar na meicníochtaí coiteann a úsáideann go leor víris éagsúla chun galar a chur faoi deara, d'fhéadfaimis cóireáil choiteann a bhaint amach sa deireadh. Tá go leor víris nach ndéantar a tharchur trí mosquitoes (lena n-áirítear víreas Heipitíteas C agus víreas diarrhea víreasach Bovine - galar coitianta de bhaoil) gar do YFV, víreas Dengue, agus WNV. Tá roinnt meicníochtaí spreagúla le fáil amach ag ár gcuid oibre a bhfuil na víris gaolmhara seo ag roinnt le galar a chur faoi deara i ndaoine agus ainmhithe a d'fhéadfadh a bheith ann a léamh agat anseo: http://bit.ly/1lF4M0x (8). Sa deireadh, ba cheart go gcuirfeadh iarrachtaí taighde le cóireálacha, vacsaíní agus modhanna inbhuanaithe cur chun feidhme a tháirgeadh chun ár gcur chuige reatha a fhorlíonadh nó a chur in ionad a bhfuil muinín mhór acu as rialú mosquito chun riosca galair i ndaoine agus ainmhithe a mhaolú.\nOibreacha a luaitear agus a moltar a léamh:\n(1) McNeill, JR. Mosquito Empires: Ecology and War in the greater Caribbean, 1620-1914. Nua Eabhrac: Cambridge University Press, 2010. Brúigh.\n(2) Lárionad um Rialú agus Cosc ar Ghalair- Dengue Homepage. http://www.cdc.gov/dengue/epidemiology/local_dengue.html. 27 Meán Fómhair 2012. Rinneadh rochtain air an 8 Eanáir 2014.\n(3) Brown HE, Childs JE, Diuk-Wasser MA, Fish D. Fachtóirí éiceolaíocha a bhaineann le tarchur víreas an Nile Thiar, oirdheisceart na SA. Emerg Infect Dis [sreang ar an Idirlíon]. 2008 Oct [8 Eanáir 2014]. Tá sé ar fáil ó http://www.cdc.gov/eid/article/14/10/07-1396.htm\n(4) Kilpatrick AM. Globalization, land use, and the invasion of West Nile virus Eolaíocht. 2011 Oct 21; 334(6054):323-7. doi: 10.1126/science.1201010.\n(5) Stáit Aontaithe Mheiriceá Seirbhísí Eitilte agus Fiadhúlra, Leas-Airteagal K4, Torthaí Comhshaoil an Chórais um Chóras Moscó www.fws.gov/cno/refuges/DonEdwards/CCP-PDFs/Appendix-K4_EffectssofMosquitoControl.pdf 2004. Rinneadh rochtain air an 1 Eanáir 2014.\nTá an t-eitleán seo ar fáil i ngach ceann de na háiteanna seo a leanas: Rinneadh rochtain air an 8 Eanáir 2014.\n(7) Duggan, Kevin. Fort Collins D'fhéadfadh sé go rachadh spraeáil West Nile i dtreo nua Coloradoan.com. An Coloradoan, 12 Samhain 2013. http://www.coloradoan.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=2013311090084 Web. 6 Eanáir 2013.\n(8) Moon, SL agus Wilusz, J. Fury i gcoinne an meaisín (deagrú RNA ceallach). PloS Pathog. 2013 Dec 9 (12):e1003762. doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003762.\nTá go leor eolaithe, eacnamaithe agus smaointeoirí ag caint faoin gceist 9 billiún duine, nó an 9BPQ. Táthar ag súil go mbeidh ár ndaonra ag plátaí i 2050 le 9 billiún duine. Is é sin go leor comhlachtaí a sholáthar uisce, bia, tearmann agus aer glan. An féidir é sin a dhéanamh? Níl mé cinnte.\nDr. H.C.J. Deir Godfray, ollamh in Ollscoil Oxford, agus a chomh-údair (2010) go bhfuil sé indéanta, le straitéis dhomhanda ilghnéitheach agus nasctha a d'fhéadfadh slándáil bhia inbhuanaithe agus chothrom a chinntiú. Is é an chuid is fearr liom dá n-iomaíocht ná dramhaíl a laghdú. Aontaíonn an Dr. John Foley, Stiúrthóir an Institiúid um an Ghnóthaí Comhshaoil in Ollscoil Minnesota, scríbhneoir proiliciúil eile ar shlándáil bia. Sa phost seo, ní amháin go bhfuil sé ag caint faoi athrú ar aiste bia chun ár soláthar bia a mhéadú 28%, ach freisin faoi laghdú ar bhia a chaitear. Smaoinigh air, má bhailíonn tú na prátaí puré nach ndearna daoine a chríochnú ar Lá Buíochais, d'fhéadfá a chur ar fáil do roinnt sráidbhailte san Afraic na sléibhte de phréas cothaitheach. Tar éis dom a bheith ag obair san talmhaíocht agus ag staidéar ar phaiteolaíocht plandaí ar feadh blianta fada, táim ar bís leis an difríocht atá againn mar dhaoine maidir le tuiscint a fháil ar fhoinsí na n-ábhar a chothaíonn muid agus na bagairtí uafásacha ar na foinsí seo a bhíonn os ár gcomhair agus a fhágfaidh muid do ár leanaí chun dul i ngleic leo sna blianta amach romhainn.\nLabhair an Dr. Foley faoi inbhuanaitheacht ag ócáid a d'óstáil Scoil Inbhuanaitheachta Domhanda agus Comhshaoil anseo in Ollscoil Stáit Colorado an mhí seo caite. Cé go raibh mé ina shuí sa lucht féachana ró-chúthach mo cheist a chur, thosaigh mé ag smaoineamh ar ghluaiseachtaí bia áitiúla i gcoinne global agus conas a bhaineann sé sin le slándáil bia. Tá sé ina chothromaíocht intricate. Cad is féidir linn a dhéanamh inniu? Conas? Má ordóidh mé steak sa bhosca seo, an ndéanfaidh mé difríocht i ndáiríre? Má roghnaím an saladach seo a fhásann go háitiúil a cheannach seachas an saladach a seoltar ó Mheicsiceo, an bhfuil mé ag cur le hinbhuanaitheacht domhanda agus ag slándáil ár soláthar bia? Is cosúil go bhfuil an freagra ar aon, ach i ndáiríre tá sé sea. Má mheasann muid na cinntí beaga go léir a dhéantar ar fud an domhain, is é an tionchar comhchoiteann, sa deireadh, athrú cuimsitheach.\nOibríonn mo ghrúpa taighde le Oryza sativa, ar a dtugtar rís go coitianta. Is é seo an príomh-chruthú a chothaíonn leath ár n-saoghail agus reiligiún bia domhanda ársa. Tá an rís á dtógáil go dian le roinnt timthriallta barraíochta in aghaidh na bliana agus tá méid suntasach dramhaíola talmhaíochta á tháirgeadh aici. Is é an fócas ollmhór inár dtaighde ná na plágaidí agus na paiteogain a bhagairt an phlanda simplí seo, ach a choinníonn an saol, a bhainistiú go hinbhuanaithe. Is cur chuige inbhuanaithe é an fhulang a bhaineann le fhulaingt nádúrtha a bhaineann le galar atá ar fáil i gcineálacha éagsúla fiáine chun a thabhairt isteach i gcineálacha a fhásann bliain i ndiaidh bliana chun dul i ngleic le micribí atá ag teacht chun cinn, agus laghdóidh sé an gá le hiarratais cheimiceacha le haghaidh bainistíochta, ach níos tábhachtaí fós, caillteanais toraidh. Go bunúsach, is féidir le breeders leas a bhaint as na plandaí seo a bhfuil a thairiscint acu cheana féin.\nTá agus beidh cinneadh i gcónaí ag feirmeoirí a gcórais chothúcháin, a gcuid síolta, a gcuid straitéisí bainistíochta agus a leithdháileadh acmhainní a athrú. I measc ár dtaighde tá diagnóisíocht mhóilíneach, micreabhiolaíocht, bitheolaíocht mhóilíneach, fiseolaíocht plandaí, géineolaíocht, géinimice agus trascriptomice chun cabhrú le tuiscint a fháil ón leibhéal is lú go dtí an leibhéal is mó conas a idirghníomhaíonn na ríochtaí éagsúla seo i gcóras ríse. Tá deiseanna ann freisin le haghaidh táirgeachta inbhuanaithe trí chúlchistí barra a úsáid a chaitear ar bhealach atá an-dlúth i ndroch-thruailliú, go coitianta trí dhó go díreach sa réimse. Is rogha inmharthana é chun déileáil leis an dramhaíl seo ná gáisíocht a úsáid. Is córas dúnta é gású a thabharfadh earraí breisluacha i bhfoirm fuinnimh chun próisis shuntasacha a bhreoslaí, cosúil le muileann. Is é an cheist, an mbeidh táirgeoirí sásta a gcuid stiallacha agus a gcuid duilleoga fágtha a iompar síos an bóthar chun tacú leis an oibríocht seo? An mbeadh sé costéifeachtach dóibh? D'fhéadfaí an cás seo a chur i bhfeidhm ar go leor córais chothabhála bliantúla, go háirithe iad siúd ina dtáirgeadh roinnt barra i ndiaidh a chéile i mbliana. Is é an rud is áille le bheith ag obair le rís ná gur féar simplí é. Tá staidéar mór déanta air agus tá go leor uirlisí taighde ar fáil, mar shampla seicheamh géinóim iomlán agus iliomad taighdeoirí infheistithe ar fud an domhain. Mar gheall ar nádúr an éabhlóide, tá go leor de na tréithe a bhfuil suim ag daoine i mbia-fhuinneamh, mar struchtúr balla cealla, coimeádta go mór i measc plandaí. Trí leas a bhaint as rís mar mhúnla, is féidir le taighde dul chun cinn go tapa chun córais a bharrfheabhsú ní amháin le haghaidh táirgeadh bia inbhuanaithe, ach le haghaidh laghdú ar fhillteán barra a chaitear agus é a úsáid le haghaidh bithfhuinnimh. Chomh maith le laghdú a dhéanamh ar an méid bia a ídítear a chaitear, ba cheart cur chuige cruthaitheach a iniúchadh chun dramhaíl a laghdú i ngach céim de tháirgeadh talmhaíochta.\nTá sé éasca a bheith i bhfad ó na daoine agus ó na timpeallachtaí a bhfuil muid ag obair chun cabhrú leo, ós rud é nach bhfuil aon duine ag fás rís ar feadh na céadta míle ó mo bhinse saotharlainne nó óna teas-teasacha trópaiceacha. Mar sin féin, cosúil leis an dúshlán saille, tá a fhios againn go mbíonn tionchar ag ár gcuid oibre go háitiúil ar an gluaiseacht domhanda i dtreo táirgeadh feirmeoireachta inbhuanaithe agus gur féidir ár dtorthaí a aistriú go héasca go barra bia eile. Tá an réiteach seo cosúil go díreach nuair a scríobhtar é i mblag. Ach is é an rud is mó a chuireann eagla orainn i ndáil leis an dúshlán a bhaineann le slándáil bhia inbhuanaithe ná athrú aeráide. Tosaíonn deacrachtaí i n-éiceolaíocht mhicrobiúil agus talmhaíochta le hiomaíocht aimsire agus le mí-úsáid acmhainní nádúrtha. Is timpeallacht éagsúil agus casta é an phytobiome (a ome nua, rud a chiallaíonn na miocróbacha a bhíonn ag crochadh amach, ar mhaithe le níos fearr nó níos measa, ar phlandaí os cionn na talún) atá íogair d'athruithe teochta céatadáin amháin. Níl rís ag dul in áit ar bith; tá sí thart mar chultúr bunleibhéal le céadta bliain. Mar sin nuair a smaoiním ar mo shlí bheatha agus mo chinntí féin maidir le slándáil bia, sílim go bhfuil cothromaíocht ann. Is féidir linn roghanna a dhéanamh go háitiúil chun tacú lenár dtuismitheoirí suas an tsráid agus ár gcuid plotaí talún beaga féin a chothabháil, ach is féidir leis an taighde agus na cinntí a dhéanaimid maidir lenár soláthar bia tionchar a imirt ar ár gcomharsana ar fud an domhain.\nDéanann an Dr. Foley cur síos chomh cruinn ar an gcumhacht iomlán atá ag an talmhaíocht ar ár gcomhshaol, ar ár sochaí, ar ár n-aiste bia, ar ár rialachas agus ar ár saol laethúil. Is cosúil le talmhaíocht an Sauron eacnamaíoch plandaí agus ainmhithe ina dhiaidh sin ag daoine atá ag brath. Ní mór é a bheith ina thosaíocht do staidéir inbhuanaitheachta. Má tá ár daonra leagtha amach chun 9 billiún faoi 2050 agus daoine ag dul a bheith ina gcónaí níos faide, ní hé slándáil bia rogha, tá sé riachtanach ar shlí eile, d'fhéadfadh ár bpláinéad athrú ó breathnú cosúil leis an Shire go Mordor.\nGodfray, H.C.J., Beddington, J.R., Crute, I.R., Haddad, L., Lawrence, D., Muir, J.F., Pretty, J., Robinson, S., Thomas, S.M. agus Toulmin, C. 2010. Slándáil Bia: Is dúshlán é bia a thabhairt do 9 billiún duine. Eolaíocht. 327: 812-818. Tá sé seo go maith.\nÓ Chósta an Aigéin Chiúin, go foraoisí an Iarthuaiscirt, agus thar na Sléibhte Carraigí snoga, tá scátálaithe de éagsúlacht gheografach, éiceolaíochta agus shóisialta i ndeisceart na Stát Aontaithe. Tá níos mó ná 73.5 milliún duine (is é sin 23% de dhaonra na Stát Aontaithe) ina gcónaí sna 11 stát is faide siar (lena n-áirítear Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, agus Wyoming), agus tá an tiúchan is airde úinéireachta talún cónaidhme sna Stáit Aontaithe iontu. Tá cearta uisce stairiúla sa réigiún seo freisin (prionsabal dlí uisce an Iarthair de é a úsáid nó a chailleadh), tá sé ag fulaingt ó thorthaí tirim agus dochreidte, agus rioscaí a spreagann triomach mar tinte fiáine, agus tá bunuisceanna ríthábhachtach ag córais mhór abhainn ann (tá bunuisceanna ag Colorado Rockies amháin do sheacht gcóras mór abhainn sna Stáit Aontaithe).\nLe cúpla bliain anuas tá réigiún an iarthar Mheiriceá tar éis fás níos tapúla ná an tír ar fad. Tá coinbhleachtaí casta, costasacha, agus go minic neamhshainithe ag gabháil leis an bhfás seo, a spreagtar le hathruithe tapa ar phairtín úsáide talún, mar shampla forbairt exurban, agus aistriúcháin úsáide talún poiblí, agus athruithe ar an aeráid, ar an daonlathais, ar na dálaí socheacnamaíocha, agus ar mhaoiniú laghdaithe do bhainisteoirí talún. Go háirithe ar thalamh phoiblí (a bhainistítear go cónaidhme), tá teorainneacha maoinithe suntasacha agus bearnaí i gcothabháil foraoise agus uisceacháin méadaithe, de réir mar a ath-thosaítear buiséid chun aghaidh a thabhairt ar imní comhshaoil agus sóisialta láithreach mar thine foraoise. Ní bhíonn na Stáit agus a gcuid comhchlaonta uisce faoi lé na fachtóirí seo go léir go cothrom, ná ní fachtóirí a bhaineann leis an réigiún seo amháin iad, ach luaitear go léir na fachtóirí seo mar a bhfuil ról acu i dtreo cur chuige nua a fhorbairt chun dul i ngleic le dúshláin bhainistíochta comhchlaonta uisce.\nTá gá soiléir le bealaí nua agus cruthaitheacha chun aghaidh a thabhairt ar na hábhair imní atá ag méadú, go háirithe ós rud é go dtagann formhór an uisce óil sa réigiún ó sholátharí uisce dromchla atá cosanta go príomha ag foraoisí ar thailte poiblí (Barnes, et al, 2009). Mar sin, tá an méid a tharlaíonn sna cuanáin foraoiseacha thuas an sruth ceangailte go deimhin leis an uisce a fhaigheann formhór againn sa réigiún ag ár bpráta. Tá na cur chuige nua seo maidir le bainistiú an chúlchiste forbartha lámh ar láimh le haistriú ó ghníomhaíochtaí caomhnaithe a bhainistiú go stairiúil ag an gcoiste go hiarrachtaí comhoibritheacha díláraithe atá dírithe ar an scála áitiúil agus réigiúnach (Nie, 2008).\nTá cur chuige den sórt sin, ar a dtugtar go forleathan \"Píocaíochtaí le haghaidh Seirbhísí an Tigh-Uisce\" (PWS), tar éis méadú a dhéanamh sa réigiún. Is féidir linn smaoineamh ar PWS mar shraith meicníochtaí a dhéanann iarracht aghaidh a thabhairt ar na coinbhleachtaí casta seo a bhíonn os comhair na réigiúin, a ceapadh ar bhealaí éagsúla chun freastal ar éagsúlacht na gcoinníollacha institiúideacha agus éiceolaíocha a bhí ann cheana. Ní bhaineann an cineál seo leathnú i gcur chuige PWS go sonrach le hAontas na Stát Aontaithe an iarthar, i ndáiríre, tá leathnú PWS ag tarlú ar fud an domhain. Tá Margadh Éiceachórais (Tosaíocht Threochtaí Foraoise) tar éis forbairt PWS a rianú ar fud an domhain, rud a tháinig chun cinn i dtuarascáil Staid Íocaíochtaí an tUisceacháin 2012, agus léarscáil idirghníomhach.\nAg dul ar ais go dtí an iarthar na SA, chuimsigh ár dtaighde le déanaí comhoibriú le Margadh Éiceachórais chun clár PWS atá ann cheana a fhiach sa réigiún (tá sonraí a úsáidtear inár gcuid oibre mar chuid de shraith sonraí Íocaíochtaí Stáit an tUisce). Fuair ár n-earraí clár 55 clár atá ag feidhmiú nó i ndearadh sa réigiún in 2012; líon a bhfuil níos mó ná dúbailte ó na 20 clár sa réigiún in 2003. Tá na cláir seo agus a stádas (gníomhach, i ndearadh) liostaithe ar an léarscáil ar dheis. Cárta pointe de Íocaíochtaí le haghaidh Seirbhísí Cois Fhearainn san Iarthar na Stát Aontaithe (Huber-Stearns et al., 2013-unpublished). Mar thoradh ar ár dtaighde, fuair muid faisnéis faoi chomhpháirteanna cláir na 55 clár go léir, a chuimsítear go cuimsitheach inár lámhscríbhinn iomlán (cuir ríomhphost chugam le haghaidh tuilleadh faisnéise). Ag coinneáil le téama an bhlag seo, díreoimid ar fhoghrúpa sonrach amháin de chláir a tháinig chun cinn inár anailís sonraí: cláir Athchóiriú agus Cosaint an Chill Uisce.\nAithníomar naoi gclár Athchóirithe agus Cosanta an Chill Uisce i ár suímh 2012 agus tá an líon sin méadaithe ó shin, le níos mó cláir faoi dhearadh agus ag tosú ar oibriú go hiomlán. Tá cláir um Athchóiriú agus Cosaint an Chéim Uisce dírithe go príomha ar sheirbhísí éiceachórais cáilíochta uisce, lena n-áirítear cáilíocht uisce i gcoitinne, chomh maith le roinnt imní sonracha, go príomha, teocht, síoda agus nítrigin. Díríonn na cláir ar na hábhair imní éiceolaíocha seo trí ghníomhaíochtaí bainistíochta, go príomha: athchóiriú talún (foraois a dhíleá, dóiteáin fhorordaithe, athchóiriú ribí, agus gníomhaíochtaí eile chun sláinte an uisceáin a fheabhsú); agus gníomhaíochtaí cosanta (scaoileadh agus méadú ar phaitriliúin chun an pobal a oideachasú faoi ghníomhaíochtaí cuí i gcearnóga uisceáin, ceannach easláin chaomhnaithe). Tá na gníomhaíochtaí bainistíochta seo dírithe ar chosaint agus athchóiriú talún leachtanna uisce uachtaracha a mbíonn tionchar díreach acu ar bhorstáit uisce, agus i gcásanna áirithe, ar thalamh a mbíonn tionchar aige ar dhiúscairt uisce sguamha agus uisce stoirme.\nI ngach cás, maoiníonn na bardais uisce agus na húsáidí na cláir seo. I measc na gclár seo tá cathracha mar Denver, San Francisco, Santa Fe, Salt Lake City, Seattle, agus Tualatin. Mar gheall ar an bhfreagra atá ann maidir le úinéireacht talún sa réigiún, tá éagsúlacht ann i measc na ndaoine a dhéanann cleachtais stiúideo ar an talamh le haghaidh na gclár seo. Sa Tuaisceart an Aigéin Chiúin, tá na cláir seo go príomha ag úinéirí talún príobháideacha a dhéanann cleachtais athchóirithe agus cosanta éagsúla ar a gcuid talún chun cáilíocht uisce a fheabhsú agus a fheabhsú. I stáit níos tirim, is é an príomh-stiúideo talún i Seirbhís Foraoise na Stát Aontaithe, a chomhpháirtíonn le húsáidí chun athchóiriú agus gníomhaíochtaí cosanta a roinnt ar thailte poiblí.\nD'fhéadfadh sé a bheith neamhghnách go bhfuil soláthraithe uisce agus gníomhaireachtaí cónaidhme ag comhoibriú le dul i ngleic le hábhair imní maidir le cáilíocht uisce. Tá an t-ionad seo ar fáil do dhaoine a bhfuil taithí acu ar an gcóras um chosaint uisce, agus tá sé ar fáil do dhaoine a bhfuil taithí acu ar chóras um chosaint uisce. Feictear sna comhpháirtíochtaí seo ag na seirbhísí fóntais agus ag na gníomhaireachtaí poiblí araon gur deis iad a gcuid foireann agus maoiniú teoranta a ghiaráil chun bainistíocht uisceacháin a fheabhsú. Tá cosaint uisce foinse, agus cúiseanna eile maidir le cáilíocht agus cainníocht uisce mar chúis le húsáid na n-úsáideanna, agus na gníomhaireachtaí poiblí agus na daoine aonair príobháideacha mar chúis leis an deis sláinte foriomlán talún poiblí agus príobháideach a fheabhsú. Is féidir le PWS a bheith mar mheicníocht chun oibriú thar theorainneacha úinéireachta talún chun aghaidh a thabhairt ar imní sóisialta agus éiceolaíocha níos mó.\nIs minic a fheictear na gníomhaíochtaí athchóirithe loinge mar infheistíochtaí i mbonneagar nádúrtha: mar chomhlánú, nó in ionad na mbardas ag cur teicneolaíocht agus cóireáil i saoráidí cóireála uisce óil agus fuíolluisce. (Cliceáil anseo chun tuarascáil le déanaí a léamh: Natural Infrastructure: Investing in Forested Landscapes for Source Water Protection in the United States.) De réir mar a deir an seanfhocal, is fiú aon bhuille de chosc a leigheas. Mar shampla, d'fhéadfadh sé go mbeadh sé fiú infheistíocht a dhéanamh i mbonneagar nádúrtha chun costais thromchúiseacha na tine foraoise (caillteanas beatha agus maoine, éifeachtaí sláinte foraoise, costais an tine a chosc) agus damáiste ina dhiaidh sin (mhéaduithe cothaithigh agus taiscéala san uisce, costais mhéaduithe cóireála uisce, tionchar diúltach ar shlándáil uisce, bithéagsúlacht) a sheachaint. Is féidir leis an gcur chuige seo dul i ngleic le saincheisteanna sláinte an uiscechuaird sin óna gcúis bhunúsach, ag déanamh oibre athchóirithe ar feadh na n-uiscebhealaí agus i gceannuisceanna.\nTaispeánann cláir mar na PWSanna seo go bhfuil na húsáideoirí móra uisce uirbeacha ag díriú ar smaointeoireacht réamhghníomhach thar a bpíopaí iontógála agus díolacháin féin; tá infheistíochtaí i gcláir den sórt sin ag tosú ag daingniú luach eacnamaíoch na bhforaoisí thuasshrutha d'úsáideoirí uisce thíosshrutha. Soláthraíonn PWS meicníocht a fhéadfaidh a éascú: comhpháirtíochtaí nua agus obair thar theorainneacha, leasú acmhainní (dollar a dhéanamh níos faide), agus comhbhuntáistí mar athchóiriú gnáthóg, agus áilleacht tírdhreacha. Ciallaíonn nuacht choibhneasta agus tóir mhéadaithe PWS go mbeidh na blianta beaga amach romhainn ríthábhachtach chun staidéar a dhéanamh ar chláir nua atá ag teacht ar líne, agus cláir atá ann cheana a thuairisciú torthaí agus éifeachtaí cláir. I ndeireadh na dála, is é an freagra, tá; is féidir an t-uisce óil glan, fuar a shruthann amach ó do phraon oscailte a bheith ceangailte go fírinneach le crainn a thiteann i do roinn uisce.\nTacaíonn an Stáisiún Taighde Talmhaíochta le taighde Heidi. Tá Heidi ina Coordóir freisin do Chomaoin Chosaint Colorado, clár den Ionad um Chaomhnú Comhoibritheach.\nTáirgeadh léarscáileanna ag an Geospatial Centroid in Ollscoil Stáit Colorado.\nBarnes, M., Todd, A., Lilja, R, agus Barten, P. (2009). Foraoisí, Uisce agus Daoine: Soláthar uisce óil agus talamh foraoise sna Stáit Aontaithe Thuaisceart agus Meán-Iarthar. Tuarascáil ó Sheirbhís Foraoise na Stát Aontaithe.\nBennett, G., Nathaniel .C agus Hamilton, K. (2012). Cártaí Uisceacha Nua: Staid na nÍocanna Cuarda Uisce 2012. Washington, DC: Treochtaí Foraoise. Tá an tuarascáil ar fáil ar líne ag http://www.ecosystemmarketplace.com/reports/sowp2012.\nCarpe Diem an Iarthair. (2011). Clár infheistíochta i leith na mbarr uisce i dTír an Iarthair Mheiriceá: Breathnú nuashonraithe: Sláinte na mbarr uisce ar an taobh thuas agus slándáil na mbarr uisce ar an taobh thíos. Tuarascáil Carpe Diem West. California. www.carpediemwest.org.\nFolke, C. (2006). Athshlánú: Tá dearcadh ag teacht chun cinn maidir le hanailíseacha ar chórais shóisialta-eaclaíocha. Athrú Domhanda Comhshaoil - Gnéithe Daonna agus Beartais, 16 ((3): 253-267.\nGorte, R., Hardy Vincent, C., Hanson, L., Rosenblum, M. (2012). Úinéireacht talún cónaidhme: Overvew agus sonraí. Seirbhís Taighde na Comhdhála 7-5700, R42346.\nMajanen, T., Friedman, R., Milder, J. (2011). Nuálaíochtaí i gcosanta uiscebheatha bunaithe ar an margadh sna Stáit Aontaithe: Íocaíochtaí le haghaidh seirbhísí uiscebheatha do úinéirí talmhaíochta agus foraoise. Comhpháirtithe in Eaco-Thír talmhaíochta. Meitheamh 2011.\nNie, M. (2008). Rialachas na dtailte poiblí san Iarthar: Mapping its present and future. Foilseachán Ollscoil Kansas: Lawrence, Kansas.\nRobbins, Meehann, Gosnell, agus Gilbertz. (2009). Ag scríobh an iarthar nua: Athbhreithniú criticiúil. Socheolaíocht Tuaithe 74 (3); 356.\nTheobald, D. M., Travis, W. R., Drummond, M. A., agus Gordon, E. S. (2013). The Changing Southwest. In Assessment of Climate Change in the Southwest United States: A Report Prepared for the National Climate Assessment, arna eisiúint ag Garfin, G., Jardine, A., Merideth, R., Black, M., agus LeRoy, S. 3755. Tuarascáil ó Chomhghuaillíocht Aeráide an Iarthair Theas. Washington, DC: Island Press.\nTravis, W., Theobald, D., Mixon, G., agus Dickinson, T. (2005). Todhchaí an Iarthair: Breathnú ar na patrúin úsáide talún agus forbairt sa todhchaí i dTír an Iarthair Mheiriceá. Tuairisc ó The Center # 6, Ionad an Iarthar Mheiriceá, Ollscoil Colorado ag Boulder.\nWeidner, E. agus A. Todd. 2011. Ón fhoraois go dtí an faucet: Uisce óil agus foraoisí sna Stáit Aontaithe, Páipéar modhanna. Áras Clár Seirbhísí agus Margaí Éiceachórais, Foraoiseacht Stáit agus Príobháideach, Seirbhís Foraoise na Stát Aontaithe.\nDéanann nósanna an saol níos éasca i saol luasghéar, tapa. Tá sé deacair troid a dhéanamh le gnáthamh agus le háisiúlacht. Tá gníomhartha a dhéantar gach lá a d'aithneoimis go dócha mar rud a d'fhéadfaimis, ar ár leas féin, a dhéanamh ar bhealach difriúil (dís candy, duine ar bith?). Ar an drochuair, ní dhéanaimid na cinntí atá réasúnach go hiomlán nó atá comhsheasmhach a mhol an teoiric eacnamaíoch thraidisiúnta.\nMar sin féin, tá geilleagar iompraíochta, réimse atá ag fáil tóir agus creidiúnacht, ag iarraidh na fianaise ó shíceolaíocht iompraíochta a chur i bhfeidhm chun samhlacha eacnamaíocha cinnteoireachta a fheabhsú. Tá rástáil le déanaí de theidil neamh-fhicsean tóir a bhaineann le hiompar agus síceolaíocht cosúil le Predictably Irrational, Nudge, agus Thinking, Fast and Slow, (léinte iontacha go léir!) agus bhunaigh an tUachtarán Foireann Eolaíochtaí Sóisialta agus Iompraíochta go hoifigiúil (a.k.a. The Nudge Squad), arna múnlú tar éis rath an rialtais na Ríochta Aontaithe.\nTá an líne taighde seo á chur i bhfeidhm ar dhearadh beartas poiblí a bhaineann le sláinte, aiste bia, airgeadas, coigiltis, pleananna scor agus an comhshaol. Tá sé mar aidhm ag eacnamaíocht iompraíochta comhshaoil a fháil amach cad a dhéanann tionchar ar chinntí a bhfuil tionchar acu ar an gcomhshaol. Mar shampla, cén modh a d'fhéadfadh a bheith ag an líon is mó daoine a chur ar an mbia-rothar chun obair: teachtaireachtaí a chur ar fáil ar son an chomhshaoil, teachtaireachtaí a chur ar fáil ar son na sláinte, feabhas a chur ar/an leathnú a chur ar na bealaí rothar agus bealaí pobail, aisíocaíocht cánach a thairiscint do dhuine aonair ar cheannach rothar, nó a insint do dhaoine cé mhéad dá gcomhghleacaithe rothar a úsáid chun obair?