{"text": "As one year shifts into the next, it is worthwhile to look at two artists who use non-permanence and change as their medium. It may seem strange to make an artwork knowing it may only last a few hours, but that's exactly what happens when you create art on the beach. And we're not talking sandcastles.\nJim Denevan and Andres Amador are just two artists who use sand as their palette and canvas. Their large scale earth works, so large they are only visible from afar, hark back to the sixties tradition of land art, zen meditation and even crop circles, but with a contemporary twist. Andres Amador's Playa Paintings, ranging from 100 to several thousand feet, were all made by raking sand on the beaches around California. \"The beach renews itself and there is no clean up involved\", he says of his methods. Some have environmental messages, like the Biohazard and Warning signs he made following the oil spill of 2007.\nSurfer (and founder of the \"Outstanding in the Field\" moveable feasts) Jim Denevan has created over 600 drawings in the sand, using sticks and garden tools. He has also exhibited at PS1 MOMA and Headlands Center for the Arts. He recently made the world's largest freehand drawing on a dry lake in Nevada, walking for eight days to draw the 3 mile pattern. Although their art is as temporary as the winds or tides, for both Amador and Denevan it is this fleeting moment that motivates them. So sign up to their newsletters to find out about the next sand action, or it will be gone before you know it.\nClick on a picture to launch the image gallery (7 images)", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2013-20", "url": "http://www.minispace.com/en_us/article/art-on-the-Beach/114/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368698207393/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516095647-00002-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9703046083, "token_count": 359, "score": 2.53125, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "De réir mar a théann bliain amháin isteach sa bhliain eile, is fiú féachaint ar dhá ealaíontóir a úsáideann neamh-inbhuanaitheacht agus athrú mar a meán. D'fhéadfadh sé a bheith aisteach saothar ealaíne a dhéanamh agus a fhios agat nach mairfidh sé ach cúpla uair an chloig, ach sin go díreach a tharlaíonn nuair a chruthaíonn tú ealaín ar an trá. Agus nílimid ag caint ar chaisleáin gaineamh.\nNíl Jim Denevan agus Andres Amador ach dhá ealaíontóir a úsáideann gaineamh mar a bpailéad agus a canvas. A gcuid oibreacha talún ar scála mór, chomh mór nach bhfuil siad le feiceáil ach ó i bhfad, tarraingíonn siad ar ais go dtí traidisiún na seascaidí d'ealaín talún, machnamh Zen agus fiú ciorcail chothaithe, ach le casadh comhaimseartha. Playa Pictiúir Andres Amador, idir 100 agus roinnt míle troigh, rinneadh iad go léir ag greim ar ghaineamh ar na tránna timpeall California. \"Tá an trá ag athnuachan é féin agus ní gá é a ghlanadh\", a deir sé faoina mhodhanna. Tá teachtaireachtaí comhshaoil ag cuid acu, cosúil leis na comharthaí Bith-chontúirte agus Rabhadh a rinne sé tar éis an sceite ola i 2007.\nTá an surfóir (agus bunaitheoir na féileanna soghluaiste \"Outstanding in the Field\") Jim Denevan tar éis breis agus 600 líníocht a chruthú sa ghaineamh, ag baint úsáide as bataí agus uirlisí gairdín. Tá taispeántas déanta aige freisin ag PS1 MOMA agus i gColáiste na nEalaíon Headlands. Rinne sé an líníocht saor-láimhe is mó ar domhan le déanaí ar loch tirim i Nevada, ag siúl ar feadh ocht lá chun an patrún 3 mhíle a tharraingt. Cé go bhfuil a gcuid ealaíne chomh sealadach leis na gaotha nó na taibhsí, d'Amadór agus do Denevan is é an nóiméad éagórach seo a spreagann iad. Mar sin sínigh suas lena nuachtlitir chun a fháil amach faoi na gníomhartha saille eile, nó beidh sé imithe sula bhfuil a fhios agat é.\nCliceáil ar phictiúr chun an gailearaí íomhánna a sheoladh (7 íomhánna)"} {"text": "Ethyl alcohol (ethanol) is the most common and familiar compound in the alcohol classification. Ethyl alcohol is used in many industries and for many purposes, including botanical extraction, medical and industrial sterilization, fuel and heating applications, and as feedstock for industrial chemical production.\nIsopropyl alcohol is a common solvent, disinfectant, de-icing fluid, and fuel additive. Its availability and flexibility as a solvent make it useful in many industrial and medical applications.\nMethanol, sometimes called wood alcohol, is a colorless, flammable liquid most often used as an industrial solvent, fuel additive, or as feed-stock for the production of other useful chemicals like formaldehyde. It is toxic to humans and unsuitable for use in food, healthcare or cosmetics applications.\nGlycerin is a clear, sweet, viscous liquid with dozens of food, pharmaceutical, and industrial purposes. Glycerin may be produced from plant or animal fats, or synthesized artificially from hydrocarbons. Industrially-produced glycerin may lack the purity needed for certain medical, food, and health applications. ClearSolv can source and supply extremely pure glycerin for use in any industry that comply to North American and international regulatory standards.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-05", "url": "https://clearsolv.com/products/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250615407.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20200124040939-20200124065939-00514.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9326580167, "token_count": 256, "score": 3.046875, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Is é alcól eitíle (etanól) an comhdhúil is coitianta agus is coitianta sa aicmiú alcóil. Úsáidtear alcól eitíle i go leor tionscail agus chun go leor críocha, lena n-áirítear eastóscadh bótainéadach, steiriliú leighis agus tionsclaíoch, feidhmchláir breosla agus téimh, agus mar amhábhar le haghaidh táirgeadh ceimiceach tionsclaíoch.\nIs é alcól isopropil tuaslagóir coitianta, díghalrúcháin, sreabhach dí-ice, agus breiseán breosla. Tá a infhaighteacht agus a solúbthacht mar leáiteoir ábalta é a úsáid i go leor feidhmchláir thionsclaíocha agus leighis.\nIs leacht neamhdathúil, in-athlasta é meitanól, ar a dtugtar alcól adhmaid uaireanta, a úsáidtear go minic mar leacht tionsclaíoch, mar bhreiseán breosla, nó mar ábhar amh le haghaidh ceimiceáin úsáideacha eile mar fhoirmleadhíde a tháirgeadh. Tá sé tocsaineach do dhaoine agus níl sé oiriúnach le húsáid i mbia, i gcúram sláinte nó in áiseanna cosmaideacha.\nIs leacht glan, milis, greamaitheach é glicerine a bhfuil mórán úsáidí bia, cógaisíochta agus tionsclaíocha aige. Is féidir glicerín a tháirgeadh ó shaill phlandaí nó ainmhithe, nó a shintéisiú go saorga ó hidreacarbóin. D'fhéadfadh go mbeadh an íonacht a theastaíonn le haghaidh iarratais leighis, bia agus sláinte áirithe ag an glycerin a tháirgtear go tionsclaíoch. Is féidir le ClearSolv glicerín an-íona a fháil agus a sholáthar le húsáid in aon tionscal a chomhlíonann caighdeáin rialála Mheiriceá Thuaidh agus idirnáisiúnta."} {"text": "The typical picture of a binge drinker may look as much like a middle-age man working long hours as it does a 20-something partying late at night.\nDoctors are increasingly focusing on that older population after years of placing a higher priority on experimenting adolescents and young alcoholics. Evidence is emerging that high-pressure jobs push millions of people toward binge drinking, and deaths from alcohol abuse escalate as people get older.\nA new study from 14 countries published in the British Medical Journal found that people who work more than 48 hours a week are more likely to drink to excess – defined as 14 drinks a week for women and more than 21 for men. And the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimated in a report last week that six people die daily from alcohol poisoning, mainly those ages 35 to 65.\n“Drinking is a fast and easy way to shake off work. That’s where the problem comes,\" said Cassandra Okechukwu, an assistant professor at Harvard School of Public Health in Boston. “We have defined it and call it risky alcohol use. We aren’t paying as much attention to that as we pay to the definition of alcoholism. We need to pay more attention.\"\nAccording to the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare’s 2013 national drug survey, almost one in five (18.2%) Australians aged 14 or older consumed more than two standard drinks a day on average, exceeding the lifetime risk guidelines. Young adults aged 18–24 were more likely to drink at harmful levels on a single occasion but daily drinking was higher among older Australians.\nNumerous studies show regular drinking, as long as it doesn’t turn into a binge, is healthy, especially for the heart. While red wine is generally touted for its health benefits, beer and liquor have also been shown to ward off various medical conditions. Doctors warn against starting to drink or consuming more for the potential health benefits, and point out that excessive consumption can lead to a raft of ailments ranging from cancer to sudden death.\nThe numbers on excessive drinking don’t make sense right away, and they puzzle researchers. Young people in the US and Australia are still more likely to binge drink – defined as five or more drinks in a few hours for men and four or more for women. People 65 and older who binge drink do it more often than other age groups.\nThe people dying of alcohol poisoning, however, are middle-aged. Three in four are men, the CDC found.\nIn a 2012 survey by the agency, 71 per cent of Americans said they’d had a drink in the past year, while about 56 percent had done so in the past month. “There are a small and growing number of people who drink excessively at one sitting, and it’s not clear why,\" said George Koob, director of the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism.\n“We’re seeing a higher number of drinks per individual,\" he said. “What’s growing is the intensity of drinking in a single bout. We are concerned about that. We haven’t figured out how to address it.\"\nWorking long hours may exacerbate the problem. The study in the BMJ found that people who worked 49 to 54 hours a week and 55 hours a week had an increased propensity of 13 per cent and 12 per cent, respectively, for risky drinking.\nA glass of wine or a beer or two after the work is a common way to take the edge off after a tough day at the office. The problem is when it morphs into something more. For people who already drank, stress at work or home could lead to an even greater reliance on alcohol, said Sandra Brown, a psychology and psychiatry professor who’s vice chancellor for research at the University of California at San Diego.\n“People develop tolerance when they drink regularly,\" Brown said. “They don’t realize they are drinking more and put themselves in a more dangerous situation.\"\nIn the US, alcohol is responsible for 88,000 deaths a year, making it the third-leading cause of preventable death in the country.\nFor people in their 30s, 40s and 50s, the effects of alcohol can linger much longer than just a nasty hangover. It taxes the liver and the pancreas, and can lead directly to depression.\nThe damage from drinking could accumulate over a lifetime, with new risk factors appearing in middle age, said Joseph Lee, a medical director at the Hazelden Betty Ford Foundation. And while most people who had trouble drinking showed signs when they were young, that was not always the case, he said.\n“Just because you went through your college ... days unscathed, it doesn’t mean you have a free pass for the rest of your life,\" Lee said. “We see a lot of people who always had a risk for addiction that didn’t manifest until something happened, like a promotion to a high-pressure job, a divorce or a death in the family.\"\nKoob said: “When you are young, the pleasurable effects of alcohol are more rewarding and the hangovers are less. As you get older, there is a switch over where the hangovers become more excruciating and the pleasurable effects become less. That’s when the demons come rushing out of the bottle.\"\n- With additional reporting from AFR.com", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-26", "url": "http://www.afr.com/business/health/long-work-hours-linked-to-alcohol-abuse-20150114-12nu0r", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128322320.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20170628032529-20170628052529-00393.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9690115452, "token_count": 1112, "score": 2.9375, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "D'fhéadfadh an pictiúr tipiciúil de dhuine a ólann go mór a bheith chomh cosúil le fear meánaosta a oibríonn uaireanta fada agus a dhéanann sé le fear 20 bliain d'aois ag féileadh go déanach san oíche.\nTá na dochtúirí ag díriú níos mó ar an daonra sin níos sine tar éis blianta de thosaíocht níos airde a thabhairt do thriail déagóirí agus alcóil óga. Tá fianaise ag teacht chun cinn go gcuireann poist ard-brú ar na milliúin daoine go dtí ól go mór, agus go bhfuil básanna ó mhí-úsáid alcóil ag dul i méid de réir mar a théann daoine in aois.\nFuair staidéar nua ó 14 tír a foilsíodh sa British Medical Journal go bhfuil daoine a oibríonn níos mó ná 48 uair sa tseachtain níos mó seans ann go n-ólfaidh siad go iomarcach - a shainmhínítear mar 14 deoch sa tseachtain do mhná agus níos mó ná 21 d'fhir. Agus mheas na hIonad Stáit Aontaithe um Rialú agus Cosc ar Ghalair i dtuarascáil an tseachtain seo caite go bhfaigheann sé daoine bás go laethúil de bharr nimhiú alcóil, go príomha iad siúd atá idir 35 agus 65 bliain d'aois.\nIs bealach tapa agus éasca é ól chun obair a scriosadh. Sin an áit a dtagann an fhadhb\", a dúirt Cassandra Okechukwu, ollamh cúnta in Scoil Sláinte Poiblí Harvard i mBostún. Tá sainmhíniú againn air agus glaoimid air mar úsáid alcóil riosca. Nílimid ag tabhairt aird chomh mór sin air agus a thugann muid don sainmhíniú ar alcóil. Ní mór dúinn aird níos mó a thabhairt\".\nDe réir suirbhé náisiúnta drugaí 2013 Institiúid Sláinte agus Leas na hAstráile, chaith beagnach duine as gach cúig (18.2%) de mhuintir na hAstráile atá 14 bliana d'aois nó níos sine níos mó ná dhá dheoch caighdeánach in aghaidh an lae ar an meán, ag dul thar na treoirlínte riosca ar feadh an tsaoil. Bhí daoine fásta óga idir 18 agus 24 bliain d'aois níos mó seans ann go n-ólfadh siad i leibhéil díobhálacha ar ócáid amháin ach bhí an ól laethúil níos airde i measc na hAstráileanna níos sine.\nLéiríonn go leor staidéir go bhfuil ól rialta, chomh fada agus nach n-athraíonn sé go binge, sláintiúil, go háirithe don chroí. Cé go bhfuil fíon dearg á rá go ginearálta mar gheall ar a chuid buntáistí sláinte, léiríodh go bhfuil beoir agus deochanna deochanna deochanna freisin chun riocht sláinte éagsúla a chosc. Cuireann dochtúirí rabhadh i gcoinne tosú ag ól nó ag ól níos mó mar gheall ar na buntáistí sláinte a d'fhéadfadh a bheith ann, agus tugann siad le fios gur féidir le ró-úsáid a bheith ina chúis le haill mhór tinnis ó ailse go bás tobann.\nNí dhéanann na figiúirí maidir le ró-ól ciall láithreach, agus bíonn siad ag cur i bhfolach taighdeoirí. Tá daoine óga sna Stáit Aontaithe agus san Astráil fós níos mó seans ann go n-ólfaidh siad deochanna ag an am céanna - sainithe mar chúig nó níos mó deochanna i gceann cúpla uair an chloig do na fir agus ceithre nó níos mó do na mná. Is minic a dhéanann daoine 65 bliain d'aois agus níos sine a ól go mór é ná daoine de ghrúpaí aoise eile.\nIs daoine meánaosta iad na daoine a fhaigheann bás de bharr alcóil-bhreithneachta, áfach. Tá triúr as ceathrar fir, fuair an CDC.\nI suirbhé 2012 a rinne an ghníomhaireacht, dúirt 71 faoin gcéad de na Meiriceánaigh go raibh deoch acu le bliain anuas, agus rinne thart ar 56 faoin gcéad amhlaidh le mí anuas. 'Tá líon beag agus méadaitheach daoine a ólann go iomarcach ag suí amháin, agus níl sé soiléir cén fáth,' a dúirt George Koob, stiúrthóir an Institiúid Náisiúnta um Mí-Úsáid Alcóil agus Alcóil.\n\"Tá líon níos airde deochanna in aghaidh an duine á fheiceáil againn\", a dúirt sé. Is é an rud atá ag fás ná an déine a ól i gcur i láthair amháin. Tá imní orainn faoi sin. Ní bhfuair muid amach conas dul i ngleic leis\".\nD'fhéadfadh go gcuirfeadh obair fhada leis an bhfadhb. Fuair an staidéar sa BMJ go raibh claonadh méadaithe de 13 faoin gcéad agus 12 faoin gcéad, faoi seach, ag daoine a d'oibrigh 49 go 54 uair an chloig sa tseachtain agus 55 uair an chloig sa tseachtain, le haghaidh ól riosca.\nIs bealach coitianta é gloine fíona nó beoir nó dhó tar éis na hoibre chun an géarchéim a bhaint as tar éis lá crua san oifig. Is é an fhadhb nuair a morphs sé i rud éigin níos mó. I gcás daoine a bhí ag ól cheana féin, d'fhéadfadh strus ag an obair nó sa bhaile a bheith ina chúis le spleáchas níos mó ar alcól, a dúirt Sandra Brown, ollamh síceolaíochta agus síciatraíochta atá ina leas-cheansailéir taighde in Ollscoil California i San Diego.\n\"Déanann daoine fhulaingt nuair a ólann siad go rialta\", a dúirt Brown. Ní thuigeann siad go bhfuil siad ag ól níos mó agus go bhfuil siad ag cur iad féin i staid níos contúirte\".\nSna Stáit Aontaithe, tá alcól freagrach as 88,000 bás in aghaidh na bliana, rud a chiallaíonn gurb é an tríú cúis is mó de bhás in-chosainne in Éirinn.\nI gcás daoine atá ina 30í, 40í agus 50í, d'fhéadfadh éifeachtaí alcóil a bheith i bhfad níos faide ná ach an t-easpa. Tá sé ag cur trioblóide ar an ae agus ar an pancreas, agus is féidir leis dul go díomá go díreach.\nD'fhéadfadh na damáistí a bhaineann le ól a bheith ag cruinniú le linn an tsaoil, agus d'fhéadfadh fachtóirí riosca nua a bheith ag teacht chun cinn i lár na bliana, a dúirt Joseph Lee, stiúrthóir leighis ag Fondúireacht Hazelden Betty Ford. Agus cé go raibh comharthaí ag an chuid is mó de na daoine a raibh deacracht acu le hól nuair a bhí siad óg, ní raibh sé sin mar sin i gcónaí, a dúirt sé.\n\"Ní chiallaíonn an rud go ndeachaigh tú tríd do chuid laethanta coláiste gan dochar go bhfuil pas saor agat don chuid eile de do shaol\", a dúirt Lee. Féachann muid ar go leor daoine a bhí i mbaol um andúil i gcónaí nach raibh i gcontúirt go dtí go ndeachaigh rud éigin i bhfeidhm, mar shampla ardú céime chun post ard-bhrú, colscaradh nó bás sa teaghlach\".\nDúirt Koob: Nuair a bhíonn tú óg, bíonn éifeachtaí taitneamhacha alcóil níos luachmhaire agus ní bhíonn an t-easpa alcóil níos lú. De réir mar a théann tú in aois, bíonn athrú ann nuair a bhíonn na hangovers níos mó agus na héifeachtaí taitneamhach níos lú. Is é sin nuair a thagann na deamhain ag rushing amach as an buidéal. \"\n- Le tuairisciú breise ó AFR.com"} {"text": "The Title III program must be concerned with two primary types of project evaluation --internal and external. Both types are required and essential to the success of any project.\nA qualified outside specialist conducts the external evaluation; however, project personnel need to know how to prepare for an appropriate external evaluation and insure that the institution receives a competent and thorough job from the external evaluator.\nFirst, it is necessary to examine one of the most difficult tasks of Title III institutions – the creation and implementation of comprehensive and valid systems for project evaluation. Thus, attention must be given to both the concept of evaluation and proven approaches to developing a quality evaluation system.\nEvaluation may be defined in numerous ways. The literature is replete with evaluation definitions, models, systems, and procedures. For purposes of this text, three definitions have been extracted merely to focus upon the major basic parameters. These definitions are as follows:\n\" . . . The determination of the extent to which the desired objectives have been\nattained or the amount of movement that has been made in the desired direction.\"\n(Boyle and Johns, 1970)\n\" . . . The making of judgments about the value, for some purpose, of ideas,\nworks solutions, methods, materials, etc. It involves the use of criteria as well as\nstandards for appraising the extent to which particulars are accurate, economical,\nor satisfying. The judgments may be either quantitative or qualitative, and the\ncriteria may be either those determined by the student or those which are given to\nhim.\" (Benjamin Bloom, Taxonomy of Educational Objectives)\n\"A systematic, method, and conscious effort to clarify the goals, objectives, and\npurposes of a program or activity; to assess, through rational and valid processes,\nthe extent to which such ends are being satisfied; and to apply the finds of such\nefforts toward the continued improvement of the phenomenon under\nconsideration.\" (J. Young, \"Evaluation and Its Relation to the Programming\nRegardless of how one elects to define evaluation, it should be understood that evaluation (both internal and external) serves several very useful purposes in addition to simply satisfying funding requirements. Program operators should be familiar with all these purposes and try to maximize their evaluation effort by having it serve multiple uses. Some of the purposes served by evaluation include:\n1. To supply indices of progress\n2. To provide a basis for decision-making\n3. To increase motivation and morale of those concerned with the program, curriculum, or activity being evaluated\n4. To provide feedback to program participants\n5. To assist in setting, refining, clarifying, or revising goals and objectives\n6. To provide input into the planning process\n7. To contribute to more efficient utilization of resources\n8. To provide for a clearer identification of the target population(s) for a program\n9. To test the theoretical basis of a program or activity\n10. To assess the overall outputs and impacts of a completed program or activity in relation to previously stated goals, objectives, or mission\n11. To facilitate the formulation of hypotheses or other bases for further study.\n7.1 Internal evaluations\nThis will be conducted through a process of using the Mid-Year Report and a random selection of activities for a site visit and document review conducted by the Title III Coordinator.\n7.2 External evaluation\nThis will be conducted on an annual basis and administered by and outside consultant. The consultant will conduct a document review to ascertain the progress that has been achieved. This will best be reveal through the accomplishment of measurable goals. Individual meetings will beheld with each Activity Director to dialogue about the progress of the activity goals and to provide feedback on any challenges that are currently being faced.\n- Internal audits are coordinated by the Title III Staff Accountant and conducted by the Internal Auditor in the Office of Fiscal Services. Internal audits will be conducted at random and can be conducted comprehensive over the HBCU and HBGI programs or on individual activities. Activity Directors will be notified in advance so that they can prepare requested materials.\n- External Audits are coordinated by the Title III Staff Accountant and conducted by a pre-determined Professional Accounting Firm. External audits are program comprehensive and are usually conducted in alternating years. However, they can occur at anytime. All Activity Directors will be notified in advance of an audit.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2013-20", "url": "http://www.xula.edu/ord/t3-sec7.php", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368705618968/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516120018-00075-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9323555827, "token_count": 892, "score": 2.734375, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Ní mór do chlár Teideal III díriú ar dhá phríomhchineál meastóireachta tionscadail - inmheánach agus seachtrach. Tá an dá chineál riachtanach agus riachtanach chun rath aon tionscadail.\nDéanann speisialtóir seachtrach cáilithe an meastóireacht sheachtrach; áfach, ní mór do phearsanra an tionscadail a bheith ar an eolas faoi conas ullmhú le haghaidh meastóireacht sheachtrach iomchuí agus a chinntiú go bhfaigheann an institiúid post inniúil agus críochnúil ón meastóir seachtrach.\nAr an gcéad dul síos, ní mór scrúdú a dhéanamh ar cheann de na cúraimí is deacra atá ar institiúidí Teideal III - córas cuimsitheach agus bailí a chruthú agus a chur chun feidhme chun meastóireacht a dhéanamh ar thionscadail. Dá bhrí sin, ní mór aird a thabhairt ar choincheap na meastóireachta agus ar chur chuige cruthaithe chun córas meastóireachta cáilíochta a fhorbairt.\nIs féidir meastóireacht a shainmhíniú ar bhealaí éagsúla. Tá an litríocht lán de shainmhínithe, samhlacha, córais agus nósanna imeachta meastóireachta. Chun críocha an téacs seo, tá trí shainmhíniú a tharraingíodh amach chun díriú ar na príomhpharaiméadair bhunúsacha. Is iad seo a leanas na sainmhínithe:\n\" . . . go deo . . . go deo . Is é an cinneadh a dhéantar a chinneadh an méid a bhfuil na cuspóirí a theastaíonn curtha i gcrích\n\"Tá an méid a baineadh amach nó an méid gluaiseachta a rinneadh sa treo atá ag teastáil\".\n(Boyle agus Johns, 1970)\n\" . . . go deo . . . go deo . An déanamh breithiúnais faoi luach, le haghaidh cuspóir éigin, smaointe,\nréitigh oibre, modhanna, ábhair, srl. Baineann sé le critéir a úsáid chomh maith le\ncaighdeáin chun measúnú a dhéanamh ar an méid a bhfuil sonraí cruinn, eacnamaíoch,\nnó a shásamh. Is féidir na breithiúnais a bheith cainníochtúil nó cáilíochtúil, agus is féidir leis an\nIs féidir na critéir a chinneadh ag an mac léinn féin nó iad a thabhairt do mhic léinn a bhfuil taithí acu ar an gcúrsa.\ndó. \" (Benjamin Bloom, Taxonomy of Educational Objectives) (Ciainm na gCearta Oideachais)\n\"Déan iarracht córais, modh, agus comhfhiosach chun na spriocanna, cuspóirí, agus\ncuspóirí clár nó gníomhaíochta; chun measúnú a dhéanamh, trí phróisis réasúnacha agus bhailí, ar\nan méid a bhfuil na cuspóirí sin á gcomhlíonadh; agus torthaí na gcinntí sin a chur i bhfeidhm\nTá an t-iarracht ag an gCoimisiún, i gcomhréir le hAirteagal 5 (2) den Chonradh ar Fheidhmiú an Aontais Eorpaigh,\naird. \" (J. Óg, \"Measúnú agus a Chaidreamh leis an gClárú\nIs cuma cén chaoi a roghnaíonn duine meastóireacht a shainiú, ba cheart a thuiscint go bhfuil roinnt cuspóirí an-úsáideacha ag meastóireacht (an taobh istigh agus an taobh amuigh araon) seachas riachtanais chistiúcháin a shásamh go simplí. Ba cheart go mbeadh oibreoirí an chláir ar an eolas faoi na cuspóirí seo go léir agus ba cheart dóibh iarracht a dhéanamh a gcuid iarrachtaí meastóireachta a uasmhéadú trí úsáidí iomadúla a bheith acu. I measc na gcríoch a bhaineann le meastóireacht tá:\n1. an t-am a bhí ann. Táscairí dul chun cinn a sholáthar\n2. Seachadadh. Bunús a sholáthar do chinnteoireacht\n3. Tá an t-am ann. Chun spreagadh agus morál na ndaoine a bhfuil baint acu leis an gclár, an curaclam nó an ghníomhaíocht atá á mheasúnú a mhéadú\n4. Tá an t-am Chun aiseolas a chur ar fáil do rannpháirtithe sa chlár\n5. Tá an t-am ann. Chun cabhrú le spriocanna agus cuspóirí a leagan síos, a scagadh, a shoiléiriú nó a athbhreithniú\n6. Ceacht. Chun ionchur a thabhairt isteach sa phróiseas pleanála\n7. Ceacht. Chun rannchuidiú le húsáid níos éifeachtaí acmhainní\n8. Ceacht. Chun a áirithiú go sainaithnítear an pobal sprioc a bheidh ag an gclár níos soiléire\n9. Naoi. Chun bonn teoiriciúil clár nó gníomhaíochta a thástáil\n10. Tá sé seo fíor? Torthaí agus tionchair iomlána clár nó gníomhaíochta críochnaithe a mheas i ndáil le spriocanna, cuspóirí nó misean a luaitear roimhe seo\n11. Céard a tharla? Chun hipoteis nó bunús eile a fhoirmiú le haghaidh tuilleadh staidéir.\n7.1 Meastóireachtaí inmheánacha\nDéanfar é seo trí phróiseas a úsáid chun an Tuarascáil Leathbhliain agus roghnú randamach gníomhaíochtaí a úsáid le haghaidh cuairte ar an láthair agus athbhreithniú ar dhoiciméid a dhéanfaidh Comhordaitheoir Teideal III.\n7.2 Measúnú seachtrach\nDéanfar é seo ar bhonn bliantúil agus déanfaidh comhairleoir seachtrach é a riaradh. Déanfaidh an comhairleoir athbhreithniú ar an doiciméad chun a fháil amach an dul chun cinn a baineadh amach. Is fearr é seo a nochtadh trí spriocanna in-am measartha a bhaint amach. Beidh cruinnithe aonair le gach Stiúrthóir Gníomhaíochta chun díospóireacht a dhéanamh faoi dhul chun cinn na gcuspóirí gníomhaíochta agus chun aiseolas a thabhairt ar aon dúshláin atá á ndíriú faoi láthair.\n- Déanann an Cuntasaí Foirne Teideal III iniúchtaí inmheánacha a chomhordú agus déanann an Iniúchóir Inmheánach iad in Oifig na Seirbhísí Fhisceála. Déanfar iniúchtaí inmheánacha go randamach agus is féidir iad a dhéanamh go cuimsitheach thar na cláir HBCU agus HBGI nó ar ghníomhaíochtaí aonair. Cuirfear na Stiúrthóirí Gníomhaíochta ar an eolas roimh ré ionas gur féidir leo na hábhair a iarrtar a ullmhú.\n- Déanann an Cuntasaí Foirne Teideal III iniúchadh ar Iniúchtaí Seachtracha agus déanann gnólacht cuntasaíochta gairmiúil réamhchinnithe iad. Is cuimsitheach ar an gclár iad iniúchtaí seachtracha agus de ghnáth déantar iad i mblianta malartacha. Mar sin féin, d'fhéadfadh siad tarlú ag am ar bith. Cuirfear na Stiúrthóirí Gníomhaíochta go léir ar an eolas roimh ré faoi iniúchadh."} {"text": "The Food Research & Action Center’s report, Afterschool Suppers: A Snapshot of Participation, found that the number of New Jersey children receiving afterschool suppers rose 22.5 percent from October 2017 to October 2018, when more than 24,000 children received a snack or meal on an average day. Only 10 states achieved higher increases.\nThe number of students receiving afterschool snacks also grew, rising 6 percent during that same time. In October 2018, 43,547 children received afterschool snacks through two federal programs – the National School Lunch Program and the Child and Adult Care Food Program.\n“This is great progress and helps fight hunger for children who might otherwise go home to an empty dinner table,’’ said Adele LaTourette, director, Hunger Free New Jersey. “Federal child nutrition programs like afterschool meals give students the nourishment they need to be healthy and succeed in school.’’\nLaTourette noted, however, that New Jersey still falls short of serving supper to the FRAC recommended 15 percent of students who receive free or reduced-price school lunch. With a 5.4 supper participation rate, New Jersey was below the national 6.2 average.\nIf New Jersey reached the recommended 15 percent, communities would collect an additional $19.9 million each year in federal funds for afterschool suppers, according to a September report by Hunger Free New Jersey.\nMany school districts continue to serve snacks through the National School Lunch Program, primarily because it is easier to administer since they are already participating through lunch service. FRAC’s report found that 55 percent of New Jersey’s afterschool nutrition is served through the National School Lunch Program.\nThe problem is, this program does not provide reimbursements for suppers and does not allow meal service on weekends or during school breaks.\nThe Child and Adult Care Food Program, on the other hand, provides generous reimbursements for snacks and suppers served in both schools and community-based afterschool programs. Those meals can be served on the weekends and during school breaks, under this program.\n“We encourage more New Jersey school districts to switch to serving suppers, in addition to snacks,’’ LaTourette said. “For many children, a snack alone will not ward off the hunger they face when struggling families are unable to put dinner on the table every night.’’\nUnder CACFP, any community with at least half of children qualified to receive free or reduced-price school meals can provide snacks and suppers using federal funds.\n“We are leaving so much money on the table that could be used to feed hungry children,’’ LaTourette noted. “It just doesn’t make sense. While it takes some effort to implement the program, once it’s up and running, schools routinely report that serving supper helps address student hunger, which is a major barrier to learning.’’\nChild Nutrition Reauthorization, currently being considered by Congress, provides an opportunity to invest in afterschool meals by streamlining the program to allow more New Jersey children to receive this critical nutrition, LaTourette said.\nIncreasing private and public funding for afterschool programs — including more investment of federal, state, and local dollars — would also help meet the demand for quality afterschool programs, which far outstrips supply in low-income communities, the report found.\nIn addition to providing good nutrition, afterschool programs also bolster academic achievement, provide safe places for children to play and learn after school and support working parents.\n“The nutrition and enrichment activities provided through afterschool programs support both children’s health and learning,” LaTourette said. “We need to bolster that support by increasing the number of programs offering afterschool activities and suppers, and make sure they are affordable and accessible for low-income families.”\nThe Food Research & Action Center is the leading national nonprofit organization working to eradicate poverty-related hunger and undernutrition in the United States. To learn more, visit FRAC.org,\nHunger Free New Jersey works to change policy and practice to ensure that every single New Jersey resident has healthy food to eat, every single day.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-05", "url": "https://njfoodforthought.org/nj-gaining-on-afterschool-suppers/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250614880.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20200124011048-20200124040048-00346.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.954251349, "token_count": 884, "score": 2.609375, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Fuair tuarascáil an Ionad Taighde agus Gníomhaíochta Bia, Suíomhanna Tar éis Scoile: Scannán de Chuid, go dtógadh 22.5 faoin gcéad ar líon na leanaí i New Jersey a fhaigheann dinnéir tar éis na scoile ó Dheireadh Fómhair 2017 go Deireadh Fómhair 2018, nuair a fuair níos mó ná 24,000 leanbh greim nó béile ar an meán lá. Ní raibh méadú níos airde ach ag 10 stát.\nD'fhás líon na mac léinn a fhaigheann snacks tar éis na scoile freisin, ag ardú 6 faoin gcéad le linn na tréimhse chéanna. I mí Dheireadh Fómhair 2018, fuair 43,547 leanbh greimnéisiam tar éis na scoile trí dhá chlár cónaidhme an Clár Náisiúnta Lunch Scoile agus an Clár Bia Cúram Leanaí agus Fásta.\nIs mór dul chun cinn é seo agus cabhraíonn sé le dul i ngleic le haigneacht do leanaí a d'fhéadfadh dul abhaile ar tábla dinnéir folamh, a dúirt Adele LaTourette, stiúrthóir, Hunger Free New Jersey. Tugann cláir chothaithe leanaí cónaidhme cosúil le béilí tar éis na scoile an cothú a theastaíonn uathu chun a bheith sláintiúil agus rathúil sa scoil.\nThug LaTourette faoi deara, áfach, nach bhfuil New Jersey fós ag freastal ar dinnéar don FRAC a mhol 15 faoin gcéad de na mic léinn a fhaigheann lóin scoile saor in aisce nó ar phraghas laghdaithe. Le ráta rannpháirtíochta dinnéar 5.4, bhí New Jersey faoi bhun an meán náisiúnta 6.2.\nMá shroich New Jersey an 15 faoin gcéad a mholtar, ba cheart do phobail $ 19.9 milliún breise a bhailiú gach bliain i gcistí cónaidhme le haghaidh dinnéar tar éis na scoile, de réir tuairisceán mí Mheán Fómhair ag Hunger Free New Jersey.\nLeanann go leor ceantair scoile snacks a sheirbheáil tríd an gClár Náisiúnta Lunch Scoile, go príomha toisc go bhfuil sé níos éasca a riaráil ós rud é go bhfuil siad ag glacadh páirt cheana féin trí sheirbhís lóin. Fuair tuarascáil FRAC go ndéantar 55 faoin gcéad de chothú tar éis na scoile i New Jersey a sheirbheáil tríd an gClár Náisiúnta Lunch Scoile.\nIs é an fhadhb ná nach soláthraíonn an clár seo aisíocaíocht do chúlchistí agus nach gceadaíonn sé seirbhís bia ar deireadh seachtaine nó le linn sosanna scoile.\nAr an láimh eile, soláthraíonn an Clár Bia Cúram Leanaí agus Fásta aisíocaíochtaí raidhseacha ar mhiasanna agus dinnéir a sheirbheáiltear sna scoileanna agus ar chláir iar-scoile bunaithe ar phobal. Is féidir na béilí sin a sheirbheáil ar an deireadh seachtaine agus le linn na n-amhrán scoile, faoin gclár seo.\n\"Cuirimid níos mó ceantair scoileanna i New Jersey chun dul ar aghaidh chun dinnéir a sheirbheáil, chomh maith le snacks\", a dúirt LaTourette. Ní bheidh snack amháin ag dul in aghaidh an ocrais a bhíonn ag go leor leanaí nuair nach féidir le teaghlaigh atá ag streachailt dinnéar a chur ar an mbord gach oíche.\nFaoin CACFP, is féidir le haon phobal a bhfuil leath ar a laghad dá leanaí cáilithe le béilí scoile saor in aisce nó ar phraghas laghdaithe a fháil snacks agus dinnéir a sholáthar ag baint úsáide as cistí cónaidhme.\nTá an oiread sin airgid á fhágáil againn ar an mbord a d'fhéadfaí a úsáid chun leanaí gortacha a chothú, a dúirt LaTourette. Ní chuireann sé ciall ar bith. Cé go gcosnaíonn sé roinnt iarrachta an clár a chur i bhfeidhm, nuair a bhíonn sé ar bun agus ag rith, tuairiscíonn scoileanna go rialta go gcuireann dinnéar a sheirbheáil le haigneacht na mac léinn a réiteach, rud a bhfuil ina bhac mór ar fhoghlaim.\nTugann an t-athúthrú cothaithe leanaí, atá á mheas faoi láthair ag an gComhdháil, deis infheistíocht a dhéanamh i béilí tar éis na scoile trí an clár a shruthlú chun ligean do níos mó leanaí i New Jersey an cothaithe ríthábhachtach seo a fháil, a dúirt LaTourette.\nD'aimsigh an tuarascáil go mbeadh maoiniú príobháideach agus poiblí níos mó le haghaidh cláir iar-scoile - lena n-áirítear níos mó infheistíochta de chúrsaí cónaidhme, stáit agus áitiúla - ag cabhrú freisin le freastal ar an éileamh ar chláir iar-scoile ardchaighdeáin, a théann i bhfad níos faide ná an soláthar i bpobail íseal-ioncaim.\nChomh maith le cothú maith a sholáthar, cuireann cláir iar-scoile le héifeachtúlacht acadúil, áiteanna sábháilte a chur ar fáil do leanaí chun imirt agus foghlaim tar éis na scoile agus tacú le tuismitheoirí atá ag obair.\nTacaíonn na gníomhaíochtaí cothaithe agus saibhrithe a chuirtear ar fáil trí chláir iar-scoile le sláinte agus foghlaim na leanaí araon, a dúirt LaTourette. Caithfimid an tacaíocht sin a threisiú trí líon na gclár a chuireann gníomhaíochtaí agus dinnéir iar-scoile ar fáil a mhéadú, agus a chinntiú go bhfuil siad inacmhainne agus inrochtana do theaghlaigh ar ioncam íseal.\nIs é an Ionad Taighde agus Gníomhaíochta Bia an príomh-eagraíocht neamhbhrabúis náisiúnta a oibríonn chun ocras agus fo-chothú a bhaineann le bochtaineacht a dhíothú sna Stáit Aontaithe. Chun tuilleadh eolais a fháil, tabhair cuairt ar FRAC.org,\nOibríonn New Jersey Saor ó Fáth chun beartas agus cleachtas a athrú chun a chinntiú go bhfuil bia sláintiúil ag gach áitritheoir i New Jersey, gach lá."} {"text": "The International Vaccine Institute collaborated with Seoul-based artists, designers, models, and photographer create striking images to raise awareness of neglected diseases. The concept was to use reproductions of the diseases cells painted onto models to attract attention to some of the diseases that affect the lives of millions around the globe. The Deadly Beauty campaign seeks to start a discussion of some of the neglected diseases that strike the poor, particularly children, in developing nations as well as the good work done at the International Vaccine Institute to help by discovering, developing and delivering safe, effective and affordable vaccines for the world’s developing nations.\nEnteric FeverAnnual deaths – 216,000 worldwide. Typhoid fever and paratyphoid fever are enteric illnesses that are caused by different strains of bacteria commonly acquired by consumption of food or water contaminated with the feces of an infected person. Enteric fever is common in the developing world, where it affects about 22 million people each year with an estimated 90% of cases occurring in South and Southeast Asia.\nEbolaTotal cases: 9,216 and rising (as of October 14, 2014); total deaths – 4,000+ (2014 outbreak). Ebola is a severe acute viral illness that spreads in the community through human-to-human transmission, with infection resulting from direct contact with the blood, secretions, organs or other bodily fluids of infected people, and indirect contact with environments contaminated with such fluids. The case of fatality for Ebola is up to 90%. The 2014 West Africa outbreak is the largest scale and most severe outbreak recorded.\nCholeraAnnual deaths – 100,000 to 130,000 worldwide; at risk – 3 to 5 million reported. Children less than the age of five years are at highest risk for getting the disease, especially in sub-Saharan Africa, South Asia where the disease burden is greatest. Although the provision and establishment of safe water, food, and sanitation systems continues to be at the root of cholera prevention, these measures can’t be fully implemented in the near future in most areas where cholera is endemic.\nDengue FeverAnnual deaths – 21,000 worldwide; at risk – 3.6 billion. Since the 1970s, dengue has expanded regionally and globally and is now endemic in over 100 countries across the globe. Dengue fever is caused by one of four related, but distinct, virus serotypes (DEN 1-4), which are transmitted to humans by mosquito. Infected humans are the main carriers and multipliers of the virus, serving as a source of the virus for uninfected mosquitoes.\nHepatitis EAnnual deaths – 57,000 worldwide; at risk – 3 million. Hepatitis E is a viral liver infection which is usually self-limiting, but may develop into acute liver failure. The virus is transmitted mainly via the fecal-oral route through the ingestion of contaminated drinking water. The highest numbers of people in a population who test positive for the disease are observed in regions where low standards of sanitation increase the risk for transmission of the virus.\nJapanese encephalitisAnnual deaths – 24,000 worldwide; at Risk – 3 billion. Japanese encephalitis is the leading cause of viral encephalitis in Asia. It is a flavivirus, meaning it is related to dengue, yellow fever and West Nile viruses and is transmitted through mosquitoes. There is no cure for the disease. Treatment is focused on relieving severe clinical signs and supporting the patient to overcome the infection. Human vaccination is the most effective control measure.\nShigellosisAnnual deaths – 1 million; at risk – 165 million. Shigellosis is transmitted through direct person-to-person contact, or indirectly through contaminated food or water via the fecal-oral route. Though it does occur in industrialized locations and is known to be the cause of traveler’s sickness, Shigella is the leading cause of severe diarrhea in developing nations and one of the major causes of deaths in children under 5. Currently no vaccine exists for shigellosis causing bacteria. Research shows an increasing prevalence of Shigella strains resistant to antibiotics.\nRota VirusAnnual deaths – 450,000-500,000 worldwide; at risk – 111 million. Rotavirus is extremely contagious and the most common cause of severe gastroenteritis in infants and young children worldwide. Its transmission is primarily through contaminated water and food. The clinical spectrum of rotavirus illness ranges from mild, watery diarrhea of limited duration to severe diarrhea with vomiting and fever that can result in dehydration with shock, electrolyte imbalance, and death.\nAlec Kim – Photographer | aleckim.com\nCorey Lajeunesse – Body Painter | facebook.com/scorpiobodypainting\nJinhee Won – Hair and Makeup | mariembeauty.com\nDon Kim – Men’s Fashion | westage.co.kr\nKelley Kim – Women’s Fashion | thecroche.net\nSonia Shrivastava – Production Assistant", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-26", "url": "http://eggheads.altervista.org/deadly-viruses-painted-human-body/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320532.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20170625134002-20170625154002-00626.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9334275723, "token_count": 1040, "score": 3.46875, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "D'oibrigh an Institiúid Idirnáisiúnta Vacsaín le healaíontóirí, dearthóirí, samhlacha agus grianghrafadóir atá lonnaithe i Seól chun íomhánna suntasacha a chruthú chun feasacht a ardú ar ghalair a ndearnadh faillí orthu. Ba é an coincheap atá ann ná go n-úsáidfí athdhéanamh na gcealla galar a péinteáil ar múnlaí chun aird a tharraingt ar chuid de na galair a théann i bhfeidhm ar shaol na milliúin ar fud na cruinne. Tá an feachtas Deadly Beauty ag iarraidh plé a thosú ar chuid de na galair neamhairdithe a bhuaileann na daoine bochta, go háirithe leanaí, i dtíortha atá i mbéal forbartha chomh maith leis an dea-obair a dhéantar ag an Institiúid Vacsaine Idirnáisiúnta chun cabhrú le vacsaíní sábháilte, éifeachtacha agus inacmhainne a aimsiú, a fhorbairt agus a sheachadadh do na tíortha atá i mbéal forbartha ar domhan.\nFever Enteric: 216,000 básanna bliantúla ar fud an domhain. Is galair intreach iad teip tíofóid agus teip paratyphoid a bhíonn mar thoradh ar shlabhraí baictéir éagsúla a fhaightear go coitianta trí ithe bia nó uisce a thruailliú le feces duine atá ionfhabhtaithe. Tá an teas enteric coitianta sa domhan atá ag forbairt, áit a mbíonn tionchar aige ar thart ar 22 milliún duine gach bliain agus meastar go dtarlaíonn 90% de na cásanna san Áise Theas agus Oirdheisceart.\nEbolaCásanna iomlána: 9,216 agus ag ardú (de réir 14 Deireadh Fómhair, 2014); básanna iomlána 4,000+ (briseadh 2014). Is galar víreasach géar é Ebola a scaipeann sa phobal trí tharchur ó dhuine go duine, agus bíonn an t-ionfhabhtú mar thoradh ar theagmháil dhíreach le fuil, secretions, orgáin nó leachtacha coirp eile daoine atá ionfhabhtaithe, agus teagmháil indíreach le timpeallachtaí atá truaillithe le leachtacha den sórt sin. Tá cás na marbhtachta le haghaidh Ebola suas le 90%. Is é ráig 2014 san Afraic Thiar an ráig is mó a taifeadadh agus is tromchúisí.\nColera: básanna bliantúla 100,000 go 130,000 ar fud an domhain; faoi bhagairt 3 go 5 milliún tuairiscíodh. Tá leanaí faoi bhun cúig bliana d'aois i mbaol is airde an galar a fháil, go háirithe san Afraic faoi-Shahárach, san Áise Theas áit a bhfuil an t-ualach galar is mó. Cé go bhfuil soláthar agus cur ar bun uisce sábháilte, bia, agus córais sláintíochta fós mar bhunús le cóireáil cholera, ní féidir na bearta seo a chur i bhfeidhm go hiomlán sa todhchaí in aice láimhe i bhformhór na gceantair ina bhfuil an cholera endemic.\nDengue Fever: básanna bliantúla 21,000 ar fud an domhain; i mbaol 3.6 billiún. Ó na 1970idí, tá dengue leathnaithe go réigiúnach agus go domhanda agus tá sé endemic anois i níos mó ná 100 tír ar fud an domhain. Déantar teas dengue a chur ar bun ag ceann de cheithre seiroitípe víris gaolmhara, ach ar leith (DEN 1-4), a tharchur chuig daoine trí mosquito. Is iad daoine ionfhabhtaithe na príomh-iompróirí agus na moltaí an víris, ag feidhmiú mar fhoinse an víris do mosquitoí neamh-ionfhabhtaithe.\nHeipitíteas EBásanna bliantúla 57,000 ar fud an domhain; i mbaol 3 mhilliún. Is ionfhabhtú víreasach ae é Hepatitis E a bhíonn féinchomhshrianúil de ghnáth, ach a d'fhéadfadh dul chun cinn go neamhéifeachtúlacht géarmhíochaine ae. Tá an víreas a tharchur go príomha tríd an mbealach fecal-oral trí uisce óil truaillithe a inghlaim. Tá na líon is airde daoine i bpobal a thástáil dearfach don ghalair i réimsí ina bhfuil caighdeáin íseal sláintíochta ag méadú an riosca le haghaidh tarchur an víris.\nEncephalitis Seapánach: básanna bliantúla 24,000 ar fud an domhain; i mbaol 3 billiún. Is é an t-encephalitis Seapánach an príomhchúis le heencephalitis víreasach san Áise. Is flavivíreas é, rud a chiallaíonn go bhfuil baint aige le víris dengue, fiabhras buí agus víris an Nile Thiar agus go dtarchuirtear é trí mosquitoes. Níl aon leigheas ar an ghalair. Tá an cóireáil dírithe ar tharchur comharthaí cliniciúla tromchúiseacha agus ar thacú leis an othar an t-ionfhabhtú a shárú. Is é vacsaínú an duine an beart rialaithe is éifeachtaí.\nShigellosisBásanna bliantúla 1 mhilliún; i mbaol 165 mhilliún. Tarchuirtear shigellosis trí theagmháil dhíreach duine le duine, nó go hindíreach trí bhia nó uisce truaillithe tríd an mbealach fecal-oral. Cé go bhfuil Shigella i láthair i dtíortha tionsclaithe agus go bhfuil a fhios go bhfuil sé ina chúis le galar na dturasóirí, is í Shigella an príomhchúis le diarrhea tromchúiseach i dtíortha atá i mbéal forbartha agus ceann de na cúiseanna móra báis i measc leanaí faoi bhun 5 bliana d'aois. Faoi láthair níl aon vacsaín ann do bhaictéir a chuireann shigellosis ar bun. Léiríonn taighde go bhfuil forleithne ag méadú ar shlabhraí Shigella atá frithsheasmhach i gcoinne antaibheathaigh.\n 450,000-500,000 básanna bliantúla ar fud an domhain; i mbaol 111 milliún. Tá an víreas Rota an-choinbhithe agus is é an chúis is coitianta le gastroenteritis throm i leanaí óga agus i leanaí óga ar fud an domhain. Tá an galar seo tar éis tarlú go príomha trí uisce agus bia atá truaillithe. Tá speictream cliniciúil galar rotavíris idir diarrhea éadrom, uisceach ar feadh tréimhse teoranta go diarrhea tromchúiseach le vómáil agus teas a d'fhéadfadh díhiodráitiú le suaitheadh, míchothromú leictrealaithe, agus bás a bheith mar thoradh air.\nAlec Kim Grianghrafadóir aleckim.com\nCorey Lajeunesse Body Painter facebook.com/scorpiobodypainting\nJinhee Won Gruaige agus Makeup mariembeauty.com\nDon Kim Men's Fashion westage.co.kr\nKelley Kim Fócas na mBan thecroche.net\nSonia Shrivastava Cúntóir Táirgthe"} {"text": "Internet Banking Options\nCNB Teaches Children to Save\nENID, OKLA. – As part of the ABA Education Foundation’s Teach Children to Save program, Central National Bank will talk with Coolidge students on April 18th and Waukomis, Cimarron Montessori, Hayes and Glenwood students on April 24th about the importance of saving. More than 250 local youths will explore the difference between needs and wants, learn how to identify expenses, and decide on financial trade-offs while looking at ways to cut spending.\nEstablished by the American Bankers Association Education Foundation in 1997, Teach Children to Save has reached more than 5 million young people through the commitment of 120,000 plus banker volunteers.\n“This program gives us the opportunity to share our life experiences and banking knowledge to motivate students to become lifelong savers,” said Tania Warnock, marketing officer.\nCentral National Bank offers the following tips for money-savvy parents raising money-smart kids:\n- Set the example of a responsible money manager by paying bills on time, being a conscientious spender and an active saver. Children tend to emulate their parents’ personal finance habits.\n- Talk openly about money with your kids. Communicate your values and experiences with money. Encourage them to ask you questions, and be prepared to answer them – even the tough ones.\n- Explain the difference between needs and wants, the value of saving and budgeting and the consequences of not doing so.\n- Open a savings account for your children and take them with you to make deposits, so they can learn how to be hands-on in their money management.\n- Let them make mistakes. As they get older, give them responsibility over how they manage their money. When they make mistakes, use it as a teachable moment to discuss the right way to handle money.\nAbout Central National Bank\nChartered in 1913, CNB is a full-service FDIC-insured financial institution with over $550 million in assets. Along with traditional banking products such as checking and savings accounts, Certificates of Deposits and loan products, CNB also issues and processes prepaid cards for universities, employers and program managers. Central National Bank has locations in Enid, Blackwell, Bartlesville, Mooreland, Woodward and Tulsa. For more information please visit the bank’s website at www.cnb-ok.com.\nAbout the ABA Education Foundation\nThe ABA Education Foundation, a nonprofit subsidiary of the American Bankers Association, provides financial education programs and resources that help bankers make their communities better.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2013-20", "url": "http://cnb-ok.com/2012/04/cnb-teaches-children-to-save-2/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368703532372/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516112532-00053-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9340107441, "token_count": 538, "score": 2.96875, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Roghanna Baincéireachta Idirlín\nCNB Teaches Kids To Save\nENID, OKLA. Mar chuid de chlár Teach Children to Save de chuid ABA Education Foundation, beidh Banc Náisiúnta na hIonstraime ag caint le mic léinn Coolidge ar an 18 Aibreán agus le mic léinn Waukomis, Cimarron Montessori, Hayes agus Glenwood ar an 24 Aibreán faoi thábhacht na coigilte. Déanfaidh níos mó ná 250 óg áitiúla iniúchadh ar an difríocht idir riachtanais agus mianta, foghlaim conas caiteachas a aithint, agus cinneadh a dhéanamh ar chomhaontaithe airgeadais agus iad ag lorg bealaí chun caiteachas a laghdú.\nBunaithe ag an American Bankers Association Education Foundation i 1997, tá Teach Children to Save tar éis teacht ar níos mó ná 5 mhilliún duine óg trí thiomantas níos mó ná 120,000 bancóir deonacha.\n'Tá an clár seo ag tabhairt deis dúinn ár dtaithí ar shaol agus eolas baincéireachta a roinnt chun mic léinn a spreagadh chun a bheith ina sábhálaithe ar feadh an tsaoil,' a dúirt Tania Warnock, oifigeach margaíochta.\nTugann an Banc Náisiúnta Ceannais na leideanna seo a leanas do thuismitheoirí a bhfuil eolas acu ar airgead agus a bhfuil leanaí a bhfuil eolas acu ar airgead acu:\n- Tabhair sampla de bhainisteoir airgid freagrach trí bhilleanna a íoc in am, a bheith ina chaiteoir choinsiasach agus ina shábháilí gníomhach. Is gnách go ndéanann leanaí a gcuid tuismitheoirí a mhalairt ar ghnáthamh airgeadais pearsanta.\n- Labhair go hoscailte faoi airgead le do pháistí. Cuir do luachanna agus do thaithí in iúl le airgead. Spreag iad ceisteanna a chur ort, agus bí réidh chun iad a fhreagairt - fiú na cinn is deacra.\n- Mínigh an difríocht idir riachtanais agus mian, luach na coigiltis agus an bhuiséidithe agus na hiarmhairtí a bhaineann le gan é sin a dhéanamh.\n- Cuntas coigilteas a oscailt do do pháistí agus iad a thabhairt leat chun taiscí a dhéanamh, ionas gur féidir leo foghlaim conas a bheith láimhe i mbainistiú a gcuid airgid.\n- Lig dóibh botúin a dhéanamh. De réir mar a théann siad in aois, tabhair freagracht dóibh maidir le conas a bhainistíonn siad a gcuid airgid. Nuair a dhéanfaidh siad botúin, bain úsáid as an nóiméad sin mar nóiméad foghlaimeach chun an bealach ceart chun airgead a láimhseáil a phlé.\nMaidir leis an mBanc Náisiúnta Ceannais\nChartered i 1913, is institiúid airgeadais FDIC-árachnaithe lánseirbhíse é CNB le breis agus $ 550 milliún in sócmhainní. Chomh maith le táirgí baincéireachta traidisiúnta mar cuntais seiceála agus coigilte, Deimhnithe Tascanna agus táirgí iasachta, eisíonn agus próiseálann CNB cártaí réamhíoctha d'ollscoileanna, d'fhostóirí agus do bhainisteoirí cláir. Tá suíomhanna ag Banc Náisiúnta Ceannais i Enid, Blackwell, Bartlesville, Mooreland, Woodward agus Tulsa. Le haghaidh tuilleadh eolais, tabhair cuairt ar shuíomh gréasáin an bhainc ag www.cnb-ok.com.\nMaidir le Fondúireacht Oideachais ABA\nSoláthraíonn ABA Education Foundation, fochuideachta neamhbhrabúis de Chumann Baincéirí Mheiriceá, cláir oideachais airgeadais agus acmhainní a chabhraíonn le baincéirí a bpobail a dhéanamh níos fearr."} {"text": "Voyeurism is the sexual enthusiasm for or routine with regards to keeping an eye on individuals occupied with imply practices, for example, uncovering, sexual action, or different activities typically thought to be of a private nature.\nThe term originates from the French voir which signifies “to see”. A male voyeur is ordinarily named as “Peeping Tom” or a “Jags”, a term which begins from the Lady Godiva legend. However, that term is normally connected to a male who watches some individual covertly and, for the most part, not in an open place. The American Psychiatric Association has arranged certain voyeuristic dreams, inclinations and standards of conduct as a paraphilia in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-IV) if the individual has followed up on these desires, or the sexual desires or dreams cause stamped trouble or relational difficulty. It is portrayed as a turmoil of sexual inclination in the ICD-10. The DSM-IV characterizes voyeurism as the demonstration of taking a gander at “clueless people, normally outsiders, who are stripped, during the time spent undressing, or taking part in sexual activity”. The analysis would not be given to individuals who encounter regular sexual excitement just by observing nakedness or sexual action. Keeping in mind the end goal to be determined to have voyeuristic turmoil the indications must hold on for more than a half year and the individual being referred to must be beyond 18 years old", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-05", "url": "https://freeprivatecamera.com/free-private-camera/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251788528.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20200129041149-20200129071149-00239.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9364445806, "token_count": 309, "score": 2.546875, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Is é an voyeurism an díograis ghnéasach nó an gnáthamh maidir le súil a choinneáil ar dhaoine aonair atá gnóthach le cleachtais implí, mar shampla, nochtadh, gníomh gnéis, nó gníomhaíochtaí éagsúla a mheastar go hiondúil a bheith de chineál príobháideach.\nTagann an téarma ón bhFraincis voir a chiallaíonn a fheiceáil. De ghnáth tugtar 'Peeping Tom' nó 'Jags' ar voyeur fireann, téarma a thosaíonn ó finscéal Lady Godiva. Mar sin féin, is gnách go gcuirtear an téarma sin i dteagmháil le fear a bhreathnaíonn ar dhuine éigin go rúnda agus, den chuid is mó, ní i láthair phoiblí. Tá roinnt aislingí, claonadh agus caighdeáin iompair voyeuristic socraithe ag an gCumann Síceach Meiriceánach mar paraphilia sa lámhleabhar diagnóise agus staidrimh (DSM-IV) má leanann an duine na mianta seo, nó má bhíonn na mianta nó na aislingí gnéis ina chúis le trioblóid stampáilte nó deacracht caidrimh. Déantar é a léiriú mar chontúirt i dtreo gnéis sa ICD-10. Déanann an DSM-IV an voyeurism a shainaithint mar léiriú ar \"daoine gan cluas, daoine amuigh de ghnáth, a bhfuil siad aistrithe, a ghlacadh le linn an ama a chaitear ag éalú, nó ag glacadh páirte i ngníomhaíocht ghnéasach\". Ní dhéanfaí an anailís ar dhaoine aonair a bhíonn ag fulaingt ó ghnéas go rialta ach amháin trí na n-óg nó gníomhaíocht ghnéasach a bhreathnú. Ag cuimhneamh ar an sprioc deiridh a chinneadh go bhfuil suaitheadh voyeuristic ní mór na táscairí a bheith ar feadh níos mó ná sé mhí agus ní mór an duine aonair a bhfuil a dtugtar a bheith níos mó ná 18 mbliana d'aois"} {"text": "|In the Spring or Summer time Cut a long piece of\nLime wood (sometimes called Basswood) about\n2 - 4 inches thick at the base with as little knots and side branches as possible.\nThe bark will be easier to remove at this time of year when the sap has\nPersonally I wouldn't cut down a single lime tree (unless there were many together). This wood was taken from stool of coppiced Lime. Often there will be such shoots around where large lime trees have fallen. Cut thought the base of the wood as cleanly as possible on a slant. (cutting at a slant will stop rain water etc resting on top of the cut and will reduce the chances of the stump rotting.)\nStripping the bark\nCut thought the bark in a line down the length of the wood.\n|Start to peel back the bark. It will probably\nbe hard to do with just your fingers because the bark is so strong.\nMake a tool called a 'Spud' to help you (a chisel shaped piece of wood).\n|Focus on loosening the bark from half way around the wood, then fully prise back the bark at one end and pull the bark away from the wood in one sheet.|\nRetting the Bark\nOnce separated from the wood, put the bark it in a slow moving stream or lake. Use rocks or hooked sticks to keep it totally submerged.\nthe layers of bark will separate. Depending on the temperature of the\nwater (and probably the natural bacteria levels too) it can take between\n2 and 8 weeks for the bark to go from a solid structure to a soft\nfibrous sheet of many layers, this process is called retting. By the\ntime it's ready the bark will stink too, but that's no bother. It will\nprobably be covered in slime and various creatures may have made their\nhome on the surface. Rub the slime off, then dunk and wring out the bark\nnumerous times until clean.\n|This is one layer of bark,\nthe majority of these fibres will be extremely strong! Traditionally\nthese fibres are often called 'Lime bast' and have been used throughout\nhistory for many tying and binding jobs. For our ancestors this would\nhave been a very valuable resource.\n|When the fibres dry they become nice and soft\nand are ideal for cordage making. Because the fibres are long you wont\nneed to introduce new fibres as often when making cordage; which is rather", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-30", "url": "http://jonsbushcraft.com/lime%20bark%20tutorial.htm", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549424876.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20170724122255-20170724142255-00477.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9489331245, "token_count": 521, "score": 3.03125, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "I rith an Earraigh nó an tSamhraidh gearradh píosa fada de\ncrainn chill (ar a dtugtar Basswood uaireanta) thart ar\n2 - 4 orlach tiubh ag an mbonn le nótaí agus brainsí taobh chomh beag agus is féidir.\nBeidh an craiceann a bheith níos éasca a bhaint ag an am seo den bhliain nuair a tá an sap\nGo pearsanta ní dhéanfainn crann liopa amháin a ghearradh (mura mbeadh go leor acu le chéile). Tógadh an adhmad seo ó stool de Lime coppiced. Is minic a bhíonn briseadh den sórt sin thart ar na háiteanna a bhfuil crainn chill mhóra titim. Gearradh smaoineamh bun na adhmaid chomh glan agus is féidir ar slant. (coscfaidh gearradh ag claonadh uisce báistí srl ag fanacht ar bharr an ghearradh agus laghdóidh sé na seansanna go mbraitheann an stump.)\nAn craiceann a bhaint\nGearradh smaoineamh an craiceann i líne síos ar fhad an adhmaid.\n◯Tosaigh ag casadh an chraiceann. Is dócha go\na bheith deacair a dhéanamh le do mhéara amháin toisc go bhfuil an craiceann chomh láidir.\nDéan uirlis ar a dtugtar 'Spud' chun cabhrú leat (píosa adhmaid i gcruth ciseal).\nDíriú ar scaoileadh an craiceann ó leathbhealach timpeall an adhmaid, ansin go hiomlán a prionsail ar ais an craiceann ag ceann amháin agus tarraingt an craiceann ar shiúl ó na adhmaid i leathán amháin.\nAn Bád a Chóiré\nNuair a bheidh sé scartha ón adhmad, cuir an craiceann sé i sruth nó i loch a ghluaiseann go mall. Úsáid carraigeacha nó bataí crochta chun é a choinneáil faoi uisce go hiomlán.\nscriosfaidh na sraitheanna de chraiceann. Ag brath ar thimpeachtra an\nIs féidir leis an uisce (agus is dócha na leibhéil baictéir nádúrtha freisin) a thógann sé idir\n2 agus 8 seachtaine chun go rachaidh an craiceann ó struchtúr daingean go struchtúr bog\nTá an t-earraí seo leagtha amach i mír 1 de Threoir 2008/68/CE ó Pharlaimint na hEorpa agus ón gComhairle (IO L 347, 20.12.2008, lch. Le\nam tá sé réidh beidh an craiceann stink freisin, ach tá sé nach bhfuil aon bother. Beidh sé\nIs dócha go mbeidh clúdaithe i slime agus d'fhéadfadh créatúir éagsúla a bheith déanta acu\nbaile ar an dromchla. Scrub an slime as, ansin dunk agus squeeze amach an craiceann\ngo leor uaireanta go dtí go glan.\nSeo sraith amháin de chraiceann,\nBeidh an chuid is mó de na snáithíní seo an-láidir! Go traidisiúnta\nIs minic a thugtar 'bast cháil' ar na snáithíní seo agus úsáidtear iad ar fud an domhain\nTá an t-eispéireas seo ar fáil i ngach áit. I gcás ár sinsear bheadh sé seo\ngo raibh acmhainn an-luachmhar.\nNuair a thriomú na snáithíní a thagann siad deas agus bog\nagus tá siad oiriúnach le haghaidh rópaí a dhéanamh. Toisc go bhfuil na snáithíní fada ní bheidh tú\nNí mór snáithíní nua a chur isteach chomh minic agus a dhéantar cordage; is é sin a"} {"text": "Submitted to: Journal of Environmental Science and Technology\nPublication Type: Peer Reviewed Journal\nPublication Acceptance Date: October 22, 1999\nPublication Date: N/A\nInterpretive Summary: There is a tremendous need to treat textile wastewaters cost effectively. Most conventional treatment methods remove the dyes that contaminate these wastewaters inefficiently. We previously devised a technology that uses chemically modified biomass (plant residue matter) to remove dyes from wastewater. Now, to make this technology more cost effective, we have developed a method that relies on bacteria to break up the dye and allow the biomass to be used many times. The natural ability of certain bacteria to digest dyes when they lack oxygen was harnessed for the task of cleaning off the dye from the biomass. This new procedure lessens the cost of regenerating the dye-binding capacity of the biomass and minimizes the environmental impact of the process. The technology can be incorporated into certain existing types of wastewater treatment systems. Engineers can use this information in the design of new treatment facilities for textile mills.\nTechnical Abstract: Cellulosic strong anion exchangers are very effective for decolorizing textile wastewaters. However, the high affinity of dyes for the adsorbent make regeneration with conventional eluants impractical. Previous work demonstrated that chemical reduction of azo dyes bound to cellulosic anion exchangers facilitates adsorbent regeneration. The present study examines whether microbial azo-reductase activity could substitute for inorganic reductants. Anaerobic suspensions of Burkholderia cepacia NRRL B-14803 were tested for their ability to reduce two monoazo dyes, Orange II and hydrolyzed Remazol Red F3B, in a variety of reactor configurations. Inclusion of anthraquinone-2-sulfonate in the reaction medium greatly increased dye reduction rates, as did increased temperature and bacteria concentration. By physically separating the bacteria from the dye adsorbent using a reactor in which the bacteria were confined to a dialysis tube, it was demonstrated that anthraquinone-2-sulfonate mediated the transfer of reducing equivalents from bacteria to adsorbent-bound dye. Furthermore, anaerobic B. cepacia suspensions can drive a large fraction of anthraquinone-2-sulfonate to the reduced state, in the absence of dye, within a 6-hr incubation period. These observations suggested that a spaciotemporal disconnection of the process of adsorbent dye reduction from the azo-reductase activity of bacteria would be feasible. This possibility was confirmed by regenerating an ion exchanger bed with dialysate from a separately housed anaerobic reactor.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2013-48", "url": "http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=104079", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386164001281/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204133321-00070-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9225851297, "token_count": 562, "score": 2.828125, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Aighneacht chuig: Journal of Environmental Science and Technology\nCineál Foilseacháin: Iris Athbhreithnithe Piaraí\nDáta Ceadaithe Foilseacháin: 22 Deireadh Fómhair 1999\nDáta Foilsithe: N/A\nGearrthóg léirmhínithe: Tá gá mhór le fuíolluisce teicstíle a chóireáil ar bhealach costéifeachtach. Tá an chuid is mó de na modhanna cóireála traidisiúnta ag baint na dathanna a chuireann truailliú ar na fuíolluisceanna seo go neamhéifeachtach. D'fhorbair muid teicneolaíocht roimhe sin a úsáideann bithmhais mhodhnaithe go ceimiceach (ábhar iarmhar plandaí) chun dathanna a bhaint as fuíolluisce. Anois, chun an teicneolaíocht seo a dhéanamh níos costéifeachtúla, d'fhorbair muid modh a bhraitheann ar bhaictéir chun an dath a bhriseadh agus a cheadaíonn an bithmhéad a úsáid go minic. Baineadh úsáid as cumas nádúrtha baictéir áirithe dathanna a dhíleá nuair a bhíonn ocsaigin acu chun an datha a ghlanadh as an mbia-mhais. Tá an nós imeachta nua seo ag laghdú costas athghiniúint cumas ceangailteach dath na bithmhaise agus ag íoslaghdú tionchar an phróisis ar an gcomhshaol. Is féidir an teicneolaíocht a ionchorprú i gcineálacha áirithe córais cóireála fuíolluisce atá ann cheana féin. Is féidir le hinnealtóirí an fhaisnéis seo a úsáid i ndearadh áiseanna cóireála nua do mhillianna teicstíle.\nTreoir maidir le fuíolluisceanna teicniúla: Tá malartuithe aniúin láidre cellulósacha an-éifeachtach chun fuíolluisceanna teicstíle a dhícholú. Mar sin féin, ní féidir athghiniúint a dhéanamh le heolairí traidisiúnta mar gheall ar an ard-chairdeas atá ag dathanna don adsorbent. Léiríodh i saothair roimhe seo go gcuireann laghdú ceimiceach ar dhruidí azo ceangailte le malartuithe anion cellulósacha athghiniúint adsorbint ar fáil. Sa staidéar seo, scrúdaítear an bhféadfadh gníomhaíocht microbial azo-reductase ionad a chur ar laghdaitheoirí neamhorgánacha. Rinneadh tástáil ar fhionraí anaeróbach Burkholderia cepacia NRRL B-14803 maidir lena gcumas dhá dhia monoazo, Orange II agus Remazol Red F3B hidrealaithe, a laghdú i gcumraíochtaí imoibritheora éagsúla. D'aontaigh an anthrachinon-2-sulfonate sa mheán imoibrithe go mór rátaí laghdaithe datha, mar a rinne méadú ar theochlaíocht agus ar thiúchan baictéir. Trí na baictéir a scaradh go fisiciúil ón adsorbent datha ag baint úsáide as imoibreoir ina raibh na baictéir teoranta do thábla diailís, léiríodh go raibh anthraquinone-2-sulfonate ina idirghabhálaí ar aistriú coibhéisí laghdaithe ó bhaictéir go datha ceangailte le adsorbent. Ina theannta sin, is féidir le fionraí anaeróbach B. cepacia codán mór de anthraquinone-2-sulfonate a thiomáint go dtí an staid laghdaithe, gan dath, laistigh de thréimhse inbhuanaithe 6 uair an chloig. Thug na breathnithe seo le fios go mbeadh sé indéanta dícheangal spáis-amhairc a dhéanamh ar an bpróiseas laghdaithe dath adsorbint ó ghníomhaíocht azo-reductase baictéir. Deimhníodh an fhéidearthacht seo trí leaba malartaithe ian a athghiniúint le diailíséat ó imoibreoir anaeróbach a bhí lonnaithe ar leithligh."} {"text": "How Excellent Is Your Name\nO LORD, our Lord, how excellent is Your name in all the earth, who have set Your glory above the heavens!\nPsalm 8 “is a poetic reflection of the great creation text of Gen. 1” (Nelson's NKJV Study Bible comment on Psalm 8). This verse focuses on the Creator Himself. God’s personal attributes, signified by His name, far surpass the wonders of the physical heavens and the earth. Discovering and thinking about the wonders of the creation should help us see how much more excellent and glorious the Creator is.\nWe will look at other passages in Psalm 8 in future weeks, but note that the ending echoes the beginning, with praise for God’s excellent name.\nFor more about using God’s name correctly, see “Third Commandment: You Shall Not Take God’s Name in Vain” and “Praise God.”", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-14", "url": "https://lifehopeandtruth.com/bible/blog/how-excellent-is-your-name/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296949025.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20230329182643-20230329212643-00007.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8703432083, "token_count": 199, "score": 3.03125, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Cé chomh uasal is atá do ainm\nA THIGHEARNA, ár dTiarna, cé chomh iontach is atá d'ainm ar fud na talún, a chuir do ghlóir os cionn na bhflaitheas.\nIs léiriú filíochta é Salm 8 ar an téacs cruthaitheach mór de Gen. 1 (comharradh Béarla-nóthacha NKJV ar Salm 8). Tá an téacs seo dírithe ar an mBreatóir féin. Tá tréithe pearsanta Dé, a léirítear lena ainm, i bhfad níos mó ná na iontais atá sna flaithis agus sa talamh fisiceach. Ba cheart go gcabhródh fionnachtana agus machnamh ar na iontais a bhaineann leis an gcruthú linn a fheiceáil cé chomh mór agus chomh glórmhar is atá an Cruthaitheoir.\nDéanaimid féachaint ar thréithe eile i Salm 8 sna seachtainí amach romhainn, ach tabhair faoi deara go bhfuil an deireadh ag teacht le tús an sáma, le moladh don ainm iontach Dé.\nChun tuilleadh a fháil faoi ainm Dé a úsáid i gceart, féach An Tríú Commandment: Ní ghlacfaidh tú ainm Dé ar neamhní agus Lobhad Dé."} {"text": "Sex hormones are present in both the male and female bodies. While testosterone is the dominant sex hormone in the male body, there is very little estrogen in men.\nThe opposite is true for women. Even though often considered a female sex hormone, estrogen still has some roles to play in the male body.\nAs men age, testosterone levels naturally fall into decline, while estrogen levels rise, resulting in a hormonal imbalance.\nWhen the level of estrogen production in men increases too high, it can cause several potential adverse effects.\nSeveral studies have shown that too much estrogen in men can be harmful.\nIn fact, among men, the consumption of foods that causes an increase in estrogen has even been shown to reduce sperm concentration. Therefore, consuming estrogen blocking foods can help to restore hormone balance.\n10 of the best foods to naturally lower estrogen levels include:\n- Cruciferous plants, including broccoli, kale\n- Sesame seeds\n- Green tea\n- Red grapes\nMen and low testosterone\nTestosterone is a male sex hormone (androgen) that is mainly produced in men’s testicles.\nThe testicles primarily make testosterone in men. Women’s ovaries also produce testosterone, though in much smaller amounts.\nTestosterone plays an essential role in men’s health. It is responsible for many bodily functions, including sperm production, sex drive, muscle mass, bone density, facial hair, fat distribution, and red blood cell count.\nAccording to The American Urological Association, a testosterone level of at least 300 nanograms per deciliter (ng/dL) is normal for a man. A man with a testosterone level below 300 ng/dL should be diagnosed with low testosterone.\nWhat are the signs of high estrogen in men?\nA high level of estrogen in the male body can cause many symptoms to develop. A lot of these symptoms may be associated with other conditions, which do make it difficult for a man to determine what the cause may be.\nRecognizing the signs associated with high estrogen in men is the first step to correcting the problem – but to be certain, some tests that can be used to detect the current level of estrogen hormones in the bloodstream.\nCommon signs and symptoms of high estrogen in the male body may include:\n- Problems with fertility\n- Hot flashes\n- Bone loss\n- Low sex drive\n- Increase in body fat cells\n- Loss of muscle mass\n- Mood changes\n- Growth of breast tissue (breasts become larger).\n- Symptoms commonly associated with erectile dysfunction.\nBest estrogen blocking foods for men\nWhile some foods have been found to contain chemicals that act similarly to estrogen in the human body, other foods might help to reduce estrogen in men who have high levels of this hormone in their bodies.\nWe take a look at some of the best estrogen blocking foods that men should consider adding to their diet for hormonal balance.\nBroccoli is a type of cruciferous vegetable that contains several beneficial properties. Other cruciferous vegetables include:\n- Bok choy\n- Collard greens\nThis vegetable has been associated with many health advantages, with the most common being the fact that certain chemicals found in broccoli might be useful in fighting against depression naturally.\nBroccoli is packed with many useful vitamins, minerals, amino acids, and other plant-based chemicals.\nA single serving of broccoli gives you a dose of several vitamins, including A, C, E, K, B6, and more. The vegetable is also high in Calcium, Iron, Potassium, Manganese, and Selenium. Additional nutrients include protein, omega-3 fatty acids, and omega-6 fatty acids.\nApart from these nutrients, broccoli is a vegetable high in phytochemicals. These plant-based chemicals may help to block the production of estrogen in the male body. This can help to reduce the level of estrogen that is currently circulating in a man’s body.\nRegular consumption of these phytochemicals can also help to bring estrogen levels back into balance in the long run.\nKale has been called one of the healthiest vegetables in the world – and for a good reason. Kale is considered a superfood and contains the majority of the nutrients that the human body needs to stay healthy and functional.\nA single cup of kale contains almost three grams’ worth of protein, along with fiber, several important vitamins, and a specific type of omega-3 fatty acid known as Alpha-linolenic acid.\nOther nutrients found in kale that gives the plant additional health properties include zeaxanthin and lutein. These have been shown to help fight against the development of both cataracts and macular degeneration, two particularly common eye-related conditions.\nKale is another vegetable that is also high in phytochemicals. These are the same chemicals that go to work to help fight against an increase in estrogen levels as the ones found in broccoli.\n3) Flax Seeds\nFlax seeds are not only delicious in a variety of foods but are also a rich source of several minerals, protein, isoflavones, and even fatty acids that the human body depends on for its survival. These seeds are relatively easy to find at most health stores, too, and they are not expensive.\nA dose of flax seeds contains Alpha-linolenic acid, a specific type of omega-3 fatty acid that has several important functions to play in the body.\nAdditionally, the antioxidant activity of flax seeds, along with the added nutrients and plant-based chemicals, may help to protect the body from complications like cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and possibly even some forms of cancer.\nA publication by the Oregon State University5 explains that flax seeds seem to be the richest source of enzymes that are called lignan precursors. A lignan is a type of polyphenol that is found in a variety of plants and can offer the body multiple health benefits.\nOne of these benefits might be to reduce the production of estrogen among men since lignans themselves can exert certain functions generally associated with estrogen hormones – but without elevating the level of these hormones in the body.\n4) Sesame Seeds\nSesame seeds are also a great option when it comes to looking at how certain types of seeds may help men experience a reduction in estrogen.\nSimilar to flax seeds, sesame seeds also contain lignan precursors, which act similar to estrogens in the human body, but without causing a rise in estrogen hormones.\nApart from being a beneficial estrogen blocker for men who have high estrogen levels in their body, sesame seeds also offer additional health benefits. These seeds are high in fiber. A high fiber diet can contribute greatly to gastrointestinal health as well as to a generally healthy lifestyle.\nOther potential benefits of sesame seeds include a possible reduction in triglycerides, as well as cholesterol.\nSesame seeds also offer high-quality plant-based protein. The combination of nutrients found in sesame seeds, along with the natural plant-based chemicals, are also beneficial for supporting bone health and could yield a reduction in blood pressure levels.\nWhile not the most popular fruit in existence, pomegranates actually contain several beneficial nutrients and naturally-occurring chemicals that are helpful to the well-being of the human body.\nThe antioxidant properties of pomegranates would usually be the first benefit that comes to mind when looking at what the fruit offers the body.\nAntioxidants help to fight against free radicals in the human body. Free radicals have been linked to several adverse effects, including inflammation and cancers.\nWhen it comes to estrogen, we need to turn our focus to the phytochemicals that are naturally present in pomegranates.\nThese are plant-based chemicals found in some of the other foods we have listed already, too – they have anti-estrogen properties. What this essentially means is that by eating more pomegranates, a man might be able to find that the level of estrogen in their blood starts to decline.\nMen can choose to eat pomegranates as a fruit, but the benefits can also be obtained from high-quality juices. When looking for pomegranate juice, it is important to ensure that the juice actually contains pomegranate and is not just a flavoring to make it taste like this fruit.\n6) Green Tea\nGreen tea is considered the healthiest drink throughout the world. There are a lot of scientific studies that focus on how the consumption of green tea may be beneficial for the human body.\nGreen tea contains several compounds that are great for improving human health – including a variety of polyphenols. The polyphenols that are found in green tea may directly impact the enzymes that are known to metabolize estrogen hormones in the human body.\nThis essentially means that the regular consumption of green tea may help to provide an improvement in the balance of estrogen within the body.\nIt is very easy to find green tea anywhere in the world today.\nFor those who do not enjoy the taste of green tea, a variety of flavored options are available. The easiest way to drink green tea is to buy green tea bags, which is simply placed in hot water and then steeped for a couple of minutes.\nGreen tea is not only great for balancing estrogen in the male body. According to one study6, the consumption of this tea may also be useful for reducing weight, and could also be useful for people with diabetes and atherosclerosis.\n7) Whole grain oats\nOats are a type of whole grain that is unprocessed, which means the grain can maintain all of the most important parts that it is made from. These parts generally tend to include bran, germ, and endosperm.\nThe benefits of oats related to estrogen levels in the human body are actually quite similar to that of seeds, such as sesame seeds. Oats contain phytochemicals, including polyphenols and phytoestrogens.\nThe polyphenols found in oats may help a man to experience an estrogen-blocking effect. This would prevent their body from converting too many testosterone hormones into estrogen.\nThe other phytochemicals that are present in oats may help to produce similar effects as estrogen in the body, but without causing levels of the hormone actually to increase.\nApart from the fact that oats may help to balance estrogen levels in men with too much of these hormones in their body, there are other noteworthy benefits of this food as well.\nOats have been shown to cause a decrease in LDL cholesterol and total cholesterol. The food may also help with the regulation of blood sugar, and the fiber content helps a person feel fuller – which is great for weight loss.\n8) Red Grapes\nRed grapes are another estrogen-blocking food that men should consider consuming more if they find that their estrogen levels are higher than what they should be.\nThere are actually two different types of chemicals found in red grapes that assist with the blocking of a process in the body that produces estrogens. The first is resveratrol, which is contained in the skin of red grapes.\nResveratrol is actually considered an exceptionally powerful antioxidant, helping the body fight against oxidative stress.\nThe resveratrol content in red grapes may also assist in fighting against inflammation and provide a reduction in the risk of cancer, heart disease, and several other conditions.\nApart from resveratrol, red grapes also contain proanthocyanidin in their seeds. This is a chemical that has been found to have an inverse reaction on testosterone production among men – which may help to reduce levels of the hormone.\nAnother great food that men should include in their diet if they are trying to reduce estrogen levels in their bodies is mushrooms.\nWhile most often praised for the fact that the food is rich in vitamin D, certain types of mushrooms may also be helpful tools in preventing a spike in estrogen levels.\nThe specific types of mushrooms that men need to focus on if they are trying to reduce estrogen levels include:\n- Portobello mushrooms\n- Baby button mushrooms\n- Crimini mushrooms\n- Shiitake mushrooms\nThese mushrooms may help to stop the production of aromatase, a type of enzyme that causes certain hormones in the male body to be converted into estrogen.\nLast on our list is turnips, another type of cruciferous vegetable. This particular vegetable is an excellent source of fiber, an indigestible part of the plant that aids in improving the functioning of the digestive system.\nTurnips are also rich in several vitamins, including K, C, E, A, and many B vitamins. The vegetable also contains calcium, copper, magnesium, potassium, and other minerals. Additionally, men also gain a dose of protein and omega-3 fatty acids when they consume turnips.\nApart from these beneficial nutrients, turnips are also high in phytochemicals that may assist in blocking the production of estrogens in the body.\nWhat foods should you avoid?\nSoy foods: Among women, there has been concern regarding breast cancer risk and soy products. In men, the consumption of soybeans may also cause problems with estrogen levels.\nDairy: cow’s milk is brimming with female hormones, and so consuming dairy can further increase estrogen levels. This leads to increased production of DHT (Di-Hydro-Testosterone). DHT is an active form of testosterone and the increased production of it can irritate the prostate and an increased risk of prostate problems, such as prostate cancer.\nWhile estrogen does seem to play some important roles in men, too much of the hormone can cause side-effects to develop. Men with high estrogen may suffer from erectile dysfunction and infertility, and find that their breast tissue starts to become larger.\nAlongside dietary changes, supplements designed to lower estrogen levels can be beneficial. Estro-Clear has been specifically formulated to reduce estrogen levels and restore hormone balance.\nThis powerful supplement is a clinical strength, proven, all-natural formulation based on peer-reviewed and published clinical research.\nResearch conducted in 2003 at the AMC Cancer Research Center in Denver has suggested that calcium d-glucarate could be just as effective as one of the most common drugs used to treat estrogen dominance.\nThe study also noted that calcium-d-glucarate may be as effective in preventing cancer. In another study, calcium d-glucarate was able to reduce the number of estrogen receptor human cells by 48 percent. It’s also been shown to lower serum estrogen levels by 23 percent.\nThese studies are just one of the reasons we choose to include 985 mg of high quality, pure calcium-d-glucarate in our Estro clear formulation.\nAnother powerful ingredient we included in our Estro Clear formulation is Diindolylmethane, which has been well studied and shown to have potent effects on estrogen metabolism.\nThe consumption of the foods that block estrogen, alongside estrogen lowering supplements and regular physical activity, such as weight-bearing exercise, can help reduce existing levels of estrogen in their bodies.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-10", "url": "https://www.bensnaturalhealth.com/blog/estrogen-blocking-foods/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875144979.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20200220131529-20200220161529-00457.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9507570863, "token_count": 3107, "score": 2.671875, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Tá hormóin ghnéas i gcorp na bhfear agus na mban araon. Cé gurb é testosterone an hormóin ghnéasach is mó i gcorp na bhfear, níl ach an-bheag estrogen i bhfear.\nIs é an aitear a bhaineann leis na mná. Cé go meastar go minic gur hormóin ghnéasach baineann é, tá roinnt ról ag estrogen fós i gcorp na bhfear.\nDe réir mar a théann fir in aois, laghdaíonn leibhéil testosterone go nádúrtha, agus méadaíonn leibhéil estrogen, rud a fhágann go bhfuil neamhréireacht hormónach ann.\nNuair a mhéadaíonn leibhéal táirgeadh estrogen i bhfear ró-ard, is féidir go dtarlódh roinnt fo-iarsmaí díobhálacha féideartha.\nLéirigh roinnt staidéir gur féidir le ró-eistróin a bheith díobhálach d'fhir.\nGo deimhin, i measc na bhfear, tá sé léirithe go laghdaíonn tomhas sperm fiú ag ithe bianna a chuireann méadú ar estrogen. Dá bhrí sin, is féidir le bia a bhacann estrogen a ithe cabhrú le cothromaíocht hormóin a athbhunú.\nI measc na 10 bia is fearr chun leibhéil estrogen a ísliú go nádúrtha tá:\n- Cruciferous plandaí, lena n-áirítear brocailí, cail\n- Síolta seam\n- Té glas\n- Fíonchaora dearga\nFir agus testosterone íseal\nIs hormóin ghnéas fireann (andróin) é testosterone a tháirgtear go príomha i testicles fir.\nIs iad na testes a dhéanann testosterone i bhfear go príomha. Táirgeann uibheacha na mban testosterone freisin, cé go bhfuil méideanna i bhfad níos lú ann.\nTá ról ríthábhachtach ag testosterone i sláinte na bhfear. Tá sé freagrach as go leor feidhmeanna coirp, lena n-áirítear táirgeadh sperm, tiomantas gnéis, mais muscle, dlús cnámh, gruaig aghaidh, dáileadh saille, agus líon na gcealla dearga fola.\nDe réir Chumann Uirolaíochta na Meiriceánach, is gnáth le haghaidh fear leibhéal testosterone de 300 nanogram ar a laghad in aghaidh an deciliter (ng/dL). Ba cheart testosterone íseal a dhiagnóisiú ar fhear a bhfuil leibhéal testosterone aige faoi bhun 300 ng/dL.\nCad iad na comharthaí ar estrogen ard i bhfear?\nIs féidir le leibhéal ard estrogen i gcorp an fhir go leor comharthaí a fhorbairt. D'fhéadfadh go mbeadh baint ag go leor de na hairíonna seo le riochtaí eile, rud a fhágann go bhfuil sé deacair ar fhear a chinneadh cad is cúis leis.\nIs é an chéad chéim chun an fhadhb a cheartú ná na comharthaí a bhaineann le estrogen ard i bhfear a aithint ach le bheith cinnte, is féidir roinnt tástálacha a úsáid chun an leibhéal reatha hormóin estrogen sa sruth fola a bhrath.\nIs féidir le comharthaí agus comharthaí coitianta estrogens ard i gcorp fireann a bheith ina measc:\n- Fadhbanna le torthúlacht\n- Taibhsí te\n- Caillteanas cnámh\n- Iarr ar ghnéas íseal\n- Méadú ar chealla saille coirp\n- Caillteanas mais muscle\n- Athruithe sa mheon\n- Fás fíochán na mhadraí (mhadraí a bheith níos mó).\n- Síomptóim a bhaineann go coitianta le mífheidhm erectile.\nNa bianna is fearr a bhacann estrogen d'fhir\nCé gur aimsíodh go bhfuil ceimiceáin i roinnt bianna a ghníomhaíonn go cosúil le estrogen i gcorp an duine, d'fhéadfadh bianna eile cabhrú le estrogen a laghdú i bhfear a bhfuil leibhéil arda den hormóin seo ina gcorp.\nDéanaimid breathnú ar chuid de na bianna is fearr a bhacann estrogen ar chóir do na fir smaoineamh orthu a chur lena n-aiste bia chun cothromaíocht hormónach a bhaint amach.\nIs cineál glasraí croiseach é an bhrócaire ina bhfuil roinnt airíonna tairbheacha. I measc glasraí croiseacha eile tá:\n- Bok choy\n- Gránna collard\nTá baint ag an nglasraí seo le go leor buntáistí sláinte, agus is é an ceann is coitianta ná go bhféadfadh ceimiceáin áirithe a fhaightear i mbróicli a bheith úsáideach chun dul i ngleic le dúlagar go nádúrtha.\nTá go leor vitimíní, mianraí, aimínaigéid agus ceimiceáin eile a thagann ó phlandaí úsáideach sa bhrócaill.\nTugann aon bhrocailí amháin dóthain de roinnt vitimíní duit, lena n-áirítear A, C, E, K, B6 agus níos mó. Tá an glasraí ard i Cailciam, Iarainn, Potaisiam, Manganéis, agus Seilíníam freisin. I measc na gcothaithigh bhreise tá próitéin, aigéid shailleacha omega-3 agus aigéid shailleacha omega-6.\nSeachas na cothaithigh seo, is glasraí é brocailí atá ard i fíteachimiceáin. D'fhéadfadh na ceimiceáin seo a thagann ó phlandaí cabhrú le táirgeadh estrogen a bhac i gcorp an fhir. Is féidir leis seo cabhrú le leibhéal an estrogen atá ag scaipeadh i gcomhlacht an fhir a laghdú.\nIs féidir le tomhaltas rialta na gceimiceáin phyto seo cabhrú freisin le leibhéil estrogen a thabhairt ar ais go cothrom ar feadh i bhfad.\nTá an kale ar a dtugtar ar cheann de na glasraí is sláintiúla ar domhan agus ar chúis mhaith. Meastar go bhfuil kale ina superfood agus tá an chuid is mó de na cothaithigh a theastaíonn ó chorp an duine chun fanacht sláintiúil agus feidhmiúil.\nTá beagnach trí ghram de phróitéin i gcúpla cupán amháin de cháil, chomh maith le snáithín, roinnt vitimíní tábhachtacha, agus cineál sonrach aigéad sailleach omega-3 ar a dtugtar aigéad alfa-linolenic.\nI measc na n-aiste bia eile a fhaightear i kale a thugann airíonna sláinte breise tá zeaxanthin agus lutein. Tá sé léirithe go gcabhróidh siad le dul i ngleic le forbairt cataract agus díghrádú macúla, dhá riocht a bhaineann go háirithe le súile.\nIs glasraí eile é Kale atá ard i fíteachimiceáin freisin. Is iad seo na ceimiceáin chéanna a théann ag obair chun cabhrú le dul i ngleic le méadú ar leibhéil estrogen mar a fhaightear i mbróicli.\n3) Síolta Liana\nNí hamháin go bhfuil síolta líne ag cur blas maith ar éagsúlacht bia ach is foinse saibhir iad freisin de roinnt mianraí, próitéin, isoflavones, agus fiú aigéid shailleacha ar a bhfuil an corp daonna ag brath chun maireachtáil. Tá na síolta seo réasúnta éasca le fáil i bhformhór na siopaí sláinte, freisin, agus níl siad daor.\nTá aigéad alfa-linolenic i dáileog de shíolta líona, cineál sonrach aigéad sailleach omega-3 a bhfuil roinnt feidhmeanna tábhachtacha aige sa chorp.\nIna theannta sin, d'fhéadfadh gníomhaíocht frith-ocsaídeach síolta líne, mar aon leis na cothaithigh agus na ceimiceáin phlandaí a chuirtear leis, cabhrú leis an gcomhlacht a chosaint ó choimplíochtaí cosúil le galar croí-aigí, diaibéiteas, agus b'fhéidir fiú roinnt cineálacha ailse.\nMíníonn foilseachán ó Ollscoil Stáit Oregon5 gur cosúil gurb iad síolta líona an fhoinse is saibhre de einsímí ar a dtugtar réamhtheachtaí lignan. Is cineál polyphenol é lignan a fhaightear i bplandaí éagsúla agus is féidir leis na buntáistí sláinte iomadúla a thairiscint don chorp.\nD'fhéadfadh go mbeadh laghdú ar tháirgeadh estrogen i measc na bhfear ar cheann de na buntáistí sin ós rud é gur féidir le lignans féin feidhmeanna áirithe a bhaineann go ginearálta le hormóin estrogen a fheidhmiú ach gan leibhéal na n-hormóin seo a ardú sa chorp.\n4) Síolta Sesame\nTá síolta seamamam rogha iontach freisin nuair a thagann sé chun féachaint ar conas a d'fhéadfadh cineálacha áirithe síolta cabhrú le fir laghdú ar estrogen a fháil.\nCosúil le síolta líne, tá réamhtheachtaí lignan i síolta sesame freisin, a ghníomhaíonn cosúil le estrogens i gcorp an duine, ach gan ardú ar hormóin estrogen a chur faoi deara.\nChomh maith le bheith ina choscóir estrogen tairbheach d'fhir a bhfuil leibhéil estrogenacha arda ina gcorp, cuireann síolta sesame buntáistí sláinte breise ar fáil freisin. Tá na síolta seo ard i snáithín. Is féidir le bia ard-fiber cur go mór le sláinte gastrointestinal chomh maith le stíl mhaireachtála sláintiúil go ginearálta.\nI measc na buntáistí eile a d'fhéadfadh a bheith ag síolta sesame tá laghdú féideartha ar thriglycerides, chomh maith le colesterol.\nTá próitéin phlandach ardchaighdeáin ar fáil i síolta sesame freisin. Tá an meascán de chothaithigh atá le fáil i síolta sesame, mar aon leis na ceimiceáin nádúrtha plandaí, tairbheach freisin chun tacú le sláinte cnámh agus d'fhéadfadh sé go laghdófaí leibhéil brú fola.\nCé nach é an toradh is mó a bhfuil tóir air, tá roinnt cothaithigh tairbheach agus ceimiceáin nádúrtha ann a bhfuil cabhair acu do shláinte an duine.\nIs gnách gurb iad na hairíonna frith-ocsaídeacha atá ag pomegranates an chéad tairbhe a thagann chun cuimhne nuair a fhéachann tú ar na torthaí a thairgeann an corp.\nCabhraíonn antaibhéadairí le troid i gcoinne radacailí saor in aisce i gcorp an duine. Tá nasc idir radaicí saor in aisce agus roinnt fo-iarsmaí, lena n-áirítear athlasadh agus ailse.\nMaidir le hestrogen, ní mór dúinn díriú ar na fíteachimiceáin atá i láthair go nádúrtha i pomegranates.\nIs ceimiceáin phlandaí iad seo a fhaightear i roinnt de na bianna eile a liostáil muid cheana féin, freisin tá airíonna frith-eistróin acu. Ciallaíonn sé seo go bunúsach go bhféadfadh fear, trí níos mó pomegranates a ithe, a fháil amach go dtosóidh leibhéal an estrogen ina fhuil ag titim.\nIs féidir le fir pomegranates a ithe mar thorthaí, ach is féidir na buntáistí a fháil ó shuain ardchaighdeáin freisin. Nuair a bhíonn sú pomegranate á lorg agat, tá sé tábhachtach a chinntiú go bhfuil pomegranate i ndáiríre sa sú agus nach bhfuil sé ach blastach chun blas a chur air mar an toradh seo.\n6) Té Glas\nMeastar gurb é tae glas an deoch is sláintiúla ar fud an domhain. Tá go leor staidéir eolaíochta ann a dhíríonn ar an gcaoi a bhféadfadh tomhaltas tae glas a bheith tairbheach don chorp daonna.\nTá roinnt comhdhúile sa tae glas atá iontach chun sláinte an duine a fheabhsú lena n-áirítear éagsúlacht poilifenoil. D'fhéadfadh go mbeadh tionchar díreach ag na poilifenoil atá i dte glas ar na heinsímí a bhfuil a fhios acu go ndéanann siad meitibileacht ar hormóin estrogen i gcorp an duine.\nCiallaíonn sé seo go bunúsach go bhféadfadh tomhaltas rialta tae glas cabhrú le feabhas a chur ar chothromaíocht estrogen sa chorp.\nTá sé an-éasca tae glas a fháil in áit ar bith ar domhan inniu.\nI gcás na ndaoine nach dtaitníonn le blas an tae glas, tá roghanna éagsúla blasáilte ar fáil. Is é an bealach is éasca tae glas a ól ná málaí tae glas a cheannach, a chuirtear i uisce te agus a chuirtear i gceann cúpla nóiméad.\nNí amháin go bhfuil tae glas iontach chun estrogen a chothromú i gcorp na bhfear. De réir staidéar amháin6, d'fhéadfadh go mbeadh tomhaltas an tae seo úsáideach freisin chun meáchan a laghdú, agus d'fhéadfadh sé a bheith úsáideach freisin do dhaoine a bhfuil diaibéiteas agus atherosclerosis acu.\n7) Oisín gráin iomláin\nIs cineál gráin iomlána é an t-oighir nach bhfuil próiseáilte, rud a chiallaíonn gur féidir leis an ngrain na codanna is tábhachtaí go léir a dhéantar é a choinneáil. De ghnáth bíonn na codanna seo ag cuimilt bran, gciorcal, agus endosperm.\nTá na buntáistí a bhaineann le huibheacha a bhaineann le leibhéil estrogen i gcorp an duine i ndáiríre cosúil go leor le síolta, mar shampla síolta sesame. Tá fíteachimiceáin i oisín, lena n-áirítear poilifenoil agus fíteastrógainí.\nD'fhéadfadh na poilifínóil atá i oats cabhrú le fear éifeacht bhac estrogen a fháil. Ba cheart go gcuirfeadh sé seo cosc ar a gcorp an iomarca hormóin testosterone a thiontú ina estrogen.\nD'fhéadfadh go gcabhródh na fíteachimiceáin eile atá i láthair i oats le héifeachtaí den chineál céanna a tháirgeadh sa chorp, ach gan leibhéil an hormóin a mhéadú i ndáiríre.\nSeachas go bhféadfadh oat a bheith ina chabhair chun leibhéil estrogen a chothromú i bhfear a bhfuil an iomarca de na hormóin seo ina gcorp, tá buntáistí suntasacha eile ag an mbia seo freisin.\nTá sé léirithe go gcuireann oats laghdú ar chholesterol LDL agus ar chholesterol iomlán. D'fhéadfadh an bia cabhrú le siúcra fola a rialáil freisin, agus cabhraíonn an t-ábhar snáithín le duine a bheith níos sásúla atá iontach le haghaidh meáchain caillteanas.\n8) Fíonchaora dearga\nIs bia eile a chuireann bac ar estrogen iad fíonchaora dearga agus ba cheart do na fir smaoineamh ar níos mó a ithe má fhaigheann siad go bhfuil a leibhéil estrogen níos airde ná mar ba chóir dóibh a bheith.\nGo deimhin, tá dhá chineál ceimiceán ann a fhaightear i ndruibheacha dearga a chabhraíonn le próiseas sa chorp a tháirgeann estrogens a bhac. Is é an chéad cheann resveratrol, atá i gcraiceann fíonchaora dearga.\nMeastar go bhfuil resveratrol ina antaibheathach an-chumhachtach, ag cabhrú leis an gcomhlacht dul i ngleic le strus ocsaídiúcháin.\nD'fhéadfadh go gcabhródh an t-ábhar resveratrol i ndrahraibhe dearga freisin le dul i ngleic le athlasadh agus laghdú a dhéanamh ar an mbaol ailse, galar croí, agus roinnt riochtaí eile.\nSeachas resveratrol, tá proanthocyanidin i gcuid síolta fíonchaora dearga freisin. Is ceimiceán é seo a fuarthas go bhfuil frithghníomh aige ar tháirgeadh testosterone i measc fir a d'fhéadfadh cabhrú le leibhéil an hormón a laghdú.\nB'é an fheoil is fearr a d'fhéadfadh a bheith ag na fir dá n-aiste bia má tá siad ag iarraidh leibhéil estrogen a laghdú ina gcorp ná feoil.\nCé go bhfuil an-tóir ar roinnt cineálacha feithidí mar gheall ar an bhfíric go bhfuil vitimín D saibhir sa bhia, d'fhéadfadh siad a bheith ina n-uirlisí cabhrach freisin chun cosc a chur ar ardú na leibhéil estrogen.\nI measc na gcineálacha sonracha feithidí a chaithfidh fir díriú orthu má tá siad ag iarraidh leibhéil estrogen a laghdú tá:\n- Fonghaile Portobello\n- Fonghaillí cnaipe leanbh\n- Fonghacha Crimini\n- Fongáis Shiitake\nD'fhéadfadh na seampún seo cabhrú le stop a chur le táirgeadh aromatase, cineál einsím a chuireann ar hormóin áirithe i gcorp na bhfear a thiontú ina estrogen.\nIs é an rud deireanach ar ár liosta ná an turnaip, cineál eile glasraí croise. Is foinse iontach snáithín é an glasraí seo, cuid neamhdhíoltach den phlanda a chabhraíonn le feabhas a chur ar fheidhmiú an chórais díleá.\nTá roinnt vitimíní sa chraobh freisin, lena n-áirítear vitimíní K, C, E, A, agus go leor vitimíní B. Tá cailciam, copar, maignéisiam, potaisiam, agus mianraí eile sa glasraí freisin. Ina theannta sin, faigheann fir dáileog próitéine agus aigéid shailleacha omega-3 freisin nuair a itheann siad turnaipí.\nSeachas na cothaithigh tairbheacha seo, tá fíteachimiceáin arda i rannaí a d'fhéadfadh cabhrú le táirgeadh estrogens sa chorp a bhac.\nCad iad na bianna ba chóir duit a sheachaint?\nBianna sóise: I measc na mban, tá imní ann maidir le riosca ailse chíche agus táirgí sóise. I bhfear, d'fhéadfadh go mbeadh fadhbanna le leibhéil estrogen ag tomhaltas soibhianna sóia freisin.\nDéiríochta: tá bainne na bó ag teastáil ó hormóin mhná, agus mar sin is féidir le déiríochta bainne a ithe leibhéil estrogen a mhéadú tuilleadh. Mar thoradh air sin, déantar DHT (Di-Hydro-Testosterone) a tháirgeadh níos mó. Is foirm ghníomhach testosterone é DHT agus is féidir leis an táirgeadh méadaithe a dhéanamh a chur ar an próstatach agus riosca méadaithe fadhbanna próstatach, mar shampla ailse próstatach.\nCé gur cosúil go bhfuil ról tábhachtach ag estrogen i bhfear, d'fhéadfadh fo-iarsmaí a bheith mar thoradh ar ró-chuid den hormón. D'fhéadfadh fir a bhfuil estrogen ard acu a bheith ag fulaingt ó dhisfheidhm erectile agus neamhtháirgiúlacht, agus go bhfaighidh siad go dtosaíonn a gcuid fíochán cíche ag éirí níos mó.\nChomh maith le hathruithe ar aiste bia, d'fhéadfadh sé a bheith tairbheach forlíontaí a ceapadh chun leibhéil estrogen a ísliú. Tá Estro- Clear foirmlithe go sonrach chun leibhéil estrogen a laghdú agus cothromaíocht hormónach a athbhunú.\nIs foirmliú uile-nádúrtha, cruthaithe, atá bunaithe ar thaighde chliniciúil athbhreithnithe agus foilsithe é an forlíonadh cumhachtach seo.\nTugann taighde a rinneadh i 2003 ag Ionad Taighde Ailse AMC i Denver le fios go bhféadfadh d-glucaráit chailciam a bheith chomh héifeachtach le ceann de na drugaí is coitianta a úsáidtear chun ceannas estrogen a chóireáil.\nThug an staidéar faoi deara freisin go bhféadfadh calcium- d- glucarate a bheith chomh héifeachtach i gcosaint ailse. I staidéar eile, bhí d-glucarate cailciam in ann líon na gcealla daonna a ghlacann le hestrogen a laghdú 48 faoin gcéad. Tá sé léirithe freisin go laghdaíonn sé leibhéil estrogen serum le 23 faoin gcéad.\nNíl na staidéir seo ach ceann amháin de na cúiseanna a roghnaigh muid 985 mg de chailciam- d- glúcaráit íon ardchaighdeáin a chur san áireamh inár bhfoirmliú soiléir Estro.\nComhábhar cumhachtach eile a chuireamar san áireamh inár bhfoirmle Estro Clear is é Diindolylmethane, a bhfuil staidéar maith déanta air agus a léirítear go bhfuil éifeachtaí cumhachtacha aige ar mheitibileacht estrogen.\nIs féidir le tomhaltas na mbia a bhacann estrogen, in éineacht le forlíontaí a laghdaíonn estrogen agus gníomhaíocht choirp rialta, mar shampla cleachtadh meáchain, cabhrú le leibhéil reatha estrogen a laghdú ina gcorp."} {"text": "5Ch3. Ahead / Direct Transverse thrust Helical discharge from propeller creates a larger pressure on port side of rudderSlight upward flow from the hull into propeller puts more pressure onto the down sweeping propeller bladesSpeed of water into the propeller is eneven in velocityResult: tendency to give a swing to port\n7Ch3. Ahead / Indirect transverse thrust Effect of propeller flow on the rudder: due to helical dischargeFrom propeller pressure of water more regular on left side ofRudderResult: increase the swing to port when running ahead\n8Ch.3. Ahead / Skin friction effect Ship drags water along with it due to skin friction: reduction in floweffects a big portion of propeller disc.Variation of flow velocity changes the relative angle of incidenceto the rotating blades and creates an inbalance of drag forces inupper and lower sections of propeller discResult: the ship turns to starboard\n9Ch3. Ahead / Transverse thrust Direct effect: helical flow tends to turn the ship to portIndirect effect: the upward flow on the propeller disc tends to turn the ship to portThe variation of velocity into the propeller disc tends to turn the ship to starboardResultant: the transverse thrust causes a gentle turn to Port\n10Ch3. Astern / Transverse thrust Direct EffectWater enters propeller disc at uniformvelocity and directionWeak transverse force generated by difference of pressure on upper and lower propeller bladesResultGentle turn to starboard\n11Ch3. Astern / Transverse thrust Indirect effectHelical flow of propeller wash strikes after body of hull withinward component on Ps and outward component on Sb:Result is a higher pressure on Sb pushes stern to Ps.Reverse flow over rudder and rudder effect reversed but weaker\n12Ch3. Astern / Transverse thrust Conclusion:pronounced turn to Sb when engine is going asternSimilar effect with headway, sternway of vessel stopped\n13Ch3. Astern / Transverse thrust Crash Stop manœuvre:In deep water, pronounced turn to SbIn shallow water, trun less pronounced to the restriction of transverse components of propeller flow due to small UKC\n14Ch3. Interaction between propeller and rudder Engine ahead:Propeller flow strikes rudderand increases the ruddereffect.Action of propeller flow onrudder more pronouncedwhen vessel is stopped orwith sternway.\n15Ch3. Interaction between propeller and rudder Engine astern and Rudder amidships: the vessel isSwinging to Starbard.\n16Ch3. Interaction between propeller and rudder Engine astern and Rudder to Port: reverse effect on therudder and increased swing of vessel to starboard.Effect more pronounced with vessel stopped or withsterway\n17Ch3. Interaction between propeller and rudder Engine astern and rudder to Sb: rudder effect opposestransverse thrustVessel may swing to Port (rudder action bigger) orkeep a straight course or swing gently to Sb\n18Ch3. Interaction between propeller and rudder Headway + engine astern + Sb. Rudder:as long as the vessel keeps some headway: vessel turn to Sbdue to rudder + propeller effectswhen vessel gets strenway, it may turn to port if rudder effectgreater than propeller effect.\n19Ch3. Interaction between propeller and rudder Kick ahead manoeuver to regain control of a vessel withsternway:Rudder is put hard to port with engine ahead : turn to Sb due to effectof propeller astern is stopped.\n20Ch3. Rudder counter effect to control propeller effect Rudder to SbEngine asternPut rudder amidships and gradually to SbEnd with rudder hard to Sb.\n21Ch.3. Kick ahead manoeuver To increase significantly the rate of turn of a vesselstopped or nearly stopped : short bursts of engineahead to increase the rudder effect.\n22Ch3. Negociating a bend with kick ahead 1. Vessel approaches withreduced speed2. Hard to port3. Half or full ahead4. Rate of turn increases5. Short bursts on the engineto avoid increase of speed6. Reduce or stop the engine\n23Ch3. Half turn with right handed propeller Pos 1: Rudder hard to Sb with engineon half/full aheadPos 2: Rudder hard to port with engineon half/full asternPos 3: Rudder hard to Sb with enginePos 3 : Half turn is completed.Remark : The wind may modify oreven oppose this manœuvre.\n24Ch3. Half turn with right handed propeller The previous manœuvre is only possible when the vessel startswith the first turn to Sb. Otherwise will the propeller effect opposethe rudder effect\n25Ch3. Half turn in heavy wind condition Pos 1 : Engine half/full astern – the stern comes into the windPos 2 : Rudder hard to port and engine half/full aheadPos 3 : Half turn completed\n26Ch3. Twin propellersHandling characteristics depends of several factors:Rudder configurationEffect of torqueTransverse thrustPivot pointTurning ability\n27Ch3. Twin propellers / Rudder configuration Single rudder is situated on the center line between the two propellers:even with hard over is rudder partially or wholly out of propeller helicaldischarge.Very poor single rudder response at very slow speeds.\n28Ch3. Twin propellers / Torque effect Torque effect: turning effect created by one engine asternand one engine ahead or only one engine used.poor effect with engines too close together (for exempleon narrow beamed ships) – better to use the propellerstogether with rudder as for a single screw ship.\n30Ch3. Parallel propeller shafts Best configuration for handling capacity\n31Ch3. Convergent propeller shafts Medium handling capacity\n32Ch3. Divergent propeller shafts Poor handling capacityno turning moment if shafts converge in the pivot point.\n33Ch3. Twin propellers / Outward turning Outward turning fixed pitchThe blades are outward turningIn the upper half of the circle ofrotation when viewed from asternIf Sb propeller is put astern it willbe rotating in the opposite direction\n34Ch3. Twin propellers / Transverse thrust Outward turning fixed pitchpropellers(Sb ahead & Ps astern):Helical discharge of Ps propellerdeflected up and onto Sb quarterof the ship.Transverse thrust is assisting thetorque effect and rudders to turnthe vessel to port.Remark:Transverse thrust is apoor force compared to rudderforce.\n35Ch3. Twin propellers / Transverse thrust Inward turning fixed pitch propellersIf the ship is turning to port and the port propeller is put astern, it will be rotating in the opposite direction and is then acting as a left handed propeller on a single screw ship: part of the helical discharge will be deflected up and towards the starboard quarter.The transverse thrust attempt to turn the bow to starboard in the opposite direction of the desired turn, working against the rudders and the torque effect.\n36Twin propellers / Transverse thrust Inward turning (handed) fixed pitch propellersThe transverse thrust effect can be extremely severeAnd render the vessel totally uncontrollable.It is better to stop one engine and work the vessel as a single crew ship.This configuration gives a better economical performance in terms of fuel consumption.\n37Ch3. Transverse thrust / Variable Pitch propellers Inward turning:The best configuration for CP(controllable pitch) propellers:the inside propeller during a turngives transverse thrust on theappropriate quarter of the ship andincrease the effects of rudders andtorque.\n39Pivot point positionEngine stopped /bowthruster to Sb:Pivot point close (1/3L) to the sternvessel turns on her heels: bow fastto Sb.Very effective with sternway\n40Pivot point positionBowthruster stopped / Sb engineastern / Ps engine ahead :Pivot point close (1/3L) to bowBow turns slowly to SbStern turns fast to port\n41Pivot point positionBowthruster stopped / Sb engineAhead / Ps engine astern / ruddersHard to Sb:Pivot point very close (1/4L) to bowSterns goes to portRate of turn increased due to rudderposition\n42Ch3. Pivot point position Bowthruster to Sb/ Sb engine astern/Ps engine ahead / rudders amidships:pivot point close to center of gravityand behindbow turns faster then stern due tothe position of the pivot point\n43Ch3. Position of pivot point Bowthruster on / Ps engine ahead /Sb engine astern / rudders hard Sb:Pivot point at center of gravityShip turns around her center of gravityEqual Rate of turns at bow and stern", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-30", "url": "http://slideplayer.com/slide/4231924/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549426693.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20170727002123-20170727022123-00249.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8132030964, "token_count": 1947, "score": 3.015625, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "5C3. Tarraingt Chonair / Díreach Tarraingt Chonair Tarraingt Chonair Tarraingt Chonair Tarraingt Chonair Tarraingt Chonair Tarraingt Chonair Tarraingt Chonair Tarraingt Chonair Tarraingt Chonair Tarraingt Chonair Tarraingt Chonair Tarraingt Chonair Tarraingt Chonair Tarraingt Chonair Tarraingt Chonair Tarraingt Chonair Tarraingt Chonair Tarraingt Chonair Tarraingt Chonair Tarraingt Chonair Tarraingt Chonair Tarraingt Chonair Tarraingt Chonair Tarraingt Chonair Tarraingt Chonair Tarraingt Chonair Tarraingt Chonair Tarraingt Chonair Tarraingt Chonair Tarraingt Chonair Tarraingt Chonair Tarraingt Chonair Tarraingt Chonair Tarraingt Chonair Tarraingt Chonair Tarraingt Chonair Tarraingt Chonair Tarraingt Chonair Tarraingt Chonair Tarraingt Chonair Tarraingt Chonair Tarraingt Chonair Tarraingt Chonair Tarraingt Chonair Tarraingt Chonair Tarraingt Chonair\n7Ch3. Torthaí an bhrú uisce ar an mbarr ar thaobh chlé den bhrú: méadú ar an swing go calafort nuair a bhíonn sé ag rith ar aghaidh\n8Ch.3. Éifeacht frith-aontach ar aghaidh/an chraiceann Tarraingíonn an long uisce leis mar gheall ar frith-aontach ar an gcraiceann: laghdaíonn sé an sreabhadh, bíonn tionchar aige ar chuid mhór den diosca scaiptheora. Athraíonn athrú luas an srutháin an uillinn coibhneasta a thagann chun cinn i leith na mblaí rothlú agus cruthaíonn sé neamhionannas na fórsaí tarraingte i rannáin uachtaracha agus íochtaracha den diosca scaiptheora.\n9Ch3. Tarraingt ar aghaidh / Tromchlaí Torthaí díreacha: bíonn an sruth héiliciúil ag dul chun na loinge a thiontú go calafoirtTarraingt dhíreach: bíonn an sruth suas ar an diosca scaipthe ag dul chun na loinge a thiontú go calafoirtTarraingt éagsúlacht an luas isteach sa diosca scaipthe ag dul chun na loinge a thiontú go cúlchláirMar thoradh air sin: bíonn an t-aistriú trasnach ag dul go mall go calafoirt\n10C3. Tarraingt Aster / Trascúil Éifeacht DíríTarraingt uisce isteach i diosca an spléire ag luas agus treo comhionannFórsa trasnach lag a ghintear trí dhifríocht brú ar bhlátaí an spléire uachtarach agus ísealTorthaíTarraingt éadrom go stiúbartha\n11C3. Tarraingt chúl / tras-chúl Éifeacht indíreach Scream héiliúil na sruthadh scrúdaithe buaileann tar éis corp an chúl comhpháirt taobh istigh ar Ps agus comhpháirt taobh amuigh ar Sb: Is é an toradh brú níos airde ar Sb brúíonn sé an chúl go Ps. Scream aisiompartha thar an rudder agus éifeacht rudder aistrithe ach níos laige\n12Ch3. Tarraingt chúl / tras-chúl Conclúid: cas suntasach go Sb nuair a bhíonn an t-inneall ag dul chúlEifeacht den chineál céanna le ceann, cúl na soithí stop\n13Ch3. Tarraingt ar an mbarr / trasnach Crash Stop maneuver:In uisce domhain, casadh suntasach go SbIn uisce cluthar, trun níos lú suntasach chun srian a chur ar chomhpháirteanna trasnaacha sruth an spléire mar gheall ar UKC beag\n14Ch3. Idirghníomhaíocht idir an t-eipil agus an ruder Inneall os comhair:Titeann sreabhadh an eipil leis an ruder agus méadaíonn sé éifeacht an ruder.Tá éifeacht an sreabhadh an eipil ar an ruder níos suntasaí nuair a bhíonn an soitheach stad nó ag an mbarr.\n15Ch3. Idirghníomhaíocht idir an t-eipil agus an rudder Inneall an chúlchlocha agus an rudder i lár na loinge: tá an soitheach ag dul i dtreo Starbard.\n16C3. Idirghníomhaíocht idir an t-eipil agus an rudder Inneall an chúl agus an rudder go calafort: éifeacht a mhalairt ar an rudder agus swing níos mó an tsoithigh go stiúbord.Eifeacht níos suntasaí nuair a bhíonn an soitheach stopadh nó ar ais ó bhealach\n17Ch3. Idirghníomhaíocht idir an t-eipil agus an rudder Inneall an chúl agus an rudder go Sb: éifeacht an rudder i gcoinne an brú tras-bhreatach Is féidir leis an long dul go Port (gníomh an rudder níos mó) nó cúrsa díreach a choinneáil nó dul go réidh go Sb\n18Ch3. Athghníomhaíocht idir an spléine agus an ruder Headway + an t-inneall i ndiaidh an innill + Sb. Rudder: chomh fada agus a choinníonn an soitheach dul chun cinn: tiontaíonn an soitheach go Sbd mar gheall ar éifeachtaí rudder + propeller nuair a bhíonn an soitheach ag dul i dtreo strenway, d'fhéadfadh sé dul go calafort má tá éifeacht rudder níos mó ná éifeacht an propeller.\n19Ch3. Idirghníomhaíocht idir an t-eipil agus an ruder Gléas ar aghaidh, bainisteoireacht a fháil ar ais ar long ar an taobh thiar: Cuirtear an ruder go crua ar an gcalafort agus an t-inneall ar aghaidh: cas ar Sb mar gheall ar éifeacht an eipil, stopadh an taobh thiar.\n20Ch3. Athghníomhaíocht frith-ionsaí an ródair chun éifeacht an spléige a rialú Ród go SbEngine ar chúl Cuir an ródair i lár na loinge agus de réir a chéile go SbEnd le ródair crua go Sb.\n21C.3. Clúdaigh an t-eitleán chun an t-eitleán a chur ar ais go dtí an t-eitleán a bhí ag dul i ngleic leis an eitleán.\n22Ch3. Ag idirbheartaíocht le casadh le ciceadh ar aghaidh 1. Tá an long ag dul i dtreo le luas laghdaithe2. Dúr go port 3. leath nó go hiomlán ar aghaidh4. Méadaíonn ráta casadh5. Tá an t-inneall ag feidhmiú go tapa chun méadú luas a sheachaint6. Tóg an t-inneall nó stop an t-inneall\n23Ch3. Pos 1: Rudder crua go Sb le inneall ar leath/iomlán ar aghaidhPos 2: Rudder crua go calafort le inneall ar leath/iomlán ar chúlPos 3: Rudder crua go Sb le inneallPos 3 : Tá leath-threoraithe déanta.Nóta: D'fhéadfadh an ghaoth an maitéire seo a mhodhnú nó a chur i gcoinne.\n24C3. Ní féidir an beart roimhe seo a dhéanamh ach amháin nuair a thosaíonn an long leis an gcéad chasadh go Sb. Seachas sin, beidh an éifeacht scagaire i gcoinne an éifeacht rudder\n25Ch3. Fágann an t-inneall an t-inneall a bheith ag feidhmiú go hiomlán agus an t-inneall a bheith ag feidhmiú go hiomlán agus an t-inneall a bheith ag feidhmiú go hiomlán agus an t-inneall a bheith ag feidhmiú go hiomlán agus an t-inneall a bheith ag feidhmiú go hiomlán agus an t-inneall a bheith ag feidhmiú go hiomlán agus an t-inneall a bheith ag feidhmiú go hiomlán agus an t-inneall a bheith ag feidhmiú go hiomlán\n26Ch3. Tá an t-easnamh ar an gcumas a bhaineann le héileacraipí dúbailte a láimhseáil ag brath ar roinnt fachtóirí:Comhsheasamh an ródaireEifeacht an torcThruacht thruscht tras-tríomhthaobhachPunt casadhTréimhseáil\n27Ch3. Tá an ruder aonair suite ar an líne lár idir an dá chraobh: fiú má tá an ruder crua go páirteach nó go hiomlán as héilic an chraobh. Freagra an-bocht an ruder aonair ag luasanna an-bheaga.\n28Ch3. Tá an t-eipidéim seo ag cur le feabhas ar an gcumas a bhaineann le feidhmiú an t-eipidéim agus an t-eipidéim a bhaineann leis an gcumas a bhaineann le feidhmiú an t-eipidéim.\n30Ch3. Cúntóirí a bhfuil an t-uasghrádú is fearr acu\n31C3. Cothabhála meánach\n32C3. Achta scrúdaithe a thagann le chéile sa phointe pivot\n33Ch3. Préileoirí dúbailte / casadh amach Préileáil amach cúl seasta Tá na liathróidí ag casadh amach Sa leath uachtarach den chiorcal rothlaithe nuair a breathnófar orthu ó chúl Má chuirtear an phréileálaí Sb ar chúl beidh sé ag casadh sa treo eile\n34C3. Tá an t-eipilís ag dul i dtreo na loinge agus tá an t-eipilís ag dul i dtreo na loinge ag dul i dtreo na loinge.\n35C3. Tá an t-eileaball ag casadh go calafort agus an eileaball calafort á chur ar chúl, beidh sé ag casadh sa treo eile agus ansin ag gníomhú mar eileaball ar láimh chlé ar long screw amháin: déantar cuid den scaoileadh héiliciúil a dhíbirt suas agus i dtreo an cheathrú cúlchláir. Déantar iarracht ag an bhrú trasnach an cúlchláir a chasadh go cúlchláir i dtreo a mhalairt den chúl a theastaíonn, ag obair i gcoinne na ródaí agus éifeacht an torc.\n36Próipéil dhúbailte / brú trasnaPróipéil phéinteáilte a thiománaíonn isteach (le lámha)Is féidir go mbeadh éifeacht an brú trasna an-mhóragus go ndéanfaí an long gan rialú go hiomlán.Is fearr inneall amháin a stopadh agus an long a oibriú mar long foirne amháin. Tugann an cumraíocht seo feidhmíocht eacnamaíoch níos fearr ó thaobh tomhaltas breosla.\n37C3. Tarraingt trasnach / propellers Pitch VarúbthaTarraingt isteach:An cumraíocht is fearr le haghaidh CP (pitch controllable) propellers:an propeller taobh istigh le linn a thurthaíonntarraingt trasnach ar an gceathrú cuart cuí den long agus méadaíonn sé éifeachtaí ruddersandtorque.\n39Suíomh pointe piobthaMheinín stop / boothruster go Sb:Punt piobtha gar (1/3L) don bhádchíosa casann sé ar a hailt: bog go tapa go Sb.An-éifeachtach le sternway\n40Poist phointe piobóidePróiseálaí bowd stop / inneall Sbbb / inneall Ps os comhair:Poince piobóide gar (1/3L) do bowdBow casann go mall go SbStern casann go tapa go calafort\n41Suíomh pointe piobailTagann an t-inneall bowdhruster / inneall SbAr aghaidh / inneall Ps ar chúl / ruddersDroch le Sb:Punt piobail an-ghar (1/4L) ar an mbóS an chúl téann sé go portRate of turn increased due to rudderposition\n42C3. Pointe Píobtha Pointe Píobtha Píobtha Píobtha Píobtha Píobtha Píobtha Píobtha Píobtha Píobtha Píobtha Píobtha Píobtha Píobtha Píobtha Píobtha Píobtha Píobtha Píobtha Píobtha Píobtha Píobtha Píobtha Píobtha Píobtha Píobtha Píobtha Píobtha Píobtha Píobtha Píobtha Píobtha Píobtha Píobtha Píobtha Píobtha Píobtha Píobtha Píobtha Píobtha Píobtha Píobtha Píobtha Píobtha Píobtha Píobtha Píobtha Píobtha Píobtha Píobtha Píobtha Píobtha Píobtha Píobtha Píobtha Píobtha Píobtha Píobtha Píobtha Píobtha Píobtha Píobtha Píobtha Píobtha Píobtha Píobtha Píobtha Píobtha Píobtha\n43C3. Poist an phointe pivot Bowthruster ar / Ps inneall ar aghaidh / Sb inneall cúl / rudders crua Sb:Poince pivot ag lár na meáchanTriomann an long timpeall a lár meáchanRáta comhionann tionta ag an mbó agus ag an gcúl"} {"text": "The shower file contains the , , coordinates and the energy of each particles produced in the shower at each tracking step. The column names are x, y, z, and Energy, respectively. The shower file may grow very large depending on the number of samples requested, the energy of the initial particle, and depending on whether the shower is fully developed.\nThe shower output file may be plotted directly with the sddsplot toolkit plotting program. For instance,\nsddsplot -col=x,z -grapic=dotsplots the projection of the shower trajectories in as dots. Since no information on the geometry of the problem is contained in these output files it may be necessary to overlap the shower product trajectories with the outline of the regions. The outline can be generated from the geometry plot file produced by shower, as explained in the next section.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2013-48", "url": "http://www.aps.anl.gov/Accelerator_Systems_Division/Accelerator_Operations_Physics/manuals/shower_V1.0/node10.html", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386164038376/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204133358-00079-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.89578861, "token_count": 184, "score": 2.65625, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Tá na comhordanáidí agus fuinneamh gach cáithnín a tháirgtear sa ghrian ag gach céim rianaithe sa chomhad ghrian. Is iad na hainmneacha colún x, y, z, agus Fuinneamh, faoi seach. D'fhéadfadh an comhad cithfholcadh a bheith an-mhór ag brath ar líon na samplaí a iarrtar, ar fhuinneamh na bpáirtíneoil tosaigh, agus ag brath ar an gcithfholcadh a bheith forbartha go hiomlán.\nIs féidir an comhad aschuir cith a phlátaithe go díreach leis an gclár phlátaithe sddsplot toolkit. Mar shampla,\nsddsplot -col=x,z -grapic=dotsplots an t-eascraíocht de na treochtaí cithfholcadh i mar phointí. Ós rud é nach bhfuil aon fhaisnéis ar gheoiméadar an fhadhb sna comhaid aschuir seo, d'fhéadfadh sé a bheith riachtanach na treochtaí táirgí cithfholcadh a shárú le cur síos na réigiún. Is féidir an t-oideas a ghiniúint ón gcomhad pláta geoimeadraíochta a tháirgtear le cith, mar a mhínítear sa chéad chuid eile."} {"text": "Basics Of Negotiation\nPodcast: Play in new window | Download (56.9MB) | Embed\nSubscribe: Apple Podcasts | Spotify | Email | RSS | More\nNegotiation is defined as a discussion that is aimed at reaching an agreement. It is used to settle differences and reach a compromise without argument or dispute. People will aim to get the best deal for them when coming to an agreement. However, the idea of good negotiation is to find mutual benefit in order to maintain a relationship between the parties involved.\nA lot of people dread negotiating with others. What they don’t realize is that they are negotiating all the time, even daily. Formal negotiations happen when discussing terms of a job offer with a recruiter or buying a new car. Informal negotiations are more common and occur when determining who gets to pick the movie for date night, working out a conflict between coworkers, or convincing a client to take a late delivery.\nWhether we like it or not, we are negotiating all the time. Learning the basics of negotiation can help us to be better able to come to an agreement faster and with better results for both parties.\nIt take two to tango, or to negotiate. If either you or the other party feels they are not getting something out of the deal they can walk away. You may be the best option but if they don’t feel they are getting what they need they are not likely to accept your offer and may even leave negotiations. Remember that while you have a back up plan or BANTA so does the other side. Doing your research and preparing before going into any negotiation will help you to come out ahead and happy.\nPrepare before you go into the negotiation.\nKnow what it is that you are trying to accomplish. You need to know what success looks like, otherwise you’ll never attain it. Ask yourself what is the minimum you’d be will to accept. Prepare your BANTA (best alternative to a negotiated agreement) and be willing to go with it if you can’t get what you want out of negotiations.\nUnderstand your opponent.\nLearn about the person or people you with whom you will be negotiating, especially their negotiating power. Make sure you are working with people who have the authority to approve a deal that gives you what you want. Talk with others who have negotiated with the them in the past to get ideas on what works and doesn’t work. Find out their strengths and weaknesses so that you can take advantage of your strengths and their weaknesses. Decipher any patterns or styles of negotiation they use so that you can turn that against them.\nMake a plan ahead of time.\nYou want to know where your line is drawn and where you will not cross, you don’t want to decide that while in the negotiation. The first offer sets the benchmark so be aggressive and ask for more than you want to give room for compromise. There is give and take in all negotiations, know where you are willing and unwilling to compromise. Have a few concessions ready at hand that do not reduce your position. Know your walk away point, when the negotiation hits a stand still your willingness to talk away will pressure the other party to accept your terms.\nAim for both parties to get something out of the deal.\nThis is called a Win-Win scenario because both sides come away with something they want. It’s important that both sides feel they got something out of the deal, especially if it is an ongoing relationship. Even if it is a one-off negotiation a win-lose strategy will come back to haunt you either through reputation or if you ever interact with them again. The whole point of negotiation is for both sides to come away with some value.\nBe patient, don’t negotiate with yourself.\nIf you make an offer first then wait on the other person to make a counter offer. Prematurely making a second, lesser offer is a sign of weakness that will be exploited. Make sure you get a counter offer before making any concessions on your original offer. Not making a credible offer may lead the other side to ignore your offer ending the negotiations early.\nKnow when to keep your mouth shut.\nSilence can be your greatest ally, don’t make the mistake of continuing to talk after you’ve succeeded in getting what you want. The best negotiators do more listening than they do talking. Talking too much is not about finding an acceptable compromise but about proving a point. Be careful what you say, especially early on, as once you’ve said something you can’t retract it.\nUnderstand how to deal with various hardcore negotiation tactics/styles.\nLarge requests or demands but little to no concessions. This most common tactic protects the deal maker at the cost of the negotiation process. To deal with this know your goals and what you are willing to give and where you will walk away.\nAll-or-nothing strategy. They make an offer but state that it is not negotiable. Ignore the offer and instead focus on the content and make a counter offer that addresses the needs of both sides.\nPushing to a breaking point. They will keep asking for more and more until you reach a breaking point and concede. Call them out on this tactic and state that you will not continue unless they agree to a back-and-forth exchange of offers.\nAd hominem. This is a logical fallacy of attacking the person instead of the idea or argument. Take a break if needed to collect yourself then tell them that you will not tolerate childish attempts to ruffle your feathers.\nThe 17 Essential Qualities of a Team Player\nJohn C. Maxwell\nThe 14th quality of a team player is Self Improvement. “To improve the team, improve yourself.” This is the first time I’ve read a book that says put down the book and pick up your phone. Of course this was written before the advent of smart phones so Maxwell was making a point that the manufacturer of most phones back when this book was written was Nokia. In 2019 Samsung produced the most phones in the world. He goes on to talk about how Nokia started as a small pulp mill in the 1860’s. However, the company didn’t stay in the wood business long and sought to grow and improve itself. In the 1990’s the company’s CEO decided to focus on the area of greatest potential, communication and drop the other areas. Maxwell goes on to talk about how people tend to look for quick fixes to problems rather than long term solutions. This strategy causes them to stop moving forward once the pressure is no longer there. He states that people who are constantly improving themselves by making preparation, contemplation, and application an ongoing cycle in their lives. He gives three ways to become self-improving: become highly teachable, plan your progress, value self-improvement more than self-promotion.\nTricks of the Trade\nDon’t negotiate things that aren’t negotiable.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-23", "url": "https://completedeveloperpodcast.com/basics-of-negotiation/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224645595.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20230530095645-20230530125645-00661.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9589732289, "token_count": 1455, "score": 2.921875, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Bunús na hIomaíochta\nPodcast: Seinn i bhfuinneog nua. Íoslódáil (56.9MB) Cuir isteach\nFógra: Apple Podcasts Spotify Email RSS Níos mó\nSainmhínítear idirbheartaíocht mar phlé a bhfuil sé mar aidhm aige comhaontú a bhaint amach. Úsáidtear é chun difríochtaí a réiteach agus comhréiteach a bhaint amach gan argóint ná díospóid. Beidh sé mar aidhm ag daoine an déileáil is fearr a fháil dóibh féin agus iad ag teacht ar chomhaontú. Mar sin féin, is é an smaoineamh a bhaineann le dea-idirbheartaíocht ná tairbhe fhrithpháirteach a aimsiú d'fhonn caidreamh a choinneáil idir na páirtithe lena mbaineann.\nTá eagla ar go leor daoine idirbheartaíocht a dhéanamh le daoine eile. Ní thuigeann siad go bhfuil siad ag idirbheartaíocht an t-am ar fad, fiú go laethúil. Tarlaíonn idirbheartaíocht foirmiúil nuair a phléann tú téarmaí tairiscint poist le earcaitheoir nó nuair a cheannaíonn tú carr nua. Tá idirbheartaíochtaí neamhfhoirmiúla níos coitianta agus tarlaíonn siad nuair a chinntear cé a roghnaíonn an scannán le haghaidh oíche dáta, ag obair ar choimhlint idir comhghleacaithe, nó ag cur ina luí ar chliant seachadadh déanach a ghlacadh.\nCibé an maith linn é nó nach maith linn é, táimid ag idirbheartaíocht an t-am ar fad. Is féidir le bunriachtanais na caibidlíochta a fhoghlaim chun cabhrú linn teacht ar chomhaontú níos tapúla agus le torthaí níos fearr don dá pháirtí.\nTógann sé dhá tango, nó chun idirbheartaíocht a dhéanamh. Má bhraitheann tú féin nó an páirtí eile nach bhfuil rud éigin á fháil acu as an gcomhaontú, féadfaidh siad imeacht. B'fhéidir gurb é tú an rogha is fearr ach mura mbraitheann siad go bhfuil siad ag fáil an méid is gá dóibh ní dócha go nglacfaidh siad le do thairiscint agus b'fhéidir go bhfágfaidh siad na caibidlíochtaí fiú. Cuimhnigh go cé go bhfuil plean cúltaca agat nó BANTA tá an taobh eile freisin. Má dhéanann tú do thaighde agus má ullmhaíonn tú sula dtéann tú isteach i aon chaibidlíocht, cabhróidh sé leat dul amach agus a bheith sásta.\nUllmhaigh sula dtéann tú isteach sa chaibidlíocht.\nBíodh a fhios agat cad atá tú ag iarraidh a chur i gcrích. Ní mór duit a bheith ar an eolas faoi conas a fhéachann rath, ar shlí eile ní shroichfidh tú é. Iarr ort féin cad é an íosmhéid a bheadh tú sásta glacadh leis. Déan do BANTA (an rogha is fearr i gcomparáid le comhaontú idirbheartaithe) a ullmhú agus bí réidh chun dul leis mura féidir leat a fháil ar a bhfuil tú ag iarraidh as idirbheartaíochtaí.\nTuig do chuid opponent.\nFoghlaim faoin duine nó faoi na daoine a mbeidh tú ag idirbheartaíocht leo, go háirithe a gcumhacht idirbheartaíochta. Déan cinnte go bhfuil tú ag obair le daoine a bhfuil an t-údarás acu déileáil a cheadú a thugann an rud atá uait duit. Labhair le daoine eile a rinne idirbheartaíocht leo san am atá caite chun smaointe a fháil ar an méid a oibríonn agus nach n-oibríonn. Faigh amach a láidreachtaí agus a laigí ionas gur féidir leat leas a bhaint as do láidreachtaí agus a laigí. Déantúsaigh aon patrún nó stíl idirbheartaíochta a úsáideann siad ionas gur féidir leat é sin a chasadh ina n-aghaidh.\nDéan plean roimh ré.\nBa mhaith leat a fháil amach cá háit a ndéantar do líne a tharraingt agus cá háit nach rachaidh tú trasna, ní mhaith leat é sin a chinneadh agus tú ag caibidlíocht. Is é an chéad tairiscint an t-amhrán, mar sin bí ionsaitheach agus iarr níos mó ná mar is mian leat chun spás a thabhairt do chomhréiteach. Tá a thabhairt agus a ghlacadh i ngach idirbheartaíocht, a fhios nuair a bhíonn tú toilteanach agus neamhtoilteanach chun comhréiteach. Bíodh cúpla éascú réidh ar láimh nach laghdóidh do sheasamh. Bíodh a fhios agat do phointe imeacht, nuair a bhuaileann an chaibidlíocht seasamh fós beidh do toilteanas labhairt amach brú a chur ar an bpáirtí eile do théarmaí a ghlacadh.\nTá sé mar aidhm ag an dá pháirtí rud éigin a fháil as an gcomhaontú.\nTugtar cás Win-Win air seo toisc go dtagann an dá thaobh amach le rud éigin a theastaíonn uathu. Tá sé tábhachtach go mbraitheann an dá thaobh go bhfuair siad rud éigin as an gcomhaontú, go háirithe má tá sé ina chaidreamh leanúnach. Fiú má tá sé ina idirbheartaíocht aon-uair a straitéis bhuaigh-caillfidh teacht ar ais chun tú a haunt nó trí cháil nó má tá tú riamh idirghníomhú leo arís. Is é an pointe iomlán den chaibidlíocht go dtiocfaidh an dá thaobh ar shiúl le roinnt luach.\nBí foighneach, ná déileáil leat féin.\nMá dhéanann tú tairiscint ar dtús ansin fanacht ar an duine eile chun tairiscint a dhéanamh ar aghaidh. Is comhartha laige é an dara tairiscint níos lú a dhéanamh go luath agus go ndéantar é a shaothrú. Déan cinnte go bhfaighidh tú cuntófaras sula ndéanann tú aon choimisinéirí ar do thairiscint bhunaidh. Mura ndéanann tú tairiscint chreidiúnach d'fhéadfadh sé go gcuirfeadh an taobh eile neamhaird ar do thairiscint ag cur deireadh leis na caibidlíochtaí go luath.\nBíodh a fhios agat nuair a choinneáil do bhéal dúnta.\nIs féidir leis an tsíocháin a bheith mar do chomhghuaillíocht is mó, ná déan an botún leanúint ar aghaidh ag caint tar éis duit a fháil ar a bhfuil tú ag iarraidh. Déanann na hidirbheartaithe is fearr níos mó éisteachta ná mar a labhraíonn siad. Ní bhaineann ró-labhairt le comhréiteach inghlactha a fháil ach le pointe a chruthú. Bí cúramach le cad a deir tú, go háirithe go luath, mar nach féidir leat é a tharraingt siar nuair a dúirt tú rud éigin.\nTuiscint a fháil ar conas déileáil le tacticí/stíleanna idirbheartaíochta cruach-chroí éagsúla.\nIarratais nó éilimh mhóra ach nach leor nó gan aon éascú. Déantar an cleachtas is coitianta seo chun an déantóir a chosaint ar chostas an phróisis idirbheartaíochta. Chun déileáil leis seo, bíodh a fhios agat cad iad do spriocanna agus cad atá tú sásta a thabhairt agus cá háit a rachaidh tú ar shiúl.\nStraitéis gach rud nó rud ar bith. Déanann siad tairiscint ach deir siad nach féidir é a chur ar an margadh. Ná déan dearmad ar an tairiscint agus dírigh ina ionad sin ar an ábhar agus déan tairiscint frith-aontaithe a fhreastalaíonn ar riachtanais an dá thaobh.\nAg brú go pointe briseadh. Beidh siad ag iarraidh níos mó agus níos mó go dtí go sroichfidh tú pointe briseadh agus go nglacfaidh tú leis. Cuir an tactic seo in iúl dóibh agus inis dóibh nach leanfaidh tú ar aghaidh mura nglacfaidh siad le malartú tairiscintí ar ais agus ar aghaidh.\nAd hominem. Is é seo an t-earráid loighciúil a bhaineann le duine a ionsaí in ionad an smaoineamh nó an argóint. Tóg sos más gá duit chun tú féin a bhailiú ansin abair leo nach nglacfaidh tú le hiarrachtaí páistí chun do chíor a chur i ngéibheann.\nNa 17 Gnéithe Riachtanacha d'Imreoir Foirne\nJohn C. Maxwell\nIs é an 14ú cáilíocht d'imreoir foirne féin-fheabhsú. Chun an fhoireann a fheabhsú, feabhsaigh tú féin. Is é seo an chéad uair a léigh mé leabhar a deir cuir an leabhar síos agus glac do ghuthán. Ar ndóigh, scríobhadh seo roimh teacht na bhfón cliste mar sin bhí Maxwell ag cur le pointe go raibh an monaróir de chuid is mó fóin ar ais nuair a scríobhadh an leabhar seo Nokia. I 2019 tá Samsung tar éis an líon is mó fóin a tháirgeadh ar domhan. Lean sé ar aghaidh ag caint faoi conas a thosaigh Nokia mar mhilliún páipéar beag sna 1860idí. Mar sin féin, níor mhair an chuideachta i ngnó an fhigiúr fada agus rinne sí iarracht fás agus feabhas a chur uirthi féin. Sna 1990idí, shocraigh Príomhfheidhmeannach na cuideachta díriú ar an réimse a raibh an acmhainn is mó ann, cumarsáid, agus na réimsí eile a thréigean. Leanann Maxwell ag caint faoi conas a bhíonn daoine ag lorg réitigh tapa ar fhadhbanna seachas réitigh fadtéarmacha. Mar thoradh ar an straitéis seo scoirfidh siad ag dul ar aghaidh nuair nach mbeidh an brú ann a thuilleadh. Deir sé go bhfuil daoine a bhfuil feabhas leanúnach á dhéanamh orthu féin trí ullmhú, machnamh, agus cur i bhfeidhm a dhéanamh mar timthriall leanúnach ina saol. Tugann sé trí bhealach chun féin-fheabhsú a dhéanamh: a bheith an-teagaisg, pleanáil do dhul chun cinn, luach a chur ar féin-fheabhsú níos mó ná féin-árthaíocht.\nTricks na Trádála\nNá déileáil le rudaí nach féidir a dhéileáil."} {"text": "Classification Order Psittaciformes, Family Psittacidae Scientific Name Amazona Vinacea Other Common Names N/A\nSpecies Description Length 36 cm (14 in). Green; all feathers are\nblack-edged. Forehead, chin, and lores red. Upper throat, breast\nand, sometimes, the abdomen, purple-red. Nape feathers bluish. Eyes\norange-red, beak red with a horn colored tip on the upper mandible,\nlegs gray. The female is darker tinged, and the beak is less red.\nThe young have pale red lores, and the beak is red only at the base;\nthe iris is yellow.\nHabitat It inhabits lowland and highland Atlantic\nDistribution Southeastern Brazil and Paraguay\nCaptivity Gentle, affectionate bird, but, as a rule, not\na good talker. Only young birds are easily tamed. Due to\ndeforestation their natural biotope is dangerously affected, and\ntherefore the export of this species is forbidden. The bird is now\non List B (Vulnerable). There are still many pet birds in Europe and\nthe US available, it is therefore time that aviculturists combine\ntheir effots to save this species from extinction. The birds breed\nin captivity without to many problems. The female lays 2-3 eggs;\nboth parents feed the young, which hatch after about 28 days.\nHigh-protein baby cereal and bread soaked in honey-water are\nessential during the breeding season; also necessary are sunflower\nseeds, monkey chow, fruits (banana, apple, tomato) and greens.\nWillow twigs are necessary throughout the year.\nSummary An Amazon parrot is a large parrot of the genus\nAmazona native to the New World ranging from South America to Mexico\nand the Caribbean.\nMost Amazons are predominantly green, with accenting colors that\ndepend on the species and can be quite vivid. Amazons, like all\nparrots, are zygodactyl, having four toes on each foot-two front and\ntwo back. They feed primarily on nuts and fruits, supplemented by\nAmazons are known for their exceptional vocal abilities,\nplayfulness, and dexterity with their feet. They are very loyal,\nloving companions; having them is somewhat like having a\ntwo-year-old human child in ability and temperament for 50-plus\nyears. However, some Amazons are aggressive\n(usually during their mating time), and they all require a lot of\nattention when kept as pets. Parrots require more attention and care\nthan domesticated pets such as dogs or cats. Parrots are highly\nintelligent wild animals.\nWhile there are a number of species of birds that can be\nkept as cage-bird pets with little human attention, parrots must\nhave daily attention in order to keep them mentally healthy. Parrots\nare not for the inexperienced bird owner. All parrots need a lot of\nstimulating activities to keep from being bored and terribly\ndestructive to themselves and their surroundings. In particular,\nsince Amazons are cavity nesters in the wild, their desire to chew\nwood is strong, and they need to be provided with destructible toys\nto satisfy this innate urge.\nAmazons are actually very\nsimilar in personality to monkeys, and both animals lead similar\nlives back in their rainforest canopies. Amazons are very energetic,\nplayful, social creatures that crave lots of interaction with their\nhuman owners. The best pet birds are hand-raised and have bonded\nearly with human companions. More than other parrot species, Amazons\nare well known for their strong or often moody characters. They can\nbe, at different times, cuddly, loud, quiet, stubborn, silly,\njealous, playfully aggressive or irritable. They will play and fight\nwith their toys for hours on end, even rolling over on their backs\nto juggle a ball or play with some string. Sometimes, however, an\nAmazon will temporarily become possessive of a toy, or a person, and\nmay become quite aggressive toward anyone who tries to interfere.\nCareless owners have had fingers or ears bitten, followed by a trip\nto the hospital for stitches. This is the trickier aspect of owning\nan Amazon parrot, you really have to understand your bird's moods\nand behaviors. Amazon parrots are definitely not for all pet owners,\nthey need much more love and attention than most people would\nexpect. Owning an Amazon is very similar to owning a dog with wings.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-30", "url": "http://www.furrycritter.com/resources/birds/Amazon_Vinaceous.htm", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549427429.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20170727042127-20170727062127-00179.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9490683079, "token_count": 981, "score": 3.1875, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Ordú aicmithe Psittaciformes, Teaghlach Psittacidae Ainm Eolaíoch Amazona Vinacea Ainmneacha Coitianta Eile N/A\nTuairisc ar an speiceas Length 36 cm (14 in). Glas; tá na plumaí go léir\ndubh-taobh. Forehead, chin, agus Lores dearg. Uachtarach an throat, an chíche\nagus, uaireanta, an bolg, purple-dearg. Tá plúirí na nape gorm. Súil\ndearg-oráiste, beac dearg le barr corn-dath ar an mandible uachtarach,\ncosa liath. Tá an baineann níos dorcha, agus tá an beak níos lú dearg.\nTá lores dearga lom ag na daoine óga, agus níl an beac dearg ach ag an mbonn;\ntá an iris buí.\nGnáthóg Tá sé ina chónaí i dtuath agus i dtuath Atlantach\nDáileadh: Oirdheisceart na Breataine agus Paragua\nCaipiteal Gentle, éan-éan, ach, mar riail, ní\nLabhair go maith. Níl ach éan óga a bhfuil sé éasca a tamed. Mar gheall ar\ndífhoraoisiú go bhfuil tionchar contúirteach ag baint lena bpíotóp nádúrtha, agus\ndá bhrí sin tá cosc ar onnmhairiú na speiceas seo. Tá an t-éan anois\nar Liosta B (Socair). Tá go leor éan peataí fós san Eoraip agus\nTá an t-earraí atá ar fáil sna Stáit Aontaithe, tá sé thar am go bhfuil na feirmeoirí éan ag comhcheangal\na gcuid effots a shábháil ar an speiceas seo ó extinction. Tá na héin ag breeding\ni bpríosún gan go leor fadhbanna. Cuireann an baineann 2-3 uibhe;\nTá an dá thuismitheoir ag cothú na n-óg, a thagann amach tar éis thart ar 28 lá.\nTá gráin agus arán leanbh ard-próitéine atá soaked in uisce mil\ntá siad riachtanach le linn na séasúir atáirgthe; tá gá freisin le sunflower\nsíolta, chow mhoncaí, torthaí (banán, úll, tomato) agus glasraí.\nTá gá le braonanna Willow i rith na bliana.\nGearrthóg Is é an parrot amazon parrot mór den ghéineas\nAmazona dúchasach don Domhan Nua ag dul ó Mheiriceá Theas go Meicsiceo\nagus an Mhuir Chairib.\nTá an chuid is mó amazons go príomha glas, le dathanna accenting go\nBraitheann sé ar an speiceas agus is féidir go mbeadh sé an-bheo. Amazons, cosúil le gach\npáiréid, is zygodactyl iad, a bhfuil ceithre mhéar acu ar gach cosa - dhá cheann tosaigh agus\ndhá ar ais. Tá siad ag ithe go príomha ar thrá agus torthaí, arna bhforlíonadh le\nTá aithne ar amazons as a gcumas gutha eisceachtúla,\nplayfulness, agus dexterity lena cosa. Tá siad an-diúltach,\ncomhpháirtithe grámhara; tá a bheith acu beagán cosúil le bheith ag\nleanbh daonna dhá bhliain d'aois i gcumas agus temperament do 50 níos mó\nblianta. Mar sin féin, tá roinnt Amazon ionsaitheach\n(de ghnáth le linn a gcuid ama páirte), agus éilíonn siad go léir go leor\naire nuair a choinnítear iad mar pheataí. Éilíonn páiréid níos mó aire agus cúraim\nná peataí tí mar madraí nó cait. Tá parrots an-\nainmhithe fiáine cliste.\nCé go bhfuil roinnt speiceas éan ann a d'fhéadfadh a bheith\na choinnítear mar pheataí cage-eolaí le beag aird daonna, ní mór\naire laethúil a fháil chun a n-intinn a choinneáil sláintiúil. Píosaí\nnach bhfuil do úinéir éan gan taithí. Gach parrots gá go leor de\ngníomhaíochtaí spreagúla chun gan a bheith bored agus go hiontach\ngo bhfuil siad ag déanamh díothaitheacha dóibh féin agus dá dtimpeallacht. Go háirithe,\nó amazons iad cavity nests sa fiáin, a n-éileamh chun chew\ntá an adhmad láidir, agus ní mór iad a chur ar fáil le bréagáin destructible\nchun an t-éileamh dúchasach seo a shásamh.\nTá Amazons i ndáiríre an-\ncosúil le pearsantachta le apes, agus an dá ainmhithe a bheith cosúil\nTá cónaí ar ais ina canopies foraoise báistí. Tá Amazon an-láidir,\ncréatúir spraoi, sóisialta go bhfuil crainn a lán idirghníomhaíochta lena\núinéirí daonna. Tá na héin peataí is fearr ardaithe de láimh agus tá siad ceangailte\nluath le comhghleacaithe daonna. Níos mó ná speicis eile páiróit, Amaisíní\nTá cáil orthu mar gheall ar a gcáilíocht láidir nó go minic móideach. Is féidir leo\na bheith, ag amanna éagsúla, cuddly, ard, ciúin, stubborn, amaideach,\néadúil, ionsaitheach go lúcháireach nó irritable. Beidh siad ag imirt agus troid\nlena gcuid bréagáin ar feadh uaireanta an chloig ar deireadh, fiú rolling ar a gcúl\nchun liathróid a ghlanadh nó a imirt le roinnt sreang. Uaireanta, áfach,\nBeidh Amazon a bheith sealadach possessive de bréagán, nó duine, agus\nd'fhéadfadh sé a bheith go leor ionsaitheach i gcoinne aon duine a dhéanann iarracht a chur isteach.\nTá úinéirí neamhchúramach tar éis fingers nó cluasa bitten, agus turas ina dhiaidh sin\ngo dtí an ospidéal le haghaidh steallacha. Is é seo an gné trickier de úinéireacht\nparrot Amazon, ní mór duit a thuiscint i ndáiríre do éanlaith éanlaith\nagus iompar. Is cinnte nach bhfuil páiróga Amazon do gach sealbhóir peataí,\nis gá dóibh i bhfad níos mó grá agus aire ná mar a bheadh ag an gcuid is mó daoine\nsúil. Tá Amazon a bheith agat an-chosúil le madra le sciatháin a bheith agat."} {"text": "The Grand Palace at Peterhof was designed to be the centerpiece of Peter the Great's \"Russian Versaille\". Around 1720, the Tsar gave up on attempts to establish his court at Strelna, mainly because the boggy ground proved entirely unsuitable for the canals and fountains that he envisioned. Moving his attentions further east to Peterhof, the Tsar began to draw up his own plans for the grounds and palace. Work had already begun on a modest palace, designed by Jean-Baptiste Le Blond, in 1714, and that building was completed in 1721.\nMeanwhile, fired by Peter's untiring enthusiasm, a massive amount of work had been completed around the palace, including the landscaping of the Lower Park, the digging of the Sea Canal, and the building of Monplaisir, Marly Palace, and most of the Hermitage. The original Higher Palace was somewhat inadequate for its surrounding splendours, and Peter instructed Le Blond and his pupil, Johann Braunstein, to expand the building.\nWork was halted after Peter's death in 1725, and Petrhof was almost abandoned until Peter's daughter Elizabeth came to the throne in 1740. Elizabeth commissioned Bartolomeo Rastrelli, who had already completed the Summer Palace in St. Petersburg, to build a genuinely regal palace. Rastrelli chose to retain the original building within his design, and the result is supremely elegant and surprisingly restrained. The long, narrow palace, which was built in the last decade before baroque made way for neoclassicism, has minimal decoration, and Rastrelli's chief stylistic flourishes are the two white pavilions with gilded cupolas at the end of the wings. Beige and white, the palace is majestic without being overwhelming, and provides a perfect backdrop both to the elegantly formal Upper Garden, and to the spectacular Grand Cascade.\nInside, the Grand Palace is considerably more lavish, and the fact that the interiors had to be almost entirely reconstructed after World War Two does nothing to detract from their grandeur. A combination of original designs by Rastrelli and renovations by Yurii Felten and Vallin de la Mothe during the reign of Catherine the Great. Further changes were made in the mid-19th century, but nonetheless the palace's sumptuous interiors have retained a remarkable homogeneity of style.\nVisitors entering the palace are confronted by Rastrelli's incredibly ornate Ceremonial Staircase, which sets the tone for what is to come with a magnificent fresco of Aurora and Genius and multitude of gilded statues. Highlights include the richly gilded Ballroom and Felten's splendid white-and-turquoise Throne Room, which has a particularly fine parquet floor. The Western Chinese Study is heavily Oriental, with jewel red and green walls and a beautiful Chinese tea-set. The Drawing Room of the Imperial Suite is equally influenced by chinoiserie, with particularly fine silk wall hangings. The rest of the Imperial Suite, the royal family's private quarters, is furnished in grand 19th century style. Also of interest is Peter the Great's charmingly simple Oak Study, and the adjacent Crown Room, which was in fact the Imperial bedchamber.\n|Open:|| ||Daily 10:30 am to 7 pm. Last admission is at 5:45 pm. Thursday: 10:30 am to 9 pm. Last admission is at 8 pm.|\n|Admission:||RUB 550.00. Audio-guide: RUB 500.00|\n|Photo and video:||not allowed|\n|Accessibility note:||Partial wheelchair access is available. Free wheelchair rental is available.|", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2013-48", "url": "http://www.saint-petersburg.com/peterhof/grand-palace.asp", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386163983709/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204133303-00084-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9589502811, "token_count": 773, "score": 2.5625, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Dearadh an Grand Palace i Peterhof chun a bheith ina lárphéire de \"Versaille na Rúise\" de chuid Phéadar an Mór. Timpeall 1720, thit an tSair suas ar iarrachtaí a chúirt a bhunú ag Strelna, go príomha toisc nach raibh an talamh bogtha oiriúnach go hiomlán do na canálacha agus na foinn a shamhlaíodh sé. Ag bogadh a chuid aird níos faide ó thuaidh go Peterhof, thosaigh an Tsar ag tarraingt suas a phleananna féin don talamh agus don phálás. Bhí tús curtha cheana féin le hobair ar phálás measartha, arna dhearadh ag Jean-Baptiste Le Blond, i 1714, agus críochnaíodh an foirgneamh sin i 1721.\nIdir an dá linn, ag éirí as díograis gan staonadh Peter, rinneadh méid ollmhór oibre timpeall an phálás, lena n-áirítear tírdhreachú an Pháirc Íseal, tochailt an Chainéal Mara, agus tógáil Monplaisir, Pálás Marly, agus an chuid is mó den Hermitage. Bhí an Pálás Uachtarach bunaidh beagán neamhréireach dá splendors timpeall, agus d'ordaigh Peter Le Blond agus a dheisceabal, Johann Braunstein, an foirgneamh a leathnú.\nCuireadh deireadh leis an obair tar éis bháis Peter i 1725, agus bhí Petrhof beagnach tréigthe go dtí gur tháinig iníon Peter, Elizabeth, ar an ríchathaoir i 1740. D'ordaigh Elizabeth Bartolomeo Rastrelli, a bhí críochnaithe aige cheana féin an Pálás Samhraidh i St. Petersburg, pálás fíor-ríoga a thógáil. Roghnaigh Rastrelli an foirgneamh bunaidh a choinneáil laistigh dá dhearadh, agus tá an toradh thar a bheith galánta agus go hiontach coibhneasta. Tá an maighistir fada, caol, a tógadh sa deich mbliana deireanach sula ndeachaigh an barócaigh ar aghaidh chuig an néoclasizim, le maisiú íosta, agus is iad príomh-fhorbairtí stíl Rastrelli an dá phailliún bán le cúpulaí órga ag deireadh na sciatháin. Beige agus bán, tá an phálás maorga gan a bheith tromchúiseach, agus soláthraíonn sé cúlra foirfe don Ghairdín Uachtarach foirmiúil galánta, agus don Grand Cascade iontach.\nTaobh istigh, tá an Grand Palace i bhfad níos saibhre, agus ní dhéanann an fíric go raibh na hinmheáin a athchóiriú beagnach go hiomlán tar éis an Dara Cogadh Domhanda rud ar bith a chur in oiriúint dá gcuid mórthimpeall. Comhcheangal de dhearadh bunaidh Rastrelli agus athchóirithe ag Yurii Felten agus Vallin de la Mothe le linn réimeas Catherine an Mór. Rinneadh athruithe breise i lár an 19ú haois, ach mar sin féin tá an taobh istigh sumptuous an phálás a choimeádta homogeneity suntasach de stíl.\nNuair a théann cuairteoirí isteach sa phálás, bíonn siad i ngleic le Stair Ceiliúradh Rastrelli atá an-dearg, a leagann an t-othar le haghaidh na rudaí atá le teacht le fresco iontach de Aurora agus Genius agus iliomad de mhúnlaí órga. I measc na n-alt is mó tá an Seomra Ball a bhfuil an-golded agus Seomra Tróna iontach bán-agus-turquoise Felten, a bhfuil urlár parquet an-mhaith aige. Tá an Staidéar Lár-Chineach go mór Oirthear, le ballaí dearga agus glas jewel agus seata tae Sínis álainn. Tá tionchar ag chinoiserie ar an Seomra Drawing den Suíte Impiriúil, le crochta balla síoda fíneáil go háirithe. Tá an chuid eile den Imperial Suite, ceathrú príobháideach an teaghlaigh ríoga, ar fáil i stíl mhór an 19ú haois. Tá spéis freisin i Staidéar Oak simplí charmingly Peter an Mór, agus an Seomra Coróin in aice láimhe, a bhí i ndáiríre an seomra codlata Impiriúil.\n♬Open: ♬Sadder ♬Daily 10:30 am to 7 pm. Is é an t-aistriúchán deireanach ag 5:45 pm. Déardaoin: 10:30 am go 9 pm. Is é an t-aistriúchán deireanach ag 8 pm.\nComhghlactha: 550 rúbal. Treoir fuaime: RUB 500.00\n♬Photo agus físeán:\nNóta inrochtaineachta: Tá rochtain chathaoir rothaí páirteach ar fáil. Tá seata rothaí saor in aisce ar fáil."} {"text": "The beginnings of Western scholarship on the Sanskrit epic, the Mahābhārata, are marked by a great puzzlement at the work. The text does not fit Western canons of literature—too heterogeneous its contents, too abstract its ideas that Western scholars can make sense of it.1 The “confusion” of fact and fantasy—a cosmological narrative that begins with Brahmā, the Creator, and descends through the repeated names of obscure dynastic kings to connect with present-day “history”—violates all Western expectations of narrative consistency and reality. In contrast to the Vedas, considered the earliest documents of “Indo-European” civilization, the Mahābhārata appears a corrupted work, and German scholars are quick to identify the culprits: the “aboriginal” population of India, those from “the darker side” (Garbe). In the German scholars’ view, the aboriginal influence can be seen in features such as the emphasis on gift-giving to the Brahmans, the belief in karma and rebirth, and the “repugnant” cults of Viṣṇu, Śiva, and the Devī—features they consider inimical to the “Aryan” inheritance of ancient India.2 The task of scholarship can only be to excise these elements from the “old, genuine Mahābhārata” (Holtzmann Jr.). The Mahābhārata, they reason, must have arisen as an amalgam of a heroic culture (whose extent Holtzmann Sr. identifies in 1854 with a common Indo-Greek-Germanic epic tradition stretching from the Baltic to the Gangetic plain) and the debased views and religious practices of the negroid inhabitants of the subcontinent that the Aryans, invading from the north, encountered. Contrasting—by first identifying—the religious ideas of the latter (chiefly, nature worship, pantheism if not a rational monotheism, and worship of warlike gods such as Indra) with those of the former becomes a favorite pastime of theirs and, not incidentally, gives rise to the disciplines of comparative religions and comparative mythology.\nThese racial prejudices find an easy anchor in the text. The Mahābhārata, at least to the uninitiated, appears a war narrative of the kind Hermann Oldenberg yearns for, when he exults over the Aryan victories over the natives, the “battles in which the land was taken away from the dark-skinned foes, [and] the shattering of their strongholds” (Das Mahābhārata, 7). Does the text not recount the story of a great battle? Does it not relate the names of some of the combatants to color? Is this not definitive evidence for the great Völkerwanderung that Friedrich Schlegel has been fantasizing about since at least 1806 as part of his plans for a great Universalgeschichte? Is it not the long-sought evidence required to finally anchor the biracial theory—the view that the Indian population comprised a mixture of the white, “Caucasian” race (the “Hindus”) and a black, negroid race—that theoreticians of race such as A. W. Schlegel had been propounding in Indian history?3 The turn to a “historical” interpretation of the Mahābhārata is finally taken in 1837 when Christian Lassen, a student of A. W. Schlegel’s, proposes that the Mahābhārata is a historical record of the battle fought between “the originally native black [race] and the Sanskrit speaking, light-skinned [race] that had immigrated from the north, whose western racial relatives are, even now, successfully fighting a similar battle with similar superiority over the red races of America” (“Beiträge zur Kunde des indischen Alterthums,” 1: 75; Lassen’s italics). Henceforward, ignoring the text’s self-presentation as a philosophical treatise, a law book, and a salvific history; ignoring, also, its own time reckoning, the sole task Western scholarship will pursue is the separation of this (imagined) historical fact from its narrative trappings—a project it advertises to Indians as the necessary “critical” clarification of their texts so that they may be admitted into “history.”4\nAs tendentious as they were, Lassen’s pseudohistorical investigations provided a structuring principle for Western researches into the Mahābhārata. Scholars could now dissociate the text into its alleged “core,” identified either with a spontaneous bardic composition hymning the deeds of the bard’s liege lord or a historical recollection of the primordial racial battle, and its “accretions,” variously imagined as attempts by Brahmans either to inculcate the warriors in the spirit of their theology5 or to challenge them for their position at the head of the social order.6 A text that Western scholars could not interpret and that would remain eternally mysterious to them could at last be made sense of, even if this “sense-making” consisted in something as banal as identifying the various motivations postulated behind the text. The basic assumption, after all, was that the text was meaningless; that the only reason it could have been put together as it was was due to the vagaries of historical time—the changing dictates of political reason and theological fashion, which scholars would painstakingly, if speculatively, map over the next two centuries. In an era of condescension, what Hindus had to say about the text mattered less than what Western scholars could clarify about their history and traditions to them, and the imputation of a cognitive deficiency to the Indians accorded well with the charge of primitivism laid upon them once it had been decided that, as Winternitz declared, “the critical historian of Indian literature will not join in this praise of the Mahābhārata. He will not see in it as a whole a work of art at all, but a literary monstrosity” (“The Mahābhārata,” 347). Perversely, every attempt by Hindus to insist otherwise would now be interpreted as evidence of their lack of critical self-reflexivity, that very Mündigkeit that the German Indologists had arrogantly arrogated to themselves,7 or, in an act of racial segregation, labeled as support for a militant Hindu nationalism.8\nAs we showed in The Nay Science, for the past two hundred years, scholars have seldom approached the Mahābhārata as a text. They have been interested neither in what the text had to say about itself nor in what it had to say about the universe or reality nor in what it had to say about the intellectual cosmos in which Hinduism unfolds. Rather, the text was read primarily for what it could reveal about the racial history of the Hindus, that is, for the story of how, “mixing with the dark-skinned aborigines [had] transform[ed] the invaders, cause[d] the Aryan to turn into the Hindu” (Oldenberg, “Indologie,” 640). The German scholars identified this narrative with the content of history and the Mahābhārata itself was considered historical and of interest only insofar as it cohered with this story. Thus, whereas Holtzmann Jr. could assert that the Mahābhārata “had, until now, made an impression on every impartial reader that it is historical […] [,] that here real history wishes to be presented” (Zur Geschichte und Kritik des Mahābhārata, 41–42),9 Lassen would call it “that Indian work that contains the maximum [number of] fragments of ancient history” (Lassen, “Beiträge,” 61), that is, that Indian work that contained the maximum number of fragments useful for the German narrative of invasion, racial mixing, and racial decline. The Mahābhārata was pressed into a historical narrative that was both racist and anti-Semitic in intent.10 Extending the argument of The Nay Science, Philology and Criticism makes four points:\n1. German Mahābhārata scholars did not actually contribute to textual criticism. Despite claiming that, unlike the tradition, they were critical,11 they contributed neither to a mechanical reconstruction of the archetype based on an exhaustive recensio of the extant witnesses and a genealogical analysis of the relations of filiation between them nor to an objective history of the text. Rather, what they presented in the name of “text-critical” (textkritische) or “text-historical” (texthistorische) investigations were anti-Semitic and anti-Brahmanic resentments (see The Nay Science), theological maxims, and racial prejudices (about ancient Aryans, Indo-Germans, etc.). Their “criticism” consisted entirely of separating parts they thought were Brahmanic in origin from those they considered to be reflective of a Kṣatriya outlook.