\nDíríonn eacnamaíocht iompraíochta ar dhá chainéal athraithe, chomh maith leis na dreasachtaí praghsanna triail-agus-fíor. Ar dtús, is féidir linn iompar agus nósanna a athrú go díreach: \"aintí a athrú\". Nó, is féidir linn ailtireacht an chomhshaoil chinnteoireachta a athrú: 'context a athrú'. Tá an cumas againn go léir faisnéis a phróiseáil, na roghanna a mheá go criticiúil agus ár n-iompar a athrú (mar shampla nuair a d'fhoghlaim mé gurb é an bata an dara comhábhar is mó de mo ghranola is fearr liom). Mar sin féin, is minic go mbíonn ár n-iarmhéid neamhfhiosach, uathoibríoch ag smachtú go leor dár roghanna. D'fhéadfadh na roghanna seo a bheith bunaithe ar mhothúcháin agus comhlachais seachas próisis oibiachtúla réasúnacha. Má tá an chuid is mó de na roghanna a dhéanann daoine mar seo, conas is féidir linn daoine a spreagadh chun cinntí níos fearr a dhéanamh maidir lena dtionchar ar an gcomhshaol?\nRichard Thaler, ceann de na heacnamaithe iompraíochta a scríobh Nudge, a mhaíomh go bhfuil an réiteach a chur i bhfeidhm an chuid is mó úsáideach amháin de shíceolaíocht is féidir duine a fhoghlaim riamh: más mian leat a spreagadh daoine a dhéanamh rud éigin, é a dhéanamh éasca - nó níos fearr fós, uathoibríoch. \nSeo thíos cúpla sampla a léiríonn conas a dhéanann taighde agus coincheapa eacnamaíocha iompraíochta tionchar (trí nudges) ar an tionchar a bhíonn againn ar an gcomhshaol. Is bealaí iad na nudges chun an comhthéacs ina ndéanaimid cinntí a athrú chun torthaí éagsúla a bhaint amach, agus rogha an tomhaltóra gan a theorannú.\nTosaímid go beag le málaí plaisteacha ag an siopa grósaera. Anseo glacaimid le coincheap ar a dtugtar aversion caillteanas (ar a dtugtar frámaíocht uaireanta). Is é an t-athrú caillteanais an tuairim go ngníomhóidh daoine ar bhealach difriúil má chuirtear cinneadh i gcreat mar chaillteanas seachas mar ghnótha. Ina theannta sin, bíonn claonadh ag daoine a bheith níos mó ag caillteanas ná ag gnóthachan den mhéid céanna. I roinnt siopaí grósaera sna Stáit Aontaithe is féidir leat a fháil ar aisíocaíocht 10 cent do gach mála in-athúsáidte a thugann tú leat. Gheobhaidh tú luach saothair as rud éigin \"mhaith\" a dhéanamh. Mar sin féin, san Eoraip (agus b'fhéidir go luath i níos mó cathracha sna Stáit Aontaithe), ghearrtar táille ort as aon málaí plaisteach a theastaíonn uait chun do bhia a thabhairt abhaile. Faigheann tú pionós as rud éigin olc. Is cosúil gur scéimeanna dreasachta mar an gcéanna iad seo, ach tá torthaí an-difriúla mar thoradh orthu. Má chuirtear an cás i gcreat mar íoc as an mála, bíonn i bhfad níos mó daoine ag tabhairt a gcuid málaí féin (nó gan mála a úsáid ar chor ar bith), ach ní spreagann \"a fháil\" airgid gan mála a úsáid go leor daoine a úsáid go comhsheasmhach málaí in-athúsáidte.\nSampla amháin ón Teach Bán is ea an suíomh Gréasáin fueleconomy.gov, a ligeann do thomhaltóirí costais iomlán breosla carr a chur i gcomparáid thar chúig bliana, seachas an mheatríocht thraidisiúnta míle in aghaidh an gallún (MPG) a úsáid. Ní chuireann MPG fíorchostais breosla feithicle in iúl go héasca ná go tapa. Is sampla é seo den choincheap eacnamaíochta iompair ar a dtugtar salience. Is minic nach mbíonn an costas breosla ar feadh shaolré feithicle soiléir do thomhaltóir ar an mbealach a bhíonn an lipéad praghais ar fhuinneog an charr. Trí na matamaitic a dhéanamh do thomhaltóirí agus an fhaisnéis a dhéanamh éasca le teacht, tá seans níos fearr ag na costais ghinearálta breosla ról a imirt i gcinneadh ceannach gluaisteáin.\nIs coincheap é salience a bhaineann go han-chosúil le húsáid uisce agus fuinnimh tí. Nuair a cheannaíonn duine teach, is dóichí go smaoiníonn sé ar phraghas an tí seachas ar chostas breise míosúil maireachtála sa bhaile (m.sh. Tá an t-ábhar is mó a bhaineann le húsáid an tí (mar shampla, billí fuinnimh agus uisce) agus dá bhrí sin is lú seans go gcuirfidh siad éifeachtúlacht an tí san áireamh (m.sh. inslithe, fearais). Tá na costais bhreise seo a bhaineann le bheith i do úinéir tí níos lú ná praghas sticker an tí.\nIs coincheap eile é réamhshocraithe, a bhaineann le coincheap na fisice de inréit, atá ag fáil go leor aird in eacnamaíocht iompraíochta. Is gnách go dtéann daoine leis an sruth agus go minic go gcoinníonn siad an rogha réamhshocraithe. Is féidir beartais a dhearadh chun na roghanna céanna a thairiscint do thomhaltóirí, ach is bealach éasca é an rogha réamhshocraithe a athrú go ceann a bhfuiltear ag súil go mbainfidh buntáistí is mó leis chun folláine a fheabhsú gan rogha a shrianadh. Mar shampla, a bheith ag iarraidh athrú ar lianna nó ar thealamh san óstán i gcoinne iad seo a athrú go huathoibríoch duit gach lá a fhanann tú. Is sampla é seo de athrú ar an timpeallacht cinnteoireachta ó opt-in go opt-out (i.e. Tá an t-ábhar seo le fáil i mBéarla. Sampla eile: cuireann roinnt fóntais an rogha deonach ar fáil do thomhaltóirí beagán níos mó a íoc as a gcuid leictreachais ach ansin úsáid foinsí fuinnimh in-athnuaite a mhéadú. Má dhéanann tú clár \"ag roghnú\" de, ní ghlacfadh ach cúpla duine páirt, ach má chuirtear clár \"ag roghnú\" de ar bun, bíonn níos mó teaghlaigh ag fanacht cláraithe.\nAg leanúint leis an éifeachtúlacht tí, faigheann taighde amach go bhfeabhsaíonn feachtais faisnéise (smaoinigh ar ionchur bille fóntais) eolas, ach ní athraíonn siad i ndáiríre iompar úsáide fuinnimh. Mar sin féin, léiríonn tuarascálacha ar ghnáthálacha sóisialta, cosúil leis an méid a sholáthraíonn an chuideachta OPower, cé mhéad fuinnimh a úsáideann teaghlaigh i gcomparáid le comharsana den chineál céanna. Tá tionchar suntasach ag an gcúlú seo ar athrú ar úsáid fuinnimh na dteaghlaigh. Mar thoradh ar an gclár seo a spreagann nósanna sóisialta, laghdaíonn teaghlaigh úsáid fuinnimh sa ghearrthéarma (m.sh. Is féidir leis an gcineál seo de chóras a bheith ag feidhmiú go hiomlán, agus is féidir leis an gcineál seo de chóras a bheith ag feidhmiú go hiomlán, agus is féidir leis an gcineál seo de chóras a bheith ag feidhmiú go hiomlán. feabhas a chur ar an insliú nó ar chórais HVAC). Tá tionchar láidir ag insint do dhaoine cad a dhéanann daoine eile ar an méid a dhéanaimid. Tá nasc ag coincheap na n-uirlisí leis an ngealltanas coincheap ina ndéanaimid iarracht a bheith comhsheasmhach le gealltanais phoiblí agus iarracht a dhéanamh gníomhartha eile a athdhíol, chomh maith le coincheap an ego ina mbíonn claonadh againn gníomhú ar bhealaí a fhágann go mbraitheann muid níos fearr fúinn féin. Áirítear ar an tuarascáil Opower smíleán má tá tú ag déanamh níos fearr ná do chomharsa meán. Is gnách go mbíonn an t-athneart dearfach simplí seo go leor chun na teaghlaigh is éifeachtúla a choinneáil ó a n-úsáid fuinnimh a mhéadú nuair a fhoghlaimíonn siad go bhfuil siad ag úsáid níos lú ná an chuid is mó dá gcomharsana. Féach Allcott (2011) chun níos mó a fhoghlaim. Is minic go bhfuil sé níos éasca agus níos costéifeachtaí meáin bheaga a mheabhrú agus a athrú ar chomhthéacs na timpeallachta cinnteoireachta chun dea-fhorbairt an duine aonair agus an chomhshaoil a fheabhsú. Seo a leanas roinnt samplaí amhairc de gheilleagar iompraíochta i ngníomh. Seol ríomhphost chugam le samplaí de na nudges a fheiceann tú!\nCúpla sampla amhairc de gheilleagar iompraíochta ag obair:\nCaithfear a bheith ag brath ar nósanna sóisialta chun dramhaíl a laghdú in áiteanna poiblí\nCuimhneachán teaghlaigh ar an bpictiúr níos mó nuair a thagann sé chun casadh a chasadh\nRoghanna dramhaíola Whole Foods\nD'fhéadfadh sé go mbeadh sé deacair ar an duine a bheith ag iarraidh a chuid eolais a fháil ar an ábhar a bhaineann leis an ngníomhaíocht.\nPáirc Náisiúnta Yasuní\nTá Páirc Náisiúnta Yasuní, atá lonnaithe san Eacuaire ar imeall an Iarthair Thuaidh de bhus Amazon, ar cheann de na háiteanna is bithéagsúla ar domhan. Tá sé suite in áit uathúil a thrasnaíonn na hÁndas (lonnaithe níos lú ná 100 km ó chnoic na nÁndas), an Amazon, agus an t-Eacuaire. Cruthaíodh an Páirc i 1979, cuimsíonn sé limistéar de 9,820 km2 agus dearbhaíodh é mar Chúlchiste Bithsféir UNESCO i 1989. Tá níos mó ná 1,300 speiceas de na vertebrates, níos mó ná 100,000 speiceas de na feithidí, agus níos mó ná 2,500 speiceas plandaí ann. I díreach heicteár amháin de fhoraois i Yasuní, is féidir 664 speiceas plandaí a fháil, rud atá níos mó ná speiceas plandaí i Meiriceá Thuaidh go léir. Áirítear Yasuní freisin ar chuid de chríoch sinsearach na ndaoine Waorani (Huaorani).\nBhí mo chéad bhualadh le Páirc Náisiúnta Yasuní níos mó ná 10 bliain ó shin le linn ranga ar theicnící réime bitheolaíocha inar tugadh muid go Stáisiún Taighde Yasuní na hollscoile. Ní raibh orm a chaitheamh i bhfad i bhfad sa Pháirc chun a fheiceáil na cosa díobhálach de ghníomhaíochtaí eastósctha daonna. Cé go bhfuil rochtain ar an bPáirc deartha go teoranta, úsáideann Stáisiún Taighde Yasuní bóthar a thóg an chuideachta ilnáisiúnta ola agus gáis REPSOL-YPF. Thosaigh bailiú ola sa Pháirc sna 1950idí, sular dearbhaíodh é mar Pháirc Náisiúnta. Faoi láthair, tá baint úsáide as ola liostaithe mar an bagairt is mó ar Pháirc Náisiúnta Yasuní: tá cuid shuntasach de thuaidh thiar Yasuní bainte amach nó tá sé dírithe ar shaothrú sa todhchaí. Chomh maith leis an tionchar a bhíonn ag an bpróiseas eastósctha ola féin, tá bóithre rochtana ola mar thoradh ar dhífhoraoisiú, ar choilíneacht, agus ar iomarca fiach. Tá ceann de na tionchair is suntasaí a bhí ag cuideachtaí ola ar mhuintir na Waorani. Ó thosaigh an t-eachtáil ola ina gcríoch sna 1950idí, chuir sé iad ar imeall coimhlint idir tionchair thraidisiúnta agus nua-aimseartha. Tá comhtháthú na dá shaol seo tar éis roinnt saincheisteanna a chruthú, lena n-áirítear ach gan a bheith teoranta do ghalair, do dheighilt idir clans, agus do choimhlint. Go deimhin, cé go bhfuil roinnt pobail Waorani rannpháirteach i ngníomhaíochtaí cosúil le trádáil, taighde agus turasóireacht leis an domhan lasmuigh, tá roinnt acu tar éis iompar ionsaitheach a thaispeáint i leith na gcuideachtaí ola a rinne iarracht tochailt a dhéanamh ina dtailte.\nTionscnamh Yasuní-ITT\nB'fhéidir gurb é an bagairt is mó atá os comhair an pháirc ná a réigiún is thoir, bloc ITT (Ishpingo-Tambococha-Tiputini). Tá thart ar 20% de chúlchistí ola na hEicéadar sa bhloc seo (846 milliún bairille ola, a mheastar a bheith luachmhar $ 18 billiún faoi láthair) mar aon le críoch a mheastar a bheith ag an dá ghrúpa dúchasacha atá scoite go deonach, na Tagaeri agus Taromenane. I 2007, mhol Eicéadar an ola a choinneáil faoi réimse ITT go deo i iarracht bithéagsúlacht Yasuní a chaomhnú, Tagaeri agus Taromenane a chosaint, agus astaíocht méid suntasach dé-ocsaíd charbóin isteach san atmaisféar a sheachaint. Trí na ola a fhágáil faoi thalamh, d'éagfadh an tEicéadar astaíocht 407 milliún tonna méadrach dé-ocsaíd charbóin, a léiríodh, ag an am a mhol an Tionscnamh, $ 7.2 billiún ar an margadh carbóin. Mhol Tionscnamh Yasuní-ITT rogha eile chun dul i ngleic le hathrú aeráide domhanda, ina gcomhoibríonn tíortha chun astaíochtaí gáis san atmaisféar a sheachaint agus réigiúin bithéagsúlachta á gcosnú. Bhí an t-Eacuaire, i gcur chuige comhfhreagrachta, sásta a thabhairt suas ar an ioncam a fuarthas as an ola a bhaint as réimse ITT, a meastar a bheith $ 7 billiún nuair a mhol an Tionscnamh den chéad uair. Cuideoidh an Eacuaire (go dtí seo) leath den ioncam iomlán ($ 3.6 billiún) má rannchuidíonn an pobal domhanda an leath eile faoi 2023, is cuma cén athruithe a bheidh ar phraghas an mhargaidh ola.\nAch conas a bheadh tír, le stair neamhsheasmhachta polaitiúil, a ráthú go mbeadh ola a fhágáil faoi thalamh go deo? Agus cad a tharlódh leis na ranníocaíochtaí? I mí Lúnasa 2010, seoladh Ciste Iontaobhais Yasuní-ITT, arna riaradh ag Clár Forbartha na Náisiún Aontaithe (UNDP), go hoifigiúil. Ba cheart an t-airgead a bhailítear le tionscnamh Yasuní-ITT a bhailiú ag Ciste Trusta Yasuní-ITT agus ba cheart é a leithdháileadh ar straitéisí forbartha chun an réiteach ioncaim atá beartaithe a láimhseáil. Ba cheart go mbeadh an t-airgead seo ar fáil do na Ballstáit agus do na Ballstáit eile lena mbaineann, agus ba cheart go mbeadh sé ar fáil do na Ballstáit agus do na Ballstáit eile lena mbaineann. Ba cheart don chuid eile an t-aistriú ó gheilleagar eastóscaireachta bunaithe ar eastóscaireacht ola go samhail forbartha níos inbhuanaithe a mhaoiniú. Ar an gcéad dul síos, ba cheart na cistí seo a úsáid chun limistéir chosanta san Eacuaire a chaomhnú. Tá an céatadán is airde (20%) de limistéir chosanta ar domhan ag an Eacuair. Ar an dara dul síos, bheadh cistí ag rannchuidiú le hathfhoraoisiú, le hathghiniúint nádúrtha, agus le bainistiú na mbarr-uisce agus na bhforaoisí. Ba cheart go mbeadh maoiniú breise ag dul i dtreo forbairt shóisialta a neartú i gcrios tionchair an Tionscnaimh trí infheistíocht a dhéanamh i gclár sláinte, oideachais agus oiliúna chomh maith le gníomhaíochtaí inbhuanaithe a spreagadh amhail éicea-ealaíne. Ba cheart don Choimisiún an fhaisnéis a sholáthar maidir le na bearta a bheidh le cur chun feidhme agus na bearta a bheidh le cur chun feidhme. Eiseoidh an rialtas Deimhnithe Ráthaíochta Yasuní do dheontóirí os cionn $ 50,000. Ní rachadh na Deimhnithe in éag chomh fada agus a bheadh an réimse ITT gan úsáid.\nNa hamanna dóchúlacha\nTar éis don Chiste Iontaobhais Yasuní-ITT a sheoladh go hoifigiúil i 2010, bhí saoránaigh, eagraíochtaí agus rialtas na hEacadaire go léir ag bródúil as cinneadh stairiúil na hEacadaire chun cúlchistí ola a fhágáil faoi thalamh. De réir Grúpa Forbartha na Náisiún Aontaithe, thacaigh 78% de shaoránaigh na hEacadaire leis an Tionscnamh. Bhí an t-Eacuaire bródúil cheana féin as a bheith ar an gcéad tír a thug cearta don nádúr ina bhunreacht i dtoghchán daonlathach i 2008, agus ba ghné soiléir i leith na gceart nádúrtha sin agus céim atá ag féachaint amach i dtreo cosaint an chomhshaoil a bhí i dTreoir Yasuní-ITT. Bhí an togra i gcomhréir freisin le paradigm nua forbartha na hEicéadaire, ar a dtugtar Sumak Kawsay (ó Kichwa, rud a chiallaíonn Living Well nó Life Fulfilled i mBéarla), a dhéanann iarracht cáilíocht na beatha a fheabhsú agus comhionannas agus comh-fhuil chomhchuí a chur chun cinn idir grúpaí eitneacha éagsúla agus leis an dúlra.\nLe linn na mblianta sin, bhí clúdach maith ar thionscnamh Yasuní-ITT i dtuarascálacha, i leabhair agus i bhfoilseacháin eolaíochta san Eacuaire agus thar lear. D'ainmnigh eolaithe Éicéadair, mé féin san áireamh, speicis a thuairiscíodh le déanaí i ndiaidh Yasuní, agus luaigh siad an Tionscnamh fiú sa chuid eitimeolaíochta de na foilseacháin eolaíocha sin. Cruthaíodh eagraíochtaí náisiúnta agus idirnáisiúnta, cosúil le Viva Yasuní a chruthaigh grúpa daoine sa Fhrainc chun tacú leis an Tionscnamh agus rialtais thíortha an Iarthair a chur ina luí. I dtionóil speisialta comóradh 125 bliain na National Geographic Magazine, a bhí tiomanta do aois na taiscéalaíochta, bhí alt faoi Yasuní, bagairt na n-úsáide ola, agus an Tionscnamh. Cuireadh Páirc Náisiúnta Yasuní agus Tionscnamh Yasuní-ITT i láthair go leanúnach sna meáin shóisialta, áitiúla agus idirnáisiúnta. Seoladh an feachtas Yasunízate (Yasunize tú féin) san Eacuaire, agus tháinig níos mó agus níos mó daoine Yasunized. Bhí an t-Eacuaire ag iarraidh an domhan Yasunize.\nAn deireadh le Tionscnamh Yasuní-ITT?\nAr an 15 Lúnasa, 2013, d'fhógair an tUachtarán Rafael Correa nach raibh ach $336 milliún geallta agus nach raibh ach $13.3 milliún seachadta don Tionscnamh tar éis sé bliana de bheith ann. Mar gheall ar an bhfreagra neamhspleách idirnáisiúnta, d'éirigh sé leis an gCiste Trusta, agus dá bhrí sin chuir sé deireadh le Tionscnamh Yasuní-ITT.\nTar éis an fhógra seo, rinne lucht tacaíochta an Tionscnaimh agóid ar fud an domhain. Chuir saoránaigh na hEicéadair agus an pobal idirnáisiúnta a n-easpa aontais in iúl go gníomhach. Tharla léiriú an-tábhachtach ar an neamhord san Eacuaire cúpla seachtain ó shin. Chuaigh ceannairí mná ó ghrúpaí Amaisíneacha ar feadh laethanta go Quito chun díospóireacht a dhéanamh le hoifigigh rialtais faoi dhíghníomhaíocht ola ina gcríocha. Idir an dá linn, chuir rialtas na hEacadaire feachtas mealltach ar bun ag rá nach ndéanfar ach 0.001% den Pháirc a chur i bhfeidhm, go n-úsáidfear an teicneolaíocht is fearr, agus go mbainfidh Éiceadóirí tairbhe go mór as na hiníon a gheobhaidh an eastóscadh. Ar an drochuair, fiú le scarthacht agus agóidí an phobail, ceadaíodh tochailt ola sa bhloc ITT cúpla seachtain ó shin. Faoi láthair, tá daoine Éicéadair i gcoinne saothrú na mbloc ITT ag cur brú ar an rialtas, ag iarraidh reifreann ar an ábhar.\nCad is féidir linn a fhoghlaim ó thionscnamh Yasuní-ITT?\nIs ábhar an-chasta é Tionscnamh Yasuní-ITT le himpleachtaí éiceolaíocha, sóisialta, eacnamaíocha agus polaitiúla. Mar sin féin, mar bhailiste coimeádach agus éabhlóideach Éicéadach, ba mhaith liom dul i ngleic le saincheisteanna a thugann an Tionscnamh suas ó mo pheirspictíocht. Díreoidh mé ar dtús ar luach na bithéagsúlachta. Ansin, ós rud é go gcaithfidh beagnach gach straitéis caomhnaithe an ghné dhaonna a ionchorprú, cuirfidh mé roinnt smaointe ar an ábhar seo ó mo pheirspictíocht mar shaoránach den tír mhóra-éagsúil, ilchultúrtha seo.\nAn luach atá ag an éagsúlacht\nAr dtús, mar bithéiste, go háirithe duine a bhfuil suim aige i gcosc, is luach intreach na bithéagsúlachta. Mar sin féin, do chuid is mó daoine, ní bhíonn luach na bithéagsúlachta chomh soiléir sin. Is cosúil go bhfuil luach ag dul i léig ar bithéagsúlacht de réir mar a mhéadaíonn uirbhiníocht, agus go bhfuil daoine níos lú agus níos lú nasctha leis an dúlra. Ní hamháin go dtarlaíonn an dícheangal ón saol nádúrtha ar leibhéil mhothúchánach agus intleachtúla, ach freisin sa réadú a chailleann go gcothaíonn acmhainní nádúrtha ár saol agus go mbíonn tionchar ag ár ngníomhartha ar an dúlra. Cuireann uirbhinithe cosc orainn a bheith i láthair agus taithí a fháil ar ár n-idirghníomhaíochtaí leis an dúlra, agus bíonn tionchar ag an dícheangal seo ar ár roghanna laethúla. Nuair a ghlacann lucht déanta cinntí an dearcadh sin, d'fhéadfadh siad neamhaird a dhéanamh ar an tábhacht a bhaineann le caomhnú na dúlra ach amháin toisc nach bhfuil an deis acu taithí a fháil air. Mar shampla, ní haon rud neamhchoitianta an dilema bréagach a bhaineann le forbairt i gcoinne caomhnaithe a chloisteáil. Is cinnte gur cuid lárnach den chaomhnú an t-oideachas poiblí, go háirithe i gceantair uirbeacha. Bheadh cláir oideachais caomhnaithe, go háirithe nuair a chuirtear gníomhaíochtaí lasmuigh agus turais réimse leis, ar bhealach amháin chun taithí a fháil ar an dúlra a fheabhsú.\nTá luach úsáideach ag bithéagsúlacht freisin, ag soláthar earraí, seirbhísí agus faisnéise do dhaoine. Tá suim níos mó ag meastóireacht luach úsáideach na bithéagsúlachta mar chur chuige níos conspóideacha agus níos praiticiúla ná díriú ar luach inmheánach na bithéagsúlachta. Tar éis an údarúcháin seo, tugadh éiceolaíocht agus eacnamaíocht le chéile chun cabhrú le cinntí caomhnaithe a dhéanamh. Tá roinnt teicnící ann ar féidir iad a úsáid chun luach inmheánach agus luach úsáideach na héagsúlachta a mheas i dtéarmaí airgeadaíochta, mar shampla, anailís costas-sochair. Tá an cur chuige seo cruthaithe a bheith úsáideach i go leor cásanna, cé go bhfuil díospóireacht thar fócas docht ar an luach úsáideach agus eacnamaíoch éagsúlacht.\nIs é an locht is mó atá ag an gcur chuige úsáideach seo ná go ndéanfaidh meastóireachtaí eacnamaíocha fíorluach airgid na bithéagsúlachta a mhí-mheas i gcónaí. Mar shampla, ní dhéantar aird ar chostais an tionchair shóisialta (e.g. Is féidir leis an ngníomhaíocht a bheith ina chuid de na gníomhaíochtaí a dhéantar ar bhonn an Aontais, lena n-áirítear gníomhaíochtaí a bhaineann le sláinte, le díláithriú daoine sa áit a ndéantar an ghníomhaíocht) nó le tionchar an chomhshaoil (m.sh. costais athshlánúcháin, caillteanas bithéagsúlachta). I bhformhór na n-áiteanna, lena n-áirítear Meiriceá Laidineach, níl an anailís costas-sochair in iomlán. Eduardo Gudynas, saineolaí ar fhorbairt, ar gheilleagar agus ar éiceolaíocht ó Uragua, a mhaireann go mbeadh an measúnú ar thionchar comhshaoil na ngníomhaíochtaí eastósctha níos fairsinge agus go ndéanfaí measúnú ar gach ceann de na hathruithe a bhaineann le tochailt, ní cheadaítear an chuid is mó de na tionscadail. Ina theannta sin, trí luach na bithéagsúlachta a mhaoiniú, tá neamhaird á dhéanamh againn ar ghrúpaí dúchasacha, go háirithe iad siúd a bhfuil muinín acu as an talamh, ní as airgead, chun a saol a chothú.\nIna theannta sin, tá tionchar mór ag aitheantas luach inmheánach na bithéagsúlachta ar chreat na díospóireachta agus na cinnteoireachta comhshaoil (Fox, 1993). Má mheastar go bhfuil luach intreach ag bithéagsúlacht, ní mór údarú leordhóthanach a sholáthar chun limistéir bithéagsúlachta a chur i mbaol. De bhrí nach bhfuil aon luach ach úsáideach ag bithéagsúlacht, ní mór údarú leordhóthanach a chur ar fáil chun í a chaomhnú. Má dhíríonn muid ar an luach úsáideach amháin, caillfear an bithéagsúlacht i gcónaí. Dá bhrí sin, tá sé ríthábhachtach go dtabharfaimid luachanna eacnamaíocha, cultúrtha, traidisiúnta, antropo- D'fhéadfadh díriú méadaithe ar luach úsáideach agus ar mheasúnú eacnamaíoch na bithéagsúlachta aird na mbitheolaithe caomhnaithe a aistriú ó straitéisí eile a dhíríonn ar luach inmheánach na dúlra. Mar a thug Soulé (2013), ar a dtugtar athair na bitheolaíochta caomhnaithe, rabhadh, tá caomhnúchas bunaithe ar luachanna úsáideacha amháin ag dul ar shiúl ó fhíor-chaomhnúchas.\nCéim thábhachtach i gcúram na bithéagsúlachta is ea a aithint, d'fhonn straitéisí caomhnaithe leordhóthanacha a chur chun feidhme, go gcaithfimid gné dhaonna a chur leis. Tá sé ar cheann de na dúshláin is mó agus éilíonn sé comhoibriú suntasach idir disciplíní éiceolaíochta agus sóisialta. Tá sé riachtanach go mór go gcuirfí aird ar ghrúpaí dúchasacha, go bhforbrófaí straitéisí le chéile atá infheidhme i ndáiríre agus atá i gcomhréir lena gcultúr. Sna cásanna seo, tá sé níos práinne fós ár loighic úsáideach a leathnú mar a luadh roimhe seo agus luachanna cultúrtha, sóisialta agus éiceolaíocha na ndaoine seo a ionchorprú. D'fhág neamhaird a dhéanamh air seo san am atá caite go raibh coinbhleachtaí laistigh de ghrúpaí dúchasacha agus le gníomhaíochtaí eastóscaireachta i ngach tír Mheiriceá Theas (seachas Úraráid, an t-aon tír sa réigiún nach bhfuil grúpaí dúchasacha ann).\nIna theannta sin, ní raibh aird ar thábhacht an eolais áitiúil agus dúchasaigh i gcinntí caomhnaithe san am atá caite. Más mian linn roghanna inbhuanaithe a aimsiú maidir le húsáid ár n-acmhainní nádúrtha, is acmhainn luachmhar é eolas dúchasach agus ní mór dó a chur san áireamh. Léiríonn samplaí de chórais talmhaíochta dúchasacha i mBoliivia, i Meicsiceo, agus i nGiné Nua, i measc áiteanna eile, go bhfuil siad an-sóifisticithe agus táirgiúil; áfach, bhí na córais seo i mbaol a bheith ag imeacht i bhfianaise na bainistíochta nua-aimseartha. Le déanaí, tá an tIonad Idir-Rialtasach ar Bithéagsúlacht agus Seirbhísí Éiceachórais (IPBES) ag iarraidh modheolaíocht a chur ar fáil a chuireann eolas dúchasach ar an leibhéal céanna tábhachta agus eolas eolaíoch agus cinntí bainistíochta talún á ndéanamh.\nI dtíortha cosúil le hEacuaire, tá an geilleagar bunaithe go príomha ar earraí mianraí, ola agus gáis a bhaint amach atá ceaptha do mhargaí idirnáisiúnta, rud a thugtar go coitianta mar eicniseacht. Tá an brú a bhaineann le forbairt ag bagairt ar acmhainní nádúrtha agus ar bithéagsúlacht, ach d'fhéadfadh paradigms nua forbartha an brú sin a mhaolú. Is é an Phlean Náisiúnta atá bunaithe ar Sumak Kawsay, a aithníonn an tábhacht a bhaineann le comh-éireachtáil chomhchuibhithe idir grúpaí eitneacha éagsúla agus an nádúr, an chéad chéim. Mar sin féin, ní mór an t-aitheantas sin a aistriú go gníomhartha. D'fhéadfadh gur iarracht ar dtús a bhí i Yasuní-ITT, agus fiú má theipeann ar an Tionscnamh agus má dhéantar ITT a shaothrú, tá an díospóireacht oscailte anois. Is é an t-am foirfe é chun comhoibriú agus tionscnaimh nua a mholadh a d'fhéadfadh aistriú go geilleagar iar-scaite, iar-scaite.