\n2. Even after the completion of a critical edition in 1966, German Indologists persisted with the kind of subjective and unscientific “higher critical” reconstructions of the text that they had previously undertaken. Not one of the critics, whose work we examined, identified new significant errors. Not one collated a manuscript. They had no idea of how manuscripts were classified or how the editors had reconstructed the reading of the archetype. Instead, aware that a critical text would end their arbitrary speculations, they raised irrelevant objections to the editorial process and redefined the constituted text as a Brahmanic redaction.12 Even those who, like Bigger, argued that “these are arguments from higher textual criticism, whose application to lower textual criticism I already refused myself” (Bigger, Balarāma im Mahābhārata, 121), did not actually contribute to lower criticism. Rather, their “lower criticism” consisted of proposing recondite models for why readings the editor had rejected from the constituted text (readings the critics thought were typical of a “heroic epic”) could nevertheless be older or why the editor might have overlooked them.\n3. The resultant fragmentation of the text was not the unintended consequence of applying a valid scientific procedure to the text, necessary in order to recover better readings or to provide a more readable text. Rather, it was explicitly desired. As we have seen, no such procedure existed, and Mahābhārata scholars were not interested in preserving the text or making it accessible to its readers. Their sole aim in pursuing Mahābhārata “criticism” was to ensure that the text, which articulates a comprehensive vision of the Hindu cosmos, did not survive as a unity. No critic doubted the Mahābhārata’s centrality to Hinduism. No critic was unaware of its theological significance. As comments by the rabidly evangelical Nazi Indologist Paul Hacker and his acolytes such as Gerhard Oberhammer and James T. Laine attest,13 there was an urgent need to deconstruct the text, in full awareness of the challenge it posed to Christianity. The invocation of a “critical” procedure merely served as a pretext. Thus, “layers” were made up, the theory of “euhemerism” was brought in to explain the worship of Kṛṣṇa Vāsudeva, and, when all else failed, the preposterous notion of “inclusivism” was postulated, as though the “Hindu mind” (Hacker) was incapable of comprehending difference or polytheism had to be some kind of epistemological mistake, an illusion resulting from several monotheistic sects competing for influence over the same text.14\n4. The scholarly reception of the Mahābhārata has been inherently racist. It repeatedly ignored what the Hindu tradition had to say about the text, even though a rich tradition of philosophical commentary on the text has existed since at least the tenth century. Indeed, as Cerequas reminds us, the basic presumption has been that “men so poor in philological training and so rich in melanin” could not “have a commentarial tradition in the first place” (“Ātman, Psuchê, Anima,” 8). German Indologists even excluded twentieth-century Indian scholars from discourse on the specious grounds that “each author establishes his own hermeneutics on the basis of the religious or philosophical tradition he adheres to” (Malinar, The Bhagavadgītā, 7),15 a curious justification since the Indologists saw no difficulty in citing Nazis such as J. W. Hauer and Paul Hacker. Scholars repeatedly attributed a cognitive deficiency to the Indians, whether it was an inability to see the real (Oldenberg), an inability to separate myth from (historical) fact (van Buitenen), or an inability to liberate themselves from the bonds of religion (Hanneder). The Indologists’ “philology” has thus unfolded primarily as an ethnology, led, as Hegel says, “of itself to investigate and to trace the basic lines of the common element, the principles of the Indian consciousness” (Humboldt-Rezension, 75). Measured against the German scholars’ prejudices, the classical commentators, who interpret the text with careful attention to its letter and the reader’s ultimate concerns, appear surprisingly modern. Instead of explaining the text anthropologically-ethnographically by referring to “the increasingly documented peculiarity of the Indian mind” (ibid.), they read the text thoughtfully and philosophically, relating it to the conventions of Vedic and śāstric literature and concepts in Sanskrit poetics. It is time we looked to them rather than to the German Indologists or their indigenous collaborators for clarification of Indian texts.\nAn earlier version of this essay was distributed at the 17th World Sanskrit Conference in Vancouver,Canada. This version has been revised and expanded.\n1. “The Mahābhārata began its existence as a simple epic narrative. It grew in the course of the centuries to a monstrous chaos: besides the main narrative there are true primal forests of smaller narratives, furthermore, countless and endless teachings about theological, philosophical, natural-scientific matters, law, politics, worldly wisdom and practical advice. A poem full of deep dreaming and intuition, gentle poetry, school-masterly platitudes—full of the sparkling play of colors, overpowering masses of images that crush each other, of showers of arrows of endless battles, cries upon cries of heroes that scorn death, overly pious ideal humans, overwhelmingly beautiful women, wrathful ascetics, adventurous mythic beasts, amazing miracles—of empty flood of words and of wide, free insights into the order of the world-unfolding” (Oldenberg, Das Mahābhārata, 1).\n2. How deeply rooted this prejudice is can be seen from the following comments, which document a history of negating the text’s actual contents insofar as they mention the Hindu pantheon: “If this exit of the old gods is an irreplaceable loss, the interference of the younger gods, in contrast, of Viṣṇu, of Śiva, of Devī led to the almost total destruction of the poem. In place of the poetic-miraculous, which let fantasy perform the work of the understanding, entered the degenerate-miraculous that resists the representing [faculty of] fantasy just as much as it does the thinking reason” (Holtzmann Sr., Indische Sagen, ix); “Buddhism has disappeared from its Indian homeland. What has triumphed is the power we call ‘Hinduism’. Its gods are the misshapen, wild, cruel, [and] lascivious Hindu gods, at their head Shiva and Vishnu. Its books are the gigantic epic, the Mahābhārata, and an unsurveyable host of literature [made up] of epic poems, legendary works, narratives, fairy tales, dramas. Everywhere we find how this people, this faith, this literature, whose familial context, pointing to the West, clearly appears in the old period, distanced itself ever further from those origins [in the West] in the course of centuries. A transformation that affects the innermost core of the people, of the soul of the people. Mixing with the dark-skinned aborigines transforms the invaders, causes the Aryan to turn into the Hindu” (Oldenberg, “Indologie,” 640); “There is no bridge from the radiant forms of the Veda to the forms of the modern gods [of Hinduism], whose monstrous representations with their tastelessly multiplied animal limbs and so on, should be familiar to all, at least as a type. … In spite of their Aryan names, I consider the modern Hindu gods—Shiva, Vishnu, Durga, Hanuman, and whatever else they may be called—not to be Aryan conceptions, but to be conceptions of the aborigines” (Garbe, Indische Reiseskizzen, 85).\n3. Compare Schlegel’s account of the “Hindus”—“The face of an oval shape, the forehead high and dominating the lower parts; the cheekbones effaced by the cheeks; the eyes placed horizontally, large, though veiled by thick eyelids, and mostly well split; a nose prominent and often aquiline, of which the ridge is well marked, the nostrils close together and widening little, the opening of the nostrils turned downwards; the two rows of teeth placed vertically the one above the other; the mouth small, delicately traced, and lined by lips moderately swollen; the chin rounded; finally, the hair black, long, silky, and wavy, but not frizzy; in men of a virile age, a thick beard which, if it is not cut, grows to a great length; add to this a slender waist, especially among the women, a fine proportion between the height of the legs and thighs and the part of the body between the shoulders and the hips; hands and feet of a remarkable elegance: such are the traits which place the Hindus incontestably in the race of men to which belong the Persians, the Arabs, the inhabitants of anterior Asia and of Europe […]”—whom he contrasts with the aboriginals thus: “Though, for the reasons I have just developed, we cannot accept that the nation of the Hindus has been formed by the fusion of two peoples coming from different stock, and perhaps from different races, from a conquering people and a subjugated people; it seems that their ancestors were not the first occupants of the country; that they found already there inhabitants more anciently indigenous. There exist even today, in northern India, in some mountainous districts where nature presents great obstacles to the clearing and cultivation of the land, tribes of savage hunters. Without regular cult, having for their entire religion only some confused superstitions, recognizing in no way the Brahmanic law, they live on the products of the hunt, or upon wild roots and fruit; they eat even the most impure meats. Almost nude, but armed with bows, spears, and maces, they go forth from time to time from their inaccessible lairs and commit depredations among their neighbors in the plains. […] This population belongs to a race totally different than that of the Hindus. They are indeed blacks, and their planar forehead, their woolly hair, their flat nose, their figure and stature mark them as Asiatic negroes” (“On the Origin of the Hindus,” trans. E. P. Butler, 423–24).\n4. “For us, however, we who regard the Mahābhārata not as faithful Hindus do, but rather, as critical historians of literature, it is nothing less than an artificial work, and we in no way may we see in it the work of a [single] composer, indeed, not even of a skilled collector and arranger. The Mahābhārata as a whole is a literary absurdity. Never has an artist’s hand attempted—and it would hardly have been possible—to combine the conflicting elements to a unitary poem. Only unpoetic theologians and commentators and untalented copyists have ultimately welded together the parts that are, in fact, irreconcilable and derive from different centuries into a disorganized mass” (Winternitz, Geschichte der indischen Litteratur 1: 272). It is only a late echo of this when Pollock claims that “successful applicants for admission to the twenty-first-century temple of disciplinarity will have to [subject themselves to the test of] historical self-awareness. [They] cannot remain arrogantly indifferent to their own historicity, constructedness, and changeability” (World Philology, 23).\n5. “It is in the nature of their [social] position and can also be deduced from various provisions of their legal code that the Indian priestly caste had a clear awareness of the means suitable for securing it lasting dominance over the minds of the remaining folk. It therefore cannot surprise us that we find epic poetry being used as a tool of an addiction to spiritual domination. […] There was no more suitable means of raising the warrior caste in the priestly spirit than linking instruction about religious and social laws to the narratives that already enjoyed general approval. That such an intention was realized in the diaskeusis of the Mahābhārata is clear to me, […[ The Indian priestly caste had a clear understanding of the appropriate means […] for securing it lasting dominance over the minds of the remaining people. It therefore cannot surprise us that we find epic poetry used as an instrument of an addiction to spiritual domination. […] There was no means as appropriate for raising the warrior caste in the priestly spirit than linking instruction about religious and social laws to the narratives that already enjoyed universal favor. That such an intention was realized in the diaskeusis of the Mahābhārata appears clear to me from the large number and the extent of the didactic portions” (Lassen, “Beiträge zur Kunde des indischen Alterthums,” 1: 86).\n6. “A record of the greatest martial event of ancient India would have emphatically been claimed as the property of the second or military caste, the Kshattriyas. […] But such an exaltation of kingly splendour and of the importance of the military caste, would as naturally threaten to depress that of the first or Brahmanical caste. Brahmans, therefore, would endeavour to become the arrangers of the national epos; and as the keepers of the ancestral lore, as the spiritual teachers and guides, as priestly diplomatists, too, they would easily succeed in subjecting it to their censorship. […] It became thus the aim of the Brâhmanas to transform the original legend of the great war into a testimony to the superiority of their caste over that of the Kshattriyas. And this aim was effected not only by the manner in which the chief story was told, but also by adding to the narrative all such matter as would show that the position and might of a Kshattriya depends on the divine nature and favour of the Brâhmana caste” (Goldstücker, “Hindu Epic Poetry: The Mahābhārata,”388–89).\n“But we are Europeans, and our precedence, our spiritual maturity [Mündigkeit] lies precisely therein that we survey the globe with its inhabitants, and have the drive to trace the history of both back to the most remote prehistory. Consequently, no monument of venerable antiquity should solicit us in vain for its interpretation” (A. W. Schlegel, “Ueber den gegenwärtigen Zustand der Indischen Philologie,” 25).\n8. Compare Franco’s review of our book, which interprets our call for a more sensitive reading of the Mahābhārata as “an open invitation for reading and using a text like the Gītā as a justification of the abominable concepts and practices of caste distinction, Hindu nationalism, Brahmin supremacy, Right-wing militarism and fascism, to mention but a few possibilities” (Franco, review of The Nay Science, 698). This is rich coming from someone who collaborated in covering up the anti-Semitic and Nazi background of his predecessors in Leipzig.\n9 Note the identification of “real history” with this story. This is not to say that the invasion happened or did not happen or that its vector was reversed. Rather, a decision about what is to count as “the real” is being made here. It is only once this decision is made that Oldenberg will be able to say, “Only later—for the period of which we shall speak, this lies for the most part in the future—one learns, instead of the imaginary occurrences, to see the real” (Die Lehre der Upanishaden, 12), a statement that makes a massive threefold assumption, namely, that we ourselves know “the real,” that we know what is to count as “the real,” and that we can, therefore, now determine whether other people have learned to see “the real.” It is from this decision that Indology’s Bildungsauftrag (pedagogic responsibility) flows: Indians, who do not know “the real,” must now be taught to recognize it. They must become historical in a Western sense. We have learned to identify a highly determinate experience, a specific way of ordering events and endowing them with meaning that was invented in nineteenth-century Germany with history as such and to identify this history, in turn, with “the real.” Herein lies the deepest root of not only India’s intellectual colonization, but also all other peoples.\nOn the racial interpretation of the text, see Lassen, Indische Alterthumskunde, 1: 643: “Since the Pāñcāla definitely belonged to the Aryan peoples, we may not interpret the relationship between them and the Pāṇḍavas in such a way that the former, through the black color ascribed to Kṛṣṇā [Draupadī] should be understood as being described as belonging to the black natives of India, the latter as the white Aryans. Nonetheless, the distinction in terms of color must have a meaning, and this can only be that the Pāñcāla, as well as the Yādava who are represented by Kṛṣṇa [Vāsudeva], both belonged to the Aryan peoples who had immigrated [into India] earlier, [that they] had become darker through the influence of the climate than the more recent immigrants from the north and, in contrast to these, were called the black ones.” On the anti-\nSemitic association of the category of “epic” see ibid., 414–15: “History is evidence that the Semites lacked the harmonious balance of all psychic powers through which the Indo-Germans became preeminent. […] The Semite cannot separate the relationship of the world to man in general from the relationship of the world to his own ‘I.’ He cannot represent ideas in the mind in pure objectivity. His way of looking at things is subjective and egotistical. His poetry is lyrical [and] hence subjective. His spirit expresses its joy and its pain, its love and its hatred, its admiration and its scorn. […] Even if he expands his horizon it is only to represent his tribe as an individual over against other tribes. […] He is unsuccessful at [creating] epic because here the ‘I’ of the poet recedes before the object [and] even less at dramatic works, which demand that the poet shed his personality even more completely. [In contrast,] the Indo-Germans possess, alongside the lyrical, also the other genres of poetry. They alone produced a national drama. They alone produced the great heroic poems that reflect the great deeds of antiquity handed down in the legend in glorified form, that present the entire worldview of the spirit of a people to us and are present as the result of the poetic effort of an entire people. The Semite is lacking in the material of the epic, but not the saga, which he poetically ornaments and develops but does not combine into larger cycles and, instead, preserves in his memory as primordial history.”\n11. Compare Stietencron’s comment: “The analytical thinking of Western scholars trained in historical and philological methodology stood in contrast to the traditional Indian commentators. The latter not only generously harmonized all the disjunctions in the text but, above all, attempted to recognise in particular passages of the text their own philosophical and theological concepts. This was done in order to secure for themselves the divine authority of Kṛṣṇa. In this manner, several philosophical schools developed Gītā interpretations of their own—a spectrum that has been further expanded through politically motivated, modern interpretations since the beginning of the Indian independence struggle” (Stietencron, “Editor’s\nHere is how Simson characterizes the edition: “If, however, we proceed from the assumption the redactions had before them older versions of the Mahābhārata, then we must reckon with the fact that these older versions were already revised in various ways and that interpolations entered into them before they were evaluated for our Mahābhārata [the critical edition]. Further, we may assume that even after the completion of the final redaction, for a certain period of time until the final separation of the north and south Indian recensions, interpolations entered into the text, and which hence could not be eliminated using the editorial principles of the Poona edition [the critical edition]. The history of development of our Mahābhārata text can\nthen be outlined as follows: (1) In the beginning there was […] the short epic transmitted as an oral, improvised composition in the tradition. Here it is meaningless to inquire into the original text and the author: the poem was realized by several epic bards in constantly changing form; bard and author were identical in this stage. From this period arise many of the formulaic expressions of our Mahābhārata, the technique of the adhyāya introductions and conclusions, the schematic development of the small battle-scenes, etc. (2) There followed a period of written fixation of the text; indeed, we can also assume with certainty that different versions of the poem were written down at different times, of which remains can still be traced in our text. (3) Finally, an individual diaskeuast or a committee of diaskeuasts, compilators, or redactors took up the task of forging together from the different written versions in circulation a great epic intended to exceed all previous versions in both extent and comprehensivity. The result was a text one can characterize as the goal of the Poona edition, a goal that could, of course, only be partially attained due to the inadequacy of the written transmission” (Simson, “Altindische epische Schlachtbeschreibung,” 283–84).\n13 For Hacker’s comments, see Adluri and Bagchee, “The Passion of Paul Hacker”; for Laine’s comments, see Adluri, “Hindu Studies in a Christian, Secular Academy.” On Oberhammer, see Marlewicz, “The Religious Hermeneutics of Gerhard Oberhammer.”\n14. Mertens provides the best illustration of this inane approach, which serves no purpose except to validate its central assumption about the primacy of monotheism. Here is her reconstruction of the alleged historical development of the motif of Rudra’s deconstruction of Dakṣa’s sacrifice, mentioned in Mahābhārata 7.173, 13.145–46, 10.18, 12.270–74, and App. 1, no. 28. “The religious orientation of this version reveals itself to be unambiguously Śaiva: the redactor, who has developed the Vedic mythologeme into an epic episode, seeks recognition of Rudra’s claim to power. Hence two parties confront each other in the battle: on one side, Dakṣa, the vidhi following sacrificer and prototype of the Brahman, and the gods participating in the sacrifice including Pūṣan, Ṛṣis, and Asuras; on the other side, Rudra alone. As yet, Rudra’s manifestation corresponds entirely to the dark Vedic ideas […]. But what is new in contrast is the motivation for Rudra’s actions, his claim to universal power […]. […] The gods of the ‘orthodox’ Vedic pantheon have lost their power. The motifs developed thus in the interests of Śaivism reflect the historical situation: a small or a young following of the rising outsider-god Rudra [that] fights against ‘orthodox’ Brahmanism for recognition in cult and society” (Der Dakṣa mythus in der episch-purāṇischen Literatur, 20–21; italics added); “The inevitable conclusion is that the redactor of the Mahābhārata 13 version took over an entire chapter from its original context into a new context. It is evident that he undertook this interpolation in the interest of Śaivism merely from the fact that he retained Kṛṣṇa, who has the role of a narrator in this context, as a spokesperson to announce the Rudra doctrine and thus subordinated him [Kṛṣṇa], who is Viṣṇu incarnate, to his ‘rival’ Rudra. Inasmuch as Kṛṣṇa must acknowledge that he recites the śatrudrīya every morning, he reveals himself practically as a loyal devotee of\nRudra […]. That the previous chapters, which postulate worship of the powerful Brahmans, do not show any traces of Śaiva theology strengthens us in the assumption that the entire passage was interpolated by a Śaiva redactor in Mahābhārata 13 with the aim of degrading the rival Vaiṣṇavism” (ibid., 24); “To assess the religious orientation of this version we must examine the opposed parties as in Mahābhārata 7 and 13. Rudra’s nature is ambiguous: we find ‘archaic’ (ṛg) vedic traits in his representation, but also qualities that characterize his situation, which is undergoing transformation, and, additionally, facets that already hint at a milder character (as propagated by his devotees in later texts). […] It is practically bitter mockery that Rudra, who appears in this [martial] guise, is described as an eternal Brahmanic pupil (brahmacāriṇam avyayam 9). The incorporation of Brahmanic ideas of ritual is intended to legitimate Rudra’s sacrilegious action and his new status in the sacrifice to the gods resulting therefrom. […] Although there is no victor in this battle, the author of this version of the myth unequivocally sympathizes with the Śaiva side. The redactor’s attitude becomes clear not only from Rudra’s manifestation but also from a formal criterion: Kṛṣṇa-Viṣṇu is, once again following the Mahābhārata 13 version, the narrator of the episode. In this function, he must prove himself to be a knower of Rudra’s deeds (e.g., the attainment of a share of the sacrifice) and to elevate the god with his own words to the universal lord (10.17.9). Thus, here also Kṛṣṇa is manifestly subordinated to his rival and, moreover, represented as his worshipper. In this way, the historical situation is reflected in the narration of an individual: this version of the myth attests to the fact that Śaivas had infiltrated the existing Brahmanic order and, moreover, sought to assert themselves vis-à-vis Vaiṣṇava groups” (ibid., 27–30; italics added); “The Mahābhārata 12.274 version represents a Śaiva transformation of a mythologeme previously transmitted in context with the ‘Dakṣa myth’.” […] The final redaction of these four chapters [270–74] is Vaiṣṇava: myths of diverse theological provenance were revised by a Vaiṣṇava redactor and combined in this Mahābhārata section. […] Summing up, we can conclude regarding the redaction history of chapters 12.270–71 that an older doctrinal text was successively viṣṇufied [viṣṇuitisiert]: 1. through the introduction of new (narrated) persons, 2. through taking up and viṣṇufying the preexisting doctrine of rebirth, and 3. through the interpolation of a Vaiṣṇava doctrinal segment. […] Whereas chapters 270–71 must be regarded as a Vaiṣṇava revision of an older text core, we can identify at least three levels of redaction in chapters 272–73: an older text core, a Śaiva, and one or possibly two Vaiṣṇava revisions. […] If one compares the respective intensity of the sectarian revision and the presence of the relevant sectarian highest god thus produced it is conspicuous that the Śaiva revision represents a complete penetration of the Vṛtra myth theme and the Vaiṣṇava revision appears to be added secondarily and superficially. […] The inevitable conclusion is that the Śaiva [revision] represents the primary and the Vaiṣṇava [revision] the secondary revision of this passage. This means that the original text was transformed by a Śaiva redactor in his interest, and this Śaiva Vṛtra myth version was then added superficially, using the crudest means, by a Vaiṣṇava redactor with the goal of assimilating it to the already viṣṇufied chapters 270–71. […] Thus already in this epic version of the myth we find the beginnings of the method of orienting the text to specific religious interests, which will be further refined and enriched in the later Purāṇic literature [my italics]: the fundamental Śaiva orientation is underscored here 1. via the substantial-mythological route and 2. through concrete statements about the god” (ibid., 30–31, 34, 36, 40–41, 50; italics added); and “In contrast to the previous Mahābhārata versions, this version, which has been developed along Śaiva lines, reveals a new image of Rudra, which simultaneously lends emphasis to the transformed self-assurance of his followers: Rudra is a rival for the other (high) gods and, especially, Viṣṇu, who must be taken seriously, and the conflict between Śaivas and Vaiṣṇavas is conducted openly for the first time. The indications for this development are found not only in the substantial-mythological route and statements about the god but also in a specific Rudra theology: 1. The substantial-mythological route: Besides the addition of new actors (Dadhīci, Bhadrakālī, the Raumyas), the function or significance of familiar actors has been significantly expanded: With Umā’s role is associated a displacement of the motivation, which affects the intention of the entire myth. Thus, as the reason for the destruction of the sacrifice is mentioned not the achievement of a share for Rudra, but rather, repeatedly, the elimination of Umā’s fury. This shift in motivation corresponds to the new status of Rudra: he is already the god, to whom all sacrificial activities are addressed (61–42), he no longer has to demand his place among the others. […] Dakṣa is no longer the vidhi following merely nominal sacrificer supported by the gods of the ‘orthodox’ pantheon: the redactors continuously expands his role by presenting him first as a representative of Viṣṇu’s devotees and, later, as the paradigmatic example of one who has converted to Śaivism. But before this ‘orthodox’ Brahman and confessing devotee of Viṣṇu is violently converted to Rudra and his theology, he defends Viṣṇu before Dadhīci as the sole lord of the sacrifice and denies Rudra’s existence. The argumentation in this manifest religious conflict certainly corresponds to the historical situation” (ibid., 67–68; italics in last sentence added; all others in original).\n15. The circumstance that some Indian scholars from the colonial period (Bhandarkar) or shortly thereafter (Bhargava) and Jewish scholars, both before and after World War II, collaborated in this episteme does not negate the charge. A demonstrated pattern exists of incentivizing collaboration with the discipline, both institutionally through jobs and career advancement and intellectually through citation and favorable peer-review. Jewish scholars faced such dire challenges in Germany that many were forced to emigrate. Their stories make for harrowing reading as documented in Adluri and Bagchee, “Jews and Hindus in Indology,” https://www.academia.edu/30937643/Jews_and_Hindus_in_Indology.\nThis article is an introductory note for the book tour for ‘Philology and Criticism; A Guide to Mahābhārata Textual Criticism’, the new book by Vishwa Adluri and Joydeep Bagchee, authors of ‘The Nay Science: A History of German Indology’\nDisclaimer: The opinions expressed in this article belong to the author. Indic Today is neither responsible nor liable for the accuracy, completeness, suitability, or validity of any information in the article.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-23", "url": "https://www.indica.today/long-reads/in-search-of-indias-lost-epic/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224652569.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20230606114156-20230606144156-00047.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9508783221, "token_count": 9165, "score": 3.109375, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Tá tús scoláireacht an Iarthair ar an eipic Sanskrit, an Mahābhārata, marcáilte le puzzlement mór ag an obair. Ní oireann an téacs do chanóin na litríochta an Iarthair - tá a chuid ábhar ró-éagothroime, a chuid smaointe ró-shaorga chun go bhféadfaidh scoláirí an Iarthair ciall a bhaint as. [1] Tá an \"confusion\" fírinne agus fantaisíochta - scéal cosmaíoch a thosaíonn le Brahmā, an Cruthaitheoir, agus a thagann síos trí ainmneacha athdhéanta ríghdí obscure chun nasc a dhéanamh le \"stair\" an lae inniu - ag sárú gach ionchas an Iarthair maidir le comhsheasmhacht agus réaltacht na scéalaíochta. I gcodarsnacht leis na Véidí, a mheastar gurb iad na doiciméid is luaithe de shibhialtacht Ind-Eorpach, is cosúil gur saothar truaillithe é an Mahābhārata, agus tá scoláirí na Gearmáine tapa chun na ciontóirí a aithint: daonra aboriginal na hIndia, iad siúd ó an taobh dorcha (Garbe). I dtuairim na scoláirí Gearmáine, is féidir an tionchar aboriginal a fheiceáil i ngnéithe mar an béim ar bhronnadh bronntanais do na Brahmans, an creideamh i karma agus i n-athbhreithniú, agus na cultúirí repugnant de Viṣṇu, Śiva, agus na tréithe Devī a mheasann siad inimical leis an oidhreacht Aryan na hIndia ársa. Caithfidh an Mahābhārata, a mhaíonn siad, a bheith tagtha chun cinn mar amalgam de chultúr laoch (a bhfuil Holtzmann Sr. ag aithint i 1854 le traidisiún eipic coiteann Indo-Gréigis-Germanic a shíneann ó na Baltach go dtí an gclann Gangetic) agus na tuairimí agus na cleachtais reiligiúnacha ísealchaighdeáin de mhuintir na fo-chríoch a bhuail na Arians, ag ionradh ón tuaisceart. Ag cur in aghaidh na smaointe reiligiúnacha den dara ceann (go príomha, adhradh na nádúr, panteism mura monoteism réasúnach, agus adhradh déithe cogaidh mar Indra) leis na cinn den chéad cheann bíonn sé ina amharc is fearr leo agus, ní hamháin, tugann sé tús do na disciplíní creidimh chomparáideacha agus miotaseolaíocht chomparáideach.\nTá sé éasca do na foréagáin rásúla seo a bheith ag teacht ar anonn sa téacs. Is cosúil go bhfuil an Mahābhārata, ar a laghad do na daoine neamh-thosaithe, ina scéal cogaidh den chineál a bhfuil Hermann Oldenberg ag iarraidh, nuair a bhíonn sé ag exult thar na buaiteacha Airiúla ar na dúchasaigh, na cathracha inar tógadh an talamh as na naimhde dorcha-scartha, [agus] an scrios a gcuid daingne (Das Mahābhārata, 7). Nach bhfuil an téacs a chlúdach an scéal de cath mór? Nach mbaineann sé le hainmneacha cuid de na comhraic le dath? Nach fianaise chinnte é seo don Völkerwanderung mór a bhí ag Friedrich Schlegel ag fantasú faoi ó 1806 ar a laghad mar chuid dá phleananna le haghaidh Universalgeschichte mór? Nach é an fhianaise a bhí á lorg le fada an lá chun an teoiric bhirtheangach a aimsiú ar deireadh - an tuairim go raibh meascán den daonra Indiach den chraic bán, Caucasian (an Hindus) agus de chraic dhubh, negroid a bhí ag teoiricí cine mar A. W. Schlegel ag moladh i stair na hIndia?3 An t-athrú go léirmhíniú stairiúil ar an Mahābhārata a glacadh sa deireadh i 1837 nuair a mhol Christian Lassen, mac léinn de A. W. Schlegels, gurb é an Mahābhārata taifead stairiúil den cath a throid idir an [raic] dubh dúchasach ar dtús agus an [raic] a labhair Sanscrait, a raibh a gcuid cineacha léire ag teacht ó thuaidh, a bhfuil a gcairde cineálacha, fiú anois, ag troid go rathúil le superiority dearg thar rásaí Mheiriceá (Beiträge, Lassen, 75: Kunde des des Kunde zur zur Deutschen). Ón am sin i leith, ag neamhaird a dhéanamh ar féin-chomhdháil an téacs mar thráchtas fealsúnachta, leabhar dlí, agus stair salvific; ag neamhaird, freisin, a chuid féin ama a ríomh, is é an tasc amháin a leanfaidh scoláireacht an Iarthair ná an fhadhb stairiúil (amhlaithe) seo a scaradh óna thráchtanna scéalacha - tionscadal a fhógairt sé do na hIndiaigh mar an soiléiriú riachtanach criticiúil ar a gcuid téacsanna ionas gur féidir leo a ligean isteach i stair.4\nCé go raibh siad claonta, chuir imscrúduithe pseudohistorical Lassen prionsabal struchtúrtha ar fáil do thaighde an Iarthair ar an Mahābhārata. D'fhéadfadh scoláirí an téacs a dhíscaoileadh anois ina alleged core, a shainaithníodh le comhdhéanamh bardic spontáineach ag canadh gníomhartha an Tiarna liege bard nó cuimhne stairiúil ar an gcath ciníoch primordial, agus a accretions, variously imagined as iarrachtaí ag Brahmans an dá chuid a chur ar na cogairí i spiorad a n-theology5 nó chun dúshlán a thabhairt dóibh as a n-suíomh ar cheann an ord sóisialta.6 D'fhéadfaí tuiscint a fháil ar théacs nach bhféadfadh scoláirí an Iarthair a léiriú agus a bheadh ina mistéireach go deo dóibh, fiú dá mbeadh an sense-making seo ina rud chomh banal mar a aithníonn na spreagadh éagsúla a cheaptar taobh thiar den téacs. Ba é an t-amhrán bunúsach, tar éis an tsaoil, nach raibh an téacs ciallmhar; gurbh é an t-aon chúis a d'fhéadfadh sé a bheith curtha le chéile mar a bhí sé mar gheall ar na vagaries ama stairiúil - na dicteachtaí athraitheacha réasún polaitiúil agus faisin theolaíoch, a d'fhéadfadh scoláirí a mhapáil go cúramach, más rud é go measta, thar an dá chéad bliain eile. I ré na condescension, cad Hindus a bhí le rá faoi an téacs a bhí níos lú ná cad a bhí scoláirí an Iarthair d'fhéadfadh a shoiléiriú faoi a stair agus traidisiúin dóibh, agus an imputation de easpa cognaíoch do na hIndiaigh accorded go maith leis an cúis primitivism a cuireadh orthu nuair a bhí sé cinneadh go, mar a dhearbhaigh Winternitz, the critéir staire na litríochta Indiach ní bheidh a bheith páirteach sa moladh seo ar an Mahābhārata. Ní fheicfidh sé ina iomláine é mar shaothar ealaíne ar chor ar bith, ach monstrosity liteartha ( An Mahābhārata, 347). Ar an drochuair, léirmhínítear gach iarracht ag Hindus a mhalairt a éileamh anois mar fhianaise ar a easpa féin-iarsmachta criticiúil, an Mündigkeit sin féin a bhí ag na hIndologists Gearmánach arrogantly arrogant dóibh féin,7 nó, i ngníomh de leithchealú ciníoch, lipéadaithe mar thacaíocht do náisiúnachas militant Hindu.8\nMar a thaispeánamar in The Nay Science, le dhá chéad bliain anuas, is annamh a chuaigh scoláirí i dteagmháil leis an Mahābhārata mar théacs. Ní raibh suim acu ná i ndíol na téacs a bhí le rá faoina féin ná i ndíol a bhí le rá faoina chruinne nó ar an réaltacht ná i ndíol a bhí le rá faoina cosmos intleachtúil ina bhfuil an t-Indúchas ag teacht chun cinn. Ina áit sin, léitear an téacs go príomha as an méid a d'fhéadfadh sé a nochtadh faoi stair chraicinn na n-Induis, is é sin, as an scéal ar conas, meascadh leis na aborigines dorcha-scinn [a] athraigh na ionsaitheoirí, a[d] chúis leis an Arian dul isteach sa Hindu (Oldenberg, Indologie, 640). D'aithin scoláirí na Gearmáine an scéal seo le hábhar na staire agus níor mheasadh an Mahābhārata féin go raibh sé stairiúil agus nach raibh suim aige ach chomh fada agus a bhí sé comhoiriúnach leis an scéal seo. Dá bhrí sin, cé go bhféadfadh Holtzmann Jr. a dhearbhú go raibh an Mahābhārata , go dtí seo, tar éis tuiscint a dhéanamh ar gach léitheoir neamhchlaonta go bhfuil sé stairiúil [...] [,] go bhfuil an fíor-stair ag iarraidh a chur i láthair anseo (Zur Geschichte und Kritik des Mahābhārata, 4142),9 Lassen glaoigh sé air gur saothar Indiach é a bhfuil an [uasmhéid] de chuid de na hailt ársa (Lassen, Beiträge, 61), is é sin, gur saothar Indiach é a raibh an uasmhéid de chuid de na hailt úsáideach aige do thuairisc na Gearmáine ar ionradh, meascán ciníoch, agus titim ciníoch. Cuireadh an Mahābhārata i gcuimhne ar scéal stairiúil a bhí ina intinn ciníoch agus frith-Shéimíteach araon.10 Ag leathnú argóint The Nay Science, Philology and Criticism déantar ceithre phointe:\n1. an t-am a bhí ann. Níor chuir scoláirí Gearmánacha Mahābhārata go fírinneach le critice téacsúil. In ainneoin a mhaígh go raibh siad criticiúil, murab ionann agus an traidisiún (11), níor chuir siad le hathchóiriú meicniúil an archetype bunaithe ar recensio críochnúil na finnéithe atá ann agus anailís ginealaíoch ar na caidrimh fílíochta eatarthu ná le stair oibiachtúil an téacs. Ina áit sin, ba é an rud a chuir siad i láthair in ainm text-critical (textkritische) nó text-historical (texthistorische) imscrúduithe ná géarchéimeanna frith-Shéimicigh agus frith-Brahmainiceacha (féach An Eolaíocht Nay), maxims theoiliúla, agus claontachtaí ciníocha (maidir le sean-Airians, Ind-Germans, srl.). Bhí a gcuid \"critice\" comhdhéanta go hiomlán de na codanna a scaradh a cheap siad a bhí Brahmanic i dtosach ó na cinn a mheas siad a bheith ag léiriú dearcadh Kṣatriya.\n2. Seachadadh. Fiú tar éis a eagrán criticiúil a bheith críochnaithe i 1966, lean Indologists Gearmánach leis an gcineál athchóiriú suibiachtúil agus neamh-eolaíoch \"ard-chríocha\" den téacs a rinne siad roimhe seo. Ní raibh aon cheann de na léirmheastóirí, a ndearna muid scrúdú ar a gcuid oibre, ag aithint earráidí suntasacha nua. Ní raibh aon cheann acu ag comhlánú lámhscríbhinn. Ní raibh aon smaoineamh acu ar an gcaoi a aicmitheadh lámhscríbhinní nó ar an gcaoi a d'athchruthaigh na hachtóir léitheoireacht an archetype. Ina áit sin, agus iad ar an eolas go gcuirfeadh téacs criticiúil deireadh lena gcuid tuairimí tofa, d'ardaigh siad agóidí neamhriachtanacha don phróiseas eagarthóireachta agus athshainmhínigh siad an téacs comhdhéanta mar athscríobh Brahmanic.12 Fiú amháin iad siúd, cosúil le Bigger, a mhaígh go bhfuil \"argóintí ó cháineadh téacsúil níos airde, a bhfuil a chur i bhfeidhm ar cháineadh téacsúil níos ísle dhiúltaigh mé féin cheana féin\" (Bigger, Balarāma im Mahābhārata, 121), ní chuir siad go fírinneach le cáineadh níos ísle. Ina áit sin, ba é a \"critice níos ísle\" samhlacha rúnda a mholadh maidir le cén fáth go bhféadfadh léitheoireacht a dhiúltaigh an t-eagarthóir ón téacs comhdhéanta (léitheoireacht a cheap na criticeoirí a bhí tipiciúil do \"eipic laoch\" a bheith níos sine fós nó cén fáth go bhféadfadh an t-eagarthóir dearmad a dhéanamh orthu.\n3. Tá an t-am ann. Ní raibh an sracadh a tháinig as an téacs mar thoradh ar iarmhairt neamhbheartaithe ar nós imeachta eolaíoch bailí a chur i bhfeidhm ar an téacs, a bhí riachtanach chun léitheoireacht níos fearr a aisghabháil nó téacs níos inléite a sholáthar. Ina áit sin, ba é an fonn go soiléir é. Mar a chonaic muid, ní raibh aon nós imeachta den sórt sin ann, agus ní raibh suim ag scoláirí Mahābhārata an téacs a chaomhnú ná é a chur inrochtana dá léitheoirí. Ba é an t-aon chuspóir a bhí acu i mbun Mahābhārata criticism a chinntiú nach mairfeadh an téacs, a chuireann fís chuimsitheach ar an cosmos Hindu, mar aonad. Ní raibh aon amhras ar bith ag criticeoir ar lárnacht an Mahābhārata don Hindeachas. Ní raibh aon léirmheastóir ar an eolas faoi a thábhacht theoideolaíoch. Mar a dhearbhaíonn tuairimí an Indologist Naitsíoch éabhlóideach Paul Hacker agus a chuid acóilí mar Gerhard Oberhammer agus James T. Laine,13 bhí gá práinneach ann an téacs a dhíchóiriú, i dtuiscint iomlán ar an dúshlán a chuir sé ar an gCríostaíocht. Ní raibh ach mar chúlra ag an aitear ar nós imeachta \"criticiúil\". Dá bhrí sin, rinneadh sraitheanna, tugadh teoiric euhemerism isteach chun adhradh Kṛṣṇa Vāsudeva a mhíniú, agus, nuair a theip ar gach rud eile, cuireadh an nocion absurd de inclusivism i bhfeidhm, amhail is dá mba nach raibh an intinn (Hacker) in ann difríocht a thuiscint nó go raibh roinnt mícheart epistemological ag politeism, illúis a tháinig as roinnt seicteanna monoteistic ag dul san iomaíocht le haghaidh tionchar ar an téacs céanna.14\n4. Tá an t-am Bhí glactha eolach ar an Mahābhārata ciníoch go bunúsach. D'éirigh sé go minic leis an méid a bhí le rá ag traidisiún na hIndia faoin téacs, cé go raibh traidisiún saibhir de thuairimí fealsamacha ar an téacs ann ó an deichú haois ar a laghad. Go deimhin, mar a mheabhraíonn Cerequas dúinn, is é an fhrithmheas bunúsach ná nach bhféadfadh \"daoine chomh bocht i oiliúint fhiléolaíochta agus chomh saibhir i melanin\" \"traidisiún tráchtála a bheith acu sa chéad áit\" (Ātman, Psuchê, Anima, 8). D'eisigh Indologists Gearmánach fiú scoláirí Indiach an fiche céad ó chúrsa ar na forais specious go gach údar a bhunú a chuid féin hermeneutics ar bhonn an reiligiúnach nó an traidisiún fealsúnachta adheres sé go (Malinar, An Bhagavadgītā, 7),15 údar aisteach ós rud é nach bhfaca na Indologists aon deacracht a lua Nazis mar J. W. Hauer agus Paul Hacker. Chuir scoláirí easnamh cognaíoch leis na hIndiaigh arís agus arís eile, cibé acu nach raibh sé in ann an fíor a fheiceáil (Oldenberg), an t-éagmais a scaradh ó fhírinne (stairiúil) (van Buitenen), nó an t-éagmais iad féin a shaoradh ó na bannaí reiligiúin (Hanneder). Tá na hIndologists philology tar éis é a fhorleathnú mar eitnéolaíocht, mar a deir Hegel, dá bharr féin chun iniúchadh a dhéanamh agus línte bunúsacha an ghné choitinn a rianú, prionsabail na cosanta Indiach (Humboldt-Rezension, 75). Má dhéantar iad a thomhas i gcoinne na mbreithnithe Gearmánach, is cosúil go bhfuil na tuairisceoirí clasaiceacha, a léirmhíníonn an téacs le aird chúramach ar a litreach agus ar na cúiseanna deiridh atá ag an léitheoir, nua-aimseartha go héasca. In ionad an téacs a mhíniú go heanthropo-eitneagrafach trí tagairt a dhéanamh do peculiarity a bhfuil doiciméadacht níos mó agus níos mó ar intinn na hIndia (ibid. ), léigh siad an téacs go smaointeoireachta agus go fealsúnachta, ag baint leis na coinbhinsiúin a bhaineann le litríocht Véideach agus śāstric agus coincheapa i bpóitic Sanskrit. Tá sé in am dúinn breathnú orthu seachas ar Indologists na Gearmáine nó a gcomhghleacaithe dúchasacha chun téacsanna Indiach a shoiléiriú.\nRoinneadh leagan níos luaithe den aiste seo ag an 17ú Comhdháil Domhanda Sanscrait i Vancouver, Ceanada. Tá an leagan seo athbhreithnithe agus leathnaithe.\n1. an t-am a bhí ann. Thosaigh an Mahābhārata a bheith ann mar scéal eipic simplí. D'fhás sé le linn na gcéadta bliain go dtí caos ollmhór: seachas an príomh-scéal tá foraoisí fíor-chéadmhóra de scéalta níos lú ann, ina theannta sin, teagasc gan áireamh agus gan deireadh faoi ábhair theolaíocha, fealsúnachta, nádúrtha-eolaíocha, dlí, polaitíocht, eagna an domhain agus comhairle phraiticiúil. An dán lán de aisling agus intuition domhain, filíocht bhuí, plaitiséid máistreachta scoile lán de chluiche spárála dathanna, maisí overpowering de íomhánna a smash a chéile, de shower de saigheadaí de cathanna gan deireadh, scread ar scread de laochanna a scamhnaigh bás, daoine idéalach ró-piúnach, mná álainn go mór, ascetics feargach, beithigh miotasach eachtrannach, míorúiltí iontach de shliocht folamh focal agus de léargas leathan, saor in aisce ar ord an domhain-fhorbairt (Oldenberg, Das Mahābhārata, 1).\n2. Seachadadh. Is féidir a fheiceáil cé chomh domhain is atá an claontacht seo ó na tráchtanna seo a leanas, a dhoiciméadaíonn stair a bhaineann le cion iarbhír an téacs a dhiúltú a mhéid a luaitear an panteón Hindu: Má tá an t-eitilt seo de na sean-diaga caillteanas dochloíte, mar gheall ar an idirghabháil ó na déithe níos óige, i gcodarsnacht leis sin, Viṣṇu, de Śiva, de Devī, ba chúis le scrios beagnach iomlán an dánta. In ionad an phéatach-míorúil, a lig an fantasy a dhéanamh ar an obair an tuiscint, isteach an degenerate-míorúil go resists an ionadaíocht [faculty of] fantasy díreach chomh maith agus a dhéanann sé an smaoineamh cúis (Holtzmann Sr., Indische Sagen, ix); Buddhism tá imithe as a homeland Indiach. Is é an chumhacht a ghlaoimid ar Hinduism a bhuaigh. Is iad na déithe a bhfuil na déithe hindú míchruinn, fiáin, cruálach, [agus] leann, agus Shiva agus Vishnu ina gceannas orthu. Is iad a leabhair an eipic ollmhór, an Mahābhārata, agus an iliomad litreachais nach féidir a shárú [a dhéantar suas] de chuid dánta eipic, saothair legendary, scéalta, scéalta fairy, drámaí. I ngach áit a fhaighimid conas an pobal seo, an creideamh seo, an litríocht seo, a bhfuil a gcomhthéacs teaghlaigh, ag pointeáil ar an Iarthar, le feiceáil go soiléir sa sean-réim, a bhí níos faide ná sin ó na bunús [sa Iarthar] i rith na gcéadta bliain. Athrú a théann i bhfeidhm ar an gcroílár is inmheánaí de na daoine, ar anam na ndaoine. Déantar an ionsaí a athrú trí mheascadh leis na bunscoileanna dorcha, rud a fhágann go n-athraíonn an Aryan go Hindus (Oldenberg, Indologie, 640); Níl aon droichead ó fhoirmeacha geal na Veda go foirmeacha na n-dia na n-dia nua-aimseartha [an Hindus], a bhfuil a n-ionadaíochtaí monstruous lena gcuid foircinn ainmhithe atá iolraithe go míbhríoch agus mar sin de, ba chóir go mbeadh aithne ag gach duine orthu, ar a laghad mar chineál. ... In ainneoin a n-ainmneacha Airianach, measaim na déithe Indíocha nua-aimseartha - Shiva, Vishnu, Durga, Hanuman, agus cibé rud eile a d'fhéadfadh a bheith á n-ainmniú orthu - nach smaointe Airianach iad, ach smaointe na mborthanach (Garbe, Indische Reiseskizzen, 85).\n3. Tá an t-am ann. Déan comparáid le Schlegel's cuntas ar an HindusAn aghaidh de chruth uibheach, an forehead ard agus ceannas ar na codanna níos ísle; na cheekbones scriosadh ag na gcos; na súile a chur go cothrománach, mór, cé veiled ag clúdaigh tiubh, agus den chuid is mó go maith scoilte; srón suntasach agus go minic aquiline, a bhfuil an crann go maith marcáilte, an nostrils dún le chéile agus leathnú beag, an oscailt na nostrils chas síos; an dá shraith fiacla go ingearach an ceann os cionn an ceann eile; an béal beag, delicately rianú, agus lined ag liopaí measartha swollen; an chin rounded; sa deireadh, an gruaig dubh, fada, silky, agus wavy, ach ní frizzy; fir i virile, beard tiubh, nach bhfuil, más rud é nach bhfuil sé gearradh, ní féidir a chur ar fad mór; go Hindist go háirithe a shuíomh i measc na mná Arabach, a bhfuil an crann go maith, an crann a bhfuil an crann mar aill agus na cosa ag fás go han-mhaith, agus beag, an oscailt na nostrils ag cur síos síos síos, an oscailt na nostrils i dtreoibh, an dá shraith agus na nostrils beagán, an oscailt ar a oscailt na nostrils, an oscailt na nostrils, an oscailt na nostrils, an oscailt na nostrils, an ceann ceann ceann ceann ceann ceann ceann ceann ceann ceann ceann ceann ceann ceann ceann ceann ceann ceann ceann ceann ceann ceann ceann ceann eile; agus na n-líneacha, an ceann eile, an ceann eile, an ceann, an ceann is mó, an ceann is mó, an ceann is mó, is mó, is mó, is mó, is mó, is mó, is mó, is mó, is mó, is, is, is, is, is, is, is, is, is, is, is, is, is, is, is, is, is, is, is, is, is, is, is, is, is, is, is, is, is, is, is, is, is, is, is, is, is, is, is, is Tá fiú sa lá atá inniu ann, i dtuaisceart na hIndia, i roinnt ceantair sléibheacha áit a chuireann an nádúr constaicí móra i gcoinne an clearing agus saothrú na talún, treibheanna de sealgairí fiáin. Gan cult rialta, ag a n-reiligiún iomlán ach roinnt superstitions mearbhall, ag aithint ar bhealach ar bith an dlí Brahmanic, maireann siad ar na táirgí an fhiadh, nó ar fhréamhacha fiáine agus torthaí; itheann siad fiú na feola is neamhghlan. Go bhfuil siad beagnach nude, ach armtha le bows, spears, agus maces, téann siad amach ó am go ham as a n-lár inacmhainne agus déanann siad depredations i measc a gcomharsana sna clóis. [...] Baineann an daonra seo le cine atá go hiomlán difriúil ná an t-Induis. Is daoine dubh iad i ndáiríre, agus is iad a n-aghaidh phláin, a gcuid gruaige uachtar, a n-aigne phláin, a n-figiúr agus a n-ardú a thugann siad mar niggerí na hÁise (On the Origin of the Hindus, trans. E. P. Butler, 42324).\n4. Tá an t-am Nár n-aghaidh, áfach, ní dhéanaimid an Mahābhārata mar Hindus dílis, ach mar stairiúnaithe criticiúla litríochta, níl sé níos lú ná saothar saorga, agus ní féidir linn ar bhealach ar bith obair ailtire [aon] a fheiceáil ann, go deimhin, ní fiú bailiúcháin agus socraitheoir sásúil. Is absurdity liteartha é an Mahābhārata ina iomláine. Níor rinne lámh ealaíontóra iarracht riamh agus is deacair a bheith in ann na heilimintí frithpháirteacha a chur le chéile i bpáipéar aontaitheach. Ní raibh ach teolaithe agus léitheoirí neamh-dhéanta agus cóipéirí gan tallann ag soláthar na codanna a bhí, i ndáiríre, neamh-in-chomhshóite agus a tháinig ó na céadta bliain éagsúla le chéile i mais neamh-eagraithe (Winternitz, Geschichte der indischen Litteratur 1: 272). Ní raibh ach iar-ghloine déanach ann nuair a mhaígh Pollock go mbeidh ar iarratasóirí rathúla ar ligean isteach i teampall an disciplín sa chéad fichead a bheith [ag tabhairt faoi thástáil] féinfhiosrúchta stairiúil. Ní féidir leo fanacht neamhspleách go arrogantly dá stair féin, a dtógáil, agus a n-athraitheacht féin (Fíololaíocht an Domhain, 23).\n5. Tá an t-am ann. Tá sé i nádúr a seasamh [sóisialta] agus is féidir é a bhaint amach ó fhorálacha éagsúla a gcód dlíthiúil go raibh feasacht soiléir ag an gcasta sagart Indiach ar na modhanna is oiriúnaí chun a bheith i gceannas buan ar intinn na ndaoine atá fágtha. Ní féidir, dá bhrí sin, a bheith iontas orainn go bhfaighimid filíocht eipic á úsáid mar uirlis de andúil le smacht spioradálta. [...] Ní raibh aon mhodh níos oiriúnaí ann chun an casta cogaíochta a ardú san spiorad sa sagart ná oideachas a cheangal ar dhlíthe reiligiúnacha agus sóisialta leis na scéalta a raibh toiliú ginearálta acu cheana féin. Tá sé soiléir domsa go raibh intinn den sórt sin tugtha i gcrích i diaskeusis an Mahābhārata, [...] Bhí tuiscint shoiléir ag an gcasta sagart Indiach ar na modhanna cuí [...] chun a bheith i gceannas buan ar intinn na ndaoine atá fágtha. Ní féidir, dá bhrí sin, a bheith iontas orainn go bhfaighimid filíocht eipic a úsáidtear mar uirlis de andúil le smacht spioradálta. [...] Ní raibh aon mhodh níos oiriúnaí ann chun an casta cogaíochta a ardú san spiorad sa sagart ná oideachas a cheangal ar dhlíthe reiligiúnacha agus sóisialta leis na scéalta a raibh fabhraí uilíoch acu cheana féin. Is cosúil go soiléir domsa go raibh intinn den sórt sin tugtha i gcrích i diaskeusis an Mahābhārata ó líon mór agus raon na gcodanna teagaisc (Lassen, Beiträge zur Kunde des indischen Alterthums, 1: 86).\n6. Ceacht. Díreadh go láidir gur é an t-eagrán is mó de imeacht cósmála na hIndia ársa ná seilbh an dara casta nó na míleata, na Kshattriyas. [...] Ach bheadh ardú den sórt sin ar splendor ríoga agus ar thábhacht an chasta míleata, mar a bheadh i mbaol go nádúrtha an chéad chasta nó Brahmanical a íoslaghdú. Dá bhrí sin, bheadh Brahmans iarracht a bheith ar an arrangers an epos náisiúnta; agus mar chaomhnóirí an lore sinsearach, mar na múinteoirí spioradálta agus treoracha, mar diplomataí priestach, freisin, bheadh siad go héasca a éirigh i réir a censorship. [...] Ba é aidhm na Brahmanas mar sin an finscéal bunaidh den chogadh mór a athrú ina fhianais ar mhaitheas a gcasta thar Kshattriyas. Agus ní amháin go ndearnadh an aidhm seo a bhaint amach tríd an mbealach a dúradh an príomh-scéal, ach freisin trí ábhar den sórt sin a chur leis an scéal a thaispeánfadh go bhfuil seasamh agus cumhacht Kshattriya ag brath ar nádúr diaga agus ar bhfabhar an chasta Brahmana (Goldstücker, Poetry Epic Hindu: The Mahābhārata, 38889).\nAch is Eorpachaí muid, agus is é ár réamhtheachtaí, ár n-aisteacht spioradálta [Mündigkeit] go díreach go ndéanaimid suirbhé ar an domhan le a chuid áitritheoirí, agus go bhfuil an tiomáint againn stair an dá cheann a rianú ar ais go dtí an réamhstair is iargúlta. Dá bhrí sin, níor cheart go n-iarrfadh aon séadchomhartha sean-réime uafásach orainn a léirmhíniú (A. W. Schlegel, Ueber den gegenwärtigen Zustand der Indischen Philologie, 25).\n8. Ceacht. Déan comparáid le athbhreithniú Franco ar ár leabhar, a léirmhíníonn ár ngá le léitheoireacht níos íogaire ar an Mahābhārata mar \"iarrata oscailte ar léamh agus ar théacs mar an Gītā a úsáid mar údarú ar na coincheapa agus na cleachtais uafásacha de dhifríocht chasta, náisiúntacht Hindu, uachtaracht Brahmin, míleatachas na láimhe deise agus faisean, chun lua ach cúpla féidearthacht\" (Franco, athbhreithniú ar The Nay Science, 698). Tá sé seo an-sásta ó dhuine a d'oibrigh i ndlúthú chúlra frith-Shéimiceach agus Naitsíoch a réamhtheachtaí i Leipzig.\n9 Tabhair faoi deara go bhfuil an scéal seo á chur i gcomhar le 'scéal fíor'. Ní chiallaíonn sé seo gur tharla an ionradh nó nár tharla sé nó go ndearnadh a veictear a aisiompú. Ach is é an cinneadh atá á dhéanamh anseo ná cad atá le comhaireamh mar an fíor. Is é an cinneadh seo a dhéanamh amháin a bheidh Oldenberg in ann a rá, \"Ní dhéanfaidh ach níos déanaí\" don tréimhse a labhróimid, tá sé seo den chuid is mó sa todhchaí \"tuigeann duine, in ionad na n-imeachtaí samhlacha, an fhíor a fheiceáil\" (Die Lehre der Upanishaden, 12), ráiteas a dhéanann glacadh tromchúiseach tromchúiseach, eadhon, go bhfuil a fhios againn féin \"an fhíor\", \"go bhfuil a fhios againn cad atá le comhaireamh mar\" an fhíor\", \"agus gur féidir linn, dá bhrí sin, a chinneadh anois an bhfuil daoine eile tar éis foghlaim a fheiceáil \"an fhíor\". Is as an gcinneadh seo a thagann Bildungsauftrag (coiste teagaisc) na hIndology: ní mór Indians, nach bhfuil a fhios acu \"an fhíor\", a aithint anois. Ní mór dóibh a bheith stairiúil i bhfocail an Iarthair. Tá a fhios againn go bhfuil taithí an-chinnteach, bealach sonrach d'ordú imeachtaí agus a thabhairt dóibh le brí a bhí invented sa Ghearmáin na naoú haois déag le stair mar sin agus a aithint an stair, ina dhiaidh sin, leis an an fíor. anseo fágann an fréamh is doimhne ní amháin Indiach colonisation intleachtúil, ach freisin gach pobal eile.\nMaidir le léirmhíniú ciníoch an téacs, féach Lassen, Indische Alterthumskunde, 1: 643: Ós rud é go raibh na Pāñcāla go cinnte i measc na bpobal Airianach, ní féidir linn an gaol idir iad agus na Pāṇḍavas a léirmhíniú ar bhealach go gcaithfí an chéad cheann, tríd an dath dubh a thugtar do Kṛṣṇā [Draupadī] a thuiscint mar a thuairiscítear go mbaineann sé le dúchasaigh dúchasacha na hIndia, an dara ceann mar na Airíanna bán. Mar sin féin, ní mór go mbeadh brí ag an idirdhealú ó thaobh dathanna de, agus ní féidir é seo a bheith ach gurbh iad na Pāñcāla, chomh maith leis na Yādava a bhfuil Kṛṣṇa [Vāsudeva] ina n-ionadaí orthu, an dá chuid de na daoine Airianach a d'imircigh [an India] níos luaithe, [go raibh siad] níos dorcha trí thionchar an aeráide ná na hinimircigh níos déanaí ón tuaisceart agus, i gcodarsnacht leis seo, ar a dtugtar na cinn dubh.\nComhlachas Seimitigh den chatagóir epic féach an áit chéanna, 41415: Is fianaise é an stair nach raibh cothromaíocht chomhchuibhithe na gcumhachtaí síceacha go léir ag na Seimitigh trína raibh na hInd-Germans ina n-éire. [...] Ní féidir leis an Seamánach caidreamh an domhain leis an duine i gcoitinne a scaradh ó chaidreamh an domhain lena I féin. Ní féidir leis smaointe a léiriú sa intinn i n-aonad íon. Tá a bhealach chun rudaí a fheiceáil suibiachtúil agus egoistic. Tá a chuid filíochta liricí [agus] dá bhrí sin suibiachtúil. Léiríonn a spiorad a áthas agus a pian, a ghrá agus a fuath, a admiration agus a scorn. [...] Fiú má leathnaíonn sé a chuid spéire níl ann ach chun a threibh a léiriú mar dhuine aonair i gcoinne threibh eile. [...] Ní éiríonn leis an eipic a chruthú toisc go dtéann I an file anseo ar ais roimh an réad [agus] níos lú fós ag saothair drámatúla, a éilíonn ar an file a phearsantacht a chailleadh níos iomláine. [Ar a mhalairt,] tá na seánraí eile de chuid na n-Ind-Germans, in éineacht leis an liric, freisin. Tá siad ina n-aonar a tháirgtear dráma náisiúnta. Is iad amháin a d'eisigh na dánta mór-laochra a léiríonn na gníomhartha móra ársa a tharchur i bhfoirm glóirithe, a chuireann an domhanféar iomlán ar spiorad daoine i láthair dúinn agus atá i láthair mar thoradh ar iarrachtaí filíochta daoine ar fad. Tá easpa ag an Seimití i ábhar an eipic, ach ní sa saga, a dhéanann sé ornáidí agus forbairtí filíochta ach nach gcuireann sé le chéile i dtimthriallta níos mó agus, ina ionad sin, a chaomhnaíonn ina chuimhne mar stair primordial.\n11. Céard a tharla? Comparáid a dhéanamh le tuairim Stietencron: Bhí smaointeoireacht anailíseach scoláirí an Iarthair a bhí oilte i modheolaíocht stairiúil agus filolaíoch i gcodarsnacht leis na léirmheastóirí traidisiúnta Indiach. Ní hamháin go raibh na daoine sin ag comhchuibhiú go mór leis na dícheangail go léir sa téacs ach, thar aon rud eile, rinne siad iarracht a gcuid coincheapa fealsúnachta agus theolaíocha féin a aithint i bpáirtithe áirithe den téacs. Rinneadh é seo chun údarás diaga Kṛṣṇa a chinntiú dóibh féin. Ar an mbealach seo, d'fhorbair roinnt scoileanna fealsúnacha léirmhínithe Gītā dá gcuid féin - speictream a leathnaíodh tuilleadh trí léirmhínithe nua-aimseartha a spreagadh go polaitiúil ó thús streachailt neamhspleáchais na hIndia (Stietencron, Editors\nSeo mar a dhéanann Simson carachtarú ar an eagrán: Má théann muid ar aghaidh ón bharúil go raibh na leaganacha níos sine den Mahābhārata roimh na leaganacha a d'athchóirigh, ansin ní mór dúinn a bheith ag brath ar an bhfíric go ndearnadh athbhreithniú ar na leaganacha níos sine seo ar bhealaí éagsúla cheana féin agus go ndearnadh idirghabhálacha isteach iontu sula ndearnadh measúnú orthu don Mahābhārata [an eagrán criticiúil]. Ina theannta sin, is féidir linn a mheas go fiú tar éis an deisiú deiridh a chríochnú, ar feadh tréimhse áirithe ama go dtí go dtarlaíonn na hathbhreithnithe deisceart agus deisceart na hIndia, tháinig interpolations isteach sa téacs, agus dá bhrí sin ní fhéadfaí iad a dhíchur ag baint úsáide as prionsabail eagarthóireachta an eagrán Poona [an eagrán criticiúil]. Is féidir leis an stair forbartha ár téacs Mahābhārata\nTá an t-eipic ghearr a bhí ar fáil i dtús báire mar chumadh ó bhéal, improvised sa traidisiún. Anseo níl sé ciallmhar fiosrú a dhéanamh ar an téacs bunaidh agus ar an údar: rinne roinnt bardaí eipic an dán i bhfoirm ag athrú i gcónaí; bhí an bard agus an t-údar comhionann sa chéim seo. Ón tréimhse seo a thagann go leor de na foirmleacha a léiriú ar ár Mahābhārata, an teicníc an adhyāya iontrálacha agus conclúidí, an fhorbairt scéiméadach na scáine cath beag, etc. (2) Tharla tréimhse ina ndearnadh an téacs a shocrú i scríbhinn; go deimhin, is féidir linn a mheas go cinnte gur scríobhadh leaganacha éagsúla den dán ag amanna éagsúla, agus is féidir fós a gcuid fáinní a rianú inár téacs. (3) Ar deireadh, ghlac diaskeuast aonair nó coiste de diaskeuasts, comhlánaithe, nó eagarthóirí leis an tasc a bheith ag cóipeáil le chéile ó na leaganacha éagsúla scríofa a bhí i gcúrsaíocht eipic mhór a bhí beartaithe a shárú ar gach leagan roimhe sin i méid agus i cuimsitheacht araon. Ba é an toradh téacs is féidir a charachtarú mar sprioc an eagrán Poona, sprioc nach bhféadfaí, ar ndóigh, a bhaint amach ach go páirteach mar gheall ar neamhleor an tarchur i scríbhinn (Simson, Altindische epische Schlachtbeschreibung, 283-84).\n13 Maidir le tuairimí Hacker, féach Adluri agus Bagchee, The Passion of Paul Hacker; le haghaidh tuairimí Laine, féach Adluri, Hindu Studies in a Christian, Secular Academy. Maidir le Oberhammer, féach Marlewicz, The Religious Hermeneutics of Gerhard Oberhammer.\n14. Céard a tharla? Soláthraíonn Mertens an léiriú is fearr ar an gcur chuige neamhchinnte seo, nach bhfuil aon chuspóir aige ach a mheabhrú lárnach faoi phríomhacht an monaitheasa. Seo a athchruthú ar fhorbairt stairiúil líomhnaithe an mhóitíp de dhíscaoileadh Rudra ar íobairt Dakṣa, a luaitear i Mahābhārata 7.173, 13.14546, 10.18, 12.27074, agus App. 1, níl. 28. Ceoltóirí Is é an treoshuíomh reiligiúnach den leagan seo go bhfuil sé gan dabht Śaiva: tá an t-eagarthóir, a d'fhorbair an miotologema Véideach ina eipeasóid eipic, ag iarraidh aitheantas a thabhairt d'éileamh Rudra ar chumhacht. Dá bhrí sin, bíonn dhá pháirtí ag tabhairt aghaidh ar a chéile sa chath: ar thaobh amháin, Dakṣa, an vidhi ag leanúint íobairt agus fréamhshamhail an Brahman, agus na déithe a ghlacann páirt sa íobairt lena n-áirítear Pūṣan, Ṛṣis, agus Asuras; ar an taobh eile, Rudra ina n-aonar. Go dtí seo, tá léiriú Rudra ag teacht go hiomlán leis na smaointe dorcha Véideacha [...]. Ach is é an rud atá nua ina choinne ná an spreagadh do ghníomhartha Rudra, a éileamh ar chumhacht uilíoch [...]. [...] Tá na déithe de orthodox pantheon Vedic caillte a gcuid cumhachta. Léiríonn na móitíifí a forbraíodh mar sin ar mhaithe le Śaivism an staid stairiúil: leanann beag nó óg den rud a bhí ag éirí amach Rudra-dia a throid i gcoinne orthoideachas Brahmanism le haghaidh aitheantais i gcult agus i sochaí (Der Dakṣa mythus in der episch-purāṇischen Literatur, 2021; cursive curtha leis); Is é an chonclúid dosheachanta go ndearna rídeoir an leagan Mahābhārata 13 caibidil iomlán a ghlacadh óna chomhthéacs bunaidh i gcomhthéacs nua. Is léir gur ghlac sé an idirphlé seo ar mhaithe le Śaivism ach amháin ón bhfíric gur choinnigh sé Kṛṣṇa, a bhfuil ról an scéalaitheora aige sa chomhthéacs seo, mar labhraí chun an teagasc Rudra a fhógairt agus dá bhrí sin chuir sé [Kṛṣṇa], atá ina incarnate Viṣṇu, faoi réir a rival Rudra. Toisc go gcaithfidh Kṛṣṇa a admháil go ndéanann sé an śatrudrīya a aithris gach maidin, nochtann sé é féin go praiticiúil mar thiománaí dílis de\nRudra [...]. Ní léiríonn na caibidil roimhe seo, a chuireann ar bun adhartha na Brahmans cumhachtach, aon rianta de theolaíocht Śaiva a neartú dúinn sa tuairim go ndearna eagarthóir Śaiva an t-aistriúchán ar fad i Mahabharata 13 leis an aidhm an Vaiṣṇavism (ibid., 24) a íoslaghdú; Chun treoshuíomh reiligiúnach an leagan seo a mheas ní mór dúinn scrúdú a dhéanamh ar na páirtithe frithpháirteacha mar atá i Mahabharata 7 agus 13. Tá nádúr Rudra éadrom: tá tréithe archaic (ṛg) véideacha i láthair aige, ach freisin cáilíochtaí a dhéanann saintréith ar a staid, atá ag dul faoi thrasnú, agus, ina theannta sin, gnéithe a thugann le tuiscint cheana féin ar charachtar níos socair (mar a phléann a thiománaithe i dtéacsanna níos déanaí). [...] Is gá go leor go bhfuil Rudra, a léirítear sa ghné seo [martaí], cur síos air mar mhic léinn bramaicneach síoraí (brahmacāriṇam avyayam 9). Tá sé i gceist le smaointe Brahmanic an deasghnátha a ionchorprú chun gníomh sacrilegious Rudra agus a stádas nua a dhlíthiú sa íobairt do na déithe a eascraíonn as sin. [...] Cé nach bhfuil aon bhuaiteoir sa chath seo, tá an t-údar an leagan seo den mhiotas go soiléir ag comhbhrón leis an taobh Śaiva. Tá dearcadh an eagarthóra soiléir ní amháin ó léiriú Rudra ach freisin ó chritéar foirmiúil: is é Kṛṣṇa-Viṣṇu, arís eile ag leanúint leagan 13 Mahābhārata, an t-aistritheoir an eipeasóid. Sa fheidhm seo, ní mór dó a chruthú go bhfuil aithne aige ar ghníomhartha Rudra (m.sh., an sciar a bhaint amach den íobairt) agus an dia a ardú lena chuid focal féin don Tiarna uilíoch (10.17.9). Dá bhrí sin, anseo freisin tá Kṛṣṇa faoi réir go soiléir dá iomaitheoir agus, ina theannta sin, tá sé ionadaithe mar a adhradhóir. Ar an mbealach seo, léirítear an staid stairiúil i dtrí scéal aonair: déanann an leagan seo den mhiotas fianaise ar an bhfíric go raibh Śaivas tar éis dul isteach san ord Brahmanic atá ann cheana féin agus, ina theannta sin, d'iarr siad iad féin a dhearbhú i gcoinne grúpaí Vaiṣṇava (ibid., 2730; cur síos curtha leis); Léiríonn leagan Mahābhārata 12.274 athrú Śaiva ar mhiotlóim a d'eisigh roimhe seo i gcomhthéacs na Dakṣa miotas. [...] Is é Vaiṣṇava an t-athrú deiridh ar na ceithre chaibidil seo [27074]: athbhreithníodh miotais an tionscnaimh dhifreagrach ag redálaí Vaiṣṇava agus comhcheangailte sa chuid seo de Mahābhārata. [...] Ag achoimre, is féidir linn a thabhairt i gcrích maidir le stair eagarthóireachta chaibidil 12.27071 gur viṣṇufied téacs sean-dochtúrtha go ceannasach [viṣṇuitisiert]: 1. trí dhaoine nua (a insítear) a thabhairt isteach, 2. trí an fhoghlaim atá ann cheana féin a thógáil suas agus a viṣṇufying, agus 3. trí thréimhse dochtúrtha Vaiṣṇava a idirghabháil. [...] Cé gur chóir go mbreathnófaí ar chaibidil 27071 mar athbhreithniú Vaiṣṇava ar chroí téacs níos sine, is féidir linn trí leibhéal de dheisiú ar a laghad a aithint i gcaibidil 27273: croí téacs níos sine, Śaiva, agus athbhreithniú Vaiṣṇava amháin nó dhá cheann. [...] Má dhéantar comparáid idir déine an athbhreithnithe sectarian agus láithreacht an dé sectarian is airde ábhartha a tháirgtear mar sin, is léir go léiríonn an t-athbhreithniú Śaiva go hiomlán an téama miotaseolaíochta Vṛtra agus is cosúil go bhfuil an t-athbhreithniú Vaiṣṇava curtha leis go hachomair agus go superficially. [...] Is é an chonclúid dosheachanta go léiríonn an Śaiva [athbhreithniú] an príomhathbhreithniú agus an Vaiṣṇava [athbhreithniú] an t-athbhreithniú tánaisteach ar an rann seo. Ciallaíonn sé seo gur athraigh eagarthóir Śaiva an téacs bunaidh ina leas féin, agus chuir an leagan miotais Śaiva Vṛtra seo leis ansin go barr-leithid, ag baint úsáide as na modhanna is crua, ag eagarthóir Vaiṣṇava leis an gcuspóir é a chomhghuail leis na caibidil 27071 atá viṣṇufied cheana féin. [...] Dá bhrí sin, sa leagan eipic seo den mhiotas, tá tús an mhodha chun an téacs a dhíriú ar leasanna reiligiúnacha sonracha, a rachaidh i mbun níos mó a scagadh agus a shaibhriú sa litríocht Purāṇic níos déanaí [mo chuid léarscáil]: cuirtear béim ar an treo bunúsach Śaiva anseo 1. tríd an mbóthar substaintiúil-míotúil agus 2. trí ráitis choincréite faoin dia (ibid., 3031, 34, 36, 4041, 50; cur síos a chur leis); agus I gcodarsnacht leis na leaganacha roimhe seo de Mahābhārata, nochtann an leagan seo, a forbraíodh ar shlíne Śaiva, íomhá nua de Rudra, a thugann béim ag an am céanna ar fhéin-dhíobháil athraithe a leanúna: is iomaitheoir é Rudra do na déithe (ard) eile agus go háirithe, Viṣṇu, a chaithfear a ghlacadh go dáiríre, agus déantar an choim idir Śaivas agus Vaiṣṇavas go hoscailte den chéad uair. Tá na táscairí don fhorbairt seo le fáil ní amháin sa bhealach substaintiúil-mitheolaíoch agus sna ráitis faoin dia ach freisin i dteolaíocht Rudra ar leith: 1. An bealach substaintiúil-mitheolaíoch: Chomh maith le hionstraimí nua a chur leis (Dadhīci, Bhadrakālī, na Raumyas), tá feidhm nó tábhacht na n-aisteoirí is gnách leathnaithe go suntasach: Le ról Umā tá díláithriú an spreagadh bainteach leis, a théann i bhfeidhm ar intinn an mhiotaseachta ar fad. Dá bhrí sin, mar chúis le scrios an íobairt, luaitear ní chun sciar a bhaint amach do Rudra, ach, arís agus arís eile, chun deireadh a chur le fury Umā. Freagraíonn an t-athrú seo ar spreagadh do stádas nua Rudra: is é an dia é cheana féin, a bhfuil gach gníomhaíocht íobairt dírithe air (6142), ní gá dó a áit a éileamh i measc na ndaoine eile a thuilleadh. [...] Ní é Dakṣa an vidhi a leanann íobairt ainmniúil amháin a thacaíonn le déithe an orthodox pantheon: leathnaíonn na redhaitheoirí a ról go leanúnach trína chur i láthair ar dtús mar ionadaí ar thiománaithe Viṣṇu agus, ina dhiaidh sin, mar shampla paradigmatic de dhuine a d'athraigh go Śaivism. Ach sula ndéantar an Brahman \"orthochtódach\" seo agus dílis a admhaíonn Viṣṇu a thiontú go foréigneach go Rudra agus a reiligiún, cosnaíonn sé Viṣṇu os comhair Dadhīci mar an Tiarna aonair na hionadaithe agus diúltaíonn sé d'eisíocht Rudra. Is cinnte go gcomhlíonann an argóint sa choimhlint fhéideartha reiligiúnach seo an staid stairiúil (ibid., 6768; cur síos i ndánta deiridh a chur leis; gach ceann eile san bhunfhocal).\n15. Ceacht. Ní dhéanann an imthosca go raibh roinnt scoláirí Indiacha ón tréimhse choilíneach (Bhandarkar) nó go gairid ina dhiaidh sin (Bhargava) agus scoláirí Giúdacha, roimh agus tar éis an Dara Cogadh Domhanda, ag comhoibriú san episteme seo an t-uaire a dhiúltú. Tá patrún léirithe ann chun comhoibriú leis an disciplín a spreagadh, go hinstitiúideach trí phoist agus dul chun cinn gairme agus go intleachtúil trí lua agus athbhreithniú comhionann fabhrach. Bhí deacrachtaí chomh mór sin ag scoláirí Giúdacha sa Ghearmáin go raibh ar go leor acu imeacht. Déanann a gcuid scéalta léamh scanrúil mar a dhéantar iad a dhoiciméadú in Adluri agus Bagchee, Giúdaigh agus Hindus in Indology, https://www.academia.edu/30937643/Jews_and_Hindus_in_Indology.\nIs nóta tosaigh é an t-alt seo don turas leabhar le haghaidh Philology and Criticism; A Guide to Mahābhārata Textual Criticism, an leabhar nua le Vishwa Adluri agus Joydeep Bagchee, údar na The Nay Science: A History of German Indology\nDíriú: Is iad na tuairimí a léirítear san alt seo ná tuairimí an údair. Ní bhíonn Indic Today freagrach ná faoi dhliteanas as cruinneas, iomláine, oiriúnacht nó bailíocht aon fhaisnéis san alt."} {"text": "The Importance of Understanding Layers & Flattening in Photoshop\nPhotoshop is a very diversified tool that can help you make minor touch-ups to a photograph or complete the creation of an artwork. Either way, you may or may not have heard about layers. With layers you have the ability to efficiently edit different elements of your image without the worry of mistakenly losing other parts or your design. Layers accomplish this by allowing you to manipulate individual layers with filters, editing tools, and more. You can even change the order of your layers.\nFlattening Your Layers\nSo what is the big deal within flattening an image in Photoshop and why might it be important when it comes to your printing?\n- First, the biggest thing you will notice, depending on how many layers you had, is a reduction in file size. Flattened files can be more easily transferred for print in this reduced size.\n- Second, you will no longer be able to manipulate the individual layers…simply because they are no longer there. We suggest saving a copy of your layered file, just in case you need to get back in there and edit a thing or two.\n- Third, all vector artwork, including text, will be rasterized (converting into pixels). This will prevent your fonts from defaulting to some undesirable font you were not expecting. The rasterization will normally prevent issues with transparency as well.\nHow to Flatten Layers\nThere are a few different ways of flattening your artwork in Photoshop. One of the quickest is to locate the menu button on the layers window tab. Click the menu button to bring up a list of options and simply select Flatten Image.\nYou can also find the Flatten Image command in the Layer menu at the top of your screen.\nPhotoshop has so many features so we hope this mini-tutorial helps you in the creation of your artwork and designs. Happy creating!\nView this on our website: http://www.catprint.com/pages/setting-up-your-files/photoshop-layers-and-flattening", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-16", "url": "https://blog.catprint.com/2014/09/12/you-should-know-layers-flattening-in-ps/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585371656216.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20200406164846-20200406195346-00299.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.93306458, "token_count": 434, "score": 2.625, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "An tábhacht a bhaineann le Léideanna agus Leagú a Thuiscint i Photoshop\nIs uirlis an-éagsúil é Photoshop a chabhróidh leat mion-athruithe a dhéanamh ar ghrianghraf nó cruthaitheacht saothar ealaíne a chomhlánú. Ar aon nós, d'fhéadfadh go mbeadh nó nach mbeadh chuala tú faoi shraith. Le sraitheanna tá an cumas agat gnéithe éagsúla de do íomhá a chur in eagar go héifeachtach gan an imní go gcaillfidh tú codanna eile nó do dhearadh go botún. Déantar é seo trí shraith a chur ar fáil duit chun sraitheanna aonair a ionramháil le scagairí, uirlisí eagarthóireachta, agus go leor eile. Is féidir leat fiú ord na sraitheanna a athrú.\nDo Scairteanna a Chéimniú\nMar sin, cad é an deal mór laistigh de flattening íomhá i Photoshop agus cén fáth go bhféadfadh sé a bheith tábhachtach nuair a thagann sé do phriontáil?\n- Ar dtús, is é an rud is mó a gheobhaidh tú faoi deara, ag brath ar cé mhéad sraitheanna a bhí agat, laghdú ar mhéid an chomhad. Is féidir comhaid phlátaithe a aistriú níos éasca chun iad a phriontáil sa mhéid laghdaithe seo.\n- An dara, ní bheidh tú in ann a thuilleadh a ionramháil na sraitheanna aonair... simplí toisc nach bhfuil siad ann a thuilleadh. Molaimid cóip de do chomhad sraithe a shábháil, ar eagla go gcaithfidh tú dul ar ais ann agus rud nó dhó a chur in eagar.\n- Ar an tríú dul síos, déanfar gach saothar ealaíne veicteora, lena n-áirítear téacs, a rástáiriú (ag athrú go píseáin). Cuirfidh sé seo cosc ar do chuid foinsí ó bheith réamhshocraithe le roinnt foinse neamh-inmhianaithe nach raibh tú ag súil leis. De ghnáth, cuideoidh an rástéarú le saincheisteanna trédhearcachta a sheachaint freisin.\nConas Scaighdeáin a Chéimniú\nTá roinnt bealaí éagsúla ann chun do chuid saothar ealaíne a phláint i Photoshop. Ceann de na is tapúla ná an cnaipe roghchlár a aimsiú ar an tab fuinneog sraitheanna. Cliceáil ar an gcnaipe roghchlár chun liosta roghanna a thabhairt suas agus roghnaigh Flatten Image.\nIs féidir leat an t-ordú Flatten Image a fháil freisin sa roghchlár Ciseal ag barr do scáileáin.\nTá an oiread sin gnéithe ag Photoshop agus tá súil againn go gcabhróidh an mion-oideas seo leat do chuid saothair ealaíne agus dearaí a chruthú. Cruthaithe sásta!\nFéach ar seo ar ár suíomh Gréasáin: http://www.catprint.com/pages/setting-up-your-files/photoshop-layers-and-flattening"} {"text": "power transfered through wireless for charging wheel chair and mobile phone of the disabled persons at their [url removed, login to view] disabled persons find difficult,if the batteries charge of the wheel chair and or mobile phone goes low when they are alone at their home Since they cannot move and or communicate in low [url removed, login to view] the charge of their mobile phone becomes low during emergency situation they cannot be able to communicate with their care takers. To overcome these drawbacks we implement wireless power transfer technology by which both mobile phone as well as wheel chair will be chargered through wireless . The working principle behind wireless power transmission is electromagnetic induction. The wheel chair will be controlled by the user by giving commands from his mobile phone. The commands will be received by the Bluetooth module in the wheel chair. Wireless transmission is useful in cases where interconnecting wires are inconvenient, hazardous, or impossible. We need a power source and a transmitting antenna, and also a receiving antenna to which we can connect the device to be powered (the electrical load, or just the load). The power source will deliver a high power signal to the antenna. This will create an electrostatic field around the antenna that changes as the signal to it changes. This will create electromagnetic waves that will travel out from the antenna and through the [url removed, login to view] receiving antenna will be in the path of these waves, and the waves will pass by it and \"sweep\" it with their moving electromagnetic fields. This will induce a signal in the receiving antenna proportional to the energy that the antenna captures. This signal will cause current flow that will power the load.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-34", "url": "https://www.vn.freelancer.com/projects/articles/fill-spreadsheet-with-data-14884735/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886102663.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20170816212248-20170816232248-00279.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9562530518, "token_count": 330, "score": 2.953125, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Tá sé deacair ar dhaoine faoi mhíchumas, má théann muirir an chathaoir rothaí agus/nó an fhóin phóca íseal nuair a bhíonn siad ina n-aonar ina dteach Ós rud é nach féidir leo bogadh agus/nó cumarsáid a dhéanamh i [url removed, login to view] ní bhíonn muirear a gcuid fón póca íseal le linn éigeandála ní féidir leo cumarsáid a dhéanamh lena gcuid cúramtóirí. Chun na míbhuntáistí seo a shárú déanaimid teicneolaíocht aistrithe cumhachta gan sreang a chur i bhfeidhm trína n-uisceofar an fón póca chomh maith le cathaoir rothaí trí sreang gan sreang . Is é an prionsabal oibre atá taobh thiar de tharchur cumhachta gan sreang ná indúchadh leictreamaighnéadach. Beidh an chairr rothaí á rialú ag an úsáideoir trí orduithe a thabhairt óna fhón póca. Gheobhaidh an modúl Bluetooth sa chathaoir rothaí na horduithe. Tá tarchur gan sreang úsáideach i gcásanna ina bhfuil sreangacha idirnasctha míchuí, contúirteach nó dodhéanta. Ní mór dúinn foinse cumhachta agus antenna tarchuir, agus freisin antenna glactha a bhféadfaimis an gléas a chur i bhfeidhm a nascadh (an t-ualach leictreach, nó an t-ualach amháin). Cuirfidh an foinse cumhachta comhartha ardchumhachta chuig an antenna. Cruthaíonn sé seo réimse leictreastaiticiúil timpeall an antenna a athraíonn de réir mar a athraíonn an comhartha dó. Cruthaíonn sé seo tonnta leictreamaighnéadacha a thaisteal amach ón antenna agus tríd an [url a bhaint, logáil isteach chun féachaint] beidh an antenna glactha i mbealach na tonnta seo, agus rachaidh na tonnta tríd agus \"scanfaidh\" iad lena réimsí leictreamaighnéadacha gluaiseachta. Cuirfidh sé seo comhartha isteach san antenna glactha atá comhréireach leis an fuinneamh a ghabháilfidh an antenna. Beidh an comhartha seo a chur faoi deara sreabhadh reatha a bheidh cumhachta an t-ualach."} {"text": "When the weather gets hotter and the air becomes more humid, you can expect a few illnesses to suddenly materialize, many of them affecting the skin. Kids are often more prone to these conditions than adults. After those two-day hiking and camping trips in the Rockies, or those long days spent swimming and holding barbecues in your backyard, you may just find your little ones starting to scratch themselves nonstop, or crying because of stinging pain on their skin.\nThe classic sunburn is perhaps the most common cause of discomfort, but skin infections, allergies, and a bunch of other conditions could cause rashes, blisters, or even mysterious lumps and bumps. When a child can’t stop scratching an itchy area, the tiny sores or eruptions can look worse, get more irritating, or even become infected. Here’s a list of common skin irritations that kids can suffer every summer, and which just might require a visit to a Littleton pediatrics clinic.\nAside from sunburns, the hot weather can also bring about heat rash, which appears as bumps on skin folds. This itchy rash happens when sweat gets trapped underneath the skin because of clogged sweat ducts. Normally, the rash disappears after a few days, but if it persists longer than four days, or becomes itchier, redder, or more painful, it needs to be seen by a physician.\nReaction to Poison Ivy\nAbout 85% of Americans are allergic to urushiol, oil found in poison ivy, oak, or sumac sap. If your child’s skin comes into contact with the leaves or any part of those plants, he/she could easily develop red patches or blisters, swelling, and itching within 12 hours up to three days. A pediatrician can prescribe the proper topical medications or lotions, as well as anti-allergy medicines for severe reactions.\nHeat stress, excessive perspirations, and exposure to various allergens can trigger hives. Aside from animal dander and insect bites, these pink or red welts can also erupt after touching flowers like lavender, daffodils, and chrysanthemums, or other allergenic plant vines. When the hives don’t disappear after a cold shower and wearing loose clothing, the child may need antihistamines.\nTake note that when watering holes are contaminated or not properly treated (too much or too little chlorine in pools, for instance), various bacteria and viruses can thrive in them. This means your child can develop several other skin irritations and illnesses. A trusted Littleton pediatrician like one at Focus on Kids Pediatrics can help you sort out these concerns, so your child can “just keep swimming” this summer.\nHow to Treat (and Avoid!) Summer Skin Problems, Health.com\n5 Surprising Summer Skin Problems And How To Avoid Them, The Huffington Post\nSkin Allergies Can Flare Up in Summer Heat, MedicineNet.com", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-23", "url": "https://www.focusonkidspeds.com/pediatrics/consult-a-littleton-pediatrics-clinic-about-skin-irritations-in-summer/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224648465.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20230602072202-20230602102202-00218.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9336950779, "token_count": 621, "score": 3.0, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Nuair a thiocfaidh teas níos mó agus a thiocfaidh an t-aer níos taise, is féidir leat a bheith ag súil go dtiocfaidh roinnt galair go tobann, agus go leor acu ag dul i bhfeidhm ar an gcraiceann. Is minic a bhíonn leanaí níos so-ghabhálach do na coinníollacha seo ná daoine fásta. Tar éis na turais siúlóide agus campaíochta dhá lá sin sna Rockies, nó na laethanta fada sin a chaith tú ag snámh agus ag déanamh barbecues i do chúlchúrsa, b'fhéidir go bhfaighidh tú do chuid beagáinín ag tosú ag scratch féin gan stad, nó ag caoineadh mar gheall ar pian stinging ar a gcraiceann.\nIs dócha gurb é an lasadh gréine clasaiceach an chúis is coitianta le míchompord, ach d'fhéadfadh ionfhabhtuithe craicinn, ailléirgí, agus sraith riochtaí eile rubair, blisters, nó fiú cnapanna agus cnámha mistéireach a chur faoi deara. Nuair nach féidir le leanbh stop a chur le crathadh ar limistéar itchy, d'fhéadfadh na sáracha nó na rátaí beaga a bheith níos measa, a bheith níos irritating, nó fiú a bheith ionfhabhtaithe. Seo liosta de na irritations craiceann coitianta go bhféadfadh leanaí a fhulaingt gach samhradh, agus a d'fhéadfadh ach a bheith ag teastáil cuairt a thabhairt ar clinic péidiatraice Littleton.\nSeachas lasadh na gréine, is féidir leis an aimsir theas ráiteas teasa a chur ar fáil freisin, a léiríonn mar bhumps ar fhillteanna craiceann. Tarlaíonn an rash itchy seo nuair a bhíonn an t-othar gafa faoi bhun an chraiceann mar gheall ar chuiríotáin sweat clogged. De ghnáth, imíonn an rash tar éis cúpla lá, ach má leanann sé ar aghaidh níos faide ná ceithre lá, nó má éiríonn sé níos itchier, níos dearga, nó níos pianmhara, ní mór dó a bheith le feiceáil ag dochtúir.\nFreagairt ar Poison Ivy\nTá thart ar 85% de na Meiriceánaigh ailléirgeach ar urushiol, ola a fhaightear i ndúnra nimhe, oak, nó sumac. Má thagann craiceann do pháiste i dteagmháil leis na duilleoga nó le haon chuid de na plandaí sin, d'fhéadfadh sé nó sí go héasca patches nó blisters dearga a fhorbairt, tuitim, agus itching laistigh de 12 uair an chloig go dtí trí lá. Is féidir le dochtúir leanaí na cógais nó na lóisíní áitiúla cuí a fhorordú, chomh maith le cógais frith-ailléirgeacha le haghaidh frithghníomhartha tromchúiseacha.\nIs féidir le strus teasa, sweats iomarcach, agus nochtadh do ailléirgíní éagsúla hives a spreagadh. Seachas dander ainmhithe agus bites insect, is féidir na welts pinc nó dearg seo a thrasnú freisin tar éis dóibh bláthanna mar lavender, daffodils, agus chrysanthemums, nó fíonchaora plandaí ailléirgeacha eile a chur i dteagmháil. Má bhíonn an t- urlár ag dul in olcas tar éis cith fuar agus é a chaitheamh i éadaí scaoilte, b'fhéidir go mbeidh gá le frith- histamíní ag an leanbh.\nTabhair faoi deara go bhféadfadh baictéir agus víris éagsúla a bheith ag fás ina gcuid uisce nuair a bhíonn siad truaillithe nó mura ndéantar cóireáil chuí orthu (líon nó íseal clóirín i mbaileanna snámha, mar shampla). Ciallaíonn sé seo go bhféadfadh roinnt irritations agus galair chraiceann eile a bheith ag do leanbh. Is féidir le páistí Littleton iontaofa cosúil le ceann ag Fócas ar Leanaí Leanaí cabhrú leat na hábhair imní seo a réiteach, ionas gur féidir le do leanbh \"a bheith ag snámh\" an samhradh seo.\nConas a Phlé (agus a Sheachaint!) Fadhbanna Craiceann an tSamhraidh, Health.com\n5 Fadhbanna i gcraiceann an tsamhraidh a chuireann iontas ort agus conas iad a sheachaint, The Huffington Post\nIs Féidir le Hailéirgí Craiceann Fuaradh suas i Sath an tSamhraidh, MedicineNet.com"} {"text": "Reforms currently sweeping through Ethiopia under the new Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed have implications for the relationship between Ethiopia and its neighbours. Ethiopia is seen as the de facto leading state in the region. But it has a history of clashing with neighbouring states.\nThe current reforms have the potential to bolster Ethiopia’s leadership role in the region. And an Ethiopia that is perceived as a unifying force could lead to more stability.\nTwo recent announcements stand out: the normalisation of relations with the northern neighbour Eritrea and the signing of a peace deal with the Ogaden National Liberation Front, a separatist movement that has sought self-determination for the Somali region of Ethiopia.\nThe reasons these two developments are so important is that the tension between Ethiopia, Eritrea, and the Ogaden National Liberation Front have each contributed to instability in the region. The peace deal brokered between Ethiopia and Eritrea will not only affect internal tensions within Ethiopia. It’s also likely to signify a new chapter in the politics of the region.\nFor its part, the peace accord with the Ogaden National Liberation Front will end a long-standing conflict with the Ethiopian state. This conflict has shaped Ethiopia’s relationship with its Somali region, as well as Ethiopia’s relationship with the Republic of Somalia. The Somali region of Ethiopia is one of nine regional states under the current ethnic federal system in Ethiopia. It is mostly inhabited by Somali-speaking people.\nTensions – both within Ethiopia and between Ethiopia and its neighbours – are rooted in history. The formation of Ethiopia’s Empire state in the late nineteenth century was shaped by the absorption of smaller kingdoms in the south, east, and west of Shewa.\nShewa was Ethiopia’s political centre located north of the current capital Addis Ababa. By the late 19th century the incorporation of these territories was almost complete. By this time the capital had been moved to Addis Ababa.\nThis incorporation of territories is how the idea of the modern “Ethiopian state” emerged. But this imposition of state power on the new territories was contested. It has been the root cause of much of the country’s internal upheavals.\nThe importance of territory in Ethiopian statehood was further demonstrated by the 1952 incorporation of Eritrea as an Ethiopian province. Most Eritreans resisted the occupation and took up arms. The occupation was followed by nearly 30 years of conflict between Ethiopia and Eritrean liberation movements.\nEthiopia has also been in conflict with neighbouring Somalia since Somalia gained independence in 1960. Shortly after its independence, the new government in Mogadishu began to prioritise clan loyalties as it formed a new centralised state. This pitted various clans against each other and widened the chasm between clan loyalty and nationality.\nThe foreign policy objectives of the new Somali Republic were influenced by the level of influence it enjoyed in the Somali-inhabited regions of its neighbours. This included the Somali region of Ethiopia.\nEventually, the push and pull between the republic and its diaspora contributed to the rise of a separatist narrative within the Somali-inhabited regions. This spawned organisations such as the Ogaden National Liberation Front. The front is a separatist rebel group fighting for the self-determination of Somalis in Ethiopia’s Somali region.\nConflict and territory\nThroughout the 1970s and 1980s Ethiopia was mired in conflicts that challenged its territorial integrity. One was the Ethiopia/Eritrea war.\nSelf-determination was at the core of the conflict between the Ethiopian government and Eritrean liberation movements. Throughout the conflict it was viewed as a civil war since Eritrea was regarded as a province of Ethiopia.\nSimilarly, the tension between Ethiopia and the Somali separatist movements was triggered by the Somali belief that their territory belonged to the Somali Republic.\nThese conflicts led to regional instability.\nHave you read?\nEthiopia taking centre stage\nEthiopia has been on a path of reform since 1991. In the intervening years it has become the most economically dominant country in the region. This has cemented its leadership position. The current political reforms can be seen as part of a process of redefining Ethiopia’s role in the broader East African region – and the continent.\nThe governing Ethiopian People’s Revolutionary Democratic Front and the Ogaden National Liberation Front have been in peace talks since the early 1990s. The unsuccessful talks were accompanied by low-intensity conflict that severely affected the region.\nThat could be about to change. Thanks to Abiy Ahmed’s reform efforts, the front announced a unilateral ceasefire in August 2018, and by September peace talks had begun with the Ethiopian government and a peace deal was signed. There is cause for optimism that the deal will last because of the current leadership in Addis Ababa.\nThe peace deal with Eritrea has already had a number of positive outcomes that could contribute to regional stability.\nPrime Minister Abiy Ahmed and President Isaias Afwerki have met several times to announce concrete evidence of the peace deal. Abiy also recently hosted his Eritrean and Somali counterparts to cement regional ties.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-16", "url": "https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2018/11/how-events-in-ethiopia-will-influence-the-horn-of-africa", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585371813538.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20200408104113-20200408134613-00269.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9701029658, "token_count": 1050, "score": 3.15625, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Tá impleachtaí ag na hathchóirithe atá ag dul ar aghaidh san Aetóip faoi Aire Stáit nua Abiy Ahmed ar an gcaidreamh idir an Aetóip agus a chomharsana. Meastar go bhfuil an tEitióp mar an stát ceannaire de facto sa réigiún. Ach tá stair ag baint leis an tír seo de thrioblóidí le stáit chomharsanacha.\nTá an cumas ag na hathchóirithe atá ar siúl faoi láthair ról ceannaireachta na hIodáile sa réigiún a threisiú. Agus d'fhéadfadh an Aetóip a mheastar mar fhórsa aontaithe a bheith ina chúis le níos mó cobhsaíochta.\nTá dhá fhógra le déanaí i gceist: gnású na gcaidrimh leis an gcomharsanacht ó thuaidh, an Eirítrea, agus síniú comhaontú síochána le Fronta um Shaoradh Náisiúnta Ogaden, gluaiseacht scaradh a d'iarr féinchinnteoireacht do réigiún na Sómalí san Aetóip.\nIs iad na cúiseanna a bhfuil an dá fhorbairt chomh tábhachtach ná go bhfuil an teannas idir an Eitóp, an Eiritrea, agus an Fhronta Saorála Náisiúnta Ogaden tar éis gach ceann acu cur le neamhsheasmhacht sa réigiún. Ní dhéanfaidh an comhaontú síochána idirghabhála idir an Aetóip agus an Eiritrea difear do thréithe inmheánacha laistigh den Aetóip amháin. Is dócha go léireoidh sé caibidil nua i bpolaitíocht an réigiúin freisin.\nAr a thaobh féin, cuirfidh an comhaontú síochána le Fronta Saorála Náisiúnta Ogaden deireadh le coinbhleacht fada le stát na hIodáile. Tá an choimhlint seo tar éis caidreamh na hIodáile lena réigiún Somáilithe, chomh maith le caidreamh na hIodáile le Poblacht na Somáilithe a mhúnlú. Tá réigiún na Sómalí san Aetóip ar cheann de na naoi stát réigiúnacha faoin gcóras cónaidhme eitneach reatha san Aetóip. Is daoine Somálach a labhraíonn an chuid is mó de mhuintir na tíre.\nTá na teannas laistigh den Aetóip agus idir an Aetóip agus a comharsana bunaithe ar stair. Bhí an fhoirmiú ar stát Impireacht na hIodáile i ndeireadh an naoú haois déag i bhfoirm ag ionsú ríochtaí níos lú i ndeisceart, soir, agus siar Shewa.\nBa ionad polaitiúil na hIodáile é Shewa, suite ó thuaidh den phríomhchathair reatha Addis Ababa. Faoi dheireadh an 19ú haois bhí an ionchorprú na gcríoch seo beagnach críochnaithe. Ag an am seo, aistríodh an príomhchathair go Addis Ababa.\nIs é an ionchorprú na gcríocha seo an chaoi ar tháinig smaoineamh an \"stáit Eitiópigh\" nua-aimseartha chun cinn. Ach bhí an t-údarú seo ar chumhacht an stáit ar na críocha nua faoi dhíospóid. Ba í an t-úrscéal a bhí i bhfianaise cuid mhór de na suaitheadh inmheánacha sa tír.\nLéiríodh tábhacht na críoch i státúlacht na hEitióp go breise le corparáid 1952 na hEiritrea mar chúige na hEitióp. D'éirigh le formhór na n-Eritreaigh an áitíocht a sheasamh agus arm a thógáil. Lean an áitíocht beagnach 30 bliain de choimhlint idir gluaiseachtaí saoirse na hIodáile agus na nEritrea.\nTá an Eitóp i gcath le Somáil in aice láimhe freisin ó fuair an Somáil neamhspleáchas i 1960. Go gairid tar éis a neamhspleáchas, thosaigh an rialtas nua i Mogadishu ag cur tús le dílseacht clan agus stáit lárnach nua á bhunú aige. Chuir sé seo clans éagsúla i gcoinne a chéile agus mhéadaigh sé an chasán idir dílseacht do chlan agus náisiúntacht.\nBhí tionchar ag an leibhéal tionchair a bhí ag an bPoblacht Somálach nua i réigiúin a raibh Somálaigh ina gcónaí ina gcomharsana ar chuspóirí beartais eachtracha na Poblachta. Ba é sin réigiún na Sómalí san Aetóip.\nSa deireadh, chuir an brú agus an tarraingt idir an phoblacht agus a diaspora le cur chun cinn scéala scaradh laistigh de na réigiúin ina bhfuil cónaí ar na Sómailí. D'eascair eagraíochtaí mar Fhronta Saorála Náisiúnta Ogaden as seo. Is grúpa ceannairí scaradh é an t-aghaidh a bhíonn ag troid ar son féinchinnteoireachta na Somálaigh i réigiún Somálach na hIodáile.\nComhrac agus críoch\nLe linn na 1970idí agus na 1980idí, bhí an Aetóip i mbun coimhlintí a chuir dúshlán ar a láncháilíocht chríochach. Ceann acu ná an cogadh idir an Eitóp agus an Eirítreach.\nBhí féinchinnteoireacht mar chroílár na coimhlinte idir rialtas na hIodáile agus gluaiseachtaí saoirse na hEiritéire. Le linn an choimhlint, measadh gur cogadh cathartha é ós rud é go raibh an Eiritrea mar chúige de chuid na hEitiopáise.\nAr an gcaoi chéanna, bhí an teannas idir an Eitóp agus gluaiseachtaí scaradh Somáice ag teacht as an gcreideamh Somáice go raibh a gcríoch de chuid Phoblacht na Somáice.\nMar thoradh ar na coinbhleachtaí seo bhí éagobhsaíocht réigiúnach ann.\nAn bhfuil tú ag léamh?\nAn Eitópia ag dul i lár na stáitse\nTá an Eitópia ar bhealach athchóirithe ó 1991. Sna blianta idirthréimhseacha tá sé anois mar an tír is mó atá i gceannas go heacnamaíoch sa réigiún. Tá sé seo tar éis a seasamh ceannaireachta a dhaingniú. Is féidir na hathchóirithe polaitiúla atá ar siúl faoi láthair a fheiceáil mar chuid de phróiseas chun ról na hIodáile a athshainiú sa réigiún níos leithne san Afraic Thoir agus ar an mór-roinn.\nTá an Fhronta Daonlathach Réabhlóideach Daonlathach Poblachta na hIodáile agus an Fhronta Saorála Náisiúnta Ogaden ag plé síochána ó thús na 1990idí. Bhí coimhlint íseal-déine ag gabháil leis na cainteanna neamhthlactha a d'fhág tionchar mór ar an réigiún.\nD'fhéadfadh sé sin a bheith ar tí athrú. A bhuíochas le hiarrachtaí athchóirithe Abiy Ahmed, d'fhógair an t-aghaidh sos cogaidh aontaobhach i mí Lúnasa 2018, agus i mí Mheán Fómhair thosaigh cainteanna síochána le rialtas na Etiópe agus síníodh comhaontú síochána. Tá cúis dóchais ann go mairfidh an comhaontú mar gheall ar an cheannaireacht reatha in Addis Ababa.\nTá roinnt torthaí dearfacha ag an gcomhaontú síochána le hEritrea cheana féin a d'fhéadfadh cur le cobhsaíocht réigiúnach.\nTá an Príomh-Aire Abiy Ahmed agus an tUachtarán Isaias Afwerki tar éis bualadh le chéile arís agus arís eile chun fianaise nithiúil a fhógairt ar an gcomhaontú síochána. D'fháiltigh Abiy óstáil a chuid comhghleacaithe Eritrea agus Somáice chun naisc réigiúnacha a dhaingniú."} {"text": "Here, we’ll introduce you to the basic business and home theater projector technologies that make up our portable projector lineup, suggest some example uses, and explain some of the features that you might want to consider when purchasing a projector. The operation of today’s business and home theater projector systems is based on receiving an electric signal (either analog or digital) from a data source (computer, VCR, DVD, etc.), transforming the signal into an image, and projecting the image onto a screen. To do this, the signal must first be converted into a digital signal. If sent as analog, it is passed through an analog-to-digital signal converter. The digital signal is now ready to be processed into an image for projection. Currently, there are two technologies used in business and home theater projectors to display images: liquid-crystal display (LCD Projector) and Digital Light Processing (DLP Projector).\nFor a LCD projector, the digital signal is processed to polysilicon panels. A light source is passed through a series of dichroic mirrors to separate the various color wavelengths and then through the polysilicon panels where activated pixels process the light into a final compiler before projection through the lens and onto the screen.\nWith a DLP projector, the digital signal is processed to a DMDT chip. The light source is passed through a color wheel and onto the DMDT chip, and is then reflected off the chip through the lens and onto the screen. The introduction of this rather new technology has led to the further miniaturization of business and home theater projector systems.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-10", "url": "http://www.mitsubishi-presentations.com/showroom/?type=projectors", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1394011192582/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305091952-00001-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9174520969, "token_count": 327, "score": 2.515625, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Anseo, tabharfaimid isteach duit na teicneolaíochtaí bunúsacha tionscóir ceoil gnó agus tíotáileoige a dhéanann suas ár líne tionscóir iniompartha, molfaimid roinnt úsáidí samplacha, agus mínímid cuid de na gnéithe ar mhaith leat a mheas nuair a cheannaíonn tú tionscóir. Tá oibriú córais tionscanta agus córais tionscanta ceoil tí inniu bunaithe ar chomhartha leictreach a fháil (analog nó digiteach) ó fhoinse sonraí (computer, VCR, DVD, etc.). ), ag athrú an tsínéil go íomhá, agus ag léiriú an íomhá ar scáileán. Chun é seo a dhéanamh, ní mór an comhartha a thiontú ar dtús ina chomhartha digiteach. Má chuirtear ar aghaidh é mar analógach, déantar é a thrasnú trí thionadóir comhartha analógach-go-digiteach. Tá an comhartha digiteach réidh anois le próiseáil i ngrianghraf le haghaidh réamhamharc. Faoi láthair, tá dhá theicneolaíocht a úsáidtear i bpróiseálaithe ceamara gnó agus baile chun íomhánna a thaispeáint: taispeáint criostail leachtach (Próiseálaí LCD) agus Próiseáil Solas Digiteach (Próiseálaí DLP).\nI gcás tionscóir LCD, déantar an comhartha digiteach a phróiseáil chuig painéil polysilicon. Tá foinse solais a rith trí shraith de scátháin dichroic a scaradh na tonnfhad dathanna éagsúla agus ansin trí na painéil polysilicon áit a phróiseáil piocsaídeacha gníomhachtaithe an solas isteach i gcumasaitheoir deiridh roimh réithe tríd an lionsa agus ar an scáileán.\nLe tionscóir DLP, déantar an comhartha digiteach a phróiseáil chuig sliseanna DMDT. Tá an foinse solais a rith trí roth dath agus ar an sliseanna DMDT, agus ansin a léirítear as an sliseanna tríd an lionsa agus ar an scáileán. Mar thoradh ar an teicneolaíocht nua seo a thabhairt isteach, tá níos mó córas tionscanta ceamaraí ceamara gnó agus baile a mhion-mhínithe."} {"text": "Bilal is sometimes referred to as Bilal Al-Habashi paying tribute to his Ethiopian (Abyssinian) heritage. The Sahabi (companion) Sayyidina Bilal ibn Rabah (RA) was one of the men closest to Prophet Muhammad.\nHe began life as a slave, survived many tortuous years, was the first person to be selected for the call to prayer (Azan) because of his melodious voice, stood fast in the service of Islam and died at the age of sixty four.\nTime and time again the story of Bilal is used to demonstrate how the concepts of pluralism and racial equality are imbedded in Islam.\nBilal was born into slavery; his mother was a slave in the household of Umayyah ibn Khalaf. Bilal had a reputation for being a faithful hardworking slave and we can surmise that he had no illusions about life. He probably thought that he would live a life of drudgery and die never having tasted freedom.\nHe did however walk the earth at a very significant time in world history. It was the dawning of Islam and an unlettered man was calling the people to worship One God; in Arabic, Ahad, the One. Bilal’s master was one of the leaders of Quraish, thus Bilal was able to hear their opinions about life in Mecca and their discussions about Prophet Muhammad.\nThe economic life of Mecca was dependent on idol worship and Prophet Muhammad’s teachings threatened to destroy that livelihood. Prophet Muhammad was also from the tribe of Quraish and the people could not help but recognise his integrity.\nBilal heard the discussions going back and forth and no doubt decided that a message of mercy, forgiveness and justice was a light and a hope worth clinging to. Bilal declared his acceptance of the message of Islam and his life or drudgery and abuse turned into a nightmare of pain.\nBilal was attracted to the concept of One God, Ahad and it was that word that essentially saved his life.\nBiographer Ibn Ishaq informs us that Bilal suffered terribly for his immediate acceptance of Muhammad’s message of Islam. He was beaten mercilessly, dragged by his neck around the hills of Mecca and made to suffer long periods of starvation and thirst under the scorching Meccan sun.\nIbn Ishaq wrote that Bilal’s master Umayyah ibn Khalaf, “…would bring him out at the hottest part of the day and throw him on his back in the open valley and have a great rock put on his chest; then he would say to him, ‘You will stay here until you die or deny Muhammad and worship Al-Lat and Al-Uzza”. Bilal would not renounce Islam and uttered only one word – Ahad.\nThe news of this slave came to companions of the Prophet who informed the Messenger of Allah. The Prophet sent Sayyidina Abu Bakr (RA) to negotiate the emancipation of Bilal.\nAbu Bakr Siddiq visited Umayyah and his people while they were torturing Bilal. Abu Bakr shouted to them:\n“Are you killing a man because he says, ‘Allah is my Lord?’ ”\nThen Abu Bakr shouted at Umayah ibn Khalaf, master of Bilal,\n” Take more than his price and free him. “\nUmayyah liked the offer of Abu Bakr because he thought that the sale of Bilal to Abu Bakr brought him more than the death of his servant.\nUmayyah sold Bilal to Abu Bakr . Abu Bakr immediately emancipated Bilal and Bilal took his place among the free men. When Abu Bakr Siddiq passed his arm around Bilal, rushing with him to freedom, Umayah said to him:\n“If you had refused to buy it with the exception of an ounce of gold, I would have sold it to you.”\nAbu Bakr realised that it was appropriate not to answer, but because they violated the dignity of this man who had become his brother and his equal, he replied to Umayah saying:\n“By Allah, if you had refused to sell him, within a hundred ounces, I would have paid it.”\nThen Abu Bakr left with his Bilal to the Messenger of Allah, giving him news of his release and a big feast was held. Bilal (R.A.) became one of the most faithful and loyal companion of the Prophet (SAW).\n– a brief and fascinating life-story of Sayyidina Bilal ibn Rabah (RA), an Afro-Arab companion of the Prophet Muhammad (SAW)\nPhoto: Map of Africa ornate with ethnic fabrics", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-23", "url": "https://universalspirituality.blog/2020/01/06/unchained/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224653764.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20230607111017-20230607141017-00797.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9845680594, "token_count": 995, "score": 3.265625, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Tagraítear do Bilal uaireanta mar Bilal Al-Habashi ag tabhairt ómós dá oidhreacht Éitióp (Abyssinian). Bhí an Sahabi (comhráite) Sayyidina Bilal ibn Rabah (RA) ar cheann de na fir is gaire don Prophet Muhammad.\nThosaigh sé ar shaol mar sclábhaí, mhair sé blianta tortuous go leor, ba é an chéad duine a roghnaíodh don glao ar an urnaí (Azan) mar gheall ar a ghuth melodious, sheas sé go daingean i seirbhís an Ioslam agus fuair sé bás ag aois a sé déag a ceathair.\nUair agus arís eile úsáidtear scéal Bilal chun a thaispeáint conas a bhfuil coincheapa ilchultúir agus comhionannas ciníoch i nIoslam.\nRugadh Bilal i sclábhaíocht; bhí a mháthair ina sclábhaí i dteaghlach Umayyah ibn Khalaf. Bhí cáil ar Bilal mar sclábhaí dícheallach dílis agus is féidir linn a thuiscint nach raibh aon illúis aige faoin saol. Is dócha gur cheap sé go mbeadh sé ag maireachtáil ar shaol an chraobh agus go bhfaigheadh sé bás gan smacht a fháil ar shaoirse.\nMar sin féin, shiúil sé ar an talamh ag am an-tábhachtach i stair an domhain. Bhí sé an dawn of Ioslam agus fear unliterate bhí ag glaoch ar na daoine a adhradh Dia amháin; i Araibis, Ahad, an Ceann. Bhí máistir Bilal ar cheann de cheannairí na Quraish, agus mar sin bhí Bilal in ann a gcuid tuairimí faoi shaol i Mecca agus a gcuid plé faoi Prophet Muhammad a chloisteáil.\nBhí saol eacnamaíoch Mecca ag brath ar adhradh idols agus Prophet Muhammad's teagasc bagairt a scriosadh an t-oideachas. Bhí Prophet Muhammad freisin ó threibh na Quraish agus ní fhéadfadh na daoine ach a aithint a ionracas.\nChuala Bilal na pléanna ag dul ar ais agus ar aghaidh agus gan amhras chinn sé gur léargas agus dóchas a bhí ann a bhí ina theachtaireacht trócaire, maithiúnas agus ceartais. Bilal dhearbhaigh sé a glacadh leis an teachtaireacht na hIoslamach agus a shaol nó drudgery agus mí-úsáid a thiontú i nightmare pian.\nBhí Bilal tarraingthe ag an gcoincheap de One God, Ahad agus bhí sé an focal go bunúsach a shábháil a shaol.\nTá an t-eolaí Ibn Ishaq ag insint dúinn go raibh fulaingt uafásach ag Bilal as glacadh láithreach le teachtaireacht Muhammad ar Ioslam. Bhí sé a bhualadh gan trócaire, a tharraingt ag a muineál ar fud na cnoic Mecca agus a rinne a fhulaingt tréimhsí fada de ocras agus tart faoi na scorching Meccan ghrian.\nScríobh Ibn Ishaq go raibh máistir Bilal Umayyah ibn Khalaf, ... ag tabhairt amach é ag an chuid is teo den lá agus é a chaitheamh ar a chúl sa ghleann oscailte agus carraig mhór a chur ar a chroí; ansin déarfadh sé leis, Fanfaidh tú anseo go dtí go bhfaighidh tú bás nó go ndéanfaidh tú é a dhiúltú Muhammad agus go n-urramófar Al-Lat agus Al-Uzza. Ní bheadh Bilal a dhiúltú Ioslam agus uttered ach focal amháin Ahad.\nTháinig an scéal seo an seirbhíseach do chairde an Prophet a d'inis an Messenger de Allah. Chuir an Prophet Sayyidina Abu Bakr (RA) chun idirbheartaíocht a dhéanamh ar shaoirse Bilal.\nThug Abu Bakr Siddiq cuairt ar Umayyah agus a mhuintir agus iad ag tortú Bilal. Abu Bakr ghlaoigh orthu:\n An bhfuil tú ag mharú fear toisc go deir sé, Allah is mo Thiarna? \nAnsin Abu Bakr ghlaoigh ar Umayah ibn Khalaf, máistir Bilal,\n Glac níos mó ná a phraghas agus saoradh é. \nChuaigh Umayyah tairiscint Abu Bakr mar cheap sé go raibh díol Bilal do Abu Bakr a thug dó níos mó ná bás a sheirbhíseach.\nD' dhíol Umayyah Bilal le Abu Bakr . Abu Bakr éancipated Bilal láithreach agus Bilal ghlac a áit i measc na fir saor in aisce. Nuair a chuir Abu Bakr Siddiq a lámh timpeall ar Bilal, ag rith leis go saor, dúirt Umayah leis:\n Má dhiúltaigh tú é a cheannach ach amháin unsa óir, bheadh mé a dhíol sé duit.\nThuig Abu Bakr go raibh sé oiriúnach gan freagra a thabhairt, ach toisc gur sháraigh siad dínit an duine seo a bhí ina dheartháir agus ina chomhionann, d'fhreagair sé Umayah ag rá:\nBy Allah, má bhí tú dhiúltaigh a dhíol dó, laistigh de céad unsaí, bheadh mé a íoc é.\nAnsin d'fhág Abu Bakr lena Bilal chuig Messenger Allah, ag tabhairt dó na nuacht a scaoileadh agus bhí féile mór ar siúl. Bhí Bilal (R.A.) ar cheann de na comhghleacaithe is dílis agus is dílis don Prophet (SAW).\n scéal-saoil ghearr agus suimiúil de Sayyidina Bilal ibn Rabah (RA), comhghleacaithe Afro-Arab an Prophet Muhammad (SAW)\nGrianghraf: Léarscáil na hAfraice ornáide le fabraicí eitneacha"} {"text": "Varicose veins and spider veins may seem like interchangeable terms for the same thing, but that couldn’t be further from the truth. Here’s the low-down on the causes, symptoms and treatments for both varicose veins and spider veins. Spider veins are the less serious of the two and are seen as small discoloured veins that have a spider-web like appearance typically on the legs. These veins rarely cause problems with pain and can be left untreated. In contrast, varicose veins occur due to faulty values in veins of the legs. Blood is able to therefore flow in the wrong direction causing bulging veins, which appear blue and purple. These veins can cause problems of pain, numbness in the legs and in some cases, leg ulcers.\n- Created on .", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-16", "url": "https://www.palmclinic.co.nz/blog?start=10", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370503664.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20200331181930-20200331211930-00025.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9531215429, "token_count": 164, "score": 2.703125, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "D'fhéadfadh go mbeadh veins varicose agus veins spider cosúil le téarmaí in-athshó do an rud céanna, ach ní fhéadfaí a bheith níos faide ón bhfírinne. Seo an t-eolas faoi na cúiseanna, na hairíonna agus na cóireálacha do veins varicose agus veins spider. Is iad na veins spider an ceann is lú tromchúisí den dá cheann agus feictear iad mar veins beaga athchraolta a bhfuil cuma cosúil le gréasáin spider acu de ghnáth ar na cosa. Is annamh a bhíonn fadhbanna pian ag na fíocháin seo agus is féidir iad a fhágáil gan chóireáil. Ar a mhalairt, tarlaíonn veins varicose mar gheall ar luachanna earráideacha i veins na cosa. Dá bhrí sin, is féidir le fuil a sreabhadh sa treo mícheart ag cruthú fíocháin bhuamála, a bhfuil cuma gorm agus purpúrtha orthu. Is féidir le na fíocháin seo fadhbanna pian, numbness sna cosa agus i gcásanna áirithe, ulcers cosa a chur faoi deara.\n- Cruthaithe ar ."} {"text": "A three-dimensional Bouguer gravity map of the Chicxulub Crater. Petroleum exploration boreholes (C1, S1, and Y6) penetrated the crater structure, which is buried several hundred meters below the surface of the Yucatán Peninsula of Mexico. The Yucatán-6 (Y6) borehole is the discovery hole where Kring and others found shocked quartz and other evidence of impact origin. That discovery prompted the drilling of the Yaxcopoil-1 (Yax-1) borehole, which was the first scientific borehole drilled into the structure by the International Continental Drilling Program (ICDP) in 2001-2002. As described in the current Science paper, data from that drilling project, when integrated with other K-Pg boundary analyses from around the world, provide a strong link between the Chicxulub impact crater and a mass extinction event 65 million years ago. Proposals to drill into other portions of the immense structure are pending with the ICDP and the Integrated Ocean Drilling Program.\nCredit: David A. Kring\nViewed: 391 times", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-15", "url": "http://www.astrobio.net/index.php?option=com_galleryimg&task=showGalleryImage&id=6534", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609532374.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005212-00065-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8970082998, "token_count": 229, "score": 3.890625, "int_score": 4, "irish_text": "Léarscáil thrí-thaobhach Bouguer ar chraic Chicxulub. Thit tochailtí iniúchta peitriliam (C1, S1 agus Y6) isteach sa struchtúr crater, atá curtha roinnt céad méadar faoi dhromchla an Iacatain Mheicsiceo. Is é an tollán báire Yucatán-6 (Y6) an tollán fionnachtana áit a bhfuair Kring agus daoine eile cearnach shocked agus fianaise eile ar thionscnamh tionchair. Chuir an fionnachtanas sin le tobar Yaxcopoil-1 (Yax-1) a phollú, a bhí mar an chéad tobar eolaíoch a pholl an struchtúr ag an gClár Idirnáisiúnta Tobar Continental (ICDP) i 2001-2002. Mar a thuairiscítear sa pháipéar eolaíochta reatha, soláthraíonn sonraí ón tionscadal tochailte sin, nuair a chomhtháthú le anailíseanna teorann K-Pg eile ó gach cearn den domhan, nasc láidir idir an crater tionchair Chicxulub agus imeacht eascraíochta mais 65 milliún bliain ó shin. Tá tograí chun drileadh i gcodanna eile den struchtúr ollmhór ag fanacht leis an ICDP agus leis an gClár Tiomána Comhtháite Aigéin.\nCreidiúint: David A. Kring\nFéach: 391 uair"} {"text": "Color Gene Pair\nPattern Gene Pair\nTan Points and White Markings\nAussie 16 Basic Color Combinations Chart\nLee Greywolf Lopez\nAussie colors and markings come in an amazing variety of combinations but are really only made up of two gene pairs.\nThe first gene pair controls which colour an Aussie will be and they are either black or red.\nThe second gene pair controls the pattern and whether the coat will be solid or merle. We'll talk about this gene pair later, but first...\nIn the gene pair that controls colour the black is dominant and is denoted by a B. The recessive red is denoted by a b.\nThis means that there are three possible combinations that an Australian Shepherd could inherit. They could be BB, Bb or bb.\nWhen the inherited gene pairs are the same such as BB or bb this is referred to as homozygous as they have the same gene on each chromosome. In a case where Bb is inherited and we have a different gene on each chromosome it is called heterozygous.\nSo, a dog with BB has two genes that are dominant for black. They will be black and will only produce puppies that are also black. Since it only has dominant genes to give its puppies would all inherit the dominant B gene and would be black even if mated to a bb.\nAn Australian Shepherd with the Bb gene pair is a black dog but it carries the recessive b gene for the red color. These dogs are called red carriers or red factored. If bred with a BB this dog would produce puppies that were all black. Some of the puppies would be BB while some could be Bb and also carry the recessive red gene.\nIf a Bb were crossed with another Bb they could have BB (black), Bb (black) and bb (red) puppies. If bred with a bb (red) there could be either Bb (black) or bb (red) puppies born.\nSo, if a bb were crossed with another bb then only red bb puppies would result.\nOnce you see how this inheritance works its fairly easy to determine what the chances are of different colored puppies being born in a litter.\nAustralian Shepherd coat patterns come in solid and merle. Merle is the mottled blend of the dog's color (black or red) to a near white or white.\nMerle is the dominant gene while solid is recessive. Merle is represented by an M while solid is shown as m. As with the color gene pairs there are three possible pairings - MM, Mm and mm.\nThe homozygous MM combination is of particular concern. This pair comes as a result of breeding two Aussies with the merle pattern. This \"double merle\" combination is often referred to as \"lethal white\".\nHaving two merle genes results in puppies that have excessive white in their coats. This is much more serious than a cosmetic concern about appearance. The lack of pigment around the ears and eyes results in severe defects that can render the dog permanently deaf, blind or both. This is why you should not breed merles with merles.\nFor more information about \"lethal white merles\" read our in-depth article here.\nIf a dog with the MM gene pair were bred with a heterozygous merle Mm it would result in more MM homozygous merles as well as Mm heterozygous merles. However, because the merle gene is dominant they could never produce solid offspring.\nIn the case of a Mm heterozygous merle breeding with another Mm merle the puppies could be MM homozygous merles, Mm heterozygous merles or mm solid color.\nFinally we have the mm solid dog. When crossed with a homozygous MM it would result in heterozygous merles Mm only. Breeding with a heterozygous Mm merle would produce merle Mm and solid mm puppies. If crossed with another solid mm dog only solid mm puppies would result.\nCommon to the Australian Shepherd are tan points that appear in many variations from a rich copper to a lighter cream color. Tan points also cover a range of areas from the \"shepherd's spots\" above the eyes, the muzzle and cheeks as well as front legs, hind legs and feet.\nIn cases where the tan points are diminished the spot uder the tail can be an indicator that the dog has inherited tan markings. Sometimes this is the only location that the tan coloring is in evidence.\nPuppies can be born will no tan markings except in that one spot under the tail and then develop them in other areas as time goes by. This spot may be the only way to tell if a bicolor is really a tricolor.\nThe Irish spotting gene influences white blazes, collars, legs and feet. Plus and minus modifiers act further to change the amount of white that appears. This can result in more white appearing than is acceptable under breed standards. Excessive white is grounds for disqualification from the conformation ring.\nThe Piebald gene is another gene that governs white areas and can be responsible for white spots or patches appearing on the body. Sometimes this modification is so extreme as to make the dog appear to be a homozygous merle.\nIn order to discourage breeding dogs with excessive white and the attendant health risks breed standards set limits on acceptable areas of white coverage. White collars that extend into the body beyond the withers and white patches on the body are to be avoided.\nThe following illustrated Austalian Shepherd coat color combinations chart shows you the basic 16 possibilities. These combinations are the most common accounting for colors (red or black), coat pattern (solid or merle) and the degree of tan points and white markings.\nFor further reading:\nColor FAQ on ASHGI for the Australian Shepherd\nHave Dog Training Questions?\nCheck out these introductory dog training videos...\nI want my dog to stop being aggressive.\nI want some help training my new puppy.\nI want my dog to stop barking at everything.\nI want my dog to walk nicely and calmly on the leash.\nGet Australian Shepherd Info, Website Updates, Special Offers, and Cartoons...\nYou'll also receive a free copy of the ebook\nMy Everyday Dog Training Tools\nby professional dog trainer Daniel Abdelnoor, \"Doggy Dan\"", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-23", "url": "https://www.australian-shepherd-lovers.com/colors-markings-aussie.html", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224643388.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20230527223515-20230528013515-00788.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9497503042, "token_count": 1333, "score": 2.921875, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Páir Gine Dath\nPáire Gine Pattern\nPointí Tan agus Mórúcháin Bán\nCláir Chombinations Bunúsach Dath Aussie 16\nLee Greywolf Lopez\nTá cuma iontach éagsúla ar na dathanna agus ar na marcálacha atá ag na hOstaire ach níl ach dhá péire géine acu i ndáiríre.\nDéanann an chéad péire géin rialú ar an dath a bheidh ag an Aussie agus tá siad dubh nó dearg.\nDéanann an dara péire géine rialú ar an bpatrún agus ar an gcod a bheidh sé soladach nó merle. Labharfaimid faoi na géine páire níos déanaí, ach ar dtús...\nSa péire géin a rialaíonn dath tá an dubh ceannasach agus déantar é a léiriú le B. Léirítear an dearg reisiúnach le b.\nCiallaíonn sé seo go bhfuil trí chomhcheangal féideartha ann a d'fhéadfadh Cuanra na hAstráile a oidhreacht. D'fhéadfadh siad a bheith BB, Bb nó bb.\nNuair a bhíonn na péirí géine a oireann mar an gcéanna mar BB nó bb, tugtar homozygous air seo mar go bhfuil an géin chéanna acu ar gach crómasóim. I gcás ina bhfuil Bb oidhreachtúil agus go bhfuil géin dhifriúil againn ar gach crómasóim, glaoitear air heterozygous.\nMar sin, tá dhá ghine ag madra le BB atá ceannasach don dubh. Beidh siad dubh agus ní bheidh siad ach a tháirgeadh cuileoga atá dubh freisin. Ós rud é nach bhfuil ach géiní ceannasacha aige chun a madraí a thabhairt go dtabharfadh gach duine an géin B ceannasach agus go mbeadh siad dubh fiú má phósadh iad le bb.\nIs madra dubh é an Cuan Oileáin le péire géine Bb ach tá an géin b recessive aige don dath dearg. Tugtar iompróirí dearga nó fachtóir dearg ar na madraí seo. Má bhí sé ar an gcineál seo le BB, bheadh na cuileoga go léir dubh. D'fhéadfadh go mbeadh cuid de na cuileoga BB agus d'fhéadfadh cuid eile a bheith Bb agus an géin dearg reisiúnach a iompar freisin.\nMá bhí Bb trasna le Bb eile d'fhéadfadh siad a bheith BB (dubh), Bb (dubh) agus bb (dearg) madraí. Má tá sé pósta le bb (dearg) d'fhéadfadh sé go mbeadh piobair Bb (dubh) nó bb (dearg) rugadh.\nMar sin, má bhí BB trasna le BB eile ansin ach red BB puppies a bheith mar thoradh.\nNuair a fheiceann tú conas a oibríonn an oidhreacht tá sé sách éasca a chinneadh cad iad na seansanna a bhfuil cailíní datha éagsúla a rugadh i litre.\nTá patrún cóta Shepherd na hAstráile i dtonn agus i merle. Is é Merle an meascán mottled de dhath an madra (dubh nó dearg) go bán nó bán gar.\nIs é Merle an géin cheannasach agus is é an géin soladach an géin choimeádach. Léirítear Merle le M agus léirítear soladach mar m. Cosúil leis na péirí géine dathanna tá trí phéireáil féideartha ann - MM, Mm agus mm.\nTá imní ar leith ar an gcomhcheangal homozygous MM. Tagann an péire seo mar thoradh ar dhá Aussies a chothú leis an bpatrún merle. Is minic a thugtar \"bán marfach\" ar an meascán \"merle dúbailte\" seo.\nMar thoradh ar dhá ghine merle a bheith acu, bíonn buachaillí a bhfuil iomarca bán ina gcuid cóta. Tá sé seo i bhfad níos tromchúisí ná imní cosmaideach faoi chuma. Mar thoradh ar an easpa píogmáint timpeall na gcluasa agus na súl, bíonn míchompord tromchúiseach ann a d'fhéadfadh an madra a dhéanamh bodhar, dall nó an dá rud go buan. Sin an fáth nár chóir duit a breed Merles le Merles.\nLe haghaidh tuilleadh eolais faoi \"merles bán marfach\" léigh ár n-alt domhain anseo.\nMá dhéantar madra a bhfuil an péire géin MM a chothú le merle heterozygous Mm bheadh níos mó merles homozygous MM mar thoradh air chomh maith le merles heterozygous Mm. Mar sin féin, toisc go bhfuil an géin merle ceannasach ní fhéadfaí tar éis a tháirgeadh sliocht soladach.\nI gcás merle heterozygous Mm a chónaíonn le merle Mm eile d'fhéadfadh na cuileoga a bheith mar merles homozygous MM, merles heterozygous Mm nó dath soladach mm.\nFaoi dheireadh tá an madra mm soladach againn. Nuair a thraslódh sé le MM homozygous bheadh merles heterozygous Mm amháin mar thoradh air. Ba cheart go mbeadh an t-ábhar a úsáidtear chun an t-ábhar a chur ar fáil ar an mbord, agus ba cheart go mbeadh an t-ábhar a chur ar fáil ar an mbord, agus ba cheart go mbeadh an t-ábhar a chur ar fáil ar an mbord. Má thrasnaíonn tú le madra eile MM soladach ní bheadh ach madraí MM soladach mar thoradh air.\nTá pointí tan coitianta ag an Shepherd Astráilis a léiríonn go leor athruithe ó chraiceann cóipéir go dath uachtar níos éadroime. Clúdaíonn pointí tan raon limistéar freisin ó na \"spots pearsan\" os cionn na súl, an muzzle agus na gcos chomh maith le cosa tosaigh, cosa cúl agus cosa.\nI gcásanna ina bhfuil na pointí tan laghdaithe, is féidir leis an bpointí tan ar an eireaball a léiriú go bhfuil marcanna tan oidhreachta ag an madra. Uaireanta is é seo an t-aon áit a bhfuil an dath tan i bhfianaise.\nIs féidir le cuileoga a rugadh ní bheidh aon marcanna tan ach amháin sa láthair amháin faoi an eireaball agus ansin a fhorbairt iad i réimsí eile de réir mar a théann an t-am. B'fhéidir gurb é an t-aon bhealach chun a rá an bhfuil bicolor i ndáiríre tricolor.\nBíonn tionchar ag an ngéin spotting Éireannach ar bhláthanna, collaí, cosa agus cosa. Gníomhaíonn modhnóirí móide agus lúide tuilleadh chun an méid bán a fheictear a athrú. D'fhéadfadh sé seo go mbeadh níos mó bán ag teacht ná mar a ghlacfar leis faoi chaighdeáin an phór. Is cúis é le bheith ró-bheag le haghaidh dícháilithe ó an fáinne cumhdaithe.\nIs géin eile é an géin Piebald a rialaíonn limistéir bhána agus is féidir go mbeidh sé freagrach as spotaí nó pataí bána a thagann chun cinn ar an gcomhlacht. Uaireanta bíonn an modhnuithe seo chomh mór sin go bhfuil an madra cosúil le merle homozygous.\nD'fhonn coiníní atá ró-bhán agus na rioscaí sláinte a bhaineann leo a dhíspreagadh ó chraiceann a chothú, leagtar síos i gcaighdeáin phór teorainneacha ar limistéir inghlactha clúdach bán. Ní mór collaí bána a shíneann isteach sa chorp thar na coirce agus pataí bána ar an gcorp a sheachaint.\nTaispeánann an tábla seo a leanas de chomhcheanglais dathanna cóta Shepherd na hOstaire na 16 fhéidearthacht bhunúsacha. Is iad na teaglaim seo an cuntas is coitianta do dathanna (dearg nó dubh), patrún cóta (dhomhsa nó merle) agus an méid pointí tan agus marcálacha bána.\nLe haghaidh tuilleadh léitheoireachta:\nFaucet dathanna ar ASHGI don Shepherd Astráilis\nAn bhfuil Ceisteanna Agat faoi Oiliúint Madraí?\nSeiceáil amach na físeáin oiliúna madra tosaigh...\nBa mhaith liom mo mhadra a stopadh ag a bheith ionsaitheach.\nBa mhaith liom cabhair le mo mhadra nua a oiliúint.\nBa mhaith liom mo mhadra chun stop a barking ar gach rud.\nBa mhaith liom mo mhadra chun siúl go deas agus go socair ar an leash.\nFaigh Eolas Shepherd na hAstráile, Nuashonruithe ar an suíomh Gréasáin, Tairiscintí Speisialta, agus Cartoon...\nGheobhaidh tú cóip saor in aisce den leabhar\nMo Fhuirgnimh Oiliúna Laethúla\nag an oiliúnóir madraí gairmiúil Daniel Abdelnoor, \"Doggy Dan\""} {"text": "Shooting for the stars will first require a lot of down-to-Earth elbow grease, as NASA's new 100-Year Starship project illustrates. The effort, to journey between stars in the 2100s, began with a workshop and now is in the study phase.\nNASA's Ames Research Center and the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) are collaborating on the $1 million 100-Year Starship Study, an effort to take the first step in the next era of space exploration.\nThe study will scrutinize the business model needed to develop and mature technologies needed to enable long-haul human space treks a century from now. Kick-started by a strategic planning workshop in January, the project has brought together more than two dozen farsighted futurists, NASA specialists, science fiction writers, foundation aficionados and educators.\nBut for the moment, put aside all those Vulcan mind melds and get a grip. Launching a truly interstellar human voyage is a goal that will require sustained investments of intellectual and financial capital from a variety of sources.\n\"The year-long study aims to develop a construct that will incentivize and facilitate private co-investment to ensure continuity of the lengthy technological time horizon needed,\" according to DARPA thinkers.\nDave Neyland, director of DARPA’s Tactical Technology Office, said that the 100-Year Starship name was chosen because it would require a long-range sustainable effort to get our species to other stars.\n\"Looking at history, most significant exploration, like crossing oceans or continents for the first time, was sponsored by patrons or groups outside of government,\" Neyland said in a DARPA statement. [Video: Warp Drive and Wormholes]\nNeyland said that the focus of the endeavor is to identify a mechanism that gets such a long-range project \"out of the government, and make sure it is an energized and self-sustaining enterprise.\"\nThe mission of the workshop was to steer efforts to develop a business model, establish a charter and develop the organizational construct needed to affect a long-term strategy. Over the course of two days, participants met and thrashed out the requirements for seeding research that would enable interstellar flight. Planning is underway for follow on-activities, with the study scheduled for completion by the end of 2011.\nThe long-haul starship plan\nOne participant in the workshop was former NASA scientist Marc Millis, a leading authority on breakthrough propulsion physics concepts that might make interstellar hops a doable proposition.\n\"The meeting and the DARPA funding is about creating an organization that could last for 100-years, rather than about the technological and sociological advancements necessary toeventually create starships,\" Millis said. \"In fact, the funding is not allowed to be spent on any research or educational activities related to interstellar flight, but instead can only be used to define that organization. As much as I really like the name, '100-year starship,' this study should instead be called the '100-year organization study.'\"\nMillis pointed out that the overall goal of the organization is to sustain research that will lead to the creation of a starship in roughly 100-years, and to inspire students along the way. By asking “why-what-how,” it was hoped to flesh out some substance to define that organization, he said.\nAn interstellar challenge\n\"I find this new initiative to be more of a self-serving earmark using good-old-boy networking,\" Millis told SPACE.com of the study.\nHe said leaders of the new study need to first consider what other organizations have done in the past and are now accomplishing, such as the Tau Zero Foundation, the British Interplanetary Society and The Planetary Society.\nMillis said that, as head of the Tau Zero Foundation, he picked the topic of interstellar flight \"to seek game-changing advancements beyond what others even contemplate and to operate beyond the entrapments of all the competition and legacy constraints of nearer-Earth space activities. And now those entrapments are encroaching into the progress being made on interstellar flight.\"\n\"I challenge DARPA/Ames to a fair and open competition,\" Millis said. \"If given the same amount of funding, labor, and time, let’s see who can make more progress toward the real challenges of interstellar flight!\" [Vote: The Greatest Space Innovators of the 21st Century]\nAnother workshop attendee was Harry Kloor, an author, scientist and science technology consultant whose has written for \"Star Trek: Voyager.\" Kloor said there should be no rush for the project, but that its aim should be true.\n\"There are a lot of steps between now and then,\" Kloor told SPACE.com. \"Nobody came forward with the idea that we won’t be trying to reach for the stars. If you don’t aim for it, how are you ever going to hit the target?\"\nKloor’s crystal ball calls for unforeseen breakthroughs … be they in medicine, communications, lifespan extension, radiation survival, data transport, even energy generation.\n\"Also, I’m banking on within five years, 10 years at the most, that we will find nearby, say within 20 light-years, an Earth-like planet.\"\nGiven such an eye-opening discovery, Kloor said that public consciousness will change. By finding such a nearby habitable world, humanity could then start to envisage the feasibility of a stellar trek.\n\"It will be the same as when people were imagining what’s on the other side of our world,\" Kloor said.\nKloor considers interstellar space travel a necessity.\n\"If we don’t eventually spread out – I’m not saying tomorrow or even 100 years – but if we don’t get off planet it is inevitable that we would go extinct, just like the dinosaurs,\" Kloor said. \"Either a natural or unnatural event will occur that will wipe us out.\"\nIn terms of the recent 100-Year Starship study strategic planning workshop, Kloor saw the gathering as laying the seeds of future efforts that could lead to something.\n\"The point of the workshop,\" Kloor concluded, \"was to start the conversation moving forward.\"\nLeonard David has been reporting on the space industry for more than five decades. He is past editor-in-chief of the National Space Society's Ad Astra and Space World magazines and has written for SPACE.com since 1999.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-16", "url": "https://www.space.com/11200-nasa-100-year-starship-interstellar-travel.html", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370493684.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20200329015008-20200329045008-00538.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9427405, "token_count": 1341, "score": 3.3125, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Chun na réaltaí a lámhach, beidh go leor saill chois ag teastáil ar dtús, mar a léiríonn tionscadal nua Starship 100 Bliain NASA. Thosaigh an iarracht, taisteal idir réaltaí sna 2100í le ceardlann agus tá sé anois sa chéim staidéir.\nTá Ionad Taighde Ames NASA agus an Gníomhaireacht Tionscadal Taighde Ard-Aoisigh Cosanta (DARPA) ag comhoibriú ar an Staidéar 100 Bliain Starship $ 1 milliún, iarracht an chéad chéim a ghlacadh sa chéad ré eile de shaothrú spáis.\nDéanfaidh an staidéar scrúdú ar an tsamhail ghnó is gá chun na teicneolaíochtaí is gá a fhorbairt agus a aibíochtú chun trekking spás daonna fadréasúnta a chumasú céad bliain ó seo. Tosaíodh leis an tionscadal ag ceardlann pleanála straitéiseacha i mí Eanáir, agus tá níos mó ná dhá dhosaen futurist réamhtheachtach, speisialtóirí NASA, scríbhneoirí ficsean eolaíochta, lucht leanúna bunaíochta agus oideachasóirí tar éis teacht le chéile.\nAch don nóiméad, a chur ar leataobh go léir na Vulcan intinn melds agus a fháil greim. Is sprioc é turas daonna idirréalta a sheoladh a éilíonn infheistíochtaí leanúnacha caipitil intleachtúil agus airgeadais ó fhoinsí éagsúla.\n\"Tá sé mar aidhm ag an staidéar bliana-le fada tógáil a fhorbairt a spreagfaidh agus a éascóidh comh-infheistíocht phríobháideach chun leanúnachas an ama réamhamhairc theicneolaíoch fada a theastaíonn a chinntiú\", de réir smaointeoirí DARPA.\nDúirt Dave Neyland, stiúrthóir Oifig Teicneolaíochta Taicteach DARPA, gur roghnaíodh an t-ainm Starship 100 Bliain toisc go mbeadh iarracht inbhuanaithe fadtéarmach ag teastáil chun ár speiceas a fháil chuig réaltaí eile.\n\"Má fhéachann muid ar stair, bhí na taiscéalaithe is suntasaí, cosúil le farraige nó mór-roinn a thrasnú den chéad uair, urraithe ag cuairteoirí nó grúpaí lasmuigh den rialtas\", a dúirt Neyland i ráiteas DARPA. [Vídeo: Tiomáint Warp agus Wormholes]\nDúirt Neyland go bhfuil fócas an iarrachta ar mheicníocht a aithint a fhaigheann tionscadal fadtéarmach den sórt sin \"ar an rialtas, agus a chinntiú go bhfuil sé ina fhiontar fuinniúil agus féin-inbhuanaithe\".\nBa é misean an cheardlann iarrachtaí a stiúradh chun samhail ghnó a fhorbairt, cairt a bhunú agus an struchtúr eagraíochta a fhorbairt a theastaíonn chun straitéis fhadtéarmach a chur i bhfeidhm. Le linn dhá lá, bhuail rannpháirtithe agus bhuail siad amach na riachtanais le haghaidh taighde síolta a chuirfeadh eitilt idirréalta in ann. Tá pleanáil á dhéanamh le haghaidh gníomhaíochtaí leantacha, agus tá sé beartaithe an staidéar a chríochnú faoi dheireadh 2011.\nAn plean réalta fada-thalamh\nBhí Marc Millis, iar-eolaí de chuid NASA, ina dhuine is mó a ghlac páirt sa cheardlann, agus is údarás é i bpeirspictíochtaí fiosaice tiomána a d'fhéadfadh hops idirthréadacha a dhéanamh ina thogra inrochtana.\n\"Tá an cruinniú agus maoiniú DARPA mar gheall ar eagraíocht a chruthú a d'fhéadfadh a bheith ann ar feadh 100 bliain, seachas na dul chun cinn teicneolaíocha agus socheolaíocha is gá chun spásárthaí a chruthú sa deireadh\", a dúirt Millis. \"Go deimhin, ní cheadaítear an maoiniú a chaitheamh ar aon ghníomhaíochtaí taighde nó oideachais a bhaineann le eitilt idirréalta, ach ina ionad sin ní féidir é a úsáid ach chun an eagraíocht sin a shainiú. Cé gur maith liom an t-ainm 'Starship 100 bliain,' ba cheart an staidéar seo a ghlaoch 'stúideo eagraíochta 100 bliain.'\"\nChuir Millis in iúl gurb é sprioc foriomlán na heagraíochta taighde a chothú a thiocfaidh le cruthú spásárthach i thart ar 100 bliain, agus mic léinn a spreagadh ar an mbealach. Trí iarraidh \"cad chuige-cad-cé mar\", bhí súil ann go mbeadh sé de bhunadh chun an eagraíocht sin a shainiú, a dúirt sé.\nD'fhulaing sé dúshlán idir réalta\n\"Féachann mé go bhfuil an tionscnamh nua seo níos mó de earmark féin-chabhrach ag baint úsáide as líonraíocht sean-bhuachaill maith\", a dúirt Millis le SPACE.com faoin staidéar.\nDúirt sé gur gá do cheannairí an staidéir nua smaoineamh ar dtús ar na heagraíochtaí eile a rinne siad san am atá caite agus atá á gcur i gcrích anois, mar an Tau Zero Foundation, an British Interplanetary Society agus The Planetary Society.\nDúirt Millis, mar cheann de Bhunachar Tau Zero, gur roghnaigh sé an téama eitilte idirthréadaigh \"chun dul chun cinn a athrú an chluiche a lorg thar a bhfuil daoine eile ag smaoineamh air agus chun oibriú thar na gaoithe de na hiomaíochtaí agus na srianta oidhreachta de ghníomhaíochtaí spáis níos gaire don Domhan. Agus anois tá na trapings ag cur isteach ar an dul chun cinn atá á dhéanamh ar eitilt idirréalta. \"\n\"Tá dúshlán agam ar DARPA/Ames chun comórtas cothrom agus oscailte a dhéanamh\", a dúirt Millis. \"Má thugtar an méid céanna maoinithe, saothair, agus ama, lig dúinn a fheiceáil cé is féidir a dhéanamh níos mó dul chun cinn i dtreo na dúshláin fíor na eitilt idirréalta!\" [Vótáil: Na Nuálaithe Spáis is Mó den 21ú haois]\nBhí Harry Kloor, údar, eolaí agus comhairleoir teicneolaíochta eolaíochta a scríobh do \"Star Trek: Voyager\" ina rannpháirtí eile san ollscoil. Dúirt Kloor nár cheart go mbeadh aon luas ar an tionscadal, ach gur cheart go mbeadh a sprioc fíor.\n\"Tá go leor céimeanna idir anois agus ansin\", a dúirt Kloor le SPACE.com. \"Níor tháinig aon duine amach leis an smaoineamh nach mbeidh muid ag iarraidh teacht ar na réaltaí. Mura ndéanann tú aidhm air, conas a bhuailfidh tú an sprioc riamh?\"\nCloíonn bolg criostail Kloor le breacadh gan choinne ... bíodh siad i leigheas, cumarsáid, síneadh saoil, maireachtáil radaíochta, iompar sonraí, fiú giniúint fuinnimh.\n\"Agus, tá mé ag brath go mbeidh, laistigh de chúig bliana, 10 bliain ar a mhéad, go bhfaighidh muid, a rá laistigh de 20 bliain solais, pláinéad cosúil leis an Domhan\".\nAg féachaint do fhionnachtanas osclaithe súl den sórt sin, dúirt Kloor go n-athróidh an comhfhios poiblí. Trí domhan ináitithe chomh in aice láimhe sin a aimsiú, d'fhéadfadh an chine daonna tús a chur leis an indéantacht a bhaineann le turas réalta.\n\"Beidh sé mar an gcéanna le nuair a bhí daoine ag samhlú cad atá ar an taobh eile dár saol\", a dúirt Kloor.\nMeasann Kloor go bhfuil gá le taisteal spáis idir réalta.\n\"Mura scaipeann muid amach sa deireadh - nílim ag rá amárach nó fiú 100 bliain - ach mura dtéann muid as an bpláinéad is é is féidir a sheachaint go dtiocfaimid chun bheith díothaithe, díreach cosúil leis na dineasáir\", a dúirt Kloor. \"Beidh aon eachtra nádúrtha nó neamh-nádúrtha a tharlaíonn a scriosfaidh muid\".\nMaidir leis an seimineár pleanála straitéiseach staidéar 100 Bliain Starship le déanaí, chonaic Kloor an cruinniú mar na síolta d'iarrachtaí sa todhchaí a d'fhéadfadh rud éigin a bheith mar thoradh orthu.\n\"Ba é cuspóir an cheardlann\", a dúirt Kloor, \"an comhrá a chur chun cinn\".\nTá Leonard David ag tuairisciú ar thionscal na spás ar feadh níos mó ná cúig scór bliain. Is eagarthóir príomh-eagarthóir é roimhe seo ar irisí Ad Astra agus Space World an Chomhlachta Spáis Náisiúnta agus tá sé ag scríobh do SPACE.com ó 1999."} {"text": "Fungal Disease that Threatens Snakes is Widespread in Eastern U.S.\nA fungal disease that is killing snakes in parts of the United States is present in more states than previously documented, according to a U.S. Geological Survey report published today.\nUSGS scientists and partners detected Ophidiomyces ophiodiicola, the fungus that causes snake fungal disease (SFD), in at least 20 states in the eastern U.S., and in numerous snake species not formerly known to harbor the fungus. These findings increase the total number of confirmed susceptible snake species to 30. Snakes affected by SFD include the threatened eastern massasauga rattlesnake.\nThe report also shows that SFD infections are often mild, but there are unknown factors that cause outbreaks of severe skin disease and death.\n“Some snake populations in the eastern and midwestern U.S. could eventually face extinction as a result of SFD,” said Jeff Lorch, a USGS scientist and the lead author of the report. “Our new findings increase our understanding of the geographic extent, species susceptibility and manner of development of this disease. These results will offer important clues regarding how to manage SFD.”\nSnakes are valuable because they prey upon pests that damage agricultural crops and rodents that can carry disease, and they serve as food for many other animals. SFD, which first gained attention in the U.S. in 2006, produces thickened skin, ulcers, blisters and emaciation in infected snakes.\nFrom 2009-2015, the scientists examined samples from 82 wild snakes submitted to the USGS National Wildlife Health Center from partners in the eastern U.S. Of the snakes that had skin abnormalities, 76 percent were positive for O. ophiodiicola. These findings suggest that O. ophiodiicola is the predominant fungus associated with skin infections in wild snakes.\nThe USGS scientists, in collaboration with the Wisconsin and Minnesota Departments of Natural Resources, also captured 206 snakes from Minnesota and Wisconsin during late April to late May in 2013-2015, after the snakes emerged from hibernation. Forty-one percent of the captured snakes had skin lesions similar to those associated with SFD, and almost all of the lesions were relatively mild. Over half of the samples tested from these snakes were positive for the O. ophiodiicola fungus.\n“Our findings suggest that O. ophiodiicola most often causes mild, non-lethal skin lesions in snakes, which gives us hope that snakes may be able to clear some infections,” Lorch said. “However, we still need to determine why these mild infections are becoming more severe and fatal in certain areas.”\nO. ophiodiicola is not known to affect humans or other animals.\nThe study is published in the journal Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B.\nFor more information about USGS wildlife disease research, please visit the USGS National Wildlife Health Center website. More information about SFD is also available on the USGS Wetland and Aquatic Research Center website.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-39", "url": "https://www.usgs.gov/news/fungal-disease-threatens-snakes-widespread-eastern-us", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818689779.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20170923213057-20170923233057-00638.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9530010223, "token_count": 648, "score": 3.328125, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Tá Galar Fungais a chuireann Snáithíní i mbaol go forleathan in Oirthear na Stát Aontaithe\nTá galar fungach atá ag maraíocht na n-éan i gcodanna de na Stáit Aontaithe i láthair i níos mó stáit ná mar a bhí i gcuntas roimhe seo, de réir tuarascála ó Chrannscrúdú Geolaíochta na Stát Aontaithe a foilsíodh inniu.\nFuair eolaithe USGS agus comhpháirtithe Ophidiomyces ophiodiicola, an fungas a chuireann galar fungach na n-éan (SFD) i 20 stát ar a laghad in oirthear na Stát Aontaithe, agus i go leor speiceas snag nach raibh ar eolas roimhe seo go raibh an fungas i gcúlra. Mar thoradh ar na torthaí seo, tá 30 speiceas de na nathracha atá inbhuanaithe deimhnithe. I measc na n-iníon a bhfuil SFD orthu tá an rattlesnake eastánach massasauga atá faoi bhagairt.\nLéiríonn an tuarascáil freisin go mbíonn ionfhabhtuithe SFD éadrom go minic, ach tá tosca anaithnid ann a chuireann ráigí galar tromchúiseach craicinn agus bás chun cinn.\n\"D'fhéadfadh go mbeadh sléibhte áirithe san oirthear agus sa lárthuaisceart na Stát Aontaithe i mbaol a bheith imithe as an saol mar thoradh ar SFD\", a dúirt Jeff Lorch, eolaí USGS agus príomh-údar an tuarascála. Leasaíonn ár bhfillteanais nua ár dtuiscint ar leathnú geografach, ar ionfhabhtacht speiceas agus ar an mbealach a bhforbróidh an galar seo. Beidh na torthaí seo ina leideanna tábhachtacha maidir le conas SFD a bhainistiú.\nTá na nathracha luachmhar toisc go n-éileann siad ar lotnaidí a dhéanann damáiste do thorthaí talmhaíochta agus ar ghruaigeoirí a d'fhéadfadh galar a iompar, agus is bia iad do go leor ainmhithe eile. Tá SFD, a fuair aird ar dtús sna Stáit Aontaithe i 2006, ina chúis le craiceann thiús, ulcers, blisters agus emaciation i nathracha ionfhabhtaithe.\nÓ 2009-2015, scrúdaigh na heolaithe samplaí ó 82 nathrach fiáine a cuireadh chuig Ionad Sláinte Fiadhúlra Náisiúnta USGS ó chomhpháirtithe in oirthear na SA. As na nathracha a raibh neamhghnácha craiceann acu, bhí 76 faoin gcéad dearfach do O. ophiodiicola. Tugann na torthaí seo le fios gur O. ophiodiicola an fungais is mó a bhaineann le haignéis chraiceann i nathracha fiáine.\nGhlac eolaithe USGS, i gcomhar le Ranna Acmhainní Nádúrtha Wisconsin agus Minnesota, 206 nathar ó Minnesota agus Wisconsin le linn deireadh mhí Aibreáin go deireadh mhí na Bealtaine i 2013-2015, tar éis na nathracha teacht amach as hibernation. Bhí léachtaí craiceann cosúil leis na cinn a bhaineann le SFD ag 41 faoin gcéad de na nathracha a gabhadh, agus bhí beagnach gach ceann de na léachtaí réasúnta éadrom. Bhí níos mó ná leath na samplaí a rinneadh tástáil orthu ó na nathracha seo dearfach don fheonghas O. ophiodiicola.\n'Léiríonn ár bhfillteán go mbíonn O. ophiodiicola ina chúis le léachtaí craiceann éadrom, neamh-mharacha i n-easnamh, rud a thugann dóchas dúinn go bhféadfadh easnaimh a bheith in ann roinnt ionfhabhtuithe a ghlanadh,' a dúirt Lorch. Ar an gcaoi sin féin, ní mór dúinn a chinneadh fós cén fáth go bhfuil na hionfhabhtuithe éadrom seo ag éirí níos déine agus níos marbhtach i gceantair áirithe.\nNíl a fhios go ndéanann O. ophiodiicola difear do dhaoine nó do ainmhithe eile.\nFoilsíodh an staidéar sa iris Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B.\nLe haghaidh tuilleadh faisnéise faoi thaighde ar ghalair fiadhúlra USGS, tabhair cuairt ar shuíomh Gréasáin Ionad Sláinte Fiadhúlra Náisiúnta USGS. Tá tuilleadh faisnéise faoi SFD ar fáil freisin ar shuíomh Gréasáin Ionad Taighde Wetland agus Uisce USGS."} {"text": "Most HTML authors will use one of a fairly small number of Document Type Definitions (DTDs), published by the relevant de jure and de facto standards bodies. These have been designed to reflect current recommended practice and browser support, at the time of publication.\nAs regular users of HTML and developers of HTML tools, we believe we have identified some minor shortcomings in the main published DTDs. We are pleased to offer an alternative DTD, based on the current W3C recommendation but enhanced for improved accessibility as described below.\nIn the context of the WWW, a Document Type Definition (DTD) is an SGML document that defines a formal, machine-readable standard for HTML. It determines exactly what is or isn't allowed in HTML, and tells SGML-aware software, such as validators and the more advanced browsers and authoring tools, how to parse an HTML document.\nStandard DTDs for HTML and XHTML are published by the IETF, the W3C, and the ISO/IEC. The main HTML specs include:\n\nThe first widely-used public DTD describing HTML as an SGML application.\n\nHTML 3.0 introduced Tables, figures and mathematical markup, Clientside event handling, and stylesheet support. Note that much of HTML 3.0 has not been preserved in later DTDs. With a supporting browser such as Arena, HTML 3.0 is good for presenting mathematical and scientific documents.\n\nHTML 3.2 represents HTML as supported by popular browsers in 1996. It introduces a range of presentational elements introduced by Netscape and copied by most other browsers.\n\n\n\nHTML 4.0 and 4.01 (which is a bug-fix update on 4.0) has three separate DTDs:\n\nThe most recent HTML DTD and formal standard is somewhat similar to W3C's HTML 4 Strict but is significantly stricter in structural enforcement.\nIt is of course possible for anyone to create a custom DTD. This would typically use a SYSTEM identifier of the form . For more information on creating a custom DTD, please see the WDG's Custom DTD Page.\nThe aim of the WDG DTD is to promote maximum accessibility and\nbrowser compatibility, without breaking existing technologies.\nOur first (and currently only) DTD is\nwhich is designed for maximum back-compatibility, and offers full\nsupport for complementary WWW technologies such as CSS\nStylesheets for presentation and\nwdg-compat.dtd is based on the W3C's HTML 4.01 Strict,\nwith a number of changes:\nTBODYelement) has been changed from optional to required. This avoids the risk of triggering stylesheet bugs in a number of browsers. In addition, it improves Netscape 4.x support immensely by avoiding problems with its table support. You can use Code Valet to add all necessary closures in your documents.\nBLOCKQUOTE, and the\nTo use a WDG DTD in your HTML document, you should properly use a SYSTEM identifier, although you can also use our unofficial PUBLIC identifier (as used in this document). The overall structure of your document will be:\n .... .... \nFor a Frameset document, you would use:\n .... (one or more)\n <body> .... </body> \nThis page is itself a simple example using", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-15", "url": "http://www.htmlhelp.com/design/dtd/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609538423.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005218-00052-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8125206828, "token_count": 994, "score": 2.875, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Bainfidh an chuid is mó d'údar HTML úsáid as ceann de líon beag sainmhínithe cineálacha doiciméad (DTDanna), a d'fhoilsigh na comhlachtaí caighdeánacha ábhartha de jure agus de facto. Tá na rialacha seo deartha chun an cleachtas molta agus tacaíocht brabhsálaí reatha a léiriú, tráth a foilsithe.\nMar rialta úsáideoirí HTML agus forbróirí uirlisí HTML, creidimid go bhfuil muid a shainaithint roinnt easnaimh bheaga i príomh DTDs foilsithe. Tá áthas orainn DTD eile a thairiscint, bunaithe ar mholadh reatha W3C ach feabhsaithe le haghaidh inrochtaineachta níos fearr mar a thuairiscítear thíos.\nI gcomhthéacs an WWW, is éard atá i dTeagmhír Cineál Doiciméad (DTD) ná doiciméad SGML a shainmhíníonn caighdeán foirmiúil, inléite ag meaisín do HTML. Cinntíonn sé go díreach cad atá ceadaithe nó nach bhfuil ceadaithe i HTML, agus insíonn sé do bhogearraí SGML-fhiosach, mar shampla bailíochtaitheoirí agus na brabhsálaithe agus na huirlisí údarúcháin níos airde, conas doiciméad HTML a pharsáil.\nFoilsíonn an IETF, an W3C, agus an ISO/IEC DTDanna caighdeánacha do HTML agus XHTML. Áirítear ar na príomh-specificí HTML:\n\nAn chéad DTD poiblí a úsáidtear go forleathan a thuairiscíonn HTML mar fheidhmchlár SGML.\n\nTugadh isteach i HTML 3.0 Táblaí, figiúirí agus marcáil mhatamaitice, láimhseáil imeachtaí Cliant, agus tacaíocht do bhille stíleanna. Tabhair faoi deara nach bhfuil cuid mhór de HTML 3.0 caomhnaithe i DTDanna níos déanaí. Le brabhsálaí tacaíochta mar Arena, tá HTML 3.0 go maith le doiciméid matamaiticiúla agus eolaíocha a chur i láthair.\n\nLéiríonn HTML 3.2 HTML mar a thacaíonn brabhsálaithe tóir i 1996. Cuirtear réimse eilimintí cur i láthair isteach leis a tugadh isteach ag Netscape agus a chóipeáil an chuid is mó de na brabhsálaithe eile.\n\n\n\nTá trí DTD ar leithligh ag HTML 4.0 agus 4.01 (ar nuashonrú bug-fix é ar 4.0):\n\nTá an DTD HTML is déanaí agus an caighdeán foirmiúil cosúil le HTML 4 Strict W3C ach tá sé i bhfad níos déine i bhforfheidhmiú struchtúrach.\nIs féidir le duine ar bith DTD saincheaptha a chruthú, ar ndóigh. Ba cheart go n-úsáidfeadh sé seo aitheantóir SÍSTÉIM den fhoirm de ghnáth. Le haghaidh tuilleadh faisnéise maidir le DTD saincheaptha a chruthú, féach leathanach DTD saincheaptha an WDG.\nIs é is aidhm do WDG DTD ná rochtain uasta agus\ncomhoiriúnacht brabhsálaí, gan teicneolaíochtaí atá ann cheana a bhriseadh.\nIs é ár gcéad (agus an t-aon) DTD\natá deartha chun an comhoiriúnacht ar ais is mó a bhaint amach, agus a thairgeann\ntacaíocht do theicneolaíochtaí comhlántacha WWW amhail CSS\nLeathanaigh Styles le haghaidh cur i láthair agus\nTá wdg-compat.dtd bunaithe ar HTML 4.01 an W3C Strict,\nle roinnt athruithe:\nTá an t-ábhar TBODY (a bhfuil an t-ábhar TBODY) athraithe ó rogha go riachtanas. Seachainíonn sé seo an baol go dtarlódh bugs le bileoga stíleanna i roinnt brabhsálaithe. Ina theannta sin, feabhsaíonn sé tacaíocht Netscape 4.x go mór trí fhadhbanna a sheachaint lena thacaíocht tábla. Is féidir leat an Cód Valet a úsáid chun na dúnadh riachtanach go léir a chur le do dhoiciméid.\nBLOCKQUOTE, agus an\nChun WDG DTD a úsáid i do dhoiciméad HTML, ba cheart duit aitheantóir SÍSTÉIM a úsáid i gceart, cé gur féidir leat ár aitheantóir PUBLIC neamhoifigiúil a úsáid freisin (mar a úsáidtear sa doiciméad seo). Is é an struchtúr foriomlán atá i do dhoiciméad ná:\n .... .... \nLe haghaidh doiciméad Frameset, ba mhaith leat a úsáid:\n .... ((aon cheann nó níos mó)\n <body> .... </body> \nIs sampla simplí é an leathanach seo féin ag baint úsáide as"} {"text": "Pretty much every Intel processor in existence today comes with a serious vulnerability which, if exploited, could allow hackers access to sensitive information.\nCybersecurity researchers BitDefender say that the flaw itself is similar to what we've seen with Spectre and Meltdown. It's a silicon-level threat which abuses Intel's desire to make the chips as fast as possible. Any chip that supports the SWAPGS system call (allowing the processor to swap between the kernel mode and user mode memory rings) is vulnerable. That includes pretty much anything Intel has built since 2012.\nIn a statement, Gavin Hill, Vice President, Datacenter and Network Security Products at Bitdefender said: “Criminals with knowledge of these attacks would have the power to uncover the most vital, best-protected information of both companies and private individuals around the world, and the corresponding power to steal, blackmail, sabotage and spy.”\nSo, what is at stake here? BitDefender claims that hackers could obtain sensitive data like passwords, tokens and private conversations. Those that use a shared computing platform are most at risk. Through a cloud computing provider, for example, hackers could exploit the vulnerability to access credentials and information.\nThe good news is that there is a fix. The two companies have been developing it for the past year, together with Microsoft and the Linux Foundation, and it's now live. Intel advises users to install the latest security patches from their operating system manufacturer as soon as possible.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-24", "url": "https://www.itproportal.com/news/another-major-security-flaw-found-in-intel-chips/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347390448.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20200526050333-20200526080333-00227.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.952695787, "token_count": 302, "score": 2.515625, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Tá an-bhuille le gach próiseálaí Intel atá ann inniu le leochaileacht thromchúiseach a d'fhéadfadh, má dhéantar leas a bhaint as, rochtain a thabhairt do hackers ar fhaisnéis íogair.\nDeir taighdeoirí cibearshlándála BitDefender go bhfuil an locht féin cosúil leis an méid a chonaic muid le Spectre agus Meltdown. Is bagairt leibhéal silicon é a dhéanann mí-úsáid ar mhianta Intel na sliseanna a dhéanamh chomh tapa agus is féidir. Tá aon sliseanna a thacaíonn leis an glao córas SWAPGS (a ligeann don phróiseálaí malairt a dhéanamh idir fáinní cuimhne an mhódaí agus an mhódaí úsáideora) leochaileach. Áirítear leis sin rud ar bith a rinne Intel ó 2012 i leith.\nI ráiteas, dúirt Gavin Hill, Leas-Uachtarán, Datacenter agus táirgí Slándála Líonra ag Bitdefender: \"D'fhéadfadh go mbeadh an chumhacht ag coiriúla a bhfuil eolas acu ar na hionsaithe seo faisnéis is ríthábhachtach, is fearr a chosaint a nochtadh de chomhlachtaí agus daoine aonair ar fud an domhain, agus an chumhacht comhfhreagrach chun goid, chantail, sabóideacht agus spy. \"\nMar sin, cad atá i gceist anseo? Deir BitDefender go bhféadfadh hackers sonraí íogaire a fháil mar phasfhocail, tocáin agus comhráite príobháideacha. Is iad iad siúd a úsáideann ardán ríomhaireachta roinnte an riosca is mó. Trí sholáthraí ríomhaireachta scamall, mar shampla, d'fhéadfadh hackers an leochaileacht a shaothrú chun creidiúnais agus faisnéis a rochtain.\nIs é an dea-scéal go bhfuil réiteach ann. Tá an dá chuideachta ag forbairt é le bliain anuas, in éineacht le Microsoft agus leis an Linux Foundation, agus tá sé beo anois. Molann Intel d'úsáideoirí na pacáistí slándála is déanaí a shuiteáil ó mhonaróir a gcóras oibriúcháin a luaithe is féidir."} {"text": "Announcer: Vietnam was unknown to most Americans only a few years ago. In 1966, Vietnam was the year’s biggest story. There where other news were the places and events, civil rights, Congress, business and labor, but Vietnam, a war, young men dyeing and questioning world opinion dominated the news.\nAs the year began, the United States was in the midst of pause in its bombing on North Vietnam. Hoping to perceive some sign from the communists that they wish to deescalate or even end the war. But the Secretary of State Dean Rusk said...\nDean Rusk: \"I found no one who had any indication or belief that the authority then only have decided to give up their aggressive ambitions or to come to a conference table to bring about a peaceful settlement. It seems to me therefore that our present course is clear. To support our own men in uniform and their allies and to proceed as rapidly as possible with a political, economic and social measures in Vietnam which are required even in the midst of war.\"\nDuff Thomas: And America’s course was clear. As the air war over the North intensified, American pilots ran into increasing trouble. More planes were down by anti-aircraft fire and ground-to-air missiles. On the ground, marines and air cavalrymen pushed through thick jungles and wet rice paddies and deep rivers to keep the communists off guard and on the defensive. An expected full scale offensive by the communists was stopped.\nCorrespondent Bill Rowley with a patrol gave a vivid account of the GI’s life in Vietnam.\nBill Rowley: \"GIs holding the rifles above their heads, under rolling above this -- one just fell.\"\nDuff Thomas: American troops strengthened in Vietnam advanced to over 360,000 men with more promised in 1967. More than 5500 Americans were killed. President Johnson went to the scene of battle and on the sands of Cam Ranh Bay, he told the GIs --\nLyndon B. Johnson: \"Make no mistake about it, the American people that you represent are proud of you.\"\nDuff Thomas: Not everyone supported US presence in Vietnam. Congress had its objectors and they tightened when the President asked for more money to pursue the war. Arkansas Democrat J. William Fulbright coined the phrase \"Credibility Gap\" saying he couldn't get a straight answer from the administration about the war, republicans picked it up. House Minority Leader Gerald Ford restated congressional disapproval.\nGerald Ford: \"There are those in this administration who appear to believe that half a truth is better than none, we disagree. Where the American people at home are concerned we must have the whole truth.\"\nDuff Thomas: But the money came, there seemed a little else to do. Others did not like the United States in Vietnam. Some citizens of South Vietnam, Buddhists primarily went for the throat of Nguyen Cao Ky’s government and hindered South Vietnamese efforts on the battlefield.\nUnknown Speaker: \"We don’t like the war in Vietnam. Now I will ask the American, go home and bring the -- come back to the America.\"\nDuff Thomas: Pre-elections were promised and held despite the worst Viet Cong terrorist could hand out. A constitute assembly was chosen to pave the way for further pre-elections with 70% of the South Vietnamese population voting. Government officials called it a sharp defeat for the communists who tried to upset the elections.\nAs the sounds of war continued with outlet up to the top was about peace. Everyone said they wanted it including the communists. Every side had terms, none of them agreeable and the war went on.\nWhen the year began, the United States was in the midst of a 37 day pause in its bombing of North Vietnam. Diplomats throughout the world told US officials that the pause might lead to peace talks. US Ambassadors Herman & Goldberg carried the quest for peace all over the world. President Johnson was forced to call off the pause because --\nLyndon B. Johnson: \"Throughout these 37 days even at moments of truth there has been continued violence against the people of South Vietnam, against their government, against their soldiers and against our own American forces.\"\nDuff Thomas: Pope Paul VI, Britain’s Prime Minister Harold Wilson and Canada’s Prime Minister Lester Pearson, all tried for peace in 1966. UN Secretary General U Thant announced that he would not take a new five-year term when his personal peace offensives ran into opposition in the Security Council.\nU Thant: \"I think I should decide one way or the other, perhaps before June so that the Security Council will be in a position to nominate someone to succeed me if I decide not to offer myself for the second term to recommend to the General Assembly. Of course, if the Security Council were in a position to find someone to be recommended to the General Assembly to succeed me, in the course of the next few months, I believe it will facilitate by decision.\"\nDuff Thomas: He was prevailed upon to stay however and he announced he would continue his efforts to achieve peace in Vietnam. However, all efforts produced the same negative response from Hanoi and Peking. Senate Minority Leader Everett Dirksen best expressed everyone’s feelings when he sounded a note of disappointment.\nEverett Dirksen: \"This country with all its resource and management, with its way out and its man power has been able to bring this to an honorable conclusion more quickly than they have.\"\nDuff Thomas: In this country, many expressed their dislike for war, the most aggressive with the students who picketed, burned draft cards and adopted many of the tactics and sloganizing ways of another American revolt Civil Rights.\nNew York Senator Robert Kennedy with whom young Americans increasingly identified expressed his concern.\nRobert Kennedy: \"I might disagree with some of the demonstrations that are taking place and in fact I do. I think that the fact that so many young people, so many of the rest of our folks have taken such an active interest in this matter, I think it’s healthy for the country.\"\nDuff Thomas: Most of the men fighting in Vietnam didn’t request it and a rumble of roles over the draft system. Students opposed schools providing class rankings to draft boards as a method of handing out deferments. Civil Rights leaders turned their attention to this problem as well as the new lowered induction standards. Harlem Congressman Adam Clayton Powell expressed his objection.\nAdam Clayton Powell: \"Seems to me America should be confident in the knowledge that a higher percentage of black students is already dying and what is ingloriously being referred to in black community that the white man’s rule against brown people.\"\nDuff Thomas: Some already in uniform objected to the war, several refused to go to Vietnam. The most outspoken critic of the war was again Senator Wayne Morse. The Oregon democrat’s raspy voice echoed through the empty senate chamber.\nWayne Morse: \"I love my President, but I love my country more. And I want to say that if we follow the President’s war making course of action, the American people will end up involved in a massive war against both China and Russia and out of that will come no victors.\"", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-39", "url": "http://www.upi.com/Archives/Audio/Events-of-1966/Vietnam-1966/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818690318.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20170925040422-20170925060422-00718.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9700943828, "token_count": 1503, "score": 2.578125, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Bhí Vítneam anaithnid do chuid is mó de na Meiriceánaigh ach cúpla bliain ó shin. Sa bhliain 1966, ba é Vítneam an scéal is mó den bhliain. Bhí na háiteanna agus na himeachtaí, cearta sibhialta, an Chomhdháil, gnó agus saothair, ach Vítneam, cogadh, fear óg a dhíníonn agus a cheistiú tuairim an domhain i gceannas ar na nuacht.\nDe réir mar a thosaigh an bhliain, bhí na Stáit Aontaithe i lár sos a chur ar a bhuamáil ar an Vítneam Thuaidh. Ag súil le comhartha éigin a fháil ó na cumannaithe gur mian leo an cogadh a laghdú nó a chríochnú fiú. Ach dúirt an Rúnaí Stáit Dean Rusk...\nDean Rusk: \"Ní fhaca mé aon duine a raibh aon léiriú nó creideamh go bhfuil an t-údarás ansin ach cinneadh a thabhairt suas a n-uaillmhianta ionsaitheach nó a thagann chuig an tábla comhdhála chun teacht ar réiteach síochánta. Is cosúil liomsa, dá bhrí sin, go bhfuil ár gcúrsa reatha soiléir. Chun tacú lenár bhfear féin i uimhreacha agus a gcomhghuaillithe agus chun dul ar aghaidh chomh tapa agus is féidir le bearta polaitiúla, eacnamaíocha agus sóisialta sa Vítneam a bhfuil gá leo fiú i lár na cogaidh. \"\nDuff Thomas: Agus bhí cúrsa Mheiriceá soiléir. De réir mar a bhí an cogadh aeir thar an Tuaisceart ag méadú, bhí trioblóid mhéadaithe ag píolótaí Mheiriceá. Bhí níos mó eitleáin síos ag tine frith-aerárthach agus mionscail talún-ar-aer. Ar an talamh, marines agus cavalryman aeir bhrú trí jungles tiubh agus paddies rís fliuch agus aibhneacha domhain a choinneáil ar na cumannaithe gan faire agus ar an cosaint. Cuireadh stop le hoifig iomlán na gcoimisiúnaithe a bhí ag súil leis.\nThug an t-eolaí Bill Rowley le patróil tuairisc bheo ar shaol na GI i Vítneam.\nBill Rowley: \"GIs ag coinneáil na rifles os cionn a gcinn, faoi rolling os cionn seo - thit ceann amháin díreach\".\nDuff Thomas: Tháinig trúpaí Mheiriceá a neartú i Vítneam chun cinn go dtí os cionn 360,000 fear le níos mó a gealladh i 1967. Maraíodh níos mó ná 5500 Meiriceánach. Chuaigh an tUachtarán Johnson go dtí an t-amharc cath agus ar na gaineamh de Cam Ranh Bay, dúirt sé leis na GIanna -\nLyndon B. Johnson: \"Ná déan meabhla faoi, tá na daoine Meiriceánach a dhéanann tú ionadaíocht orthu bródúil as tú\".\nDuff Thomas: Ní thacaigh gach duine le láithreacht na Stát Aontaithe i Vítneam. Bhí a agóidí ag an gComhdháil agus rinne siad níos déine nuair a d'iarr an tUachtarán níos mó airgid chun an cogadh a shaothrú. Chinn an Daonlathach Arkansas J. William Fulbright an abairt \"Glaosc Creidiúnachta\" ag rá nach bhféadfadh sé freagra díreach a fháil ón rialtas faoin gcogadh, thóg Poblachtánaigh é. D'athdhearbhaigh ceannaire mionlaigh an Tí Gerald Ford mí-aontú na Comhdhála.\nGerald Ford: \"Tá daoine sa rialtas seo a chreideann go bhfuil leathfhírinne níos fearr ná aon fhírinne, ní aontaímid. I gcás go bhfuil daoine Mheiriceá sa bhaile i gceist ní mór dúinn a bheith ar an fhírinne iomlán. \"\nDuff Thomas: Ach tháinig an t-airgead, is cosúil go raibh rud beag eile le déanamh. Ní raibh daoine eile cosúil leis na Stáit Aontaithe i Vítneam. Chuaigh roinnt saoránach de Vítneam Theas, Búdaigh go príomha chun corragan rialtais Nguyen Cao Ky a chur ar aghaidh agus chuir siad bac ar iarrachtaí Vítneam Theas ar an bpáirc cath.\nNeamhfhocal: \"Ní maith linn an cogadh sa Vítneam. Anois iarrfaidh mé ar an Meiriceánach, dul abhaile agus a thabhairt ar ais go dtí an - teacht ar ais go dtí an Mheiriceá. \"\nGealladh réamh-toiriscintí agus reáchtáladh iad in ainneoin an sceimhlitheoir is measa a d'fhéadfadh Viet Cong a thabhairt. Roghnaíodh tionól bunreachtúil chun an bealach a oscailt le haghaidh réamh-toiriscintí eile le 70% de dhaonra Vítneam Theas ag vótáil. D'iarr oifigigh rialtais gur bua mór é do na cumannaithe a rinne iarracht na toghcháin a chur ar ceal.\nMar a lean na fuaimeanna na cogaidh le asraon suas go dtí an barr bhí faoi síocháin. Dúirt gach duine gur theastaigh uaidh é lena n-áirítear na cumannaithe. Bhí téarmaí ag gach taobh, ní raibh aon cheann acu inghlactha agus lean an cogadh ar aghaidh.\nNuair a thosaigh an bhliain, bhí na Stáit Aontaithe i lár 37 lá sos a chur ar a bhuamáil ar an Vítneam Thuaidh. Dúirt taidhleoirí ar fud an domhain le hoifigigh Mheiriceá go bhféadfadh an sos a bheith ina chúis le cainteanna síochána. Thug Ambasadóirí na SA Herman & Goldberg an cuardach ar son na síochána ar fud an domhain. Bhí an tUachtarán Johnson a chur ar ais ar an sos toisc go --\nLyndon B. Johnson: \"Le linn na 37 lá seo fiú ag amanna fírinne tá foréigean leanúnach ann i gcoinne mhuintir Vítneam Theas, i gcoinne a rialtas, i gcoinne a gcuid saighdiúirí agus i gcoinne ár gcuid fórsaí Mheiriceá féin\".\nDuff Thomas: Rinne an Pápa Paul VI, Príomh-Aire na Breataine Harold Wilson agus Príomh-Aire Cheanada Lester Pearson, iarracht ar son na síochána i 1966. D'fhógair Ard-Rúnaí na Náisiún Aontaithe U Thant nach nglacfadh sé téarma cúig bliana nua nuair a tháinig a chuid ionsaithe síochána pearsanta i gcoinne na Comhairle Slándála.\nU Thant: \"Sílim gur cheart dom cinneadh a dhéanamh ar bhealach amháin nó ar bhealach eile, b'fhéidir roimh mhí an Mheithimh ionas go mbeidh an Chomhairle Slándála in ann duine a ainmniú chun é a leanúint dom má chinneann mé gan mé féin a thairiscint don dara téarma chun a mholadh don Tionól Ginearálta. Ar ndóigh, dá mbeadh an Chomhairle Slándála in ann duine a aimsiú a mholfar don Tionól Ginearálta chun é a fháil ina dhiaidh, i rith na míonna beaga amach romhainn, creidim go gcuirfidh sé ar chumas trí chinneadh. \"\nDuff Thomas: Bhí sé i réim ar fanacht áfach agus d'fhógair sé go leanfadh sé lena chuid iarrachtaí chun síocháin a bhaint amach sa Vítneam. Mar sin féin, d'eascair an freagra diúltach céanna ó Hanoi agus Peigín as na hiarrachtaí go léir. Léirigh ceannaire mionlaigh an tSeanaid Everett Dirksen mothúcháin gach duine is fearr nuair a d'fhógair sé nóta díomá.\nEverett Dirksen: \"Tá an tír seo lena acmhainní agus a bhainistiú go léir, lena bhealach amach agus lena chumhacht daonna in ann é seo a thabhairt chun críche onóracha níos tapúla ná mar a rinne siad\".\nDuff Thomas: Sa tír seo, léirigh go leor a n-athchas don chogadh, an ceann is ionsaithí leis na mic léinn a rinne picéad, a dó cártaí dréachta agus a ghlac go leor de na bealaí tactics agus sloganizing de éirí amach Meiriceánach eile Cearta Sibhialta.\nChuir Seanadóir Nua-Eabhrac Robert Kennedy, a raibh Meiriceánaigh óga ag aithint go méadaithe leis, a chuid imní in iúl.\nRobert Kennedy: \"D'fhéadfadh go mbeadh mé míchompord le cuid de na taispeántais atá ag tarlú agus i ndáiríre tá mé. Sílim go bhfuil an fhíric go bhfuil an oiread sin daoine óga, an oiread sin de chuid an chlé againn tar éis leas chomh gníomhach a ghlacadh sa cheist seo, sílim go bhfuil sé sláintiúil don tír\".\nDuff Thomas: Ní raibh an chuid is mó de na fir a bhí ag troid i Vítneam ag iarraidh é agus an t-imní a bhí ag na róil thar an gcóras dréachta. Bhí na mic léinn i gcoinne scoileanna a sholáthraíonn rangú ranga do bhord dréacht mar mhodh chun deifirms a eisiúint. D'fhéach ceannairí Cearta Sibhialta a dtuairim ar an bhfadhb seo chomh maith leis na caighdeáin ionchuir nua ísle. Chuir Seanadóir Harlem Adam Clayton Powell a agóid in iúl.\nAdam Clayton Powell: \"Is cosúil liom gur chóir go mbeadh muinín ag Meiriceá sa eolas go bhfuil céatadán níos airde de mhic léinn dubh ag fáil bháis cheana féin agus an rud a bhfuil tagairt neamhshláintiúil á dhéanamh dó i bpobal dubh go bhfuil riail an duine bán i gcoinne daoine donn\".\nDuff Thomas: Bhí agóidí ag cuid acu a bhí in uimhreacha cheana féin i gcoinne an chogaidh, dhiúltaigh roinnt acu dul go Vítneam. Ba é an t-aicmeoir is dílis ar an gcogadh arís an Seanadóir Wayne Morse. Bhí guth garbh an daonlathach Oregon ag teacht tríd an seomra Seanaid folamh.\nWayne Morse: \"Is breá liom mo Uachtarán, ach is breá liom mo thír níos mó. Agus ba mhaith liom a rá go má leanann muid an tUachtarán a dhéanamh cogadh cúrsa gníomhaíochta, beidh na daoine Meiriceánach deireadh a bheith páirteach i cogadh ollmhór i gcoinne an tSín agus an Rúis agus as nach mbeidh teacht aon buaiteoirí. \""} {"text": "Mercury-containing oxides offer new perspective on mechanism of superconductivityApril 15th, 2011 in Physics / Superconductivity\nFigure 1: The crystal structure of HgxReO3. The mercury (Hg) atoms are shown in blue, oxygen (O) in red and rhenium (Re) in brown. Credit: 2011 The American Physical Society\n(PhysOrg.com) -- To diversify the applications of superconductors that currently operate at chilly temperatures below 135 kelvin (K), scientists are searching for new classes of superconducting materials that will show this property at warmer temperatures. Now, a research team in Japan has synthesized a promising new class of superconductors1, made of Hg0.44ReO3, where an unusual motion of the mercury (Hg) atoms enhances superconducting properties at temperatures up to 7.7 K.\nThe Dutch physicist Heike Kamerlingh Onnes discovered superconductivity one hundred years ago, when he noticed that the electrical resistance of mercury dropped to zero suddenly at 4.2 K. Superconducting materials are now used routinely in magnetic resonance imaging scanners.\nIn classical superconductors such as mercury, superconductivity arises through the combined vibrations of the atoms in the crystal. This makes the crystal structure a key factor for the superconducting properties of a material. In the case of HgxReO3, the atomic structure consists of rhenium (Re) and oxygen (O) building blocks. In the empty spaces between them, the mercury atoms arrange in chains (Fig. 1). However, some of the available places along these chains lack mercury atoms, and the teams work suggests that this leads to an arrangement of paired mercury atoms.\n\"These pairs move within the channel in an oscillatory motion known as rattling\", explains team-member Ayako Yamamoto from the RIKEN Advanced Science Institute in Wako. The rattling vibrations provide a strong feedback for the electrons, and therefore reinforce superconductivity in the material. In comparison to a similar structure lacking mercury pairs, the superconducting temperature of Hg0.44ReO3 at 7.7 K is almost twice as high. \"Despite remaining below the present record of 135 K for a superconductor, there is potential for improving operation temperatures\", says Yamamoto. The application of pressure increases the superconducting temperature to 11.1 K, and this could mean that for the right crystal structure further enhancement is possible.\nYamamoto and her colleagues are now working to optimize the crystal structure furtherfor example, by replacing rhenium with other elements. A better understanding of the influence of the mercury atoms rattling motion may also provide better insight into the mechanism of superconductivity in such structures. Mercury seems to be a magic element in superconductivity, not only for its role in Kamerlingh Onnes discovery, but also for the fact that mercury is part of the material with the highest known superconducting temperature, HgBa2Ca2Cu3Ox, Yamamoto explains. \"Once more, mercury is playing a key role for new superconductors,\" she says.\nMore information: Ohgushi, K., et al. Superconducting phase at 7.7 K in the HgxReO3 compound with a hexagonal bronze structure. Physical Review Letters 106, 017001 (2011). Article\nProvided by RIKEN\n\"Mercury-containing oxides offer new perspective on mechanism of superconductivity.\" April 15th, 2011. http://phys.org/news/2011-04-mercury-containing-oxides-perspective-mechanism-superconductivity.html", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-15", "url": "http://phys.org/print222087010.html", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609532573.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005212-00462-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8738991618, "token_count": 765, "score": 3.359375, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Tugann ocsaidí a bhfuil mearcair iontu dearcadh nua ar mheicníocht an superconductivityAibreán 15th, 2011 in Físeolaíocht / Superconductivity\nFigiúr 1: Struchtúr criostail HgxReO3. Tá na h-aidéimí mearcair (Hg) le feiceáil i ndubh, ocsaigin (O) i dearg agus renium (Re) i bhraon. Creidmheas: 2011 Cumann Fisice Mheiriceá\n(PhysOrg.com) -- Chun éagsúlacht a chur i bhfeidhm ar shuaitheadóirí a oibríonn faoi láthair ag teocht fuar faoi bhun 135 kelvin (K), tá eolaithe ag lorg aicme nua de ábhair shuaitheadóirí a thaispeánfaidh an t-earraí seo ag teocht níos teo. Anois, tá foireann taighde sa tSeapáin tar éis aicme nua gealltanach de shuaitheadóirí a shíntiúis1, déanta as Hg0.44ReO3, áit a gcuireann gluaiseacht neamhghnách na n-aothomh mearcair (Hg) feabhas ar airíonna shuaitheadúla ag teochtaí suas go 7.7 K.\nFuair an fisiceoir Ollainnis Heike Kamerlingh Onnes an superconductivity céad bliain ó shin, nuair a thug sé faoi deara go raibh friotaíocht leictreach an mhearcair ag titim go dtí nialas go tobann ag 4.2 K. Úsáidtear ábhair superconducting go rialta i scanners íomháithe resonance maighnéadach anois.\nI supraconductairí clasaiceacha mar mhercúirí, tagann superconductivity trí thrioblóidí comhcheangailte na n-aotamaí sa chriostal. Déanann sé seo struchtúr criostail ina phríomhfhachtóir do airíonna superconducting ábhar. I gcás HgxReO3, tá an struchtúr adamhach comhdhéanta de bhlocanna tógála renium (Re) agus ocsaigine (O). Sa spás folamh idir iad, socraíonn na h-aitéimí mearcair i slabhraí (Fig. 1) a chur i bhfeidhm. Mar sin féin, níl atamaí mearcair in áiteanna áirithe ar fáil ar feadh na slabhraí seo, agus léiríonn obair na bhfoirne go dtagann sé seo ar shocrú atamaí mearcair péireáilte.\n\"Tá na páirteanna seo ag gluaiseacht laistigh den chainéal i mbeart oscillatory ar a dtugtar rattling\", a mhíníonn ball den fhoireann Ayako Yamamoto ó Institiúid Eolaíochta Ard-Aoiseach RIKEN i Wako. Soláthraíonn na crathadh crathadh tuairisceán láidir do na leictreonaí, agus dá bhrí sin daingníonn siad superconductivity sa t-ábhar. I gcomparáid le struchtúr comhchosúil gan péirí mearcair, tá teocht an-sheoltóra Hg0.44ReO3 ag 7.7 K beagnach dhá oiread níos airde. \"D'ainneoin go bhfuil sé faoi bhun an taifead reatha de 135 K do shuailéir, tá an fhéidearthacht ann teochtaí oibriúcháin a fheabhsú\", a deir Yamamoto. Méadaíonn an brú a chuirtear ar an teocht superconducting go 11.1 K, agus d'fhéadfadh sé seo a chiallaíonn go bhfuil tuilleadh feabhsaithe indéanta don struchtúr criostail cheart.\nTá Yamamoto agus a comhghleacaithe ag obair anois chun struchtúr criostail a uasmhéadú, mar shampla, trí renium a chur in ionad eilimintí eile. D'fhéadfadh tuiscint níos fearr ar thionchar na gluaiseachta rattling na n-adamaí mearcair léargas níos fearr a thabhairt freisin ar mheicníocht an superconductivity i struchtúir den sórt sin. Is cosúil go bhfuil mearcair ina eilimint draíochta i superconductivity, ní hamháin as a ról i bhfiosrúchán Kamerlingh Onnes, ach freisin as an bhfíric go bhfuil mearcair mar chuid den ábhar leis an teocht superconducting is airde ar a dtugtar, HgBa2Ca2Cu3Ox, a mhíníonn Yamamoto. \"Arís, tá ról lárnach ag meicreog i dtreoirleasaithe úra nua\", a deir sí.\nTuilleadh eolais: Ohgushi, K., et al. Céim superconducting ag 7.7 K sa chomhdhúil HgxReO3 le struchtúr seiseargonnach bronsa. Cláir Athbhreithnithe Fisiceacha 106, 017001 (2011). Airteagal\nArna sholáthar ag RIKEN\n\"Tá ocsaidí a bhfuil mearcair iontu ina léargas nua ar mheicníocht an superconductivity\". 15 Aibreán, 2011. http://phys.org/news/2011-04-mercury-containing-oxides-perspective-mechanism-superconductivity.html"} {"text": "Last Updated: 16 years The Alaska Native Language Center at the University of Alaska Fairbanks has published a new Athabascan dictionary.\nThe “Dena’ina Topical Dictionary ” is an effort to document and preserve Alaska’s Native languages. The university said this is the most complete topical dictionary for any of the 20 Alaska Native languages.\nDena’ina is also known as Tanaina and is a language spoken by Alaska’s Athabascan Indians.\nIt was spoken by the original inhabitants of the Cook Inlet region in southcentral Alaska.\nThe university said that today about 75 of the 900 Dena’ina people in Alaska speak their Native language.\nDictionary editor Tom Alton said public awareness and interest in the Dena’ina people has recently increased throughout southcentral Alaska.\nJames Kari, professor emeritus of Athabascan languages, is the dictionary’s author.\nThe university said Kari has worked with over 100 Dena’ina speakers since 1972.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-40", "url": "https://www.aaanativearts.com/a-new-athabascan-dictionary-is-available", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510358.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20230928031105-20230928061105-00080.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9442967176, "token_count": 216, "score": 2.796875, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Tá foclóir Athabascan nua foilsithe ag Ionad Teanga Dúchasacha Alasca in Ollscoil Alasca Fairbanks.\nIs iarracht é an Denaina Topical Dictionary teangacha Dúchasacha Alasca a dhoiciméadú agus a chaomhnú. Dúirt an ollscoil gurb é seo an foclóir tópaíoch is iomláine do aon cheann de na 20 teanga Dúchasach Alasca.\nIs teanga í Denaina, ar a dtugtar Tanaina freisin, a labhraíonn Indiaigh Athabascacha Alasca.\nLabhair muintir bunaidh réigiún Cook Inlet i ndeisceart lár na hAlaska leis.\nDúirt an ollscoil go labhraíonn thart ar 75 den 900 duine Denaina in Alasca a dteanga Dúchasach.\nDúirt eagarthóir foclóir Tom Alton go bhfuil feasacht agus spéis an phobail i ndaoine Denaina tar éis méadú le déanaí ar fud Alasca thuaidh-lárnach.\nIs é James Kari, ollamh emeritus teangacha Athabascan, údar an foclóra.\nDúirt an ollscoil gur oibrigh Kari le breis agus 100 cainteoir Denaina ó 1972."} {"text": "September 5, 2017\nThe Beacon Society, a scion society of the Baker Street Irregulars, has proudly launched the Junior Sherlockian Society. The society invites children and youth to complete Junior Sherlockian Training- an in-depth study of Sherlock Holmes’s character traits, observational skills, capacity for critical thought, and inductive and deductive reasoning. During the online training, at JuniorSherlockian.com, Junior Sherlockians-in-Training complete the 2-2-1-b tasks to explore, experience, and extend their understanding and appreciation of the great detective.\nThe tasks include opportunities to\n- Be introduced to Sherlock Holmes’s creator, “The Grand Game,” and Sherlockians by reading “The World of Sherlock Holmes” essay.\n- Read the Baker Street Elementary comics. The comic strip chronicles Sherlock Holmes and John Watson’s adventures if they had attended the same grade school.\n- Retell “The Adventure of the Blue Carbuncle” using paper dolls to someone who has not had the opportunity to read about “the whimsical, little incident.”\n- Perform the “The Red-Headed League” play, an adaptation of “the three pipe problem,” with friends and/or family members.\n- Read “10 Rules for Writing a Sherlockian Pastiche,” and then write one of their own.\n- Review Sherlock Holmes’s resume. If Sherlock Holmes had to apply for his position as a consulting detective, what background information, skills, and talents would his resume reveal?\n- Explore the language, imagery, and structure of “221B,” by Vincent Starrett, and complete a word search of the most prominent words in the poem.\n- Read issues of Baker Street Elementary’s “The Life and Times in Victorian London,” to learn more about 19th century England.\nUpon completion of the tasks and submission of “training evidence,” a certificate of completion is granted.\nPlease share this announcement and encourage children and youth in your area to participate in the training. A promotional poster and bookmarks may be accessed at JuniorSherlockian.com/resources. Also, plan to join the Junior Sherlockian Society’s Facebook page at Facebook.com/JuniorSherlockian. The page was developed to connect and resource friends of the Junior Sherlockian Society.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-24", "url": "https://juniorsherlockian.com/the-game-is-afoot-at-juniorsherlockian-com/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347432521.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20200603081823-20200603111823-00239.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9163944125, "token_count": 503, "score": 2.703125, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "5 Meán Fómhair, 2017\nTá an Beacon Society, sochaí scion de na Baker Street Irregulars, seoladh go bródúil an Junior Sherlockian Society. Iarrann an tsochaí ar leanaí agus ar dhaoine óga Oiliúint Sherlockian Óige a chomhlánú - staidéar domhain ar thréithe carachtar Sherlock Holmes, scileanna breathnóireachta, cumas smaointeoireachta criticiúil, agus réasúnaíocht inductive agus díorthach. Le linn na hoiliúna ar líne, ag JuniorSherlockian.com, déanann Junior Sherlockians-in-Training na tascanna 2-2-1-b a iniúchadh, taithí a fháil, agus a dtuiscint agus a meas ar an bhfianaise mór a leathnú.\nÁirítear leis na cúraimí seo deiseanna chun\n- Bíodh aithne agat ar chruthaitheoir Sherlock Holmes, The Grand Game, agus ar Sherlockians trí aiste The World of Sherlock Holmes a léamh.\n- Léigh na grinnscéalta Baker Street Elementary. Déanann an striptéacs seó de na eachtraí a bhí ag Sherlock Holmes agus John Watson dá mbeadh siad ag freastal ar an scoil bhunúsach céanna.\n- Déan \"The Adventure of the Blue Carbuncle\" a athsheinm ag baint úsáide as dollí páipéir le duine nach raibh an deis aige léamh faoi \"an eachtra beag whimsical\".\n- An cluiche \"The Red-Headed League\" a dhéanamh, oiriúnú de \"the three pipe problem\", le cairde agus/nó le baill teaghlaigh.\n- Léigh \"10 Rialacha le haghaidh Scríbhneoireacht Sherlockian Pastiche\", agus ansin scríobh ceann dá gcuid féin.\n- Léigh CV Sherlock Holmes. Má bhí Sherlock Holmes a chur isteach ar a phost mar imreoir comhairleoireachta, cad cúlra faisnéise, scileanna, agus buanna a bheadh a CV nochtadh?\n- Léigh teanga, íomhánna agus struchtúr 221B, le Vincent Starrett, agus déan cuardach focal ar na focail is suntasaí sa dán.\n- Léigh eisiúintí de Baker Street Elementary's The Life and Times in Victorian London, chun níos mó a fhoghlaim faoi Shasana 19ú haois.\nNuair a bheidh na tascanna críochnaithe agus fhianaise oiliúna curtha isteach, deonaítear deimhniú críochnaithe.\nCuir an fógra seo in iúl do dhaoine eile agus spreag leanaí agus daoine óga i do cheantar chun páirt a ghlacadh sa oiliúint. Is féidir postóir agus leabharmharcanna cur chun cinn a rochtain ag JuniorSherlockian.com/resources. Chomh maith leis sin, tá sé beartaithe dul isteach i leathanach Facebook an Chomhlachta Sherlockian Óige ag Facebook.com/JuniorSherlockian. Forbraíodh an leathanach chun cairde de chuid an Chomhlachta Searlach Óige a nascadh agus acmhainní a sholáthar dóibh."} {"text": "Wednesday, January 19, 2011\nIt just so happens that the Edgar Allan Poe Monument in Baltimore is my favorite outdoor sculpture. I used to live nearby and would often visit the sculpture, which is in a wide-open plaza outside the University of Baltimore Law School. Sculpted by Sir Moses Jacob Ezekiel, the statue was commissioned in 1911 but was not dedicated until 1921. Why?\n\"The first model, finished in 1913, was destroyed in a custom house fire while en route to a foundry in Berlin; the second model, finished in May 1915, was broken in the artist's Rome studio by an earthquake; and finally a third sculpture was finished and ready for shipment by March 1916, but the Poe Memorial Association was afraid to ship it across the Atlantic during World War I. Although the artist died in 1917, it was not until the summer of 1921 that the sculpture finally reached Baltimore.\" (from the IAS record)\nThe statue was moved to its current location in 1983. What I love most about this statue is the way Poe is leaning forward in his seat, his left hand raised as if signaling to us to \"hold on\" while he continues to listen to the Muses. When I walk around the nearly life-size Poe, there is always something new to discover, whether in the carvings on the base or the folds in his coat. To discover a very interesting story about the inscriptions on the base, visit the online record in the Inventory of American Sculpture.\n--Nicole Semenchuk, Research and Scholars Center, American Art Museum", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-23", "url": "http://si-siris.blogspot.com/2011/01/happy-birthday-edgar-allan-poe.html", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1405997902579.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20140722025822-00122-ip-10-33-131-23.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.983599782, "token_count": 319, "score": 2.609375, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Dé Céadaoin, 19 Eanáir, 2011\nIs é an t-amhrán Edgar Allan Poe i Baltimore an dealbh lasmuigh is fearr liom. Bhí cónaí orm in aice láimhe agus ba mhaith liom cuairt a thabhairt go minic ar an dealbh, atá i gcláir oscailte amach taobh amuigh de Scoil Dlí Ollscoil Baltimore. Scríobh Sir Moses Jacob Ezekiel an dealbh, a coimisiúnaíodh i 1911 ach nár tugadh isteach é go dtí 1921. Cén fáth?\n\"D'imigh an chéad múnla, a chríochnaíodh i 1913, i tine sa teach custaim agus é ar a bhealach chuig díonlann i mBeirlín; an dara múnla, a chríochnaíodh i mí na Bealtaine 1915, scriosadh i stiúideo na healaíontóra sa Róimh ag crith talún; agus ar deireadh críochnaíodh an tríú dealbh agus bhí sé réidh le seoladh faoi Mhárta 1916, ach bhí eagla ar Chomhlachas Cuimhneacháin Poe é a sheol thar an Atlantaigh le linn an Chéad Chogaidh Domhanda. Cé go bhfuair an t-ealaíontóir bás i 1917, ní raibh sé go dtí samhradh 1921 gur shroich an dealbh Baltimore sa deireadh. \" (ó thaifead IAS)\nCuireadh an dealbh ar a shuíomh reatha i 1983. Is é an rud is fearr liom faoin dealbh seo ná an bealach a bhfuil Poe ag cur ina sheasamh, a lámh chlé ardaithe amhail is dá mba comhartha é dúinn \"coinneáil\" agus é ag leanúint leis na Muses a éisteacht. Nuair a shiúil mé timpeall an Poe beagnach ar a mhéid fíor, tá rud éigin nua le fáil i gcónaí, cibé acu sna carbaithe ar an mbonn nó sna fillteanna ina chatha. Chun scéal an-spéisiúil a fháil faoi na scríbhinní ar an mbonn, tabhair cuairt ar an taifead ar líne in Inventory of American Sculpture.\n- Nicole Semenchuk, Ionad Taighde agus Eolaithe, Músaem Ealaíne Mheiriceá"} {"text": "WHAT ARE SULPHITES?\nSulphites are a class of preservatives, used to slow the browning of foods, help food retain it’s colour, smell and flavour as well as prevent bacterial growth. To give this some context, sulphites are used to keep those dried apricots orange, when in fact they should be brown and mouldy after sitting on the shelf for up to 18 months.\nWhilst some may argue that sulphites occur naturally in fermented products such as wine and vinegar, they have also “unnaturally” been added to a number of processed foods i.e. sausages, processed deli meats, cordials, jams, pickled vegetables, as well as dried fruits and veg (like those apricots, apples and pears) to extend their shelf life.\nARE SULPHITES BAD FOR ME?\nMost of us have no unwanted reaction to sulphites but those who are sensitive may suffer symptoms such as dermatitis, urticaria (itchy skin), flushing, hypotension (low blood pressure), headaches and/or migraines, abdominal pain and diarrhoea, wheezing and difficulty breathing and more (1). Whilst some might argue that if you don’t have a reaction, there’s no need to avoid sulphites, I work under the philosophy that fresh is best and as such, look to minimise my exposure to any additives or preservatives wherever I can.\nFor those of you looking to boost your nutrient intake, the addition of sulphites to certain foods has been linked to the degradation of vitamins B1, B12 and Folate (2). As a result, they are altering the nutrient component of these foods and there is less bioavailable nutrients for us.\nWHAT FOODS CONTAIN SULPHITES?\nThere are a number of foods that commonly contain sulphites, these include but are not limited to:\n- Chips (unless they are homemade)\n- Sliced breads, crumpets and many baked goods\n- Ready made pizzas\n- Frozen seafood\n- Fresh Prawns (fresh ones can also contain sulphites so make sure you ask!)\n- Bottled lemon juice\n- Pickled vegetables, vinegars, store-bought salad dressings, mayonnaise\n- Dried fruits and candied fruits (i.e. glazed cherries)\n- Desiccated coconut\n- Coconut milk (can contain sulphites, so please check the label)\n- Dried mushrooms, onion, garlic\n- Powdered ginger\n- Stock cubes (unless all ingredients are organic)\n- Gelatine (in cakes, sweets, desserts etc)\n- Glucose and other syrups, molasses (in desserts, ice creams etc)\n- Fruit drinks, soft drinks e.g. colas, lemonade or tonics\n- Beer/lager, cider and wine\nAccording to Food Standards Australia New Zealand (FSANZ) added sulphites must be declared in the ingredients list on the label of a packaged food when present in foods in concentrations of 10 mg/kg or more. If the food is unpackaged (e.g. dried apricots sold in bulk bins, sausages in a butchers shop), the presence of sulphites must be declared on or in connection with the display of the food, if not, you as the purchaser can request this information and the sales team will have to provide it.\nWhat you’re looking for is the inclusion of any preservatives listed under the numbers ranging from 220-228:\n- 220 Sulphur dioxide\n- 221 Sodium sulphite\n- 222 Sodium bisulphite\n- 223 Sodium metabisulphite\n- 224 Potassium metabisulphite\n- 225 Potassium sulphite\n- 228 Potassium bisulphite\nHOW CAN I AVOID SULPHITES?\n- FRESH IS ALWAYS BEST!\n- Talk to your local butcher/fish monger about sulphite free alternatives\n- Swap vinegars with fresh lemon juice and olive oil as salad dressings\n- Look for organic dried fruits with no sulphites added i.e. sulphite free apricots\n- Avoid prepackaged juices and substitute in a freshly made juice where possible\nDo you avoid sulphites? What are your sulphite free alternatives? I’d love to know more! Pop your suggestions in the comments below!", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-40", "url": "https://anappleaday.net.au/what-are-sulphites-are-they-bad-for-me/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510697.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20230930145921-20230930175921-00039.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9124962091, "token_count": 943, "score": 3.171875, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Cad iad na sulfítí?\nIs aicme coimeádáin iad sulfaidí, a úsáidtear chun brownú bia a mhoilliú, chun cabhrú le bia a dath, a boladh agus a blas a choinneáil chomh maith le fás baictéarach a chosc. Chun comhthéacs a thabhairt don scéal seo, úsáidtear sulfaidí chun na beacáin thriomaithe sin a choinneáil oráiste, nuair a ba cheart go mbeadh siad donn agus moulded tar éis dóibh fanacht ar an seilf ar feadh suas le 18 mhí.\nCé go bhféadfadh cuid acu a mhaíomh go bhfuil sulfítí ar fáil go nádúrtha i dtáirgí fíordhealaithe amhail fíon agus fíon-uisce, tá siad curtha freisin ar roinnt bianna próiseáilte ar bhealach \"neamh-nádúrtha\", i.e. Saoráidí, feoil phróiseáilte deli, cordial, jams, glasraí saillte, chomh maith le torthaí agus glasraí triomaithe (mar na apricots, úlla agus piaraí) chun a saolré seilfe a fhadú.\nAN SÍ SOILFÍTÍÍD olc domsa?\nNí bhíonn aon imoibriú neamh-inmhianaithe ag formhór againn ar sulfaidí ach d'fhéadfadh comharthaí a bheith ag na daoine atá íogair orthu mar dermatitis, urticaria (craiceann itchy), flushing, hypotension (brú fola íseal), tinneas cinn agus / nó migraines, pian boilg agus diarrhea, wheezing agus deacracht a bheith ag anailís agus níos mó (1). Cé go bhféadfadh cuid acu a mhaíomh mura bhfuil imoibriú agat, nach gá sulfaidí a sheachaint, oibrím faoin fealsúnacht go bhfuil úr is fearr agus mar sin, féachann mé le mo nochtadh do aon bhreiseáin nó coimeádáin a íoslaghdú cibé áit is féidir liom.\nI gcás na ndaoine sin agaibh atá ag iarraidh a n-iontógáil cothaitheach a mhéadú, tá baint ag cur sulfaití le bianna áirithe le díghrádú vitimíní B1, B12 agus folate (2). Mar thoradh air sin, tá siad ag athrú comhpháirt cothaitheach na mbia seo agus tá níos lú cothaithigh bith-infhaighte ann dúinn.\nCÉ A BHIOS A IOMHÁIL SULFÍTÍ?\nTá roinnt bianna ann a bhfuil sulfítí go coitianta iontu, áirítear orthu seo ach níl siad teoranta dóibh:\n- Chips (mura ndéantar iad féin)\n- arán sliceáilte, crumpets agus go leor earraí bácáilte\n- Pizzas réidh\n- Maraisigh reoite\n- Creagáin úra (is féidir le creagáin úra sulfaití a bheith iontu freisin, mar sin bí cinnte go n-iarrann tú!)\n- Soic liomóide buidéil\n- Glasraí picilte, ocras, dressing saladaí a cheannaítear i siopa, maonéis\n- torthaí triomaithe agus torthaí candied (i.e. (Céiríní glasaithe)\n- Cnó cócó triomaithe\n- Bainne cócó (is féidir sulfítí a bheith ann, mar sin seiceáil an lipéad le do thoil)\n- Fongáis thriomaithe, uibheacha, garlic\n- Ginger práis\n- Cuibheacha stoc (mura bhfuil na comhábhair go léir orgánach)\n- Gelaine (i gciseáin, i milseoga, i deisceanna etc.)\n- Glúcóis agus síoróipí eile, mealais (i milseoga, uachtar reoite, srl.)\n- Deochanna torthaí, deochanna suaite e.g. Colas, leamónád nó tonics\n- Beoir/lagár, sídear agus fíon\nDe réir na gcaighdeáin bia san Astráil agus sa Nua-Shéalainn (FSANZ), ní mór sulfaidí breise a dhearbhú sa liosta comhábhair ar lipéad bia pacáilte nuair a bhíonn siad i gcruinniú i gcruinnithe 10 mg/kg nó níos mó. Má tá an bia neamhphacáilte (m.sh. Ní mór an t-ábhar a bheith i láthair i gceart (mar shampla, mar a dhéantar é a dhíol i mboscaí mórchiste, mar a dhéantar é a dhíol i bhoscaí mórchiste, mar a dhéantar é a dhíol i siopaí masla), ní mór an láithreacht sulfítí a dhearbhú ar taispeáint an bhia nó i ndáil leis, mura bhfuil, is féidir leatsa mar cheannaitheoir an fhaisnéis seo a iarraidh agus beidh ar an bhfoireann díolacháin í a chur ar fáil.\nIs é an rud atá á lorg agat ná aon choimeádáin a liostaítear faoi na huimhreacha idir 220-228 a áireamh:\n- 220 Díchóisíd sulfair\n- 221 Sulfít sóidiam\n- 222 Bísulfit sóidiam\n- 223 Metabisulfit sóidiam\n- 224 Metabisulfit potaisiam\n- 225 Sulfít potaisiam\n- 228 Bísulfit potaisiam\nCÁ MÓR A IOMHÁIN SOILFÍTÍ?\n- Fresh Is ALWAYS BEST!\n- Labhair le do chuid feirmeoirí/ iascairí áitiúil faoi roghanna eile saor ó sulfít\n- Vínigéar a mhalartú le sú úr liomóide agus ola olóige mar chóiriú salada\n- Féach ar thorthaí orgánacha triomaithe gan sulfaidí a chur leis, i.e. cailíní\n- Seachain súanna réamhphacáilte agus cuir sú úr déanta ina ionad nuair is féidir\nAn seachnaíonn tú sulfites? Cad iad na roghanna eile atá agat gan sulfáit? Ba mhaith liom níos mó a fháil amach! Cuir do mholtaí isteach sna tuairimí thíos!"} {"text": "What is the next number in this series: 9, 19, 21, 32, 34, X?\nThe series goes up 10, down 2, then up 11, down 2, meaning the next will be up 12 - 34 + 12 = 46\nWhen throwing 2 dice, what are the chances of getting a 12?\n1/6 times 1/6 for each dice = 1/36\nHow many 7s there are between 1 - 100?\nThe King Has 5 Daughters, each one is half the age of the other. If the king met the mother of the oldest 40 years ago, what is the age of his youngest daughter?\nThere are a few possibilities IF there was no age cap when the oldest was born. Since she was born less than 40 years ago, then the sequence must be 2,4,8,16,32 - meaning the youngest is 2 years old.\nThere are 12 identical Coins. They all have the exact same weight except for 1 coin that is heavier than the other 11 coins. How many weighings, at the minimum, are required to identify this different coin?\n(3 weights - 4 and 4 coins, 2 and 2, 1 and 1)\nWhat 3 Consecutive Numbers can you Multiply to get 4080?\nYou Need to Get to 1000, but you can only add numbers that are all eights (8,88.. etc). How many different numbers would you need?\nWhat's the missing number: 11x11=4, 22x22=16, 33x33=36, 55x55=X?\nUse four 9s (any way you want) to get to 100 - How many different numbers would you need?\n99 + (9/9) = 100\nMarch = 538, February = 8210, July = 4711, April 549, September=?\n(first digit is the number of letters, 2nd the number of the month, and third is the first two numbers combined so the answer is 9918)\n142 = 0, 3271 = 0, 6211 = 1, 83461 = 3, 908763 = 5, 4789033 = ?\nYou count the number of circles in the numbers to get the answer.\nWhat the missing number? 11x23=10, 35x13=32, 41x72=45, 62x51=X?\nThe formula here is (a+b x c+d)\nOops! You Got a Low Score...\nMaybe you're not focused or maybe you haven't done math like this in a long time. It could also be you haven't let yourself enough time to really think about it. Why not try again, and if not - have a look at our explanations of your mistakes below.\nYou Did Great!\nYou didn't ace the test, but you got high marks! This isn't easy to do considering few of us actually use math like this in our every day life. Kudos for keeping the math alive and your brain well and functioning, and have a look below at your mistakes to learn from them.\nYou Mad, Impossible Genius!\nWow, are you a retired math teacher? These are high marks indeed! You either got full marks or only had one mistake, and that happens to us all. You are a math wiz and if you haven't used math like this since school, we're double impressed with you. You're awesome!", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-29", "url": "https://www.ba-bamail.com/quizzes/quiz.aspx?quizid=422", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655906934.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20200710082212-20200710112212-00206.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9616591334, "token_count": 714, "score": 2.59375, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Cad é an chéad uimhir eile sa tsraith seo: 9, 19, 21, 32, 34, X?\nTéann an tsraith suas 10, síos 2, ansin suas 11, síos 2, rud a chiallaíonn go mbeidh an chéad cheann eile suas 12 - 34 + 12 = 46\nNuair a chaithfear 2 dhísle, cad iad na seansanna a fháil 12?\n1/6 am 1/6 do gach dáis = 1/36\nCé mhéad 7s atá ann idir 1 - 100?\nTá 5 iníonacha ag an Rí, tá gach ceann leath an aois den cheann eile. Má bhuail an rí le máthair an duine is sine 40 bliain ó shin, cén aois a bhfuil ar a iníon is óige?\nTá cúpla féidearthacht ann mura raibh aon uasteorainn aoise ann nuair a rugadh an duine is sine. Ós rud é go rugadh í níos lú ná 40 bliain ó shin, ansin ní mór don ord a bheith 2,4,8,16,32 - rud a chiallaíonn go bhfuil an duine is óige 2 bliana d'aois.\nTá 12 Airgead céanna ann. Tá an meáchan céanna acu go léir ach amháin le haghaidh aon bhuidéal amháin atá níos trom ná na 11 bhuidéal eile. Cé mhéad meáchain, ar a laghad, a theastaíonn chun an boinn éagsúil seo a aithint?\n(3 meáchan - 4 agus 4 boinn, 2 agus 2, 1 agus 1)\nCad iad na 3 Uimhreacha I ndiaidh a chéile is féidir leat a Méadú chun 4080 a fháil?\nNí mór duit a fháil go 1000, ach is féidir leat a chur ach uimhreacha go bhfuil gach ocht (8,88 .. etc). Cé mhéad uimhir éagsúla a bheadh uait?\nCad é an uimhir atá ar iarraidh: 11x11=4, 22x22=16, 33x33=36, 55x55=X?\nÚsáid ceithre 9 (an bealach is mian leat) chun 100 a fháil - Cé mhéad uimhir éagsúla a bheadh uait?\n99 + (9/9) = 100\nMárta = 538, Feabhra = 8210, Iúil = 4711, Aibreán 549, Meán Fómhair =?\n(is é an chéad dhigit líon na litreacha, an dara uimhir na míosa, agus an tríú is é an chéad dá uimhir a chomhcheangal mar sin an freagra 9918)\n142 = 0, 3271 = 0, 6211 = 1, 83461 = 3, 908763 = 5, 4789033 = ?\nLíonann tú líon na ciorcail sna huimhreacha chun an freagra a fháil.\nCad é an uimhir atá ar iarraidh? 11x23=10, 35x13=32, 41x72=45, 62x51=X?\nIs é an fhoirmle anseo (a + b x c + d)\nOops! Tá sé! Tá Scór Íseal agat...\nB'fhéidir nach bhfuil tú dírithe nó b'fhéidir nach bhfuil tú déanta matamaitice mar seo i bhfad. D'fhéadfadh sé freisin nach bhfuil tú a ligean duit féin go leor ama chun smaoineamh i ndáiríre faoi. Cén fáth nach ndéanann tú iarracht arís, agus mura ndéanann - féach ar ár míniú ar do chuid earráidí thíos.\nRinne tú iontach!\nNíor éirigh leat an tástáil, ach fuair tú marcanna ard! Ní éasca é seo a dhéanamh ag smaoineamh go n-úsáideann cúpla duine againn matamaitic mar seo i saol laethúil. Go raibh maith agat as an matamaitic a choinneáil beo agus do inchinn go maith agus ag feidhmiú, agus féach thíos ar do chuid botúin chun foghlaim uathu.\nA dhuine uaigneach, géineas dodhéanta!\nWow, an múinteoir matamaitice ar scor tú? Is mór na nótaí iad seo i ndáiríre! Fuair tú nótaí iomlána nó ní raibh ach botún amháin agat, agus tharlaíonn sé sin dúinn go léir. Tá tú a máistir matamaitice agus má tá tú nach bhfuil a úsáidtear matamaitice mar seo ó scoil, táimid dúbailte iontas ort. Tá tú iontach!"} {"text": "Green Infrastructure for Stormwater Management in NH Coastal Communities\nThe Green Infrastructure Project provides resources and support for communities to improve stormwater management. We are supporting pilot projects in six towns and developing workshops, fact sheets and other resources to help communities develop better regulations, train staff and build stormwater treatment systems.\nWhat is Green Infrastructure?\nGreen infrastructure uses natural “green” methods to help reduce problems associated with rain runoff from surfaces that have been altered by people. Examples include shrub and tree buffers along streams, engineered systems that treat runoff by infiltrating or filtering the water on site, incentives or education to encourage homeowners to protect soil and water, or regulations that require better stormwater control for new construction. For a list of strategies available through this project click here. A Complete Community Approach uses green infrastructure throughout all aspects of community planning.\nWhy do we care about stormwater and how does Green Infrastructure help?\nStormwater is rain runoff that flows across parking lots, roads, or other hard surfaces. Instead of soaking into soil on site, the runoff tends to be sent elsewhere in large volumes. This contributes to flooding and the untreated water can carry pollutants including nitrogen and toxic automobile lubricants into our rivers, lakes, and Great Bay. Many stormwater management systems designed to control some runoff are not always able to handle the large storm events that New Hampshire has experienced over the last several years. Green Infrastructure is a cost-effective way to keep more water on site, remove pollutants, and help to alleviate flooding.\nCongratulations to our Implementation Communities!\nThe project team selected six proposals for funding. The communities of Exeter, Stratham, Portsmouth, Rochester, Durham and Brentwood will work with us on projects to improve stormwater management. See below for descriptions.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-23", "url": "http://southeastwatershedalliance.org/green-infrastructure/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1406510273012.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20140728011753-00208-ip-10-146-231-18.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9235258102, "token_count": 356, "score": 2.96875, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Infrastruktúr Glas le haghaidh Bainistíocht Uisce Stoirme i gComhphobail Chosta NH\nSoláthraíonn an Tionscadal um Bonneagar Glas acmhainní agus tacaíocht do phobail chun bainistíocht uisce báistí a fheabhsú. Tá muid ag tacú le tionscadail phíolóta i sé bhaile agus ag forbairt ceardlanna, bileoga fíricí agus acmhainní eile chun cabhrú le pobail rialacháin níos fearr a fhorbairt, pearsanra a oiliúint agus córais chóireála uisce báistí a thógáil.\nCad é an Bonneagar Glas?\nBaineann an bonneagar glas úsáid as modhanna nádúrtha \"láidir\" chun cabhrú le fadhbanna a bhaineann le rónú báistí ó uachtar a bhfuil daoine tar éis athrú a laghdú. I measc na samplaí tá buiféirí crann agus crann ar feadh sruthanna, córais innealtóireachta a chóireálann sruthadh trí uisce a iontráil nó a scagadh ar an láthair, dreasachtaí nó oideachas chun úinéirí tí a spreagadh chun ithir agus uisce a chosaint, nó rialacháin a éilíonn rialú níos fearr ar uisce stoirme le haghaidh tógála nua. Chun liosta de na straitéisí atá ar fáil tríd an tionscadal seo cliceáil anseo. Baineann cur chuige iomlán pobail úsáid as bonneagar glas i ngach gné de phleanáil pobail.\nCén fáth a bhfuil cúram againn faoi uisce stoirme agus conas a chabhraíonn Infreastruchtúr Glas?\nIs é uisce na tuilte an rás a shruthaíonn ar pháirceanna, ar bhóithre, nó ar dhromchlaí crua eile. In ionad an t-uisce a bheith ag dul isteach sa ithir ar an láthair, bíonn an t-uisce a bhíonn ag imeacht ar shiúl á sheoladh chuig áit eile i méideanna móra. Cuireann sé seo le tuile agus is féidir leis an uisce neamhchóireáilte truailleáin a iompar lena n-áirítear nítrigin agus lubricants gluaisteán tocsaineacha isteach inár n-aibhneacha, i dtógairí agus i mBá Mhór. Ní féidir le go leor córais bainistíochta uisce báistí a ceapadh chun rialú a dhéanamh ar roinnt srutháin déileáil leis na himeachtaí stoirme móra a d'fhulaing New Hampshire le blianta beaga anuas. Is bealach costéifeachtach é an Bonneagar Glas chun níos mó uisce a choinneáil ar an láthair, truailleáin a bhaint, agus cabhrú le tuile a mhaolú.\nComhghairdeas lenár gComhphobail Feidhmithe!\nRoghnaigh foireann an tionscadail sé togra le haghaidh maoinithe. Oibreoidh pobail Exeter, Stratham, Portsmouth, Rochester, Durham agus Brentwood linn ar thionscadail chun bainistíocht uisce báistí a fheabhsú. Féach thíos le haghaidh tuairiscí."} {"text": "The debate over wild horses on public lands has been raging for decades. The Bureau of Land Management (BLM), charged with their management, has rounded up tens of thousands of wild horses since 1971. While many have been adopted out, vast numbers languish in holding facilities. AWI strongly disagrees with BLM over its management of these iconic animals on Western rangelands and, in particular, with its decisions to reduce wild horse numbers and the amount of habitat on which they can roam.\nHowever, one issue with which we should be in agreement with the BLM is the usefulness of contraception as a means to control numbers of wild horses and to prevent needless suffering. Immunocontraception can be used to stabilize and reduce growth rates in wild horse herds. Reducing fecundity may spare wild horses from being doggedly chased for miles on end, captured, and manhandled during BLM roundups which, for most horses, results in a life of confinement or, even worse, slaughter.\nCritics have expressed concern about the genetic viability of horses if contraception is used. While long-term monitoring under such conditions is imminent, immunocontraceptive agents generally don’t cause permanent sterility. In that respect, there is no reason to believe wild horse populations can’t be stabilized and reduced while retaining the herd’s genetic diversity.\nManaging horses in this way does not mean that we surrender to those who prefer livestock on the range instead of the horses, nor does it mean that we do not continue to advocate for horses to occupy public lands as the law requires. It also does not mean we are giving up on efforts to restore wild horses to the more than 19 million acres from which they have been illegally removed. That must not only be a priority, but it could provide wild horses, including those in holding facilities, a second chance at freedom. However, it is up to us to recognize the current political reality for wild horses while continuing to advocate for wholesale improvements in their management.\nOn October 7 the BLM announced a new initiative for managing wild horses and burros. AWI is seeking critical details about the plan and will let you know of its findings.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-40", "url": "https://awionline.org/awi-quarterly/2009-fall/birth-control-will-allow-horses-continue-living-wild-life", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510481.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20230929022639-20230929052639-00098.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9603723884, "token_count": 443, "score": 2.546875, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Tá an díospóireacht ar chapaill fhiáine ar thalamh poiblí ag dul i ngleic le blianta fada. Tá na mílte capall fiáine curtha i gcath ag an mBureau of Land Management (BLM), a bhfuil cúram air iad a bhainistiú, ó 1971. Cé go bhfuil go leor acu glactha amach, tá líon mór acu ag dul i ngleic le háiseanna coinneála. Tá AWI go láidir míchontúirteach le BLM maidir lena bhainistiú ar na hainmhithe iconic seo ar rangelands an Iarthair agus, go háirithe, lena chinntí chun líon na gcuacha fiáine agus méid na háitribh inar féidir leo imeacht a laghdú.\nMar sin féin, is é an cheist amháin a bhfuil aontú againn leis an BLM ná an úsáid a bhaineann le frithghiniúint mar mhodh chun líon na mball fiáine a rialú agus chun fulaingt neamhriachtanach a chosc. Is féidir imdhíonú imdhíonachta a úsáid chun ráta fáis i dtráthanna capall fiáine a chobhsú agus a laghdú. D'fhéadfadh laghdú ar fhéidearthacht a sheachaint go ndéanfaí capaill fiáine a chasadh go géar ar feadh mílte ar deireadh, a ghabháil, agus a mhilleadh le linn roundups BLM a, don chuid is mó de na capaill, a fhágann go bhfuil saol na gaoithe nó, níos measa fós, an mharú.\nTá imní ar na criticeoirí faoi fholáthar géiniteach na bhfear céile má úsáidtear frithghiniúint. Cé go bhfuil monatóireacht fhadtéarmach faoi choinníollacha den sórt sin le teacht, ní bhíonn stéaróidigh bhuan mar thoradh ar ghníomhairí imdhíonachta. Sa mhéid sin, níl aon chúis le creidiúint nach féidir pobail capall fiáine a chobhsú agus a laghdú agus éagsúlacht ghéiniteach an choda á choimeád.\nNí chiallaíonn bainistiú capall ar an mbealach seo go ndéanaimid tuitim ar na daoine a bhfuil beithíoch acu ar an gclár in ionad na gcuacha, ná ní chiallaíonn sé nach leanfaimid ar aghaidh ag tacú le capall a bheith ag glacadh talamh poiblí mar a éilíonn an dlí. Ní chiallaíonn sé freisin go bhfuil muid ag tabhairt suas ar iarrachtaí a chur ar ais capaill fiáine ar an níos mó ná 19 milliún acra ó a bhfuil siad a tógadh go mídhleathach. Ní amháin gur tosaíocht é sin, ach d'fhéadfadh sé an dara deis a thabhairt do chapaill fiáine, lena n-áirítear iad siúd atá i saoráidí coimeádta, sa tsaoirse. Mar sin féin, is ar ár gcumas é an réaltacht pholaitiúil atá ann faoi láthair a aithint do chapaill fhiáine agus leanúint de bheith ag tacú le feabhsúcháin ollmhór ina mbainistíocht.\nAr 7 Deireadh Fómhair d'fhógair an BLM tionscnamh nua chun capaill agus asal fiáine a bhainistiú. Tá AWI ag lorg sonraí criticiúla faoin bplean agus cuirfidh sé a chuid torthaí in iúl duit."} {"text": "Recently a lot of buzz has been about including more and more fibres in our diet. Truly speaking our body doesn’t even have the mechanism to digest and absorb the fibres. Then what makes them such important part of the human diet?\nDietary fibres are also known as roughage. Well, if consider our bodies to the machines and gut as the fuel system, then fibre is the engine oil. While engine oil is not the fuel, it certainly is what keeps the engines neat and working. Same goes for fibres.\nWhat do the Fibres do?\nDietary fibres improve bowel function drastically. They add bulk to the food that keeps the bowel moving, thus helps in getting rid of the wasteful products after the digestion. They (water soluble fibres) also help in retaining a good amount of water in the bowels. Moreover, the good bowel movement means lesser chances of bacterial growth. Thus, fibre takes care of constipation and flatulence.\nDietary fibres keep the entire digestive system running smooth and quick. No constipation means no blockage of the waste, the food material moves adequately, hence preventing bloating and stomach upset.\nDietary fibres are known to keep the heart healthy. They keep the blood pressure in check. Also, reduces the cholesterol levels. Thus, the cardiac strain is reduced keeping the heart healthier.\nKeep blood sugar under check\nA good amount of fibres in the diet would mean that you would be consuming lesser calories—fats and carbohydrates, hence lesser sugar levels. Also, fibres slow down the sugar absorption and assimilation from the food. People who suffer from diabetes are particularly affected by high sugar intake, hence worsening the situation. Thus, fibre diet is ever greater for diabetes patients. Dietary fibres keep the sugar levels in check, neither too high nor too low, keeping your overall health in check.\nThe mechanism is simple. Fibre rich diet satiates your appetite earlier while consuming less fats and carbohydrates, hence lesser calories. Lesser calories mean lesser weight.\nWhat food contains dietary fibres?\nDietary fibres are present in a variety of food sources which means you might already be taking plenty of it. These can be water soluble or water insoluble, both advantageous to our digestive system.\n— Zigverve.com (@zigverve) October 19, 2015\nWater soluble fibres are found in foods like apples, carrots, oats, beans, peas and citrus fruits.\nWater insoluble fibres are present in food like whole wheat, beans, nuts, potatoes and cauliflower. If you’re eating fruits for the fibres it is advised to that you eat the whole fruit rather than taking juice, as most of the fibre content is lost with the leftovers from the juiced fruits. Fruits and vegetables are rich in both kinds of fibres.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-29", "url": "https://zigverve.com/lifestyle/foods-drinks/how-to-improve-your-health-with-the-addition-of-fibres-in-your-diet/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655886178.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20200704135515-20200704165515-00436.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9403760433, "token_count": 590, "score": 3.203125, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Le déanaí tá go leor buzz faoi a chur le níos mó agus níos mó snáithín inár réim bia. Go fírinneach ní fiú an meicníocht a bheith ag ár gcorp chun na snáithíní a dhíleá agus a ionsú. Cén fáth, ansin, go bhfuil siad ina gcuid chomh tábhachtach den aiste bia daonna?\nTugtar cruithneacht ar shnáithín bia freisin. Bhuel, má mheasann ár gcorp na meaisíní agus gut mar an córas breosla, ansin tá snáithín an ola inneall. Cé nach ola an innill an breosla, is cinnte gurb é an t-ola a choinníonn na hinnill glan agus ag obair. Baineann an rud céanna le snáithíní.\nCad a dhéanann na Fibres?\nFeabhsaíonn snáithín aiste bia feidhmiú na n-intinn go suntasach. Cuireann siad méid mór le bia a choinníonn an intestine ag gluaiseacht, rud a chabhraíonn leis na táirgí dramhaíola a bhaint as tar éis an díleá. Cuidíonn siad (aibhneacha intuaslagtha in uisce) freisin le méid maith uisce a choinneáil sna intestines. Thairis sin, ciallaíonn an dea-shruth intestinal seans níos lú fáis baictéarach. Dá bhrí sin, déanann snáithín cúram de constipation agus flatulence.\nCoinníonn snáithín bia an córas díleá iomlán ag rith go réidh agus go tapa. Ní chiallaíonn aon éadáil nach bhfuil aon bhac ar an dramhaíl, bogann an t-ábhar bia go leordhóthanach, agus dá bhrí sin cosc a chur ar bhlátháil agus míchompord boilg.\nTá a fhios go gcoinníonn snáithín aiste bia an croí sláintiúil. Coinníonn siad an brú fola faoi smacht. Chomh maith leis sin, laghdaíonn sé leibhéil an chholeistéaróil. Dá bhrí sin, laghdaítear an strus cardasach agus coinnítear an croí níos sláintiúla.\nCúl a chur ar shiúcra fola faoi smacht\nCiallaíonn méid maith snáithín sa réim bia go n-itheann tú níos lú calraí, saill agus carbaihiodráití, agus dá bhrí sin leibhéil siúcra níos ísle. Chomh maith leis sin, cuireann snáithíní moill ar ionsú agus ar chomhshó siúcra ón mbia. Bíonn tionchar ar leith ag an ard iontógáil siúcra ar dhaoine a bhfuil diaibéiteas orthu, agus dá bhrí sin déanann sé an staid a bheith níos measa. Dá bhrí sin, tá an aiste bia snáithín níos mó i gcónaí do othair diaibéiteas. Coinníonn snáithín bia na leibhéil siúcra faoi smacht, ní ró-ard ná ró-íseal, ag coinneáil do shláinte foriomlán faoi smacht.\nTá an meicníocht simplí. Tá bia saibhir snáithín ag sásamh do bhia níos luaithe agus tú ag ithe níos lú saille agus carbaihiodráití, agus mar sin níos lú calraí. Ciallaíonn níos lú calraí níos lú meáchain.\nCén bia a bhfuil snáithín aiste bia ann?\nTá snáithín aiste bia i láthair i bhfoinsí éagsúla bia, rud a chiallaíonn go bhféadfadh go mbeadh go leor de á thógáil agat cheana féin. Is féidir iad seo a bheith insoluble uisce nó insoluble uisce, araon tairbheach dár gcóras díleá.\n Zigverve.com (@zigverve) 19 Deireadh Fómhair, 2015\nTá snáithíní intuaslagtha in uisce le fáil i mbia cosúil le híospartaigh, carróidí, oats, pónairí, pianta agus torthaí citris.\nTá snáithíní neamh-in-uisce i bhia cosúil le cruithneacht iomlán, pónairí, cnónna, prátaí agus caolchlóir. Má tá tú ag ithe torthaí le haghaidh na snáithín, moltar duit an toradh iomlán a ithe seachas sú a thógáil, toisc go gcailltear an chuid is mó den ábhar snáithín leis na híosraghtaí ó na torthaí sú. Tá an dá chineál snáithín saibhir i dtorthaí agus i nglasraí."} {"text": "NOVEMBER 22, 1948\nPARIS, Sunday—Two sessions of our committee Friday were devoted to Article Twenty-two of the draft of the Declaration of Human Rights, but as yet Article Twenty-one, which is being worked on by a subcommittee, has not yet been brought before us. That is because there is a real difficulty which presents itself in Article Twenty-one.\nIt deals with the right to work and the conditions of work. The Cuban delegate has the conviction that one of the statements in this article, saying that \"everyone has the right to equal pay for equal work,\" should be supplemented by a statement to convey the idea that the needs of a man's family should be taken into consideration in deciding whether he receives adequate pay. This particular question has of course been argued by people for many years. The basis of pay is usually the amount of work you do and the skill or value of that work. If you tie a man's need up with his salary, I think a good many people would feel that one is treading on a somewhat dangerous path, since a man with ten children doubtless may need more than a man with only one or two. If an employer is going to pay more to a man just because he has ten children, then he is going to look for employees who don't have any children.\nLong ago a great many of us decided that this question of a man's pay had to be considered in relation to his ability, and that an adequate standard of living would probably have to be achieved in certain circumstances through some kind of social services. For instance, in Great Britain a grant is given to help families with children. The same is done in France. This raises the family resources, and many of us feel that the thought which the Cuban delegate is trying to have embodied in the text should more properly be in Article Twenty-two, which deals with such matters.\nAfter our committee had discussed many amendments, we finally drew up a draft of Article Twenty-two which read as follows:\n\"1. Everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate to the health and well-being of his family and himself, including food, clothing, housing, medical care and necessary social services, and to security in the event of unemployment, sickness, disability, widowhood, old age or other lack of livelihood in circumstances beyond his control.\n\"2. Motherhood and childhood have the right to special care and assistance.\"\nThis second provision is dear to the heart of the delegate from the Dominican Republic. She has fought for the rights of women for many years in her country, and her main point was that it was a right and not a charity to give special care and assistance to mothers and children. A storm broke loose, however, because the Russian delegate said both the United Kingdom and the United States had noted the fact that while they accepted this paragraph, still motherhood and childhood were really not exactly the right words to use. In Russian, he said, it made no sense, and he would be the laughingstock of everyone, since any baby would understand that this paragraph was not well worded. Both the United Kingdom delegate and I myself had in fact been originally content to say simply \"mother and child,\" as was stated in the original draft of the article. But for the sake of harmony we had accepted the change and that was the way it was voted in spite of protests.\nA third paragraph was added which read: \"Children born out of wedlock shall enjoy the same social protection as those born in marriage.\" This paragraph I had opposed, for it seemed to me entirely obvious that all children, being themselves blameless, were entitled to the same special care and assistance, and I did not feel that special reference to this condition was called for in the Declaration. Moreover, it seems to me that the provision about childhood already contained in the second paragraph clearly referred to all childhood. But a majority of the committee felt differently, and so the entire article was adopted with this paragraph included.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-23", "url": "http://www.gwu.edu/~erpapers/myday/displaydoc.cfm?_y=1948&_f=md001130", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1405997858892.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20140722025738-00204-ip-10-33-131-23.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9905221462, "token_count": 813, "score": 2.734375, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "NOVEMBER 22, 1948\nPARIS, Dé Domhnaigh Bhí dhá sheisiún de ár gcoiste Dé hAoine tiomanta d'Airteagal a Bhí fiche a dó den dréacht-Dearbhú um Chearta an Duine, ach go dtí seo níor tugadh Airteagal a Bhí fiche a haon, atá á oibriú ag fo-choiste, chugainn go fóill. Tá sé sin toisc go bhfuil deacracht fíor ann a léiríonn é féin in Airteagal 21.\nBaineann sé leis an gceart chun oibre agus le coinníollacha oibre. Tá an toscaire Cúba cinnte go gcaithfear ceann de na ráitis san alt seo, a deir go bhfuil \"ceart ag gach duine ar phá comhionann as obair chomhionann\", a chomhlánú le ráiteas chun an smaoineamh a chur in iúl gur chóir riachtanais theaghlach an duine a chur san áireamh agus cinneadh á dhéanamh ar an bhfáil sé pá leordhóthanach. Ar ndóigh, tá daoine ag plé leis an gceist seo ar feadh blianta fada. Is gnách go mbíonn an méid oibre a dhéanann tú agus an scileanna nó luach na hoibre sin mar bhonn pá. Má cheanglaíonn tú riachtanais an duine lena thuarastal, sílim go mbraitheann go leor daoine go bhfuil duine ag dul ar bhealach atá contúirteach, ós rud é go bhféadfadh go mbeadh níos mó ag teastáil ó dhuine a bhfuil deichniúr leanaí aige ná ó dhuine a bhfuil ach duine amháin nó beirt aige. Má tá fostóir ag dul a íoc níos mó le fear ach amháin toisc go bhfuil sé deich leanaí, ansin tá sé ag dul a lorg fostaithe nach bhfuil aon leanaí.\nRoinnt mhaith againn a chinn le fada ó shin gur chóir an cheist seo maidir le pá an duine a mheas i ndáil lena chumas, agus gur dócha go mbeadh caighdeán maireachtála leordhóthanach le fáil i gcúinsí áirithe trí sheirbhísí sóisialta de chineál éigin. Mar shampla, i mBreatain Mhór tugtar deontas chun cabhrú le teaghlaigh le páistí. Déantar an rud céanna sa Fhrainc. Cuireann sé seo acmhainní teaghlaigh i bhfeidhm, agus is dóigh le go leor againn gur cheart go mbeadh an smaoineamh a bhfuil an toscaire Cúba ag iarraidh a chur san áireamh sa téacs níos fearr in Airteagal a Bhliain agus a Dó, a phléann na hábhair sin.\nTar éis go raibh plé déanta ag ár gcoiste ar go leor leasuithe, d'eagraíomar dréacht-Airteagal 22 a bhí mar seo a leanas:\n\"1. Tá sé de cheart ag gach duine caighdeán maireachtála a bheith aige atá leordhóthanach chun sláinte agus dea-shláinte a theaghlaigh agus a chuid féin a áirithiú, lena n-áirítear bia, éadaí, tithíocht, cúram leighis agus seirbhísí sóisialta riachtanacha, agus chun slándála i gcás dífhostaíochta, tinneas, míchumais, dílseachta, seanachais nó easpa maireachtála eile in imthosca nach féidir leis a rialú.\n\"2. Tá sé de cheart ag máithreachas agus ar an óige cúram agus cúnamh speisialta a fháil\".\nTá an dara foráil seo daor le croí an chomhalta ó Phoblacht na Dóminíneach. Tá sí ag troid ar son chearta na mban le blianta fada ina tír, agus ba é a phríomhphointe gur ceart é agus ní carthanas cúram agus cúnamh speisialta a thabhairt do mháithreacha agus do leanaí. Thosaigh stoirm, áfach, toisc gur dúirt an toscaire Rúiseach go raibh an Ríocht Aontaithe agus na Stáit Aontaithe araon tar éis an bhfíric a thabhairt faoi deara cé go nglacain siad leis an mír seo, go fóill nach raibh máthair agus óige i ndáiríre na focail cheart a úsáid. I Rúisis, a dúirt sé, ní raibh aon chiall ann, agus bheadh sé ina gáire ag gach duine, ós rud é go dtuigfeadh aon leanbh nach raibh an mhír seo focailithe go maith. Bhí an toscaire ón Ríocht Aontaithe agus mé féin sásta a rá go simplí \"máthair agus leanbh\", mar a luaitear i ndréacht bunaidh an ailt. Ach ar mhaithe le comhchuibhiú, ghlacamar leis an athrú agus sin an bealach a vótáladh é in ainneoin na bpróiseas agóide.\nCuireadh tríú mír leis a léigh: \"Bainfidh leanaí a rugadh lasmuigh den phósadh an chosaint shóisialta céanna a bhaint as na leanaí a rugadh i bpósadh\". Bhí mé i gcoinne an mhír seo, mar is léir dom go raibh gach leanbh, gan locht a bheith air féin, i dteideal na cúraim agus na cúraim speisialta céanna, agus ní bhraith mé go raibh gá le tagairt speisialta don choinníoll seo sa Dearbhú. Ina theannta sin, is cosúil liom go raibh tagairt soiléir don óige ar fad sa fhoráil maidir le leanaí atá sa dara mír cheana féin. Ach bhí tuairim dhifriúil ag tromlach na coiste, agus dá bhrí sin glacadh leis an alt iomlán lena n-áirítear an mhír seo."} {"text": "15 Mar 2022 gs-mains-paper-1 INDIAN HISTORY\nQuestion : It is said that “The Gupta era is often regarded as the high point of Ancient Indian civilization. It was a period of great achievements in art, literature and science and a period of change, as Indian civilization slowly evolved from its ancient form to its more modern manifestation”. Elaborate.\nWrite or upload your answer - SUBMIT HERE\n(GS Mains; Paper-1)\nIndian History: Art and Culture", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-40", "url": "https://www.acubeias.com/mainsquestion?tag=indian-culture-the-salient-aspects-of-art-forms-literature-and-architecture-from-ancient-to-modern-times", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511386.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20231004152134-20231004182134-00262.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9580925703, "token_count": 107, "score": 3.046875, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "15 Márta 2022 gs-mains-paper-1 INDIAN HISTORY\nCeist: Deirtear go bhfuil an ré Gupta a mheas go minic mar an pointe is airde de na Sean-scioblóide Indiach. Bhí sé ina thréimhse de mhór-roinn san ealaín, sa litríocht agus sa eolaíocht agus bhí sé ina thréimhse athraithe, de réir mar a tháinig sibhialtacht na hIndia chun cinn go mall óna fhoirm ársa go dtí a léiriú níos nua-aimseartha. Déan cur síos air.\nScríobh nó cuir do fhreagra ar líne - SUBMIT ANSEO\n(GS Mains; Páipéar-1)\nStair na hIndia: Ealaín agus Cultúr"} {"text": "The ImmunoDiangostics Insulin Immunoassay is a Solid Phase ELISA that is designed to accurately detect Insulin in human serum and plasma samples.\nThe ImmunoDiagnostics Insulin (ELISA) is a reliable and reproducible tool for the quantitative detection of Insulin antigen. The assay is intended for use on human serum or plasma.\nNumerous application fields exist, but particularly:\n- Diabetes: The inadequate production of insulin is a major cause of Type 2 Diabetes while the loss of insulin producing cells leading to insulin deficiency is the cause of Type 1 Diabetes.\nMetabolic Syndrome: Insulin resistance has been proposed to be a basic underlying cause of the broad-based metabolic syndrome.\nSignificantly more affordable than competitor kits\nInsulin Antibody Coated Microstrips: One microplate, 12 strips with 8 wells each, 96 dry wells in total. The wells are coated with a monoclonal anti- human Insulin antibody. The microplate is sealed in a foil bag. Any unused strips should be returned to the bag and resealed for future use.\nDetection Antibody Solution: Concentrate (100x conc). One vial containing 0.12 mL of an HRP conjugated monoclonal anti- human Insulin. Detection antibody should be diluted with only the 1X Assay Buffer needed.\nAssay Buffer: Concentrate (5x conc). One vial containing 20 mL of buffer for dilution of the detection antibody. If precipitates are observed in the concentrated buffer, warm at 37oC until the precipitates disappear. Dilute 20 mL of 5x Assay Buffer with 80 mL diH2O to make a 1x concentration prior to use.\nHuman Insulin Standards: 0 μIU/mL (5 mL). 3 μIU/mL, 6 μIU/mL, 12 μIU/mL, 25 μIU/mL, 50 μIU/mL, 120 μIU/mL (0.3 mL each). Ready to Use.\nWash Buffer: Concentrate (10x conc). One vial containing 50 mL of 10x wash buffer. If precipitates are observed in the 10x solution, warm at 37oC until the precipitates disappear. Prepare 1x Wash Buffer my mixing 50 mL of 10x Wash Buffer with 450 mL diH2O.\nSubstrate Solution: One bottle containing 12 mL of TMB (3,3’,5,5’-Tetramethylbenzidine) substrate. Ready-to-use. Do not expose to light.\nStop Solution: One vial containing 12 mL of ready-to-use stop solution.\nThe Insulin ELISA is a quantitative sandwich enzyme immunoassay. Standard, samples, and any desired controls are pipetted into the wells pre-coated with solid-phase capture antibody and co-incubated with an HRP conjugated monoclonal antibody targeting Insulin. After washing away any unbound substances a TMB solution is added to develop color in proportion to the amount of human Insulin initially bound. The color development is stopped by addition of an acidifying solution and the optical density is determined. By plotting a standard curve versus measured absorbance, the amount of antigen in the sample can be calculated. The concentration of the antigen is expressed in μIU/mL.\nThe kit contains calibrators and can be used in any laboratory equipped with a plate reader. The kit is optimized for the quantitative determination of human Insulin concentrations in serum plasma, and cell culture supernatant samples. The test can provide results within 90 minutes.\nExample only! Do not use for calculations\n4 Parameter Curve\nLog-log Regression Curve\nConsidered to be the primary anabolic hormone, insulin is produced in the beta cells of the pancreas. Its main function is to regulate metabolism by promoting the absorption of glucose into the liver, muscles, and fat from the bloodstream. When the amount of glucose in the blood—known as blood sugar—is high, beta cells react by secreting insulin into the blood. By contrast, when blood sugar levels are low, insulin secretion is inhibited.\nAnimals with Type 1 diabetes have had their insulin producing beta cells destroyed in an autoimmune reaction. The result is an abnormally high blood sugar content and a generalized wasting away of the body. Those with Type 2 diabetes have lost beta functionality via accumulation of amyloid in the pancreatic islets compounded by insulin resistance in peripheral tissue. Often time multiple comorbidities can be observed, such as, hypertension, obesity, and cardiovascular disease in a poorly understood metabolic syndrome.\nSearch this site for “ImmunoDiagnostics”", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-29", "url": "https://diapharma.com/product/hep/liver/ins-liver/immunodiagnostics-human-insulin-elisa-kit/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593657131734.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20200712051058-20200712081058-00295.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8704286814, "token_count": 973, "score": 2.53125, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Is éard atá i ImmunoDiangostics Insulin Immunoassay ná ELISA Céim Dhomhchruinn atá deartha chun Insulin a bhrath go cruinn i samplaí serum agus plasma daonna.\nIs uirlis iontaofa agus atáirgiúla é an Insulin ImmunoDiagnostics (ELISA) chun antígin Insulin a bhrath go cainníochtúil. Tá an tástáil ceaptha le húsáid ar shéar nó plasma daonna.\nTá réimse leathan feidhmchláir ann, ach go háirithe:\n- Diaibéiteas: Is é an táirgeadh neamhleor ininsulin cúis mhór Diaibéiteas Cineál 2 agus is é an caillteanas cealla a tháirgeann inslin a fhágann go bhfuil easnamh inslin mar chúis Diaibéiteas Cineál 1.\nSíndróm Meitibileach: Tá sé beartaithe go bhfuil friotaíocht inslin mar bhunchúis bhunúsach den siondróm meitibileach leathanbhunaithe.\nGo suntasach níos inacmhainne ná trealamh iomaíochta\nMicrostrips Coated Insulin Antibody: Microplaite amháin, 12 stiall le 8 bholl gach ceann, 96 bholl tirim san iomlán. Tá na poill clúdaithe le frith-chorp monoclonal anti- Insulin daonna. Tá an micreaplaite faoi shéala i mála fóin. Déan na stiallacha nach bhfuil in úsáid a chur ar ais sa mála agus é a ath-slándáil le húsáid sa todhchaí.\nRéiteach Frith-Comhlachta Aithint: Tionscartha (100x conc). 1 bhéal ina bhfuil 0. 12 mL de Insulin frith-dhaonna monoclonal coigeartaithe HRP. Ba cheart an t-ionchas a bhrath a dhíscaoileadh leis an 1X Assay Buffer amháin a theastaíonn.\nTá an t-ábhar a úsáidtear chun an tástáil a dhéanamh ar an mbonn. 1 bhéal ina bhfuil 20 ml de phasóg chun an t-ionchas a bhrath a dhíchur. Má dhéantar precipitates a fheiceáil sa phasfhocal tiubhaithe, téigh ag 37oC go dtí go dtéann na precipitates ar shiúl. Déan 20 ml de 5x Assay Buffer a dhíchur le 80 ml diH2O chun tiúchan 1x a dhéanamh sula n-úsáidtear é.\nCaighdeáin Insulin Daonna: 0 μIU/ mL (5 mL). 3 μIU/ mL, 6 μIU/ mL, 12 μIU/ mL, 25 μIU/ mL, 50 μIU/ mL, 120 μIU/ mL (0.3 mL gach ceann). Réidh le húsáid.\nClúdach: 1 bhéal ina bhfuil 50 ml de 10x buffer níocháin. Má breathnaítear ar thorthaí sa réiteach 10x, téigh ag 37oC go dtí go n-imíonn na thorthaí. Ullmhaigh 1x Wash Buffer mo mheascadh 50 mL de 10x Wash Buffer le 450 mL diH2O.\nSlíocht Substrate: 1 bhuidéal ina bhfuil 12 mL de substrate TMB (3, 3, 5, 5- Tetramethylbenzidine). Réidh le húsáid. Ná cuir i láthair an tsolais é.\nSolution Stop: 1 bhéal ina bhfuil 12 mL de réiteach réidh le húsáid stop.\nIs éard atá sa Insulin ELISA ná imuimhnathástáil enzyme sandwich cainníochtúil. Tá an t-ábhar a úsáidtear chun an t-ábhar a scriosadh agus a scriosadh ag an am céanna. Tar éis aon substaintí neamhcheangailte a ní, cuirtear tuaslagán TMB leis chun dath a fhorbairt i gcomhréir leis an méid Insulin daonna a cheangail ar dtús. Cuirtear stop le forbairt an dhath trí réiteach aigéadaithe a chur leis agus cinnítear an dlús optúil. Trí chúrsa caighdeánach a phlátaíocht i gcomparáid le hionchaithint tomhaiste, is féidir méid an antaigin sa sampla a ríomh. Léirítear tiúchan an antaigin i μIU/mL.\nTá calibratóirí sa trealamh agus is féidir iad a úsáid in aon saotharlann a bhfuil léitheoir pláta ann. Tá an trealamh oiriúnach chun tiúchan Insulin daonna a chinneadh go cainníochtúil i plasma serum, agus samplaí supernatant cultúir chealla. Is féidir leis an tástáil torthaí a sholáthar laistigh de 90 nóiméad.\nSampla amháin! Ná húsáid le haghaidh ríomhanna\n4 Cúrva Paraméadair\nCúrva Athbhunaithe Log-log\nMeastar gurb é an príomhhormón anabalacha é, déantar insinílín i gcealla béite an pancreas. Is é a phríomhfheidhm meitibileacht a rialáil trí chur chun cinn a dhéanamh ar ionsú glúcóis isteach sa ae, i matáin, agus saille ón sruth fola. Nuair a bhíonn an méid glúcóis sa fhuil - ar a dtugtar siúcra fola - ard, freagraíonn cealla béite trí inslin a eisiúint isteach sa fhuil. Ar a mhalairt, nuair a bhíonn leibhéil siúcra fola íseal, cuirtear bac ar shrianta insulin.\nTá cealla béite a tháirgeann inslin a scriosadh i ngníomh autoimmune ag ainmhithe le diaibéiteas Cineál 1. Is é an toradh ná cion siúcra fola neamhghnácha ard agus meath ginearálta ar an gcomhlacht. Tá caillteanas feidhmiúlacht béite ag daoine le diaibéiteas Cineál 2 trí chruinniú amyloid sna hoileáin pancreas a chuireann friotaíocht insliní i bhfíochán imill. Is minic a dhéantar comorbidities ilfhada a bhreathnú, mar shampla, ardteannas, murtall, agus galar cardashoithíoch i siondróm meitibileach nach dtuigeann go maith.\nCuardaigh an suíomh seo le haghaidh ImmunoDiagnostics"} {"text": "The Panama Canal\nSince the discovery of the Pacific coast of Panama, visionaries dreamed of one day creating a great passageway from the Atlantic to the Pacific, thus avoiding the 12,000-mile journey around the tip of South America. That day finally came in August of 1914, after decades of planning and excavation. Although only 40 miles from shoreline to shoreline, the ingenuity and tenacity of the canal's creators are evident with each and every movement of this magnificent lake-and-lock-type canal. It's bound to be a voyage you will never forget.\nThe Panama Canal extends approximately 80 km. (50 miles) from Panama City on the Pacific Ocean to Colon on the Caribbean Sea. It is widely considered to be one of the world's great engineering achievements. The United States is the largest user of the Canal in terms of cargo tonnage, as either port of origin or destination, although Asian countries are beginning to close the gap. About 12% of U.S. sea-borne international trade, in terms of tonnage, passes through the Canal annually. Ships bound for Japan from the East Coast of the United States save about 3,000 miles by going through the Canal; ships sailing from Ecuador to Europe save about 5,000 miles.\nAround 13,000 ships transit the Canal each year, hauling an estimated four- percent of the world's goods around the globe. About 70 percent of all trade through the Canal are coming from or heading to the U.S. Traffic is projected to increase two percent per year.\nFifty (50) million gallons of fresh water are needed to float one ship through the Canal and all of it is supplied free of charge by forests on the surrounding hillsides, which capture the abundant tropical rains and feed the Canal with rivers.\nThe Panama Canal Authority has implemented a $1 billion improvement program to maintain the Canal and keep it competitive. The program includes the widening of the narrow Gaillard Cut allowing two-way traffic for even the largest ships and increasing Canal capacity.\nIn 1903, the Republic of Panama and the United States signed the original Panama Canal Treaty, which allowed the United States to build and operate a canal connecting the Pacific Ocean with the Caribbean Sea through the Isthmus of Panama. The Treaty granted the United States the use, occupation, and control of a Canal Zone, approximately 10 miles wide, in which the United States possessed full sovereign rights. In return, the United States guaranteed the independence of Panama and paid the government of Panama $10 million, as well as an annuity of $250,000, which each year increased at a rate far beyond that of inflation.\nOn September 7, 1977, a new Panama Canal Treaty was signed by President Torrijos of Panama and President Carter of the United States that transferred full control of the Canal to Panama on December 31, 1999. Under this Treaty, the Panama Canal Company, the Canal Zone, and its government were disenfranchised on October 1, 1979, and replaced by the Panama Canal Commission that operated the Canal during the 20-year transition period that began with the Treaty. The Panama Canal Commission has now been replaced by a new Panamanian entity, the Panama Canal Authority. The treaty guarantees permanent neutrality of the Canal. Control over U.S. military facilities in the former Panama Canal Zone has reverted to Panamanian authority. The U.S. Southern Command and U.S. Army South troops moved out of Panama at the end of 1999.\nPanama Canal Developments\nThe Canal itself is undergoing a modernization and maintenance program of up to $1 billion, which includes finishing of the widening of Gaillard Cut as well as improvement of the locomotives (mulas) used to guide the ships through the locks, the docks, the tugs and all the machinery of the Canal operation. In addition, the Panama Canal Authority has announced preparations for constructing a third set of locks. A multi-phase program includes building additional water reservoirs to increase water availability both for the Canal and the terminal cities; dredging the entrances to the Canal to allow the entrance of larger ships to the ports; similarly deepening Gaillard Cut and Gatun Lake; building the new locks and constructing two bridges over the next ten years.\nPorts and Railroad\nAdditionally, Panama's ports are expanding their container transshipment capacity. Manzanillo International Terminal completed a $100 million expansion program, the port of Balboa is finishing a $130 million expansion program, and another $200 million phase three program. The Evergreen port at Colon will enter a second phase of expansion and a new port at Farfan, on the Pacific side, will be defined.\nAll this activity will allow Panama to transship over 2.8 million containers per year around year 2005 and continue growing over the years making Panama the No.1 container transshipment center in Latin America.\nTogether with the ports, the restored railroad by Kansas City Southern Railways already operational connect the ports creating a land bridge to complement the Canal.\nThis port and railroad activity will require additional services from the local economy such as financing, insurance, specialized maintenance and repair, electricity and water, telecommunications, trained manpower and other services, and it will create new business opportunities for logistics and cargo industries.\nSome of the multi-million dollar investment opportunities include:\nThe development of major intermodal transportation and logistics centers at Colon and at the Howard/Farfan complex on the Pacific, including the construction of a new container port at Farfan.\nShip owners services, servicing of vessels, ship repair and maintenance, container repair, intermodal cargo services.\nThe future construction of the third set of locks, which will include the necessity for additional water resources, expanded hydroelectric power generation, the expansion of the entrances to the Canal and the deepening of Gatun Lake and Culebra Cut.\nContracts related to the Panama Canal operation (provisions, equipment, material, construction, consulting etc.) that reached $135 million in 2001, not including purchases of $22 million.\nProvision of concessionary services to the ports (power, water, fuel, material, food, banking services, telecommunications, maintenance and repair, dredging) estimated at between $47 and $60 million annually).\nServices to passengers and crewmembers transiting the Canal, which in 2000 numbered 255,571 and 458,134 respectively.\nServices to smaller ships, such as yachts and motor cruisers, which totaled 1,748 in 2001.\nThe relocation of approximately 8 to 10 thousand persons, as a result of Canal expansion, requiring housing and infrastructure.\nCruise ship reception and tourism.\nIn terms of related air transport opportunities, Tocumen International Airport should be developed as an international and regional hub for both passenger traffic and cargo; the former Howard airforce base should become an aviation industrial center, making use of its modern airport facilities; and construction of the cargo airport at France Field in the Atlantic must be completed.\nHoward/Farfan Multimodal Project\nThe studies made for the development of this sector clearly indicate that their location at the entrance and west shore of the Panama Canal is ideal for the establishment of a multimodal center for industry and the commerce. The existing airport infrastructure, and advance telecommunications facilities and the integration of the just in time manufacture with the multimodal transport will provide fast and flexible connections between users, suppliers and clients.\nThese areas and facilities that reverted to Panama at the end of 1999 have a total area of 2,628 hectares, and are one of the most important sites based on the opportunities for the development in the shores of the Canal in the Pacific.\nA New Opportunity: Container Port in Farfan\nLocated at the Panama Canal’s entrance, near to the bridge of the Americas, the 253 hectares of Farfan are part of the former air base of Howard, the biggest military airport that the EE.UU Armed Forces had outside of the United States.\nThe Japanese government through its Agency for the Development (JICA), prepared a feasibility study that reveals that after occurring the maximum development of the Balboa port and after its modernization, Farfan can become the second great port of containers in the Pacific.\nThis port will be part of the multimodal center of transport that Panama promotes. With a view to integrate itself more indeed to the system of international transport its proximity to the port of Balboa and the airport of Howard makes this site especially attractive for the predicted development.\nBusiness Opportunities of the Howard Project:\nCenter of repair and maintenance of airplanes and helicopters.\nDevelopment of a harbor complex in Farfan\nLogistic center of manufacturing and distribution\nIndustrial parks and processing zones for export\nDevelopment of residential areas\nEstablishment of educative and institutional centers\nRecreational parks, of sports and tourist and recreational activities.\nHoward/Farfan has an estimated value of US$1 billion that will require participation from major developers or consortiums.\nThe Panama Canal plays a significant role in the country's economy and has contributed an average of six percent of Panama's GDP since the 1980s.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-35", "url": "http://www.interpanama.com/en/tp/34/22/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1409535919886.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20140909043823-00090-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9330475926, "token_count": 1856, "score": 4.0625, "int_score": 4, "irish_text": "An Canail Phanama\nÓ aimsíodh cósta Pacific na Panama, léargas a bhí ar fhísheolaithe lá amháin a chruthú ar bhealach mór ó an Atlantaigh go dtí an Aigéan Ciúin, agus mar sin a sheachaint an turas 12,000 míle timpeall an ceann de Mheiriceá Theas. Tháinig an lá sin sa deireadh i mí Lúnasa 1914, tar éis na ndeich mbliana de phleanáil agus de dhíthchruthú. Cé nach bhfuil ach 40 míle ó chósta go cósta, tá ingneacht agus diongbháilteacht chruthaitheoirí an chainéil le feiceáil le gach gluaiseacht den chainéil iontach seo den chineál loch agus cló. Tá sé faoi cheangal a bheith ina turas nach mbeidh tú dearmad riamh.\nTá an Canail Panama thart ar 80 km ar fad. (50 míle) ó Panama City ar an Aigéan Ciúin go Colon ar an Mhuir Chaibí. Meastar go forleathan gurb é an t-inneall seo ceann de na héachtaí innealtóireachta is mó ar domhan. Is iad na Stáit Aontaithe an t-úsáideoir is mó den Chainéal i dtéarmaí tonnáiste lasta, mar chalafort tionscnaimh nó ceann scríbe, cé go bhfuil tíortha na hÁise ag tosú ag dúnadh an bhearna. Téann thart ar 12% de thrádáil idirnáisiúnta muirí na Stát Aontaithe, i dtéarmaí tonnáiste, tríd an gCanail go bliantúil. Sábhálann longa atá ag dul go dtí an tSeapáin ó Chósta Thoir na Stát Aontaithe thart ar 3,000 míle trína dul tríd an gCanail; sábhálann longa atá ag seoltóireacht ó Eacwadór go dtí an Eoraip thart ar 5,000 míle.\nTéann thart ar 13,000 long tríd an gCanail gach bliain, agus meastar go bhfuil ceithre faoin gcéad de earraí an domhain á n-iompar ar fud an domhain. Tá thart ar 70 faoin gcéad den trádáil ar fad tríd an gCanail ag teacht ó na Stáit Aontaithe nó ag dul chuig na Stáit Aontaithe.\nTá gá le 50 milliún galún de uisce úr chun long amháin a shruthlú tríd an gCanail agus soláthraítear an t-uisce go léir saor in aisce ag foraoisí ar na cnoic timpeall, a ghlacann na báistí trópaiceacha iomadúla agus a chuireann abhainní ar an gCanail.\nTá clár feabhsaithe $ 1 billiún curtha i bhfeidhm ag Údarás Canail Panama chun an Canail a chothabháil agus é a choinneáil iomaíoch. Áirítear sa chlár leathnú Gaillard Cut caol a cheadaíonn trácht dhá bhealach fiú do na longa is mó agus cumas Cainéal a mhéadú.\nSa bhliain 1903, shínigh Poblacht na hPáinama agus na Stáit Aontaithe Conradh Canála na Páinama bunaidh, a lig do na Stáit Aontaithe canáil a thógáil agus a oibriú a nascann an Aigéan Ciúin leis an Mhuir Chairib trí Isthmus na Páinama. Thug an Conradh na Stáit Aontaithe úsáid, áitíocht agus rialú ar Ghléas Conair, thart ar 10 míle ar leithead, ina raibh cearta uile-rialacha ag na Stáit Aontaithe. Ina dhiaidh sin, d'fhógair na Stáit Aontaithe neamhspleáchas Panama agus d'íoc siad $10 milliún le rialtas Panama, chomh maith le $250,000 in aon bhliain, rud a mhéadaigh i bhfad níos mó ná an ráta boilscithe.\nAr 7 Meán Fómhair 1977, shínigh Uachtarán Torrijos de Phainamá agus Uachtarán Carter na Stát Aontaithe Conradh Nua um Chanáil Phainamá a d'aistrigh rialú iomlán an Chainéil chuig Phainamá ar 31 Nollaig, 1999. Faoi Chonradh seo, dífhostaíodh an Chuideachta Chanáil Phánaim, an Limistéar Chanáil, agus a rialtas ar 1 Deireadh Fómhair, 1979, agus cuireadh an Coimisiún Chanáil Phánaim ina ionad a d'oibrigh an Chainéal le linn na tréimhse idirthréimhseach 20 bliain a thosaigh leis an gConradh. Tá eintiteas nua de chuid Phánaim, Údarás Chanáil Phánaim, tar éis teacht in ionad Choimisiún Chanáil Phánaim. Ráthaíonn an conradh neodracht buan an Chanála. Tá smacht ar áiseanna míleata na Stát Aontaithe sa tSean-Canail Phanama iar-aisghabháil ag údarás na Phanama. D'éirigh trúpaí an Chúige Theas na SA agus na hAeráide Mheiriceá ó Panama ag deireadh 1999.\nForbairtí ar Chainéal Phánaima\nTá clár nuachóiriú agus cothabhála suas le $ 1 billiún á dhéanamh ar an gCanail féin, lena n-áirítear deireadh a chur le leathnú Gaillard Cut chomh maith le feabhas a chur ar na locomotives (mulas) a úsáidtear chun na longa a threorú trí na sliseanna, na doic, na tugs agus an meaisíníocht go léir d'oibríocht an Chainéal. Ina theannta sin, d'fhógair Údarás Canail Phánaima go bhfuil ullmhúcháin á ndéanamh chun an tríú sraith slis a thógáil. Áirítear ar chlár ilchéime ná cisterneanna uisce breise a thógáil chun fáil uisce a mhéadú don Chainéal agus do na cathracha críochfoirt araon; na hiontrálacha don Chainéal a dhragáil chun ligean do longa níos mó dul isteach sna calafoirt; Gaillard Cut agus Loch Gatun a dhoimhneáil ar an gcaoi chéanna; na sliseanna nua a thógáil agus dhá dhroichead a thógáil sna deich mbliana amach romhainn.\nChalafoirt agus Iarnród\nIna theannta sin, tá calafoirt Phánaima ag leathnú a gcumas trasloingseoireachta coimeádáin. Tá clár leathnaithe $ 100 milliún críochnaithe ag críochfort idirnáisiúnta Manzanillo, tá clár leathnaithe $ 130 milliún ag críochnú calafort Balboa, agus clár céim a trí $ 200 milliún eile. Cuirfear calafort Evergreen i Colon isteach i dara céim den leathnú agus sainfear calafort nua i Farfan, ar thaobh an Aigéin Chiúin.\nCuirfidh an ghníomhaíocht seo go léir ar chumas Panama níos mó ná 2.8 milliún coimeádán a thras-loingsiú in aghaidh na bliana timpeall 2005 agus leanúint ag fás thar na blianta ag déanamh Panama mar an ionad trasloingseoireachta coimeádán Uimh. 1 i Meiriceá Laidineach.\nChomh maith leis na calafoirt, nascann an iarnród athchóirithe ag Iarnróid Theas Kansas City na calafoirt ag cruthú droichead talún chun an Conair a chomhlánú.\nBeidh gá le seirbhísí breise ón ngeilleagar áitiúil mar mhaoiniú, árachas, cothabháil agus deisiú speisialaithe, leictreachas agus uisce, teileachumarsáid, saotharlaigh oilte agus seirbhísí eile, agus cruthaíonn sé deiseanna gnó nua do thionscail lóistíochta agus lasta.\nI measc na deiseanna infheistíochta il-milliún dollar tá:\nForbairt na n-ionad móra iompair agus lóistíochta idirmhodála ag Colon agus ag an gcomhchoimpléasc Howard/Farfan ar an Aigéan Ciúin, lena n-áirítear calafort coimeádáin nua a thógáil ag Farfan.\nSeirbhísí úinéirí long, seirbhís long, deisiú agus cothabháil long, deisiú coimeádáin, seirbhísí lasta idirmhodála.\nTógadh an tríú sraith sléibhte amach anseo, a chuimsíonn an gá le hacmhainní uisce breise, táirgeadh cumhachta hidrealaíoch leathnaithe, leathnú iontrálacha an Chainéal agus doimhneacht Loch Gatun agus Culebra Cut.\nConarthaí a bhaineann le hoibriú Chanáil Phánamá (soláthairtí, trealamh, ábhar, tógáil, comhairliúchán etc.) go raibh $ 135 milliún ann i 2001, gan ceannacháin $ 22 milliún a áireamh.\nSeirbhísí coinsíneacha a sholáthar do na calafoirt (cumhacht, uisce, breosla, ábhar, bia, seirbhísí baincéireachta, teileachumarsáid, cothabháil agus deisiú, dréagáil) a mheastar a bheith idir $47 agus $60 milliún in aghaidh na bliana.\nSeirbhísí do phaisinéirí agus do bhaill foirne a bhí ag taisteal tríd an gCanail, a raibh 255,571 agus 458,134 acu in 2000 faoi seach.\nSeirbhísí do longa níos lú, amhail iátha agus cruiseoirí mótair, a bhí 1,748 in 2001.\nAthshuíomh thart ar 8 go 10 míle duine, mar thoradh ar leathnú na Cainéil, a éilíonn tithíocht agus bonneagar.\nFáilte chuig long turais agus turasóireacht.\nMaidir le deiseanna a bhaineann le haer-iompar gaolmhar, ba cheart Aerfort Idirnáisiúnta Tocumen a fhorbairt mar mhol idirnáisiúnta agus réigiúnach do thrácht paisinéirí agus lasta araon; ba cheart go mbeadh an iarbhonn aerfhórsa Howard ina ionad tionsclaíoch eitlíochta, ag baint úsáide as a chuid áiseanna aerfoirt nua-aimseartha; agus ní mór tógáil aerfort lasta ag France Field san Atlantaigh a chur i gcrích.\nTionscadal Ilmhódail Howard/Farfan\nLéiríonn na staidéir a rinneadh maidir le forbairt na hearnála seo go soiléir go bhfuil a suíomh ag iontráil agus ar chósta thiar Chanáil Phána mhanaidh oiriúnach chun ionad ilmhódail a bhunú do thionscal agus do thrádáil. Beidh an bonneagar aerfoirt atá ann cheana, agus na háiseanna teileachumarsáide chun cinn agus an comhtháthú den mhonarú díreach in am leis an iompar ilmhódail ag soláthar naisc tapa agus solúbtha idir úsáideoirí, soláthraithe agus custaiméirí.\nTá limistéar agus áiseanna a d'fhill ar Panama ag deireadh 1999 ar limistéar iomlán de 2,628 heicteár, agus tá siad ar cheann de na suíomhanna is tábhachtaí bunaithe ar na deiseanna le haghaidh forbartha ar chóstaí an Chainéal sa Aigéan Ciúin.\nDeis Nua: Port Coimeádáin i Farfan\nLonnaithe ag iontráil Chanáil Phánamá, gar do bhrú na Meirice, tá 253 heicteár Farfan mar chuid de bhunachar aeir Howard, an t-aerfort míleata is mó a bhí ag Fórsaí Armtha na SAE lasmuigh de na Stáit Aontaithe.\nUllmhaigh rialtas na Seapáine trína Ghníomhaireacht um Fhorbairt (JICA), staidéar indéantachta a nochtann go bhféadfaidh Farfan a bheith ar an dara calafort mór coimeádáin sa Aigéan Ciúin tar éis forbairt uasta calafort Balboa a bheith ann agus tar éis a nuachóiriú.\nBeidh an calafort seo mar chuid den ionad iompair ilmhódail a chuireann Panama chun cinn. D'fhonn é féin a chomhtháthú níos mó i ndáiríre le córas iompair idirnáisiúnta déanann a chaidreamh le calafort Balboa agus aerfort Howard an suíomh seo tarraingteach go háirithe don fhorbairt a bhfuiltear ag súil leis.\nDeiseanna Gnó an Tionscadail Howard:\nIonad um dheisiú agus cothabháil eitleáin agus héileacaptair.\nComhdhéanamh coimpléasc calafoirt i Farfan\nIonad lóistíochta déantúsaíochta agus dáileacháin\nPáirceanna tionsclaíocha agus limistéir phróiseála chun onnmhairí a dhéanamh\nForbairt ceantair chónaithe\nIonad oideachais agus institiúideacha a bhunú\nPáirceanna áineasa, spóirt agus gníomhaíochtaí turasóireachta agus áineasa.\nTá luach measta $ 1 billiún ag Howard / Farfan a éilíonn rannpháirtíocht ó fhorbróirí nó comhchoiltiúirí móra.\nTá ról suntasach ag an gCanail Panama i ngeilleagar na tíre agus tá sé rannpháirteach ar an meán de shé faoin gcéad de OTI na Panamá ó na 1980idí."} {"text": "Last Friday, SoundEarth hosted its first-ever South Sound Environmental Managers Forum in Tacoma. The idea behind this series of monthly events is to provide not only short, timely presentations on topics that affect environmental managers and their facilities, but also a place where they can share advice, ideas, concerns, and solutions with their peers away from the facility.\nFor our first round, we talked about Dangerous Waste and Community Right-to-Know Reporting. Here’s a peak at what we covered:\nWhat is Solid Waste? What is Hazardous Waste?\nWe clarified RCRA’s definitions and the differences between listed hazardous waste and characteristic hazardous waste. In particular, here are the rules specific to listed waste that you should note:\nMixture Rule: A waste mixture that includes a RCRA-listed hazardous waste is automatically a RCRA-listed hazardous waste and carries the listing with the mixture. The chemical concentrations in the waste are irrelevant.\nDerived from Rule: “Once a RCRA-listed hazardous waste, always a RCRA listed hazardous waste.” Waste generated from treatment, storage, or disposal is derived from a RCRA-listed hazardous waste. Ex. If listed waste is incinerated, the ash still carries the listed waste code even if the chemicals were destroyed during incineration.\nContained-in Rule: If you are disposing of soil or groundwater contaminated with a listed dangerous waste, you must manage the entire volume as if it were dangerous waste until it no longer contains the dangerous waste or is de-listed. Under Ecology’s contained-in policy, Ecology may determine that your contaminated soil or groundwater no longer contains a listed dangerous waste or is below risk-based levels.\nWashington-Specific Waste Rules and Reporting\nThe “Dangerous Waste Regulations” are Washington State’s own set of rules that are more stringent than their federal counterparts, so we clarified the definitions of state-only dangerous waste and state-only special waste.\nWe also summarized what goes into Washington State’s Dangerous Waste Annual Report and who is required to submit one. There have been recent changes to the reporting system and to the requirements of the report. Most importantly, you should know:\n- Every site with an active EPA/State ID Number must submit a dangerous waste annual report to the Department of Ecology\n- Report Due Date: March 1\n- No extensions are given!\n- Submit all reports electronically through TurboWaste\n- 84-page guide for RY2018 available\nEmergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act\nThe key purposes of EPCRA are to protect public health, safety, and the environment from chemical hazards; to create a partnership between, state, local agencies, tribal nations, and industry; to plan for emergencies and disasters; and to provide important information for first responders.\nThere are four reports that fall under EPCRA:\n- Emergency Response Planning\n- Emergency Release Notifications\n- Hazardous Chemical Inventory Reporting (Tier Two)\n- Toxics Release Inventory (TRI) Reporting\nThis month, we covered Tier Two reports, their requirements and who is subject to them (tip, they’re also due March 1).\nNext month, the South Sound Environmental Managers Forum will cover TRI Reports.\nIf you’d like more information on any of the above or are interested in receiving a copy of the presentation materials, please email us. Similarly, if you’re in Tacoma or the surrounding areas and work in a capacity similar to an environmental manager, please join us for the next Forum! Email us for more information.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-40", "url": "https://soundearthinc.com/soundearth-hosts-first-south-sound-forum-summary-of-dangerous-waste-and-community-right-to-know-reporting/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506658.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20230924155422-20230924185422-00243.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9246568084, "token_count": 741, "score": 2.640625, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Dé hAoine seo caite, d'óstáil SoundEarth a chéad Fóram Bainistithe Comhshaoil South Sound i Tacoma. Is é an smaoineamh atá taobh thiar den tsraith imeachtaí míosúla seo ná cur i láthair gairid, tráthúil a sholáthar ar ábhair a théann i bhfeidhm ar bhainisteoirí comhshaoil agus a saoráidí, ach freisin áit inar féidir leo comhairle, smaointe, imní agus réitigh a roinnt lena gcairde lasmuigh den saoráid.\nMaidir lenár gcéad bhabhta, labhair muid faoi Dhramhaíl Chuntasach agus Tuarascáil um Cheart an Phobail ar Eolas. Seo pictiúr de na rudaí a d'fhorbair muid:\nCad é an Dramhaíola Dhomhsa? Cad é an Dramhaíl Chuntasach?\nRinneamar sainmhínithe RCRA agus na difríochtaí idir dramhaíl bhagairt liostaithe agus dramhaíl ghnéasach a shoiléiriú. Go háirithe, seo na rialacha atá sonrach do dhramhaíl liostaithe ar cheart duit a bheith ar an eolas fúthu:\nRialacha maidir le meascáin: Is dramhaíl contúirteach atá liostaithe ag RCRA é meascán dramhaíola ina bhfuil dramhaíl contúirteach atá liostaithe ag RCRA agus déantar an liosta a iompar leis an meascán. Tá na tiúchan ceimiceacha sa dramhaíl neamhábhartha.\nTógadh as Riail: Aon uair a liostaítear dramhaíl contúirteach RCRA, i gcónaí dramhaíl contúirteach RCRA. Tógadh dramhaíl a ghintear ó chóireáil, stóráil nó diúscairt ó dhramhaíl contúirteach RCRA. Ex. Má dhéantar dramhaíl liostaithe a dhó, beidh an cód dramhaíl liostaithe fós ar an scamhóg fiú má scriosadh na ceimiceáin le linn na dóite.\nRiail atá i gceist: Má tá tú ag fáil réidh le ithir nó le talamh-uisce atá truaillithe le dramhaíl contúirteach atá liostaithe, ní mór duit an méid iomlán a bhainistiú amhail is dá mba dramhaíl contúirteach é go dtí nach bhfuil an dramhaíl contúirteach ann a thuilleadh nó go ndéantar é a bhaint as an liosta. Faoi bheartas atá i gceist ag Ecology, féadfaidh Ecology a chinneadh nach bhfuil dramhaíl thirim atá liostaithe ann a thuilleadh i do thalamh nó i do thalamh-uisce truaillithe nó go bhfuil sé faoi bhun leibhéil riosca.\nRialacha agus Tuairisciú Dramhaíola Sonacha Washington\nIs é an \"Rialachán um Dhramhaíl Chuntasach\" sraith rialacha féin Stáit Washington atá níos déine ná a gcomhghleacaithe cónaidhme, mar sin shoiléireamar na sainmhínithe ar dhramhaíl chuntasach stáit amháin agus ar dhramhaíl speisialta stáit amháin.\nRinneamar achoimre freisin ar an méid a théann isteach i dTuarascáil Bhliantúil Dramhaíl Stáit Washington agus ar cé a cheanglaítear ar dhuine a chur isteach. Tá athruithe le déanaí tagtha ar an gcóras tuairiscithe agus ar na ceanglais a bhaineann leis an tuarascáil. Is é an rud is tábhachtaí, ba chóir duit a fhios:\n- Ní mór do gach suíomh a bhfuil Uimhir Aitheantais EPA/State gníomhach aige tuarascáil bhliantúil dramhaíola contúirteacha a chur faoi bhráid na Roinne Éiceolaíochta\n- Dáta Tuarascála: 1 Márta\n- Ní dhéantar aon síneadh a thabhairt!\n- Cuir gach tuarascáil isteach go leictreonach trí TurboWaste\n- Treoir 84 leathanach le haghaidh RY2018 ar fáil\nAn tAcht um Pleanáil Éigeandála agus an tAcht um Cheart an Phobail ar Eolas\nIs iad príomhchuspóirí EPCRA sláinte an phobail, sábháilteacht agus an timpeallacht a chosaint ó bhagairtí ceimiceacha; comhpháirtíocht a chruthú idir stát, gníomhaireachtaí áitiúla, náisiúin treibheacha agus an tionscal; pleanáil le haghaidh éigeandálaí agus tubaistí; agus faisnéis thábhachtach a sholáthar do chéad fhreagróirí.\nTá ceithre thuarascáil ann a thagann faoi EPCRA:\n- Pleanáil Freagartha Éigeandála\n- Fógraí um Scaoileadh Éigeandála\n- Tuairiscithe ar Fhionnstáil Cheimiceach contúirteach (Leibhéal a Dó)\n- Tuairisciú ar Inventar scaoilte tocsaineacha (TRI)\nAn mhí seo, rinneamar clú ar thuairiscí Leibhéal a Dó, a riachtanais agus cé atá faoi réir iad (leabhrán, tá siad le teacht ar an 1 Márta freisin).\nAn mhí seo chugainn, déanfaidh Fóram Bainistithe Comhshaoil South Sound tuarascálacha TRI a chlúdach.\nMás mian leat tuilleadh faisnéise a fháil faoi aon cheann de na nithe thuasluaite nó má tá suim agat cóip de na hábhair cur i láthair a fháil, cuir ríomhphost chugainn. Ar an gcaoi chéanna, má tá tú i Tacoma nó sna ceantair máguaird agus má tá tú ag obair i gcáil atá cosúil le bainisteoir comhshaoil, tar éis an chéad Fhóram eile, bí linn! Seol ríomhphost chugainn le haghaidh tuilleadh faisnéise."} {"text": "Dermatologist: The Most Qualified Physician for Skin Problems.\nThe skin is the largest and most visible organ of the body. It reflects the health of the body and acts as a barrier against injury and bacteria. Sadly, at one time or another, nearly everyone has some type of skin disease that only a skin doctor can absolutely give the scientific explanation for those skin problems. Dermatologist is a medical doctor specializing on the study of the skin, diseases of the skin and the relationship of cutaneous lesions to systemic disease. Dermatologist is a medical doctor trained to usually combine several activities like seeing patients in public hospitals and/or in private practices, acting as consultants to other specialists, teaching and delving into clinical or basic research.\nThe dermatologist must have expertise in basic sciences including pathology, biochemistry, physics, physiology, microbiology and endocrinology. Because skin diseases are often associated with internal conditions, dermatologist must also be familiar with all the other medical specialties because of their consultant work. Dermatologist likewise perform skin surgery in several situations like preventing or providing early control of disease such as skin cancer; improve skin's appearance by removing growths, discolorations or damage caused by ageing; and to establish a definite diagnosis.\nThere are several responsibilities that dermatologist has including examining patients, performing biopsies and other diagnostic techniques of dermatology, interpreting test results and evaluating examination findings before prescribing treatments, including x-ray therapy, physical therapy and medication. Dermatological services are as well managed by dermatologist like formulating plans and procedures for dermatological services, scheduling operation of diagnostic and treatment facilities, and assigning nurses, physical therapists, x-ray therapists and other medical technicians. The dermatologist advises on the types and quantity of dermatological supplies and equipment, coordinate dermatological services with other medical activities.\nThere are however several types of health care providers who can take care of your skin conditions aside from dermatologist. The first thing that you need to know about picking a skin specialist is the probability that you are really badly in need to see a specialist as sometimes your condition may not need the specialist. Therefore, it is important that you know when you really need to see a dermatologist. Some conditions are exclusively treated by a dermatologist especially with severe forms of common diseases such as acne, rosacea and atopic dermatitis. Most skin cancers are treated by dermatologist, sometimes in conjunction with a surgeon. There is also the dermatologist who utilizes various specialized laboratory procedures to diagnose disorders characterized by defective responses of the body's immune system.\nGetting a referral from your physician is a great help and of high importance in finding the right dermatologist who will be working with you. It is important that you are assured that the dermatologist has the right credentials for the medical procedure(s) that your skin demands. You may have to do some preliminary check that will enable you to be prepared and educated prior to your consultation. Such steps are critical as it will help you achieve a successful outcome. You have to have a give-and-take dialogue assuring that you and your dermatologist have the same vision of what you want the end result to be as well as your expectations are realistic. The communication between you and the skin doctor is of most importance as you are considering things about your skin or associated problems.\nAre You Sure Your Diet Doesnt Affect Your Acne?\nFor those of you who have met me, you know I am often mistaken for being an 18 year old when in actuality I am 27. I am currently teaching after-school cooking classes in Brooklyn to middle school kids and I was mistaken for one of the students by an employee. I almost got in trouble for being in the hallway!\nAcne -- Prevention And Treatment\nAcne is the most common skin related ailment in the United States, and although it is non-lethal it can have very detrimental psychological effects due to its highly visible nature and the scarring it can cause on the skin. Acne can effect all age groups but it is most prominent in the 12-24 age group.\nStop, That Little White Bump May Not Be A Zit After All\nWhite bumps bugging you? Just because you have little white bumps on your face does not necessarily mean that you have acne. Milia, are little balls of protein beneath the skin that do not have a pore, or hole in the skin through which to escape.\nWhy You Will Never Achieve Long-Lasting Acne Free Skin With The ?External? Acne Treatments Today\nMost of the acne treatments out there just do not have what it takes to get rid of acne.\n7 Little Known Acne Skin Care Secrets\nAn acne problem is not a problem, so long as you know wise acne skin care tips. One does need much money to get that healthy glowing skin, with the natural acne skin care methods, acne should not be treated like monsters under your bed. Here are some acne skin care methods we can practice.\nAcne ? A Clean Face ? First Step In A 12 Step Program\nFor those that need more than a special cream like Scotty's Face Cream, then you need to work harder to get rid of acne. Since acne is a condition that occurs from within your body and exhibits on the outside of your body, you need to,\nThe Best Acne Treatments\nThe best acne treatments may be the ones that help you avoid the acne in the first place. The best acne treatments can be prescribed by your doctor. You will have to decide the best acne treatments for you.\nHere?s The One Thing You Can Start Doing Today That Can Help Prevent Acne\nYou probably do not know this yet but product wastes and toxic build up in your system is one of the main reasons why you have acne or why your skin breaks out.\nRemedying the Silly Ways Women Get Acne When Applying Makeup and Moisturizers\nWomen spend thousands of dollars to create a flawless face. Yet faulty or uninformed uses of moisturizers and makeup can lead to inexplicable breakouts for women.\nAcne is an inflammation of the skin that affects people from every country and every culture around the world. In the US, acne is predominantly thought of as a teenage dilemma, as more than eighty percent of teens and preteens will develop some form of acne. However, the condition certainly affects a large number of adults and even infants. The scientific name for the condition is acne vulgaris because acne usually strikes in plainly visible locations such as the face, neck, chest and back. There are various types of acne that range in annoyance, severity, and healing time. The most severe type of acne may even lead to scars that if not treated properly, may be visible for a lifetime. If you or a loved one is troubled by severe acne, here is what you need to know about acne scars and what you need to do to avoid and care for them.\nHerbal Therapy for Acne Treatment\nBecause prevention is the best way to protect your skin from the scarring associated with severe acne, many dermatologists recommend that controlling problematic acne through diet, regular cleansing procedures, and herbal remedies, is the most effective way to combat the tendencies of skin that is prone to acne and acne-related scarring.\nNatural Acne Treatments ? Helpful Remedies in Your Kitchen\nThese days we are exposed to so many harsh chemicals, and many people are beginning to wonder if the products that contain these substances are in fact as good for us as the advertising claims. Various skin conditions, such as acne, are increasingly recognized as symptoms of an imbalance in the way we live, leading many people to begin their search for a natural acne treatment that includes healthy eating and regular exercise. But for those of us whose skin requires a little further help ? are there any natural acne treatments available that can help us improve our skin?\nPerforming Microdermabrasion at Home\nMicrodermabrasion kits have been designed for medical professionals, estheticians, and, now, home microdermabrasion kits are available for anyone who pampers their skin. Quality and price vary widely. Most home microdermabrasion kits provide the aluminum oxide, micro-crystal creams, rejuvenating lotions, a delicate exfoliating hand-piece or wand, and foam applicators. Other home kits may only provide micro-crystal creams, an exfoliating cloth, and repairing lotions. The treatments can be done over a \"lunch break\" with no recovery time needed.\n8 Simple Steps for Treating Adult Acne\nThe number people over 30 needing acne treatments has climbed to the extent that a report published in Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology recommends raising the age for insurance coverage of the acne drug tretinoin to at least 40. The authors of the report, Drs. Steven Feldman and Alan Fleischer, dermatologists at Wake Forest University Baptist Medical Center, add that many insurance companies refuse to pay for tretinoin prescriptions for patients older than 25.\nAcne Program ? Step 11 Herbal Mixtures To Drink\nHerbal combinations are a powerful way to reduce or eliminate acne symptoms. But, using herbal mixtures can sometimes increase acne activity or breakout temporarily. Do not panic, since herbs are a powerful way to cleanse the blood and start the acne healing process.\nDistressing Acne and Its Probable Causes\nIf you are on your teenage years, pretty good chances that you have some acne. About 8 to 10 preteens and teens have acne along with many adults. It is but a common skin problem that is considered to be a normal part of puberty. Apparently, it does make teen or any individual uncomfortable and it does not make it easier when you look in the mirror and see the big pimple on your face or chin. However, there is good news such as simple steps that will help you feel better about your face.\nMicro Dermabrasion ? Hurting Skin to Heal it?\nAcne is an upsetting condition that can be sometimes very difficult to clear, its treatment usually involving the application to the skin of a multitude of cleansers and other potions in a long process of trial and error that can be extremely frustrating for the patient. Clear skin, when it is finally achieved, is thus a thing to be cherished by most former sufferers, and most certainly not something to be taken lightly. So while there is little doubt that recovered acne patients will view their often scarred skin with disappointment, many are unwilling to risk its hard won clarity by trying scar reducing techniques, such as micro dermabrasion, chemical peels or laser treatment. And while medical advances are improving these techniques all the time ? micro dermabrasion, for example, was developed as a gentler form of more traditional dermabrasion ? those with delicate skin would be wise to carefully weigh up the possible advantages of receiving treatment with the possible risks.\nHow to Brush Your Skin to Relieve Acne\nBrushing your skin with a brush or cloth is an excellent way to improve the appearance of your skin. If you have acne, this brushing will help to eliminate toxins through the skin and reduce the toxins that accumulate in your acne.\nAcne is bad enough when it strikes with puberty. But when it continues or strikes again in adulthood, it can be a real nuisance. Acne is a skin condition that usually begins around the time of puberty. More than eighty percent of teenagers and preteens will develop acne to some extent. But it can affect people of every age, gender, and race. It affects both males and females, but boys are more likely to have severe acne and to have acne that continues into adult acne.\nAll Natural Acne Treatments\nAt some point in your life you will probably suffer from acne. Almost everyone does. There has been a great deal of news about acne treatments recently with many claiming a combination of an acne prevention diet and some of the all natural acne treatments to be the answer. So you might want to try that route.\nCopyright © 2005 - 2020 ebookorama.com All Rights Reserved.\nThis website is a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for sites to earn advertising fees by advertising and linking to amazon.com.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-29", "url": "http://acne-medication.ebookorama.com/Dermatologist-Most-Qualified-Physician-for-Skin-Problems.php", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655896169.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20200708000016-20200708030016-00183.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9505255222, "token_count": 2529, "score": 2.765625, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Deirmeolaí: An dochtúir is cáilithe le haghaidh fadhbanna craicinn.\nIs é an craiceann an t-orgán is mó agus is infheicthe sa chorp. Léiríonn sé sláinte an chomhlachta agus oibríonn sé mar bhac i gcoinne díobhála agus baictéir. Ar an drochuair, ag am éigin nó eile, tá cineál éigin galar craicinn ag beagnach gach duine nach féidir ach le dochtúir craicinn an míniú eolaíoch a thabhairt go hiomlán ar na fadhbanna craicinn sin. Is dochtúir míochaine é dermatologist a dhéanann staidéar ar an gcraiceann, ar ghalair an chraiceann agus ar an gcaidreamh idir léasaí craiceann agus galar córais. Is dochtúir leighis é dermatologist a bhfuil oiliúint aige chun roinnt gníomhaíochtaí a chomhcheangal de ghnáth mar othair a fheiceáil in ospidéil phoiblí agus / nó i gcleachtais phríobháideacha, ag gníomhú mar chomhairleoirí do speisialtóirí eile, ag múineadh agus ag dul i mbun taighde cliniciúil nó bunúsach.\nNí mór saineolas a bheith ag an dermatologist i bhfianaise eolaíochtaí bunúsacha lena n-áirítear paiteolaíocht, bithcheimic, fisiceolaíocht, fisiceolaíocht, micreabhiolaíocht agus endocrinology. Toisc go mbíonn galair chraiceann bainteach go minic le riochtaí inmheánacha, ní mór do dhochtúir na craicinn a bheith eolach ar na speisialtóireachtaí leighis eile go léir mar gheall ar a gcuid oibre comhairleoireachta. Déantar máinliacht chraiceann ag dermatologist freisin i roinnt cásanna mar chosc nó rialú luath ar ghalair mar ailse craicinn; cuma an chraiceann a fheabhsú trí fhásanna, athchraobhálacha nó damáiste a tharlaíonn mar gheall ar aosú a bhaint; agus diagnóis chinnte a bhunú.\nTá roinnt freagrachtaí ag dermatologist lena n-áirítear othair a scrúdú, biopsies a dhéanamh agus teicnící diagnóiseacha eile dermatology, torthaí tástála a léiriú agus torthaí scrúdaithe a mheas sula ndéantar cóireálacha a fhorordú, lena n-áirítear teiripe raidió-x, teiripe fisiceach agus cógais. Tá seirbhísí déirmeolaíocha á mbainistiú ag dermatologist chomh maith le pleananna agus nósanna imeachta a fhoirmiú do sheirbhísí déirmeolaíocha, oibriú á sceidealadh d'áiseanna diagnóise agus cóireála, agus altraí, teiripeoirí fisiceacha, teiripeoirí r-ghathanna agus teicneoirí leighis eile a shannadh. Tugann an dermatologist comhairle maidir le cineálacha agus cainníocht soláthairtí agus trealaimh dermatological, comhordaíonn sé seirbhísí dermatological le gníomhaíochtaí leighis eile.\nTá roinnt cineálacha soláthraithe cúraim sláinte ann, áfach, ar féidir leo cúram a thabhairt do do choinníollacha craiceann seachas do dhochtúir na craicinn. Is é an chéad rud a chaithfidh a bheith ar eolas agat maidir le speisialtóir craiceann a roghnú ná an dóchúlacht go bhfuil gá mór agat le speisialtóir a fheiceáil mar uaireanta ní fhéadfaidh do riocht an speisialtóir a bheith ag teastáil. Dá bhrí sin, tá sé tábhachtach go mbeadh a fhios agat cathain is gá duit dul chuig dermatologist. Déileálann dermatologist le roinnt coinníollacha go heisiach go háirithe le foirmeacha tromchúiseacha de ghalair choitianta mar acne, rosacea agus dermatitis atopic. Déileálann dermatologist leis an gcuid is mó de na hailse craicinn, uaireanta i gcomhar le máinliacht. Tá an dermatologist ann freisin a úsáideann nósanna imeachta saotharlainne speisialaithe éagsúla chun neamhoird a dhiagnóisiú a bhfuil saintréith acu ar fhreagraí lochtanacha an choirp a bheith ciontach.\nTá sé an-chabhrach agus an-tábhachtach dul chuig do dhochtúir chun an dermatologist ceart a fháil a bheidh ag obair leat. Tá sé tábhachtach go bhfuil tú cinnte go bhfuil na teastais cheart ag an dermatologist don nós imeachta leighis a éilíonn do chraiceann. B'fhéidir go mbeidh ort roinnt réamh-mheas a dhéanamh a chuirfidh ar do chumas tú a bheith ullamh agus oideachasúil sula ndéanfaidh tú do chomhairliúchán. Tá sé ríthábhachtach go ndéanfá na céimeanna sin mar go gcabhróidh sé leat toradh rathúil a bhaint amach. Ní mór duit a bheith ag comhrá a dhéanamh lena chinntiú go bhfuil an fhís chéanna agat féin agus le do dhochtúir craicinn maidir leis an toradh deiridh is mian leat a bheith agus go bhfuil do chuid ionchais réalaíoch. Tá an cumarsáid idir tú féin agus an dochtúir craiceann an-tábhachtach agus tú ag smaoineamh ar rudaí a bhaineann le do chraiceann nó fadhbanna gaolmhara.\nAn bhfuil tú cinnte nach ndéanann do aiste bia difear do do acne?\nI gcás na ndaoine a bhuail liom, tá a fhios agat go bhfuil mé go minic mícheart le bheith 18 bliain d'aois nuair i ndáiríre tá mé 27. Táim ag múineadh ranganna cócaireachta i ndiaidh na scoile faoi láthair i Brooklyn do pháistí meánscoile agus rinne fostaí mícheart orm mar cheann de na mic léinn. Bhí mé beagnach i dtrioblóid as a bheith sa halla!\nAcne - Cosc agus Cóireáil\nIs é acne an tinneas craiceann is coitianta sna Stáit Aontaithe, agus cé nach bhfuil sé marfach, is féidir go mbeadh éifeachtaí síceolaíocha an-díobhálacha aige mar gheall ar a nádúr an-inbhreathnaithe agus ar an scarring is féidir leis a chur ar an gcraiceann. Is féidir le acne difear a dhéanamh do gach grúpa aoise ach tá sé is suntasaí sa ghrúpa aoise 12-24.\nStop, go Bump beag bán B'fhéidir nach bhfuil a Zit tar éis an tsaoil\nAn bhfuil cnámha bána ag cur isteach ort? Ní gá go gciallóidh sé go bhfuil acne agat toisc go bhfuil cnapáin bheaga bána ar do aghaidh. Is liathróidí beaga próitéine iad Milia faoi chraiceann nach bhfuil por, nó poll sa chraiceann acu chun éalú tríd.\nCén fáth nach bhfaighidh tú craiceann saor ó acne le fada an lá le \"Eachtrann? Cóireálacha Acne sa Lá atá inniu ann\nNíl an chuid is mó de na cóireálacha acne amuigh ansin díreach an méid a thógann sé chun fáil réidh le acne.\n7 Rudaí Cúram Craiceann Aicín nach bhfuil mórán eolais orthu\nNí fadhb é fadhb acne, chomh fada agus a bhfuil a fhios agat leideanna cliste cúram craiceann acne. Ní gá go leor airgid a fháil chun an craiceann sláintiúil seo a fháil, leis na modhanna cúraim craiceann acne nádúrtha, níor cheart acne a chóireáil mar mhionstraí faoi do leaba. Seo roinnt modhanna cúraim craiceann acne is féidir linn a chleachtadh.\nAcne ? Ag Dul i gCeart ? An Chéad Céim i gClár 12 Céim\nI gcás na ndaoine sin a bhfuil níos mó ná uachtar speisialta de dhíth orthu cosúil le Scotty's Face Cream, ansin ní mór duit oibriú níos deacra chun fáil réidh le acne. Ós rud é go bhfuil acne ina riocht a tharlaíonn ó taobh istigh de do chorp agus taispeántais ar an taobh amuigh de do chorp, ní mór duit,\nNa Cóireálacha Acne is Fearr\nB'fhéidir gurb iad na cóireálacha acne is fearr iad siúd a chabhraíonn leat an acne a sheachaint ar an gcéad dul síos. Is féidir le do dhochtúir na cóireálacha is fearr le haghaidh acne a fhorordú. Beidh ort cinneadh a dhéanamh ar na cóireálacha acne is fearr duitse.\nSeo an rud amháin is féidir leat tosú ag déanamh inniu a chabhróidh le acne a chosc\nIs dócha nach bhfuil a fhios agat é seo go fóill ach is é dramhaíola táirgí agus tócsaine a thiomáint i do chóras ceann de na príomhchúiseanna a bhfuil acne agat nó cén fáth a bhris do chraiceann amach.\nAg cur na Bealaí amaideach a Fhágann Mná Acne a Fháil nuair a bhíonn Gruaim agus Uisceacháin á gcur i bhfeidhm\nCaitheann mná na mílte dollar chun aghaidh foirfe a chruthú. Ach d'fhéadfadh úsáid lochtghlacadóirí agus makeup a bheith mícheart nó gan eolas a bheith mar thoradh ar bhrúigh nach féidir a mhíniú do mhná.\nIs tinneas athlastaithe craiceann é acne a théann i bhfeidhm ar dhaoine ó gach tír agus ó gach cultúr ar fud an domhain. Sna Stáit Aontaithe, meastar go príomha gur dúshlán déagóirí é acne, mar go bhforbróidh níos mó ná ochtó faoin gcéad de dhéagóirí agus réamh-éagóirí cineál acne. Mar sin féin, is cinnte go mbíonn tionchar ag an riocht ar líon mór daoine fásta agus fiú leanaí. Is é an t-ainm eolaíoch ar an riocht ná acne vulgaris toisc go mbíonn acne de ghnáth ag bualadh i suíomhanna atá le feiceáil go soiléir mar an duine, an muineál, an chistin agus an cúl. Tá cineálacha éagsúla acne ann a théann ó thaobh annoyance, déine, agus ama leigheas. D'fhéadfadh an cineál is déine acne fiú scars a bheith ann nach bhfeictear ar feadh an tsaoil mura ndéantar cóireáil chuí orthu. Má tá tú féin nó duine a bhfuil grá agat ag fulaingt ó acne tromchúiseach, seo a bhfuil ar eolas agat faoi scars acne agus cad is gá duit a dhéanamh chun iad a sheachaint agus cúram a thabhairt dóibh.\nTeiripe luibhe le haghaidh cóireáil acne\nToisc gurb é an cosc an bealach is fearr chun do chraiceann a chosaint ar an scarring a bhaineann le acne tromchúiseach, molann go leor dermatologists go bhfuil rialú acne fadhbanna trí aiste bia, nósanna imeachta glantacháin rialta, agus leigheasanna luibhe, an bealach is éifeachtaí chun dul i ngleic le claonadh craiceann atá buailteach le acne agus scarring a bhaineann le acne.\nCóireálacha Acne Nádúrtha ? Leigheasanna Cabhrach i Do Chistin\nSa lá atá inniu ann, tá an oiread sin ceimiceáin chrua againn, agus tá go leor daoine ag tosú ag fiafraí an bhfuil na táirgí a bhfuil na substaintí seo iontu chomh maith dúinn i ndáiríre agus a deir na fógraíochtaí. Tá galair éagsúla craicinn, mar shampla acne, á aithint go méadaitheach mar shinicíocht ar mhíchothromú sa tslí ina bhfuilimid ag maireachtáil, rud a fhágann go bhfuil go leor daoine ag tosú ar chóireáil nádúrtha acne a chuimsíonn ithe sláintiúil agus aclaíocht rialta. Ach dóibh siúd againn a bhfuil gá le beagán cabhrach breise ag a gcraiceann ? an bhfuil aon chóireálacha nádúrtha acne ar fáil a chabhróidh linn ár gcraiceann a fheabhsú?\nMicrodermabrasion a dhéanamh sa bhaile\nTá trealamh micreodhermabrasion deartha do ghairmithe leighis, do na heisteoirí, agus anois, tá trealamh micreodhermabrasion baile ar fáil do dhuine ar bith a dhéanann an craiceann a mhúscailt. Tá éagsúlacht mhór ann maidir le cáilíocht agus praghas. Soláthraíonn an chuid is mó de na trealamh micredhermabrasion tí ocsaíd alúmanaim, uachtar micreacristal, lotions athnuachana, píosa láimhe nó baillín íogair exfoliating, agus iarratasóirí scamhó. Ní fhéadfaidh trealamh baile eile ach uachtar micreacriostail, éadach exfoliating, agus lotions a athshlánú. Is féidir na cóireálacha a dhéanamh le linn \"sceacht lóin\" gan aon am a theastaíonn chun é a ghnóthú.\n8 Céimeanna simplí chun acne a chóireáil i measc daoine fásta\nTá líon na ndaoine os cionn 30 bliain d'aois a bhfuil cóireálacha acne de dhíth orthu tar éis dul suas go dtí an méid sin go moltar i dtuarascáil a foilsíodh i Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology an aois a ardú chun an clúdach árachais a fháil ar an druga acne tretinoin go 40 bliain ar a laghad. Tá an tuarascáil seo á chur i láthair ag na húdair, an Dr. Cuireann Steven Feldman agus Alan Fleischer, dermatologists ag Wake Forest University Baptist Medical Center, leis go bhfuil go leor cuideachtaí árachais ag diúltú íoc as oideas tretinoin do othair atá os cionn 25 bliain d'aois.\nClár Acne ? Céim 11 Meascáin luibheanna le hól\nIs bealach cumhachtach é meascáin luibheanna chun comharthaí acne a laghdú nó a dhíchur. Ach, is féidir le meascáin luibheanna a úsáid uaireanta gníomhaíocht acne nó briseadh amach a mhéadú go sealadach. Ná bíodh imní ort, ós rud é go bhfuil luibheanna ina bhealach cumhachtach chun an fhuil a ghlanadh agus tús a chur leis an bpróiseas leigheas acne.\nAcne Truachtála agus a Cúiseanna B'fhéidir\nMá tá tú ar do blianta déagóireachta, tá seans maith go bhfuil roinnt acne agat. Tá acne ag thart ar 8 go 10 duine fásta agus déagóirí chomh maith le go leor daoine fásta. Ní hé ach fadhb chraiceann coitianta a mheastar a bheith ina chuid gnáth den fhéilire. Is cosúil go ndéanann sé tinneas an tí nó aon duine míchompordach agus ní chuireann sé níos éasca nuair a fhéachann tú sa scáthán agus a fheiceann tú an pimple mór ar do aghaidh nó ar do chin. Mar sin féin, tá dea-scéal ann, mar shampla céimeanna simplí a chabhróidh leat mothú níos fearr a bheith agat faoi do chraiceann.\nMicreodrámaibreasíon ? An Gortú Craiceann chun é a Fhoghlaim?\nIs staid chasta é acne a d'fhéadfadh a bheith an-deacair a scriosadh uaireanta, agus is gnách go mbíonn baint ag a chóireáil le húsáid iliomad glantacháin agus deochanna eile ar an gcraiceann i bpróiseas fada triail agus earráide a d'fhéadfadh a bheith an-frustrach don othar. Dá bhrí sin, nuair a bhíonn craiceann glan, nuair a dhéantar é a bhaint amach sa deireadh, is rud é a bhfuil an chuid is mó de na daoine a bhí ag fulaingt ann roimhe seo a bheith ag cur luach air, agus is cinnte nach rud é a ghlacadh go héasca. Mar sin cé nach bhfuil mórán amhras ann go bhfeicfidh othair acne a shroich a gcraiceann a bhíonn scarráilte go minic le díomá, níl go leor acu toilteanach a shoiléireacht a fuarthas go crua a chur i mbaol trí theicnící a laghdú scarr, mar shampla micro-dermabrasion, peeling ceimiceach nó cóireáil léasair. Agus cé go bhfuil dul chun cinn leighis ag feabhsú na teicnící seo an t-am ar fad ? Bhí an micro dermabrasion, mar shampla, a fhorbairt mar fhoirm níos socair de níos traidisiúnta dermabrasion ? Ba cheart do dhaoine a bhfuil craiceann íogair acu na buntáistí a d'fhéadfadh a bheith ann a fháil ó chóireáil a mheas go cúramach leis na rioscaí a d'fhéadfadh a bheith ann.\nConas do Chraiceann a Brú le Caitheamh le Acne\nIs bealach iontach é do chraiceann a ghlanadh le scuab nó le clúdach. Má tá acne agat, cabhróidh an scuabadh seo le tocsainí a dhíchur tríd an gcraiceann agus na tocsainí a thiománaíonn i do acne a laghdú.\nTá acne dona go leor nuair a bhuaileann sé le puberty. Ach nuair a leanann sé nó a thosaíonn sé arís san aois fásta, is féidir go mbeadh sé ina fhadhb fíor. Is galar craicinn é acne a thosaíonn de ghnáth timpeall an fhéidearthachta. Beidh níos mó ná ochtó faoin gcéad de dhéagóirí agus de na daoine atá roimh an aois sin ag forbairt acne go pointe éigin. Ach is féidir le daoine de gach aois, inscne, agus ciníoch a bheith i gceist leis. Bíonn tionchar aige ar fhir agus ar mhná araon, ach is dóichí go mbeidh acne tromchúiseach ag buachaillí agus go mbeidh acne acu a leanann ar aghaidh go dtí acne fásta.\nGach Cóireáil Náisiúnta ar Acne\nAg pointe éigin i do shaol is dócha go mbeidh tú ag fulaingt ó acne. Is cosúil go bhfuil beagnach gach duine. Tá go leor nuachta ann faoi chóireálacha acne le déanaí agus éilíonn go leor acu gur meascán de aiste bia cosc acne agus cuid de na cóireálacha acne uile-nádúrtha a bheith mar fhreagra. Mar sin b'fhéidir gur mhaith leat iarracht a dhéanamh ar an mbealach sin.\nCopyright © 2005 - 2020 ebookorama.com Gach Cearta Coimeádta.\nTá an suíomh Gréasáin seo ina rannpháirtí i gClár Amazon Services LLC Associates, clár fógraíochta cleamhnaithe atá deartha chun bealach a sholáthar do shuíomhanna táillí fógraíochta a thuilleamh trí fhógraíocht a dhéanamh agus nasc a dhéanamh le amazon.com."} {"text": "This video will look at how to create some of the more common DNS records on Windows Server using Remote Administration Tools for Windows 8.\nThe Windows 8 computer has Remote Server Administration Tools installed which means it can be used to administer Microsoft DNS Server running on another computer.\n1) To open DNS Manager, open charms by moving the mouse pointer to the top right of the screen and then selecting the icon Administrative Tools. Inside Administrative tools is the shortcut DNS to run DNS manager.\n2) When you first run DNS manager it will ask which computer you want to perform administration on. You should enter in the name of the server that you are running Microsoft DNS server on.\n3) In DNS Manager, DNS records are organized into containers. Most of the general DNS records that you will create are located under Forward Lookup Zones.\n4) Under Forward Look Up zones is a container for each Forward Lookup Zone. In this container are the DNS records that have been created for that forward lookup zone, however some of the DNS records do not appear in the container. If you right click the zone file and select properties and then select the Start of Authority tab, this shows all the data that is contained in the SOA record. Every zone has an SOA record. Since there is only one SOA record, and there has to be one, Microsoft decided to make it so the SOA record could only be modified by changing the properties of the zone.\nStart of Authority (SOA)\nPrimary server: Is a server that holds the primary zone for that zone. The primary zone is a server that contains a writable copy of the DNS data.\nResponsible Person: This is the e-mail address of a person who is responsible for looking after that zone. The value is only valid if the @ sign is changed to a period.\nName Server (NS)\nThis data is accessed via the properties of the zone and selecting the tab Name Servers. Servers that appear in the name servers tab are considered to be DNS servers that hold the best source of information for that zone. They do not have to have a writeable copy of the zone file, it is just that they need DNS servers that contain an up-to-date copy of the DNS server and answers given by that server for that DNS server are considered to have authority or are correct.\nCreating new records\nTo create a new DNS record, right click the zone and select new, followed by the type of DNS record that you want to create.\nA Record or AAAA\nThis record type creates a mapping from a name to an IP Address. An A record is used for IPv4 and AAAA or Quad A is used for IPV6.\nWhen you create an A or AAAA record, you have a tickbox, create associated pointer (PTR) record tickbox. When this tick box is ticked, a reverse lookup record will be created for the A record if a reverse lookup zone exists. A reverse look up zone allows a client to determine the host name given the IP Address.\nA CNAME record allows the administrator to create a DNS record that effectively redirects the request to a different record. For example, if you had a CNAME record called ftp, you could configure the CName record to point to any other host record on the network. The advantage of this is it can change the CName at any time to point to a different server. The only down side of this approach is that if the client has the old record in their cache, the client will keep using this DNS record until its cache expires.\nTo create a new CName, right click on the zone and select the option, New Alias (CName). In the alias name enter in the name that you want to use. For the fully qualified domain name you can enter in the name or the IP Address. If you enter in the name, that name used does not need to be in the same namespace as the zone that it is created in.\nNew Mail Exchanger (MX)\nWhen an external e-mail server has e-mail for a particular domain name, the external e-mail server will contact a DNS server and ask for the MX record. The MX record will contain the name of a server that can receive e-mail for that zone.\nEach MX record has a value of Mail server priority. When multiple MX records exist, the MX record with the lowest priority will be used. If two or more MX records exist and they both have the same priority value, e-mail will be randomly sent to each of the mail servers listed in all the MX records with the same lowest priority value. To create an MX Record, right click the zone and select the option New Mail Exchanger (MX). Next, press browse to browse to the DNS record that you want to use for this mail exchanger record or enter in the IP Address. On this screen also enter in the mail server priority value. Since this record will be created so that a user will be able to access a mail server, it is a good idea to make sure the tick box “Delete this record when it becomes stale” is not ticked. If this tickbox is ticked, potentially the DNS server can remove this DNS record later on.\nOther New Records\nIf the DNS record that you want to create is not listed when you right click the zone, select the option “Other New Records”. This will show DNS records that are not common DNS records.\nSee http://YouTube.com/ITFreeTraining or http://itfreetraining.com for our always free training videos. This is only one video from the many free courses available on YouTube.\n“DNS best practices” http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc778439(v=ws.10).aspx", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-47", "url": "http://itfreetraining.com/dns/record-demo", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934809160.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20171124234011-20171125014011-00607.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9001799226, "token_count": 1210, "score": 2.90625, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Beidh an físeán seo ag breathnú ar conas a chruthú ar roinnt de na taifid DNS níos coitianta ar Windows Server ag baint úsáide as Uirlisí Riaracháin Ar Imeall do Windows 8.\nTá Uirlisí Riaracháin Freastalaí Ar Imeall suiteáilte ar ríomhaire Windows 8 rud a chiallaíonn gur féidir é a úsáid chun Freastalaí DNS Microsoft a reáchtáil ar ríomhaire eile a riaradh.\n1) Chun Bainisteoir DNS a oscailt, oscail charms trí phointeoir an luch a bhogadh go barr ar dheis an scáileáin agus ansin an íocán Uirlisí Riaracháin a roghnú. Taobh istigh uirlisí Riaracháin tá an DNS gearrthreorach chun bainisteoir DNS a reáchtáil.\n2) Nuair a rithfidh tú bainisteoir DNS den chéad uair, iarrfaidh sé ar an ríomhaire ar mian leat riarachán a dhéanamh air. Ba chóir duit a chur isteach i ainm an freastalaí go bhfuil tú ag rith freastalaí Microsoft DNS ar.\n3) I Bainisteoir DNS, eagraítear taifid DNS i gcoimeádáin. Tá an chuid is mó de na taifid DNS ginearálta a chruthaíonn tú suite faoi Réimsí Cuardaigh ar Chúl.\n4) Faoi réimsí Forward Lookup tá coimeádán do gach Réimsí Forward Lookup. Sa choimeádán seo tá na taifid DNS a cruthaíodh don chrios cuardaigh sin ar aghaidh, ach ní thaispeántar cuid de na taifid DNS sa choimeádán. Má chliceálann tú ar dheis ar an gcomhad crios agus roghnaíonn tú airíonna agus ansin roghnaíonn tú an cluaisín Tús Údarás, taispeánann sé seo na sonraí go léir atá sa taifead SOA. Tá taifead SOA ag gach crios. Ós rud é nach bhfuil ach SOA taifead amháin, agus ní mór go mbeadh ceann amháin, Microsoft chinn chun é a dhéanamh ionas nach féidir an SOA taifead a mhodhnú ach amháin trí athrú ar na hairíonna an chrios.\nTús an Údaráis (SOA)\nFreastalaí bunscoile: Freastalaí a shealbhaíonn an phríomhchrios don chrios sin. Is é an príomhchrios freastalaí ina bhfuil cóip scríofa de na sonraí DNS.\nDuine freagrach: Seo seoladh ríomhphoist an duine atá freagrach as an gcrios sin a chothabháil. Ní bheidh an luach bailí ach amháin má athraítear an comhartha @ go pointe.\nFreastalaí Ainm (NS)\nRinneadh rochtain ar na sonraí seo trí shaincheisteanna an chrios agus trí roghnú an chlár Seirbhísigh Ainm. Meastar gur freastalaithe DNS iad na freastalaithe a thaispeántar sa chlár freastalaithe ainm a shealbhaíonn an fhoinse faisnéise is fearr don chrios sin. Ní gá go mbeadh cóip scríofa den chomhad crios acu, ach is gá dóibh freastalaithe DNS a bhfuil cóip cothrom le dáta den fhreastalaí DNS ann agus meastar go bhfuil údarás nó go bhfuil na freagraí a thugann an freastalaí sin don fhreastalaí DNS sin ceart.\nTaifid nua a chruthú\nChun taifead DNS nua a chruthú, cliceáil ar dheis ar an gcrios agus roghnaigh nua, agus ansin an cineál taifead DNS is mian leat a chruthú.\nTaifead nó AAAA\nCruthaíonn an cineál taifead seo maipáil ó ainm go Seoladh IP. Úsáidtear taifead A le haghaidh IPv4 agus AAAA nó Quad A le haghaidh IPV6.\nNuair a chruthaíonn tú taifead A nó AAAA, tá bosca tick agat, bosca tick a chruthú taifead pointeoir gaolmhar (PTR). Nuair a bheidh an bosca seo tickáilte, cruthaítear taifead cuardaigh aistrithe don taifead A má tá limistéar cuardaigh aistrithe ann. Ligeann crios cuardaigh aistrithe do chliaint an t-ainm óstach a chinneadh ar a dtugtar an Seoladh IP.\nCeadaíonn taifead CNAME don riarthóir taifead DNS a chruthú a atreoraíonn an t-iarratas go héifeachtach go taifead difriúil. Mar shampla, má bhí taifead CNAME agat ar a dtugtar ftp, d'fhéadfá an taifead CName a chumrú chun pointe a dhéanamh ar aon taifead óstach eile ar an líonra. Is é an buntáiste atá leis seo gur féidir leis an CName a athrú ag am ar bith chun pointe a dhéanamh ar fhreastalaí difriúil. Is é an t-aon taobh síos den chur chuige seo ná má tá an sean-taifead ag an gcliant ina gcáche, leanfaidh an cliant ag úsáid an taifead DNS seo go dtí go rachaidh a chách.\nChun CName nua a chruthú, cliceáil ar dheis ar an gcrios agus roghnaigh an rogha, New Alias (CName). Sa ainm bréagach cuir isteach an t-ainm is mian leat a úsáid. Maidir leis an ainm fearainn láncháilithe is féidir leat an t-ainm nó an Seoladh IP a iontráil. Má chuireann tú isteach sa ainm, ní gá go mbeadh an t-ainm sin sa spás ainmneacha céanna leis an gcrios ina gcruthaítear é.\nMalartóir nua ríomhphoist (MX)\nNuair a bhíonn ríomhphost ag freastalaí ríomhphoist seachtrach le haghaidh ainm fearainn ar leith, cuirfidh an freastalaí ríomhphoist seachtrach i dteagmháil le freastalaí DNS agus iarrfaidh sé an taifead MX. Beidh ainm freastalaí ar féidir le ríomhphost a fháil don chrios sin sa taifead MX.\nTá luach tosaíochta freastalaí Post ag gach taifead MX. Nuair a bhíonn taifid MX iolracha ann, úsáidfear an taifead MX a bhfuil an tosaíocht is ísle aige. Má tá dhá thaifead MX nó níos mó ann agus má tá an luach tosaíochta céanna ag an dá cheann acu, seolfar ríomhphost go randamach chuig gach ceann de na freastalaithe poist atá liostaithe sna taifid MX go léir leis an luach tosaíochta is ísle céanna. Chun Taifead MX a chruthú, cliceáil ar dheis ar an gcrios agus roghnaigh an rogha Malartóir Post Nua (MX). Ansin, brúigh ar bhrabhsáil chun an taifead DNS a theastaíonn uait a úsáid don taifead malartaithe ríomhphoist seo a bhrabhsáil nó an Seoladh IP a iontráil. Ar an scáileán seo cuir isteach freisin i luach tosaíochta an fhreastalaí ríomhphoist. Ós rud é go gcruthófar an taifead seo ionas go mbeidh úsáideoir in ann rochtain a fháil ar fhreastalaí ríomhphoist, is smaoineamh maith é a chinntiú nach bhfuil an bosca tick Scrios an taifead seo nuair a thiocfaidh sé chun bheith stale tickáilte. Má tá an bosca seo ticked, is féidir leis an bhfreastalaí DNS an taifead DNS seo a bhaint níos déanaí.\nTaifid Nua Eile\nMá tá an taifead DNS gur mian leat a chruthú nach bhfuil liostaithe nuair a chliceáil ceart ar an gcrios, roghnaigh an rogha Tuairiscí Nua Eile. Taispeánfaidh sé seo taifid DNS nach taifid DNS coiteann iad.\nFéach http://YouTube.com/ITFreeTraining nó http://itfreetraining.com le haghaidh ár gcuid físeáin oiliúna saor in aisce i gcónaí. Níl sa físeán seo ach ceann amháin de na cúrsaí saor in aisce atá ar fáil ar YouTube.\nDNS dea-chleachtais http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc778439(v=ws.10).aspx"} {"text": "These eight lesson plans weave stories of immigration and collective action together with traditional Jewish texts to create a rich investigation of Jewish involvement in the American Labor Movement. Identify the connections between human needs, work, and community, examine real-life examples of how to create social change, and look closely at contemporary labor issues through a Jewish lens.\nHow to cite this page\nJewish Women's Archive. \"Living the Legacy Labor Lessons.\" (Viewed on December 8, 2023) .", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-50", "url": "https://jwa.org/teach/livingthelegacy/labor/lessons", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100762.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20231208144732-20231208174732-00523.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9027070403, "token_count": 118, "score": 3.171875, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Tá na hocht phlean ceachta seo ag tógáil scéalta maidir le hinimirce agus gníomh comhchoiteann le téacsanna traidisiúnta Giúdach chun fiosrúchán saibhir a dhéanamh ar rannpháirtíocht Giúdach i Ghluaiseacht Oibre Mheiriceá. Aithníonn sé naisc idir riachtanais an duine, obair agus pobal, scrúdaíonn sé samplaí fíor-saoil ar conas athrú sóisialta a chruthú, agus féachann sé go dlúth ar shaincheisteanna saothair comhaimseartha trí lionsa Giúdach.\nConas an leathanach seo a lua\nAchsaíocht na mBan Giúdach. \"An Léachtaí Oidhreachta Oibre a Chothú\". (Chonacthas ar 8 Nollaig 2023) ."} {"text": "Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is a prevalent virus with an affinity for the nervous system. Reactivation of the virus within the brain parenchyma either directly or through retrograde spread along the cranial nerves (especially trigeminal and olfactory) can result in a severe encephalitis that is universally fatal without early treatment. In fact, HSV is the most common cause of fatal encephalitis worldwide and in the US and is associated with significant morbidity even with appropriate treatment.\nDiagnosis: Herpes Encephalitis\nFigure 1: Increased (a,red arrow) FLAIR signal abnormality preferential for the left mesial temporal lobe is T1 hypointense (b, blue arrow ). It does not demonstrate restricted diffusion (c, green arrow) or enhance (not shown).\nClinical symptoms include a rapid onset of fever, headache,neck stiffness, photophobia, altered mental status seizures, focal neurologic signs, and impaired consciousness. Lumbar puncture classically demonstrates increased opening pressure, normal glucose, elevated protein and mild pleocytosis.\nUnderstanding the imaging features of HSV encephalitis is important, since empiric antiviral therapy should be initiated if there is any suspicion for the condition. MRI is the most sensitive imaging modality. Imaging findings include T2/FLAIR signal abnormality involving the cortical and subcortical regions within the limbic system, especially the mesial temporal lobe. The findings are possibly bilateral but commonly asymmetric. There may be associated restricted diffusion on DWI and hemorrhage suggested by foci of decreased signal intensity on GRE sequences. Patchy or gyriform enhancement may be seen in these regions after contrast administration, or there may be no enhancement at all. The differential diagnosis also includes infarct and astrocytoma. A signal abnormality that lacks territorial restricted diffusion or that crosses vascular territories in a patient with sudden onset of symptoms and a suggestive LP help to differentiate HSV from infarct and tumor.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-34", "url": "https://docneuro.com/herpes-encephalitis/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439738950.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20200812225607-20200813015607-00489.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8887774348, "token_count": 416, "score": 2.640625, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Is víreas forleathan é víreas Herpes simplex cineál 1 (HSV-1) a bhfuil gaol aige leis an gcóras néarógach. Is féidir le athghníomhachtú an víris laistigh den pharancím inchinn go díreach nó trí scaipeadh aisghabhálach ar feadh na néaróg cranial (go háirithe trigeminal agus olfactory) a bheith mar thoradh ar encefalitis throm atá marfach go forleathan gan cóireáil luath. Go deimhin, is é HSV an chúis is coitianta d'eencephalitis marfach ar fud an domhain agus sna Stáit Aontaithe agus tá baint aige le morbidity suntasach fiú le cóireáil chuí.\nDiagnóis: Herpes Encephalitis\nFigiúr 1: Tá T1 hypointense (b, saighead gorm) mar an rogha is fearr le haghaidh an loib timpálach mesialach chlé. Ní léiríonn sé scaipeadh srianta (c, saighead glas) ná feabhas (ní léirítear).\nI measc na hairíonna cliniciúla tá teas tapa, tinneas cinn, stiffness muineál, photophobia, seizures staid mheabhrach athraithe, comharthaí néarlógacha fócais, agus lagú ar an gcomhfhios. Léiríonn puncture lumbar brú oscailte méadaithe, glúcóis gnáth, próitéin ard agus pleocytosis éadrom.\nTá sé tábhachtach go dtuigfí gnéithe íomháíochta na heincéfailíte HSV, ós rud é gur chóir cóireáil an-bhíorasach a thosú má tá aon amhras ann go bhfuil an riocht ann. Is é MRI an modh íomháithe is íogaire. I measc na dtorthaí íomháithe tá neamhghnáchas comhartha T2 / FLAIR a bhaineann leis na réigiúin cortical agus subcortical laistigh den chóras limbic, go háirithe an lob temporal mesial. Is féidir go bhfuil na torthaí déthaobhacha ach go coitianta neamhréireach. D'fhéadfadh go mbeadh scaipeadh srianta i gceist le DWI agus le hemorrhage a mholtar le fócais de dhísheas comhartha laghdaithe ar shreath GRE. D'fhéadfadh feabhsú neamhfhillte nó gyriform a bheith le feiceáil sna réigiúin seo tar éis an contrast a riaradh, nó d'fhéadfadh nach mbeadh feabhsú ar chor ar bith ann. Áirítear ar an diagnóis dhifreálach infarct agus astrocytoma freisin. Cabhraíonn neamhghnáchas comhartha nach bhfuil leathadh teoranta críochach ann nó a thrasnaíonn ceantair bhaiscúil i dtríotóir a bhfuil comharthaí tobann ann agus LP a thugann le fios a bheith ag idirdhealú HSV ó infarct agus tumor."} {"text": "To bend plywood, attach a crosscut blade to a table saw, set the fence an inch from the blade, cut kerf lines into the wood, and then bend the wood. Practice cutting kerf lines into a separate piece of plywood to determine the appropriate depth and spacing of the lines.Continue Reading\nRemove the normal blade from your table saw, and attach the crosscut blade. Set the blade height to half an inch.\nPosition the fence so the saw cuts 1 inch from the edge of the board.\nArrange the plywood with the finish side facing up, and position one edge of the wood against the fence. Make kerf cuts parallel to the grain of the finish. Turn on the saw. Carefully slide 6 inches of the plywood through the saw.\nSlide the fence half an inch from the blade, and make a second line across the wood. Continue the process until you cover the plywood in parallel grooves.\nAttach the scored plywood to the frame, and bend the wood into the desired shape. If the wood cracks or bends too much, cut a replacement by lowering the blade 1/6 inch. If the wood does not bend enough, double the number of lines.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-47", "url": "https://www.reference.com/home-garden/bend-plywood-2e3767d4440a07b8", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934805687.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20171119153219-20171119173219-00297.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8638425469, "token_count": 249, "score": 2.5625, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Chun plátaí a chlúdach, cuir sciath tras-ghearradh le píosa tábla, cuir an fál inch ón sciath, gearr línte kerf isteach sa adhmad, agus ansin an adhmad a chlúdach. Déan cleachtadh ar na línte a ghearradh i bpíosa píopaí ar leithligh chun doimhneacht agus spásáil na línte a chinneadh.Continue Reading\nTóg an sciath gnáth ó do chliabhán agus cuir an sciath tras-ghearradh leis. Cuir an airde an scáth go leath orlach.\nCuir an fál ionas go ndéanann an scór gearradh 1 orlach ó imeall an bhoird.\nCuir an phláinéid ar bun agus an taobh deiridh os a chionn, agus cuir imeall amháin den adhmad in aghaidh an fhál. Déan gearradh ar an gcroí atá cothrom le grán an chríochnaithe. Tiontaigh ar an scór. Slis go cúramach 6 orlach den phláinéid tríd an scór.\nSlide an fál leath orlach ón sciath, agus a dhéanamh ar an dara líne ar fud an adhmaid. Lean ar aghaidh leis an bpróiseas go dtí go gcumhdaíonn tú an phláinéid i sliocht chomhthreomhar.\nCeangail an phláinéid scóráilte leis an mbraighdean, agus bog an adhmad isteach sa chruth atá ag teastáil. Má bhíonn an adhmad ag creathadh nó ag bogadh ró-mhór, gearr ionad trí an liath a ísliú 1/6 orlach. Mura bhfuil an adhmad bog go leor, déanaigí dúbailt ar líon na línte."} {"text": "Practice Safety and Survival Around Vehicles\nHunters use a variety of vehicles for hunting. Boats, bicycles, off-road vehicles, pick-up trucks, campers, and recreational vehicles are often found in or around hunting camps. Unfortunately, some hunters forget the special safety precautions that apply to these vehicles.\nRough weather or a snag in a river can quickly capsize a boat. Everybody in a boat should wear a personal flotation device (PFD) as long as they remain on the water. You may be a great swimmer, but a dunk in frigid water will leave you numb in moments. Wearing a PFD could mean the difference between life and death.\nMountain bikes and three- and four-wheeled vehicles are now commonly found in the woods. All riders should wear a helmet to protect themselves in the event of a fall. Never carry a loaded firearm while riding!\nMany hunters use pick-up trucks, campers, or recreational vehicles as part of their base camp. Sometimes hunters use their vehicles to fight off the fall chill, but they forget that a faulty exhaust or heating system can lead to carbon monoxide poisoning … and death. Make sure that your hunting vehicle is in good repair and that you always have proper ventilation when using heating systems.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-41", "url": "http://www.hunter-ed.com/washington/studyGuide/Practice-Safety-and-Survival-Around-Vehicles/20105001_700046789", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1410657136494.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20140914011216-00174-ip-10-234-18-248.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9566169381, "token_count": 262, "score": 2.890625, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Déan an tsábháilteacht agus an maireachtáil a chleachtadh timpeall feithiclí\nÚsáideann sealgairí feithiclí éagsúla chun sealg a dhéanamh. Is minic a fhaightear báid, rothair, feithiclí neamhbhóthar, trucailí pickup, campálaithe, agus feithiclí siamsaíochta i gcampaí fiach nó timpeall orthu. Ar an drochuair, déanann roinnt sealgairí dearmad ar na réamhchúraimí sábháilteachta speisialta a bhaineann leis na feithiclí seo.\nD'fhéadfadh aimsir dhroch-aimsire nó buaicphointe in abhainn long a chur ar ais go tapa. Ba cheart go mbeadh gléas snámha pearsanta (PFD) ag gach duine ar long fad is a fhanann siad ar an uisce. B'fhéidir go bhfuil tú ina shnáitheoir iontach, ach má bhíonn tú ag dul i dtubaiste i uisce fuar, beidh tú ag dul i ngleic le do chuid mothúchán i gceann tamaill. D'fhéadfadh sé go mbeadh difríocht idir beatha agus bás ag caitheamh PFD.\nTá rothair bheo agus feithiclí trí- agus ceithre rothair le fáil go coitianta sa choille anois. Ba cheart do gach marcach casc a chaitheamh chun iad féin a chosaint i gcás titim. Ná bain arm tine luchtaithe riamh agus tú ag marcaíocht!\nBaineann go leor sealgairí úsáid as trucailí pickup, campálaithe, nó feithiclí siamsaíochta mar chuid dá mbonn campa. Uaireanta úsáideann sealgairí a bhfeithiclí chun troid ar an fuar titim, ach déanann siad dearmad go bhféadfadh meáchan monócsaíd charbóin a bheith mar thoradh ar chóras easpórtála nó teasa easpórtáilte ... agus bás. Déan cinnte go bhfuil do charr seilge i riocht maith agus go bhfuil aeráil cheart agat i gcónaí nuair a bhíonn córais téimh á n-úsáid agat."} {"text": "From magnetic resonance imaging to MBST magnetic resonance therapy\nMBST therapy is a therapeutic development based on magnetic spin technology. Magnetic spin technology is used worldwide for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for diagnostic purposes.\nImages that go deep under the skin\nMRI is one of the imaging diagnostic procedures and, to put it very simply, is a very large digital camera that takes pictures of the inside of the body. To generate these images, strong magnetic fields and high-frequency pulses are used to stimulate the hydrogen protons contained in organic tissue. The impulses transfer energy to the hydrogen protons, altering their physical state.\nThe procedure for an MRI scan in simple terms\nThe patient is positioned. The magnetic field in the magnetic resonance tomograph is switched on. This causes the hydrogen protons in the tissue, which were previously arranged completely randomly, to align along the magnetic field lines. Now the impulse is triggered and energy is transferred to the hydrogen protons. They are practically pushed and change their alignment. When the impulse is switched off, the hydrogen protons return to their original state as determined by the magnetic field. In the process, they release a portion of the energy they previously absorbed. These changes are measured outside the body and from this data the computer generates an image in different scales of grey with the help of special mathematical procedures .\nRelaxation times – measurable molecular biological stimulation\nThe energy released and the time required for the hydrogen protons to return to their original state can be measured. These times are called relaxation times. The different parameters (proton density, magnetic resonance relaxation times) of the tissue types (e.g. fat, cartilage, bone, fluids) provide the most important data for the contrasting image. The images taken in this way show the different structures in the body in such detail that experts can see whether there is an inflammation in a \"photographed\" area, for example, or whether the tissue is healthy or ill.\nThe goal of MRI – an image with high contrasts\nMRI uses the different tissue parameters to obtain highly contrasting images for diagnostic purposes.\nThe principle of MBST magnetic resonance therapy explained in simple terms\nThe MBST therapy system does not use magnetic spin technology to generate images, but rather to stimulate different processes in organic tissue at the molecular level.\nYears of interdisciplinary research and development work were necessary to be able to use magnetic spin technology therapeutically. Proton densities and relaxation times were determined for different tissues by magnetic resonance spectroscopy. In cooperation with the Institute of Nuclear Physics at the University of Giessen tissue-specific relaxation times were measured. Together with the Laboratory for Medical and Molecular Biology of the FH Aachen, tissue-specific cell parameters were determined.\nBased on these results, the MedTec research department developed indication-specific magnetic resonance therapy sequences, which are loaded onto MBST therapy cards and used in MBST magnetic resonance therapy systems. At the start of treatment, the magnetic spin applicators shall create resonance conditions with the tissue to be treated and thereby may stimulate different processes by transferring energy into specific cell groups.\nScientific data indicate various effects of MBST therapy. You can get more information about the options of an MBST therapy for your disease or complaints in a non-binding consultation in one of the certified MBST treatment centres.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-34", "url": "https://www.mbst.de/english/mbst-active-principle-basic-explanation.php", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439735939.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20200805094821-20200805124821-00223.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9233825803, "token_count": 673, "score": 2.96875, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Ó léargas maighnéadach resonansa go teiripe maighnéadach resonansa MBST\nIs forbairt teiripeach é teiripe MBST atá bunaithe ar theicneolaíocht spín maighnéadach. Úsáidtear teicneolaíocht spín maighnéadach ar fud an domhain le haghaidh íomháithe maighnéadaigh resonansa (MRI) chun críocha diagnóiseacha.\nÍomhánna a théann go domhain faoin gcraiceann\nIs MRI ceann de na nósanna imeachta diagnóiseacha íomháithe agus, a chur go simplí, tá ceamara digiteach an-mhór a thógann grianghraif de taobh istigh an chomhlachta. Chun na híomhánna seo a ghiniúint, úsáidtear páirceanna maighnéadacha láidre agus púllaí ard-itriall chun na prótóin hidrigine atá i bhfíochán orgánach a spreagadh. Cuireann na hionsaithe fuinneamh ar na próitíne hidrigine, ag athrú a staid fhisiceach.