\nIs iad na gníomhaíochtaí a d'fhéadfadh a chumasú caomhnú bithéagsúlachta agus a cheadaíonn do dhaoine a bhaint amach a mheasann siad a bheith comhlíonta, luach na bithéagsúlachta a aithint, an ghné daonna a leathnú i gcoimeádta trí eolas dúchasach a ionchorprú, agus paradaigmí malartacha forbartha a mholadh. D'fhéadfadh go gciallódh an comhlíonadh sin an Sumak Kawsay do mhuintir na hEicéadaire, nó fanacht ar leithligh leis na Tagaeri agus Taromenane i gcroílár an áit is mó bithéagsúla ar domhan b'fhéidir.\nScríobh Chubashini Suntharalingam, SoGES 2013-2014 Comhalta ceannaireachta inbhuanaitheachta, agus iarrthóir PhD i Roinn na ngeilleagar talmhaíochta agus acmhainní agus clár céim iarchéime in éiceolaíocht\nTá an Mhalaeisia ag bogadh ó gheilleagar atá bunaithe ar mhonarú go geilleagar atá dírithe ar sheirbhísí, agus fís aige gur geilleagar eolais forbartha é faoi 2020. Agus é sin á dhéanamh, tá an bithteicneolaíocht curtha i láthair mar phríomh-inneall nua fáis ag lucht déanta beartais (MOSTI, 2005). Tá cúpla cúis straitéiseach ann. Tá an Mhalaeisia saibhir i bithéagsúlacht agus sainaithníodh í mar cheann de na dhá thír déag atá i gceannas ar an méada-éagsúlacht ar domhan, a chuimsíonn 70% de éagsúlacht speiceas an domhain, (Polski, 2005; Krishnapillay et al., 2003) foinse caipitil nádúrtha ar féidir é a úsáid chun go leor táirgí bithteicneolaíochta a fhorbairt sa todhchaí.\nAr an dara dul síos, tá earnáil talmhaíochta na Malaeisia tábhachtach maidir leis an ranníocaíocht leis an OTI agus maidir le táirgeadh bia. Maidir le OTI, chuir earnáil na talmhaíochta thart ar USD 17 billiún leis, rud a chiallaíonn 7.6% den OTI iomlán in 2011 (EPU, 2011).\nMar sin féin, maidir le táirgeadh bia, níl féin-dháileacht ag an Mhalaeisia i dtaca le príomh-earraí bia mar rís (72%), glasraí (44%), torthaí (66%), feoil bhaoil (29%), muiceoil (11%) agus bainne (5%) (MOA, 2012). Tá imní ann go bhfuil fás táirgiúlacht talmhaíochta ag mallú le blianta beaga anuas i roinnt príomh-earraí ar fud an domhain (Hossain, 2007). I mbliana atá le teacht, táthar ag súil go gcuirfidh athrú aeráide, talún torthúil teoranta agus, lotnaidí agus galair atá ag teacht chun cinn dúshláin bhreise ar fheirmeoireacht na Malaeisia (Jaganath agus Bakar, 2012). Cé nach bhfuil aon ghéarchéim slándála bia ag an Mhalaeisia faoi láthair, d'aithin taighdeoirí ó Institiúid Taighde agus Forbartha Talmhaíochta na Malaeisia (MARDI) go bhfuil ról suntasach ag na barraí trasghineacha chun cabhrú le cuid de na fadhbanna seo a réiteach, táirgeadh bia a mhéadú trí níos lú acmhainní a úsáid chomh maith le ábhar cothaithe agus teiripeach, blas agus cáilíocht cuid de na barraí seo a fheabhsú sa Mhalaeisia (Jaganath agus Bakar, 2012; The Sun Daily, 2012).\nTá an-saibhreas bithéagsúlachta nádúrtha agus earnáil talmhaíochta le go leor féidearthachtaí neamhréitithe aige, agus tá forbairt iarratais talmhaíochta na biththeicneolaíochta, go háirithe, beartaithe mar bhealach chun luach a chruthú sa earnáil talmhaíochta a athrú agus a fheabhsú.\nMar sin féin, cé go bhfuilthar ag súil go dtiocfaidh nuálaíocht agus, dá bhrí sin, forbairt eacnamaíoch, i mBaile Átha Cliath ar bithteicneolaíocht, níl an creat beartais i bhfeidhm chun an clár oibre seo a bhaint amach. Ceann de na constaicí is mó a bhfuil á rá maidir le forbairt cineálacha trasghineacha sa Mhalaeisia ná imní comhshaoil maidir le tionchar féideartha na dtorthaí trasghineacha ar shaibhreas bithéagsúlachta nádúrtha na Malaeisia. Níor cuireadh na barraí trasgineacha ar fáil go tráchtála sa Mhalaeisia go dtí seo mar gheall ar na hábhair imní seo, agus an stailc beartais a tháinig as sin. Is cosúil nach bhfuil an córas polasaí náisiúnta i gcomhréir go hiomlán le cuspóirí forbartha eacnamaíochta a luaitear.\nDá bhrí sin, tá sé beartaithe agam éifeachtaí comhshaoil a d'fhéadfadh a bheith ag barraí trasgineacha ar bithéagsúlacht nádúrtha a aithint, d'fhonn cabhrú le lucht déanta beartas cinntí eolaíochta a dhéanamh maidir le rialacháin a bhaineann le hidirghníomhaíocht idir barraí trasgineacha agus bithéagsúlacht na Malaeisia.\nEPU (Aonad Pleanála Eacnamaíoch, an Mhalaeisia). 2012. Tá sé seo go maith. Geilleagar na Malaeisia i bhfigiúirí 2012. Roinn an Phríomh-Aire, Putrajaya.\nHossain, M. 2007. Comaoiníocht Talmhaíochta 37: 161-172\nJaganath, I. B., agus U. K. A. Bakar. 2012. Tá sé seo go maith. Teicneolaíocht GM chun aghaidh a thabhairt ar Slándáil Bia agus Athrú Aeráide. Páipéar a cuireadh i láthair ag Seimineár ag Institiúid Taighde agus Forbartha Talmhaíochta na Malaeisia agus Ionad Faisnéise Bitheicneolaíochta na Malaeisia ar Theicneolaíocht GM chun Slándáil Bia, Sláinte agus Folláine a Slándáil\nInbhuanaitheacht Comhshaoil, Serdang, an Mhalaeisia, 24 Meán Fómhair.\nKrishnapillay, B., M. I. Adenan, A. R. M. Ali, agus S. Nimura. 2003.Foraois Trópaiceach: Cradle for Biological Resources and the Malaysian Policies on CBD. Actinomycetologica 17(2): 50-53.\nMOA (Aireacht Talmhaíochta agus Tionscail Agro-Base, an Mhalaeisia). 2012. Tá sé seo go maith. Staitisticí Aigrídhealaithe 2011. Rannóg um Pleanáil Straitéiseach agus Idirnáisiúnta. Putrajaya, an Mhalaeisia.\nMOSTI (Aireacht Eolaíochta, Teicneolaíochta agus Nuálaíochta, Mhalaeisia). 2005. Ceoltóirí Beartas Náisiúnta Bithteicneolaíochta. Putrajaya, an Mhalaeisia.\nPolski, M. 2005. Eacnamaíocht Institiúideach na Bithéagsúlachta, na n-ábhar bitheolaíoch, agus an Bith-Thlathanachta.Eacnamaíocht Eacnamaíochta 53: 543-557.\nBláth Rafflesia. D'fhéadfadh an bláth a bheith níos mó ná 100 ceintiméadar\n(39 in) ar trastomhas, agus meáchan suas le 10 kg (22 lb).\nOrangutan Speiceas dúchasach sa Mhalaeisia\nScríobh Katie Renwick, SoGES 2013-2014 Comhalta ceannaireachta inbhuanaitheachta, agus iarrthóir PhD i Roinn Eiceachórais Eolaíochta agus Inbhuanaitheachta agus Clár Céadchéime Iarchéime in Éiceolaíocht\nLe deich mbliana anuas, tá ráig neamhghnách an-tromchúiseach de bhéagán píosaí sléibhe tar éis tionchar a imirt ar na milliúin acra foraoise ar fud iarthar Mheiriceá Thuaidh. Is é an beithle pinne sléibhe instealladh dúchasach a théann i bhfeidhm ar roinnt speiceas pinne. Bíonn na beetles ag dul isteach i gcrann chun a gcuid uibheacha a leagan díreach faoi bhróga, agus mar thoradh air sin bíonn fungas ag na beetles a mharaíonn na crainn.\nD'fhéadfadh foraoiseoir a bheith ag smaoineamh ar an mbéagán pinne na sléibhte mar phléasc a scriosann acmhainní luachmhara adhmaid. D'fhéadfadh sé go mbeadh na milliúin crann marbh mar chraiceann súl do thurasóirí a thugann cuairt ar Pháirc Náisiúnta na Sléibhe Ródha. Mar eolaí, feicim an ráig seo de bhéagán píosaí sléibhe mar dheis chun níos mó a fhoghlaim faoi thionchar na suaitheadh foraoise.\nIs féidir le cur isteach cineál turgnamh nádúrtha a chruthú nuair a bhíonn tionchar ag codanna éagsúla den tírdhreach go céimeanna éagsúla, agus is féidir leo cabhrú linn ceisteanna nach féidir a fhreagairt go turgnamhach a fhreagairt. Díríonn mo thaighde ar an tuiscint a fháil ar an gcaoi a bhféadfadh ráigí beetle idirghníomhú le hathrú aeráide chun comhdhéanamh agus struchtúr na bhforaoisí a athrú. Is féidir le strus triomachta crainn a dhéanamh níos so-ghabhálacha d'ionsaithe insctí, agus tugann ardú teochta deis do níos mó beetles maireachtáil an gheimhridh. Mar thoradh air sin, táthar ag súil go mbeidh ráigeanna beetle pinne sléibhe níos minice agus níos déine de réir mar a théiteann an aeráid. Beidh sé níos tábhachtaí do bhainisteoirí talún a bhfuil sé de chúram orthu éiceachórais foraoise éagsúla agus táirgiúla a chothabháil sa todhchaí, impleachtaí an idirghníomhaíochta seo idir athrú aeráide agus suaitheadh foraoise a thuiscint.\nTrí staidéar a dhéanamh ar an gcaoi a bhfreagraíonn foraoisí atá suite ag airde éagsúla don ráig reatha seo, is féidir liom a fhoghlaim conas a d'fhéadfadh tionchar ráigí feithidí a bheith difriúil i ndáil leis an teocht. Ceist amháin go bhfuil suim ar leith agam i ná an mbeidh an ráig beetle nó nach mbeidh éascú ar imirce crainn. Táthar ag súil go n-aistreofar go leor speiceas i dtreo airde níos airde (níos fuaraí) mar thoradh ar athrú aeráide. Tá crainn neamhshóisialta, agus mar sin i bhforaoisí tarlaíonn an próiseas seo trí bhás na crainn d'aois ag airde níos ísle agus méadú ar líon na mbanna ar airde níos airde. Mar thoradh air sin, tá 'imirceanna' crann mall agus d'fhéadfadh siad a bheith ar chúl an ráta athraithe aeráide. Is féidir le ráigí feithidí an próiseas imirce a luathachadh trí sheanfhíon a mharú a d'fhéadfadh a bheith ag maireachtáil ar feadh na mblianta agus ag laghdú iomaíochta ionas gur féidir le síolta nua a bhunú. D'fhéadfadh sé go ligfeadh an ráig beetle pinne sléibhe do chrainn aistriú níos gasta ná mar a bheadh súil leis.\nTá cnoic ollmhóra de chnoic liath, crainn gan úsáid a maraíodh ag an mbéacán pinne sléibhe ag tabhairt cuairte ar Pháirc Náisiúnta na Sléibhe Ródha.\nCruthaíonn sléibhte gradients géar aeráide a ligeann dúinn staidéar a dhéanamh ar an gcaoi a bhféadfadh teocht tionchar a bheith aige ar athshlánú foraoise tar éis ráig an bhealaigh pháinín sléibhte.\nLéiríonn síolta nua ag an teorainn uachtarach de pháinín lodgepole go bhfuil an speiceas ag tosú ag imirce mar fhreagra ar athrú aeráide."} {"text": "Spinning tales about turkeys\nA wild male turkey can run as fast as 25 mph.\nWild turkeys are native to North America. In the 20th century, through trap and transfer and other restoration efforts, the declining population rebounded.\nPreferred habitats include open forests perhaps with nut trees, plus edges and fields. Florida offers palmettos and swamps. Turkeys also frequent roadsides. Nightly, flocks roost and sleep in trees for safety — they are highly social.\nFlorida hosts two of six subspecies. The Osceola or Florida wild turkey lives on the peninsula. It interbreeds with the panhandle’s eastern wild turkey, which is prolific in the eastern half of the United States.\nDroppings identify gender.\nFeathers are dark overall with glimmering colors. Hens are duller and smaller. Toms (males) may reach 25 pounds.\nToms are polygamous and mate with many hens. Courting is singular or in groups. Male mating displays involve strutting while puffing the feathers (numbering 5,000 to 6,000), fanning the tail, and dragging the wings. Vocalizations with gobbling, drumming and spitting abound. Plus, head and neck skin varies from brilliant red, blue and white depending on mood intensity. Soon, hens nest in shallow dirt depressions, enveloped by woody vegetation — protection for poults (chicks).\nMany predators, such as coyotes and owls, threaten. Toms may defend by ramming their bodies and employing beaks and spurs. Turkeys have small brains but are extremely intuitive and often avoid hunters. Pinpoint eyesight helps.\nAlthough they are primarily walkers, they may run at 25 mph and fly (low) at 55 mph. Flight can span a mile.\nFor these omnivorous creatures, forage may include grass, nuts, berries, insects, and snails. Wild turkey meat is delectable and mostly dark. Nourishment from grass and grain produces milder meat compared to diets of insects.\nActually, turkeys were domesticated in Mexico and the southwestern United States long before Columbus arrived. The Spanish then introduced turkeys to Europe. The English purchased turkeys and similar guinea fowls from Turkish merchants — subsequently, the name “turkey.” Colonists settling in the New World unnecessarily brought along turkeys. Actually, the pilgrims discovered the eastern wild turkey was already food for the Indians.\nToday, domesticated turkeys (same species as wild) are bred indoors, sometimes in converted aircraft hangars with a flock numbering tens of thousands. Injuries, heat stress and blindness from lighting manipulations are common.\nA female flock could fatally “henpeck” a misplaced solitary male. Breeding produces heavier, broad-breasted birds. White feathers can also be produced to avoid unsightly pin feathers on dressed meat. Size inhibits flying and running. Sadly, releasing these turkeys might contaminate the wild gene pool.\nActually, domestic turkeys provide more than meat. Feathers are ground for protein animal feed. Litter provides fertilizer and fuel in electric power plants.\nMoreover, turkeys are considered therapy pets. Recently, a turkey was pushed in a wheelchair, boarded on a plane and placed in a seat, free of charge. The accompanying owner provided documentation from a mental health professional.\nAccording to Benjamin Franklin, the turkey is more respectable and a “Bird of Courage” when comparing it to the bald eagle, our national bird. I would agree that turkeys are courageous, especially on Thanksgiving Eve!", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-43", "url": "http://www.vieravoice.com/November-2016/Spinning-tales-about-turkeys/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570986677230.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20191017222820-20191018010320-00205.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9427381754, "token_count": 751, "score": 3.5, "int_score": 4, "irish_text": "Scéal a dhéanamh faoi turcaí\nIs féidir le turcaí fir fiáine rith chomh tapa le 25 mph.\nTá turcaí fiáine dúchasacha i Meiriceá Thuaidh. Sa 20ú haois, trí ghabháil agus aistriú agus iarrachtaí athchóirithe eile, d'éirigh leis an daonra atá ag titim.\nI measc na háitribh is fearr le haghaidh na n-oigheanna oscailte b'fhéidir le crainn núic, chomh maith le imeall agus réimsí. Tá palmettos agus swamps ag Florida. Bíonn turcaí ag siúl ar thaobh na mbóithre freisin. Oícheanta, bíonn sluaite ag codladh i gcrann chun sábháilteachta tá siad an-chomhpháirtíochta.\nTá dhá cheann de shé fho-chineál i Florida. Tá an turcaí fiáine Osceola nó Florida ina chónaí ar an leithinis. Tá sé ag cruinniú le Phanhandle's eastern wild turkey, atá prolific i leath thoir na Stát Aontaithe.\nAithníonn na scaoilte gnéas.\nTá na plúir dorcha go forleathan le dathanna gleamhranacha. Tá na sicíní níos dorcha agus níos lú. D'fhéadfadh toms (fir) a bheith suas le 25 punt.\nTá Toms poligam agus páirteach le go leor sicíní. Tá sé ina leithéid de chúrsa nó i ngrúpaí. I measc na taispeántais phréithe a dhéanann na fir tá strutting agus iad ag cur na plúirí (a bhfuil 5,000 go 6,000 acu), ag cur an eireaball, agus ag tarraingt na sciatháin. Tá go leor fuaimeanna le gobbling, drumming agus spitting. Ina theannta sin, athraíonn craiceann na cinn agus na muineál ó dearg, gorm agus bán geal ag brath ar déine an mhothúcháin. Go luath, cuireann na cailíní an nead i mballaí salach cluthar, clúdaithe le plandaíocht adhmaid cosaint do chuileanna (chuipeanna).\nTá go leor deamhain, amhail coyotes agus owl, ina bhagairt. D'fhéadfadh Toms cosaint trí ramming a gcorp agus ag baint úsáide as beacanna agus spurs. Tá brainsí beaga ag turcaí ach tá siad an-intuitive agus is minic a sheachain siad sealgairí. Cabhraíonn an radharc géar.\nCé go bhfuil siad ag siúl go príomha, d'fhéadfadh siad rith ag 25 mph agus eitilt (íseal) ag 55 mph. Is féidir le eitilt a shíneadh míle.\nI gcás na créatúir uilebhíola seo, d'fhéadfadh féar a bheith san áireamh i bhfás, i n-uibheacha, i ngráin, in inseictí agus i snáithe. Tá feoil turcaí fiáine delicious agus dorcha den chuid is mó. Tá bia ó fheoil agus gráin níos milse i gcomparáid le bia na n-ionsaithe.\nGo deimhin, bhí turcaí dúchasacha i Meicsiceo agus i ndeisceart na Stát Aontaithe i bhfad sular tháinig Columbus. Ansin thug na Spáinnigh an t-iarthair isteach san Eoraip. Cheannaigh na Sasanaigh turcaí agus coirceanna giúine den chineál céanna ó thrádálaithe na Tuirce ina dhiaidh sin, an t-ainm turkey. Thug coilíneoirí a shocraigh sa Domhan Nua turcaí gan gá. Go deimhin, fuair na píolóirí amach go raibh an turcaí fiáine thoir mar bhia do na hIndiaigh cheana féin.\nSa lá atá inniu ann, tá turcaí dúchasacha (an speiceas céanna le fiáine) ar a dtugtar taobh istigh, uaireanta i hangars aerárthach a athchóirítear le slua de na mílte. Tá gortuithe, strus teasa agus dallú ó mhaisiúcháin solais coitianta.\nD'fhéadfadh caora mhná \"henpeck\" a dhéanamh go marbhtach ar fhireann aonair a bhí ar an mbarr. Tá an t-easnamh ag cruthú éin níos troime, le bróic leathan. Is féidir plúir bhána a tháirgeadh freisin chun plúir pin neamhghnách a sheachaint ar fheoil chóirithe. Cuireann an méid cosc ar eitilt agus ar rith. Ar an drochuair, d'fhéadfadh scaoileadh na dturcaí seo an poill géin fiáine a thruailliú.\nGo deimhin, ní hé amháin feoil a sholáthraíonn turcaí tí. Déantar plúir a mhilliú le haghaidh bia ainmhithe próitéine. Soláthraíonn an dramhaíl leasachán agus breosla i gléasraí cumhachta leictreacha.\nIna theannta sin, meastar go bhfuil turcaí ina peataí teiripe. Le déanaí, cuireadh turcaí i gcathaoir rothaí, ar bord eitleáin agus i suíochán, saor in aisce. Thug an t-úinéir a bhí ag gabháil leis doiciméadú ó ghairmí meabhairshláinte.\nDe réir Benjamin Franklin, tá an turcaí níos measúla agus 'Bird of Courage' nuair a dhéantar comparáid leis an ealainn ghlan, ár n-éan náisiúnta. Aontaím go bhfuil turcaí misneach, go háirithe ar Oíche Buíochais!"} {"text": "Wooly Mammoth on display in Japan\nMammoth’s fur is relatively intact\nA 30,000-year-old frozen wooly mammoth has arrived in Japan for a special exhibition.\nThe mammoth was found in Russia three years ago, and is approximately nine-feet long and named Yuka.\nAuthorities said it was ten years old when it died.\nNippon television network and two other countries sponsored the exhibit.\nIt has arrived in Yokohama now to go on display for summer crowds.\nIt's the first time the public gets a chance to gawk at a carcass whose fur is relatively intact.\nThe mammoth's internal organs are missing and scientists dispute whether they were extracted by humans long ago or modern man using modern tools.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-43", "url": "https://www.mynbc5.com/article/wooly-mammoth-on-display-in-japan-1/3310311", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570986668569.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20191016113040-20191016140540-00221.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9696798325, "token_count": 158, "score": 2.921875, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Mamot Fuailte ar taispeáint sa tSeapáin\nTá gruaig an mamoth go réasúnta slán\nTá mamoth uachtar reoite 30,000 bliain d'aois tagtha go dtí an tSeapáin le haghaidh taispeántas speisialta.\nFuarthas an mammoth sa Rúis trí bliana ó shin, agus tá sé thart ar naoi troigh ar fhad agus ainmnithe Yuka.\nDúirt na húdaráis go raibh sé deich mbliana d'aois nuair a fuair sé bás.\nD'urraigh líonra teilifíse Nippon agus dhá thír eile an taispeántas.\nTá sé tar éis teacht go Yokohama anois chun dul ar taispeáint do thromlach an tsamhraidh.\nIs é an chéad uair a fhaigheann an pobal deis chun gawk ag carcass a bhfuil a fhéile go réasúnta slán.\nTá orgáin inmheánacha an mammoth ar iarraidh agus tá díospóid ann idir eolaithe an raibh daoine ag baint leo i bhfad ó shin nó an duine nua-aimseartha ag baint úsáide as uirlisí nua-aimseartha."} {"text": "BOSTON — E-cigarettes are getting young children hooked on nicotine. According to new research, some adolescents who vape are as young as 11.\nResearchers from the Massachusetts General Hospital for Children say these devices are more addictive than real cigarettes, with some school-age users vaping within five minutes of getting up in the morning.\nThe phenomenon has been blamed on a smoother, more palatable form of the addictive substance, known as “nicotine salts” or “protonated nicotine.”\n“The changes detected in this survey study may reflect the higher levels of nicotine delivery and addiction liability,” writes corresponding author Professor Jonathan Winickoff and the team in the journal JAMA Network Open.\nA recent government report revealed that at least 2.6 million U.S. children are hooked on e-cigarettes.\n“Modern e-cigarettes that use protonated nicotine to make nicotine easier to inhale,” the team adds.\nThe findings are based on more than 151,000 sixth to 12th graders tracked between 2014 and 2021.\n“Age at initiation of e-cigarette use decreased and intensity of use and addiction increased between 2014 and 2021,” the team reports. “By 2019, more e-cigarette users were using their first tobacco product within 5 minutes of waking than users of cigarettes and all other tobacco products combined.”\n“These findings suggest that clinicians need to be ready to address youth addiction to these new highly addictive nicotine products during many clinical encounters, and stronger regulation is needed, including comprehensive bans on the sale of flavored tobacco products.”\nE-cigarettes continue to market to younger users\nIn October 2022, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention found use among middle or high school students rose by 500,000 (24%) since 2021. Super-strength disposable devices — like Elf bars — are the most popular (55%). Moreover, most children in the study (85%) have used flavored e-cigs at some point.\nThey are often sold in glossy displays and come in a variety of colors, with child-friendly names and flavors such as bubble-gum, jellybeans, and strawberry milkshake.\n“Early e-cigarettes did not deliver nicotine as efficiently as cigarettes because they delivered freebase nicotine that was hard to inhale,” study authors write. “This situation changed with the 2015 introduction of Juul products (Juul Labs Inc.), which added benzoic acid to the nicotine e-liquid to lower the pH level and form protonated nicotine.”\nThe San Francisco start-up that invented the trendy devices found the adjustment was more efficient at captivating users with the first use. They have reversed the long-term decline in U.S. youth tobacco use, attracting many adolescents at low risk of initiating nicotine use with cigarettes.\nThe pandemic increased youth e-cigarette use\n“Despite the COVID-19 pandemic leading to people being socially isolated, students being out of school, and the increased risk of adolescents and young adults contracting COVID-19 with e-cigarette use, intensity of use among adolescents continued to increase,” researchers explain.\n“This increase in intensity may reflect increasing use of nicotine for self-medication in response to increases in adolescent depression, anxiety, tic disorders, and suicidality that occurred during the COVID-19 pandemic. The pandemic has also been a lost year for school-based prevention and treatment efforts, meaning that abatement plans will need to be intensified to address the nicotine addiction in those adolescents who missed a year of contact with adults who might have otherwise helped them get treatment,” the team concludes.\nStudy authors recommend that clinicians question all their patients about nicotine and tobacco product use, including e-cigarettes and other new nicotine products. Studies show that vaping has become a gateway to nicotine addiction for teens, as many who take it up have never smoked before.\nSouth West News Service writer Mark Waghorn contributed to this report.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-49", "url": "https://studyfinds.org/e-cigs-kids-addicted-to-nicotine/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446711150.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20221207053157-20221207083157-00170.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.945790112, "token_count": 829, "score": 2.59375, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Tá leanaí óga ag dul i ngleic le nicotine ó e-sigarétaí. De réir taighde nua, tá roinnt déagóirí a dhéanann vaping chomh hóg le 11.\nDeir taighdeoirí ó Ospidéal Ginearálta Leanaí Massachusetts go bhfuil na gairis seo níos mó ná fíochán ná fíor-sigarétaí, agus roinnt úsáideoirí scoile ag úsáid vaping laistigh de chúig nóiméad tar éis dóibh éirí ar maidin.\nTá an feiniméan a bheith cúisithe ar an fhoirm níos réidh, níos palatable an substaint addictive, ar a dtugtar salann nicotine nó nicotine protonated.\n'D'fhéadfadh na hathruithe a fuarthas sa staidéar suirbhé seo na leibhéil níos airde de sholáthar nicotine agus dliteanas andúil a léiriú,' a scríobh an tOllamh Jonathan Winickoff agus an fhoireann i dtuarascáil JAMA Network Open.\nLéirigh tuarascáil rialtas le déanaí go bhfuil 2.6 milliún páiste ar a laghad sna Stáit Aontaithe crochta ar e-togairí.\n'Tá an-tóir ar an gcineál seo de cheimiceáin a úsáidtear chun an nicotine a chur i bhfeidhm ar dhaoine agus a chur ar fáil dóibh, agus tá sé ag cur leis an gcineál seo de cheimiceáin a úsáidtear chun an nicotine a chur i bhfeidhm ar dhaoine agus a chur ar fáil dóibh.'\nTá na torthaí bunaithe ar níos mó ná 151,000 páiste sa séú grád go dtí an 12ú grád a rianóladh idir 2014 agus 2021.\nTosaigh an fhoireann ag úsáid e-tobaisteach ag aois a laghdú agus méadaigh déine an úsáide agus an andúil idir 2014 agus 2021. Faoi 2019, bhí níos mó úsáideoirí e-tobacail ag úsáid a gcéad tháirge tobac laistigh de 5 nóiméad tar éis iad a dhúiseacht ná úsáideoirí tobac agus gach táirge tobac eile le chéile.\nLeagann na torthaí seo le fios go gcaithfidh cliniceoirí a bheith réidh chun dul i ngleic le andúile óige ar na táirgí nua nicotine an-dibhéasach seo le linn go leor teagmhálacha cliniciúla, agus is gá rialachán níos déine, lena n-áirítear toirmeasc chuimsitheach ar dhíol táirgí tobac blas.\nTá an-tóir ar an margadh ar an e-sigaréite ar úsáideoirí níos óige\nI mí Dheireadh Fómhair 2022, fuair na hIonaid um Rialú agus Cosc ar Ghalair go raibh úsáid i measc mic léinn meánaoise nó ardscoile ag ardú 500,000 (24%) ó 2021. Is iad na feistí inúsáidte super-neart cosúil le barraí Elf an ceann is mó tóir air (55%). Thairis sin, d'úsáid an chuid is mó de na páistí sa staidéar (85%) e-siogáin blasáilte ag pointe éigin.\nIs minic a dhíoltar iad i léarscáileanna gleansacha agus a thagann i gcloineanna éagsúla, le hainmneacha agus blasanna atá oiriúnach do leanaí mar bhumhal-ghúm, jellybeans, agus milcheacht straobéar.\nNíor chuir e-sigarétaí luath nicotine ar fáil chomh héifeachtach le toitíní toisc go raibh nicotine saorbhunaithe acu a bhí deacair a shéanadh, scríobhann údair na staidéir. Athraíodh an staid seo le táirgí Juul (Juul Labs Inc.) a tugadh isteach i 2015, a chuir aigéad binsóiceach leis an e-leacht nicotine chun an leibhéal pH a ísliú agus nicotine prótónaithe a fhoirmiú.\nFuair an t-os-ghnóthach San Francisco a chruthaigh na feistí trendy go raibh an t-aistriú níos éifeachtaí ag gabháil úsáideoirí leis an gcéad úsáid. Tá siad tar éis an laghdú fadtéarmach a bhí ag baint le húsáid tobac óige na Stát Aontaithe a aisiompú, ag mealladh go leor de na déagóirí a raibh riosca íseal acu úsáid nicotine a thosú le toitíní.\nD'fhág an paindéim go raibh méadú ar úsáid e-tobair óige\nIn ainneoin an phaindéime COVID-19 a fhágann go bhfuil daoine ar leithligh ó thaobh sóisialta de, go bhfuil mic léinn as scoil, agus go bhfuil riosca méadaithe ag déagóirí agus daoine fásta óga a fhaigheann COVID-19 le húsáid e-tobaisteach, lean an déine úsáide i measc na déagóirí ag méadú, a mhíníonn taighdeoirí.\nD'fhéadfadh an méadú seo ar an dlúthchuid a léiriú go bhfuil méadú ar úsáid nicotine chun féin-leigheas a dhéanamh mar fhreagra ar mhéaduithe i ndúlagar, imní, neamhoird tic, agus féinmharú óige a tharla le linn paindéime COVID-19. Tá an paindéim ina bhliain caillte freisin d'iarrachtaí cóireála agus coscála atá bunaithe ar scoil, rud a chiallaíonn go gcaithfear pleananna laghdaithe a neartú chun aghaidh a thabhairt ar andúil nicotine sna déagóirí sin a chaill bliain de theagmháil le daoine fásta a d'fhéadfadh cabhrú leo cóireáil a fháil, a deir an fhoireann.\nMolann údair na staidéir go gcuirfeadh cliniceoirí ceisteanna ar a gcuid othair go léir maidir le nicotine agus úsáid táirgí tobac, lena n-áirítear e-sigarétaí agus táirgí nua nicotine eile. Léiríonn staidéir go bhfuil vaping ina gheata chun andúil nicotine do dhéagóirí, mar go bhfuil go leor a ghlacann sé riamh a chaitheamh tobac roimh.\nChuir Mark Waghorn, scríbhneoir Seirbhís Nuacht an Iarthair Theas, le tuairisc seo."} {"text": "In Ethiopia the most common foods in the diet include millet (including a unique variety called teff), sorghum, and plantains. Enset (a plantain-like plant) is a staple in the mountainous regions of Ethiopia. Some animal proteins are available, but a large number of Muslims and people following the Ethiopian Eastern Orthodox religion have introduced dietary restrictions (no pork) and the development of vegetarian fare. Wat is the national dish of Ethiopia. It is a spicy thick stew made with legumes and some kind of meat or fish. A spongy bread called injera is served with most meals and is used in place of utensils to scoop up food. Many of the traditional Ethiopian dishes are very spicy! Foods are often flavored with a hot spice mixture called berbere. Honey* is especially well-liked, and baklava (a drier version of the Greek pastry) is a favorite dessert. Coffee is the number one export and is commonly consumed. Access to safe water can be a problem.\n*Do not give honey to children under 1 year of age.\nPica, the practice of eating non-nutritive substances such as clay and chalk, is most often practiced by black women during pregnancy and the postpartum period but can also occur in children. Pica may occur due to a number of reasons that are not clearly defined. In Africa, clay may be eaten to alleviate hunger, to sooth irritation of intestinal parasites, for spiritual purposes, and for medical reasons.\nOverall, the Ethiopian diet can provide many essential nutrients. The traditional Ethiopian diet is:\nHigh in fiber – Complex carbohydrates are found in fruits, vegetables, nuts, seeds, and grains. These foods contain fiber, which is important for digestive health.\nLow in dairy products – Lactase is the enzyme that breaks down lactose sugar in milk and other dairy products. Lactose intolerance is the inability to digest lactose due to a lactase deficiency. Many African people are lactose intolerant and eat only small amounts of dairy. Teff and the green, leafy vegetables common in the Ethiopian diet are alternative sources of calcium.\nLow fat – Fat is essential to any child’s diet. The Ethiopian diet is low in saturated and trans fats (the less healthy fats) and provides foods rich in the mono- and poly-unsaturated fats (think vegetable oils, nuts, and seeds).\nCalcium – Calcium is needed to build strong bones and teeth. It also plays a role in blood clotting, muscle contraction, and nerve-cell communication. In the long term, dietary intakes well below the recommended levels may impact bone development. Bones increase in size and mass during childhood and adolescence, therefore adequate calcium and vitamin D should be consumed throughout childhood into early adulthood.\nIodine – Iodine is needed for production of thyroid hormone. Deficiency of iodine can lead to development of an enlarged thyroid called a goiter, hypothyroidism, and mental retardation in children whose mothers were iodine deficient during pregnancy.\nIron – Iron is necessary for oxygen delivery to cells and regulation of cell growth. Iron deficiency develops gradually and is commonly seen in women of childbearing age and children. A lack of iron results in an insufficient supply of oxygen to cells eventually causing anemia, fatigue, poor work performance, slow cognitive and social development in children, and decreased immunity.\nVitamin A – Vitamin A plays a critical role in healthy vision, growth and development, and immune function. Vitamin A deficiency is common in developing countries, and is often accompanied by zinc deficiency. Symptoms of deficiency include blindness, diminished ability to fight infections, decreased growth rate, and slow bone development.\nVitamin D – Vitamin D is needed for calcium absorption and maintenance of calcium levels to enable normal development of bones and prevent muscular spasms caused by low levels of calcium in the blood. A poor diet and lack of exposure to sunlight can result in vitamin D deficiency. A deficiency in childhood can result in development of the disease Rickets in which bones become soft.\nZinc – Zinc is involved in many important processes in the body. Symptoms of zinc deficiency include delayed growth, loss of appetite, impaired immune function, hair loss, diarrhea, delayed sexual maturation, eye and skin lesions, delayed wound healing, taste abnormalities, and mental fatigue.\nEthiopians usually eat one or two meals a day and snacks in between. Meals may be limited when food is in short supply. Food is usually offered on a communal plate and each person uses bread to scoop up what is served. Sharing food is an important social activity, and meals are often joyous and noisy. Only the right hand is used for eating. Before the meal, hands are washed under water poured from a pitcher into a basin. A prayer is said and an appetizer of curds and whey may be served. At the start of the meal, injera is layed directly on the table. Different kinds of stews are arranged on top. If you find yourself a guest in an Ethiopian home, don’t be surprised if the host hand feeds you a piece of food as a sign of respect!\nThe transition diet is one you develop to help bridge the gap between your child’s native diet and what eventually will become his or her regular diet at home. The transition diet often includes recipes and foods from the native diet. A good way to start the transition process is to ask exactly what foods your child ate in the orphanage or foster home, using that as a base for your cooking at home. As one parent put it, “I would encourage all parents to adapt the foods they present to mimic what the child had at the orphanage during the first months home. It is an easy adaptation that parents can make to create a more familiar environment during what can be a hard transition.” It may also be helpful to watch the caregivers feed your child at least one meal before returning home. Simple things such as the temperature or texture of foods may be important to your child. One mother wrote, “Our daughter was on formula at the orphanage but they gave it to her very, very hot. It took us a while to realize she wanted everything HOT and would cry hysterically if it wasn’t hot.” Even if you don’t know exactly what your child ate previously, incorporating native foods into his or her diet is a great way to help your child transition to a new culture, as well as preserve traditions from his or her first culture.\nNative Ethiopian foods that are commonly served in the orphanages are injera (a spongy bread made from teff flour) and different types of stews, including doro wat, (a spicy chicken stew) misir wat and kik wat (lentil stews), and shiro wat (chick pea flour stew). Beans, especially lentils and chick peas, are very common, as are tropical fruits such as bananas and mangos. Other foods commonly served in Ethiopian orphanages are scrambled eggs, rice, collard greens, and pasta.\nOnce home, every child’s food preferences will be different, and it will likely take some trial and error to discover what your child will eat and enjoy. The following food ideas may help your Ethiopian child transition into a new culture:\nEthiopian stews tend to be fairly spicy, so your child might enjoy some added heat. Many parents found that their newly adopted child readily ate Mexican food such as huevos rancheros and other similar foods. For huevos rancheros, simply scramble eggs and top them with cheese and a spicy salsa.\nRed sauces are also a common favorite among Ethiopian children. Try making pasta with spaghetti sauce, or incorporating spicy red salsas into more of your dishes.\nPancakes are similar to injera, the staple food in Ethiopian diets, so your child might feel comfortable eating these. Try making them both savory and sweet if your child enjoys them.\nOther excellent transition foods include fruits, potatoes, beans, rice, breads, and any type of stew.\nIt is always a good idea to learn how to make native Ethiopian dishes. Your child might remember and enjoy these foods, and as one adoptive parent put it, “these kids have so many losses (language, culture, family, country) that we should attempt to let them keep as many of their native foods as possible, especially during the transition.”\nThis soft, spongy flatbread is used instead of utensils to scoop up stew or vegetables. It is traditionally made with teff flour, a type of grain grown in Ethiopia. You can substitute buckwheat or wheat flour for teff, which can be harder to find. Injera batter is usually prepared like a sourdough – a small portion from each batch is saved and allowed to ferment to be used in the new batter the next time it is made. This recipe uses baking soda and club soda to produce the same bubbly effect.\n2 cups whole wheat flour (a finely milled type like whole wheat pastry flour works well)\n1 cup unbleached white flour\n1/2 teaspoon baking soda\n2-3 cups club soda\nCombine flour and baking soda in a large bowl.\nAdd club soda, stir well to form a thin batter.\nHeat a large non-stick griddle or fry pan to hot. Brush lightly with oil.\nUsing a large cup or ladle, begin on the outside of the griddle and pour in a circle around the edges until the center is filled. Quickly tilt the griddle back and forth to fill in any holes and to spread thinly and evenly (similar to making crepes).\nCook for 1-2 minutes until surface is spongy and filled with tiny air bubbles. Do not flip the bread, just slide off griddle or out of pan onto a large plate.\nArrange the cooked injera around the outside edges of a large plate or platter so that the centers overlap. Serve immediately with a meat or vegetable stew (place the stew in the middle of the platter) or use in a salad.\nLeftover injera can be torn into pieces, brushed with oil, seasoned and baked in the oven to make injera chips.\n1/4 cup canola oil\n3 tablespoons vinegar (red or white, use what you have!)\nJuice of one lemon\n1-2 cloves garlic, minced\n2 teaspoons berbere\n3-4 large tomatoes\n1/2 – 1 onion, finely chopped\n1-2 jalepeno peppers, chopped and de-seeded\n2 pieces injera, torn into bite sizes\nWhisk together the ingredients for the dressing and pour over the chopped vegetables and injera. Serve chilled.\nKittler PG, Sucher KP (2008). Food and culture, Fifth Edition. Belmont, CA: Thomson Wadworth.\nBerhe N, Halvorsen BL, Gundersen TE, et al. Reduced serum concentrations of retinol and alpha tocopherol and high concentrations of hydroperoxides are associated with community levles ofs. mansoni infection and schistosomal periportal fibrosis in Ethiopian school children. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2007;76(5):943-949.\nHall A, Tuffrey V, Kassa T, et al. Case control analysis of the health and nutrition of orphan schoolchildren in Ethiopia. Trop Med Int Health 2010;15(3):287-295.\nKassu A, Tomoki Y, Mulu A, et al. Serum zinc, copper, selenium, calcium, and magnesium levels in pregnant and non-pregnant women in Gondar, northwest Ethiopia. Biol Trace Elem Res 2008;122:97-106.\nMengesha B, Ergete W. Staple Ethiopian diet and cancer of the oesophagus. East African Medical Journal 2005;82:353-356.\nStoecker BJ, Abebe Y, Hubbs-Tait L, et al. Zinc status and cognitive function of pregnant women in southern Ethiopia. Eur J Clin Nutr 2009;63:916-918.\nUmeta M, West CE, Verhoef H, et al. Factors associated with stunting in infants aged 5-11 months in the Dodota-Sire District, rural Ethiopia. J Nutr 2003;133:1064-1069.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-17", "url": "http://adoptionnutrition.org/nutrition-by-country/ethiopia/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917125532.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031205-00138-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.941637814, "token_count": 2581, "score": 3.40625, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "I Eitíopea, is iad na bianna is coitianta sa réim bia ná milse (lena n-áirítear cineáil uathúil ar a dtugtar teff), sorghum, agus pláinéid. Is bia bunúsach é an Enset (plantain cosúil le plantain) i réigiúin bheaga na hIodáile. Tá roinnt próitéiní ainmhithe ar fáil, ach tá líon mór Moslamach agus daoine a leanann reiligiún Ethiopian Eastern Orthodox tar éis srianta aiste bia (gan muiceoil) a thabhairt isteach agus bia vegetarian a fhorbairt. Is é Wat an miasa náisiúnta san Aetóip. Is stew tiubh spicy é a dhéantar le plandáin agus cineál éigin feola nó iasc. Déantar arán spongy ar a dtugtar injera a sheirbheáil le formhór na béilí agus úsáidtear é in ionad earraí chun bia a scuabadh. Tá go leor de na miasa traidisiúnta san Etióp an-spíocúil! Is minic a chuirtear meascán de spíosra te, ar a dtugtar berbere, le bia. Is maith le mil* go háirithe, agus is é baklava (leagan níos tirim den bhéile Gréagach) an milseog is fearr leat. Is é caife an t-onnmhairiú uimhir a haon agus déantar é a ithe go coitianta. Is féidir go mbeadh fadhb le rochtain ar uisce sláintiúil.\n* Ná tabhair mil do leanaí faoi 1 bhliain d'aois.\nIs minic a chleachtann mná dubha Pica, an cleachtas a bhaineann le substaintí neamh-chothaitheacha a ithe mar chré agus criosta, le linn toirchis agus an tréimhse iar-chloí ach is féidir é a bheith i leanaí freisin. D'fhéadfadh Pica tarlú mar gheall ar roinnt cúiseanna nach bhfuil sainithe go soiléir. I san Afraic, d'fhéadfadh go n-ithfí clay chun an t-eagla a mhaolú, chun irritation de pharaisítí intestinal a mhaolú, chun críocha spioradálta, agus ar chúiseanna leighis.\nAr an iomlán, is féidir le bia na hIotáice go leor cothaithigh riachtanacha a sholáthar. Is é an aiste bia traidisiúnta Éitiopach:\nTá carbaihiodráití casta i dtorthaí, glasraí, cnónna, síolta agus gráin. Tá snáithín sna bianna seo, rud atá tábhachtach do shláinte díleá.\nÍseal i dtáirgí bainne Is é Lactase an einsím a bhriseann siúcra lactose i bainne agus i dtáirgí bainne eile. Is é an neamhfholaitheacht lachtóis an neamhábaltacht lachtóis a dhíleá mar gheall ar easpa lachtáis. Tá go leor daoine san Afraic neamh-fhulaingthe ar lachtós agus ní itheann siad ach méid beag déiríochta bainne. Tá teff agus na glasraí duilleacha glas a bhíonn coitianta i réim bia na hIotáine ina bhfoinsí eile cailciam.\nÍsealchlóir Tá saill riachtanach do aiste bia aon linbh. Tá an aiste bia san Aetóip íseal i saillte saturated agus tras (na saillte níos lú sláintiúla) agus soláthraíonn sé bianna atá saibhir sna saillte mono- agus poly-unsaturated (smaoinigh ar olaí glasraí, cnónna, agus síolta).\nCailciam Tá gá le cailciam chun cnámha agus fiacla láidre a thógáil. Tá ról aige freisin i gcúlú fola, i gcúnadh na matáin, agus i gcumarsáid na gcealla néaróg. Go fadtéarmach, d'fhéadfadh go mbeadh tionchar ag na hiontabhálacha bia atá i bhfad faoi bhun na leibhéil a mholtar ar fhorbairt na cnámh. Méadaíonn cnámha i méid agus i mais le linn na linbh agus na déagóirí, dá bhrí sin ba cheart cailciam agus vitimín D leordhóthanach a ithe i rith na linbh go luath san aos fásta.\nIodine Tá gá le iodine chun hormóin thyroid a tháirgeadh. Is féidir le easnamh iodaíne forbairt thyroid méadaithe a dtugtar goiter, hypothyroidism, agus retardation mheabhrach a bheith ann i leanaí a raibh easnamh iodaíne ag a máithreacha le linn toirchis.\nIarainn Tá iarainn riachtanach chun ocsaigin a sholáthar do chealla agus fás cealla a rialáil. Déantar easpa iarann a fhorbairt de réir a chéile agus is gnách go bhfeictear é i measc na mban atá in aois atá ag d' fhás agus leanaí. Mar thoradh ar easpa iarann ní bhíonn soláthar ocsaigine leordhóthanach ag na cealla a fhágann go mbeidh anemia, tuirse, drochfheidhmíocht oibre, forbairt chognaíoch agus sóisialta mall i leanaí, agus imdhíonacht laghdaithe.\nVitimín A Tá ról ríthábhachtach ag vitimín A i radharc sláintiúil, i bhfás agus i bhforbairt, agus i bhfeidhm imdhíonachta. Tá easpa vitimín A coitianta i dtíortha i mbéal forbartha, agus is minic a bhíonn easpa sinc in éineacht leis. I measc na hairíonna a bhaineann le easpa fola tá dalltacht, cumas laghdaithe chun ionfhabhtuithe a chomhrac, ráta fáis laghdaithe, agus fás cnámh mall.\nTá gá le vitimín D chun calcium a ionsú agus chun leibhéil calcium a chothabháil chun forbairt ghnáthúil cnámha a chumasú agus chun spaisimh mhíchumas a chosc a d'fhéadfadh a bheith mar thoradh ar leibhéil íseal calcium san fhuil. Is féidir le droch-aiste bia agus easpa nochtadh do sholas na gréine easnamh vitimín D a chur ar an duine. D'fhéadfadh go mbeadh easnamh sa óige mar thoradh ar fhorbairt an ghalair Rickets ina mbíonn cnámha bog.\n Tá an sinc páirteach i go leor próisis thábhachtacha sa chorp. I measc na hairíonna a bhaineann le easpa sinc tá moill ar fhás, caillteanas ocrais, éifeacht mhíchóirithe imdhíonachta, cailliúint gruaige, diarrhea, moill ar aibíocht ghnéis, léachtaí súl agus craicinn, moill ar leigheas gorta, neamhghnáchtaí blas, agus tuirse meabhrach.\nDe ghnáth itheann na hIotáibithe béile nó beirt sa lá agus snackanna eatarthu. D'fhéadfadh go mbeadh líon na béilí teoranta nuair a bhíonn ganntanas bia ann. De ghnáth, cuirtear bia ar fáil ar phláta comhchoiteann agus úsáideann gach duine arán chun an méid a chuirtear ar fáil a chur suas. Is gníomhaíocht shóisialta tábhachtach é bia a roinnt, agus is minic a bhíonn béilí áthas agus torthúil. Ní úsáidtear ach an lámh dheis chun bia a ithe. Sula n-itheann siad, ní foláir a lámha a ní le huisce a chuirtear ó chuisneoir isteach i mbosca. Deirtear guí agus d'fhéadfaí appetizer de chard agus de whey a sheirbheáil. Ag tús an bhéile, cuirtear injera go díreach ar an mbord. Tá cineálacha éagsúla stews socraithe ar an mbarr. Má fhaigheann tú tú féin ina hóstach i dteach Éitióp, ná bíodh iontas ort má thugann an t-óstach píosa bia duit mar chomhartha meas!\nIs é an aiste bia idirthréimhseach an aiste bia a fhorbraíonn tú chun cuidiú leis an bhfreagra a chur idir aiste bia dúchais do pháiste agus an rud a bheidh ina ghnáth-aiste bia ag an am sa bhaile. Is minic a chuimsíonn an aiste bia idirthréimhseach oidis agus bianna ón aiste bia dúchasach. Bealach maith chun tús a chur leis an bpróiseas aistrithe ná a iarraidh go beacht cad iad na bianna a d'ith do leanbh san dílleacht nó sa bhaile aire, ag baint úsáide as sin mar bhunús le haghaidh cócaireachta sa bhaile. Mar a dúirt tuismitheoir amháin, mholfainn do na tuismitheoirí go léir na bianna a chuireann siad ar fáil a chur in oiriúint do na bianna a bhí ag an leanbh san óstán le linn na chéad mhí sa bhaile. Is é an t-oiriúnú éasca is féidir le tuismitheoirí a dhéanamh chun timpeallacht níos eolaí a chruthú le linn an aistrithe deacair. D'fhéadfadh sé a bheith cabhrach freisin féachaint ar na cúramóirí ag tabhairt bia do do leanbh ar a laghad uair amháin sula dtéann siad abhaile. D'fhéadfadh rudaí simplí cosúil le teocht nó téacs na mbia a bheith tábhachtach do do leanbh. Scríobh máthair amháin, \"Bhí ár n-iníon ar fhoirmle san dílleacht ach thug siad an-te, an-te í. Thóg sé tamall dúinn a thuiscint go raibh sí ag iarraidh gach rud TOSMHA agus go mbeadh sí ag caoineadh go hiisteric mura mbeadh sé tt. Fiú mura bhfuil a fhios agat go díreach cad a d'ith do leanbh roimhe seo, is bealach iontach é bia dúchasach a ionchorprú ina réim bia nó ina réim bia chun cabhrú le do leanbh aistriú chuig cultúr nua, chomh maith le traidisiúin a chaomhnú óna chéad chultúr nó óna chéad chultúr.