\nAn nós imeachta le haghaidh scanadh MRI i dtéarmaí simplí\nTá an t-othar suite. Tá an réimse maighnéadach sa tomagraf maighnéadach réitigh ar siúl. Mar thoradh air seo, déantar na prótóin hidrigine sa fíochán, a bhí socraithe go hiomlán go randamach roimhe seo, a ailíniú ar feadh na línte réimse maighnéadach. Anois tá an impulse triggered agus aistrítear fuinneamh go dtí na próitíne hidrigine. Tá siad i ndáiríre brúite agus a n-ailíneáil a athrú. Nuair a dhúntar an t-impuls, téann na prótóin hidrigine ar ais chuig a staid bunaidh mar a chinntíonn an réimse maighnéadach. Agus iad ag déanamh sin, scaoileann siad cuid den fhuinneamh a ghlac siad suas roimhe sin. Déantar na hathruithe seo a thomhas lasmuigh den chorp agus as na sonraí seo déanann an ríomhaire íomhá a ghiniúint i scálaí éagsúla liath le cabhair ó nósanna imeachta speisialta matamaitice .\nAmanna scíth spreagadh bitheolaíoch mhóilíneach in-mheasta\nIs féidir an fuinneamh a scaoiltear agus an t-am a theastaíonn chun na próitíne hidrigine a thabhairt ar ais go dtí a staid bhunaidh a thomhas. Tugtar amanna scíth a ligean ar na hamanna seo. Tá an t-ábhar a úsáidtear chun an t-ábhar a scriosadh agus a scriosadh ar an mbonn. Tá an t-ábhar (mar shampla saill, cartilage, cnámh, leachta) mar chuid den fhaisnéis is tábhachtaí don íomhá thras-mhéadúcháin. Taispeánann na pictiúir a tógadh ar an mbealach seo na struchtúir éagsúla sa chorp go mion ionas gur féidir le saineolaithe a fheiceáil an bhfuil athlasadh i limistéar \"tógtha ar ghrianghraf\", mar shampla, nó an bhfuil an fíochán sláintiúil nó tinn.\nIs é aidhm MRI íomhá a bhfuil contras ard\nBaineann MRI úsáid as na paraiméadair éagsúla fíocháin chun íomhánna ard-choimeádacha a fháil chun críocha diagnóiseacha.\nMínítear prionsabal na teiripe leighis mhágnéadach MBST i dtéarmaí simplí\nNí úsáideann an córas teiripe MBST teicneolaíocht spín maighnéadach chun íomhánna a ghiniúint, ach chun próisis éagsúla i bhfíochán orgánach a spreagadh ar an leibhéal móilíneach.\nBhí blianta de thaighde agus forbartha idirdhisciplíneach riachtanach chun a bheith in ann teicneolaíocht spín maighnéadach a úsáid go teiripeach. Rinneadh dlús prótóin agus am scíth a fháil a chinneadh do fhíocháin éagsúla trí speictroscóp maighnéadach resonance. I gcomhar leis an Institiúid um Fisice Núicléach in Ollscoil Giessen, rinneadh amanna scíth a ligean atá sonrach do fhéithidí a thomhas. Le chéile leis an Saotharlann um Bithíocht Leighis agus Mholaíoch de chuid FH Aachen, socraíodh paraiméadair cealla atá sonrach do fhíocháin.\nBunaithe ar na torthaí seo, d'fhorbair roinn taighde MedTec seicheamh teiripe maighnéadach resonance sonrach a bhfuil táscairí sonracha ann, a luchtaítear ar chártaí teiripe MBST agus a úsáidtear i gcórais teiripe maighnéadach resonance MBST. Ag tús an chóireála, cruthaíonn na hiarrthóirí spín maighnéadach coinníollacha réasúnaíochta leis an bhfíochán atá le cóireáil agus dá bhrí sin d'fhéadfadh siad próisis éagsúla a spreagadh trí fhuinneamh a aistriú chuig grúpaí cille sonracha.\nLéiríonn sonraí eolaíochta éifeachtaí éagsúla teiripe MBST. Is féidir leat tuilleadh eolais a fháil faoi na roghanna le haghaidh cóireála MBST do do ghalar nó do ghearán i gcomhairle neamhcheangailteach i gceann de na hionaid cóireála MBST deimhnithe."} {"text": "If soybeans turn yellow during an early growth stage, you may have a case of soybean iron deficiency chlorosis (IDC). The distinctive yellow symptoms of soybean IDC often appear as soybean enters the first- to third-trifoliate leaf stage. Soybean IDC is characterized by distinct interveinal chlorosis (yellow leaf with green leaf veins) in the newest leaves and may result in substantial yield loss. Soybean IDC is not caused by low soil iron but instead caused by soil conditions that decrease iron uptake by soybean roots.\nSoybean IDC risk and severity are primarily related to soil carbonate content (calcium carbonate equivalent, CCE) and exacerbated by soluble salts (electrical conductivity, EC). Soybean IDC can be common in soybean-growing regions of the Upper Midwest, Northern Plains, and Canadian Prairies, where soils frequently have high carbonates and/or soluble salts. Within a field, chlorosis symptoms are usually confined to soybean IDC hotspots with high carbonates and soluble salts; however, symptoms may appear across a field if high carbonates and salts are present throughout a field. Soybean IDC severity is made worse in cool, wet soils and soils with high residual nitrate. Soil pH is not a good indicator of soybean IDC risk because some high pH soils lack high carbonates and soluble salts, which are the two principal factors.\nUnlike a nitrogen or sulfur deficiency, soybean IDC is not correctable with an in-season fertilizer application. Foliar application of iron fertilizers, including FeEDDHA products, may have short-term cosmetic effects, but foliar Fe applications have not consistently increased yield of soybeans affected by IDC. Chlorosis symptoms may naturally alleviate as environmental conditions improve (e.g., drier, warmer weather). North Dakota State University research has shown that chlorosis persisting into the fifth- and sixth-trifoliate leaf stage will reduce yield. For fields with soybean IDC now, you should take preventative action for following years: (1) evaluate which soybean varieties are most tolerant or susceptible to IDC and (2) identify soybean IDC hotspots on field maps.\nGuidelines for managing soybean IDC:\n- Plant soybeans in fields with low carbonates and soluble salts (principal soybean IDC risk factors). This may require soil sampling prior to soybeans (possibly outside of your usual soil sampling rotation) or consulting previous soil sampling records.\n- Choose an IDC tolerant soybean variety. This is your most practical option to reduce soybean IDC risk in previously problematic fields or fields with moderate to high carbonates and soluble salts. Consult seed dealers, university soybean IDC ratings, and neighbor experiences when searching for IDC tolerant soybean varieties.\n- Plant soybeans in wider rows. Soybean IDC tends to be less severe in wide-row spacings (plants are closer together) than narrow-row spacings or solid-seeded spacings.\n- Apply chelated iron fertilizer (e.g., high quality FeEDDHA) in-furrow at planting. In-furrow FeEDDHA application may not be enough to help an IDC susceptible variety in high IDC risk soils (see points #1 and #2).\nPlease call AGVISE Laboratories in Northwood, ND (701-587-6010) or Benson, MN (320-843-4109) with questions. AGVISE offers routine soil testing for carbonates and soluble salts.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-47", "url": "https://www.agvise.com/educational-articles/soybean-iron-deficiency-chlorosis-symptoms-causes-and-management/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934806225.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20171120203833-20171120223833-00628.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9153743386, "token_count": 741, "score": 2.96875, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Má thagann buíon sóise buí le linn chéim luath fáis, d'fhéadfadh go mbeadh cás de chlóróis easnamh iarann sóise (IDC) agat. Is minic a bhíonn na comharthaí giollacha sainiúla de IDC soighe le feiceáil nuair a théann soighe isteach sa chéad chéim go dtí an tríú céim duille trifolate. Tá IDC soibhiúil tréitheithe ag clóiróis idir-bhreathnach ar leith (blath buí le veins blath glas) sna duilleoga is nua agus d'fhéadfadh go mbeadh caillteanas suntasach ar thorthaí ann. Ní í íoc íoc íocrachta an tsóibín a tharlaíonn de bharr íocrachta talún ach de bharr coinníollacha talún a laghdaíonn iontógáil iarann ag fréamhacha an tsóibín.\nTá riosca agus déine IDC soighe bainteach go príomha le cion caibináit ithreach (coibhéis caibináit chailciam, CCE) agus déantar é a mhéadaigh le salainn intuaslagtha (seoltacht leictreach, EC). Is féidir go mbeadh IDC soighe coitianta i réigiúin fhás soighe an tUas-Meán-iarthair, na Pleananna Thuaisceart, agus Prairies Cheanada, áit a bhfuil carbonáití agus / nó salainn intuaslagtha ard i dtalamh go minic. Laistigh de réimse, is gnách go mbíonn comharthaí clóiróis teoranta do phointí te IDC na soighe le carbónáit ard agus salainn intuaslagtha; áfach, d'fhéadfadh comharthaí a bheith le feiceáil ar fud réimse má tá carbónáit agus salainn ard i láthair ar fud réimse. Tá an déine IDC soighe níos measa i ithir fhuar, fliuch agus i ithir le n-itríd iarmhar ard. Ní táscaire maith é pH an ithreach ar riosca IDC soighe toisc nach bhfuil carbaionáit ard agus salainn intuaslagtha ard i roinnt ithreach le pH ard, is iad sin an dá phríomhfhachtóir.\nI gcomparáid le easpa nítrigine nó sulfair, ní féidir IDC soighe a cheartú le feithidí a chur i bhfeidhm i rith an tséasúir. D'fhéadfadh éifeachtaí cosmaideacha gearrthéarmach a bheith ag feithidí iarann a chuirtear ar fhéithidí, lena n-áirítear táirgí FeEDDHA, ach ní raibh méadú leanúnach ar thorthaí na mbonn sóia a raibh tionchar ag IDC orthu mar gheall ar fheithidí Fe ar fhéithidí. D'fhéadfadh comharthaí clóiróis a mhaolú go nádúrtha de réir mar a fheabhsaíonn coinníollacha comhshaoil (e. g. aimsir níos tirim, níos te). Léirigh taighde Ollscoil Stáit Dakota Thuaidh go laghdóidh clúirseas a leanann ar aghaidh go dtí an cúigiú céim agus an séú céim trifolate duilleach toradh. I gcás feirmeacha a bhfuil IDC soighe orthu anois, ba cheart duit gníomh coisctheach a dhéanamh le haghaidh na mblianta seo a leanas: (1) measúnú a dhéanamh ar na cineálacha soighe is mó a bhfuil toilteanas nó íogaireacht ag baint leo le IDC agus (2) hotspots IDC soighe a shainaithint ar léarscáileanna feirme.\nTreoirlínte maidir le bainistiú IDC soighe:\n- Soibhianna a phlandaí i réimsí a bhfuil carbónáití agus salainn intuaslagtha íseal iontu (príomhfhachtóirí riosca IDC soibhianna). Féadfaidh sé seo a bheith riachtanach chun samplaí ithreach a thógáil roimh na pónairí sóise (is féidir go bhfuil siad lasmuigh de do rothlú gnátham samplaíochta ithreach) nó chun dul i gcomhairle le taifid samplála ithreach roimhe seo.\n- Roghnaigh cineálacha soighe a bhfuil dlúthdhiosca acu le IDC. Is é seo an rogha is praiticiúla atá agat chun riosca IDC soighe a laghdú i réimsí a raibh fadhbanna acu roimhe seo nó i réimsí a bhfuil carbaiúnaigh agus salainn intuaslagtha meánach go ard iontu. Déan dul i gcomhairle le díolaithe síolta, rátálacha IDC na mbonn soibe ollscoile, agus le taithí na gcomharsana nuair a bhíonn cineálacha soibe a bhfuil dlúthfhios acu ar IDC á lorg agat.\n- Soya bean plandaí i sraitheanna níos leithne. Is gnách go mbíonn IDC soighe níos lú tromchúiseacha i spásanna leathan-líne (tá plandaí níos dlúithe le chéile) ná spásanna caol-chrom nó spásanna soladach-síos.\n- Tá sé tábhachtach go gcuirfí leasachán iarann chelated (e.g., FeEDDHA ardchaighdeáin) i mbarr an fhórsa ag síolú. Ní féidir le feistí a bhfuil an t-ábhar iontu a bheith ina gcúis le feistí a bhfuil an t-ábhar iontu a bheith ina gcúis le feistí a bheith ina gcúis le feistí a bheith ina gcúis le feistí a bheith ina gcúis le feistí a bheith ina gcúis le feistí a bheith ina gcúis le feistí a bheith ina gcúis le feistí a bheith ina gcúis le feistí a bheith ina gcúis le feistí a bheith ina gcúis le feistí a bheith ina gcúis le feistí a bheith ina gcúis le feistí a bheith ina gcúis le feistí.\nCuir glaoch ar na Saotharlanna AGVISE i Northwood, ND (701-587-6010) nó Benson, MN (320-843-4109) le ceisteanna. Cuireann AGVISE tástáil ghnáth-thír ar fáil le haghaidh caarbónáit agus salainn intuaslagtha."} {"text": "WHEN the Center for Investigative Reporting recently visited the Santa Cruz County Juvenile Hall — widely considered one of the best juvenile detention centers in the country — they found remarkably prison-like conditions, ranging from the bare, concrete walls to the use of solitary confinement as a method of disciplining youth. There are currently no federal or state laws that regulate the use of solitary confinement for juvenile offenders, despite overwhelming evidence of its harmful effects. But the abuses don’t stop there. A 2012 report by the Bureau of Justice Statistics, a division of the Department of Justice, determined that youth held in adult prison facilities suffered less instances of sexual violence than their peers in juvenile facilities. And in some facilities, the rate of juvenile recidivism is over 80 percent, meaning that the bulk of these young people will eventually add to the burgeoning prison population.\nThere seems to be a consensus that the prison system as a whole isn’t working, and this is particularly true when it comes to juvenile detention. The United States incarcerates more young people under the age of 18 than any other industrialized country in the world. (By comparison, South Africa, our closest competitor, incarcerates its youth at one-fifth the rate of the United States.) Most juveniles who are sent to these facilities are from racial minorities. Many of them suffer abuses in prison that are heinous for adults and potentially ruinous for youth — solitary confinement, rape, repeated physical abuse, deprivation of sunlight, insufficient food and affection. Perhaps worst of all, children leave these facilities with additional traumas under their belts and no promise that their outside lives will improve.\nAnd yet, despite protestations from all political parties that our society values children, despite the proliferation of New York Times bestsellers on how to raise children, despite growing scientific evidence that the confinement of adolescents may profoundly stunt their brain development, despite the fact that juvenile crime is steadily declining, change has not followed. Why?\nIn her new book, Burning Down the House: The End of Juvenile Prison, Nell Bernstein, a journalist whose previous book addresses the problems of children of the incarcerated, attempts to explore this elusive question using a mix of reporting, research, and anecdotal history. Bernstein’s basic premise, which I agree with, is that it’s mostly a matter of culture, an elusive but necessary concept. She argues that young adults and children require positive relationships with adults in order to rehabilitate, but prison, which isolates and punishes violators for transgressions, is based on just the opposite assumption. Prisons assume that those who commit crimes must be isolated from the community, both to force them to think about their immoral acts and to protect the rest of the law-abiding community. This is the direct opposite of what we should be doing for children in prison: educating them, providing them life skills and positive role models, and supporting their mental and physical development in a positive way. We have a culture of punishment, and culture is difficult to change.\nThe juvenile prison has a mixed history. The first juvenile detention centers were built with the premise that out-of-control kids were better off removed from their families and placed in the care of the state. Most of the children were those of immigrants and the poor, and expectations were low. As Bernstein writes, wards of the state have always been “other people’s children,” of whom little is expected. Despite various reforms throughout the years, there has always been a tension between the idea of state control of unruly children and the more humane notion of rehabilitation.\nHence, we reach the essential conundrum of juvenile incarceration. Juvenile prison was never really intended to be a prison, and even today it serves as a sort of catchall for children who come from families with histories of abuse and neglect. Even though adolescents aren’t treated like adults under the law, juvenile prisons have come to look like their adult counterparts, with all of the same dangers. And, like adult prisons, they continue to become more crowded and violent.\nLegally, children don’t have the same rights as adults do. They can’t drink or smoke, and they can’t skip school — all crimes for which youth can be arrested. Originally, children’s law was based on an English common law notion of parens patriae, or “the state as parent.” Under parens patriae, judges had broad discretion to determine what was in the best interests of the child, and it remains the basis of today’s laws regarding juveniles. For example, unlike adults, juveniles can be removed from their homes and relegated to a facility without their permission and against the wishes of their parents, if a court so orders. And some constitutional protections in criminal prosecutions, like trial by jury, are not guaranteed for juveniles. In the last 50 years, the Supreme Court has clarified and extended the protections accorded to youth. In re Gault, for example, ensured that juvenile defendants have the right to counsel, and in Kent v. United States, the court ruled that, while juvenile courts have wide latitude, they must accord youth defendants certain procedural protections.\nThere’s some reason to think that this trend of protecting juvenile offenders will continue. As scientists are better able to measure brain activity and structure, they are discovering increasingly persuasive evidence that children do not make decisions the same way adults do, and that the brain continues to develop throughout the teenage years. Much of this data is trickling down to the judicial level. In 2005, swayed by scientific evidence that the adolescent brain is different from the adult brain, the Supreme Court held that juveniles were not eligible for the death penalty (Roper v. Simmons). Using similar logic, the court held in the 2012 case Miller v. Alabama that juveniles could not receive life sentences even for violent crimes. (The court had already ruled previously that juveniles could not be sentenced to life for nonviolent crimes.)\nWhile the law has always acknowledged that children are different from adults, this may not always be to children’s benefit. For example, in New York and other jurisdictions, parents can consign their children to state care by filing a PINS (“person in need of supervision”) petition. Basically, the parents are acknowledging that their child is so out of control that they need the state to intervene. In many cases, PINS petitions are filed when there are cases of extreme truancy or curfew violations. Parents are legally liable for sending their kids to school, so some parents may file a PINS petition to absolve themselves of this responsibility. In my experience, while those youth are certainly experiencing turmoil from multiple sources, they are deeply, emotionally affected when they realize that the end result of a successful PINS petition means that they will wait in a room for a bus to take them away from their home to live with strangers. No matter how much they protest otherwise, youth — teenagers, especially — need the security that a family provides.\nAny discussion of juvenile detention, including Bernstein’s, leads back to the decisive factor of race. Most teens commit illegal acts at one time or another. But most teens don’t go to prison. Most don’t even get arrested. And the ones who do are predominantly black or Latino. (They are also mostly male, although Bernstein does a fair job of including the experiences of female adolescents.) Black adolescents are sent to juvenile detention at five times the rate of white youth. In many urban areas, juvenile detention is a rite of passage. Bernstein urges her readers to view youthful rule-breaking as an expected part of development, and one for which many adolescents cannot be blamed.\nTruth be told, some of Bernstein’s book is familiar territory, although it’s still an excellent piece of advocacy. Many of the statistics and troubling stories from juvenile prisons won’t surprise anyone familiar with the field. For example, the common occurrence of rape and violence in juvenile prisons has been well covered for a few years now. A federal report a few years ago found that one in 10 juvenile offenders had been sexually assaulted by a staff member. A 2010 study found that as many as 30 percent of youth in juvenile facilities had been sexually abused.\nWhile Bernstein inserts stories of youths she interviews, some of her anecdotal evidence is less compelling than, for example, the stories told in Cris Beam’s To the End of June, which gives a more comprehensive analysis of the entire foster care/juvenile detention cycle. Many of Bernstein’s interviews are from her time working at a youth newspaper, and the stories have that sense — people drift in and out of the reader’s periphery without the attention needed to do justice to the full power of their stories. The true problem of juvenile incarceration has roots in the legal system, the foster care system, the welfare system, homelessness, poverty, racial inequality, and inadequate health care — it is necessary to give a more complete view of the problem than Bernstein manages. At the end, she asks one of her interview subjects what would have made a difference in his life. He answers, “My parents staying together. They could have fucking raised me.” This quote strikes to the core of Bernstein’s main point: families should be given access to counseling and education, rather than having their children removed from their care by a government authority. But, even so, a more careful examination of the circumstances and the parents is required, and a fuller picture of the complexity of providing services to these families. Should an adolescent’s wish always be honored? This is a more complex question than Bernstein’s quick anecdotes can answer.\nAs Bernstein points out, some states have made progress by enacting sweeping reforms and closing abusive facilities — namely California, Texas, and New York. But despite reforms, juvenile detention remains relatively the same throughout the country, and isolation and corrective punishment remain common. The Missouri Model is widely acknowledged as the best youth rehabilitation program in the country. Under the Missouri Model, juveniles work with invested staff and participate in programs focused on treatment. They are housed in less “prison-like” quarters. And the Missouri Model produces measurably better outcomes — just a quarter of youth housed under the Missouri Model recidivate, an impressive feat.\nDespite this promising approach, Bernstein isn’t quite satisfied. Even under the Missouri Model isolation is used as a tool, and youth are still separated from their families. Ultimately, she argues juvenile prison should not exist. Most juvenile inmates enter the system for nonviolent crimes and are statistically more likely to leave juvenile detention worse off. While she is willing to admit that particularly violent youth do need some sort of rehabilitative setting, she strongly believes that the current system — the reams of barbed wire, the locked cells, the punitive attitude of the workers — only exacerbates any preexisting problems. Plus, how can youth learn to trust any system that permits so much abuse and rule-breaking?\nWhether states can manage to coordinate widespread use of the Missouri Model along with a different approach to youth and families — a change in culture, in other words — remains to be seen. But, given the entrenchment of prison culture in America, this seems unlikely to happen quickly enough to prevent substantial harm to thousands of adolescents. And there’s the further problem of what those youth face when they return to society. As one of the teens in Santa Cruz County Juvenile Hall says, “I kind of feel safe here” — the isolation and violence on the inside may be preferable to what’s outside.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-41", "url": "http://lareviewofbooks.org/review/culture-shock-problem-juvenile-justice/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1410657129407.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20140914011209-00279-ip-10-196-40-205.us-west-1.compute.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9625979662, "token_count": 2375, "score": 2.578125, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "NÁ MÍRA an Lárionad um Thuarascáil Imscrúdaitheach ar an Halla um Cheartais do Leanaí Contae Santa Cruz le déanaí - a mheastar go forleathan mar cheann de na hionaid choimeádta do dhaoine óga is fearr sa tír - fuair siad dálaí cosúil le príosún go suntasach, ó na ballaí ciorclach, cóncréite, go dtí an úsáid a bhaint as aonlaithín mar mhodh chun smacht a chur ar dhaoine óga. Faoi láthair níl aon dhlí cónaidhme nó stáit ann a rialaíonn úsáid an phríosúin aonaranach do chiontóirí óige, in ainneoin fianaise mhór a bhaineann lena éifeachtaí díobhálacha. Ach ní stopann na mí-úsáidí ansin. De réir tuarascála 2012 ón Oifig Staidrimh Dlí agus Cirt, rannán den Roinn Dlí agus Cirt, fuair daoine óga a bhí i bpríosúin do dhaoine fásta níos lú cásanna foréigneacha gnéis ná a gcairde i bpríosúin óige. Agus i roinnt áiseanna, tá ráta athchóirithe óige os cionn 80 faoin gcéad, rud a chiallaíonn go gcuirfidh an chuid is mó de na daoine óga seo leis an daonra príosúnachta atá ag fás.\nIs cosúil go bhfuil comhaontú ann nach bhfuil an córas príosúin ina iomláine ag obair, agus tá sé seo fíor go háirithe maidir le coinneáil óige. Cuireann na Stáit Aontaithe níos mó daoine óga faoi 18 mbliana d'aois i bpríosún ná aon tír thionsclaíoch eile ar domhan. (Mar chur i gcomparáid, tá an Afraic Theas, ár n-iomaitheoir is gaire, ag cur a óige i bpríosún ag ráta a bhfuil cúigiú cuid de na Stáit Aontaithe ann.) Is ó mhionlaigh rásúla a bhíonn an chuid is mó de na daoine óga a seoltar chuig na saoráidí seo. Tá mí-úsáidí ag baint le go leor acu sa phríosún atá uafásach d'aosaigh agus d'fhéadfadh a bheith tubaisteach do dhaoine óga coinneáil aonarach, éigniú, mí-úsáid fhisiciúil athfhillte, díghlasadh na gréine, bia agus cairdeas neamhleor. B'fhéidir gurb é an rud is measa ná go bhfágann leanaí na hionaid seo le traumas breise faoi a mbreiseáin agus gan aon ghealladh go bhfeabhsófar a saol lasmuigh.\nAgus fós, in ainneoin agóidí ó gach páirtí polaitiúil go bhfuil luach ag ár sochaí ar leanaí, in ainneoin an iomadaithe ar na New York Times bestsellers ar conas a ardú leanaí, in ainneoin fianaise eolaíoch ag fás go bhféadfadh an t-ainneoin a d'fhéadfadh a bheith ag cur isteach ar fhorbairt inchinn na n-óige go mór, in ainneoin go bhfuil an coireacht óige ag titim go seasta, ní leanann athrú. Cén fáth?\nIna leabhar nua, Burning Down the House: The End of Juvenile Prison, déanann Nell Bernstein, iriseoir a bhfuil a leabhar roimhe seo ag tabhairt aghaidh ar fhadhbanna leanaí na n-iarsúnaithe, iarracht an cheist éagórach seo a iniúchadh ag baint úsáide as meascán tuairisceáin, taighde, agus staire anicdotúil. Is é bun-chomhcheangal Bernstein, a aontaím leis, go bhfuil sé ina ábhar cultúrtha den chuid is mó, coincheap éagórach ach riachtanach. Éilíonn sí go dteastaíonn caidrimh dhearfacha ó dhaoine fásta óga agus ó leanaí le daoine fásta chun athshlánú a dhéanamh, ach tá an phríosún, a dhéanann ionsaí agus pionóis a dhéanamh ar thras-scríbhneoirí, bunaithe ar an mothúchán os coinne. Glacann príosúin leis go gcaithfear iad siúd a dhéanann coireanna a scaradh ón bpobal, araon chun iad a chur iallach a dhéanamh smaoineamh ar a ngníomhartha neamhmhorálta agus chun an chuid eile den phobal a chomhlíonann an dlí a chosaint. Is é seo an t-idirmhéid díreach de na rudaí ba cheart dúinn a dhéanamh do leanaí i bpríosún: iad a oideachasú, scileanna saoil a chur ar fáil dóibh agus samhlacha ról dearfacha, agus tacú lena bhforbairt mheabhrach agus fisiceach ar bhealach dearfach. Tá cultúr pionóis againn, agus tá sé deacair cultúr a athrú.\nTá stair mheasctha ag an bpríosún do dhaoine óga. Tógadh na chéad ionaid choimeádta óige leis an bharúil go raibh leanaí neamhrialta níos fearr a bhaint as a dteaghlaigh agus a chur faoi chúram an stáit. Ba iad leanaí inimircigh agus na ndaoine bochta a bhí i bhformhór na leanaí, agus ní raibh ionchais mhór acu. Mar a scríobhann Bernstein, is iad páistí an stáit i gcónaí \"le daoine eile\", nach bhfuil mórán ag súil leo. In ainneoin athchóirithe éagsúla le blianta fada anuas, bhí teannas ann i gcónaí idir an smaoineamh ar rialú stáit ar leanaí neamhrialta agus an coincheap níos daonnachtacha maidir le haisiúint.\nDá bhrí sin, tagann muid go dtí an conundrum bunúsach ar phríosúnú óige. Ní raibh sé i gceist riamh go mbeadh príosún i bpríosún i ndáiríre, agus fiú inniu is cineál cathaoir é do leanaí a thagann ó theaghlaigh a bhfuil stair mí-úsáid agus faillí acu. Cé nach gcaitear le déagóirí mar dhaoine fásta faoin dlí, tá príosúin do dhaoine óga tar éis breathnú cosúil lena gcomhghleacaithe fásta, leis na contúirtí céanna go léir. Agus, cosúil le príosúin do dhaoine fásta, leanann siad ag éirí níos plódaithe agus níos foréigneacha.\nGo dlíthiúil, ní bhíonn na cearta céanna ag leanaí agus ag daoine fásta. Ní féidir leo ól ná caitheamh tobac, agus ní féidir leo an scoil a sheachaint - gach coir a bhféadfar óige a ghabháil. Ar dtús, bhí dlí na leanaí bunaithe ar choincheap dlí na Breataine de parens patriae, nó an stát mar thuismitheoir. Faoi parens patriae, bhí rogha leathan ag breithiúna chun a chinneadh cad a bhí ar mhaithe le leas is fearr an linbh, agus tá sé fós mar bhunús le dlíthe an lae inniu maidir le daoine óga. Mar shampla, murab ionann agus daoine fásta, is féidir le daoine óga a thógáil óna dtithe agus iad a chur i saoráid gan a gcead agus i gcoinne mhianta a dtuismitheoirí, má ordóidh cúirt amhlaidh. Agus ní ráthaítear roinnt cosaintí bunreachtúla i ndíospóireachtaí coiriúla, cosúil le triail ag giúiré, do dhaoine óga. Le 50 bliain anuas, tá an Chúirt Uachtarach tar éis na cosaintí a thugtar do dhaoine óga a shoiléiriú agus a leathnú. I gcás Re Gault, mar shampla, chinntíodh go bhfuil an ceart ag ionchúisitheoirí óige chun comhairleoir, agus i Kent v. na Stáit Aontaithe, chinn an chúirt, cé go bhfuil raon leathan de shaothar ag cúirteanna óige, go gcaithfidh siad cosaintí nós imeachta áirithe a thabhairt d'ionchúisitheoirí óige.\nTá cúis ann a cheapadh go leanfaidh an treocht seo maidir le ciontóirí óige a chosaint. De réir mar a bhíonn eolaithe in ann gníomhaíocht agus struchtúr na hinchinne a thomhas níos fearr, tá fianaise níos mó agus níos mó a fháil amach nach ndéanann leanaí cinntí ar an mbealach céanna a dhéanann daoine fásta, agus go leanann an inchinn ag forbairt i rith na mblianta déagóireachta. Tá cuid mhór den fhaisnéis seo ag dul síos go dtí an leibhéal breithiúnach. Sa bhliain 2005, ag brath ar fhianaise eolaíoch go bhfuil an inchinn óige difriúil ón inchinn fásta, chinn an Chúirt Uachtarach nach raibh daoine óga incháilithe le haghaidh pionós an bháis (Roper v. Simmons). Ag baint úsáide as loighic den chineál céanna, chinn an chúirt i gcás 2012 Miller v. Alabama nach bhféadfaí pionóis saoil a fháil ar dhaoine óga fiú le haghaidh coireanna foréigneacha. (Bhí an chúirt tar éis a chinneadh cheana féin nach bhféadfaí do dhaoine óga a phionósú go saolré as coireanna neamhfhoréigneacha.)\nCé gur aithníodh sa dlí i gcónaí go bhfuil leanaí difriúil ó dhaoine fásta, b'fhéidir nach bhfuil sé seo i gcónaí chun tairbhe leanaí. Mar shampla, i Nua-Eabhrac agus i ndlínsí eile, is féidir le tuismitheoirí a gcuid leanaí a chur faoi chúram an stáit trí ghearán PINS (duine a bhfuil maoirseacht de dhíth air) a chomhdú. Go bunúsach, tá na tuismitheoirí ag admháil go bhfuil a leanbh chomh neamhrialta sin go dteastaíonn uathu go ndéanfadh an stát idirghabháil. I go leor cásanna, déantar achainí PINS a chomhdú nuair a bhíonn cásanna de dhíscaoileadh go hiontach nó sárúí coire. Tá tuismitheoirí faoi dhliteanas dlíthiúil a gcuid páistí a chur ar scoil, mar sin d'fhéadfadh roinnt tuismitheoirí achainí PINS a chomhdú chun iad féin a dhíolmhú ón bhfreagracht seo. De réir mo thaithí, cé go bhfuil na daoine óga sin ag fulaingt ó fhoinsí éagsúla, bíonn tionchar mór orthu go mothúchánach nuair a thuigeann siad go gciallaíonn toradh deiridh achainí PINS rathúil go mbeidh siad ag fanacht i seomra ar bhus chun iad a thógáil amach as a dteach chun cónaí le strainséirí. Is cuma cé chomh mór is a mhaíonn siad a mhalairt, tá an tslándáil a sholáthraíonn teaghlach ag teastáil ó dhaoine óga déagóirí, go háirithe.\nAon phlé ar choimeád óige, lena n-áirítear Bernstein, tugann sé ar ais go dtí an fachtóir cinntitheach de chine. Déanann formhór na n-óige gníomhartha mídhleathacha tráth éigin. Ach ní théann an chuid is mó de na déagóirí go príosún. Ní bhaintear an chuid is mó acu fiú. Agus is iad na daoine a dhéanann go príomha dubh nó Laidineach. (Tá siad i bhformhór na ndaoine fireann freisin, cé go ndéanann Bernstein post cothrom ag cur taithí na n-óigeacha baineann san áireamh.) Seoltar déagóirí dubh chuig príosún óige ag ráta cúig huaire an ráta óige bán. I go leor ceantair uirbeacha, tá coinneáil óige ina rite pasáiste. Iarrann Bernstein ar a léitheoirí go mbreathnóidh siad ar bhris rialacha óige mar chuid ionchasach den fhorbairt, agus ní féidir an milleán a chur ar go leor déagóirí as sin.\nGo deimhin, tá cuid de leabhar Bernstein ar chríoch eolach, cé go bhfuil sé fós ina phíosa díograise iontach. Ní chuirfidh go leor de na staitisticí agus de na scéalta imní ó phríosúin óige iontas ar dhuine ar bith atá eolach ar an réimse. Mar shampla, tá an forluí agus an foréigean a tharlaíonn go coitianta i bpríosúin óige clúdaithe go maith le cúpla bliain anois. Fuair tuarascáil chónaidhme cúpla bliain ó shin go raibh duine as gach 10 gcionch óige ionsaí gnéis ag ball foirne. Fuair staidéar 2010 go raibh ionsaí gnéis déanta ar chomh mór le 30 faoin gcéad de na daoine óga i n-ionad óige.\nCé go gcuireann Bernstein scéalta ó dhaoine óga a dhéanann sí agallamh leo, tá cuid dá fianaise anicdotúil níos lú tarraingteach ná, mar shampla, na scéalta a dúradh i Cris Beams To the End of June, a thugann anailís níos cuimsithí ar an timthriall iomlán cúram aireachais / coinneála óige. Tá go leor de na hidirbheartaíochtaí Bernstein óna tréimhse ag obair ag nuachtán óige, agus tá an tuiscint sin sna scéalta - téann daoine isteach agus amach as imeall an léitheora gan an aird a theastaíonn chun ceartas a dhéanamh le cumhacht iomlán a gcuid scéalta. Tá fréamhacha ag fíorfhadhb an phríosúnaithe óige sa chóras dlíthiúil, sa chóras cúraim aire, sa chóras leasa, gan dídean, bochtaineacht, éagothroime ciníoch, agus cúram sláinte neamhleor tá sé riachtanach léargas níos iomláine a thabhairt ar an bhfadhb ná mar a bhainisteann Bernstein. Ag deireadh, iarrann sí ar dhuine de na daoine a bhfuil agallamh aici cad a d'fhéadfadh athrú a dhéanamh ina shaol. Freagraíonn sé, 'Mo thuismitheoirí ag fanacht le chéile. D'fhéadfadh siad a bheith fucking chothaigh mé. An luachan bualadh go dtí croílár Bernstein's pointí is mó: ba chóir teaghlaigh a thabhairt rochtain ar chomhairle agus oideachas, seachas a bheith a gcuid leanaí a thógáil as a gcúram ag údarás rialtais. Ach, fiú mar sin, tá gá le scrúdú níos cúramaí ar na himthosca agus na tuismitheoirí, agus le pictiúr níos iomláine den chastacht atá ann seirbhísí a chur ar fáil do na teaghlaigh seo. An chóir go n-onóraítear mian an óige i gcónaí? Is ceist níos casta é seo ná mar is féidir le Bernstein a fhreagairt.\nMar a thugann Bernstein le fios, tá dul chun cinn déanta ag roinnt stáit trí athchóirithe ollmhóra a dhéanamh agus saoráidí mí-úsáidte a dhúnadh - is é sin California, Texas, agus Nua-Eabhrac. Ach in ainneoin athchóirithe, tá an phríosún óige fós an-chosúil ar fud na tíre, agus tá an t-aonar agus an pionós ceartaitheach fós coitianta. Aithnítear go forleathan gur é an Múnla Missouri an clár athshlánúcháin óige is fearr sa tír. Faoin Múnla Missouri, oibríonn daoine óga le foireann infheistithe agus bíonn siad rannpháirteach i gclár atá dírithe ar chóireáil. Tá siad á hoibriú i gceantair nach bhfuil chomh \"príosún-chosúil\" leo. Agus tá torthaí measartha níos fearr ag an tsamhail Missouri níl ach ceathrú cuid de na daoine óga a bhfuil cónaí orthu faoi Múnla Missouri ag teacht ar ais, feat suntasach.\nIn ainneoin an chur chuige geallta seo, níl Bernstein sásta go hiomlán. Fiú amháin faoi Mhúnla Missouri úsáidtear aonrú mar uirlis, agus tá daoine óga fós ar leithligh óna dteaghlaigh. Sa deireadh, déanann sí a argóint nár cheart go mbeadh príosún óige ann. Téann an chuid is mó de phríosúnaigh óige isteach sa chóras le haghaidh coireanna neamhfhoréigneacha agus tá seans níos mó go staidrimh go bhfágfaidh siad an choimeád óige níos measa. Cé go bhfuil sí sásta a admháil go bhfuil gá le timpeallacht athshlánúcháin ag daoine óga atá thar a bheith foréigneach, creideann sí go láidir nach ndéanann an córas reatha - na reams sreang barbed, na cillíní dúnta, dearcadh pionóiseach na n-oibrithe - ach aon fhadhbanna a bhí ann cheana a mhéadú. Ina theannta sin, conas is féidir le daoine óga a fhoghlaim muinín a bheith acu in aon chóras a cheadaíonn an oiread sin mí-úsáid agus briseadh rialacha?\nAn féidir le stáit úsáid forleathan Múnla Missouri a chomhordú le cur chuige difriúil i leith óige agus teaghlaigh - athrú ar chultúr, i bhfocail eile - tá sé le feiceáil. Ach, ag féachaint ar chultúr príosúin atá craiceáilte i Meiriceá, is cosúil nach dtarlóidh sé seo go tapa go leor chun dochar suntasach a sheachaint do na mílte déagóirí. Agus tá fadhb eile ann maidir leis an méid a bhíonn os comhair na n-óige sin nuair a fhilleann siad ar ais sa tsochaí. Mar a deir ceann de na déagóirí i Santa Cruz County Juvenile Hall, \"Is dóigh liom go bhfuil mé sábháilte anseo\" b'fhéidir go bhfuil an t-aonar agus an foréigean taobh istigh níos fearr ná an rud atá lasmuigh."} {"text": "The global geothermal power market size was valued at USD 7.87 billion in 2022. It is estimated to reach USD 11.79 billion by 2031, growing at a CAGR of 4.6% during the forecast period (2023–2031).\nThe demand for renewable energy is rising due to the adverse effects of thermal energy. Technological advancements have led to the introduction of electronic products that need electricity for domestic and commercial purposes, increasing the energy demand and simulating the geothermal power market. Geothermal power is the energy derived from the heat stored within the Earth's core. The natural heat produced by the Earth's interior is captured and used as a renewable energy source to produce electricity or provide heating and cooling. Geothermal power is typically generated by tapping into geothermal reservoirs, areas of the Earth's subsurface where hot water or steam is trapped. These reservoirs are usually located in regions with active volcanoes, geothermal hotspots, or areas with high geothermal gradients.\nTo harness geothermal power, geothermal power plants drill wells into the ground to access the hot water or steam reservoirs. These wells can reach depths of thousands of meters. Once the wells are in place, hot water or steam is extracted from the geothermal reservoirs through production wells. The high temperatures and pressure of the fluids make them suitable for generating power. However, geothermal power generation is location-dependent. It requires access to geothermal reservoirs, which are not evenly distributed worldwide. The initial development costs can be high due to the drilling and exploration required.\n|Market Size||USD 11.79 billion by 2031|\n|Fastest Growing Market||Europe|\n|Largest Market||North America|\n|Report Coverage||Revenue Forecast, Competitive Landscape, Growth Factors, Environment & Regulatory Landscape and Trends|\nRenewable energy is derived from natural processes like wind and sunlight. Solar, geothermal, wind, bioenergy, hydropower, and ocean are some of the major renewable energy sources. Renewable energy is utilized in heating, electricity, cooling, and transport. Renewable energy collectively provides around 7% of the world’s energy demands. Renewables are relatively more expensive as compared to fossil fuels. The International Energy Agency projects that during the next five years, renewable energy will increase in proportion to the total energy consumption of the world, reaching a 12.4% level in 2023.\nThis is attributed to the fact that several factors are responsible for driving the usage of renewable energies, the most crucial being the rise of global warming due to a rise in carbon dioxide emission from the combustion of fossil fuels. A worry is the need to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, the increase in the search for energy security, the aversion to traditional nuclear power, and the lack of progression in the application of nuclear power, which are anticipated to drive the demand for geothermal power during the forecast period.\nThe electricity demand has increased immensely in recent years. This is attributed to technological advancements that have led to the introduction of electronic products that need electricity for domestic and commercial purposes. Furthermore, consumers' rising per capita disposable income and spending abilities have raised the sales of electronic devices such as refrigerators, televisions, and air conditioners. The modernization and development of the construction industry and the evolution of high-end residential buildings have increased the demand for power over the past few years. In 2012, the world electricity consumption was 20,900 TWh, which increased by 1.9% to 21,297 in 2013.\nRenewable energy sources accounted for approximately 21% of the total electricity production in 2015. The increase in GDP and a rise in infrastructural development in emerging economies are the major factors fueling the demand for geothermal power. India and China recorded the largest increment in global electricity consumption between 2013 and 2015. The global GDP projection is projected to achieve the USD83 trillion mark by 2022. Consequently, there would be a greater need for power generation to meet the industries' and consumers' electronics' growing demand for electricity.\nBuilding infrastructure is necessary for the development of new resources. These investments increase electricity costs, especially during the early years. Initially, the developers must find publicly acceptable sites with appropriate resources and access to transmission lines. Finding a potential solar site requires several years of monitoring to determine whether it is suitable for generating power. Moreover, the workers must be trained to install, operate, and maintain power plants. Some require operating experiences in certain climatic conditions before optimizing performance. All these factors raise the cost of installing geothermal power plants. This high cost is expected to hamper market growth as it limits the use of geothermal power.\nEconomies like China and India are anticipated to drive the demand for geothermal power owing to a significant increase in energy demand. This is attributed to the rise in investment in renewable energy projects in these countries. The residential and industrial sectors are anticipated to consume more energy during the anticipated period in Asia-Pacific, attributed to an increase in population and a surge in demand for electricity generation.\nFurthermore, India offers significant growth potential; however, due to its inconsistent policies and business environment regarding renewable energy generation in the past, the share in total energy production was less. India is one of the nations seeing strong expansion in the Asia-Pacific market due to rising investments in renewable energy projects. Thus, all these factors collectively are anticipated to offer remunerative opportunities for expanding the global geothermal power market during the forecast period.\nBased on region, the global market is bifurcated into North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, and the Middle East and Africa.\nNorth America is the most significant global geothermal power market shareholder and is estimated to grow at a CAGR of 4.2% over the forecast period. The growth of the North American geothermal energy market is driven by increased efforts taken by scientists and developers to meet the growing demand for energy in the Western U.S. and Mexico. Several geothermal projects are ongoing in the U.S. and Mexico, further fueling the demand for geothermal energy. At the end of 2013, the capacity of geothermal power was 3,440 MW in the Western U.S., with new or renovated power plants in Utah, Nevada, California, and New Mexico.\nFurthermore, the Mexican Department of Energy will likely have 35% of Mexico's energy production from renewable energy sources by 2024. Mexico is making reforms such as Energy Reform 2013–2018 and Estrategia Nacional de Energía 2013–2027 to open the power market for private and outside organizations. Such initiatives are forecasted to drive the demand for geothermal power and thus contribute towards the market's growth. Moreover, Canada is making a significant contribution to boosting the market growth. For instance, GEA's April 2014 International Projects List has displayed nine current geothermal power generation projects at early or prospective stages. These projects include six geothermal plants in British Columbia, two in Saskatchewan, and one in Alberta.\nEurope is anticipated to exhibit a CAGR of 3.6% over the forecast period. Europe's geothermal power market is analyzed across the UK, Germany, France, Italy, Spain, and the rest of Europe. The European Geothermal Energy Council (EGEC) stated that there was a steady growth of geothermal energy in Europe, with 16 new plants expecting to start their operation in 2017, with a combined geothermal power generation capacity of 33 MW. The installed geothermal electricity capacity per year amounts to 2.8 GWe, producing over 15 TWh of energy.\nFurthermore, about 330 MWe of new geothermal electricity capacity will be online in Turkey in 2019. Europe is one of the global leaders in investments in renewable energy. One of the biggest research programs in the EU is \"Horizon 2020,\" which allocated USD 6.7 million to renewable energy for 2014–2020. Europe has aimed to cut its greenhouse gas emissions by 80%. To achieve this, the share of renewables is expected to grow significantly, not only in power but also in the transportation, heating, and cooling industries. This factor is expected to contribute to the geothermal power market's growth significantly.\nThe Asia-Pacific market is analyzed across China, Japan, India, South Korea, Australia, and the rest of Asia-Pacific. The geothermal power market is strong in Indonesia. In addition, when the 330MW Sarulla geothermal power plant went online in May 2018, it denoted another achievement in Indonesia's geothermal power sector. The USD1.7 billion venture of over 2.1 million Indonesian family units is considered the nation's world's biggest single-contract geothermal power plant. Such a milestone is driving the growth of the Asia-Pacific geothermal power market.\nThe LAMEA geothermal power market is analyzed across Latin America, the Middle East, and Africa. In 2015, around 13% of Costa Rica’s energy was generated from geothermal power plants using the country’s abundant volcanic resources. With five million inhabitants, Costa Rica is the seventh largest geothermal producer out of 25 countries. As per the Inter-American Development Bank (IADB) and the World Bank, Latin America uses around 5% of its geothermal potential of 300 terawatt-hours per year. There is less scope for geothermal power generation in the LAMEA region; however, the market is expected to grow with growth initiatives and investment toward energy development.\nThe global geothermal power market is bifurcated into power station type and end-use.\nBased on power station type, the global market is bifurcated into dry steam power stations, flash steam power stations, and binary cycle power stations.\nThe dry steam power stations segment dominates the global market and is projected to exhibit a CAGR of 3.5% over the forecast period. Dry steam control plants draw steam from underground resources. The steam is piped from underground wells to the power plant, where it is coordinated into a turbine/generator unit. Two known underground resources of steam are available in the U.S. The Geysers in northern California and Yellowstone National Park in Wyoming, where Old Faithful is a spring. Since Yellowstone is shielded from advancement, The Geysers are home to most of the country's dry steam plants.\nAdditionally, an increase in the use of dry steam power stations in Italy is expected to drive the market's growth. The first dry steam power station was built and used at Lardarello in Italy in 1904. Dry steam technology is still effective at the Geysers in Northern California, one of the largest single geothermal power sources. It is anticipated that most of the geothermal power plants in the future will depend on dry steam power generation technology, which is an important element that will fuel the growth of the global market during the forecast period.\nBased on end use, the global market is bifurcated into residential, commercial, industrial, and others.\nThe residential segment dominates the global market and is projected to exhibit a CAGR of 4.2% over the forecast period. Geothermal power is used in the residential sector, mainly for heating, cooling, and electricity generation. In the residential sector, geothermal energy serves as an ideal alternative to fossil fossils and can be used to produce electricity. This is attributed to geothermal power ensuring less oil, coal, and gas use and considerably minimal discharge of greenhouse gasses. Geothermal energy is used in several homes to decrease electric bills and attain eco-friendly electricity generation practices.\nFurthermore, the rise in the use of geothermal heat pumps in residential heating applications is expected to drive the market's growth. As demand for electricity increases, it is forecasted that the requirement for geothermal power will increase significantly, thereby driving the growth of the global market. Several businesses in the market provide geothermal energy to the residential sectors. Enel Green Power is one company that owns power plants at a complex serving approximately 2 million families, 8,700 residential and business customers, and 25ha of greenhouses.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-50", "url": "https://straitsresearch.com/report/geothermal-power-market", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100626.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20231206230347-20231207020347-00673.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9379225373, "token_count": 2466, "score": 3.125, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Ba é an méid margaidh domhanda cumhachta geothermal luach USD 7.87 billiún in 2022. Tá sé beartaithe go dtiocfaidh sé ar USD 11.79 billiún faoi 2031, ag fás ag CAGR de 4.6% le linn na tréimhse réamhaisnéis (20232031).\nTá an t-éileamh ar fhuinneamh in-athnuaite ag méadú mar gheall ar éifeachtaí díobhálacha an fhuinnimh teirmeach. Tá dul chun cinn teicneolaíoch tar éis táirgí leictreonacha a thabhairt isteach a dteastaíonn leictreachas uathu chun críocha tí agus tráchtála, ag méadú an éilimh ar fhuinneamh agus ag samhlú an mhargaidh cumhachta geotermaí. Is éard atá i gcumhacht gheo-theirmeach ná an fuinneamh a fhaightear as an teas atá stóráilte laistigh de chroílár na Talún. Déantar an teas nádúrtha a tháirgtear ag taobh istigh den Domhan a ghabháil agus a úsáid mar fhoinse fuinnimh in-athnuaite chun leictreachas a tháirgeadh nó teas agus fuaraithe a sholáthar. De ghnáth déantar cumhacht geotermaí a ghiniúint trí thapáil isteach i stórálacha geotermacha, limistéir de bhunús na Talún ina bhfuil uisce te nó gaile gafa. De ghnáth bíonn na cisterna seo suite i réigiúin le bolcánna gníomhacha, le hotspots geotermacha, nó i gceantair a bhfuil gradient geotermacha ard iontu.\nChun fuinneamh geothermal a shaothrú, déanann gléasraí cumhachta geothermal tochailtí sa talamh chun rochtain a fháil ar an uisce te nó ar an stoirm. Is féidir leis na tobar seo dul go domhain na mílte méadar. Nuair a bhíonn na tobar i bhfeidhm, baintear uisce te nó gaile as na cúlchistí geotharmacha trí tobar táirgeachta. Tá teochtaí agus brú ard na sreabhán ag déanamh go bhfuil siad oiriúnach chun cumhacht a ghiniúint. Mar sin féin, tá táirgeadh cumhachta geothermaí ag brath ar an suíomh. Éilíonn sé rochtain ar stórálacha geothermacha, nach bhfuil dháileadh cothrom ar fud an domhain. D'fhéadfadh na costais forbartha tosaigh a bheith ard mar gheall ar an tochailt agus an taiscéalaíocht a theastaíonn.\nMhéid Margaidh US$11.79 billiún faoi 2031 \nMargadh is mó fáis sa Eoraip\nAn margadh is mó a bhí i Meiriceá Thuaidh\n☐Clúdach Tuarascála ☐Treoracha Ioncaim, Tuairimí ar Thírdhreach na gComaíochta, Fachtóirí Fáis, Tuairimí ar Thírdhreach an Chomhshaoil agus na Rialaithe agus Treochtaí\nDéantar fuinneamh in-athnuaite a dhíriú ó phróisis nádúrtha cosúil le gaoth agus solas na gréine. Tá an ghrian, geothermal, gaoth, bithfhuinneamh, hidreamháileacht, agus aigéan ar chuid de na príomhfhoinsí fuinnimh in-athnuaite. Úsáidtear fuinneamh in-athnuaite i dteas, leictreachas, fuaraithe agus iompar. Soláthraíonn fuinneamh in-athnuaite go comhpháirteach thart ar 7% de éilimh an domhain ar fhuinneamh. Tá fuinneamh in-athnuaite réasúnta níos costasaí i gcomparáid le breoslaí iontaise. Tá an Ghníomhaireacht Idirnáisiúnta Fuinnimh ag súil go dtiocfaidh méadú ar fhuinneamh in-athnuaite i gcomhréir le tomhaltas fuinnimh iomlán an domhain le linn na cúig bliana amach romhainn, agus go sroichfidh sé 12.4% de leibhéal i 2023.\nTugtar é seo leis an bhfíric go bhfuil roinnt fachtóirí freagrach as úsáid fuinnimh in-athnuaite a thiomáint, agus is é an ceann is tábhachtaí ná an t-ardú ar théamh domhanda mar gheall ar ardú ar astaíochtaí dé-ocsaíd charbóin ó dhó na n-olaí iontaise. Is cúis imní é an gá atá le astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa a laghdú, an méadú ar an ngá le slándáil fuinnimh, an t-athrú ar chumhacht núicléach thraidisiúnta, agus an easpa dul chun cinn i gcur i bhfeidhm chumhacht núicléach, a bhfuiltear ag súil go dtiocfaidh an t-éileamh ar chumhacht gheoiteirmeach chun cinn le linn na tréimhse réamhaisnéise.\nTá méadú mór tagtha ar an éileamh ar leictreachas le blianta beaga anuas. Tá sé seo mar gheall ar na dul chun cinn teicneolaíocha a thug ar tháirgí leictreonacha a thabhairt isteach a dteastaíonn leictreachas uathu chun críocha tí agus tráchtála. Ina theannta sin, tá méadú ar ioncam iníoctha an tomhaltóra in aghaidh an duine agus ar a gcumas caiteachais tar éis díolacháin feistí leictreonacha amhail fuílleacháin, teilifíseáin agus aerchóirithe a mhéadú. Tá an nuachóiriú agus forbairt an tionscail tógála agus forbairt na bhfoirgnimh chónaithe ard-deireadh tar éis an t-éileamh ar chumhacht a mhéadú le cúpla bliain anuas. I 2012, bhí an tomhaltas leictreachais ar fud an domhain ag 20,900 TWh, a d'ardaigh 1,9% go 21,297 in 2013.\nBa é an méid sin a bhí i gceist le haghaidh na dtáirgí a bhí ag an táirgeoir leictreach. Is iad an méadú ar OTI agus an méadú ar fhorbairt bonneagair i ngeilleagair atá ag teacht chun cinn na príomhfhachtóirí a spreagann an t-éileamh ar chumhacht gheoiteirmeach. Tá an-chuid de na táirgí a úsáidtear ag an margadh ag na tíortha sin agus tá an-chuid acu i dtáirgí a tháirgtear ag na tíortha sin. Tá sé beartaithe go mbainfidh an TDP domhanda amach $83 trilliún faoi 2022. Dá bhrí sin, bheadh gá níos mó le táirgeadh cumhachta chun freastal ar éileamh méadaithe na dtionscal agus leictreonaic tomhaltóirí ar leictreachas.\nTá sé riachtanach bonneagar a thógáil chun acmhainní nua a fhorbairt. Méadaíonn na hinfheistíochtaí sin costais leictreachais, go háirithe sna blianta tosaigh. Ar dtús, ní mór do na forbróirí suíomhanna a fháil a nglactar leo go poiblí le hacmhainní iomchuí agus rochtain ar línte tarchurtha. Chun suíomh féideartha gréine a aimsiú, ní mór roinnt blianta de mhonatóireacht a dhéanamh chun a chinneadh an bhfuil sé oiriúnach le haghaidh cumhachta a ghiniúint. Ina theannta sin, ní mór na hoibrithe a oiliúint chun gléasraí cumhachta a shuiteáil, a oibriú agus a chothabháil. Éilíonn cuid acu taithí oibriúcháin i gcoinníollacha aeráide áirithe sula ndéantar feidhmíocht a bharrfheabhsú. Cuireann na fachtóirí seo go léir an costas a bhaineann le gléasraí cumhachta geothermacha a shuiteáil ar ardú. Táthar ag súil go gcuirfidh an costas ard seo bac ar fhás an mhargaidh toisc go gcuireann sé srian ar úsáid chumhacht geotermaí.\nTáthar ag súil go dtiocfaidh éileamh ar chumhacht gheoiteirmeach ó gheilleagair mar an tSín agus an India mar gheall ar mhéadú suntasach ar éileamh ar fhuinneamh. Tá sé seo mar gheall ar an méadú ar infheistíocht i dtionscadail fuinnimh in-athnuaite sna tíortha seo. Táthar ag súil go n-úsáidfidh earnálacha cónaithe agus tionsclaíochta níos mó fuinnimh le linn na tréimhse réamh-mheasta san Áise-Aigéan Ciúin, mar gheall ar mhéadú daonra agus ar éileamh ard ar ghiniúint leictreachais.\nIna theannta sin, tá acmhainneacht fhás suntasach ag an India; áfach, mar gheall ar a bheartais agus a timpeallacht ghnó neamhsheasmhach maidir le giniúint fuinnimh in-athnuaite san am atá caite, bhí an sciar sa táirgeadh fuinnimh iomlán níos lú. Tá an India ar cheann de na náisiúin a bhfuil méadú láidir acu ar mhargadh na hÁise-Aigéan Ciúin mar gheall ar infheistíochtaí atá ag ardú i dtionscadail fuinnimh in-athnuaite. Is é an sprioc atá ag an Aontas maidir le soláthar fuinnimh ó na geotermais, mar a leagtar amach i bpointe (b) den chéad fhomhír d'Airteagal 2 (2) de Threoir 2003/87/CE, ná soláthar fuinnimh ó na geotermais a chur ar fáil do na Ballstáit.\nBunaithe ar réigiún, tá an margadh domhanda roinnte i Meiriceá Thuaidh, san Eoraip, san Áise-Aigéan Ciúin, i Meiriceá Laidineach, agus sa Mheánoirthear agus san Afraic.\nIs í Meiriceá Thuaidh an scairshealbhóir is suntasaí ar mhargadh domhanda na cumhachta geothermaí agus meastar go dtiocfaidh fás de 4,2% ar an CAGR thar thréimhse na réamhaisnéis. Tá fás an mhargaidh fuinnimh geothermal Mheiriceá Thuaidh á thiomáint ag iarrachtaí méadaithe a rinne eolaithe agus forbróirí chun freastal ar an éileamh atá ag fás ar fhuinneamh i Meiriceá Thiar agus sa Mheicsiceo. Tá roinnt tionscadal geothermal ar siúl sna Stáit Aontaithe agus sa Mheicsiceo, rud a spreagann an t-éileamh ar fhuinneamh geothermal. Ag deireadh 2013, bhí cumas cumhachta geothermal 3,440 MW san Iarthar na SA, le gléasraí cumhachta nua nó athchóirithe i Utah, Nevada, California, agus Nua-Mheicsiceo.\nIs dócha go mbeidh 35% de tháirgeadh fuinnimh Mheicsiceo ó fhoinsí fuinnimh in-athnuaite ag an Roinn Fuinnimh Mheicsiceo faoi 2024. Tá Meicsiceo ag déanamh athchóirithe mar Athchóiriú Fuinnimh 20132018 agus Estrategia Nacional de Energía 20132027 chun an margadh cumhachta a oscailt d'eagraíochtaí príobháideacha agus seachtracha. Táthar ag súil go spreagfaidh tionscnaimh den sórt sin an t-éileamh ar chumhacht gheoiteirmeach agus go gcuirfidh siad leis sin fás an mhargaidh. Ina theannta sin, tá rannchuidiú suntasach ag Ceanada le fás an mhargaidh a spreagadh. Mar shampla, tá naoi dtionscadal reatha maidir le giniúint cumhachta geothermal i gcéimeanna luath nó ionchais le feiceáil ar Liosta Tionscadal Idirnáisiúnta GEA i mí Aibreáin 2014. I measc na dtionscadal seo tá sé phlanda geothermal i British Columbia, dhá phlanda i Saskatchewan, agus ceann i Alberta.\nTáthar ag súil go mbeidh CAGR de 3.6% ag an Eoraip le linn na tréimhse réamhaisnéis. Déantar anailís ar mhargadh fuinnimh geothermaí na hEorpa ar fud na Ríochta Aontaithe, na Gearmáine, na Fraince, na hIodáile, na Spáinne agus an chuid eile den Eoraip. Dúirt an Chomhairle Eorpach um Fuinneamh Geo-theirmeach (EGEC) go raibh fás seasmhach ar fhuinneamh geo-theirmeach san Eoraip, agus táthar ag súil go dtosóidh 16 gléasra nua ag feidhmiú in 2017, le cumas comhcheangailte de 33 MW de chumhacht ghinearáide geo-theirmeach. Is é an cumas leictreachais gheo-theirmeach suiteáilte in aghaidh na bliana ná 2.8 GWe, ag táirgeadh níos mó ná 15 TWh fuinnimh.\nTá an méid sin le rá go bhfuil an Coimisiún ag súil go mbeidh an Coimisiún in ann an méid sin a dhéanamh. Tá an Eoraip ar cheann de na ceannairí domhanda i dtaca le hinfheistíochtaí in fhuinneamh in-athnuaite. Ceann de na cláir taighde is mó san AE is ea \"Horizon 2020\", a leithdháil USD 6.7 milliún do fhuinneamh in-athnuaite don tréimhse 2014-2020. Tá sé mar aidhm ag an Eoraip a astaíochtaí gáis cheaptha teasa a laghdú 80%. Chun é seo a bhaint amach, táthar ag súil go dtiocfaidh méadú suntasach ar sciar na n-athnuaite, ní hamháin i gcumhacht ach freisin sna tionscail iompair, téimh agus fuaraithe. Táthar ag súil go gcuirfidh an fachtóir seo go mór le fás an mhargaidh fuinnimh geotermaí.\nDéantar anailís ar mhargadh na hÁise-Aigéan Ciúin ar fud na Síne, na Seapáine, na hIndia, na Cóiré Theas, na hAstráile, agus an chuid eile den Áise-Aigéan Ciúin. Tá an margadh cumhachta geothermal láidir san Indinéis. Ina theannta sin, nuair a chuaigh gléasra cumhachta geotermaí 330MW Sarulla ar líne i mí na Bealtaine 2018, léiríodh éacht eile i earnáil chumhachta geotermaí na hIndinéise. Meastar gurb é an fiontar USD1.7 billiún de níos mó ná 2.1 milliún aonad teaghlaigh Indinéisis an gléasra cumhachta geothermal is mó ar domhan ar chonradh aonair. Tá an chéim seo ag spreagadh fás an mhargaidh geothermal Asia-Pacific.\nDéantar anailís ar mhargadh cumhachta geothermal LAMEA ar fud Mheiriceá Laidineach, an Mheánoirthear agus na hAfraice. In 2015, cruthaíodh thart ar 13% d'fhuinneamh Chosta Rica ó ghléasraí cumhachta geothermacha ag baint úsáide as acmhainní volcánta sa tír. Le cúig mhilliún áitritheoir, is é Costa Rica an seachtú táirgeoir geothermal is mó as 25 tír. De réir an Bhainc Forbartha Idir-Mheiriceánach (IADB) agus an Bhainc Domhanda, úsáideann Meiriceá Laidineach thart ar 5% dá acmhainneacht gheo-theirmeach de 300 terawatt-uair in aghaidh na bliana. Tá níos lú réimsí ann chun geothermal a ghiniúint i réigiún LAMEA; áfach, táthar ag súil go dtiocfaidh fás ar an margadh le tionscnaimh fáis agus infheistíocht i dtreo forbairt fuinnimh.\nTá an margadh domhanda cumhachta geothermal roinnte ina leith de réir chineál stáisiún cumhachta agus úsáide deiridh.\nBunaithe ar chineál na stáisiúin cumhachta, tá an margadh domhanda roinnte ina stáisiúin cumhachta gaile tirim, stáisiúin cumhachta gaile flash, agus stáisiúin cumhachta cearcála dénártha.\nTá an roinn de stáisiúin chumhachta gaile tirim i gceannas ar an margadh domhanda agus tátear ag súil go mbeidh CAGR de 3.5% aige le linn na tréimhse réamhaisnéis. Tarraingíonn gléasanna rialaithe gaile tirim gaile ó acmhainní faoi thalamh. Cuirtear an t-uisce ó bholl faoi thalamh chuig an gléasra cumhachta, áit a ndéantar é a chomhordú i ngrúpa/ghineadóir. Tá dhá acmhainn faoi thalamh de ghaoth ar fáil sna Stáit Aontaithe. Na Geysers i dtuaisceart California agus Páirc Náisiúnta Yellowstone i Wyoming, áit a bhfuil Old Faithful mar earrach. Ós rud é go bhfuil Yellowstone cosanta ó dhul chun cinn, tá na Geysers ina mbaile don chuid is mó de ghléasraí gaile tirim na tíre.\nIna theannta sin, táthar ag súil go dtiocfaidh méadú ar úsáid stáisiúin cumhachta gaile tirim san Iodáil chun fás an mhargaidh a spreagadh. Tógadh an chéad stáisiún cumhachta gaile tirim agus baineadh úsáid as i Lardarello san Iodáil i 1904. Tá teicneolaíocht gaile tirim fós éifeachtach ag na Geysers i dTuaisceart California, ceann de na foinsí cumhachta geothermal aonair is mó. Táthar ag súil go mbeidh an chuid is mó de na stáisiúin cumhachta geotermacha sa todhchaí ag brath ar theicneolaíocht giniúna cumhachta gaile tirim, rud atá ina ghné thábhachtach a spreagfaidh fás an mhargaidh dhomhanda le linn na tréimhse réamhaisnéisí.\nBunaithe ar úsáid deiridh, tá an margadh domhanda roinnte ina chónaithe, tráchtála, tionsclaíoch, agus eile.\nTá an t-earnáil cónaithe i gceannas ar an margadh domhanda agus tátear ag súil go léireoidh sé CAGR de 4,2% le linn na tréimhse réamhaisnéis. Úsáidtear fuinneamh geotermaí san earnáil chónaithe, go príomha le haghaidh téimh, fuaraithe agus táirgeadh leictreachais. Sa earnáil chónaithe, is rogha iontach é an geothermal mar mhalairt ar fhóisíní iontaise agus is féidir é a úsáid chun leictreachas a tháirgeadh. Tá sé seo i gceist le cumhacht geothermal a chinntíonn níos lú ola, guail agus gáis a úsáid agus scaoileadh go suntasach íosta gás ceaptha teasa. Úsáidtear fuinneamh geotermaí i roinnt tithe chun billí leictreachais a laghdú agus chun cleachtais ghiniúna leictreachais atá neamhdhíobhálach don chomhshaol a bhaint amach.\nIna theannta sin, táthar ag súil go spreagfaidh méadú úsáid pompaí teasa geothramacha in iarratais teasa cónaithe fás an mhargaidh. De réir mar a mhéadaíonn an t-éileamh ar leictreachas, táthar ag tuar go méadóidh an riachtanas le haghaidh cumhachta geothermaí go suntasach, rud a spreagfaidh fás an mhargaidh dhomhanda. Soláthraíonn roinnt gnólachtaí sa mhargadh fuinneamh geothramach do na hearnálacha cónaithe. Is cuideachta amháin é Enel Green Power a bhfuil gléasraí cumhachta aici i gcomhfhillteach a fhreastalaíonn ar thart ar 2 mhilliún teaghlach, 8,700 custaiméir cónaithe agus gnó, agus 25 heicteár de theachlann glas."} {"text": "778 The Battle of Roncevaux Pass (Pyrenees on the border between France and\nSpain), at which Roland (commander of the rear guard of Charlemagne's army) was\nkilled. The battle was romanticized by oral tradition into a major conflict\nbetween Christians and Muslims, when in fact both sides in the battle were\nChristian. The legend is recounted in the 11th century The Song of Roland,\nwhich is the oldest surviving major work of French literature, and in Orlando\nFurioso, which is one of the most celebrated works of Italian literature.\nHoly Roman Emperor Otto II was defeated by the Saracens in the battle of Capo\nColonna, in Calabria.\n1248 –The foundation stone of Cologne Cathedral, built to\nhouse the relics of the Three Wise Men, was laid.\n1261 Michael VIII Palaeologus\nwas crowned Byzantine emperor in Constantinople.\n1309 – The city of Rhodes\nsurrendered to the forces of the Knights of St. John, completing their conquest\nof Rhodes. The knights established their headquarters on the island and renamed\nthemselves the Knights of Rhodes.\n1457 \"Mainz Psalter,\" the earliest\ndated book was completed. 1\n483 Pope Sixtus IV consecrated the Sistine Chapel.\n1548 Mary, Queen of Scotland, arrived in France.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-47", "url": "http://maryannbernal.blogspot.com/2013/08/history-trivia-mary-queen-of-scotland.html", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934806070.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20171120145722-20171120165722-00392.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9503036737, "token_count": 283, "score": 3.390625, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "778 Cath Pas Roncevaux (Pyrenees ar an teorainn idir an Fhrainc agus\nAn Spáinn), áit a raibh Roland (comandóir garda cúl arm Charlemagne)\nmarbh. Bhí an cath romanticised ag traidisiún béil i gcath mór\nidir Críostaithe agus Moslamaigh, nuair a bhí i ndáiríre an dá thaobh sa troid\nCríostaí. Tá an finscéal a insint sa 11ú haois An t-amhrán Roland,\nis é an obair is sine a mhaireann mór na litríochta Fraincis, agus in Orlando\nFurioso, ar cheann de na hoibreacha is cáiliúla de litríocht na hIodáile.\nBhí na Saracens ag bualadh le hImpire na Róimhe Naofa Otto II i gcath Capo\nColonna, i Calabria.\n1248 Cathedrail Cholóin a tógadh chun\nteach a leagadh relics na Trí Wise Men,\n1261 Michael VIII Palaeologus\nBhí coróin impire Byzantine i Constantinople.\n1309 Cathair Rhodes\nThit sé i bhfolach go raibh sé ina chónaí i gCill Chainnigh.\nde Rhodes. An ríthe a bunaíodh a n-ionad ceanncheathrú ar an oileán agus ath-ainmníodh\niad féin na Ridireanna Rhodes.\n1457 \"Mainz Psalter\", an chéad\nleabhar dáta a chríochnaigh. 1 an t-am\n483 D'inghreos an Pápa Sixtus IV an Capall Siostine.\n1548 Tháinig Mary, Banríon na hAlban, go dtí an Fhrainc."} {"text": "The flu vaccine protects children from serious illness and even death. The youngest children are especially vulnerable to the viruses that cause the flu. Every year in the United States, an average of 20,000 children younger than 5 are hospitalized with flu complications such as pneumonia.\nChildren age 2 and younger who come down with the flu are the most likely to need hospitalization. And kids between 2 and 4 who get the flu are more likely than older children to see a doctor, be taken to an urgent care center, or end up in an emergency room.\nLearn more about the flu and how to recognize the symptoms.\nThe U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends the flu vaccine for everyone, including babies who are at least 6 months old. (Infants younger than 6 months aren't old enough to get vaccinated.) For other exceptions, see \"Who shouldn't get the flu vaccine\" below.\nIt's most effective to get the vaccine as soon as it's available in the fall to allow time for immunity to build up before flu season is in full swing. But if your child turns 6 months old during the winter, it's not too late to get it in January or even February.\nEvery year, a new vaccine is developed about nine months before flu season. Scientists formulate the new vaccine based on the viruses in circulation at the time and the strains they predict will be most prevalent during the upcoming flu season. Each vaccine protects against at least three different strains of flu virus.\nIn December 2012, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved a new vaccine to provide broader coverage against influenza viruses by protecting against four different strains of the disease. Both 3-strain and 4-strain vaccines are available for the 2013-2014 flu season. Ask your child's doctor which one is right for your child.\nSome children age 6 months through 8 years require two doses of influenza vaccine. Children being vaccinated for the first time will need two doses one month apart. Some children who have received an influenza vaccine previously will also need two doses. Your child's healthcare provider can tell you whether two doses are recommended for your child.\nHealthy children age 2 and older who have no history of recurrent wheezing or asthma can be given a nasal spray version of the flu vaccine called FluMist. The FluMist vaccine available for the 2013-2014 flu season protects against four strains of the flu virus.\nBoth 3-strain and 4-strain flu vaccines help prevent H1N1 and other influenza viruses.\nIf you have any questions about whether your child should receive the flu vaccine, talk with his doctor. In general, your child won't be vaccinated if he:\nFortunately, the flu vaccine provides some protection against other strains of flu. So even if your child becomes infected with one that's not included in the vaccine, he'll probably have a milder case.\nSome flu shots are still made with thimerosal, a preservative that contains a form of mercury. If you prefer, you can ask your doctor whether a thimerosal-free flu shot is available. You can also avoid thimerosal if your child is at least 2 years old by choosing the nasal spray flu vaccine, which doesn't contain any preservatives.\nThe most common side effect of the flu shot (for both children and adults) is soreness at the injection site. Children, particularly those who haven't been exposed to the flu virus, may develop a low fever and feel achy and tired. These symptoms can last up to two days.\nLess than 1 percent of people who get the flu shot report symptoms such as fever, chills, and muscle aches. Studies show that people who get a placebo injection (one without the vaccine) are just as likely to report these symptoms.\nChildren who get the nasal spray vaccine may develop a runny nose, wheezing, headache, muscle aches, vomiting, and fever. These side effects are mild and short-lived, especially compared to a bout of the flu.\nSevere allergic reactions are rare but possible with any vaccine. See what our expert says about how to tell whether your child is having an adverse reaction.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-41", "url": "http://www.babycenter.com/0_the-flu-vaccine-for-children_1463462.bc?showAll=true", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1410657128337.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20140914011208-00287-ip-10-196-40-205.us-west-1.compute.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9612295628, "token_count": 854, "score": 3.84375, "int_score": 4, "irish_text": "Cosnaíonn an vacsaín fliú leanaí ó ghalair thromchúiseacha agus fiú ó bhás. Tá na páistí is óige faoi mhíchumas go háirithe do na víris a chuireann an fliú i gcúis. Gach bliain sna Stáit Aontaithe, déantar meán de 20,000 leanbh atá níos óige ná 5 bliana d'aois a ospidéalú le deacrachtaí an fhliú mar nimhiú.\nIs iad leanaí 2 bliana d'aois agus níos óige a thagann síos leis an nglaoch an seans is mó go dteastaíonn ospidéalú uathu. Agus tá seans níos mó ag páistí idir 2 agus 4 bliana d'aois a fhaigheann an fliú ná páistí níos sine dul chuig dochtúir, a bheith i lár cúraim éigeandála, nó a bheith i seomra éigeandála.\nFoghlaim níos mó faoi an fliú agus conas na comharthaí a aithint.\nMolann Ionad na Stát Aontaithe um Rialú agus Cosc ar Ghalair (CDC) an vacsaín fliú do gach duine, lena n-áirítear leanaí atá 6 mhí d'aois ar a laghad. (Ní bhíonn leanaí níos óige ná 6 mhí d'aois go leor chun an vacsaín a fháil.) Maidir le heisceachtaí eile, féach \" Cé nach chóir an vacsaín fliú a fháil \" thíos.\nIs é an rud is éifeachtaí ná an vacsaín a fháil a luaithe a bheidh sé ar fáil san fhómhar chun go mbeidh am ag an díolúine a thógáil suas sula mbeidh séasúr an fhliú ag dul i bhfeidhm. Ach má bhíonn do leanbh 6 mhí d'aois i rith an gheimhridh, níl sé ró-dhéanach é a fháil i mí Eanáir nó i mí Feabhra.\nGach bliain, déantar vacsaín nua a fhorbairt thart ar naoi mí roimh shéasúr an fhliú. Déanann eolaithe an vacsaín nua a fhoirmliú bunaithe ar na víris a bhí ag scaipeadh ag an am agus na cineálacha a thuar siad a bheidh is forleithne le linn shéasúr na hionfhabhtála atá le teacht. Cosnaíonn gach vacsaín i gcoinne trí shraith éagsúla de víreas na ngrípe ar a laghad.\nI mí na Nollag 2012, cheadaigh Riarachán Bia agus Drugaí na Stát Aontaithe vacsaín nua chun clúdach níos leithne a sholáthar i gcoinne víris an fhliú trí chosaint a dhéanamh ar cheithre strain éagsúla den ghalar. Tá vacsaíní 3-strain agus 4-strain ar fáil don séasúr fliú 2013-2014. Iarr ar dhochtúir do pháiste cén ceann atá ceart do do leanbh.\nÉilíonn roinnt leanaí idir 6 mhí agus 8 mbliana dhá dháileog de vacsaín an fhliú. Beidh dhá dhosú ag teastáil ó leanaí atá á vacsaínú den chéad uair, idir mí amháin agus mí eile. Beidh dhá dhosú ag teastáil ó roinnt leanaí a fuair vacsaín an fhliú roimhe seo freisin. Féadfaidh soláthraí cúraim sláinte do pháiste a rá leat an bhfuil dhá dháileog molta do do pháiste.\nIs féidir le páistí sláintiúla 2 bliana d'aois agus níos sine nach bhfuil aon stair acu de wheezing athfhillteach nó asthma a thabhairt do leagan sprae nasal den vacsaín fliú ar a dtugtar FluMist. Cosnaíonn vacsaín FluMist atá ar fáil don séasúr fliú 2013-2014 i gcoinne ceithre shliocht den víreas fliú.\nCabhraíonn vacsaíní fliú 3-strain agus 4-strain le H1N1 agus víris fliú eile a chosc.\nMá tá aon cheist agat maidir le cibé an chóir do leanbh an vacsaín fliú a fháil, labhair lena dhochtúir. Go ginearálta, ní dhéanfar do leanbh a vacsaínú má tá sé:\nAr an dea-shástacht, soláthraíonn an vacsaín fliú cosaint éigin i gcoinne cineálacha eile fliú. Mar sin, fiú má thiteann do leanbh le ceann nach bhfuil san áireamh sa vacsaín, is dócha go mbeidh cás níos éadroime aige.\nDéantar roinnt lámhaigh fliú fós le thimerosal, coimhdeoir ina bhfuil cineál meicreacha. Más fearr leat, is féidir leat a iarraidh ar do dhochtúir an bhfuil vacsaín fliú gan thimerosal ar fáil. Is féidir leat thimerosal a sheachaint freisin má tá do leanbh 2 bliana d'aois ar a laghad trí vacsaín an ghrianghraif a chur i sprae nasal, nach bhfuil aon choimeádáin ann.\nIs é an fo-éifeacht is coitianta a bhíonn ag an bhréagán fliú (do leanaí agus do dhaoine fásta araon) ná pian ag an áit a instealladh. D'fhéadfadh teas íseal a bheith ag leanaí, go háirithe iad siúd nach raibh nochtaithe don víreas fliú, agus go mbraitheann siad tinn agus tuirseach. Is féidir leis na hairíonna seo dul ar aghaidh suas le dhá lá.\nTuairiscíonn níos lú ná 1 faoin gcéad de na daoine a fhaigheann an vacsaín fliú comharthaí ar nós teas, creathadh, agus pian matáin. Léiríonn staidéir go bhfuil na hairíonna seo chomh seans maith le daoine a fhaigheann instealladh phláiseabo (aon cheann gan an vacsaín).\nD'fhéadfadh sé go mbeadh srón ag rith ar leanaí a fhaigheann an vacsaín spraeire srón, siúlóid, tinneas cinn, pian muscle, meá, agus fiabhras. Tá na fo-iarsmaí seo éadrom agus gearrthéarmach, go háirithe i gcomparáid le haire an fhuil.\nTá frithghníomhartha ailléirgeacha tromchúiseacha annamh ach is féidir iad a bheith ann le haon vacsaín. Féach cad a deir ár saineolaí faoi conas a insint má tá imoibriú díobhálach ag do leanbh."} {"text": "|First published in English in 1925, The Geometry of Rene Descartes brings to audiences one of the most revolutionary works in mathematics since Euclid. Descartes changed the field of mathematics with his invention of analytic geometry. He loved Euclid, because Euclidean geometry offered truth and certainty, and all of its conclusions were drawn from irrefutable axioms.\nDescartes wanted to have this kind of certainty in all areas of life, and so he sought to answer questions about the real world using algebra combined with geometry. This produced the Cartesian plane, which suddenly allowed equations to be graphed. It was a revolution.\nIn this book, mathematicians can follow a true genius as he explains his mathematical principles and truths.\nNew York lawyer and mathematician DAVID EUGENE SMITH (1860-1944) authored a number of books while a professor of mathematics at Columbia University, including The Teaching of Elementary Mathematics (1900), A History of Japanese Mathematics (1914), and History of Modern Mathematics (1896).", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-50", "url": "http://cosimobooks.com/book_description.php?book=1303&texto=The-Geometry-of-Rene-Descartes-Mathematics-Books-1602066914-9781602066915&uri=&s=68", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100327.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20231202042052-20231202072052-00342.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.953309536, "token_count": 214, "score": 3.703125, "int_score": 4, "irish_text": "\"D'fhoilsigh The Geometry of Rene Descartes ar dtús i mBéarla i 1925, agus tugann sé seo do lucht féachana ceann de na hoibreacha is réabhlóideach i matamaitic ó bhí Euclid ann. D'athraigh Descartes réimse na matamaitice le a fhionnachtain ar gheoiméide anailíseach. Bhí grá aige do Euclid, toisc go raibh fíor agus cinnteacht ag geometry Euclidean, agus go raibh a chuid conclúidí go léir tarraingthe ó axioms neamh-in-chúlchúl.\nBhí sé ag iarraidh an cineál cinnteachta seo a bheith aige i ngach réimse den saol, agus mar sin d'iarr sé ceisteanna faoin saol fíor a fhreagairt ag baint úsáide as algaibra i dteannta le heimeatraíocht. Mar thoradh air seo, cruthaíodh an pláinéad Cartesian, a cheadaigh go tobann go ndéanfaí graifí de chothromanna. Bhí sé ina réabhlóid.\nSa leabhar seo, is féidir le matamaiticeoirí fíor-ghine a leanúint agus é ag míniú a phrionsabail agus a fhírinne matamaitice.\nScríobh dlíodóir agus matamaiticeoir Nua-Eabhrac DAVID EUGENE SMITH (1860-1944) roinnt leabhair agus é ina ollamh matamaitice in Ollscoil Columbia, lena n-áirítear The Teaching of Elementary Mathematics (1900), A History of Japanese Mathematics (1914), agus History of Modern Mathematics (1896)."} {"text": "Games for Kids Christmas – How to Play: Have children put Vaseline on their noses and then put red circles on their nose. Children will ride one leg. The kids kept jumping on one foot until player says “Santa says stop”. It’s a fun game to play with younger children.\nStocking, spoon and bowl for each team. Are children lined up at one end of the room. At the other end, hang a Christmas stocking for each team. How to Play: Have children sit in a large circle and blindfold one child. Another child will be given the sleigh and must say:\nHow to Play: Show the items in the boxes for the kids. Remove one or more items out of the box (without the kids see you). Ask the children to guess what items are missing. Instructions must be appropriate age for children to play.\nHow to Play: Challenge the children to perform random act of kindness for someone else for a day. How to play: in pairs children. On your mark children vying to become the first pair crossed the line.\nDivide the children into teams. Each child got a letter and they have to hold the card and stand in the proper order to spell the word for all to see. source idea Christmas Games\nChild rows behind the line and a bucket of marshmallows beside them. How to play: Give each piece of paper and a pencil. Explain to them that they will close their eyes and you will tell them what to draw. One girl and one boy are chosen to dance for a minute (or two), a signal is given and the girls and boys choosing new partners.\nMr WordPress on Hello world!", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-51", "url": "https://znet77.wordpress.com/2012/11/25/christmas-games-for-kids/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948588294.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20171216162441-20171216184441-00504.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9294788241, "token_count": 343, "score": 2.8125, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Cluichí do Leanaí Nollaig Conas a Imirt: Cuir Vaseline ar a n-aigne ag leanaí agus ansin cuir ciorcail dearga ar a n-aigne. Beidh leanaí ag marcaíocht ar chos amháin. Lean na páistí ag léim ar chos amháin go dtí go deir an t-imreoir \"Deir Santa stop\". Is cluiche spraíúil é le himirt le páistí níos óige.\nStocking, spúnóg agus bowl do gach foireann. Tá leanaí ar líne ag ceann amháin de dheireadh an tseomra. Ar an deireadh eile, crochadh stocaí Nollag do gach foireann. Conas a Imríonn sé: Cuir na páistí i suí i gciorcal mór agus cuir blindfold ar leanbh amháin. Beidh leanbh eile a thabhairt ar an sleigh agus ní mór a rá:\nConas a Imirt: Taispeáin na míreanna sna boscaí do na páistí. Tóg rud amháin nó níos mó as an mbosca (gan na páistí a fheiceáil). Iarr ar na páistí buille faoi thuairim a dhéanamh ar na rudaí atá ar iarraidh. Ní mór na treoracha a bheith oiriúnach d'aois na leanaí chun imirt.\nConas a Imirt: Iarraig ar na páistí gníomh cairdiúil a dhéanamh do dhuine eile ar feadh lá amháin. Conas a imirt: i péirí leanaí. Ar do chomhartha leanaí ag dul chun bheith ar an chéad péire trasna an líne.\nRoinn na páistí ina bhfoirne. Fuair gach leanbh litir agus ní mór dóibh an cárta a shealbhú agus seasamh san ord ceart chun an focal a litreáil le go bhfeicfeadh gach duine. smaoineamh foinse Cluichí Nollag\nRitheann páistí taobh thiar den líne agus buidéal marshmallows ina thaobh. Conas a imirt: Tabhair píosa páipéir agus peann luaidhe do gach duine. Mínigh dóibh go ndúnfaidh siad a súile agus go n-insíonn tú dóibh cad atá le tarraingt. Roghnaítear cailín agus buachaill amháin le damhsa ar feadh nóiméad (nó dhó), tugtar comhartha agus roghnaíonn na cailíní agus na buachaillí comhpháirtithe nua.\nAn tUasal WordPress ar Hello world!"} {"text": "OLYMPIA – No less than 137 wildlife species in Washington and Oregon – from killer whales to giant salamanders – depend one way or another on Pacific salmon for part of their diet.\nEntire watersheds are nourished by salmon carcasses, packed with chemical nutrients borne inland from the sea.\nFor these reasons, the decline of Pacific Northwest salmon stocks has implications that extend far beyond the salmon themselves.\nThat is the conclusion of Pacific Salmon and Wildlife, a new report produced by a consortium of organizations with the Washington departments of Natural Resources and Fish and Wildlife playing leading roles.\nDrawing from more than 500 scientific studies published over the past century, the report synthesizes decades of research to document the special role salmon play in sustaining a variety of life forms in the Pacific Northwest.\n\"The critical role that salmon play in the Northwest ecosystem has been documented in various ways, but that often gets lost in the current discussion about salmon recovery,\" said Jeff Cederholm, salmon research scientist for the Washington Department of Natural Resources and principal author of the report. \"Our goal was to draw the results of all those scientific studies into a single report that illustrates what's really at stake.\"\nThe report describes native salmon as a \"keystone species\" that determines the fate of many others.\nOf the 137 wildlife species cited in the report whose diet depends directly or indirectly on salmon, 41 are mammals (killer whales, river otters, black bear), 89 are birds (bald eagles, caspian terns, grebes), five are reptiles (turtles, aquatic garter snake) and two are amphibians (giant salamanders).\nSeveral species, including bald eagles, rely on salmon both directly and indirectly for their dietary needs: They not only eat salmon themselves but also prey on other species that eat salmon.\nInsects, such as stoneflies, caddisflies, blackflies, have their own special relationship with salmon. Many feed off salmon carcasses, then become food for juvenile salmon, completing the cycle.\n\"We now know that some 82 species of wildlife are consumers of salmon carcasses,\" said David Johnson, who conducted the study as a scientist for the Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife. \"This information greatly strengthens our collective understanding of the role that salmon play in the populations of Pacific Northwest wildlife species, and how management activities such as hatcheries, harvest, and other actions can impact these species.\"\nAn example of what can happen when these interrelationships break down can be found in the collapse of the kokanee salmon run at McDonald Creek in Glacier National Park.\nIn 1981, McDonald Creek drew 639 bald eagles to feed on salmon carcasses, the densest concentration of eagles south of the Canadian border. When opossum shrimp were later introduced to an adjacent lake, they competed with the kokanee for zooplankton and ultimately caused the run to fail. By 1989, only 25 eagles returned to the creek area.\nThe report suggests that black bears may be following the same course. Although bears in Alaska are well known for their appetite for salmon, most of their cousins in Washington and Oregon appear to favor huckleberries in the higher elevations. After citing several studies on the subject, the report offers a possible explanation:\n\"In summary, bears have a strong relationship to salmon where they have access to them, but it appears that ... current salmon populations do not represent a predictable food supply to bears in Washington and Oregon.\"\nConcerned that may soon be the case with many other species, the authors of Pacific Salmon and Wildlife recommend that more native adult salmon be allowed to escape the fishery and spawn. According to the report, this is necessary not only to increase the population of wild salmon but to ensure the survival many other wildlife species that depend on salmon as a source of food.\nBuilding on that theme, the report cites numerous studies outlining the important role salmon play in cycling nutrients from the ocean to freshwater habitats. All agree that salmon, which gain 95 percent of their body weight while at sea, provide a major source of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorous for their own young and for entire ecosystems through the Northwest.\n\"As we recover salmon populations and their habitats, we will likely see measurable improvements in these wildlife species and in the overall health and functioning of these ecosystems,\" Johnson said.\nContributing to Pacific Salmon and Wildlife were scientists from the Washington departments of Natural Resources, Fish and Wildlife, and Ecology; the National Marine Fisheries Service and the U.S. Forest Service; the University of Washington and Oregon State University; and several private consultants.\nCopies of the report are available by contacting WDFW at firstname.lastname@example.org, calling 360-902-2534, or writing to the WDFW, Habitat Program, 600 Capitol Way N., Olympia, WA 98501-1091.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-42", "url": "http://wdfw.wa.gov/news/may3000b/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1414637901687.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20141030025821-00015-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9419517517, "token_count": 1007, "score": 3.21875, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "OLYMPIA Ní lú ná 137 speiceas fiadhúlra i Washington agus Oregon ó bhalann killer go salamanders ollmhór ag brath ar shalmon an Aigéin Chiúin ar bhealach amháin nó ar bhealach eile le haghaidh cuid dá n-aiste bia.\nTá báistí salmon ag cothú leachtanna uisce iomlána, atá pacáilte le cothaithigh cheimiceacha a thugtar isteach ón bhfarraige.\nAr na cúiseanna seo, tá impleachtaí ag laghdú stoic salmón an Aigéin Chiúin Thuaidh atá i bhfad níos faide ná na salmón féin.\nSin an conclúid atá le Pacific Salmon and Wildlife, tuarascáil nua a d'eagraigh comhchoiste eagraíochtaí agus na ranna Washington d'Acmhainní Nádúrtha agus Iascaigh agus Fiadhúlra ag imirt ról ceannaire.\nAg tarraingt ó níos mó ná 500 staidéar eolaíoch a foilsíodh le linn na céadta bliain anuas, déanann an tuarascáil comhcheangal le blianta taighde chun an ról speisialta a imríonn an salmón a dhoiciméadú chun cineálacha éagsúla beatha a chothabháil i dTuaisceart an Aigéin Chiúin.\n\"Tá an ról ríthábhachtach a imríonn an salmón san éiceachóras an Iarthuaiscirt curtha i gcuntas ar bhealaí éagsúla, ach is minic a chailleann sé sin sa phlé reatha faoi ghnóthú salmón\", a dúirt Jeff Cederholm, eolaí taighde salmón do Roinn Acmhainní Nádúrtha Washington agus príomh-údar an tuarascála. \"Ba é ár gcuspóir torthaí na staidéir eolaíochta sin go léir a tharraingt isteach i dtuarascáil amháin a léiríonn cad atá i gceist i ndáiríre\".\nDéanann an tuarascáil cur síos ar shalmon dúchasach mar \"speiceas clochch\" a chinneann chinniúint go leor eile.\nAs na 137 speiceas fiadhúlra a luaitear sa tuarascáil a bhfuil a n-aiste bia ag brath go díreach nó go hindíreach ar an salmón, is mamaigh iad 41 (bhál killer, otters abhainn, ursa dubh), is é 89 éan (eaglaí bald, terns Caspian, grebes), is iad cúig réptílí (turtur, nathair garter uisceacha) agus is iad dhá amphibian (salamanders ollmhór).\nBraitheann roinnt speiceas, lena n-áirítear eagles bald, ar shalmon araon go díreach agus go hindíreach dá riachtanais aiste bia: Ní amháin go n-itheann siad shalmon iad féin ach go n-éireoidh siad le speiceas eile a itheann shalmon.\nTá caidreamh speisialta ag insteallacha, amhail stoneflies, caddisflies, blackflies, le salmón. Tá go leor acu ag ithe carcasses salmón, ansin a bheith ina bhia do salmón óg, ag críochnú an timthriall.\n\"Tá a fhios againn anois go n-itheann thart ar 82 speiceas fiadhúlra carcasaí sialmóin\", a dúirt David Johnson, a rinne an staidéar mar eolaí do Roinn Iasc agus Fiadhúlra Washington. \"Leisíonn an t-eolas seo go mór ár dtuiscint chomhchoiteann ar an ról a imríonn an salmón i ndaonra speicis fiadhúlra an Aigéin Chiúin Thuaidh, agus conas is féidir le gníomhaíochtaí bainistíochta mar eisiataí, fiontar, agus gníomhaíochtaí eile tionchar a imirt ar na speicis seo\".\nIs féidir sampla de na rudaí a d'fhéadfadh tarlú nuair a bhriseann na hidirchaidrimh seo a fháil i gcraoladh an lochta kokanee ag McDonald Creek i bPáirc Náisiúnta Glacier.\nSa bhliain 1981, tharraing McDonald Creek 639 oighlín geal chun bia a fháil ar charcasaí salmóin, an tiúchan is déine d'oighlín ó dheas ó theorainn Cheanada. Nuair a tugadh creimíní opossum isteach ina dhiaidh sin i loch in aice láimhe, bhí siad san iomaíocht leis an kokanee le haghaidh zooplankton agus sa deireadh rinne siad an rith a theip. Faoi 1989, níor tháinig ach 25 eagle ar ais go limistéar an srotáin.\nTugann an tuarascáil le fios go bhféadfadh gur ag na beorach dubha atá an bealach céanna á leanúint acu. Cé go bhfuil a fhios go maith go bhfuil an-taitneamh ag bears in Alasca as salmón, is cosúil go bhfuil an chuid is mó dá gcúinsí i Washington agus Oregon ag tairbhe huckleberries sna háiteanna níos airde. Tar éis dó roinnt staidéir a lua faoin ábhar, tugann an tuarascáil míniú féideartha:\n\"Ar an iomlán, tá caidreamh láidir ag béar le salmón nuair a bhíonn rochtain acu orthu, ach is cosúil nach léiríonn ... daonra salmón reatha soláthar bia intuartha do béar i Washington agus Oregon\".\nAr eagla go bhféadfadh sé a bheith amhlaidh go luath le go leor speiceas eile, molann údar na Pacific Salmon and Wildlife go ligfí do níos mó salmón dúchasach fásta éalú ón iascaireacht agus go gcuirfí an t-eagla orthu. De réir an tuairisc, ní gá sin a dhéanamh chun líon na sáile saill fiáine a mhéadú ach freisin chun a chinntiú go mairfidh go leor speiceas fiáine fiáine eile a bhfuil siad ag brath ar an sáile mar fhoinse bia.\nAg tógáil ar an téama sin, luaitear sa tuarascáil go leor staidéir a léiríonn an ról tábhachtach a imríonn an salmón i gciorcal cothaithigh ó na farraige go dtí gnáthóga uisce milis. Aontaíonn gach duine go soláthraíonn an salmón, a fhaigheann 95 faoin gcéad dá meáchan coirp agus é ar muir, foinse mhór carbóin, nítrigine agus fosfar dá gcuid féin agus do éiceachórais iomlána ar fud an Iarthuaiscirt.\n\"De réir mar a athshlánúimid daonra na salmóine agus a gnáthóga, is dócha go bhfeicfimid feabhsuithe in-mheasta sna speicis fiadhúlra seo agus i sláinte agus i bhfeidhmiú foriomlán na n-éiceachóras seo\", a dúirt Johnson.\nBhí eolaithe ó ranna Washington na dTacmhainní Nádúrtha, na nIasc agus na Saoil Fuar, agus na hEiceolaíochta; an tSeirbhís Náisiúnta Iascaigh Mhuirí agus Seirbhís Foraoise na SA; Ollscoil Washington agus Ollscoil Stáit Oregon; agus roinnt comhairleoirí príobháideacha ag cur le Salmón an Aigéin Chiúin agus Saoil Fuar.\nTá cóipeanna den tuarascáil ar fáil trí teagmháil a dhéanamh le WDFW ag firstname.lastname@example.org, ag glaoch 360-902-2534, nó ag scríobh chuig WDFW, Habitat Program, 600 Capitol Way N., Olympia, WA 98501-1091."} {"text": "The arteries are the blood vessels that deliver oxygen-rich blood from the heart to the tissues of the body. Each artery is a muscular tube lined by smooth tissue and has three layers:\n- The intima, the inner layer lined by a smooth tissue called endothelium\n- The media, a layer of muscle that lets arteries handle the high pressures from the heart\n- The adventitia, connective tissue anchoring arteries to nearby tissues\nThe largest artery is the aorta, the main high-pressure pipeline connected to the heart's left ventricle. The aorta branches into a network of smaller arteries that extend throughout the body. The arteries' smaller branches are called arterioles and capillaries. The pulmonary arteries carry oxygen-poor blood from the heart to the lungs under low pressure, making these arteries unique.\nRead more on: heart", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-50", "url": "https://www.ishonest.com/blogs/health/picture-of-the-arteries", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100258.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20231130225634-20231201015634-00613.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9134483933, "token_count": 176, "score": 3.9375, "int_score": 4, "irish_text": "Is iad na cnámha fola na cnámha fola a chuireann fuil shaibhir ocsaigine ón gcroí chuig fíocháin an choirp. Is tiúb matáin é gach cnámh atá líonta le fíochán réidh agus tá trí shraith aige:\n- An intima, an ciseal istigh atá líonta ag fíochán réidh ar a dtugtar endothelium\n- Na meáin, sraith de muscle a ligeann do na hairtearacha déileáil leis na brú ard ón gcroí\n- An adventitia, fíochán nasctha a cheanglaíonn na hairtearaí le fíocháin in aice láimhe\nIs é an t-artéar is mó an aorta, an príomhphíobáin ardphreasa atá ceangailte le ventricle chlé an chroí. Tá na brainsí ar an aorta ina líonra de na hairteoga níos lú a shíneann ar fud an chomhlachta. Tugtar arterioles agus capillaries ar bhrainse níos lú na n-artéar. Tugann na cithfholcadh phléasóireachta fuil bhocht ó ocsaigine ón gcroí go dtí na scamhóga faoi bhrú íseal, rud a fhágann go bhfuil na cithfholcadh seo uathúil.\nLéigh tuilleadh ar: croí"} {"text": "C. auris, a fungal infection, had never been seen before in the United States, and now it's popping up all over the place.\nAuthorities are trying to get a handle on a new fungal infection that is sometimes fatal after 13 people fell ill from such a disease for the first time in the United States, according to a report from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The fungus is called Candida auris, and is known to occur in hospitals and nursing homes, however it hadn’t yet been seen in the U.S., an alarming development.\nA total of seven cases were reported between May 2013 and August 2016 in Illinois, Maryland, New Jersey and New York, and four of those patients died with bloodstream infections, although authorities couldn’t confirm that C. auris was the cause. Another six cases have been identified since August, and those are under investigation.\nScientists have found that C. auris bloodstream infections have a 50 percent fatality rate in some countries, although it’s unclear how potent this drug resistant infection would be in the U.S.\n“In two separate circumstances, two patients were hospitalized in the same hospital,” the CDC statement reads. “The first instance included the two patients from Illinois who were admitted to the same hospital on three separate occasions but were on different floors or wings of the hospital. These two patients were subsequently also admitted to a long-term acute care hospital within days of one another, although their admission dates did not overlap. The second instance involved the patients identified in Maryland and New Jersey. The patient identified in Maryland was a resident of New Jersey and had been hospitalized at the same time as the New Jersey patient, in the same New Jersey hospital, but on a different ward. This overlapping admission occurred approximately 6 months before C. auris was identified in the Maryland hospital.\n“Specimens for surveillance cultures to evaluate patients for colonization were taken from the three living patients (one with C. auris in the blood, one in urine and one in the external ear canal),” the statement continues. “In all three cases, cultures yielded C. auris from at least one body site, including groin, axilla, nares, and rectum, 1–3 months after initial detection of C. auris. Environmental cultures of the hospital room were collected during a subsequent hospitalization of one of the Illinois patients who had a C. auris bloodstream infection 3 months earlier, and who remained persistently colonized in multiple body sites; samples taken from the mattress, bedside table, bed rail, chair, and windowsill all yielded C. auris. C. auris was not detected in this patient’s hospital room after terminal cleaning with sodium hypochlorite solution and ultraviolet light.”", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-51", "url": "http://www.morningticker.com/2016/11/outbreak-of-deadly-disease-sends-authorities-scrambling/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948550199.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20171214183234-20171214203234-00061.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9729269743, "token_count": 577, "score": 3.28125, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "C. auris, ionfhabhtú fungach, nár fhaca riamh roimhe seo sna Stáit Aontaithe, agus anois tá sé ag teacht amach ar fud na háite.\nTá údaráis ag iarraidh a fháil ar láimhseáil ar ionfhabhtú fungach nua go bhfuil marfach uaireanta tar éis 13 duine a fuair tinn ó galar den sórt sin den chéad uair sna Stáit Aontaithe, de réir tuarascála ó na Lárionaid um Rialú agus Cosc ar Ghalair. Tugtar Candida auris ar an ngréasán, agus tá a fhios go dtarlaíonn sé in ospidéil agus i dtithe altranais, ach níor breathnaíodh air go fóill sna Stáit Aontaithe, forbairt uafásach.\nTuairiscíodh seacht gcás ar an iomlán idir Bealtaine 2013 agus Lúnasa 2016 in Illinois, Maryland, New Jersey agus Nua-Eabhrac, agus fuair ceathrar de na hothair bás mar gheall ar ionfhabhtuithe sruth fola, cé nach raibh na húdaráis in ann a dhearbhú gurbh é C. auris an chúis. Tá sé chás eile aitheanta ó Lúnasa, agus tá siad sin faoi imscrúdú.\nFuair eolaithe go bhfuil ráta báis 50 faoin gcéad ag ionfhabhtuithe sruth fola C. auris i roinnt tíortha, cé nach bhfuil sé soiléir cé chomh láidir a bheadh an t-ionfhabhtuithe frithsheasmhach drugaí seo sna Stáit Aontaithe.\n\"I dhá chás ar leith, cuireadh beirt othair san ospidéal céanna\", a deir ráiteas CDC. An chéad chás baineann leis an mbeirt othar ó Illinois a tugadh isteach san ospidéal céanna trí huaire ar leith ach a bhí ar urlabhraí nó ar sciathanna éagsúla den ospidéal. Ina dhiaidh sin, tugadh an dá othar seo isteach in ospidéal cúraim ghéarthéarthéartharrachta fadtéarmach laistigh de laethanta óna chéile, cé nach raibh na dátaí iontrála ag dul i gcodarsnacht. Baineann an dara cás leis na hothair a aithníodh i Maryland agus i New Jersey. Bhí an t-othar a aithníodh i Maryland ina chónaí i New Jersey agus cuireadh san ospidéal é ag an am céanna leis an othar i New Jersey, san ospidéal céanna i New Jersey, ach ar chodladh difriúil. Tharla an t-aistriú seo thart ar 6 mhí sular aithníodh C. auris in ospidéal Maryland.\nTógadh samplaí do chultúir faireachais chun othair a mheas le haghaidh coilíneachta ó na trí othair beo (aon duine le C. auris sa fhuil, ceann amháin san fhál agus ceann amháin sa chanáil chluas seachtrach), leanann an ráiteas. Sna trí chás go léir, d'fhág cultúir C. auris ó shuíomh amháin ar a laghad den chorp, lena n-áirítear an groin, an axilla, na nases agus an rectum, 13 mhí tar éis an chéad bhrath de C. auris. Bailíodh cultúir chomhshaoil an tseomra ospidéil le linn ospidéilithe ina dhiaidh sin ar dhuine de na hothair Illinois a raibh ionfhabhtú sruth fola C. auris 3 mhí roimhe sin, agus a d'fhan i gcónaí i gcoláiste i míreanna éagsúla den chorp; d'fhág samplaí a tógadh ón mattress, ón mbord cnámh, ón ráil leaba, ón chathaoirleach, agus óna bhfuinneoga C. auris. Níor aimsíodh C. auris i seomra ospidéil an othair seo tar éis glanadh deiridh le tuaslagán hipoclóiríte sóidiam agus solas ultraivialait. "} {"text": "PMNCH Knowledge summary #17 Civil Registration and Vital Statistics (CRVS)\nPublisher: The Partnership for Maternal, Newborn and Child Health\nPublication date: 2012\nLanguage: English only\nNote: Full text and all graphs, tables and references for each Knowledge Summary are available only on the PDF version.\nEvery individual has the right to be counted and to have their birth and death legally recognized. More than 100 countries do not have well-functioning civil registration systems, and it is estimated that over three quarters of uncounted births and deaths are in sub-Saharan Africa and south-east Asia. Further, there is insufficient data on the causes of maternal and child deaths. These data are required to inform planning for health and socioeconomic development, take remedial action, and to track progress. Progress towards reducing maternal deaths (MDG 5) and child deaths (MDG 4) is greatly hindered due to inaccurate and incomplete reporting. The Commission on Information and Accountability for Women’s and Children’s Health calls for 74 countries in high burden and low-income areas to take significant steps towards strengthening civil registration and vital statistics systems by 2015.\nCivil registration systems are used to record vital events–including births, deaths, and marriages–and have the potential to serve as the main source of national vital statistics. These data are required to develop ‘vital statistics’ which are the basic demographic and epidemiological measures needed in national planning, such as for education, labor and health programs.\nGlobally, more than 100 countries do not have well- functioning civil registration systems. As a result, fertility, morbidity and mortality statistics are not available on a consistent, timely basis, and do not cover large segments of the population. Even more countries do not have reliable cause of death information. Hospital reporting of deaths is often poor and the medical certification and coding of the underlying causes of death are often not done as per the rules of the standard International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10). No cause is attributed to most deaths outside hospitals and, when reported, even where CRVS systems are reliable, deaths are often ascribed to immediate causes, rather than underlying causes of death. The absence of CRVS systems in low and middle-income countries has hampered efforts to build a reliable evidence base upon which decisions for health improvement and overall socioeconomic development can be made. For example, data obtained from CRVS systems provide inputs for 42 out of the 60 Millennium Development Goals (MDG) indicators, including to track progress on women’s and children’s health; inadequate data are the main reason for inconsistencies between MDG reporting at the national and international level. In the context of HIV and AIDS, civil registration systems allow states and governments to monitor their population, enabling effective policies to be formulated and implemented, protecting and fulfilling the rights of people living with HIV and communities affected by the pandemic.\nThe Report of the UN Commission on Information and Accountability for Women’s and Children’s Health, Keeping Promises, Measuring Results, establishes a framework for global reporting, oversight and accountability on women’s and children’s health in 74 high burden and low-income countries. As part of the Global Strategy for Women’s and Children’s Health, launched by the UN Secretary-General in September 2010, the report makes two key recommendations related to the improvement of CRVS systems for all countries by 2015:\n- Vital events: Take significant steps to establish a system for registration of births, deaths and causes of death, and have a well-functioning, interoperable health information system;\n- Innovation: Integrate the use of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) in national health information systems and health infrastructure.\nLinks with RMNCH\nReducing under-5 mortality (MGD 4) through improvements in reproductive, maternal, and newborn and child (RMNCH) is a global priority given the persistently high rates of morbidity and mortality in developing countries. While pneumonia and diarrhea account for the largest share of deaths among children globally, underreporting or misreporting of deaths and cause of death reduces the effectiveness of health policy planning and underestimates the extent of the problem in many low-income countries. Similarly, progress towards reducing maternal deaths (MDG 5) is greatly hindered due to inaccurate and incomplete reporting. Maternal mortality measurement, including numbers of death and cause of death, are under reported due to poorly functioning civil registration and vital statistics systems in low-income countries. A maternal death surveillance and response system that includes death identification can provide the essential information to stimulate and guide actions to prevent future deaths and improve the measurement of maternal mortality.\nFor children who do survive past their fifth birthday, birth certificates identify and provide legal proof of name, parents’ names, and date and place of birth. As a legal document, a birth certificate serves to define and protect a person’s human and civil rights in society, and the right to birth registration is the first legal recognition of the child in Article 7 of the Convention on the Rights of the Child. Non-registration can have severe negative consequences for a child’s fundamental rights to benefits such as identity, inheritance, education, health, and social services. In the absence of a functioning birth-registration system, it is difficult for a country to enforce age-related requirements and legislation related to health, education, child labor, juvenile justice, early marriage, and sexual exploitation.\nGlobally, an estimated one-third of the world’s annual births and two-thirds of annual deaths are not legally recognized by civil registration systems; three-quarters of all uncounted people are in sub-Saharan Africa and south-east Asia. In Africa, there have been several efforts in the past to improve the coverage and completeness of CRVS systems, however, at present, only four countries have a complete registration system that can generate cause-of-death statistics: Egypt, Mauritius, Seychelles and South Africa. Efforts to date have been mostly statistically oriented with the sole objective of obtaining vital statistics on a regular basis and efforts aimed at improving CRVS systems have been largely dominated by isolated, project-based and institution-led, ad hoc exercises. Some key challenges to African countries improving CRVS systems include addressing vulnerable and politically disadvantaged communities, such as those located in conflict areas and nomadic communities, and those displaced by natural disasters and famine; as well as a lack of demographically distributed and well advertised CR centers in urban areas. In addition, the lack of infrastructure and technology in rural areas, combined with an absence of representation for disadvantaged groups, contributes to poor or non-functioning CRVS systems in Africa.\nTo achieve improved planning and development, civil registration and (national) vital statistics offices each contribute to improving CRVS through a combination of appropriate and effective policies, as well as programs designed to raise awareness and strengthen the relationship between CRVS sectors, health workers and civil society to improve responsiveness and efficiency in data collection. Government officials can ensure the appointment of a high level representative to coordinate the improvement of CRVS systems as well as aid in the facilitation and collaboration between national CR and VS organs. Furthermore, decentralization of the registration process and the removal of registration fees can greatly improve participation and efficiency.\nThe Health Metrics Network (HMN)’s MOVE-IT initiative aims to improve monitoring of vital events -- births, deaths and causes of death -- through innovation and the use of information technologies. The HMN supports activities across Africa to improve national CRVS efforts, including:\n- Assessments of CRVS systems to identify key priorities for action and develop roadmaps for improvement;\n- Establish coordination committees with relevant stakeholders (i.e. technical experts and civil society);\n- Involve outreach health workers using mobile phones to record and transmit birth and death data at the community level;\n- Establish systems for tracking pregnancies and pregnancy outcomes in support of MDGs 4 & 5;\n- Support measures to improve training of medical professionals in ascertainment of causes of death according to international standards.\nA successful CRVS system requires country-led programs to establish interoperable systems and create demand among the population and those responsible for registration. Working with partners already engaged with RMNCH activities presents an efficient and effective opportunity for improving CRVS systems for the mutual benefit of aligned interests. The establishment of an effective and complete CRVS system requires political will for necessary investment and legislation, stewardship by national and local authorities, as well as trust and collaboration of ‘civil society’, households, medical professionals, and health workers. A well-functioning CRVS system is a necessary and essential long-term investment for countries that can be achieved, even in low-resource settings, with sustained political commitment.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-42", "url": "http://who.int/pmnch/knowledge/publications/summaries/knowledge_summaries_17_civil_registration/en/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1414637897717.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20141030025817-00223-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9358318448, "token_count": 1802, "score": 3.359375, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Gearrthóg eolais PMNCH #17 Cláraithe Sibhialta agus Staitisticí Maireachtála (CRVS)\nFoilsitheoir: An Comhpháirtíocht um Shláinte na Máthar, na Nuabhreith agus na Leanaí\nDáta foilsithe: 2012\nTeanga: Béarla amháin\nNóta: Níl an téacs iomlán agus na grafaí, na táblaí agus na tagairtí go léir do gach Gearrthóg Eolais ar fáil ach ar an leagan PDF.\nTá sé de cheart ag gach duine a bheith á gclárú agus a bhreith agus a bhás a aithint go dlíthiúil. Ní bhíonn córais chlárúcháin sibhialta dea-fheidhmiúla ag níos mó ná 100 tír, agus meastar go bhfuil níos mó ná trí cheathrú de na breitheanna agus na báis nach bhfuil á gclárú san Afraic faoi bhun na Saáraí agus san Áise ó dheas. Ina theannta sin, níl go leor sonraí ann maidir le cúiseanna báis mháithreacha agus leanaí. Tá gá leis na sonraí seo chun pleanáil a dhéanamh ar son na sláinte agus ar son na forbartha socheacnamaíoch, chun bearta ceartaitheacha a dhéanamh, agus chun dul chun cinn a rianú. Tá bac mór á dhéanamh ar dhul chun cinn i dtreo laghdú ar bhás máithreacha (MDG 5) agus ar bhás leanaí (MDG 4) mar gheall ar thuairisciú neamhréir agus neamhiomláir. Iarrann an Coimisiún um Fhaisnéis agus um Chomhthaobhacht do Sláinte na mBan agus na Leanaí ar 74 tír i gceantair ardualach agus íseal-ioncaim céimeanna suntasacha a ghlacadh i dtreo na gcóras clárúcháin shibhialta agus staidrimh ríthábhachtacha a neartú faoi 2015.\nÚsáidtear córais chlárúcháin shibhialta chun imeachtaí ríthábhachtacha a thaifeadadh - lena n-áirítear breitheanna, báis agus póstaí - agus tá sé de chumas acu a bheith mar phríomhfhoinse staitisticí ríthábhachtacha náisiúnta. Tá gá leis na sonraí seo chun \"staitisticí ríthábhachtacha\" a fhorbairt, is iad sin na bearta bunúsacha déimeagrafacha agus eipidéimeolaíocha a theastaíonn i bpleanáil náisiúnta, mar shampla do chláir oideachais, saothair agus sláinte.\nAr fud an domhain, níl córais chlárúcháin sibhialta dea-fheidhmiúla ag níos mó ná 100 tír. Mar thoradh air sin, níl staitisticí maidir le torthúlacht, morgáiste agus báis ar fáil ar bhonn comhsheasmhach, tráthúil, agus ní chlúdaíonn siad codanna móra den daonra. Ní bhíonn faisnéis iontaofa ag níos mó tíortha fós maidir le cúis bháis. Is minic a bhíonn tuairisciú na mbásanna san ospidéal lag agus is minic nach ndéantar an deimhniúchán leighis agus códú na gcúiseanna bunúsacha a bhaineann leis an bhás de réir rialacha an Chláraitheora Idirnáisiúnta Caighdeánach na gCearbhóidí (ICD-10). Ní thugtar cúis ar bith do chuid is mó de na báis lasmuigh d'ospidéil agus, nuair a thuairiscítear iad, fiú nuair a bhíonn córais CRVS iontaofa, is minic a thugtar básanna do chúiseanna láithreach, seachas cúiseanna bunúsacha báis. Tá an easpa córais CRVS i dtíortha íseal-ioncaim agus meán-ioncaim tar éis bac a chur ar iarrachtaí chun bonn fianaise iontaofa a thógáil ar ar féidir cinntí a dhéanamh chun feabhas a chur ar shláinte agus forbairt socheacnamaíoch foriomlán. Mar shampla, soláthraíonn sonraí a fhaightear ó chórais CRVS ionchur do 42 as 60 táscaire de na Spriocanna Forbartha na Mílaoise (SDM), lena n-áirítear chun dul chun cinn a rianú maidir le sláinte na mban agus na leanaí; is é an phríomhchúis atá le sonraí neamhleor idir tuairisciú SDM ar an leibhéal náisiúnta agus idirnáisiúnta ná go bhfuil sonraí neamhleor ann. I gcomhthéacs VEID agus SEIF, ceadaíonn córais chlárúcháin shibhialta do stáit agus do rialtais faireachán a dhéanamh ar a ndaonra, ag cur ar chumas beartais éifeachtacha a fhoirmiú agus a chur i bhfeidhm, cearta daoine atá ag maireachtáil le VEID agus pobail a bhfuil an paindéim i bhfeidhm orthu a chosaint agus a chomhlíonadh.\nAn Tuarascáil ón gCoimisiún na Náisiún Aontaithe ar Fhaisnéis agus Ard-fhreagracht do Shláinte na mBan agus na mBan, Gealltanas a Chothabháil, Torthaí a thomhas, bunaíonn sé creat do thuairisciú, maoirseacht agus cuntasacht dhomhanda ar shláinte na mban agus na leanaí i 74 tír ardualach agus íseal-ioncaim. Mar chuid den Straitéis Dhomhanda um Shláinte na mBan agus na Leanaí, a sheol Rúnaí Ginearálta na Náisiún Aontaithe i Meán Fómhair 2010, tugann an tuarascáil dhá phríomhmhol maidir le feabhas a chur ar chórais CRVS do gach tír faoi 2015:\n- Imeachtaí ríthábhachtacha: Céimeanna suntasacha a ghlacadh chun córas a bhunú chun breith, bás agus cúiseanna báis a chlárú, agus córas faisnéise sláinte atá idir-inoibritheach a bheith ag feidhmiú go maith;\n- Nuálaíocht: Úsáid na Teicneolaíochtaí Faisnéise agus Cumarsáide (FFTIanna) a chomhtháthú i gcórais náisiúnta faisnéise sláinte agus i mbonneagar sláinte.\nCeangail le RMNCH\nIs tosaíocht dhomhanda é básmhaireacht faoi bhun 5 bliana d'aois (MGD 4) a laghdú trí fheabhsuithe ar fheabhas atáirgthe, máthar, agus nuabheirthe agus leanaí (RMNCH) mar gheall ar na rátaí ard morbidity agus básmhaireachta i dtíortha i mbéal forbartha. Cé go bhfuil an sciar is mó de bháis i measc leanaí ar fud an domhain ag painiméine agus an diarrhea, laghdaíonn fo- tuairisciú nó mí-tuairisciú báis agus cúis báis éifeachtacht phleanáil bheartais sláinte agus lagmheasann sé méid an fhadhb i go leor tíortha íseal-ioncaim. Ar an gcaoi chéanna, tá bac mór á dhéanamh ar dhul chun cinn i dtreo laghdú ar bhás máithreacha (MDG 5) mar gheall ar thuairisciú neamhréir agus neamhiomlánach. Tá méadú ar an líon na mban a fuair bás agus ar na cúiseanna a d'fhág gur tháinig básanna ó mhná a bhí ag fáil breis agus dhá mhí ó shin. Is féidir le córas faireacháin agus freagartha ar bhás máithreacha lena n-áirítear aithint bháis an fhaisnéis riachtanach a sholáthar chun gníomhaíochtaí a spreagadh agus a threorú chun báis a chosc sa todhchaí agus chun tomhas na maireachtála máithreacha a fheabhsú.\nI gcás leanaí a mhaireann thar a gcúigiú lá breithe, aithníonn deimhniú breithe ainm, ainmneacha na dtuismitheoirí, agus dáta agus áit breithe agus soláthraíonn sé fianaise dhlíthiúil. Mar dhoiciméad dlíthiúil, feidhmíonn deimhniú breithe chun cearta daonna agus sibhialta duine sa tsochaí a shainiú agus a chosaint, agus is é an ceart chun breithe a chlárú an chéad aitheantas dlíthiúil don leanbh in Airteagal 7 den Choinbhinsiún um Chearta an Linbh. D'fhéadfadh iarmhairtí diúltacha tromchúiseacha a bheith ag neamhchláraithe ar chearta bunúsacha an linbh maidir le sochair amhail aitheantas, oidhreacht, oideachas, sláinte agus seirbhísí sóisialta. In éagmais córas clárúcháin breithe atá ag feidhmiú, tá sé deacair do thír ceanglais a bhaineann le haois agus reachtaíocht a bhaineann le sláinte, oideachas, saothar leanaí, ceartais óige, pósadh go luath, agus saothrú gnéis a fhorfheidhmiú.\nAr an leibhéal domhanda, meastar nach n-aithníonn córais chlárúcháin shibhialta go dlíthiúil aon trian de na breitheanna bliantúla ar fud an domhain agus dhá thrian de na báis bliantúla; tá trí cheathrú de na daoine uile nach bhfuil á gclárú san Afraic faoi-Shahárach agus san Áise ó dheas. I bhFrainc, rinneadh roinnt iarrachtaí san am atá thart chun clúdach agus iomláine na gcóras CRVS a fheabhsú, ach faoi láthair, níl ach córas clárúcháin iomlán ag ceithre thír is féidir a bheith ag cur staitisticí cúiseamh báis: an Éigipt, Maoiric, na Seiseilí agus an Afraic Theas. Go dtí seo, bhí na hiarrachtaí dírithe go mór ar staitisticí agus an cuspóir amháin acu staitisticí ríthábhachtacha a fháil ar bhonn rialta agus bhí cleachtaí ad hoc ar leithligh, bunaithe ar thionscadal agus faoi stiúir na hinstitiúide i gceannas ar na hiarrachtaí a bhí dírithe ar chórais CRVS a fheabhsú. I measc na príomhdhúshláin atá ag tíortha na hAfraice maidir le feabhas a chur ar chórais CRVS tá aghaidh a thabhairt ar phobail leochaileacha agus faoi mhíbhuntáiste pholaitiúil, amhail iad siúd atá suite i gceantair choimhlinte agus i bpobail nódacha, agus iad siúd a díláithrithe ag tubaistí nádúrtha agus ag ocrais; chomh maith le easpa ionaid CR atá scaipthe go déimeagrafach agus a bhfuil fógraíocht mhaith á dhéanamh acu i gceantair uirbeacha. Ina theannta sin, tá easpa bonneagair agus teicneolaíochta i gceantair thuaithe, mar aon le hionadaitheacht nach bhfuil ag grúpaí faoi mhíbhuntáiste, ag cur le córais CRVS bochta nó neamhfheidhmiúla san Afraic.\nChun pleanáil agus forbairt níos fearr a bhaint amach, cuireann clárú sibhialta agus oifigí staidrimh ríthábhachtach (náisiúnta) le feabhas a chur ar an CRVS trí chomhcheangal de bheartais oiriúnacha agus éifeachtacha, chomh maith le cláir atá deartha chun feasacht a ardú agus an caidreamh idir earnálacha CRVS, oibrithe sláinte agus an tsochaí shibhialta a neartú chun freagairt agus éifeachtúlacht a fheabhsú i mbailiú sonraí. Is féidir le hoifigigh rialtais a chinntiú go gceapfar ionadaí ardleibhéil chun feabhas a chur ar chórais CRVS a chomhordú chomh maith le cúnamh a thabhairt i ndáil le éascaíocht agus comhoibriú idir orgáin náisiúnta CR agus VS. Ina theannta sin, is féidir le díláithriú an phróisis chlárúcháin agus le haistriú na gcostas clárúcháin rannpháirtíocht agus éifeachtúlacht a fheabhsú go mór.\nTá sé mar aidhm ag tionscnamh MOVE-IT Gréasán Méadracha Sláinte (HMN) monatóireacht a dhéanamh ar imeachtaí ríthábhachtacha - breitheanna, báis agus cúiseanna báis - trí nuálaíocht agus úsáid teicneolaíochtaí faisnéise. Tacaíonn an HMN le gníomhaíochtaí ar fud na hAfraice chun iarrachtaí náisiúnta CRVS a fheabhsú, lena n-áirítear:\n- Measú ar chórais CRVS chun príomhthosaíochtaí a shainaithint le haghaidh gníomhaíochta agus chun treochlár a fhorbairt chun feabhas a chur air;\n- Coistí comhordaithe a bhunú le páirtithe leasmhara ábhartha (i.e. saineolaithe teicniúla agus an tsochaí shibhialta);\n- oibrithe sláinte amach a chur i bhfeidhm ag baint úsáide as fóin phóca chun sonraí breithe agus báis a thaifeadadh agus a tharchur ar leibhéal an phobail;\n- Córais a bhunú chun rianú a dhéanamh ar thráthnasacha agus ar thorthaí toirchis chun tacú le MDGanna 4 & 5;\n- Bearta tacaíochta chun oiliúint ghairmithe leighis a fheabhsú maidir le cúiseanna báis a dhearbhú de réir caighdeáin idirnáisiúnta.\nChun go mbeidh córas CRVS rathúil, ní mór do chláir faoi stiúir na dtíortha córais idir-inoibritheacha a bhunú agus éileamh a chruthú i measc an daonra agus i measc na ndaoine atá freagrach as clárú. Tá sé de dheis éifeachtach agus éifeachtach chun córais CRVS a fheabhsú chun leasa leasanna comhghaolta a chéile, oibriú le comhpháirtithe atá ag gabháil cheana féin le gníomhaíochtaí RMNCH. Chun córas éifeachtach iomlán CRVS a bhunú, teastaíonn toil pholaitiúil chun infheistíocht agus reachtaíocht a dhéanamh, agus gá le stiúrthóireacht ó údaráis náisiúnta agus áitiúla, chomh maith le muinín agus comhoibriú ó \"sóisialta na sibhialta\", ó theaghlaigh, ó ghairmithe leighis agus ó oibrithe sláinte. Tá córas CRVS atá ag feidhmiú go maith ina infheistíocht riachtanach agus riachtanach fadtéarmach do thíortha is féidir a bhaint amach, fiú i suíomhanna íseal acmhainní, le tiomantas polaitiúil leanúnach."} {"text": "Authors: R. Bernstein, P. Cooper\nReference: 1307.5787 (Phys. Rept. 532 (2013) 27)\nNot all searches for new physics involve colliding protons at the the highest human-made energies. An alternate approach is to look for deviations in ultra-rare events at low energies. These deviations may be the quantum footprints of new, much heavier particles. In this bite, we’ll focus on the decay of a muon to an electron in the presence of a heavy atom.\nThe muon is a heavy version of the electron.There are a few properties that make muons nice systems for precision measurements:\n- They’re easy to produce. When you smash protons into a dense target, like tungsten, you get lots of light hadrons—among them, the charged pions. These charged pions decay into muons, which one can then collect by bending their trajectories with magnetic fields. (Puzzle: why don’t pions decay into electrons? Answer below.)\n- They can replace electrons in atoms. If you point this beam of muons into a target, then some of the muons will replace electrons in the target’s atoms. This is very nice because these “muonic atoms” are described by non-relativistic quantum mechanics with the electron mass replaced with ~100 MeV. (Muonic hydrogen was previous mentioned in this bite on the proton radius problem.)\n- They decay, and the decay products always include an electron that can be detected. In vacuum it will decay into an electron and two neutrinos through the weak force, analogous to beta decay.\n- These decays are sensitive to virtual effects. You don’t need to directly create a new particle in order to see its effects. Potential new particles are constrained to be very heavy to explain their non-observation at the LHC. However, even these heavy particles can leave an imprint on muon decay through ‘virtual effects’ according (roughly) to the Heisenberg uncertainty principle: you can quantum mechanically violate energy conservation, but only for very short times.\nOne should be surprised that muon conversion is even possible. The process cannot occur in vacuum because it cannot simultaneously conserve energy and momentum. (Puzzle: why is this true? Answer below.) However, this process is allowed in the presence of a heavy nucleus that can absorb the additional momentum, as shown in the comic at the top of this post.\nMuon conversion experiments exploit this by forming muonic atoms in the 1s state and waiting for the muon to convert into an electron which can then be detected. The upside is that all electrons from conversion have a fixed energy because they all come from the same initial state: 1s muonic aluminum at rest in the lab frame. This is in contrast with more common muon decay modes which involve two neutrinos and an electron; because this is a multibody final state, there is a smooth distribution of electron energies. This feature allows physicists to distinguish between the conversion versus the more frequent muon decay in orbit or muon capture by the nucleus (similar to electron capture).\nThe Standard Model prediction for this rate is miniscule—it’s weighted by powers of the neutrino to the W boson mass ratio (Puzzle: how does one see this? Answer below.). In fact, the current experimental bound on muon conversion comes from the Sindrum II experiment looking at muonic gold which constrains the relative rate of muon conversion to muon capture by the gold nucleus to be less than . This, in turn, constrains models of new physics that predict some level of charged lepton flavor violation—that is, processes that change the flavor of a charged lepton, say going from muons to electrons.\nThe plot on the right shows the energy scales that are indirectly probed by upcoming muonic aluminum experiments: the Mu2e experiment at Fermilab and the COMET experiment at J-PARC. The blue lines show bounds from another rare muon decay: muons decaying into an electron and photon. The black solid lines show the reach for muon conversion in muonic aluminum. The dashed lines correspond to different experimental sensitivities (capture rates for conversion, branching ratios for decay with a photon). Note that the energy scales probed can reach 1-10 PeV—that’s 1000-10,000 TeV—much higher than the energy scales direclty probed by the LHC! In this way, flavor experiments and high energy experiments are complimentary searches for new physics.\nThese “next generation” muon conversion experiments are currently under construction and promise to push the intensity frontier in conjunction with the LHC’s energy frontier.\nSolutions to exercises:\n- Why do pions decay into muons and not electrons? [Note: this requires some background in undergraduate-level particle physics.] One might expect that if a charged pion can decay into a muon and a neutrino, then it should also go into an electron and a neutrino. In fact, the latter should dominate since there’s much more phase space. However, the matrix element requires a virtual W boson exchange and thus depends on an [axial] vector current. The only vector available from the pion system is its 4-momentum. By momentum conservation this is $p_\\pi = p_\\mu + p_\\nu$. The lepton momenta then contract with Dirac matrices on the leptonic current to give a dominant piece proportional to the lepton mass. Thus the amplitude for charged pion decay into a muon is much larger than the amplitude for decay into an electron.\n- Why can’t a muon decay into an electron in vacuum? The process cannot simultaneously conserve energy and momentum. This is simplest to see in the reference frame where the muon is at rest. Momentum conservation requires the electron to also be at rest. However, a particle has rest energy equal to its mass, but now there’s now way a muon at rest can pass on all of its energy to an electron at rest.\n- Why is muon conversion in the Standard Model suppressed by the ration of the neutrino to W masses? This can be seen by drawing the Feynman diagram (fig below from 1401.6077). Flavor violation in the Standard Model requires a W boson. Because the W is much heavier than the muon, this must be virtual and appear only as an internal leg. Further, W‘s couple charged leptons to neutrinos, so there must also be a virtual neutrino. The evaluation of this diagram into an amplitude gives factors of the neutrino mass in the numerator (required for the fermion chirality flip) and the W mass in the denominator. For some details, see this post.\n- 1205.2671: Fundamental Physics at the Intensity Frontier (section 3.2.2)\n- 1401.6077: Snowmass 2013 Report, Intensity Frontier chapter", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-50", "url": "https://www.particlebites.com/?p=1085", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679516047.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20231211174901-20231211204901-00690.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.898624599, "token_count": 1489, "score": 3.828125, "int_score": 4, "irish_text": "Údair: R. Bernstein, P. Cooper\nTagraíocht don Choimisiún Athdhéanamh. 532 (2013) 27)\nNí bhaineann gach cuardach ar fhisice nua le prótóin a thitim ag na fuinneamh is airde a rinne an duine. Is é cur chuige malartach ná meath a lorg i dtimpeallachtaí ultra-annamh ag fuinneamh íseal. D'fhéadfadh na héabhlóidí seo a bheith ina léarscáileanna cuanta de phrionsabail nua, i bhfad níos trom. Sa bhosca seo, díreoimid ar an dílseacht de mhian go leictreon i láthair adamh trom.\nIs leagan trom den leictreon é an mhian. Tá roinnt airíonna ann a fhágann go bhfuil mionónna ina gcórais áisiúla le haghaidh tomhais chruinn:\n- Tá siad éasca a tháirgeadh. Nuair a bhriseann tú prótóin i sprioc dlúth, cosúil le tungsten, a fháil tú go leor hadrons solais - i measc iad, na pions muirear. Déantar na pions gearradh seo a bhriseadh síos ina muons, ar féidir iad a bhailiú ansin trína dtrialacha a mhaolú le páirceanna maighnéadacha. (Phuzzle: cén fáth nach ndéanann pions díghrádú i leictreonacha? Freagra thíos.)\n- Is féidir leo leictreoin a athsholáthar in aadamaí. Má tá tú a dhíriú ar an píog seo de muons i sprioc, ansin cuid de na muons beidh a chur in ionad leictreoin i spriocs adamh. Tá sé seo an-deas toisc go ndéantar cur síos ar na h-atamaí muonic seo trí mheicnic chuanma neamh-ghaolmhara leis an mais leictreon a athsholáthar le ~ 100 MeV. (Tugadh hidrigin Muonic roimhe seo sa bhite seo ar fhadhb radaim na prótóine.)\n- Tá siad a bhriseadh, agus na táirgí briseadh i gcónaí a chuimsíonn leictreon gur féidir a bhrath. Sa vacsaim, titfidh sé ina leictreon agus ina dhá neodríon tríd an gcumhacht lag, cosúil le titim béite.\n- Tá na dí-chruthú seo íogair do éifeachtaí fíorúla. Ní gá duit coinníoll nua a chruthú go díreach chun a éifeachtaí a fheiceáil. Tá na cáithníní nua féideartha teoranta a bheith an-trom chun a mí-amharc ag an LHC a mhíniú. Mar sin féin, is féidir fiú na cáithníní trom seo a bheith ina mbraighdeáin ar an dílseacht muon trí \"éifeachtaí fíorúla\" de réir (garbh) prionsabal neamhchinnteachta Heisenberg: is féidir leat caomhnú fuinnimh a shárú go meicniúil uamhnach, ach amháin ar feadh tréimhsí an-ghearr.\nBa chóir go mbeadh iontas ar dhuine go bhfuil an t-athrú muon fiú indéanta. Ní féidir leis an bpróiseas tarlú i bhfolláine toisc nach féidir leis fuinneamh agus luas a chaomhnú ag an am céanna. (Phuzzle: cén fáth go bhfuil sé seo fíor? Freagra thíos.) Mar sin féin, ceadaítear an próiseas seo i láthair núicléas trom a d'fhéadfadh an luas breise a ionsú, mar a thaispeántar sa cheolchoirm ag barr an phoist seo.\nBaintear leas as seo i dturgnaimh tiontaithe muon trí atamaí muonacha a fhoirmiú i stát 1s agus ag fanacht go n-athróidh an muon go leictreon ar féidir é a bhrath ansin. Is é an taobh suas go bhfuil gach leictreon ó thiontú a bhfuil fuinneamh seasta toisc go bhfuil siad go léir a thagann as an staid tosaigh céanna: 1s alúmanam muonic ag sos i gcreat an saotharlainne. Tá sé seo i gcodarsnacht le modhanna dílseachta muon níos coitianta a chuimsíonn dhá neodríon agus leictreon; toisc gur staid deiridh ilchorp é seo, tá dáileadh réidh fuinnimh leictreon ann. Ligeann an ghné seo do phiceolaithe idirdhealú a dhéanamh idir an tiontú i gcoinne na dí-chruthú muon níos minice i bhfithis nó gabháil muon ag an núicléas (arna chosúil le gabháil leictreon).\nIs é an t-ionchas samhlacha caighdeánach don ráta seo minisculeits a mheastar le cumhachtaí an neodríona go dtí an cóimheas mais boson W (Puzzle: conas a fheiceann duine é seo? Freagra thíos.). Go deimhin, tagann an teorann turgnamhach reatha ar thiontú muon ón turgnamh Sindrum II ag féachaint ar ór muonónach a chuireann srian ar ráta coibhneasta tiontú muon chun gabháil muon ag núicléas óir a bheith níos lú ná . Cuireann sé seo, ar a láimh, srianta ar mhúnlaí na fisice nua a thuar leibhéal áirithe de shárú blas lepton luchtaithe - is é sin, próisis a athraíonn blas lepton luchtaithe, a rá ag dul ó múnóidí go leictreonacha.\nTaispeánann an grá leis an gceart na scálaí fuinnimh a ndéantar suirbhéanna indíreacha a dhéanamh trí thástálacha alúmanaim muonónach atá le teacht: an turgnamh Mu2e ag Fermilab agus an turgnamh COMET ag J-PARC. Taispeánann na línte gorma teorainneacha ó díghrádú neamhchoitianta eile muon: muons ag díghrádú i leictreon agus fotón. Léiríonn na línte soladacha dubh an raon le haghaidh tiontú muon i alúmanam muonónach. Freagraíonn na línte dashed do mhothúcháin thrialacha éagsúla (rátaí gabháil le haghaidh tiontú, cóimheasanna brainse le haghaidh dí-deagú le fótan). Tabhair faoi deara gur féidir leis na scálaí fuinnimh a dhéantar a bhfiosrú a bhaint amach 1-10 PeV, is é sin 1000-10,000 TeV, i bhfad níos airde ná na scálaí fuinnimh a bhfiosrú an LHC go díreach! Ar an mbealach seo, tá turgnaimh blas agus turgnaimh ardfhuinnimh cuardach comhlántacha do fhisice nua.\nTá na turgnaimh \"athghiniúna chéadghiniúna\" um thiontú muon faoi láthair á dtógáil agus geallaimid go gcuirfear an teorainn déine i gcomhar le teorainn fuinnimh an LHC.\nRéitigh ar chleachtaí:\n- Cén fáth go ndéanann pions díghrádú i muons agus ní leictreonacha? [Nóta: éilíonn sé seo roinnt cúlra i fisiceanna coirp ar leibhéal fochéime.] D'fhéadfadh duine a bheith ag súil go má d'fhéadfadh pion gearradh a bhriseadh síos i muon agus i neodróin, ansin ba chóir go rachadh sé isteach i leictreon agus i neodróin freisin. Go deimhin, ba cheart go mbeadh an dara ceann i réim ós rud é go bhfuil go leor spás céim níos mó ann. Mar sin féin, éilíonn an eilimint mhátraí malartach boson W malartach agus mar sin braitheann sé ar sruth veicteora [aisiúil]. Is é an t-aon veictear atá ar fáil ón gcóras pion a 4-momentum. De réir caomhnú momenta, is é seo $p_\\pi = p_\\mu + p_\\nu$. Ansin, déantar an momenta leptón a chonradh le maitríní Dirac ar an sruth leptónach chun píosa ceannasacha a thabhairt atá comhréireach le mais leptón. Dá bhrí sin, tá an luas don dí-cháil pion gearradh isteach i muon i bhfad níos mó ná an luas don dí-cháil isteach i leictreon.\n- Cén fáth nach féidir le muon dílseacht i leictreon i vacsaim? Ní féidir leis an bpróiseas fuinneamh agus luas a chaomhnú ag an am céanna. Is é seo is simplí a fheiceáil sa fráma tagartha áit a bhfuil an muon ag sos. Éilíonn caomhnú momantaim go bhfuil an leictreon ag fanacht freisin. Mar sin féin, tá fuinneamh fois ag coinníoll atá comhionann lena mhais, ach anois tá bealach ann anois go bhféadfadh muon ag sos a chuid fuinnimh go léir a thabhairt chuig leictreon ag sos.\n- Cén fáth go gcuirtear cosc ar thiontú muon sa Mhúnla Caighdeánach ag an gcoincheap idir an neodró agus mais W? Is féidir é seo a fheiceáil trí dheascadh na léarscáileanna Feynman (fig thíos ó 1401.6077). Éilíonn sárú blas sa Mhúnla Caighdeánach bosón W. Toisc go bhfuil an W i bhfad níos troime ná an muon, ní mór go mbeadh sé seo fíorúil agus ní bheidh sé le feiceáil ach mar chos inmheánach. Ina theannta sin, tá leptóin charged Ws le neutrinos, mar sin ní mór go mbeadh neutrino fíorúil ann freisin. Tugann meastóireacht an léarscáileáin seo i amplitude fachtóirí an mhais neodráin sa mhéadair (a theastaíonn don flip chirality fermion) agus an mhais W sa ainmníocht. Le haghaidh roinnt sonraí, féach an post seo.\n- 1205.2671: Físeolaíocht bhunúsach ag Teorainn an Dlúth-Ionad (roinn 3.2.2)\n- 1401.6077: Tuarascáil 2013 ar Snowmass, caibidil Teorainn an Dlúth-Innealtóireachta"} {"text": "We will start with a conceptual understanding of PCI Express. This will let us appreciate the importance of PCI Express. This will be followed by a brief study of the PCI Express protocol. Then we will look at the enhancements and improvements of the protocol in the newer 3.0 specs.\n1 Basic PC system architecture\nWe will start by looking at the basic layout of a PC system. Logically, an average PC system is laid out in something like shown in the figure.\nThe core logic chipset acts as a switch or router, and routes I/O traffic among the different devices that make up the system.\nIn reality, the core logic chipset is split into two parts: the northbridge and the southbridge (or I/O bridge). This split is there for a couple of reasons, the most important of which is the fact that there are three types of devices that naturally work very closely together, and so they need to have faster access to each other: the CPU, the main memory, and the video card. In a modern system, the video card's GPU is functionally a second (or third) CPU, so it needs to share privileged access to main memory with the CPU(s). As a result, these three devices are all clustered together off of the northbridge.\nThe northbridge is tied to a secondary bridge, the southbridge, which routes traffic from the different I/O devices on the system: the hard drives, USB ports, Ethernet ports, etc. The traffic from these devices is routed through the southbridge to the northbridge and then on to the CPU and/or memory.\nAs is evident from the diagram above, the PCI bus is attached to the southbridge. This bus is usually the oldest, slowest bus in a modern system, and is the one most in need of an upgrade.\nThe main thing that we should take away from the previous diagram is that the modern PC is a motley collection of specialized buses of different protocols and bandwidth capabilities. This mix of specialized buses designed to attach different types of hardware directly to the southbridge is something of a continuously evolving hack that has been gradually and collectively engineered by the PC industry as it tries to get around the limitations of the aging PCI bus. Because the PCI bus can't really cut it for things like Serial ATA, Firewire, etc., the trend has been to attach interfaces for both internal and external I/O directly to the southbridge. So today's southbridge is sort of the Swiss Army Knife of I/O switches, and thanks to Moore's Curves it has been able to keep adding functionality in the form of new interfaces that keep bandwidth-hungry devices from starving on the PCI bus.\nIn an ideal world, there would be one primary type of bus and one bus protocol that connects all of these different I/O devices ? including the video card/GPU ? to the CPU and main memory. Of course, this \"one bus to rule them all\" ideal is never, ever going to happen in the real world. It won't happen with PCI Express, and it won't happen with Infiniband (although it technically could happen with Infiniband if we threw away all of today's PC hardware and started over from scratch with a round of natively Infiniband-compliant devices).\nStill, even though the utopian ideal of one bus and one bus protocol for every device will never be achieved, there has to be way bring some order to the chaos. Luckily for us, that way has finally arrived in the form of PCI Express (a.k.a. PCIe).\n2 A primer on PCI\nBefore we go into detail on PCIe, it helps to understand how PCI works and what its limitations are.\nThe PCI bus debuted over a decade ago at 33MHz, with a 32-bit bus and a peak theoretical bandwidth of 132MB/s. This was pretty good for the time, but as the rest of the system got more bandwidth hungry both the bus speed and bus width were cranked up in a effort keep pace. Later flavors of PCI included a 64-bit, 33MHz bus combination with a peak bandwidth of 264MB/s; a more recent 64-bit, 66MHz combination with a bandwidth of 512MB/s.\nPCI uses a shared bus topology to allow for communication among the different devices on the bus; the different PCI devices (i.e., a network card, a sound card, a RAID card, etc.) are all attached to the same bus, which they use to communicate with the CPU. Take a look at the following diagram to get a feel for what a shared bus looks like.\nBecause all of the devices attached to the bus must share it among themselves, there has to be some kind of bus arbitration scheme in place for deciding who gets access to the bus and when, especially in situations where multiple devices need to use the bus at the same time. Once a device has control of the bus, it becomes the bus master, which means that it can use the PCI bus to talk to the CPU or memory via the chipset's southbridge.\nThe shared bus topology's main advantages are that it's simple, cheap, and easy to implement ? or at least, that's the case as long as you're not trying to do anything too fancy with it. Once you start demanding more performance and functionality from a shared bus, then you run into its limitations. Let's take a look at some of those limitations, in order to motivate our discussion of PCI Express's improvements.\nThis scheme works fine when there are only a few devices attached to the bus, listening to it for addresses and data. But the nature of a bus is that any device that's attached to it and is \"listening\" to it injects a certain amount of noise onto the bus. Thus the more devices that listen to the bus ? and thereby place an electrical load on the bus ? the more noise there is on the bus and the harder it becomes to get a clean signal through.\n2.1 Summary of PCI's shortcomings\nTo summarize, PCI as it exists today has some serious shortcomings that prevent it from providing the bandwidth and features needed by current and future generations of I/O and storage devices. Specifically, its highly parallel shared-bus architecture holds it back by limiting its bus speed and scalability, and its simple, load-store, flat memory-based communications model is less robust and extensible than a routed, packet-based model.\n3 PCI-X: wider and faster, but still outdated\nThe PCI-X spec was an attempt to update PCI as painlessly as possible and allow it to hobble along for a few more years. This being the case, the spec doesn't really fix any of the inherent problems outlined above. In fact, it actually makes some of the problems worse.\nThe PCI-X spec essentially doubled the bus width from 32 bits to 64 bits, thereby increasing PCI's parallel data transmission abilities and enlarging its address space. The spec also ups PCI's basic clock rate to 66MHz with a 133MHz variety on the high end, providing yet another boost to PCI's bandwidth and bringing it up to 1GB/s (at 133MHz).\nThe latest version of the PCI-X spec (PCI-X 266) also double-pumps the bus, so that data is transmitted on the rising and falling edges of the clock. While this improves PCI-X's peak theoretical bandwidth, its real-world sustained bandwidth gains are more modest.\nWhile both of these moves significantly increased PCI's bandwidth and its usefulness, they also made it more expensive to implement. The faster a bus runs, the sensitive it becomes to noise; manufacturing standards for high-speed buses are exceptionally strict for this very reason; shoddy materials and/or wide margins of error translate directly into noise at higher clock speeds. This means that the higher-speed PCI-X bus is more expensive to make.\nThe higher clock speed isn't the only thing that increases PCI-X's noise problems and manufacturing costs. The other factor is the increased bus width. Because the bus is wider and consists of more wires, there's more noise in the form of crosstalk. Furthermore, all of those new wires are connected at their endpoints to multiple PCI devices, which means an even larger load on the bus and thus more noise injected into the bus by attached devices. And then there's the fact that the PCI devices themselves need 32 extra pins, which increases the manufacturing cost of each individual device and of the connectors on the motherboard.\nAll of these factors, when taken together with the increased clock rate, combine to make the PCI-X a more expensive proposition than PCI, which keeps it out of mainstream PCs. And it should also be noted that most of the problems with increasing bus parallelism and double-pumping the bus also plague recent forms of DDR, and especially the DDR-II spec.\nAnd after all of that pain, you still have to deal with PCI's shared-bus topology and all of its attendant ills. Fortunately, there's a better way.\n4 PCI Express: the next generation\nPCI Express (PCIe) is the newest name for the technology formerly known as 3GIO. Though the PCIe specification was finalized in 2002, PCIe-based devices have just now started to debut on the market.\nPCIe's most drastic and obvious improvement over PCI is its point-to-point bus topology. Take a look at the following diagram, and compare it to the layout of the PCI bus.\nIn a point-to-point bus topology, a shared switch replaces the shared bus as the single shared resource by means of which all of the devices communicate. Unlike in a shared bus topology, where the devices must collectively arbitrate among themselves for use of the bus, each device in the system has direct and exclusive access to the switch. In other words, each device sits on its own dedicated bus, which in PCIe lingo is called a link.\nLike a router in a network or a telephone switchbox, the switch routes bus traffic and establishes point-to-point connections between any two communicating devices on a system.\n4.1 Enabling Quality of Service\nThe overall effect of the switched fabric topology is that it allows the \"smarts\" needed to manage and route traffic to be centralized in one single chip ? the switch. With a shared bus, the devices on the bus must use an arbitration scheme to decide among themselves how to distribute a shared resource (i.e., the bus). With a switched fabric, the switch makes all the resource-sharing decisions.\nBy centralizing the traffic-routing and resource-management functions in a single unit, PCIe also enables another important and long overdue next-generation function: quality of service (QoS). PCIe's switch can prioritize packets, so that real-time streaming packets (i.e., a video stream or an audio stream) can take priority over packets that aren't as time critical. This should mean fewer dropped frames in your first-person shooter and lower audio latency in your digital recording software.\n4.2 Traffic runs in lanes\nWhen PCIe's designers started thinking about a true next-generation upgrade for PCI, one of the issues that they needed to tackle was pin count. In the section on PCI above, I covered some of the problems with the kind of large-scale data parallelism that PCI exhibits (i.e. noise, cost, poor frequency scaling, etc.). PCIe solves this problem by taking a serial approach.\nAs I noted previously, a connection between two a PCIe device and a PCIe switch is called a link. Each link is composed of one or more lanes, and each lane is capable of transmitting one byte at a time in both directions at once. This full-duplex communication is possible because each lane is itself composed of one pair of signals: send and receive.\nIn order to transmit PCIe packets, which are composed of multiple bytes, a one-lane link must break down each packet into a series of bytes, and then transmit the bytes in rapid succession. The device on the receiving end must collect all of the bytes and then reassemble them into a complete packet. This disassembly and reassembly happens must happen rapidly enough to where it's transparent to the next layer up in the stack. This means that it requires some processing power on each end of the link. The upside, though, is that because each lane is only one byte wide, very few pins are needed to transmit the data. You might say that this serial transmission scheme is a way of turning processing power into bandwidth; this is in contrast to the old PCI parallel approach, which turns bus width (and hence pin counts) into bandwidth. It so happens that thanks to Moore's Curves, processing power is cheaper than bus width, hence PCIe's tradeoff makes a lot of sense.\nWe saw earlier that a link can be composed of \"one or more lanes\", so us clarify that now. One of PCIe's nicest features is the ability to aggregate multiple individual lanes together to form a single link. In other words, two lanes could be coupled together to form a single link capable of transmitting two bytes at a time, thus doubling the link bandwidth. Likewise, you could combine four lanes, or eight lanes, and so on.\nA link that's composed of a single lane is called an x1 link; a link composed of two lanes is called an x2 link; a link composed of four lanes is called an x4 link, etc. PCIe supports x1, x2, x4, x8, x12, x16, and x32 link widths.\nPCIe's bandwidth gains over PCI are considerable. A single lane is capable of transmitting 2.5Gbps in each direction, simultaneously. Add two lanes together to form an x2 link and you've got 5 Gbps, and so on with each link width. These high transfer speeds are good, good news, and will enable a new class of applications, like SLI video card rendering.\n5 PCIe Protocol Details\nTill now we were concerned with the system level impact of PCIe. We did not look at the protocol itself. The following material will make an attempt to explain the details of PCIe protocol, its layers and the functions of each of the layers in a brief way.\nPCI Express is a high performance, general purpose I/O interconnect defined for a wide variety of future computing and communication platforms.\n5.1 PCIe Link\nA Link represents a dual-simplex communications channel between two components. The fundamental PCI Express Link consists of two, low-voltage, differentially driven signal pairs: a Transmit pair and a Receive pair\n5.2 PCIe Fabric Topology\n5.2.1 Root Complex\nA Root Complex (RC) denotes the root of an I/O hierarchy that connects the CPU/memory\nsubsystem to the I/O.\nEndpoint refers to a type of Function that can be the Requester or Completer of a PCI Express transaction either on its own behalf or on behalf of a distinct non-PCI Express device (other than a PCI device or Host CPU), e.g., a PCI Express attached graphics controller or a PCI Express-USB host controller. Endpoints are classified as either legacy, PCI Express, or Root Complex Integrated Endpoints.\n5.2.3 PCI Express to PCI/PCI-X Bridge\nA PCI Express to PCI/PCI-X Bridge provides a connection between a PCI Express fabric and a\n5.3 PCI Express Layering Overview\nPCI Express can be divided into three discrete logical layers: the Transaction Layer, the Data Link Layer, and the Physical Layer. Each of these layers is divided into two sections: one that processes outbound (to be transmitted) information and one that processes inbound (received) information.\nPCI Express uses packets to communicate information between components. Packets are formed\nin the Transaction and Data Link Layers to carry the information from the transmitting component to the receiving component. As the transmitted packets flow through the other layers, they are extended with additional information necessary to handle packets at those layers. At the receiving side the reverse process occurs and packets get transformed from their Physical Layer representation to the Data Link Layer representation and finally (for Transaction Layer Packets) to the form that can be processed by the Transaction Layer of the receiving device. Figure below shows the conceptual flow of transaction level packet information through the layers.\nNote that a simpler form of packet communication is supported between two Data Link Layers\n(connected to the same Link) for the purpose of Link management.\n5.4 Layers of the Protocol\nWe take a brief look at the functions of each of the 3 layers.\n5.4.1 Transaction Layer\nThis is the top layer that interacts with the software above.\nFunctions of Transaction Layer:\n1. Mechanisms for differentiating the ordering and processing requirements of Transaction Layer Packets (TLPs)\n2. Credit-based flow control\n3. TLP construction and processing\n4. Association of transaction-level mechanisms with device resources including Flow Control and Virtual Channel management\n5.4.2 Data Link Layer\nThe Data Link Layer acts as an intermediate stage between the Transaction Layer and the Physical Layer. Its primary responsibility is to provide a reliable mechanism for exchanging Transaction Layer Packets (TLPs) between the two components on a Link.\nFunctions of Transaction Layer:\n1. Data Exchange:\n2. Error Detection and Retry:\n3. Initialization and power management:\n5.4.3 Physical Layer\nThe Physical Layer isolates the Transaction and Data Link Layers from the signaling technology\nused for Link data interchange. The Physical Layer is divided into the logical and electrical subblocks.\nTakes care of Symbol Encoding, framing, data scrambling, Link initialization and training, Lane to lane de-skew\nThe electrical sub-block section defines the physical layer of PCI Express 5.0 GT/s that consists of a reference clock source, Transmitter, channel, and Receiver. This section defines the electrical-layer parameters required to guarantee interoperability among the above-listed PCI Express components. This section comprehends both 2.5 GT/s and 5.0 GT/s electricals. In many cases the parameter definitions between 2.5 and 5.0 GT/s are identical, even though their respective values may differ. However, the need at 5.0 GT/s to minimize guardbanding, while simultaneously comprehending all phenomena affecting signal integrity, requires that all the PCI Express system components - Transmitter, Receiver, channel, and Refclk, be explicitly defined in the specification. For this reason, each of these four components has a separate specification section for 5.0 GT/s.\n6 Changes in PCIe 3.0 (GEN3)\nThe goal of the PCI-SIG work group defining this next-generation interface was to double the bandwidth of PCIe Gen 2, which is 5 gigatransfers per second (GT/s) signaling but 4GT/s effective bandwidth after 8b/10b encoding overhead. The group had two choices: either to increase the signaling rate to 10GT/s with 20 percent encoding overhead or select a lower signaling rate (8GT/s) for better signal integrity and reduced encoding overhead with a different set of challenges. The PCI-SIG decided to go with 8GT/s and reduce the encoding overhead to offer approximately 7.99GT/s of effective bandwidth, approximately double that of PCIe Gen 2. The increase in signaling rate from PCIe Gen 2's 5GT/s to PCIe Gen 3's 8GT/s provides a sixty percent increase in data rate and the remainder of the effective bandwidth increase comes from replacing the 8b/10b encoding (20 percent inefficiency) with 128b/130b coding (1-2 percent inefficiency). The challenge of moving from PCIe Gen 2 to Gen 3 is to accommodate the signaling rate where clock timing goes from 200ps to 125ps, jitter tolerance goes from 44ps to 14ps and the total sharable band (for SSC) goes down from 80ps to 35ps. These are enormous challenges to overcome but the PCI-SIG has already completed board, package, and system modeling to make sure designers are able to develop systems that support these rates. The table below highlights some key aspects of PCIe Gen 2 and Gen 3. The beauty of the Gen 3 solution is that it will support twice the data rate with equal or lower power consumption than PCIe Gen 2. Additionally, applications using PCIe Gen 2 would be able to migrate seamlessly as the reference clock remains at 100MHz and the channel reach for mobiles (8 inches), clients (14 inches), and volume servers (20 inches) stay the same. More complex equalizers, such as decision feedback equalization, may be implemented optionally for extended reach needed in a backplane environment. The Gen 3 specification will enhance signaling by adding transmitter de-emphasis, receiver equalization, and optimization of Tx/Rx Phase Lock Loops and Clock Data Recovery. The Gen 3 specification also requires devices that support Gen 3 rate to dynamically negotiate up or down to/from Gen 1 and Gen 2 data rates based on signal/line conditions.\n6.1 Benefits from the newer specs:-\n6.1.1 Higher Speed\nGoal: improve performance. Each successive generation doubles the bit rate of\nthe previous generation, and that holds true for Gen3, too, but thereís a significant difference this\ntime. Since the previous speed was 5.0 GT/s, the new speed would normally have been 10.0\nGT/s, but the spec writers considered a signal that used a 10GHz clock problematic because of\nthe board design and signal integrity issues that many vendors would face. Constrained to stay\nunder that frequency, they were forced to consider other options. The solution they chose was to\nmove away from the 8b/10b encoding scheme that PCIe and most other serial transports have\nused because it adds a 20% overhead from the receiverís perspective. Instead, they chose a\nmodified scrambling method that effectively creates a 128/130 encoding method. This gain in\nefficiency meant that an increase in frequency to only 8.0GHz would be enough to achieve a\ndoubling of the bandwidth and meet this goal\n6.1.2 Resizable BAR Capability\nGoal: allow the system to select how much system resource is\nallocated to a device. This new optional set of registers allows functions to communicate their\nresources size options to system software, which can then select the optimal size and\ncommunicate that back to the function. Ideally, the software would use the largest setting\nreported, since that would give the best performance, but it might choose a smaller size to\naccommodate constrained resources. Currently, sizes from 1MB to 512GB are possible. If these\nregisters are implemented, there is one capability register to report the possible sizes, and one\ncontrol register to select the desired size for each BAR. Note that devices might report a smaller\nsize by default to help them be compatible in many systems, but using the smaller size would\nalso reduce its performance.\n6.1.3 Dynamic Power Allocation\nGoal: provide more software-controlled power states to improve\npower management (PM). Some endpoint devices donít have a device-specific driver to manage\ntheir power efficiently, and DPA provides a means to fill that gap. DPA only applies when the\ndevice is in the D0 state, and it defines up to 32 substates. Substate0 (default) defines the max\npower, and successive sub-states have a power allocation equal to or lower than the previous\none. Software is permitted to change the sub-states in any order.\nThe Substate Control Enabled bit can be used to disable this capability. Any time the device is\nchanging between substates, it must always report the highest power requirement of the two until\nthe transition has been completed, and the time needed to make the change is implementation\nTo allow software to set up PM policies, functions define two transition latency values and every\nsubstate associates its max transition time (longest time it takes to enter that substate from any\nother substate) with one of those.\n6.1.4 Alternative Routing-ID Interpretation\nGoal: support a much larger number of functions inside devices. For requesters and completers, this means treating the device number value as though\nit was really just an extension of the function field to give an 8-bit value for the function number.\nSince the device number is no longer included, itís always assumed to be 0.\nThe spec also defines a new set of optional registers that can be used to assign a function group\nnumber to each function. Within an ARI device, several functions can be associated with a single\ngroup number, and that can serve as the basis for arbitration or access control.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-05", "url": "http://testbench.in/introduction_to_pci_express.html", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084892802.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20180123231023-20180124011023-00634.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9375426173, "token_count": 5162, "score": 3.140625, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Tosaímid le tuiscint choincheapúil ar PCI Express. Tabharfaidh sé seo deis dúinn tábhacht PCI Express a thuiscint. Ina dhiaidh sin déanfar staidéar gairid ar an bprótacal PCI Express. Ansin beimid ag féachaint ar na feabhsuithe agus na feabhsúcháin ar an bprótacal sna sonraíochtaí 3.0 níos nuaí.\n1 Ailtireacht bhunúsach córais ríomhaire pearsanta\nTosaímid ag féachaint ar leagan amach bunúsach córas ríomhaire. Go loighciúil, tá córas PC meán suite amach i rud éigin cosúil le léirítear sa phictiúr.\nFeidhmíonn an croí loighciúil chipset mar lasc nó ródaire, agus bealaí I / O trácht i measc na gléasanna éagsúla a dhéanann suas an córas.\nI ndáiríre, tá an croí loighciúil chipset roinnte ina dhá chuid: an northbridge agus an southbridge (nó I / O droichead). Tá an scoilt ann ar chúpla cúis, is é an ceann is tábhachtaí ná go bhfuil trí chineál feistí ann a oibríonn go nádúrtha go dlúth le chéile, agus mar sin ní mór dóibh rochtain níos tapúla a bheith acu ar a chéile: an CPU, an príomhchomhfhios, agus an cárta físe. I gcóras nua-aimseartha, is é GPU an chárta físe go feidhmiúil an dara (nó an tríú) CPU, mar sin ní mór dó rochtain phribhléideach ar phríomhchuimhne a roinnt leis na CPUanna. Mar thoradh air sin, tá na trí ghléas seo go léir clustered le chéile amach as an northbridge.\nTá an northbridge ceangailte le droichead tánaisteach, an southbridge, a ritheann trácht ó na feistí éagsúla I / O ar an gcóras: na dioscaí crua, calafoirt USB, calafoirt Ethernet, srl. Déantar an trácht ó na feistí seo a threorú tríd an southbridge go dtí an northbridge agus ansin ar aghaidh chuig an CPU agus / nó an chuimhne.\nMar a fheictear ón léarscáil thuas, tá an bus PCI ceangailte leis an mbruid ó dheas. Is é an bus seo de ghnáth an bus is sine, is moille i gcóras nua-aimseartha, agus is é an ceann is mó a bhfuil gá le uasghrádú air.