\nIs iad na bianna dúchasacha san Aetóip a sheirbheáiltear go coitianta sna dílleachtaí injera (arán spongy déanta as plúr teff) agus cineálacha éagsúla stews, lena n-áirítear doro wat, (stew sicín spicy) misir wat agus kik wat (stews lentil), agus shiro wat (stew plúr pioc). Tá pianta, go háirithe lionsaí agus pianta, an-choitianta, mar atá torthaí trópaiceacha mar bananaí agus mangó. Is iad na bianna eile a bhíonn ar fáil go coitianta in dílleachtaí san Aetóip uibheacha scrúdaithe, rís, glasraí collard, agus pasta.\nNuair a bheidh siad sa bhaile, beidh roghanna bia gach linbh difriúil, agus is dócha go mbeidh sé ag teastáil roinnt triail agus earráide chun a fháil amach cad a itheann do leanbh agus a thaitníonn leis. D'fhéadfadh na smaointe bia seo a leanas cabhrú le do leanbh Éitióp a aistriú go cultúr nua:\nIs gnách go mbíonn stews Éitiópach an-spíocúil, mar sin d'fhéadfadh do leanbh taitneamh a bhaint as teas breise. Fuair go leor tuismitheoirí amach go raibh a bpáistí a bhí glactha le déanaí sásta bia Mheicsiceo a ithe mar huevos rancheros agus bia eile den chineál sin. Le haghaidh huevos rancheros, ní gá ach uibheacha a chur i mbarr agus iad a uaslódáil le cáis agus salsa spicy.\nIs é an t-ádh mór le saghas dearg freisin i measc leanaí na hIotáile. Déan iarracht pasta a dhéanamh le séipéal spaghetti, nó salsas dearga spicy a chur isteach i níos mó de do mhias.\nTá pancóga cosúil le injera, an bia is mó i réim bia na hIotáile, mar sin d'fhéadfadh do leanbh a bheith compordach iad seo a ithe. Déan iarracht iad a dhéanamh saillte agus milis araon má thaitníonn do leanbh leo.\nI measc na mbia a bhíonn ag athrú go maith le linn an ama seo tá torthaí, prátaí, pónairí, rís, arán, agus aon chineál stew.\nIs smaoineamh maith é i gcónaí foghlaim conas miasa dúchasacha na hIotáile a dhéanamh. D'fhéadfadh do leanbh cuimhneamh ar na bianna seo agus taitneamh a bhaint astu, agus mar a dúirt tuismitheoir uchtaitheach amháin, \"Tá an oiread caillteanais ag na páistí seo (teanga, cultúr, teaghlach, tír) gur chóir dúinn iarracht a dhéanamh ligean dóibh an oiread agus is féidir a gcuid bianna dúchais a choinneáil, go háirithe le linn an aistrithe\".\nÚsáidtear an t-arán pláta bog, spongy seo in ionad earraí chun stew nó glasraí a scuabadh. Déantar é go traidisiúnta le plúr teff, cineál gráin a fhásann san Aetóip. Is féidir leat buckwheat nó plúr cruithneachta a chur in ionad teff, a d'fhéadfadh a bheith níos deacra a fháil. De ghnáth ullmhaítear an t-eagrán Injera mar eagrán sourdough cuirtear cuid bheag de gach baisc ar fáil agus ligtear dó a fhéimint le húsáid sa t-eagrán nua an chéad uair eile a dhéantar é. Úsáidtear an t-oideas seo sóid bácála agus sóid chlub chun an éifeacht chraobhchlaoch céanna a tháirgeadh.\n2 chupan plúr cruithneachta iomlán (níl an cineál milled go fíneáil cosúil le plúr pastry cruithneachta iomlán ag obair go maith)\n1 cupán plúr bán neamhbhléite\n1/2 spúnóg tae sóid bácála\n2-3 cupán sóid club\nCuir amhla agus sóid bácála le chéile i mbabhla mór.\nCuir soda club, meall go maith chun bataire tanaí a dhéanamh.\nCuir griddle mór neamh-bhrúite nó pána friochta go te. Brush lightly with oil. Brush lightly with oil. Brush lightly with oil.\nAg baint úsáide as cupán nó leodla mór, tosaigh ó thaobh amuigh den ghríd agus cuir timpeall na gcladaí go dtí go mbeidh an t-ionad líonta. Cuir an griddle ar ais go tapa chun aon phoill a líonadh agus é a leathnú go tanaí agus go cothrom (cosúil le crepes a dhéanamh).\nCócaireacht ar feadh 1-2 nóiméad go dtí go mbeidh an dromchla spongy agus líonta le boilgeoga aeir bheaga. Ná cas an t-arán, ach sleamhnaigh as an griddle nó as an bpána ar phláta mór.\nCuir an injera cócaráilte timpeall imeall amuigh de phláta mór nó de phláta mór ionas go mbeidh an t-ionad ag dul thar a chéile. Seirbheáil láithreach le stew feola nó glasraí (cuir an stew i lár an phláta) nó bain úsáid as i saladach.\nIs féidir an injera atá fágtha a scriosadh ina phíosaí, a scuabadh le ola, a shéaladh agus a bhácáil san oigheann chun chips injera a dhéanamh.\n1/4 cupán ola canola\n3 spúnóg bhoird fíonchaora (dearg nó bán, bain úsáid as an méid atá agat!)\nSiúcra de léimín amháin\n1-2 clón ailse, miotaithe\n2 spúnóg tae Berbere\n3-4 trátaí móra\n1/2 1 uibheach, gearradh go mion\n1-2 piobar jalepeno, gearradh agus de-seeded\n2 phíosa injera, a scoiltear i méideanna beart\nCuir na comhábhair le chéile chun an dressing a dhéanamh agus cuir thar na glasraí gearr agus an injera. Seirbheáil fuar.\nKittler PG, Sucher KP (2008). Bia agus cultúr, Cúigiú hIonú. Thomson Wadworth.\nBerhe N, Halvorsen BL, Gundersen TE, et al. Tá comhchoinníollacha sláinte phoiblí ag leibhéal laghdaithe retinol agus alfa- tocopherol i serum agus ag comhchoinníollacha ard hidroperoxides. Infection Mansoni agus fibrosis periportal schistosomal i leanaí scoile san Aetóip. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2007;76(5):943-949.\nHall A, Tuffrey V, Kassa T, et al. Anailís ar chás-rialú ar shláinte agus cothú leanaí scoile díolta san Aetóip. Trop Med Int Health 2010;15(3): 287-295.\nKassu A, Tomoki Y, Mulu A, et al. Leibhéil sinc, copar, seiléiniam, cailciam agus maignéisiam i sraith na mban torracha agus neamh-torracha i Gondar, iarthuaisceart na hEitiópá. Biol Trace Elem Res 2008;122:97-106.\nMengesha B, Ergete W. Staple Bia na hIodáile agus ailse an chréatóg. East African Medical Journal 2005;82:353-356.\nStoecker BJ, Abebe Y, Hubbs-Tait L, et al. Staidéar ar an sinc agus ar fheidhm chognaíoch na mban torracha i ndeisceart na hIodáile. Eur J Clin Nutr 2009;63:916-918.\nUmeta M, West CE, Verhoef H, et al. Fachtóirí a bhaineann le stunting i leanaí 5-11 mhí d'aois i gContae Dodota-Sire, tuaithe na hIodáile. J Nutr 2003;133:1064-1069."} {"text": "In the First Reading last weekend, we heard these words from the prophet Isaiah: “Can a mother forget her infant, be without tenderness for the child of her womb? Even should she forget, I will never forget you.” (Is. 49:15)\nThis passage uses the love of a mother as an example of unconditional love. Notice that it does not use the word “father” or the gender-neutral term “parent.” Fatherhood also involves unconditional love, but the image given here is a maternal one. There is something special about a mother’s love for her children, and it is being invoked in this passage.\nScientists explain the unique bond that exists between mother and child in terms of chemicals. According to studies, a woman’s body releases powerful hormones during pregnancy, childbirth and breastfeeding, causing her to connect emotionally with her new baby. This special bond is apparent to anyone who sees a new mother holding her child – underneath her exhaustion is an unmistakable joy and radiance that cannot be denied.\nMotherhood is a beautiful gift and an opportunity to witness to the world. In the role of mother, women are called to express unconditional love to their children, reflecting the love that God has for his people. This special role of motherhood was once valued in society. Women were traditionally homemakers. Raising children was understood to be a respectable full-time job, stemming from the immense love that a mother had for her children.\nToday, however, society has lost respect for motherhood. Women often have to work, and it is difficult for them to stay home with their children. Even when they are at home, they are often distracted from their children. Our culture tells us that our main priority in life should be to seek our own personal fulfillment and happiness. Children are secondary to this, and we should not allow them to conflict with our other ambitions. Those women who do choose to stay home and raise their children are often ridiculed for this decision. The role of homemaker has been degraded and is no longer viewed as an admirable pursuit.\nOur society today attacks the role of the mother in other ways as well. Contraception treats motherhood as a disease to be prevented, and abortion treats it as a mistake to be fixed. Gay “marriage” disregards the need for both a mother and a father, undermining the distinctions that make them each unique. In vitro fertilization views motherhood as a “right” that a woman can demand, rather than a blessing for which she should be truly thankful.\nAmid these threats coming from every direction, the words of Isaiah still ring true. Today, the need for devoted mothers is greater than ever. God is asking us as women to glorify Him by doing something that comes naturally to us. He is asking us to use our maternal ability to give tender, unfailing love to our children in order to show His unfailing love to the world. Let us pray that all women who have been blessed with the gift of motherhood will take this calling seriously and respond to it generously, realizing the great dignity and value in what they are doing.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-17", "url": "http://www.catholicnewsagency.com/cw/post.php?id=477", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917118519.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031158-00196-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9761036038, "token_count": 647, "score": 2.546875, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Sa Chéad Léitheoireacht an deireadh seachtaine seo caite, chuala muid na focail seo ó fháidhr Aiseáia: \"An féidir le máthair dearmad a dhéanamh ar a leanbh, gan a bheith teann ar leanbh a bhroinn? Fiú má dhéanann sí dearmad, ní dhéanfaidh mé dearmad ort. 49:15)\nBaineann an rann seo úsáid as grá na máthar mar shampla de ghrá gan choinníoll. Tabhair faoi deara nach n-úsáideann sé an focal athair ná an téarma neamhspleách ar inscne tuismitheoir. Baineann an t-ádh gan choinníoll le hAthair, ach is í an íomhá a thugtar anseo ná an íomhá máthar. Tá rud éigin speisialta faoi ghrá mháthair dá leanaí, agus tá sé á áiteamh sa rann seo.\nMíníonn eolaithe an nasc uathúil atá idir máthair agus leanbh i dtéarmaí ceimiceacha. De réir staidéir, scaoileann corp na mban hormóin chumhachtach le linn toirchis, breith agus beathú cíche, rud a fhágann go mbíonn ceangal mothúchánach aici lena leanbh nua. Tá an nasc speisialta seo soiléir do dhuine ar bith a fheiceann máthair nua ag coinneáil a leanbh - faoi a tuirse tá áthas gan amhras agus geal nach féidir a dhiúltú.\nIs bronntanas álainn é máithreacht agus deis chun fianaise a thabhairt don domhan. I ról na máthar, glactar le mná grá gan choinníoll a chur in iúl dá leanaí, ag léiriú an grá atá ag Dia dá phobal. Bhí luach ar an ról speisialta seo a bhí ag máthair sa tsochaí uair amháin. Ba mhná a bhí ina mbainisteoirí tí go traidisiúnta. Bhí tuiscint ar an gcúram leanaí a bheith ina phost lán-am measúil, a thagann as an grá ollmhór a bhí ag máthair dá leanaí.\nSa lá atá inniu ann, áfach, tá meas caillte ag an tsochaí ar mháithreacht. Is minic a bhíonn ar mhná oibriú, agus tá sé deacair dóibh fanacht sa bhaile lena gcuid páistí. Fiú nuair a bhíonn siad sa bhaile, is minic a bhíonn a gcuid aird ar a gcuid páistí. Deir ár gcultúr go gcaithfimid ár dtosaíocht is mó sa saol a bheith ag lorg ár gcomhlíontacht agus ár sonas pearsanta féin. Tá leanaí ina dara leibhéal i gcomparáid leis seo, agus níor cheart dúinn ligean dóibh teacht i gcoinne ár n-uaillmhianta eile. Is minic a dhéantar na mná sin a roghnaíonn fanacht sa bhaile agus a gcuid leanaí a ardú a bheith i ndán don chinneadh seo. Tá ról an mháistir tí tugtha faoi dhroch-mheas agus ní fheictear é mar shaothar iontaofa a thuilleadh.\nTá ár sochaí inniu ag ionsaí ról na máthar ar bhealaí eile freisin. Déileálann frithghiniúint le máithreacht mar ghalair le cosc a chur air, agus déileálann an ghortú leis mar mheabhrú le réiteach. pósadh aerach neamhaird ar an ngá atá le máthair agus athair araon, ag cur faoi deara na difríochtaí a dhéanann gach ceann acu uathúil. Measann an fhéilleadh in vitro go bhfuil máithreacht mar ceart is féidir le bean é a éileamh, seachas mar bheannacht ar chóir di a bheith buíoch dáiríre.\nI measc na bagairtí seo a thagann ó gach taobh, tá focail Aisáia fós fíor. Sa lá atá inniu ann, tá an gá atá le máithreacha dírithe níos mó ná riamh. Tá Dia ag iarraidh orainn mar mhná a ghlóir dó trí rud éigin a thagann go nádúrtha dúinn. Tá sé ag iarraidh orainn ár gcumas máthar a úsáid chun grámhar, grá gan mhainneachtain a thabhairt dár leanaí d'fhonn a ghrá gan mhainneachtain a thaispeáint don domhan. Déanaimis ár ndícheall, le linn na tréimhse sin, an t-aistriúchán a dhéanamh ar an gcaoi a bhfuil an t-aistriúchán déanta ag an gCoimisiún."} {"text": "Modern clock motors are digital timekeepers that acquire their precision from crystals. Clock electric motors are also called clock activities in the trade in that they move the hands, via a collection of gears, into appropriate position (relative to the numerals or symbols published on the dial). Here we reveal not just the details of just how these systems function however likewise their peculiarities and refined foibles. Historic clock motors did not run online however mechanically. A coiled spring or heavy weight used torque to a flywheel, which gradually rotated a shaft with hands attached to the various other end. A pendulum and also escapement worked in tandem to make certain each tick was specifically one second in duration. Today's electric motors complete the same result however do so by subdividing a stable stream of pulses emitted by the quartz crystal. The pulses are counted utilizing a digital register, and also each time the ideal limit is surpassed creates the documented number of secs to increment. Likewise, register counts with sixty-fold durations increment the minutes and hrs.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-47", "url": "https://dzone.com/users/2918570/itclocks.html", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496668896.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20191117064703-20191117092703-00135.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9494589567, "token_count": 209, "score": 2.796875, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Is mótair uaireadóirí digiteacha iad mótair uaireadóirí nua-aimseartha a fhaigheann a n-ionscantacht ó chriostail. Tugtar gníomhaíochtaí clog ar mótaráidí leictreacha clog sa trádáil freisin toisc go bogann siad na lámha, trí bhailiúchán de ghéar, go dtí an seasamh cuí (i ndáil leis na huimhreacha nó na siombailí a foilsítear ar an dial). Anseo nochtann muid ní hamháin na sonraí ar conas a oibríonn na córais seo ach mar an gcéanna a n-peculiarities agus weaknesses scagtha. Ní raibh mótarna clog stairiúla ag rith ar líne ach go meicniúil. Baineann an t-earrach coiled nó an t-ualach trom torque le rothar, a thiomáin go mall sciath le lámha ceangailte leis na foircinn éagsúla eile. Bhí pendulum agus scaoileadh ag obair i gcomhthráth chun a chinntiú go raibh gach tic go sonrach ar feadh an dara. Críochnaíonn mótar leictreacha an lae inniu an toradh céanna ach déanann siad é trí shreabhadh seasmhach de pholl a astaíonn an criostail chuairc. Déantar na pulsaí a chomhaireamh ag baint úsáide as clár digiteach, agus gach uair a sháraítear an teorainn idéalach cruthaítear an líon doiciméadú de shéimeanna chun méadú a dhéanamh. Ar an gcaoi chéanna, cuirtear méadú ar na nóiméad agus na huaireanta le comhaireamh clár le tréimhsí seasca huaire."} {"text": "Teachers: Upgrade Your Computer Output With These Simple Tips\nEverybody appreciates the fact that computers play a key role in the modern education sector. Allowing children to develop their skills this way is crucial as teachers look to prepare the future generation for later life. But this isn’t the only crucial aspect. In truth, increased success here will bring vast improvements to the school experience as a whole.\nMost teachers will incorporate computers into their teaching. But only a small percentage realises the full potential of these resources. For starters, many don’t even truly appreciate the difference between PC and Mac.\nIf you are one of the vast majority that fails to make computers work to their maximum level, then these computer output tips are just for you.\nUse Specialist Software\nBoth the computer and educational industries are big business. It should come as no surprise that there are plenty of companies producing computer facilities aimed to make teaching easier. Finding the best resources could improve your teaching greatly.\nSolutions for K12 are easily amongst the best for achieving those goals. They can assist the teaching sector in a variety of different ways. And those benefits can be felt by schools from kindergarten all the way through to high school.\nHaving these resources added to your school can help the entire faculty as they look to build a better learning environment. Ultimately, this will be hugely beneficial to the children.\nUsing better software will provide any teacher with the right tools for success. But it’s still up to the individual to inspire the children into learning. One of the best ways to achieve this is making it more interactive.\nIt’s easier to absorb information when you are actively participating with a challenge. Setting up games or group challenges can be a great way to spark their imagination and make it more fun. After all, a little healthy competition never hurt anyone. Moreover, you can record the results over a sustained period to determine the overall winners. A little prize will always work as an extra incentive too.\nMost households now have computers. If not, the library facilities are available too. Use interactive homework to further enhance their education, and you won’t go far wrong. Besides, once those resources have been created, you’ll be able to reuse them time and time again.\nSet Up Communication Links\nOne of the main uses of computers is increased communication. Similarly, this is a major factor in the education process too. If these modern tech facilities can be used to improve the relationships between teacher and student, it would be foolish not to take them.\nThe use of email to tutor students and answer their questions is a very easy way to take learning to the next level. Meanwhile, setting up a system to handle homework assignments can be hugely beneficial too. If nothing else, this can be used to prepare them for college procedures.\nUsing the internet as a communication tool can also benefit teachers hoping to create better bonds with the parents. After all, when teacher and parent work together, the student should have a far greater chance of success.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-06", "url": "https://www.techburgeon.com/2015/10/teachers-upgrade-your-computer-output-with-these-simple-tips/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764494986.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20230127132641-20230127162641-00742.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9482039809, "token_count": 622, "score": 2.671875, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Múinteoirí: Athchóiriú ar Do Thorthaí Ríomhaireachta Leis na Leideanna Simplí seo\nTá meas ag gach duine ar an bhfíric go bhfuil ról lárnach ag ríomhairí sa earnáil oideachais nua-aimseartha. Tá sé ríthábhachtach ligean do leanaí a gcuid scileanna a fhorbairt ar an mbealach seo agus múinteoirí ag iarraidh an ghlúin sa todhchaí a ullmhú don saol níos déanaí. Ach ní hé seo an t-aon ghné ríthábhachtach. Go deimhin, beidh feabhas mór ar an taithí scoile ina iomláine ag an rath a mhéadú anseo.\nCuirfidh formhór na múinteoirí ríomhairí isteach ina gcuid teagaisc. Ach ní thuigeann ach céatadán beag de na hacmhainní seo a acmhainneacht iomlán. Chun tús a chur leis, ní thuigeann go leor fiú an difríocht idir PC agus Mac.\nMá tá tú ar cheann de na tromlach mór nach féidir a dhéanamh ar ríomhairí a bheith ag obair go dtí a n-leibhéal uasta, ansin tá na treoracha aschuir ríomhaire ach amháin ar do shon.\nÚsáid Bogearraí Speisialta\nTá an tionscal ríomhaireachta agus an tionscal oideachais araon ina ghnó mór. Níor cheart go mbeadh aon iontas ann go bhfuil go leor cuideachtaí ag táirgeadh áiseanna ríomhaireachta a bhfuil sé mar aidhm acu múineadh a dhéanamh níos éasca. D'fhéadfadh na hacmhainní is fearr a aimsiú do theagasc a fheabhsú go mór.\nTá réitigh do K12 ar cheann de na réitigh is fearr chun na cuspóirí sin a bhaint amach. Is féidir leo cabhrú leis an earnáil mhúinteoireachta ar bhealaí éagsúla. Agus is féidir na buntáistí sin a bhraitheann scoileanna ó naíolann go dtí an scoil ard.\nIs féidir leis na hacmhainní seo a chur le do scoil cabhrú leis an bhfoireann iomlán agus iad ag iarraidh timpeallacht foghlama níos fearr a thógáil. Sa deireadh, beidh sé seo an-tairbheach do na páistí.\nCuirfidh úsáid bogearraí níos fearr na huirlisí ceart chun rath ar aon mhúinteoir. Ach tá sé fós ar an duine aonair na páistí a spreagadh chun foghlaim. Ceann de na bealaí is fearr chun é seo a bhaint amach ná é a dhéanamh níos idirghníomhaí.\nTá sé níos éasca faisnéis a ionsú nuair a bhíonn tú ag glacadh páirte go gníomhach le dúshlán. Is bealach iontach é cluichí nó dúshláin ghrúpa a chur ar bun chun a samhlaíocht a spreagadh agus é a dhéanamh níos spraíúla. Tar éis an tsaoil, ní dhéanfaidh beagán iomaíochta sláintiúil dochar do dhuine ar bith. Ina theannta sin, is féidir leat na torthaí a thaifeadadh thar thréimhse leanúnach chun na buaiteoirí foriomlán a chinneadh. Beidh duais bheag ag obair i gcónaí mar spreagadh breise freisin.\nTá ríomhairí ag formhór na dteaghlaigh anois. Mura bhfuil, tá na háiseanna leabharlainne ar fáil freisin. Úsáid obair bhaile idirghníomhach chun a gcuid oideachais a fheabhsú tuilleadh, agus ní bheidh tú i bhfad mícheart. Ina theannta sin, nuair a bheidh na hacmhainní sin cruthaithe, beidh tú in ann iad a athúsáid arís agus arís eile.\nCeangail an t-eagraíocht\nCeann de phríomhúsáidí na gcúinsí is ea cumarsáid mhéadaithe. Ar an gcaoi chéanna, is príomhfhachtóir é seo sa phróiseas oideachais freisin. Má is féidir na háiseanna teicneolaíochta nua-aimseartha seo a úsáid chun na caidrimh idir múinteoir agus mac léinn a fheabhsú, bheadh sé amaideach gan iad a ghlacadh.\nIs bealach an-éasca é ríomhphost a úsáid chun múinteoirí a thabhairt do dhaltaí agus a gcuid ceisteanna a fhreagairt chun foghlaim a thabhairt go dtí an chéad leibhéal eile. Idir an dá linn, is féidir córas a chur ar bun chun cúraimí baile a láimhseáil a bheith an-tairbheach freisin. Mura bhfuil aon rud eile, is féidir é seo a úsáid chun iad a ullmhú le haghaidh nósanna imeachta coláiste.\nIs féidir le húsáid an idirlín mar uirlis cumarsáide leas a bhaint as múinteoirí freisin ag súil le bannaí níos fearr a chruthú leis na tuismitheoirí. Tar éis an tsaoil, nuair a oibríonn an múinteoir agus an tuismitheoir le chéile, ba cheart go mbeadh seans i bhfad níos mó ag an scoláire rath a bhaint amach."} {"text": "When I first started gardening I was a complete newbie and had no idea what I was doing. I didn’t know a thing about how to grow my own food, and started by getting some potting soil and pots for my back porch. We enjoyed going out each day to tend to the garden and watch our food grow. Our family became addicted to gardening and kept adding new garden spots to our backyard each year. We eventually moved up to larger raised bed gardens where we needed to make our own soil mix.\nOne thing I didn’t know much about when I first started off was the kind of soil to use for my garden. We purchased cheap soil from a home improvement store and we didn’t get as great results as my other friends who had huge gardens. I found out that the secret to a great garden with lots of veggies was soil and composting! I first learned about making my own soil mix through The Square Foot Gardening method, when we started our raised beds.\nWhy is good soil important for a successful garden?\nSoil types can vary depending on where you live. It can be hard to dig in the ground and create a garden without checking your soil or adding things to it to get it to the proper texture. I have had the most success by creating a mix of all the things that a garden needs and adding it to raised beds. One of the main ingredients that a good soil mix needs is compost!\nComposting is a natural process that turns organic material from waste into a fertile and nutrient rich additive for your soil. Good compost will be dark brown, almost black with a nice, earthy scent. You can even grow things straight into good compost, but I like adding it to my soil to help enrich it. Now, you can purchase bags of different types of compost, or you can make your own at home. It is quite easy, and it’s a fun project to do with your entire family.\nAs a homeschool mom, I love to turn anything into a learning experience. Gardening can be such a wonderful learning experience and kids just love getting their hands dirty. It is one of those things that can easily lead to a wonderful science project and life schooling topic.\nYou are going to love all of these FREE Resources to Help Kids Learn About Soil and Composting:\nLearning About Soil Resources:\nEducation.com has lots of Soil Worksheet Printables:\nLearning About Composting Resources:\nMy girls love pulling weeds, and digging through the soil to find earthworms while we are gardening. The deeper you dig, the more earthworms they find. That is also where the richest and darkest soil is. The good soil that is being composted by the worms. You can take a simple thing like digging for worms in a garden bed and turn it into a unit study!\nCheck out all these fun resources on earthworms:\nBooks to help learn about composting:\nComposting: Nature’s Recyclers Compost Stew: An A to Z Recipe for the EarthKids Can CompostCompost: A Family Guide to Making Soil from Scraps Wiggling Worms at Work Square Foot Gardening with Kids: Learn TogetherIt’s a Good Thing There Are Earthworms\nSarah is a wife, daughter of the King and Mama to 4 children (one who is a homeschool graduate)! She is a an eclectic, Charlotte Mason style homeschooler that has been homeschooling for almost 20 years.. She is still trying to find the balance between work and keeping a home and says she can only do it by the Grace of God, and Coffee!", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-06", "url": "https://homeschoolgiveaways.com/2020/01/free-resources-to-help-kids-learn-about-soil-and-composting/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500339.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20230206113934-20230206143934-00598.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9643160701, "token_count": 754, "score": 3.0, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Nuair a thosaigh mé ar dtús gardening Bhí mé nua-aimseartha iomlán agus ní raibh aon smaoineamh a bhí mé ag déanamh. Ní raibh a fhios agam rud ar bith faoi conas mo bhia féin a fhás, agus thosaigh mé ag fáil roinnt talún agus potaí le haghaidh mo veranda cúl. Bhíomar ag taitneamh as dul amach gach lá chun aire a thabhairt don ghairdín agus féachaint ar ár mbia a fhás. Bhí ár dteaghlach dírithe ar ghairdín a dhéanamh agus d'fhanamar ag cur spásanna nua a bhí sa ghairdín gach bliain. D'aistrigh muid suas go dtí gairdíní le leaba ardaithe níos mó sa deireadh, áit a raibh orainn ár meascán ithreach féin a dhéanamh.\nNí raibh mórán eolais agam nuair a thosaigh mé ar an obair ná cén cineál ithreach a úsáidfidh mé le haghaidh mo ghairdín. Cheannaigh muid talamh saor ó siopa feabhsaithe tí agus ní bhfuair muid torthaí chomh mór le mo chairde eile a raibh gairdíní ollmhóra acu. Fuair mé amach go raibh an rún do ghairdín iontach le go leor glasraí ná talamh agus compostáil! D'fhoghlaim mé ar dtús conas mo mheascán talún féin a dhéanamh trí mhodh na Gairdínithe Cearnach, nuair a thosaigh muid ar ár leapacha ardaithe.\nCén fáth go bhfuil talamh maith tábhachtach d'fhortún rathúil?\nIs féidir le cineálacha ithreach a bheith éagsúil ag brath ar an áit ina bhfuil tú ina chónaí. D'fhéadfadh sé a bheith deacair an talamh a dhúnadh agus gairdín a chruthú gan do thalamh a sheiceáil nó rudaí a chur leis chun an struchtúr ceart a fháil. Bhí an rath is mó agam trí mheascán de na rudaí go léir a theastaíonn ó ghairdín a chruthú agus é a chur le leapacha ardaithe. Ceann de na príomh-chomhábhair a theastaíonn ó mhaolú talún maith ná compost!\nIs próiseas nádúrtha é an compostaíocht a athraíonn ábhar orgánach ó dhramhaíl ina bhreiseán torthúil agus cothaitheach do do ithir. Beidh compost maith dorcha donn, beagnach dubh le boladh deas, talún. Is féidir leat rudaí a fhás go díreach i gcómhost maith, ach is maith liom é a chur le mo thalamh chun cabhrú leis a shaibhriú. Anois, is féidir leat málaí de chineálacha éagsúla compost a cheannach, nó is féidir leat do chuid féin a dhéanamh sa bhaile. Tá sé an-éasca, agus is tionscadal spraíúil é le déanamh le do theaghlach ar fad.\nMar mháthair scoile tí, is breá liom aon rud a dhéanamh ina eispéireas foghlama. Is féidir le gairdíníocht a bheith ina taithí foghlama iontach agus is breá le páistí a lámha a bheith salach. Tá sé ar cheann de na rudaí sin a d'fhéadfadh go héasca a bheith ina thionscadal eolaíochta iontach agus ina ábhar oideachais sa saol.\nBeidh grá agat do na hacmhainní SAOR IN AISCE seo chun cabhrú le páistí foghlaim faoi ithir agus compostaíocht:\nFoghlaim faoi acmhainní ithreach:\nTá go leor Clár Oibre Soil in-iomlán ag Education.com:\nFoghlaim faoi Shócmhainní Comóstaithe:\nIs breá le mo chailíní an weed a bhaint, agus an ithir a dhúnadh chun féaráin talún a aimsiú agus muid ag gairdíníocht. An níos doimhne tú a dhúnadh, an níos mó worms siad a fháil. Is ann freisin a bhíonn an ithir is saibhre agus is dorcha. An talamh maith atá á composted ag na féaráin. Is féidir leat rud simplí cosúil le tochailt le haghaidh féaróg i leaba gairdín a ghlacadh agus é a thiontú ina staidéar aonad!\nFéach ar na hacmhainní spraíúla seo ar fhliú talún:\nLeabhair chun cabhrú le foghlaim faoi choimhlint:\nComóstaíocht: Athchúrsálaithe an Dúlra: Réitigh A go Z don DomhanIs féidir le páistí Comóstacht a dhéanamh: Treoir do theaghlaigh maidir le ithir a dhéanamh as scraps\nIs bean chéile í Sarah, iníon an Rí agus Mama do 4 leanbh (aon duine atá céimithe sa bhaile)! Tá sí ina tuiscolóir eicléictic, stíl Charlotte Mason a bhí ag múineadh baile ar feadh beagnach 20 bliain. Tá sí fós ag iarraidh an chothromaíocht a fháil idir obair agus teach a choinneáil agus deir sí nach féidir léi é a dhéanamh ach le Grásta Dé, agus Caife!"} {"text": "The Fin Whale\n- Max Weight: 6,000 lbs (2,700 kg)\n- Length: 89 ft (27 m)\n- Diet: Krill and small schooling fish\n- Status: Endangered\nIndividual fin whales can be identified by the pattern of chevrons and streaks of lighter coloration on their back, in addition to the size and shape of their dorsal fin.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-17", "url": "http://cetus.ucsd.edu/voicesinthesea_org/species/baleenWhales/fin.html", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917119361.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031159-00573-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8634565473, "token_count": 80, "score": 2.640625, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "An Bán Fín\n- Meáchan uasta: 6,000 lbs (2,700 kg)\n- Fad: 27 m\n- Bia: Krill agus iasc beag\n- Stádas: I mbaol\nIs féidir baill aonair na baill a aithint trí na sceibhrón agus na sráideanna a bhfuil dath níos éadroime orthu ar a gcúl, chomh maith le méid agus cruth a gcuid baill dorsail."} {"text": "Reading A-Z resources organized into weekly content-based units and differentiated instruction options.\nInformational (nonfiction), 205 words, Spanish Level H Benchmark (Grade 1), Lexile 360L\nBig and small cats are different in many ways, but also share many of the same qualities. Read along to learn what physical characteristics and behaviors house cats have in common with lions and tigers.\nYou may unsubscribe at any time.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-47", "url": "https://www.readinga-z.com/book.php?id=666&langId=3", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496670535.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20191120083921-20191120111921-00504.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.948225379, "token_count": 89, "score": 2.84375, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Áiseanna léitheoireachta A-Z arna n-eagraíocht i ngrúpaí seachtainiúla bunaithe ar ábhar agus roghanna teagaisc dhifreáilte.\nEolas (neo-fhicsean), 205 focal, Leibhéal H Measúnú Spáinnis (Grad 1), Lexile 360L\nTá cat mór agus cat beag difriúil ar go leor bealaí, ach tá go leor cáilíochtaí mar an gcéanna acu freisin. Léigh an t-alt seo le foghlaim cad iad na tréithe agus na hiompar fisiceacha atá ag catí tí i gcoitinne le leon agus le tíogair.\nFéadfaidh tú a bheith as síntiús ag am ar bith."} {"text": "One of the many gems in the digital collections of the New York Public Library is this piece of sheet music for an ode to be \"sung by a chorus of 2,000 voices in the City Hall Plaza, New Year's Eve\" in 1897.\nThat night was the last that New York City's territory consisted of Manhattan and a slim portion of the Bronx. The next morning, January 1, 1898, the city would officially consolidate into the five boroughs, with Brooklyn, Staten Island, Queens, and the rest of the Bronx coming into the fold.\nThe song begins, \"Hail thee city, born to-day! / Commercial monarch by the sea,\" which underlines immediately the reason why the city was expanding. As New York was beginning to see its commercial status erode to cities like Chicago (then second most populous in the country), the unification of Brooklyn and Manhattan was seen as a good way to ensure the city's enduring mercantile prowess. The song's final line -- \"When sister cities wed with thee / Joined in power and history\" -- is a nod to Brooklyn, which Manhattan saw as having a parallel history and a natural extension of New York's territory.\nBrooklynites didn't see it that way. As we write in Footprints in New York:\nOn December 31, 1897, an electric trolley car wended its way across the span of the Brooklyn Bridge for the first time. Employees of the trolley company made last-minute adjustments to the electric cabling and then, a few minutes before midnight, the Columbia and the Amphion—two “sumptuous” trolley cars (in the words of the New York Times)—ferried a delegation of Brooklyn dignitaries to Manhattan to celebrate New Year’s Eve. When the trolleys took them home again at the end of the party, their city was gone. At the stroke of midnight, Brooklyn had ceased to exist as an independent entity. It was now just one of five boroughs.\nOn the Manhattan side, a celebration thrown by William Randolph Hearst’s New York Journal was hampered by rain that turned to snow by midnight; still, an estimated 100,000 people came out to cheer the beginning of the new city.\nIn Brooklyn, things were much more somber. Mayor Frederick Wurster welcomed Seth Low and other former mayors for an “observance” at Brooklyn City Hall. Though the reception was held for pro-consolidation advocates, it can’t have been a cheery occasion. The official poem written for the festivities ends its first stanza with “You, with me, must die.”Just a few years after five-borough consolidation, New Year's Eve celebrations moved from City Hall Plaza up to the newly minted Times Square. You can read all about the Times Tower and the annual ball drop in one of our most popular blog posts here.\n* * * *\nRead more about NYC history in", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-51", "url": "http://blog.insidetheapple.net/2016/12/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540521378.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20191209173528-20191209201528-00274.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9684112072, "token_count": 611, "score": 3.03125, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Ceann de na háilleachtaí i mbailiúcháin dhigiteacha Leabharlann Poiblí Nua-Eabhrac ná an píosa seo de cheol óir a bhí le \"chuirt ag chór de 2,000 guth i gCathair na Cathrach Plaza, Oíche Chinn Bliana Nua\" i 1897.\nBa é an oíche sin an ceann deireanach a bhí i gcríoch Chathair Nua Eabhrac a bhí comhdhéanta de Manhattan agus cuid bheag den Bronx. An mhaidin dár gcionn, 1 Eanáir 1898, bheadh an chathair daingnithe go hoifigiúil sna cúig bhróg, le Brooklyn, Staten Island, Queens, agus an chuid eile den Bronx ag teacht isteach sa chlú.\nTosaíonn an t-amhrán, \"Hail tú cathair, rugadh inniu! / Monarch tráchtála ag an bhfarraige, \"a leagann béim láithreach ar an gcúis a raibh an chathair ag leathnú. De réir mar a bhí New York ag tosú ag féachaint ar a stádas tráchtála ag éadóchas i dtreo cathracha mar Chicago (an dara ceann is mó daonra sa tír ag an am), bhí a fheiceáil ar a chéile Brooklyn agus Manhattan mar bhealach maith chun a chinntiú go mairfidh cumhacht tráchtála na cathrach. Is é an líne dheireanach den amhrán - \"When sister cities wed with thee / Joined in power and history\" - ná clúdach do Brooklyn, a chonaic Manhattan mar stair chomhthreomhar agus síneadh nádúrtha de chríoch Nua-Eabhrac.\nNí raibh Brooklynites a fheiceáil ar an mbealach. Mar a scríobh muid i Footprints in New York:\nAr 31 Nollaig, 1897, rinne carr trolley leictreach a bhealach trasna an Spás Droichead Brooklyn den chéad uair. Rinne fostaithe na cuideachta trolley coigeartuithe nóiméad deireanach ar an cáblaíocht leictreach agus ansin, cúpla nóiméad roimh lár na hoíche, thug an Columbia agus an Amphion - dhá charr trolley \"sumptuous\" (i bhfocail an New York Times) - toscaireacht de dhínitigh Brooklyn go Manhattan chun Oíche Shamhna na Bliana Nua a cheiliúradh. Nuair a thug na trolley iad abhaile arís ag deireadh an pháirtí, ní raibh a mbaile ann. Ag croitheadh meán oíche, ní raibh Brooklyn ann mar eintiteas neamhspleách. Ní raibh ann ach ceann amháin de chúig chontae.\nAr thaobh Manhattan, chuir báisteach bac ar cheiliúradh a bhí á chaitheamh ag William Randolph Hearst's New York Journal a d'athraigh go sneachta faoi lár na hoíche; fós, tháinig thart ar 100,000 duine amach chun ceiliúradh a dhéanamh ar thús na cathrach nua.\nI Brooklyn, bhí rudaí i bhfad níos géar. Chuir an Méara Frederick Wurster fáilte roimh Seth Low agus iar-Mhéaraí eile le haghaidh comhlíonta i Halla Cathrach Brooklyn. Cé gur cuireadh an fáilte roimh lucht tacaíochta an chomhdhlúthú, ní féidir gur ócáid áthas a bhí ann. Críochnaíonn an dán oifigiúil a scríobhadh le haghaidh na féilte a chéad stróic le \"You, with me, must die\". Cúpla bliain amháin tar éis daingniú na cúig bhróga, bhog ceiliúradh Oíche Chinn Bhliana ó Plása Halla na Cathrach suas go Cearnóg Times nua-chinnithe. Is féidir leat a léamh go léir faoi Thúr na Times agus an titim baill bliantúil i gceann de na postanna is mó tóir ar ár mblag anseo.\n* * * * *\nLéigh tuilleadh faoi stair NYC in"} {"text": "Rosetta Image Gallery\nOn March 2, 2004, Rosetta is launched from Kourou in French Guiana on its spectacular comet mission. The spacecraft consists of two parts: the Rosetta orbiter and an integrated lander named Philae.\nOn July 04, 2005 at 7:52 a.m., a copper projectile fired from the NASA Deep Impact spacecraft hits comet Tempel 1. Shortly afterwards, the OSIRIS camera system onboard of the Rosetta spacecraft measures a dramatic increase in brightness. Within half an hour, the comet was seven times brighter than before the impact and remained constant in its brightness.\nDuring the night of February 24/25, 2007, the Rosetta spacecraft flew past Mars. It used the gravity attraction of the red planet to gain momentum for its further flight, and took these spectacular images of the red planet.\nA space camera developed under the direction of the Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research discovered deep craters on the surface of asteroid Steins. On September 7, 2008, the Rosetta spacecraft flew by the asteroid at only 800 kilometres of distance.\nOn November 12, 2009, Rosetta passed Earth at a speed of 50,000 km/h. During this flyby, scientists at the Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research took spectacular pictures. \"We used the wide-angle and telephoto camera for these shots, and we are enthusiastic about the unique quality,\" said project leader Holger Sierks.\nThe surface of the asteroid Lutetia is covered with craters. In some places, parallel grooves also occur. With a resolution of about 60 metres per pixel, the pictures enable an intriguing glance at Lutetia. \"This is a completely new world that no one has seen before,\" says Max Planck researcher Holger Sierks, head of the OSIRIS team. The planetoid, whose longest axis measures about 126 kilometres, has an oval shape. In one of the larger craters, the images show evidence of a landslide.\nApproximately 163 million kilometres still separate the Rosetta spacecraft from the comet Churjumov-Gerasimenko, which it will reach in 2014. Despite this considerable distance, scientists from the Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research succeeded in taking pictures of the remote target on June 8, 2011. The pictures were taken during the last test. Shortly after, Rosetta enters its nearly three-year-long hibernation phase. In order to save energy, all systems are shut down during the last part of the trip, which offers only little sunlight.\nAfter ten years of travelling and a long, deep sleep, the Rosetta spacecraft is woken up on January 20, 2014. At night, the vehicle sent a signal to the ESA control centre in Darmstadt. This is the beginning of the last stage to the comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko. The Philae lander is supposed to descend on its surface in November.\nWater evaporates from comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko, destination of the current ESA mission Rosetta. First measurements of the instrument MIRO on board of the spacecraft not only identified the gas, but also determined its amount. Although the comet is still in the icy depths of space, the amount of water released already reaches the equivalent of two small glasses of water per second. The MIRO team includes researchers from the Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research. MIRO’s Chirp Transform Spektrometer was developed at the institute. It tracks specific gases in the vicinity of the comet.\nWhile Rosetta is slowly approaching its destination, the comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko proves once again that it is full of surprises. It consists of two parts and appears to be significantly different from all comets that space probes have visited so far.\nThe images sent to earth by the scientific camera system OSIRIS are becoming more and more detailed. In the latest images, the comet shows clear signs of a coma – a surrounding dust envelope.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-06", "url": "https://www.mpg.de/8312468/rosetta_images", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500983.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20230208222635-20230209012635-00087.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9349220991, "token_count": 835, "score": 4.0, "int_score": 4, "irish_text": "Gailearaí Íomhá Rosetta\nAr an 2 Márta, 2004, seoladh Rosetta ó Kourou i Ghuí na Fraince ar a mhisean cumadóir iontach. Tá dhá chuid sa spásárthach: an orbiter Rosetta agus lander comhtháite darb ainm Philae.\nAr an 4 Iúil, 2005 ag 7:52 r.n., bhuail mionnchlaoch copair a scaoileadh ó shaothar spáis Deep Impact NASA le coimhéad Tempel 1. Go gairid ina dhiaidh sin, déanann córas ceamara OSIRIS ar bord na soithigh spáis Rosetta méadú suntasach ar sholas. Laistigh de leath uair an chloig, bhí an coméad seacht n-uaire níos gile ná mar a bhí sé roimh an timpiste agus d'fhan sé seasmhach ina shoiléire.\nI rith na hoíche an 24/25 Feabhra, 2007, d'eitil an spásárthach Rosetta thar Mars. D'úsáid sé tarraingt mhearbhachais na pláinéad dearga chun luas a fháil dá eitilt bhreise, agus ghlac sé na pictiúir iontach seo den phláinéid dearg.\nFuair ceamara spáis a forbraíodh faoi stiúir Institiúid Max Planck um Thaighde ar an gCóras Sólar craters domhain ar dhromchla an Steins. Ar 7 Meán Fómhair 2008, d'eitil an spásárthach Rosetta ag an astaróid ag ach 800 ciliméadar ar shiúl.\nAr 12 Samhain, 2009, d'imigh Rosetta thart ar an Domhan ag luas 50,000 km / h. Le linn an eitilt seo, ghlac eolaithe in Institiúid Max Planck um Thaighde ar an gCóras Sólar grianghraif iontach. \"D'úsáid muid an ceamara leathan-uillinn agus an ceamara teilifhótach le haghaidh na lámhaigh seo, agus táimid ar bís leis an gcáilíocht uathúil\", a dúirt ceannaire an tionscadail Holger Sierks.\nTá dromchla an astaróide Lutetia clúdaithe le craters. I roinnt áiteanna, tá grooves comhthreomhar ann freisin. Le réiteach de thart ar 60 méadar in aghaidh an phicsil, cuireann na pictiúir léargas suimiúil ar Lutetia. \"Is domhan nua go hiomlán é seo nár fheiceadh aon duine roimhe seo\", a deir taighdeoir Max Planck Holger Sierks, ceann foirne OSIRIS. Tá cruth oval ag an pláinéad, a bhfuil a oisean is faide thart ar 126 ciliméadar. I gceann de na crater níos mó, léiríonn na híomhánna fianaise ar thréimhse talún.\nTá thart ar 163 milliún ciliméadar fós ag scaradh spásárthach Rosetta ón gcaméad Churjumov-Gerasimenko, a rachaidh sé ann in 2014. In ainneoin an achar mór sin, d'éirigh le heolaithe ó Institiúid Max Planck um Thaighde ar an gCóras Sólar grianghraif a thógáil den sprioc iargúlta an 8 Meitheamh, 2011. Tógadh na pictiúir le linn na tástála deireanach. Go gairid ina dhiaidh sin, téann Rosetta isteach ina chéim hibernation beagnach trí bliana. Chun fuinneamh a shábháil, déantar gach córas a dhúnadh le linn an chuid dheireanach den turas, rud nach dtugann ach beagán solas na gréine.\nTar éis deich mbliana taistil agus codlata fada, domhain, déantar an spásárthach Rosetta a dhúiseacht ar 20 Eanáir, 2014. Ar an oíche, chuir an fheithicil comhartha chuig ionad rialaithe ESA i Darmstadt. Is é seo tús an chéim dheireanach go dtí an coimhéad 67P / Churyumov-Gerasimenko. Tá sé beartaithe go dtiocfaidh an Philae-lander síos ar a dromchla i mí na Samhna.\nTá uisce ag dul in olcas ó chómóid 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko, ceann scríbe misean reatha ESA Rosetta. Ní hamháin gur aithníodh an gáis ag na chéad tomhais a rinne an t-ionstraim MIRO ar bord na soithigh spáis, ach chinn siad a mhéid freisin. Cé go bhfuil an coméad fós i ndaimhneacht gheata na spáis, tá an méid uisce a scaoiltear ag teacht suas cheana féin ar an gcéanna le dhá ghloine beag uisce in aghaidh an tsoicind. I measc foireann MIRO tá taighdeoirí ó Institiúid Max Planck um Thaighde ar an gCóras Sólar. Forbraíodh Speictroméadar Athchruthaithe Chirp MIRO ag an institiúid. Déanann sé gasanna sonracha a rianú i gcomharsanacht an chómata.\nCé go bhfuil Rosetta ag teacht go mall ar a cheann scríbe, léiríonn an coimhéad 67P / Churyumov-Gerasimenko arís go bhfuil sé lán de iontas. Tá dhá chuid ann agus is cosúil go bhfuil difríocht shuntasach aige ó gach coiméite a thug sondes spáis cuairt orthu go dtí seo.\nTá na híomhánna a sheol an córas ceamara eolaíoch OSIRIS chuig an Domhan ag éirí níos mionsonraithe agus níos mionsonraithe. Sna híomhánna is déanaí, léiríonn an coimhéadair comharthaí soiléire coma clúdach deannaigh timpeall air."} {"text": "Standing on Sacred Ground shares eight stories of indigenous communities around the world protecting their traditional sacred lands from government megaprojects, consumer culture, resource extraction, competing religions, tourists, and climate change. It was produced by the Sacred Land Film Project, sacredland.org, a project of Earth Island Institute.