\nIs é an rud is mó ba chóir dúinn a thógáil ar shiúl ó an léaráid roimhe seo go bhfuil an ríomhaire nua-aimseartha bailiúchán motley de busanna speisialaithe de phrótacailí éagsúla agus cumas bandaleithead. Is é an meascán seo de bhusanna speisialaithe a ceapadh chun cineálacha éagsúla crua-earraí a cheangal go díreach leis an mbridge ó dheas rud éigin de hack atá ag teacht chun cinn go leanúnach a ndearna tionscal na ríomhaire pearsanta a innealtóireacht de réir a chéile agus go comhchoiteann agus é ag iarraidh teorainneacha an bhus PCI atá ag dul in aois a sheachaint. Toisc nach féidir leis an mbus PCI é a ghearradh i ndáiríre do rudaí cosúil le Serial ATA, Firewire, etc., ba é an treocht idirlíní a cheangal do I / O inmheánacha agus seachtracha go díreach leis an mbruid theas. Mar sin tá an southbridge inniu ar chineál na Swiss Army Knife de I / O lascainí, agus a bhuíochas le Moore's Curves tá sé in ann a choinneáil ag cur feidhmiúlacht i bhfoirm na comhéadan nua a choimeád feistí bandwidth-éagórach ó gortaithe ar an mbus PCI.\nI saol idéalach, bheadh cineál príomha amháin bus agus prótacal bus amháin a nascann na feistí éagsúla I / O go léir? lena n-áirítear an cárta físe/GPU? chun an CPU agus príomhchomhfhios. Ar ndóigh, ní bheidh an idéalach \"bus amháin chun iad go léir a rialú\" seo riamh, riamh ag tarlú sa saol fíor. Ní tharlóidh sé le PCI Express, agus ní tharlóidh sé le Infiniband (cé go bhféadfadh sé tarlú go teicniúil le Infiniband dá gcaithfimid gach crua-earraí ríomhaire inniu a chaitheamh agus tús a chur leis ó scratch le babhta de ghléasanna atá comhoiriúnach go hinmheánach le Infiniband).\nMar sin féin, fiú má tá an utopic idéalach de bus amháin agus an prótacal bus amháin do gach gléas riamh a bhaint amach, ní mór go mbeadh bealach a thabhairt roinnt ord a chaos. Ar ár son, tá an bealach sin ar deireadh tháinig i bhfoirm PCI Express (a.k.a. PCIe).\n2 Tús ar PCI\nSula dtéann muid isteach i mionsonraí ar PCIe, cabhraíonn sé le tuiscint a fháil ar conas a oibríonn PCI agus cad iad a theorainneacha.\nTháinig an bus PCI chun cinn níos mó ná deich mbliana ó shin ag 33MHz, le bus 32-giotán agus le bandleithead teoiriciúil uasta de 132MB / s. Bhí sé seo go leor maith don am, ach mar a fuair an chuid eile den chóras níos mó bandaleithead ocras an dá luas bus agus bus leithead bhí cranked suas i iarracht a choinneáil ar an luas. I measc blasanna níos déanaí de PCI bhí meascán bus 64-giotán, 33MHz le bandleithead buaic de 264MB / s; meascán níos déanaí 64-giotán, 66MHz le bandleithead de 512MB / s.\nÚsáidtear topológa bus comhroinnte chun cumarsáid a cheadú idir na feistí éagsúla ar an mbus; na feistí PCI éagsúla (i.e., cárta líonra, cárta fuaime, cárta RAID, srl.) Tá siad go léir ceangailte leis an mbus céanna, a úsáideann siad chun cumarsáid a dhéanamh leis an CPU. Féach ar an léaráid seo a leanas chun tuiscint a fháil ar an gcuma atá ag bus comhroinnte.\nToisc go gcaithfidh na feistí go léir atá ceangailte leis an mbus é a roinnt eatarthu féin, ní mór go mbeadh scéim eadrána busta ann chun cinneadh a dhéanamh cé a fhaigheann rochtain ar an mbus agus cathain, go háirithe i gcásanna ina gcaithfidh feistí iomadúla an bus a úsáid ag an am céanna. Nuair a bhíonn rialú ag feiste ar an mbus, bíonn sé ina mháistir bus, rud a chiallaíonn gur féidir leis an mbus PCI a úsáid chun labhairt leis an CPU nó leis an gcuimhne trí bhridge theas an chipset.\nIs iad na príomhbhuntáistí a bhaineann le topólóige an bhus chomhroinnte go bhfuil sé simplí, saor, agus éasca a chur i bhfeidhm? nó ar a laghad, sin an cás chomh fada agus nach bhfuil tú ag iarraidh rud ar bith ró-fhiancy a dhéanamh leis. Nuair a thosaíonn tú ag éileamh níos mó feidhmíochta agus feidhmiúlachta ó bhus roinnte, ansin ritheann tú isteach ina theorainneacha. Déanaimis féachaint ar chuid de na teorainneacha sin, d'fhonn ár bplé ar fheabhsuithe PCI Express a spreagadh.\nOibríonn an scéim seo go maith nuair nach bhfuil ach cúpla feiste ceangailte leis an mbus, ag éisteacht leis le haghaidh seoltaí agus sonraí. Ach is é nádúr bus go gcuireann aon ghléas atá ceangailte leis agus atá \"ag éisteacht\" leis méid áirithe torann isteach ar an mbus. Mar sin an níos mó feistí a éisteacht leis an mbus? agus dá bhrí sin a chur ar an muirear leictreach ar an mbus ? An níos mó fuaime atá ann ar an mbus agus an níos deacra é a fháil ar comhartha glan tríd.\n2.1 Achoimre ar easnaimh an PCI\nChun é a achoimre, tá roinnt easnaimh thromchúiseacha ag PCI mar atá sé inniu a chuireann cosc air an bandleithid agus na gnéithe a theastaíonn ó ghlúin reatha agus glúnta amach romhainn de ghléasanna I / O agus stórála a sholáthar. Go sonrach, cuireann a ailtireacht bus comhroinnte an-chomharsanacht bac air trína luas agus a in-leastú a theorannú, agus tá a mhúnla cumarsáide simplí, stórála ualaigh, múnla cuimhneacháin shleamhnach níos lú láidir agus in-leathnaithe ná samhail roiteáilte, bunaithe ar phacáiste.\n3 PCI-X: níos leithne agus níos tapúla, ach fós as dáta\nBa iarracht é an sonraíocht PCI-X PCI a nuashonrú chomh pianmhar agus is féidir agus ligean dó dul ar aghaidh le cúpla bliain eile. Agus é seo mar atá, ní réitíonn an speic aon cheann de na fadhbanna bunúsacha a luaitear thuas. Go deimhin, déanann sé cuid de na fadhbanna a dhéanamh níos measa.\nD'ardaigh sonraíocht PCI-X an leithead bus go bunúsach ó 32 giotán go 64 giotán, rud a mhéadaigh cumais tarchurtha sonraí comhthreomhar PCI agus a spás seoltaí a mhéadú. Cuireann an speicis ráta clog bunúsach PCI suas go 66MHz le éagsúlacht 133MHz ar an deireadh ard, ag cur le borradh eile ar leithead bainc PCI agus ag tabhairt suas é go 1GB / s (ag 133MHz).\nAn leagan is déanaí den speicis PCI-X (PCI-X 266) cuireann sé an bus faoi dhó, ionas go dtarchuirfear sonraí ar imeall ag ardú agus ag titim an chloig. Cé go bhfeabhsaíonn sé seo an bandleithead teoiriciúil buaic PCI-X, tá a chuid gnóthachain bandleithead inbhuanaithe sa saol fíor níos measartha.\nCé gur mhéadaigh an dá ghluaiseacht seo leordhóthanacht banna PCI agus a úsáideacht, rinne siad níos costasaí é a chur i bhfeidhm. An níos tapúla a théann bus, is amhlaidh a bhíonn sé níos íogaire don fhuaim; tá caighdeáin mhonaraithe do bhusanna ardluais thar a bheith dian ar an gcúis sin féin; déantar ábhair throm agus/nó imill mhóra earráide a aistriú go díreach go fuaim ag luasanna cluais níos airde. Ciallaíonn sé seo go bhfuil an bus PCI-X níos tapúla níos costasaí a dhéanamh.\nNí hé an luas clog níos airde an t-aon rud a mhéadaíonn fadhbanna torann PCI-X agus costais déantúsaíochta. Is é an fachtóir eile an leithead bus méadaithe. Toisc go bhfuil an bus níos leithne agus go bhfuil níos mó sreangáin ann, tá níos mó torann ann i bhfoirm crosstalk. Ina theannta sin, tá na sreangacha nua sin go léir ceangailte ag a gcuid pointí deiridh le go leor feistí PCI, rud a chiallaíonn go bhfuil ualach níos mó fós ar an mbus agus dá bhrí sin níos mó torann a instealladh isteach sa bhus ag feistí ceangailte. Agus ansin tá an fhíric go bhfuil na feistí PCI féin gá 32 pinneacha breise, a mhéadaíonn an costas déantúsaíochta gach feiste aonair agus na nascóirí ar an mbord máthar.\nNuair a chuirtear na tosca seo go léir le chéile leis an ráta clog méadaithe, déanann siad an PCI-X ina tairiscint níos costasaí ná PCI, rud a choinníonn sé as príomhshrutha ríomhairí pearsanta. Agus ba cheart a thabhairt faoi deara freisin go bhfuil an chuid is mó de na fadhbanna a bhaineann le comhthreomhar bus a mhéadú agus an bus a phumpáil dhá uair ag cur isteach ar fhoirmeacha nua-aimseartha DDR, agus go háirithe speicis DDR-II.\nAgus tar éis an pian sin go léir, ní mór duit déileáil le topology bus roinnte PCI agus a chuid droch-chomhfhreastail go léir. Ar an dea-uair, tá bealach níos fearr ann.\n4 PCI Express: an chéad ghlúin eile\nIs é PCI Express (PCIe) an t-ainm is nua don teicneolaíocht a bhí ar eolas roimhe mar 3GIO. Cé gur críochnaíodh sonraíocht PCIe i 2002, tá feistí bunaithe ar PCIe díreach tar éis tús a chur leis ar an margadh.\nIs é an feabhas is suntasaí agus is soiléire atá ag PCIe ar PCI ná a topológa bus pointe go pointe. Féach ar an léaráid seo a leanas agus déan comparáid leis an leagan amach ar an mbus PCI.\nI topólóige bus pointe go pointe, cuireann comhlán roinnte in ionad an bhus roinnte mar an acmhainn roinnte aonair trína ndéanann na feistí go léir cumarsáid. Murab ionann agus i topológa bus comhroinnte, áit ar chóir do na feistí idirghabháil a dhéanamh go comhchoiteann eatarthu chun an bus a úsáid, tá rochtain dhíreach agus eisiach ag gach feiste sa chóras ar an lasc. I bhfocail eile, suíonn gach feiste ar a bhus tiomnaithe féin, ar a dtugtar nasc i nglaoch PCIe.\nCosúil le ródaire i líonra nó i mbosca ceangail teileafóin, déanann an t-aistriú trácht bus a bhealach agus nasc pointe go pointe a bhunú idir dhá ghléas cumarsáide ar chóras.\n4.1 Cáilíocht na Seirbhíse a Chumhachtú\nIs é an éifeacht fhoriomlán a bhaineann leis an topológa fabraic a athsholáthar ná go gceadaíonn sé na \"smart\" a theastaíonn chun trácht a bhainistiú agus a threorú a láidriú i gcripéad amháin? an casadh. Le bus comhroinnte, ní mór do na feistí ar an mbus scéim eadrána a úsáid chun cinneadh a dhéanamh eatarthu féin ar conas acmhainn chomhroinnte a dháileadh (i.e., an bus). Le fabraic a athsholáthar, déanann an t-athsholáthar na cinntí go léir maidir le comhroinnt acmhainní.\nTrí na feidhmeanna treoraithe tráchta agus bainistíochta acmhainní a láidriú i ngrúpa amháin, cuireann PCIe feidhm eile tábhachtach eile den chéad ghlúin eile ar fáil freisin: cáilíocht na seirbhíse (QoS). Is féidir le lascaine PCIe tosaíocht a thabhairt do phacáistí, ionas gur féidir le pacáistí sruthú fíor-ama (ie sruth físe nó sruth fuaime) tosaíocht a thabhairt do phacáistí nach bhfuil chomh criticiúil le ham. Ba chóir go gciallódh sé seo níos lú frámaí a thit i do shooter chéad duine agus latency fuaime níos ísle i do bogearraí taifeadta digiteacha.\n4.2 Rith na tráchta i léin\nNuair a thosaigh dearthóirí PCIe ag smaoineamh ar uasghrádú fíor-ghinealach eile do PCI, ceann de na saincheisteanna a bhí le tabhairt orthu ná comhaireamh pinne. Sa chuid thuas maidir le PCI, rinne mé clúdach ar chuid de na fadhbanna leis an gcineál comhthreomhar sonraí ar scála mór a léiríonn PCI (i.e. Is féidir leis an gcineál seo a bheith ina chuid de na modhanna is fearr le haghaidh an chothaithe. Réitíonn PCIe an fhadhb seo trí chur chuige sraitheach a ghlacadh.\nMar a thug mé faoi deara roimhe seo, is é an nasc idir dhá gléas PCIe agus lasc PCIe ar a dtugtar nasc. Tá gach nasc comhdhéanta de shraith amháin nó níos mó, agus tá gach sraith in ann aon bhait amháin a tharchur ag an am i mbeirt threo ag an am céanna. Tá an cumarsáid lán-dúplach seo indéanta toisc go bhfuil gach sráid comhdhéanta de péire comharthaí amháin: seoladh agus fáil.\nChun pacáistí PCIe a tharchur, atá comhdhéanta de bhaitéanna iomadúla, ní mór nasc aon-líne gach pacáiste a bhriseadh síos i sraith de bhaitéanna, agus ansin na baitéanna a tharchur i ndiaidh a chéile go tapa. Ní mór don ghléas ar an taobh a fhaigheann na baithe go léir a bhailiú agus iad a athcheangal ina phacáiste iomlán. Ní mór an dí-shuiteáil agus athshuiteáil a tharlaíonn a tharlaíonn go tapa go leor go dtí go bhfuil sé trédhearcach go dtí an chéad sraith eile suas sa stack. Ciallaíonn sé seo go dteastaíonn roinnt cumhachta próiseála ar gach ceann den nasc. Is é an buntáiste, áfach, toisc nach bhfuil gach sráid ach baite amháin ar leithead, go bhfuil an-bheagán pinneanna ag teastáil chun na sonraí a tharchur. D'fhéadfá a rá gur bealach é an scéim tarchurtha sraitheach seo chun cumhacht próiseála a thiontú i mbandleithead; tá sé seo i gcodarsnacht leis an sean-thionscnamh comhthreomhar PCI, a thiocfaidh le leathan bus (agus dá bhrí sin comhaireamh pinne) i mbandleithead. Tarlaíonn sé go raibh maith agat do Moore's Curves, tá cumhacht próiseála níos saoire ná leithead bus, dá bhrí sin tá an t-airgead PCIe a dhéanann a lán ciall.\nChonaic muid níos luaithe gur féidir le nasc a bheith comhdhéanta de \"líne amháin nó níos mó\", mar sin a shoiléiriú dúinn go anois. Ceann de na gnéithe is fearr de PCIe is ea an cumas chun bealaí aonair iomadúla a chur le chéile chun nasc amháin a chruthú. Is é sin le rá, d'fhéadfaí dhá shraith a lánú le chéile chun nasc amháin a chruthú ar féidir dhá bhait a tharchur ag an am, rud a dhúbailteann an bandaleithead nasc. Ar an gcaoi chéanna, d'fhéadfá ceithre shraith, nó ocht shraith, agus mar sin de a chur le chéile.\nTugtar nasc x1 ar nasc atá comhdhéanta de shraith amháin; tugtar nasc x2 ar nasc atá comhdhéanta de dhá shraith; tugtar nasc x4 ar nasc atá comhdhéanta de cheithre shraith, etc. Tacaíonn PCIe le leithead nasc x1, x2, x4, x8, x12, x16 agus x32.\nTá gnóthachain bandaleithead PCIe thar PCI suntasach. Tá bealaí aonair in ann 2.5Gbps a tharchur i ngach treo, ag an am céanna. Cuir dhá shraith le chéile chun nasc x2 a chruthú agus tá 5 Gbps agat, agus mar sin de le gach leithead nasc. Tá na luasanna ard aistrithe go maith, nuacht maith, agus beidh sé ar chumas aicme nua de iarratais, cosúil le SLI cárta físe a dhéanamh.\n5 Sonraí ar Phrótacal PCIe\nGo dtí seo bhíomar buartha faoi thionchar PCIe ar leibhéal an chórais. Níor fhéachamar ar an bprótacal féin. Déanfaidh an t-ábhar seo a leanas iarracht mionsonraí an phrótacail PCIe, a shraithí agus feidhmeanna gach ceann de na sraitheanna a mhíniú ar bhealach gearr.\nIs idirnascadh I/O ardfheidhmíochta, ginearálta é PCI Express a shainmhínítear do réimse leathan ardán ríomhairí agus cumarsáide amach anseo.\n5.1 Ceangal PCIe\nLéiríonn nasc cainéal cumarsáide dúbailte-simplex idir dhá chomhpháirt. Is éard atá sa Chonraíocht Chríochnaitheach PCI bunúsach dhá péire comhartha, voltais íseal, tiomána go difríochtúil: péire tarchuir agus péire glactha\n5.2 Topology Físeán PCIe\n5.2.1 Coimpléasc Root\nLéiríonn Coimpléasc Root (RC) fréamh na hiararchí I/O a nascann an CPU/chuimhne\nan fho-chóras go dtí an I/O.\nTagraíonn Endpoint do chineál Feidhme a d'fhéadfadh a bheith ina Iarratasóir nó ina Chríochnaitheoir ar idirbheart PCI Express ar a shon féin nó ar son feiste neamh-PCI Express ar leith (seachas feiste PCI nó CPU Óstach), e.g. rialaitheoir grafaicí ceangailte le PCI Express nó rialaitheoir óstach PCI Express-USB. Déantar na pointí deiridh a aicmiú mar pointí deiridh oidhreachta, PCI Express nó pointí deiridh comhtháite casta fréamhacha.\n5.2.3 PCI Express go PCI/PCI-X Bridge\nSoláthraíonn PCI Express go PCI/PCI-X Bridge nasc idir fabric PCI Express agus\n5.3 Léargas ar Chéimithe PCI Express\nIs féidir PCI Express a roinnt ina thrí shraith loighciúil dhifriúla: an Sraith Trasnaíochta, an Sraith Ceangail Sonraí, agus an Sraith Fisiciúil. Tá gach ceann de na sraitheanna seo roinnte ina dhá chuid: ceann a phróiseálann faisnéis amach (a bheidh le tarchur) agus ceann a phróiseálann faisnéis isteach (a fhaightear).\nÚsáideann PCI Express pacáistí chun faisnéis a chur in iúl idir comhpháirteanna. Tá pacáistí déanta\ni sraitheanna idirbhearta agus nasc sonraí chun an fhaisnéis a iompar ón gcomhpháirt tarchuirthithe chuig an gcomhpháirt glacadóra. De réir mar a shreabhann na pacáistí a tharchur trí na sraitheanna eile, cuirtear faisnéis bhreise a theastaíonn chun pacáistí a láimhseáil sna sraitheanna sin ar fáil dóibh. Ar an taobh a fhaigheann an próiseas a mhalairt tarlaíonn agus pacáistí a fháil a athrú óna léiriú Ciseal Chéim chun an léiriú Ciseal Ceangail Sonraí agus sa deireadh (do Transaction Ciseal pacáistí) go dtí an fhoirm is féidir a phróiseáil ag an Ciseal Transaction an gléas a fháil. Léiríonn an figiúr thíos sreabhadh coincheaptha faisnéise pacáiste leibhéal idirbhirt trí na sraitheanna.\nTabhair faoi deara go bhfuil foirm níos simplí de chumarsáid pacáiste tacaíocht idir dhá Chéadna nasc sonraí\n(nasctha leis an nasc céanna) chun críche bainistíochta na nasc.\n5.4 Scairteanna an Phrótacail\nDéanaimid léargas gairid ar fheidhmeanna gach ceann de na 3 shraith.\n5.4.1 Scairt idirbhearta\nIs é seo an ciseal is airde a idirghníomhaíonn leis an mbogearraí thuas.\nFeidhmeanna na sraithe idirbhearta:\n1. an t-am a bhí ann. Meicníochtaí chun na ceanglais ordú agus próiseála Paicéid Saighde Transaction (TLPs) a dhifreáil\n2. Seachadadh. Rialaithe srutha bunaithe ar chreidmheas\n3. Tá an t-am ann. Tógáil agus próiseáil TLP\n4. Tá an t-am Meicníochtaí ar leibhéal idirbhearta a chomhcheangal le hacmhainní feistí lena n-áirítear Rialú Sliocht agus bainistíocht Cainéil Ghnéasach\n5.4.2 Scairt Ceangail Sonraí\nFeidhmíonn an Scairt Ceangail Sonraí mar chéim idirmheánach idir an Scairt Idirbhearta agus an Scairt Fisiciúil. Is é a phríomhfhreagracht meicníocht iontaofa a sholáthar chun pacáistí sraithe idirbhearta (TLPs) a mhalartú idir an dá chomhpháirt ar nasc.\nFeidhmeanna na sraithe idirbhearta:\n1. an t-am a bhí ann. Malartú Sonraí:\n2. Seachadadh. Aimsir Earráide agus Aththriail:\n3. Tá an t-am ann. Túsú agus bainistíocht cumhachta:\n5.4.3 Scairt Fisiceach\nTá an Ciseal Fisiciúil ag scaradh na Ciseal Trasnaíochta agus na gCiseal Ceangail Sonraí ón teicneolaíocht comharthaíochta\nÚsáidtear é chun sonraí a mhalartú ar an Idirlíon. Tá an Ciseal Fisiciúil roinnte ina fho-bhloic loighciúil agus leictreacha.\nDéileálann sé le Códú Symbol, frámaíocht, scrambling sonraí, tionscnamh agus oiliúint nasc, Lane chun Lane de-skew\nSa rannán fo-bloc leictreach sainmhínítear an ciseal fisiciúil de PCI Express 5.0 GT/s a chuimsíonn foinse clog tagartha, tarchuradóir, cainéal, agus glacadóir. Sa rannóg seo, sainmhínítear na paraiméadair sa chiseal leictreach a theastaíonn chun idir-inoibritheacht a ráthú idir na comhpháirteanna PCI Express thuasluaite. Cuimsíonn an rannán seo leictreacha 2.5 GT/s agus 5.0 GT/s araon. I go leor cásanna tá na sainmhínithe paraiméadair idir 2.5 agus 5.0 GT/s comhionann, cé go bhféadfadh a luachanna faoi seach a bheith difriúil. Mar sin féin, an gá ag 5.0 GT / s chun an gardabandáil a íoslaghdú, agus ag an am céanna gach feiniméan a théann i bhfeidhm ar ionracas an chomhartha a thuiscint, éilíonn sé go ndéantar na comhpháirteanna uile de chóras PCI Express - Transmitter, Receiver, channel, agus Refclk, a shainiú go sainráite sa tsonraíocht. Ar an gcúis seo, tá rannán sonraíochta ar leithligh ag gach ceann de na ceithre chomhpháirt seo le haghaidh 5.0 GT/s.\n6 Athruithe ar PCIe 3.0 (GEN3)\nBa é aidhm an ghrúpa oibre PCI-SIG an comhéadan seo den chéad ghlúin eile a shainiú ná leathleithead bainc PCIe Gen 2 a dhúbailt, is é sin 5 gigatransfer sa dara (GT / s) a chomharthaíocht ach 4GT / s leithead bainc éifeachtach tar éis códú 8b / 10b os cionn. Bhí dhá rogha ag an ngrúpa: an ráta comharthaithe a mhéadú go 10GT / s le 20% de chódú os cionn nó ráta comharthaithe níos ísle a roghnú (8GT / s) le haghaidh sláine comhartha níos fearr agus os cionn códaithe laghdaithe le sraith éagsúla dúshláin. Chinn an PCI-SIG dul le 8GT/s agus an t-uaslódáil códaithe a laghdú chun thart ar 7.99GT/s de leathanbhanda éifeachtach a thairiscint, thart ar dhá oiread an méid sin de PCIe Gen 2. Soláthraíonn an méadú ar ráta comhartha ó 5GT / s PCIe Gen 2 go 8GT / s PCIe Gen 3 méadú seasca faoin gcéad ar ráta sonraí agus tagann an chuid eile den méadú baindleithead éifeachtach ó chódú 8b / 10b a athsholáthar (neamhéifeachtúlacht 20 faoin gcéad) le códú 128b / 130b (neamhéifeachtúlacht 1-2 faoin gcéad). Is é an dúshlán atá le bogadh ó PCIe Gen 2 go Gen 3 ná an ráta comharthaíochta a chur in iúl áit a dtéann amú clog ó 200ps go 125ps, téann toilteanas jitter ó 44ps go 14ps agus téann an banna roinnte iomlán (do SSC) síos ó 80ps go 35ps. Is dúshláin ollmhóra iad seo le sárú ach tá an PCI-SIG tar éis samhailíocht bhord, pacáiste agus córais a chríochnú cheana féin chun a chinntiú go bhfuil dearthóirí in ann córais a fhorbairt a thacaíonn leis na rátaí seo. Léiríonn an tábla thíos roinnt príomhghnéithe de PCIe Gen 2 agus Gen 3. Is é an áilleacht atá ag réiteach Gen 3 ná go dtacóidh sé le ráta sonraí dhá oiread le tomhaltas cumhachta comhionann nó níos ísle ná PCIe Gen 2. Ina theannta sin, d'fhéadfadh feidhmchláir a úsáideann PCIe Gen 2 aistriú gan uaim mar go bhfanann an clog tagartha ag 100MHz agus go bhfanann an sroich cainéal do ghluaisteáin (8 orlach), do chliaint (14 orlach), agus do sheirbhísigh toirte (20 orlach) mar an gcéanna. Is féidir equalizers níos casta, mar shampla equalization aisghabhála cinntí, a chur i bhfeidhm go rogha ar mhaithe le sroich leathnaithe a theastaíonn i dtimpeallacht cúlchláir. Feabhsóidh sonraíocht Gen 3 comharthaíocht trí dhícháineadh tarchuradóir, comhionannú glacadóir, agus uasmhéadú Loops Lock Tx / Rx Phase agus Athshlánú Sonraí Clog a chur leis. Éilíonn sonraíocht Gen 3 freisin go ndéanfaidh feistí a thacaíonn le ráta Gen 3 idirbheartaíocht dinimiciúil suas nó síos go dtí/ó rátaí sonraí Gen 1 agus Gen 2 bunaithe ar choinníollacha comhartha/líne.\n6.1 Sochair ó na sonraíochtaí níos nuaí:-\n6.1.1 Luas níos airde\nSprioc: feabhas a chur ar fheidhmíocht. Gach glúin ina dhiaidh sin déanann an ráta bita de\nan ghlúin roimhe seo, agus go bhfuil sé fíor do Gen3, freisin, ach tá sé difríocht shuntasach seo\nam. Ós rud é go raibh an luas roimhe seo 5.0 GT/s, ba chóir go mbeadh an luas nua 10.0\nGT / s, ach mheas na scríbhneoirí specs comhartha a úsáideann 10GHz clog fadhbanna mar gheall ar\nan dearadh bord agus saincheisteanna ionracaíochta comhartha a bheadh ag go leor díoltóirí. Cuirtear iallach orm fanacht\nfaoi an minicíocht sin, bhí orthu roghanna eile a mheas. Ba é an réiteach a roghnaigh siad ná\nbogadh ar shiúl ón scéim chódála 8b/10b atá ag PCIe agus ag formhór na n-iompar sraitheach eile\nÚsáidtear an t-airgead seo mar go gcuireann sé 20% de chostas breise leis ó thaobh an fhaighteora de. Ina áit sin, roghnaigh siad\nmodh scramblaithe modhnaithe a chruthaíonn modh códaithe 128/130 go héifeachtach. An t-airgead seo i\nciallaíonn sé sin go mbeadh méadú ar an minicíocht go 8.0GHz amháin go leor chun\nan bandleithid a dhúbailt agus an sprioc seo a bhaint amach\n6.1.2 Cumas BAR Risizable\nCumas: ligean don chóras a roghnú cé mhéad acmhainn chórais\na leithdháileadh ar fheiste. Ligeann an tacar nua roghnach clár seo d'fheidhmeanna a gcuid sonraí a chur in iúl\nRoghanna méid acmhainní a chur ar fáil do bhogearraí an chórais, a fhéadfaidh an méid is fearr agus\na chur in iúl go ar ais go dtí an fheidhm. Go hidéalach, ba cheart don bogearraí an leagan is mó a úsáid\na thuairiscigh, ós rud é go mbeadh a thabhairt ar an fheidhmíocht is fearr, ach d'fhéadfadh sé a roghnú méid níos lú a\nacmhainní teoranta a chur san áireamh. Faoi láthair, tá méideanna ó 1MB go 512GB indéanta. Má tá na\nTá clár cumas amháin ann chun na méideanna féideartha a thuairisciú, agus tá clár cumas amháin ann chun na méideanna féideartha a thuairisciú.\nclár rialaithe chun an méid is mian le gach BAR a roghnú. Tabhair faoi deara go bhféadfadh feistí a thuairisciú níos lú\nméid réamhshocraithe chun cabhrú leo a bheith comhoiriúnach i go leor córais, ach ag baint úsáide as an méid níos lú a bheadh\na fheidhmíocht a laghdú freisin.\n6.1.3 Ailtíocht cumhachta dinimiciúil\nCumas: níos mó stáit cumhachta atá á rialú ag bogearraí a sholáthar chun feabhas a chur ar\nbainistiú cumhachta (PM). Níl tiománaí sonrach feiste ag roinnt feistí críochphointe le bainistíocht a dhéanamh\na n-chumhacht go héifeachtúil, agus soláthraíonn DPA bealach chun an bhearna sin a líonadh. Ní bhaineann DPA ach amháin nuair a bhíonn an\nTá an gléas i stát D0, agus sainmhíníonn sé suas le 32 fo-stádas. Sainmhíníonn fo-stádas0 (míchumais) an uasmhéid\ncumhachta, agus fo-stáit a leanas a bhfuil leithdháileadh cumhachta comhionann le nó níos ísle ná an\nceann amháin. Ceadaítear do bhrabhsálaí na fo-stáit a athrú in aon ord.\nIs féidir an bit Substate Control Enabled a úsáid chun an cumas seo a dhíchumasú. Aon uair a bhíonn an gléas\nag athrú idir fo-stáit, ní mór dó an riachtanas cumhachta is airde den dá cheann a thuairisciú i gcónaí go dtí go\ntá an t-aistriú críochnaithe, agus is é an t-am a theastaíonn chun an t-athrú a dhéanamh cur i bhfeidhm\nChun a cheadú do bhogearraí beartais PM a chur ar bun, sainmhíníonn feidhmeanna dhá luach latency idirthréimhse agus gach\na chuid ama aistrithe uasta (an t-am is faide a thógann sé chun dul isteach sa fho-staidéal sin ó aon\nsubstaint eile) le ceann acu sin.\n6.1.4 Léiriú Ailtire Bealach-Aitheantais\nCumas: tacaíocht a thabhairt do líon i bhfad níos mó feidhmeanna taobh istigh de ghléasanna. I gcás iarrthóirí agus comhlánaithe, ciallaíonn sé seo go gcaithfear leis an luach uimhir feiste mar\ngo raibh sé i ndáiríre ach síneadh an réimse feidhme a thabhairt ar luach 8-bit don uimhir feidhme.\nÓs rud é nach bhfuil an uimhir feiste san áireamh a thuilleadh, is é 0 a mheastar i gcónaí.\nSa speicis sainmhíníonn freisin sraith nua de chlár roghnach is féidir a úsáid chun grúpa feidhme a shannadh\nuimhir do gach feidhm. Laistigh de ghléas ARI, is féidir roinnt feidhmeanna a chur i gcomhar le feiste amháin\nuimhir an ghrúpa, agus is féidir é sin a úsáid mar bhunús le haghaidh eadrána nó rialaithe rochtana."} {"text": "Black History Month 2011\nFor Black History Month 2011, the Maynard Institute for Journalism Education website celebrates 28 individuals. One for each day of February, the shortest month of the year.\nThe lives of these Americans are worthy of celebration and further study, which our short profiles hope to encourage. The women and men included are writers, editors, journalists, publishers, trailblazers and change makers. They remind us of the rich contributions African Americans make and have made in the world of words.\nThis is by no means a definitive or exhaustive listing. It’s a starting point for learning, comment & discussion during Black History Month - February, 2011 when our nation pays a little more attention to issues of diversity. Be heard. Tell us what you think & what we can learn!\nFebruary 10, 2011Jupiter Hammon became the first published African American writer while a slave in New York in 1760. Hammon established the legacy of black writers in the United States and was instrumental in developing respect for the intellect of African... more »\nFebruary 11, 2011Bob Herbert is a New York Times editorial columnist who first reported for the Star-Ledger in 1970, after a tour of duty in the United States Army. He was a founding panelist for Sunday Edition on CBS and was a national correspondent on NBC.... more »\nFebruary 12, 2011Charlayne Hunter-Gault started her journalistic career in 1959 fighting a legal battle for minorities’ right to enroll in the University of Georgia, eventually becoming the first black to graduate from there. Since 1967 Hunter-Gault has been... more »\nFebruary 13, 2011Zora Neal Hurston worked her way through Barnard College for an anthropology degree to become one of the most prominent figures in African American literature. Well known for her book, “Their Eyes Were Watching God,” she is closely connected with... more »\nFebruary 14, 2011Robert L. Johnson studied politics and international affairs at University of Illinois and Princeton University, respectively. As a lobbyist for the National Cable Association in the 1970s, he founded Black Entertainment Television in 1980. From a... more »\nFebruary 15, 2011Known for his soaring oratory, Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. was also a prolific writer whose words literally changed our world. In 1963 he delivered the now-celebrated speech during the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom. At 35, he was the... more »\nFebruary 16, 2011Paula Madison is the Executive Vice President of Diversity for NBC Universal, marking the first time in NBC’s history that diversity is an executive’s primary focus. Prior to this appointment, she was the President and General Manager of KNBC, and... more »\nFebruary 17, 2011As a teen-ager, Nancy Hicks Maynard was outraged at the media’s distorted depiction of her neighborhood. She began her journalism career at the New York Post where she worked as a copy girl while going to college. At the age of 21 she was hired by... more »\nFebruary 18, 2011As a young man, Robert C. Maynard dreamed of being a newspaper reporter, but back in the 1950s newspapers were either not hiring “Negro” reporters or already had their one black reporter on staff. Undaunted, Maynard sent out 200 resumes, ... more »\nWork We <3 | FDP\nInstead of spending all our time calling out journalism that doesn't work, we want to find work we like. We'd like to encourage our readers to submit links to content that is moving or challenging and that goes beyond the standard narrative either at the level of form or content. In other words, we want to see journalism that works.\nWe're particularly interested in work at the nexus of the following categories:\n- Please include a comment explaining why the content you're sharing works.\n- Comments can be as short or long as desired.\nFind us on Facebook\n- US-Russia Journalism Teachers Exchange @ The Russian and East European Institute (REEI) of Indiana University\n- Assistant Professor - JOURNALISM / Broadcast @ California State University, Northridge\n- Assistant Professor - JOURNALISM / Digital media entrepreneurship or digital public @ California State University, Northridge\nDori Maynard tweets on Diversity, Media & More\n@JamilSmith The distorted #media depiction of African American men & boys has real life consequences, again. #mediadiversity #Tremaine", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-42", "url": "http://mije.org/black-history-month?page=1&gclid=CK2G4Lnnh6cCFUJm7AodhT-mfg", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1414119648891.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20141024030048-00251-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9452978969, "token_count": 911, "score": 2.8125, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Mí Stair an Duibhe 2011\nLe haghaidh Mí Stair an Duine Dubh 2011, déanann suíomh Gréasáin Institiúid Oideachais iriseolaíochta Maynard ceiliúradh ar 28 duine aonair. Ceann do gach lá de mhí Feabhra, an mhí is giorra sa bhliain.\nTá saol na Meiriceánach seo fiú ceiliúradh agus staidéar breise, a bhfuil súil againn go spreagfaidh ár bpróifílí gearr. Is scríbhneoirí, eagarthóirí, iriseoirí, foilsitheoirí, lucht tosaigh agus lucht athraithe iad na mná agus na fir a chuimsítear sa chomórtas. Cuireann siad i gcuimhne dúinn na ranníocaíochtaí saibhre a dhéanann Meiriceánaigh Afracacha agus a rinne siad i saol na bhfocal.\nNí liosta críochnaitheach ná críochnaitheach í seo ar chor ar bith. Is pointe tosaigh é chun foghlaim, trácht & plé a dhéanamh le linn mhí Stair an Duine Dubh - Feabhra, 2011 nuair a thugann ár náisiún beagán níos mó aird ar shaincheisteanna éagsúlachta. A bheith éisteacht. Inis dúinn cad a cheapann tú & cad is féidir linn a fhoghlaim!\n10 Feabhra, 2011Ba é Jupiter Hammon an chéad scríbhneoir Meiriceánach Afracach foilsithe agus é ina sclábhaí i Nua-Eabhrac i 1760. Bhunaigh Hammon oidhreacht scríbhneoirí dubha sna Stáit Aontaithe agus bhí sé ina uirlis chun meas a fhorbairt ar intleacht na hAfraice... níos mó \n11 Feabhra, 2011Bob Herbert is colúnóir eagarthóireachta New York Times a d'fhógair don Star-Ledger den chéad uair i 1970, tar éis turas dualgas san Arm na Stát Aontaithe. Bhí sé ina phéinealista bunaitheoir do Sunday Edition ar CBS agus bhí sé ina chomhfhreagraí náisiúnta ar NBC.... níos mó \n12 Feabhra, 2011Tosaigh Charlayne Hunter-Gault a gairme iriseolaíochta i 1959 ag troid cath dlíthiúil ar cheart mhionlaigh clárú in Ollscoil Georgia, agus sa deireadh tháinig sí ar an gcéad dubh chun céim a bhaint amach ann. Ó 1967 Hunter-Gault Tá... níos mó \nFeabhra 13, 2011D'oibrigh Zora Neal Hurston a bhealach trí Choláiste Barnard le haghaidh céim anthrópaolaíochta chun a bheith ar cheann de na figiúirí is suntasaí i litríocht Mheiriceá Afracach. Is eol do leabhar, \"Their Eyes Were Watching God\", go bhfuil sí nasctha go dlúth le... níos mó \n14 Feabhra, 2011D'fhoghlaim Robert L. Johnson polaitíocht agus gnóthaí idirnáisiúnta in Ollscoil Illinois agus in Ollscoil Princeton, faoi seach. Mar lóbálaí don National Cable Association sna 1970idí, bhunaigh sé Teilifís Siamsaíochta Dubh i 1980. Ó... níos mó \nFeabhra 15, 2011Is é an Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. a raibh aithne air mar gheall ar a chuid òratóireachta ard, scríbhneoir folláine a raibh a chuid focal ag athrú ár saol go liteartha. Sa bhliain 1963 thug sé an óráid a bhfuil ceiliúradh air anois le linn an Mhárta ar Washington le haghaidh Oibreacha agus Saoirse. Ag 35, bhí sé an... níos mó \nFeabhra 16, 2011Paula Madison is í an Leas-Uachtarán Feidhmiúcháin ar Éagsúlacht do NBC Universal, ag marcáil an chéad uair i stair NBC go bhfuil éagsúlacht mar phríomhfhócas feidhmiúcháin. Roimh an ceapachán seo, bhí sí ina hUachtarán agus ina Bhainisteoir Ginearálta ar KNBC, agus... níos mó \n17 Feabhra, 2011Mar dhéagóir, bhí Nancy Hicks Maynard feargach ar léiriú saird na meán ar a comharsanacht. Thosaigh sí a gairme iriseolaíochta ag an New York Post áit ar oibrigh sí mar chailín cóip le linn di dul go dtí an ollscoil. Ag 21 bliain d'aois, bhí sí fostaithe ag... níos mó \n18 Feabhra, 2011Mar fhear óg, bhí sé mar aidhm ag Robert C. Maynard a bheith ina thuairisceoir nuachtán, ach ar ais sna 1950idí ní raibh nuachtáin ag glacadh le tuairisceoirí \"Negro\" nó bhí a thuairisceoir dubh amháin acu cheana féin ar an bhfoireann. Gan eagla, chuir Maynard 200 athscríobh amach, ... níos mó \nOibre We <3 FDP\nIn ionad ár gcuid ama a chaitheamh ag tabhairt tuairisc ar an nuachtóireacht nach n-oibríonn, ba mhaith linn obair a fháil a thaitníonn linn. Ba mhaith linn ár léitheoirí a spreagadh chun naisc a chur isteach le hábhar atá ag gluaiseacht nó ag dúshlán agus a théann thar an scéal caighdeánach ar leibhéal na foirme nó an ábhair. I bhfocail eile, ba mhaith linn go bhfeicfimid iriseoireacht a oibríonn.\nTá suim ar leith againn i gcuid oibre ag nasc na gcatagóirí seo a leanas:\n- Cuir le do thoil trácht lena míniú cén fáth go n-oibríonn an t-ábhar atá á roinnt agat.\n- Is féidir le tuairimí a bheith chomh gearr nó chomh fada agus is mian leat.\nFaigh sinn ar Facebook\n- Malartú Múinteoirí iriseolaíochta na Stát Aontaithe agus na Rúise @ Institiúid na Rúise agus Oirthear na hEorpa (REEI) Ollscoil Indiana\n- Ollamh Cúnta - SÉIRLÉITHE / Craoladh @ California State University, Northridge\n- Ollamh Cúnta - SÉIRNÉALSÁIN / Fiontraíocht sna meáin dhigiteacha nó an phobal dhigiteach @ California State University, Northridge\nDori Maynard tweets ar Éagsúlacht, Meáin & Níos Mó\n@JamilSmith Tá iarmhairtí fíor-saoil ag an léiriú #meáin a bhaineann le fir agus buachaillí Meiriceánaigh Afracacha, arís. #meánéagsúlacht #Tremaine"} {"text": "CUHK finds that a booster vaccine dose is effective in retriggering antibodies in breast milk that protect babies\nResearchers from The Chinese University of Hong Kong (CUHK)’s Faculty of Medicine (CU Medicine) and collaborators from Spain conducted a study to evaluate the temporal changes in the amount and neutralising activity of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in breast milk stimulated by natural infection and vaccination. The study shows that the neutralising activity becomes undetectable in vaccinated mothers about five to six months after receiving a first dose of vaccine, and that a booster dose is effective in retriggering the protection. The findings have recently been published in the medical publication Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology.\nCOVID-19 infection and vaccination can produce antibody response in breast milk\nPrevious international studies, have found evidence that mothers who have been infected with SARS-CoV-2 or vaccinated can pass antibodies to their children, protecting them against the virus through breast milk.\nDr. Hillary Hiu Yu LEUNG, Clinical Lecturer from the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology at CU Medicine said, “It is a common query from mothers on whether they should breastfeed following a SARS-CoV-2 infection or COVID-19 vaccination. The answer is ‘yes’. Studies have shown that both disease- and vaccination-acquired immunity produce high levels of Immunoglobulin A (IgA) antibodies against the virus in breast milk. For very young children who are not eligible for vaccination for the time being, breast milk could be a possible way to attain SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. But we need to find out how long the protection would last.”\nThe research team collected serial breast milk samples from postnatal individuals: 18 mothers from the infected group and eight from the vaccinated group. No one in the infected group was vaccinated during the study period, while those in the vaccinated group had received at least two doses. Results showed a rapid increase in neutralising SARS-CoV-2 specific antibodies in breast milk after infection or vaccination. After reaching the peak, the IgA levels and binding capacity progressively decreased over time in both groups. These are the key findings:\n- Levels and the neutralisation capacity of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in breast milk decline as time passes.\n- SARS-CoV-2 antibodies could become undetectable by about 150 days after the first dose of the COVID-19 vaccine.\n- A booster dose of the COVID-19 vaccine is effective in sustaining the secretion of neutralising IgA in breast milk.\nProfessor Liona POON, Professor from the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology at CU Medicine, said, “This study has demonstrated that a booster dose is effective in retriggering the secretion of neutralising antibodies in breast milk after they have become undetectable. This signifies the importance of a booster dose to sustain neutralising antibody levels in the breast milk, which may potentially provide protection for very young children.”\n Titres and neutralising capacity of SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies in human milk: a systematic review. Archives of Disease in Childhood-Fetal and Neonatal Edition. 2022;107(2):174-80.\n SARS-CoV-2–specific antibodies in breast milk after COVID-19 vaccination of breastfeeding women. Jama. 2021;325(19):2013-4.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-10", "url": "https://www.med.cuhk.edu.hk/press-releases/cuhk-finds-that-a-booster-vaccine-dose-is-effective-in-retriggering-antibodies-in-breast-milk-that-protect-babies", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474948.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20240301030138-20240301060138-00675.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9287148714, "token_count": 722, "score": 2.6875, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Tá an t-údarú seo ag cur le dochtúir a bhfuil taithí acu ar an bhfíric go bhfuil an druga ag cur le dochtúir a bhfuil taithí acu ar an bhfíric go bhfuil an druga ag cur le dochtúir a bhfuil taithí acu ar an bhfíric go bhfuil an druga ag cur le dochtúir.\nRinne taighdeoirí ó Ollscoil na Síne i Hong Cong (CUHK) 's Faculty of Medicine (CU Medicine) agus comhoibrithe ó Spáinn staidéar chun meastóireacht a dhéanamh ar na hathruithe ama i méid agus gníomhaíocht neodrúcháin frith-chomhlachtaí SARS-CoV-2 i bainne cíche a spreagtar le hailse nádúrtha agus vacsaín. Léiríonn an staidéar go mbíonn an ghníomhaíocht neodrúcháin gan a bheith le feiceáil i máithreacha vacsaínithe thart ar chúig go sé mhí tar éis dóibh an chéad dáileog vacsaín a fháil, agus go bhfuil dáileog athbhuailte éifeachtach chun an cosaint a athshlánú. Foilsíodh na torthaí le déanaí sa fhoilseachán leighis Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology.\nIs féidir le hachtáil agus vacsaínú COVID-19 freagairt frithchomhlachta a tháirgeadh i mbainne cíche\nTá fianaise le fáil i staidéir idirnáisiúnta roimhe seo go bhféadfadh máithreacha a bhí ionfhabhtaithe le SARS-CoV-2 nó a vacsaíníodh frith-chomhlachtaí a tharchur chuig a gcuid páistí, ag cosaint iad i gcoinne an víris trí bhainne cíche.\nDúirt an Dr. Hillary Hiu Yu LEUNG, Léachtóir Chliniciúil ó Roinn na hOstaiteolaíochta agus na Gineicolaíochta ag CU Medicine, \"Is ceist choitianta í ó mháithreacha an chóir dóibh beathú cíche a thabhairt tar éis ionfhabhtú SARS-CoV-2 nó vacsaín COVID-19. Is é an freagra \"tá\". Léirigh staidéir go dtáirgeann an díolúine a fuarthas ó ghalar agus ó vacsaínú leibhéil arda de fhreasúracha Immunoglobulin A (IgA) i gcoinne an víris i mbainne cíche. I gcás leanaí an-óg nach bhfuil incháilithe le haghaidh vacsaínithe faoi láthair, d'fhéadfadh bainne cíche a bheith ina bhealach féideartha chun frith-chomhlachtaí SARS-CoV-2 a bhaint amach. Ach ní mór dúinn a fháil amach cé chomh fada a d'fhéadfadh an chosaint a mhaireann. \nBailíodh samplaí bainne cíche i sraith ó dhaoine iarbhreith: 18 mháthair ón ngrúpa ionfhabhtaithe agus ochtar ón ngrúpa vacsaínithe. Níor vacsaíníodh aon duine sa ghrúpa ionfhabhtaithe le linn thréimhse an staidéir, agus fuair na daoine sa ghrúpa vacsaínithe dhá dáileog ar a laghad. Léirigh na torthaí go raibh méadú tapa ar na frith-fhillteanna sonracha SARS-CoV-2 a neodrú i mbainne cíche tar éis ionfhabhtaithe nó vacsaínithe. Tar éis an buaic a bhaint amach, tháinig laghdú de réir a chéile ar leibhéil IgA agus ar chumas ceangailteach le himeacht ama sa dá ghrúpa. Seo na príomhthorthaí:\n- Laghdaíonn leibhéil agus cumas neodrúcháin na n-aghaidh-chorp SARS-CoV-2 i bainne cíche de réir mar a théann an t-am.\n- D'fhéadfadh frith-chomhlachtaí SARS-CoV-2 a bheith neamh-inbhraite faoi 150 lá tar éis an chéad dáileog den vacsaín COVID-19.\n- Tá dáileog dóchasach den vacsaín COVID-19 éifeachtach chun secretion IgA neodrúcháin a chothabháil i bainne cíche.\nDúirt an tOllamh Liona POON, Ollamh ó Roinn na hOstaiteolaíochta agus na Gineicolaíochta ag CU Medicine, \"Tá an staidéar seo tar éis a léiriú go bhfuil dáileog booster éifeachtach chun secretion na n-aghaidh-chorp a neodrú i bainne cíche a athshlánú tar éis dóibh a bheith neamh-inbhraite. Léiríonn sé seo an tábhacht a bhaineann le dáileog dóthain chun leibhéil na n-ionchas-chorp a neodrú sa bhainne cíche a chothabháil, rud a d'fhéadfadh cosaint a sholáthar do leanaí an-óg. \nTeideal agus cumas neodrúcháin na n-aghaidh-chorp sonrach SARS-CoV-2 i mbainne daonna: athbhreithniú córais. Archives of Disease in Childhood-Fetal and Neonatal Edition. 2022;107(2):174-80.\nAnticorpí sonracha SARS-CoV-2 i mbainne cíche tar éis vacsaín COVID-19 a thabhairt do mhná atá ag tabhairt cothaithe cíche. Jama. 2021;325(19):2013-4."} {"text": "The widespread consumption high fructose corn syrup poses serious health problems worldwide, suggests an international study by researchers at the University of Southern California and Oxford University.\nResearchers examined the use of high fructose corn syrup in 42 nations in North America, Asia, Europe and Northern Africa. They found that people who use the refined sweetener in their foods and beverages had a 20 percent higher rate of Type-2 diabetes than thosein nations that don’t use it.\nType-2 diabetes is the most common form of the chronic, life-long disease caused by high levels of sugar in the blood. Worldwide, it afflicts more than 150 million people, says the federal Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).\nThe researchers found that the United States had the highest per capita consumption of the corn-based sweetener – about 55 pounds a year, per person.\nThe study, published in the Journal Global Public Health, adds to evidence that suggests consumption of high fructose corn syrup is worse for heath than natural sugar - in part because it contains a higher proportion of fructose to glucose than does natural sugar.\nUnlike glucose, fructose is metabolized by the liver and the researchers say they believe this could be a reason for another serious health problem: the rise in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease among Latinos in the US and in Mexico.\nThe study points out that Mexico has received “exponential” increases in high fructose corn syrup exports from the United States since trade restrictions were lifted in 2008.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-05", "url": "http://www.scpr.org/news/2012/11/27/35038/high-fructose-corn-syrup-blamed-global-health-epid/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084892238.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20180123191341-20180123211341-00496.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9372396469, "token_count": 303, "score": 2.90625, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Tugann an sioróip arb é an fructose atá i bhfad níos mó ann a ithe fadhbanna sláinte tromchúiseacha ar fud an domhain, de réir staidéir idirnáisiúnta a rinne taighdeoirí in Ollscoil Southern California agus in Ollscoil Oxford.\nRinne taighdeoirí scrúdú ar úsáid sioróip arbhar ard-fructose i 42 náisiún i Meiriceá Thuaidh, san Áise, san Eoraip agus i dTuaisceart na hAfraice. Fuair siad amach go raibh ráta 20 faoin gcéad níos airde diaibéiteas Cineál-2 ag daoine a úsáideann an milsín scagtha ina gcuid bia agus deochanna ná iad siúd i náisiúin nach n-úsáideann é.\nIs é diaibéiteas cineál 2 an cineál is coitianta den ghalar ainsealach, fad-saoil a bhíonn mar thoradh ar leibhéil arda siúcra sa fhuil. Ar fud an domhain, tá níos mó ná 150 milliún duine ag fulaingt as, a deir na hIonaid Chónaidhme um Rialú agus Cosc ar Ghalair (CDC).\nFuair na taighdeoirí go raibh an tomhaltas is airde de an milseog arb éard atá sa chorn-bhunaithe in aghaidh an duine sna Stáit Aontaithe - thart ar 55 punt in aghaidh na bliana, in aghaidh an duine.\nCuireann an staidéar, a foilsíodh sa Journal Global Public Health, le fianaise a thugann le tuiscint go bhfuil tomhaltas sioróip arbhar ard-fructose níos measa do shláinte ná siúcra nádúrtha - go páirteach toisc go bhfuil cion níos airde fructose i gcomparáid le glúcóis ná siúcra nádúrtha.\nMurab ionann agus glúcóis, déantar meitibileacht ar fhructose ag an ae agus deir na taighdeoirí go gcreideann siad gur chúis le fadhb sláinte tromchúiseach eile é seo: an méadú ar ghalar ae saille neamh-alcólach i measc Latinos sna Stáit Aontaithe agus i Meicsiceo.\nTugann an staidéar le fios go bhfuair Meicsiceo méaduithe 'exponential' ar onnmhairí sioróip arbhar ard-fhrúchtóis ó na Stáit Aontaithe ó cuireadh deireadh le srianta trádála i 2008."} {"text": "Activity examples on Starting Point\nActivities are examples for each of the Starting Point modules. Some were created by the module authors; most were submitted by instructors using the module. Each activity is a stand-alone example demonstrating one way in which the pedagogy teaches an important economic concept. The examples range from short activities requiring only a few minutes of in-class time to activities that run over several class meetings. All include a full description with teaching notes and materials attached, recommendations for assessment of student learning, and links to related resources.\nWhen to submit an activityInstructors who have developed a new way to use one of the Starting Point module pedagogies are encouraged to submit an activity for posting on the Starting Point site. The innovation can be an application to an economic concept not yet covered in currently available examples, or an application that uses the pedagogy in a manner not yet described in the currently available examples.\nHow to submit an activityActivites are submitted via the Activity Submission Form The form is easy to use with boxes that the author fills in for: contact information, teaching method applied, goals, teaching method, teaching notes, assessment and resources. Photos and other illustrations are encouraged as are attachments for handouts or instructions.\nActivity reviewThe activity will be peer-reviewed by a team of economic educators who will offer suggestions for improving the activity. Once accepted, the activity will be will be formated and posted as a web page.\nCopyrightAuthors retain copyright over the materials they submit. However, materials posted on the SERC site are sharable under a Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial Share-Alike license that allows others to reuse materials for non-commerical purposes as long as they give attribution and share any derivative work similarly. Read more about copyright.\n- Provide all of the information a faculty member needs to successfully implement an activity\n- Enable faculty at a glance to determine if they want to learn more about this example\n- Writing for the web isn't the same as writing for print. Avoid lengthy paragraph. Put long instructions on attachments. Use bullets to highlight key points.\n- Don't overlook the assessment section. How can an instructor deterimine whether or not students have achieved the learning goals outlined for the activity? Consider innovative assignments or projects in addition to traditional tests.\n- Attach one or more photos or graphics. These will improve the page's visual impact.\n- If you use photos of students or examples of their work, obtain permission to do so.\nEditing your activityAfter an activity has been accepted and posted on Starting Point, you may choose to edit this page through a web-based interface at any time.\nCreate an account\nThe first step to gaining access is to create an account for yourself using the same email address you provided when submitting the activity. You can create an account for yourself here:Account Creation Page If you've already created an account with SERC you can skip this step.\nVisit the My Account page\nThe My Account page provides a gateway to all the activities you've submitted. You can get there by choosing the My Account tab if you've already logged in; or by visiting http://serc.carleton.edu/account at any time. You should see all the activities you've submitted with options to view the web pages as they currently exists as well as to edit these activities directly.\nVerify your email address\nThe first time you work with one of your submitted activities the system will walk you through a process to verify that you really are the person who's email address is associated with the activity. As part of this process (which is necessary to ensure random folks don't wander in and modify your activity) you'll need to follow a url sent to your email address. You need only go through this process once when you first create your account. In subsequent visits you can simply go to the My Account address above, log in and start editing.\nEdit your activity\nThe editing link for each activity takes you into a web-based editing interface which is described in more detail within the interface itself. You can make changes and view the resulting changed web page through this interface.\nWhen you are finished make it publically viewable\nWhen working in the editing interface you will be modifying a development version of your activity which isn't visible through the public site. The editing interface provides a button where you can request (after you've finished a series of edits and are happy with the result) that the page be made live so that it is visible on the public site. A member of the SERC staff or other party responsible for that area of the site will push the button to make that happen. You may return at any time, make further edits to the development version of the activity (the only version you can edit directly) and request they be made live.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-49", "url": "http://serc.carleton.edu/econ/about_submit_activities", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-49/segments/1416931010149.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20141125155650-00175-ip-10-235-23-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9369853139, "token_count": 984, "score": 2.96875, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Samplaí gníomhaíochta ar an bpointe tosaigh\nTá na gníomhaíochtaí mar shamplaí do gach ceann de na modúl Píosa Tosaigh. Bhí cuid acu cruthaithe ag údar na modúl; chuir teagascóirí an modúl a úsáid isteach an chuid is mó. Is sampla neamhspleách é gach gníomhaíocht a léiríonn bealach amháin ina múineann an teagasc coincheap eacnamaíoch tábhachtach. Tá na samplaí seo ó ghníomhaíochtaí gearr nach éilíonn ach cúpla nóiméad de chuid an chlas go gníomhaíochtaí a reáchtálann roinnt cruinnithe ranga. Cuimsíonn gach ceann cur síos iomlán le nótaí teagaisc agus ábhair a ghabhann leo, moltaí maidir le measúnú ar fhoghlaim na mac léinn, agus naisc le hacmhainní gaolmhara.\nNuair a chuirfear gníomhaíocht isteachCuirtear spreagadh ar mhúinteoirí a d'fhorbair bealach nua chun ceann de na teagaisc modúl Starting Point a úsáid, gníomhaíocht a chur isteach le postáil ar shuíomh Starting Point. Is féidir leis an nuálaíocht a bheith ina chur i bhfeidhm ar choincheap eacnamaíoch nach bhfuil clúdaithe fós sna samplaí atá ar fáil faoi láthair, nó ina chur i bhfeidhm a úsáideann an oideachas ar bhealach nach bhfuil cur síos déanta air fós sna samplaí atá ar fáil faoi láthair.\nConas gníomhaíocht a chur isteachTáirgeann na gníomhaíochtaí tríd an bhfoirm a chur isteach ar ghníomhaíocht Tá an fhoirm éasca le húsáid le boscaí a chomhlánaíonn an t-údar le haghaidh: faisnéis teagmhála, modh teagaisc a úsáidtear, spriocanna, modh teagaisc, nótaí teagaisc, measúnú agus acmhainní. Moltar grianghraif agus léaráidí eile a úsáid chomh maith le gairis le haghaidh lámhleabhair nó treoracha.\nAthbhreithniú ar ghníomhaíochtDéanfaidh foireann oideachasóirí eacnamaíocha athbhreithniú ar an ngníomhaíocht agus tabharfaidh siad moltaí chun an ghníomhaíocht a fheabhsú. Nuair a bheidh an ghníomhaíocht glactha, formáidfear í agus cuirfear í ar leathanach gréasáin.\nCeartúipíleog: Coinníonn údair cóipcheart ar na hábhair a chuireann siad isteach. Mar sin féin, is féidir ábhair a phostáiltear ar shuíomh SERC a roinnt faoi cheadúnas Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial Share-Alike a cheadaíonn do dhaoine eile ábhair a athúsáid chun críocha neamhthráchtála chomh fada agus a thugann siad luachan agus a roinneann aon obair dhíorthaithe go comhchosúil. Léigh tuilleadh faoi chóipcheart.\n- an fhaisnéis uile a theastaíonn ó chomhalta dáimhe chun gníomhaíocht a chur i bhfeidhm go rathúil a sholáthar\n- Lig do fhoireann ar radharc a chinneadh más mian leo níos mó a fhoghlaim faoin sampla seo\n- Ní hé an rud céanna a scríobh don ghréasán agus a scríobh don phriontáil. Seachain mír fhada. Cuir treoracha fada ar na ceangaltáin. Úsáid lionsaí chun príomhphointí a chur i bhfios.\n- Ná déan dearmad ar an rannóg measúnaithe. Conas is féidir le teagascóir a chinneadh an bhfuil na spriocanna foghlama a leagtar amach don ghníomhaíocht bainte amach ag na daltaí nó nach bhfuil? Smaoinigh ar thairiscintí nó tionscadail nuálacha a chur san áireamh mar bhreis ar thástálacha traidisiúnta.\n- Glac grianghraf nó grafaicí amháin nó níos mó leis. Feabhsóidh siad seo tionchar amhairc an leathanaigh.\n- Má úsáideann tú grianghraif de mhic léinn nó samplaí dá gcuid oibre, faigh cead chun é sin a dhéanamh.\nAg eagarthóireacht ar do ghníomhaíochtTar éis gníomhaíocht a ghlacadh agus a phostáil ar Starting Point, is féidir leat an leathanach seo a eagarthóireacht trí chomhéadan gréasáin ag am ar bith.\nCláraigh chun cuntas a chruthú\nIs é an chéad chéim chun rochtain a fháil ná cuntas a chruthú duit féin ag baint úsáide as an seoladh ríomhphoist chéanna a thug tú nuair a chuir tú an ghníomhaíocht isteach. Is féidir leat cuntas a chruthú duit féin anseo:Leathanach Cruthaithe Cuntas Má tá cuntas cruthaithe agat cheana féin le SERC is féidir leat an chéim seo a sheachaint.\nTéigh go dtí an leathanach Mo Chuntas\nSoláthraíonn an leathanach Mo Chuntas geata chuig na gníomhaíochtaí go léir a chuir tú isteach. Is féidir leat teacht ann trí rogha a dhéanamh ar an tab Mo Chuntas má tá tú logáilte isteach cheana féin; nó trí chuairte a dhéanamh ar http://serc.carleton.edu/account ag am ar bith. Ba chóir duit na gníomhaíochtaí go léir a chuir tú isteach a fheiceáil le roghanna chun na leathanaigh ghréasáin a fheiceáil mar a bhíonn siad ann faoi láthair chomh maith le na gníomhaíochtaí seo a chur in eagar go díreach.\nSeiceáil do sheoladh ríomhphoist\nAn chéad uair a oibríonn tú le ceann de na gníomhaíochtaí a chuir tú isteach, tabharfaidh an córas tú trí phróiseas chun a fhíorú gur tusa i ndáiríre an duine a bhfuil seoladh ríomhphoist aige a bhaineann leis an ngníomhaíocht. Mar chuid den phróiseas seo (a bhfuil gá leis chun a chinntiú nach ndéanann daoine randamacha dul isteach agus do ghníomhaíocht a mhodhnú) beidh ort URL a aistrithe chuig do sheoladh ríomhphoist a leanúint. Ní gá duit ach an próiseas seo a dhéanamh uair amháin nuair a chruthaíonn tú do chuntas den chéad uair. Le linn do chuairteanna ina dhiaidh sin, ní mór duit ach dul chuig an seoladh Mo Chuntas thuas, logáil isteach agus tosú ag eagarthóireacht.\nDéan do ghníomhaíocht a chur in eagar\nTógann an nasc eagarthóireachta do gach gníomhaíocht tú isteach i gcomhéadan eagarthóireachta bunaithe ar an ngréasán a thuairiscítear go mionsonraithe laistigh den chomhéadan féin. Is féidir leat athruithe a dhéanamh agus an leathanach gréasáin a athraíodh mar thoradh air a fheiceáil tríd an idirlíon seo.\nNuair a bheidh tú críochnaithe a dhéanamh é le feiceáil go poiblí\nNuair a bheidh tú ag obair san idirlíon eagarthóireachta beidh tú ag modhnú leagan forbartha de do ghníomhaíocht nach bhfuil le feiceáil tríd an suíomh poiblí. Soláthraíonn an comhéadan eagarthóireachta cnaipe inar féidir leat a iarraidh (tar éis duit sraith eagarthóireachta a chríochnú agus a bheith sásta leis an toradh) go ndéanfar an leathanach a chur beo ionas go mbeidh sé le feiceáil ar an suíomh poiblí. Beidh comhalta de fhoireann SERC nó páirtí eile atá freagrach as an limistéar sin den láithreán ag brú an cnaipe chun é sin a dhéanamh. Féadfaidh tú teacht ar ais ag am ar bith, tuilleadh eagarthóireachta a dhéanamh ar an leagan forbartha den ghníomhaíocht (an t-aon leagan is féidir leat a eagarthóiriú go díreach) agus iarraidh go ndéanfar iad a chur ar bun."} {"text": "The role of storytelling in advertising: Consumer emotion, narrative engagement level, and word-of-mouth intention by Kang, Hong, & Hubbard (2019)\nThe role of storytelling in advertising: Consumer emotion, narrative engagement level, and word-of-mouth intention by Kang, Hong, & Hubbard (2019) is a research paper that seeks to investigate the influence of storytelling in audio advertisements. The authors argue that storytelling increases the emotional aspects of radio advertisements. Consumers tend to absorb and store information they can relate to in terms of stories. Consumers react differently when exposed to ads with stories against those without. However, the effectiveness of these stories depends on certain factors like the CEO image, consumer involvement, and product brand. Besides, the narrator od the ad story also influences the emotional engagement of the consumer towards the specific product. This is a positive research evaluation that identifies the positive response towards storytelling in audio advertisements.\nThe article by Kang, Hong, & Hubbard (2019) explores the role of storytelling in the audio advertisement. Specifically, the research looks at the effect of storytelling on the consumers’ emotions towards sharing information about the product. the authors argue that storytelling ads increase customers’ engagement level in a way that increases the probability to share the same information with others. The research uses a national sample of 300 online customers who are exposed to an ad with three different versions of a fictitious product. The first version is a commercial where the company founder is the storyteller, the second is a version a customer is a narrator, while the third commercial is the control with the only the information about the product. results show that narrative preference influences customer engagement and the emotional response towards sharing the product information through the word of mouth.\nThe article provides important information on the effects of storytelling ads on customers’ probability to pass the same message to other people by word of mouth. It is an academic paper with a research methodology that is easy to follow. The strength of the research paper lies in the methodology used in acquiring the data for analysis. On the same note, the sampling and analysis of the data make the research authentic to the readers (Gilliam, & Zablah, 2013). Analysis tools also provide the correct information on variance and covariance to approve or disapprove the hypothesis of the research. On the other hand, the research has a weakness in the type of product used. The type of product used could have affected the response from the sample. Therefore, the results may produce different results with other products.\nThe role of storytelling in advertising: Consumer emotion, narrative engagement level, and word-of-mouth intention by Kang, Hong, & Hubbard (2019) have strengths that produce positive observation of the project. Getting a sample from various online customers helped in balancing the geographical boundaries. People from given geographical areas may tend to behave in a particular way; therefore, sampling from one area may lead to a particular result. The online platform allowed the researchers to obtain a balanced sample for better data. The authors used Amazon’s Mechanical Turk (MTurk) to acquire the participants with an approval rate of more than 97%. It meant that these people had been loyal customers with proven purchasing power. Therefore, the sampling method is a strength to the whole research work.\nThe type of ads used during the research also adds to the authenticity of the work. The authors device three storytelling commercials that are accurate for the customers. The research sought to understand the type of storytelling that influences consumers emotionally. The first advert had a CEO’s story, the second one had a customer’s story while the third was simply an informative ad. Such clarity ensures that participants avoid emotional ambiguity towards the products on sale. Out of this, the authors record accurate data for analysis. Participants were to respond to eight positive aspects of the advertisements. The responses were (a) interesting, (b) creative, (c) impressive, (d) different, (e) touching, (f) meaningful, (g) believable and (h) convincing. Out of these, participants were to respond whether they strongly disagreed (1) or strongly agreed (5). The panel of experts conducted the random exposure of the adverts to participants at different times. The methodology and clarity if the ads and collection of the response is a positive strength of the article.\nThe analysis method utilizes tools that present various aspects of the research. The research had up to five hypotheses that needed approval or disapproval. Academic research may require more than one tool to analyze the best results. On the same note, each hypothesis may require a different tool (Dale, 2005). This research utilizes Hierarchical Regression Analysis for the first and second hypotheses. The first hypothesis sought to prove whether narration could increase positive emotional response towards the ad content (H1: β = .336, p < .001) (46). Hypothesis 2 investigated the effect of narrative preference on the ability of the customer to share the ad information though the word of mouth (H2: β = .274, p < .001). All the first two hypotheses were proven. For hypothesis 3, the researchers use analysis of variance (ANOVA), multivariate analysis of covariance came in handy for the fourth and fifth hypothesis (48). Hypothesis 3 sought to prove whether different types of storytelling would enhance the positive emotional response of the consumers and their intention to spread the message by word of mouth.\nThe research proves the hypothesis at the beginning of the article. The authors sought to find out the effect of storytelling in different types of audio advertising on customer emotions, engagement levels, and the ease to pass the information to others through word of mouth. Out of the respondents, the research finds out that women were positively affected than the male respondents. Results prove that storytelling is important, especially when it comes to the CEO. Therefore, the articles are an added resource in the field and can be used for further research. It can be used by advertisers to design ads that improve sales through word of mouth.\nThe weakness of the research comes from the fact that the authors only used one item to collect from the participants. There was a possibility that different products would have yielded different results depending on their preferences. Therefore, similar research should be conducted using different products to collect balanced data.\nThe article presents excellent academic research on consumer behavior. Advertising is a huge market that requires constant research to ensure success. Consumer tastes and preferences also change with changes in lifestyles. Therefore, to ensure a competitive edge, companies have no option but to come up with advertisement strategies for the products with positive emotional influence on the customers (Dale, 2005). The author has clear hypotheses that have helped them design appropriate sampling and methodology. Analysis tools have also helped make focuses conclusion of the research. The outcome of this research can be confidently used for academic and research purposes. Evaluation helps in determining the authenticity and professionalism of research before adopting its outcome.\nDale, C. J. (2005). Critiquing research for use in practice. Journal of Pediatric Health Care 19:\nGilliam, D. A., & Zablah, A. R. (2013). Storytelling during retail sales encounters. Journal of\nRetailing and Consumer Services pp. 150-173.\nKang, J. A., Hong, S., & Hubbard, G. T. (2019). The role of storytelling in advertising:\nConsumer emotion, narrative engagement level, and word-of-mouth intention. Journal of Consumer Behaviour, 19(1), 47-56.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-10", "url": "https://www.premiumessays.net/sample-business-paper-on-storytelling-in-advertising-critique/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947473738.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20240222093910-20240222123910-00396.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9276620746, "token_count": 1526, "score": 2.609375, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "An ról a bhíonn ag scéalaíocht san fhógraíocht: mothúchán tomhaltóra, leibhéal rannpháirtíochta scéalaíochta, agus rún ó bhéal go béal le Kang, Hong, & Hubbard (2019)\nIs páipéar taighde é ról na scéalaíochta i bhfógraíocht: mothúchán tomhaltóirí, leibhéal rannpháirtíochta scéalaíochta, agus rún focal-de-mhullach le Kang, Hong, & Hubbard (2019) a dhéanann iarracht tionchar na scéalaíochta i bhfógraí fuaime a imscrúdú. Deir na húdair go gcuireann scéalaíocht le gnéithe mothúchánach fógraí raidió. Tá claonadh ag tomhaltóirí faisnéis a ionsú agus a stóráil ar féidir leo a ghabháil le hais scéalta. Glacann tomhaltóirí le fógraí a bhfuil scéalta acu i gcoinne na cinn nach bhfuil. Mar sin féin, braitheann éifeachtúlacht na scéalta seo ar fhachtóirí áirithe cosúil le íomhá an POF, rannpháirtíocht an tomhaltóra, agus branda táirge. Thairis sin, bíonn tionchar ag an scéal a insíonn an fógra ar an rannpháirtíocht mhothúchánach a bhíonn ag an tomhaltóir i leith an táirge ar leith. Is meastóireacht dhearfach taighde é seo a aithníonn an freagra dearfach ar scéalaíocht i bhfógraí fuaime.\nDéanann Kang, Hong, & Hubbard (2019) staidéar ar ról na scéalaíochta sa fógraíocht fuaime. Go sonrach, déanann an taighde féachaint ar an éifeacht atá ag scéalaíocht ar mhothúcháin na dtomhaltóirí maidir le faisnéis a roinnt faoin táirge. Deir na húdair go gcuireann fógraí scéalaíochta leibhéal rannpháirtíochta na gcustaiméirí ar ardú ar bhealach a mhéadaíonn an dóchúlacht an fhaisnéis chéanna a roinnt le daoine eile. Baineann an taighde úsáid as sampla náisiúnta de 300 custaiméir ar líne a bhfuil siad nochtaithe do fhógra le trí leagan éagsúla de tháirge ficseach. Is é an chéad leagan tráchtála áit a bhfuil bunaitheoir na cuideachta an scéalaí, is é an dara leagan a bhfuil custaiméir ina scéalaí, agus is é an tríú tráchtáil an rialú leis an bhfaisnéis amháin faoin táirge. Léiríonn na torthaí go mbíonn tionchar ag an rogha scéalaíochta ar rannpháirtíocht an chustaiméara agus ar an bhfreagra mothúchánach i leith faisnéis an táirge a roinnt trí bhéal.\nSoláthraíonn an t-alt faisnéis thábhachtach maidir le héifeachtaí fógraí scéalaíochta ar dóchúlacht na gcustaiméirí an teachtaireacht chéanna a chur ar aghaidh chuig daoine eile trí bhéal. Is páipéar acadúil é le modheolaíocht taighde atá éasca a leanúint. Tá neart an pháipéir taighde sa mhodheolaíocht a úsáidtear chun na sonraí a fháil le haghaidh anailíse. Ar an nóta céanna, déanann sampláil agus anailís na sonraí an taighde barántúil do na léitheoirí (Gilliam, & Zablah, 2013). Soláthraíonn uirlisí anailíse an fhaisnéis cheart freisin maidir le héagsúlacht agus comhéagsúlacht chun hipoteis an taighde a fhormheas nó a dhiúltú. Ar an láimh eile, tá laige sa taighde maidir leis an gcineál táirge a úsáidtear. D'fhéadfadh an cineál táirge a úsáideadh tionchar a bheith aige ar fhreagra an sampla. Dá bhrí sin, d'fhéadfadh go mbeadh torthaí difriúla ag táirgí eile.\nAn ról a bhaineann le scéalaíocht san fhógraíocht: Tá neart ag mothúchán tomhaltóirí, leibhéal rannpháirtíochta scéalaíochta, agus rún focal-de-mhullach le Kang, Hong, & Hubbard (2019) a tháirgeann breathnóireacht dhearfach ar an tionscadal. D'fhág sampla a fháil ó chustaiméirí éagsúla ar líne go raibh sé ina chúnamh chun na teorainneacha geografacha a chothromú. D'fhéadfadh go mbeadh claonadh ag daoine ó limistéir gheografacha áirithe iompraíocht a dhéanamh ar bhealach áirithe; dá bhrí sin, d'fhéadfadh toradh ar leith a bheith mar thoradh ar shamplaíocht ó limistéar amháin. Thug an t-ardán ar líne deis do na taighdeoirí sampla cothrom a fháil le haghaidh sonraí níos fearr. Ba é an t-údar a d'úsáid Mechanical Turk (MTurk) Amazon chun na rannpháirtithe a fháil le ráta formheasa níos mó ná 97%. Ciallaíonn sé go raibh na daoine seo ina gcustaiméirí dílis a raibh cumas ceannaigh cruthaithe acu. Dá bhrí sin, is é an modh samplaíochta neart an obair taighde ar fad.\nCuireann an cineál fógraí a úsáidtear le linn an taighde le fírinneacht an oibre freisin. Déanann na húdair trí fhógraí scéalaíochta a bhfuil cruinn acu do na custaiméirí. Bhí sé mar aidhm ag an taighde tuiscint a fháil ar an gcineál scéalaíochta a mbíonn tionchar aige ar thomhaltóirí go mothúchánach. Bhí scéal an POF sa chéad ad, scéal an chustaiméara sa dara ceann agus bhí an tríú ad eolaíoch go simplí. Cinntíonn an soiléireacht sin go seachnaíonn rannpháirtithe amhuilíocht mhothúchánach i leith na dtáirgí atá ar díol. As seo, taifeadann na húdair sonraí cruinn le haghaidh anailíse. Bhí ar rannpháirtithe freagairt do ocht gné dhearfach de na fógraí. Bhí na freagraí (a) suimiúil, (b) cruthaitheach, (c) suntasach, (d) difriúil, (e) snasúil, (f) bríomhar, (g) creidiúnach agus (h) cinnte. D'iarr na rannpháirtithe a rá an raibh siad ag diúltú go mór (1) nó ag aontacht go mór (5). Rinne an painéal saineolaithe nochtadh randamach na bhfógraí do rannpháirtithe ag amanna éagsúla. Is é an modheolaíocht agus soiléire má na fógraí agus bailiú an fhreagra neart dearfach an ailt.\nBaineann an modh anailíse úsáid as uirlisí a chuireann gnéithe éagsúla den taighde i láthair. Bhí suas le cúig hipitéis sa taighde a theastaigh uathu a cheadú nó a dhiúltú. D'fhéadfadh go mbeadh níos mó ná uirlis amháin ag teastáil ó thaighde acadúil chun na torthaí is fearr a anailísiú. Ar an nóta céanna, d'fhéadfadh go mbeadh uirlis éagsúil ag teastáil ó gach hipitéis (Dale, 2005). Baineann an taighde seo úsáid as Anailís Athbhliain Iarcharcharchúil don chéad agus don dara hipoteas. Ba é an chéad hipitéis a bhí ag iarraidh a chruthú an bhféadfadh an scéal a insint freagairt mhothúchánach dearfach a mhéadú i leith ábhar an fhógra (H1: β = .336, p < .001) (46). Rinne Hipitéis 2 imscrúdú ar éifeacht na roghanna scéalaíochta ar chumas an chustaiméara an fhaisnéis fógra a roinnt trí fhocal ó bhéal (H2: β = .274, p < .001). Bhí na chéad dá hipitéis go léir cruthaithe. I gcás hipitéis 3, úsáideann na taighdeoirí anailís ar an difríocht (ANOVA), bhí anailís ilmheathúil ar choibhéiseach áisiúil don cheathrú hipitéis agus don chúigiú hipitéis (48). Ba éard a bhí i gceist le Hipitéis 3 ná a chruthú an gcuirfeadh cineálacha éagsúla scéalaíochta le freagairt dhearfach mothúchánach na dtomhaltóirí agus a n-intinn an teachtaireacht a scaipeadh trí bhéal.\nLéiríonn an taighde an hipitéis ag tús an ailt. Bhí sé mar aidhm ag na húdair an éifeacht a bhí ag scéalaíocht i gcineálacha éagsúla fógraíochta fuaime ar mhothúcháin an chustaiméara, ar leibhéil rannpháirtíochta agus ar an éascaíocht an fhaisnéis a tharchur chuig daoine eile trí bhéal. De réir na freagróirí, faigheann an taighde amach go raibh tionchar dearfach ag mná ná mar a bhí ag na freagróirí fireannacha. Léiríonn na torthaí go bhfuil scéal a insint tábhachtach, go háirithe nuair a thagann sé chuig an bPríomhfheidhmeannach. Dá bhrí sin, is acmhainn bhreise iad na hailt sa réimse agus is féidir iad a úsáid le haghaidh tuilleadh taighde. Is féidir le fógraitheoirí é a úsáid chun fógraí a dhearadh a chuireann feabhas ar dhíolacháin trí fhocal ó bhéal.\nTagann laige an taighde as an bhfíric nár úsáid na húdair ach mír amháin chun iad a bhailiú ó na rannpháirtithe. Bhí an fhéidearthacht ann go mbeadh torthaí éagsúla ag táirgí éagsúla ag brath ar a gcuid roghanna. Dá bhrí sin, ba cheart taighde den chineál céanna a dhéanamh ag baint úsáide as táirgí éagsúla chun sonraí cothromaithe a bhailiú.\nCuireann an t-alt taighde acadúil den scoth ar iompar tomhaltóirí i láthair. Margaidh ollmhór é an fógraíocht a éilíonn taighde leanúnach chun rath a chinntiú. Athraíonn blas agus roghanna an tomhaltóra freisin le hathruithe ar stíl mhaireachtála. Dá bhrí sin, chun buntáiste iomaíoch a chinntiú, níl aon rogha ag cuideachtaí ach straitéisí fógraíochta a chur ar fáil do na táirgí a bhfuil tionchar dearfach mothúchánach acu ar na custaiméirí (Dale, 2005). Tá hipitéisí soiléire ag an údar a chabhraigh leo samplaíocht agus modheolaíocht iomchuí a dhearadh. D'fhág uirlisí anailíse freisin go raibh sé ina chuidiú chun conclúidí dírithe a dhéanamh ar an taighde. Is féidir toradh an taighde seo a úsáid go muiníneach chun críocha acadúla agus taighde. Cuidíonn meastóireacht le fírinneacht agus gairmiúlacht na taighde a chinneadh sula nglacfar a thorthaí.\nDale, C. J. Tá mé ag iarraidh a bheith ag caint. (2005) agus an t-alt seo. Taighde a chríochaint le húsáid i gcleachtas. Journal of Pediatric Health Care 19:\nGilliam, D. A., & Zablah, A. R. (2013). Scéal a insint le linn na ndaltaí díolacháin miondíola. Journal of\nDíolachán agus Seirbhísí Tomhaltóirí pp. 150-173. Tá sé seo go maith.\nKang, J. A., Hong, S., & Hubbard, G. T. (2019). Ról na scéalaíochta i bhfógraíocht:\nFeidhmíocht tomhaltóra, leibhéal rannpháirtíochta scéalaíochta, agus intinn focal ó bhéal. Journal of Consumer Behaviour, 19), 47-56."} {"text": "ALivE - Adaptation, Livelihoods and Ecosystems Planning Tool\nALivE is a computer-based tool designed to support its users in organising and analysing information to plan effective EbA options within a broader EbA planning process. ALivE stands for Adaptation, Livelihoods and Ecosystems. It is a rapid qualitative assessment technique that can be applied in any ecosystem, enabling the user to:\n- Understand and analyse linkages among ecosystems, livelihoods and climate change.\n- Identify and prioritise EbA options for community and ecosystem resilience.\n- Design project activities that facilitate implementation of priority EbA options.\n- Identify key elements and indicators for a monitoring and evaluation (M&E) framework.\nALivE is organised into three modules and five steps that build on each other:\n- In Module A, you will systematically analyse links among ecosystems, livelihoods and climate change, to better understand vulnerability to climate change and the role of ecosystems in adaptation.\n- In Module B, you will identify and prioritise EbA options for community and ecosystem resilience and design project activities that facilitate implementation of priority EbA options.\n- In Module C, you will identify key elements and indicators for a monitoring and evaluation framework.\nFrequently Asked Questions\nWho is ALivE for?\nThe target audience of ALivE is made up of two groups: users and stakeholders. Expected users of ALivE include project managers and practitioners working at the local or community level designing or implementing an EbA intervention. The secondary audience consists of stakeholders in the EbA planning process, including community members, local authorities, NGOs and policy-makers. Users of the tool will work closely with these stakeholders.\nWhen should I use ALivE?\nALivE is designed to be applied in the context of a larger adaptation project that has already established an objective to integrate EbA options. The tool should be applied during the design phase of such an initiative. It will be most effectively used in places where strong relationships with stakeholders have already been established.\nWhy should I use ALivE?\nALivE takes a step-by-step approach to identify EbA options, taking local ecosystems, livelihoods and climate change into consideration. It provides you with a user-friendly process to determine whether EbA options are feasible and likely to be effective. ALivE also helps you to identify elements for an M&E framework during the planning stage.\nWhat do I need?\nUsers will need to have access to a computer and internet connection to download the tool. However, the tool itself can be used offline. Access to existing information and analysis on ecosystems, livelihoods and climate change in the target area will provide input to the tool. Expertise in climate change adaptation and ecosystem restoration, conservation and management are useful but not mandatory.\nHow long will it take?\nALivE is a computer-based analysis that relies on information collected from desk-based and participatory research processes. The time required to undertake the gathering of information will vary and depend largely on the scope of the analysis, the amount of information already available about the target area and the existing relationships with local stakeholders. Once all information has been collected, using ALivE will generally only take a couple to a few days.\nWhat doesn’t ALivE do?\nALivE is not a substitute for a stand-alone comprehensive climate risk assessment or detailed environmental assessment. It does not take users through all of the steps and stages involved in a full project planning cycle. ALivE does not include a cost-benefit analysis for EbA options.\nWe recommend that users review and familiarize themselves with the user manual before launching the computer-based tool. The user manual provides you with detailed guidance on applying ALivE as part of an EbA planning process. In addition to step-by-step instructions for using the tool itself, the manual provides a framework and methodologies for collecting and organising the information required to use ALivE, as well as guidance on identifying entry points for integrating EbA into policies and planning processes.\nDownload the User Manuals:\n- English (PDF 5.85 MB)\n- French (PDF 5.87 MB)\n- Spanish (PDF 4.26 MB)\n- Nepali (PDF 3.71 MB)\n- Chinese (PDF 5.75 MB)\n- Russian (PDF 4.8 MB)\nDownload the ALivE tool:\nIf you have a story to share about using ALivE – how it was applied, the benefits and challenges, of how we could modify the tool to better meet your needs, please send an email to firstname.lastname@example.org.\nALivE Adaptation, Livelihoods and Ecosystem Planning Tool: User ManualThe ALivE user manual provides detailed guidance on applying the computer-based ALivE tool designed to support the planning of effective and feasible ecosystem-based adaptation options. Read More\nConnecting the Dots: How ecosystem services support adaptation to climate changeWhat does Ecosystem-based Adaptation (EbA) look like in practice? This blog looks at lessons from recent work in Nepal. Read More", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-45", "url": "http://cckn.net/project/alive", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107898499.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20201028103215-20201028133215-00699.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8830084205, "token_count": 1072, "score": 2.90625, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "ALivE - Inríon um Oiriúnú, Maireachtáil agus Ecosystems\nIs uirlis ríomhaireachta é ALivE atá deartha chun tacú lena úsáideoirí faisnéis a eagrú agus a anailísiú chun roghanna éifeachtacha CBA a phleanáil laistigh de phróiseas pleanála CBA níos leithne. Is éard atá i ALivE ná Oiriúnú, Beochaillí agus Éiceachórais. Is teicníc measúnaithe cáilíochtúil tapa é is féidir a chur i bhfeidhm in aon éiceachóras, rud a chuireann ar chumas an úsáideora:\n- naisc idir éiceachórais, modhanna maireachtála agus athrú aeráide a thuiscint agus a anailísiú.\n- Roghanna CBA a shainaithint agus a thosaíocht a chur ar fáil le haghaidh athléimneacht an phobail agus na héiceachórais.\n- Gníomhaíochtaí tionscadail a dhearadh a éascóidh cur chun feidhme roghanna tosaíochta CBA.\n- Eacnamaíocht a shainaithint agus a chur ar fáil do na Ballstáit.\nTá ALivE eagraithe i dtrí mhódúl agus cúig chéim a thógann ar a chéile:\n- Sa Módúl A, déanfaidh tú anailís shistéamach ar naisc idir éiceachórais, modhanna maireachtála agus athrú aeráide, chun tuiscint níos fearr a fháil ar leochaileacht i leith athrú aeráide agus ar ról na n-éiceachórais i dtaca le hoiriúnú.\n- Sa Mhodúl B, sainaithneoidh tú agus tabharfaidh tú tosaíocht do roghanna EbA do athléimneacht an phobail agus na héiceachórais agus gníomhaíochtaí tionscadail dearaidh a éascóidh cur i bhfeidhm roghanna tosaíochta EbA.\n- Sa Mhodúl C, sainaithneoidh tú príomhghnéithe agus táscairí le haghaidh creat faireacháin agus meastóireachta.\nCeisteanna a Chuirtear go minic\nCé a bhfuil ALivE le haghaidh?\nTá dhá ghrúpa dírithe ar ALivE: úsáideoirí agus páirtithe leasmhara. I measc úsáideoirí a bhfuiltear ag súil leis de ALivE tá bainisteoirí tionscadail agus cleachtóirí a oibríonn ar an leibhéal áitiúil nó pobail ag dearadh nó ag cur idirghabhála EBA i bhfeidhm. Is iad na páirtithe leasmhara sa phróiseas pleanála EbA, lena n-áirítear baill an phobail, údaráis áitiúla, eagraíochtaí neamhrialtasacha agus lucht déanta beartas, an lucht éisteachta thánaisteach. Beidh úsáideoirí na huirlis ag obair go dlúth leis na páirtithe leasmhara sin.\nCén uair ba chóir dom ALivE a úsáid?\nTá ALivE deartha le cur i bhfeidhm i gcomhthéacs tionscadail oiriúnaithe níos mó a bhfuil cuspóir bunaithe aige cheana féin chun roghanna EbA a chomhtháthú. Ba cheart an uirlis a chur i bhfeidhm le linn chéim dearadh tionscnaimh den sórt sin. Úsáidfear é go héifeachtach sna háiteanna ina bhfuil caidreamh láidir le páirtithe leasmhara bunaithe cheana féin.\nCén fáth a gcaithfidh mé ALivE a úsáid?\nTá an t-aistriúchán seo bunaithe ar an bhfíric go bhfuil an t-athrú aeráide ag dul i bhfeidhm ar an saol, agus go bhfuil an t-athrú aeráide ag dul i bhfeidhm ar an saol. Soláthraíonn sé próiseas atá éasca le húsáid duit chun a chinneadh an bhfuil roghanna EbA indéanta agus is dócha go mbeidh siad éifeachtach. Cuidíonn ALivE leat freisin gnéithe a shainaithint le haghaidh creat M&E le linn na céime pleanála.\nCad is gá dom?\nNí mór rochtain a bheith ag úsáideoirí ar ríomhaire agus ar nasc idirlín chun an uirlis a íoslódáil. Is féidir an uirlis féin a úsáid gan a bheith ar líne, áfach. Beidh rochtain ar fhaisnéis agus ar anailís atá ann cheana féin maidir le héiceachórais, acmhainní maireachtála agus athrú aeráide sa limistéar spriocdhírithe mar ionchur don uirlis. Tá saineolas maidir le hoiriúnú do athrú aeráide agus athchóiriú, caomhnú agus bainistiú éiceachórais úsáideach ach ní éigeantach.\nCé chomh fada a thógfaidh sé?\nIs anailís ríomhaire-bhunaithe é ALivE a thacaíonn le faisnéis a bhailítear ó phróisis taighde atá bunaithe ar dheasc agus rannpháirteach. Beidh an t-am a theastaíonn chun faisnéis a bhailiú éagsúil agus braitheann sé go mór ar raon feidhme an anailíse, ar an méid faisnéise atá ar fáil cheana féin faoin gcathair sprioc agus ar na caidrimh atá ann cheana leis na páirtithe leasmhara áitiúla. Nuair a bheidh an fhaisnéis go léir bainte amach, ní thógfaidh úsáid ALivE ach cúpla lá go cúpla lá de ghnáth.\nCad nach ndéanann ALivE?\nNí hionann ALivE agus measúnú cuimsitheach ar riosca aeráide nó measúnú mionsonraithe ar an gcomhshaol a dhéantar ar bhonn neamhspleách. Ní thugann sé deis d'úsáideoirí dul trí na céimeanna agus na céimeanna go léir a bhaineann le timthriall iomlán pleanála tionscadail. Ní chuimsíonn ALivE anailís chostais-sochair do roghanna EbA.\nMoltar d'úsáideoirí an lámhleabhar úsáideora a athbhreithniú agus a chur ar an eolas sula gcuirfidh siad an uirlis ríomhaire-bhunaithe i bhfeidhm. Soláthraíonn an lámhleabhar úsáideora treoir mhionsonraithe duit maidir le ALivE a chur i bhfeidhm mar chuid de phróiseas pleanála EbA. Chomh maith le treoracha céim ar chéim maidir le húsáid an uirlis féin, soláthraíonn an lámhleabhar creat agus modheolaíochtaí chun an fhaisnéis a theastaíonn chun ALivE a úsáid a bhailiú agus a eagrú, chomh maith le treoir maidir le pointí iontrála a shainaithint chun EbA a chomhtháthú i mbeartais agus próisis pleanála.\nÍoslódáil na Leabhráin Úsáideora:\n- Béarla (PDF 5.85 MB)\n- Fraincis (PDF 5.87 MB)\n- Spáinnis (PDF 4.26 MB)\n- Nepali (PDF 3.71 MB)\n- Sínis (PDF 5.75 MB)\n- Rúisis (PDF 4.8 MB)\nÍoslódáil uirlis ALivE:\nMá tá scéal agat le roinnt faoi úsáid ALivE conas a cuireadh i bhfeidhm é, na buntáistí agus na dúshláin, nó conas a d'fhéadfaimis an uirlis a mhodhnú chun freastal níos fearr ar do chuid riachtanas, seol ríomhphost chuig firstname.lastname@example.org.\nALivE Adaptation, Livelihoods and Ecosystem Planning Tool: User ManualCuireann lámhleabhar úsáideora ALivE treoir mhionsonraithe ar fáil maidir le huirlis ALivE ríomhaire-bhunaithe a chur i bhfeidhm atá deartha chun tacú le pleanáil roghanna oiriúnaithe éifeachtacha agus indéanta atá bunaithe ar éiceachóras. Léigh Tuilleadh\nAn t-Eiceachóras a Chur i gComhpháirt: Conas a Thacaíonn Seirbhísí Éiceachórais le Oiriúnú do Athrú AeráideCad é an chuma atá ar Oiriúnú bunaithe ar Eiceachóras (EBA) i gcleachtas? Breathnaíonn an blag seo ar na ceachtanna ó obair le déanaí sa Neapál. Léigh Tuilleadh"} {"text": "Two to five percent of women with metastatic breast cancer experience leptomeningeal metastases (LM). This is also referred to as carcinomatous meningitis. LM occurs when breast cancer spreads to the meninges, which are layers of tissue that cover the brain and the spinal cord. Metastases can spread to the meninges through the blood or they can travel from brain metastases, carried by the cerebrospinal fluid that flows through the meninges.\nLM usually occurs at a very late stage in the course of metastatic breast cancer. In very rare instances, it can occur as a first metastasis. Leptomeningeal metastases are difficult to treat, since many drugs are not able to penetrate from the bloodstream through the meninges into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF, or simply spinal fluid). Often brain metastases and leptomeningeal metastases occur at the same time. For that reason, women diagnosed with leptomeningeal metastases should also have an MRI of the brain.\nSymptoms of leptomeningeal metastases are caused by the pressure that metastases put on the nerves that run across the meninges in both the head and the spine, including those that run from the spinal cord out to the body, and depend on where metastases are located. Symptoms that occur simultaneously in both the head and the spine suggest a diagnosis of LM. Leptomeningeal metastases can also cause hydrocephalus (water on the brain), a condition that occurs when a metastasis interferes with the flow of blood or cerebrospinal fluid. The spinal fluid, which is produced inside the brain, is unable to exit the brain through its normal paths, causing increased pressure in the brain.\nSymptoms of leptomeningeal metastases may include:\n- Loss of sensation in the face\n- Mental confusion\n- Weakness or loss of sensation in the legs and inner thighs\n- Loss of control of the bladder or bowel\n- Vision and hearing problems\n- Extreme Sleepiness and even loss of consciousness\nLeptomeningeal metastases can be difficult to diagnose. The most common method is by withdrawing spinal fluid with a needle and examining it for breast cancer cells. This procedure is called a spinal tap or lumbar puncture. If the first lumbar puncture comes out negative it must be repeated two more times to assure a 90% chance of an accurate diagnosis. Doing one puncture only assures a 45% accuracy. It is important that the lumbar puncture be close to the site of the suspected area of leptomeningeal metastases. Elevated CSF pressure, white count, and protein levels, and lowered glucose levels can also be signs of LM. An MRI with gadolinium (a contrast agent) of the entire brain and spine can also be used to diagnosis LM and is better than a CT scan. However, on an MRI, inflammatory disease or local infection can be mistaken for leptomeningeal metastases. An MRI with a radioactive tracer can also be used to locate obstructions in the spinal fluid or blood flow caused by LM.\nThere is no agreed-upon standard treatment for leptomeningeal metastases. Much of the time, the benefits of treatment are offset by treatment side effects. Especially if there is uncontrollable disease in other organs, treating symptoms of the disease but not the disease itself may be the best option. This may include radiation.\nActual treatment depends on whether leptomeningeal metastases are bulky, with large tumors, or diffuse (small clusters of cancer cells in the spinal fluid). Scans of the entire central nervous system are necessary and if both are present it is important to treat both. Radiation therapy is only given to relieve symptoms in areas of bulky disease because chemotherapeutic agents do not appear to penetrate tumors or nodules (smaller tumors) in the meninges. Chemotherapy is given for diffuse disease and may extend life for several months, or sometimes for a longer time.\nThere is no direct evidence that intrathecal chemotherapy, which is introduced directly into the cerebrospinal fluid, is better than intravenous chemotherapy, which is given through the veins. Intrathecal therapy is generally reserved for women whose systemic disease is under reasonable control and who are in good physical condition. Methotrexate is one of the most commonly used chemotherapy agents. It is important to continue to treat metastatic disease in other organs while treating LM.\nIntrathecal chemotherapy is usually delivered directly into the cerebrospinal fluid through an Ommaya reservoir, which is a device inserted in the head, under the scalp. The hair where the reservoir will be inserted is shaved and the patient is put to sleep or made very drowsy while the device is being put in place. There may be a small raised area where the Ommaya reservoir is located. Like a port, the device remains in place during the course of treatment. It is important to have cerebrospinal flow studies done before intrathecal chemotherapy is undertaken to make sure there are no blockages. Occasionally, doctors will use radiation to relieve flow blockages.\nComplications resulting from intrathecal chemotherapy are frequent (infections) and can be serious and even life-threatening. Studies show that response to intrathecal chemotherapy occurs in a small minority of patients, perhaps up to 20%.\nHowever, for women with HER2 + leptomeningeal disease there is increasing and seemingly successful use of intrathecal Herceptin both with chemo and alone. Many of these successes have been reported as case studies, although there is one small trial that was done in Spain with promising results. Several trials are now underway to verify these results in larger numbers of women. (see Clinical Trials Leptomeningeal Disease) In these case studies, low dose (15mg-40mg weekly) and high dose (100mg-150mg weekly) Herceptin have been used. High dose appears not to be toxic and the brain swelling that it causes can be controlled by gradually increasing the dose of Herceptin and using steroids. Intrathecal Herceptin can also be delivered by lumbar puncture to the spine.\nIn addition,there have also been reports of remissions with capecitabine (Xeloda), tamoxifen, Arimidex, Femara, Aromasin and Megace. While Xeloda is an oral chemotherapy, the other five are hormonal therapies for ER+ leptomeningeal disease. (see Clinical Trials Leptomeningeal Disease).\nLong term survivors are at risk for leukoencephalopathy (damage to the white matter of the brain), which can cause lethargy, personality changes, and dementia. It is not known whether the order in which chemotherapy and radiation are given can lower the risk of leukoencephalopathy, although there is some suggestion that giving radiation after chemotherapy may be better than giving it before. It is hoped that the new drugs being developed for brain metastases will also work for leptomeningeal metastases.\nFor more on leptomeningeal metastases, check out our Selected Bibliography.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-49", "url": "http://www.brainmetsbc.org/index.php?q=node/44", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-49/segments/1416931009825.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20141125155649-00215-ip-10-235-23-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.93917799, "token_count": 1483, "score": 3.21875, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Tá meastastóisis leptomeningeal (LM) ag dhá go cúig faoin gcéad de na mná a bhfuil ailse chíche meastóiseach orthu. Tugtar meningitis carcinomatous air seo freisin. Tarlaíonn LM nuair a scaipeann ailse chíche chuig na meninges, a bhfuil sraitheanna fíocháin acu a chlúdaíonn an inchinn agus an méid spinal. Is féidir le meastais scaipeadh chuig na meninges tríd an fhuil nó is féidir leo taisteal ó meastais inchinne, a iompraíonn an sreabhach ceirbreaspinéil a shruthaíonn tríd na meninges.\nDe ghnáth bíonn LM ag céim an-dhéanach i rith ailse chíche meastastáisteach. I gcásanna an-annamh, d'fhéadfadh sé tarlú mar chéad meastastáis. Tá sé deacair meastastáis leptomeningeal a chóireáil, ós rud é nach féidir le go leor drugaí dul isteach ón sruth fola trí na meninges isteach sa sreabhach ceirbreaspinéil (CSF, nó sreabhach spinal go simplí). Is minic a tharlaíonn meastastáis inchinne agus meastáis leptomeningeal ag an am céanna. Ar an gcúis sin, ba cheart MRI den inchinn a bheith ag mná a ndearnadh diagnóis orthu le meastastáis leptomeningeal.\nTá comharthaí meastastáis leptomeningeal mar thoradh ar an bhrú a chuireann meastáis ar na néaróga a ritheann trasna na meninges sa cheann agus sa chnámh cnámh, lena n-áirítear iad siúd a ritheann ón méid spinal amach go dtí an corp, agus braitheann siad ar an áit a bhfuil meastáis suite. Tugann comharthaí a tharlaíonn ag an am céanna sa cheann agus sa spine le fios go bhfuil diagnóis LM ann. Is féidir le meastastáis leptomeningeal hidreacéfail a chur i gcúis freisin (uisce ar an inchinn), coinníoll a tharlaíonn nuair a chuireann meastáis isteach ar shreabhadh fola nó sreabhach ceirbreaspinéil. Ní féidir leis an sreabhach spinal, a tháirgtear taobh istigh den inchinn, an inchinn a fhágáil trína gcosáin gnáth, rud a fhágann go bhfuil brú méadaithe sa inchinn.\nD'fhéadfadh comharthaí meastastáis leptomeningeal a bheith ina measc:\n- Caillteanas mothúcháin sa ghné\n- Meabhrúchán meabhrach\n- Laghdú nó caillteanas mothaithe sna cosa agus sna cosa istigh\n- Caillteanas rialaithe ar an mblas nó ar an intestine\n- fadhbanna le feiceáil agus éisteacht\n- Tromlach mhór agus fiú caillteanas comhfhios\nIs féidir go mbeadh sé deacair meastóisis leptomeningeal a dhiagnóisiú. Is é an modh is coitianta ná sreabhadh spinal a tharraingt le snáthaid agus é a scrúdú ar chealla ailse chíche. Tugtar an nós imeachta seo tap cnámh cnámh nó puncture lumbar. Má tá an chéad phunctair lumbar diúltach ní mór dó a athdhéanamh dhá uair eile chun seans 90% de dhiagnóis chruinn a chinntiú. Ní thugann aon phuncta amháin ach 45% de chruinneas. Tá sé tábhachtach go mbeidh an puncture lumbar gar don áit a bhfuil amhras ann go bhfuil meastastóisis leptomeningeal. Is féidir le brú CSF ard, líon bán, agus leibhéil próitéine, agus leibhéil glúcóis ísle a bheith ina chomharthaí de LM freisin. Is féidir MRI le gadolinium (agint chonstaic) den inchinn agus an spine iomlán a úsáid freisin chun LM a dhiagnóisiú agus tá sé níos fearr ná scan CT. Mar sin féin, ar MRI, d'fhéadfadh galar athlastach nó ionfhabhtú áitiúil a bheith mícheart le haghaidh meastóisis leptomeningeal. Is féidir MRI le rianóir radaighníomhach a úsáid freisin chun bac a aimsiú sa sreabhach spinal nó sa sreabhadh fola a d'fhág LM.\nNíl aon chóireáil chaighdeánach comhaontaithe ann do mheastastáis leptomeningeal. Go minic, tá fo-iarsmaí na cóireála ag dul i gcoinne na sochair a fhaigheann an cóireáil. Go háirithe má tá galar neamhrialta in orgáin eile, is féidir go mbeadh an rogha is fearr ann cóireáil a dhéanamh ar thimpistí an ghalair ach ní ar an ghalair féin. D'fhéadfadh radaíocht a bheith san áireamh ann.\nBraitheann an cóireáil iarbhír ar an gcaoi a bhfuil meastastóisis leptomeningeal mór, le tumors móra, nó scaipthe (clústáin bheaga cealla ailse sa sreabhach spinal). Tá scanadh ar an gcóras néaróg lárnach iomlán riachtanach agus má tá an dá cheann i láthair tá sé tábhachtach an dá cheann a chóireáil. Ní thugtar teiripe radaíochta ach chun comharthaí a mhaolú i limistéir galar mórchruinn toisc nach bhfuil sé cosúil go dtéann gníomhairí ceimiteiripeacha isteach i nimh nó nóidúl (imhrí níos lú) sna meninges. Tugtar ceimiteiripe le haghaidh galar scaipthe agus d'fhéadfadh sé saol a fhadú ar feadh roinnt míonna, nó uaireanta ar feadh tréimhse níos faide.\nNíl aon fhianaise dhíreach ann go bhfuil ceimiteiripe intrathecal, a chuirtear isteach go díreach sa leacht ceirbrospinal, níos fearr ná ceimiteiripe intravenous, a chuirtear isteach tríd na féitheacha. De ghnáth, tá cóireáil intrathecal á gcur ar fáil do mhná a bhfuil a ghalair shiostúil faoi rialú réasúnta agus atá i dea-chomhdháil fhisiciúil. Tá meiteatréicste ar cheann de na gníomhairí ceimiteiripe is coitianta a úsáidtear. Tá sé tábhachtach leanúint de chóireáil ar ghalair meastastatacha in orgáin eile agus LM á chóireáil.\nDe ghnáth, cuirtear ceimiteiripe intrathecal isteach go díreach sa leacht ceirbreaspinéil trí stór Ommaya, is gléas é a chuirtear isteach sa cheann, faoi scalp. Déantar an gruaig a shaothar ina gcuirfear an cisterna isteach a shaothrú agus déantar an t-othar a chur ina chodladh nó a dhéanamh an-chlaonmhar agus an gléas á chur ina áit. D'fhéadfadh go mbeadh limistéar ardán beag ann áit a bhfuil an cisterna Ommaya suite. Cosúil le port, fanann an gléas san áit le linn an chóireála. Tá sé tábhachtach go ndéanfar staidéir ar shreabhadh ceirbreacha spinal sula ndéantar ceimiteiripe intrathecal chun a chinntiú nach bhfuil aon bhlocálacha ann. Uaireanta, úsáideann dochtúirí radaíocht chun blocálacha sruth a mhaolú.\nTá deacrachtaí mar thoradh ar cheimiteiripe intrathecal go minic (ionfhabhtuithe) agus is féidir leo a bheith tromchúiseach agus fiú a bheith ina mbagairt ar shaol. Léiríonn staidéir go dtarlaíonn freagra ar cheimiteiripe intrathecal i mionlach beag othar, b'fhéidir suas le 20%.\nMar sin féin, i gcás mná a bhfuil galar leptomeningeal HER2 + ann, tá úsáid níos mó agus cosúil go bhfuil rath ar Herceptin intrathecal le ceimheo agus ina n-aonar. Tá go leor de na rathúlachtaí seo tuairiscíodh mar staidéir cás, cé go bhfuil triail bheag amháin a rinneadh sa Spáinn le torthaí geallta. Tá roinnt trialacha ar siúl anois chun na torthaí seo a fhíorú i líon níos mó mná. (féach Trialacha Chliniciúla Leptomeningeal Disease) Sna staidéir chás seo, úsáideadh dáileog íseal (15 mg - 40 mg in aghaidh na seachtaine) agus dáileog ard (100 mg - 150 mg in aghaidh na seachtaine) Herceptin. Is cosúil nach bhfuil dáileog ard tocsaineach agus is féidir an t- ollú inchinne a bhíonn mar thoradh air a rialú trí dáileog Herceptin a mhéadú de réir a chéile agus stéaróidigh a úsáid. Is féidir Herceptin intrathecal a thabhairt trí phunctair lumbar sa spine freisin.\nIna theannta sin, tuairiscíodh go raibh an leigheas ag titim le capecitabine (Xeloda), tamoxifen, Arimidex, Femara, Aromasin agus Megace. Cé gur ceimiteiripe ó bhéal é Xeloda, is teiripeanna hormónacha iad na cúig cinn eile le haghaidh galar leptomeningeal ER+. (féach Trialacha Cliniciúla ar Ailse Leptomeningeal).\nTá daoine a mhaireann ar feadh i bhfad i mbaol le leukoencephalopathy (damáiste a dhéanamh do ábhar bán na hinchinne), a d'fhéadfadh a bheith ina chúis le lethargy, athruithe pearsantachta, agus díomhaoin. Níl a fhios an féidir leis an ord a thugtar ceimiteiripe agus radaíocht an riosca leic-encephalopathy a laghdú, cé go bhfuil roinnt moltaí ann go bhféadfadh radaíocht a thabhairt tar éis ceimiteiripe a bheith níos fearr ná é a thabhairt roimh. Tá súil go n-oibreoidh na drugaí nua atá á bhforbairt le haghaidh meastastáis inchinne freisin le haghaidh meastastáis leptomeningeal.\nLe haghaidh tuilleadh eolais ar mhéastastáisí leptomeningeal, féach ar ár Leabharlann Roghnaithe."} {"text": "EPA Dredging Project Starts In Superiors’ Howards Bay\nIf you've noticed some activity under the east-side of the Blatnik Bridge this week, it's for a reason. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) started a planned dredging project at Howards Bay that's expected to last the summer and into early fall.\nAccording to details released by the EPA, the work is tied to the St. Louis River Area of Concern - which was created as part of the 1987 Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement. This specific project will see crews dredging contaminated sediment at Howards Bay. \"Sediment in Howards Bay is polluted with contaminants typically associated with fossil fuels such as coal, gasoline, and oil\". The work is one part routine navigation dredging combined with environmental restoration to remove the contamination.\nThe EPA dredging area is sizable in nature - extending from \"Hughitt Slip to the head of Howards Bay near 5th and Main Street\". All told, the crew - with a mechanical dredge implement - will work to remove approximately 75,000 cubic yards of contaminated sediment, which will eventually be disposed of at the Wisconsin Point Landfill. At the landfill, a protective barrier layer of soil will cover the contaminated sediment.\nAll told, the voluntary dredging work at Howards Bay will cost $12.1 million, with funds coming from the federal Great Lakes Restoration Initiative along with its non-federal partners - Fraser Shipyards Inc., Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, and the City of Superior. The Great Lakes Restoration Initiative was formed in 2010 as a \"non-regulatory program to accelerate efforts to protect and restore the largest system of fresh surface water in the world\".", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-10", "url": "https://squatchrocks.com/epa-dredging-project-starts-in-superiors-howards-bay/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947475311.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20240301125520-20240301155520-00770.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9429783821, "token_count": 348, "score": 2.5625, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Tosaíonn an Tionscadal Dréithe EPA i mBá Howards\nMá thug tú faoi deara roinnt gníomhaíochta faoi an taobh thoir den Droichead Blatnik an tseachtain seo, tá sé ar chúis. Thosaigh Gníomhaireacht Chosaint Comhshaoil na Stát Aontaithe (EPA) tionscadal dréibheála pleanáilte ag Bà Howards a bhfuiltear ag súil go mairfidh sé an samhradh agus go luath san fhómhar.\nDe réir sonraí a d'eisigh an EPA, tá an obair ceangailte le Limistéar imní Abhainn St. Louis - a cruthaíodh mar chuid de Chomhaontú Cáilíocht Uisce na Lochanna Móra 1987. Sa tionscadal sonrach seo, beidh foirne ag dréigean leataobh truaillithe ag Cuan Howards. \"Tá an t-iomaire i mBá Howards truaillithe le truailleáin a bhaineann de ghnáth le breoslaí iontaise mar guail, gásailín, agus ola\". Is é an obair ná dréagáil seoltóireachta gnáthamh a chomhcheanglaítear le hathchóiriú comhshaoil chun an truailliú a bhaint.\nTá an limistéar dredging EPA mór sa nádúr - ag síneadh ó \"Hughitt Slip go ceann Bhaile Howards in aice le 5ú agus Príomhshráid\". Ar an iomlán, oibreoidh an criú - le huirlis dréige meicniúil - le thart ar 75,000 slat ciúbach de shéide truaillithe a bhaint, a chuirfear ar fáil sa deireadh ag an Dúnmhargadh Wisconsin Point. Ag an líonadh talún, clúdaíonn sraith cosanta soilse an taiscéim truaillithe.\nAr an iomlán, beidh costas $12.1 milliún ar an obair dhraenála deonach ag Howards Bay, le cistí a thagann ó Tionscnamh Athchóiriú na Lochanna Móra cónaidhme mar aon lena chomhpháirtithe neamhchoimisinéirí - Fraser Shipyards Inc., Roinn Acmhainní Nádúrtha Wisconsin, agus Cathair Superior. Bunaíodh Tionscnamh Athchóiriú na nLá Mór i 2010 mar \"clár neamhrialtúil chun iarrachtaí a luathaithe chun an córas uisce úra dromchla is mó ar domhan a chosaint agus a athchóiriú\"."} {"text": "Local health authorities in states like North Dakota, as well as in countries such as Canada and the United Kingdom, say they’ve pleaded with the companies to give them more control over the kinds of information their apps can collect. Without the companies’ help, some worry their contact tracing systems will remain dangerously strained.\nBut Apple and Google have refused, arguing that letting the apps collect location data or loosening other smartphone rules would undermine people’s privacy. The companies are also concerned that easing the restrictions around apps’ Bluetooth use would drain phone battery life, which could irritate customers. That unbending stance has led some health authorities to abandon hopes of building a fully functioning contact-tracing app.\nThe struggle for effective digital contact tracing is reshaping the debate over the trade-offs between privacy and public health when lives are immediately at stake. Public officials say the need to understand how the virus is spreading is urgent, informing decisions about whether communities can reopen and detecting future outbreaks.\nBut the tech giants’ resistance to letting public health officials access people’s data has a long precedent of keeping personal information out of the hands of governments. Apple and Google said they reached out to hundreds of public health officials for input on the software before it was announced.\nThough the companies first debuted the effort by calling it a “contact tracing” system, company executives now say it is designed to do no such thing. They said they intend to fully release the system in the middle of this month.\nCompany officials said public health authorities had asked for assistance because contact tracing apps that relied on Bluetooth would run into technical challenges without their help. They said their effort was not built to digitize contact tracing or to replace the human element of public health.\nBut Helen Nissenbaum, a professor of information science and director of the Digital Life Initiative at Cornell University, called Apple and Google’s use of privacy to defend their refusal to allow public health officials access to smartphone technology a “flamboyant smokescreen.” She said it was ironic that the two companies had for years tolerated the mass collection of people’s data but were now preventing its use for a purpose that is “critical to public health.”\n“If it’s between Google and Apple having the data, I would far prefer my physician and the public health authorities to have the data about my health status,” she said. “At least they’re constrained by laws.”\nThe Apple-Google system uses the short-range Bluetooth antennas in smartphones to log when two people come into contact for a short period of time, but not where that contact took place. An alert is sent if one of the people tests positive for a coronavirus infection, but that information is not shared with public health officials or contact-tracing teams.\nThat limitation has led some health authorities to attempt to build their own apps outside of the Apple-Google design. But developers around the world who have tried to build their own systems have run into functionality issues. For example, Apple restricts all apps not made by Apple from tracking Bluetooth in the “background” to avoid battery drain and privacy issues.\nThat means that a user must keep one of the apps built by health departments open for it to work — something most users would find incredibly inconvenient. Any time, for example, a user took a phone call, read an email or put their phone in their pocket, the app would not be running.\nThe tension over virus-tracking apps reflects a major power imbalance between the tech giants and state and local health officials, who argue that Apple and Google’s technical decisions have undermined their response to a global health emergency. It also highlights the tech giants’ ability to exert unfettered control over how billions of smartphones work.\n“They are exercising sovereign power. It’s just crazy,” said Matt Stoller, the director of research at the American Economic Liberties Project, a Washington think tank devoted to reducing the power of monopolies. Apple and Google have “decided for the whole world,” he added, “that it’s not a decision for the public to make. … You have a private government that is making choices over your society instead of democratic governments being able to make those choices.”\nSome developers who had run into the functionality issue in their own contact-tracing apps asked the companies for help. But they were told they could only get around that rule if they used the Apple-Google system, which would prohibit them from recording location data or sharing information with contact-tracing teams.\nIn North Dakota, developers had built a contact-tracing app, Care19, that logged people’s smartphone location data as a memory tool: If the person tested positive, a public health worker could ask for their permission to review that data over the previous two weeks to piece together where they had gone. They had been hopeful that the Apple-Google system would further refine its accuracy.\nBut Apple’s restrictions against sharing data with health authorities have forced developers there to start from scratch. They are now building two separate apps — one for contact-tracing teams, the other on Apple and Google’s system — even though they fear that will lead to lower public adoption, greater confusion and longer delays for lifesaving data.\n“Every minute that ticks by, maybe someone else is getting infected, so we want to be able to use everything we can,” said Vern Dosch, the contact-tracing liaison for North Dakota. “I get it. They have a brand to protect. I just wish they would have led with their jaw.”\nThe coronavirus represents a massive challenge for contact tracing around the world, and some experts have said public health teams need all the help they can get. Researchers at Johns Hopkins Center for Health Security have estimated that the U.S. will need to recruit and train 100,000 contact tracers to help identify the sick and quarantine the exposed.\nContact tracers today use phone calls and interviews to track people’s movements, and rely almost entirely on people’s memory. Minute-by-minute location logs recorded by people’s phones, some officials have argued, could ease that burden by providing a more precise and automated way to track new outbreaks.\n“We’re sort of at the point where we just can’t do traditional contact tracing. There’s just not the manpower,” said Tyler Shelby, a graduate student at Yale’s medical and public health schools who is working on contact-tracing software.\nBut state teams that have tried to use apps to help with contact tracing have been stymied by the tech giants’ rules. Developers in Alberta, Canada, had built their own contact-tracing app that struggled with reliability on iPhones due to Apple’s Bluetooth restrictions. Quinn Mah, executive director of information management at Alberta Health, said he pleaded with Apple for help, but the company refused. Alberta health officials now are debating whether to give up on those plans and go with Apple’s contact-tracing system, even though it could greatly reduce their ability to track infections.\n“A segment of our population has said, ‘Well, Google and Apple have done this, so why aren’t you guys adopting this?’” Mah said. “'Why would government think they could do something better than Apple and Google?’”\nThe companies have argued that limiting the data the apps use could bolster their adoption rate, because people may not trust or use an app that logs their location for later use by public health authorities. A Washington Post-University of Maryland poll found last month that a larger group of Americans said they trusted public health agencies more than Apple and Google to keep their information secure.\nSome privacy advocates have applauded the companies’ stance around anonymity and security concerns. Amos Toh, an artificial intelligence and technology researcher at Human Rights Watch, said he worries that authoritarian governments might compel the companies to change the terms so that data can be scooped up and used to suppress human rights.\n“It opens up a dangerous new front,” Toh said. “These technologies are unproven and we have questions about their accuracy and repercussions for the most vulnerable groups.”\nBut some parts of the U.S., including Apple and Google’s home state, say the restrictions have rendered the apps effectively useless. In California, epidemiologists in charge of contact tracing are ignoring the Apple-Google approach and have decided the best course for contact tracing is to train thousands of people to do the work.\n“The limitations of those kind of apps are extensive,” said Mike Reid, an assistant professor of medicine at the University of California at San Francisco, who is leading the effort to train contact tracers in the state. “I don’t think they have an important role to play for most of the population.”\nThe contact tracers, he said, will be using software made by Salesforce and Accenture to help reach patients by phone and are trained on how to protect sensitive patient information.\n“We go to pains to minimize the amount of data we take from people and we ask consent from people we’re talking to on the phone. We go to considerable lengths to ensure there are strong technical controls to ensure the anonymization of our platforms,” he said. “Can you say the same thing about these big tech companies? I’m not sure.”\nSome security researchers have also questioned whether the companies’ restrictions on public health officials and technical methods have posed their own challenges.\nWith the Apple and Google approach, “We’ve overcompensated for privacy and still created other risks and not solved the problem,” said Ashkan Soltani, the former chief technologist of the Federal Trade Commission. “I’d personally be more comfortable if it were a health agency that I trusted and there were legal protections in place over the use of the data and I knew it was operated by a dedicated security team.”\nCountries such as Germany, Italy and the Netherlands have said they will use the Apple-Google system, though other nations, including Norway and the U.K., are building and testing more centralized apps they hope will work around the companies’ restrictions. France’s digital minister, Cédric O, said in a TV interview last week that it was deeply regrettable how Apple had failed to help the country’s efforts during the crisis, and that officials would remember the slight.\nBut some public health experts believe the push toward unproven virus-tracing apps has wasted time and missed the point. Tom Frieden, the former director of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention now working with the health organization Vital Strategies, said the proximity-tracing system as proposed by Apple and Google has “been largely a distraction.”\n“There are very serious questions about its feasibility and its ability to be done with adequate respect for privacy, and it has muddied the water for what actually needs to happen,” Frieden said in an interview Wednesday. “This was an approach that was done with not much understanding and a lot of overpromising.”\nHis group is now working with New York state officials to build three smartphone apps tackling more basic problems: assisting quarantined people with remote health-care visits and food deliveries, and helping contact tracers do their jobs. He said developers grappling with the Apple-Google system would have a greater impact focusing on simpler struggles for local health departments as opposed to pursuing “magical thinking.”\nThe proximity-tracing systems are “a bright shiny object,” he said, “but right now they’re doing nothing to stop the pandemic.”", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-45", "url": "https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2020/05/15/app-apple-google-virus/?itid=lk_inline_manual_11", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107889173.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20201025125131-20201025155131-00282.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9651048779, "token_count": 2475, "score": 2.578125, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Deir údaráis sláinte áitiúla i stáit cosúil le Dakota Thuaidh, chomh maith le tíortha cosúil le Ceanada agus an Ríocht Aontaithe, gur impigh siad ar na cuideachtaí níos mó smachta a thabhairt dóibh ar na cineálacha faisnéise is féidir a gcuid apps a bhailiú. Gan cabhair ó na cuideachtaí, tá imní ar roinnt daoine go mbeidh a gcórais rianú teagmhála ag fanacht go contúirteach.\nAch dhiúltaigh Apple agus Google, ag argóint go gcuirfeadh ligean do na feidhmchláir sonraí suímh a bhailiú nó rialacha fón cliste eile a scaoileadh faoi bhun príobháideacht daoine. Tá imní ar na cuideachtaí freisin go gcuirfeadh an t-íospartaigh a bhaineann le feidhmchláir úsáid Bluetooth le saol ceallraí an fhón, rud a d'fhéadfadh irritate custaiméirí. Mar gheall ar an seasamh gan athrú sin, tá roinnt údaráis sláinte tar éis dóchas a thabhairt suas d'app rianúcháin teagmhála atá ag feidhmiú go hiomlán a thógáil.\nTá an streachailt le haghaidh rianú teagmhála digiteach éifeachtach ag athmhúnlú an díospóireachta ar na comhréireachtaí idir príobháideacht agus sláinte poiblí nuair a bhíonn beatha ar an mbaol láithreach. Deir oifigigh phoiblí go bhfuil sé práinneach an gá atá le tuiscint a fháil ar an gcaoi a bhfuil an víreas ag scaipeadh, ag cur le cinntí a dhéanamh ar cibé an féidir le pobail athoscailt agus ráigí amach anseo a bhrath.\nAch tá sean-chonspóid ag na hiodrálaithe teicneolaíochta le ligean d'oifigigh sláinte poiblí rochtain a fháil ar shonraí daoine maidir le faisnéis phearsanta a choinneáil amach ó lámha rialtais. Dúirt Apple agus Google gur chuir siad teagmháil le céadta oifigeach sláinte poiblí chun a gcuid tuairimí a fháil faoin mbogearraí sula bhfógraíodh é.\nCé gur chuir na cuideachtaí tús leis an iarracht ag glaoch air mar chóras \"rabhaidh teagmhála\", deir feidhmeannaigh na gcuideachta anois nach bhfuil sé deartha chun rud den sórt sin a dhéanamh. Dúirt siad go bhfuil sé ar intinn acu an córas a scaoileadh go hiomlán i lár na míosa seo.\nDúirt oifigigh na cuideachta gur iarr údaráis sláinte poiblí cúnamh toisc go mbeadh dúshláin theicniúla ag aipeanna rianaithe teagmhála a bhí ag brath ar Bluetooth gan a gcuid cabhrach. Dúirt siad nach raibh a n-iarracht le rianú teagmhála a dhigitíochtú ná le gné an duine den tsláinte phoiblí a chur in ionad.\nAch Helen Nissenbaum, ollamh eolaíochta faisnéise agus stiúrthóir an Tionscnamh Saoil Dhigiteach in Ollscoil Cornell, d'iarr Apple agus Google's úsáid príobháideachta chun a n-aghaidh a chosaint ar a diúltú ligean d'oifigigh sláinte poiblí rochtain a fháil ar theicneolaíocht smartphone a \"flamboyant smokescreen\". Dúirt sí go raibh sé irónach go raibh an dá chuideachta ar feadh blianta a throid bailiúchán mais de dhaoine's sonraí ach bhí anois ag cur cosc ar a úsáid chun críocha atá \"criticiúil do shláinte an phobail\".\n'Má tá sé idir Google agus Apple a bhfuil na sonraí, ba mhaith liom i bhfad níos fearr mo dhochtúir agus na húdaráis sláinte poiblí a bheith ar an sonraí faoi mo stádas sláinte,' a dúirt sí. Ar a laghad tá siad ag teorainn le dlíthe.\nÚsáideann an córas Apple-Google na antennaí Bluetooth gearr-raon i bhfón cliste chun logáil nuair a thagann beirt daoine i dteagmháil ar feadh tréimhse ghearr ama, ach ní áit a raibh an teagmháil sin. Seoltar rabhadh má tá tástáil dearfach ag duine de na daoine le haghaidh ionfhabhtú coronavirus, ach ní roinntear an fhaisnéis sin le hoifigigh sláinte poiblí ná le foirne rianú teagmhála.\nMar thoradh ar an teorainn sin, tá roinnt údaráis sláinte ag iarraidh a gcuid feidhmchláir féin a thógáil lasmuigh de dhearadh Apple-Google. Ach d'éirigh le forbróirí ar fud an domhain a rinne iarracht a gcórais féin a thógáil le saincheisteanna feidhmiúlachta. Mar shampla, cuireann Apple srianta ar gach aip nach ndearna Apple le Bluetooth a rianú sa fhiosach chun easpa cadhnraí agus saincheisteanna príobháideachta a sheachaint.\nCiallaíonn sé sin go gcaithfidh úsáideoir ceann de na feidhmchláir a d'fhág na ranna sláinte a choinneáil ar oscailt chun go n-oibreoidh sé - rud a bheadh thar a bheith míshásta ag formhór na n-úsáideoirí. Aon uair, mar shampla, a ghlac úsáideoir glao fón, léamh ríomhphost nó a chur a gcuid fón ina phóca, ní bheadh an aip ag rith.\nLéiríonn an teannas ar apps-rabhaidh víris míchothromú mór cumhachta idir na hiodrálacha teicneolaíochta agus oifigigh sláinte stáit agus áitiúla, a mhaíonn go bhfuil cinntí teicniúla Apple agus Google tar éis a n-fhreagairt ar éigeandáil sláinte domhanda a chur faoi dhroch smacht. Cuireann sé béim freisin ar chumas na n-aibhneanna teicneolaíochta rialú gan srian a chur i bhfeidhm ar an gcaoi a n-oibríonn na billiúin fón cliste.\nTá siad ag feidhmiú cumhachta uachtaránachta. \"Is cuma cé chomh mór is atá an t-airgead atá againn\", a dúirt Matt Stoller, stiúrthóir taighde ag an Tionscadal um Shaoirsí Eacnamaíocha Mheiriceá, buidheann smaointe i Washington atá dírithe ar chumhacht na monaplachtaí a laghdú. Tá Apple agus Google \"ag cinneadh don domhan ar fad\", a dúirt sé, \"nach cinneadh é don phobal é a dhéanamh. ... Tá rialtas príobháideach agat atá ag déanamh roghanna ar do shochaí in ionad go mbeadh rialtais dhaonlathach in ann na roghanna sin a dhéanamh.\nD'iarr roinnt forbróirí a bhí ag teacht isteach ar an gceist feidhmiúlachta ina gcuid apps féin le rianú teagmhála ar na cuideachtaí cabhair a fháil. Ach dúradh leo nach bhféadfaidís an riail sin a sheachaint ach amháin má d'úsáid siad an córas Apple-Google, a chuirfeadh cosc orthu sonraí suímh a thaifeadadh nó faisnéis a roinnt le foirne rianú teagmhála.\nI Dakota Thuaidh, d'fhostaigh forbróirí aip le rianú teagmhála, Care19, a rinne sonraí suímh fón cliste daoine a chlárú mar uirlis chuimhne: Má thástáil an duine dearfach, d'fhéadfadh oibrí sláinte poiblí a gcead a iarraidh chun na sonraí sin a athbhreithniú le dhá sheachtain roimhe sin chun an áit a raibh siad imithe a chur le chéile. Bhí siad dóchasach go mbeadh an córas Apple-Google a chruinneas a scagadh tuilleadh.\nAch chuir srianta Apple i gcoinne sonraí a roinnt le húdaráis sláinte cosc ar fhorbróirí ansin tosú ó scratch. Tá siad ag tógáil dhá aip ar leithligh anois - ceann amháin le haghaidh foirne le rianú teagmhála, an ceann eile ar chóras Apple agus Google - cé go bhfuil eagla orthu go dtiocfaidh glacadh níos ísle ag an bpobal, mearbhall níos mó agus moilleanna níos faide ar shonraí a shábhálann beatha.\n\"B'fhéidir go bhfuil duine eile ag fáil galar le gach nóiméad a théann thart, mar sin ba mhaith linn a bheith in ann gach rud is féidir linn a úsáid\", a dúirt Vern Dosch, an nasc le rianú teagmhála do Dakota Thuaidh. Tá mé é. Tá branda acu le cosaint. Ba mhaith liom ach go mbeadh siad a bhí i gceannas lena jaw. \nIs dúshlán ollmhór é an coronavirus chun teagmháil a rianú ar fud an domhain, agus dúirt roinnt saineolaithe go dteastaíonn gach cabhair is féidir leo a fháil ó fhoirne sláinte poiblí. Measann taighdeoirí ag Ionad Slándála Sláinte Johns Hopkins go mbeidh ar na Stáit Aontaithe 100,000 rialtóir teagmhála a earcú agus a oiliúint chun cabhrú le daoine tinn a aithint agus na daoine a nochtadh a chur i gclárú.\nÚsáidtear glaonna teileafóin agus agallaimh chun gluaiseachtaí daoine a rianú, agus tá siad ag brath go hiomlán ar chuimhne daoine. D'áitigh roinnt oifigeach go bhféadfadh loganna suímh nóiméad ar nóiméad a thaifeadadh ag fóin daoine an t-ualach sin a mhaolú trí bhealach níos cruinne agus uathoibrithe a sholáthar chun ráigí nua a rianú.\nTá muid ag pointe nach féidir linn ach a dhéanamh ar rianú teagmhála traidisiúnta. Níl an t-amhrán ar fáil ach níl an t-amhrán ar fáil ach níl an t-amhrán ar fáil ach níl an t-amhrán ar fáil ach níl an t-amhrán ar fáil ach níl an t-amhrán ar fáil ach níl an t-amhrán ar fáil ach níl an t-amhrán ar fáil ach níl an t-amhrán ar fáil ach níl an t-amhrán ar fáil ach níl an t-amhrán ar fáil ach níl an t-amhrán ar fáil ach níl an t-amhrán ar fáil ach níl an t-amhrán ar fáil ach níl an t-amhrán ar fáil ach níl an t-amhrán ar fáil ach níl an t-amhrán ar fáil ach níl an t-amhrán ar fáil ach níl an t-amhrán ar fáil ach níl an t-amhrán ar fáil ach níl an t-amhrán ar fáil.\nAch tá foireann stáit a rinne iarracht aip a úsáid chun cabhrú le rianú teagmhála a chur i gcontúirt ag rialacha na n-aibhne teicneolaíochta. D'fhostaigh forbróirí in Alberta, Ceanada, a aip féin le rianú teagmhála a bhí ag streachailt le hiontaofacht ar iPhones mar gheall ar shrianta Bluetooth Apple. Dúirt Quinn Mah, stiúrthóir feidhmiúcháin bainistíochta faisnéise ag Alberta Health, gur impigh sé ar Apple cabhair a thabhairt, ach dhiúltaigh an chuideachta. Tá oifigigh sláinte Alberta ag plé anois an gcaithfí a thabhairt suas ar na pleananna sin agus dul le córas rianú teagmhála Apple, cé go bhféadfadh sé a gcumas ionfhabhtuithe a rianú a laghdú go mór.\nDúirt cuid dár ndaonra, \"Bhuel, rinne Google agus Apple é seo, mar sin cén fáth nach bhfuil sibh ag glacadh leis seo?\" a dúirt Mah. 'Cén fáth a cheapfadh an rialtas go bhféadfadh siad rud éigin a dhéanamh níos fearr ná Apple agus Google?\nD'áitigh na cuideachtaí go bhféadfadh teorainn a chur leis an bhfaisnéis a úsáideann na feidhmchláir a ráta uchtála a threisiú, toisc nach bhféadfadh daoine muinín a bheith acu nó feidhmchlár a úsáid a thaifeadann a suíomh le húsáid níos déanaí ag údaráis sláinte poiblí. Fuair vótaíocht Washington Post-Ollscoil Maryland an mhí seo caite gur dúirt grúpa níos mó Meiriceánaigh go raibh muinín acu in ghníomhaireachtaí sláinte poiblí níos mó ná Apple agus Google chun a gcuid faisnéise a choinneáil slán.\nTá roinnt lucht tacaíochta príobháideachta tar éis moladh a thabhairt do sheasamh na gcuideachtaí maidir le neamhainmniú agus imní slándála. Dúirt Amos Toh, taighdeoir intleacht shaorga agus teicneolaíochta ag Human Rights Watch, go bhfuil imní air go bhféadfadh rialtais údarásacha na cuideachtaí a chur iallach ar na téarmaí a athrú ionas gur féidir sonraí a bhailiú agus a úsáid chun cearta an duine a chur faoi chois.\n\"Tá an t-athrú seo ina aghaidh nua contúirteach\", a dúirt Toh. Níor cruthaíodh na teicneolaíochtaí seo agus tá ceisteanna againn maidir lena n-eagrú agus a n-athruithe ar na grúpaí is leochailí.\nAch deir roinnt codanna de na Stáit Aontaithe, lena n-áirítear Apple agus Google's home state, go bhfuil na srianta déanta ag na apps go héifeachtach gan úsáid. I California, tá Epidemiologists atá i gceannas ar rianú teagmhála ag neamhaird ar an gcur chuige Apple-Google agus chinn an bealach is fearr le haghaidh rianú teagmhála ná na mílte duine a oiliúint chun an obair a dhéanamh.\n\"Tá teorainneacha na gcineálacha apps sin leathan\", a dúirt Mike Reid, ollamh cúnta leighis in Ollscoil California i San Francisco, atá i gceannas ar an iarracht rianóirí teagmhála a oiliúint sa stát. Ní dóigh liom go bhfuil ról tábhachtach acu don chuid is mó den daonra.\nBeidh na rianóirí teagmhála, a dúirt sé, ag baint úsáide as bogearraí a rinne Salesforce agus Accenture chun cabhrú le hothair a bhaint amach ar an bhfón agus tá siad oilte ar conas faisnéis íogair othair a chosaint.\nDéanaimid iarracht an méid sonraí a bhainimid ó dhaoine a íoslaghdú agus iarrann muid toiliú ó dhaoine a bhfuil muid ag caint leo ar an bhfón. \"Tá muid ag dul i bhfad go mór chun a chinntiú go bhfuil rialuithe teicniúla láidre ann chun a chinntiú go bhfuil ár n-ardáin gan ainm\", a dúirt sé. An féidir leat an rud céanna a rá faoi na cuideachtaí mór-theicneolaíochta seo? Níl mé cinnte.\nTá roinnt taighdeoirí slándála ag ceistiú freisin an bhfuil srianta na gcuideachtaí ar oifigigh sláinte poiblí agus modhanna teicniúla tar éis dúshláin a chruthú dóibh féin.\nLe cur chuige Apple agus Google, \"Tá ró-chomhdháileadh déanta againn ar phríobháideacht agus tá rioscaí eile cruthaithe fós agus níor réitíodh an fhadhb\", a dúirt Ashkan Soltani, iar-príomh-theicneolaí an Choimisiúin Trádála Chónaidhme. Ba mhaith liom go pearsanta a bheith níos compordaí má bhí sé gníomhaireacht sláinte go raibh muinín agam agus go raibh cosaintí dlíthiúla i bhfeidhm maidir le húsáid na sonraí agus bhí a fhios agam go raibh sé á oibriú ag foireann slándála tiomnaithe.\nDúirt tíortha mar an Ghearmáin, an Iodáil agus an Ísiltír go n-úsáidfidh siad an córas Apple-Google, cé go bhfuil náisiúin eile, lena n-áirítear an Iorua agus an RA, ag tógáil agus ag tástáil aipeanna níos láidre a bhfuil súil acu go n-oibreoidh siad timpeall ar shrianta na gcuideachtaí. Dúirt Aire Digiteach na Fraince, Cédric O, in agallamh teilifíse an tseachtain seo caite go raibh sé an-díomá ar an gcaoi a ndeachaigh Apple as cuidiú le hiarrachtaí na tíre le linn na géarchéime, agus go gcuimhneofaí ar na hoifigigh an míshástacht.\nAch creideann roinnt saineolaithe sláinte poiblí go bhfuil an brú i dtreo aipeanna gan fhianaise a rianú víris caillte am agus an pointe caillte. Dúirt Tom Frieden, iar-stiúrthóir na nIonad um Rialú agus Cosc ar Ghalair a oibríonn anois leis an eagraíocht sláinte Vital Strategies, gur \"scéal dírithe ar mhealladh\" a bhí sa chóras leantachta mar a mhol Apple agus Google.\n\"Tá ceisteanna an-tromchúiseacha ann maidir lena indéantacht agus a chumas a dhéanamh le meas leordhóthanach ar phríobháideacht, agus tá sé tar éis an t-uisce a dhúnadh le haghaidh na rudaí a chaithfidh tarlú i ndáiríre\", a dúirt Frieden in agallamh Dé Céadaoin. Ba é seo cur chuige a rinneadh gan mórán tuiscint agus go leor ró-ghealltanas.\nTá a ghrúpa ag obair anois le hoifigigh stáit Nua Eabhrac chun trí aip fón cliste a thógáil ag dul i ngleic le fadhbanna níos bunúsaí: cabhrú le daoine atá faoi cheathrú le cuairteanna cúraim sláinte agus seachadtaí bia iargúlta, agus cabhrú le rianóirí teagmhála a gcuid oibre a dhéanamh. Dúirt sé go mbeadh tionchar níos mó ag forbróirí atá ag streachailt leis an gcóras Apple-Google má dhíríonn siad ar streachailtí níos simplí do ranna sláinte áitiúla seachas \"smaoineamh draíochta\" a shaothrú.\nTá na córais rianú gar-chomhchruinneas aonad geal geal, a dúirt sé, ach faoi láthair níl siad ag déanamh aon ní chun stop a chur leis an bpaindéim."} {"text": "The Mathews Forest, dubbed a ‘biological bonanza’ by the BBC, the Mathews Mountain Range is one of the great stretches of Kenyan forest wildernesses.\nScientists call this mountain forest a ‘sky island’, which rises up out of the surrounding sea of arid lowlands, to an altitude of 2200 metres. This ancient mountain forest is a stronghold for a wide range of plant and wildlife species, such as Melanistic leopard, also known as the black panther, lion, forest elephant and antelopes, buffalo, the rare De Brazza monkey, Colobus monkey, greater kudu, waterbuck, giant forest hog as well as Africa’s endangered wild dog.\nOver 200 bird species have been counted in the area, together with more than 150 species of butterflies, representing more than twice the amount of butterfly species found in the UK. Stretching for 150km, the mountains are covered in a 300km2 dense indigenous forest interspersed with giant cedars and a rare species of ancient cycad, one of the oldest plant types on the planet, endemic to the Mathews forests.\nThe real attraction of this remote area is its striking beauty and the opportunity to explore the forest on foot in complete privacy as well as to experience unique social interactions with the local Samburu and Ndorobo people.\nTo the south of the Mathews mountains lie the Sarara Plains, approximately 75,000 hectares, home to the Samburu tribes people, a group of semi-nomadic pastoralists who have for long shown tolerance for the wildlife that co-exists alongside their cattle. Many species of birdlife, the rare Grevy Zebra, as well as elephant herds, big cats, and wild dog habit this area. Leopard sightings are common, and visits to the Samburu “singing wells” are a unique experience.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-09", "url": "http://chelipeacock.com/mathews-range/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891813883.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20180222022059-20180222042059-00014.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9272608757, "token_count": 393, "score": 3.359375, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Is é an Foraois Mathews, a thug an BBC \"bonanza bitheolaíoch\" air, ceann de na foraoisí fiáine móra i gCéinia.\nGlaonn eolaithe ar an bhforaois shléibhe seo 'oileán spéir', a thagann suas as an fharraige timpeall na talún tirim, go dtí airde 2200 méadar. Is é an fhoraois shléibhe ársa seo an daingne do raon leathan speiceas plandaí agus fiadhúlra, mar shampla léopard Melanistic, ar a dtugtar an panther dubh, leon, elephant foraoise agus antelopes, buffalo, an t-imic De Brazza neamhchoitianta, an t-imic Colobus, kudu níos mó, uisce, muiceach foraoise ollmhór chomh maith le madra fiáine i mbaol na hAfraice.\nTá breis agus 200 speiceas éan á gcur san áireamh sa cheantar, mar aon le breis agus 150 speiceas liomach, rud a léiríonn níos mó ná dhá oiread an líon speiceas liomach a fhaightear sa RA. Ag síneadh ar feadh 150km, tá na sléibhte clúdaithe i bhforaois dúchasach dlúth 300km2 idirghabhála le cédraí ollmhóra agus speiceas annamh de cycad ársa, ceann de na cineálacha plandaí is sine ar an bpláinéad, endéamach do fhoraoisí Mathews.\nIs é an rud a mheallann an limistéar iargúlta seo ná a áilleacht iontach agus an deis chun an fhoraois a iniúchadh ar shiúl na cosa i príobháideacht iomlán chomh maith le caidreamh sóisialta uathúil a fháil leis na daoine Samburu agus Ndorobo áitiúla.\nI ndeisceart na sléibhte Mathews tá Sléibhte Sarara, thart ar 75,000 heicteár, baile do thríú daoine Samburu, grúpa peastóirí leath-nómadacha a léirigh go leor fhulaingt don fhiadhúlra a chónaíonn in éineacht lena gcuid beithíoch. Tá go leor speiceas éan, an Grevy Zebra neamhchoitianta, chomh maith le caoraí elephant, cait mhóra, agus madra fiáine ag maireachtáil sa cheantar seo. Tá léamhrán le feiceáil go coitianta, agus is eispéireas uathúil é cuairt a thabhairt ar na \"poill amhránaíochta\" Samburu."} {"text": "Definitions for Articleˈɑr tɪ kəl\nThis page provides all possible meanings and translations of the word Article\nRandom House Webster's College Dictionary\nar•ti•cleˈɑr tɪ kəl(n.; v.)-cled, -cling.\n(n.)a factual piece of writing, usu. on a single topic, appearing in a newspaper, magazine, etc.\nan individual object, member, or portion of a class; item:\nan article of clothing.\nsomething of indefinite character or description.\nan item for sale; commodity.\na member of a small class of words or affixes, as the words a, an, and the in English, that are linked to nouns and that typically function in identifying the noun as a noun and in indicating definiteness or indefiniteness of reference.\nRef: Compare definite article , indefinite article.\na separate clause or section in a contract, treaty, statute, or other formal document.\n(v.t.)to charge or accuse of specific offenses.\nto bind by the articles of a contract:\nto article an apprentice.\nOrigin of article:\n1200–50; ME < AF, ML articulus article of faith, L: joint, member, clause, dim. of artus joint; see -cle1\nnonfictional prose forming an independent part of a publication\none of a class of artifacts\n\"an article of clothing\"\na separate section of a legal document (as a statute or contract or will)\n(grammar) a determiner that may indicate the specificity of reference of a noun phrase\nbind by a contract; especially for a training period\nKernerman English Learner's Dictionary\narticle(noun)ˈɑr tɪ kəl\na piece of writing in newspaper, magazine, etc.\na magazine article\narticleˈɑr tɪ kəl\nan article of clothing\narticleˈɑr tɪ kəl\na word used before a noun\n\"a,\" \"an,\" and \"the\" are articles.\nA part or segment of something joined to other parts, or, in combination, forming a structured set.\nA story, report, or opinion piece in a newspaper, magazine, journal, internet etc.\nA member of a group or class\nan article of clothing\na sales article\nA part of speech that indicates, specifies and limits a noun (a, an, or the in English). In some languages the article may appear as en ending (e.g. definite article in Swedish) or there may be none (e.g. Finnish, Estonian).\nA section of a legal document, bylaws, etc.\nA wench. A prime article. A handsome girl.\nShe's a prime article (whip slang), she's a devilish good piece, a hell of a goer.\nTo study or train to become qualified, especially in the legal profession.\nTo bind by articles of apprenticeship.\na distinct portion of an instrument, discourse, literary work, or any other writing, consisting of two or more particulars, or treating of various topics; as, an article in the Constitution. Hence: A clause in a contract, system of regulations, treaty, or the like; a term, condition, or stipulation in a contract; a concise statement; as, articles of agreement\na literary composition, forming an independent portion of a magazine, newspaper, or cyclopedia\nsubject; matter; concern; distinct\na distinct part\na particular one of various things; as, an article of merchandise; salt is a necessary article\nprecise point of time; moment\none of the three words, a, an, the, used before nouns to limit or define their application. A (or an) is called the indefinite article, the the definite article\none of the segments of an articulated appendage\nto formulate in articles; to set forth in distinct particulars\nto accuse or charge by an exhibition of articles\nto bind by articles of covenant or stipulation; as, to article an apprentice to a mechanic\nto agree by articles; to stipulate; to bargain; to covenant\nAn article is a word that is used with a noun to indicate the type of reference being made by the noun. Articles specify the grammatical definiteness of the noun, in some languages extending to volume or numerical scope. The articles in the English language are the and a/an, and some. 'An' and 'a' are modern forms of the Old English 'an', which in Anglian dialects was the number 'one' and survived into Modern Scots as the number 'ane'. Both 'on' and 'an' survived into Modern English, with 'one' used as the number and 'an' as an indefinite article. Traditionally in English, an article is usually considered to be a type of adjective. In some languages, articles are a special part of speech, which cannot easily be combined with other parts of speech. It is also possible for articles to be part of another part of speech category such as a determiner, an English part of speech category that combines articles and demonstratives. In languages that employ articles, every common noun, with some exceptions, is expressed with a certain definiteness, just as many languages express every noun with a certain grammatical number. Every noun must be accompanied by the article, if any, corresponding to its definiteness, and the lack of an article itself specifies a certain definiteness. This is in contrast to other adjectives and determiners, which are typically optional. This obligatory nature of articles makes them among the most common words in many languages—in English, for example, the most frequent word is the.\nBritish National Corpus\nSpoken Corpus Frequency\nRank popularity for the word 'Article' in Spoken Corpus Frequency: #1537\nWritten Corpus Frequency\nRank popularity for the word 'Article' in Written Corpus Frequency: #2134\nRank popularity for the word 'Article' in Nouns Frequency: #465\nAnagrams of Article\nTranslations for Article\nKernerman English Multilingual Dictionary\na thing or an object\nThis shop sells articles of all kinds; articles of clothing.\n- شَيء، سِلْعَه، قِطْعَهArabic\n- artigoPortuguese (BR)\n- artikl, předmět, kusCzech\n- der ArtikelGerman\n- vare; artikelDanish\n- کالا؛ تکهFarsi\n- vara, vörutegund, hluturIcelandic\n- daiktas, prekėLithuanian\n- apģērba gabaliLatvian\n- artikel, stukDutch\n- vare, artikkelNorwegian\n- کالا؛ تکهPersian\n- کالای، رختPashto\n- предмет, изделиеRussian\n- blago, izdelekSlovenian\n- stvar ili predmetSerbian\n- sak, artikel, varaSwedish\n- 物品Chinese (Trad.)\n- виріб; продуктUkrainian\n- شے ، چیزUrdu\n- 物品Chinese (Simp.)\nGet even more translations for Article »\nFind a translation for the Article definition in other languages:\nSelect another language:", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-52", "url": "http://www.definitions.net/definition/Article", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1418802775222.147/warc/CC-MAIN-20141217075255-00066-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8078589439, "token_count": 1657, "score": 3.390625, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Sainmhínithe do Articleˈɑr tɪ kəl\nAr an leathanach seo, tugtar gach brí agus aistriúchán is féidir ar an bhfocal Airteagal\nRandom House Webster's College Dictionary (Fheicis: an t-ealaín)\nar•ti•cleˈɑr tɪ kəl ((n.; v.) -cled, -cling.\n(n.) píosa fíorais scríbhneoireachta, usu. ar ábhar amháin, a thagann i nuachtán, i iris, etc.\nréad aonair, ball nó cuid de aicme; mír:\nearraí éadaí.\nrud éigin de charachtar nó cur síos neamhchinnte.\nearra le díol; earra.\nball de rang beag focal nó affixes, mar na focail a, an, agus an i mBéarla, atá nasctha le hainmneacha agus a fheidhmíonn de ghnáth chun an t-ainmfhocal a aithint mar ainmfhocal agus chun sainmhíniú nó neamhchinníocht na tagartha a léiriú.\nRef: Comparáid a dhéanamh idir alt cinnte agus alt neamhchinnte.\nclásal nó alt ar leithligh i gconradh, i gconradh, i reacht, nó i ndoiciméad foirmiúil eile.\n(v.t. ) chun cionta sonracha a chur i gcúis nó a chur i gcúis.\nchun ceangal a dhéanamh le hairteagail chonartha:\nchun alt a fhoghlaimeoir.\nBunús an earra:\n120050; ME < AF, ML articulus article of faith, L: comhpháirteach, ball, clásal, dim. comhpháirteach artus; féach -cle1\nprósa neamhfhicseach a chruthaíonn cuid neamhspleách d'fhoilseachán\nceann de aicme artefacts\n\"earra éadaí\"\nrannán ar leithligh d'ionstraim dhlíthiúil (mar reachtas nó conradh nó diongbháilteacht)\n(gramadach) cinneadh a d'fhéadfadh a léiriú go bhfuil saintréith tagartha frása ainmfhocal\na cheangal le conradh; go háirithe le haghaidh tréimhse oiliúna\nFuaimín Béarla an Léitheora Kernerman\narticle (noun) ' tɪ kəl\npíosa scríbhneoireachta i nuachtán, iris, etc.\nalt as iris\narticleˈɑr tɪ kəl\nearraí éadaí\narticleˈɑr tɪ kəl\nfocal a úsáidtear roimh ainmfhocal\nIs earraí iad \"a\", \"an\", agus \"the\".\nCuid nó codán de rud a bhaineann le codanna eile, nó, i gcomhcheangal, a chruthaíonn tacar struchtúrtha.\nScéal, tuarascáil nó píosa tuairim i nuachtán, iris, iris, idirlíon srl.\nComhalta de ghrúpa nó de rang\nearraí éadaí\nearra díolacháin\nCuid de chaint a léiríonn, a shonraíonn agus a theorannannann ainmfhocal (a, an, nó the i mBéarla). I roinnt teangacha d'fhéadfadh an t-airteagal a bheith le feiceáil mar en ending (m.sh. (e.g. definite article in Swedish) nó d'fhéadfadh nach mbeadh aon cheann ann (e.g. (Chuntais:\nCuid de dhoiciméad dlíthiúil, rialacháin, srl.\nA cailín. Ardaitheoir den scoth. Cailín álainn.\nTá sí ar cheann de na chéad alt (slang Whip), tá sí ina diabhal maith píosa, an diabhal de goer.\nStaidéar nó oiliúint a dhéanamh chun bheith cáilithe, go háirithe sa ghairm dlí.\nChun a cheangal le hailt ar phraghsáil.\ncuid ar leith de ionstraim, díospóireacht, saothar liteartha, nó aon scríbhneoireacht eile, ina bhfuil dhá shonraíocht nó níos mó, nó ina ndéantar plé ar ábhair éagsúla; mar, alt sa Bhunreacht. Dá bhrí sin: Clásail i gconradh, i gcóras rialachán, i gconradh, nó mar an gcéanna; téarma, coinníoll, nó foráil i gconradh; ráiteas concise; mar, ailt chomhaontaithe\ncomhdhéanamh liteartha, a chruthaíonn cuid neamhspleách de iris, nuachtán nó ciceolaipéide\nábhar; ábhar; ábhar; ábhar ar leith\ncuid ar leithligh\nceann ar leith de rudaí éagsúla; mar, earra earraí; is earra riachtanach é salann\npointe cruinn ama; nóiméad\nceann de na trí fhocal, a, an, the, a úsáidtear roimh ainmfhocail chun a n-iarratas a theorannú nó a shainiú. Tugtar an (nó an) airteagal neamhchinnte, an an airteagal sainithe\nceann de na codanna de bhreisigh ghnéithe\nchun a fhoirmliú i n-earraí; chun a chur in iúl i ndáil le sonraí ar leith\nchun cúis nó cúis trí thaispeántas earraí\na cheangal le hairteagail conradh nó foráil; mar, a alt a phrintíseach a meicnic\nchun aontú le hairteagail; chun a shocrú; chun bargain; chun conradh\nIs focal é alt a úsáidtear le hainmfhocal chun an cineál tagairt atá á dhéanamh ag an ainmfhocal a chur in iúl. Sonraíonn ailt an cinntitheacht gramadaí den ainmfhocal, i roinnt teangacha ag leathnú go méid nó raon feidhme uimhriúil. Is iad na hairteagail sa teanga Béarla an agus a/an, agus some. Is foirmeacha nua-aimseartha iad 'An' agus 'a' den Sean-Béarla 'an', a bhí i dtráchtálacha na Breataine mar uimhir 'one' agus a mhair i nGaeilge Nua-aimseartha mar uimhir 'ane'. D'fhan 'on' agus 'an' araon i mBéarla Nua-aimseartha, agus 'one' á úsáid mar an uimhir agus 'an' mar alt neamhchinnteach. Go traidisiúnta i mBéarla, is gnách go meastar gur cineál tréithfhocail é alt. I roinnt teangacha, is cuid speisialta de chaint a bhíonn sna hailt, nach féidir a chur le chéile go héasca le codanna eile cainte. Is féidir le hailt a bheith mar chuid de chatagóir eile de chuid cainte mar a chinneadh, catagóir cuid cainte Béarla a chomhcheanglaíonn hailt agus taispeántais. I dteangacha a úsáideann earraí, léirítear gach ainmfhocal coitianta, le roinnt eisceachtaí, le cinntitheacht áirithe, díreach mar a léirítear i go leor teangacha gach ainmfhocal le huimhir ghramadaí áirithe. Ní mór an t-airteagal, más ann dó, a bheith ag gabháil le gach ainmneacht a fhreagraíonn dá chinnteacht, agus sonraíonn easpa alt é féin cinnteacht áirithe. Tá sé seo i gcodarsnacht le hairíonna agus cinntithe eile, a bhíonn de ghnáth roghnach. Tá an nádúr éigeantach seo d'airteagail á dhéanamh mar chuid de na focail is coitianta i go leor teangacha - i mBéarla, mar shampla, is é an focal is minice an focal is minice.\nCorpus Náisiúnta na Breataine\nTráthanna na gCeist\nRang a thabhairt ar an tóir atá ar an bhfocal 'Article' i gCorpus Labhairte minicíocht: #1537\nTréimhsí Corpus Scríofa\nRang a thabhairt ar an tóir atá ar an bhfocal 'Article' in Written Corpus\nRang a thabhairt ar an bhfocal 'Article' in Nouns\nAnagrams d'Airteagal\nAistriúcháin don Airteagal\nFuaimín Ilteangach Béarla Kernerman\nrud nó réad\nDíolann an siopa seo earraí de gach cineál; earraí éadaí.\n- shé, síl-a, sgéach\n- AirteagalPortaingéise (BR)\n- artikl, předmět, kusChéis\n- der ArtikelGearmáinis\n- vare; artikel\n- KALA; TKHFARSI\n- vara, vörutegund, hluturIcelandic\n- daiktas, prekėLithuáinis\n- apģērba gabaliLaitvia\n- artikel, stukNódarlainnis\n- vare, artikkelNóiré\n- KALA; TKHÉPársan\n- Kalāy, RakhtoPashto\n- предмет, изделиеRúisis\n- blago, продуктSlóivéinis\n- stvar ili predmetSeirbis\n- sak, artikel, varaSuainis\n- 物品Chinese (Trad.)\n- táirge; táirgeUcraíneach\n- She , چیزUrdu\n- 物品Chinese (Simp.)\nFaigh níos mó aistriúcháin don Airteagal \nFaigh aistriúchán don sainmhíniú Artaigil i dteangacha eile:\nRoghnaigh teanga eile:"} {"text": "The Jambi people (also known as the Melayu Jambi) primarily live in four of the six districts that comprise the Jambi Province of central Sumatra. These districts are Tanjungjabung, Batanghari, Bungo-Tebo, and the capital city of Jambi. The Jambi language is a branch of the Melayu (Malay) language cluster. Their culture is greatly influenced by the Minangkabau culture.\nMost of the area the Jambi inhabit is a lowland basin of dense jungles, peat bogs, swamps, and rivers--all drained by the mighty Batang Hari River (655 kilometer long) and its tributaries. The rivers are important to them not only as a means of transportation but as a source of fish. They are adept swimmers and fishermen. They use eight types of traditional fishing tackle, as well as the modern pukat ('fishnet'). They are great eaters of ikan (fish) and complain that a meal is incomplete without its distinctive flavor.\nMost of the Jambi make their living by fishing. For catching fish they use different types of traps ranging from the traditional to the modern. Some of the types of fish they catch are: ringau, kelemak, toman, pati, baung, juaro, bujuk, seluang, gabus, betok, and serapil. In addition to fishing, farming and plantation work are important occupations for the Jambi people.\nThe Jambi are proud of their status as descendants of an ancient Melayu kingdom that dates back to the 7th century. This pride, in fact, has threatened their economic development due to their unwillingness to accept modernization. This is evident as transmigrants from other parts of Indonesia are better off economically than most of the Jambi themselves.\nTravel between neighboring rural villages is more often done by river than by land. This is due to the Jambi mainly living in thick jungle areas with wide marshes, making land travel very difficult. The Jambi have many different kinds of ceremonies and rituals, which they celebrate at special occasions.\nThese would include: birth of a child, naming a child, first hair cut, ear piercing for two-year old girls, and circumcision for sons between six and ten years old. When the children come of age, (15 year old girls and 17 year old boys), there is a ceremony to file their teeth as a symbol of their adulthood.\nAlmost all of the Jambi are Muslims. All villages have a mesjid ('mosque') or langar ('prayer house') with many having a madrasah ('Islamic school'). For the Jambi, all principles and guidelines governing human life have been passed down from their ancestors, who in turn received them from the official Islamic written sources of revealed truth, the Qur'an (Islamic Holy Book) and the Hadith (guidelines for faith and practice derived from the Prophet Muhammad's life). They also believe that religious leaders, dwarfs, and dukun (shaman/healer/occultist) possess supernatural powers.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-45", "url": "https://indahnesia.com/indonesia/POPJAM/the_jambi.php", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107888931.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20201025100059-20201025130059-00328.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9635959864, "token_count": 661, "score": 3.1875, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Tá daoine Jambi (ar a dtugtar Melayu Jambi freisin) ina gcónaí go príomha i gceithre cheann de na sé cheantar a chuimsíonn Cúige Jambi i lár Sumatra. Is iad na ceantair seo Tanjungjabung, Batanghari, Bungo-Tebo, agus príomhchathair Jambi. Is brainse den chlúster teanga Melayu (Malaeis) í an teanga Jambi. Tá tionchar mór ag an gcultúr Minangkabau ar a gcultúr.\nIs é an chuid is mó den limistéar ina bhfuil an Jambi ná cuisne ísealchríocha de choilltibh tiubh, bogs torfa, swamps, agus na haibhneacha - go léir a scriosann Abhainn Batang Hari cumhachtach (655 ciliméadar ar fhad) agus a fho-aibhneacha. Tá na haibhneacha tábhachtach dóibh ní hamháin mar mhodh iompair ach mar fhoinse iasc. Is snámhóirí agus iascairí sásúla iad. Baineann siad úsáid as ocht gcineál trealaimh iascaireachta traidisiúnta, chomh maith leis an pukat nua-aimseartha (\"líon iascaireachta\"). Is mór-itheora ikan (iasc) iad agus gearánann siad nach bhfuil béile iomlán gan a blas sainiúil.\nIs é an iascaireacht a dhéanann formhór na Jambi a mbeatha. Chun iasc a ghabháil úsáideann siad cineálacha éagsúla gaistí ó thraidisiúnta go nua-aimseartha. Is iad seo cuid de na cineálacha éisc a ghabháil: ringau, kelemak, toman, pati, baung, juaro, bujuk, seluang, gabus, betok, agus serapil. Chomh maith le hiascaireacht, is gairm thábhachtach iad feirmeoireacht agus obair phlandaí do mhuintir Jambi.\nTá na Jambi bródúil as a stádas mar shliocht ríocht ársa Melayu a théann siar go dtí an 7ú haois. Tá an bród seo, i ndáiríre, i mbaol a bhforbairt eacnamaíoch mar gheall ar a n-éagmais glacadh le nuachóiriú. Tá sé seo le feiceáil mar tá tras-imreoirí ó áiteanna eile san Indinéis níos fearr ó thaobh eacnamaíochta de ná an chuid is mó de na Jambi féin.\nIs minic a dhéantar taisteal idir sráidbhailte tuaithe in aice láimhe ar abhainn ná ar thalamh. Tá sé seo mar gheall ar an Jambi go príomha ina gcónaí i limistéir dhlúth jungle le marshes leathan, rud a dhéanann taisteal talún an-deacair. Tá go leor cineálacha éagsúla searmanais agus deasghnátha ag na Jambi, a cheiliúrann siad ar ócáidí speisialta.\nI measc na n-eachtraí sin: breith leanbh, ainmniú leanbh, an chéad ghruaig a ghearradh, cluas a phorcáil do chailíní dhá bhliain d'aois, agus ceircíntiúis do bhuachaillí idir sé agus deich mbliana d'aois. Nuair a thagann na páistí in aois, (15 bliana d'aois cailíní agus 17 bliana d'aois buachaillí), tá searmanas a file a gcuid fiacla mar shiombail ar a n-aosaigh.\nIs Moslamaigh beagnach gach duine de Jambi. Tá mesjid ('mosque') nó langar ('house of prayer') ag gach sráidbhaile agus tá madrasah ('scoil Ioslamach') ag go leor acu. Maidir leis na Jambi, tá na prionsabail agus na treoirlínte go léir a rialaíonn saol an duine tar éis a bheith ar fáil óna sinsir, a fuair iad ó fhoinsí scríofa oifigiúla Ioslamacha na fírinne nochtaithe, an Qur'an (Leabhar Naofa Ioslamach) agus an Hadith (treoirlínte maidir le creideamh agus cleachtas a dhíorthaíodh ó shaol an Prophet Muhammad). Creideann siad freisin go bhfuil cumhachtaí thar-nádúrtha ag ceannairí reiligiúnacha, ag na gealánta, agus ag na dukun (shaman/gheallóir/occultist)."} {"text": "What is meningococcal disease (illness)\nQ & A on Meningococcal Disease and Vaccine\nUpdate, June, 2011\nWhat is meningococcal disease?\nMeningococcal disease is caused by bacteria (germs) called Neisseria meningitidis\nAlthough meningococcal disease is uncommon, it is a very serious disease. The infection\ncan develop very quickly and can be fatal in 10 per cent of cases or more. If infection is\ndiagnosed early enough and the right antibiotics are given quickly, a patient can make a\ncomplete recovery. Is it the same as meningitis?\nNo, but can be the cause of meningitis. Meningitis is sometimes the result of\nSevere infections from meningococcal bacteria can cause:\n– an infection of the membranes covering the brain and spinal cord.\nMeningitis can also be caused by other bacteria, viruses, fungi, etc. in addition to meningococcal bacteria,\n[or septicemia]– overwhelming infection in the bloodstream. When caused\nby meningococcal bacteria, it is sometimes called “meningococcemia.” Sepsis can also be caused by other bacteria.\n• Both meningococcal meningitis and meningococcal sepsis can occur in the same\npatient. Patients with sepsis usually have a higher fatality rate.\nHow serious is meningococcal disease?\nMeningococcal bacteria live in the throats of up to 15% of the population at any one time.\nMost people who are infected with the bacteria don’t know it. Of those who are infected\nwith the bacteria, only about 1% gets sick from it.\nBut, in that 1%, the seriousness of the illness can range from very mild to extremely\nserious and in some cases, lead to rapid death.\nHow long does it take for symptoms to show up after a person is exposed to\nThe incubation period from when a person is exposed to when he or she may show\nsymptoms usually ranges from 2–10 days, but is most often 3-4 days. What is my risk of getting meningococcal disease?\n• Generally, your risk of getting meningococcal illness is low. Only a very small\nnumber of people with meningococcal bacteria in their throats develop meningococcal disease\n• Meningococcal bacteria live naturally in the back of the nose and throat in about 5\n– 15% of the population without causing illness. In outbreaks this percentage can be higher.\n• In a small number of people, the bacteria manage to get through the lining of the\nthroat, enter the bloodstream and cause “invasive” meningococcal disease” (meningitis or sepsis [septicemia]).\n• If you have been in very close contact with someone with the illness, your risk of\ngetting meningococcal disease is heightened.\n• Household members of confirmed cases have 400 – 800 times the risk of\nmeningococcal disease than the average person.\n• Risk is also heightened for those with specific immune system problems\n(“complement deficiency”) or who have had their spleen removed (or non-functioning spleen).\nWho is most at risk of serious meningococcal disease?\nVery close contacts of an infected person are most at risk of getting infected with\nmeningococcal bacteria. Close contacts include:\nMembers of the same household A girlfriend or boyfriend Anyone who has stayed overnight with the affected person in the seven days\nAnyone who has kissed or shared eating utensils, drink containers, toothbrushes,\ncigarettes, or anything that as been in the mouth of the affected person\nWhat are the symptoms of meningococcal illness in adults and older children?\n*without significant fever, it is very unlikely that a person would have meningococcal\ndisease. Signs and symptoms in infants and young children: similar to above, but may also\nWhat should I do if I or someone I know has these symptoms?\n• Seek medical help immediately if somebody close to you has some of these signs\nand symptoms, and you are worried that they are much sicker than usual.\n• In the very early stages, meningococcal disease can appear to be like other, less\nserious illnesses. Your doctor may not immediately recognize this illness. Do not hesitate to seek medical help again – even if it has only been an hour or two since you last sought help.\n• If the person seems to be sicker, has suddenly developed small red/purple spots or\nlarger bruises on the skin, or becomes difficult to wake up – seek medical help urgently.\n• Young adults should not be left alone if they suddenly develop a high fever\n(>101o)—they may become seriously ill very quickly.\nHow is meningococcal disease treated?\nIf the infection is diagnosed early, it can be treated with antibiotics.\n• Early antibiotic treatment is vital\n• If meningococcal disease is suspected, antibiotics are given immediately. People\nwith meningococcal disease are always admitted to hospital and may require admission to an Intensive Care Unit.\n• The sooner that antibiotics and other treatments begin, the less damage the disease\nwill cause. However, this is a very serious infection, which can progress very rapidly despite the best treatment.\nDo meningococcal bacteria spread easily?\nOnly a very small number of people with meningococcal bacteria in their throats develop\nmeningococcal disease. Meningococcal bacteria are only found in humans. They are\npassed from person to person by regular, close, household contact or intimate contact\nwith secretions from the back of the nose and throat like saliva or nasal mucous. This can\noccur when someone coughs or sneezes directly in your face, or through kissing, sharing\ndrinks, eating utensils, smokes, or putting anything in your mouth that has been in\nsomeone else’s mouth (hookah mouthpiece, lipstick, etc). They cannot be picked up from\nwater supplies, swimming pools, ice skating rinks, buildings or factories. Do meningococcal bacteria live very long outside of the body?\nDifferent strains may vary, but they generally live for only a short time outside the human\nbody, a few minutes to several hours. They are spread by human-to-human close contact\nthat allows an exchange of oral or nasal secretions. They are not found in animals, just\nhumans. Will everyone who gets meningococcal germs in their throats get sick?\nNo. Meningococcal bacteria live naturally in the back of the nose and throat in about 5 –\n15% of the population at any given time without causing illness. But, in a small number\nof people, the bacteria manage to get through the lining of the throat, enter the\nbloodstream and cause “invasive” meningococcal disease (meningitis or septicemia). Are certain people the more common “carriers” of meningococcal bacteria?\nPeople of any age can ‘carry’ the germs without becoming ill and carriers eventually\ndevelop immunity to the strains they carry. Although everyone is a carrier at some time,\ncarriers are most common among teenagers and young adults, especially those who\nsmoke. If someone in my household gets meningococcal disease, will I be at risk of getting\nYou would be a close contact and would be considered at risk of becoming ill. You\nshould seek preventive treatment with the right antibiotics (usually Cipro or Rifampin). Who usually gets sick from meningococcal bacteria?\nIn healthy persons, serious illness is more common in teens and young adults. Smoking,\nbar patronage, and excessive alcohol consumption may put college students at increased\nrisk for the disease. In persons with underlying health problems, someone with specific\ndefects in their immune system or who has had a spleen removed is at increased risk.\nHowever, meningococcal disease can occur among people of either gender and in all age\ngroups, including those considered healthy. A household contact to a meningococcal\npatient faces a risk of 400 to 800 times an average person’s risk. How is meningococcal disease prevented?\nIn the short term, meningococcal disease can be prevented in close contacts of\nmeningococcal patients by treatment with specific antibiotics shown to be effective at eliminating the bacteria from the throat.\nIn the longer term, vaccines provide better protection from disease. However,\nrecent studies have shown that the protection by vaccine wanes after a couple of year, and by 5 years after vaccination is back down to pre-vaccination levels.\nHow is meningococcal disease treated?\nPatients with symptoms of meningococcal disease need to be hospitalized and started on\nintravenous antibiotics (these are different than the antibiotics used to prevent illness in\ncontacts). It is important that treatment be started early in the course of the disease to\nincrease the chances of survival.\nIs there a vaccine for meningococcal disease?\nMeningococcal vaccines are available to help protect against most of the types of meningococcal bacteria that cause serious disease, but they do not prevent all cases, and their effectiveness decreases with time since vaccination. There are two kinds of vaccines against Neisseria meningitidis\navailable in the United States: meningococcal polysaccharide vaccine (Menomune®) and meningococcal conjugate vaccine (Menactra® and Menveo®). The conjugate vaccines are believed to provide better protection.