\nPilgrims and Tourists in the Pastures of Heaven focuses on the indigenous shamans of the Altai Republic, Russia, and Northern California’s Winnemem Wintu Tribe who find common ground in defending ancestral burial grounds and protecting their sacred places. In both countries, communities are confronting changes from modernism, recreational land use, and resource development.\nWinnemem Wintu tribal members remember the exhumation of their relatives in the 1940s, to make way for the rising waters of Shasta Lake, the largest reservoir in California. They face an uncertain future and a second flood, if the US government’s plan to increase the height of Shasta Dam is approved by Congress. Dozens of sacred sites and burials would be affected by the increased water storage. Teenage girls grind herbs on a medicine rock during their coming-of-age ceremony on the banks of the McCloud River, as elders protest plans to enlarge one of the West’s biggest dams and forever submerge this touchstone of a tribe.\nHalfway around the globe, harsh weather and high peaks have long protected the secrets of a mountain culture in Russia’s Altai. Snow leopards hide in the forests, and standing stones mark a green landscape that emerges with each snow melt. After brutal repression by the Soviets, hidden Altai culture has re-emerged, with shamanism, throat singing, and renewed reverence for sacred places. Twenty years after the collapse of the Soviet Union, new challenges have arisen. In Altai, native people create and patrol their own mountain parks to protect significant lands from privatization, teach the practice of respectful tourism, and resist a gas pipeline that would cut through a World Heritage Site. The film revisits the 1993 archaeological excavation of remains from a Pazryk burial site that removed the body of the Ukok Princess, an iconic figure in local art and culture.\nVisitors from Altai witness the trauma of the Winnemem people, as they discover their sacred spring, high on Mt. Shasta, has run dry. In similar rituals using prayer, song, fire and water, the two cultures exchange spiritual and practical knowledge of the landscapes they consider sacred, and how best to protect them.\nIn the film, authors Winona LaDuke (Anishinaabe) and Barry Lopez, Chief Oren Lyons (Onondaga), and philosopher Satish Kumar provide insights on a growing global indigenous movement for human rights and environmental protection. It is narrated by Graham Greene (Oneida) and storyteller Tantoo Cardinal (Metis).\nThe filmmakers’ previous works include In the Light of Reverence (about Mt. Shasta and the late Winnemem Wintu medicine woman Florence Jones) and Angle of Inspiration (on Redding’s Calatrava-designed Sundial Bridge). Jessica Abbe, writer and co-producer of Pilgrims and Tourists, is a former resident of Redding.\nWhat: U.S. premiere of Pilgrims and Tourists. Russian shamans and a northern California tribe both confront massive government projects—and find common ground. The film is Episode One of the new four-part documentary series Standing on Sacred Ground, which chronicles the struggles of native people around the world facing threats to lands of spiritual, cultural, and environmental significance.\nThe documentary tells the stories of indigenous people of the Altai Republic of Russia and the Winnemem Wintu Tribe of Northern California. A question-and-answer session with the film’s producers and the chief of the Winnemem follows the screening.\nTickets are $12 for the film event, or $35 for the film plus a reception in the theater lobby. Tickets can be purchased at the box office or online at www.cascadetheatre.org.\nWhere: Cascade Theatre, 1731 Market Street, Redding, California\nWhen: Saturday, September 14, 2013 at 7:30 p.m.\nReception in theater lobby at 6 p.m.\nWho: Filmmakers Christopher McLeod and Jessica Abbe of the Sacred Land Film Project and Winnemem Wintu Chief Caleen Sisk will answer questions after the screening.\n-from press release", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-22", "url": "http://anewscafe.com/2013/08/30/documentary-film-standing-on-sacred-ground-premieres-in-redding/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463607245.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20170523005639-20170523025639-00208.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9193211198, "token_count": 941, "score": 2.765625, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Ag seasamh ar Thalamh Naofa roinntear ocht scéal de phobail dúchasacha ar fud an domhain ag cosaint a dtailte naofa traidisiúnta ó mhéaphroictí rialtais, cultúr tomhaltóra, eastóscadh acmhainní, reiligiúin iomaíocha, turasóirí, agus athrú aeráide. Táirgeadh é ag an Tionscadal Scannán Talún Naofa, sacredland.org, tionscadal Institiúid Oileán na Talún.\nDíríonn Píolóimithe agus Turasóirí i mBásanna Neamh ar na shamans dúchasacha de Phoblacht Altai, an Rúis, agus Tribe Winnemem Wintu Thuaisceart California a fhaigheann talamh coiteann i gcúlra a chur ar charnadh seandálach agus a n-áiteanna naofa a chosaint. Sa dá thír, tá pobail ag tabhairt aghaidh ar athruithe ó nua-aimsearthacht, úsáid talún áineasa, agus forbairt acmhainní.\nCuimhníonn baill treibhe Winnemem Wintu ar an exhumation dá gcairde sna 1940idí, chun bealach a dhéanamh do na huiscí ag ardú Loch Shasta, an cisterne is mó i California. Tá todhchaí éiginnte acu agus an dara tuile, má cheadaíonn an Comhdháil plean rialtais na Stát Aontaithe chun airde Dhám Shasta a mhéadú. Ba cheart go mbeadh tionchar ag an stóráil uisce méadaithe ar na mórán áiteanna naofa agus ar adhlacthachtaí. Múnlaíonn cailíní déagóirí luibheanna ar charraig leigheas le linn a searmanas teacht-in-aois ar bhruach Abhainn McCloud, agus seanóirí agóid a dhéanamh ar phleananna chun ceann de na damáistí is mó san Iarthar a mhéadú agus an chloch tástála seo de threibh a shárú go deo.\nAr leathbhealach timpeall an domhain, tá aimsir chrua agus barr ard a choinnigh i bhfad rún cultúr sléibhe i Altai na Rúise. Tá léopards sneachta ag dul i bhfolach sna foraoisí, agus tá clocha seasamh ag marcáil tírdhreach glas a thagann chun cinn le gach sneachta a leá. Tar éis an brúidiúil a chur i bhfeidhm ag na Sóivéadaigh, tá cultúr Altai i bhfolach tar éis teacht chun cinn arís, le shamanism, amhránaíocht throat, agus urraim athnuaite do áiteanna naofa. D'éirigh dúshláin nua le chéile fiche bliain tar éis an Aontais Shóivéadaigh a bhriseadh. I Altai, cruthaíonn agus patrólann daoine dúchasacha a bpáirceanna sléibhe féin chun talún suntasach a chosaint ó phríobháistiú, chun cleachtas turasóireachta measartha a mhúineadh, agus chun cur i gcoinne píblíne gáis a ghearradh trí Shuíomh Oidhreachta Domhanda. Ath-athbhreithníonn an scannán tochailt seandálaíochta 1993 de chuid fágtha ó shuíomh adhlactha Pazryk a thóg corp Banphrionsa Ukok, figiúr íon san ealaín agus sa chultúr áitiúil.\nTá cuairteoirí ó Altai ag tabhairt fianaise ar an trauma a bhí ag daoine Winnemem, agus iad ag fáil amach a bhfoinse naofa, ard ar Mt. Shasta, tá sé ag rith tirim. I searmanas den chineál céanna a úsáideann guí, amhrán, tine agus uisce, déanann an dá chultúr eolas spioradálta agus praiticiúil a mhalartú ar na tírdhreacha a mheasann siad naofa, agus an bealach is fearr chun iad a chosaint.\nSa scannán, tugann na húdair Winona LaDuke (Anishinaabe) agus Barry Lopez, Chief Oren Lyons (Onondaga), agus an fealsamh Satish Kumar léargas ar ghluaiseacht dhúchasach domhanda atá ag fás ar son chearta an duine agus cosaint an chomhshaoil. Is é Graham Greene (Oneida) agus an scéalaí Tantoo Cardinal (Metis) a thuairiscíonn é.\nI measc na n-oibreacha roimhe seo atá ag an scannánóir tá In the Light of Reverence (thart ar Mt. Shasta agus an bhean leigheas Winnemem Wintu nach maireann Florence Jones) agus Angle of Inspiration (ar Droichead Sundial Redding's Calatrava-deartha). Is iar-chónaitheoir de Redding í Jessica Abbe, scríbhneoir agus comh-tháirgeoir Pilgrims and Tourists.\nCad é: Uachtarán na Stát Aontaithe ar Phleigríim agus Turasóirí. Tá sé de phrionsabal go bhfuil an t-éileamh ar an gcúram seo ag dul i ngleic le go leor daoine. Is é an scannán Episode One den tsraith nua faisnéise ceithre chuid Standing on Sacred Ground, a léiríonn streachailtí daoine dúchasacha ar fud an domhain a bhfuil bagairtí orthu ar thailte a bhfuil tábhacht spioradálta, cultúrtha agus comhshaoil acu.\nInsíonn an clár faisnéise scéalta daoine dúchasacha Phoblacht Altai na Rúise agus Tribe Winnemem Wintu i dTuaisceart California. Tar éis an scagadh, beidh seisiún ceisteanna-agus-freagraí le léiritheoirí an scannáin agus le príomhfheidhmeannach an Winnemem.\nTá ticéid $ 12 don ócáid scannáin, nó $ 35 don scannán móide fáilte i lóibín an cheoil. Is féidir ticéid a cheannach ag an oifig bhosca nó ar líne ag www.cascadetheatre.org.\nCá háit: Cascade Theatre, 1731 Market Street, Redding, California\nNuair: Dé Sathairn, 14 Meán Fómhair, 2013 ag 7:30 p.m.\nFáiltiú sa lóbáil amharclainne ag 6 p.m.\nCé: Freagróidh na scannánóirí Christopher McLeod agus Jessica Abbe ó Thionscadal Scannán na Talún Naofa agus Ceann Winnemem Wintu Caleen Sisk ceisteanna tar éis an scagadh.\n- ó fhoilseachán na preasa"} {"text": "What is it?\nChanging the physical conditions or physical environment, either by moving to a new school building or seeking to improve the structure, air quality, noise, light, or temperature of an existing building or classroom.\nHow effective is it?\nOverall, changes to the physical environment of schools are unlikely to have a direct effect on learning beyond the extremes (i.e. once an adequate building standard has been achieved).\nMoving to a new building could be an effective part of a whole school change that seeks to change behaviour and establish new norms (similar to introducing or changing School Uniform), but there is no evidence that new buildings or particular aspects of architecture directly improve learning. Where a new building is being used as a catalyst for change, there is some evidence supporting the impact of co-design, or involving teachers and other staff in taking responsibility for learning spaces and changing their behaviours as they adapt to new regroupings.\nMost individual factors in the physical environment show a relationship with learning only at the extremes. If the noise levels are very high (such as under the flight path of an airport) then there can be a measurable detrimental effect on learning. Very warm (particularly above 30°C) and very humid conditions can cause a loss of concentration and drowsiness. It appears that lighting in schools is usually adequate for reading and writing.\nThe evidence suggests low internal air quality does have a negative impact on achievement (reducingword recognition by 15% in one study). Low air quality can occur due to the buildup of carbon dioxide in poorly ventilated classrooms.\nNo robust impact evaluations of the effect of physical environment on academic outcomes appear to have been conducted in Australia in recent years. A 2001 review commissioned by the Commonwealth Department for Education recommended further primary research in this area. The existing studies on physical environments in Australian schools focus on quality of classrooms, working in open-plan spaces, outdoor working spaces, and the use of audio assistance within the classroom. Open-plan classrooms are becoming increasingly popular in Australia, with some tentative evidence emerging that this layout may foster teacher collaboration and student group work.\nHow secure is the evidence?\nThe research on the impact of the physical environment on learning is generally weak, and is mainly based on correlational studies or drawn as inferences from wider environmental research. There are very few rigorous experimental designs, and this makes it hard to establish causal claims about the impact of physical changes.\nRegarding air quality, there is evidence that some English classrooms have higher CO2 concentrations than the average recommended levels. Given that the link between air quality and academic achievement is better established than other aspects of the physical environment, this may be a worthwhile area for future study.\nWhat are the costs?\nIt is very difficult to estimate the costs of changes to the physical environment as they are usually part of capital spending and a single cost, rather than a recurrent part of a school budget. New school costs vary depending on school size, type, location and several generations of students are likely to use the building. Improving air quality can be done relatively cheaply with better ventilation, filtration and the use of dehumidifiers where necessary. Overall, per student costs are estimated as low.\nWhat should I consider?\nMost environmental factors have an impact on classrooms only at the extremes.\nAir quality is likely to be the most significant factor affecting learning, particularly where there is poor ventilation or high levels of dust and other pollutants.\nHigh levels of external noise may also have a negative effect on students’ performance.\nIf you have a new learning environment, it provides an opportunity to change the expectations and behaviour of students, but it is unlikely to have a direct impact on learning without other changes. Have you considered how you will take advantage of any new environment to bring about improvements in these expectations and behaviours?", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-22", "url": "http://evidenceforlearning.org.au/toolkit/physical-environment/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463609061.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20170527210417-20170527230417-00191.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9543203115, "token_count": 774, "score": 3.578125, "int_score": 4, "irish_text": "Cad é?\nAthrú ar na coinníollacha fisiciúla nó ar an timpeallacht fisiciúil, trí aistriú go foirgneamh nua scoile nó trí iarracht a dhéanamh struchtúr, cáilíocht aeir, torann, solas nó teocht foirgneamh nó seomra ranga atá ann cheana a fheabhsú.\nCé chomh héifeachtach is atá sé?\nGo ginearálta, ní dócha go mbeidh éifeacht dhíreach ag athruithe ar thimpeallacht fhisiciúil na scoile ar fhoghlaim thar na foircinn (i.e. Tá an t-ardán seo leagtha amach i mír 2 d'Airteagal 2 de Rialachán (AE) Uimh.\nD'fhéadfadh bogadh go foirgneamh nua a bheith ina chuid éifeachtach de athrú ar scoil ar fad a dhéanann iarracht iompar a athrú agus caighdeáin nua a bhunú (ar nós aonfhoirm scoile a thabhairt isteach nó a athrú), ach níl aon fhianaise ann go bhfeabhsaíonn foirgneamh nua nó gnéithe áirithe d'ailtireacht an fhoghlaim go díreach. I gcás ina n-úsáidtear foirgneamh nua mar chatalaí le haghaidh athraithe, tá roinnt fianaise ann a thacaíonn le héifeacht an chomhdhearadh, nó lena gcuirtear múinteoirí agus foireann eile i gceist chun freagracht a ghlacadh as spásanna foghlama agus a n-iompar a athrú de réir mar a oiriúnaíonn siad le hathghrúpaithe nua.\nNí léiríonn an chuid is mó de na tosca aonair sa timpeallacht fhisiciúil gaol le foghlaim ach amháin sna foircinn. Má tá na leibhéil torann an-ard (mar shampla faoi threo eitilte aerfoirt) ansin d'fhéadfadh go mbeadh tionchar díobhálach in-athraitheach ar fhoghlaim. D'fhéadfadh go mbeadh caillteanas tiúchan agus codlatacht mar thoradh ar choinníollacha an-te (go háirithe os cionn 30°C) agus an-taise. Is cosúil go mbíonn solas na scoileanna go leor chun léamh agus scríobh.\nTugann na fianaise le fios go bhfuil tionchar diúltach ag caighdeán íseal an aeir inmheánaigh ar an éalú (a laghdaíonn aitheantas focal 15% i staidéar amháin). Is féidir le caighdeán íseal aeir tarlú mar gheall ar charnadh dé-ocsaíd charbóin i seomraí ranga a bhfuil droch-aereáil orthu.\nNí cosúil go ndearnadh aon mheastóireachtaí tionchair láidir ar éifeacht an chomhshaoil fhisiceach ar thorthaí acadúla san Astráil le blianta beaga anuas. Mol athbhreithniú 2001 arna choimisiúnú ag an Roinn Oideachais Comhphobail tuilleadh taighde bunscoile sa réimse seo. Díríonn na staidéir atá ann cheana ar thimpeallachtaí fisiciúla i scoileanna na hAstráile ar cháilíocht seomraí ranga, ag obair i spásanna oscailte, spásanna oibre lasmuigh, agus úsáid chúnamh fuaime sa seomra ranga. Tá seomraí ranga plean oscailte ag éirí níos coitianta san Astráil, agus tá roinnt fianaise réamhshocraithe ag teacht chun cinn go bhféadfadh an leagan amach seo comhoibriú múinteoirí agus obair ghrúpa mac léinn a chothú.\nCé chomh slán is atá an fhianaise?\nTá an taighde ar thionchar an chomhshaoil fhisiceach ar fhoghlaim lag de ghnáth, agus tá sé bunaithe go príomha ar staidéir chomhghaolmhara nó ar thorthaí ó thaighde comhshaoil níos leithne. Tá an-bheagán de dearaí turgnamhacha dian ann, agus déanann sé seo go bhfuil sé deacair éilimh cúiseacha a bhunú maidir le tionchar na n-athruithe fisiciúla.\nMaidir le cáilíocht an aeir, tá fianaise ann go bhfuil tiúchan CO2 níos airde i roinnt seomraí ranga Béarla ná na leibhéil mheánmholta. Ós rud é go bhfuil an nasc idir cáilíocht an aeir agus an bhaint amach acadúil bunaithe níos fearr ná gnéithe eile den timpeallacht fhisiciúil, d'fhéadfadh sé seo a bheith ina réimse is fiú chun staidéar a dhéanamh air amach anseo.\nCad iad na costais?\nTá sé an-deacair costais athruithe ar an timpeallacht fhisiciúil a mheas mar is gnách go mbíonn siad mar chuid de chaiteachas caipitil agus mar chostas aonair, seachas mar chuid athfhillteach de bhuiséad scoile. Tá costais scoile nua éagsúil ag brath ar mhéid na scoile, ar chineál na scoile, ar shuíomh na scoile agus ar an bhfíric go bhfuil seans ann go n-úsáidfidh roinnt glúine daltaí an foirgneamh. Is féidir cáilíocht an aeir a fheabhsú go réasúnta saor le haeráil, scagadh agus úsáid dehumidifiers níos fearr nuair is gá. Ar an iomlán, meastar go bhfuil na costais in aghaidh an mhic léinn íseal.\nCad ba chóir dom a mheas?\nNí bhíonn tionchar ag an gcuid is mó de na fachtóirí comhshaoil ar sheomraí ranga ach amháin sna foircinn.\nIs dócha gurb é cáilíocht an aeir an fachtóir is suntasaí a théann i bhfeidhm ar an bhfoghlaim, go háirithe nuair a bhíonn droch-aistriúchán ann nó nuair a bhíonn leibhéil arda de dhúshláin agus de thruailliúcháin eile ann.\nD'fhéadfadh leibhéil arda fuaime seachtrach tionchar diúltach a bheith acu ar fheidhmíocht na mac léinn freisin.\nMá tá timpeallacht nua foghlama agat, soláthraíonn sé deis ionchais agus iompar na mac léinn a athrú, ach is dócha nach mbeidh tionchar díreach aige ar an bhfoghlaim gan athruithe eile. An ndearna tú machnamh ar an gcaoi a mbainfidh tú leas as aon timpeallacht nua chun feabhsuithe a dhéanamh ar na hionchais agus ar na hiompar sin?"} {"text": "Without a doubt, Ronald Reagan was one of the most successful leaders of the United States all throughout its history. As the 40th U.S. President, he never failed to impress people from various parts of the world with his strong economic and diplomatic policies. He served for two full terms, which allowed him to hold the U.S. presidency from January 20, 1981 until January 20, 1989. Let’s take a quick look at some of his major accomplishments and understand why many people consider Ronald Reagan a great president.\nThe Important Contributions of Ronald Reagan as U.S. President\nWhy was Ronald Reagan a great president? No one can deny the numerous contributions and achievements of Reagan as U.S. President. His diplomatic policies led to positive results including the ending of the Cold War against the Soviet Union. Likewise, the so-called ‘Reaganomics’ has helped the nation surpass numerous economic problems during that particular time. Add to that, take into consideration the major legislation that he signed that greatly helped improve the country’s then-struggling economy.\nHe introduced massive tax cuts and supported the reduction of government programs. More importantly, the U.S. economy got a major boost from his supply-side economic policies, which played crucial roles in the success of the so-called ‘Reaganomics.’ Thanks to these highly efficient moves, inflation was reduced significantly, the growth of social spending was curtailed and the idea of entrepreneurship was greatly encouraged countrywide.\nAside from his efficient economic policies, no one can forget his strong and brilliant foreign policies. His administration expressed clearly its opposition against communism. At some point in time, he called the U.S.S.R. an evil empire. He also strengthened the U.S. military as well as ordered the country’s intervention in Grenada. Under the so-called ‘Reagan Doctrine,’ paramilitary forces were provided aid by the U.S. in an effort to remove socialist governments from power, specifically in places such as Afghanistan and Central America.\nUnder his presidency, the U.S. vastly improved its missile defense systems and other military technologies. He created stronger ties with the United Kingdom and met with Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev that curtailed further development on Soviet Union’s nuclear arsenals. Free markets and American conservatism marked his presidency. More importantly, he was credited as one of the major factors behind the fall and breakup of the Soviet Union. He also played a huge part in ending the Cold War.\nReagan signed numerous major laws, most of which had very strong impact on the country’s overall growth. These include the Social Security Amendments of 1983, the Tax Equity and Fiscal Responsibility Act of 1982 and the Economic Recovery Tax Act of 1981. Moreover, he also signed into law the Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986, Goldwater-Nichols Act of 1986 as well as the Tax Reform Act of 1986.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-51", "url": "https://www.whyguides.com/why-was-ronald-reagan-a-great-president.html", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540518882.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20191209121316-20191209145316-00004.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9793754816, "token_count": 604, "score": 3.28125, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Gan amhras, bhí Ronald Reagan ar cheann de na ceannairí is rathúla sna Stáit Aontaithe ar feadh a stair. Mar an 40ú Uachtarán na Stát Aontaithe, níor theip air riamh daoine ó áiteanna éagsúla ar domhan a chur iontas ar a bheartais dhaonna agus taidhleoireachta láidir. D'fhóin sé ar feadh dhá théarma iomlán, rud a thug deis dó uachtaránacht na Stát Aontaithe a shealbhú ó 20 Eanáir 1981 go dtí 20 Eanáir 1989. Déanaimis breathnú go tapa ar chuid dá chuid éachtaí móra agus tuigim cén fáth go measann go leor daoine gur uachtarán iontach é Ronald Reagan.\nNa Tograí tábhachtacha a rinne Ronald Reagan mar Uachtarán na SA\nCén fáth go raibh Ronald Reagan ina uachtarán iontach? Ní féidir le duine ar bith na ranníocaíochtaí agus na héachtaí iomadúla a rinne Reagan mar Uachtarán na Stát Aontaithe a shéanadh. Mar thoradh ar a bheartais taidhleoireachta, tháinig torthaí dearfacha, lena n-áirítear deireadh a chur leis an gCogadh Fuar i gcoinne an Aontais Shóivéadaigh. Mar an gcéanna, chabhraigh an rud ar a dtugtar Reaganomics leis an náisiún fadhbanna eacnamaíocha iomadúla a shárú le linn na tréimhse áirithe sin. Cuir leis sin, cuir san áireamh an reachtaíocht mhór a shínigh sé a chabhraigh go mór le geilleagar an tír a bhí ag streachailt a fheabhsú.\nThug sé gearrthóga cánach ollmhóra isteach agus thacaigh sé le cláir rialtais a laghdú. Níos tábhachtaí fós, fuair geilleagar na Stát Aontaithe borradh mór óna bheartais eacnamaíocha ar thaobh an tsoláthair, a bhí ról ríthábhachtach acu i rath an rud ar a dtugtar Reaganomics. A bhuíochas leis na gluaiseachtaí an-éifeachtúla seo, laghdaíodh boilsciú go suntasach, laghdaíodh fás an chaiteachais shóisialta agus spreagadh go mór smaoineamh na fiontraíochta ar fud na tíre.