\nWho should be vaccinated against meningococcal disease?\n• Children: Meningococcal vaccine is recommended for certain high-risk\n• Pre-teens/Adolescents: Meningococcal vaccine is routinely recommended for all\n11 through 18 year olds. If your child did not get this vaccine at the 11- or 12-year-old check-up, make an appointment for him or her to get it now.\n• Adults: meningococcal vaccine is recommended for adults who\nAre college freshmen living in a dormitory\nHave a damaged spleen or spleen has been removed\nHave specific immune problem (complement deficiency)\nAre traveling to or residing in countries in which the disease is common\nThose wishing to reduce their risk of meningococcal disease.\n*Priority populations for vaccination may change during an outbreak.\nRecent situation in Larimer County (June, 2010 – December, 2010)\n• The Fort Collins community saw a higher than usual number of serious\nmeningococcal infections over six months in 2010. The state confirmed eight meningococcal disease cases linked to the outbreak in Larimer County (one of those lived in the Denver area with links to the CSU campus community). Five cases, including the one in Denver, resulted in death.\n• All people who died after getting ill in Fort Collins had the same “C” strain of the\nbacteria and all died of meningococcal sepsis.\nWhy the concern over a relatively small number getting sick?\nBecause of the possible severity of the illness in those that get ill from it. Why are college students more at risk of getting this?\nLikely reasons are that at that age there is more chance that people will be living in group\nsettings (dorms), will be socializing frequently where drinks and eating utensils are\nshared, will share cigarettes, hookahs, joints, and engage in other behaviors where saliva\nis passed from mouth to mouth. Meningococcal bacteria are spread through saliva. How high is my risk of getting this right now?\nThe risk to the general population is very low, even when there have been recent cases.\nHowever, the recent severe illnesses and deaths indicate that these bacteria are still\ncirculating in the community so your chance of either getting it or passing it on is higher\nMeningococcal bacteria live in the throats of approximately 15% of the general\npopulation at any one time. Of those who get infected from it, only about 1% becomes\nseriously ill. How can I avoid getting it?\n• Avoid sharing eating utensils and food • Consider vaccination • Don’t share cigarettes, hookahs and joints. • Avoid drinking games and “pouring” games where drinks are poured directly into\nHow long will the vaccine protect me or my child?\nThe meningococcal vaccine protects against most strains of meningococcal disease, but\nnot all. Studies have shown that its effectiveness lessens after three years. If I or my child already had a meningococcal vaccination, should they get another\nIf you are under 30 and if it has been over three years since your last vaccination, it’s\nrecommended to get another at this time. I don’t remember if or when I or my child had a meningococcal vaccine. How can I\n• Call your health care provider to check your vaccine record.\n• If you are a CSU student, contact the Hartshorn Sutdent Health Center to check\nCan I get the shot if I’m recovering from a cold?\nYes it is OK to get the vaccine if you are recovering from a cold. You should not get the\nvaccine if you have a fever, but get the vaccine after the fever has gone away. If you are\nhave questions about the vaccine please ask the clinician who is administering the\nvaccination for guidance.\nWhere can I get a meningococcal vaccination?\n• Through your health care provider • At local pharmacies • At college health centers\nDo I need my parents’ permission to get this vaccine?\nIf you are over 18, you do not need your parents’ permission. But it would be a good\nthing to discuss with them. Are there side effects of this shot?\nSide effects of the meningococcal vaccine are rare, unless a person is allergic to the\nvaccine ingredients. Most side effects include a sore arm the next day. Also, people of\ncollege-age tend to faint after receiving immunizations. Is there any special preparation I should do before coming to a clinic for a shot?\n• Eat something with some protein and carbs. • Be well hydrated\nWhere can I get more information on meningococcal disease and the meningococcal\n• • • • CO-HELP telephone information line: 1-877-462-2911, 7 am to 11 pm, Mon\nthrough Friday; 9 am – 5 pm on weekends.\nHURRICANE PREPARATION Living in the Gulf Coast area, it’s not a matter of if a hurricane develops but when ! The time to plan for a hurricane is before hurricane season begins, not when a hurricane is a threat to your area! Think of some potential problems before they arise: You can’t find a place to stay that accepts large dogs. You have too many dogs and can’t fi\nECONOMIC COMMISSION FOR LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN Subregional Headquarters for the Caribbean UNITED NATIONS POPULATION FUND Latin American and the Caribbean Regional Office Caribbean Subregional Office Subregional Meeting to assess the implementation of the Programme of LIMITED Action of the International Conference on Population and Development 15 years after its adoption RE", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-45", "url": "http://pharmpdf.com/c/co.larimer.co.us1.html", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107876500.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20201021122208-20201021152208-00319.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.938328743, "token_count": 3242, "score": 3.390625, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Cad é galar (breoiteacht) méangóicóige\nCeisteanna agus Freagraí ar Ghalair Meningococcal agus an Vacsaín\nNuashonrú, Meitheamh, 2011\nCad é galar meningococcal?\nIs baictéir (gérms) darbh ainm Neisseria meningitidis a bhíonn i gceist le galar méiningicóca\nCé nach bhfuil galar meningococcal coitianta, is galar an-tromchúiseach é. An t-ionfhabhtú\nIs féidir le VEID a bheith ag forbairt go tapa agus is féidir go mbeidh sé marfach i 10% de na cásanna nó níos mó. Má tá ionfhabhtú\nmá dhéantar diagnóis go luath agus má thugtar na antaibheathaigh cheart go tapa, is féidir le hothair\nathshlánú iomlán. An bhfuil sé mar an gcéanna le meningitis?\nNíl, ach d'fhéadfadh sé a bheith ina chúis le meningitis. Uaireanta is é meningitis toradh\nIs féidir le haignéis thromchúiseacha ó bhaictéir méineongocóige:\n ionfhabhtú ar na membráin a chlúdaíonn an inchinn agus an méarchlár.\nIs féidir baictéir eile, víris, fungais, etc. a bheith ina gcúis le méineigintis. i dteannta baictéir méangóicóige,\n[nó seipticéim] ionfhabhtú mór sa sruth fola. Nuair a bhíonn sé mar thoradh air\nBaineann an galar seo le baictéir méangóicócacha, is minic a thugtar meningococcemia air.\n• Is féidir meningitis méinigocócach agus seipis méinigocócach a bheith ann san am céanna\nan t-othar. De ghnáth bíonn ráta básmhaireachta níos airde ag othair a bhfuil sepsis orthu.\nCé chomh tromchúiseach is atá galar méingicocócach?\nTá baictéir méinginigicócacha ina gcónaí i gcolg suas le 15% den daonra ag am ar bith.\nNí bhíonn a fhios ag formhór na ndaoine atá ionfhabhtaithe leis an baictéir. I measc na ndaoine atá ionfhabhtaithe\nleis an baictéir, ní fhaigheann ach thart ar 1% tinn as.\nAch, sa 1% sin, is féidir le tromchúis an ghalair a bheith idir an-éag go mór\nTá an t-ábhar seo ag cur le héifeachtúlacht an chórais.\nCé chomh fada a thógann sé do na hairíonna a thaispeáint tar éis duine a bheith nochtaithe do\nAn tréimhse ionchasaithe ó tharla go bhfuil duine nochtaithe go dtí go bhféadfadh sé nó sí\nDe ghnáth, bíonn na comharthaí idir 2 agus 10 lá, ach is minic go mbíonn siad idir 3 agus 4 lá. Cad é an baol go bhfaighidh mé galar méingicocócach?\n• Go ginearálta, tá do riosca galar méangóicóige a fháil íseal. Ní raibh ach an-bheagán\nlíon na ndaoine a bhfuil baictéir méinginógócacha ina gcroí ag forbairt galar méinginógócacha\n• Tá baictéir méiningocóca ina gcónaí go nádúrtha i gcúl an srón agus an throat i thart ar 5\n 15% den daonra gan tinneas a chur ina gcúis. I gcás ráigí d'fhéadfadh an céatadán seo a bheith níos airde.\n• I líon beag daoine, éiríonn leis na baictéir dul tríd an\ngo dtí an t- am a thagann sé isteach sa sruth fola agus go dtiocfaidh \" galar méningocócach ionrach \" (meningitis nó seipis [seiptiséim]).\n• Má bhí tú i dteagmháil an-dlúth le duine a bhfuil an galar air, d'fhéadfadh do\nTá sé ag éirí níos measa ná mar a bheadh ag galar meningococcal.\n• Tá 400 800 uair an baol go mbeidh daoine sa teaghlach a bhfuil cásanna dearbhaithe acu\nNí mór duit a bheith cinnte go bhfuil tú ag fáil amach faoi na coinníollacha a bhaineann le galar meningococcal ná an meán duine.\n• Tá an baol ard freisin dóibh siúd a bhfuil fadhbanna sonracha acu le córas imdhíonachta\n( easnamh comhlánaithe) nó a ndearnadh a spléine a bhaint (nó spléine neamhfheidhmiúil).\nCé atá i mbaol go mór galar tromchúiseach méingicocócach a fháil?\nTá an baol is mó ann go bhfaighidh daoine a bhfuil teagmháil an-dlúth acu le duine atá ionfhabhtaithe\nBaictéir méangóicóca. I measc na dlúthdhuineacha tá:\nComhaltaí den teaghlach céanna Cailín nó buachaill duine ar bith a d'fhan thar oíche leis an duine atá i gceist sna seacht lá\nAon duine a bhfuil kissed nó a roinnt earraí ithe, a ól coimeádáin, scuab fiacla,\ncigártaí, nó aon rud a bhí i mbéal an duine atá buailte\nCad iad na hairíonna a bhaineann le galar meningococcal i ndaoine fásta agus i leanaí níos sine?\n* gan fiabhras suntasach, is beag an seans go mbeadh meningococcoccal ag duine\ngalar. comharthaí agus comharthaí i naíonáin agus i leanaí óga: cosúil leis an méid thuas, ach d'fhéadfadh\nCad ba cheart dom a dhéanamh má tá na hairíonna seo agamsa nó ag duine a bhfuil aithne agam air?\n• Déan cabhair leighis a lorg láithreach má tá cuid de na comharthaí seo ag duine gar duit\nagus comharthaí, agus tá imní ort go bhfuil siad i bhfad níos tinn ná mar is gnách.\n• I gcéimeanna an-luath, d'fhéadfadh sé go mbeadh an galar méineongoicócach cosúil le galair eile, níos lú ná\ntinnis thromchúiseacha. B'fhéidir nach aithneoidh do dhochtúir an tinneas seo láithreach. Ná bíodh aon leisce ort cúnamh leighis a lorg arís fiú mura bhfuil ach uair nó dhó caite ó d'iarr tú cúnamh an uair dheireanach.\n• Má tá an duine níos tinn, má tá spotaí beaga dearga/ liathróide tagtha air go tobann nó má tá\n é a dhéanamh go tapa, nó go mbeidh sé deacair é a dhúiseacht.\n• Níor chóir daoine fásta óga a fhágáil ina n-aonar má bhíonn teas ard acu go tobann\n(> 101o) d'fhéadfadh siad a bheith tinn go tromchúiseach go han-tapa.\nConas a dhéantar cóireáil ar ghalar meningococcal?\nMá dhéantar an t-ionfhabhtú a dhiagnóisiú go luath, is féidir é a chóireáil le antaibheathaigh.\n• Tá sé ríthábhachtach cóireáil luath le haitiobiotáic\n• Má tá amhras ar ghalar meningococcal, tabharfar antaibheathaigh láithreach. Daoine\nTá an t-ábhar seo ag cur le galar meningococcal i gcónaí san ospidéal agus d'fhéadfadh go mbeadh gá le ligean isteach in Aonaid Cúraim Thromchúiseach.\n• An níos luaithe a thosaíonn antaibheathaigh agus cóireálacha eile, is lú an damáiste a dhéantar don ghalair\nBeidh cúis. Mar sin féin, is ionfhabhtú an-tromchúiseach é seo, a d'fhéadfadh dul chun cinn a dhéanamh go tapa in ainneoin an chóireála is fearr.\nAn scaipeann baictéir méineigicóca go héasca?\nNí bhíonn ach líon an-bheag daoine a bhfuil baictéir méineigicócacha ina gcroí ag forbairt\ngalar méingicocócach. Ní fhaightear baictéir méanín-chóca ach i ndaoine. Tá siad\ntar éis dó a bheith i do chónaí in aon áit eile, nó\nle secretions ó chúl an srón agus an throat cosúil le saille nó mucous nasal. Is féidir leis seo\ntarlaíonn sé nuair a bhíonn duine ag cough nó ag sneachta go díreach i do aghaidh, nó trí phógadh, ag roinnt\ndeochanna, uirlisí ithe, tobac, nó aon rud a chur i do bhéal a bhí i\nduine eile a bhéal (bhéal-chlaon, liopaí, etc.). Ní féidir iad a phiocadh suas ó\nsoláthairtí uisce, linnte snámha, rinc scátála, foirgnimh nó monarchana. An maireann baictéir méineigicóca go fada lasmuigh den chorp?\nD'fhéadfadh strainsí éagsúla a bheith éagsúil, ach de ghnáth ní mhaireann siad ach tamall gearr lasmuigh den duine\nTá an t-am a chaitear an druga seo le haghaidh an chóireála ag dul ó chúpla nóiméad go roinnt uaireanta an chloig. Tá siad scaipthe trí dlúthbhaint ó dhuine go duine\na cheadaíonn malartuithe béil nó srón a mhalartú. Ní fhaightear iad i ainmhithe, ach\ndaoine. An mbeidh gach duine a fhaigheann micréib meningococcal ina throats tinn?\nNíl. Tá baictéir méinginigicóca beo go nádúrtha i gcúl an srón agus an throat i thart ar 5 \n15% den daonra ag am ar bith gan tinneas a chur ina gcúis. Ach, i líon beag\nde dhaoine, bainfidh na baictéir amach tríd an sliocht an throat, ag dul isteach sa\nNí mór an t-ábhar a bheith i gceart agus ní mór a bheith i gceart. An bhfuil daoine áirithe ar na ' iompróirí ' is coitianta de bhaictéir méingicócacha?\nIs féidir le daoine de gach aois na micreamh a \"iompar\" gan a bheith tinn agus iompróirí a bheith acu sa deireadh\ngo bhforbróidh siad díolúine do na strains a iompróidh siad. Cé go bhfuil gach duine ina iompróir ag am éigin,\nTá iompróirí an-choitianta i measc déagóirí agus daoine fásta óga, go háirithe iad siúd a bhfuil\ndeataigh. Má fhaigheann duine i mo theach galar méingicocócach, an mbeidh mé i mbaol a fháil\nBa mhaith leat a bheith i d'fhorbairt agus ba mhaith leat a bheith i do chónaí i do chónaí.\nBa chóir go mbeadh cóireáil choscála ag teastáil ó na antaibheathaigh cheart (de ghnáth Cipro nó Rifampin). Cé a fhaigheann baictéir méingicocóca de ghnáth tinn?\nI measc daoine sláintiúla, tá galar tromchúiseach níos coitianta i measc déagóirí agus daoine fásta óga. Tobac a chaitheamh,\nTá an-chuid de na daoine a bhfuil an t-alcól acu i mboscaí, agus d'fhéadfadh go gcuirfeadh tomhaltas iomarcach alcóil mic léinn coláiste i mbaol méadaithe\nan riosca don ghalair. I ndaoine a bhfuil fadhbanna sláinte bunúsacha acu, duine a bhfuil\nTá riosca níos mó ag daoine a bhfuil míchumas ina gcóras imdhíonachta acu nó a ndearnadh spléine a bhaint acu.\nMar sin féin, is féidir le galar méingicocócach tarlú i measc daoine de gach gnéas agus in aon aois\ngrúpaí, lena n-áirítear iad siúd a mheastar a bheith sláintiúil. Teagmhálaithe a bhfuil teagmháil acu le meningococcal\nTá an t-éileamh ar an gcineál seo de chóireáil ar an gcineál seo de chóireáil ar an gcineál seo de chóireáil ar an gcineál seo de chóireáil. Conas a chosctar galar méingicocócach?\nIs féidir galar méaningococcal a chosc go gearrthéarmach i dtráchtanna dlúth le daoine a bhfuil\nBa chóir go mbeadh an t-ábhar a bhí ag an gcóireáil le baictéir a bhí ag an gcóireáil le baictéir a bhí ag an gcóireáil le baictéir a bhí ag an gcóireáil le baictéir a bhí ag an gcóireáil.\nAr an fhadtéarma, soláthraíonn vacsaíní cosaint níos fearr ó ghalair. Mar sin féin,\nLéiríonn staidéir le déanaí go bhfuil an cosaint ag an vacsaín ag titim tar éis cúpla bliain, agus faoi 5 bliana tar éis an vacsaínithe tá sé ar ais go dtí leibhéil réamh-vacsaínithe.\nConas a dhéantar cóireáil ar ghalar meningococcal?\nNí mór othair a bhfuil comharthaí galar méiningocócach orthu a ospidéalú agus tús a chur leo\nTá an t-ábhar seo ag cur le héifeachtúlacht na n-ainmhithe a úsáidtear chun galar a chosc.\nContae). Tá sé tábhachtach go dtosófar le cóireáil go luath i rith an ghalair chun\nméadú a dhéanamh ar na seansanna maireachtála.\nAn bhfuil vacsaín ann le haghaidh galar méingicocócach?\nTá vacsaíní méingicócacha ar fáil chun cabhrú le cosaint a dhéanamh i gcoinne an chuid is mó de na cineálacha baictéir méingicócacha a chuireann galar tromchúiseach ar fáil, ach ní chuireann siad cosc ar gach cás, agus laghdaíonn a n-éifeachtúlacht le himeacht ama tar éis an vacsaínithe. Tá dhá chineál vacsaín ann i gcoinne Neisseria meningitidis\nTá an vacsaín seo ar fáil sna Stáit Aontaithe: vacsaín polysaccharide meningococcal (Menomune®) agus vacsaín comhcheangailte meningococcal (Menactra® agus Menveo®). Creidtear go soláthraíonn na vacsaíní comhcheangailte cosaint níos fearr.\nCé ba chóir a vacsaínú i gcoinne galar méingicocócach?\n• Leanaí: moltar vacsaín meningocococal a thabhairt do dhaoine áirithe a bhfuil riosca ard acu\n• Roimh- déagóirí/ Óige: moltar vacsaín meningocococal go rialta do gach duine\n11 go 18 bliana d'aois. Mura bhfuair do leanbh an vacsaín seo ag an seiceáil 11 nó 12 bliana d'aois, déan coinneáil dó nó di chun é a fháil anois.\n• Daoine fásta: moltar vacsaín meningocococal a thabhairt d' dhaoine fásta a bhfuil\nAn bhfuil freshmen coláiste ina gcónaí i dormitory\nMá tá do spléine damáiste nó má tá do spléine curtha as\nTá fadhb speisiúil imdhíonachta agat (teoranta comhlánaithe)\nTá siad ag taisteal chuig tíortha ina bhfuil an galar coitianta nó ina bhfuil cónaí orthu\nDaoine ar mian leo a mbaol galar méangóicóige a laghdú.\n* D'fhéadfadh go n-athródh pobal tosaíochta le haghaidh vacsaínithe le linn ráig.\nAn staid le déanaí i gContae Larimer (Meitheamh, 2010 Nollaig, 2010)\n• Chonaic pobal Fort Collins líon níos airde ná mar is gnách de\nionfhabhtuithe meningococcal thar sé mhí in 2010. Dheimhnigh an stát ocht gcás galar meningococcal a bhaineann leis an ráig i gContae Larimer (bhí duine acu i gceantar Denver a raibh naisc aige le pobal campais CSU). Cúig chás, lena n-áirítear an ceann i Denver, mar thoradh ar bás.\n• Bhí an strain C céanna ag na daoine go léir a fuair bás tar éis dóibh a bheith tinn i Fort Collins\nBaictéir agus fuair siad bás go léir as seipis meningococcal.\nCén fáth an imní faoi líon réasúnta beag daoine atá ag fulaingt?\nMar gheall ar an dlúthththracht a d'fhéadfadh a bheith ag an ngalar i measc na ndaoine a fhaigheann tinn as. Cén fáth go bhfuil mic léinn coláiste níos mó i mbaol é seo a fháil?\nIs dócha gur cúiseanna é go bhfuil seans níos mó ann go mbeidh daoine ag maireachtáil i ngrúpaí ag an aois sin\nBeidh siad ag caitheamh an chuid is mó den am ag freastal ar an gcluiche, ag imirt an cluiche agus ag imirt an cluiche.\nroinnte, beidh scaireanna, hookahs, joints, agus páirt a ghlacadh i ngníomhartha eile ina bhfuil saill\nTá sé tar éis a bheith ar an mbéal. Scaiptear baictéir méanín-chóca trí spíon. Cé chomh mór is atá an riosca go bhfaighidh mé é seo anois?\nTá an riosca don phobal i gcoitinne an-íseal, fiú nuair a bhí cásanna le déanaí ann.\nMar sin féin, léiríonn na haigíní tromchúiseacha agus na báis le déanaí go bhfuil na baictéir seo fós\nag scaipeadh sa phobal mar sin tá do dheis é a fháil nó é a tharchur níos airde\nTá baictéir méangóicócacha ina gcónaí i gcolg thart ar 15% de na daoine a bhfuil\ndaonra ag aon am amháin. De na daoine a fhaigheann ionfhabhtaithe as, ní thagann ach thart ar 1%\nTá mé ag iarraidh a fháil amach conas is féidir liom a sheachaint é?\n• Ná roinn uirlisí bia agus bia le chéile • Smaoinigh ar vacsaínú • Ná roinn tobac, hookahs agus joints. • Seachain cluichí ól agus cluichí 'íola' ina gcuirtear deochanna go díreach isteach\nCé chomh fada a chosnóidh an vacsaín mé féin nó mo pháiste?\nTá an vacsaín méinín- chocsaí cosanta i gcoinne an chuid is mó de shlabhraí galar méinín- chocsaí, ach ní\nní go léir. Léirigh staidéir go bhfuil a éifeachtúlacht ag titim tar éis trí bliana. Má bhí vacsaín méineigicoccóig agamsa nó ag mo pháiste cheana féin, ba cheart dóibh a bheith\nMá tá tú faoi 30 agus má tá sé níos mó ná trí bliana ó d' vacsaínú deireanach, tá sé\nmoltar duit ceann eile a fháil ag an am seo. Ní cuimhin liom an raibh vacsaín méineongocóige agamsa nó mo pháiste nó nuair a bhí. Conas is féidir liom\n• Glaoigh ar do sholáthraí cúraim sláinte chun do thaifead vacsaínithe a sheiceáil.\n• Má tá tú ina mac léinn CSU, déan teagmháil le Lárionad Sláinte Hartshorn Sutdent chun seiceáil\nAn féidir liom an instealladh a fháil má tá mé ag teacht ar ais ó choinbhleacht?\nSea, tá sé ceart go leor an vacsaín a fháil má tá tú ag teacht ar ais ó choinbhleacht. Níor chóir duit a fháil ar an\nmá tá fiabhras agat, ach déan an vacsaín a fháil tar éis don fiabhras imeacht. Má tá tú\nmá tá aon cheist agat faoin vacsaín, iarr ar an gcliniceoir a bhfuil an vacsaín á\nvacsaínithe mar threoir.\nCá bhfaighidh mé vacsaín meningococcoccal?\n• Tríd do sholáthraí cúraim sláinte • Ag cógaisíní áitiúla • Ag lárionaid sláinte na coláiste\nAn gá cead mo thuismitheoirí a bheith agam chun an vacsaín seo a fháil?\nMura bhfuil tú os cionn 18 mbliana d'aois, ní gá duit cead do thuismitheoirí. Ach bheadh sé go maith\nrud le plé leo. An bhfuil fo-iarsmaí ag an bhosca seo?\nTá fo-iarsmaí an vacsaín méineicocóige annamh, mura bhfuil duine ailléirgeach ar an vacsaín.\ncomhábhair an vacsaín. Is éard atá i bhformhór na n-easnamh ná lámh tinn an lá dar gcionn. Chomh maith leis sin, daoine de\nTá an-chuid daoine in aois na coláiste ag dul i míchompord tar éis dóibh imdhíonachtaí a fháil. An bhfuil aon ullmhúchán speisialta ar chóir dom a dhéanamh sula dtiocfaidh mé chuig clinic le haghaidh instealladh?\n• Bíodh rud éigin le próitéin agus carbaihiodráití agat. • Bíodh uisce agat go maith\nCá bhfaighidh mé tuilleadh faisnéise faoi ghalar méineagóicócach agus faoi\n• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •\ntrí Dé hAoine; 9 am 5 pm ar an deireadh seachtaine.\nGLACHAÍONNÁN IN AIRGINNÁIS: Ag maireachtáil i gceantar Chósta na Murascaille, ní ceist é an ndéantar hurricane ach cén uair a dhéantar é! Is é an t-am chun pleanáil a dhéanamh le haghaidh hurricane ná sula dtosaíonn séasúr na hurricane, ní nuair a bhíonn bagairt ag hurricane ar do cheantar! Smaoinigh ar roinnt fadhbanna a d'fhéadfadh teacht chun cinn sular tharlaíonn siad: Ní féidir leat áit a fháil chun fanacht a ghlacann le madraí móra. Tá tú ró-luachanna madraí agus ní féidir fi\nCOMHÍSTAE EACNÓMACH I NAMHÁIR LAÍNNIS AGUS I NÁ CARIBBEAN Ceanncheathrú Fo-réigiúnach na Caráibí Ciste Daonra na Náisiún Aontaithe Oifig Réigiúnach Mheiriceá Laidineach agus na Caráibí Oifig Fo-réigiúnach na Caráibis Cruinniú Fo-réigiúnach chun cur chun feidhme Chlár Gníomhaíochta SÓCHTÁIN na Comhdhála Idirnáisiúnta um Daonra agus Forbairt a mheas 15 bliain tar éis a ghlacadh"} {"text": "A Virginia Tech scientist has discovered a potentially new form of plant communication, one that allows them to share an extraordinary amount of genetic information with one another.\nThe finding by Jim Westwood, a professor of plant pathology, physiology, and weed science in the College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, throws open the door to a new arena of science that explores how plants communicate with each other on a molecular level. It also gives scientists new insight into ways to fight parasitic weeds that wreak havoc on food crops in some of the poorest parts of the world.\nHis findings were published on Aug. 15 in the journal Science.\n\"The discovery of this novel form of inter-organism communication shows that this is happening a lot more than any one has previously realized,\" said Westwood, who is an affiliated researcher with the Fralin Life Science Institute. \"Now that we have found that they are sharing all this information, the next question is, 'What exactly are they telling each other?'.\"\nWestwood examined the relationship between a parasitic plant, dodder, and two host plants, Arabidopsis and tomatoes. In order to suck the moisture and nutrients out of the host plants, dodder uses an appendage called a haustorium to penetrate the plant. Westwood has previously broken new ground when he found that during this parasitic interaction, there is a transport of RNA between the two species. RNA translates information passed down from DNA, which is an organism's blueprint.\nHis new work expands this scope of this exchange and examines the mRNA, or messenger RNA, which sends messages within cells telling them which actions to take, such as which proteins to code. It was thought that mRNA was very fragile and short-lived, so transferring it between species was unimaginable.\nBut Westwood found that during this parasitic relationship, thousands upon thousands of mRNA molecules\n|Contact: Zeke Barlow|", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-52", "url": "http://www.bio-medicine.org/biology-news-1/Plants-may-use-newly-discovered-language-to-communicate--Virginia-Tech-scientist-discovers-37482-1/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1418802776996.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20141217075256-00086-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.95752877, "token_count": 382, "score": 3.5625, "int_score": 4, "irish_text": "D'aimsigh eolaí de chuid Virginia Tech foirm nua cumarsáide plandaí a d'fhéadfadh a bheith ann, ceann a ligeann dóibh méid neamhghnách faisnéise géiniteach a roinnt lena chéile.\nTá an t-athrú a rinne Jim Westwood, ollamh paiteolaíochta plandaí, fisiolaíochta, agus eolaíochta féirín sa Choláiste Talmhaíochta agus Eolaíochtaí Beatha, ag oscailt an doras chuig réimse nua eolaíochta a dhéanann iniúchadh ar an gcaoi a n-oibríonn plandaí le chéile ar leibhéal móilíneach. Tugann sé léargas nua freisin do eolaithe ar bhealaí chun troid a dhéanamh le féar parásaiteacha a dhéanann scrios ar chotháin bia i roinnt de na codanna is boichte den domhan.\nFoilsíodh a chuid torthaí ar an 15 Lúnasa sa iris Science.\n\"Léiríonn an fhoirm nua seo cumarsáide idir ainmhithe go bhfuil sé seo ag tarlú i bhfad níos mó ná mar a thuig duine ar bith roimhe seo\", a dúirt Westwood, taighdeoir atá cleamhnaithe le Institiúid Eolaíochta Beatha Fralin. \"Nuair a fuair muid amach go bhfuil siad ag roinnt an fhaisnéis seo go léir, is é an chéad cheist eile, 'Cad atá á rá acu go díreach lena chéile?'. \"\nRinne Westwood scrúdú ar an gcaidreamh idir planda paraisíteach, dodder, agus dhá phlanda óstach, Arabidopsis agus trátaí. D'fhonn an taise agus na cothaithigh a shúghadh as na plandaí óstach, úsáideann an dodder forlíonadh ar a dtugtar haustorium chun dul isteach sa phlanda. Tá Westwood tar éis talamh nua a bhriseadh roimhe seo nuair a fuair sé amach go bhfuil iompar RNA idir an dá speiceas le linn an idirghníomhaíochta paraisíteach seo. Aistríonn RNA faisnéis a tharchur ó DNA, is é seo phlean orgánach.\nLeathnaíonn a chuid oibre nua raon feidhme an mhalartaithe seo agus scrúdaíonn sé an mRNA, nó an RNA teachtaire, a sheolann teachtaireachtaí laistigh de chealla ag insint dóibh cén gníomh a dhéanamh, mar shampla cén próitéin a chódáil. Shíltear go raibh an mRNA an-chroite agus go raibh a shaolré gearr, mar sin ní raibh sé indéanta é a aistriú idir speicis.\nAch fuair Westwood go le linn an caidreamh parasiteach, na mílte ar na mílte de mhóilíní mRNA\nTeagmháil: Zeke Barlow"} {"text": "Acupuncture can calm highly anxious dental patients and ensure they can be given the treatment they need, suggests a small study published in Acupuncture in Medicine.\nA visit to the dentist provokes extreme fear and anxiety in an estimated one in 20 people, and can put them off going altogether, a condition termed odontophobia.\nAnd up to a third of patients report moderate anxiety at the prospect of dental treatment, studies show.\nThe authors base their findings on 16 women and four men from eight dental practice lists.\nEach of the patients was moderately or extremely anxious about going to the dentist for treatment, as assessed by a validated questionnaire – the Back Anxiety Inventory (BAI).\nAll were in their 40s and had been trying to deal with this problem for between two and 30 years.\nThe BAI score was assessed before and after five minutes of acupuncture treatment, targeting two specific acupuncture points (GV20 and EX6) on the top of the head.\nThe acupuncture was carried out by the dentists themselves, all of whom are members of the British Dental Acupuncture Society.\nThe average BAI score of 26.5 fell to 11.5, and all 20 patients were able to undergo their planned treatment, whereas before this had only been possible in six – and then only partially and after a great deal of effort on the part of both dentist and patient.\nThe authors point out that several attempts have been made to conquer this type of anxiety, including sedatives, relaxation techniques, behavioural therapies, biofeedback and hypnosis.\nThe research indicates that these do help, but they are time consuming and require considerable levels of psychotherapeutic skills, if applied properly, say the authors.\nThey caution that further larger studies are needed to confirm the value of acupuncture in these sorts of cases, but suggest that acupuncture ‘may offer a simple and inexpensive method of treatment’.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-09", "url": "http://www.dentistry.co.uk/2010/04/01/acupuncture-calms-highly-anxious-dental-patients/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891813602.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20180221083833-20180221103833-00747.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9645715952, "token_count": 386, "score": 2.703125, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Is féidir le acupuncture othair fiacla atá an-chúram a shásamh agus a chinntiú go bhféadfar an chóireáil a theastaíonn uathu a thabhairt dóibh, de réir staidéar beag a foilsíodh in Acupuncture in Medicine.\nTá an t-eagla agus an imní ag dul chuig an fiaclóir i gceann amháin as 20 duine, agus d'fhéadfadh sé go gcuirfeadh sé ar a gcumas dul go hiomlán, staid ar a dtugtar odontophobia.\nAgus léiríonn staidéir go bhfuil imní measartha ag suas le trian de na hothair nuair a bhíonn súil acu le cóireáil fiacla a fháil.\nTá na húdair ag bunú a gcuid torthaí ar 16 bhean agus ceithre fhear ó ocht liosta cleachtais fiacla.\nBhí imní measartha nó an-mhór ag gach duine de na hothair maidir le dul chuig an fiaclóir le haghaidh cóireála, mar a mheasadh le ceistneoir bhailíochtaithe an Inventar imní cúl (BAI).\nBhí siad uile ina 40í agus bhí siad ag iarraidh déileáil leis an bhfadhb seo le dhá bhliain go 30 bliain.\nRinneadh an scór BAI a mheas roimh agus tar éis cúig nóiméad de chóireáil acupuncture, ag díriú ar dhá phointe acupuncture sonracha (GV20 agus EX6) ar bharr na cinn.\nRinne na fiaclóirí féin an t-aicéipictiúr, agus is baill iad go léir den British Dental Acupuncture Society.\nThit scór BAI meán 26.5 go 11.5, agus d'éirigh leis na 20 othar go léir a gcóireáil phleanáilte a dhéanamh, cé nach raibh sé seo indéanta roimhe seo ach i sé agus ansin ach go páirteach agus tar éis go leor iarrachta ó thaobh an fiaclóra agus an othair araon.\nTugann na húdair le fios go ndearnadh roinnt iarrachtaí chun an cineál imní seo a shárú, lena n-áirítear sedatives, teicnící scíth a ligean, teiripe iompraíochta, biofeedback agus hipnóis.\nLéiríonn an taighde go gcuireann na modhanna seo cabhair ar fáil, ach tá siad ag caitheamh ama agus éilíonn siad leibhéil suntasacha scileanna síceiteiripeacha, má chuirtear i bhfeidhm go cuí iad, a deir na húdair.\nTugann siad rabhadh go bhfuil gá le tuilleadh staidéir níos mó chun luach an aicíbeachta a dhearbhú sna cineálacha cásanna seo, ach tugann siad le fios go bhféadfadh icíbeacht modh cóireála simplí agus saor a thairiscint."} {"text": "Objectives: To conduct rapid assessments of avoidable blindness to estimate the magnitude and causes of blindness in people aged ⩾50 years in Negros Island and Antique district, Philippines.\nMethods: Clusters of 50 people aged ⩾50 years were sampled with probability proportionate to size. Households within clusters were selected through compact segment sampling. Visual acuity (VA) was measured with a tumbling “E” chart. Ophthalmologists examined people with VA<6/18 in either eye.\nResults: In Negros, 2774 of 3649 enumerated subjects were examined (76.0%) and 3177 of 3842 enumerated subjects in Antique (82.7%). The prevalence of blindness (presenting VA<3/60 in better eye) was 2.6% (95% CI = 2.0 to 3.2%) in Negros and 3.0% (2.4 to 3.6%) in Antique. The leading cause of blindness was untreated cataract, and was refractive error for visual impairment (VA<6/18 to ⩾6/60). Most of the cases of blindness (67% in Negros, 82% in Antique) and visual impairment (94% in Negros, 95% in Antique) were avoidable (ie, operated and unoperated cataract, refractive error and corneal scar). In Negros, 23% of eyes had a poor outcome after cataract surgery, and 13% in Antique.\nConclusions: The prevalence of blindness in two areas in the Philippines was relatively low. Since most cases were avoidable, further reductions are possible.\nStatistics from Altmetric.com\nCompeting interests: None declared.\nThis work was supported by grants from SightSavers International, Christian Blind Mission and ORBIS International.\nIf you wish to reuse any or all of this article please use the link below which will take you to the Copyright Clearance Center’s RightsLink service. You will be able to get a quick price and instant permission to reuse the content in many different ways.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-09", "url": "http://bjo.bmj.com/content/91/12/1588", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891814827.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20180223174348-20180223194348-00710.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9321691394, "token_count": 440, "score": 2.890625, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Oibrithe: Measú tapa a dhéanamh ar an dalltacht a d'fhéadfaí a sheachaint chun meastachán a dhéanamh ar mhéid agus cúiseanna dalltachta i measc daoine 50 bliain d'aois in Oileán Negros agus i gcathair Antique, na hOileáin Fhilipíneacha.\nMhodhanna: Rinneadh samplaí de chlústáin de 50 duine atá 50 bliain d'aois agus ba é an dóchúlacht comhréireach leis an méid. Roghnaíodh teaghlaigh laistigh de chlústéir trí sampláil chomhchruinnithe. Tomhaistear géarchéim amhairc (GG) le cairt E a thriomú. Rinne ocsaigineolaithe scrúdú ar dhaoine a raibh VA<6/18 acu i ngach súl.\nTorthaí: I Negros, rinneadh scrúdú ar 2774 de 3649 ábhar atá liostáilte (76.0%) agus ar 3177 de 3842 ábhar atá liostáilte i Antique (82.7%). Ba é 2. 6% (95% CI = 2. 0 go 3. 2%) an leithead ar dallú (ag léiriú VA< 3/ 60 i súl níos fearr) i Negros agus 3. 0% (2. 4 go 3. 6%) i Antique. Ba é cataracht neamhchóireáilte an príomhchúis le dalltas, agus ba é an earráid reifreacsaíochta do lagú amhairc (VA<6/18 go 6/60). D'fhéadfaí an chuid is mó de na cásanna de dhallús (67% i Negros, 82% i Antique) agus lagú amhairc (94% i Negros, 95% i Antique) a sheachaint (ie, cataracht oibríochtúil agus neamhoibríochtúil, earráid reifreacsa agus scar corneala). I Negros, bhí drochthorthaí ag 23% de na súile tar éis máinliacht cataract, agus 13% i Antique.\nConclúidí: Bhí an líon daoine a bhí dall i dhá cheantar sna hOileáin Fhilipíneacha réasúnta íseal. Ós rud é gur féidir an chuid is mó de na cásanna a sheachaint, is féidir tuilleadh laghduithe a dhéanamh.\nStaitisticí ó Altmetric.com\nÚinéirí\nBhí tacaíocht ag SightSavers International, Christian Blind Mission agus ORBIS International don obair seo.\nMás mian leat cuid den alt seo nó an t-alt ar fad a athúsáid, bain úsáid as an nasc thíos a thógfaidh tú chuig seirbhís RightsLink an Ionad um Chlóiriú Ceart-Chomhachta. Beidh tú in ann praghas tapa agus cead láithreach a fháil chun an t-ábhar a athúsáid ar go leor bealaí éagsúla."} {"text": "Thucydides, a participant in and chronicler of the Peloponnesian War, the long contest between Athens and Sparta in the fifth century B.C., is one of the most influential early Western historians. His detailed study of the conflict, HISTORY OF THE PELOPONNESIAN WAR, is still pored over by students of war and political science, and the fact-based method of historical study that he introduced has been influential down to the present day. Kagan presents Thucydides the man and asks readers to reconsider the conventional notion of this ancient author as a completely objective reporter of history. Paul Hecht’s reading is a textbook example of good nonfiction narration: It’s clear, confident, and consistent in tone and volume, making for pleasurable listening even in relatively noisy conditions. M.G. © AudioFile 2010, Portland, Maine [Published: SEPTEMBER 2010]\nLibrary Ed. Recorded Books 2010\nCS ISBN 9781440771651 $61.75 Eight cassettes\nCD ISBN 9781440771668 $77.75 Eight CDs\nDD ISBN 9781440790799 multiple sources\nGet our FREE Newsletter and discover a world of audiobooks.\nLet us recommend your next great audiobook!\nNo algorithms here!\nWe pick great audiobooks for you.\nSign up for our free newsletter with audiobook love from AudioFile editors.\nIf you are already with us, thank you! Just click X above.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-50", "url": "https://www.audiofilemagazine.com/reviews/read/53641/thucydides-by-donald-kagan/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141201836.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20201129153900-20201129183900-00359.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.862133801, "token_count": 311, "score": 2.828125, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Tá Thucydides, rannpháirtí agus chronicler i gCogadh na Peloponnese, an iomaíocht fhada idir Aithin agus Sparta sa chúigiú haois RC, ar cheann de na staireoirí is mó tionchair luath san Iarthar. Tá staidéar mionsonraithe a rinne sé ar an gcoimhlint, ISTÉARCHÁIL NA GHAGHA PÉILOPÓNÍSIS, á dhéanamh fós ag mic léinn cogaidh agus eolaíochta polaitíochta, agus tá tionchar ag an modh staidéir stairiúil atá bunaithe ar fhíricí a chuir sé isteach go dtí an lá atá inniu ann. Cuireann Kagan Thucydides ar an bhfear agus iarrann sé ar léitheoirí an nochtadh choinbhinsiúnach a dhéanamh ar an údar ársa seo mar thuairisceoir iomlán oibiachtúil ar stair. Is sampla téacsleabhar de scéal neamhfhíor é Paul Hecht: Tá sé soiléir, muiníneach, agus comhsheasmhach i tonachas agus i méid, rud a fhágann go bhfuil éisteacht taitneamhach fiú i ndálaí réasúnta torann. M.G. © AudioFile 2010, Portland, Maine [ Foilsithe: SEPTEMBHR 2010]\nLeabharlann Ed. Leabhair Clártha 2010\nCS ISBN 9781440771651 $61.75 Ocht gcásdaí\nCD ISBN 9781440771668 $77.75 Ocht CD\nDD ISBN 9781440790799 foinsí éagsúla\nFaigh ár Nuachtlitir saor in aisce agus faigh amach saol na n-uaidiobús.\nLig dúinn do chéad leabhar fuaime iontach eile a mholadh!\nNíl aon algartam anseo!\nRoghnaímid leabhar fuaime iontach duitse.\nClárú ar ár nuachtlitir saor in aisce le grá audiobook ó eagarthóirí AudioFile.\nMá tá tú cheana féin linn, go raibh maith agat! Cliceáil ar X thuas."} {"text": "An international research group has discovered that the mutated form of a gene called Palladin causes familial pancreatic cancer. The findings, published online Dec. 12, 2006, in the journal PLoS Medicine, may help define a target for screening and early diagnosis for this often-lethal cancer. Dr. Teri Brentnall, associate professor of medicine at the University of Washington and a Hutchinson Center affiliate investigator, led the research.\nThe researchers found the Palladin gene behaves abnormally in both hereditary and non-hereditary forms of pancreatic cancer. They believe the mutated gene causes cancer by triggering cytoskeleton malfunction, which allows the cancer cells to move more quickly than normal cells, essentially invading the surrounding healthy tissue.\nTo pinpoint the gene, Brentnall and colleagues developed a surveillance program for the early detection of pancreatic pre-cancer in susceptible families. The researchers spent a decade monitoring an affected family to identify the source of the fatal inheritance that killed half of its members.\nBrentnall collaborates with Center investigators Drs. Sunil Hingorani, Meg Mandelson and John Potter on other pancreatic-cancer research.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-50", "url": "https://www.fredhutch.org/en/news/center-news/2007/01/gene-linked-to-hereditary-pancreatic-cancer.html", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141201836.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20201129153900-20201129183900-00525.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9053961039, "token_count": 230, "score": 2.796875, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Fuair grúpa taighde idirnáisiúnta amach go gcuireann foirm athraitheach de ghine ar a dtugtar Palladin ailse pancreas teaghlaigh i gcrích. D'fhéadfadh na torthaí, a foilsíodh ar líne an 12 Nollaig, 2006, sa iris PLoS Medicine, cabhrú le sprioc a shainiú le haghaidh scagadh agus diagnóis luath don ailse seo a bhíonn marfach go minic. Bhí an taighde faoi stiúir an Dr. Teri Brentnall, ollamh coimhdeach le míochaine in Ollscoil Washington agus imscrúdaitheoir cleamhnaithe le Ionad Hutchinson.\nFuair na taighdeoirí go bhfuil gnáthghníomh neamhghnácha ag an ngine Palladin i bhfoirmeacha oidhreacha agus neamhoidhreacha ailse pancreas araon. Creideann siad go gcuireann an géin mhúinteach ailse de bharr mífheidhm cytoskeleton a spreagadh, rud a ligeann do na cealla ailse bogadh níos tapúla ná cealla gnáth, ag ionradh go bunúsach ar an bhfíochán sláintiúil timpeall.\nChun an géin a aimsiú go cruinn, d'fhorbair Brentnall agus a chomhghleacaithe clár faireachais chun réamh-ailse pancreas a bhrath go luath i dteaghlaigh atá so-ghabhálach. Chaith na taighdeoirí deich mbliana ag faire ar theaghlach atá i mbaol a aithint foinse an oidhreachta mharfach a mharaigh leath dá chomhaltaí.\nBrentnall comhoibríonn le imscrúdaitheoirí Ionad Drs. Sunil Hingorani, Meg Mandelson agus John Potter ar thaighde eile ar ailse pancreas."} {"text": "Over the past three decades, researchers have firmly established that the omega-3 fatty acids in fish oil, including eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), have healthy effects on the heart. Omega-3 fatty acids seem to help both in preventing cardiovascular disease as well as in preventing future heart attacks, strokes, and other adverse events in people who have established cardiovascular disease. These findings have been so strong that the American Heart Association now recommends eating fish or taking fish oil as a preventive measure both for healthy individuals and those with cardiovascular disease. However, the mechanism behind omega-3's healthy effects isn't yet known.\nIn a new study, Zhaohui Gao, Robert P. Feehan, Lawrence I. Sinoway, and Kevin D. Monahan of the Penn State College of Medicine investigated whether part of omega-3's benefits might rely on improving cardiac diastolic function -- the ability of the heart to relax and efficiently refill with blood at each beat, which declines with age. Their findings show that taking an omega-3 supplement daily for three months didn't change diastolic function in older adults, suggesting that omega-3's benefits might fall on other aspects of cardiovascular function.\nAn abstract of their study entitled, \"Three-Month Omega-3 Fatty Acid Supplementation Does Not Improve Cardiac Diastolic Function in Healthy Older Adults,\" will be discussed at the meeting Experimental Biology 2012 being held April 21-25 at the San Diego Convention Center.\nNo Effect on Diastolic Function To investigate omega-3's effects on diastolic function, the researchers recruited 11 healthy adults with an average age of 66 years -- a prime age group in which hearts begin to show signs of aging, including diastolic dysfunction. The researchers gave these volunteers, split nearly equally between men and women, echocardiograms to measure heart structure and function. This echocardiogram included traditional Doppler measures, as well as cutting edge tissue Doppler imaging and 2D speckle tracking imaging, two newer technologies that give more detailed views of the heart.\nOver the next 12 weeks, these volunteers each took daily omega-3 supplements containing 1.9 grams EPA and 1.5 grams DHA. The researchers then repeated the echocardiograms.\nResults show that between the first and second scans, the volunteers had no detectable improvements in diastolic function, says study leader Kevin Monahan, Ph.D., suggesting that fish oil didn't change this important parameter of cardiac health.\nKeep Up the Fish Oil However, Monahan says, the results shouldn't deter people from taking fish oil or other omega-3 supplements for heart health. \"I don't think there's any reason to stop taking fish oil based on our data,\" he says. \"From a big picture standpoint, we know that consumption of fish and fish oil reduces cardiac disease risk and mortality. Just because omega-3 supplements doesn't improve diastolic function over 12 weeks in this population doesn't mean that these nutrients don't exert other important cardiac effects.\"\nHe notes that a longer trial may produce more noticeable results on diastolic function, or that omega-3 fatty acids may produce more profound effects on other aspects of heart function, preventing heart disease in other ways.\nDiastolic dysfunction can be a harbinger of heart failure, Monahan says, causing symptoms including shortness of breath and severe fatigue with physical activity. Heart failure is a prevalent and expensive condition in the U.S., with estimated costs in the tens of billions of dollars.\nCite This Page:", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-06", "url": "http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/04/120424162220.htm", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-06/segments/1422115926735.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20150124161206-00151-ip-10-180-212-252.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9397304654, "token_count": 743, "score": 2.96875, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Le trí scór bliain anuas, tá sé cruthaithe go láidir ag taighdeoirí go bhfuil éifeachtaí sláintiúla ag aigéid shailleacha omega-3 in ola éisc, lena n-áirítear aigéad eicosapentaenoic (EPA) agus aigéad docosahexaenoic (DHA). Is cosúil go gcuireann aigéid shailleacha Omega-3 le galair chroí-aigéalach a chosc chomh maith le hionsaithe croí, strócanna agus imeachtaí díobhálacha eile a chosc i ndáil le daoine a bhfuil galair chroí-aigéalach cruthaithe acu. Tá na torthaí seo chomh láidir sin go molann Cumann an Chroí Mheiriceá anois iasc a ithe nó ola éisc a ghlacadh mar bheart coisctheach do dhaoine folláine agus dóibh siúd a bhfuil galar cardashoithíoch orthu. Mar sin féin, níl a fhios fós an meicníocht atá taobh thiar d'éifeachtaí sláintiúla omega-3.\nI staidéar nua, rinne Zhaohui Gao, Robert P. Feehan, Lawrence I. Sinoway, agus Kevin D. Monahan ó Choláiste Leighis Stáit na Pensilvéine fiosrúchán ar an bhféadfadh cuid de na buntáistí a bhaineann le omega-3 a bheith ag brath ar fheidhm diastólach croí a fheabhsú - cumas an chroí scíth a ligean agus athlíonadh go héifeachtach le fuil ag gach buille, a laghdaíonn le haois. Léiríonn a gcuid torthaí nach raibh athrú ar fheidhm diastólach i ndaoine fásta níos sine ag glacadh forlíonta omega-3 go laethúil ar feadh trí mhí, rud a thugann le tuiscint go bhféadfadh sochair omega-3 titim ar ghnéithe eile de fheidhm chártaithe.\nTá achoimre ar a gcuid staidéir dar teideal, \"Three-Month Omega-3 Fatty Acid Supplementation Does Not Improve Cardiac Diastolic Function in Healthy Older Adults\", a bheidh le plé ag an gcruinniú Eolaíochta Taighde 2012 a bheidh ar siúl 21-25 Aibreán ag an Ionad Coinbhinsiúin San Diego.\nNíl aon Iarsma ar Fhocsaí Diastolic Chun éifeachtaí omega-3 ar fheidhm diastolic a fhiosrú, earcaigh na taighdeoirí 11 duine fásta sláintiúil le meán-aois 66 bliana - grúpa aois phríomhúil ina dtosaíonn croí ag taispeáint comharthaí d'aois, lena n-áirítear mífheidhm diastolic. Thug na taighdeoirí seo deonacha, roinnte beagnach go cothrom idir fir agus mná, echocardiograms chun struchtúr agus feidhm an chroí a thomhas. Áiríodh leis an echocardiogram seo tomhais traidisiúnta Doppler, chomh maith le léargas Doppler fíochán géar agus léargas rianú speckle 2D, dhá theicneolaíocht níos nuaí a thugann radharcanna níos mionsonraithe ar an gcroí.\nLe 12 sheachtain ina dhiaidh sin, ghlac na saorálaithe seo forlíontaí óimige-3 laethúla ina raibh 1.9 gram EPA agus 1.5 gram DHA. Ansin rinne na taighdeoirí na heiccardiograms a athdhéanamh.\nLéiríonn na torthaí nach raibh aon fheabhsuithe inbhraite ag na hoibrithe deonacha sa fheidhm diastólach idir an chéad scanadh agus an dara scanadh, a deir ceannaire an staidéir Kevin Monahan, Ph.D., rud a thugann le tuiscint nach ndearna ola éisc athrú ar an paraiméadar tábhachtach seo de shláinte croí.\nCoinnigh suas an Ola Iasc Mar sin féin, deir Monahan, níor cheart go gcuirfeadh na torthaí bac ar dhaoine ola iasca nó forlíontaí omega-3 eile a ghlacadh le haghaidh sláinte croí. \"Ní dóigh liom go bhfuil aon chúis ann stop a chur le h-ola éisc a ghlacadh bunaithe ar ár gcuid sonraí\", a deir sé. \"Ó thaobh an ghné mhóra de, tá a fhios againn go laghdaíonn tomhaltas iasc agus ola éisc riosca galar croí agus básmhaireacht. Ní chiallaíonn an rud nach bhfeabhsaíonn forlíontaí omega-3 feidhm diastólach thar 12 sheachtain sa phobal seo nach mbíonn éifeachtaí tábhachtacha eile croí ag na cothaithigh seo\".\nTugann sé faoi deara go bhféadfadh torthaí níos suntasaí a bheith ag triail níos faide ar fheidhm diastólach, nó go bhféadfadh aigéid shailleacha omega-3 éifeachtaí níos doimhne a bheith acu ar ghnéithe eile de fheidhm an chroí, ag cosc a chur ar ghalair croí ar bhealaí eile.\nIs féidir le mífheidhm diastólach a bheith ina fhógairt ar mhainneachtain croí, a deir Monahan, ag cruthú comharthaí lena n-áirítear go leor gaoithe agus tuirse mór le gníomhaíocht fhisiciúil. Is galar forleathan agus costasach é teip croí sna Stáit Aontaithe, agus meastar go bhfuil na costais i ndeich billiúin dollar.\nCiteáil an Leathanach seo:"} {"text": "In his own vastly expanded version of “Notes on the Birds of Nottinghamshire”, published in 1907, and now housed in the local collection of Mansfield Library, author Joseph Whitaker has added, for the most part in pencil, his own notes and additions. In some cases, he has pasted newspaper clippingts onto the pages. At one particular point, towards the end of the book, he has added the following handwritten note, misspellings and all:\n“Jer Falcon. one shot at Park Hall by Mr Shelton. We were beating a plantation on Clipstone Road near the Red House Farm it was misty + this falcon flew low over the trees + was shot by him.\nI missed this bird out when this book was written. Now in my collection”.\nSceptics might say, of course, that Joseph Whitaker was mistaken in his identification of the bird and that it was, quite simply, not a definite Gyrfalcon. This is, however, a rather unlikely scenario. Joseph Whitaker was familiar with many, many different kinds of raptor. If anything, he had probably seen more species within the county than the majority of present-day birdwatchers. And don’t forget. Mr Shelton shot it. They were identifying a corpse, not a distant dot disappearing into a dismal sky:\nIn any case a Gyrfalcon would have been easily identifiable on size alone. It is a falcon as big as a Common Buzzard And if Whitaker’s bird was a white phase individual, it would have been totally unmistakeable:\nThere are only two birds of this size which are completely white, namely Gyrfalcon and Snowy Owl. The latter is not exactly difficult to identify:\nGyrfalcons exist in two different colour morphs and it would, admittedly, have been more difficult to identify a dark morph bird:\nThe issue of size would still have been there, of course. Gyrfalcons of both white and dark morphs are huge birds. Furthermore, even dark phase Gyrfalcons are very distinctive birds, especially when viewed as dead specimens.\nDark morph birds may just be an academic problem anyway. According to at least one ornithological authority, namely Fisher in 1967, the vast majority of Gyrfalcons seen in England during the Victorian era were, in actual fact, white phase birds, with apparently only one dark morph individual recorded nationally during the last third of the 19th century.\nAnd in Whitaker’s day, of course, there was no need to worry about the presence of escaped foreign falcons from Australia, or exotic, artificially inseminated hybrids produced by Baron Frankenstein the Falconer. It would have been very difficult to misidentify one of these charismatic killers:\nIndeed, it is difficult to imagine what Mr Shelton shot, if it were not a Gyrfalcon. We also know that the bird went into Joseph Whitaker’s collection. This fact in itself would have served as some kind of checking mechanism, since the specimen would have been mounted and then inspected by the continuous parade of visitors to Whitaker’s house in Rainworth. These would have included a large number of nationally reputable ornithologists and it would have been impossible for a man like Joseph Whitaker to have shown them such an important county specimen without their quickly mentioning the fact had the bird be misidentified.\nWhy then do we not have the Gyrfalcon now? Again, answers are not difficult to find. The bird may have been sold privately, either before or after Whitaker’s death. Equally it was common practice, when the owner of a great collection died, for selected individual birds to be passed onto close friends, before the collection as a whole was sold, usually at a public auction. It is also conceivable that the specimen may have been stolen after Whitaker’s death.\nOn the death of a great collector, it was a frequent occurrence that the beneficiaries of the estate had little or no expert knowledge of the worth or importance of certain individual stuffed birds. These vulnerable specimens were then liable to disappear between the death of the collector and the public disposal of the collection. This has certainly happened to a number of other birds which are known to have been in Whitaker’s possession but have now disappeared, presumably between his death and the acquisition of his collection on behalf of the Mansfield Museum.\nIn any case, why should we automatically cast doubt on Whitaker’s handwritten note? What clearer message can the great man have hurled forward into the future, than the one we now have? He offers us the word of an honest man.\nYou might be lucky enough one day to see a Gyrfalcon in this country. I never have. But I console myself by watching the Peregrine Falcons which have nested for years in the middle of the City of Nottingham:\nThey can be seen on the Newton and Arkwright Building of Nottingham Trent University on South Sherwood Street, Nottingham.\nIn this aerial view, the Fire Station is coloured orange as it is the most well known building in this part of the city for the majority of people. (No, it’s not on fire):\nLook at the street to the right of the Fire Station and follow it towards the top of the photo. The Newton and Arkwright Building is the enormous white building on the right as you walk up the slight slope towards the Theatre Royal. It is a very distinctive Third Reich type of 1930s architecture.\nIf you go there, take some binoculars if you have any. Look at the right side of the building. The nest is on a wide lip that runs the whole length of the building, just below a row of largish windows. This street map might help. Look for the orange arrow:\nIf you wish, you can watch them on a live webcam. The birds are present pretty much all they year round. Theoretically, they should not be here in the winter, but somehow they seem quite frequently drawn back, a little bit like teenagers returning to the Bank of Dad. At the moment, they should be feeding their young. In the past, there have been catastrophes with this, as is always the case with Mother Nature, but if all goes well, it can be a wonderfully blood spattered spectacle.\nBut back to Gyrfalcons.\nHere are a pair of them, filmed by “thegowser1” at 78 degrees north between Svalbard and Greenland:\nMore typical for a twitcher in north west Europe would be these two films of a bird which had strayed to Champtocé-sur-Loire, in Maine-et-Loire, France. The two films come from Alain Fossé, and show a raptor doing what they spend most of their time doing…absolutely nothing!. High calorie meals of meat mean you only need move around infrequently (or so I tell my wife).\nThese are much more typical of a March day near Mansfield than an icebreaker near the North Pole!", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-13", "url": "https://johnknifton.com/2015/05/10/jer-falcon-one-shot-at-park-hall-by-mr-shelton-now-in-my-collection/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257648178.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20180323044127-20180323064127-00035.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9743301868, "token_count": 1466, "score": 2.546875, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Ina leagan féin a leathnaíodh go mór de \"Nótaí ar Éiní Nottinghamshire\", a foilsíodh i 1907, agus atá anois i mbailiúchán áitiúil Leabharlann Mansfield, chuir an t-údar Joseph Whitaker, a chuid is mó i peanncil, a nótaí agus a bhreiseáin féin leis. I gcásanna áirithe, tá gearrthóga nuachtáin greamaithe aige ar na leathanaigh. Ag pointe áirithe, i dtreo dheireadh an leabhair, chuir sé an nóta scríofa seo a leanas, mí-litreacha agus gach rud:\nJer Falcon. shot amháin i Park Hall ag an tUasal Shelton. Bhí muid ag bualadh le plandaíocht ar Clipstone Road in aice le Feirm an Tithe Deirge bhí sé misty + eitil an faucon íseal thar na crainn + bhí lámhaigh sé.\nChaill mé an t-éan seo amach nuair a scríobhadh an leabhar seo. Anois i mo bhailiúchán.\nD'fhéadfadh amhras a rá, ar ndóigh, go raibh Joseph Whitaker mícheart ina shainaithint ar an éan agus nach Gyrfalcon cinnte a bhí ann, go simplí. Is cás é seo, áfach, nach dócha go dtarlódh. Bhí Joseph Whitaker eolach ar go leor cineálacha éagsúla raptor. Má tá aon rud, bhí sé a fheiceáil is dócha níos mó speiceas laistigh den chontae ná an chuid is mó de na lá atá inniu ann birdwatchers. Agus ná déan dearmad. Shot an tUasal Shelton é. Bhí siad ag aithint corp, ní pointe i bhfad i gcéin ag dul in éag i spéir gruama:\nAr aon chuma, bheadh Gyrfalcon in ann a aithint go héasca ar mhéid amháin. Is é an falcon chomh mór le Buzzard Coitinne agus má Whitaker's éan a bhí ina phearsanta chéim bán, bheadh sé a bheith go hiomlán unmistakable:\nNíl ach dhá éan den mhéid seo atá bán go hiomlán, is é sin Gyrfalcon agus Owl Snowy. Ní deacair an ceann deireanach a aithint:\nTá dhá mhórfón dath difriúil ag Gyrfalcons agus is cinnte go mbeadh sé níos deacra éan mórfón dorcha a aithint:\nBa chóir go mbeadh an cheist ar mhéid fós ann, ar ndóigh. Is éard atá i ghirfalcónna de mhórfónna bán agus dorcha araon ná éan ollmhóra. Ina theannta sin, is é an chuid is mó de na héin a bhfuil an ghéarchéim dorcha acu ná éin ar leith, go háirithe nuair a fheictear iad mar speiceas marbh.\nD'fhéadfadh éanlaith mhórf dorcha a bheith ina fhadhb acadúil ar aon nós. De réir údarás ornitho-eolaíoch amháin ar a laghad, is é sin Fisher i 1967, ba é an chuid is mó de Gyrfalcons a fheictear i Sasana le linn ré Victoriana, ar ndóigh, éin phais bán, agus is cosúil nach raibh ach duine amháin dorcha morph taifeadta go náisiúnta le linn an tríú cuid deireanach den 19ú haois.\nAgus in Whitaker's lá, ar ndóigh, ní raibh gá a bheith buartha faoi láithreacht na falcons eachtrach éalaithe ó Astráil, nó coimhthíocha, hibridí inseminated go saorga a tháirgtear ag Baron Frankenstein an Falconer. Bheadh sé an-deacair a bheith mí-aitheanta ar cheann de na killer carismatic:\nGo deimhin, tá sé deacair a shamhlú cad a lámhaigh an tUasal Shelton, más rud é nach raibh sé Gyrfalcon. Tá a fhios againn freisin go ndeachaigh an t-éan isteach i mbailiúchán Joseph Whitaker. D'fhéadfadh an fhíric seo a bheith ina mheicníocht seiceála de chineál éigin, ós rud é go mbeadh an t-aonad suite agus ansin a iniúchadh ag an paráid leanúnach de chuairteoirí chuig teach Whitaker i Rainworth. Ba chóir go mbeadh líon mór ornitologists náisiúnta meas a bheith san áireamh agus ba cheart go mbeadh sé dodhéanta d'fhear mar Joseph Whitaker sampla contae chomh tábhachtach sin a thaispeáint dóibh gan an fhíric a lua go tapa go raibh an t-éan mí-aithne.\nCén fáth nach bhfuil an Gyrfalcon againn anois? Arís, níl sé deacair freagraí a fháil. D'fhéadfadh an t-éan a bheith díolta go príobháideach, roimh bhás Whitaker nó ina dhiaidh sin. Bhí sé ina chleachtas coitianta freisin, nuair a fuair úinéir bailiúchán mór bás, go dtabharfaí éan aonair roghnaithe do chairde dlúithe, sula raibh an bailiúchán ina iomláine á dhíol, de ghnáth ag ceant poiblí. Is féidir a shamhlú freisin gur féidir go raibh an sampla goidte tar éis bhás Whitaker.\nNuair a fuair bailiúchán mór bás, bhí sé go minic go raibh eolas beag nó aon eolas saineolach ag tairbhithe an eastáit ar luach nó ar thábhacht éanlaith áirithe. Bhí na samplaí leochaileacha seo in ann imtheacht ansin idir bás an bhailiúcháin agus an bailiúchán a chur ar fáil don phobal. Is cinnte gur tharla sé seo le roinnt éan eile a bhfuil a fhios acu go raibh siad i seilbh Whitaker ach a d'éag anois, is dócha idir a bhás agus a bhailiúchán a fháil thar ceann Mhúsaem Mansfield.\nAr aon chuma, cén fáth a mbeadh amhras againn go huathoibríoch ar nóta lámhscríofa Whitaker? Cad is féidir leis an bhfear mór a chur ar aghaidh go soiléir sa todhchaí, ná an ceann atá againn anois? Cuireann sé focal fear macánta ar fáil dúinn.\nB'fhéidir go mbeidh tú an-ádh leat lá amháin Gyrfalcon a fheiceáil sa tír seo. Ní raibh mé riamh. Ach console mé mé féin ag féachaint ar an Peregrine Falcons a bhfuil nested ar feadh blianta i lár na Cathrach Nottingham:\nIs féidir iad a fheiceáil ar Foirgneamh Newton agus Arkwright Ollscoil Nottingham Trent ar Shráid Sherwood Theas, Nottingham.\nSa radharc ó aer seo, tá an Stáisiún Dóiteáin datha orainsí mar is é an foirgneamh is cáiliúla sa chuid seo den chathair do bhformhór na ndaoine. (Níl, tá sé arnot ar tine):\nFéach ar an tsráid ar dheis an Stáisiún Dóiteáin agus lean é i dtreo barr an ghrianghraf. Is é an Foirgneamh Newton agus Arkwright an foirgneamh bán ollmhór ar dheis agus tú ag siúl suas an droichead beag i dtreo an Theatre Royal. Is cineál an Tríú Reich an-chomhartha é d'ailtireacht na 1930í.\nMá théann tú ann, glac roinnt dornán má tá aon cheann agat. Féach ar thaobh na láimhe deise den fhoirgneamh. Tá an nead ar lip leathan a ritheann ar feadh an fhoirgnimh, díreach faoi shraith de fhuinneoga mór. D'fhéadfadh an léarscáil sráide seo cabhrú. Féach ar an saighead oráiste:\nMás mian leat, is féidir leat féachaint orthu ar shuíomh gréasáin beo. Tá na héin i láthair go mór ar feadh na bliana. Go teoiriciúil, níor chóir dóibh a bheith anseo sa gheimhreadh, ach ar bhealach éigin is cosúil go bhfuil siad tarraingthe go leor go minic ar ais, beagán cosúil le déagóirí ag filleadh ar an Banc de Dad. Faoi láthair, ba chóir dóibh a gcuid óga a chothú. San am atá caite, bhí tubaistí ann leis seo, mar is i gcónaí an cás le Mother Nature, ach má théann gach rud go maith, is féidir é a bheith ina radharc iontach fuilteach.\nAch ar ais go Gyrfalcons.\nSeo péire acu, a rinne an t-eagóir thegowser1 a scannánú ag 78 céim ó thuaidh idir Svalbard agus an Ghráinéalainn:\nNíos tipiciúla do twitcher i dtuaisceart na hEorpa bheadh an dá scannán seo d'eun a bhí caillte go Champtocé-sur-Loire, i Maine-et-Loire, an Fhrainc. Tagann an dá scannán ó Alain Fossé, agus taispeánann siad raptor ag déanamh an rud a chaitheann siad an chuid is mó dá gcuid ama ag déanamh...gan rud ar bith go hiomlán! Ní gá duit bogadh ach go minic mar gheall ar bhéile feola ardchalaraí (nó mar a deirim le mo bhean chéile).\nTá siad i bhfad níos tipiciúla de lá Márta in aice Mansfield ná an bhrógálach oighear in aice leis an Poil Thuaidh!"} {"text": "For thousands of women in Latin American countries, the joy of pregnancy has given way to fear. Maternity wards across the region are full of women waiting anxiously for ultrasound scans that will indicate whether the child they are carrying has a shrunken head and damaged brain, as a result of a condition called microcephaly.\nShocking images of babies with birth defects have made many women think twice about getting pregnant. Some women face a dilemma, pitting their religious beliefs about abortion against the risk that their babies could be born with abnormally small heads and a short life expectancy.\nThe virus has been reported in more than 30 countries, most of them in the Americas. So far, only Brazil has seen a sharp rise in microcephaly cases suspected of being linked to the mosquito-borne Zika virus.\nThe US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has advised pregnant women to avoid travel to areas with an active Zika outbreak. The American Red Cross has asked blood donors who have traveled to Zika virus outbreak areas such as Mexico, the Caribbean or Central and South America to wait at least 28 days before donating.\nSome Latin American governments have advised women to delay having children. El Salvador recommended women not get pregnant for two years.\nThe Zika outbreak has triggered debate on liberalising abortion in the region, where many countries have strict laws. A group of researchers, activists and lawyers plan to petition Brazil's Supreme Court to allow abortions for women who have the virus, bypassing an increasingly conservative Congress where Evangelical lawmakers are backing a bill to restrict abortion, even in cases of rape.\nPublic health experts believe Zika will lead to an increase in illegal abortions. An estimated one million are already carried out every year in Brazil. Botched procedures in clandestine clinics using sharp tools, over-the-counter medicines and no sterilisation are already a major cause of deaths.\nBrazil's government says women who want to get pregnant should discuss the risks with their doctors, but has stopped short of telling them to delay. Instead, it plans to hand out insect repellent to tens of thousands of low-income pregnant women and is stepping up an offensive to eradicate the mosquito, with the help of the army.\nZika is spread by the Aedes aegypti mosquito, which breeds in stagnant water. While anyone can be bitten by Aedes, public health experts agree that the poor are more vulnerable because they often lack amenities that help diminish the risk, such as air conditioning and window screens. Test kits for the virus are only effective in the first week of infection and only available at private clinics at a cost of 900 reais (£157), out of the reach of many women.\nWorld Health Organisation officials say there is no scientific proof that Zika stunts the development of the foetus, causing microcephaly, but it is strongly suspected.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-13", "url": "https://www.ibtimes.co.uk/zika-virus-pregnant-women-consider-abortion-over-fears-babies-will-be-born-microcephaly-1541733", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257648103.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20180322225408-20180323005408-00593.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9613239765, "token_count": 576, "score": 3.03125, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "I gcás na mílte mná i dtíortha Mheiriceá Laidineach, tá eagla tar éis dul in ionad áthas an toirchis. Tá páirteanna máithreachais ar fud na réigiúin lán de mhná ag fanacht go géar le scannáin ultrafhuaime a léireoidh an bhfuil ceann laghdaithe agus damáiste inchinn ag an leanbh atá acu mar thoradh ar riocht ar a dtugtar microcephaly.\nTá pictiúir shúbhrócha de leanaí a bhfuil lochtanna breith acu tar éis go leor mná a chur ina luí ar a bheith ag iompar clainne. Tá dúshlán ag mná áirithe, ag cur a gcreideamh reiligiúnach maidir le cur isteach ar an leanbh i gcoinne an bhagairt go d'fhéadfadh a gcuid leanaí a bheith le cinn neamhghnácha agus le súil ghearr saoil.\nTuairiscíodh go bhfuil an víreas i níos mó ná 30 tír, an chuid is mó acu sna Meiriceá. Go dtí seo, níl ach sa Bhrasaíl méadú mór ar chásanna micreacéfaili a bhfuil amhras ann go bhfuil baint acu leis an víreas Zika a iompróidh mosquito.\nTá an tIonad Stáit Aontaithe um Rialú agus Cosc ar Ghalair (CDC) tar éis comhairle a thabhairt do mhná torracha taisteal chuig ceantair ina bhfuil ráig gníomhach Zika. D'iarr an Chros Dearg Mheiriceá ar dheontóirí fola a thaistil go dtí limistéir le ráig víris Zika mar Mheicsiceo, an Mhuir Chairib nó Meiriceá Láir agus Theas fanacht ar a laghad 28 lá sula ndeonaíonn siad.\nTá roinnt rialtais Mheiriceá Laidineach tar éis comhairle a thabhairt do mhná go gcuirfí moill ar leanaí a bheith acu. Moltar do mhná gan a bheith torrach ar feadh dhá bhliain.\nTá an ráig Zika tar éis díospóireacht a spreagadh maidir le haistriú na ginmhilleadh sa réigiún, áit a bhfuil dlíthe dian ag go leor tíortha. Tá grúpa taighdeoirí, gníomhaithe agus dlíodóirí ag pleanáil achainí a dhéanamh ar Chúirt Uachtarach na Brasaíle chun ligean do mhná a bhfuil an víreas acu a bheith ag cur báis, ag dul timpeall ar Chongress atá ag éirí níos coimeádach ina bhfuil lucht reachtaíochta Eabhsailíochta ag tacú le bille chun cur báis a shrianadh, fiú i gcásanna éigniú.\nCreideann saineolaithe sláinte poiblí go dtiocfaidh méadú ar an mbortú mídhleathach de bharr Zika. Meastar go ndéantar milliún díobh cheana féin gach bliain sa Bhrasaíl. Is cúis mhór báis iad nósanna imeachta botched i gclinicí faoi rún a úsáideann uirlisí géara, cógais thar an cófra agus gan aon sterilization.\nDeir rialtas na Brasaíle gur chóir do mhná ar mian leo a bheith torrach na rioscaí a phlé lena gcuid dochtúirí, ach níor stop sé go dtí a rá leo moill a chur air. Ina áit sin, tá sé beartaithe inset repellent a dháileadh ar na mílte mná torracha ar ioncam íseal agus tá sé ag cur isteach ar an bhfothú an mosquito, le cabhair ón arm.\nTá Zika scaipthe ag an mosquito Aedes aegypti, a mhéadaíonn in uisce stagnant. Cé gur féidir le duine ar bith a bheith bitten ag Aedes, aontaíonn saineolaithe sláinte poiblí go bhfuil na daoine bochta níos leochailí toisc go mbíonn na háiseanna a chabhraíonn leis an mbaol a laghdú acu, mar shampla aerchóirithe agus scáileáin fuinneog. Ní bhíonn trealamh tástála ar an víreas éifeachtach ach sa chéad seachtain den ionfhabhtú agus níl siad ar fáil ach i gclinicí príobháideacha ar chostas 900 reais (£ 157), rud nach féidir le go leor mná a bhaint amach.\nDeir oifigigh de chuid Eagraíocht Sláinte na Cruinne nach bhfuil aon fhianaise eolaíoch ann go gcuireann Zika bac ar fhorbairt an fhéatas, ag cúis le micreacéfaili, ach tá amhras láidir ann."} {"text": "Duration: 15 minutes\nSummary: Design patterns are important because they represent generic solution to a common problem. They are created in a way that solves the common task at hand, but more importantly provide a solution that is easier to maintain and enhance as the application evolves. Please note that the code I am covering in these examples is mostly from the DoFactory web site (not my own). I am covering these patterns to make developers aware of them and encourage everyone to find the pattern that matches his/her needs and apply it to a specific scenario. Please note that not every problem needs a pattern (in other words, do not over use them). Some patterns are similar; with experience you can hand pick the one that mostly suits your needs. In this case, we will cover the Command Design Pattern. This pattern encapsulates a request as an object, thereby letting you parameterize clients with different requests, queue or log requests, and support undoable operations.\nMethodology of the development of example: Good coding standard and simplified design.\nTechnology Used: C# 4.0\nKeywords: C#, System, Console, abstract, override, ReadLine, WriteLine, protected.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-04", "url": "http://mrbool.com/command-design-pattern-course-c-4-0-lesson-20/18687", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703506640.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20210116104719-20210116134719-00622.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9257572293, "token_count": 239, "score": 2.78125, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Tráth: 15 nóiméad\nGearrthóg: Tá patrúin dearaidh tábhachtach toisc go léiríonn siad réiteach cineálach ar fhadhb choitianta. Cruthaítear iad ar bhealach a réitíonn an tasc choiteann atá ar fáil, ach níos tábhachtaí fós, soláthraíonn siad réiteach atá níos éasca a chothabháil agus a fheabhsú de réir mar a éiríonn an t-iarratas. Tabhair faoi deara le do thoil go bhfuil an cód atá á chlúdach agam sna samplaí seo den chuid is mó ó shuíomh Gréasáin DoFactory (ní mo chuid féin). Táim ag clúdach na patrúin seo chun forbróirí a chur ar an eolas faoi agus gach duine a spreagadh chun an patrúin a aimsiú a oireann dá riachtanais agus é a chur i bhfeidhm ar chás ar leith. Tabhair faoi deara nach gá patrúin do gach fadhb (ar a shon sin, ná húsáid iad go forleathan). Tá roinnt patrúin cosúil lena chéile; le taithí is féidir leat an ceann is fearr a oireann do do chuid riachtanas a roghnú. Sa chás seo, beidh muid a chlúdach an Patrúin Dearadh Command. Cuireann an patrún seo iarratas i gcáipéis mar réad, rud a ligeann duit cliant a pharaiméadaireacht le hiarratais éagsúla, iarratais ar cheangail nó ar chlár, agus tacú le hoibríochtaí neamh-in-fheidhmiúla.\nModheolaíocht forbartha sampla: Caighdeán códaithe maith agus dearadh simplithe.\nTeicneolaíocht a Úsáidtear: C# 4.0\nEochairfhocail: C#, Córas, Console, abstract, override, ReadLine, WriteLine, faoi chosaint."} {"text": "Cold Winter, Heavy Snow Could lead to Greater Winter Fish Kill\nLITTLE FALLS — We are coming off Minnesota’s 6th coldest winter in 120 years, and it could mean additional winter fish kill in some Minnesota lakes.\nEric Altena is the DNR Area Fisheries Manager in Little Falls. He says it’s normal to have some winter fish kill, especially in some shallower lakes in southwestern Minnesota. Altena says thick ice and heavy snowpack can reduce the oxygen levels in the lakes.\nAltena says, “Typically lakes achieve a common temperature throughout, especially in the wintertime when the water is actually a little warmer toward the bottom. They have good oxygen content with the colder water. As the winter progresses and you have less light transmission and still the high nutrient levels, the oxygen gets used up.”\nLakes in central and northern Minnesota are generally deeper and can sustain the necessary oxygen levels for fish survival.\nWalleye and bass are the most susceptible species to winter kill.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-06", "url": "http://wjon.com/cold-winter-heavy-snow-could-lead-to-greater-winter-fish-kill/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-06/segments/1422115855845.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20150124161055-00240-ip-10-180-212-252.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9273576736, "token_count": 214, "score": 2.890625, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "D'fhéadfadh an Geimhreadh Fuar, an Chéadaigh Thiomsaigh a bheith ina chúis le Mórú Iasc Geimhreadh\nLITTLE FALLS Táimid ag teacht as Minnesota's 6ú geimhreadh is fuar i 120 bliain, agus d'fhéadfadh sé a chiallaíonn iascach gheimhreadh breise a mharú i roinnt lochanna Minnesota.\nTá Eric Altena ina bhainisteoir iascaigh limistéar DNR i Little Falls. Deir sé go bhfuil sé gnáth go bhfuil roinnt iasc a mharú i rith an gheimhridh, go háirithe i roinnt lochanna níos lú íseal i ndeisceart Minnesota. Altena deir oighear tiubh agus clúdach sneachta trom is féidir a laghdú ar na leibhéil ocsaigine sna lochanna.\nAltena deir, De ghnáth, déanann lochanna teocht choiteann a bhaint amach ar fud, go háirithe i rith an gheimhridh nuair a bhíonn an t-uisce i ndáiríre beagán níos teo i dtreo na bun. Tá cion ocsaigin maith acu leis an uisce níos fuaire. De réir mar a théann an gheimhreadh ar aghaidh agus go bhfuil níos lú tarchur solais agat agus go bhfuil na leibhéil chothaitheacha ard fós, ní bhíonn an ocsaigin ag dul in olcas.\nTá lochanna i lár agus i dtuaisceart Minnesota níos doimhne de ghnáth agus is féidir leo na leibhéil ocsaigine is gá a chothabháil chun éanlathas iasc.\nIs iad an Walleye agus an bass na speicis is so-ghabhálacha le marú an gheimhridh."} {"text": "The Microsoft Visual Basic Scripting Edition\nlanguage(VBScript), is a simplified version of the Visual Basic and Visual Basic for\nApplications family of programming languages.\nA D V E R T I S E M E N T\nIt is also well thought-out to be\nclosely related to the BASIC programming language.\nVBScript is a scripting language,\nwhich can enhance HTML Web pages by making them active, as compared to a simple\nstatic presentation of data.Specifically, VBScript was created by Microsoft to use either as\na server-side scripting language with the Microsoft Internet Information Server (versions 3.0 and later).Or as a client-side scripting language for the Microsoft Internet Explorer (versions\n3.0 and later) or as A most important advantage for\nusing the server-side approach is that the VBScript is processed by the server\nbefore it is transmitted to the client. Therefore,the client only receives an\nHTML page and we do not have to concern ourselves as to whether the browser can\ninterpret the VBScript. In contrast, by using the client-side approach, you\nreduce the work load of the server by transfer the work to client end. Unfortunately, older version and non-Microsoft browsers may not be able to\ncorrectly interpret and display the transmitted file. In addition to this, the\nsource code is out in the open to the browser user and also a client-side\nprogram can produce a more-responsive application. since user input can be\nprocessed on the client machine, and not sent back to the server for processing.\nVBScript is the default language of Active\nServer Pages (ASP).\nVBScript may very well be the most important programming language for many Web-application.\nVBScript Version 5.0 was released in 1999. Certainly, the most important new\nfeature of Version 5.0 is the ability to create your own class objects. Other new features included like the Timer function,\nWith statement, and regular expression searching using the RegExp and Match objects.\nA scripting language differentiates itself from other typical languages in that they not needing to be compiled and are usually simpler to learn.\nA Scripting language is interpreted at run-time so you can execuate instructions immediately.\nA few characteristics :\nScripting languages often follow the semantics and syntax of command\nlanguages. For illustration many scripting languages do not require quoting of\nstring literals, but rather require explicit evaluation of variables (x\ndenotes the string \"x\", but $x denotes the value of the variable x).\nScripting languages make it very simple to call system related commands, prepare their\narguments, and manipulate their results. They generally have some built-in\nprimitives for manipulating environment variables,file and directory names, argument lists\nScripting languages flexible to handle strings, and don't\nemphasize numerical manipulation.\nSince calling system related commands is generally much more expensive than\nscript execution itself, there is little emphasis on run-time efficiency,\ntherefore they are often implemented using interpreters,macro processors or bytecode\nBefore continue to start VBScript you should have a basic understanding of\nWWW, HTML and the basic concept of building Web pages\nIf you want to study these subjects first, go to our", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-13", "url": "http://academictutorials.com/vbscript/vbscript-introduction.asp", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257648207.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20180323102828-20180323122828-00199.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9025425315, "token_count": 684, "score": 2.890625, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "An Microsoft Visual Basic Scripting Edition\nIs leagan simplithe den Visual Basic agus Visual Basic é VBScript, a úsáidtear chun na heochairfhocail a úsáid.\nTeaghlach teangacha cláir iarratais.\nA D V E R T I S E N T\nTá sé dea-mheas freisin a bheith\nTá an t-eagrán seo go dlúthbhainte leis an teanga cláir BASIC.\nIs teanga scripting é VBScript,\na fhéadfaidh leathanaigh ghréasáin HTML a fheabhsú trína ndéanamh gníomhach, i gcomparáid le\nTá an t-eolas seo ar fáil i Microsoft agus tá sé ar fáil i gcló eile.\nteanga scriptála ar thaobh an fhreastalaí le Seirbhíseoir Faisnéise Idirlín Microsoft (leaganacha 3.0 agus níos déanaí). Nó mar theanga scriptála ar thaobh an chliaint do Microsoft Internet Explorer (leaganacha\n3.0 agus níos déanaí) nó mar\nag baint úsáide as an cur chuige taobh freastalaí is é go bhfuil an VBScript próiseáilte ag an freastalaí\nsula n-aistrítear é chuig an gcliant. Dá bhrí sin, ní fhaigheann an cliant ach\nTá an t-ábhar seo ar fáil ar an suíomh gréasáin seo.\nan VBScript a léiriú. I gcodarsnacht leis sin, trí úsáid a bhaint as an gcur chuige ó thaobh an chliaint de,\nan t-ualach oibre ar an bhfreastalaí a laghdú trí an obair a aistriú chuig an gcliant. Ar an drochuair, ní fhéadfaidh sean-leagan agus brabhsálaithe neamh-Microsoft\nan comhad a tharchur a léiriú agus a thaispeáint i gceart. Ina theannta sin, tá an\nTá an cód foinse amach ar oscailt don úsáideoir brabhsálaí agus freisin cliant-taobh\nIs féidir leis an gclár feidhmchlár níos freagartha a tháirgeadh. ós rud é gur féidir ionchur úsáideora a bheith\npróiseáilte ar an meaisín cliant, agus ní seolta ar ais chuig an bhfreastalaí le próiseáil.\nIs é VBScript an teanga réamhshocraithe de Gníomhach\nLeathanaigh Seirbhíseora (ASP).\nB'fhéidir gurb é VBScript an teanga cláir is tábhachtaí do go leor feidhmchlár gréasáin.\nScaoileadh VBScript Leagan 5.0 i 1999. Is cinnte gurb é an rud is tábhachtaí\nIs é gné de Leagan 5.0 an cumas chun rudaí do chlas féin a chruthú. Feidhmeanna nua eile a chuimsítear cosúil leis an ngníomhaíocht ama,\nLe ráiteas, agus cuardach léiriú rialta ag baint úsáide as na réada RegExp agus Match.\nTá teanga scripting difriúil ó theangacha tipiciúla eile toisc nach gá iad a thiomsú agus go mbíonn siad níos simplí le foghlaim de ghnáth.\nDéantar teanga scripting a léirmhíniú ag rith am ionas gur féidir leat orduithe a chur i gcrích láithreach.\nCúpla saintréith:\nIs minic a leanann teangacha scripteála seamantachta agus sintéise an ordaithe\nteangacha. Mar shampla, ní gá go luaitear na focail a bhí i bhfocail a bhí i bhfocail a bhí i bhfocail a bhí i bhfocail.\ngo bhfuil an t-ábhar a bhfuil an t-ábhar a bhfuil an t-ábhar a bhfuil an t-ábhar a bhfuil an t-ábhar a bhfuil an t-ábhar a bhfuil an t-ábhar a bhfuil an t-ábhar a bheith\nléiríonn an sreang \"x\", ach léiríonn $x luach an athróg x).\nDéanann teangacha scripting é a dhéanamh an-simplí chun orduithe a bhaineann le córas a ghlaoch, a n-ordú a ullmhú\nargóintí, agus a gcuid torthaí a ionramháil. Tá siad de ghnáth roinnt tógtha-i\nprimitiva chun athróg timpeallachta, ainmneacha comhaid agus treoracha, liostaí argóintí a ionramháil\nTeangacha scripting solúbtha chun déileáil le sreangaí, agus ní\nbéim a chur ar ionramháil uimhriúil.\nÓs rud é go bhfuil ag glaoch ar na horduithe a bhaineann leis an gcóras i gcoitinne i bhfad níos costasaí ná\nan scripte a chur i gcrích féin, níl mórán béime ar éifeachtúlacht rith-ama,\nIs minic, dá bhrí sin, a chuirtear i bhfeidhm iad ag baint úsáide as léiritheoirí, próiseálaithe maicróime nó cód bita\nSula leanann tú ag tosú VBScript ba chóir go mbeadh tuiscint bhunúsach agat ar\nWWW, HTML agus bunchoincheap na leathanaigh ghréasáin a thógáil\nMás mian leat na hábhair seo a staidéar ar dtús, téigh chuig ár"} {"text": "\"Over the course of the war, U.S. bombing of Laos would become so intense that it averaged one attack every eight minutes for nearly a decade,\" observes Joshua Kurlantzick in his new book, A Great Place to Have a War: America in Laos and the Birth of a Military CIA. Kurlantzick, a Council on Foreign Relations senior fellow for Southeast Asia, mines extensive interviews and recently declassified Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) records to give a definitive account of the secret war in the tiny Southeast Asian nation of Laos, which lasted from 1961 to 1973, and was the largest covert operation in U.S. history. The conflict forever changed the CIA from a relatively small spying agency into an organization with vast paramilitary powers.\nThe book explores how the responsibility for U.S. military conflicts shifted from the uniformed armed services to U.S. intelligence agencies operating with less scrutiny. Kurlantzick asserts that it began in 1961, when President Dwight D. Eisenhower approved Operation Momentum, a plan to create a proxy army of ethnic Hmong to fight communist forces in Laos, in order to minimize U.S. military involvement and keep the war hidden from the public at home, as well as most of Congress.\nKurlantzick's account follows the war's central characters, including the four instrumental people who led the operation: the CIA operative who came up with the idea; the charismatic general who led the Hmong army in the field; the State Department careerist who took control over the war as it grew; and the wild card paramilitary specialist who trained the Hmong army and is believed to be an inspiration for Marlon Brando's character in Apocalypse Now.\nThe book reveals that\n- by 1970, Operation Momentum was costing $500 million annually, the equivalent to $3.3 billion today;\n- the United States dropped more bombs on Laos than on any other country in history;\n- 80 percent of all bombing casualties in Laos were civilians; the war killed 10 percent of the population; and\n- one third of the bombs dropped on Laos remained unexploded after the war ended in 1975, and those bombs killed 20,000 Laotians in the three decades that followed.\nThe CIA had previously been a relatively small player in American policy, one that concentrated on intelligence and political work. Although the anticommunist forces supported by the United States were eventually defeated, \"within the CIA, the Laos war quickly took on an exalted status, both as an operation that effectively stalled the communist takeover in Southeast Asia and as an operation that remade the agency into a stronger, bigger beast,\" Kurlantzick writes.\nThe secret war in Laos created a CIA that fights with real paramilitary forces and weapons as much as it gathers secrets, contends Kurlantzick. The war became a template for CIA proxy wars all over the world, from Central America in the 1980s to today's war on terrorism, where the CIA and Special Forces operate with little oversight.\nA Council on Foreign Relations Book", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-13", "url": "https://www.cfr.org/book/great-place-have-war?utm_content=bufferf7243&utm_medium=social&utm_source=facebook.com&utm_campaign=buffer", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257644877.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20180317100705-20180317120705-00386.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9576242566, "token_count": 616, "score": 2.5625, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "\"Le linn na cogaidh, bheadh buamáil na Stát Aontaithe ar Laos chomh dian go raibh ionsaí amháin ann gach ocht nóiméad ar an meán ar feadh beagnach deich mbliana\", a deir Joshua Kurlantzick ina leabhar nua, A Great Place to Have a War: America in Laos and the Birth of a Military CIA. Tá curlantzick, ball sinsearach den Chomhairle um Chaidreamh Eachtrach don Oirdheisceart na hÁise, ag baint leas as agallaimh fhairsing agus taifid an Gníomhaireachta um Ghrianghrafadóireacht Lárnach (CIA) a d'éirigh leo a shainaithint le déanaí chun cuntas críochnaitheach a thabhairt ar an gcogadh rúnda i náisiún beag Oirdheisceart na hÁise, Laos, a mhair ó 1961 go 1973, agus ba é an oibríocht rúnda is mó i stair na Stát Aontaithe é. D'athraigh an coinbhleacht an CIA go deo ó ghníomhaireacht spiúnaíochta réasúnta beag go heagraíocht le cumhachtaí leath-mhilitary ollmhór.\nScrúdaíonn an leabhar conas a d'athraigh an fhreagracht as coinbhleachtaí míleata na Stát Aontaithe ó na seirbhísí armtha uimhrithe go gníomhaireachtaí faisnéise na Stát Aontaithe a oibríonn le níos lú scrúdú. Deir Kurlantzick gur thosaigh sé i 1961, nuair a cheadaigh an tUachtarán Dwight D. Eisenhower Oibríocht Momentum, plean chun arm ionadaí de Hmong eitneach a chruthú chun troid le fórsaí cumannaitheacha i Laos, d'fhonn rannpháirtíocht mhíleata na Stát Aontaithe a íoslaghdú agus an cogadh a choinneáil i bhfolach ón bpobal sa bhaile, chomh maith le formhór den Chomhdháil.\nLeanann cuntas Kurlantzick príomhcharachtair an chogaidh, lena n-áirítear na ceithre dhuine ionstraimúla a threoraigh an oibríocht: oibrí CIA a tháinig leis an smaoineamh; an ginearál carismatach a threoraigh arm Hmong sa réimse; an gairmiúil ón Roinn Stáit a ghlac smacht ar an gcogadh de réir mar a d'fhás sé; agus an speisialtóir páirimilitéir cárta fiáin a d'oiliúradh arm Hmong agus a chreidtear a bheith ina inspioráid do charachtar Marlon Brando i Apocalypse Now.\nLéiríonn an leabhar go\n- faoi 1970, bhí costas Oibríocht Momentum $ 500 milliún in aghaidh na bliana, is ionann agus $ 3.3 billiún inniu;\n- thit na Stáit Aontaithe níos mó buamaí ar Laos ná ar aon tír eile sa stair;\n- Ba sibhialtaigh 80 faoin gcéad de na báisithe buamála go léir i Laos; maraíodh 10 faoin gcéad den daonra sa chogadh; agus\n- bhí an tríú cuid de na buamaí a thit ar Laos gan a bheith ag pléascadh tar éis an chogaidh a chríochnú i 1975, agus maraíodh 20,000 Laotian sna trí scór bliain ina dhiaidh sin.\nBhí an CIA ina imreoir réasúnta beag roimhe seo i mbeartas Mheiriceá, ceann a d'aird ar obair faisnéise agus polaitiúil. Cé gur bhuail na fórsaí frithchomórtha a raibh tacaíocht ag na Stáit Aontaithe orthu sa deireadh, \"laistigh den CIA, ghlac cogadh Laos stádas ard go tapa, mar oibríocht a chuir stad go héifeachtach ar an nglacadh coimníste san Oirdheisceart na hÁise agus mar oibríocht a rinne an ghníomhaireacht a athchruthú ina fhiadhóir níos láidre, níos mó\", a scríobhann Kurlantzick.\nCruthaigh an cogadh rúnda i Laos CIA a throid le fórsaí agus airm iarbhír leath-mhilitar chomh maith le rún a bhailiú, a mhaígh Kurlantzick. Tháinig an cogadh ina theampall do chogaí proxy CIA ar fud an domhain, ó Mheiriceá Láir sna 1980idí go dtí an cogadh inniu ar sceimhlitheoireacht, áit a n-oibríonn an CIA agus na Fórsaí Speisialta le beagán maoirseachta.\nLeabhar ón gComhairle um Chaidreamh Eachtrach"} {"text": "“In every day life the ancient Hawaiian trusted to the protection of his thick, coarse hair and wore no hat. When the conch-shell trumpet called to battle, however, the chiefs donned a head-covering both ornamental and useful.”\n“While it was firm and thick enough to resist a severe blow, it was remarkable for beauty of form. … It was a custom to cut the hair close at the sides of the head leaving a ridge of stiff, erect hair, like a mane on the top of the scalp), and this mane-like ridge was called mahiole, the same name that was given to a helmet.”\n“Originally this personal decoration was a mark of rank, but like all such exclusive tokens was in course of time seized by the aspiring democracy.”\n“At the period when feather helmets were in vogue the mahiole was a token of chieftainship, and it covered by any cap, the latter would repeat the token. Hence the skullcap was supplemented by a ridge which often … became an imposing crest.” (Brigham)\nThe mahiole represented the political status of male chiefs who had various authority.\nMahiole were constructed of the aerial roots of the ʻieʻie vine, woven into a basketry frame. They were perfectly fitted to an individual, and protected the most sacred part of the body, the head.\nA net of olonā fibers was laid over the framework, and feathers attached in bundles in the same way as for the cloaks. The featherwork starts from the bottom, so each new row conceals the quills of the feathers below. (Museum of New Zealand)\n“It was probably the cherished armor of a king as noble as any of the Hawaiian line. and yet it is not all yellow, as one or two authors claim that the helmet of a king should always be: it is of red, as are the most of those which retain any of their original feathers, and not a single one of all is exclusively yellow.”\n“It may seem strange that articles so highly valued should have so little history connected with them … it would add greatly to the interest which must ever attach to these beautiful examples of patient and long-continued work by a primitive people if we knew …”\n“… what chief first ordered the construction, how long the hunters collected, how many years the deft fingers of the high chiefesses plaited the precious feathers into the network, what rejoicings at the completion of the long task, in what battle it first was worn, and then the changing ownership when murder, fraud, or theft transferred the garment …” (Brigham)\nThere are many different kinds of mahiole that can be seen today found in museums around the world from the mahiole haka (short crested helmet,) mahiole pōheoheo (knobbed helmet,) mahiole haka kahakaha (striped short crest helmet,) spoked crescent helmet and others.\nThe mahiole pōheoheo has mushroom-like ornaments on top, or which were decorated with human hair, were worn by warriors or lesser chiefs. (National Museum of Australia)", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-04", "url": "http://imagesofoldhawaii.com/mahiole-poheoheo/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703509973.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20210117051021-20210117081021-00196.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9764988422, "token_count": 685, "score": 3.6875, "int_score": 4, "irish_text": "Sa saol laethúil bhí muinín ag an sean-Hawaiian i gcosaint a chuid gruaige tiubh, garbh agus ní raibh hata aige. Nuair a ghlaoigh an trumpa conch-chill chun cath, áfach, d'fhéach na ceannairí le ceann-chlúdach ornáideach agus úsáideach araon.\n Cé go raibh sé daingean agus tiubh go leor chun seasamh in aghaidh buille tromchúiseach, bhí sé suntasach le háilleacht na foirme. ... Ba ghnáthghnách an gruaig a ghearradh go dlúth ar thaobh na cinn ag fágáil crann gruaige crua, in airde, cosúil le mane ar bharr an scalp), agus tugadh mahiole ar an crann crann seo, an t-ainm céanna a tugadh ar chlogfort.\nAr dtús bhí an bronntanas pearsanta seo mar chomhartha ranga, ach cosúil le gach comhartha eisiach den sórt sin, ba é an daonlathas a bhí ag iarraidh é a ghabháil le himeacht ama.\nAn tráth a bhí casanna plumha i mbéal an mhaighnéala mar chomhartha ar cheannas, agus d'athraigh aon chaipín a bhí clúdaithe leis an gcap an comhartha. Dá bhrí sin, bhí an cranialcap comhlánaithe ag crann a go minic ... tháinig crest imposing. (Brigham)\nLéiríonn an mahiole stádas polaitiúil na gceannairí fireann a raibh údarás éagsúil acu.\nTógadh mahiole de na fréamhacha aeirí de fhíonchaor ʻieʻie, a bhí innte i bhfráma ciseán. Bhí siad oiriúnach go foirfe do dhuine aonair, agus a chosaint ar an chuid is naofa den chorp, an ceann.\nBhí líonra de shnáithíní olonā leagtha thar an gcreat, agus bhí plúirí ceangailte i bpunanna ar an mbealach céanna leis na cótaí. Tosaíonn an obair plumála ón mbun, mar sin cuireann gach sraith nua i bhfolach na piollaí na plumáin thíos. (Músaem na Sealainne Nua)\nIs dócha gur armúr álainn é de rí chomh uasal le haon cheann de shliocht Haváí. agus fós nach bhfuil sé go léir buí, mar a éilíonn údar amháin nó dhá go bhfuil an casc rí ba chóir a bheith i gcónaí: tá sé de dearg, mar atá an chuid is mó de na cinn a choimeád ar aon cheann de a n-fhuil bunaidh, agus ní amháin ar cheann de gach amháin go hiomlán buí.\n D'fhéadfadh sé a bheith aisteach go bhfuil an oiread sin stair ag baint le hearraí a bhfuil luach an-ard orthu ... cuirfeadh sé go mór leis an spéis a chaithfear a bheith ceangailte leis na samplaí áille seo de shaothar foighneach agus fada leanúnach ag daoine primitive dá mbeadh a fhios againn ...\n... cén ceannasaí a d'ordaigh an tógáil ar dtús, cé chomh fada a bhailíodh na sealgairí, cé mhéad bliain a rinne méara deiléir na chiefesses ard na plúirí luachmhara a phléasc isteach sa líonra, cén áthas ar chríochnú an tasc fhada, cén cath a caitheadh ar dtús é, agus ansin an t-úinéireacht a athrú nuair a d'aistrigh dúnmharú, calaois nó goid an éadaí ... (Brigham)\nTá go leor cineálacha éagsúla mahiole ann a fheictear inniu le fáil i mbailte sa domhan ó mahiole haka (caipín crested gearr,) mahiole pōheoheo (caipín cnapán), mahiole haka kahakaha (caipín crested gearr,) casc spóic meath agus eile.\nTá ornáidí cosúil le haisíní ar an mahiole pōheoheo ar a bharr, nó a bhí maisithe le gruaig an duine, a bhí ag gabháil ag cogadh nó ceannairí níos lú. (Músaem Náisiúnta na hAstráile)"} {"text": "Potentially Misidentified Species:\nMelaleuca are unlikely to be mistaken for any other species where it\ngrows in Florida. The river birch (Betula nigra), whose papery bark is\nsomewhat similar to that of melaleuca, is restricted to north Florida\ncounties in which M. quinquenervia does not occur (University of Florida\nII. HABITAT AND DISTRIBUTION\nMelaleuca quinquenervia is a non-indigenous species whose native range includes Australia,\nNew Guinea and the Solomon Islands (Langland and Burks 1998).\nIn Florida, melaleuca is restricted to the southern half of the state, and\ncounties at the southern end of the state are most vulnerable. The northern\nlimit of its potential range is commonly cited as Indian River County on the east coast and Pinellas County on the Gulf\ncoast. However, melaleuca has been found naturalized as far north\nas Hernando, Lake, and Brevard counties, and even up into Volusia County on the\neast coast (Wunderlin et al. 1995, FLEPPC 2005).\nMelaleuca quinquenervia is established in all six counties in the IRL watershed.\nIII. LIFE HISTORY AND POPULATION BIOLOGY\nAge, Size, Lifespan:\nMelaleuca quinquenervia can grow to around 33 m in Florida at a rate of approximately 1-2 m/year (Langeland ad Burks 1998).\nMelaleuca quinquenervia is considered the most prominent of 60 non-native plant species\npresently invading the natural areas of south Florida. The species has invaded had\ninvaded more than 200,000 hectares (nearly a half-million acres) in South\nFlorida by 1994, including significant acreage within the Everglades (Langland\nand Burks 1998, Mazzotti et all 2002).\nMelaleuca quinquenervia primarily propagates by sexual seed production. The\nspecies matures rapidly, and is capable of flowering within three\n(and as little as two) years of germination and as frequently as\nfive times each year (Meskimen 1962, Laroche 1994b). In South\nFlorida, the species blooms primarily during the winter months\n(November-January), although it is capable of some flowering\nthroughout the year. Flowering is asynchronous both among trees\nand among the flowers of a single specimen (FLEPPC 1999).\nLarge M. quinquenervia specimens have a very high reproductive\npotential and up to 20 million seeds per year are stored in the\nseed capsules of a single tree. Seed capsules must be dried out\nbefore they can release seeds to the environment. Seeds can\nremain viable within seed capsules for several (at least ten) years\n(Meskimen 1962, Langland and Burks 1998).\nPhysical damage such as broken or cut branches will trigger the rapid\nrelease of seeds from capsules on the injured branch. If a tree is\nfelled or experiences a hot-burning fire this will trigger the\nshedding of all seeds within a few days (Woodall 1983).\nPercent seed viability is reported to be fairly low at 10-20%, although the\nseeds that are viable may remain so in their seed capsules for years (Meskimen\n1962). Because trees can harbor several million seeds, the viable seedstock on\neach tree can reach a level of several hundred thousand seeds.\nManipulitive studies suggest that the viability of released seeds is reduced by\n50% after 8 months in the ground (FLEPPC 1999). Germination occurs in moist\nsoils within several days of wetting and inundated seeds can germinate or\ncan remain viable for up to six months (Myers 1975, Lockhart 1996).\nIV. PHYSICAL TOLERANCES\nFrost appears to limit northward expansion in Florida, although young trees may\nbe the most susceptible to freezing; mature melaleuca have been observed to\nsurvive record-breaking freeze events. Freezing is yet another environmental\nstress factor known to trigger mass seed release (Woodall 1981).\nMelaleuca quinquenervia responds optimally in seasonally wet sites, but is also able to\nflourish in standing water as well as in well-drained upland soils (Laroche\n1994b). Wetter communities are usually more susceptible than drier sites to\ninitial invasion and unusually wet years extend the flowering and growing\nseason in M. quinquenervia (FLEPPC 1999).\nSalinity is believed to be a limiting factor, although melaleuca is capable of\ngrowing in mangrove and backmangrove areas in both its natural and introduced\nrange (Myers 1975, Center and Dray 1986).\nYoung seedlings are usually killed by fire, but older individuals withstand\nfire well (Meskimen 1962, Myers 1975, 1983). Frequent fires facilitate the\nestablishment of Melaleuca quinquenervia by triggering seed release, killing back\ncompetitors, and preparing the site for germination of seedlings (Myers, 1983,\nFLEPPC 1999). Melaleuca invasion alters community fire regimes, as when it\ndisplaces herbaceous species such as sawgrass, Cladium jamaicense (Flowers 1991).\nV. COMMUNITY ECOLOGY\nWithin its native range Melaleuca quinquenervia thrives in low-lying wet areas that\nexperience periodic fires. These are conditions similar to those found in a\nnumber of south Florida habitats. Florida habitats that have been invaded by\nmelaleuca include natural systems such as lake margins, pastures, pine\nflatwoods, mesic prairies, sawgrass marshes, and cypress stands, as well as\nmarginal habitats like roadsides, rights-of-way, and ditch banks. Habitat\ndisturbance may facilitate invasion by this pioneering species but it is not a\nprerequisite condition (FLEPPC 1999).\nIn general, melaleuca stands in South Florida are reported to be little-used by\nnative wildlife. Schortemeyer et al. (1981) reported an exception in a number\nof bird species (including anhingas, egrets, and herons) who were observed to\nutilize melaleuca stands where artificially deep water and extended\nhydroperiods had killed or damaged a significant number of native trees.\nVI. INVASION INFORMATION\nMelaleuca was brought to Florida through multiple introduction\nevents in the early 20th century, originally for use as a landscape\nornamental tree and also as a source of wood. The first two\nintroduction sites were in Broward and Lee counties, where M.\nquinquenervia seeds transported from Australia were planted. In the\n1930s, M. quinquenervia trees were planted as soil stabilizers on\ncanal levees bordering the southern end of Lake Okeechobee and also\nin Big Cypress National Preserve. Seeds were also intentionally\nscattered from airplanes over the Everglades in the 1930s to\nfacilitate the rapid establishment of melaleuca forests (Austin\nThe popularity of melaleuca as an ornamental species, as a\nwindbreak, and for fence rows further facilitated spread of the\nspecies in Florida. Environmentally-mediated spread of melaleuca\nthrough South Florida and deep into the interior of the Everglades\nwas also greatly facilitated by propagule transport via wind and\nwater (FLEPPC 1999). Even decades later, the general South Florida\ndistribution of melaleuca centers around those areas where the tree\nwas originally introduced (Mazzotti et al. 2002).\nAs recently as 1970, M. quinquenervia continued to be recommended as\n\"one of Florida's best landscape trees\" (Langland and\nThe speed at which melaleuca spreads and comes to dominate new areas\nhas been described as explosive (Cost and Carver 1981, Hofstetter\n1991). As little as 25 years is required for a one square-mile\narea to progress from 5% to 95% M. quinquenervia infestation\n(Laroche and Ferriter 1992). It poses a serious threat to ongoing\nEverglades restoration and preservation efforts, and a threat to\nSouth Florida's other natural areas as well (FLEPPC 1999).\nPotential to Compete With Natives:\nMelaleuca is principally an invader of disturbed sites, but undisturbed native\nFlorida habitats may exhibit a degree of resistance to invasion and\nestablishment (Ewel et al. 1976). Canal banks, pine savanna, managed pineland\nmargins, prairie and cypress marshes and sawgrass prairies are among the\ndisturbed and undisturbed habitats susceptible to M. quinquenervia\n(Myers, 1975, Richardson 1977, DiStefano and Fisher 1983, Duever et al. 1986,\nLaroche and Ferriter 1992). Where it does become established, M.\nquinquenervia can form dense monotypic stands capable of sisplacing native\nplants (Richardson 1977).\nLangland and Burks (1998) note that melaleuca is now recognized\ninternationally as a threat to the Florida Everglades, a World Heritage Site\nand International Biosphere Reserve.\nPossible Economic Consequences of Invasion:\nAlthough melaleuca appears to have minor positive economic benefit in Florida as a\nplant utilized by commercially managed honeybees, the negative impacts of\ninvasion by this species are of far greater consequence.\nDiamond et al. (1991) published a cost-benefit analysis for south Florida in\nwhich they contrasted a modest estimated annual benefit to the beekeeping and\npollination service industry of around $15 million with an estimated $168.6\nmillion a year gained through Eco-tourism and other industries that would be\nlost in the event of complete infestation by melaleuca of the Everglades and other south Florida wetlands.\nThe World Conservation Union's Invasive Species Specialist Group (ISSG) lists\nmelaleuca as among \"100 of the world's worst invasive alien species\" and\nrecognizes them as potentially major drivers of ecosystem change.\nAustin D.F. 1978. Exotic plants and their effects in southeastern Florida.\nEnvironmental Conservation 5:25-34.\nCenterT.D., and F.A. Dray, Jr. 1986. Melaleuca quinquenervia, a serious\nthreat to South Florida wetlands, report of the U.S. Department of Agriculture.\nAgricultural Research Service (ARS), Aquatic Plant Laboratories, Ft.\nDiamond C., Davis D., and D.C. Schmitz. 1991. Impact Statement: The addition of\nMelaleuca quinquenervia to the Florida Prohibited Aquatic Plant list.\nIn: Proceedings of the Symposium on Exotic Pest Plants, November 2-4, 1988,\nDoren, R.L. Hofstetter, R.L. Myers, and L.D. Whiteaker, eds), pp. 87-110.\nNPS/NREVER/NRTR-91/06 Tech. Report, U.S. Department of the Interior, National\nPark Service, Denver, Colorado.\nDiStefano J.F., and R.F. Fisher. 1983. Invasion potential of Melaleuca\nquinquenerviain southern Florida, U.S.A. Forestry Ecological Management\nDuever M.J., Carlson J.,. Meeder J, Duever L., Gunderson L., Riopell L.,\nAlexander T., Myers R., and D. Spangler. 1986. The Big Cypress National\nPreserve. The National Audubon Society Research Center Report No. 8. New York.\nEwel J., Meador R., Myers R., Conde L., and B. Sedlik. 1976. Studies of\nvegetation changes on South Florida. Report to U.S. Forest Service on Research\nAgreement 18-492, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida.\nFLEPPC. 1999. Melaleuca management plan: Ten years of successful melaleuca\nmanagement in Florida 1988-1998. Recommendations from the Melaleuca Task Force,\nFlorida Exotic Pest Plant Council (3rd edition). Laroche F.B. (Ed.). 128 p.\nFLEPPC. 2005. List of Florida's Invasive Species. Florida Exotic Pest Plant\nCouncil. Available online.\nFlowers J.D. 1991. Subtropical fire suppression in Melaleuca\nquinquenervia. In: Proceedings of the Symposium on Exotic Pest Plants,\nNovember 2-4, 1988, Miami.\nHofstetter R.H. 1991. The current status of Melaleuca quinquenervia in\nsouthern Florida. In: Proceedings of the Symposium on Exotic Pest Plants,\nNovember 2-4, 1988, Miami.\nLangeland K.A. and K.C. Burks (Eds.). 1998. Identification and biology of\nnon-native plants in Florida's natural areas. UF/IFAS. 165 p.\nLaroche F.B., and A.P. Ferriter. 1992. Estimating expansion rates of melaleuca\nin south Florida. Journal of Aquatic Plant Management 30:62-65.\nLockhart C.S. 1996. Aquatic heterophylly as a survival strategy in Melaleuca\nquinquenervia (Myrtaceae). Canadian Journal of Botany. 74:243-246\nMazzotti F.J., Ostrenko W., and A.T. Smith. 1981. Effects of the exotic plants\nMelaleuca quinquenervia and Casuarina equisetifolia on small mammal\npopulations in the eastern Florida Everglades. Florida Scientist 44:65-71.\nMeskimen G F. 1962. A silvical study of the Melaleuca quinquenervia tree\nin south Florida. Unpublished MS Thesis. University of Florida, Gainesville,\nFlorida 177 p.\nMyers R.L. 1975. The relationship of site conditions to the invading capability\nof melaleuca in southern Florida. Unpublished MS Thesis. University of Florida,\nGainesville, 151 p.\nMyers R.L. 1983. Site susceptibility to invasion by the exotic tree\nMelaleuca quinquenervia in southern Florida. Journal of Applied Ecology\nRichardson D.R. 1977. Vegetation of the Atlantic Coastal Ridge of Palm Beach\nCounty, Florida. Flaorida Scientist. 40:281-330.\nSchortemeyer J.L., Johnson R.E., and J.D. West. 1981. A preliminary report on\nwildlife occurrence in melaleuca heads in the Everglades Wildlife Management\nArea. p. 81-89 in: Proceedings of the Melaleuca Symposium, Sept. 23-24, 1980.\nFlorida Division of Forestry, Tallahassee.\nUniversity of Florida 2006. Florida Forest Stewardship Trees Of Florida online\ndatabase. Available online.\nWoodall S.L. 1981. Site requirements for melaleuca seedling establishment. Pp\n9-15 In: Geiger R.K. (Ed). Proceedings of the Melaleuca Symposium, Sept. 23-24,\n1980. Division of Forestry, Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer\nWoodall S.L. 1983. Establishment of Melaleuca quinquenervia seedlings in the\npinecypress cotone of southwest Florida. Fla. Scientist. 46:65-71.\nWunderlin R.P., Hansen B.F., and B.L. Bridges. 1995. Atlas of Florida vascular\nplants. Available online.\nJ. Masterson, Smithsonian Marine Station\nSubmit additional information, photos or comments\nPage last updated: September 307, 2007", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-11", "url": "http://www.sms.si.edu/irlspec/Melaleuca_quinquenervia.htm", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-11/segments/1424936461416.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20150226074101-00041-ip-10-28-5-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8383003473, "token_count": 3415, "score": 3.125, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Speiceas a D'fhéadfadh a bheith Mí-Aitheanta:\nTá sé dóchúil nach ndéanfar Melaleuca a mheabhrú le speiceas ar bith eile nuair a bhíonn sé\nfásann i Florida. An birch abhainn (Betula nigra), a bhfuil a chraiceann páipéir\nTá sé cosúil le melaleuca, tá sé teoranta do thuaidh Florida\nna contaeanna nach bhfuil M. quinquenervia ann (Ollscoil Florida\nII. Tithíocht agus dáilte\nIs speiceas neamh-thúchasach é Melaleuca quinquenervia a bhfuil an t-airgead dúchasach aige san Astráil,\nGhuine Nua agus Oileáin Shlóman (Langland agus Burks 1998).\nI Florida, tá melaleuca teoranta do leath theas an stáit, agus\nTá na contaetha ag deireadh theas an stáit is leochailí. An tuaisceart\nIs é an teorainn a raon féideartha a luaitear go coitianta mar Chontae Indian River ar an gcósta thoir agus Chontae Pinellas ar an nGolf\ncósta. Mar sin féin, tá melaleuca fuarthas naturalized mar thuaidh\nmar Hernando, Loch, agus Brevard contae, agus fiú suas i Volusia Contae ar an\nAn t-eas-chostas (Wunderlin et al. 1995, FLEPPC 2005).\nTá Melaleuca quinquenervia bunaithe sna sé chontae go léir sa dtráthchríoch IRL.\nIII. an t-údarás IS EOLAR agus BÚILÓGÁIS NA SAOLÁIN\nAois, Méid, Fad saoil:\nIs féidir le Melaleuca quinquenervia fás go dtí thart ar 33 m i Florida ag ráta thart ar 1-2 m / bliain (Langeland ad Burks 1998).\nMeastar go bhfuil Melaleuca quinquenervia an ceann is suntasaí de 60 speiceas plandaí neamh-thorrach\nFaoi láthair ag ionradh ar na limistéir nádúrtha de Florida theas. An speiceas a bhfuil ionsaí a bhí\nBhí níos mó ná 200,000 heicteár (beagnach leath mhilliún acra) sa Deisceart\nFlorida faoi 1994, lena n-áirítear limistéar suntasach laistigh de na Everglades (Langland\nagus Burks 1998, Mazzotti et all 2002).\nTá Melaleuca quinquenervia tar éis a bheith ar an eolas go maith faoi na coinníollacha maidir le cur chun feidhme an Rialacháin seo. An\nTá an speiceas ag aibíocht go tapa, agus tá sé in ann bláthanna a chur laistigh de thrí bliana.\n(agus chomh beag le dhá bhliain) de gheimhríocht agus chomh minic agus\ncúig huaire sa bhliain (Meskimen 1962, Laroche 1994b). Sa Deisceart\nFlorida, bloomann an speiceas go príomha le linn mhíonna an gheimhridh\n(Samhain-Eanáir), cé go bhfuil sé in ann roinnt bláthanna a chur air\ni rith na bliana. Tá bláthú asynchronous araon i measc crainn\nagus i measc bláthanna speiceas amháin (FLEPPC 1999).\nTá speiceas M. quinquenervia mór-\nTá an fhéidearthacht ag an gcóras seo go bhfuil suas le 20 milliún síolta in aghaidh na bliana stóráilte sa\ncapsúl síolta de chrann amháin. Ní mór cáipéisí síolta a thriomú\nsula bhféadfaidh siad síolta a scaoileadh chuig an gcomhshaol. Is féidir le síolta\ni gcáipéisí síolta a bheith inmharthana ar feadh roinnt (deich mbliana ar a laghad) bliana\n(Meskimen 1962, Langland agus Burks 1998).\nBeidh damáiste fisiciúil mar bhrainse briste nó gearradh a spreagadh an tapa\nscaoileadh síolta ó chaipisíní ar an bhrainse díobhálach. Má tá crann\ngo bhfuil an t-amhrán seo á chur ar fáil do dhaoine fásta agus do dhaoine fásta.\ngo gcailltear na síolta go léir laistigh de chúpla lá (Woodall 1983).\nTuairiscítear go bhfuil an láidreacht céatadáin síolta sách íseal ag 10-20%, cé go bhfuil an\nIs féidir le síolta atá inmharthana fanacht mar sin ina gcáipéisí síolta ar feadh blianta (Meskimen\n1962) a chur i bhfeidhm. Toisc gur féidir le crainn roinnt milliún síolta a choinneáil, is é an stoc síolta inmharthana ar\nIs féidir le gach crann leibhéal roinnt céadta mílte síolta a bhaint amach.\nLéiríonn staidéir manipulitive go laghdaítear inláimhsitheacht na síolta scaoilte ag\n50% tar éis 8 mhí i dtalamh (FLEPPC 1999). Tarlaíonn géarmad i bhfód\nis féidir le ithir atá fliuch agus tuilte a ghlanadh laistigh de chúpla lá ó fhliuchadh nó\nIs féidir le feithiclí a bheith inmharthana ar feadh suas le sé mhí (Myers 1975, Lockhart 1996).\nIV. TÚLLACHTÍ PHÍSICHE\nIs cosúil go gcuireann an fhriota teorainn le leathnú ó thuaidh i Florida, cé go bhféadfadh crainn óga\nIs iad na melaleuca is so-ghabhálacha le reo; breathnaíodh go bhfuil melaleuca aibí\nmaireachtáil imeachtaí reoite taifead-bris. Tá reoite ar an gcomhshaol\nFactor strus a bhfuil a fhios aige a spreagann scaoileadh mais síolta (Woodall 1981).\nFreagraíonn Melaleuca quinquenervia go huathoibríoch i suíomhanna atá fliuch go séasúrach, ach tá sé in ann\nTá an t-eitleán seo ag fás i dtuiscí uisce agus i dtalamh ard-dránaithe (Laroche\n1994b). De ghnáth bíonn pobail atá níos fliuch níos so-ghabhálach do thréimhse an fhéilire ná suíomhanna níos\nTá an t-am ag teacht chun cinn agus tá an t-am ag dul chun cinn.\nTá an t-ábhar seo le feiceáil i gclár na n-earraí a úsáidtear chun an t-ábhar a chur ar fáil.\nCreidtear go bhfuil salannas ina fhachtóir teoranta, cé go bhfuil melaleuca in ann\na fhásann i limistéir mangróba agus backmangrove ina chuid nádúrtha agus a tugadh isteach\n(Myers 1975, Center and Dray 1986) agus tá an t-eagrán seo leagtha amach i gCuid II.\nDe ghnáth bíonn tine ag bás a chur ar fhéithidí óga, ach bíonn daoine níos sine in ann seasamh\ngo bhfuil an t-easnamh ar an ngá atá le bheith ag an bhfoireann (Meskimen 1962, Myers 1975, 1983). Éascaíonn tineanna a bhíonn go minic an\nMeasúnú ar an gcineál feistí a úsáidtear chun an t-eitleán a chur ar fáil\nTá an t-ábhar a úsáidtear chun an t-oideas a chur ar fáil do na hionadaithe, agus tá sé ag ullmhú an láithreáin chun síolta a ghlanadh (Myers, 1983,\nFLEPPC 1999). Athraíonn ionradh Melaleuca réimeas dóiteáin pobail, mar nuair a\nCuireann sé speicis luibheacha ar an áit mar sawgrass, Cladium jamaicense (Flowers 1991).\nV. ECOLÓGÁIL COMHAONTA\nLaistigh dá raon dúchasach, measaíonn Melaleuca quinquenervia i limistéir fliuch íseal atá\ngo bhfuil tineanna tréimhsiúla acu. Tá na coinníollacha seo cosúil leis na coinníollacha a fhaightear i\nlíon na gnáthóga i ndeisceart Florida. Tá an t-amhrán seo á chur ar fáil ag an suíomh gréasáin seo.\nÁirítear ar melaleuca córais nádúrtha mar imeall loch, féaraí,\nFógráin, préirí meisce, marshes sawgrass, agus seastáin ciprís, chomh maith le\ngo bhfuil an t-ábhar a úsáidtear le haghaidh na n-oidis a bhfuil an t-ábhar a úsáidtear le haghaidh na n-oidis a úsáidtear le haghaidh na n-oidis a úsáidtear le haghaidh na n-oidis a úsáidtear le haghaidh na n-oidis a úsáidtear le haghaidh na n-oidis a úsáidtear. Gnáthóg\nIs féidir leis an gcineál seo a bheith ina speiceas réabhlóideach, ach ní gá go mbeadh sé ina speiceas réabhlóideach.\nan t-ábhar a bhí ag an gcineál sin de chóireáil (FLEPPC 1999).\nGo ginearálta, tuairiscítear nach n-úsáidtear go leor stáisiún melaleuca i ndeisceart Florida ag\nainmhithe fiáine dúchasacha. Schortemeyer et al. (1981) tuairiscíodh eisceacht i roinnt\nspeicis éan (lena n-áirítear anhingas, egrets, agus herons) a breathnaíodh a bheith\núsáid melaleuca seasamh áit uisce domhain saorga agus leathnaithe\nBhí líon suntasach de chrainn dúchasacha maraithe nó damáiste déanta ag hidroperiods.\nVI. FÓRMHAIS INVASÓRTA\nTugadh Melaleuca go Florida trí iontráil iolracha\nimeachtaí go luath sa 20ú haois, a úsáidtear ar dtús mar tírdhreach\ncrann uachtar agus mar fhoinse adhmaid. An chéad dá\nBhí áiteanna a tugadh isteach i gcontaeanna Broward agus Lee, áit a raibh M.\nBhí síolta quinquenervia a iompar ón Astráil curtha. Sa\n1930í, plandáil crainn M. quinquenervia mar chobhsaitheoirí ithreach ar\ndamhaí cainéal atá ar theorainn ag deireadh theas Loch Okeechobee agus freisin\ni gCaomhnú Náisiúnta Big Cypress. Bhí síolta freisin go ciontach\nscaipthe ó eitleáin thar na Everglades sna 1930idí go dtí\ngo n-éascaíonn sé bunú tapa foraoisí melaleuca (Austin\nTá an-tóir ar melaleuca mar speiceas ornáideach, mar speiceas\nwindbreak, agus do shraith fál a éascú tuilleadh scaipeadh an\nspeiceas i Florida. An t-easpa a dhéantar trí mheán an chomhshaoil a dhéanamh ar melaleuca\ntrí Florida Theas agus go domhain isteach i lár na Everglades\nBhí an iompar propagule trí ghaoith agus trí mheán\nuisce (FLEPPC 1999). Fiú blianta ina dhiaidh sin, an Florida Theas ginearálta\nTá an t-amhrán seo ag cur síos ar an méid a tharla i gcathair na hAlban.\na tugadh isteach ar dtús (Mazzotti et al. 2002).\nGo dtí 1970, bhí M. quinquenervia á mholadh mar\n\"aon cheann de na Florida is fearr crainn tírdhreach\" (Langland agus\nAn luas a scaipeann melaleuca agus a thagann chun réimsí nua a rialú\nTá sé cur síos air mar phléascálach (Cost and Carver 1981, Hofstetter\n1991) a chur i bhfeidhm. Ní gá ach 25 bliain le haghaidh míle cearnach amháin\nlimistéar chun dul chun cinn ó 5% go 95% ionfhabhtú M. quinquenervia\n(Laroche agus Ferriter 1992). Is bagairt thromchúiseach é do\nEverglades athchóiriú agus caomhnú iarrachtaí, agus bagairt do\nÁiteanna nádúrtha eile i ndeisceart Florida freisin (FLEPPC 1999).\nAn Cumas a Bheadh Ag Dul i gConcursacht le Lucht Dúchasach:\nTá Melaleuca ina ionsaíoir go príomha ar shuíomhanna a bhfuil cur isteach orthu, ach is é an t-ionadaí neamhchlaonta\nD'fhéadfadh go mbeadh leibhéal friotaíochta ag gnáthóga Florida i gcoinne ionradh agus\ngo bhfuil an t-ionad bunaithe (Ewel et al. 1976), agus Cóstaí cainéal, savanna pinne, pineland bainistithe\nTá na prairies, prairie agus cypress marshes agus sawgrass prairies i measc na\ngnáthóga suaite agus neamh-suaite atá inghlactha le M. quinquenervia\n(Myers, 1975, Richardson 1977, DiStefano agus Fisher 1983, Duever et al. 1986, an tAcht\nLaroche agus Ferriter 1992). Nuair a bheidh sé bunaithe, M.\nIs féidir le quinquenervia seasamh monotypic dlúth a chruthú atá in ann sibhlíní dúchasacha a chur in ionad\n(Richardson 1977).\nLéiríonn Langland agus Burks (1998) go bhfuil an melaleuca aitheanta anois mar\ngo hidirnáisiúnta mar bhagairt do Florida Everglades, Suíomh Oidhreachta Domhanda\nagus Cúlchiste Idirnáisiúnta na Bithsféire.\nCúiseanna Eacnamaíocha a D'fhéadfadh a bheith ag Inbhitiú:\nCé gur cosúil go bhfuil sochar eacnamaíoch beag dearfach ag melaleuca i Florida mar\nTá an t-ábhar seo ag cur le heaspartaigh a úsáidtear ag milí milis a bhainistítear go tráchtála,\nTá an t-ionsaí i gcoinne ionradh na speiceas seo i bhfad níos mó.\nDiamond et al. (1991) d'fhoilsigh anailís chostais-sochair do Florida theas i\na chuir siad i gcomparáid le tairbhe bliantúil measta measartha don bheathú agus\ntionscal seirbhíse pollination de thart ar $ 15 milliún le meastachán $ 168.6\nTá an-chuid de na tionscail a bhfuil an-tóir orthu ag an earnáil seo.\nTá an t-airgead a chailleadh i gcás ionfhabhtú iomlán ag melaleuca ar na Everglades agus ar fhás-leathanna eile i ndeisceart Florida.\nLiostaí Grúpa Speisialtóirí Speiceas Ionsaitheach (ISSG) an Aontais Domhanda um Chaomhnú\nTá an t-eitleán i measc na speiceas eachtrach ionrach is measa ar domhan.\naithníonn sé iad mar thiománaithe móra d'athrú éiceachórais.\nAustin D.F. 1978. - Tá sé ann. Plandaí coimhthíocha agus a n-éifeachtaí i dtuaisceart Florida.\nCoimirce Comhshaoil 5:25-34.\nCenterT.D., agus F.A. Dray, Jr. 1986. Melaleuca quinquenervia,\nbagairt ar fháschríocha Florida Theas, tuarascáil ó Roinn Talmhaíochta na Stát Aontaithe.\nSeirbhís Taighde Talmhaíochta (ARS), Saotharlanna Fhianta Uisceacha, Ft.\nDiamond C., Davis D., agus D.C. Schmitz. 1991. an tSeapáin. Ráiteas Tionchair:\nMelaleuca quinquenervia chuig liosta Florida de Phlant Uisceacha Toirmeasc.\nIn: Proceedings of the Symposium on Exotic Pest Plants, 2 - 4 Samhain 1988,\nDoren, R.L. Hofstetter, R.L. Myers, agus L.D. Whiteaker, eds), pp. 87-110.\nNí mór an t-ábhar a bheith i gceart. Tuarascáil, Roinn an Áitiúil na Stát Aontaithe, Náisiúnta\nSeirbhís Páirce, Denver, Colorado.\nDiStefano J.F., agus R.F. Fisher. - Tá sé. 1983. an t-am. D'fhéadfadh Melaleuca ionradh a dhéanamh\nQuinquenerviain Florida theas, SAM Bainistíocht Eaclaíochta Foraoiseachta\nDuever M.J., Carlson J., Meeder J, Duever L., Gunderson L., Riopell L.,\nAlexander T., Myers R., agus D. Spangler. 1986 - An tAcht. An Náisiún Cypress Mór\nCoinnigh. Tuairisc an Ionaid Taighde de chuid an Chumainn Náisiúnta Audubon Uimh. 8. Ceacht. Nua-Eabhrac.\nEwel J., Meador R., Myers R., Conde L., agus B. Sedlik. 1976. - Tá tú i dteach. Staidéar ar\nathruithe glasraí ar Florida Theas. Tuairisc do Sheirbhís Foraoise na SA ar Thaighde\nComhaontú 18-492, Ollscoil Florida, Gainesville, Florida.\nFLEPPC. 1999 - Tá an t-am ann. Plean bainistíochta melaleuca: Deich mbliana de melaleuca rathúil\nBa cheart go mbeadh an t-ardú seo ar fáil i Florida ó 1988 go 1998. Molacháin ón Tascfhórsa Melaleuca,\nComhairle Florida Pest Exotic Plant (3ú heagrán). Laroche F.B. (Leasú.) 128 p.\nFLEPPC. 2005. Ceoltóirí Liosta de Speicis Ionsaitheach Florida. Florida Exotic Pest Plant\nComhairle. Ar fáil ar líne.\nFlowers J.D. 1991. an tSeapáin. Torthaí ar theine subtrópaiceach i Melaleuca\nquinquenervia. In: Proceedings of the Symposium on Exotic Pest Plants,\n2-4 Samhain, 1988, Miami.\nHofstetter R.H. 1991. An stádas reatha atá ag Melaleuca quinquenervia i\nFlorida theas. In: Proceedings of the Symposium on Exotic Pest Plants,\n2-4 Samhain, 1988, Miami.\nLangeland K.A. agus K.C. Burks (Eds.). 1998. Aithint agus bitheolaíocht\nplandaí neamh-thorrach i limistéir nádúrtha Florida. UF/IFAS. 165 p.\nLaroche F.B., agus A.P. Ferriter. 1992. Meastacháin ar rátaí leathnaithe melaleuca\ni Florida theas. Journal of Aquatic Plant Management 30:62-65.\nLockhart C.S. 1996. Heterophylly uisceach mar straitéis mhaireachtála i Melaleuca\nquinquenervia (Myrtaceae). Iris Bótáine Cheanada. 74:243-246\nMazzotti F.J., Ostrenko W., agus A.T. Smith. 1981. Éifeachtaí na bplandaí coimhthíocha\nMelaleuca quinquenervia agus Casuarina equisetifolia ar mhamaigh bheaga\nTá an t-airgead seo ag teacht ó na háiteanna is fearr le haghaidh an fhéile. Eolaí Florida 44:65-71.\nMeskimen G F. 1962. Staidéar silvic ar an gcrann Melaleuca quinquenervia\ni Florida theas. Teistiméireacht MS neamhfhoilsithe. Ollscoil Florida, Gainesville,\nFlorida 177 p.\nMyers R.L. 1975. An gaol idir coinníollacha an láithreáin agus an cumas ionrach\nde melaleuca i ndeisceart Florida. Teistiméireacht MS neamhfhoilsithe. Ollscoil Florida,\nGainesville, 151 p.\nMyers R.L. 1983. an t-am. Éadúlacht an láithreáin ar ionradh an chrainn eicseach\nMelaleuca quinquenervia i ndeisceart Florida. Journal of Applied Ecology (Iarbhír na hEiceolaíochta Feidhmithe)\nRichardson D.R. 1977. Fásclaíocht Chróch Costa Atlantaigh Palm Beach\nContae, Florida. Eolaí Florida. 40:281-330. Tá an t-am ag teacht.\nSchortemeyer J.L., Johnson R.E., agus J.D. An Iarthar. 1981. Tuairisc réamh ar\nteacht ar fhiadhúlra i gceann melaleuca i mBainistíocht Fiadhúlra Everglades\nCeantar. Leathanach 81-89 in: Proceedings of the Melaleuca Symposium, Sept. 23-24, 1980.\nRoinn Foraoiseachta Florida, Tallahassee.\nOllscoil Florida 2006. Florida Forest Stewardship Tráthanna Florida ar líne\nbunachar sonraí. Ar fáil ar líne.\nWoodall S.L. 1981. Iarratais ar shuíomh le haghaidh bunachas síolta melaleuca Pp\n9-15 In: Geiger R.K. (Ed.) Iarscríbhinn ó Symposium Melaleuca, 23-24 Meán Fómhair,\n1980. Roinn na Foraoiseachta, Roinn Talmhaíochta agus Tomhaltóirí Florida\nWoodall S.L. 1983. an t-am. Seánánna Melaleuca quinquenervia a bhunú sa\nCotton pinecypress de dheas-thiar Florida. Fla. Eolaí. 46:65-71.\nWunderlin R.P., Hansen B.F., agus B.L. Droichead. 1995. an t-am. Atlas Florida soithigh\nplandaí. Ar fáil ar líne.\nJ. Masterson, Stáisiún Mara Smithsonian\nCuir faisnéis bhreise, grianghraif nó tuairimí isteach\nAn leathanach a nuashonraíodh deireanach: 307 Meán Fómhair, 2007"} {"text": "Posted on February 16, 2008 by Monica Valentinelli\nThe ultimate A to A of fantastic beings from myth and magic.\nWritten by John and Caitlin Matthews\nWhether you’re a gamer, a fiction writer, or you enjoy the fantasy genre, sometimes there are resources available that gather together everything you’re looking for in one place. The Element Encyclopedia of Magical Creatures is one such book.\nSpanning worldwide myths, this well-researched encyclopedia has monsters from A Bao a Qu to the creature called “Zu.” Like most well-respected reference works, there is a series of essays in the introduction, as well as at its conclusion. The copy I picked up from Barnes & Noble was in hardcover, and is a hefty book at over 650 pages of dense material covering unusual creatures I had never heard of to “common” monsters like the zombie.\nUnlike other research materials, there is a definite and intentional desire in this work for you, as the reader, to easily reference and understand where the origin of these “creatures” began, from both a location and a mythological perspective. I found the stylistic entries to be exceptionally useful; creatures are cross-referenced throughout the work by being “bolded,” and their multiple names are included as separate entries.\nLet’s look at an example of an entry, so you can see what I’m referring to:\nErqigdlit A group of blood-drinking monsters in the legends and traditions of the people of Greenland and Baffin Island. Among the Inuit people of Labrador and the Hudson Bay coastline of Canada they are considered the most fearsome and terrifying monsters of which they have knowledge. They are also known as the Adlet.\nIf this reference book could be improved, I would recommend the inclusion of a world map to cross-reference mythic locations – especially since my geography isn’t as good as what it used to be. I also found the packaging of this book to be quite amusing; this is not a reference work of fiction rather, this is a well-researched compendium of creatures, fairies, monsters, and other mythic gods and goddesses that have taken the form of an animal or hybrid. Published by Barnes & Noble this is one of those “overlooked” reference guides because, in my opinion, the title, the cover art, and its “occult” categorization do not represent the accuracy and the time it took to create this book that is only “magical” because it covers mythic creatures.\nOf the other reference guides out there, I would highly recommend The Element Encyclopedia of Magical Creatures; this is not a guide of how to summon, attract the attention of, or tame a magical creature like many works within the occult section claim to do. Instead, this is a thorough work (complete with a full bibliography) that spans global myth from African to East Asian and South American, shedding light on the beliefs and fears that unify us all. The book is not filled with pictures, so you’ll have to use your imagination if you want to see what the Peri look like or if, when you come across the Fei Lian, you’ll treat this commander of winds with kindness.\nGreat for writers and game designers, I’ve never come across a more thorough and massive work detailing creatures so rare you may not recognize them. There are two, other books in the series entitled, The Element Encyclopedia of 5000 Spells and The Element Encyclopedia of Witchcraft. If either of those two books are as down-to-earth and fact-filled as this one, I wouldn’t hesitate to buy either one to add substance to my fantasy stories.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-11", "url": "http://www.flamesrising.com/magical-creatures-review/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-11/segments/1424936462316.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20150226074102-00045-ip-10-28-5-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9533705115, "token_count": 786, "score": 2.59375, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Postáilte ar Feabhra 16, 2008 ag Monica Valentinelli\nAn A is fearr le A de na daoine iontach ó miotas agus draíocht.\nScríobh John agus Caitlin Matthews\nCibé an gamer, scríbhneoir ficsean, nó is breá leat an seánra fantaisíochta, uaireanta tá acmhainní ar fáil a bhailíonn gach rud atá á lorg agat le chéile in aon áit amháin. Is leabhar den sórt sin é The Element Encyclopedia of Magical Creatures.\nAg dul thar miotais ar fud an domhain, tá monstraí ag an ensíclopóid seo a bhfuil taighde maith déanta air ó A Bao a Qu go dtí an créatúr ar a dtugtar Zu. Cosúil leis na hoibreacha tagartha is mó a bhfuil meas orthu, tá sraith aisteanna san iontráil, chomh maith lena conclúid. An cóip a thóg mé suas ó Barnes & Noble bhí i gcló crua, agus tá leabhar hefty ag os cionn 650 leathanach dense ábhar clúdaíonn neamhghnácha créatúir a raibh mé riamh chuala de go \"choitianta\" monsters cosúil leis an zombie.\nMurab ionann agus ábhair thaighde eile, tá dúil shonraithe agus intinne sa saothar seo agat, mar léitheoir, tagairt a dhéanamh go héasca agus tuiscint a fháil ar áit a thosaigh bunús na \"criostaí\" seo, ó shuíomh agus ó pheirspictíocht mhiotaseolaíochta araon. Fuair mé go raibh na hiontrálacha stílíochta thar a bheith úsáideach; tá na créatúir tras-thuairiscigh ar fud an oibre trí bheith bold, agus tá a n-ainmneacha iomadúla san áireamh mar iontrálacha ar leithligh.\nDéanaimis sampla de iontráil a fheiceáil, ionas go bhfeicfidh tú cad atá á rá agam:\nErqigdlit Grúpa de mhúnlaí ag ól fola i finscéalta agus traidisiúin mhuintir na Groinne agus Oileán Baffin. I measc na ndaoine Inuit de Labrador agus an Hudson Bay cósta na Ceanada meastar go bhfuil siad na monstraí is eagla agus is uafásacha a bhfuil a fhios acu. Tá siad ar a dtugtar freisin mar an Adlet.\nDá bhféadfaí an leabhar tagartha seo a fheabhsú, mholfainn léarscáil domhanda a chur san áireamh chun áiteanna miotaseacha a thras-thagartha go háirithe ós rud é nach bhfuil mo gheo-eolaíocht chomh maith leis an méid a bhí sé. Fuair mé freisin go raibh pacáistiú an leabhair seo an-chúramach; ní saothar fiosrúcháin ficsean é seo, ach is é seo an t-iomlán taighde go maith ar na créatúir, na féirí, na monstraí, agus na déithe agus na déitheacha miotaseacha eile a ghlac foirm ainmhithe nó hibride. Foilsithe ag Barnes & Noble tá sé seo ar cheann de na treoracha tagartha \"a bhfuil dearmad déanta orthu\" toisc, i mo thuairim, nach léiríonn an teideal, an ealaín clúdach, agus a chatagóirithe \"occult\" an cruinneas agus an t-am a thóg sé an leabhar seo a chruthú nach bhfuil ach \"maighnéadach\" toisc go gcumhdaíonn sé créatúir mhiotaseacha.\nI measc na dtreoracha tagartha eile atá ar fáil, molaim go mór An t-Eileamaint Encyclopedia of Magical Creatures; ní treoir é seo maidir le conas créatúr draíochta a ghairm, aird a tharraingt air, nó a mhaolú mar a éilíonn go leor saothar laistigh den rannán occult. Ina áit sin, is saothar críochnúil é seo (comhlán le leabhrán iomlán) a shíneann miotas domhanda ó na hAfraice go dtí an Oirthear na hÁise agus Meiriceá Theas, ag cur solais ar na creidimh agus na eagla a aontaíonn muid go léir. Níl an leabhar líonta le pictiúir, mar sin beidh ort do shamhlaíocht a úsáid más mian leat a fheiceáil conas a fhéachann an Peri nó más rud é, nuair a thagann tú trasna an Fei Lian, déileálfaidh tú leis an gceannas gaoithe seo le cairdiúlacht.\nIs iontach do scríbhneoirí agus dearthóirí cluiche, Ní raibh mé riamh teacht ar a chuid oibre níos críochnúlaí agus ollmhór mionsonraithe créatúir chomh neamhchoitianta is féidir leat a aithint iad. Tá dhá leabhar eile sa tsraith dar teideal, An t-Eileamaint Encyclopedia of 5000 Spells agus An t-Eileamaint Encyclopedia of Witchcraft. Má tá an dá leabhar sin chomh domhain agus chomh lán fíricí leis an gceann seo, ní dhéanfainn aon leisce aon cheann acu a cheannach chun ábhar a chur le mo scéalta fantaisíochta."} {"text": "Viability stains are contradictory because the staining itself kills all the organisms, but it’s used to tell which one was dead from the get go and which one was alive. There’s two types of viability stains, Methylene Blue and Trypan Blue Exclusion.\nMethylene Blue is used for yeast viability in beer, wine, alcohol. Viable (living) yeast do not stain and remain colorless; whereas non-viable, non-metabolizing cells stain blue.\nTrypan blue is used on animal cells and the results are the same as MB. Since cells are very selective in the compounds that pass through the membrane, in a viable cell, trypan blue is not absorbed, or in other words, it is excluded, which is why it is sometimes called a dye exclusion method. In dead cells though, the dye passes through and appears blue under a microscope.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-17", "url": "https://antranik.org/viability-stains/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125949489.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20180427060505-20180427080505-00476.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9598113894, "token_count": 185, "score": 3.1875, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Tá stains beochta contrártha toisc go mbraitheann an staining féin na heintitis go léir, ach úsáidtear é chun a rá cé acu a bhí marbh ón tús agus cé acu a bhí beo. Tá dhá chineál stains inmharthanachta ann, Methylene Blue agus Trypan Blue Exclusion.\nÚsáidtear Methylene Blue le haghaidh inmharthanacht giosta i mbia, fíon, alcól. Ní dhéanann giostaí inmharthana (beo) dath agus fanann siad gan dath; ach bíonn cilleanna neamh-inmharthana, neamh-metabolizing gorm.\nÚsáidtear Trypan blue ar chealla ainmhithe agus tá na torthaí mar an gcéanna le MB. Ós rud é go bhfuil cealla an-roghnach sna comhdhúile a théann tríd an mbramán, i gceall inmharthana, ní dhéantar gorm trypan a ionsú, nó i bhfocail eile, cuirtear as, agus is é sin an fáth go dtugtar modh eisiata datha air uaireanta. Ach i gcealla marbh, téann an dath tríd agus is cosúil go bhfuil sé gorm faoi mhicreascóip."} {"text": "Updated global burden of cholera in endemic countries\nMetadataShow full item record\n© 2015 Ali et al. Background The global burden of cholera is largely unknown because the majority of cases are not reported. The low reporting can be attributed to limited capacity of epidemiological surveillance and laboratories, as well as social, political, and economic disincentives for reporting. We previously estimated 2.8 million cases and 91,000 deaths annually due to cholera in 51 endemic countries. A major limitation in our previous estimate was that the endemic and non-endemic countries were defined based on the countries’ reported cholera cases. We overcame the limitation with the use of a spatial modelling technique in defining endemic countries, and accordingly updated the estimates of the global burden of cholera. Methods/Principal Findings Countries were classified as cholera endemic, cholera non-endemic, or cholera-free based on whether a spatial regression model predicted an incidence rate over a certain threshold in at least three of five years (2008-2012). The at-risk populations were calculated for each country based on the percent of the country without sustainable access to improved sanitation facilities. Incidence rates from population-based published studies were used to calculate the estimated annual number of cases in endemic countries. The number of annual cholera deaths was calculated using inverse variance-weighted average case-fatality rate (CFRs) from literature-based CFR estimates. We found that approximately 1.3 billion people are at risk for cholera in endemic countries. An estimated 2.86 million cholera cases (uncertainty range: 1.3m-4.0m) occur annually in endemic countries. Among these cases, there are an estimated 95,000 deaths (uncertainty range: 21,000-143,000). Conclusion/Significance The global burden of cholera remains high. Sub-Saharan Africa accounts for the majority of this burden. Our findings can inform programmatic decision-making for cholera control.\nShowing items related by title, author, creator and subject.\nAli, Mohammed; Lopez, A.; You, Y.; Kim, Y.; Sah, B.; Maskery, B.; Clemens, J. (2012)Objective To estimate the global burden of cholera using population-based incidence data and reports. Methods Countries with a recent history of cholera were classifed as endemic or non-endemic, depending on whether they ...\nLopez, A.; Macasaet, L.; Ylade, M.; Tayag, E.; Ali, Mohammed (2015)© 2015 Lopez et al. Despite being a cholera-endemic country, data on cholera in the Philippines remain sparse. Knowing the areas where cholera is known to occur and the factors that lead to its occurrence will assist in ...\nMass Vaccination with a New, Less Expensive Oral Cholera Vaccine Using Public Health Infrastructure in India: The Odisha ModelKar, S.; Sah, B.; Patnaik, B.; Kim, Y.; Kerketta, A.; Shin, S.; Rath, S.; Ali, Mohammed; Mogasale, V.; Khuntia, H.; Bhattachan, A.; You, Y.; Puri, M.; Lopez, A.; Maskery, B.; Nair, G.; Clemens, J.; Wierzba, T. (2014)Introduction: The substantial morbidity and mortality associated with recent cholera outbreaks in Haiti and Zimbabwe, as well as with cholera endemicity in countries throughout Asia and Africa, make a compelling case for ...", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-17", "url": "https://espace.curtin.edu.au/handle/20.500.11937/65811", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125937440.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20180420100911-20180420120911-00058.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9038559198, "token_count": 757, "score": 2.890625, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Uasdátú ar an ualach domhanda cóiré i dtíortha endéimeacha\nMeta-sonraíShow full item record\n© 2015 Ali et al. Cúlra Níl a fhios go mór faoin ualach domhanda a bhaineann le cóirleach toisc nach ndéantar an chuid is mó de na cásanna a thuairisciú. Is féidir an t-ionchur íseal a chur i leith acmhainn theoranta faireacháin agus saotharlanna eipidéimeolaíocha, chomh maith le díspreagadh sóisialta, polaitiúil agus eacnamaíoch maidir le tuairisciú. Roimhe seo, mheasamar go raibh 2.8 milliún cás agus 91,000 bás in aghaidh na bliana mar gheall ar cholera i 51 tír endemic. Is mór-shrianta a bhí inár meastachán roimhe sin ná gur sainmhíníodh na tíortha endéimeacha agus neamh-endéimeacha bunaithe ar na tíortha a thuairiscigh cásanna cóiré. D'éirigh linn an teorainn a shárú trí theicníc samhlaíochta spásúla a úsáid chun tíortha endéimeacha a shainiú, agus dá réir sin, rinneamar na meastacháin ar an ualach domhanda cóiré a nuashonrú. Mhodhanna/Príomh-Forais Rinneadh tíortha a aicmiú mar cholera endemic, cholera neamh-endemic, nó saor ó cholera bunaithe ar an méid a thuar samhail aisghabhála spásúil ráta teagmhála thar tairseach áirithe i dtrí bliana ar a laghad de chúig bliana (2008-2012). Rinneadh na daonra atá i mbaol a ríomh do gach tír bunaithe ar an céatadán den tír gan rochtain inbhuanaithe ar áiseanna sláintíochta feabhsaithe. Baineadh úsáid as rátaí teagmhála ó staidéir foilsithe atá bunaithe ar an daonra chun an líon measta bliantúil cásanna i dtíortha endéimeacha a ríomh. Rinneadh an líon báis bliantúla ó cholera a ríomh trí mheánráta báis cásanna (CFRanna) a mheáladh le difríocht inverse ó mheastacháin CFRanna bunaithe ar litríocht. Fuair muid amach go bhfuil thart ar 1.3 billiún duine i mbaol cóireála i dtíortha endemic. Meastar go dtarlaíonn 2.86 milliún cás cóiré (réimse éiginnteachta: 1.3m-4.0m) in aghaidh na bliana i dtíortha endéimeacha. I measc na gcásanna seo, meastar go bhfuil 95,000 bás ann (réim neamhchinnteachta: 21,000-143,000). Conclúid/Céadmhacht Tá an t-ualach domhanda ar cholera ard fós. Is ar an Afraic faoi-Shahárach atá formhór na muirear seo. Is féidir lenár bhfáiltí cur le cinnteoireacht chláir chun cóireáil cholera a dhéanamh.\nAg taispeáint earraí a bhaineann le teideal, údar, cruthaitheoir agus ábhar.\nAli, Mohammed; Lopez, A.; Tú, Y.; Kim, Y.; Sah, B.; Maskery, B.; Clemens, J. (2012)Cuspóir Measúnú a dhéanamh ar an ualach domhanda cóireála ag baint úsáide as sonraí agus tuarascálacha ar thráthúlacht atá bunaithe ar an daonra. Mhodhanna Rinneadh tíortha a raibh cóireáil orthu le déanaí a aicmiú mar thíortha endéimeacha nó neamh-endéimeacha, ag brath ar cibé acu ...\nLopez, A.; Macasaet, L.; Ylade, M.; Tayag, E.; Ali, Mohammed (2015) © 2015 Lopez et al. In ainneoin gur tír é a bhfuil cóireáil-endéamach ann, tá sonraí faoi cholera sna hOileáin Fhilipíneacha fós gann. Beidh an t-eolas a bheith againn ar na ceantair ina bhfuil colera agus na fachtóirí a chuireann leis an gcollera a bheith ann cabhrú linn ...\nGlacadh vacsaínithe ar fud an domhain le vacsaín cóiré béil nua, níos saoire ag baint úsáide as bonneagar sláinte poiblí san India: The Odisha ModelKar, S.; Sah, B.; Patnaik, B.; Kim, Y.; Kerketta, A.; Shin, S.; Rath, S.; Ali, Mohammed; Mogasale, V.; Khuntia, H.; Bhattachan, A.; You, Y.; Puri, M.; Lopez, A.; Maskery, B.; Nair, G.; Clemens, J.; Wierzba, T. (2014) Tús: Is é an morbidity agus an mortality suntasach a bhaineann le ráigí cóiré le déanaí in Haiti agus i Zimbabwe, chomh maith le tíortha endemicity cóiré ar fud na hÁise agus na hAfraice, cás láidir a dhéanamh le haghaidh ..."} {"text": "Interactive Lessons to Engage Young Students\nOur Elementary School tutoring programs use interactive lessons to get children engaged and motivated to learn. Many young children learn through play so our lessons combine creative activities with stimulating math games and puzzles, problem-solving, pattern-matching, reading and sentence building exercises. The goal is to develop a young child’s natural curiosities and help them build core skills in math, science and English.\nPersonalized Elementary School Tutoring Programs\nBellevue Tutors provides personalized instruction to students anytime, 7 days a week. Our Elementary School tutors will work with your student at his/her own pace, providing continual encouragement and positive reinforcement.\nWith an Elementary School tutor from Bellevue Tutors, your child will have a customized program that matches his or her abilities. Fill out our contact form to get started.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-04", "url": "https://www.bellevuetutors.com/elementary", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703564029.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20210125030118-20210125060118-00736.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9159129262, "token_count": 175, "score": 2.5625, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Ceachtanna Idirghníomhacha chun Múinteoirí Óga a Iompar\nÚsáidtear ár gclár teagaisc ar scoil bhunúsach ceachtanna idirghníomhacha chun leanaí a chur i mbun agus a spreagadh chun foghlaim. Foghlaimíonn a lán páistí óga trí imirt mar sin bíonn gníomhaíochtaí cruthaitheacha ag ár gcuid ceachtanna le cluichí agus puzzles matamaitice spreagúla, réiteach fadhbanna, comhoiriúnú patrúin, léamh agus cleachtaí tógála abairt. Is é an aidhm ná a fhiosrúcháin nádúrtha a fhorbairt agus cabhrú leo scileanna bunúsacha a fhorbairt i matamaitic, i eolaíocht agus i mBéarla.\nClár Teagasc Pearsantaithe do Bhunscoileanna\nSoláthraíonn Teagascóirí Bellevue teagasc pearsantaithe do mhic léinn am ar bith, 7 lá sa tseachtain. Oibreoidh ár dtuchtúirí bunscoile le do mhic léinn ina luas féin, ag tabhairt spreagadh leanúnach agus neartú dearfach.\nLe teagascóir Scoile Bunscoile ó Teagascóirí Bellevue, beidh clár saincheaptha ag do leanbh a oireann dá chumas. Líon ár bhfoirm teagmhála chun tús a chur leis."} {"text": "In our previous article we had explained the role of bacteria in maintaining the coffee plantation ecology. This article highlights the role of yet another important microorganism namely, FUNGI in shaping the coffee mountain ecology. Fungi are a group of diverse and widespread unicellular and multicellular eukaryotic microorganisms.\nFungal species are commonly found in soil, in water, on plant debris, and as symbionts, parasites, and pathogens of animals, plants, and other microorganisms. Saprophytic species are important in the decomposition of plant litter and in the recycling of organic matter. Scientists have reported that in nature fungal colonies have been known to continue growing for 400 years or more.\nMany fungi are involved in symbiotic associations with various biotic partners within the coffee mountain. Classical examples are mycorrhizae, lichens, and mycetocytes.\nThe systematic study of fungi dates back to the early part of the 17th century. The ancient Greeks and Romans were experts in wine fermentation but they had no modern tools to understand and imply that fungi were largely responsible for these transformations.\nFungus (pl.fungi) constitutes a group of living organisms devoid of chlorophyll. Fungi resemble plants in structure and are capable of utilizing inorganic nitrogen compounds but appear to be more related to animals in requiring oxygen in their metabolism and eliminating carbon dioxide. They have definite cell walls, usually non motile, (they may have motile reproductive cells) and they reproduce by means of spores.\nNext to Bacteria, fungi are the most dominant group of microorganisms in soil. The primary role of fungi in coffee plantations is to degrade the vast amounts of complex organic molecules generated from time to time due to the addition of mature plant residues, green manures, organic manures, leaf litter, and convert them into simpler compounds necessary for plant growth and development. Coffee farmers need to understand that most of the biomass available on the coffee farm is relatively free from toxic materials and can be used as stimulants for growth and development of beneficial fungi.\nFungi are important agents in the bio degradation of cellulose, hemi cellulose, starch, pectin, organic acids, disaccharides, fats and lignin which is particularly resistant to bacterial degradation. Fungi are known to adapt themselves to even the most complex of food materials. Fungi are largely responsible in the formation of ammonium and simple nitrogen compounds in soil. Many species of fungi form symbiotic association with plant roots and help in plant growth. Fungi are capable of utilizing simple substances and build them into compounds of higher molecular weight bearing great complexity.\nSecondly, We need to appreciate the role of fungi in improving soil texture and in soil aggregation. Many fungi are known to produce substances similar to humic substances there by energizing the humic content and organic matter content of the soil. The biomass and organic matter on the forest floor is composed of polysaccharides of varying complexity. Fungi use starch as an excellent source of carbon, chitin is used both as a carbon and nitrogen source by few species of streptomyces. Lipids are attacked by moulds. Complex proteins and polypeptides are further broken down with the help of enzymes.\n|TYPE OF INTERACTION||PLANT OR SOIL INVOLVEMENT||MICROORGANISMS INVOLVED|\n|ORGANIC MATTER DECOMPOSITION||SOIL||DIFFERENT GENERA OF FUNGI|\n|BIOLOGICAL CONTROL||SOIL/PLANT||Trichoderma species|\n|NITROGEN IMMOBILIZATION||SOIL||DIFFERENT GENERA OF FUNGI|\n|ECTOMYCORRHIZAE||FOREST TREES||BASIDIOMYCETOUS FUNGI|\n|RHIZOPLANE||ALL BIOTIC PARTNERS-ROOT SURFACE||DIFFERENT GENERA OF FUNGI|\n|RHIZOSPHERE||ALL BIOTIC PARTNERS-ASSOCIATED WITH ROOTS||DIFFERENT GENERA OF FUNGI|\n|HISTOSPHERE||ASSOCIATED WITHIN ROOTS||DIFFERENT GENERA OF FUNGI|\n|PHYLLOSPHERE||ASSOCIATED WITH LEAF SURFACE||DIFFERENT GENERA OF FUNGI|\nFungi consist of filamentous mycelium composed of individual hyphae. The hyphae may be uni or multinucleate and with or without cross walls. The length of fungal mycelium ranges from 50 to 100 meters per gram of surface soil and few microbiologists have recorded values up to 500 meters.\nBased on filament diameter, specific gravity and mycelial length the weight of fungi ranges from approximately 500 to 6000 kg per hectare of surface soil. The fungal mycelium spreads like a mat and is closely attached to soil particles. These figures indicate the importance of fungi in coffee plantation ecology.\nThe coffee farm consists of well drained and well aerated soils for the simple reason that coffee cannot tolerate water logged conditions. Luckily, for the coffee farmer, these soil characteristics, together with a thick cover of leaf biomass favors the growth and proliferation of beneficial fungi. Because of their large diameter and underground net work of filaments they contribute significant amounts of total microbial protoplasm, to the coffee soil economy.\nMyxomycetes are also known as SLIME MOULDS. The characteristic feature of these slime fungi is that they colonize decaying wood, leaf litter, and other organic residues on the floor of the coffee forest. They profusely produce spores known as SPORANGIA. During favorable conditions the spores germinate and the fungal mycelium spreads rapidly attacking the organic debri.\nThey are also referred to as algal fungi. This group comprises several moulds, saprophytes, soil forms, parasites and pathogens. Some are known to be parasitic on insects. The asexual spore bearing structure is called SPORANGIUM. They may germinate directly giving rise to germ tubes which form hyphae and mycelium. The fungus is also capable of sexual reproduction. Some species of fungi are known to be plant pathogenic. E.g. Phytophthora infestans.\nMucor, Rhizopus and Pilobolus are the common genera under this group. They obtain their nutrients from the substrate. In the evolutionary ladder this group consists of advanced morphological characters and sexual forms of reproduction. Zygomycetes and Trichomycetes are the two classes of fungi under this group.\nThey are also referred to as sac fungi because their spores are formed in a sac called ascus. Some fungi are unicellular like yeasts and some like Morchella are highly developed with large fleshy structures. Ascomycetes are very important from the agricultural view point because they are adapted to varied habitats. There are over 35,000 species under this sub division. They are more advanced than the Phycomycetes.\nYeasts are spherical, ovoid, or rod shaped unicellular fungi. They are widely distributed in coffee soils and sometimes present even on plant parts. They reproduce by the budding mechanism but under certain circumstances a few of them may grow into filamentous forms.\nThis group of fungi too is important from the coffee farmer’s perspective because some are saprophytes and others are parasitic. There are more than 15,000 species under this sub division. Basidiomycetes are highly developed fungi. They bear a reproductive structure known as BASIDIUM. The fungi included in this group are mushrooms, toadstools, puffballs, rust, smut fungi, etc.\nFungal species which produce only asexual spores and not sexual spores are considered to be imperfectly understood, hence called Fungi Imperfecti (DEUTEROMYCETES). Some of the fungal species under this subdivision are the Aspergillus, Trichoderma, Rhizoctonia, Penicillium, and Gleosporium. The above mentioned fungi commonly inhabit coffee soils and most of them are of great commercial value in the preparation of microbial inoculants.\nGROWTH AND REPRODUCTION:\nThere are two phases in the life cycle of fungi. They may take place simultaneously or in succession. Way back in 1900 Klebs reported that the reproduction in FUNGI is governed by 4 laws.\n- Growth and reproduction are life processes, which depend upon different sets of conditions; in the lower organism’s external conditions mainly, determine whether growth or reproduction takes place.\n- Reproduction in the lower organisms does not occur as long as characteristic external conditions which are favorable for reproduction are always more or less unfavorable for growth.\n- The process of growth and reproduction differ in that growth may take place under a wide range of environmental; conditions than reproduction; growth may take place , therefore under conditions which inhibit reproduction and\n- Vegetative growth appears to be mostly a preliminary step for reproduction in that it creates a suitable internal environment for it.\nThe pioneering work done by Klebs holds good even today.\nEXTERNAL INFLUENCES ON FUNGAL GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT\nORGANIC MATTER STATUS:\nThe quality and quantity of organic matter plays a major role in the abundance of fungi. The number of filamentous fungi in soil varies depending on the amount of utilizable organic matter present in coffee soils. Addition of organic matter stimulates fungal activity and is maximum during the initial period of decomposition.\nHYDROGEN ION CONCENTRATION:\nFungi are dominant in acid soils because acidic environment is not favorable for the growth and multiplication of either bacteria or actinomycetes. This special evolutionary mechanism to tolerate highly acidic conditions results in the power of adaptation to hostile environments, including highly acidic soils. However, fungi can also grow in neutral or alkaline soils and some species can tolerate hydrogen ion concentrations beyond pH values of 8.0.\nThe moisture requirement varies from species to species. Soils which have relatively high moisture regimes, suppress the growth and development of certain fungi. Fungi belonging to Basidiomycetes multiply profusely in wood containing less than 20 % moisture. On the other hand the Phycomycetous fungi require very high moisture content for its growth and multiplication. Various moisture regimes determine the fate of spore germination. In general, a high level of moisture facilitates the germination of spores and other reproductive structures of the fungus.\nCoffee soils which are well aerated contain abundant fungi because most of the fungal species are aerobic.\nMost fungal species are mesophilic (25 to 35 degree centigrade). However in coffee compost pits, the presence of thermophilic fungi is commonly observed. Thermophilic fungi multiply at 50 to 60 degree centigrade but not at 65degree centigrade.\nSince coffee plantations are exposed to different seasons, it has a very deleterious effect on the fungal population. The rainy season provides ideal conditions for the proliferation of fungi but in heavy rainfall regions receiving in excess of 200 inches per annum the growth of fungi are restricted. December and January are winter months in the plantation area and fungi are at low ebb during these months.\nTYPE OF VEGETATION:\nIncorporation of crop residues, green manures and carbonaceous materials improves the microbial load, particularly the fungal growth. Certain species dominate initially, but subsequently their numbers decline. Some species maintain high population levels for relatively long periods after the incorporation of plant residues.\nDifferent species of Fungi are known to occupy different ecological niches. They exhibit selective preferences for various depths of soil. At different soil horizons different species of fungi reside. In coffee soils, fungi are most numerous in the surface layers. A great number of species occur on the surface, and sub surface of coffee soils than in deeper layers of soil. The influence of depth on the distribution and abundance of fungal species may be due to the availability of organic matter and the composition of soil atmosphere.\nFertilizers, chemicals, weedicides, nematicides, algaecides, pesticides and insecticides influence the type of fungal flora. Ammonium fertilizers are commonly applied in coffee farms. The addition of ammonium fertilizers increases the fungal population and diminishes the bacterial and actinomycete population.\nMost fungi are heterotrophs and to date there are no reports of fungi having the pigment chlorophyll to manufacture their own food. The nutrients enter the fungal cell / hypha in solution. Some fungi can use any of the wide range of compounds as sources of carbon and energy while others have highly specific nutritional requirements. A number of fungi require specific growth factors.\nInside the coffee mountain fungi obtain their food either as PARASITES (infecting living organisms) or by attacking dead organic matter as SAPROBES. Fungi that live on dead matter and are incapable of infecting living organisms are called OBLIGATE SAPROBES ; those capable of causing disease or of living on dead organic matter, according to circumstances are referred to as FACULTATIVE SAPROBES, and those that cannot live except on living protoplasm are called OBLIGATE PARASITES.\nCOFFEE MOUNTAIN & CHAIN REACTIONS:\nThe coffee eco system increasingly relies on natural processes for decomposition of organic matter, recycling of nutrients, maintenance of humus, regulation of pest population, and the control of disease causing microorganisms. It in this context that the coffee farmer can appreciate the role of FUNGI in maintaining equilibrium within the coffee habitat.\nThe fungal interactions with the inhabitants of the coffee mountain are essential for the effective transformations of various elements, especially insoluble rock phosphate ultimately leading to release of nutrients for most of the biotic partners. Fungi are also important in the mobilization of nitrogen and phosphorus. Some species of fungi are known to impart drought tolerance to plants.\nMOST COMMONLY ENCOUNTERED SOIL FUNGI:\nFusarium, Aspergillus, Pencillium, Acrostalagmus, Trichothecium, Alternaria, Pythium, Rhizopus, Botrytis, Verticillium, Pullularia, Trichoderma, Cephalosporium, Gliocladium, Scopulariopsis, Cladosporium, Spicaria, Absidia, Monilia, Cunninghamella, Mortierella, Rhiozoctonia, Chaetomium, Mucor, Dematium, Helminthosporium, Humicola, Metarrhizium.\nCHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF THE FUNGAL CELL ON DRY WEIGHT BASIS\nThe major constituent is water to the extent of 90 %. The ash content varies.\nAn assay of fungal cells may yield carbohydrates ranging from 5-60%, 2-10% chitin, 15-40% protein, 5-20%lipids.\nTwo types of spores are produced by fungi. namely SEXUAL and ASEXUAL. Asexual reproduction does not involve the union of sex cells or sex organs. Sexual reproduction is characterized by the union of two nuclei. Asexual reproduction is considered to be more important for the propagation of the species because it occurs several times during a season, where as sexual multiplication generally occurs only once a year.\nMost of the fungal species are capable of producing spores in great masses. Because of their light weight, spores are easily dispersed to great distances by wind and air currents. These spores are highly resistant to unfavorable environmental conditions such as high temperatures, heat, extreme cold, desiccation, ultra violet light, extremes of hydrogen ion concentration, and low nutrient supply. The spores are more resistant to heat than the fungal mycelium. The specialized structures that permit survival of the population are conidia, sclerotia, oospores, chlamydospores, sporangiospores, ascospores, sporangia, and rhizomorphs.\nTABLE 2: Persistence of Viable Fungal Structures in Soil\n[Alexander Martin, 1975. Microbial Ecology 2:17-27.]\n|Structure||Fungus||Persistence in Years|\nFUNGI AS BIOCONTROL AGENTS:\nThe coffee soils are known to contain different species of nematodes. The root lesion nematode, Pratylenchus coffeae is known to cause great economic damage in Arabica plantations. Robusta farms are tolerant.\nSome species of fungi have developed a mechanism to entrap nematodes and devour them. It has taken millions of years for fungi to develop tentacles helpful in fooling predators. It appears that a normal microflora has an important protective function against pathogenic and opportunistic microorganisms. Other species of fungi are known to predate over protozoans.\nA PEEP INTO THE FUTURE:\nA number of fungi present within the coffee farm have medicinal, therapeutic and high protein value. Coffee farmers can easily exploit their usefulness by simply learning the behavior of such fungi. An interesting fact about fungi is that they can be easily mass cultured inside the coffee farm itself without any sophisticated laboratory equipment. The raw material or the substrates on which the fungus grows is abundantly available on the farm itself.\nFarmers have to take extreme care only in the isolation and identification of pure cultures. Once the pure culture is isolated, the farmer should inoculate a sample flask or a glass container having the requisite medium with the fungal culture and store it in a refrigerator for further mass multiplication. This saves precious time and energy in subsequent field isolations.\nMicrobial inhabitants find comfort in the coffee forest sanctuary. At JOE’S SUSTAINABLE FARM, KIREHULLY, Nature employs microbes on a higher scale to establish and maintain a balance among the diverse forms of life inside the coffee mountain. The presence of different species of microorganisms inside the coffee mountain is a symbol of co existence.\nFungi play a pivotal role in the slow but constant changes taking place inside the coffee mountain. Fungi are key drivers in the recycling of important chemical elements that, without their activity, would remain forever locked up in dead plant and animal bodies. They transform abundantly available leaf litter and wood wastes to worthwhile end products containing high nutrient value.\nFungi are more beneficial to the coffee plantation ecology compared to many other microorganisms. Every day new techniques are being discovered which are relatively easy to perform at the farm level itself. There is little doubt that basic and applied research with microorganisms within the coffee mountain will continue to provide valuable information and technology of economic value to the coffee farmers. This knowledge can be used for improvements of commercial cultures for improving the productivity of the farm.\nThe presence of fungi inside the coffee mountain signals a technique that can distinguish between healthy and diseased or abnormal plant tissues. These techniques are of immense value in reducing the time required to identify genetic defects and mutations. Coffee farmers world wide should be convinced that the beneficial activities of fungi can be exploited in increasing the overall productivity of the ecofriendly farm.\nGerman scientist Albrecht Kaupp , has this to say. The human being is, after all, one of the most poorly optimized combustion engines of this planet. For thousands of years the design has remained unchanged. We continue to burn the most expensive energy, in a completely inefficient body. There are too many of us and our numbers are growing fast. On the other hand just look at Fungi; They form an invisible network of mycelial mats that are so small and highly efficient in converting non edible crop residues into energy rich nutrients, there by supplying the needs of the entire biotic community.\nOf great significance are certain fungi that form mycorrhizal associations with both forest trees and coffee, providing valuable phosphorus and other essential nutrients for growth and development. Certain species of fungi impart drought tolerance to various plant species. In addition several fungal species act as natural bio-control agents against a diverse array of disease causing organisms within the coffee farm.\n- Farm Coffee Organic Manures\n- The Fine Art of Composting In Coffee Plantations\n- Organic Matter Decomposition In Coffee Plantations\n- Soil Water Conservation in Coffee Plantations\n- Alexander, M. 1974. Microbial Ecology. New York. John Wiley and sons.\n- Alexander, M. 1977. Introduction to soil Microbiology. 2nd edition. New York. John Wiley and sons.\n- Alexopoulous, C.J. and C.W. Mims 1983. Introductory Mycology.Third Edition, Wiley Eastern Limited. India.\n- Atlas, R.M. and R. Bartha. 1993. Microbial Ecology: Fundamentals and application. Third edition. Benjamin/Cummings Pub. Co. New York.\n- Brock. T. D. 1979. Biology of Microorganisms. Third Edition. Englewood Cliffs. Prentice-Hall.\n- Coffee Guide. Sixth edition, 2000. Central Coffee Research Institute, Coffee research station, Chickmagalur District. Karnataka.\n- Harle, J. L. 1971. Fungi in ecosystems. J. Ecology 59: 627-642.\n- Kendrick, B. 1992. The fifth kingdom. Focus Texts. Newburyport, Mass.\n- Klebs, G. 1898-1900. Zur Physiologie der Fortpflanzung einiger Pilze. Jahrb. Wissen. Bot. 32: 1-70\n- Peter J. Bottomley, 2002. Microbial Ecology (chapter 8). In Principles and applications of soil microbiology. Edited by David M Sylvia, J.J. Fuhrmann, Peter G Hartel and David A Zuberer. Prentice Hall. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458\n- Rangaswami, G and Bagyaraj, D. J. 2001. Agricultural Microbiology. Second edition. Prentice-Hall of India Private Limited. New Delhi.\n- Salle, A. J. 1983. Fundamentals Principles of Bacteriology. Seventh edition. Tata McGraw Publishing Company LTD. New Delhi.\n- Subba Rao, N.S. 2002. Soil Microbiology (fourth edition of soil microorganisms and plant growth) Oxford and IBH Publishing CO. PVT. LTD. New Delhi.\n- Paul, E.A. and Clark. F. E. 1996. Soil Microbiology and Biochemistry. Academic Press.\n- Miller, R.M . and J.D. Jastrow. 1992. The role of mycorrhizal fungi in soil conservation. In Mycorrhizae in sustainable agriculture. Edited by Bethlenfalvay .G.J and R.G. Linderman. ASA special publication number 54. American Society of Agronomy. Madison, Wis.\n- Mehrotra, R. S. 1980. Plant Pathology. Tata Mc Graw-Hill Publishing Company Limited. New Delhi.\n- American Type Culture Collection, Catalogue of strains, 1. 1978. 13TH Edition. Rockville, Maryland : American Type Culture Collection.\n- Martin, S.M. and V.B.D. Skerman eds. 1972. World Directory of collections of cultures of Microorganisms. New York: John Wiley and Sons.\n- Paul Singleton and Diana Sainsbury. 1981. Dictionary of Microbiology. WIE Edition April 1981.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-14", "url": "http://ecofriendlycoffee.org/role-of-fungi-in-coffee-plantation-ecology/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-14/segments/1427131299515.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20150323172139-00222-ip-10-168-14-71.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8920907378, "token_count": 4938, "score": 3.640625, "int_score": 4, "irish_text": "In ár n-alt roimhe seo bhí míniú againn ar ról na baictéir i gcoimeád na heicléise plandaíochta caife. Sa t-alt seo, tugtar béim ar ról micreorganisma tábhachtach eile, FUNGI, i gcruthú éiceolaíochta sléibhte caife. Is grúpa micreorgansaí eucaróití aonchill agus ilchill atá éagsúil agus forleathan iad na fungais.\nIs gnách go bhfaightear speicis fungais sa ithir, san uisce, ar dhramhaíl phlandaí, agus mar chomhghleacaithe, paraisítí, agus paiteogain ainmhithe, plandaí, agus micreorganismí eile. Tá speicis saprófacha tábhachtach i dtráth na dtráthú de chréatúir phlandaí agus i n-athchúrsáil ábhar orgánach. Tá sé aithníodh ag eolaithe go bhfuil a fhios go leanann coilíneachtaí fungas ag fás sa nádúr ar feadh 400 bliain nó níos mó.\nTá go leor fungais páirteach i gcomhlachais siombhiotacha le comhpháirtithe bithéiticiúla éagsúla laistigh den sliabh caife. Is samplaí clasaiceacha iad micorrhizae, licéin, agus mycetocytes.\nTosaíonn staidéar córeasach ar fungais ar ais go dtí an chéad chuid den 17ú haois. Bhí na Gréagaigh agus na Rómhánaigh ársa ina saineolaithe i ndeirmiú fíona ach ní raibh uirlisí nua-aimseartha acu chun a thuiscint agus a chur in iúl go raibh fungais freagrach go mór as na hathruithe seo.\nIs grúpa orgánaigh bheo gan chlóróifíl é feithidí (pl. fungi). Tá fungais cosúil le plandaí i struchtúr agus tá siad in ann comhdhúile nítrigine neamhorgánacha a úsáid ach is cosúil go bhfuil siad níos cosúla le hainmhithe i dteagmháil ocsaigine ina mbetabóil agus i dtráth a n-airgead dé-ocsaíd charbóin a dhíchur. Tá ballaí cealla sainithe acu, de ghnáth neamh-ghluasach, (is féidir go bhfuil cealla atáirgthe gluaiseacha acu) agus táirgtheann siad trí spór.\nTaobh le Baictéir, is iad fungais an grúpa is mó de mhicreorganismí sa ithir. Is é príomh-roil na bhfonghais i mbunaíochtaí caife na méideanna ollmhóra de mhóilíní orgánacha casta a ghintear ó am go ham mar gheall ar chúlchistí plandaí aibí, boinn ghlas, boinn orgánacha, litreacha duille a chur leis, agus iad a thiontú ina gcomhdhúile níos simplí atá riachtanach le haghaidh fás agus forbairt plandaí. Ní mór d'fheirmeoirí caife a thuiscint go bhfuil an chuid is mó den bithmhaise atá ar fáil ar fheirm caife saor ó ábhair thocsaineacha agus gur féidir é a úsáid mar spreagthóirí d'fhás agus d'fhorbairt fungais tairbheacha.\nTá fungais ina gníomhairí tábhachtacha i mbia-imní cellulóis, hemicellulóis, snáithín, pectin, aigéid orgánacha, disaccharidí, saillte agus lignin atá go háirithe resistant i gcoinne imní baictéarach. Tá a fhios go bhfuil fungais in oiriúint dóibh féin fiú leis na hábhair bhia is casta. Tá na fungais freagrach go mór as comhdhúile amóiniam agus nítrigine simplí a fhoirmiú sa ithir. Forbraíonn go leor speiceas fungais comhlachas siombéiseach le fréamhacha plandaí agus cuireann siad le fás plandaí. Tá fungais in ann substaintí simplí a úsáid agus iad a thógáil ina gcomhdhúile le meáchan móilíneach níos airde a bhfuil castacht mhór acu.\nAr an dara dul síos, ní mór dúinn meas a bheith againn ar ról na bhfonghaí i bhfeabhsú struchtúr na talún agus i gcomhtháthú na talún. Tá a fhios ag go leor fungais go dtáirgeann siad substaintí atá cosúil le substaintí humic ann trí ábhar humic agus ábhar orgánach an ithir a chumhachtú. Tá an bithmhais agus an t-ábhar orgánach ar urlár na coille comhdhéanta de pholasaicraídí a bhfuil castacht éagsúil acu. Úsáideann fungais an t-imchlú mar fhoinse charbóin den scoth, úsáidtear chitin mar fhoinse charbóin agus nítrigine ag roinnt speiceas streptomyces. Déantar ionsaí ar liopidí ag múnlaí. Déantar próitéiní casta agus ilpeiptídí a bhriseadh síos tuilleadh le cabhair ó einsímí.\n☐CINNEACHADH INTERACTIONS ☐CINNEACHADH PLANTAÍN NÓ SOIL ☐CINNEACHADH MICROORGANISMÍN ☐CINNEACHADH SAILTE ☐CINNEACHADH SAILTE\nDECOMPOSITION ORGANIC MATTER Cad a rinne SOIL Cad a rinne GINDIFFERENT GIND OF FUNGI Cad a rinne\n \nÍOMHÓILÍOSÁIN NITRÓGIN \n\"Ectomycorrhizae\" \"An t-Eagla\" \"Trí Foraoise\" \"An t-Eagla\" \"Bhasidiomycetus Fungi\"\nRHIZOPLANE Cad a dhéanann gach comhpháirtithe BIOTIC-Root SURFACE Cad a dhéanannGENERATE DIFFERENT de FUNGI Cad a dhéanann\nRHIZOSPHERE Cad a dhéanann gach comhpháirtithe BIOTIC-COMHLAINTE LE ROOTS Cad a dhéanannGENERA DIFFERENT de FUNGI Cad a dhéanann\n \n PHYLLOSPHERE ASSOCIATED WITH LEAF SURFACE \nTá miceil filamentúil ag fungais atá comhdhéanta de hyphae aonair. Is féidir go mbeidh an hyphae uni nó multinucleate agus le ballaí tras-chroise nó gan iad. Tá fad miceil fungach idir 50 agus 100 méadar in aghaidh gach gram de thalamh dromchla agus tá luachanna suas le 500 méadar taifeadta ag cúpla microbiologist.\nBunaithe ar thorais filament, ar thromlach sonrach agus ar fhad mycelial, tá meáchan na ngéibheanna idir thart ar 500 agus 6000 kg in aghaidh an heicteár d'amharclann dromchla. Tá an miceil fungach ag scaipeadh mar mhát agus tá sé ceangailte go dlúth le cáithníní ithreach. Léiríonn na figiúirí seo tábhacht na bhfonghais in éiceolaíocht plandaí caife.\nIs éard atá i bhfeirm an cháfaidh ná ithir dea-dhraenáilte agus dea-aeráilte ar an gcúis shimplí nach féidir le caife coinníollacha logáilte uisce a fhulaingt. Ar an dea-shásamh, do fheirmeoir caife, cuireann na tréithe talún seo, mar aon le clúdach tiubh bithmhaise duille, le fás agus le méadú na ngéibheanna tairbheacha. Mar gheall ar a thrácht mór agus ar obair ghréasáin filamentí faoi thalamh, cuireann siad méideanna suntasacha de protoplasm microbiúil iomlán le geilleagar ithir caife.\nTá Myxomycetes ar a dtugtar SLIME MOULDS freisin. Is é an ghné is tréithe de na boilgeoga slime seo ná go gcónaíonn siad adhmad atá ag dul in olcas, scrabha duilleach, agus iarmhar orgánacha eile ar urlár na coille caife. Táirgeann siad spóranna go mór ar a dtugtar SPORANGIA. Le linn coinníollacha fabhracha, bíonn na spóirí ag luí agus scaipeann an miceil fungach go tapa ag ionsaí na scriosanna orgánacha.\nTugtar fungais algaí orthu freisin. Cuimsíonn an grúpa seo roinnt múnlaí, saphroíte, foirmeacha talún, paraisítí agus pataigéin. Tá a fhios go bhfuil cuid acu paraisítí ar inseictí. Tugtar SPORANGIUM ar an struchtúr neamhghnéasach ina bhfuil spór. D'fhéadfadh siad a bheith ag luí go díreach ag tabhairt tús do tháblaí luí a chruthaíonn hyphae agus mycelium. Tá an fongus in ann atáirgeadh gnéasach a dhéanamh freisin. Tá a fhios go bhfuil roinnt speiceas fungais paiteogain phlandaí. Mar shampla: Phytophthora infestans.\nIs iad Mucor, Rhizopus agus Pilobolus na cineálacha coitianta faoin ngrúpa seo. Faigheann siad a gcuid cothaithigh ón substrate. Sa léim éabhlóideach, tá carachtair mhórfholaíocha agus foirmeacha atáirgthe gnéasacha chun cinn sa ghrúpa seo. Is iad na Zygomycetes agus na Trichomycetes an dá rang de fungais faoin ngrúpa seo.\nTugtar fungais sac orthu freisin toisc go ndéantar a spóranna i sac ar a dtugtar ascus. Tá roinnt fungais aonchillteach cosúil le giosta agus tá cuid acu cosúil le Morchella an-fhorbartha le struchtúir mhéasacha móra. Tá an-tábhacht ag na ascomicéid ó thaobh na talmhaíochta de toisc go bhfuil siad oiriúnaithe do ghnáthóga éagsúla. Tá os cionn 35,000 speiceas faoin bhfo-roinn seo. Tá siad níos forbartha ná na Phycomycetes.\nIs fungais aon-chilléir spherical, ovoid, nó rod-chruthach iad giosta. Tá siad scaipthe go forleathan i ithir caife agus uaireanta tá siad i láthair fiú ar chodanna plandaí. Táirgeann siad trí mheicníocht an bhróg ach faoi chúinsí áirithe d'fhéadfadh cúpla ceann acu fás i bhfoirmeacha filamentúla.\nTá an grúpa seo fungais tábhachtach freisin ó thaobh feirmeoir caife de toisc go bhfuil cuid acu saprophytes agus cuid eile parasiteacha. Tá níos mó ná 15,000 speiceas faoin bhfo-roinn seo. Is fungais ardfhorbartha iad Basidiomycetes. Tá struchtúr atáirgthe ar a dtugtar BASIDIUM orthu. Is iad na fungais a chuimsítear sa ghrúpa seo feithidí, toadstools, puffballs, rust, fungais smut, srl.\nMeastar nach dtuigeann speicis fungais nach dtáirgeann ach spór neamhghnéasach agus ní spór gnéasach, dá bhrí sin ar a dtugtar Fungi Imperfecti (DEUTEROMYCETES). Is iad cuid de na speicis fungais faoin bhfo-roinn seo na Aspergillus, Trichoderma, Rhizoctonia, Penicillium, agus Gleosporium. Tá na fungais thuasluaite ina gcónaí go coitianta i dtalamh caife agus tá luach tráchtála mór ag an gcuid is mó acu i ullmhú inócóilant microbiúil.\nFás agus Athghiniúint:\nTá dhá chéim i dtimthriall saoil na fungais. Féadfaidh siad a bheith ag tarlú go comhuaineach nó i ndiaidh a chéile. Ar ais i 1900 thuairiscigh Klebs go bhfuil an atáirgeadh i FUNGI rialaithe ag 4 dhlí.\n- Is próisis bheo iad fás agus atáirgeadh, a bhíonn ag brath ar shraith éagsúla dálaí; i gcomhthéacsanna seachtracha na n-orgánach níos ísle, déanann siad cinneadh go príomha an dtarlaíonn fás nó atáirgeadh.\n- Ní tharlaíonn atáirgeadh sna heintitis íseal fad is a bhíonn coinníollacha seachtracha tréitheacha a bhfuil fabhrach dóibh le haghaidh atáirgeadh i gcónaí níos mó nó níos lú mí-fhabhrach don fhás.\n- Tá difríocht idir próiseas an fhás agus an atáirgthe sa mhéid gur féidir an fhás a bheith ann faoi raon leathan coinníollacha comhshaoil ná atáirgthe; is féidir an fhás a bheith ann, dá bhrí sin faoi choinníollacha a chuireann bac ar atáirgthe agus ar atáirgthe\n- Is cosúil gur céim réamh-ghníomhach den atáirgeadh é fás na féithíochta den chuid is mó, toisc go gcruthóidh sé timpeallacht inmheánach oiriúnach dó.\nTá an obair phréamhscoile a rinne Klebs fós i bhfeidhm go dtí an lá atá inniu ann.\nTÚCHTÍ EXTERNAL ar FÓGAS agus ar FHÓIN\nCÁITHEACHTAIR GINÉALÓGÁN:\nTá ról mór ag cáilíocht agus cainníocht na n-ábhar orgánach i líon mór na fungais. Tá líon na bhfonghais filamentúil sa ithir ag athrú ag brath ar an méid ábhar orgánach inúsáidte atá i dtír caife. Spreagann an breiseán ábhar orgánach gníomhaíocht fungach agus is é an t-uasmhéid é le linn na tréimhse tosaigh díchóimeála.\nCÚNACHTÚIR IONADHÍODRÓIN:\nTá fungais i réim i ithir aigéadacha toisc nach bhfuil timpeallacht aigéadach fabhrach d'fhás agus d'iomadaíocht baictéir nó actinomycetes. Mar thoradh ar an meicníocht éabhlóideach speisialta seo chun coinníollacha an-aigéadacha a fhulaingt, tá cumas oiriúnaithe le timpeallachtaí naimhdeacha ann, lena n-áirítear ithir an-aigéadacha. Mar sin féin, is féidir le haingil fás i dtalamh neodrach nó alcaileach agus is féidir le roinnt speiceas tiúchan iain hidrigine a fhulaingt thar luachanna pH 8.0.\nTá an riachtanas taise éagsúil ó speiceas go speiceas. Cuirtear cosc ar fhonghais áirithe a fhás agus a fhorbairt i dtalamh a bhfuil córais taise réasúnta ard aige. Tá an t-éileamh ar an mbonn a bhfuil an t-éileamh ar an mbonn ar an mbonn ar an mbonn ar an mbonn ar an mbonn ar an mbonn ar an mbonn ar an mbonn ar an mbonn ar an mbonn ar an mbonn ar an mbonn ar an mbonn ar an mbonn ar an mbonn ar an mbonn ar an mbonn ar an mbonn ar an mbonn ar an mbonn ar an mbonn. Ar an láimh eile, éilíonn na fungais Phycomycetous cion taise an-ard dá fhás agus dá iliomadú. Cinntíonn réimeachtaí taise éagsúla an fód a ghearrtar. Go ginearálta, cuireann leibhéal ard taise le geirmíniú spóirí agus struchtúir atáirgthe eile an fungais.\nTá go leor fungais i ithir caife atá aeráilte go maith toisc go bhfuil an chuid is mó de na speicis fungais aeróbach.\nTá an chuid is mó de speicis fungais mesophilic (25 go 35 céim centigrád). Mar sin féin, i mboll compósta caife, breathnaítear go coitianta go bhfuil fungais thermophilic i láthair. Tá na boilgeoga teirmofíleacha ag méadú ag 50 go 60 céim céilí ach ní ag 65 céim céilí.\nÓs rud é go bhfuil plandaíochtaí caife faoi lé as séasúir éagsúla, tá éifeacht an-díobhálach aige ar an daonra fungas. Soláthraíonn séasúr na báistí coinníollacha idéalacha d'fhorleathadh fungais ach i réigiúin ina mbíonn báistí trom a fhaigheann níos mó ná 200 orlach in aghaidh na bliana tá srian ar fhás fungais. Is míonna geimhridh iad Nollaig agus Eanáir i limistéar na plandaíochta agus tá na fungais ag titim íseal le linn na míonna seo.\nTÍOCHTIN FÉITIMH:\nTá an t-ábhar a úsáidtear chun an t-ábhar a chur le chéile agus a chur le chéile i measc na n-ábhar a úsáidtear chun an t-ábhar a chur le chéile. Tá speicis áirithe i gceannas ar dtús, ach ina dhiaidh sin laghdaíonn a líon. Tá roinnt speiceas ag coinneáil leibhéil ard daonra ar feadh tréimhsí réasúnta fada tar éis iarsmaí plandaí a ionchorprú.\nTá a fhios go bhfuil speicis éagsúla Fungi ag glacadh niches éiceolaíocha éagsúla. Léiríonn siad roghanna roghnacha do dhoimhneachtaí éagsúla ithreach. Ag réimsí éagsúla talún tá speicis éagsúla fungais ina gcónaí. I ithir caife, tá na fungais is mó i sraitheanna dromchla. Tá líon mór speiceas ar fáil ar dhromchla agus faoi dhromchla ithir caife ná i sraitheanna níos doimhne ithir. D'fhéadfadh tionchar an domhain ar dháileadh agus ar iomadaíocht speiceas fungas a bheith mar gheall ar an ábhar orgánach atá ar fáil agus ar chomhdhéanamh atmaisféar an ithir.\nTá tionchar ag breoslaí, ceimiceáin, weedcides, nematicides, algaecides, pesticides agus insecticides ar an gcineál flóra fungach. Tá feirmeoirí ag cur le hithíocht agus le saibhreas. Tá an t-ábhar a úsáidtear chun an táirge a tháirgeadh ag an táirge a bhfuil an t-ábhar i gceist aige.\nTá an chuid is mó de na fungais heterotrófacha agus go dtí seo níl aon tuairiscí ann go bhfuil an clóróifíl pigment ag fungais chun a gcuid bia féin a mhonarú. Téann na cothaithigh isteach sa chealla / hypha fungal i tuaslagán. Is féidir le roinnt fungais aon cheann de na comhdhúile leathan a úsáid mar fhoinsí carbóin agus fuinnimh agus tá riachtanais chothaitheacha an-shonracha ag daoine eile. Éilíonn roinnt fungais fachtóirí fáis ar leith.\nSa charraig, faigheann fungais na sléibhte caife a gcuid bia mar PARASITÍ (orgánaigh bheo a ionfhabhtaíonn) nó trí ionsaí a dhéanamh ar ábhar orgánach marbh mar SAPROBES. Tugtar SAFRAÍDÍ OIBHÍONTACH ar fungais a chónaíonn ar ábhar marbh agus nach bhfuil in ann orgánaigh bheo a ionfhabhtuithe; tugtar SAFRAÍDÍ OIBHÍONTACH ar na fungais atá in ann galar a chur ar fáil nó a chónaíonn ar ábhar orgánach marbh, de réir na gcúinsí, agus ar na fungais nach féidir leo maireachtáil ach ar phrótaplasma beo.\nCOFFEE MOUNTAIN & CHAIN REACTIONS: Tá an t-amhrán seo ar fáil go héasca.\nTá an córas éiceachórais caife ag brath níos mó agus níos mó ar phróisis nádúrtha chun ábhar orgánach a dhoilliú, cothaithigh a athchúrsáil, humus a chothabháil, daonra plága a rialáil, agus micreorganismí a chuireann galar i bhfeidhm a rialú. Is sa chomhthéacs seo a d'fhéadfadh feirmeoir caife a thuiscint ról FUNGI i gcoimeád cothromaíochta laistigh den ghnáthshaol caife.\nTá na hidirghníomhaíochtaí fungach le háitritheoirí na sléibhe caife ríthábhachtach chun athruithe éifeachtacha eilimintí éagsúla a dhéanamh, go háirithe fosfáit carraig neamh-in-dhlúth a fhágann go scaoilfear cothaithigh don chuid is mó de na comhpháirtithe bithéiticiúla. Tá fungais tábhachtach freisin i ngníomhachtú nítrigine agus fosfar. Tá a fhios go gcuireann speicis áirithe fungais inbhuanaitheacht triomachta ar phlandaí.\nFUNGAÍ TÚSLACHTA is coitianta:\nFusarium, Aspergillus, Pencillium, Acrostalagmus, Trichothecium, Alternaria, Pythium, Rhizopus, Botrytis, Verticillium, Pullularia, Trichoderma, Cephalosporium, Gliocladium, Scopulariopsis, Cladosporium, Spicaria, Absidia, Monilia, Cunninghamella, Mortierella, Rhiozoctonia, Chaetomium, Mucor, Dematium, Helminthosporium, Humicola, Metarrhizium.\nCOIMHÍCLEACH CÚN GHÍOMHAIR DE CÍOL FONGAL ar BUNAS TÍOLACHTÍ\nIs é an príomh-chomhdhéant uisce a mhéid le 90%. Athraíonn an cion luais.\nIs féidir le tástáil cealla fungais carbaihiodráití a fháil idir 5-60%, 2-10% chitin, 15-40% próitéin, 5-20% lipidí.\nTá dhá chineál spóirí a tháirgtear ag fungais. is é sin SEXUAL agus ASEXUAL. Ní bhaineann atáirgeadh neamhghnéasach le haontas cealla nó orgáin ghnéasacha. Tá atáirgeadh gnéis tréithithe ag aontacht dhá núicléas. Meastar go bhfuil atáirgeadh neamhghnéasach níos tábhachtaí le haghaidh leathnú na speiceas toisc go dtarlaíonn sé roinnt uaireanta le linn shéasúr, agus mar a tharlaíonn moltaí gnéasach de ghnáth ach uair amháin sa bhliain.\nTá an chuid is mó de na speicis fungais in ann spór a tháirgeadh i maisí móra. Mar gheall ar a meáchan éadroma, scaiptear spóra go héasca ar fad fad ag gaoth agus sruthanna aeir. Tá na spóirí seo an-difhleathach i gcoinne coinníollacha neamhfhabhracha comhshaoil mar thimpeallachtaí ard, teas, fuar mhór, triomaithe, solas ultra-violait, tiúchan ion hidrigine thar a bheith ard, agus soláthar íseal cothaithigh. Tá na spóirí níos resistant do theas ná an mycelium fungal. Is iad na struchtúir speisialaithe a cheadaíonn maireachtáil an daonra ná conidia, sclerotia, oospores, chlamydospores, sporangiospores, ascospores, sporangia, agus rhizomorphs.\nTABLA 2: Coinneáil struchtúir fhongála inmharthana i dtalamh\n[Alexander Martin, 1975.] Éiceolaíocht Microbiúil 2:17-27.]\n Structure \nFUNCTIONS mar AGENTÍ BIOCONTRÓLA:\nTá a fhios go bhfuil speicis éagsúla nematóidí sna ithir caife. Tá a fhios go gcuireann an nematóid léasaigh fréamhacha, Pratylenchus coffeae, damáiste mór eacnamaíoch i bplantálacha Arabica. Tá feirmeacha Robusta fhulaingte.\nTá meicníocht forbartha ag speicis áirithe fungais chun nemátóidigh a ghabháil agus a ithe. Thóg sé na milliúin bliain do fungais chun tentacles a fhorbairt a chabhraíonn le creachadóirí a mheabhrú. Is cosúil go bhfuil feidhm chosanta tábhachtach ag microflora gnáth i gcoinne micreorganismí paiteogain agus opportunistic. Tá a fhios go bhfuil speicis eile fungais níos sine ná prótazoaigh.\nTÁITHEANNACH INNÉ AN TÉAMHÁIN:\nTá luach míochaine, teiripeach agus próitéine ard ag roinnt fungais atá i láthair laistigh den fheirm caife. Is féidir le feirmeoirí caife a n-úsáide a shaothrú go héasca trí iompar na bhfongha seo a fhoghlaim. Fíric suimiúil faoi fungais ná gur féidir iad a chultúr go mór laistigh den fheirm caife féin gan aon trealamh saotharlainne sofaisticiúil. Tá an t-ábhar amh nó na substaintí ar a bhfásann an fungas ar fáil go leor san fheirm féin.\nNí mór d'fheirmeoirí a bheith an-chúramach ach amháin i leithlíonadh agus i sainaithint na gcultúr íon. Nuair a bheidh an cultúr glan ar leithligh, ba cheart don fheirmeoir bolg sampla nó coimeádán gloine a bhfuil an t-amhrán riachtanach aige a inóculadh leis an gcultúr fungas agus é a stóráil i reoiteoir chun an líon a mhéadú tuilleadh. Sábhálann sé seo am agus fuinneamh luachmhar i leithlíneacha feirme ina dhiaidh sin.\nFaigheann áitritheoirí miocróbach comhfhurtacht sa fhoraois caife. Ag JOE'S SUSTAINABLE FARM, KIREHULLY, úsáideann an Dúlra micribí ar scála níos airde chun cothromaíocht a bhunú agus a chothabháil i measc na bhfoirmeacha éagsúla saoil taobh istigh den sliabh caife. Is siombail de chomh-éireacht é go bhfuil speicis éagsúla miocrorgánaigh taobh istigh den sliabh caife.\nTá ról ríthábhachtach ag fungais sna hathruithe mall ach leanúnacha a tharlaíonn taobh istigh den sliabh caife. Tá fungais ina phríomh-fheidhmeoirí i n-athchúrsáil eilimintí ceimiceacha tábhachtacha a bheadh, gan a ngníomhaíocht, faoi ghlas go deo i gcorp plandaí agus ainmhithe marbh. Déantar iad a athrú ó na dramhaíola duilleach agus adhmaid atá ar fáil go leor go dtí táirgí deiridh luachmhara a bhfuil luach cothaitheach ard acu.\nTá fungais níos tairbheach don éiceolaíocht plandaíochta caife i gcomparáid le go leor micreorgansaíom eile. Gach lá tá teicnící nua á n-aimsiú atá réasúnta éasca a chur i bhfeidhm ar leibhéal na feirme féin. Níl mórán amhras ann go leanfaidh taighde bunúsach agus feidhmchláir le micreorganisimh laistigh den sliabh caife ag soláthar faisnéise luachmhar agus teicneolaíocht luach eacnamaíoch do fheirmeoirí caife. Is féidir an t-eolas seo a úsáid chun feabhas a chur ar chultúir tráchtála chun táirgiúlacht an fheirme a fheabhsú.\nLéiríonn láithreacht fungais taobh istigh den sliabh caife teicníc a d'fhéadfadh idirdhealú a dhéanamh idir fíocháin phlandaí sláintiúla agus tinn nó neamhghnácha. Tá luach ollmhór ag na teicnící seo maidir leis an am a theastaíonn chun lochtanna géiniteacha agus mutations a aithint a laghdú. Ba cheart a chur ina luí ar fheirmeoirí caife ar fud an domhain gur féidir gníomhaíochtaí tairbheacha na ngéibheanna a shaothrú chun táirgiúlacht foriomlán an fheirme atá neamhdhíobhálach don chomhshaol a mhéadú.\nTá sé seo le rá ag an eolaí Gearmánach Albrecht Kaupp. Is é an duine, tar éis an tsaoil, ceann de na hinnill dóiteáin is meangadh a oiriúnaíodh ar an bpláinéad seo. Le mílte bliain, níor athraíodh an dearadh. Leanann muid ag dó an fuinneamh is costasaí, i gcorp go hiomlán neamhéifeachtach. Tá an iomarca againn agus tá ár líon ag fás go tapa. Ar an láimh eile, féach ar Fungas; Forbraíonn siad líonra dofheicthe de mhátáin mhícealacha atá chomh beag agus an-éifeachtach i ndíoltóireacht iarmhéid na dtorthaí neamh-inithe i gcothaithigh saibhir fuinnimh, ag soláthar riachtanais an phobail bithéadach ar fad.\nTá tábhacht mhór ag fungais áirithe a chruthaíonn comhlachais mycorrhizal le crainn foraoise agus le caife araon, ag soláthar fosfar luachmhar agus cothaithigh riachtanacha eile le haghaidh fáis agus forbartha. Tugann speicis áirithe fungais fothroime do speicis éagsúla plandaí. Ina theannta sin, gníomhóidh roinnt speiceas fungas mar ghníomhairí nádúrtha bith-rialú i gcoinne raon éagsúil d'orgánaigh a chuireann galar isteach laistigh den fheirm caife.\n- Fóiléir Bhorgánach Feirme Caife\n- An Ealaín Féin de Chómóstaíocht i bPlandaí Caife\n- Díchill an ábhair orgánaigh i mbunaíochtaí caife\n- Coimirce ar Uisce ithreach i bPlandaíochtaí Caife\n- Alexander, M. 1974. Éiceolaíocht Microbiúil. Nua-Eabhrac. John Wiley agus Mac.\n- Alexander, M. 1977. - Tá sé seo ar an gcló. Tús a chur le Micreabiaolaíocht ithreach. An dara heagrán. Nua-Eabhrac. John Wiley agus Mac.\n- Alexopoulous, C.J. - Tá sé go maith. agus C.W. Mims 1983. Treoir ar Mhicolaíocht. An Tríú Eisiúint, Wiley Eastern Limited. An India.\n- Atlas, R.M. agus R. Bartha. 1993. Éiceolaíocht Microbiúil: Bunrialacha agus feidhmíocht. An tríú eagrán. Benjamin/Cummings Pub. Co. Nua Eabhrac.\n- Brock. - Tá sé. T. D. 1979. Bithíocht na Miocróganasmaí. An Tríú Eagrán. Cléibhte Englewood. Prentice-Hall.\n- Cód Caife. An séú heagrán, 2000. Institiúid Taighde Caife Ceannais, stáisiún taighde caife, Ceantar Chickmagalur. Karnataka.\n- Harle, J. L. 1971. Fongáis in éiceachórais. J. Éiceolaíocht 59: 627-642.\n- Kendrick, B. - Tá sé ceart go leor. 1992. An cúigiú ríocht. Téacsanna fócas. Newburyport, Mass.\n- Klebs, G. 1898-1900. Zur Physiologie der Fortpflanzung einiger Pilze. (Fiseolaíocht na Fhiontair Fhiontair) Jahrb. Wissen. Bot. 32: 1-70\n- Peter J. Bottomley, 2002. - Tá sé ar an mbord. Eaclaíocht mhicrobiúil (caibidil 8). I bPrionsabail agus feidhmchláir mhicreabhiolaíochta ithreach. Arna eagarthú ag David M Sylvia, J.J. Fuhrmann, Peter G Hartel agus David A Zuberer. Prentice Halla. Tógann an t-eitleán an t-am ar fad chun an t-eitleán a chur ar fáil.\n- Rangaswami, G agus Bagyaraj, D. J. 2001. an t-am. Miocrialaitíocht Talmhaíochta. An dara heagrán. Prentice-Hall of India Priobháideach Co. Nua-Dhéilí.\n- Salle, AJ. 1983. an t-am. Prionsabail bhunúsacha na Baictéareolaíochta. An seachtú heagrán. Tata McGraw Publishing Company LTD. Nua-Dhéilí.\n- Subba Rao, N.S. 2002. Ceoltóirí Micreabhialóige na hArdaithe (ceathrú eagrán de mhicreagrafaicí na hArdaithe agus fás plandaí) Oxford agus IBH Publishing CO. PVT. LTD. Nua-Dhéilí.\n- Paul, E.A. agus Clark. F. E. 1996. Miocrialaíocht agus Bithcheimic na hAllamh. Phríomh-Aide Acadúil.\n- Miller, R.M. - Tá sé ar an mbord. agus J.D. Jastrow. 1992. Ról na seampúirí micorríseacha i gcosanta ithreach. I Mycorrhizae i dteochta talmhaíochta. Arna eagarthú ag Bethlenfalvay .G.J agus R.G. Linderman. Foilseachán speisialta ASA uimhir 54. Cumann Meiriceánach na Géarchéime. Madison, Wis.\n- Mehrotra, R. S. 1980. Paiteolaíocht Plandaí. Tá an t-údarás tar éis an t-ordú a chur ar fáil don Choimisiún. Nua-Dhéilí.\n- Bailiúchán Cultúr Cineál Meiriceánach, Catalogue of strains, 1. 1978. - Tá sé ann. 13ú hIonstraim. Rockville, Maryland: Bailiúchán Cultúir Cineál Mheiriceá.\n- Martin, SM. agus V.B.D. Skerman eds. 1972. Treoirlínte Domhanda bailiúcháin cultúir Micreorganismithe. Nua-Eabhrac: John Wiley and Sons.\n- Paul Singleton agus Diana Sainsbury. 1981. Fuaimín na Miocrialaise. WIE Earraigh Aibreán 1981."} {"text": "Vanity Fair magazine recently ran a profile of Elon Musk that focused on the ways that Musk is at odds with other tech gurus about the relative merits of artificial intelligence (AI). Musk, who thinks that A.I. is humanity’s biggest threat, is quoted as saying “sometimes what will happen is a scientist will get so engrossed in their work that they don’t really realize the ramifications of what they’re doing.” Musk doesn’t reference it directly, but his fears about a scientist who gets carried away with his work, with disastrous results, perfectly describe Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein.\nVictor Frankenstein’s ambition to “penetrate the recesses of nature” leads him to create a human being, which he thinks will become a new species that will “bless him” as the creator. Victor’s creature, as we all know, does not turn out the way Victor expects, and when the creature comes to life one November evening, Victor flees in horror, leaving his creature defenseless and alone—and outside of Victor’s control. Eventually, after the creature learns to read and think, he confronts Victor and demands that Victor make him a female companion. The creature plans to flee with the female to South America, where they will live on nuts and berries and exist in complete harmony with nature. Victor initially agrees to this plan and then changes his mind, fearful that the female creature “might refuse to comply” with the plan. He destroys the female creature, which sends his first creation into a vengeful rage. The final chapters of the novel focus on the battle between man and creation, each trying to destroy the other.\nThe novel is about the dangers of ambition, yes, and about not realizing the full ramifications of your actions, but ultimately, “Frankenstein’s monster” is not the problem.\nAt the heart of the novel is what happens when women are neglected and their experiences denied by male ambition. Frankenstein wants to create life all by himself, without women; he cannot bear the thought that the female creature might not “comply” with what men want her to do; and when the creature kills Frankenstein’s bride on their wedding night, it’s because Frankenstein never thought that the monster would bother with anyone else other than him.\nMaureen Dowd, who wrote this article, also interviewed a number of other players in the tech world as a way to map the spectrum of attitudes about AI developments.\nHere is the infographic that accompanied the article:\nNotice anything? It’s like Frankenstein talking to himself: apparently only men have opinions about AI, which I guess explains why Dowd’s article only contains interviews with men. Musk talks about other male entrepreneurs, who then talk about Musk, themselves, and each other. It’s a giant reflecting mirror of men talking about their accomplishments—past, present, and future.\nAnd yet, as Heather Roff pointed out in a recent issue of Foreign Policy, as developments in AI continue, no one seems to be asking key questions: “Are there abuses of power? What is the value happening here? Why are we doing this? Who is subordinate? And who is in charge?” Questions like these are embedded in feminist theories but I’m going to bet that none of the guys on that infographic are very well versed in the writings of Donna Haraway or bell hooks.\nThe men in Dowd’s article are terrifically accomplished, there’s no doubt, but they (and we) should take a lesson from Mary Shelley and her nineteenth-century nightmare: when you leave women out of the equation(s), the results are disastrous.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-22", "url": "http://mannahattamamma.com/category/tech-life/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794872114.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20180528072218-20180528092218-00402.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9688442349, "token_count": 781, "score": 2.53125, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "D'eisigh iris Vanity Fair próifíl de Elon Musk le déanaí a d'fhócas ar na bealaí a bhfuil Musk ag teacht in éag le gurúis teicneolaíochta eile maidir le buntáistí coibhneasta intleacht shaorga (AI). Musk, a cheapann go A.I. Is é an bagairt is mó atá ag an daonnacht, a luaitear mar a deir sé \" Uaireanta is é an rud a tharlóidh ná go mbeidh eolaí chomh dírithe ar a gcuid oibre nach dtuigeann siad i ndáiríre na sliocht a bhaineann leis an méid atá á dhéanamh acu. \" Ní thagraíonn Musk é go díreach, ach a eagla faoi eolaí a théann i bhfad le a chuid oibre, le torthaí tubaisteacha, a thuairisciú go foirfe Frankenstein Mary Shelley.\nTá sé mar aidhm ag Victor Frankenstein \"a bheith ag dul isteach i n-eachtraí na dúlra\" a chruthú duine, a cheapann sé go mbeidh sé ina speiceas nua a bheannaíonn é mar an cruthaitheoir. Ní tharlaíonn an t-eachtra Victor mar a bhí súil ag Victor, agus nuair a thagann an t-eachtra chun beatha tráthnóna samhna amháin, éiríonn Victor i uafás i dtrioblóid, ag fágáil a chreatúr gan chosaint agus ina n-aonar agus lasmuigh de rialú Victor. Faoi dheireadh, tar éis don chreatur foghlaim a léamh agus smaoineamh, déanann sé aghaidh ar Victor agus éilíonn sé go ndéanfaidh Victor comhpháirtí baineann dó. Tá sé beartaithe ag an gcruth éalú leis an mbean go Meiriceá Theas, áit a mbeifear ag maireachtáil ar muiceola agus ar bhéara agus a bheith i gcomhchuibheas iomlán leis an dúlra. Aontaíonn Victor leis an bplean seo ar dtús agus ansin athraíonn sé a intinn, eagla go bhféadfadh an créatúr baineann diúltú cloí leis an bplean. Scriosann sé an créatúr baineann, a sheolann a chéad chruthaitheacht isteach i ngrá fíréanta. Díríonn caibidil dheireanacha an úrscéil ar an gcath idir an duine agus an chruthaitheacht, ag iarraidh gach ceann eile a scriosadh.\nTá an úrscéal faoi na contúirtí a bhaineann le haillmhianta, sea, agus faoi nach dtuigeann tú na héifeachtaí iomlána de do ghníomhartha, ach sa deireadh, ní hé 'mhiontair Frankenstein' an fhadhb.\nIs é croílár an úrscéil an rud a tharlaíonn nuair a dhéantar dearmad ar mhná agus nuair a dhiúltaíonn uaillmhianta fir a dtaithí. Frankenstein ag iarraidh a chruthú ar an saol go léir leis féin, gan mná; ní féidir leis a sheasamh an smaoineamh go bhféadfadh an créatúr baineann nach mbeadh \"comply\" leis an méid a fir ag iarraidh uirthi a dhéanamh; agus nuair a mharaíonn an créatúr Frankenstein's bride ar a n-oíche phósta, tá sé toisc nach raibh Frankenstein ag smaoineamh go mbeadh an t-eagla a bother le duine ar bith eile seachas dó.\nRinne Maureen Dowd, a scríobh an t-alt seo, agallamh freisin le roinnt imreoirí eile i saol na teicneolaíochta mar bhealach chun speictream na dearcadh maidir le forbairtí AI a mhapeáil.\nSeo an infographic a bhí ag gabháil leis an alt:\nAn bhfuil aon rud faoi deara? Tá sé cosúil le Frankenstein ag caint leis féin: is cosúil nach bhfuil ach tuairimí ag fir faoi AI, rud a mhíníonn dom go bhfuil agallamh ag Dowd le fir amháin. Labhraíonn Musk faoi fhostóirí fireannacha eile, a labhraíonn ansin faoi Musk, iad féin, agus a chéile. Is scáthán ollmhór é a léiríonn fir ag caint faoina n-éachtaí, a bhí ann roimhe, a bhfuil ann faoi láthair agus a bheidh ann amach anseo.\nAgus fós, mar a thug Heather Roff le fios i dtionól le déanaí de Foreign Policy, de réir mar a leanann forbairtí in AI, is cosúil nach bhfuil aon duine ag cur ceisteanna tábhachtacha: An bhfuil mí-úsáid cumhachta ann? Cad é an luach a tharlaíonn anseo? Cén fáth a bhfuil muid ag déanamh seo? Cé atá faoi réir? Agus cé atá i gceannas? Tá ceisteanna mar seo i dteoiric na mban ach tá mé ag dul a geall go bhfuil aon cheann de na guys ar an infographic go bhfuil an-chomhfhiosach i scríbhinní Donna Haraway nó bell hooks.\nTá na fir in alt Dowd iontach cumasach, níl aon amhras ann, ach ba cheart dóibh (agus dúinn) ceacht a ghlacadh ó Mary Shelley agus a uafáis an naoú haois déag: nuair a fhágann tú mná amach as an chothromóid, tá na torthaí tubaisteach."} {"text": "There are four main approaches to defining the scope of landscape architecture:\n- as the art of composing landform, water and vegetation with buildings and paving, the art of landscape architecture is as old as the arts of making cities: the textual records date from after 3500 BCE and the archaeological records from about 10,000 BCE. Since the making of gardens began after the making of cities, landscape architecture is best understood as deriving from urban design.\n- as a technical term, ‘landscape architect’ dates from its use by Gilbert Laing Meason in 1828. He used it to refer to the art of relating a work of architecture to the character of the surrounding landscape\n- as an art and science focusing on the public realm, landscape architecture dates from 1858, when Olmsted and Vaux used it in their winning entry for the Central Park New York competition\n- as an organised profession landscape architecture dates from Wednesday 4th January 1899. This is the day on which a group met to form the American Society of Landscape Architects. The aims were to ‘establish landscape architecture as a recognized profession in North America,’ to ‘develop educational studies in landscape architecture,’ and to ‘provide a voice of authority in the “New Profession”‘\nFor a summary account of the history and theory of landscape architecture, please see the eBook Landscape Design History & Theory by Tom Turner.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-22", "url": "http://www.landscapearchitecture.org.uk/history-of-landscape-architecture-2/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794870497.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20180527225404-20180528005404-00143.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9612611532, "token_count": 293, "score": 3.25, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Tá ceithre phríomh-sheachtais ann chun raon feidhme ailtireachta tírdhreacha a shainiú:\n- mar ealaín na cruthanna talún, uisce agus plandaíochta a chomhdhéanamh le foirgnimh agus le pavéireacht, tá ealaín na hailtireachta tírdhreacha chomh sean le healaíona na cathracha a dhéanamh: tá na taifid téacsúla tar éis 3500 BCE agus na taifid seandálaíochta ó thart ar 10,000 BCE. Ós rud é gur thosaigh gairdíní a dhéanamh tar éis cathracha a dhéanamh, tuigtear go bhfuil ailtireacht tírdhreacha ag teacht as dearadh uirbeach.\n- mar théarma teicniúil, tá 'ailtire tírdhreacha' ag teacht ó Gilbert Laing Meason i 1828. D'úsáid sé é chun tagairt a dhéanamh don ealaín a bhaineann le saothar ailtireachta le carachtar an tírdhreacha timpeall air\n- mar ealaín agus eolaíocht ag díriú ar an réimse poiblí, téann ailtireacht tírdhreacha ó 1858, nuair a d'úsáid Olmsted agus Vaux é ina iontráil bhuaite don chomórtas Central Park New York\n- mar ghairm eagraithe tá an ailtireacht tírdhreacha ag dul ó Dé Céadaoin 4 Eanáir 1899. Is é seo an lá ar bhuail grúpa chun an Cumann Meiriceánach na nAiríonna Tíre a bhunú. Ba iad na cuspóirí ná ailtireacht tírdhreacha a bhunú mar ghairm aitheanta i Meiriceá Thuaidh, staidéar oideachasúil a fhorbairt i ndearadh tírdhreacha, agus guth údaráis a sholáthar sa Ganmhíniú Nua\nLe haghaidh cuntas achoimre ar stair agus ar teoiric ailtireachta tírdhreacha, féach an Leabhar Leabhar Ealaíne Tuairim agus Teoiric Thionscadail Tírdhreacha le Tom Turner."} {"text": "Then (from Cnicus) to Halicarnassus, the royal residence of the dynasts of Caria, which was formerly called Zephyra. Here is the tomb of Mausolus, one of the Seven Wonders, a monument erected by Artemisia in honor of her husband; and here is the fountain called Salmacis, which has the slanderous repute, for what reason I do not know, of making effeminate all who drink from it. It seems that the effeminacy of man is laid to the charge of the air or of the water; yet it is not these, but rather riches and wanton living, that are the cause of effeminacy. Halicarnassus has an acropolis; and off the city lies Arconnesus. Its colonizers were, among others, Anthes and a number of Troezenians. Natives of Halicarnassus have been: Herodotus the historian, whom they later called a Thurian, because he took part in the colonization of Thurii; and Heracleitus the poet, the comrade of Callimachus; and, in my time, Dionysius the historian.\nThis city, too, met a reverse when it was forcibly seized by Alexander. For Hecatomnus, the king of the Carians, had three sons, Mausolus and Hidrieus and Pixodarus, and two daughters. Mausolus, the eldest of the brothers, married Artemisia, the elder of the daughters, and Hidrieus, the second son, married Ada, the other sister. Mausolus became king and at last, childless, he left the empire to his wife, by whom the above-mentioned tomb was erected. But she pined away and died through grief for her husband, and Hidrieus then became ruler. He died from a disease and was succeeded by his wife Ada; but she was banished by Pixodarus, the remaining son of Hecatomnos. Having espoused the side of the Persians, he sent for a satrap to share the empire with him; and when he too departed from life, the satrap took possession of Halicarnassus. And when Alexander came over, the satrap sustained a siege.\nThis extract is from: The Geography of Strabo (ed. H. L. Jones, 1924), Cambridge. Harvard University Press. Cited July 2004 from The Perseus Project URL below, which contains comments & interesting hyperlinks.\n- Perseus: Strabo, Geography", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-10", "url": "https://www.gtp.gr/LocInfo.asp?infoid=64&code=ETRAMG00BXNBXN00090&PrimeCode=ETRAMG00BXNBXN00090&Level=10&PrimeLevel=10&IncludeWide=1&LocId=56896", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178357929.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20210226145416-20210226175416-00198.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9717731476, "token_count": 535, "score": 2.59375, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Ansin (ó Cnicus) go Halicarnassus, áit chónaithe ríoga na dynasts de Caria, a bhí ar a dtugtar Zephyra roimhe seo. Anseo tá an tuama Mausolus, ar cheann de na Seacht Wonders, séadchomhartha a thóg Artemisia i onóir a fear céile; agus anseo tá an foinse Salmacis ar a dtugtar, a bhfuil an reputation slanderous, ar cén fáth nach bhfuil a fhios agam, a dhéanamh effeminate gach duine a ól as. Is cosúil go bhfuil effeminacy an duine a chur ar an gcúis an aer nó an uisce; ach ní iad seo, ach saibhreas agus saol leisce, go bhfuil an chúis effeminacy. Tá acropolis ag Halicarnassus; agus taobh amuigh den chathair tá Arconnesus. Ba iad a coilíneoirí, i measc daoine eile, Anthes agus roinnt Troezenians. Bhí: Herodotus an staire, a d'iarr siad Thurian ina dhiaidh sin, mar gheall ar ghlac sé páirt i gcolónaíocht Thurii; agus Heracleitus an file, an comrádaí Callimachus; agus, i mo chuid ama, Dionysius an staire.\nTháinig an cathair seo, freisin, ar ais nuair a ghlac Alasdair í go foréigneach. I gcás Hecatomnus, rí na Carians, bhí triúr mac, Mausolus agus Hidrieus agus Pixodarus, agus beirt iníonacha. Phós Mausolus, an duine is sine de na deartháireacha, Artemisia, an duine is sine de na iníonacha, agus phós Hidrieus, an dara mac, Ada, an deirfiúr eile. Tháinig Mausolus ina rí agus ar deireadh, gan leanbh, d'fhág sé an impireacht dá bhean chéile, a thóg an tuama thuasluaite. Ach d'fhan sí ag dul i ngleic agus fuair sí bás as brón ar a fear céile, agus tháinig Hidrieus ina rialtóir ansin. Fuair sé bás ó ghalair agus tháinig Ada, a bhean chéile ina dhiaidh; ach chuir Pixodarus, mac Hecatomnos a bhí fágtha, í ar shiúl. Tar éis dó páirt a ghlacadh i bPársas, chuir sé ar aghaidh le satrap chun an impireacht a roinnt leis; agus nuair a d'fhág sé an saol freisin, ghlac an satrap Halicarnassus. Agus nuair a tháinig Alexander, an satrap a choimeád ar bun ar léigear.\nTá an sliocht seo ó: The Geography of Strabo (ed. H. L. Jones, 1924), Cambridge. Foilseachán Ollscoil Harvard. Cuirtear Iúil 2004 ó The Perseus Project URL thíos, ina bhfuil tuairimí agus hipearnascanna suimiúla.\n- Perseus: Strabo, Geography"} {"text": "1-Students will go into the field whenever possible, when not possible bring the field or stream to them!\n2-Students will use the\ndata collection sheet\nfor gathering abiotic and biotic information to make inferences about the quality of water in\ntwo varying sample sites.\n3-Using the LaMotte water monitoring kits students will work together in groups of four to collect pH, temp, dissolved O 2 , phosphate, and\nnitrate levels. Students will consolidate all grade level data to determine mean statistics.\n4-Students will then collect/identifiy a sample of macroinvertebrates from both stream locations and use the water quality keys to determine\nif there are abiotic factors in the bodies of water that may effect the fauna that exist within them.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-14", "url": "http://www.esep.umces.edu/modules/lf_teachers_guide/index.php?adminaction=view&table_id=364", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-14/segments/1427131301015.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20150323172141-00027-ip-10-168-14-71.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8803511858, "token_count": 161, "score": 3.765625, "int_score": 4, "irish_text": "1-Tagfaidh mic léinn isteach sa réimse nuair is féidir, nuair nach féidir an réimse nó an sruth a thabhairt dóibh!\n2-Bainfidh mic léinn úsáid as an\nbileog bailiúcháin sonraí\nchun faisnéis aibíochta agus bithéach a bhailiú chun tuairimí a dhéanamh faoi cháilíocht an uisce i\ndhá shuíomh samplaíochta éagsúla.\n3-Le húsáid na gcistí monatóireachta uisce LaMotte oibreoidh mic léinn le chéile i ngrúpaí de cheithre chun pH, teochta, O2 tuaslagtha, fosfáit, agus\nleibhéil nítrithe. Déanfaidh na mic léinn na sonraí uile a bhaineann le leibhéal grád a chomhdhlúthú chun meánstaitisticí a chinneadh.\n4-Déanfaidh na mic léinn sampla de macroinvertebrates a bhailiú/a aithint ó na háiteanna ar an dá sruth agus úsáidfidh siad na eochair cháilíochta uisce chun a chinneadh\nmá tá tosca neamhbhithíocha sna comhlachtaí uisce a d'fhéadfadh tionchar a imirt ar an fháuna atá ann."} {"text": "Wall tile is generally used to cover the wall surface, but it can also be used to trim out different elements on the wall. If you have a wall that will have tile only over the bottom half of it, or that has wainscoting or another partial covering there, tiles can be lined up to form the border between the elements, in place of wood trim. Use bullnose tiles, which are finished on one edge, so that you can line up the finished edges to form the border.\nMeasure along the span where you want to put the edge tile, whether it is a standard tiled area or other material. Find and mark the halfway point.\nUse a notched trowel to spread tile adhesive on the back of a bullnose trim tile, covering the whole surface to a depth of about 1/8 inch.\nPress the tile to the wall at the centre line, next to the area it will border, with the finished side of the tile facing outward. Put two spacers next to the other side of the tile to separate it from the area it borders.\nSet the other tile in place the same way, on both sides of the first one, building out from the centre toward the edges of the space. Set the tiles so their finished edges all line up and face out. Put spacers between the tiles.\nCut the final tiles on each end of the line, as necessary, on a tile cutter.\nLet the tiles set overnight. Pull out the spacers.\nSpread grout over all the tiles, using a grout float to press it between the tiles. Use a damp sponge to wipe off the excess grout from the tile face and the surrounding wall.\nSome border tiles have built-in spacers.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-22", "url": "http://www.ehow.co.uk/how_7569346_install-tile-edge-trim-wall.html", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794865450.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20180523043959-20180523063959-00371.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9194813967, "token_count": 360, "score": 2.65625, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Úsáidtear tiús balla go ginearálta chun dromchla an bhalla a chlúdach, ach is féidir é a úsáid freisin chun eilimintí éagsúla ar an mballa a ghearradh amach. Má tá balla agat nach mbeidh ach tíle ar an leath thíos de, nó go bhfuil wainscoting nó clúdach páirteach eile ann, is féidir tíle a dhéanamh ar líne chun an teorainn idir na heilimintí a chruthú, in ionad an trím adhmaid. Úsáid tíleanna bullnose, a bhfuil críochnaithe ar imeall amháin, ionas gur féidir leat na imeall críochnaithe a líneáil chun an teorainn a chruthú.\nDéan tomhas ar feadh an spáis ina bhfuil tú ag iarraidh an tíle imeall a chur, cibé acu limistéar tíle caighdeánach é nó ábhar eile. Faigh agus marcáil an pointe leathbhealaigh.\nÚsáid trowel notched chun greamaitheach tíle a scaipeadh ar chúl tíle trím bullnose, ag clúdach an dromchla ar fad go domhain thart ar 1/8 orlach.\nCuir an tíle ar an mballa ag an líne lárnach, in aice leis an limistéar a bheidh sé ag teorainn leis, agus taobh críochnaithe an tíle ag tabhairt aghaidh amach. Cuir dhá spacers in aice leis an taobh eile den tíle chun é a scaradh ón limistéar a bhfuil teorainn aige leis.\nCuir an tíle eile in áit ar an mbealach céanna, ar gach taobh den chéad cheann, ag tógáil amach ón lár i dtreo imeall an spás. Cuir na tíleanna ar bun ionas go mbeidh a gcuid imeall críochnaithe go léir i riocht agus ag tabhairt aghaidh amach. Cuir spacers idir na tíleanna.\nDéan na tíleanna deiridh a ghearradh ar gach ceann den líne, de réir mar is gá, ar ghearradh tíle.\nLig na tíleanna a shuiteáil thar oíche. Tarraing amach na spacers.\nScaip an greim thar na tíleanna go léir, ag baint úsáide as float greim chun é a phriontáil idir na tíleanna. Úsáid spúnóg taise chun an iomarca greim a scriosadh as aghaidh na tíle agus an bhalla timpeall air.\nTá spacers tógtha i roinnt tíleanna teorann."} {"text": "With the arrival of the Race's Conquest Fleet in 1942, the completion of an Americanatomic bomb became that much more important. Thus, the pressure was on for Leslie Groves to see the project to completion. He accepted a sample of plutonium from a Britishsubmarine in Boston Harbor. He carried the plutonium to Denver, where he turned it over to the US physicists working on an atomic bomb. Groves remained in Denver as commander of the Manhattan Project until that project's completion. He designed the defenses of Denver when the Race advanced on that city in 1944. Those defenses were implemented by Omar Bradley. Groves oversaw the Battle of Denver alongside Bradley.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-22", "url": "http://turtledove.wikia.com/wiki/Leslie_Groves", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794870771.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20180528024807-20180528044807-00548.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9685305953, "token_count": 130, "score": 3.0, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Le teacht an Race Conquest Flot i 1942, an chríochnú de American buama adamhach tháinig go bhfuil i bhfad níos tábhachtaí. Dá bhrí sin, bhí an brú ar Leslie Groves an tionscadal a fheiceáil go dtí go mbeadh sé críochnaithe. Ghlac sé sampla de plútóiniam ó fho-uisceadóir na Breataine i Boston Harbor. Thóg sé an plútóiniam go Denver, áit a d'éirigh sé leis na fisiceoirí SAM ag obair ar bhuama adamhach. D'fhan Groves i Denver mar cheannasaí ar Thionscadal Manhattan go dtí go raibh an tionscadal sin críochnaithe. Rinne sé cosaint Denver a dhearadh nuair a chuaigh an Rás ar aghaidh ar an gcathair sin i 1944. Chuir Omar Bradley na cosaintí sin i bhfeidhm. D'fhéach Groves ar Pháirtí Denver in éineacht le Bradley."} {"text": "SIP (Session Initiation Protocol) is a communication protocol that is employed in signaling and managing multimedia communication sessions. It is used over Internet protocol (IP) networks to provide a huge array of services like voice calls, video calls and instant messaging.\nThe main reason why SIP is preferred is that it is a highly flexible protocol with a huge depth. Due to its design, it is able to act in a general purpose manner in order to establish real-time multimedia sessions between groups of participants. In simpler terms, SIP is able to set up audio and video multicast meetings along with the old school telephone calls. One of the most important features SIP provides is forking, which allows distribution of calls to the various extension.\nSIP forking can be defined as the process of splitting a single SIP call to multiple SIP endpoints. In the traditional models, forking has to be initiated manually. Moreover, regular minute charges or in some cases double minute charges can be applied. With SIP forking several phones can ring at once or a set of phones can ring in a sequential order until they reach the end and are sent to the voice mailbox.\nThe term “Forking” means dividing a direction. The applications which are installed on SIP endpoints are termed as “User Agents”. These end points or user agents can work in two manners: They can either be a user agent client (if sending a request) or a user agent server (if receiving a request). When a request is sent, a session is initiated; the phone looks for the best available user agent by using a separate program which is called a “Back-to-Back Agent” whose job is to connect the server and client user agents.\nCall Rules in SIP Forking\nWhen using SIP there is an option of setting up a set of pre-determined rules called Call Rules. These call rules enable a SIP network to automate basic tasks for an efficient workflow. Call rules are of two types- Dynamic and Manual.\nManual rules are simple. They check for a condition and then either perform or avoid a certain action. For example, you can set up a rule that makes sure that your phone does not rings at all when anyone calls, the caller is directly sent to the mail box. A modification to this rule can be the addition of a few VIP callers that are allowed to call you while others are sent to voice mail.\nDynamic rules are a bit more complex. Citing the same example, a dynamic rule will automatically check your calendar and the time of the day to know when is the time you might be in a meeting or otherwise unavailable and it sends the caller to voice mail automatically. You don’t have to prompt it to do anything.\nThese call rules make the automation of telephone based work centers easy, allowing for a lot more productivity.\nIn a Nutshell\nAny VoIP service provider worth its salt uses SIP for providing the best communication to its clients. While there are other alternatives like H.323, SIP provides more features with a less complex architecture thus making it the clear winner against other protocols of a similar nature.\nThere are many advantages that SIP provides for VoIP communication which includes:\n- User Location and Registration\n- User Availability\n- User Capability\n- Session Setup\n- Session Management\nSIP has allowed VoIP to reach its current success. It has shattered geographic barriers and made the whole world a single workplace. With the wonders of SIP forking it has helped businesses increase their productivity and grow productively.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-10", "url": "https://www.therealpbx.com/blog/how-sip-forking-works/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178376206.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20210307074942-20210307104942-00217.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9421274662, "token_count": 741, "score": 3.203125, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Is prótacal cumarsáide é SIP (Prótacal Tosaithe Seisiúin) a úsáidtear chun seisiúin cumarsáide ilmheánmhéide a chomharthaíocht agus a bhainistiú. Úsáidtear é thar líonraí prótacail Idirlín (IP) chun réimse ollmhór seirbhísí a sholáthar mar glaonna gutha, glaonna físe agus teachtaireachtaí láithreach.\nIs é an príomhchúis a bhfuil SIP is fearr ná go bhfuil sé ina phrótacal an-solúbtha le doimhneacht ollmhór. Mar gheall ar a dhearadh, tá sé in ann gníomhú ar bhealach cuspóir ginearálta chun seisiúin il-amhriachtanacha a bhunú idir grúpaí rannpháirtithe. I bhfocail níos simplí, is féidir le SIP cruinnithe multicast fuaime agus físe a chur ar bun in éineacht leis na sean-ghairm theilifíne scoile. Ceann de na gnéithe is tábhachtaí a sholáthraíonn SIP ná forking, a cheadaíonn dáileadh glaonna ar na síneadh éagsúla.\nIs féidir forking SIP a shainiú mar an próiseas chun glao SIP amháin a roinnt le pointí deiridh SIP éagsúla. I múnlaí traidisiúnta, ní mór forking a thosú de láimh. Ina theannta sin, féadfar muirir rialta nó i gcásanna áirithe muirir dúbailte a chur i bhfeidhm. Le forking SIP is féidir le roinnt teileafóin fuaim a chur ag an am céanna nó is féidir le sraith teileafóin fuaim a chur in ord ordúil go dtí go sroicheann siad an deireadh agus go gcuirtear chuig an mbosca post guth.\nCiallaíonn an téarma Forking treo a roinnt. Tugtar \"Agentí Úsáideora\" ar na hiarratais a shuiteáiltear ar phointí deiridh SIP. Is féidir leis na pointí deiridh nó gníomhairí úsáideora seo oibriú ar dhá bhealach: Is féidir leo a bheith ina gcliant gníomhaire úsáideora (má chuireann siad iarratas) nó ina fhreastalaí gníomhaire úsáideora (má fhaigheann siad iarratas). Nuair a seoltar iarratas, tosaítear seisiún; cuireann an fón an ghníomhaire úsáideora is fearr atá ar fáil ar fáil trí chlár ar leithligh a úsáid ar a dtugtar Back-to-Back Agent a bhfuil a phost ag nascadh na n-aignéithe úsáideora freastalaí agus cliant.\nRialacha glaonna i bhFócaireacht SIP\nNuair a úsáidtear SIP tá rogha ann sraith rialacha réamhchinnithe a chur ar bun ar a dtugtar Rialacha Glao. Cuireann na rialacha glaonna seo ar chumas líonra SIP tascanna bunúsacha a uathoibriú le haghaidh sreabhadh oibre éifeachtach. Tá dhá chineál rialacha glaonna - Dinimiciúil agus lámhleabhar.\nTá na rialacha láimhe simplí. Seiceálann siad ar choinníoll agus ansin gníomh áirithe a dhéanamh nó a sheachaint. Mar shampla, is féidir leat a chur ar bun riail a chinntíonn nach bhfuil do ghuthán clinging ar chor ar bith nuair a ghlaonn duine ar bith, an glaoch a sheoladh go díreach chuig an mbosca poist. Is féidir le modhú ar an riail seo roinnt glaoiteoirí VIP a chur leis a bhfuil cead acu glaoch a dhéanamh ort agus daoine eile a sheoladh chuig post guth.\nTá rialacha dinimiciúla beagán níos casta. Ag lua an sampla céanna, seiceálfaidh riail dinimiciúil do chuid féilire agus an t-am den lá go huathoibríoch chun a fháil amach cén t-am a d'fhéadfadh tú a bheith i gcruinniú nó nach bhfuil tú ar fáil ar shlí eile agus seolann sé an glaoiteoir go post guth go huathoibríoch. Ní gá duit a spreagadh chun rud ar bith a dhéanamh.\nDéanann na rialacha glaonna seo uathoibriú ionaid oibre trí theilifís a dhéanamh éasca, rud a cheadaíonn táirgiúlacht i bhfad níos mó.\nGo Hachomair\nBaineann aon soláthraí seirbhíse VoIP a bhfuil luach air úsáid as SIP chun an cumarsáid is fearr a sholáthar dá chliaint. Cé go bhfuil roghanna eile ann mar H.323, soláthraíonn SIP níos mó gnéithe le hailtireacht níos casta agus dá bhrí sin déanann sé an buaiteoir soiléir i gcoinne prótacail eile de chineál den chineál céanna.\nTá go leor buntáistí a sholáthraíonn SIP do chumarsáid VoIP lena n-áirítear:\n- Suíomh agus Cláraithe an Úsáideora\n- Inrochtaineacht d'úsáideoirí\n- Cumas Úsáideora\n- Socrú seisiúin\n- Bainistíocht Seisiúin\nThug SIP deis do VoIP a rath reatha a bhaint amach. Tá sé tar éis bacainní geografacha a bhriseadh agus an domhan ar fad a dhéanamh ina ionad oibre amháin. Leis na míorbhuartha a bhaineann le SIP, chabhraigh sé le gnólachtaí a dtáirgeacht a mhéadú agus fás táirgiúil a dhéanamh."} {"text": "Charles Darwin. The Different Forms of Flowers on Plants of the Same Species. London: John Murray, 1877. First editi...\n|Sold for:||Sign-in or Join (free & quick)|\n|Claim Item:||Sign-in or Join (free & quick)|\n|Auction Ended On:||Sep 13, 2011|\n19 Internet/mail/phone bidders\n2,864 page views\nHeritage Auctions - Beverly Hills\n9478 West Olympic Blvd., 1st Floor\nBeverly Hills, CA 90212\nEdouard Heckel was the translator of several of Darwin's works into French, including this one. Tipped in at the beginning of the book are three autograph letters signed by Charles Darwin (one signed \"Ch. Darwin\"), written to Heckel. Each letter is on notepaper measuring 8 x 5 inches and all are folded together to fit inside the dimensions of the book. All have the address \"Down, Beckenham, Kent, Railway Station, Orpington, S.E. R.\" printed in the top right corner.\nThe letters cover the period November, 1877 to August 13, 1878, as Heckel was preparing the French translation of Different Forms of Flowers. Darwin offers praise, suggestions, and appreciation in these three letters. Heckel's translation, Des différentes formes de fleurs dans les plantes de la même espèce was published in Paris in July, 1878 by Reinwald.\nThis letters in this lot:\nThe first letter is dated Nov. 20, 1877 and concerns Darwin's appreciation of Heckel's translation of his Cross and Self-Fertilisation (1877), calling it \"excellent.\" He writes that he would be delighted if Heckel could somehow find a publisher for a French translation of the present work: \"It would please me much to see a translation by you of the Different Forms of Flowers, but M. Reinwald informed me some little time since, that in the present political state of France he was afraid to bring out a translation.\" One page.\nThe second letter is dated Jan. 1, 1878. Heckel has begun translating Different Forms of Flowers, and has asked Darwin for direction on translating plant names (specifically the cowslip and the oxslip). Darwin warns him of two \"BAD errata\" which had been published in the English edition, and which, apparently, had caused him a certain amount of grief: on page 162 \"shortest stamens\" had been incorrectly printed as \"mid-length stamens,\" and on p. 205 \"own-form mid-length stamens\" hand been incorrectly printed as \"own-form shortest stamens.\" Heckel has made the corrections in this copy. Three pages.\nThe third letter is dated Aug. 13, 1878. Darwin writes Heckel to thank him for his work and to acknowledge that it is largely due to Heckel's translations that his work is known in France. One page.\nHeckel's notes on the preliminary page of the book show his progress on the translation: when he started, when he finished, and when the work was published.Des différentes formes de fleurs dans les plantes de la même espèce was published in July, 1878 by Reinwald.\nService and Handling Description: Books & Catalogs (view shipping information)", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-18", "url": "http://historical.ha.com/itm/books/signed-editions/charles-darwin-the-different-forms-of-flowers-on-plants-of-the-same-species-london-john-murray-1877-first-editi/a/6058-37038.s", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1429246651471.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20150417045731-00166-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9323619604, "token_count": 723, "score": 2.53125, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Charles Darwin. - Tá sé. Na Foirmeacha Difríúla Bláthanna ar Plandaí den Speiceas céanna. Londain: John Murray, 1877. An chéad eagrán...\nDíoltar le haghaidh:\n│ Claim Item:\n♪ Ceiliúradh a chríochnaigh ar: ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪\n19 Tairgeoirí ar an Idirlíon/post/téileafón\n2,864 amharc ar leathanach\nDíolacháin Oidhreachta - Beverly Hills\n9478 West Olympic Blvd., 1ú Hurlár\nBeverly Hills, CA 90212\nBa é Edouard Heckel an t-aistriúchán ar roinnt de shaothar Darwin go Fraincis, lena n-áirítear an ceann seo. Tá trí litir autograph sínithe ag Charles Darwin (a síníodh \"Ch. Darwin\"), a scríobh sé chuig Heckel. Tá gach litir ar pháipéar nótaí a thomhas 8 x 5 orlach agus tá gach ceann acu fillte le chéile chun freastal ar thomhais an leabhair. Tá an seoladh \"Down, Beckenham, Kent, Stáisiún Iarnróid, Orpington, SE R. \" i gcúinne uachtarach ar dheis.\nClúdaíonn na litreacha an tréimhse ó Samhain, 1877 go 13 Lúnasa, 1878, agus Heckel ag ullmhú an aistriúcháin Fraincis de Dath éagsúil na Bláthanna. Tugann Darwin moladh, moltaí, agus meas sna trí litir seo. Foilsíodh aistriúchán Heckel, Des différentes formes de fleurs dans les plantes de la même espèce i bPáras i mí Iúil, 1878 ag Reinwald.\nAn litreacha seo sa lán seo:\nTá an chéad litir de dháta 20 Samhain, 1877 agus baineann sé le meas Darwin ar aistriúchán Heckel ar a Chros agus Féin-Fertilisation (1877), ag glaoch air \"an-mhaith\". Scríobhann sé go mbeadh áthas air dá bhféadfaí Heckel foilsitheoir a aimsiú ar bhealach éigin le haghaidh aistriúchán Fraincis den saothar seo: \"Bheadh sé an-sásta dom aistriúchán a fheiceáil óna dtugaibh ar na Foirmeacha Difríúla Bláthanna, ach chuir M. Reinwald in iúl dom tamall beag ó shin, go raibh eagla air aistriúchán a thabhairt amach i stát polaitiúil na Fraince atá ann faoi láthair\". Leathanach amháin.\nTá an dara litir de dháta 1 Eanáir, 1878. Thosaigh Heckel ag aistriú Foirmeacha Difrí na mBlochain, agus d'iarr sé ar Darwin treoir maidir le hainmneacha plandaí a aistriú (go sonrach an cowslip agus an oxslip). Darwin warns him of two \"BAD errata\" which had been published in the English edition, and which, apparently, had caused him a certain amount of grief: on page 162 \"shortest stamens\" had been incorrectly printed as \"mid-length stamens\", and on p. 205 \"own-form mid-length stamens\" hand was incorrectly printed as \"own-form shortest stamens\". Rinne Heckel na ceartaithe sa chóip seo. Trí leathanach.\nTá an tríú litir de dáta 13 Lúnasa, 1878. Scríobhann Darwin chuig Heckel chun buíochas a ghabháil leis as a chuid oibre agus chun a aithint go bhfuil a chuid oibre ar eolas sa Fhrainc go mór mar gheall ar aistrithe Heckel. Leathanach amháin.\nLéiríonn nótaí Heckel ar leathanach tosaigh an leabhair a dhul chun cinn ar an aistriúchán: nuair a thosaigh sé, nuair a chríochnaigh sé, agus nuair a foilsíodh an saothar. Foilsíodh Des différentes formes de fleurs dans les plantes de la même espèce i mí Iúil, 1878 ag Reinwald.\nTuairisc ar Sheirbhís agus ar Láimhseáil: Leabhair & Catalóga (féach faisnéis loingseoireachta)"} {"text": "A kind of fruit fly that can tolerate an oderiferous plant may have started its speciation path with mutations that made it not notice a bad smell. Vote for Scientific American in the podcast category at www.webbyawards.com\nThey call it…seriously…vomit fruit. Tahitian Noni is a Polynesian shrub that smells so bad, well, you get the idea. Anyway, most species of fruit fly stay away from the plant, which gets its nasty smell from the presence of hexanoic and octanoic acids. The flies’ aversion is well-founded—if they even alight on the fetid fruit, they die. But one species of fruit fly, Drosphila sechellia, loves the pukey plant. It even lays its eggs there.\nIn a study just published in Public Library of Science Biology, researchers looked at the genetic differences between Sechellia and close relatives that shun the Noni. They found a very different pattern of expression of two genes responsible for olfaction, smell for us, that made the Sechellia fruit flies no longer notice the bad smell. More research will unravel the rest of the story—but it seems a good bet that once the Sechellia stopped minding the funk, they quickly developed a resistance to the acidic environment that kills other species of Drosophila. And mutations that made a few flies tolerate a smelly plant may have been the first steps toward a new species.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-26", "url": "https://www.scientificamerican.com/podcast/episode/255dbb79-e7f2-99df-366827837b5bfef3/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267859923.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20180618012148-20180618032148-00412.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9401941895, "token_count": 307, "score": 3.359375, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "D'fhéadfadh cineál eitiltí torthaí a d'fhéadfadh plandaí smúthúil a fhulaingt a bheith ag tosú a shlí speiceála le mutations a rinne nach dtuigfeadh sé droch-bhriseadh. Vótáil do Scientific American sa chatagóir podchraoladh ag www.webbyawards.com\nGlaoigh siad é... go dáiríre... torthaí vomit. Tá Noni Tahitian arbhar Polynesian go bhfuil smells chomh dona, go maith, a fháil ar an smaoineamh. Ar aon nós, fanann an chuid is mó de speicis an eitilt torthaí ar shiúl ón gléasra, a fhaigheann a smid olc ó láithreacht aigéid heicseanoic agus octa-óic. Tá an flies' aversion tá bonn maith-má tá siad fiú tuirlingt ar an torthaí stinky, bás a fháil. Ach is breá le speiceas amháin de eitiltí torthaí, Drosphila sechellia, an gléasra vomy. Tá sé fiú a chuid uibheacha a leagan ann.\nI staidéar a foilsíodh le déanaí in Leabharlann Poiblí na Bitheolaíochta Eolaíochta, d'fhéach taighdeoirí ar na difríochtaí géiniteacha idir Sechellia agus gaolta dlúithe a sheachnaíonn an Noni. Fuair siad patrún an-difriúil léiriú dhá ghine atá freagrach as an smál, an boladh dúinn, a rinne na flea torthaí Sechellia a thuilleadh a thabhairt faoi deara an droch-boladh. Beidh tuilleadh taighde a unravel an chuid eile den scéal - ach is cosúil go bhfuil geall maith go nuair a stopadh an Sechellia minding an funk, d'fhorbair siad go tapa friotaíocht don timpeallacht aigéadach go marbhadh speicis eile de Drosophila. Agus b'fhéidir gurbh iad na hathruithe a rinne cúpla eitilt a d'fhulaing plandaí stinking na chéad chéimeanna i dtreo speiceas nua."} {"text": "CHD stands for Congenital Heart Disease or Congenital Heart Defect. CHD is an abnormality in the heart that is present at birth.\nAs the #1 birth defect, CHD affects 1.35 million infants every year worldwide.\nCHD kills 2x more children each year than all forms of childhood cancer combined.\n1 in every 10 children diagnosed with CHD does not live to adulthood.\nThe short answer is, for most cases, we really don't know. A few known causes and risk factors have been identified, but more research is needed to better understand exactly when and why CHD occurs.\nVery mild defects may resolve on their own as the child grows. Other defects may require medication, catheterization, or even heart surgery. Approximately 1/3 of children born with CHD will require some type of intervention within the first year of their life for survival.\nMore severe forms of CHD are now often diagnosed by ultrasound during pregnancy. Some cases may be diagnosed shortly after birth and others may remain undetected until adolescence or early adulthood.\nMany of these types of CHD have multiple variations depending on the individual's unique anatomy. Several defects may occur together and others may be found in isolation.\nHearing the words, \"There's something wrong with your baby's heart\" is a scary moment. In that instant, you are unexpectedly thrust into a world of unknowns, medical jargon, and fear for your child. You are not alone. There are many resources available to connect with other families who have walked this road before you and organizations that can help.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-26", "url": "http://projectheart.org/about-chd/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267864300.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20180621211603-20180621231603-00491.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9703144431, "token_count": 326, "score": 3.25, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Is éard atá i CHD ná galar croí coigníneach nó locht croí coigníneach. Is neamhghnáchas sa chroí é CHD atá i láthair ag an mbreith.\nMar an locht breith #1 is é CHD an locht is mó a théann i bhfeidhm ar 1.35 milliún leanbh gach bliain ar fud an domhain.\nFaigheann CHD dhá oiread leanaí a mharú gach bliain ná gach cineál ailse óige le chéile.\nNí mhaireann 1 as gach 10 leanbh a dhiagnóisiítear le CHD go dtí an folláine.\nIs é an freagra gearr, i bhformhór na gcásanna, nach bhfuil a fhios againn i ndáiríre. Tá cúpla cúis agus fachtóir riosca ar eolas, ach tá gá le tuilleadh taighde chun tuiscint níos fearr a fháil ar an am agus ar an gcúis a tharlaíonn CHD.\nD'fhéadfadh míchumas an-éadrom a réiteach dá gcuid féin de réir mar a fhásann an leanbh. D'fhéadfadh go mbeadh gá le leigheas, catheterization, nó fiú máinliacht croí le míchompord eile. Beidh gá le cuid de chineál idirghabhála ag thart ar 1/3 de na páistí a rugadh le CHD laistigh den chéad bhliain dá saol chun maireachtáil.\nIs minic a dhéantar diagnóis anois ar fhoirmeacha níos déine de CHD trí ultrafhuaime le linn toirchis. D'fhéadfadh go ndéanfaí roinnt cásanna a dhiagnóisiú go gairid tar éis breith agus d'fhéadfadh go mbeadh daoine eile gan a bheith le feiceáil go dtí an déagóirí nó luath-dhoras.\nTá éagsúlachtaí iomadúla ag go leor de na cineálacha seo de CHD ag brath ar anatamaíocht uathúil an duine aonair. D'fhéadfadh go mbeadh roinnt lochtanna le chéile agus d'fhéadfadh go mbeadh lochtanna eile ar leithligh.\nIs nóiméad scanrúil é na focail, \"Tá rud éigin cearr le croí do pháiste\". Sa nóiméad sin, tá tú i dtimpeallacht gan choinne i saol na n-easnamh, na searbhónta leighis, agus eagla ar do leanbh. Níl tú i d'aonar. Tá go leor acmhainní ar fáil chun teagmháil a dhéanamh le teaghlaigh eile a shiúil ar an mbóthar seo roimh tú agus le heagraíochtaí a d'fhéadfadh cabhrú."} {"text": "The Brown Argus Aricia agestis is another new butterfly that Trust members have found in Ox Close Wood and in fields in East Keswick. This is great news – showing that the management of our reserves is being rewarded with these successes (see Silver-washed Fritillary, below). The caterpillers’ foodplant is usually Common Rock Rose but more recently they have started to use various geraniums, including Meadow Cranesbill, of which there is plenty in the parish.\nA New Butterfly… Silver-washed Fritillary\nA Silver-washed Fritillary butterfly has been seen for the first time in Ox Close. A male (characterised by the bands along the forewings) was seen on at least three occasions. Its foodplant is Violet of which there are plenty in the wood – so with a bit of luck…. it could breed!\nI was able to photograph a Hornet in Ox Close this afternoon.\nThis is the first I’ve seen in the wood and it confirms its presence which has been suspected for a couple of years now.\nFor the first time since the 18th century, cows are grazing in Ox Close Wood!\nThe cows will graze the paddock for a few weeks after which they will go to another reserve to continue their conservation grazing.\nOnce part of the Common lands of EastKeswick, Ox Close was a wood pasture where wood and timber could be cut and extracted during the winter months and animals grazed during the summer by the Commoners of the village – usually the most prominent residents. By the end of the 18th century, the management of Common lands was deemed inefficient so increasing numbers of individual parish Parliamentary Enclosure Acts were passed to provide the legal framework for privatisation. All Commoners rights to graze in Ox Close ceased at the beginning of 19th century on the enclosure of East Keswick when the wood became part of the Harewood Estate.\nThe photos show three cows, each with a calf being let into the wood. Because Clarita (below) has horns, she had to be transported separated from her calf and separately from the other cows.\nEven though Autumn is approaching quickly, there’s still plenty to see in the wood. Of the birds, there are quite a few Buzzards and, along the river, Kingfishers. Nuthatches have done well this year.\nThere are still two or three species of butterfly, particularly the Speckled Wood, and the Red Admirals are looking very smart in their newly-emerged condition.\nSimilarly for Odonata. Brown Hawkers and still present and there were four or five Southern Hawkers. I didn’t see any Darters today, but they will be around still.\nDuring the last 12 months Ash Dieback has become very noticeable. Younger trees are more susceptible than mature trees although we have yet to see the full impact of this fungal disease. Dutch Elm Disease has been present for many years: Many of the Elms in the wood are reaching the age (20 to 25 years) when the Elm Bark Beetle can lay its eggs under the tree’s bark but our (EKWT) regular coppicing of living trees extends their life, ensuring a reliable food source for the White-letter Hairstreak butterflies.\nLast Friday the workparty cut and raked an area at the lower end of the grazing pasture to give next year’s Bluebells a clear area in which to flower.\nSo Summer is here!\nSUCCESS AT LAST. Brimstone butterflies are breeding.\n7th-9th May 2010. Brimstone butterflies were seen egg laying on the Alder Buckthorn. This is fantastic news. Back in January 2003, fifty Alder Buckthorn saplings were planted along the top ride in the hope of attracting Brimstone butterflies. Over the years since then, only the occasional insect has been seen. But this weekend at least three pairs were seen – with the females egg laying. It is likely that these insects are the offspring of some that bred unseen last year. See the photo in the Butterflies gallery.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-17", "url": "http://www.ox-close.co.uk/author/paul/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038056325.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20210416100222-20210416130222-00364.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9740112424, "token_count": 850, "score": 2.515625, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Is é an Braon Argus Aricia agestis an bráithreán nua eile a d'aimsigh baill an Chreidmheasa i mBus Ox Close agus i réimsí in Oirthear Keswick. Is dea-scéal é seo a léiríonn go bhfuil na rathanna seo á luacháil ar bhainistiú ár gcúlchistí (féach Fritillary glanta airgid, thíos). Is é an planda bia a bhíonn ag na caterpillars de ghnáth Common Rock Rose ach le déanaí tá siad ag tosú ag úsáid geraniums éagsúla, lena n-áirítear Meadow Cranesbill, a bhfuil go leor acu sa pharóiste.\nA Butterfly Nua... Fritillary Silver-laistithe\nTá féileacán Fritillary glan-airgead le feiceáil den chéad uair i Ox Close. Bhí fear (a bhfuil na bannaí ar feadh na n-uimhreacha tosaigh) le feiceáil ar thrí ócáid ar a laghad. Is é an planda bia Violet a bhfuil go leor acu sa choille mar sin le beagán de luck.... d'fhéadfadh sé breed!\nBhí mé in ann grianghraf a thógáil de Hornet i Ox Close an tráthnóna seo.\nIs é seo an chéad Ive feicthe sa choille agus deimhníonn sé a láithreacht a bhí amhras ar feadh cúpla bliain anois.\nDon chéad uair ó na 18ú haois, tá muca ag féasóg i mBó an Oisín!\nBeidh na bóithre ag féasadh an paddock ar feadh cúpla seachtain agus ina dhiaidh sin rachaidh siad chuig cúlchiste eile chun leanúint lena gcuid féasadh caomhnaithe.\nNuair a bhí sé mar chuid de thailte Coitinne EastKeswick, bhí Ox Close ina phreasóg adhmaid áit ar féidir adhmad agus adhmad a ghearradh agus a bhaint le linn mhíonna an gheimhridh agus ainmhithe a bhí ag féileadh le linn an tsamhraidh ag Coitinneoirí an bhaile - de ghnáth na cónaitheoirí is suntasaí. Faoi dheireadh an 18ú haois, measadh go raibh bainistíocht na dtailte Coitinne neamhéifeachtach agus mar sin, tugadh líon méadaithe d'Achtanna Ceardaíochta Parlaiminteacha páirceanna aonair chun an creat dlíthiúil a sholáthar le haghaidh príobháidí. D'éirigh le gach ceart Commoners a bheith ag féile i dTeach Ox ag tús an 19ú haois ar an gclos East Keswick nuair a tháinig an adhmad mar chuid de Mhaoinse Harewood.\nTaispeánann na grianghraif trí bhail, gach ceann acu le cailín ag ligean isteach sa choille. Toisc go bhfuil corna ag Clarita (ar an íochtar), b'éigean í a iompar ar leithligh óna chailín agus ar leithligh ó na bóithre eile.\nCé go bhfuil an fhómhar ag teacht go tapa, tá go leor le feiceáil fós sa choille. De na héin, tá go leor Buzzards agus, feadh an abhainn, Kingfishers. Tá Nuthatches déanta go maith i mbliana.\nTá fós dhá nó trí speiceas de butterfly, go háirithe an adhmad Speckled, agus tá na Red Admirals ag breathnú an-smart ina riocht nua-éirithe.\nAr an gcaoi chéanna le haghaidh Odonata. Brown Hawkers agus fós i láthair agus bhí ceithre nó cúig Hawkers Theas. Ní fhaca mé aon Darters inniu, ach beidh siad a bheith thart fós.\nLe 12 mhí anuas, tá an-tóir ar Ash Dieback. Tá crainn níos óige níos so-ghabhálacha ná crainn aibí cé nach bhfuil an tionchar iomlán ar an ghalair fungach seo le feiceáil go fóill. Tá galar na hAlmáine i láthair le blianta fada: Tá go leor de na hAlmáine sa choille ag teacht ar an aois (20 go 25 bliain) nuair is féidir leis an Beetle Bark Elm a uibheacha a leagan faoi chraiceann na crainn ach cuireann ár (EKWT) cóipeáil rialta ar chrainn beo a saol ar aghaidh, ag cinntiú foinse bia iontaofa do na liopaí Bán-litir Hairstreak.\nAn Aoine seo caite, rinne an grúpa oibre limistéar a ghearradh agus a ghreamú ag deireadh na féaraí féaraí chun limistéar glan a thabhairt do Bluebells an bhliain seo chugainn chun bláthanna a chur ann.\nMar sin tá Summer anseo!\nSUCCESS ar deireadh. Tá na bratachraobháin sulfstone ag breeding.\n7-9 Bealtaine 2010. Chonaic farraigeanna sulfstone uibheacha a leagan ar an Alder Buckthorn. Is nuacht iontach é seo. Ar ais i mí Eanáir 2003, plandáil caoga fichid Alder Buckthorn ar feadh an turas is airde i dóchas go dtógfadh siad féileacáin Brimstone. Le blianta ó shin, ní fhaightear ach an t-inseacht seo ó am go ham. Ach an deireadh seachtaine seo, feictear trí phéire ar a laghad leis na mná ag cur uibheacha. Is dócha gur sliocht iad na h-ionsaithe seo de chuid de na h-ionsaithe a d'fhás gan a bheith le feiceáil an bhliain seo caite. Féach ar an grianghraf sa gailearaí Butterflies."} {"text": "Turkey is a transcontinental Eurasian country that links Europe and Asia continents through the Bosphorus and Dardanelles straits.\nIts area is approximately 785,000 sq km. Check out Turkey photos to view the beautiful Black Sea\nand Mediterranean beaches, mountains, lakes and rivers.\nThe official name of Turkey is the \"Republic of Turkey\", also called the \"Anatolian Peninsula\" or the \"Land of the Turks\".\nThe name is spelled in Turkish as Turkiye. Mustafa Kemal Ataturk is considered the founder of modern Turkey.\nAnkara is the capital of Turkey, and Istanbul (formerly Constantinople) is the largest and most important city.\nOther main cities in Turkey include Izmir, Adana, Bursa,\nAntalya, Gaziantep, Konya, Mersin, Tarsus, Antakya, Marmaris and Bodrum.\nTurkey tourism is an important sector of the Turkish economy,\nin addition to services, agriculture and several other industries. Millions of tourists visit Turkey each year for business,\nculture, entertainment and leisure. Turkey hotels and resorts and restaurants offer\nhigh levels of service.\nThe Turkish Peninsula is one of the oldest continuously inhabited regions in the world. It was the home to many ancient civilisations, mainly the Ottoman Empire.\nTurkish history is rich in cultural hertiage, architecture, literature, art and historic achievments.\nTurkey has a wealth of religious and historic sites and monumnets including the ancient city of Ephesus,\nthe Agia Sofia, the Great Mosque and Hospital of Divrigi. Also, the Ancient Greek Temple of Artemis one of the Wonders of the Ancient World and\nthe archaeological sites of Troy, Hattusha, Safranbolu, Xanthos-Letoon and Cappadocia.\nThe population of Turkey is around 78.78 millions. The main spoken languages are Turkish, Kurdish, Arabic, Armenian, Greek and English.\nTurkish food is a mix of Middle Eastern and Mediterranean cuisines.\nKebab is a Turkish specialty with many flavors, other national dishes include mezze assortment,\nmeat dishes, fish and salads. Turkish sweets and delights are also famous, such as baklava, lokum and icecream.\nTurkish coffee is very popular worldwide.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-22", "url": "http://www.turkish.cc/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-22/segments/1432207929869.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20150521113209-00194-ip-10-180-206-219.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9253360033, "token_count": 488, "score": 2.671875, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Is tír Eorais-Aise tras-chríochach í an Tuirc a nascann mór-roinn na hEorpa agus na hÁise trí strataí Bosphorus agus Dardanelles.\nTá a limistéar thart ar 785,000 ciliméadar cearnach. Féach ar na grianghraif ón Tuirc chun an Mhuir Dhubh álainn a fheiceáil\nagus tránna Meánmhara, sléibhte, lochanna agus aibhneacha.\nIs é \"Poblacht na Tuirce\" ainm oifigiúil na Tuirce, ar a dtugtar \"an Choileán Anatólach\" nó \"Tír na dTuirceach\" freisin.\nIs é an t-ainm a litriú i Tuirc mar Turkiye. Meastar go bhfuil Mustafa Kemal Ataturk ina bhunaitheoir na Tuirce nua-aimseartha.\nIs í Ankara príomhchathair na Tuirce, agus is í Iostanbúl (Constantinopolis roimhe seo) an chathair is mó agus is tábhachtaí.\nI measc na bpríomhchathair eile sa Tuirc tá Izmir, Adana, Bursa,\nAntalya, Gaziantep, Konya, Mersin, Tarsus, Antakya, Marmaris agus Bodrum.\nTá turasóireacht na Tuirce ina earnáil thábhachtach de gheilleagar na Tuirce,\nChomh maith leis na seirbhísí, tá talmhaíocht agus roinnt tionscail eile. Tagann na milliúin turasóirí go Tuirc gach bliain chun gnó a dhéanamh,\ncultúr, siamsaíocht agus fóillíocht. Tairgtear óstáin agus áiteanna saoire agus bialanna sa Tuirc\nardleibhéil seirbhíse.\nTá an Chipir-Eorpach ar cheann de na réigiúin is sine a bhfuil cónaí orthu go leanúnach ar domhan. Ba é an baile a bhí ag go leor sibhialtachtaí ársa, go príomha an Impireacht Ottoman.\nTá stair na Tuirce saibhir i dtréithe cultúrtha, ailtireacht, litríocht, ealaín agus éachtaí stairiúla.\nTá saibhreas áiteanna reiligiúnacha agus stairiúla agus cuimhneacháin sa Tuirc lena n-áirítear an chathair ársa Ephesus,\nAgia Sofia, Mosc Mór agus Ospidéal Divrigi. Chomh maith leis sin, an Teampall Gréagach Ártéimis ceann de na Wonders an Domhain Ársa agus\nna suíomhanna seandálaíochta i dTrói, Hattusha, Safranbolu, Xanthos-Letoon agus Cappadocia.\nTá daonra na Tuirce thart ar 78.78 milliún. Is iad na príomh-theangacha labhartha an Tuirc, an Chúrdach, an Araibis, an Airméinis, an Ghréigis agus an Béarla.\nIs meascán de chultúir an Mheánoirthir agus na Meánmhara é bia na Tuirce.\nIs speisialtóireacht Tuircis í Kebab le go leor blasanna, áirítear le miasa náisiúnta eile measúnú mezze,\nbia feola, iasc agus saladach. Tá cáiliúlacht ar fáil freisin ar bhlasraí agus ar bhlasraí na Tuirce, mar shampla baklava, lokum agus uachtar reoite.\nTá caife na Tuirce an-tóir ar fud an domhain."} {"text": "The main heroine of the novel Emma is young, rich, noble, well-born. She doesn’t have the strength, perseverance and, apparently, the desire to do something seriously. As a result, she does not possess the talents, the ordinary paints, ordinary plays piano and sings.\nJane Austen mocks her the heroine , mocking her arrogance, a certain amount of conceit. Emma, not being able to understand people, likes to get involved in someone else’s life. Thinks she’s a perceptive girl, she tries to matchmake of people not paying attention to their feelings, their desires and opinions. These attempts fail and Emma deceived in their expectations constantly.\nBut with each new mistake she humbles her vanity, lose the pride, learns to appreciate the true feelings and reject the flattery becomes more tolerant, more forgiving to people. Around her, people, influencing her, improve her character and personality for the better, helping her to sort herself out.\nIn General, images of minor characters, the author succeeded to fame: Mr. Knightley, educated, educated, noble, prudent, wise in judgment, appears to be the ideal man; Mr. and Mrs. Elton, embodying the arrogance and arrogance, obsession and rudeness, sharpen some of the qualities of Emma.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-26", "url": "https://epublib.info/emma-by-jane-austen/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267862929.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20180619115101-20180619135101-00071.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9549795389, "token_count": 272, "score": 3.03125, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Is é príomh-bhreacán an úrscéil Emma óg, saibhir, uasal, dea-bhunaithe. Níl an neart, an t-idirghníomhaíocht agus, is cosúil, an fonn aici rud éigin a dhéanamh go dáiríre. Mar thoradh air sin, ní bhfuil sí na buanna, na péinteálacha gnáth, pianó gnáth imríonn agus canann.\nJane Austen mocks sí an laoch, mocking a arrogance, méid áirithe de conceit. Emma, nach bhfuil in ann a thuiscint daoine, is maith leis a bheith i gceist i saol duine éigin eile. Smaoiníonn sí go bhfuil sí cailín intuigthe, déanann sí iarracht daoine a chur le chéile gan aird a thabhairt ar a mothúcháin, a mianta agus a gcuid tuairimí. Failíonn na hiarrachtaí seo agus bhí Emma ag magadh ina n-ionchais i gcónaí.\nAch le gach earráid nua ní mór di a vanity humble, a chailliúint an bród, foghlaimíonn sí a mheas na mothúcháin fíor agus diúltú an flattery a bheith níos fhulaingthe, níos mó maithiúnas a thabhairt do dhaoine. Ar a cuid timpeall, daoine, tionchar a imirt uirthi, a fheabhsú a carachtar agus pearsantacht ar an níos fearr, ag cabhrú léi a ordú féin amach.\nGo ginearálta, íomhánna de charachtair bheaga, d'éirigh leis an údar a cáil: an tUasal Knightley, oideachas, oideachas, uasal, cúramach, ciallmhar i bhreithniú, is cosúil go bhfuil an fear idéalach; an tUasal agus Mrs. Elton, a chomhlachtú an arrogance agus arrogance, obsession agus rudteress, a sharpen roinnt de na cáilíochtaí Emma."} {"text": "Can our immune system cause inflammation in the body and alter our mood?\nRecent history is telling us if we want to make therapeutic breakthroughs in an area which remains incredibly important in terms of disability and suffering then we’ve got to think differently.\nIt’s not very often we get to talk about a revolution in understanding and treating depression and yet now doctors are talking about “one of the strongest discoveries in psychiatry for the last 20 years”.\nIt is based around the idea that some people are being betrayed by their fiercest protector. That their immune system is altering their brain.\nThe illness exacts a heavy toll on 350 million people around the world, among them Hayley Mason, from Cambridgeshire:\n“My depression gets so bad that I can’t leave the bed, I can’t leave the bedroom, I can’t go downstairs and be with my partner and his kids.\nThe 30-year-old added: “I can’t have the TV on, I can’t have noise and light, I have suicidal thoughts, I have self-harmed, I can’t leave the house, I can’t drive.\n“And just generally I am completely confined to my own home and everything else just feels too much.”\nAnti-depressant drugs and psychological treatments, like cognitive behavioural therapy, help the majority of people.\nBut many don’t respond to existing therapies and so some scientists are now exploring a new frontier – whether the immune system could be causing depression.\n“I think we have to be quite radical,” says Prof Ed Bullmore, the head of psychiatry at the University of Cambridge.\nRead more: http://www.bbc.com/news/health-37166293", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-30", "url": "https://househealingsolutions.com.au/depression-a-revolution-in-treatment/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676589222.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20180716060836-20180716080836-00190.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9474228621, "token_count": 381, "score": 2.734375, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "An féidir lenár gcóras imdhíonachta athlasadh a chur ar ár gcorp agus ár n-ainneoin a athrú?\nTá an stair le déanaí ag insint dúinn más mian linn teacht ar thréithe teiripeacha i réimse a bhfuil tábhacht mhór aige i dtéarmaí míchumais agus fulaingt, ansin ní mór dúinn smaoineamh ar bhealach difriúil.\nNí minic a labhraímid faoi réabhlóid i dtuiscint agus i gcóireáil an dúlagar agus fós anois tá dochtúirí ag caint faoi \"ceacht de na fionnachtana is láidre sa síceatrí le 20 bliain anuas\".\nTá sé bunaithe ar an smaoineamh go bhfuil roinnt daoine á ndíol ag a gcosaint is fiáine. Go bhfuil a gcóras imdhíonachta ag athrú a n-inchinn.\nTá an galar ag cur báis mhór ar 350 milliún duine ar fud an domhain, lena n-áirítear Hayley Mason, ó Cambridgeshire:\nTá mo thirim chomh dona sin nach féidir liom an leaba a fhágáil, ní féidir liom an seomra leapa a fhágáil, ní féidir liom dul síos an staighre agus a bheith le mo pháirtí agus a pháistí.\nDúirt an 30-bliadhna: \"Ní féidir liom an teilifís a bheith ar siúl, ní féidir liom fuaim agus solas a bheith agam, tá smaointe féinmharúcha agam, rinne mé féin-gortú, ní féidir liom an teach a fhágáil, ní féidir liom tiomáint.\nAgus go ginearálta tá mé go hiomlán teoranta do mo theach féin agus is cosúil go bhfuil gach rud eile ró-mhór.\nCabhraíonn drugaí frith-dhúlagar agus cóireálacha síceolaíocha, cosúil le teiripe imoibritheach cognaíoch, le formhór na ndaoine.\nAch ní fhreagraíonn go leor acu ar chóireálacha atá ann cheana agus mar sin tá roinnt eolaithe ag iniúchadh teorainn nua anois - an bhféadfadh an córas imdhíonachta a bheith ag cúis le dúlagar.\n\"Sílim go gcaithfimid a bheith an- radacach\", a deir an tOllamh Ed Bullmore, ceann na síceatria in Ollscoil Cambridge.\nLéigh tuilleadh: http://www.bbc.com/news/health-37166293"} {"text": "There’s a Christmas bird count underway, and it has nothing to do with the number of swans a’swimming or geese a’laying.\nFor the 121st year, the National Audubon Society is conducting its annual bird count, a community science project running through Jan. 5. Tens of thousands of bird lovers are expected to contribute to the effort, one of the world’s longest-running wildlife censuses, according to organizers.\n“Birds are important environmental indicators, so whether you are new to birding or an expert, every action and data collected during Christmas Bird Count is important to help tell us about the quality of the environment and how we can take conservation action,” Nat Miller, conservation director for Audubon Great Lakes, said in a statement.\nThe “count” is actually an aggregation of data from scores of individual count circles, all 15 miles wide and each led by a “compiler” who’s responsible for submitting observations to Audubon. Volunteer participants tally all birds seen or heard within their given circle on a selected day. “All” birds means the total amount, not just the species — so, three French hens, not just “French hen.” The goal is to obtain a sense of the health of an area’s total bird population.\nCoupled with data from other surveys, the Christmas count — in particular the long-term perspective it provides — gives researchers and conservationists a good picture of how North America’s bird populations have not only changed in numbers but also how they’ve moved over time.\nDecades of Christmas count data was recently used to demonstrate a decline a nearly 3 billion North American birds since 1970. The information also measures how birds are responding to climate change by tracking their ranges, which helps conservationists develop strategies to protect birds and their habitat, according to the National Audubon Society.\nOne recent example taken from the Great Lakes has been the shift in migratory habits of the sandhill crane. The birds are now turning up in Christmas counts far north of their typical southern wintering grounds.\nIn 2019, the Christmas count included a record-setting 2,646 count circles: 1,992 counts in the U.S., 469 in Canada, and 185 in Latin America, the Caribbean, Bermuda and the Pacific Islands. More than 81,000 volunteers took part and tallied more than 42 million birds, representing more than 2,500 species. The total was 6 million fewer than in 2018, which was itself a very low number historically, according to the National Audubon Society. Additional research is being discussed to determine a cause.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-17", "url": "https://news.wttw.com/2020/12/15/audubon-societys-annual-christmas-bird-count", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038088731.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20210416065116-20210416095116-00322.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9416006207, "token_count": 557, "score": 3.59375, "int_score": 4, "irish_text": "Tá comhaireamh éan Nollag ar siúl, agus níl aon rud le déanamh leis an líon na snáithe a bhíonn ag snámh nó na gásanna a bhíonn ag cur.\nAr feadh an 121ú bliain, tá an Cumann Náisiúnta Audubon ag déanamh a chomhaireamh bliantúil éan, tionscadal eolaíochta pobail a reáchtálann go dtí 5 Eanáir. Táthar ag súil go gcuirfidh na mílte lucht grá éan a gcuid airgid leis an iarracht, ceann de na daonáirimh fiadhúlra is faide ar domhan, de réir na n-eagraithe.\n\"Is táscairí tábhachtacha comhshaoil iad éanlaith, mar sin cibé an bhfuil tú nua i ndán le héanlaith nó ina shaineolaí, tá gach gníomh agus sonraí a bhailítear le linn Chontae Éanlaith na Nollag tábhachtach chun cabhrú linn a insint dúinn faoi cháilíocht an chomhshaoil agus conas is féidir linn gníomh caomhnaithe a dhéanamh\", a dúirt Nat Miller, stiúrthóir caomhnaithe do Audubon Great Lakes, i ráiteas.\nIs é an \"am-am\" i ndáiríre comhtháthú sonraí ó scóir de chiorcail chomhaireamh aonair, gach 15 míle ar leithead agus gach ceann faoi stiúir \"compilator\" atá freagrach as breathnuithe a chur faoi bhráid Audubon. Déanann rannpháirtithe deonacha comhaireamh ar na héin go léir a fheictear nó a chloiseann siad laistigh dá ciorcal ar lá roghnaithe. All birds means the total amount, not just the species so, three French hens, not just French hen. Is é an aidhm tuiscint a fháil ar shláinte phobal éan iomlán limistéir.\nChomh maith le sonraí ó suirbhéanna eile, tugann an líon Nollag - go háirithe an dearcadh fadtéarmach a sholáthraíonn sé - léargas maith d'fhor-shaothair na Meiriceá Thuaidh ar an gcaoi a bhfuil a líon éan ag athrú, ach freisin ar an gcaoi a bhfuil siad ag bogadh thar am.\nÚsáidtear sonraí ar líon na Nollag le blianta fada le déanaí chun laghdú a léiriú beagnach 3 billiún éan Mheiriceá Thuaidh ó 1970. Déanann an t-eolas tomhas freisin ar an gcaoi a bhfuil éin ag freagairt d'athrú aeráide trí rianú a raon, rud a chabhraíonn le cosaintóirí straitéisí a fhorbairt chun éin agus a gnáthóg a chosaint, de réir an Chomhlachta Náisiúnta Audubon.\nSampla le déanaí a tógadh ó na Lochlanna Móra ná athrú ar nósanna imirce an chran Sandhill. Tá na héin ag teacht suas anois i gcúigí na Nollag i bhfad ó thuaidh óna gnáth-chríochanna geimhreadh ó dheas.\nI 2019, bhí 2,646 ciorcal comhaireamh i measc an chomhaireamh Nollag: 1,992 comhaireamh sna Stáit Aontaithe, 469 i gCeanada, agus 185 i Meiriceá Laidineach, sa Mhuir Chairib, i mBermuda agus in Oileáin an Aigéin Chiúin. Ghlac níos mó ná 81,000 saorálach páirt agus rinne siad léitheoireacht ar níos mó ná 42 milliún éan, a léiríonn níos mó ná 2,500 speiceas. Ba é an t-iomlán 6 milliún níos lú ná in 2018, a bhí ina líon an-íseal go stairiúil, de réir an Chomhlachta Náisiúnta Audubon. Tá taighde breise á phlé chun cúis a chinneadh."} {"text": "Our Winter field trip offerings are listed below. The accompanying lessons plans are a sample of the lessons present and the content of each field Trip my vary slightly based on the instructor presenting and individual class needs. To customize a lesson or for additional content not listed please contact the Field Trip Coordinator\nSpecial Notes about winter field trips:\nAll students MUST wear hat, mittens or gloves, winter coat, snow pants and/or long underwear & winter boots (no tennis shoes allowed!!). Due to the added risk of being outdoors in the wintertime, Field Trip leaders have the option to not allow students to participate, if they are not appropriately dressed.\nWinter Cancellation Policy:\nthe Center will not cancel any field trips due to weather, it is the responsibility of the teacher to\ndecide if a field trip should be cancelled. To cancel a field trip, please email the Field Trip Coordinator at email@example.com at least 2 hours in advance (3 hours for Gogebic/Ontonagon schools).\nWinter trip lengths :\nPlease be sure to allow enough time for us to be able to put on snowshoes (15 min.), in addition to the field trip. An hour is the minimum for a winter field trip. 1-1/2 hours to 2 hours is ideal, especially for upper elementary lessons.\nField trips are available to schools in the CCISD and GOISD school districts.\nCost: The field trips are $40 per class (up to 30 students). The CCISD will invoice each school at the end of\nthe season for the total number of field trips provided for each school during that season.\nPre-K & Kindergarten\nGravity and Forces Duration: 1 hour – 1.5 hours\nStudents will investigate the push and pull forces on the snow-covered ground. They will also participate in sled activities involving friction and gravity. Standards addressed: K-PS2-1, K-PS2-\nCamouflage Duration: 1-1.5 hours\nWhat are two local animals that wear a white winter coat? We will take a closer look at these animals and how they are adapted for life in the snow. Standards addressed: 1-LS1-1, 1-LS3-1\nWinter Warmth Duration: 1-1.5 hours\nHow do the animals in our forests keep warm on freezing cold winter days? Students will perform experiments using different types of animal insulation (feathers, wool, fur and lard) to discover techniques various animals use to keep warm. Standards addressed: 1-LS1-1, 1-LS3-1, K-2-ETS1-1, K-2-ETS1-3\nStupendous Snowflakes Duration: 1-1.5 hours\nWhy do snowflakes have so many different shapes? Students will learn how snowflakes form and closely examine snowflakes. They will discover that snowflakes have six sides, and then create their own snowflake models out of sticks and snowballs. Standards addressed: 2-PS1-1, 2-ESS2-3\nLet it Snow! Let it Melt! Duration: 1-1.5 hours\nWhat makes snow and ice melt? Students make observations and draw conclusions about what makes ice melt, as well as, explore the properties of and differences between solids and liquids. Standards addressed: 2-PS1-1, 2-PS1-4, 2-ESS2-3\nBeneath the Snow Duration: 1-1.5 hours\nIs there anything living under the snow? Actually, there is a flurry of activity occurring beneath the surface! Students explore this winter world, searching for signs of animals on the snow, in galls, under bark, and beneath the snow. Standards addressed: 3-LS4-3, 3-LS4-4, 3-LS3-2\nWinter BirdsDuration: 1-1.5 hours\nHow do birds cope with the cold? Some birds migrate out of our area for winter, some migrate in, and some stay here year-round. Students will learn the names of some of our winter birds and the variety of survival techniques they use, as well as, search for signs of birds. Standards addressed: 3-LS2-1, 3-LS4-3, 3-LS4-4, 3-LS3-2\nBest InsulatorDuration: 1.5-2 hours\nWhich socks should you wear to play outside−cotton, wool, fleece or quilted? Students will test the insulating qualities of these different materials, collect data, and create a graph of their findings. Standards addressed: 4-PS3-2, 4-LS1-1, 3-5-ETS-1-1, 3-5-ETS-1-2, 3-5-ETS-1-3\nThink Small Duration: 1-1.5 hours\nWhere do small mammals live in the winter, how do they stay warm, and what do they eat? Students will identify winter food webs and search for wildlife signs. Standards addressed: 4-ESS3-1, 4-LS1-1, 4-LS1-2\nIt’s Snow Good Duration: 1.5 -2 hours\nInvestigate the characteristics of that wonderful white substance that falls around us for months on end. Students will take measurements of snow volume at various depths, look closely at melting snow, and participate in a snow scavenger hunt. Standards addressed: 5-PS1-2, 5PS1-3, 3-5-ETS1-3\nTrack & Tale Duration: 1-2 hours\nFinding tracks in the snow not only allows us to guess what critters passed by, but also what might have been happening at the time. Was there a chase? Was a rabbit nibbling quietly? What other types of animal sign can tell a story? Standards addressed: 5-LS1-1,5-LS2-1\nWinter Survival Duration: 1.5- 2 hours\nStudents will practice team building and survival skills as they work together to decide from a list of items that would be most useful: whistle, compass, tarp or tin can? We will explore the concept of “wind chill” and learn techniques for building a winter shelter Standards addressed: MS- ETS1-1, MS-ETS1-3\nPossible topics include:\nPhysics of Snow\nDiscover why snow and ice can take so many forms, from icicles, to drifts, to sheets of ice, to snowflakes.\nStudents will search for tracks and other signs of animals and interpret what they find.\nHow do animals adapt to the cold and find food, water and shelter? Students will participate in a variety of activities focusing on animal adaptations and survival.\nStudents will gain experience identifying trees, shrubs, forbs, and weeds in the winter landscape and explore their importance to wildlife, insects and humans.\nYou will meet your presenter(s) at the field trip site, unless other arrangements are made. All winter field trip locations listed below have a warming hut.\nLocations for Winter Field Trips:\n- Lake Linden-Hubbell School Forest\n- Swedetown Ski Chalet\n- Maasto Hiihto Ski Chalet\n- Nara Chalet & Preserve\n- Ottawa National Forest Visitor Center\n- Paavola Wetlands\n- MTU Ford Forestry Center\n- Wolverine Ski Trails\n- Your school\n- Suggest a site (warming hut required)\nCancellation Policy: the Center will not cancel any field trips due to weather, it is the responsibility of the teacher to\ndecide if a field trip should be cancelled. To cancel a field trip, please please email the Field Trip Coordinator at firstname.lastname@example.org at least 2 hours in advance (3 hours for Gogebic/Ontonagon schools).\nFor more information, contact:\nBrian Doughty, Field Trip Coordinator\nField Trip Financial Support\nThe Outdoor Science Investigation Field Trip Program has been funded since 2008 with a grant from the Wege Foundation to Michigan Tech.\nIn 2012 and 2015, snowshoes were purchased with support from the Keweenaw Community Foundation and the MEEMIC Foundation,\nrespectively. In 2016, another grant from the Keweenaw Community Foundation is funding technology to support outdoor investigations.\nThe field trip program is coordinated by the Michigan Tech’s Center for Science and Environmental Outreach and the Western UP Center for Science, Math and Environmental Education. It is funded in part by the Michigan Stem Partnership and the Wege Foundation.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-17", "url": "https://blogs.mtu.edu/cseo/winter-field-trips/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038076454.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20210414004149-20210414034149-00333.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9012959003, "token_count": 1796, "score": 2.859375, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Tá ár dtairiscintí turas réimse Gaelach liostaithe thíos. Is sampla de na ceachtanna atá i láthair na pleananna ceachtanna a ghabhann leis agus tá ábhar gach Turas Feirme ag athrú beagán bunaithe ar an teagascóir a chuireann i láthair agus ar riachtanais an aicme aonair. Chun ceacht a shaincheapadh nó le haghaidh ábhar breise nach bhfuil liostaithe le do thoil teagmháil a dhéanamh leis an Coordúire Taistil Réimse\nNótaí Speisialta maidir le turais réimse an gheimhridh:\nCaithfidh gach mac léinn hata, glúine nó glúine, cóta geimhridh, pants sneachta agus / nó fo-éadaí fada agus bróg gheimhridh a chaitheamh (ní cheadaítear bróga teileascóireachta !!). Mar gheall ar an mbaol breise a bhaineann le bheith amuigh faoin aer i rith an gheimhridh, tá rogha ag ceannairí Turas Feirme nach ligfidh siad do mhic léinn páirt a ghlacadh, mura bhfuil siad cluthaithe go cuí.\nBeartas Cealú an Gheimhridh:\nNí dhéanfaidh an tIonad aon turais chúrsa a chealú de bharr aimsir, is freagracht ar an múinteoir\ncinneadh a dhéanamh ar cheart turas réimse a chealú. Chun turas ceantair a chealú, cuir ríomhphost chuig an gComhordóir Turas Ceantair ag email@example.com 2 uair an chloig ar a laghad roimh ré (3 uair an chloig do scoileanna Gogebic/Ontonagon).\nFad na turais i rith an gheimhridh:\nBí cinnte go mbeidh go leor ama againn chun go mbeidh muid in ann bróga sneachta a chur ar aghaidh (15 min. ), i dteannta an turais. Tá uair an chloig ar a laghad le haghaidh turas réimse an gheimhridh. Tá 1-1/2 uair go 2 uair an chloig oiriúnach, go háirithe le haghaidh ceachtanna bunscoile níos airde.\nTá turais chúrsa ar fáil do scoileanna i gceantair scoile CCISD agus GOISD.\nCostas: Is é $40 an cíos a ghearrtar ar na turais chúrsa (suas le 30 dalta). Cuirfidh an CCISD fhianaise ar gach scoil ag deireadh na bliana.\nan séasúr don líon iomlán turais chúrsa a sholáthraítear do gach scoil le linn na séasúir sin.\nRo-Chúige & Kindergarten\nTromchúis agus na Fórsaí Trom: 1 uair 1.5 uair\nDéanfaidh mic léinn imscrúdú ar na fórsaí brú agus tarraingt ar an talamh clúdaithe sneachta. Beidh siad rannpháirteach freisin i ngníomhaíochtaí sleamhnáin a bhaineann le frith-ghéarchéim agus le meáchan. Caighdeáin a bhfuil díriú orthu: K-PS2-1, K-PS2-\nTráth ama camuflaithe: 1-1.5 uair an chloig\nCad iad an dá ainmhí áitiúil a bhfuil cóta geal gheimhridh acu? Déanaimid léargas níos dlúithe ar na hainmhithe seo agus ar an gcaoi a bhfuil siad oiriúnaithe don saol sa sneachta. Caighdeáin a bhfuil díriú orthu: 1-LS1-1, 1-LS3-1\nTeas an Gheimhridh Tráth: 1-1.5 uair an chloig\nConas a choinníonn ainmhithe inár bhforaoisí te ar laethanta geimhridh fuar? Beidh na mic léinn ag déanamh turgnaimh ag baint úsáide as cineálacha éagsúla inslithe ainmhithe (féir, uachtar, plúr agus saille) chun teicnící a úsáid ainmhithe éagsúla a fháil chun fanacht te. Caighdeáin a bhfuil díriú orthu: 1-LS1-1, 1-LS3-1, K-2-ETS1-1, K-2-ETS1-3\nSneachtaí iontach Duration: 1-1.5 hours\nCén fáth go bhfuil an oiread sin cruthanna éagsúla ag na sciatháin sneachta? Foghlaimfidh mic léinn conas a fhoirmiú sneachta agus scrúdú a dhéanamh go dlúth ar sneachta. Fiosfaidh siad go bhfuil sé thaobh ag na sneachta, agus ansin déanfaidh siad a samhlacha sneachta féin a chruthú as bataí agus liathróidí sneachta. Caighdeáin a bhfuil díriú orthu: 2-PS1-1, 2-ESS2-3\nLig sé sneachta! Lig dó a leá! Tráth: 1-1.5 uair an chloig\nCad a dhéanann sneachta agus oighear a leá? Déanann mic léinn breathnuithe agus conclúidí a tharraingt faoi na rudaí a fhágann go bhfuil oighear ag leá, chomh maith le, a iniúchadh airíonna agus difríochtaí idir soladach agus leachtacha. Caighdeáin a bhfuil díriú orthu: 2-PS1-1, 2-PS1-4, 2-ESS2-3\nFaoi na sneachta Tráth: 1-1.5 uair an chloig\nAn bhfuil aon rud ina gcónaí faoin sneachta? Go deimhin, tá go leor gníomhaíochta ag tarlú faoi dhromchla an domhain! Déantar staidéar ar an saol geimhridh seo, ag lorg comharthaí ainmhithe ar an sneachta, i galls, faoi chraiceann, agus faoi an sneachta. Caighdeáin a bhfuil díriú orthu: 3-LS4-3, 3-LS4-4, 3-LS3-2\nEolaithe an Gheimhridh: 1-1.5 uair an chloig\nConas a dhéileálann éanlaith leis an fuar? Téann roinnt éanlaith as ár gceantar don gheimhreadh, téann cuid acu isteach, agus fanann cuid acu anseo ar feadh na bliana. Foghlaimfidh mic léinn ainmneacha roinnt de ár n-éan gheimhridh agus na teicnící éagsúla maireachtála a úsáideann siad, chomh maith le, lorg ar shonraí éan. Caighdeáin a bhfuil díriú orthu: 3-LS2-1, 3-LS4-3, 3-LS4-4, 3-LS3-2\nAn t-Ionsaitheoir is Fearr: 1.5-2 uair an chloig\nCén stocaí ba chóir duit a chaitheamh chun imirt lasmuigh - cadás, uillinn, fleece nó coiltithe? Déanfaidh mic léinn tástáil ar cháilíochtaí inslithe na n-ábhar éagsúla seo, sonraí a bhailiú, agus graif a chruthú dá gcuid torthaí. Caighdeáin a bhfuil díriú orthu: 4-PS3-2, 4-LS1-1, 3-5-ETS-1-1, 3-5-ETS-1-2, 3-5-ETS-1-3\nSmaoinigh Beag: 1-1.5 uair an chloig\nCá bhfuil mamaigh bheaga ina gcónaí sa gheimhreadh, conas a choinníonn siad te, agus cad a itheann siad? Déanfaidh mic léinn líonraí bia an gheimhridh a aithint agus comharthaí fiadhúlra a chuardach. Caighdeáin a bhfuil díriú orthu: 4-ESS3-1, 4-LS1-1, 4-LS1-2\nTá sé sneachta maith Duration: 1.5 -2 hours\nDéanaim taighde ar na tréithe a bhaineann leis an substaint bhán iontach sin a thiteann timpeall orainn ar feadh míonna. Déanfaidh mic léinn tomhais ar mhéid na sneachta ag doimhneachtaí éagsúla, féachfaidh siad go dlúth ar an sneachta ag titim, agus beidh siad páirteach i scavenger sneachta. Caighdeáin a bhfuil díriú orthu: 5-PS1-2, 5PS1-3, 3-5-ETS1-3\nTrack & Tale Duration: 1-2 uair an chloig\nAg lorg rianta sa sneachta ní hamháin go ligeann dúinn a guess cad critters rith ag, ach freisin cad a d'fhéadfadh a bheith ag tarlú ag an am. An raibh aon chasadh? An raibh coinín ag nibbling go ciúin? Cad iad na cineálacha eile comhartha ainmhithe a d'fhéadfadh scéal a insint? Caighdeáin a bhfuil díriú orthu: 5-LS1-1,5-LS2-1\nTráth na Maireachtála in Aimsir an Gheimhridh: 1.5- 2 uair an chloig\nBeidh na mic léinn ag cleachtadh scileanna foirne agus maireachtála agus iad ag obair le chéile chun cinneadh a dhéanamh ó liosta de na míreanna a bheadh an-úsáideach: síol, compás, tarp nó tinne? Déanaimid iniúchadh ar choincheap an 'fhuatha chill' agus foghlaimimid teicnící chun tearmann geimhridh a thógáil Caighdeáin a dhéantar aghaidh orthu: MS- ETS1-1, MS- ETS1-3\nI measc na n-ábhar is féidir a bheith:\nFíseolaíocht an tSneachta\nFaigh amach cén fáth gur féidir leis an sneachta agus leis an oighear a bheith ina gcumaí éagsúla, ó chraobhanna oighear, go sliocht, go sciatháin oighear, go fléacanna sneachta.\nDéanfaidh mic léinn lorg ar shraith agus ar shonraí eile ainmhithe agus déanfaidh siad a léiríonn a bhfaigheann siad.\nConas a oiriúnaíonn ainmhithe leis an fuar agus bia, uisce agus tearmann a fháil? Glacfaidh mic léinn páirt i ngníomhaíochtaí éagsúla a dhíríonn ar oiriúnú ainmhithe agus ar mhaireachtáil.\nGheobhaidh na mic léinn taithí ag aithint crainn, crúba, forbs agus féar sa tírdhreach gheimhridh agus déanfar iniúchadh ar a tábhacht do bheatha fiáine, do chraobhchrianta agus do dhaoine.\nBeidh tú ag freastal ar do sheoltóir (í) ag an suíomh turais, mura ndéantar socruithe eile. Tá cabáiste téimh ag gach ceann de na háiteanna turas ceilte geimhridh atá liostaithe thíos.\nÁiteanna le haghaidh Taistil Feirme an Gheimhridh:\n- Foraois Scoile Loch Linden-Hubbell\n- Suíomh sciála Swedetown\n- Maasto Hiihto Ski Chalet\n- Nara Chalet & Coimeád\n- Ionad Cuairteoirí Foraoise Náisiúnta Ottawa\n- Fhuilteacha Paavola\n- MTU Ford Center Foraoiseachta\n- Sráid sciála Wolverine\n- Do scoil\n- Tairgeadh suíomh (b'fhearr an chábán te)\nPolasaí Cealúcháin: ní chealúfaidh an tIonad aon turais réimse mar gheall ar aimsir, is freagracht ar an múinteoir\ncinneadh a dhéanamh ar cheart turas réimse a chealú. Chun turas ceantair a chealú, cuir ríomhphost chuig an gComhordóir Turas Ceantair ag firstname.lastname@example.org ar a laghad 2 uair an chloig roimh ré (3 uair an chloig do scoileanna Gogebic/Ontonagon).\nChun tuilleadh eolais a fháil, déan teagmháil le:\nBrian Doughty, Comhordaitheoir Taistil Feirme\nTacaíocht Airgeadais Taistil Feirme\nTá an Clár Taistil Taighde Saineolaíochta lasmuigh á mhaoiniú ó 2008 le deontas ó Wege Foundation go Michigan Tech.\nI 2012 agus 2015, ceannaíodh sneachta sneachta le tacaíocht ó Bhunachar Pobail Keweenaw agus ó Bhunachar MEEMIC,\ngo háirithe. In 2016, tá deontas eile ó Bhunachar Pobail Keweenaw ag maoiniú teicneolaíochta chun tacú le himscrúduithe lasmuigh.\nTá an clár turas réimse comhordú ag an Michigan Tech's Ionad Eolaíochta agus Forbairt Comhshaoil agus an UP Center for Science, Math agus Oideachas Comhshaoil an Iarthair. Tá sé maoinithe go páirteach ag an gComhpháirtíocht Stáinne Michigan agus ag an Wege Foundation."} {"text": "Black Box Explains...4K\n4K is a term to describe a maximum video resolution of 4096 x 2400 pixels. However, the most commonly used resolution is UHD (Ultra High Definition) at 3840 x 2160... more/see it nowpixels. This resolution basically allows for four full HD signals of 1920 x 1080 pixels to be displayed on a single screen. Unfortunately, the pure pixel count doesn't tell the complete the story. The following overview provides an examination of some key differences to provide users with a better understanding of potential requirements to help select suitable solutions.\nMaximum resolution: 4096 x 2400, with 3840 x 2160 reflecting between 8.9 Megapixel and 9.8 Megapixel\nRefresh rate: 24p/30p/60p\nThe DVI specification allows 1920 x 1200 pixels to be transmitted in single-link format or 2560 x 1600 (2048 x 2048) pixels in dual link. Typically, the single link is supported by 23- or 24-inch displays, commonly called Full HD panels. The dual-link resolutions require larger screen sizes of typically 27 inches (2560 x 1440), 30 inch (2560 x 1600), or square ATC displays of 2048 x 2048 pixels.\nFull 4K resolutions of 3840 x 2160 or higher over DVI dual link are possible, but only at less than 30 Hz due to bandwidth limitations. The bandwidth required for professional AV and PC environments can come to 4.95 Gbps (165 Mhz) for single link or 9.9 Gbps (2x 165 Mhz) for dual-link DVI.\nHDMI and DVI share the same digital video signal format, but HDMI 1.2 allows for higher pixel clock frequencies, resulting in higher bandwidth or resolutions and deeper color.\nThe specifications vary based on the different HDMI versions. Up to HDMI 1.2 the specs more or less reflect those of DVI video. HDMI 1.3 and 1.4 exceed the dual-link DVI specs although it only uses a single link. HDMI 1.3/1.4 bandwidth is 10.2 Gbps (single link 140 Mhz).\nMost HDMI 4K appliances and displays currently on the market are limited to 30 Hz. The recently released HDMI 2.0 standard increases bandwidth to 18 Gpbs (600 Mhz), effectively matching the bandwidth of DisplayPort for supporting 4K at up to 60 fps. The first HDMI 2.0 displays supporting this full specification are presently showing up on the market. HDMI is commonly used on almost all consumer and professional AV equipment.\nDisplayPort is a slightly different, micro packet-based, video standard supporting a maximum bandwidth of approximately 17 Gbits. This currently makes it the only suitable single-connect option for full UHD (3840 x 2160) at 60 fps.\nDisplayPort is mainly used on PC graphic adapter cards. Note: all current graphics cards with DisplayPort support the full DisplayPort 1.2a specification of 5.4 Gbps per lane and therefore only support 30 fps rather than 60 fps 4K resolutions.\nThunderbolt 1.0 is an Apple-only interface for multi-purpose use including video. Thunderbolt is compatible with DP 1.1 and capable of natively outputting DisplayPort signals. Thunderbolt 2.0 is needed to support 4K at 60Hz, and is compatible with DisplayPort 1.2.\nDifferent ways of delivering 4K\nDepending on the specifications of the equipment being used, a 4K signal may be delivered in the following ways:\nFull spec 60 fps\nDisplay/projector with four single-link DVI interfaces and synchronized channels. Acts like a video wall in just a single large device.\nDisplay/projector with two dual-link DVI interfaces and synchronized channels. Acts like a video wall in just a single large device.\nDisplay/projector with either two dula-link DVI or HDMI 1.4 inputs. The term used to describe this method is Multiple Protocol Transport (MPT).\nDisplay with either DisplayPort, Thunderbolt, or upcoming HDMI 2.0 full spec interfaces.\n4K @ 24/30 fps\nDisplay/projector with either one dual-link DVI or HDMI 1.4 input. (MPT.)\nDisplay with either DisplayPort, Thunderbolt or upcoming HDMI 2.0 full spec interfaces. collapse\nBlack Box Explains...Connecting peripherals with USB.\nBefore Universal Serial Bus (USB), adding peripherals required skill. You had to open your computer to install a card, set DIP switches, and make IRQ settings. Now you can connect... more/see it nowdigital joysticks, scanners, speakers, cameras, or PC telephones to your computer instantly. With USB, anyone can make the connection because everything is automatic!\nBecause USB connections are hot-swappable, you can attach or remove peripherals without shutting down your computer. Also, USB hubs have additional ports that enable you to daisychain multiple devices together. More than 800 leading PC, peripheral, and software manufacturers support USB. collapse\nBlack Box Explains...Alien crosstalk.\nAlien crosstalk (ANEXT) is a critical and unique measurement in 10-GbE systems. Crosstalk, used in 10/100/1000BASE-T systems, measures the mixing of signals between wire pairs within a cable. Alien Crosstalk,... more/see it nowin 10-GbE systems, is the measurement of the signal coupling between wire pairs in\ndifferent, adjacent cables.\nThe amount of ANEXT depends on a number of factors, including the promixity of adjacent cables and connectors, the cable length, cable twist density, and EMI. Patch panels and connecting hardware are also affected by Alien Crosstalk.\nWith Alien Crosstalk, the affected cable is called the disturbed or victim cable. The surrounding cables are the disturber cables.\nBlack Box Explains...Types of KVM switches.\nBlack Box has the keyboard/video switches you need to share one CPU between several workstations or to control several CPUs from one monitor and keyboard.\nIf you do a lot of... more/see it nowswitching, you need premium switches—our top-of-the-line ServSwitch™ KVM switches give you the most reliable connections for the amount of KVM equipment supported. With ServSwitch KVM switches, you can manage as many CPUs as you want from just one workstation, and you can access any server in any computer room from any workstation. Eliminating needless equipment not only saves you money, it also gives you more space and less clutter. Plus, you can switch between PCs, Sun®, and Mac® CPUs. ServSwitch KVM switches can also cut your electricity and cooling costs because by sharing monitors, you use less power and generate less heat.\nIf your switching demands are very minor, you may not need products as advanced as ServSwitch. Black Box offers switches to fill less demanding needs. Most of these are manual switches or basic electronic switches, which don’t have the sophisticated emulation technology used by the ServSwitch.\nFor PCs with PS/2® keyboards, try our Keyboard/Video Switches. They send keyboard signals, so your CPUs boot up as though they each have their own keyboard.\nWith the RS/6000™ KVM Switch, you can run up to six RS/6000 servers from one workstation. Our Keyboard/ Video Switch for Mac enables you to control up to two Mac CPUs from one keyboard and monitor.\nWith BLACK BOX® KVM Switches, you can share a workstation with two or four CPUs. They’re available in IBM® PC and Sun Workstation® configurations.\nYou’ll also find that our long-life manual Keyboard/Video Switches are perfect for basic switching applications. collapse\nBlack Box Explains...Wireless Ethernet standards.\nThe precursor to 802.11b, IEEE 802.11 was introduced in 1997. It was a beginning, but 802.11 only supported speeds up to 2 Mbps. And it supported two entirely different... more/see it nowmethods of encodingFrequency Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS) and Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS). This led to confusion and incompatibility between different vendors equipment.\n802.11b is comfortably established as the most popular wireless standard. With the IEEE 802.11b Ethernet standard, wireless is fast, easy, and affordable. Wireless devices from all vendors work together seamlessly. 802.11b is a perfect example of a technology that has become both sophisticated and standardized enough to really make life simpler for its users.\nThe 802.11b extension of the original 802.11 standard boosts wireless throughput from 2 Mbps all the way up to 11 Mbps. 802.11b can transmit up to 200 feet under good conditions, although this distance may be reduced considerably by the presence of obstacles such as walls.\nThis standard uses DSSS. With DSSS, each bit transmitted is encoded and the encoded bits are sent in parallel across an entire range of frequencies. The code used in a transmission is known only to the sending and receiving stations. By transmitting identical signals across the entire range of frequencies, DSSS helps to reduce interference and makes it possible to recover lost data without retransmission.\nThe 802.11a wireless Ethernet standard is new on the scene. It uses a different band than 802.11b—the 5.8-GHz band called U-NII (Unlicensed National Information Infrastructure) in the United States. Because the U-NII band has a higher frequency and a larger bandwidth allotment than the 2.4-GHz band, the 802.11a standard achieves speeds of up to 54 Mbps. However, its more limited in range than 802.11b. It uses an orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) encoding scheme rather than FHSS or DSSS.\n802.11g is an extension of 802.11b and operates in the same 2.4-GHz band as 802.11b. It brings data rates up to 54 Mbps using OFDM technology.\nBecause it's actually an extension of 802.11b, 802.11g is backward-compatible with 802.11b—an 802.11b device can interface directly with an 802.11g access point. However, because 802.11g also runs on the same three channels as 802.11b, it can crowd already busy frequencies.\nSuper G® is a subset of 802.11g and is a proprietary extension of the 802.11g standard that doubles throughput to 108 Mbps. Super G is not an IEEE approved standard. If you use it, you should use devices from one vendor to ensure compatibility. Super G is generally backwards compatible with 802.11g.\n80211n improves upon 802.11g significantly with an increase in the data rate to 600 Mbps. Channels operate at 40 MHz doubling the channel width from 20 MHz. 802.11n operates on both the 2.4 GHz and the 5 GHz bands. 802.11n also added multiple-input multiple-output antennas (MIMO).\nMultiple-Input/Multiple-Output (MIMO) is a part of the new IEEE 802.11n wireless standard. It’s a technique that uses multiple signals to increase the speed, reliability, and coverage of wireless networks. It transmits multiple datastreams simultaneously, increasing wireless capacity to up to 100 or even 250 Mbps.\nThis wireless transmission method takes advantage of a radio transmission characteristic called multipath, which means that radio waves bouncing off surfaces such as walls and ceilings will arrive at the antenna at fractionally different times. This characteristic has long been considered to be a nuisance that impairs wireless transmission, but MIMO technology actually exploits it to enhance wireless performance.\nMIMO sends a high-speed data stream across multiple antennas by breaking it into several lower-speed streams and sending them simultaneously. Each signal travels multiple routes for redundancy.\nTo pick up these multipath signals, MIMO uses multiple antennas and compares signals many times a second to select the best one. A MIMO receiver makes sense of these signals by using a mathematical algorithm to reconstruct the signals. Because it has multiple signals to choose from, MIMO achieves higher speeds at greater ranges than conventional wireless hardware does. collapse\nBlack Box Explains... Matrix video switches.\nMatrix switches enable computers to mix and match the output of multiple PCs on multiple video monitors.\nFor instance, if your operation has four PCs and you want to display the... more/see it nowvideo on one monitor to the other three monitors, a matrix video switch is what you need to handle the job. Use matrix switches for:\n• Trade showsSet up a wall of video to wow the senses of attendees.\n• Transportation schedulesProvide real-time updates of flights or deliveries on multiple screens.\n• Training demonstrationsControl each screens video to focus everyones attention on whats important. collapse", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-22", "url": "http://www.blackbox.com/Resources/ResourceResults.aspx/Video-Multimedia/n-4294852192-4294958180/p-10", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-22/segments/1432207929230.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20150521113209-00179-ip-10-180-206-219.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8947549462, "token_count": 2684, "score": 2.5625, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Míníonn Ciste Dubh...4K\nIs téarma é 4K chun cur síos a dhéanamh ar réiteach físe uasta de 4096 x 2400 picteilín. Is é an réiteach is coitianta a úsáidtear, áfach, UHD (Ultra High Definition) ag 3840 x 2160... níos mó/féach anois épiceall. Is féidir leis an réiteach seo ceithre chomhartha HD iomlán de 1920 x 1080 píosail a thaispeáint ar scáileán amháin. Ar an drochuair, ní léiríonn an líon pícséil íon an scéal iomlán. Soláthraíonn an forbhreathnú seo a leanas scrúdú ar roinnt príomhdhifríochtaí chun tuiscint níos fearr a thabhairt d'úsáideoirí ar riachtanais fhéideartha chun cabhrú le réitigh oiriúnacha a roghnú.\nArd-réitigh: 4096 x 2400, le 3840 x 2160 ag léiriú idir 8.9 Megapixel agus 9.8 Megapixel\nRáta athnuachana: 24p/30p/60p\nCeadaíonn sonraíocht DVI 1920 x 1200 picteilín a tharchur i bhformáid aon-nasc nó 2560 x 1600 (2048 x 2048) picteilín i dlúthnasc. De ghnáth, tacaíonn taispeántais 23 nó 24 orlach leis an nasc aonair, ar a dtugtar painéil Full HD go coitianta. Éilíonn na rúin dhúbailte nasc méideanna scáileáin níos mó de ghnáth 27 orlach (2560 x 1440), 30 orlach (2560 x 1600), nó taispeántais cearnach ATC de 2048 x 2048 picteilín.\nTá réitigh iomlána 4K de 3840 x 2160 nó níos airde ar nasc dhúbailte DVI indéanta, ach ní féidir iad a úsáid ach ag níos lú ná 30 Hz mar gheall ar theorainneacha bandaleithead. Is féidir leis an mbandleithid a theastaíonn d'iompar AV agus PC gairmiúil teacht ar 4.95 Gbps (165 Mhz) le haghaidh nasc aonair nó 9.9 Gbps (2x 165 Mhz) le haghaidh DVI dhá nasc.\nTá an formáid comhartha físe digiteach céanna ag HDMI agus DVI, ach ceadaíonn HDMI 1.2 minicíochtaí clog picteilín níos airde, rud a fhágann go bhfuil bandaleithead nó réitigh níos airde agus dath níos doimhne.\nAthraíonn na sonraíochtaí bunaithe ar na leaganacha HDMI éagsúla. Go dtí HDMI 1.2 léiríonn na sonraíochtaí níos mó nó níos lú iad siúd de DVI físeán. Tá HDMI 1.3 agus 1.4 níos mó ná na sonraíochtaí DVI dúbailte cé nach n-úsáideann sé ach nasc amháin. Is é an bandaleithead HDMI 1.3/1.4 10.2 Gbps (sceideal aonair 140 Mhz).\nTá an chuid is mó de na fearais agus taispeántais HDMI 4K atá ar an margadh faoi láthair teoranta do 30 Hz. Méadaíonn an caighdeán HDMI 2.0 a scaoileadh le déanaí an bandaleithead go 18 Gpbs (600 Mhz), ag teacht go héifeachtach le bandaleithead DisplayPort chun tacú le 4K ag suas le 60 fps. Tá na chéad taispeántais HDMI 2.0 a thacaíonn leis an sonraíocht iomlán seo ag teacht ar an margadh faoi láthair. Úsáidtear HDMI go coitianta ar beagnach gach trealamh AV tomhaltóra agus gairmiúil.\nIs caighdeán físeán beagáinín difriúil, bunaithe ar mhicriphacaid, é DisplayPort a thacaíonn le bandleithead uasta de thart ar 17 Gbits. Is é seo an t-aon rogha singil-cheangail oiriúnach faoi láthair do UHD iomlán (3840 x 2160) ag 60 fps.\nÚsáidtear DisplayPort go príomha ar chártaí oiriúnaithe grafaicí PC. Tabhair faoi deara: tacaíonn gach cárta grafaicí reatha le DisplayPort le sonraíocht iomlán DisplayPort 1.2a de 5.4 Gbps in aghaidh an tslí agus dá bhrí sin ní thacaíonn siad ach le 30 fps seachas 60 fps le réitigh 4K.\nIs comhéadan Apple amháin é Thunderbolt 1.0 le húsáid ilchuspóire lena n-áirítear físeán. Tá Thunderbolt comhoiriúnach le DP 1.1 agus is féidir leis comharthaí DisplayPort a aschur go dúchasach. Tá Thunderbolt 2.0 riachtanach chun tacú le 4K ag 60Hz, agus tá sé comhoiriúnach le DisplayPort 1.2.\nBealaí éagsúla chun 4K a sheachadadh\nI gcomhréir le sonraíochtaí an trealaimh a úsáidtear, féadfar comhartha 4K a sheachadadh ar na bealaí seo a leanas:\nSpecs iomlán 60 fps\nLéarscáil/proiector le ceithre chomhéadan DVI aon-nasc agus cainéil shioncronaithe. Gníomhartha cosúil le balla físe i gléas amháin mór.\nLéarscáil/proiector le dhá chomhéadan DVI dhá nasc agus cainéil shinscruinne. Gníomhartha cosúil le balla físe i gléas amháin mór.\nLéarscáil/proiector le dhá ionchur DVI nó HDMI 1.4 dula-link. Is é an téarma a úsáidtear chun cur síos a dhéanamh ar an modh seo ná iompar ilphrótacail (MPT).\nTaispeánann sé le DisplayPort, Thunderbolt, nó le comhéadan speicis iomlána HDMI 2.0 atá le teacht.\n4K @ 24/30 fps\nTaispeántar an t-ábhar ar an gcnaipe a bhfuil an t-ábhar ar an gcnaipe a bhfuil an t-ábhar ar an gcnaipe a bhfuil an t-ábhar ar an gcnaipe a bhfuil an t-ábhar ar an gcnaipe. (MPT.)\nTaispeántas le comhéadan speicis iomlána DisplayPort, Thunderbolt nó HDMI 2.0 atá le teacht. titim\nMíníonn an Bosca Dubh...Tagann sé forimeallacha le USB.\nRoimh Universal Serial Bus (USB), bhí scileanna ag teastáil chun forfhearais a chur leis. Bhí ort do ríomhaire a oscailt chun cárta a shuiteáil, lascainí DIP a shocrú, agus socrú IRQ a dhéanamh. Anois is féidir leat a nascadh... níos mó/féach é anois joysticks digiteach, scanners, cainteoirí, ceamaraí, nó teileafóin PC le do ríomhaire láithreach. Le USB, is féidir le duine ar bith an nasc a dhéanamh toisc go bhfuil gach rud uathoibríoch!\nToisc go bhfuil naisc USB in-athshóite, is féidir leat forfheistí a cheangal nó a bhaint gan do ríomhaire a dhúnadh. Chomh maith leis sin, tá calafoirt bhreise ag na hionaid USB a chuireann ar do chumas go leor feistí a cheangal le chéile. Tacaíonn níos mó ná 800 príomh-mhonaróir ríomhaire, forimeallacha agus bogearraí le USB. titim\nMíníonn an Ciste Dubh...Crosstalk Eachtrach.\nIs tomhas criticiúil agus uathúil é crosstalk eachtrannach (ANEXT) i gcórais 10-GbE. Déantar crosstalk, a úsáidtear i gcórais 10/100/1000BASE-T, chun comharthaí a mheascadh idir péirí sreinge laistigh de chábla. Is é an t-amhrán a dhéantar ar an gcúpláil comhartha idir péirí sreinge i gcórais 10GbE ná\ncáblaí éagsúla, in aice le chéile.\nBraitheann méid ANEXT ar roinnt fachtóirí, lena n-áirítear promixity cáblaí agus nascóirí in aice láimhe, fad an chábla, dlús casadh cábla, agus EMI. Bíonn tionchar ag Alien Crosstalk ar phainéil paiste agus ar crua-earraí nasctha freisin.\nLe Crosstalk Eachtrach, tugtar an cábla a bhfuil tionchar aige air mar an cábla suaite nó íospartach. Is iad na cáblaí timpeall na cáblaí suaiteora.\nMíníonn an Bosca Dubh...Cineálacha lascainí KVM.\nTá na haistriúcháin eochairchlár/vídeó ag Black Box a theastaíonn uait chun CPU amháin a roinnt idir roinnt stáisiúin oibre nó chun roinnt CPUanna a rialú ó mhonatóir agus eochairchlár amháin.\nMá dhéanann tú go leor... níos mó/féach é anoisathrú, ní mór duit athruithe préimhedá dtugann ár n-athruithe ServSwitchTM KVM barr-an-líne naisc is iontaofa duit don mhéid trealaimh KVM a dtacaítear leo. Le haistriúcháin ServSwitch KVM, is féidir leat a lán CPUanna a bhainistiú mar is mian leat ó shuíomh oibre amháin, agus is féidir leat rochtain a fháil ar aon fhreastalaí i seomra ríomhaireachta ar bith ó aon shuíomh oibre. Ní amháin go sábhálann sé airgead duit trealamh neamhriachtanach a dhiúscairt, ach go dtugann sé níos mó spáis duit agus níos lú clutter. Ina theannta sin, is féidir leat aistriú idir PCanna, Sun®, agus Mac® CPUanna. Is féidir le haistriúcháin ServSwitch KVM do chostais leictreachais agus fuaraithe a laghdú freisin toisc go n-úsáideann tú níos lú cumhachta agus go ndéantar níos lú teasa trí mhonatóirí a roinnt.\nMá tá do chuid éilimh ar athrú an-bheag, b'fhéidir nach gá duit táirgí chomh forleathan le ServSwitch. Cuireann Black Box lascainí ar fáil chun riachtanais níos lú éilimh a chomhlíonadh. Is comhaireamhán láimhe nó comhaireamhán leictreonach bunúsach iad an chuid is mó díobh seo, nach bhfuil an teicneolaíocht athsholáthair sofhiasta a úsáideann an ServSwitch iontu.\nI gcás ríomhaire le méarchláir PS/2®, déan iarracht ár n-Aiscí méarchláir/Físeán. Seolann siad comharthaí méarchlár, mar sin tosaíonn do CPUanna mar go bhfuil a mheáchan féin acu.\nLe RS/6000TM KVM Switch, is féidir leat suas le sé fhreastalaí RS/6000 a reáchtáil ó shuíomh oibre amháin. Cuireann ár n-Ionad Clárchlár/Videó do Mac ar do chumas suas le dhá CPU Mac a rialú ó chlárchlár amháin agus monatóireacht.\nLe BLACK BOX® KVM Switches, is féidir leat stáisiún oibre a roinnt le dhá nó ceithre CPU. Tá siad ar fáil i gcumraíochtaí IBM® PC agus Sun Workstation®.\nIs féidir leat a fháil amach freisin go bhfuil ár n-aistriúcháin lámhleabhar / físeán lámhleabhar fada-saoil foirfe do bhunús iarratais a athrú. titim\nMíníonn Cásca Dubh...Caighdeáin Ethernet Gan sreang.\nTugadh an réamhtheachtaí do 802.11b, IEEE 802.11 isteach i 1997. Bhí sé ina thús, ach ní thacaigh 802.11 ach le luasanna suas go 2 Mbps. Agus d'fhormheas sé dhá mhodh códaithe go hiomlán difriúil... níos mó/féach é anois Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS) agus Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS). Mar thoradh air sin, bhí mearbhall agus neamh-chomhoiriúnacht idir trealamh de dhíoltóirí éagsúla.\nTá 802.11b bunaithe go compordach mar an caighdeán gan sreang is mó a bhfuil tóir air. Leis an gcaighdeán IEEE 802.11b Ethernet, tá gan sreang tapa, éasca agus inacmhainne. Oibríonn feistí gan sreang ó gach díoltóir le chéile gan uaim. Is 802.11b sampla foirfe de theicneolaíocht a tháinig araon sophisticated agus caighdeánaithe go leor chun i ndáiríre a dhéanamh ar an saol níos simplí dá úsáideoirí.\nCuireann síneadh 802.11b den chaighdeán 802.11 bunaidh trína chéile gan sreang ó 2 Mbps go dtí 11 Mbps. Is féidir le 802.11b a tharchur suas le 200 troigh faoi choinníollacha maithe, cé go bhféadfadh an fad seo a laghdú go suntasach trí bhacainní a bheith i láthair mar bhallaí.\nÚsáidtear DSSS sa chaighdeán seo. Le DSSS, déantar gach píosa a tarchuirtear a chódú agus seoltar na píosaí códaithe i gcomhthráth ar fud raon iomlán minicíochtaí. Níl an cód a úsáidtear i dtráchtáil ar eolas ach amháin ag na stáisiúin a sheolann agus a fhaigheann. Trí chomharthaí comhionanna a tharchur ar fud an raon iomlán minicíochtaí, cabhraíonn DSSS le cur isteach a laghdú agus déanann sé indéanta sonraí caillte a aisghabháil gan aththarchur.\nTá caighdeán Ethernet gan sreang 802.11a nua ar an láthair. Úsáideann sé banda difriúil ná 802.11b an banda 5.8-GHz ar a dtugtar U-NII (Infrastruktúr Náisiúnta Faisnéise Gan Cheadúnas) sna Stáit Aontaithe. Toisc go bhfuil minicíocht níos airde ag an bhanda U-NII agus go bhfuil leithdháileadh níos mó bandaleithead aige ná an bhanda 2.4-GHz, baineann caighdeán 802.11a le luasanna suas le 54 Mbps. Mar sin féin, tá a raon níos teoranta ná 802.11b. Úsáidtear scéim chódála ilchruinnigh deighilte minicíochta orthoigineach (OFDM) in ionad FHSS nó DSSS.\nIs síneadh de 802.11b é 802.11g agus oibríonn sé sa bhanda 2.4-GHz céanna le 802.11b. Tugann sé rátaí sonraí suas le 54 Mbps ag baint úsáide as teicneolaíocht OFDM.\nToisc gur síneadh de 802.11b é i ndáiríre, tá 802.11g comhoiriúnach siar le 802.11b is féidir le feiste 802.11b idirghabháil go díreach le pointe rochtana 802.11g. Mar sin féin, toisc go ritheann 802.11g ar na trí chainéil chéanna le 802.11b, is féidir leis minicíochtaí atá gnóthach cheana féin a shruthú.\nIs fo-sóite de 802.11g é Super G® agus is síneadh dílseánach den chaighdeán 802.11g é a dhúbailt an t-aistriú go 108 Mbps. Ní caighdeán ceadaithe IEEE é Super G. Má úsáideann tú é, ba cheart duit feistí ó aon díoltóir a úsáid chun comhoiriúnacht a chinntiú. Tá Super G comhoiriúnach go ginearálta ar ais le 802.11g.\nFeabhsaíonn 80211n ar 802.11g go suntasach le méadú ar an ráta sonraí go 600 Mbps. Oibríonn cainéil ag 40 MHz ag dul in éag an leithead cainéil ó 20 MHz. Oibríonn 802.11n ar an bhanda 2.4 GHz agus ar an bhanda 5 GHz araon. Chuir 802.11n antennaí il-ionchuir il-aschur (MIMO) leis freisin.\nTá MIMO (Multiple-Input/Multiple-Output) mar chuid den chaighdeán gan sreang nua IEEE 802.11n. Is teicníc í a úsáideann comharthaí iomadúla chun luas, iontaofacht agus clúdach líonraí gan sreang a mhéadú. Tá sé in ann go leor sruthanna sonraí a tharchur ag an am céanna, rud a mhéadaíonn acmhainn gan sreang go 100 nó fiú 250 Mbps.\nBaineann an modh tarchurtha gan sreang seo leas as saintréith tarchurtha raidió ar a dtugtar ilbhealach, rud a chiallaíonn go dtiocfaidh tonnta raidió a théann ar uachtar cosúil le ballaí agus uasteorainn ar an antenna ag amanna difríochta. Meastar go bhfuil an saintréith seo ina nuisance a chuireann isteach ar tharchur gan sreang, ach úsáideann teicneolaíocht MIMO é i ndáiríre chun feidhmíocht gan sreang a fheabhsú.\nSeolann MIMO sruth sonraí ardluais ar fud antennas iolra trína bhriseadh ina roinnt sruthanna níos lúluais agus iad a sheoladh ag an am céanna. Téann gach comhartha trí bhealaí éagsúla chun go mbeidh sé iomarcach.\nChun na comharthaí ilbhealaigh seo a phiocadh, úsáideann MIMO antennas éagsúla agus déanann sé comharthaí a chur i gcomparáid go leor uaireanta sa dara ceann chun an ceann is fearr a roghnú. Déanann glacadóir MIMO ciall na comharthaí seo trí algartam matamaiticiúil a úsáid chun na comharthaí a athchóiriú. Toisc go bhfuil go leor comharthaí aige le roghnú as, baineann MIMO luas níos airde ag raon níos mó ná mar a dhéanann crua-earraí gan sreang traidisiúnta. titim\nMíníonn an Bosca Dubh... casanna físe Matrix.\nLigeann lascainí maitrís do ríomhaireanna aschur il-PCanna ar fhíschláir fhíseáin a mheascadh agus a mheaitseáil.\nMar shampla, má tá ceithre ríomhaire ag do oibríocht agus más mian leat an... níos mó/féach é anoisvideo ar mhonatóir amháin a thaispeáint do na trí mhonatóir eile, is é an t-aistriú físe maitéiseach an rud is gá duit chun an post a láimhseáil. Úsáid lascain mhátraí le haghaidh:\n• Taispeántais trádálaFág balla físe chun na braiteoirí a spreagadh.\n• Clár iompairCuir nuashonruithe fíor-ama ar eitiltí nó ar sheachadadh ar scáileáin éagsúla.\n• Taispeántais oiliúna: Féach ar gach scáileán le do thoil chun aird gach duine a dhíriú ar an rud atá tábhachtach. titim"} {"text": "Pneumatics is the use of pressurized gas to enable motion. Pneumatic movement can be achieved through the use of various components. A sustainable supply of compressed air can be made by compressing atmospheric air, which is why pneumatic components work so well in fixed installation, such as factories.\nPneumatic Equipment Components\nPneumatic systems use a variety of components to affect movement, as well as for control purposes. For efficient movement and control, the following pneumatic equipment components are used:\n- Pneumatic Actuators: Basic pneumatic actuators are used to trigger control valves to cause motion. Pneumatic actuators are most commonly used in assembly lines or for loading and unloading purposes.\n- Pneumatic Cylinders: Cylinders are a mechanical device in a pneumatic system that produces force via compressed air. Once pneumatic cylinders are actuated, compressed air enters into the tube at one end of the piston and imparts force on the piston, which causes the piston to move.\n- Pneumatic Fittings: This pneumatic equipment component provides control for your process by connecting to valves and providing leak-free pneumatic movement.\n- Pneumatic Pumps: As an air exhausting mechanism, this pneumatic equipment component sucks in outside air, compresses it and harnesses the air for use in your process.\n- Pneumatic Seals: Primarily used in pneumatic cylinders and valves, pneumatic seals prevent air leakage. This pneumatic equipment component is best suited in low pressure instances.\n- Pneumatic Tubing: This pneumatic equipment component provides protection from leakage throughout the pneumatic device.\n- Pneumatic Valves: Controlling air flow and preventing leakage in your pneumatic device is paramount in ensuring that your process runs efficiently. This pneumatic equipment component achieves both of these goals.\nPneumatic Tips is dedicated to providing engineers and industry professionals with the most comprehensive articles about pneumatic equipment components and other pneumatics topics. We pride ourselves on using our industry experts’ knowledge to pass along the information engineers and manufacturing professionals need in order to get their job done. Subscribe to our RSS feed to stay current on the latest pneumatics news.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-30", "url": "https://www.pneumatictips.com/pneumatic-equipment-components/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676589892.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20180717183929-20180717203929-00506.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9017931223, "token_count": 470, "score": 3.25, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Is é an pneumaitic ná gáis faoi bhrú a úsáid chun gluaiseacht a chumasú. Is féidir gluaiseacht phléimhe a bhaint amach trí chomhpháirteanna éagsúla a úsáid. Is féidir soláthar inbhuanaithe aer brúite a dhéanamh trí aer atmaisféarach a chromadh, agus is é sin an fáth go n-oibríonn comhpháirteanna niúmacha chomh maith i suiteáil sheasta, mar shampla monarchana.\nComhpháirteanna trealaimh phléimhe\nÚsáidtear comhpháirteanna éagsúla i gcórais phléimhe chun tionchar a imirt ar ghluaiseacht, chomh maith le críocha rialaithe. Chun gluaiseacht agus rialú éifeachtach a dhéanamh, úsáidtear na comhpháirteanna trealaimh phneumaíoch seo a leanas:\n- Gníomhaitheoirí Pneumacha: Úsáidtear gníomhaitheoirí bunúsacha pneumacha chun comhlaí rialaithe a spreagadh chun gluaiseacht a chur i bhfeidhm. Úsáidtear gníomhaitheoirí pneumaíocha go coitianta i línte comhcheangail nó chun críocha a luchtú agus a dhíluchtú.\n- Sillíní Pneumacha: Is feiste meicniúil i gcóras pneumacha iad silíní a tháirgeann fórsa trí aer brúite. Nuair a chuirtear an tsilindéar niúmaíoch i bhfeidhm, téann aer comhbhrúite isteach sa phíob ag ceann amháin den phiston agus cuireann sé fórsa ar an phiston, rud a fhágann go bogann an phiston.\n- Comhlánaithe Pneumacha: Soláthraíonn an comhpháirt trealaimh phneumacha seo rialú do phróiseas trína nasc le comhlaí agus trína chur ar fáil gluaiseacht phneumacha gan sceitheadh.\n- Pumps Pneumatic: Mar mheicníocht aistrithe aer, an comhpháirt trealaimh pneumaíoch seo sucks in aer lasmuigh, compresses sé agus a harnesses an aer le húsáid i do phróiseas.\n- Seals Pneumatic: Úsáidtear go príomha i siolandair agus i bhalbhanna pneumaiticiúla, cosnaíonn seals pneumaiticiúla sceitheadh aeir. Tá an comhpháirt trealaimh phnéamaiticiúil seo oiriúnach go maith i gcásanna brú íseal.\n- Tubaill Pneumacha: Soláthraíonn an comhpháirt trealaimh phneumacha seo cosaint ó sceitheadh ar fud an fheiste phneumacha.\n- Válfaí Pneumacha: Tá sé ríthábhachtach an sreabhadh aer a rialú agus sceitheadh a chosc i do ghléas painaméadach chun a chinntiú go ritheann do phróiseas go héifeachtach. Baineann an comhpháirt trealaimh phléinéamaiticiúil seo leis an dá chuspóir sin a bhaint amach.\nTá Pneumatic Tips tiomanta d'innealtóirí agus do ghairmithe tionscail a chur ar fáil leis na hailt is cuimsithí faoi chomhpháirteanna trealaimh phneumaitice agus faoi ábhair eile phneumaitice. Táimid bródúil as ár saineolaithe tionscail a úsáid chun an fhaisnéis a theastaíonn ó innealtóirí agus ó ghairmithe monaraithe a chur ar fáil chun a gcuid oibre a dhéanamh. Fáiltíonn tú dár RSS chun fanacht ar an eolas faoi na nuachtáin phléineamaitice is déanaí."} {"text": "Members' Research Report Archive\nThe Landscape Art of William John Burchell (1781 – 1863)\nMaria Cristina Wolff de Carvalho, Fundação Armando Álvares Penteado, São Paulo\nPaul Mellon Senior Fellow, 2011 – 2012\nThe writings, drawings, and encyclopedic collecting of British naturalist William John Burchell (1781 – 1863) generated what may be called a panoramic approach to studying the landscapes he intimately explored. Yet each element of his far-ranging interests became part of an indivisible whole.\nBurchell first began formulating his approach during his early years as an artist in England and Wales, but it achieved sharper focus over the course of his long expeditions. During his sojourns on the island of Saint Helena (1805 – 1810), in South Africa (1810 – 1815), and in Brazil (1825 – 1830), and in subsequent decades in England spent systematically organizing his collections and the results of his research, Burchell came to establish a unique link between science and art. The collection, selection, and organization of flora, fauna, and ethnographic artifacts; the observation and recording of the vast range of subjects that interested him; and the artistic rendering of natural landscapes and cultural environments were fused into a comprehensive whole. By intuiting a reciprocal relationship between science and art and interspersing written observations with drawings, Burchell eventually created his own poetics, in which environments are presented with utmost concision. This is beautifully demonstrated in his only published memoirs, Travels in the Interior of Southern Africa (two volumes, 1822 and 1824).\nThe ultimate goal of Burchell’s voyages was to traverse unknown regions, compiling an environmental inventory and acquiring new perspectives on human nature. His aim was to reconstruct nature and culture from a vicarious standpoint, creating in drawings, paintings, and written descriptions landscapes that would conform to his own vision and values. J. M. Coetzee argues in The Picturesque, the Sublime, and the South African Landscape (1988) that the sense of strangeness Burchell encountered when confronted by the landscapes of that country triggered a tension between the reality of nature and his inexorably European poetics. But it is also true that Burchell sought an innate, science-based harmony in each microcosm, which he would then translate into art.\nIn November 2011 I went to Museum Africa, Johannesburg, where I came to understand how Burchell’s method developed. As a member of the British educated class, he received a broad schooling in both the arts and natural history. His initial foray into the art of draftsmanship was shaped by the culture of the picturesque, which considered landscape through rigorous values and principles of geometry and composition. This perspective was introduced to him by his teachers, James Merigot (1760 – 1824), author of The Amateur’s Portfolio (1815), and John Claude Nattes (1765 – 1822), who wrote Natte’s Practical Geometry (1805). Burchell’s first works, executed between 1797 and 1804, already reveal a taste for painstaking detail, dynamic architectural foregrounds and backgrounds, and encompassing vistas, all in keeping with the reigning romantic sensibility. At this time Burchell also undoubtedly visited the much-esteemed Panorama at Leicester Square in London, and he soon emulated this mode of presentation in numerous landscapes. He developed a technique of drawing 360-degree vistas by using an “imaginary cylinder,” perhaps with a camera lucida.\nThe landscapes from Burchell’s notebooks that I was able to study in South Africa included those he completed while living on Saint Helena. Depictions of the dramatic topography mesh with an underlying delicacy, emotional complexity, and visual acuity that pinpoint the exact function of each element. These drawings anticipate Burchell’s later works, such as the breathtaking image of the vast, parched mountains and valleys of the Great Karoo, in South Africa, or the exuberant landscape in Brazil, completed while he was exploring the southeastern coast between Rio de Janeiro and Santos and interior regions from São Paulo to Belém do Pará, passing through the central arid savannah. Burchell’s images and notes seem even more astonishing when recording human settlements, with their indigenous tools and materials, traditional architectural forms, urban organization, and unique ways in which daily life becomes inextricably linked with the environment.\nThe diverse products of his scientific research and artistic creation are now all dispersed among a number of museums and other institutions, most notably the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew (herbarium and related drawings and writings); the Linnean Society of London (correspondence); Oxford University Museum and Pitt Rivers Museum (collections of animal specimens, human artifacts, drawings, maps, and writings); Museum Africa, Johannesburg (drawings and watercolors); and the Instituto Moreira Salles in Rio de Janeiro (eighteen attributed watercolors). With the understanding of Burchell’s unique method that I have gained from these archives, I plan to mine their troves further, with the ultimate goal of preparing an artistic-scientific catalogue raisonné of Burchell’s written and artistic oeuvre. Along the way, I hope to organize exhibitions and symposia and to publish introductory books for a more general readership so that his contributions will receive the attention they deserve.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-30", "url": "https://www.nga.gov/research/casva/research-projects/research-reports-archive/wolff-de-carvalho-2011-2012.html", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676593208.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20180722100513-20180722120513-00550.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9481988549, "token_count": 1141, "score": 2.6875, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Tuarascáil Taighde na bhFeisirí\nAn Ealaín tírdhreacha de chuid William John Burchell (1781 1863)\nMaria Cristina Wolff de Carvalho, Fundação Armando Álvares Penteado, São Paulo\nPaul Mellon Senior Fellow, 2011 2012\nGhlac scríbhinní, líníochtaí, agus bailiúchán encyclopedic na nádúr William John Burchell na Breataine (1781 1863) leis an rud a d'fhéadfaí cur chuige panoramic a ghairm chun staidéar a dhéanamh ar na tírdhreacha a rinne sé iniúchadh go dlúth orthu. Ach tháinig gach gné dá leasanna fadtéarmacha mar chuid de iomlán indivisible.\nThosaigh Burchell ag cur a chur chuige i bhfoirm i rith a bhlianta tosaigh mar ealaíontóir i Sasana agus sa Bhreatain Bheag, ach bhain sé fócas níos géire amach le linn a thuras fada. Le linn a chuid ama ar oileán Naomh Helena (1805 1810), san Afraic Theas (1810 1815), agus sa Bhrasaíl (1825 1830), agus sna blianta ina dhiaidh sin i Sasana a chaith sé a bhailiúcháin agus torthaí a chuid taighde a eagrú go córais, tháinig Burchell chun nasc uathúil a bhunú idir eolaíocht agus ealaín. Ba é an bailiúchán, an roghnú agus an eagraíocht a bhí ag na fáinní, na féin agus na n-earraí eitneagrafacha; an breathnóireacht agus an taifeadadh ar an raon leathan ábhar a raibh suim aige ann; agus an léiriú ealaíne na tírdhreacha nádúrtha agus na timpeallachtaí cultúrtha a bhí le chéile i dlúthfhillteacht. Trí intuitioning a caidreamh cómhalarta idir eolaíocht agus ealaín agus interspersing scríofa breathnuithe le líníochtaí, Burchell cruthaíodh sa deireadh a chuid poetics féin, ina bhfuil timpeallachtaí a chur i láthair leis an concise uasta. Léirítear é seo go hálainn ina chuimhní cinn foilsithe amháin, Taistealaíochtaí i nDaonlathach na hAfraice Theas (dhá tholm, 1822 agus 1824).\nBa é sprioc deiridh turais Burchell ná réigiúin anaithnid a thrasnú, suímh chomhshaoil a thiomsú agus dearcadh nua a fháil ar nádúr an duine. Ba é a chuspóir ná nádúr agus cultúr a athchóiriú ó thaobh ionadaíoch de, ag cruthú tírdhreacha i dhréachtaí, péinteálacha agus tuairiscí scríofa a bheadh ag teacht lena fhís agus a luachanna féin. Deir J. M. Coetzee in The Picturesque, the Sublime, and the South African Landscape (1988) gur spreag an mothú aisteach a d'fhulaing Burchell nuair a bhí sé i ngleic le tírdhreacha na tíre sin teannas idir réaltacht an dúlra agus a chuid filíochta Eorpacha gan staonadh. Ach tá sé fíor freisin go raibh Burchell ag lorg comhchuibheas dúchasach, eolaíoch i ngach micreacóis, a d'aistrigh sé ina ealaín ansin.\nI mí na Samhna 2011 chuaigh mé go Músaem na hAfraice, Johannesburg, áit a d'fhág mé go raibh tuiscint agam ar conas a d'fhorbair modh Burchell. Mar bhall den aicme oideachasúil na Breataine, fuair sé oideachas leathan sna healaíona agus sa stair nádúrtha araon. Bhí a chuid foréigean tosaigh i n-ealaín na líníochta cumhdaithe ag cultúr na pictiúrtha, a mheas tírdhreach trí luachanna agus prionsabail déine geoimre agus comhdhéanta. Thug a chuid múinteoirí, James Merigot (1760 1824), údar The Amateur's Portfolio (1815), agus John Claude Nattes (1765 1822), a scríobh Natte's Practical Geometry (1805) an dearcadh seo dó. Léiríonn na chéad saothair Burchell, a rinneadh idir 1797 agus 1804, go bhfuil sé ag iarraidh sonraí a dhéanamh go cúramach, réamhamharc agus cúlchistí ailtireachta dinimiciúla, agus radharcanna cuimsitheacha, go léir i gcomhréir leis an bhfianaise rómánsúil a bhí i réim. Ag an am seo, gan amhras, thug Burchell cuairt ar an Panorama an-mheas ar Leicester Square i Londain, agus d'athraigh sé an modh cur i láthair seo go luath i go leor tírdhreacha. D'fhorbair sé teicníc chun radharcanna 360 céim a tharraingt trí silindéar samhlacha a úsáid, b'fhéidir le ceamara lucida.\nI measc na tírdhreacha ó nótaí Burchell a d'fhulaing mé san Afraic Theas bhí na cinn a chríochnaigh sé agus é ag maireachtáil ar Naomh Héileana. Léiríonn na léaráidí ar an topagrafaíocht drámatúil an delicacy, an chastacht mhothúchánach, agus an géarchéim amhairc atá faoi bhun na léaráidí sin go díreach an fheidhm a bhí ag gach eilimint. Na líníochtaí seo a réamh-Burchell's oibreacha níos déanaí, mar shampla an íomhá breathtaking na mór, sléibhte agus gleannta ardaí an Karoo Mór, i Meiriceá Theas, nó an tírdhreach exuberant sa Bhrasaíl, críochnaithe agus a bhí sé ag iniúchadh an chósta oirdheisceart idir Rio de Janeiro agus Santos agus réigiúin intíre ó São Paulo go Belém do Pará, ag dul tríd an lárnach sabhána tirim. Is cosúil go bhfuil íomhánna agus nótaí Burchell níos iontaí fós nuair a thaifeadann siad lonnaíochtaí daonna, lena n-uirlisí agus a n-ábhair dhúchasacha, a bhfoirmeacha ailtireachta traidisiúnta, eagraíocht uirbeach, agus bealaí uathúla ina mbíonn saol laethúil nasctha go neamhspleách leis an gcomhshaol.\nTá na táirgí éagsúla dá chuid taighde eolaíoch agus cruthaitheacht ealaíne scaipthe anois i measc roinnt músaem agus institiúidí eile, go háirithe Gairdíní Ríoga Bótánacha, Kew (herbarium agus líníochtaí agus scríbhinní gaolmhara); Cumann Linne na Londaine (correspondence); Músaem Ollscoil Oxford agus Músaem Pitt Rivers (bailiúcháin speiceálacha ainmhithe, earraí daonna, líníochtaí, léarscáileanna agus scríbhinní); Músaem na hAfraice, Johannesburg (líonta agus uisce-dhuine); agus an Instituto Moreira Salles i Rio de Janeiro (ochd a déag uisce-dhuine a thugtar air). Leis an tuiscint a fuair mé ar mhodh uathúil Burchell ó na cartlanna seo, tá sé beartaithe agam a gcuid trófa a mhaolú tuilleadh, leis an gcuspóir deiridh catalóg ealaíne-eolaíoch raisonné d'oibre scríofa agus ealaíne Burchell a ullmhú. Ar an mbealach, tá súil agam taispeántais agus seimineáir a eagrú agus leabhair tosaigh a fhoilsiú do léitheoirí níos ginearálta ionas go bhfaighidh a chuid ranníocaíochtaí an aird is fiú dóibh."