\nSeachas a bheartais eacnamaíocha éifeachtacha, ní féidir le duine ar bith a bheartais eachtracha láidre agus iontach a mheabhrú. Chuir a rialtas in iúl go soiléir a fhreasúra i gcoinne an chumannachais. Ag pointe éigin ama, d'iarr sé ar an USSR impireacht olc. Chuir sé neart ar arm na Stát Aontaithe chomh maith le ordú a thabhairt don tír idirghabháil a dhéanamh i Ghránada. Faoin \"Dochtúir Reagan\" mar a thugtar air, thug na Stáit Aontaithe cúnamh do na fórsaí paraimíleatacha i iarracht rialtais shóisialacha a bhaint as an chumhacht, go sonrach in áiteanna mar Afganastáin agus Meiriceá Láir.\nFaoin uachtaránacht aige, rinne na Stáit Aontaithe feabhas mór ar a gcórais cosanta raicéad agus ar theicneolaíochtaí míleata eile. Chruthaigh sé naisc níos láidre leis an Ríocht Aontaithe agus bhuail sé le ceannaire na Sóivéide Mikhail Gorbachev a chuir deireadh le tuilleadh forbartha ar armáin núicléacha an Aontais Shóivéadaigh. Bhí margaí saor in aisce agus coimeádach Mheiriceá ina threoir. Níos tábhachtaí fós, tugadh creidiúint dó mar cheann de na príomhfhachtóirí atá taobh thiar de thitim agus d'fhrithpháirteachas an Aontais Shóivéadaigh. Bhí ról mór aige freisin i gcríochnú an Chogaidh Fuar.\nShínigh Reagan go leor dlíthe móra, a raibh tionchar an-láidir ag an gcuid is mó acu ar fhás foriomlán na tíre. I measc na n-athruithe sin tá Leasanna Slándála Sóisialta 1983, Acht um Cheart Chánachais agus Freagracht Chánachais 1982 agus Acht Cánachais Athshlánúcháin Eacnamaíochta 1981. Ina theannta sin, shínigh sé freisin go dlíthiúil Acht Athchóirithe agus Rialú Inimirce 1986, Acht Goldwater-Nichols 1986 chomh maith le hAcht Athchóirithe Cánach 1986."} {"text": "Most Famous Public Speakers in History\nIf we want to be the best public speakers that we can be, it helps to learn lessons from history and the speakers that came before us. It’s not dissimilar to the way that if you want to be a bestselling novelist, it helps to read the classics.\nBy identifying and studying the most famous and successful public speakers throughout history, we can learn the kinds of valuable lessons that no amount of practice and experience can make up for. But who exactly are the most famous public speakers in our collective history?\nIn today’s article, we’re going to go ahead and find out.\nWinston Churchill is arguably the most famous public speaker of them all, mostly due to the pivotal role that he played in leading the British through the Second World War. Churchill had to be a good speaker because he was leading a nation through one of the most traumatic experiences imaginable, and many of his most famous speeches are still part of popular culture today. He was also a master of using the rule of three, which we’ve talked about in previous articles.\nSocrates is a great example of a groundbreaking public speaker because he lived thousands of years ago in a time long before the discipline had been studied and best practices established. He became a memorable speaker through practice and hard work, dedicating his life to speaking to people and espousing his philosophical theories. He even died for his beliefs, after being sentenced to death for corrupting the minds of young Athenians.\nAbraham Lincoln is another great example of a politician whose words have lasted far longer than the man himself. In particular, the Gettysburg Address is studied by public speakers from all over the world, and it’s just a shame that we don’t have any recordings so that we could analyze the way in which the speech was delivered.\nJohn F. Kennedy\nJohn F. Kennedy was an incredible public speaker, at least later on in his life, although it took him a lot of hard work and practice to get there. In many ways, he can also be compared to Winston Churchill, because his public speaking engagements took place against the backdrop of the Cold War against the USSR. Kennedy was also able to inspire the American people to begin their quest to travel to the moon, with the first landing taking place just under six years after Kennedy’s assassination.\nMartin Luther King\nSpeaking of assassinations, no list like this would be complete without a mention for Martin Luther King, the civil rights activist who’s most remembered for his iconic “I Have a Dream” speech. Like Socrates, King eventually died as a result of his beliefs, but the time that he spent with us was enough to cement his reputation as one of the most skilled orators of all time. You could do a lot worse than to analyze his speeches.\nLove her or hate her, Margaret Thatcher was a skilled public speaker who acted as the prime minister of the United Kingdom during the latter half of the 20th century. She rose to the most high-profile job in the country at a time during which there was even less equality between the genders. Her speeches are perhaps a little less well-known than those by some of the other names on this list, but she’s definitely worth learning from regardless.\nMahatma Gandhi started out as a lawyer and learned public speaking on the floors of courts before going on to become a resistance figure who led India to independence from the British through a campaign of nonviolent resistance. He’s another great example of a man who lived and died based on his beliefs and who was able to use the art of oratory to rally support for an important cause.\nPeople often forget Oscar Wilde when they think of public speakers, in part because he’s thought of more as a playwright and a wit than as a speaker. With that said, he was also known to deliver lectures, and he’s a great reminder that we’re practicing the art of public speaking whether we’re standing up in front of millions on live television or whether we’re having a quiet discussion at a dinner party. Public speakers who want to be successful and remembered could do a lot worse than to learn from and to imitate Oscar Wilde.\nJulius Caesar is like Socrates in that he’s a great example of a successful public speaker who rose to the top of his field back before the rules and best practices of public speaking were codified. He was able to lead the Roman Empire during a tumultuous time and is still remembered for many of his most famous speeches, including the iconic line, “I came, I saw, I conquered.” You’ll notice that this uses the rule of three, too.\nNow that you know our picks for some of the most famous public speakers in history, we want to hear from you. Do you agree with the people we’ve ranked in our list, or do you think that we’re missing someone who deserves to be there?\nAs always, be sure to let us know in the comments so that we can keep the discussion going, and don’t forget to follow us on your social networking sites of choice so that you don’t miss what’s coming next. We’ll see you soon for another article!\nThis was originally posted on SpeakerHub Skillcamp.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-06", "url": "https://speakerhubhq.medium.com/most-famous-public-speakers-in-history-8d0c8d3ea5bf?source=post_internal_links---------5----------------------------", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500288.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20230205193202-20230205223202-00682.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9827467203, "token_count": 1138, "score": 2.9375, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Na Neach Labhraíonn Poiblí is Fheiceálaí sa Stair\nMás mian linn a bheith ar na cainteoirí poiblí is fearr is féidir linn a bheith, cabhraíonn sé le ceachtanna a fhoghlaim ón stair agus ó na cainteoirí a tháinig roimh dúinn. Níl sé difriúil ón mbealach go gcabhraíonn sé le bheith ag léamh na sean-leabhair má tá tú ag iarraidh a bheith i do úrscéalaí is mó díol.\nTrí na cainteoirí poiblí is cáiliúla agus is rathúla a aithint agus a staidéar ar feadh na staire, is féidir linn na cineálacha ceachtanna luachmhara a fhoghlaim nach féidir le haon mhéid cleachtais agus taithí a dhéanamh suas. Ach cé iad na cainteoirí poiblí is cáiliúla i stair ár gcomhchoiteann?\nSa alt inniu, táimid chun dul ar aghaidh agus a fháil amach.\nIs dócha gurb é Winston Churchill an cainteoir poiblí is cáiliúla acu go léir, den chuid is mó mar gheall ar an ról lárnach a bhí aige i gceannas na Breataine tríd an Dara Cogadh Domhanda. Bhí Churchill ina labhraí maith mar bhí sé ag tabhairt aghaidh ar náisiún trí cheann de na taithí is traumatic is féidir a shamhlú, agus tá cuid mhaith dá chuid labhraí is cáiliúla fós mar chuid den chultúr tóir inniu. Bhí sé ina mháistir freisin i úsáid riail na trí, a labhair muid faoi in ailt roimhe seo.\nIs sampla iontach é Sócráit de chainteoir poiblí forbrónach toisc go raibh sé ina chónaí na mílte bliain ó shin i am fada sula ndearnadh staidéar ar an disciplín agus na cleachtais is fearr a bhunú. Tháinig sé ina chainteoir cuimhneacháin trí chleachtadh agus obair chrua, ag tiomáint a shaol chun labhairt le daoine agus ag tacú lena theoiricí fealsamacha. Fuair sé bás fiú as a chreideamh, tar éis dó a bheith ciontach i mbás as meabhair na nAithiní óga a mhealladh.\nIs sampla iontach eile é Abraham Lincoln de pholaiteoir a bhfuil a chuid focal i bhfad níos faide ná an fear féin. Go háirithe, déanann cainteoirí poiblí ó gach cearn den domhan staidéar ar an gCúrsa Gettysburg, agus is mór an trua nach bhfuil aon taifid againn ionas go bhféadfaimis anailís a dhéanamh ar an mbealach ar tugadh an óráid.\nJohn F. Kennedy\nBhí John F. Kennedy ina chainteoir poiblí dochreidte, ar a laghad ina dhiaidh sin ina shaol, cé gur thóg sé go leor oibre crua agus cleachtais chun é sin a dhéanamh. I go leor bealaí, is féidir é a chur i gcomparáid le Winston Churchill, toisc gur tharla a chuid cainteanna poiblí i gcoinne Chríocha Fuar i gcoinne an USSR. Bhí Kennedy in ann freisin a spreagadh na daoine Meiriceánach chun tús a chur lena n-éileamh chun taisteal go dtí an ghealach, leis an gcéad tuirlingt a tharla díreach faoi shé bliana tar éis assassination Kennedy.\nMartin Luther King\nAg labhairt di de assassinations, ní bheadh aon liosta mar seo iomlán gan lua do Martin Luther King, an gníomhaí cearta sibhialta a bhfuil is mó cuimhne ar a chuid iconic \"Tá mé Dream\" óráid. Cosúil le Sócráit, fuair King bás sa deireadh mar thoradh ar a chreideamh, ach bhí an t-am a chaith sé linn go leor chun a cháil a dhaingniú mar cheann de na labhartha is sásúla riamh. D'fhéadfá a dhéanamh i bhfad níos measa ná a chuid óráidí a anailísiú.\nIs breá leat í nó is fuath leat í, bhí Margaret Thatcher ina cainteoir poiblí sásúil a ghníomhaigh mar phríomh-aire na Ríochta Aontaithe le linn an dara leath den 20ú haois. D'éirigh sí go dtí an post is airde sa tír ag am nuair a bhí níos lú comhionannas idir na cineálacha ann. B'fhéidir go bhfuil a cuid óráidí beagán níos lú aitheanta ná iad siúd ag roinnt de na hainmneacha eile ar an liosta seo, ach is fiú foghlaim uaidh ar aon nós.\nThosaigh Mahatma Gandhi mar dhlíodóir agus d'fhoghlaim sé labhairt go poiblí ar urlár na gcúirteanna sula ndeachaigh sé ar aghaidh chun a bheith ina fhigiúr frithsheasmhachta a threoraigh an India go neamhspleáchas ó na Breataine trí fheachtas frithsheasmhachta neamhfhoréigneach. Is sampla iontach eile é de dhuine a bhí ina chónaí agus a fuair bás bunaithe ar a chreideamh agus a bhí in ann ealaín na hairíonna a úsáid chun tacaíocht a bhailiú do chuspóir tábhachtach.\nIs minic a dhéanann daoine dearmad ar Oscar Wilde nuair a smaoiníonn siad ar chainteoirí poiblí, go páirteach toisc go gceapann siad níos mó air mar dhrámaí agus mar mheon ná mar chainteoir. Agus é sin á rá, bhí a fhios aige freisin go raibh léachtaí á tabhairt aige, agus is cuimhní iontach é go bhfuil muid ag cleachtadh ealaín na labhairt poiblí cibé an bhfuil muid ag seasamh os comhair na milliúin ar theilifís beo nó cibé an bhfuil muid ag plé ciúin ag dinnéar. D'fhéadfadh cainteoirí poiblí ar mian leo a bheith rathúil agus cuimhneacháin a dhéanamh i bhfad níos measa ná foghlaim ó Oscar Wilde agus é a mhalairt.\nIs cosúil le Sócráit go bhfuil Julius Caesar mar shampla iontach de chainteoir poiblí rathúil a d'ardaigh go barr a réimse ar ais sula raibh na rialacha agus na cleachtais is fearr a bhaineann le labhairt poiblí códaithe. Bhí sé in ann an Impireacht Rómhánach a threorú le linn am tumultuous agus cuirtear i gcuimhne go fóill é le go leor dá chuid óráidí is cáiliúla, lena n-áirítear an líne íogair, \"Tháinig mé, chonaic mé, bhuail mé\". Tabharfaidh tú faoi deara go n-úsáideann sé seo riail na dtrí freisin.\nAnois go bhfuil a fhios agat ár picks do roinnt de na cainteoirí poiblí is cáiliúla sa stair, ba mhaith linn a chloisteáil uait. An aontaíonn tú leis na daoine a bhfuil rangú déanta againn ar ár liosta, nó an gceapann tú go bhfuil duine atá ag teastáil a bheith ann ar fad ar iarraidh?\nMar is gnách, bí cinnte a chur in iúl dúinn sna tuairimí ionas gur féidir linn a choinneáil ar an plé ag dul, agus ná déan dearmad a leanúint dúinn ar do suíomhanna líonraithe sóisialta de rogha ionas nach bhfuil tú ag cailleadh cad atá ag teacht ar aghaidh. Feicfimid sibh go luath le haghaidh alt eile!\nCuireadh é seo ar fáil ar SpeakerHub Skillcamp ar dtús."} {"text": "Jesus looked around and said to his disciples,\n\"How hard it is for those who have wealth\nto enter the kingdom of God!\"\nThe disciples were amazed at his words.\nSo Jesus again said to them in reply,\n\"Children, how hard it is to enter the kingdom of God!\nIt is easier for a camel to pass through the eye of a needle\nthan for one who is rich to enter the kingdom of God.\" -Mark 10:23-25\nThe Lamsa translation of the Bible is a 1933 translation that relies heavily on Aramaic texts and current Aramaic idioms and colloquialisms. Aramaic was the language of the common man in Israel during the time of Christ. One reason to consider the Lamsa translation is that some of Jesus's sermons may have had nuances that were lost or diminished by translation into Greek then other languages.\nOne of the primary examples of this is Lamsa's camel. According to Lamsa, \"camel\" is an Aramaic idiom for a large cable. If this were a common idiom for camel during the time of Christ, the then those in the audience during Jesus's Rich man-camel-eye of needle sermon would have an association.\nA large rope can be passed through the eye of a needle by un-twisting it and passing....or testing....each fiber. Those fibers that cannot pass the test must be rejected.\nThe fibers that pass can be retwisted into a cable, albeit a smaller one.\nThis metaphor would have been crystal clear to the audience if \"camel\" also meant \"large rope\" in the language of the times.\nPost a Comment", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-14", "url": "https://eatonrapidsjoe.blogspot.com/2015/10/lamsas-camel.html", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296944452.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20230322180852-20230322210852-00628.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9758157134, "token_count": 351, "score": 3.265625, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Agus do fhéuch sé a thimcheall, agus do rádh sé le a dheisceabail,\n\"Conas deacair é do na daoine a bhfuil saibhreas\ndul isteach i ríocht Dé! \"\nAgus bhí iontas ar na deisceabail as a chuid focal.\nAgus dúirt Íosa leo arís, ag freagairt:\n\"A chlann, cé chomh deacair is atá sé dul isteach i ríocht Dé!\nTá sé níos éasca do camel dul trí shúil an úlla\nná go dtéann saibhir isteach i ríocht Dé\". -Marc 10:23-25\nIs aistriúchán de 1933 é aistriúchán Lamsa den Bhíobla a thacaíonn go mór le téacsanna Aramaic agus le idiomálacha agus le cainteanna Aramaic reatha. Bhí an t-aarméice ina theanga a labhraíodh ag an duine coitianta in Iosrael le linn am Chríost. Ceann de na cúiseanna a bhfuil an t-aistriúchán Lamsa le breithniú ná go bhféadfadh go raibh nuances ag cuid de theachtaireachtaí Íosa a chailltear nó a laghdaítear trí aistriúchán go Gréigis agus ansin i dteangacha eile.\nCeann de na príomhshamplaí ar seo is é camel Lamsa. De réir Lamsa, is é \"camel\" idiom Aramaic do chábla mór. Dá mbeadh an t-idiom coitianta seo le haghaidh camel le linn am Chríost, bheadh comhoiriúnú ag na lucht éisteachta ansin le linn searmanas an duine saibhir-camel-eye of needle Íosa.\nIs féidir le rópa mór dul trí shúil snáthaigh trína dhí-thriall agus trína... nó trí thástáil... gach snáithín. Ní mór na snáithíní sin nach féidir an tástáil a rith a dhiúltú.\nIs féidir na snáithíní a théann tríd a ath-thréith i gcábla, cé go bhfuil ceann níos lú.\nD'fhéadfadh an maíomh seo a bheith soiléir go hiomlán don lucht éisteachta dá mba rud é go raibh \"camel\" mar an gcéanna le \"rópa mór\" sa teanga a bhí á labhairt ag an am.\nPost a Comment"} {"text": "Think you know every kind of footwear fathomed into existence by man and woman? Well, here’s a little run for your knowledge. See if you are, in fact, hot on the heels of such all-encompassing knowledge by reading this post, and catch a glimpse at a few shoes whose soles have been swallowed up by history.\n10. Chopine. With roots in 15th-century Venice, these unbelievable platforms–which could tower up to a height of 30 inches–were symbolic of a wearer’s rank; the higher the platform, the higher the status the wearer. A similar shoe, the Manchu chopine, was a prevalent part of ancient Chinese womenswear.\n9. Caliga. If you were a soldier in ancient Rome, the caliga was what you would have worn while ‘Roman’ around! With their thick soles tacked by iron hobnails for traction, reinforcement, and defense, these strappy sandals could soldier on through many a terrifying trek.\n8. Ataderos. Silver-clad ankle boots like these, which hail from the 12th-15th century Chimu culture of ancient Peru, were literally to die for in their day and age; they are thought to have been used in an upper echelon burial.\n7. Adelaide Boot. Named for the Queen Consort of William IV, these Victorian era booties were made of either silk or kid leather, and had no left-right differentiation. Their construction kept women’s ankles from being seen when their crinolines were scandalously swept atilt by the wind.\n6. Slap Sole Shoe. Originally created in the 1630s to keep men’s riding heels from sinking into the mud, these unusual shoes were soon de rigeur for women (albeit in a much more decorative variety). And, as you may have guessed, the interesting name alludes to the sound the hinged sole made cracking against the shoe’s heel as one walked.\n5. Louis Heel. Crafted for the 5 foot 3 Louis XIV, France’s “Sun King,” in order to make him look taller and, thus, more imposing, these unisex hourglass-shaped heels were flamboyantly decorated to indicate one’s privilege. A pair of circa 1660 heels Louis XIV owned were 5 inches tall and ornately decorated with battle scenes.\n4. Poulaines. Also known as crackowes, these 15th century shoes had toes so long and narrow that they often had to be reinforced with whalebone or tied to the leg with a string so that the wearer could walk.\n3. Lotus Shoes. In contrast to the incredibly long poulaines, the unbelievably small, ornately embroidered lotus shoes were what Chinese women with bound feet wore from olden times through to the early 20th century.\n2. Chestnut Crushing Clogs. These nutty-looking contraptions were, thankfully, not worn as everyday footwear. Rather, they were used in 19th-century France to, as the name implies, separate acorn and chestnut shells from the nut meat, and subsequently grind the nut for flour or feed.\n1. Kabkab. Fascinating shoes like these, also known as nalin, were donned by Turkish women when they went to the hammam. Wearing these, women wouldn’t have to step on the steaming, heated floor. It is even thought that these shoes may have influenced the creation of the European chopine!\nWhich of these shoes do you find the most fascinating? Or, is there something not on the list that intrigues you even more?", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-26", "url": "https://blog.modcloth.com/fashion/vintage/top-10-seriously-cool-historic-shoe-styles/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128319265.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20170622114718-20170622134718-00127.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9746574163, "token_count": 769, "score": 2.875, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "An gceapann tú go bhfuil a fhios agat gach cineál bróga a chruthaigh fear agus bean? Bhuel, tá anseo a rith beag do do chuid eolais. Féach an bhfuil tú, i ndáiríre, ar an eolas uile-chuimsitheach sin trí léamh an phoist seo, agus féach ar chúpla bróga a bhfuil a shúilí curtha suas ag an stair.\n10. Tá sé seo fíor? Chopine. Le fréamhacha sa 15ú haois Venice, bhí na hardáin dochreidte seo - a d'fhéadfadh a bheith suas le 30 orlach ar airde - siombalach de rang an iompróra; is é an ardán níos airde, is é an stádas an iompróra. Bhí bróga den chineál céanna, an Manchu chopine, mar chuid forleathan de éadaí mná na Síne ársa.\n9. Naoi. Caliga. Dá mba saighdiúir tú sa Róimh ársa, ba é an caliga an rud a bheadh ort a chaitheamh nuair a bhí Rómanach timpeall! Leis na sóil tiubh a raibh naoionn iarainn ag na n-iarainn chun iad a tharraingt, a neartú, agus a chosaint, d'fhéadfadh na sandals strappy seo a bheith ina saighdiúir trí go leor siúlóidí uafásacha.\n8. Ceacht. Ataderos. Bhí buataisí glúine clóite airgid mar seo, a thagann ó chultúr Chimu na Peiru ársa ón 12ú go an 15ú haois, le bás a fháil dá lá agus dá aois; meastar gur úsáideadh iad i ndealcadh escalon uachtarach.\n7. Ceacht. Adelaide Boot. Ainmníodh iad i gcomhair Banríon Consort Uilleam IV, bhí na booties ré Victóireacha seo déanta as leathar síoda nó leathar leanbh, agus ní raibh aon idirdhealú clé-deis acu. Bhí a n-oibreacha ag coinneáil na mban ó na glúine nuair a bhí a gcuid crinolines scandalously swept ar shiúl ag an ghaoth.\n6. Ceacht. Slap Shoe Soil. Cruthaíodh iad ar dtús sna 1630idí chun cnámha marcaíochta na bhfear a choinneáil ó dul isteach sa mud, bhí na bróga neamhghnácha seo de rigeur go luath do mhná (cé go raibh éagsúlacht i bhfad níos maisiúla acu). Agus, mar a d'fhéadfadh tú a bheith buille faoi thuairim, tagraíonn an t-ainm suimiúil don fhuaim a rinne an t-aonad hingeáilte ag creapadh i gcoinne an chúl bróga mar a shiúil duine.\n5. Tá an t-am ann. Louis Heel. Déanta don 5 troigh 3 Louis XIV, \"Rí na gréine\" na Fraince, chun é a dhéanamh níos airde agus, dá bhrí sin, níos mó impisiúnaí, bhí na cnocanna unisex seo i gcruth clog saille á maisiú go flamboyant chun sochair a léiriú. Bhí péire cnámha Louis XIV faoi 1660 5 orlach ar airde agus décoite go hálainn le radharcanna cath.\n4. Tá an t-am Poulaines. Ar a dtugtar crackowes freisin, bhí na tobar sin ón 15ú haois chomh fada agus chomh caol go gcaithfí cnámh na bhfíor-eachain a neartú go minic nó a cheangal leis an gcosa le sreang ionas gur féidir leis an duine a chaith iad siúl.\n3. Tá an t-am ann. Bróg Lotus. I gcodarsnacht leis na poulaines an-fhada, bhí na bróga lotus an-bheag, ornáideacha, an rud a chaith mná na Síne a raibh cosa ceangailte acu ó amanna ársa go dtí an 20ú haois go luath.\n2. Seachadadh. Clogs Crushing Chestnut. Bhí na contraptions nuts-ag breathnú, go raibh maith agat, nach raibh a chaitheamh mar bróga laethúil. Ina áit sin, baineadh úsáid astu sa Fhrainc sa 19ú haois chun, mar a léiríonn an t-ainm, craiceann acorn agus caisteal a scaradh ón fheoil cnónna, agus an cnónna a mhionlaigh ina dhiaidh sin le haghaidh plúr nó beatha.\n1. an t-am a bhí ann. Kabkab. Bhí bróga suimiúla mar seo, ar a dtugtar nalin freisin, á n-éadaí ag mná na Tuirce nuair a chuaigh siad chuig an hammam. Ag caitheamh iad seo, ní bheadh ar mhná dul ar an urlár steaming, te. Meastar fiú go bhféadfadh tionchar a bheith ag na bróga seo ar chruthú an choipín Eorpaigh!\nCé acu ceann de na bróga seo a fhaigheann tú an chuid is mó suimiúil? Nó, an bhfuil rud éigin nach bhfuil ar an liosta a chuireann níos mó intrigas ort?"}