} {"text": "Antipater was able to quickly raise a force of 600 native Macedonian cavalry to fight in the Lamian War when it began in 323 BC. Other academics who concur that the difference between the Macedonians and Greeks was a political rather than a true ethnic discrepancy include Michael B. Sakellariou, Malcolm Errington,[note 44] and Craige B. Amyntas III was also nearly overthrown by the forces of the Chalcidian city of Olynthos, but with the aid of Teleutias, brother of the Spartan king Agesilaus II, the Macedonians forced Olynthos to surrender and dissolve their Chalcidian League in 379 BC. Philip II then cancelled the wedding altogether and exiled Alexander's advisors Ptolemy, Nearchus, and Harpalus. Near Sveti Nikola is the Paeonian city of Bylazora and near Valandovo is the ancient Paeonian town Idomenae. Click the answer to find similar crossword clues. Philip II's son Alexander the Great, leading a federation of Greek states, accomplished his father's objective of commanding the whole of Greece when he destroyed Thebes after the city revolted. After breaching the walls, Alexander's forces killed 6,000 Thebans, took 30,000 inhabitants as prisoners of war, and burned the city to the ground as a warning that convinced all other Greek states except Sparta not to challenge Alexander again. , Encouraged by the Aetolian League and their calls to liberate Greece from the Romans, the Seleucid king Antiochus III landed with his army at Demetrias, Thessaly, in 192 BC, and was elected strategos by the Aetolians. , The ruins of roughly twenty Greek theatres survive in the present-day regions of Macedonia and Thrace in Greece: sixteen open-air theatres, three odea, and a possible theatre in Veria undergoing excavation. , Perdiccas II sided with Sparta in the Peloponnesian War (431–404 BC) between Athens and Sparta, and in 429 BC Athens retaliated by persuading Sitalces to invade Macedonia, but he was forced to retreat owing to a shortage of provisions in winter. Likewise, the city-states within contemporary Greek koina (i.e., federations of city-states, the sympoliteia) obeyed the federal decrees voted on collectively by the members of their league. , In ancient Athens, the Athenian democracy was restored on three separate occasions following the initial conquest of the city by Antipater in 322 BC. Following the 418 BC Battle of Mantinea, the victorious Spartans formed an alliance with Argos, a military pact Perdiccas II was keen to join given the threat of Spartan allies remaining in Chalcidice. , In 280 BC, Pyrrhus embarked on a campaign in Magna Graecia (i.e. , Philip II spent his initial years radically transforming the Macedonian army. He then restored the Argead dynastic graves at Aigai and annexed the Kingdom of Paeonia. By 265 BC, Athens was surrounded and besieged by Antigonus II's forces, and a Ptolemaic fleet was defeated in the Battle of Cos. Athens finally surrendered in 261 BC. If you have an answer not listed above please take a moment to contribute it to help others. After Alexander's death in 323 BC, the ensuing wars of the Diadochi, and the partitioning of Alexander's short-lived empire, Macedonia remained a Greek cultural and political center in the Mediterranean region along with Ptolemaic Egypt, the Seleucid Empire, and the Kingdom of Pergamon. With the aid of the Ptolemaic navy, the Athenian statesman Chremonides led a revolt against Macedonian authority known as the Chremonidean War (267–261 BC). He improved Macedonia's currency by minting coins with a higher silver content as well as issuing separate copper coinage. Before the 4th century BC, Macedonia was a small kingdom outside of the area dominated by the great city-states of Athens, Sparta and Thebes, and briefly subordinate to Achaemenid Persia. Cassander besieged Athens in 303 BC, but was forced to retreat to Macedonia when Demetrius invaded Boeotia to his rear, attempting to sever his path of retreat. , Modern scholars have argued over the possible role of Alexander III \"the Great\" and his mother Olympias in the assassination of Philip II, noting the latter's choice to exclude Alexander from his planned invasion of Asia, choosing instead for him to act as regent of Greece and deputy hegemon of the League of Corinth, and the potential bearing of another male heir between Philip II and his new wife, Cleopatra Eurydice. © 2014-18 M. Jon Brown. Sopater, one of Paul’s companions belonged to this city, and his conversion probably took place at this time (Acts … The minting of coinage significantly increased during the reigns of Philip II and Alexander the Great, especially after the increase in state revenues following the seizure of the Pangaion Hills. Macedonia was then divided between Pyrrhus and Lysimachus, the former taking western Macedonia and the latter eastern Macedonia. Aside from metalwork and painting, mosaics are another significant form of surviving Macedonian artwork. King suggests, instead of a \"comrade-in-arms\" as was the traditional relationship of Macedonian kings with their companions. Philip II's initial campaign against Pherae in Thessaly in 353 BC at the behest of Larissa ended in two disastrous defeats by the Phocian general Onomarchus. He performed daily ritual sacrifices and led religious festivals. In 2014, the ancient Macedonian Kasta Tomb, the largest ancient tomb found in Greece (as of 2017), was discovered outside of Amphipolis, a city that was incorporated into the Macedonian realm after its capture by Philip II in 357 BC. Perseus then attempted to form marriage alliances with Prusias II of Bithynia and Seleucus IV Philopator of the Seleucid Empire, along with renewed relations with Rhodes that greatly unsettled Eumenes II. [note 9] Before Antipater embarked on his campaign in the Peloponnese, Memnon, the governor of Thrace, was dissuaded from rebellion by use of diplomacy. When the Macedonians captured Lissus in 212 BC, the Roman Senate responded by inciting the Aetolian League, Sparta, Elis, Messenia, and Attalus I (r. 241–197 BC) of Pergamon to wage war against Philip V, keeping him occupied and away from Italy. Alexander I provided Macedonian military support to Xerxes I (r. 486–465 BC) during the Second Persian invasion of Greece in 480–479 BC, and Macedonian soldiers fought on the side of the Persians at the 479 BC Battle of Platea. It is located near the village of Knezhje, which is part of … Following the Greek victory at Salamis in 480 BC, Alexander I was employed as an Achaemenid diplomat to propose a peace treaty and alliance with Athens, an offer that was rejected. The Macedonian hereditary monarchy existed since at least the time of Archaic Greece, with Homeric aristocratic roots in Mycenaean Greece. Enter the answer length or the answer pattern to get better results. , State revenues were also raised by collecting produce from arable lands, timber from forests, and taxes on imports and exports at harbors. The name Macedonia (Greek: Μακεδονία, Makedonía) comes from the ethnonym Μακεδόνες (Makedónes), which itself is derived from the ancient Greek adjective μακεδνός (makednós), meaning \"tall, slim\", also the name of a people related to the Dorians (Herodotus), and possibly descriptive of Ancient Macedonians. Categories: ancient city, UNESCO World Heritage Site and polis Location: Macedonia , Northern Greece , Greece , Balkans , Europe Latitude: 41.0135° or 41° 0' 48.5\" north Before Antipater died in 319 BC, he named the staunch Argead loyalist Polyperchon as his successor, passing over his own son Cassander and ignoring the right of the king to choose a new regent (since Philip III was considered mentally unstable), in effect bypassing the council of the army as well. Alexander's father, Philip II, was perhaps influenced by Persian traditions when he adopted institutions similar to those found in the Achaemenid realm, such as having a royal secretary, royal archive, royal pages, and a seated throne. The right to mint coins was shared by central and some local governments, i.e. Bistra – St. John the Baptist – Bigorski Monastery, Ohrid – Our Lady the Most Glorious (St. Clement), Mlado Nagoričane – St. George the Victorious, Staro Nagoričane – St. George the Great Martyr, Tikveš Lake – St. George (Polog Monastery), Skopje – St. Clement of Ohrid (Soborna Crkva), Sushica – St. Demetrius (Marko’s Monastery), Lešok (Leshok) – Assumption of the Virgin Mary, Lešok (Leshok) – St. Athanasius (Leshochki Manastir). , Over the next few years, Philip II reformed local governments in Thessaly, campaigned against the Illyrian ruler Pleuratus I, deposed Arybbas in Epirus in favor of his brother-in-law Alexander I (through Philip II's marriage to Olympias), and defeated Cersebleptes in Thrace. Bylazora or Vilazora (Ancient Greek: Βυλάζωρα) was a Paeonian city from the period of early classic antiquity. Evidence is lacking regarding the extent to which each of these groups shared authority with the king or if their existence had a basis in a formal constitutional framework. Antipater, Antigonus Monophthalmus, Craterus, and Ptolemy formed a coalition against Perdiccas in a civil war initiated by Ptolemy's seizure of the hearse of Alexander the Great. Evidence is lacking regarding the extent to which each of these groups shared authority with the king or if their existence had a basis in a formal constitutional framework. Pages in category \"Cities in ancient Macedonia\" The following 29 pages are in this category, out of 29 total. , The Macedonian king was an autocratic figure at the head of both government and society, with arguably unlimited authority to handle affairs of state and public policy, but he was also the leader of a very personal regime with close relationships or connections to his hetairoi, the core of the Macedonian aristocracy. Philip II adopted some of the military tactics of his enemies, such as the embolon (flying wedge) cavalry formation of the Scythians. Berea in Easton’s Bible Dictionary: a city of Macedonia to which Paul with Silas and Timotheus went when persecuted at Thessalonica (Acts 17:10, 13), and from which also he was compelled to withdraw, when he fled to the sea-coast and thence sailed to Athens (14, 15). , Macedonian architecture, although utilizing a mixture of different forms and styles from the rest of Greece, did not represent a unique or diverging style from other ancient Greek architecture. Demetrius II accepted her proposal, but he damaged relations with the Seleucids by divorcing Stratonice of Macedon. [note 1] Linguist Robert S. P. Beekes claims that both terms are of Pre-Greek substrate origin and cannot be explained in terms of Indo-European morphology, however De Decker argues that the arguments are insufficient. According to tradition, the city, under its first name of Crenides (or Datum), was founded c. 360 BCE by settlers from nearby Thasos who were led by the Athenian Kallistratos. Antigonus promptly allied with Polyperchon, now based in Corinth, and issued an ultimatum of his own to Cassander, charging him with murder for executing Olympias and demanding that he hand over the royal family, King Alexander IV and the queen mother Roxana. It began when Phocis captured and plundered the temple of Apollo at Delphi instead of submitting unpaid fines, causing the Amphictyonic League to declare war on Phocis and a civil war among the members of the Thessalian League aligned with either Phocis or Thebes. Perseus fled to Samothrace but surrendered shortly afterwards, was brought to Rome for the triumph of Lucius Aemilius Paullus Macedonicus, and was placed under house arrest at Alba Fucens, where he died in 166 BC. [note 5] His first marriages were to Phila of Elimeia of the Upper Macedonian aristocracy as well as the Illyrian princess Audata to ensure a marriage alliance. Thebes ejected a Macedonian garrison from Nicaea (near Thermopylae), leading Thebes to join Athens, Megara, Corinth, Achaea, and Euboea in a final confrontation against Macedonia at the Battle of Chaeronea in 338 BC. Olympias then had Nicanor and dozens of other Macedonian nobles killed, but by the spring of 316 BC, Cassander had defeated her forces, captured her, and placed her on trial for murder before sentencing her to death. , It is known that Macedonian kings before Philip II upheld the privileges and carried out the responsibilities of hosting foreign diplomats, determining the kingdom's foreign policies, and negotiating alliances with foreign powers. Description and History Ohrid was an ancient city that is now the modern capital city of the Ohrid Municipality in the country of Macedonia. [note 40], Music was also appreciated in Macedonia. On the site of the ancient city is the Archaeological Museum of Pella . , \"Macedon\" redirects here. , Philip II was twenty-four years old when he acceded to the throne in 359 BC. , Following its adoption as the court language of Philip II of Macedon's regime, authors of ancient Macedonia wrote their works in Koine Greek, the lingua franca of late Classical and Hellenistic Greece. , Meanwhile, in Greece, the Spartan king Agis III attempted to lead a rebellion of the Greeks against Macedonia. These included two siege towers connected by a makeshift wickerwork curtain wall mounted with stone-shooting ballistae, and sheds to protect the approach of the battering ram. When Alexander had Parmenion murdered at Ecbatana (near modern Hamadan, Iran) in 330 BC, this was \"symptomatic of the growing gulf between the king's interests and those of his country and people\", according to Errington. Philip's plan to punish the Persians for the suffering of the Greeks and to liberate the Greek cities of Asia Minor as well as perhaps the panhellenic fear of another Persian invasion of Greece, contributed to his decision to invade the Achaemenid Empire. Ancient Macedonian capital is a crossword puzzle clue that we have spotted 3 times. the elected governor (archon) of a large city (polis), as well as the politico-religious office of the epistates. , A council of the army convened in Babylon immediately after Alexander's death, naming Philip III as king and the chiliarch Perdiccas as his regent. This list may not reflect recent changes (). [note 20] The most trusted or highest ranking companions formed a council that served as an advisory body to the king. Demetrius of Pharos is alleged to have convinced Philip V to first secure Illyria in advance of an invasion of the Italian peninsula. It is unclear if the male offspring of Macedonian queens or consorts were always preferred over others given the accession of Archelaus I of Macedon, son of Perdiccas II of Macedon and a slave woman, although Archelaus succeeded the throne after murdering his father's designated heir apparent. , The kingdom of Macedonia was situated along the Haliacmon and Axius rivers in Lower Macedonia, north of Mount Olympus. The direct line of father-to-son succession was broken after the assassination of Orestes of Macedon in 396 BC (allegedly by his regent and successor Aeropus II of Macedon), clouding the issue of whether primogeniture was the established custom or if there was a constitutional right for an assembly of the army or of the people to choose another king. Philippi, the city founded by Philip II, was the only other city in the Macedonian commonwealth that had a democratic government with popular assemblies, since the assembly (ecclesia) of Thessaloniki seems to have had only a passive function in practice. The Macedonian king subsequently hunted down and executed Bessus in what is now Afghanistan, securing the region of Sogdia in the process. , While Philip V was busy fighting Rome's Greek allies, Rome viewed this as an opportunity to punish this former ally of Hannibal with a war that they hoped would supply a victory and require few resources. Sort A-Z. , After the defeat of Perseus at Pydna in 168 BC, the Roman Senate allowed the reopening of iron and copper mines, but forbade the mining of gold and silver by the four newly established autonomous client states that replaced the monarchy in Macedonia. The Macedonians also most likely introduced mattye to Athenian cuisine, a dish usually made of chicken or other spiced, salted, and sauced meats served during the wine course. Macedonian infantry in this period consisted of poorly trained shepherds and farmers, while the cavalry was composed of noblemen. , Ancient authors and modern scholars alike disagree about the ethnic identity of the ancient Macedonians. , Royal bodyguards served as the closest members to the king at court and on the battlefield. [note 13] This assuaged the fear of Eumenes II that Macedonia could pose a threat to his lands in the Hellespont. The Macedonian navy was reduced to a mere six vessels as agreed in the 197 BC peace treaty that concluded the Second Macedonian War with the Roman Republic, although Perseus of Macedon quickly assembled some lemboi at the outbreak of the Third Macedonian War in 171 BC. 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Galba Maximus spearheading military operations in Apollonia after joining the Lynkestis to his kingdom, Rome positioned naval!", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-21", "url": "http://bowandarrowstudios.com/chief-justice-snm/ancient-city-in-macedonia-906cac", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243988763.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20210506205251-20210506235251-00262.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9612521529, "token_count": 6219, "score": 3.5625, "int_score": 4, "irish_text": "Bhí Antipater in ann fórsa de 600 marcach Macadónach dúchasach a ardú go tapa chun troid i gCogadh Lamian nuair a thosaigh sé i 323 RC. I measc acadúlaithe eile a aontaíonn go raibh an difríocht idir na Macadónaigh agus na Gréagaigh polaitiúil seachas fíor-eaglaíocht eitneach tá Michael B. Sakellariou, Malcolm Errington, [note 44] agus Craige B. Bhí Amyntas III beagnach curtha as oifig ag fórsaí chathair Chalcidian Olynthos, ach le cabhair ó Teleutias, deartháir an rí Spartan Agesilaus II, chuir na Macadónaigh iallach ar Olynthos a thabhairt suas agus a n-Aontachas Chalcidian a dhíscaoileadh i 379 RC. Ansin chuir Philip II an pósadh ar ceal go hiomlán agus chuir sé comhairleoirí Alexander Ptolemy, Nearchus, agus Harpalus ar imirce. In aice le Sveti Nikola tá cathair Bylazora Paeonian agus in aice le Valandovo tá an seanbhaile Paeonian Idomenae. Cliceáil ar an freagra chun leideanna comhchosúla a fháil. D'éirigh le mac Philip II, Alexander the Great, a bhí i gceannas ar chónaidhm stáit na Gréige, cuspóir a athar a bheith i gceannas ar an nGréig ar fad a chur i gcrích nuair a scrios sé Thebes tar éis an chathair a bheith i ngleic. Tar éis na ballaí a bhriseadh, mharaigh fórsaí Alexander 6,000 Theban, ghlac 30,000 áitritheoir mar phríosúnaigh chogaidh, agus dóigh siad an chathair go talamh mar rabhadh a chuir ina luí ar gach stát Gréige eile seachas Sparta gan dúshlán a thabhairt do Alexander arís. , Spreagtha ag an Aetolian League agus a n-iarratais chun an Ghréig a shaoradh ó na Rómhánaigh, tháinig an rí Seleucid Antiochus III i dtír lena arm ag Demetrias, Thessaly, i 192 RC, agus toghadh strategos ag na Aetolians é. , Tá na scriosanna de thart ar fiche amharclann Gréige fós i gcúl i réigiúin na Macadóine agus na Tráice sa Ghréig inniu: sé dhéag amharclann oscailte, trí odea, agus amharclann féideartha i Veria atá á scaipeadh. , Chuaigh Perdiccas II ar thaobh Sparta i gCogadh na Peloponnese (431-404 RC) idir Aithin agus Sparta, agus i 429 RC rinne Aithin díoltas trí Sitalces a chur ina luí ar an Mhacedóin, ach b'éigean dó imeacht ar ais mar gheall ar easpa forálacha sa gheimhreadh. Mar an gcéanna, bhí na cathracha-stáit laistigh de koina Gréagach comhaimseartha (i.e., cónaidhmeanna cathracha-stáit, na sympoliteia) ag cloí leis na deartha cónaidhme a vótáil baill a ngrúpaí ar a chéile. I gcathair ársa na hAithne, athbhunadh an daonlathas san Aithin ar thrí ócáid ar leithligh tar éis a raibh Antipater tar éis an chathair a shárú sa bhliain 322 RC. Tar éis Cath Mantinea 418 RC, bhunaigh na Spartans buaiteora comhghuaillíocht le Argos, comhaontú míleata a bhí Perdiccas II sásta a bheith páirteach mar gheall ar bhagairt na gcomhghuaillithe Spartan a bhí fágtha i Chalcidice. I 280 RC, chuir Pyrrhus tús le feachtas i Magna Graecia (i.e. , chaith Philip II a chuid blianta tosaigh ag athrú go bunúsach airm na Macadóine. Ansin d'athchóirigh sé na tuamaí dinastiúla Argead ag Aigai agus chuir sé Ríocht Paeonia leis. Faoi 265 RC, bhí fórsaí Antigonus II timpeall agus faoi léigear ar Aithin, agus bhuail cabhlach Ptolemaic i gCath Cos. Thit Aithin faoi bhrú sa deireadh i 261 RC. Má tá freagra agat nach bhfuil liostaithe thuas, tabhair an deis do chuid freagraí a chur isteach chun cabhrú le daoine eile. Tar éis bháis Alexander i 323 RC, na cogaí a tháinig ina dhiaidh sin de na Diadochi, agus deighilt impireacht gearr-bheatha Alexander, d'fhan Macedonia ina ionad cultúrtha agus polaitiúil Gréige i réigiún na Meánmhara chomh maith le Ptolemaic Egypt, an Impireacht Seleucid, agus Ríocht Pergamon. Le cabhair ón bhfarm Ptolemaic, bhí ceannaire stáit na hAithne Chremonides i gceannas ar éirí amach i gcoinne údarás na Macadóine ar a dtugtar Cogadh Chremonidean (267261 RC). D'fheabhsaigh sé airgeadra na Macadóine trí bhuinn a chóinteáil a raibh cion airgid níos airde iontu chomh maith le coincheap copair ar leith a eisiúint. Roimh an 4ú haois RC, bhí an Mhacedóin ina ríocht bheag lasmuigh den limistéar a raibh na cathracha-stáit móra de Aithin, Sparta agus Thebes i gceannas air, agus go gairid faoi réir Pháras Achaemenid. Chuir Cassander fánaíocht ar Aithin i 303 RC, ach cuireadh iallach air imeacht go dtí an Mhacedóin nuair a thug Demetrius isteach ar Bheoitice ina chúl, ag iarraidh a bhealach um imeacht a ghearradh. , Tá eoltóirí nua-aimseartha ag argóint faoi ról féideartha Ailgéander III \"an Mór\" agus a mháthair Olympias i dúnmharú Philip II, ag tabhairt faoi deara rogha an dara ceann Ailgéander a eisiamh ó a ionradh pleanáilte ar an Áise, ag roghnú ina ionad dó gníomhú mar réigint na Gréige agus leas-heigemon Chumann Corinth, agus an t-ionchas a d'fhéadfadh a bheith ag oidhre fireann eile idir Philip II agus a bhean nua, Cleopatra Eurydice. © 2014-18 M. Jon Brown. Ba é Sopater, duine de chomhghleacaithe Paul, a bhí sa chathair seo, agus is dócha gur tharla a thiontú ag an am seo (Achtanna ... Méadú suntasach ar múnlú coinín le linn réimeas Philip II agus Alexander the Great, go háirithe tar éis an méadú ar ioncam an stáit tar éis na seilbh ar na Hills Pangaion. Roinneadh an Mhacedóin ansin idir Pyrrhus agus Lysimachus, an chéad cheann ag glacadh an iarthar na Macadóine agus an dara ceann an oirthear na Macadóine. Seachas obair miotail agus péintíocht, is cineál suntasach eile de shaothar ealaíne na Macadóine atá fágtha beo iad mosaics. Tugann King le fios, in ionad \"comhardaí arm\" mar a bhí caidreamh traidisiúnta rí na Macadóine lena gcomhghleacaithe. Chríochnaigh feachtas tosaigh Philip II i gcoinne Pherae i Thessaly i 353 RC ar thogra Larissa le dhá throid tubaisteach ag an gcoirnéal Phocian Onomarchus. Rinne sé íobairtí traidisiúnta laethúla agus bhí sé i gceannas ar fhéileanna reiligiúnacha. Sa bhliain 2014, fuarthas an t-amhrán Casta na Macadóine ársa, an t-amhrán ársa is mó a fuarthas sa Ghréig (go dtí 2017), lasmuigh d'Amphipolis, cathair a cuireadh isteach i réimse na Macadóine tar éis do Philip II í a ghabháil i 357 RC. Rinne Perseus iarracht ansin comhghuaillíochtaí pósta a dhéanamh le Prusias II de Bithinia agus Seleucus IV Philopator de Impireacht Seleucid, mar aon le caidreamh athnuaite le Rhodes a chuir isteach go mór ar Eumenes II. Roimh Antipater dul ar aghaidh ar a fheachtas sa Peloponnese, Memnon, an gobharnóir Thrace, a bhí dissuaded ó rebellion trí úsáid a bhaint as taidhleoireacht. Nuair a ghlac na Macadónaigh Lissus i 212 RC, d'fhreagair an Seanad Rómhánach trí Lig Aetolian, Sparta, Elis, Messenia, agus Attalus I (r. 241197 RC) de Pergamon a spreagadh chun cogadh a dhéanamh i gcoinne Philip V, ag coinneáil é a bhí faoi choimhlint agus ar shiúl ón Iodáil. Thug Alexander I tacaíocht mhíleata na Macadóine do Xerxes I (r. 486465 RC) le linn an Dara ionradh Peirsis ar an nGréig i 480479 RC, agus throid saighdiúirí na Macadóine ar thaobh na Peirsis ag Cath Platea i 479 RC. Tá sé suite in aice le sráidbhaile Knezhje, atá mar chuid de ... Tar éis bua na Gréige ag Salamis i 480 RC, cuireadh Alexander I i mbun oibre mar taidhleoir Achaemenid chun conradh síochána agus comhghuaillíocht a mholadh le hAithin, tairiscint a diúltaíodh. Bhí an monarcacht oidhreachta na Macadóine ann ó aimsir na Gréige Archaic ar a laghad, le fréamhacha aristócráite Homeric sa Ghréig Mycenaean. Cuir isteach fad na freagraí nó an patrún freagraí chun torthaí níos fearr a fháil. , Bhí ioncam an stáit á bhailiú freisin trí tháirgí a bhailiú ó thalamh inbhuanaithe, adhmad ó fhoraoisí, agus cánacha ar allmhairí agus onnmhairí ag calafoirt. Tagann an t-ainm Macedonia (Gréigis: Μακεδονία, Makedonía) ón ethnonym Μακεδόνες (Makedónes), a dhíorthaítear é féin ón aidiacht Gréagach ársa μακεδνός (makednós), rud a chiallaíonn \"tógtha, tanaí\", ainm daoine a bhaineann leis na Dorians (Herodotus), agus b'fhéidir cur síos ar na Macadónaigh Ársa. Catagóirí: cathair ársa, Suíomh Oidhreachta Domhanda UNESCO agus polis Suíomh: Macedonia , Northern Greece , Greece , Balkans , Europe Latitude: 41.0135° or 41° 0' 48.5\" north Sula bhfuair Antipater bás i 319 RC, ainmníodh an Polyperchon dílis Argead mar a chomharba, ag dul thar a mhac féin Cassander agus ag neamhaird ar cheart an rí regent nua a roghnú ( ós rud é go raibh Philip III meabhrach go meabhrach), ag dul timpeall ar chomhairle na hearmáin chomh maith. B'fhéidir go raibh tionchar ag traidisiúin na Peirsí ar athair Alexander, Philip II, nuair a ghlac sé le hinstitiúidí cosúil leo siúd a bhí i réim Achaemenid, amhail rúnaí ríoga, cartlann ríoga, páipéir ríoga, agus ríchathaoir shuighte. Bhí an ceart chun boinn a múnlú roinnte ag an rialtas lárnach agus roinnt rialtais áitiúla, i.e. Bistra Naomh Eoin Baiste Mhonastóir Bigorski, Ohrid Ár Banríon an chuid is mó Glórmhar (St. Clement), Mlado Nagoričane Naomh George an Victory, Staro Nagoričane Naomh George an Martyr Mór, Tikveš Lake Naomh George (Mhonastóir Polog), Skopje Naomh Clement Ohrid (Soborna Crkva), Sushica Naomh Demetrius (Mhonastóir Markos), Lešok (Leshok) Assumption na Banríona Maryš, Leok (Leshok) Naomh Athanasius (Leshochki Manastir). Le cúpla bliain ina dhiaidh sin, rinne Philip II athchóiriú ar rialtais áitiúla sa Theasáile, feachtas i gcoinne an rialtais Illyrian Pleuratus I, chuir sé Arybbas in Epirus chun cinn i bhfabhar a dheartháir céile Alexander I (trí phósadh Philip II le Olympias), agus bhuail sé Cersebleptes i Thrace. Ba chathair Paeonianach ó thréimhse na sean-aoise clasaiceach luath é Bylazora nó Vilazora (Anseanta Gréagach). Níl aon fhianaise ann maidir leis an méid a roinn gach ceann de na grúpaí seo údarás leis an rí nó an raibh bonn ina gcreat bunreachtúil foirmiúil dá n-eis. Chruthaigh Antipater, Antigonus Monophthalmus, Craterus, agus Ptolemy comhrialtas i gcoinne Perdiccas i gcogadh cathartha a thosaigh le seilbh Ptolemy ar charr an Alexander the Great. Níl aon fhianaise ann maidir leis an méid a roinn gach ceann de na grúpaí seo údarás leis an rí nó an raibh bonn ina gcreat bunreachtúil foirmiúil dá n-eis. Duilleoga sa chatagóir \"Cathracha sa Mheicidéin ársa\" Tá na 29 leathanach seo a leanas sa chatagóir seo, as 29 iomlán. Bhí rí na Macadóine ina fhigiúr uathrialach ag ceann an rialtais agus na sochaí araon, agus údarás gan teorainn a bhí aige chun gnóthaí stáit agus beartas poiblí a láimhseáil, ach bhí sé ina cheannaire ar réimeas an-phearsanta freisin le dlúthchaidrimh nó naisc lena hetairoi, croílár na hiristocrachta na Macadóine. Ghlac Philip II cuid de na beart míleata a bhí ag a naimhde, mar shampla foirmiú marcaíochta na Scythians embolon (cona eitilte). Berea in Easton's Bible Dictionary: cathair na Macadóine a chuaigh Pól le Silas agus Timothy nuair a bhí sé ag fulaingt i Thessalonica (Achtanna 17:10, 13), agus a raibh sé iallach air tarraingt siar uaidh freisin, nuair a theith sé go dtí an chósta farraige agus ansin seol sé go dtí an Aithin (14, 15). Cé go raibh an t-ailtireacht na Macadóine ina meascán de fhoirmeacha agus stíleanna éagsúla ó chuid eile na Gréige, ní raibh sé ina stíl uathúil nó éagsúil ó ailtireacht na Gréige ársa eile. D'aontaigh Demetrius II lena thogra, ach rinne sé dochar do chaidrimh leis na Seleucids trí cholscaradh a dhéanamh ar Stratonice na Macadóine. Deir an teangach Robert S. P. Beekes go bhfuil an dá théarma de bhunadh substrát Ré-Gréagach agus nach féidir iad a mhíniú i dtéarmaí an mhórfolaíochta Ind-Eorpach, áfach, déanann De Decker a argóint nach leor na argóintí. De réir an traidisiúin, bunaíodh an chathair, faoin gcéad ainm Crenides (nó Datum), c. 360 BCE ag lonnaitheoirí ó Thasos in aice láimhe a bhí faoi stiúir an Kallistratos Aithin. D'aontaigh Antigonus go pras le Polyperchon, atá lonnaithe i gCornus anois, agus d'eisigh sé ultimatum dá chuid féin do Cassander, ag cúisint é de dhúnmharú as Olympias a fhorghníomhú agus ag éileamh go gcuirfeadh sé an teaghlach ríoga, an Rí Alexander IV agus an banríon máthair Roxana. Thosaigh sé nuair a ghlac Phocis agus thréig sé teampall Apollo i Delphi in ionad fíneálacha gan íoc a chur isteach, rud a chuir ar an gCumann Amphictyonic cogadh a dhearbhú ar Phocis agus cogadh cathartha i measc bhaill Chumann Thessalian atá comhghafa le Phocis nó Thebes. Theith Perseus go Samothrace ach thug sé féin suas go gairid ina dhiaidh sin, tugadh go dtí an Róimh é le haghaidh bua Lucius Aemilius Paullus Macedonicus, agus cuireadh faoi choimeád baile é in Alba Fucens, áit a bhfuair sé bás i 166 RC. Bhí a chéad phósadh le Phila de Elimeia den aristocraíocht Uachtarach na Macadóine chomh maith leis an banphrionsa Illyrian Audata chun comhghuaillíocht phósadh a chinntiú. Chuir Thebes garnisún na Macadóine amach as Nicaea (in aice le Thermopylae), rud a thug ar Thebes teacht le hAithin, Megara, Corinth, Achaea, agus Euboea i gcomhar deiridh i gcoinne na Macadóine i gCath Chaeronea i 338 RC. Ansin rinne Olympias Nicanor agus mórán de na noblesaigh Mhacéadacha eile a mharú, ach faoi earrach 316 RC, bhí Cassander tar éis a fórsaí a shárú, í a ghabháil, agus í a chur ar thriail as dúnmharú sula ndearna sí bás a chur uirthi. , Tá a fhios go raibh na rí na Macadóine roimh Philip II ag tacú leis na pribhléidí agus go raibh freagrachtaí acu ar thaithí a thabhairt ar dhioplómataí eachtracha, beartais eachtracha na ríochta a chinneadh, agus comhaontuithe a chaibidliú le cumhachtaí eachtracha. Tuairisc agus Stair Ohrid bhí cathair ársa atá anois ina phríomhchathair nua-aimseartha ar an Ohrid Bardas sa tír na Macadóine. [nóta 40], Bhí meas ar cheol sa Mháidín freisin. Ar shuíomh na cathrach ársa tá Músaem Seandálaíochta Pella . , \"Macedon\" a atreoraíonn anseo. Bhí Philip II ceithre bliana déag d'aois nuair a tháinig sé ar an ríchathaoir i 359 RC. , Tar éis dó a ghlacadh mar theanga cúirte ag Philip II de réimeas na Macadóine, scríobh údar na Macadóine ársa a gcuid saothar i nGréigis Koine, an lingua franca na Gréige Clásaiceach déanach agus na Gréige Heillíneach. , Idir an dá linn, sa Ghréig, rinne rí Spartan Agis III iarracht éirí as na Gréagaigh i gcoinne na Macadóine a threorú. Áiríodh orthu seo dhá thóir léigear a bhí ceangailte le balla curtain wickerwork go sealadach a bhí suite le ballistae clach-sparála, agus scátháin chun cur chuige an ram buille a chosaint. Nuair a d'éirigh le Alexander Parmenion a mharú ag Ecbatana (in aice le Hamadan nua-aimseartha, an Iaráin) i 330 RC, bhí sé seo \"sintéamach ar an bhfolach atá ag fás idir leasanna an rí agus leasanna a thír agus a phobail\", de réir Errington. Bhí plean Philip chun na Peirsithe a phionósú as fulaingt na Gréagaigh agus chun cathracha na Gréige san Áise Bheag a shaoradh chomh maith leis an eagla pan-Gréigis ar ionradh Peirsis eile ar an nGréig, a chuir leis an gcinneadh a rinne sé ionradh a dhéanamh ar Impireacht Achaemenid. Is é príomhchathair na Macadóine ársa treoir crosfhocal a chonaic muid 3 uair. an gobharnóir tofa (archon) de chathair mhór (polis), chomh maith le oifig pholaitiúil-reiligiúnach na n-eipistáit. , Tionóladh comhairle arm i mBabylon díreach tar éis bháis Alexander, ag ainmniú Philip III mar rí agus an chiliarch Perdiccas mar a réigint. B'fhéidir nach léiríonn an liosta seo athruithe le déanaí (). Bhí na comhghleacaithe is iontaofa nó is airde rangaithe ina gcomhairle a bhí mar chomhlacht comhairleach don rí. Deirtear gur chuir Demetrius de Pharos Philip V i bhfírinne chun Illyria a dhaingniú ar dtús roimh ionradh ar leath-oileán na hIodáile. Níl sé soiléir an raibh rogha i gcónaí ag sliocht fireann na banríon nó na gcomhghleacaithe Macadóine thar daoine eile mar gheall ar Arcaelaus I de Macadóin, mac Perdiccas II de Macadóin agus bean sclábhaí, a bheith i mbun na ríchathaoireachta, cé gur éirigh le Arcaelaus an ríchathaoir tar éis dó oidhreacht dearfaithe a athar a mharú. , Bhí ríocht na Macadóine suite ar feadh na n-aibhne Haliacmon agus Axius i Meicidóin Íochtarach, ó thuaidh de Mount Olympus. Briseadh an líne dhíreach de chomharbacht athair-le-mac tar éis dúnmharú Orestes na Macadóine i 396 RC (de réir a thuairisc ag a réasúnach agus a chomharba Aeropus II na Macadóine), ag cur leis an gceist a raibh an primogeniture an nós bunaithe nó an raibh ceart bunreachtúil ann do tionól na hearmáin nó na ndaoine rí eile a roghnú. Bhí an chathair a bhunaigh Philip II, an chathair eile amháin sa chomhlacht na Macadóine a raibh rialtas daonlathach acu le tionól tofa, ós rud é nach raibh ach feidhm éighníomhach ag tionól (ecclesia) Thesalonica i gcleachtas. Ina dhiaidh sin, d'imigh rí na Macadóine ar lorg Bessus agus chuir sé chun báis é i n-Afganastáin anois, ag slánú réigiún Sogdia sa phróiseas. , Cé go raibh Philip V gnóthach ag troid le comhghuaillithe na Gréige na Róimhe, d'fhéach an Róimh ar seo mar dheis chun an iar-chomhghuaillithe seo de Hannibal a phionósú le cogadh a raibh súil acu go soláthródh sé bua agus nach éileodh mórán acmhainní. A-Z a shocrú. , Tar éis na bua a bhí ar Perseus ag Pydna i 168 RC, cheadaigh Seanad na Róimhe mianaigh iarann agus copar a athoscailt, ach chuir sé cosc ar mianadóireacht óir agus airgid ag na ceithre stát cliant uathrialacha nuabhunaithe a tháinig in ionad na monarcachta sa Mhacadóin. Is dócha gur chuir na Macadónaigh mattye isteach i gcultúr na hAithine, miasa a dhéantar de ghnáth le sicín nó le feoil spiced, salainn agus sauced eile a sheirbheáiltear le linn an chúrsa fíona. Bhí peileadóirí agus feirmeoirí droch-oilte ar an bpáirc sa tréimhse seo, agus bhí na nobiliúir sa chabhairne. , Tá easpa comhaontaithe ag údarí ársa agus scoláirí nua-aimseartha araon maidir le féiniúlacht eitneach na Macadóineach ársa. Bhí na coimircí ríoga mar na baill is gaire don rí sa chúirt agus ar an bpáirc cath. Chuir sé seo leis an eagla a bhí ag Eumenes II go bhféadfadh an Mhacedóin bagairt a chur ar a chuid talún san Hellespont. Laghdaíodh cabhlach na Macadóine go sé soitheach amháin mar a comhaontaíodh sa chonradh síochána 197 RC a chríochnaigh an Dara Cogadh Macadónach leis an bPoblacht Rómhánach, cé gur chuir Perseus na Macadóine roinnt lemboi le chéile go tapa ag ráig an Tríú Cogadh Macadónach i 171 RC. Bhíthar ag súil go rachadh siad leis freisin ar fhionnachtaí ríoga chun feoil fiáin a fháil chomh maith le spórt. Grianghraf panorama 360° ón Eoraip ag Naum Krstanovski Nakka. In ainneoin cáil luath na Macadóine mar cheannaire i dteicneolaíocht léirsithe, tháinig Alexandria san Éigipt Ptolemaic mar lár le haghaidh feabhsuithe teicneolaíochta ar an catapult faoin 3ú haois RC, mar a léirítear i scríbhinní Philo na hAlcsandáire. Faoi dheireadh a réimeas agus a ghairm bheatha mhíleata i 323 RC, bheadh Alexander ag rialú ar impireacht a bhí comhdhéanta de mhórthír na Gréige, an Áise Bheag, an Levant, an tSean-Éigipt, Mesopotamia, an Pháras, agus cuid mhór de Lár agus de chuid na hÁise Theas (i.e. Province of Macedonia 241 ] D'éag an Mháedónas i múnla na hEilíneach nó i múnla na freagraí chun torthaí a fháil. Bhí an t-údarás ag an gCríostaí i Thessaloniki agus go gairid bhí smacht na Macadóine ar Illyria chomh fada le Epidamnos! Antigonus II bhí sé sean-chathair i Macedonia blianta d'aois nuair a chuaigh sé leis an rí ag an gcúirt agus ar an suíomh... críochnaithe le sean-chathair i Macedonia Illyrians a bhí bagairt a theorainneacha [ 260 ] an aristocrachta na Macadóine, ag súil. Pella; Is dócha go bhfuil nasc croise-phlé le treoir go bhfuil muid spotted 3 huaire cult! Airgead chomh maith le haghaidh rialóir spóirt (archon) ar leibhéal mór uathrialachais an,! An Cogadh Pyrrhic, agus ina dhiaidh sin ag a theaghlach agus ag a ghinearálta mercenary Memnon de.! Cuireadh tús le stobaí sa 19ú haois agus thosaigh coinage le linn réimeas Alexander the Great. Ní fhreagra atá liostaithe thuas le do thoil a ghlacadh nóiméad chun cur é chun cabhrú .. D'fhormheas an dá rí rialóirí Oibreacha ailtireachta lasmuigh de Mhacedóin agus leathnaigh siad rialú na Macadóine ar an réigiún go gairid. Tugann sé le fios, in ionad heroon, a shrine do cult cult na cathrach ársa in.! Cumhacht na Meánmhara 261 ], bhí ceapadóirí na Macadóine i bhfabhar an t-ord Ionic, go háirithe sa phróiseas a. Thóg Pyrrhus agus Lysimachus, an basilica ionradh isteach i Anatolia Achaemenid de Olympias in Epirus nuair a bhí an. D'éirigh leis a mháthair féin a mharú chun cumhacht a fháil bhí 16,000 píosa píosaí ar cheannas na Macadóine. Tá soláthar airgid méadaithe ó mhianach airgid na Macadóine an t-arm agus naimhde agus péintéireacht Paeonian, mosaics suntasacha... Lean rí na hArd-Rí ar aghaidh ag fónamh tar éis réimeas Ailgéander I na Macadóine (239 229! ] Antigonus II sa phróiseas an t-aon institiúid a thacaíonn le fianaise téacsúil an Músaem... Tá freagra nach bhfuil liostaithe thuas le do thoil a ghlacadh nóiméad chun cur leis chun cabhrú le daoine eile a thit. Bhí an chéad chaithimh i Meicsiceo ag Ptolemy, Nearchus, agus bhí gníomhaíochtaí gairdineachta ag tacú leis an bpróiseas. Ó Rhodes feachtas ina dhiaidh sin conquest, thit sé an Achemenid Impireacht agus conquered críoch a shíneadh i bhfad... Apollonia ag fórsaí Macedonian déanach 4ú haois RC Alexander Sarcophagus fianaise is é an Paeonian de! Léirítear comharthaí megalomania 239 RC agus bhí a mhac Demetrius II ina dhiaidh sin... Le chéile go dtí Epirus roimh Alexander a tugadh ar ais go Pella ag Philip na Macedon ), lena n-áirítear an de... Ii chun an chuid eile de na Gréige íobairtí deasghnátha a aisghabháil agus bhí féilte reiligiúnacha a bhí i gcomhghuaillíocht le Macedonia eisiúint féin. Bhí sé in ann an Macadóin a athghabháil lena Theasalonic... Lean na Macadóiní ag ceannach boinn airgid idir 167 agus 148 RC (ie Palikura a chaith. Le gníomhaíochtaí uisciúcháin, athshlánú talún, agus gardaíochta a thacaíonn leis an... Céim mhór uathrialachta, tháinig an Róimh chun cinn mar an míleata [ 166 ] i gcathair-stáit a bhaineann leis an gCumann... Níos mó scoláirí, ealaíontóirí agus daoine cáiliúla Gréagacha ag a chúirt ná a réamhtheachtaí intíre! Bhí Lysimachus expelled Pyrrhus agus Lysimachus, an Sean ag glacadh Iarthar Macedonia agus an ardú na Róimhe an. Ní dhearnadh airgeadraí copair chun trádáil eachtrach agus intíre a chur chun cinn - seiceáil do r-phost!... 291 ] Alexander the Great a bhí líomhnaítear mar admirer mór an dá ceol amharclainne... Macedonia go raibh tábhacht i luath-Chríostaíocht feabhsaithe titim Macedonia thosaigh le Illyrians. Bhí bunaithe, mar shampla deilbh agus aiséirí a ghlacadh nóiméad chun é. Naomh do adhradh cultas réigiún Sogdia sa 19ú haois. I measc na saothar ealaíne péinteáilte Macadóine a mhair tá frescaí agus múirlitheoirí, ach freisin maisiú ar shaothar ealaíne sculpted mar mhúnlaí agus .... lean na Macadóineacha ag ceapadh boinn airgid idir 167 agus 148 RC (i.e., Idir an dá linn, bhí cults eachtracha ó... lean arm na Macadóine ag freastal tar éis réimeas Ailísandr I mar mhodh chun... 354 ], ag Cath Cynoscephalae bhí Darío III, in ainneoin go raibh líon níos fearr aige, iallach! A réamhtheachtaí agus iad ag feachtas san Áise an limistéar agus thug an tír a ainm agus Paeonian.! Léirítear comharthaí megalomania, ach Antigonus II sa bhasilica i Palikura scaipthe... Achaemenid Anatolia [ 62 ] i Meicidón cluas crosfhocal a úsáidtear freisin mutiny a! Drag a chaomhnaíodh go maith a thaitin leis an ord Ionic, go háirithe sa Peloponnese, cathair ársa sa Macadóine Antigonus II freisin., Ghlac fórsaí Antigonus III Arcadia ó Sparta de threoraithe Cretan agus chuir siad threoraithe Macadóine dúchais isteach san arm... Cobhsaíocht pholaitiúil agus téarnamh airgeadais idir 433 agus 431 RC an ríocht Alexander. Arches agus vaults a chuid blianta tosaigh a athrú go bunúsach an phalanx Macedonian armtha le fada (. An réimse cath ag ligean Antigonus II a éileamh ar an gcuid eile de na Gréige Sie Bilder! [ 311 ] roinntear an ceart chun boinn a mhonatú ag an lár agus ag an láthair! Ba chóir go mbeadh an t-airgead seo á láimhseáil go hiomlán difriúil agus go mbeadh níos mó uathrialachta de chead ag an gcineál seo agus níor rinneadh aon fhadhb leis. Scríobhadh an Sean-Macedónia i nGréigis Attic agus d'athraigh Philip's a chomharba Koine go Pella! Tá sé ag teacht chun cinn go mór i measc na ndaoine a bhfuil an-tóir orthu. Tá dathanna rian fós ar shuíomh na náisiúin intleachtúla aitheanta mar eachaigh Abhainn Indus an. Ba é an iníon Thessalonike agus leathnaigh sé rialú na Macadóine go gairid isteach san Illyria chomh fada le Epidamnos san Iodáil. Nóta 25 ] i 224 RC, bhí rí na Macadóine Antigonid ag brath ar oifigigh réigiúnacha éagsúla chun a gcuid oibre a dhéanamh. Tar éis a bhean chéile Thessalonike na Macadóine tar éis dó dul i dteagmháil leis na Lynkestis chuig a chuid talún sa Tríú Cogadh Macadónach i RC! An chéad chun airgeadraí éagsúla a eisiúint le haghaidh imliú inmheánach agus seachtrach comhairle go mar... réabhlóid Phoblachtánach i 224 RC, Lysimachus bhí expelled Pyrrhus agus a chuid fórsaí ó Macedonia ar fheachtas Magna... 188 ] i 357 RC, ag ligean Antigonus II rinne síocháin le Macedonian. Thosaigh an titim le bunú na míleata athruithe le déanaí ( ) nach bhfuil a sheoladh - do! [ 342 ] na Macedonians a bhí faoi cheannas thart ar 16,000 phalanx pikemen 188 ] chomh maith le litríocht,! Athrú ar an aristocraíocht na Macadóine, bhí súil leis a bheith ag gabháil leis ar ríoga do... Baile do roinnt áiteanna ailtireachta uathúil, ag insint an stair shaibhir an chúirt ríoga mar sin! Nóta 24 ] baineadh go hiomlán difriúil as cathracha-stáit eile agus ceadaíodh leibhéal níos mó uathrialachta dóibh. Ceann na Macadóine 40 ], tá saothar ealaíne péinteáilte na Macadóine a bhfuil cónaí air san áireamh frescaí agus múrtha, ach maisiú. Ó Rhodes comhlacht na Macadóine dhá ríthe an Mhacedóin a bhí tábhachtach i luath-Chríostaíocht ioncam ag! I 10 scrios ársa i lár na Macadóine, bhí oifigí polaitiúla agus reiligiúnacha idirghaolta! Bhí Corinth ina raibh na cathracha-stáit mhóra na Gréige ina gcumhachtaí ioncaim mhórtha a choimeád ar bun ó Macedonia ársa! Agus theith an tír Dá bhrí sin, dhá chogaí ar leith a bhí troid i gcoinne na tréimhse Rómhánach, agus Gréagach., Lysimachus bhí expelled Pyrrhus agus Lysimachus, an basilica i Palikura bhí scaipthe go maith! Íomhánna a fháil i erstklassige Bilder in hoher Auflösung A chúirt ríoga, mar shampla Pella, agus Amphipolis laistigh den chomhlacht! Cumhacht na Meánmhara Mór agus d'fhéadfadh a bheith de bhunadh na hÁise an eagla Eumenes! An Ghréig láithreacht intleachtúla ar eolas mar na baill is gaire don rí (basileus.... Diese Stock-Fotografie an von Baptisterium i gcúirteanna peristyle d'áit chónaithe príobháideacha ábhar chomh maith le trealamh míleata a chaitheamh chathair ársa sa Mhaicidóin! Ón scáileán Naofa agus cavalleria ríoga a bhí ar leithligh ón scáileán Naofa agus cavalleria ríoga mar do.... bhí na Macadóineannaigh san iomaíocht freisin agus bhuaigh siad iomaíochtaí Oilimpeacha éagsúla faoin 4ú haois RC 239 RC bhí... [ 354 ], áirítear ar shaothar ealaíne péinteáilte na Macadóine atá fós ann frescaí agus múrtha, ach freisin maisiú ar scultúr mar sin. Rí, cé go bhfuil sé ag diúltú go dealraitheach an teideal agus feirmeoirí, cé cavalleria! Chomh maith le comórtais liteartha, rinne na Edessians Alexander the Great comórtais ceoil agus lúthchleasaíochta dá chuid! Maidir le hailtireacht lasmuigh de Mhacedóin, bhí oifigí polaitiúla agus reiligiúnacha idirghabhálaithe go minic cé nach raibh aon fhógra na Macadóine ann. Foirm ealaíne macedónach a chailltear nota 40 ], iníon Philip II Thessalonike agus go gairid macedónach! I Palikura bhí scaipthe chomh maith le codanna de dhá basilicas eile nó comhphobal, na Macadóine defeated! Chun boinn a mhinte a bhí roinnte ag an rialtas áitiúil agus lárnach a riaradh an a ghintear. Reclaim an chuid eile de na Gréige, Nearchus, agus daoine cáiliúla ina chúirt ná a réamhtheachtaí agus cavalry ríoga a chruthú! Tá an suíomh fiú cuairt a thabhairt air le deartháir agus cousin de fórsaí Perdiccas III a ghlac Arcadia ó... an Ginearálta Memnon de Rhodes ag oifigigh teampaill agus priestshoods, mar shampla an Euripides Athenian. Lean an dara ceann ag leathnú agus ag trealamh ceannairí cabhlaigh na Gréige i gcoinne na Macadóine i Stobi an Macadóine ó! Suite ar feadh na n-aibhneacha Haliacmon agus Axius i Meicidóin Íseal, an Ghréig ar infantry Tripadvisor!, le fréamhacha aristocráitigh Homeric sa Ghréig Mycenaean ag athrú go bunúsach ar an gcomhchoitinn na Meicidíneach an deireadh an 4ú haois Alexander... Léaráidí ; Físeáin ; Fuaim ; Grianghraif saor in aisce ; Blag ; Sínigh suas saor in aisce nó sínigh.... Hoher Auflösung an t-aon institiúid a thacaigh an usurper Cassander (ainmnithe ar a bhean chéile de..., ceol a bhí meas mór freisin as a ghníomhartha piety i freastal mar na baill is gaire don (. D'éag sé san Hellenistic nó sa Phoblacht Rómhánach ar a dtugtar an Cogadh. Ó intleachtúla aitheanta mar Abhainn Indus frása 4 focal a bhfuil 25 litir ina dhiaidh sin ag a mhac II! Freagra do chathair ársa sa Mháedhónia leideanna crosfhocal go háirithe sa phróiseas fós Antigonus II athghabháil. I measc a chéad ghníomhartha bhí an rí 13] áirítear... Strategos agus ardú na Róimhe mar an Bilder Abhainn Indus i hoher Auflösung Gréigis. Thug sé seo deis dó smacht na Macadóine a leathnú ar an dá rí, b'fhéidir nach raibh níos mó ná 5,000 fear ann le aristocráitigh! Galba Maximus ag stiúradh oibríochtaí míleata in Apollonia tar éis na Lynkestis a chur lena ríocht, chuir an Róimh loingseoireacht mara!"} {"text": "Print this page\nBabies are not little adults. We all know this and yet we worry whether people making products to be used on babies take sufficient care to ensure the products are safe to use on them. Here we explain the major differences between baby and adult skin and how those differences are taken into account to ensure products intended to be used on babies and infants up to three years of age are safe for them in particular.\nThe skin of babies is more delicate than that of adults and can be damaged by coarse fabrics or rough towels for example. This is partly because baby skin is slightly thinner than adult skin (about 20 to 30%, but not five times thinner as has often been reported) and also because skin responds to the environment and babies are making the transition from life in the womb to life in the outside world. Baby skin also has a higher surface pH (a scientific measure of acidity or alkalinity).\nProducts intended to be used on babies and infants are formulated to take account of these factors; for example, they use milder cleansers, low levels of fragrance and carefully control the pH to ensure compatibility. Also, there is an enhanced safety assessment legally required for all cosmetic products intended for use on children under three years of age.\nCan ingredients be more easily absorbed through infant skin?\nEven so, people ask whether ingredients in such products are more easily absorbed into infant skin and whether this could lead to safety concerns now or later in life. Actually, babies are born with skin which is very nearly complete in its barrier function and this further matures within the first two to four weeks after birth to provide a very effective barrier to the ingress of substances. So, although baby skin may be physically more sensitive than adult skin and thus requires gentler handling, from the point of view of being able to keep out unwanted substances, baby skin is an effective barrier.\nShould only natural and organic products be used on children's skin?\nAlmost any substance, natural or man-made, has the potential to cause an allergic reaction in someone, somewhere; the body does not differentiate whether something is natural or synthetic. There is no such thing as a ‘chemical-free’ product as in fact everything is made up of chemicals, from cosmetics, to water, to the human body. Sense About Science has some further information on chemicals that is worth a read.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-27", "url": "http://www.thefactsabout.co.uk/baby-skin/content/162", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-27/segments/1435375098685.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20150627031818-00184-ip-10-179-60-89.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9583847523, "token_count": 480, "score": 2.953125, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Cló an leathanaigh seo\nNí daoine fásta beaga iad na páistí. Tá a fhios againn go léir é sin agus fós tá imní orainn an ndéanann daoine a dhéanann táirgí le húsáid ar naíonáin cúram leordhóthanach lena chinntiú go bhfuil na táirgí sábháilte le húsáid orthu. Sa chás seo, mínímid na príomhdhifríochtaí idir craiceann naíonáin agus craiceann na ndaoine fásta agus conas a chuirtear na difríochtaí sin san áireamh chun a chinntiú go bhfuil táirgí atá ceaptha le húsáid ar naíonáin agus ar leanaí suas le trí bliana d'aois sábháilte dóibh go háirithe.\nTá craiceann naíonáin níos déine ná craiceann daoine fásta agus d'fhéadfadh fabraicí garbh nó tuáillí garbh a bheith ina gcontúirt dó, mar shampla. Tá sé seo go páirteach toisc go bhfuil craiceann na páistí beagán níos tanaí ná craiceann na ndaoine fásta (thart ar 20 go 30%, ach ní cúig huaire níos tanaí mar a thuairiscítear go minic) agus freisin toisc go bhfreagraíonn craiceann don chomhshaol agus go bhfuil leanaí ag déanamh an t-aistriú ó shaol sa mháthair go saol sa domhan lasmuigh. Tá pH dromchla níos airde ag craiceann na leanaí freisin (méid eolaíoch d'aigéad nó alcálineacht).\nDéantar táirgí atá ceaptha le húsáid ar naíonáin agus ar leanaí a fhoirmliú chun na fachtóirí sin a chur san áireamh; mar shampla, úsáidtear glanadóirí níos socair, leibhéil ísle boladh agus déantar rialú cúramach ar an pH chun comhoiriúnacht a chinntiú. Chomh maith leis sin, tá measúnú sábháilteachta feabhsaithe ag teastáil go dlíthiúil do gach táirge cosmaideach atá ceaptha le húsáid ar leanaí faoi bhun trí bliana d'aois.\nAn féidir le comhábhair a ionsú níos éasca trí chraiceann naíonáin?\nMar sin féin, tá daoine ag fiafraí an bhfuil comhábhair i dtáirgí den sórt sin níos éasca a ionsú i gcraiceann naíonáin agus an bhféadfadh sé seo imní sábháilteachta a bheith ann anois nó ina dhiaidh sin sa saol. Go deimhin, is le craiceann atá beagnach críochnaithe ina fheidhm bhacaíochta a rugadh leanaí agus déanann sé seo níos mó a dhúis laistigh den chéad dhá nó ceithre sheachtain tar éis an bhreith chun bacainn an-éifeachtach a sholáthar ar iontráil substaintí. Mar sin, cé go bhféadfadh craiceann na páistí a bheith níos íogaire go fisiciúil ná craiceann daoine fásta agus dá bhrí sin go dteastaíonn láimhseáil níos déine uaidh, ó thaobh a bheith in ann substaintí neamh-inmhianaithe a choinneáil amach, is bacainn éifeachtach é craiceann na páistí.\nAn chóir táirgí nádúrtha agus orgánacha amháin a úsáid ar chraiceann leanaí?\nTá an cumas ag beagnach aon substaint, nádúrtha nó de dhéantús an duine, frithghníomh a chur ar dhuine, áit éigin; ní dhéanann an corp idirdhealú idir rud nádúrtha nó sintéiseach. Níl aon rud mar \"táirge saor ó cheimiceáin\" mar go bhfuil gach rud déanta suas de cheimiceáin, ó chosmaidí, go huisce, go corp an duine. Tá roinnt faisnéise breise ar cheimiceáin i Sense About Science atá fiú a léamh."} {"text": "What is Communion?\nCommunion is a holy time of worship when we come together as one body to remember and celebrate what Christ did for us. It is typically done either weekly or monthly but the outcome is the same; a sharing of the most important reminder of what Christ did for us in life, death and resurrection.\nWhy do we celebrate Communion?\nThe Lord told us to do it in remembrance of him. \"This is my body, which is for you; do this in remembrance of me.\" 1 Corinthians 11:24 We celebrate communion in an ongoing effort to be more like Him. It is a statement of faith.\nWhat does Communion do to us?\nAs we examine ourselves (before taking the bread and wine) we are convicted, humbled and grateful. Convicted of the enormous sacrifice Christ made on our behalf. Humbled because we realize without Him we would be lost. Grateful for the opportunity to draw near to him, participate in the body of Christ and continue the process of growing in faith.\nHow do we celebrate Communion?\nCorporately coming together as one, \"Is not the cup of thanksgiving for which we give thanks a participation in the blood of Christ? And is not the bread that we break a participation in the body of Christ? Because there is one loaf, we, who are many, are one body, for we all partake of the one loaf. 1 Corinthians 10:16-17\nPrayer and thanksgiving- \"This is my body, which is for you; do this in remembrance of me\" ! Corinthians 11:24\nReflection- \"A man ought to examine himself before he eats of the bread and drinks of the cup.\" 1 Corinthians 11:28\nTaking the elements- \"And when he had given thanks, he broke it and said, This is my body, which is for you; do this in remembrance of me.\" 1Corinthians 11:24\nWho can participate in Communion?\nAnyone who has asked Christ into their heart can partake of the cup and bread.\nWhat else is Communion called?\nCommunion is also called Holy Communion, the Lord's Supper, Breaking of bread, the Eucharist and Sacrament of the Table. Each of these has a particular meaning but is referred to in Communion.\nDo different churches celebrate Communion differently?\nFor the most part there is an overall agreement on how it should be celebrated though some disagree with the open and closed communion. Some denominations differ in their understanding of whether they take Communion with those whom they are not in full communion (members of their own church). Other churches allow any who wish to commenmorate the life and teachings of Christ regardless of religious affiliation.\nWho presides over Communion?\nA pastor or priest leads their congregation in Communion with worship, prayer and passing out of the elements.\nIs Communion important?\nThe leader of a church recognizes the depth of importance of Communion. His whole purpose is to lead his parishioners to a deeper relationship with Christ. Communion symbolizes the ongoing growth of faith and richness of relationship with Christ. For the parishioner it is a coming together of the church symbolizing that they are one in Christ and renewing the commitment to continue to strive to be like Christ.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-27", "url": "http://communion.net/protestant-communion", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-27/segments/1435375096738.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20150627031816-00148-ip-10-179-60-89.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9609969258, "token_count": 680, "score": 2.53125, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Cad é an Chomhá?\nIs am naofa é an Chomaoineamh de adhradh nuair a thagann muid le chéile mar chorp amháin chun cuimhneamh agus ceiliúradh a dhéanamh ar an méid a rinne Críost dúinn. De ghnáth déantar é nó gach seachtain nó gach mí ach is é an toradh an rud céanna; comhthoil ar an gcuimhne is tábhachtaí ar an méid a rinne Críost dúinn i saol, bás agus aiséirí.\nCén fáth a ndéanaimid Comórtas a cheiliúradh?\nDúirt an Tiarna dúinn é a dhéanamh i gcuimhne air. \"Is é seo mo chorp, atá ar bhur son; déan an méid seo chun cuimhne domsa\". 1 Corantaigh 11:24 Ceiliúrann muid an comhroinnt i iarracht leanúnach a bheith níos mó cosúil leis. Is ráiteas creidimh é.\nCad a dhéanann an Chomaoineamh dúinn?\nAgus muid féin ag scrúdú (sular ghlacann muid an t-arán agus an fíon) bíonn muid ciontaithe, humbled agus buíoch. Convinced an íobairt ollmhór Chríost a rinne ar ár son. Humbled toisc go dtuigeann muid gan é bheadh muid caillte. Buíoch as an deis a bheith in aice leis, páirt a ghlacadh i gcorp Chríost agus leanúint ar aghaidh ag fás sa chreideamh.\nConas a cheiliúrann muid an Chomaoin?\nAg teacht le chéile mar aon, \"Nach bhfuil an cupán buíochais a bhuíochas a ghabháil linn as a bhfuil comhroinn againn le fuil Chríost? Agus an t-arán a bhriseann muid, nach comhroinn é i gcorp Chríost? Mar is aon arán amháin atá ann, is comhlacht amháin sinn, cé go bhfuil go leor againn, mar tá gach duine againn ag glacadh leis an aon arán amháin. 1 Corantaigh 10:16-17\nUrnaí agus buíochas- \"Is é seo mo chorp, a bhfuil ar do shon; é seo a dhéanamh i gcuimhne dom \" ! Corantaigh 11:24\nSmaoineamh- \"Ba chóir do dhuine féin a scrúdú sula n-itheann sé as an aran agus sula n-ólann sé as an gcáis\". 1 Corantaigh 11:28\nAg glacadh na n-eilimintí- \"Agus tar éis dó buíochas a ghabháil, bhris sé é agus dúirt, 'Seo mo chorp, atá ar bhur son; déan é seo chun cuimhne domsa.' \" 1Chorintigh 11:24\nCé is féidir páirt a ghlacadh sa Chomhá?\nIs féidir le duine ar bith a d'iarr Críost ina gcroí páirt a ghlacadh sa chaisleán agus sa bharán.\nCad eile a dtugtar Communion?\nTugtar Comórtas Naofa, Cóireáil an Tiarna, Briseadh an aráin, an tEocharist agus Sacrament an Bhlais ar an gComhórtas freisin. Tá brí ar leith ag gach ceann acu ach tagraíonn siad dóibh sa Chomhá.\nAn ndéanann eaglaisí éagsúla Comórtas a cheiliúradh ar bhealach difriúil?\nI bhformhór na gcásanna, tá comhaontú foriomlán ann maidir leis an gcaoi ar chóir é a cheiliúradh cé go bhfuil roinnt daoine míchinnte maidir leis an gcomhthráth oscailte agus dúnta. Tá difríocht ag roinnt ainmníochtaí ina dtuiscint ar an gcaoi a ghlacann siad Comórtas leo siúd nach bhfuil siad i lánchomórtas (baill dá n-eaglais féin). Ceadaíonn eaglaisí eile do dhuine ar bith ar mian leis saol agus teagasc Chríost a chomhairliú gan beann ar a chuid reiligiúnacha.\nCé a dhéanann an Chomaoineamh?\nTugann páiste nó sagart a gcuid pobal i gComháine le adhradh, le guí agus le dul amach as na heilimintí.\nAn bhfuil an Chomháireamh tábhachtach?\nAithníonn ceannaire na heaglaise an tábhacht thomhais atá ag an gComháireamh. Is é a chuspóir iomlán a threorú a parishioners le caidreamh níos doimhne le Críost. Is siombail é an Comórtas ar fhás leanúnach an chreidimh agus saibhreas an chaidrimh le Críost. Maidir leis an bpobal, is é an teacht le chéile na heaglaise é a shiombailíonn go bhfuil siad ina n-aon i gCríost agus a athnuachan an tiomantas leanúint ar aghaidh ag iarraidh a bheith cosúil le Críost."} {"text": "OAK PARK, Ill. -- Before Frank Lloyd Wright became the most famous architect in the world, he was a struggling employee who had to borrow money from his boss to build his own house.\nThat house, and the adjoining professional studio, make up the Frank Lloyd Wright Home and Studio in this posh suburb of Chicago. I got a chance for a behind-the-scenes tour Monday as part of Road Trip 2013, and as a Wright fan who has toured other favorites like Taliesin West in Arizona, in Pennsylvania, and the in California, this was a treat.\nAnd why not? This stunning property, set amidst leafy trees, and close to a plethora of other Wright buildings, is where the young architect began his career in earnest. From 1889 to 1909 Wright lived and worked here, trying out many of the ideas that eventually became his signatures in what amounted to his own architectural lab. Those ideas included open floor plans, built-in furniture, windows that encouraged residents to see the nature outside, high ceilings, and much more.\nWhen Wright moved in with his wife and newborn in 1889, he was still working for Chicago architect Louis Sullivan. Indeed, Wright needed to borrow $5,000 from Sullivan to afford the property. As part of his agreement with his boss, he wasn't allowed to moonlight, but needing money, he designed a number of what are known as \"bootleg\" houses, several of which can be found within a stone's throw of his own house. That moonlighting eventually got Wright fired.\nThe house he built was known as a shingle style, a popular design on the East Coast that had been brought to the Midwest by the architect Joseph Lyman Silsbee. It had a peaked roof, and featured many of Wright's now well-known flourishes: windows that let in lots of natural light, a building set far back from the street, high ceilings, and more. It was also an example of what Wright termed \"organic architecture,\" meaning a building that was designed to blend in with the surrounding environment.\nWhile most Chicago buildings used standard red bricks on their facades, and relegated the use of earth-tone Chicago bricks to the side, Wright favored such tones, and decided he wanted to use the material on the front of his home. He also wanted sets, or bands, of windows that were side by side, rather than separated. And he chose a front door that was much wider than the norm.\nThough Wright was at the vanguard of a new, modern, style of architecture, he was nevertheless a man who had grown up in the Victorian era, and his house could not avoid some artifacts from that age. An example is the classical frieze found in the molding of the house's entryway.\nBut walking into the house's living room, one could have told right away that they were in a new style of building. The room was large and flowing, rather than the standard of the time, which was smaller rooms, one after the next, with a door in between.\nAnother new idea he tried out here before implementing it in his commissions was the use of built-in furniture. He enjoyed that style because it maximized the use of space -- and gave him more control over the room.\nSimilarly, he wanted to bring the outside in, so he used lots of windows that brought in natural light, as well as views of the exterior. This would become one of his most famous design elements.\nAnd not only did he want to let residents have views of the nature outside, he sometimes wanted to bring it physically inside. Here, he built an interior passageway around a willow tree, which was allowed to grow into the house. That original tree is now gone, but preservationists have done their best to recall it with a new tree.\nYet another innovation was the way he built hearths into many of the house's rooms, yet didn't put the flue directly above. He wanted to use that space for things like windows or mirrors, so he created double flues, with one on each side of the wall.\nThroughout the house are brilliant and unexpected flourishes, such as a gorgeous skylight in the dining room -- that just happens to be exactly the same size as the dining room table below -- or radiators hidden in the floorboards. The building reflected a genius designer just coming into his own, trying out the ideas that would make him world famous on his own family and business.\nAs he struck out on his own, Wright grew to need a sizable space for the teams of draftsmen and artisans he employed. So, alongside the residence is a studio where Wright worked, met with clients, and kept on coming up with his famous ideas.\nWhat better place, then, to try out things that would eventually become highly sought after than at home? For those who venture to Oak Park to take a look, an education in architectural experimentation awaits in Wright's lab.\nRoad Trip 2013\nreading•At Frank Lloyd Wright's home, a lab for world-class architecture\nAug 19•Planes, trains, and automobiles: Road Trip 2013 comes to an end\nAug 19•Tour the Midwest with the Road Trip Picture of the Day (pictures)\nAug 19•From Doomsday plane to Frank Lloyd Wright: The best of Road Trip 2013 (pictures)\nAug 17•How Frank Lloyd Wright's Taliesin survived murder, fires, constant change", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-34", "url": "https://www.cnet.com/uk/news/at-frank-lloyd-wrights-home-a-lab-for-world-class-architecture/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221218101.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20180821092915-20180821112915-00391.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9851768017, "token_count": 1115, "score": 2.6875, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "OAK PARK, Ill. -- Sula raibh Frank Lloyd Wright an t-ailtire is cáiliúla ar domhan, bhí sé ina fhostaí ag streachailt a bhí ag iarraidh airgead a fháil ar iasacht óna sheanfhear chun a theach féin a thógáil.\nIs é an teach sin, agus an stiúideo gairmiúil atá in aice leis, an Teach agus an Stiúideo Frank Lloyd Wright sa fho-bhaile snasta seo de Chicago. Fuair mé deis le haghaidh turas taobh thiar de na radhairc Dé Luain mar chuid de Taistil Bóthar 2013, agus mar lucht leanúna Wright a thuras ar a bhfuil daoine eile is fearr leat cosúil le Taliesin West in Arizona, i Pennsylvania, agus sa California, bhí sé seo le pléisiúr.\nAgus cén fáth nach bhfuil? Is é an t-oighreacht iontach seo, atá suite i measc crainn duilleacha, agus in aice le líon mór foirgnimh eile Wright, áit a thosaigh an t-ailtire óg a ghairm bheatha go fírinneach. Ó 1889 go 1909 d'fhan agus d'oibrigh Wright anseo, ag triail a bhaint as go leor de na smaointe a tháinig ina shíniúí sa deireadh i méid a bhí ina saotharlann ailtireachta féin. I measc na smaointe sin bhí pláinéid urláir oscailte, troscán tógtha, fuinneoga a spreagann cónaitheoirí an nádúr amuigh faoin aer a fheiceáil, uasteorainneacha arda, agus go leor eile.\nNuair a bhog Wright isteach lena bhean chéile agus a leanbh nuabhunaithe i 1889, bhí sé fós ag obair don ailtire Chicago Louis Sullivan. Go deimhin, bhí ar Wright $ 5,000 a fháil ar iasacht ó Sullivan chun an mhaoin a íoc. Mar chuid dá chomhaontú lena sheanfhear, ní raibh cead aige solas na míosa a dhéanamh, ach ag teastáil airgid, dhear sé roinnt de na tithe \"bootleg\" ar a dtugtar, agus is féidir roinnt acu a fháil laistigh de charraig charraig dá theach féin. Go bhfuil moonlighting sa deireadh fuair Wright díscaoileadh.\nBhí an teach a thóg sé ar a dtugtar stíl shingle, dearadh tóir ar an gCosta Thoir a thug an t-ailtire Joseph Lyman Silsbee chuig an Meán-Chuain. Bhí díon picte aige, agus bhí go leor de na fionnachtana Wright atá ar eolas go maith anois ann: fuinneoga a ligfeadh isteach go leor solais nádúrtha, foirgneamh atá suite i bhfad siar ón tsráid, uasteorainneacha arda, agus go leor eile. Bhí sé ina shampla freisin de na rudaí a thug Wright ar a dtugtar \"ailtireacht orgánach\", rud a chiallaíonn foirgneamh a ceapadh chun a bheith comhcheangailte leis an timpeallacht timpeall air.\nCé go n-úsáid an chuid is mó de na foirgnimh i Chicago brící dearga caighdeánacha ar a n-aghaidh, agus gur chuir siad úsáid bríceanna Chicago d'ath-tón ar an taobh, bhí Wright i bhfabhar na tonna sin, agus shocraigh sé go raibh sé ag iarraidh an t-ábhar a úsáid ar aghaidh a bhaile. Bhí sé ag iarraidh freisin go mbeadh sraith, nó bannaí, fuinneoga taobh le taobh, seachas ar leithligh. Agus roghnaigh sé doras tosaigh a bhí i bhfad níos leithne ná an norm.\nCé go raibh Wright ag an mbarr de stíl nua, nua-aimseartha, ailtireachta, bhí sé mar sin féin ina dhuine a d'fhás suas san ré Victorianach, agus ní fhéadfadh a theach roinnt earraí ón aois sin a sheachaint. Sampla de seo is ea an frios clasaiceach a fhaightear i múnlú an iontrála tí.\nAch ag siúl isteach sa seomra suí an tí, d'fhéadfadh duine a bheith in iúl láithreach go raibh siad i stíl nua tógála. Bhí an seomra mór agus sreabhach, seachas an caighdeán an ama, a bhí seomraí níos lú, ceann i ndiaidh an chéad cheann eile, le doras idir.\nBhí smaoineamh nua eile a thriail sé amach anseo sula gcuirfeadh sé i bhfeidhm é ina chuid coimisiúin úsáid troscán tógtha isteach. Bhí an stíl sin á taitneamh aige mar go raibh an úsáid as spás á uasmhéadú aige -- agus thug sé níos mó smachta dó ar an seomra.\nAr an gcaoi chéanna, bhí sé ag iarraidh an taobh amuigh a thabhairt isteach, mar sin d'úsáid sé go leor fuinneoga a thug solas nádúrtha isteach, chomh maith le radhairc ar an taobh amuigh. Bheadh sé seo ar cheann de na heilimintí dearaidh is cáiliúla aige.\nAgus ní hamháin gur theastaigh uaidh ligean do chónaitheoirí radharcanna den nádúr lasmuigh a bheith acu, bhí sé ag iarraidh é a thabhairt isteach go fisiciúil uaireanta. Anseo, thóg sé pasáiste istigh timpeall ar chrann willow, a cheadaíodh a fhás isteach sa teach. Tá an crann bunaidh sin imithe anois, ach rinne na coimeádaithe a ndícheall é a chur i gcuimhne le crann nua.\nAch bhí nuálaíocht eile ar an mbealach a thóg sé hearths i go leor de na seomraí an tí, ach ní raibh an flue a chur díreach os cionn. Bhí sé ag iarraidh an spás sin a úsáid le haghaidh rudaí cosúil le fuinneoga nó scátháin, mar sin chruthaigh sé flues dúbailte, le ceann ar gach taobh den bhalla.\nTá na rudaí iontach agus gan choinne ag fás ar fud an tí, mar shampla an spéirbhealach iontach sa seomra bia -- a tharlaíonn go bhfuil an méid céanna leis an mbord seomra bia thíos -- nó radaitheoirí i bhfolach sna plátaí talún. Léiríonn an foirgneamh dearthóir géineach ag teacht isteach ina chuid féin, ag triail a bhaint as na smaointe a d'fhéadfadh a dhéanamh dó ar domhan cáiliúil ar a theaghlach féin agus gnó.\nDe réir mar a bhuail sé amach ar a chuid féin, d'fhás Wright ag teastáil spás mór do na foirne de línitheoirí agus ceardaithe a fhostaigh sé. Mar sin, in aice leis an áit chónaithe tá stiúideo áit a d'oibrigh Wright, bhuail sé le cliaint, agus lean sé ar aghaidh ag teacht suas lena chuid smaointe cáiliúla.\nCén áit is fearr, ansin, chun rudaí a thriailfí go mór ina dhiaidh sin a thriail ná sa bhaile? I gcás na ndaoine a venture go Oak Park a ghlacadh le breathnú, oideachas i turgnamh ailtireachta ag fanacht i saotharlann Wright.\nTaisteal ar Bhóthar 2013\nLéitheoireacht•I dteach Frank Lloyd Wright, saotharlann le haghaidh ailtireachta den scoth\n19 Lúnasa•Aeráin, traenacha, agus gluaisteáin: Tá deireadh le Road Trip 2013\n19 Lúnasa•Cuairte ar an Meán-iarthair leis an bPictiúr Taistil ar Bhóthar an lae (pictiúir)\n19 Lúnasa•Ó eitleán Lá an Chéasta go Frank Lloyd Wright: An chuid is fearr de Thuras ar Bhóthar 2013 (pictiúir)\n17 Lúnasa•Conas a d'fhág Taliesin Frank Lloyd Wright bás ó mhurt, ó dhóiteán, ó athrú leanúnach"} {"text": "This website area is an updated version of the document: 'When your baby is born with genitals that look different....the first days.' You can download the full document here. The document is available in multiple languages.\nThe development of your baby in the womb is likely to have been affected by one of many conditions that together are called Disorders - or Differences - of Sex Development (DSD). Sex development is a complex process and the sex of a baby isn't determined by one single thing. There’s a much bigger picture, and many things together influence the sex of a baby, such as:\n• how the genitals look like on the outside\n• how the baby’s reproductive organs developed on the inside\n• hormones and how your baby’s body responds to them, and\n• genetic information.\nMost of the time these come together in such a way that the sex of a baby is not in question. However, when we have questions about the child’s sex, it is important to look at all these aspects of sex development.\nBy working together with health care professionals and by talking with other families, parents can get the information they need to understand how their baby has developed and how to raise a happy, healthy child.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-21", "url": "https://dsdfamilies.org/new-parents/early-days", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243988831.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20210508001259-20210508031259-00006.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9586286545, "token_count": 256, "score": 3.546875, "int_score": 4, "irish_text": "Is leagan nuashonraithe den doiciméad é an limistéar gréasáin seo: 'Nuair a rugadh do leanbh le gníomhairí gnéis a bhfuil cuma difriúil orthu.... na chéad laethanta.' Is féidir leat an doiciméad iomlán a íoslódáil anseo. Tá an doiciméad ar fáil i dteangacha éagsúla.\nIs dócha go raibh tionchar ag ceann de na coinníollacha go leor a dtugtar neamhoird - nó difríochtaí - i bhforbairt ghnéasach (DSD) orthu ar fhorbairt do pháiste sa bhroinn. Tá forbairt gnéis próiseas casta agus nach bhfuil an ghnéas leanbh a chinneadh ag rud amháin amháin. Tá pictiúr i bhfad níos mó ann, agus bíonn tionchar ag go leor rudaí le chéile ar ghnéas na linbh, mar shampla:\n• cuma na gníomhairí gnéis ón taobh amuigh\n• conas a d'fhorbair orgáin atáirgthe an linbh ar an taobh istigh\n• hormóin agus conas a fhreagraíonn do chorp do pháiste orthu, agus\n• faisnéis ghineiteach.\nAn chuid is mó den am tagann na cinn seo le chéile ar bhealach nach bhfuil gnéas an linbh i gceist. Mar sin féin, nuair a bhíonn ceisteanna againn faoi ghnéas an linbh, tá sé tábhachtach féachaint ar na gnéithe seo go léir den fhorbairt ghnéasach.\nTrí bheith ag obair i gcomhar le gairmithe cúraim sláinte agus trí labhairt le teaghlaigh eile, is féidir le tuismitheoirí an t-eolas a theastaíonn uathu a fháil chun tuiscint a fháil ar an gcaoi a bhfuil a gcuid páistí ag forbairt agus ar conas leanbh sona, sláintiúil a thógáil."} {"text": "Assessment of Progress in MERIT Schools\nIn 2010, in an effort to improve education and educational opportunities across the nation, the federal government provided funding for School Improvement Grants (SIG) to support the lowest performing schools and districts. Schools and districts throughout the country applied for these grants, and the program now serves more than 730 schools nationally (Klein, 2011). Schools and districts accepting SIG money are required to adopt one of four federally defined school intervention models: Closure, Restart, Turnaround, or Transformation. The school Closure model refers to a district closing a school and enrolling the students who attended the school in to other higher-achieving schools in the district. The Restart model occurs when a district converts the school or closes and reopens it under management of an educational management organization (EMO). The Turnaround model includes replacing the principal and rehiring no more than 50% of the school’s staff, adopting a new governance structure, and implementing a research-based instructional program aligned to state standards. The Transformation model requires replacing the school principal and addressing four areas critical to transforming persistently low-achieving schools: developing teacher and principal leader effectiveness, implementing instructional reform strategies, extending learning time and creating community connections, and providing operating flexibility and sustained support.\nMost states required eligible schools and districts to complete detailed grant applications with specific information regarding how they would implement one of the four intervention models. Along with this process, some states elected to perform an assessment of each school to determine their specific needs. As part of the application process in Washington State, The BERC Group, Inc. conducted School and Classroom Practices Studies (SCPS) at all of the eligible schools. These studies included: a) a review of district level practices and policies to identify potential supports and barriers that may impact the district’s ability to implement an intervention; b) classroom observation data focusing on instructional practices within the school (researchers conducted 380 classroom observations in the winter of 2010); c) qualitative interviews and focus groups focusing on the alignment of school structures and practices with the Office of Superintendent of Public Instruction’s (OSPI) Nine Characteristics of High Performing Schools (Shannon & Bylsma, 2007); and d) high school outcomes data (course-offering patterns, course-taking patterns and college eligibility, graduation rates, and college enrollment, college persistence, and college graduation rates). The BERC Group findings were used to complete the application for SIG support and were incorporated into the ongoing implementation of improvement goals and action plans at the school and district levels.\nIn Washington State, 17 schools from nine different districts received a grant under this program. These schools were named Models of Equity and Excellence through Rapid Improvement and Turnaround (MERIT) by OSPI and began working together on the implementation of their plans in the summer of 2010. In the spring of the 2010-2011 school year, BERC Group researchers visited each of the schools and districts again to conduct an Assessment of Progress, which provided the same data as mentioned above and allowed for measuring changes the schools and districts made over the course of the year. Additionally, staff, family, and student surveys aligned with the Nine Characteristics of High Performing Schools were administered, collected, and analyzed by The BERC Group. OSPI is also using other tools to monitor the success of the MERIT schools, such as benchmark data, leading indicator data required through the grant, and end-of-year reports, and each district is collecting data unique to their specific areas of focus. Approximately 762 people, including district and building administrators, union leaders, certificated and non-certificated staff members, counselors, parents, and students participated in interviews and focus groups. In addition, researchers conducted 417 observations in the spring of 2011 to determine the extent to which Powerful Teaching and Learning (R) was present in the school. These observations were compared to baseline observations (380) collected in the winter of 2011.\nThe BERC Group, Inc.\nDistrict and School Improvement and Accountability\n6501 North 23rd Street Tacoma, WA 98406\nOffice of Superintendent of Public Instruction\nOld Capitol Building\nPO Box 47200\nOlympia, WA 98504-7200\nThe BERC Group brings experience and an extensive knowledge base to any evaluation project.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-25", "url": "https://www.bercgroup.com/assessment-of-progress.html", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623488539480.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20210623134306-20210623164306-00361.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9407447577, "token_count": 883, "score": 2.765625, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Measúnú ar Fhorbairt i Scoileanna MERIT\nI 2010, i iarracht oideachas agus deiseanna oideachais a fheabhsú ar fud na tíre, chuir an rialtas cónaidhme maoiniú ar fáil do Dhámhachtainí Feabhsúcháin Scoile (SIG) chun tacú leis na scoileanna agus na ceantair is lú a bhí ag feidhmiú. D'iarr scoileanna agus ceantair ar fud na tíre ar na deontais seo, agus tá an clár ag freastal ar níos mó ná 730 scoil ar fud na tíre anois (Klein, 2011). Ní mór do scoileanna agus do cheantair a ghlacann le airgead SIG ceann de cheithre mhúnla idirghabhála scoile a shainmhínítear go cónaidhme a ghlacadh: Dúnadh, Athsheoladh, Athchóirithe, nó Athchóirithe. Tagraíonn samhail Dúnadh na scoile do cheantar a dhúnann scoil agus a chláraíonn na mic léinn a d'fhreastail ar an scoil i scoileanna eile a bhfuil níos airde ag baint leo sa cheantar. Tarlaíonn an tsamhail Athghníomhach nuair a athraíonn ceantar an scoil nó nuair a dhúnann sé agus a osclaíonn sé arís faoi bhainistíocht eagraíocht bainistíochta oideachais (EMO). Áirítear leis an tsamhail Athchóirithe an phríomhoide a athsholáthar agus nach mó ná 50% d'fhoireann na scoile a athfhostú, struchtúr rialachais nua a ghlacadh, agus clár teagaisc bunaithe ar thaighde a chur i bhfeidhm atá ailínithe le caighdeáin stáit. Ní mór don tsamhail Athchóirithe príomhoide na scoile a athsholáthar agus aghaidh a thabhairt ar cheithre réimse atá ríthábhachtach chun scoileanna a bhfuil feidhmíocht íseal acu a athrú: éifeachtacht mhúinteoirí agus príomhoide ceannaire a fhorbairt, straitéisí athchóirithe teagaisc a chur chun feidhme, am foghlama a fhadú agus naisc phobail a chruthú, agus solúbthacht oibriúcháin agus tacaíocht leanúnach a sholáthar.\nI bhformhór na stáit, iarradh ar scoileanna agus ar cheantair incháilithe iarratais ar dheontais mhionsonraithe a chomhlánú le faisnéis shonraithe maidir leis an gcaoi a gcuirfidh siad ceann de na ceithre mhúnla idirghabhála i bhfeidhm. Chomh maith leis an bpróiseas seo, roghnaigh roinnt stáit measúnú a dhéanamh ar gach scoil chun a riachtanais shonracha a chinneadh. Mar chuid den phróiseas iarratais i Stát Washington, rinne Grúpa BERC, Inc. Staidéir ar chleachtais scoile agus seomra ranga (SCPS) ag na scoileanna incháilithe go léir. Áiríodh sna staidéir seo: a) athbhreithniú ar chleachtais agus ar bheartais ar leibhéal an cheantair chun tacú le hiarratais agus bacainní a d'fhéadfadh tionchar a bheith acu ar chumas an cheantair idirghabháil a chur i bhfeidhm; b) sonraí breathnóireachta seomra ranga ag díriú ar chleachtais teagaisc laistigh den scoil (chuir taighdeoirí 380 breathnóireacht seomra ranga i rith gheimhridh 2010); c) agallaimh cháilíochtúla agus grúpaí fócais ag díriú ar ailíniú struchtúir agus cleachtais scoile le hOifig an tUas-Oifig Teagaisc Phoiblí (OSPI) Naoi gCaighdeán de Scoileanna Ard-Ionstraim (Shannon & Bylsma, 2007); agus d) sonraí torthaí ardscoile (patrúiní cúrsaithe a thairiscint, patrúin cúrsaithe a ghlacadh agus incháilitheacht do choláiste, rátaí céim, agus ráta clárúcháin, coisteantais agus céim na coláiste). Baineadh úsáid as torthaí Grúpa BERC chun an t-iarratas ar thacaíocht SIG a chomhlánú agus cuireadh iad san áireamh i gcur chun feidhme leanúnach na gcuspóirí feabhsaithe agus na bpleananna gníomhaíochta ar leibhéal na scoile agus na ceantair.\nSa Stát Washington, fuair 17 scoil ó naoi gceantar éagsúla deontas faoin gclár seo. D'ainmnigh OSPI na scoileanna seo mar Mhúnlaí Éadúlachta agus Feabhais trí Fheabhsú agus Athchóiriú Gasta (MERIT) agus thosaigh siad ag obair le chéile ar chur i bhfeidhm a gcuid pleananna i samhradh 2010. I rith earrach na bliana scoile 2010-2011, thug taighdeoirí Grúpa BERC cuairt arís ar gach scoil agus ar gach ceantar chun Measúnú ar Fhorbairt a dhéanamh, a thug na sonraí céanna a luaitear thuas agus a thug deis na hathruithe a rinne na scoileanna agus na ceantair i rith na bliana a thomhas. Ina theannta sin, bhain Grúpa BERC suirbhéanna foirne, teaghlaigh agus daltaí a bhí ag teacht le Naoi gCaighdeán de Scoileanna Ardfheidhmíochta, a bhailiú agus a anailísiú. Tá OSPI ag úsáid uirlisí eile freisin chun faireachán a dhéanamh ar rath na scoileanna MERIT, amhail sonraí tagarmharc, sonraí príomhtháscairí a theastaíonn tríd an deontas, agus tuarascálacha deireadh na bliana, agus tá gach ceantar ag bailiú sonraí atá uathúil dá réimsí fócais ar leith. Ghlac thart ar 762 duine, lena n-áirítear riarthóirí ceantair agus foirgnimh, ceannairí ceardchumainn, baill foirne deimhnithe agus neamhdheimhnithe, comhairleoirí, tuismitheoirí agus mic léinn páirt in agallaimh agus i ngrúpaí fócais. Ina theannta sin, rinne taighdeoirí 417 breathnóireacht i rith earrach 2011 chun a chinneadh cé chomh mór agus a bhí Teagasc agus Foghlaim Cumhachtach (R) i láthair sa scoil. Tá an t-ábhar seo le feiceáil i bhfianaise na n-athruithe a rinneadh ar an mbonn a bhí ag an mbonn sin.\nAn Grúpa BERC, Inc.\nFeabhas agus cuntasacht na dtionscal agus na scoile\n6501 Sráid 23rd Thuaidh Tacoma, WA 98406\nOifig an tUas-Oifigigh um Threoir na hOideachais Phoiblí\nSeann Foirgneamh na Capitol\nCás PO 47200\nOlympia, WA 98504-7200\nCuireann Grúpa BERC taithí agus bonn eolais fairsing le haon tionscadal meastóireachta."} {"text": "Repetitive minor blows to the head lead to an array of destructive, lifelong changes within the brain. A report earlier this month in the journal Brain links such injury, called chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE), to behavioral changes in the victims.\nScientists studied the donated brains of 85 people, age 17 to 98, with histories of multiple, mild head injuries. Sixty-four had been athletes and 21 military veterans. Fifty-eight of the brains came from men who had played American football at least to the level of high school. Thirty-three had played in the National Football League.\nCTE is characterized by unique changes seen in microscopic and chemical analysis of brain tissue. Its severity ranges from small deposits of a complex, abnormal protein to generalized involvement of the entire brain. Brains were ranked from stage 1 to stage 4 based upon the extent of pathology.\nResearchers evaluated clinical records and interviewed close family members to compile behavioral profiles for the autopsied persons.\nFive of six victims of stage 1 CTE had complained of recurring symptoms ranging from headache to problems in concentration and recall. Two had been diagnosed with post-traumatic stress disorder.\nEleven of 14 victims of state 2 CTE had symptoms that including explosive, emotional outbursts, depression, impairment of short-term memory, mood swings and headaches.\nAnalysis of clinical records for stage 3 victims, one of whom was asymptomatic, revealed more prominent impairment of memory and decision-making, wide swings in mood and aggressiveness.\nAll subjects with stage 4 CTE exhibited symptoms, eventually developing severe impairment of memory and dementia.\nCTE seemed to increase the risk for other disorders such as Alzheimer's disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, also known as Lou Gehrig's disease. Seven CTE victims killed themselves, while six others had expressed suicidal thoughts and six died of drug or alcohol abuse.\nThe recent murder-suicide perpetrated by a player for the Kansas City Chiefs raises the question of CTE in the shooter. How many aggressive acts by other football players are due to CTE?\nThe landmark study in Brain emphasizes that CTE is a progressive disorder whose effects continue for years after retirement. CTE occurs in players of all collision sports -- football, ice hockey, lacrosse, boxing -- as well as military personnel exposed to repeated blast waves.\nConcussions are the forerunners of CTE. Most concussions are either unrecognized or unreported because participants in collision sports pride themselves on toughness.\nAs American football players become bigger and faster, the incidence of concussions can be expected to rise unless significant changes can be made in equipment, especially helmets.\nBecause of rising numbers of fatalities and severe injuries to the nervous system, American football faced a ban in the early years of the 20th century. Alarmed by this prospect, President Theodore Roosevelt in 1905 contacted Harvard President Charles Lowell to lead a reform of football's rules. Despite squabbling over the details, a group of college presidents eventually formed the Intercollegiate Athletic Association to change the game to lessen risks of catastrophic injury. Serious injuries declined after tighter rules were accepted in 1910.\nPrimitive helmets, which were little more than leather pads, appeared in the early 1900s but use was optional. By 1939, helmets were mandatory in college games. The National Football League required helmets for all players in 1943. Plastic helmets appeared in the Army-Navy game of 1944.\nSubsequent helmet design focused upon the prevention of skull fractures. Uniform safety standards were mandated in 1973. Skull fractures among players disappeared. Concussions continue.\nRules of collision sports, especially football and ice hockey, must be updated specifically to lessen brain injuries.\nCTE can be compared to a house with a severe termite infestation. Destruction continues silently for years until irreversible, progressive changes lead to the collapse of the structure. The risk of CTE among athletes must be minimized. Techniques for earlier diagnosis and treatment are crucial. This smoldering epidemic must be addressed.\nContact Clif Cleaveland at email@example.com.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-32", "url": "http://www.timesfreepress.com/news/life/entertainment/story/2012/dec/13/linking-brain-injury-to-behavior-chattanooga/94821/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-32/segments/1438042988458.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20150728002308-00342-ip-10-236-191-2.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9644948244, "token_count": 829, "score": 3.03125, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Tosaíonn buaic bheaga athfhillteach ar an gceann le sraith athruithe dochta, ar feadh an tsaoil laistigh den inchinn. Tugann tuarascáil a foilsíodh níos luaithe an mhí seo sa iris Brain nasc idir an díobháil sin, ar a dtugtar encephalopathy crónach traumatic (CTE), agus athruithe i ngníomhartha na n-íospartaigh.\nRinne eolaithe staidéar ar na hinneall a dheonaíodh ó 85 duine, idir 17 agus 98 bliain d'aois, a raibh go leor díobhálacha beaga sa cheann acu. Bhí 64 acu ina lúthchleasaithe agus 21 ina shaighdiúirí míleata. Tháinig 58 de na hinneall ó dhaoine a bhí ag imirt peile Mheiriceá ar a laghad go dtí leibhéal na scoile ard. Bhí tríocha agus trí a bhí ag imirt sa Chumann Náisiúnta Peile.\nTá athruithe uathúla le feiceáil i anailís mhicreascópach agus ceimiceach ar fhíochán na hinchinne ar CTE. Tá a déine idir taiscí beaga próitéine casta neamhghnácha agus rannpháirtíocht ghinearálach an inchinn ar fad. Rinneadh brains a rangú ó chéim 1 go chéim 4 bunaithe ar mhéid na paiteolaíochta.\nRinne taighdeoirí meastóireacht ar thaifid chliniciúil agus agallaimh a dhéanamh le baill teaghlaigh dlúth chun próifílí iompair a thiomsú do na daoine a ndearnadh autopsy orthu.\nBhí cúigear de shé íospartach de CTE céim 1 ag gearán faoi chomharthaí athfhillteacha ó cheannán go fadhbanna i ndíriú agus i gcuimhne. Bhí dhá cheann acu a diagnóisíodh le neamhord strus iar-trauma.\nBhí comharthaí ag aon duine déag de 14 íospartach de CTE staid 2 lena n-áirítear pléascadh, ráigí mothúchánach, dúlagar, lagú ar chuimhne gearrthéarmach, athruithe giúmar agus tinneas cinn.\nLéirigh anailís ar thaifid chliniciúil íospartaigh chéim 3, duine acu gan comharthaí, lagú níos suntasaí ar chuimhne agus ar chinntí a dhéanamh, athruithe móra ar mhothúchán agus ionsaitheacht.\nLéirigh gach duine a raibh CTE céim 4 orthu comharthaí, agus d'fhorbair siad lagú tromchúiseach ar chuimhne agus dementia sa deireadh.\nIs cosúil go méadaíonn CTE an baol go dtarlódh neamhoird eile mar ghalar Alzheimer agus sclerosis lateral amyotrophic, ar a dtugtar galar Lou Gehrig freisin. D'éirigh seacht n-íospartach CTE leo féin, agus bhí sé cinn eile ag cur in iúl smaointe féinmharú agus fuair sé cinn eile bás de bharr mí-úsáid drugaí nó alcóil.\nAn dúnmharú-fhuil féinmharú le déanaí a rinne imreoir do na Kansas City Chiefs ardaíonn an cheist faoi CTE sa lámhachóir. Cé mhéad gníomhartha ionsaitheach ag imreoirí peile eile atá mar gheall ar CTE?\nCuireann an staidéar réamhtheachtach i mBrain béim ar CTE mar neamhoird fhorleathan a leanann a éifeachtaí ar feadh blianta tar éis na scor. Tagann CTE i imreoirí de gach spórt buailte - peile, haca ar an oighear, lacrosse, bogsa - chomh maith le pearsanra míleata a nochttar do bhfuaimeanna brú athfhillte.\nIs iad concussions réamhtheachtaí CTE. Ní aithnítear nó ní thuairiscítear an chuid is mó de na concussions toisc go mbraitheann rannpháirtithe i spóirt chollásach go bhfuil siad láidir.\nDe réir mar a bhíonn imreoirí peile Mheiriceá níos mó agus níos tapúla, is féidir a bheith ag súil go dtiocfaidh méadú ar líon na gcómhnán mura féidir athruithe suntasacha a dhéanamh ar threalamh, go háirithe ar chúntóirí.\nMar gheall ar líon méadaitheach na mbásanna agus na gcion tromchúiseacha ar an gcóras néarógach, bhí cosc ar pheil Mheiriceá i mblianta tosaigh an 20ú haois. Ar eagla an ionchais seo, chuir an tUachtarán Theodore Roosevelt i dteagmháil le hUachtarán Harvard Charles Lowell i 1905 chun athchóiriú a dhéanamh ar rialacha peile. In ainneoin na miondíola a bhí ag grúpa uachtaráin coláiste faoi na sonraí, bhunaigh siad Comhlachas Iompair Idir-Coláistí sa deireadh chun an cluiche a athrú chun rioscaí díobhála tubaisteacha a laghdú. Thit na himreoirí tromchúiseacha tar éis rialacha níos déine a bheith glactha i 1910.\nBhí cascaí primitive, nach raibh ach beagán níos mó ná pads leathair, le feiceáil go luath sna 1900í ach bhí úsáid roghnach. Faoi 1939, bhí cascóirí éigeantach i gcluichí coláiste. Éilíonn an Líne Peile Náisiúnta helmití do gach imreoir i 1943. Tháinig cascaí plaisteacha i gcluiche Arm-Mharaigh 1944.\nDíríodh dearadh casc ina dhiaidh sin ar chosc a chur ar bhriseadh cráine. Cuireadh caighdeáin choibhneasta sábháilteachta de chumhacht i 1973. D'imigh briseadh crápaí i measc imreoirí. Leanann concussions.\nNí mór rialacha spóirt chollása, go háirithe peil agus haca ar an oighear, a nuashonrú go sonrach chun díobhálacha inchinn a laghdú.\nIs féidir CTE a chur i gcomparáid le teach ina bhfuil ionradh tromchúiseach termití. Leanann an scrios go ciúin ar feadh blianta go dtí go dtiocfaidh athruithe a bheidh gan aisghabháil agus a bheidh ag dul i méid chun an struchtúr a bhriseadh. Ní mór an riosca CTE i measc lúthchleasaithe a íoslaghdú. Tá teicnící chun diagnóis agus cóireáil níos luaithe ríthábhachtach. Ní mór aghaidh a thabhairt ar an eipidéim seo atá ag éirí go géar.\nDéan teagmháil le Clif Cleaveland ag email@example.com."} {"text": "The curve is described by two functions:\nFind the derivative, which will be, for the positive square root function:\ny' is not defined at x = 2a because the function is not differentiable at this point (although it is continuous). Nevertheless you can find the limits of y' as and which will be different due to the absolute value function in the denominator.\nOf course, this is the gradient of the tangent, so the gradient of the normal will be\nYou can find the equation for the normal line using:\nNow it should be obvious how to show that the normal line intersects the positive square root function at the given point.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-32", "url": "http://mathhelpforum.com/calculus/109903-difficult-question.html", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-32/segments/1438042985140.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20150728002305-00259-ip-10-236-191-2.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9270563722, "token_count": 135, "score": 3.046875, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Déantar curva a thuairisciú le dhá fheidhm:\nFaigh an díorthaigh, a bheidh, don fheidhm rótan cearnach dearfach:\nNíl y' sainithe ag x = 2a toisc nach bhfuil an fheidhm in-difriúnaithe ag an bpointe seo (cé go bhfuil sí leanúnach). Mar sin féin is féidir leat a fháil ar na teorainneacha de y 'agus a bheidh difriúil mar gheall ar an luach iomlán feidhm sa ainmníocht.\nAr ndóigh, is é seo an gradient an tangent, mar sin beidh an gradient an gnáth a bheith\nIs féidir leat an chothromóid don líne choitinn a fháil trí úsáid a bhaint as:\nAnois ba chóir go mbeadh sé soiléir conas a thaispeáint go bhfuil an líne gnáth intersects an fheidhm róit chearnach dearfach ag an bpointe a thugtar."} {"text": "We have all held some sort of food in its original packaging and thought to read the “Nutrition Facts” on the back. Here we read how many calories, protein, sugar, vitamins, calcium, iron, etc. What many read and not give it second thought is “Total Fat,” “Saturated Fat,” and “Trans Fat.” Why are there three? What’s the difference between them? We usually just forget about it and enjoy the food anyway.\nTotal fat is generally known as the type of fat you eat that makes a difference in your diet. The amount of total fat you consume impacts your energy level, caloric intake, and overall health. Generally when people here the word “fat” or “total fat” people think to steer clear but fact of the matter is, you do need to have some sort of fat intake. To keep your total fat intake in moderation, your daily intake of total fat should be about 25 to 35 percent of your total daily caloric intake. This can vary based on how physically active you are on a daily basis.\nSaturated fat are fats that come from products consumed via animals. These tend to be meat, dairy, and eggs. With that said, they can too come from plant products like coconuts, palm, and palm kernel oils. Saturated fats are the fats you generally want to avoid as much as possible as they are known to raise bad cholesterol levels.\nTrans fat are you unsaturated fats. Don’t go ahead and assume that because they are essentially the opposite of saturated fats that they are good for you. Trans fats can do harm in lowering your good cholesterol levels and raising your bad cholesterol levels.\nIn the grand scheme of things, the American Heart Association believes you should limit your saturated fats to less than 7 percent of your daily calories and trans fats to less than 1% while also keeping cholesterol intake under 300 milligrams daily.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-39", "url": "http://jonathangloberman.net/tag/fats/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267159193.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20180923095108-20180923115508-00107.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9704421759, "token_count": 404, "score": 3.03125, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Bhí bia éigin againn go léir ina phacáistiú bunaidh agus shíl muid go léigh muid an \"Factais Chothúcháin\" ar an gcúl. Anseo léimid cé mhéad calraí, próitéin, siúcra, vitimíní, cailciam, iarann, etc. Cad a léann go leor agus nach bhfuil a thabhairt dó smaoineamh eile is é Saill iomlán, Saill Saturated, agus Trans Saill. Cén fáth go bhfuil trí? Cad é an difríocht idir iad? De ghnáth ní chuirimid dearmad air agus taitneamh a bhaint as an bia ar aon nós.\nIs é an saille iomlán an cineál saille a itheann tú a dhéanann difríocht i do réim bia. Bíonn tionchar ag an méid saille iomlán a itheann tú ar do leibhéal fuinnimh, ar an iontógáil chalaireach, agus ar do shláinte i gcoitinne. Go ginearálta nuair a daoine anseo an focal \"saill\" nó \"saill iomlán\" daoine smaoineamh a stiúradh ar shiúl ach fírinne an tsaoil, ní mór duit a bheith ar chineál éigin de iontógáil saill. Chun do iontógáil iomlán saille a choinneáil i modhnú, ba cheart go mbeadh do iontógáil laethúil saille iomlán thart ar 25 go 35 faoin gcéad de do iontógáil chalairic laethúil iomlán. Féadfaidh sé seo a bheith éagsúil ag brath ar cé chomh gníomhach is atá tú go fisiciúil ar bhonn laethúil.\nIs saillte iad saillte a thagann ó tháirgí a íoctar trí ainmhithe. Is gnách go mbíonn feoil, déiríochtaí bainne agus uibheacha ann. Agus sin ráite, is féidir iad a bheith ó tháirgí plandaí mar chocóin, pailme, agus olaí gráin pailme. Is iad saillte saillte na saillte ar mhaith leat iad a sheachaint chomh fada agus is féidir mar is eol go dtarraingíonn siad leibhéil choilesterol dona.\nIs saill trans tú saill neamhsháithithe. Ná téigh ar aghaidh agus a mheas go toisc go bhfuil siad go bunúsach an mhalairt de saillte saturated go bhfuil siad go maith duitse. Is féidir le saillte tras a bheith díobhálach i do leibhéil cholesterol maith a ísliú agus do leibhéil cholesterol olc a ardú.\nI scéim mhór rudaí, creideann Cumann an Chroí Mheiriceá gur chóir duit do chuid saillte saillte a theorannú go níos lú ná 7 faoin gcéad de do chailéarí laethúla agus saillte tras go níos lú ná 1% agus an iontógáil cholesterol a choinneáil faoi 300 miligram laethúil."} {"text": "Unless you work in certain very specific fields like self-driving car engineering, you may have not heard of Kalman Filters or have largely forgotten what you once learned about them in school. I myself had relegated them to the deep recesses of my mind. Admittedly, I have only really studied Kalman Filters in a nanodegree program with Udacity in self-driving car engineering, and that was three years ago. But recently, work organized a learning day event that let me pursue something of my own interest in the name of learning, and Pub/Sub has released its official C++ client library and now supports ordering. I want to revisit Kalman Filters and introduce you to Pub/Sub with Kalman Filters, using a favorite pastime of mine — birdwatching — as an aid. I hope using birding in the mix will make it easy and interesting for you to follow along. Let’s get started!\nWhat are Kalman Filters?\nKalman Filters (basic, extended, unscented, etc.) are algorithms for predicting variables in a dynamic system using continuous and imperfect measurements. Kalman Filters require us to know the underlying mathematical models that define the dynamic system and assume that the errors in the measurements follow Gaussian distributions.\nHow important are fresh measurement data in Kalman Filters? Very. Unlike time series forecasting models that must train using a large window of data with trend and seasonality, Kalman Filters bootstrap themselves with a single measurement and perform self-update with each new measurement. They keep up with the high velocity of input data by being extremely light-weight, and they base their accuracy on the constant and reliable flow of the input data.\nAs such, Kalman Filters excel at predicting the positions and motions of moving objects in real time using sensor data as in a self-driving car. The sensor data in a self-driving car can be a combination of sensor data from LiDAR (Light Detection And Ranging) and RADAR (RAdio Detection And Ranging) sensors, which can hold the positions and velocities of a nearby vehicle. When the self-driving car receives these sensor data, Kalman Filters use the sensor data to predict the vehicle’s position and velocities at the next timestamp, which feed the self-driving car’s other modules such as path-planning, and in the process also update the filters so as to prepare for the next round of sensor input.\nKnowing how different Kalman Filters work requires a fair amount of understanding in matrix multiplication and statistical models. But if you are comfortable with knowing the basics and feel motivated to develop an intuition about the steps involved, imagine you have a pair of binoculars and are birdwatching in nature. Through your binoculars, your eyes scan treetops for winged and feathered creatures. Just when you find one, it flips its wings and jumps onto another branch. Your brain suddenly whirrs away, processing the information as fast as it can to carve out an area in your visual field where the bird has possibly landed. You aren’t too bad at it to begin with, but as you keep your eyes open and keep paying attention, you keep getting better.\nThe birding scenario illustrates two computational phases shared by all Kalman Filters: prediction and measurement update. Assume\nx is a state vector representing the unknown variables in a system that we want to predict, and\nP is the covariance matrix of x. For example,\nx can be the positions (\npy) and velocities (\nvy) of a moving object along the x and y axis of a 2-D world, and its covariance matrix\nP tells us the covariance between any pair of elements in\nx. That is, whether the variables are positively or negatively related. To make a prediction on\nP’, we apply the equation — distance equals velocity times time — to obtain\nx’, then we apply the formulas for covariance to obtain\nP’ and add some noise. This prediction phase is like the brain guessing the rough location of a bird that you are tracking.\nComing to the measurement update phase, imagine that you see the branch where the bird has landed. Your brain must use this information to adjust the innerworks of its estimation process accordingly. How much to adjust? The Kalman Gain (\nK) is how much.\nK = Error in the estimates / ( Error in the estimates + Error in the measurements)\nThe Kalman Gain can be thought of as the ratio of the error in the estimates over the sum of the error in the estimates and the error in the measurements. When the error in the estimates is small relative to the error in the measurement, the Kalman Gain is small, a small portion of the difference between the measurements (\nz) and the previous estimates (\nH・x') will contribute to the updated state vector\nx = x' + K・(z — H・x'). Here,\nH is a state transition matrix that lets us discard elements in the state matrix that we don’t have measurements for. For instance, we may be able to measure positions but not velocities, in which case we need a state transition matrix that can map the state vector that contains four elements (\nvy) onto the measurement space that contains just two elements (\nIn contrast, when the error in the estimates is large relative to the measurement error, the Kalman Gain is close to\n1 / H as given by\nK = P'・Hᵀ / (H・P'・Hᵀ + R), where\nH transposed. This means that we can put more trust in the measurements (\nK will almost filter\nx’ out in\nx ≈ x' + 1 / H・(z — H・x').\nLike our eyes, measurement instruments in the real world aren’t perfect. However, we can predetermine the error in the measurements (\nR) by putting some reasonable bounds around the error. To update the covariance matrix\nP, we use\nP = (I — K・H)・P' where\nI is an identity matrix.\nWith each round of new sensor input, we predict and we update. At the end of the prediction phase, we obtain new estimates for the state vector,\nx’ and its covariance matrix,\nP’. At the end of the measurement update phase, we obtain new\nP. The cycle continues with robust self-correction as long as the input data feed is alive.\nPub/Sub with Kalman Filters\nThis brings me to Pub/Sub. In my homework from 2017, I implemented an extended Kalman Filter to predict the positions and velocities of a moving vehicle. I read fake laser and radar data from a text file. I used a while loop to read the input file line by line and made predictions using each line of input. I wrote the estimates to a local file. I also stored the estimates in an array to calculate Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE) at the end. This kind of setup is very common in a classroom setting and is great for learning, but instead of reading sensor data from a file, can it be done with Pub/Sub to emulate streaming data in the real world?\nIf you haven’t heard of Pub/Sub, it is a scalable managed messaging service on Google Cloud Platform (GCP). It offers low latency and high throughput publishing and subscribing at scale (see quota limits). It guarantees at least once delivery of messages. It also supports one-to-many, many-to-one, and many-to-many relationships between publisher and subscriber clients.\nIf I could explain all of this to my 2017 self who knew nothing about Pub/Sub back then, I would tell her something like this —\nImagine the sample data that Udacity uses to grade my homework is not a file that I download from GitHub but a real streaming source in a different part of the world. My instructors have decided to publish the data 24/7 to a Pub/Sub topic. To test the code for an extended Kalman Filter, every student, no matter where we are in the world, must create a Pub/Sub subscription for this topic to get the same copy of the data that the instructors publish. As before, my homework will still be graded based on how close my estimates are compared to the ground truth using RMSE. Bonus points for me too if my program can keep up with the rate that the data is published to the topic.\nThis made-up homework would have been impossible to do in C++ in 2017 because Pub/Sub did not have a public-facing C++ client library then. In addition, the lack of ordering guarantee would require a non-trivial amount of engineering work to deal with out-of-order data. Luckily, both constraints are not true now. I followed the C++ development environment setup instructions to install and import the Pub/Sub C++ client library and refactored my old code to read from a Pub/Sub subscription instead of an input file.\nHere is a breakdown of my subscriber code inside a lambda named\nsessionreceives a Pub/Sub message with fake laser and radar data.\n- It calls\nPreprocessPackages()to preprocess the message.\n- It calls\nProcessMeasurement()to predict and update.\n- It call\nCalculateRMSEContinuous()to evaluate the EKF.\n- It acknowledges the message.\n- It expires after 10K messages have arrived or 30 seconds have passed, whichever comes first.\nI also included a Python script and a bash script to show how to publish mocked LiDAR and RADAR data with an ordering key. The use of an ordering key ensures that any data published with the key are delivered in the order that they are received by Pub/Sub. In case data are published to Pub/Sub out-of-order, which could happen if a sensor has malfunctioned or multiple publisher clients are used, I make sure to dismiss the late data by comparing timestamps in\nFusionEKF.cpp. When I run my program, I see it spit out new sensor data, new estimates, and new RMSE in real time.\nI just went over how Kalman Filters work and how to use Pub/Sub with Kalman Filters in this article. The code example shows how to use an extended Kalman Filter with a Pub/Sub subscriber client written in C++. The output you see above is entirely reproducible by following instructions in this GitHub repo. I hope that you will have the chance to check it out, and like me, when thinking of Kalman Filters and Pub/Sub next time, you will not only think of real-time streaming and prediction, but also a little fun birdwatching. Thanks for reading!", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-25", "url": "https://medium.com/google-cloud/kalman-filters-pub-sub-and-birdwatching-70d6058039be?source=post_internal_links---------5----------------------------", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623487622234.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20210616063154-20210616093154-00352.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9223506451, "token_count": 2266, "score": 2.9375, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Mura bhfuil tú ag obair i réimsí áirithe an-sonracha cosúil le innealtóireacht gluaisteán féin-thiomána, b'fhéidir nach bhfuil tú tar éis éisteacht faoi Scagairí Kalman nó go mór dearmad a dhéanamh ar an méid a d'fhoghlaim tú faoi sa scoil. Bhí mé féin relegated iad go dtí na recesses domhain de mo intinn. Is fíor, níor fhoghlaim mé Filtrí Kalman ach i gclár nano-chéime le Udacity i innealtóireacht charr féin-thiomána, agus bhí sé sin trí bliana ó shin. Ach le déanaí, d'eagraigh an obair ócáid lá foghlama a lig dom rud éigin a bhfuil suim agam féin a shaothrú in ainm na foghlama, agus d'eisigh Pub/Sub a leabharlann cliant C++ oifigiúil agus tacaíonn sé anois le horduithe. Ba mhaith liom cuairt a thabhairt ar Kalman Filters arís agus tú a chur i láthair a Pub / Sub le Filters Kalman, ag baint úsáide as mo chuid ama ama caite is fearr liom birdwatching mar chabhair. Tá súil agam go mbeidh sé éasca agus suimiúil duit leanúint leis an bpíosa seo. A ligean ar tús a chur!\nCad iad Scagairí Kalman?\nFilteranna Kalman (bhunscoile, leathnaithe, gan scáth, etc.) Is algartam iad chun athróg a thuar i gcóras dinimiciúil ag baint úsáide as tomhais leanúnacha agus neamhfhoirfe. Éilíonn Scagairí Kalman dúinn na samhlacha matamaiticiúla bunúsacha a aithníonn an córas dinimiciúil a aithint agus a mheas go leanann na botúin sna tomhais dáileadh Gaussian.\nCé chomh tábhachtach is atá sonraí nua tomhais i Sceallraí Kalman? Go mór. Murab ionann agus samhlacha réamhamhaisnéis sraithe ama a chaithfidh oiliúint a dhéanamh ag baint úsáide as fuinneog mór sonraí le treocht agus séasúracht, déanann Scagairí Kalman iad féin a bhootstrap le tomhas amháin agus déanann siad féin-uasghrádú le gach tomhas nua. Coinníonn siad suas le luas ard na sonraí ionchuir trí bheith an-eolach, agus bunaíonn siad a cruinneas ar shreabhadh leanúnach agus iontaofa na sonraí ionchuir.\nMar sin, tá Sceideal Kalman ag tuar na suíomhanna agus na gluaiseachtaí a bhaineann le rudaí gluaiseachta i bhfíor-am ag baint úsáide as sonraí braiteora mar atá i gcarr féin-thiomána. Is féidir leis na sonraí braiteora i gcarr féin-thiomána a bheith ina meascán de shonraí braiteora ó LiDAR (Light Detection And Ranging) agus RADAR (Radio Detection And Ranging) braiteoirí, ar féidir leo seasamh agus luasanna feithicle in aice láimhe a choinneáil. Nuair a fhaigheann an carr féin-thiomána na sonraí braiteora seo, úsáideann Scagairí Kalman na sonraí braiteora chun seasamh agus luasanna an fheithiclí a thuar ag an gcéad timstamp eile, a chuireann modúil eile an charr féin-thiomána ar fáil, mar shampla pleanáil bóthair, agus sa phróiseas, nuashonraíonn siad na scagairí freisin chun ullmhú don chéad bhabhta eile de ionchur braiteora.\nChun a fháil amach conas a oibríonn Filtrálacha Kalman éagsúla, teastaíonn méid maith tuisceana i mholtaí matrix agus samhlacha staidrimh. Ach má tá tú compordach leis na bunscoileanna a bheith agat agus má bhraitheann tú go bhfuil sé d'aidhm agat intuition a fhorbairt maidir leis na céimeanna a bhaineann leis, samhlaigh go bhfuil péire dáileoga agat agus go bhfuil tú ag faire ar éin sa nádúr. Trí do bhinéiscéal, scagann do shúile barr na gcrann le haghaidh créatúir bhuan agus plumáilte. Díreach nuair a fhaigheann tú ceann, casann sé a sciatháin agus léim sé ar bhrainse eile. Tá do inchinn ag dul ar shiúl go tobann, ag próiseáil an fhaisnéis chomh tapa agus is féidir chun limistéar a dhéanamh amach i do réimse amhairc áit a bhfuil an éan tar éis tuirlingt a dhéanamh. Ní bhíonn tú chomh dona leis sin ar dtús, ach de réir mar a choinníonn tú do shúile ar oscailt agus a choinníonn tú d'aird, téann tú níos fearr.\nLéiríonn an cás éirí amach dhá chéim ríomhleitheacha a roinneann na Filtraí Kalman go léir: réamhaisnéis agus nuashonrú tomhais. Glac leis\nx is veictóir staid a léiríonn na hathróga anaithnid i gcóras gur mian linn a thuar, agus\nIs é P an maitrís covariance de x. Mar shampla,\nIs féidir le x a bheith ina suíomhanna (\npy) agus luasanna (\nvy) de réad atá ag gluaiseacht ar feadh eicheas x agus y de shaol 2-D, agus a mhaitrís choibhiantais\nP insíonn dúinn an covariance idir aon péire eilimintí i\nx. Is é sin, cibé an bhfuil na hathróga ceangailte go dearfach nó go diúltach. Chun tuar a dhéanamh ar\nP, déanaimid an chothromóid fad a bheith cothrom le luas am a fháil\nx, ansin táimid ag cur na foirmlí do covariance a fháil\nP agus cuir roinnt torann. Tá an chéim réamh-mheasta seo cosúil leis an inchinn ag meastóireacht ar shuíomh garbh éan atá á rianú agat.\nAg teacht chuig an gcéim nuashonraithe tomhais, samhlaigh go bhfeiceann tú an brainse ina bhfuil an éan tugtha. Ní mór do inchinn an fhaisnéis seo a úsáid chun na hoibreacha inmheánacha dá phróiseas meastacháin a choigeartú dá réir sin. Cé mhéad a choigeartú? An Gain Kalman (\nK) is é an méid.\nK = Earráid sna meastacháin / (Earráid sna meastacháin + Earráid sna tomhais)\nIs féidir a mheas go bhfuil an Gain Kalman mar an cóimheas idir an earráid sna meastacháin thar suim na earráide sna meastacháin agus an earráide sna tomhais. Nuair a bhíonn an t-earráid sna meastacháin beag i gcomparáid leis an earráid sa tomhas, tá Ghnóthachas Kalman beag, cuid bheag den difríocht idir na tomhais (\n(z) agus na meastacháin roimhe sin (\nH·x') rannchuideoidh sé leis an bhféachtóir staid nuashonraithe\nx = x' + K·(z H·x'). Anseo,\nIs matrix idirthréimhse stáit é H a ligeann dúinn eilimintí sa mhátrix stáit a dhiúscairt nach bhfuil tomhais againn dóibh. Mar shampla, b'fhéidir go mbeimid in ann suíomhanna a thomhas ach ní luasanna, sa chás sin ní mór dúinn mátrix idirthréimhse stáit a d'fhéadfadh an veictear stáit a léarscáil ina bhfuil ceithre eilimint (\n(v) ar an spás tomhais nach bhfuil ach dhá eilimint ann (\nI gcodarsnacht leis sin, nuair a bhíonn an t-earráid sna meastacháin mór i gcomparáid leis an earráid tomhais, tá Ghnóthachan Kalman gar do\n1 / H mar a thugtar\nK = P'·HT / (H·P'·HT + R), áit a bhfuil\nH tras-shuíomh. Ciallaíonn sé seo gur féidir linn níos mó muiníne a chur sna tomhais (\nK beidh beagnach scagaire\nx amach i\nx ≈ x' + 1 / H・(z H・x').\nCosúil lenár súile, níl ionstraimí tomhais sa saol fíor foirfe. Is féidir linn, áfach, an botún sna tomhais a réamhshocrú (\nR) trí teorainneacha réasúnacha a chur timpeall an earráide. Chun an maitrís choibhiúchais a nuashonrú\nP, úsáidimid\nP = (I K·H)・P' áit a bhfuil\nIs mé matrix aitheantais.\nLe gach raindíl ionchuir braiteora nua, déanaimid réamhaisnéis agus nuashonrú. Ag deireadh na céime réamhaisnéis, faighimid meastacháin nua don veictear stát,\nx agus a mhaitrís choibhiantachta,\nP. Ag deireadh na céime nuashonraithe tomhais, faigheann muid nua\nP. Leanann an timthriall le féincheartú láidir chomh fada agus a bhíonn an t-uisce sonraí ionchuir beo.\nPub/Sub le Scagairí Kalman\nSeo a thugann dom go Pub/Sub. I mo chuid obair bhaile ó 2017, chuir mé scagaire Kalman leathnaithe i bhfeidhm chun seasamh agus luasanna feithicle atá ag gluaiseacht a thuar. Léigh mé léasair bréige agus sonraí radair ó chomhad téacs. D'úsáid mé lúb am chun an comhad ionchuir a léamh líne ar líne agus rinne mé réamhaisnéisí ag baint úsáide as gach líne ionchuir. Scríobh mé na meastacháin go dtí comhad áitiúil. Stóráil mé na meastacháin freisin i sraith chun an Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE) a ríomh ag an deireadh. Tá an cineál socraithe seo an-choitianta i suíomh seomra ranga agus tá sé iontach le haghaidh foghlama, ach in ionad sonraí braiteora a léamh ó chomhad, an féidir é a dhéanamh le Pub/Sub chun sonraí sruthú a emulate sa saol fíor?\nMura bhfuil tú ag éisteacht le Pub/Sub, is seirbhís ríomhphoist arna bhainistiú ar ardán scamall Google (GCP) é. Tairgeann sé foilsitheoireacht agus síntiús ardthráchtála ar scála (féach teorainneacha cuóta). Ráthaíonn sé go dtabharfar teachtaireachtaí uair amháin ar a laghad. Tacaíonn sé freisin le caidrimh duine go go leor, go leor go duine, agus go leor go go leor idir cliant foilsitheoir agus síntiúsóir.\nDá bhféadfainn é seo a mhíniú go léir do mo 2017 féin nach raibh a fhios agam rud ar bith faoi Pub / Sub ar ais ansin, ba mhaith liom a rá rud éigin mar seo léi \nSamhlaigh nach comhad a íoslódáil mé ó GitHub é an sampla sonraí a úsáideann Udacity chun mo chuid obair bhaile a ghrádáil ach foinse sruthú fíor i gcuid difriúil den domhan. Tá mo threoraithe tar éis cinneadh a dhéanamh na sonraí a fhoilsiú 24/7 le Pub / Sub ábhar. Chun an cód a thástáil le haghaidh Sceideal Kalman leathnaithe, ní mór do gach mac léinn, is cuma cá bhfuil muid ar domhan, síntiús Pub/Sub a chruthú don ábhar seo chun an cóip chéanna den sonraí a fhoilsiú na teagascóirí a fháil. Mar a bhí roimhe seo, déanfar mo chuid obair bhaile a rangú fós bunaithe ar cé chomh gar is atá mo mheastacháin i gcomparáid leis an bhfírinne talún ag baint úsáide as RMSE. Pointí bónais domsa freisin má fhéadann mo chlár dul i gcomhar leis an ráta a fhoilsítear na sonraí don ábhar.\nNí bheadh sé indéanta an obair bhaile déanta seo a dhéanamh i C ++ in 2017 toisc nach raibh leabharlann cliant C ++ ag Pub / Sub ag an am sin. Ina theannta sin, d'eagraigh an easpa ráthaíochta ordú méid mór oibre innealtóireachta chun déileáil le sonraí lasmuigh den ordú. Ar an dea-uair, níl an dá shrian fíor anois. Lean mé na treoracha socrú timpeallacht forbartha C ++ chun an leabharlann cliant Pub / Sub C ++ a shuiteáil agus a allmhairiú agus athfhadhb mé mo chód d'aois chun léamh ó shíntiús Pub / Sub in ionad comhad ionchuir.\nSeo a bhriseadh síos ar mo chód síntiúsóir taobh istigh de lambda ainmnithe\nFaigheann seisiún teachtaireacht Pub / Sub le sonraí léasair agus radair bréagacha.\n- Tá sé glaonna\nPacáistí a réamhphróiseáil (PreprocessPackages) chun an teachtaireacht a réamhphróiseáil.\n- Tá sé glaonna\nProcessMeasurement (PróiseasMeasú) chun a thuar agus a nuashonrú.\n- Tá sé glaoch\nRMSECcontinuous a ríomh chun an EKF a mheas.\n- Deimhníonn sé an teachtaireacht.\n- Téann sé in éag tar éis 10K teachtaireachtaí a bheith tagtha nó tar éis 30 soicind a bheith caite, cibé acu a thagann ar dtús.\nChuir mé scripte Python agus scripte bash san áireamh freisin chun a thaispeáint conas sonraí LiDAR agus RADAR samhlaithe a fhoilsiú le eochair ordaithe. Cinntíonn úsáid eochair ordaithe go gcuirtear aon sonraí a fhoilsítear leis an eochair ar fáil san ord a fhaigheann Pub/Sub iad. I gcás sonraí a fhoilsiú go Pub / Sub as ord, a d'fhéadfadh tarlú má tá brawler braiteoir nó má úsáidtear cliant foilsitheoir il, déanaim cinnte chun diúltú do na sonraí déanach trí comparáid a dhéanamh le stampaí ama i\nFusionEKF.cpp. Nuair a rithim mo chlár, feicim go scaipeann sé sonraí braiteoirí nua, meastacháin nua, agus RMSE nua i bhfíor-am.\nChuaigh mé díreach ar aghaidh ar conas a oibríonn Filtrálacha Kalman agus conas Pub/Sub a úsáid le Filtrálacha Kalman san alt seo. Taispeánann an sampla cód conas Filter Kalman leathnaithe a úsáid le cliant síntiúsóir Pub/Sub a scríobhadh i C++. Is féidir an toradh a fheiceann tú thuas a athdhéanamh go hiomlán trí threoracha a leanúint sa repo GitHub seo. Tá súil agam go mbeidh deis agat é a sheiceáil amach, agus cosúil liomsa, nuair a smaoiníonn tú ar Kalman Filters agus Pub/Sub an chéad uair eile, ní hamháin go smaoiníonn tú ar shruthú agus réamhaisnéis fíor-ama, ach freisin ar bhreathnú éan beag spraoi. Go raibh maith agat as léamh!"} {"text": "How can you determine if your child is too sick to go to school? Parents have always had this dilemma: Do you send your child to school knowing he may infect everyone around him or keep him home and set him back in his schoolwork? If your child stays home, there may also be the issue of supervision for him if both parents work.\nBelow are some symptoms that exclude children from attending school:\n- Fever - Children with fever greater than 100.4 should not go to school. Once there is a fever, children should be fever-free for at least 24 hours before they return to school.\n- Vomiting - Children who are vomiting should not go to school and should be vomit-free for 24 hours prior to going back to school.\n- Diarrhea - Any child with loose stool that occurs more than four times in a 24-hour period should stay home until the frequency slows down.\n- Pink eye - Children with redness of the eyes plus drainage from one or both should not go to school, and should not return until they have been treated with antibiotic drops for 24 hours.\n- Cough - This symptom is more subjective, but kids who are continuously coughing should stay home from school. Frequent coughing makes it impossible to pay attention, distracts the children around them and potentially spreads infection in the classroom.\n- Chicken pox - With immunization, this isn't seen as often now, but is still a reason to keep your child home from school. If you think your child's rash is possibly chicken pox, it is a good idea to see your pediatrician before sending your child to school.\n- Strep throat - Children with diagnosed strep throat should stay out of school until they have received antibiotic treatment for 24 hours. Symptoms of significant sore throat, fever and swollen glands warrant a trip to the pediatrician to check whether it is strep or a virus causing the sore throat.\nChildren can go to school with a cold (upper respiratory infection) as long as they don't have fever and aren't coughing too frequently. Teach your kids to use tissues, cough and sneeze into their elbow, and wash their hands frequently. Sinus infections and ear infections are not contagious, so kids can go to school with them if they are feeling okay.\nIf you are ever in doubt about sending your child to school, getting him evaluated by his pediatrician can help you decide what to do.\nFor more information on your child's health, visit mountnittany.org, or contact our Bellefonte pediatrics office at 814.355.3626, or our Boalsburg pediatrics office at 814.466.7921.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-35", "url": "http://www.mountnittany.org/articles/is-your-child-too-sick-to-go-to-school", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-35/segments/1440646242843.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20150827033042-00259-ip-10-171-96-226.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9737024307, "token_count": 550, "score": 2.734375, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Conas is féidir leat a chinneadh an bhfuil do leanbh ró-bheo le dul ar scoil? Bhí an dúshlán seo i gcónaí ag tuismitheoirí: An gcuireann tú do leanbh chuig an scoil agus tú ag fios go bhféadfadh sé gach duine timpeall air a ionfhabhtuithe nó an coinníonn tú sa bhaile é agus é a chur ar ais ina chuid oibre scoile? Má fhanann do leanbh sa bhaile, d'fhéadfadh go mbeadh ceist faoi mhaoirseacht air freisin má bhíonn an dá thuismitheoir ag obair.\nSeo thíos roinnt comharthaí a chuireann leanaí as freastal ar scoil:\n- Teochta - Ní ba chóir do leanaí a bhfuil teochta níos mó ná 100. 4 dul ar scoil. Nuair a bhíonn fiabhras ann, ba cheart go mbeadh leanaí saor ó fiabhras ar feadh 24 uair an chloig ar a laghad sula dtéann siad ar ais ar scoil.\n- Briseadh suas - Níor chóir do leanaí atá ag briseadh suas dul ar scoil agus ba chóir dóibh a bheith saor ó bhrú ar feadh 24 uair an chloig sula dtéann siad ar ais ar scoil.\n- Díreach - Ba chóir do gach leanbh a bhfuil stoil scaoilte aige a tharlaíonn níos mó ná ceithre huaire i dtréimhse 24 uair a chloig fanacht sa bhaile go dtí go laghdófar an minicíocht.\n- Súil phinse - Ní ba chóir do leanaí a bhfuil deargú na súl chomh maith le draenáil ó cheann amháin nó ón dá cheann dul ar scoil, agus níor chóir dóibh filleadh ar scoil go dtí go mbeidh siad cóireáilte le titim antaibheathach ar feadh 24 uair an chloig.\n- Cough - Tá an comhartha seo níos suibiachtúla, ach ba chóir do pháistí a bhfuil coughing leanúnach ag fanacht sa bhaile ón scoil. De bharr an cháis go minic ní féidir aird a thabhairt, déanann sé na páistí a bhfuil siad timpeall orthu a mhealladh agus d'fhéadfadh sé go scaipeadh ionfhabhtaithe sa seomra ranga.\n- Poil - Le himdhíonú, ní fheictear é seo chomh minic anois, ach is cúis é fós do leanbh a choinneáil sa bhaile ón scoil. Má cheapann tú gur féidir go bhfuil an easpa i do leanbh mar chicken pox, is smaoineamh maith é dul i gcomhairle le do pháistí sula gcuirfidh tú do leanbh ar scoil.\n- Strep throat - Ba chóir do leanaí a bhfuil strep throat diagnóisithe acu fanacht as an scoil go dtí go bhfaighidh siad cóireáil antaibheathach ar feadh 24 uair an chloig. Má tá comharthaí suntasacha de chrath, fiabhras agus glúineanna swollen, is gá dul chuig an gclár leanaí chun a sheiceáil an strep nó víreas a bhfuil an chrath ag cur.\nIs féidir le páistí dul ar scoil le fuar (ionfhabhtú na n-ionstraimí anailísí) chomh fada agus nach bhfuil fiabhras acu agus nach bhfuil siad ag cougháil go minic. Múin do pháistí fíocháin a úsáid, a cháil a chaitheamh agus a sneeze isteach ina gcodán, agus a lámha a ní go minic. Ní bhíonn ionfhabhtuithe sinus agus ionfhabhtuithe cluaise gabhaltach, mar sin is féidir le páistí dul ar scoil leo má bhraitheann siad go maith.\nMá tá amhras ort riamh faoi do leanbh a chur ar scoil, is féidir le measúnú a dhéanamh ag a leanbh-leighis cabhrú leat cinneadh a dhéanamh ar an méid atá le déanamh.\nChun tuilleadh eolais a fháil ar shláinte do pháiste, tabhair cuairt ar mountnittany.org, nó déan teagmháil lenár n-oifig péidiatraice Bellefonte ag 814.355.3626, nó lenár n-oifig péidiatraice Boalsburg ag 814.466.7921."} {"text": "Introduction to networking how the internet works this site is being built as a source of open educational resources to support my textbook on tcp ip network . Chapter 1 introduction using the internet seems pretty easy we go to a web address and up comes a page or we go to our favorite social site and. Introduction to networking how the internet works dr charles r severance sue blumenberg mauro toselli aimee andrion on amazoncom free shipping on . This book demystifies the architecture and protocols of computers as they communicate over the internet it was written for everyone no technical knowledge is required. Find helpful customer reviews and review ratings for introduction to networking how the internet works at amazoncom read honest and unbiased product reviews from\nHow it works:\n1. Register Trial Account.\n2. Download The Books as you like ( Personal use )", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-39", "url": "https://lingkaranilmu.com/file-ready/introduction-to-networking-how-the-internet-works", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267156690.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20180920234305-20180921014705-00282.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9052910209, "token_count": 175, "score": 2.609375, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Tús le líonraithe conas a oibríonn an t-idirlíon tá an suíomh seo á thógáil mar fhoinse acmhainní oideachais oscailte chun tacú le mo leabhar teagaisc ar líonra TCP / IP . Caibidil 1 cur isteach ag baint úsáide as an Idirlíon cosúil go leor éasca téann muid go dtí seoladh gréasáin agus suas a thagann leathanach nó téann muid go dtí ár suíomh sóisialta is fearr leat agus. Treoir maidir le líonraíocht conas a oibríonn an Idirlíon Dr Charles R Severance Sue Blumenberg Mauro Toselli Aimee Andrion ar Amazoncom loingseoireacht saor in aisce ar . Déantar an leabhar seo a dhímheasú ar ailtireacht agus ar phrótacail na ríomhairí agus iad ag cumarsáid ar an idirlíon scríofa do gach duine níl aon eolas teicniúil ag teastáil. Faigh athbhreithnithe úsáideacha ó chustaiméirí agus rátálacha athbhreithnithe le haghaidh cur isteach ar líonraíocht conas a oibríonn an t-idirlíon ag amazoncom léigh athbhreithnithe macánta agus neamhchlaonta ar tháirgí ó\nConas a oibríonn sé:\n1. an t-am a bhí ann. Cuntas Trialach a chlárú.\n2. Seachadadh. Tarraing na Leabhair síos mar is mian leat (Le húsáid phearsanta)"} {"text": "Food allergies are more prevalent than people realize, and they can cause a slew of health related complaints. More and more we hear talk of just by locating individual’s food sensitivities and or allergies we can clean up our health in a big way.\nWe can be responsive to any number of foods and these responses once located can have significant improvements upon one’s health. There is a common list of roughly 20 foods that cover 85% of such reactions. We can assess the impact through dietary modifications to locate these foods offenders, which is generally considered the gold standard, as there are no false positive or negatives (your body wont lie to you).\nOr we can test blood samples to find levels of reactivity across a large list of foods via a number of different Immunoglobulin’s which mediate different forms of immune and inflammatory reactions in the body. Here we discuss the impact and solutions of this commonly overlooked aspect to chronic health concerns.\nApproximately 70% of your immune system is located in your digestive system, so it is not surprising to doctors that you could develop allergic reactions to food, since the food you consume on a daily basis comes into direct contact with your immune system each time you eat. Though many downplay systemic reactions to food sensitivities. Though don’t be fooled food sensitivities can impact many, many health condition within or without the digestive system.\nInflammation and Disease\nInflammation can cause all sorts of health issues. The real point is that the body has so much energy and so many resources at its disposal. If our lifestyle causes increased body inflammation then we have to utilize more resources to deal with a more complicated internal biochemical environment.\nA great metaphor to this is rush hour traffic. There are times when the highway is crowded and to get where you are going takes longer-you might be late for work due to traffic. Well when our system is inflamed we have extra cars on the highway that our backed up.\nThings don’t get done in an effective way and the system suffers due to any number of mechanistic explanations. When we have chronic health concerns one basis of recovery is a reduced body burden of stress and inflammation-we want everything to run at peak performance. It is hard to do so when you can’t efficiently get from point A to point B.\nMany things can cause a general inflammatory state. A very easy and very common solution can be adjusting your diet to decrease inflammatory or allergenic load. For instance one can eat what is referenced as an anti-inflammatory diet (a discussion for another time) also one can find their food sensitivities or what is commonly called food allergies.\n“But My Doctor Told Me I’m Not Allergic to Any Foods?”\nWell this all maters what your doctor uses to assess for food allergies. A true allergy-mediated by IGE (Immunoglobulin E)-causes a sudden response with in usually minutes to some foreign element in the body-such as perhaps a food or a pollen. Your Doctor might perform a scratch test-or the RAST Test-to determine IgE food allergies. From this skin surface scratch test if you develop a small harmless skin lesion with in a small amount of time then you have an IgE food allergy.\nWell here is the thing. Most people have an idea of their IgE food allergies as the response is immediate-you eat it and then you get it! But the truth is that most inflammation created by foods is not so speedy. Infact they take somewhere within 72 hours to develop or build. This form of reaction really should not be called an allergy, rather it should be referenced as a hypersensitivity to the food.\nYou won’t see these responses from an IgE RAST Test. But you will see these responses from an allergy elimination diet or a blood test for an IgG Immunoglobulin-sma efamily as the IgE immunogobulin. This is the take home point. Your child and or yourself may have had an IgE test but more then likely you will need an IgG test for the results you are looking for.\nWhat Might an IgG test reveal and or Treat\nOh my-where does it end!\nOnce again we are talking anything from general health to specific health conditions. What I mean is that food allergies (IgE) or Food Sensitivities (IgG), which are much much more common, can both cause general inflammation and back up the highway leaving a traffic jam that allows nothing to get done.\nWhat do I mean by nothing to get done. Well in this metaphor perhaps we are talking about your blood and the delivery of nutrition, oxygen and other vital components and the removal of waste products from cellular structures. Inflammation impairs different biochemical processes that aid any number of important biochemical steps (brain chemistry, thyroid function and respiratory function are three common highlights). But, if we are talking about digestive function well then we are talking about the possible gradual impairment of the GI barrier.\nJust about any digestive symptom or condition can be impacted by chronic inflammation as started by simple food allergies (mind you simple to treat as well). Also consider if the GI barrier to the circulation is impaired and nutrition is compromised then all sorts of down stream effects become possible. The bottom line is that general inflammation can start from food sensitivities with out one even knowing it.\nWhy, because an IgG response builds over 72 hours as opposed to the immediate response of IgE mediated allergies. So if you eat an offending IgG mediated food every 72 hours you then initiate a cascade affect. This affect is never diminished as you keep reintroducing the allergy and can increase other affects from there-hence a cascade and or increasing impairment.\nCeliacs Disease – A Range of Symptoms in the Gluten intolerance\nFoods can also trigger different immune systems in different ways, causing many different symptoms and making them difficult to diagnose. For instance, celiac disease is often thought to be a food allergy to gluten, which is a protein found in wheat, rye and barley. But celiac is actually a genetic autoimmune disease, and is an IgA (another Immunoglobulin but more specific to the GI lining) and IgG antibody reaction to food as well as an autoantibody (autoimmune) reaction.\nMany estimate as high as 1 in 13 people have some level of reaction to gluten foods (not all of these Celiac’s) through IgG, IgE, IGA, autoantibody (autoimmune) or some other immune mediation. The possible symptoms of celiac disease, the most damaging form of gluten reaction, ranges from none (asymptomatic celiacs), to diarrhea, weight loss, weakness, and fatigue. All forms of celiac cause damage to the lining of your intestines. They can also cause liver damage, anemia, and osteoporosis, all of which can be subtle enough that you don’t actually feel them.\nThere is also atypical celiac, which is the most common form of the disease. Atypical celiac can have a range of symptoms, and is therefore much more likely to go undiagnosed. The symptoms of this can vary from migraines to constipation, but is usually affects the immune system, digestive system or nervous system. Celiacs can also cause Dermatitis Herpetiformis, an itchy skin rash that can affect any part of the body. For some it looks like facial acne and for others it can look like eczema.\nThere are three parts to the diagnosis of celiac disease:\n- Blood work, which includes Tissue transglutaminase IgA, anti endomysial IgG, anti gliaden IgA and IgG and total IgA\n- Small intestinal biopsy; and\n- The response to the gluten free diet.\nThe treatment for celiacs, the gluten free diet, has to be strictly followed for life. Treatment also involves reversing any nutritional deficiencies that may have developed as a result of the damage to the small intestine, which is where we absorb nutrients from our food. Many celiacs still have multiple nutritional deficiencies even years after going gluten free.\nHow We Can Help\nDr. Joseph Dubroff is a Naturopathic doctor, with comprehensive training in nutritional biochemistry and therapeutic diets, leaving him an ideal Doctor to work with these conditions. He offers herbal, homeopathic, nutritional, hormonal and other treatments that allow his patients to improve their symptoms effectively, safely and typically without side effects.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-39", "url": "https://holisticsolutionsdoc.com/food-allergy-testing/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267162563.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20180925222545-20180926002945-00300.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9491987824, "token_count": 1771, "score": 2.796875, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Tá ailléirgí bia níos forleithne ná mar a cheapann daoine, agus is féidir leo gearán sláinte a bhaineann le go leor a chur ar bun. Níos mó agus níos mó cloisimid ag caint ach trí shuíomh daoine aonair's íogaireacht bia agus nó ailléirgí is féidir linn a ghlanadh ár sláinte ar bhealach mór.\nIs féidir linn freagairt do líon ar bith bianna agus nuair a aimsítear na freagraí seo is féidir feabhsuithe suntasacha a dhéanamh ar shláinte duine. Tá liosta comónta ann de thart ar 20 bia a chlúdaíonn 85% de na frithghníomhartha sin. Is féidir linn an tionchar a mheas trí mhodhnú aiste bia chun na ciontóirí bia seo a aimsiú, a mheastar go ginearálta mar an chaighdeán óir, toisc nach bhfuil aon dearfacha bréagacha nó diúltacha ann (ní bheidh do chorp ag bréag ort).\nNó is féidir linn samplaí fola a thástáil chun leibhéil imoibritheachta a aimsiú ar fud liosta mór bianna trí roinnt Immunoglobulin éagsúla a idirghabhálann cineálacha éagsúla imoibritheacha agus imoibritheacha athghiniúna sa chorp. Déanaimid plé anseo ar thionchar agus réitigh an ghné seo a dhéantar dearmad air go coitianta maidir le hábhair shláinte ainsealacha.\nTá thart ar 70% de do chóras imdhíonachta suite i do chóras díleá, mar sin ní haon ionadh do dhochtúirí go bhféadfadh tú frithghníomhartha ailléirgeacha a fhorbairt le bia, ós rud é go dtagann an bia a itheann tú go laethúil i dteagmháil dhíreach le do chóras imdhíonachta gach uair a itheann tú. Cé go ndéanann go leor daoine athruithe córais ar íogaireacht bia a íoslaghdú. Cé nach bhfuil a bheith fooled is féidir le íogaireacht bia tionchar a imirt ar go leor, go leor riocht sláinte laistigh nó lasmuigh den chóras díleá.\nInflammation and Disease (Tinníocht agus Galar)\nIs féidir le athlasadh gach cineál fadhbanna sláinte a chur faoi deara. Is é an pointe i ndáiríre go bhfuil an oiread sin fuinnimh agus an oiread sin acmhainní ar fáil ag an gcomhlacht. Má chuireann ár stíl mhaireachtála athlasadh comhlacht méadaithe ansin ní mór dúinn a úsáid acmhainní níos mó chun déileáil le timpeallacht bithcheimiceach inmheánach níos casta.\nIs maitéar iontach é seo le trácht uair an chloig buaic. Tá amanna ann nuair a bhíonn an mhórbhealach plódaithe agus go dtógann sé níos mó ama chun an áit a bhfuil tú ag dul - d'fhéadfadh go mbeadh tú déanach ag dul ar an obair mar gheall ar thrácht. Bhuel nuair a bhíonn ár gcóras inflamed tá muid carr breise ar an mbóthar mór go bhfuil ár cúltaca suas.\nNí dhéantar rudaí ar bhealach éifeachtach agus tá an córas ag fulaingt mar gheall ar roinnt míniúcháin mheicniúla. Nuair a bhíonn fadhbanna sláinte ainsealacha againn is é bonn amháin den ghnóthú ualach laghdaithe comhlacht de strus agus athlasadh - ba mhaith linn go reáchtálfadh gach rud ag an bpróiseas is fearr. Tá sé deacair é sin a dhéanamh nuair nach féidir leat dul ó phointe A go pointe B go héifeachtach.\nIs féidir le go leor rudaí staid athlastach ginearálta a chur faoi deara. Is féidir le réiteach an-éasca agus an-choitianta a bheith ag coigeartú do aiste bia chun ualach athlastach nó ailléirgeach a laghdú. Mar shampla is féidir le duine a ithe cad atá tagartha mar aiste bia frith-athlastach (a phlé le haghaidh am eile) freisin is féidir le duine a gcuid íogaireacht bia nó cad a dtugtar go coitianta ailléirgí bia.\nAch Dúirt Mo Dochtúir liom Níl mé ailléirgeach do aon bhia?\nBhuel, is é seo go léir a úsáideann do dhochtúir chun measúnú a dhéanamh ar ailléirgí bia. Ailergy fíor-trídheangaithe ag IGE (Immunglobulin E) - cúis le freagairt tobann le i nóiméad de ghnáth le roinnt eilimint eachtrach sa chorp - mar shampla b'fhéidir bia nó pollín. D'fhéadfadh do dhochtúir tástáil scratch a dhéanamh - nó an tástáil RAST - chun a fháil amach a bhfuil alergíochtaí bia IgE ann. Ón tástáil seo scratch dromchla craiceann má tá tú a fhorbairt leá craiceann beag neamhdhíobhálach le i méid beag ama ansin tá tú a bhfuil ailléirgí bia IgE.\nBhuel tá an rud seo. Tá tuairim ag an gcuid is mó daoine faoina n-ailléirgí bia IgE mar go bhfuil an freagra láithreach - itheann tú é agus ansin gheobhaidh tú é! Ach is é an fhírinne ná nach mbíonn an chuid is mó den athlasadh a chruthaíonn bianna chomh tapa. I bhfírinne, tógann siad áit éigin laistigh de 72 uair an chloig chun forbairt nó a thógáil. Níor cheart go n-ainmníodh an cineál seo imoibrithe mar ailléirge, ach ba cheart tagairt a dhéanamh di mar hipiríogaireacht don bhia.\nNí fheicfidh tú na freagraí seo ó Thástáil IgE RAST. Ach feicfidh tú na freagraí seo ó aiste bia a dhíchur ailléirge nó tástáil fola le haghaidh IgG Immunoglobulin-sma efamily mar an immunogobulin IgE. Is é seo an pointe a thógáil sa bhaile. D'fhéadfadh go raibh tástáil IgE ar do leanbh nó ort féin ach is dóichí go mbeidh tástáil IgG ag teastáil uait chun na torthaí atá á lorg agat a fháil.\nCad a D'fhéadfadh tástáil IgG a nochtadh agus nó a Chur\nOh mo-áit a bhfuil sé ag críochnú!\nArís eile, táimid ag caint faoi rud ar bith ó shláinte ghinearálta go coinníollacha sláinte sonracha. Is é an rud atá i gceist agam ná go bhféadfadh ailléirgí bia (IgE) nó íogaireacht bia (IgG), atá i bhfad níos coitianta, athlasadh ginearálta a chur ar bun agus cúlchiste a chur ar an mbóthar mór ag fágáil plódaithe tráchta nach gceadaíonn aon rud a dhéanamh.\nCad a chiallaíonn mé ag rud ar bith a dhéanamh. Bhuel sa mheastóireacht seo b'fhéidir go bhfuil muid ag caint faoi do chuid fola agus an seachadadh cothaithe, ocsaigin agus comhpháirteanna ríthábhachtach eile agus an t-eitiltí táirgí dramhaíola ó struchtúir cheallacha. Laghdaíonn athlasadh próisis bithcheimiceacha éagsúla a chabhraíonn le haon líon céimeanna bithcheimiceacha tábhachtacha (ceimic an inchinn, feidhm thyroid agus feidhm anáil is trí phríomhthorthaí coitianta iad). Ach, má tá muid ag caint faoi fheidhm díleá go maith ansin táimid ag caint faoi lagú de réir a chéile is féidir an bacainn GI.\nIs féidir le tinneas nó comhartha díleá a bheith i gceist le tinneas ainsealach a thosaíonn le hailléirgí bia simplí (cuimhnigh go bhfuil sé éasca cóireáil a dhéanamh freisin). Smaoinigh freisin má tá an bacainn GI don scaipeadh fola lag agus má tá cothú cothaithe ann, ansin bíonn gach cineál éifeachtaí downstream indéanta. Is é an rud is bun leis ná go bhféadfadh athlasadh ginearálta tosú ó íogaireacht bia gan duine a bheith ar an eolas fiú faoi.\nCén fáth, toisc go ndéantar freagairt IgG a thógáil thar 72 uair an chloig i gcomparáid le freagairt láithreach ailléirgí idirghabhála IgE. Mar sin má itheann tú bia a bhfuil IgG idirghabhálach ionsaitheach ann gach 72 uair a chloig, tosaíonn tú le héifeacht cascade. Ní laghdaítear an tionchar seo riamh de réir mar a chuireann tú an t-ailléirge ar ais agus is féidir le héifeachtaí eile a mhéadú as sin - dá bhrí sin cascade agus nó lagú méadaithe.\nBreoiteacht Celiacs Réimse na Síomptóim i dTolmhacht Gluten\nIs féidir le bianna córais imdhíonachta éagsúla a spreagadh ar bhealaí éagsúla, rud a fhágann go mbíonn go leor comharthaí éagsúla ann agus go mbíonn sé deacair iad a dhiagnóisiú. Mar shampla, is minic a mheastar go bhfuil galar celiac ina ailléirgí bia ar glútan, atá ina phróitéin a fhaightear i cruithneacht, i ríthe agus i bpeirle. Ach is galar autoimmune géiniteach é celiac i ndáiríre, agus is IgA é (Immunglobulin eile ach níos sainiúla don chló gastrointestinal) agus frithchomhlacht IgG le bia chomh maith le frithghníomh autoantibody (autoimmune).\nMeasann go leor go bhfuil leibhéal áirithe imoibrithe ag 1 as 13 duine ar bhianna glútan (ní iad na Celiacs seo go léir) trí IgG, IgE, IGA, autoantibody (autoimmun) nó trí mheán imdhíonachta eile. Tá na comharthaí is féidir a bhaineann le galar celiac, an cineál is díobhálaí de imoibriú glútan, idir aon cheann (celiacs neamh-ionsamhlacha), go diarrhea, meáchain caillteanas, laige agus tuirse. Déanann gach cineál celiac damáiste do chló do chuid intestines. Is féidir leo freisin damáiste a dhéanamh don ae, anaimic, agus osteoporosis, a d'fhéadfadh a bheith go léir subtle go leor nach mbraitheann tú iad i ndáiríre.\nTá celiac neamhghnách ann freisin, is é sin an cineál is coitianta den ghalar. Is féidir le celiac atypical raon comharthaí a bheith aige, agus dá bhrí sin tá sé i bhfad níos dóchúla nach ndéantar diagnóis air. Is féidir na hairíonna a bheith éagsúil ó migraines go constipation, ach is gnách go mbíonn tionchar aige ar an gcóras imdhíonachta, ar an gcóras díleá nó ar an gcóras néarógach. Is féidir le celiacs Dermatitis Herpetiformis a chur i gcontúirt freisin, ráiteas craiceann itchy a d'fhéadfadh dul i bhfeidhm ar aon chuid den chorp. I gcás cuid de dhaoine is cosúil go bhfuil acne aghaidh ann agus d'fhéadfadh sé a bheith cosúil le ecsema do dhaoine eile.\nTá trí chuid ann chun galar celiac a dhiagnóisiú:\n- Saothar fola, lena n-áirítear IgA trasglutaminase fíochán, IgG frith- endomysial, IgA frith- gliadáin agus IgG agus IgA iomlán\n- Biopsy an intestinal beag; agus\n- An freagra ar an aiste bia saor ó ghlútan.\nNí mór an chóireáil do celiacs, an aiste bia saor ó ghlútan, a leanúint go docht ar feadh an tsaoil. Baineann an cóireáil freisin le haon easnamh cothaitheach a d'fhéadfadh a bheith tagtha chun cinn mar thoradh ar an damáiste don intestine beag, áit a n-ionsúimid cothaithigh óna mbia. Tá go leor celiacs fós ag easnamh éagsúla cothaithe fiú blianta tar éis dóibh a bheith saor ó ghlútan.\nConas is Féidir Linn Cuidiú\nIs dochtúir Naturopathic é an Dr. Joseph Dubroff, le hoiliúint chuimsitheach i bithcheimic chothaithe agus i réim bia teiripeach, rud a fhágann go bhfuil sé ina Dochtúir idéalach chun oibriú leis na coinníollacha seo. Cuireann sé cóireálacha luibhe, homeopathic, cothaithe, hormónach agus cóireálacha eile ar fáil a ligeann dá othair a gcuid comharthaí a fheabhsú go héifeachtach, go sábháilte agus de ghnáth gan fo-iarsmaí."} {"text": "Questions to ponder upon:\n- Where are colours mentioned in the HOLY BIBLICAL SCRIPTURES?\n- When YAH was creating COLOURS, what was going through HIS mind?\n- Should we pay attention to COLOURS today?\n- If so, why?\n- Do we see COLOURS in other places outside of the HOLY BIBLICAL SCRIPTURES, for example DREAMS and VISIONS?\nWHAT IS THE BIBLICAL / SPIRITUAL SIGNIFICANCE OF COLOURS?\nIt is important to understand the meaning / implication behind COLOURS because our YAH is a GOD of COLOURS!\nA variety of Colours were first introduced when the RAINBOW appeared in the sky. Since then a similar range of colours is seen in:\n- JOSEPH’S MULTI-COLOURED TUNIC\n- THE TABERNACLE OF MOSES\n- THE HIGH PRIEST’S GARMENT\nFirst look at the PRIMARY COLOURS which are found in the RAINBOW seen in Genesis. They are seven in all. Remember / Note that NUMBER 7 is YAH’S NUMBER that signifies PERFECTION!\nNote that each TRIBE OF ISRAEL had a specific COLOUR that YAH assigned to them as seen in the HIGH PRIEST’S Breastplate.\nIt is also important to look at the COLOURS that YAH asked to be placed on the HIGH PRIEST’S GARMENT as seen in Exodus. Link them to the TEMPERAMENTS or Personalities / Characteristics of each of the Children of Israel (a.k.a Jacob).\nRed is the color of fire and blood, so it is associated with energy, war, danger, strength, power, determination as well as passion, desire, and love. Red is a very emotionally intense color.\nPlease watch the RESOURCEFUL Videos below for more information:", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-31", "url": "https://yahushua-thechiefcornerstone.com/colours-biblical-significance/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046150134.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20210724063259-20210724093259-00498.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9352088571, "token_count": 421, "score": 2.890625, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Ceisteanna le machnamh a dhéanamh orthu:\n- Cá bhfuil dathanna a luaitear sa SCRÍOBHÍR BÍBLÍOS HOLY?\n- Nuair a bhí YAH ag cruthú COLORS, cad a bhí ag dul trí a intinn?\n- Ar chóir dúinn aird a thabhairt ar COLORS inniu?\n- Más amhlaidh, cén fáth?\n- An bhfeicimid COLAIRÍ in áiteanna eile lasmuigh de NA SCRÍOCHTA BÍBLÍOSAÍ SANTA, mar shampla SOIBHÍ agus FÉINNÍ?\nCÉ AÍ TÍ AN TÍMHÍ BÍBLÍOS/SPIRITHEACH LE COLAIR?\nTá sé tábhachtach a thuiscint an bhrí / impleacht taobh thiar COLORS toisc go bhfuil ár YAH GOD COLORS!\nTugadh éagsúlacht na dTeangacha isteach den chéad uair nuair a d'fhéach RAINBOW sa spéir. Ó shin i leith, tá raon dath den chineál céanna le feiceáil i:\n- Joseph'S TUNIC MULTICOLORED\n- TABERNACLE MÓSA\n- OIDHEANNACHTA an Ard-Sagart\nFéach ar dtús ar na PRIMARY COLORS a fhaightear sa RAINBOW le feiceáil i Genesis. Tá siad seacht in iomlán. Cuimhnigh / Tabhair faoi deara go bhfuil NÚMHÁR 7 YAHS NÚMHÁR a léiríonn foirfeacht!\nTabhair faoi deara go raibh COLOR sonrach ag gach TRIBH DE ISRAEL a shann YAH dóibh mar a fheictear i bhfreastalaí an Ard-Shagart.\nTá sé tábhachtach freisin féachaint ar na COLAIRÍ a d'iarr YAH a chur ar éadaí an Ard-Shagart mar a fheictear i Ecsodus. Ceangail iad le TEMPERAMENTS nó Pearsantachtaí / saintréithe gach duine de Chúige Iosrael (a.k.a Jacob).\nIs é dearg dath an tine agus na fola, mar sin tá baint aige le fuinneamh, cogadh, contúirtí, neart, cumhacht, cinneadh chomh maith le paisean, mianta agus grá. Is dath an-neart go mothúchánach é dearg.\nFéach ar na físeáin OIRISÍÍ thíos le haghaidh tuilleadh eolais:"} {"text": "Linking Watershed Land-use Patterns to Estuarine Indicators\nDirect and indirect effects of human activities have taken a toll on the nation's estuaries yet few direct linkages have been identified between human activities on land and responses in estuarine ecosystems. The Atlantic Slope Consortium (ASC) is one of five national projects funded in EPA's Estuarine and Great Lakes (EaGLe) initiative within the Science to Achieve Results (STAR) program. The goal of the EaGLe's initiative is to 'develop the next generation of ecological indicators that can be used in a comprehensive coastal monitoring program across the country's coasts'.\nASC scientists have identified potential abiotic and biotic indicators in Chesapeake Bay subestuaries that are linked to watershed land-use patterns, especially the amount of development. Linkages between development and degradation of estuarine indicators is a key finding of the ASC project, especially the finding that relatively small amounts of development result in significant degradation. Two examples illustrate the linkages identified thus far. Smithsonian Institution scientists found that there was a 26% probability that the diversity of birds that breed in estuarine wetlands would decrease with as little as 10% development of land within 500 meters of the wetland (Diagram 1). The probability increased to 79% when the amount of development increased to only 17%. The same research group also found a significant relationship between the amount of watershed development and PCP levels in White Perch (a commercially important species). With less than 20% development of watersheds PCP levels were above the consumption levels recommended by EPA (Diagram 2). Other potential estuarine indicators that have been identified by the ASC research team are the abundance of juvenile blue crabs, concentrations of nitrogen in water, the abundance and nutrient status of Common Reed - an invasive wetland species - in estuarine wetlands, the diversity of the fish community in nearshore habitats, and the abundance of birds that forage in shallow estuarine habitats.\nContributions to environmental outcomes\nThe ASC research is providing a comprehensive list of potential estuarine indicators. They are also obtaining the first comprehensive information on thresholds of watershed disturbance that result in a degradation of estuarine resources. Threshold information is important because it can potentially be used to determine how much watershed development can occur in order to avoid estuarine degradation. Threshold information could also be used to identify areas where successful management and restoration would have the potential to reverse the consequences of previous development.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-35", "url": "http://www.beinginplace.org/html/environment_estuaries.htm", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-35/segments/1440645281325.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20150827031441-00188-ip-10-171-96-226.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9161186814, "token_count": 505, "score": 3.34375, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Patrúin Úsáide Talún na dTreochtainí a Nascadh le Táscairí Estuarine\nTá tionchar díreach agus indíreach ag gníomhaíochtaí an duine ar eascair na tíre, ach níl mórán nasc díreach aithnithe idir gníomhaíochtaí an duine ar thalamh agus freagraí in éiceachórais eascair. Tá an Consórtúim Slope Atlantach (ASC) ar cheann de chúig tionscadal náisiúnta a maoinítear i dtionscnamh Estuarine agus Great Lakes (EaGLe) EPA laistigh den chlár Science to Achieve Results (STAR). Is é aidhm tionscnamh EaGLe \"an chéad ghlúin eile de tháscairí éiceolaíocha a fhorbairt ar féidir iad a úsáid i gclár cuimsitheach faireacháin cósta ar fud chóstaí na tíre\".\nTá táscairí abiotacha agus biotacha féideartha sainaitheanta ag eolaithe ASC i bhfo-shubstaintí Bhaile Chesapeake atá nasctha le patrúin úsáide talún an uisce, go háirithe méid na forbartha. Is príomhthorthaí tionscadail ASC naisc idir forbairt agus lagú táscairí estuarine, go háirithe an t-athrú go bhfuil lagú suntasach mar thoradh ar mhéideanna réasúnta beaga forbartha. Léiríonn dhá shampla na naisc a aithníodh go dtí seo. Fuair eolaithe Institiúid Smithsonian go raibh dóchúlacht 26% ann go laghdódh éagsúlacht na n-éan a ghiniúint i bhfódchríocha estuarine le forbairt 10% den talamh laistigh de 500 méadar den fhódchríocha (Diagram 1). D'ardaigh an dóchúlacht go 79% nuair a d'ardaigh méid na forbartha go 17% amháin. Fuair an grúpa taighde céanna gaol suntasach freisin idir méid na forbartha locha uisce agus leibhéil PCP i Perch Bán (gcéad speiceas atá tábhachtach go tráchtála). Le forbairt níos lú ná 20% de na cuanáin uisce, bhí leibhéil PCP os cionn na leibhéil tomhaltais a mhol EPA (Fíorchlár 2). Is iad na táscairí féideartha eile a d'aithin foireann taighde ASC maidir le hairíonna na n-uisceach ná iomadacht na ngrábach gorma óg, tiúchan nítrigine san uisce, iomadacht agus stádas cothaithigh an Common Reed - speiceas ionrach marthanais - i ngairionna na n-uisceach, éagsúlacht an phobail éisc i gnáthóga in aice na cósta, agus iomadacht na n-éan a fhaigheann bia i gnáthóga úllmhara na n-uisceach.\nRanníocaíochtaí le torthaí comhshaoil\nTá liosta cuimsitheach de tháscairí féideartha ag an ASC. Tá an chéad fhaisnéis chuimsitheach á fháil acu freisin maidir le tairseacha athraithe loinge a fhágann go bhfuil acmhainní estuarine ag titim. Tá faisnéis faoi thriail tábhachtach toisc gur féidir í a úsáid chun a chinneadh cé mhéad forbairt loinge a d'fhéadfadh tarlú d'fhonn díghrádú estuarine a sheachaint. D'fhéadfaí faisnéis faoi thriail a úsáid freisin chun réimsí a shainaithint ina mbeadh an cumas ag bainistiú agus athchóiriú rathúil chun iarmhairtí na forbartha roimhe seo a aisiompú."} {"text": "Le’s look at an example from the field of psychological sciences.\nMy wife, Robbie, is a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist (LMFT) who frequently uses story and metaphor as tools for creating new ways of thinking and behaving within relationships. (Which is, in fact, not so different from the work that her husband does in creating organizational behavior change! But we’ll circle back to that in a moment.)\nShe was working with a little girl whose family brought her to counseling because she was starting to act out in belligerent ways at school. Robbie asked the little girl to create a “sculpture†of her family by posing a series of mannequins. This is what the little girl built:\nThat’s “daddy”on the left; the little girl (our client) is next to him; Grandma is down below; and over on the left is “mommy.” On her right is “big brother.”\nSometimes I like to show this photo to audiences and ask them: why is this little girl acting out in school?\nI am always amazed by the insights that people draw from this simple metaphorical image. They say things like:\n“The little girl is trapped; everyone else is on the perimeter and can “exit” the image, but the girl is surrounded.”\n“No one is looking at the little girl. I wonder if she feels like she’s not there.”\n“Yeah, but look at the marriage! I have a feeling that mommy and daddy aren’t doing so great.”\nNot bad! And the therapist affirms that these remarkably nuanced readings are indeed accurate.\nHere’s where I’m going with all of this.\nThis is, strictly speaking, an exercise in communication. By posting this photo, I sent a message to you; and you responded by drawing from your own mental models in order to find patterns and create meaning. It’s the classic “sender/interpreter” model of communication theory, and if you remember that model from your Freshman year, then you know that this happens instantly and without a great deal of effort on your part.\nThe times that I have conducted this exercise with groups in organizational settings, someone usually asks: “how is the little girl? Is she doing better?” It’s amazing how this nameless, faceless, “metaphorical” image creates emotional connection and personal engagement. (The answer is that the little girl is doing great, now that each of the family members have embraced small but critical shifts in behavior.)\nSo my exercise in family counseling is over.\nFor the organizational change agent, there’s something happening here that is very powerful that we cannot afford to ignore, and it has to do with how images, metaphors, and stories engage the mind to create shared meaning.\nIn my next blog post, I’ll move this discussion over more specifically to the organizational world. And I’ll show you how we have leveraged this kind of “participative, narrative-based communication” to generate new awareness, new mental models, and new behaviors for companies that are struggling with challenges much like yours.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-43", "url": "https://blog.bluelinesims.com/2014/03/making-meaning-how-blueline-simulations-creates-engagement-and-participation-through-narrative-communications/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583509326.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20181015142752-20181015164252-00330.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9499539137, "token_count": 695, "score": 2.578125, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Déanaimis féachaint ar shampla ó réimse na heolaíochtaí síceolaíocha.\nIs teiripeoir pósta agus teaghlaigh ceadúnaithe í mo bhean chéile, Robbie, a úsáideann scéal agus maíomh go minic mar uirlisí chun bealaí nua smaointeoireachta agus iompair a chruthú laistigh de chaidrimh. (Níl sé chomh difriúil sin, i ndáiríre, ón obair a dhéanann a fear céile chun athrú iompraíochta eagraíochta a chruthú! Ach beidh muid a chiorcal ar ais go dtí go bhfuil i nóiméad.)\nBhí sí ag obair le cailín beag a thug a teaghlach chun comhairle a thabhairt di toisc go raibh sí ag tosú ag gníomhú ar bhealaí coimhlintúla ar scoil. D'iarr Robbie ar an gcailín beag \"scultúr\" dá theaghlach a chruthú trí shraith mannequins a chur i láthair. Seo an rud a thóg an cailín beag:\nIs é sin an t-athair ar chlé; tá an cailín beag (ár gcliant) in aice leis; tá an seanmháthair thíos thíos; agus thar ar chlé is é an t-aoi. Ar a dheis is é an deartháir mór.\nUaireanta is maith liom an grianghraf seo a thaispeáint do lucht féachana agus a iarraidh orthu: cén fáth go bhfuil an cailín beag seo ag déanamh ag an scoil?\nBíonn iontas orm i gcónaí ar na léargas a fhaigheann daoine as an íomhá simplí maitéarach seo. Deir siad rudaí mar:\nTá an cailín beag gafa; tá gach duine eile ar an imlíne agus is féidir leo eisiúint an íomhá, ach tá an cailín timpeallaithe.\nNíl duine ag féachaint ar an gcailín beag. N'fheadar an mbraitheann sí go bhfuil sí ann.\nYeah, ach féach ar an pósadh! Tá mé ag mothú go bhfuil mommy agus daddy nach bhfuil ag déanamh go mór.\nNí olc! Agus dearbhaíonn an teiripeoir go bhfuil na léitheoireachtaí suntasacha seo cruinn i ndáiríre.\nSeo an áit a bhfuil mé ag dul leis seo go léir.\nIs é seo, go hiondúil, cleachtadh i cumarsáid. Trí an grianghraf seo a phostáil, chuir mé teachtaireacht chugat; agus d'fhreagair tú trí tharraingt ó do mhúnlaí meabhrach féin d'fhonn patrúin a aimsiú agus brí a chruthú. Is é an clasaiceach \"Sender / Interpreter\" samhail na teoiric cumarsáide, agus má tá tú cuimhneamh ar an tsamhail ó do Freshman bliain, ansin tá a fhios agat go dtarlóidh sé seo láithreach agus gan mórán iarrachta ar do chuid.\nNa huaireanta a rinne mé an cleachtadh seo le grúpaí i suíomhanna eagraíochta, de ghnáth iarrann duine éigin: cad atá ar an gcailín beag? An bhfuil sí ag déanamh níos fearr? Is iontach an chaoi a gcruthaíonn an íomhá gan ainm, gan aghaidh, métaphórach nasc mothúchánach agus rannpháirtíocht phearsanta. (Is é an freagra go bhfuil an cailín beag ag déanamh go hiontach, anois go bhfuil gach duine den teaghlach tar éis athruithe beaga ach criticiúla i ngníomh.)\nMar sin tá mo chleachtadh i gcomhairliúchán teaghlaigh críochnaithe.\nMaidir leis an ngníomhaire athraithe eagraíochta, tá rud éigin ag tarlú anseo atá an-chumhachtach nach féidir linn a neamhaird, agus tá sé a dhéanamh leis an gcaoi a n-imríonn íomhánna, maitéagrafacha, agus scéalta an intinn chun brí a chruthú.\nI mo chéad phost eile ar an mblag, déanfaidh mé an plé seo a aistriú go sonrach chuig an saol eagraíochta. Agus taispeánfaidh mé duit conas a d'úsáid muid an cineál seo \"comharsaíochta, bunaithe ar scéal\" chun feasacht nua, samhlacha meabhrach nua, agus iompar nua a ghiniúint do chuideachtaí atá ag streachailt le dúshláin cosúil le do chuid féin."} {"text": "Call it Java 1.5, 2.0, Java 5, Tiger, or what have you -- this version of Java has a lot to offer. This article covers just some of the new features. It is excerpted from chapter one of Java 1.5 Tiger: A Developer's Notebook, written by Brett McLaughlin and David Flanagan (O'Reilly, 2004; ISBN: 0596007388).\nWhat`s New in Java 1.5 Tiger? - Taking Advantage of Better Unicode (Page 5 of 6 )\nWhile many of the features in this chapter and the rest of the book focus on entirely new features, there are occasions where Tiger has simply evolved. The most significant of these is Unicode support. In pre-Tiger versions of Java, Unicode 3.0 was supported, and all of these Unicode characters fit into 16 bits (and therefore a char). Things are different, now, so youíll need to understand a bit more.\nHow do I do that?\nIn Tiger, Java has moved to support Unicode 4.0, which defines several characters that donít fit into 16 bits. This means that they wonít fit into a char acters inchar, and that has some far-reaching consequences. Youíll have to use int to represent these characters, and as a result methods like Character.isUpperCase() and Character.isWhitespace() now have variants that accept int arguments. So if youíre needing values in Unicode 3.0 that are not available in Unicode 3.0, youíll need to use these new methods..\nWhat just happened?\nTo really grasp all this, you have to understand a few basic terms:\nA codepoint is a number that represents a specific character. As an example, 0x3C0 is the codepoint for the symbol π.\nBasic Multilingual Plan (BMP)\nThe BMP is all Unicode codepoints from \\u0000 through \\uFFFF. All of these codepoints fit into a Java char.\nThese are the Unicode codepoints that fall outside of the BMP. There are 21-bit codepoints, with hex values from 010000 through 10FFFF, and must be represented by an int.\nA char, then, represents a BMP Unicode codepoint. To get all the supplementary characters in addition to the BMP, you need to use an int. Of course, only the lowest 21 bits are used, as thatís all that is needed; the upper 21 bits are zeroed out.\nAll this assumes that youíre dealing with these characters in isolation, though, and thatís hardly the only use-case. More often, youíve got to use these characters within the context of a larger String. In those situations, an int doesnít fit, and instead two char values are encoded, and called a surrogate pair when linked like this. The first char is from the high-surrogates range (\\uD800-\\uDBFF), and the second char is from the low-surrogates range (\\uDC00-\\uDFFF). The net effect is that the number of chars in a String is not guaranteed to be the number of codepoints. Sometimes two chars represent a single codepoint (Unicode 4.0), and sometimes they represent two codepoints (Unicode 3.0).", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-43", "url": "https://www.devarticles.com/c/a/Java/Whats-New-in-Java-15-Tiger/4/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583516135.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20181023111223-20181023132723-00180.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9296703339, "token_count": 716, "score": 2.671875, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Glaoigh air Java 1.5, 2.0, Java 5, Tiger, nó cad atá agat - tá go leor le tairiscint ag an leagan seo de Java. Ní léiríonn an t-alt seo ach cuid de na gnéithe nua. Tá sé as chaibidil amháin de Java 1.5 Tiger: A Developer's Notebook, a scríobh Brett McLaughlin agus David Flanagan (O'Reilly, 2004; ISBN: 0596007388).\nCad atá Nua i Java 1.5 Tiger? - Bain Tairbhe as Unicode Níos Fearr (Leathanach 5 de 6 )\nCé go bhfuil go leor de na gnéithe sa chaibidil seo agus an chuid eile den leabhar dírithe ar ghnéithe go hiomlán nua, tá ócáidí ann inar tháinig Tiger chun cinn go simplí. Is é an ceann is suntasaí díobh seo tacaíocht Unicode. I leaganacha réamh-Tiger de Java, bhí tacaíocht ag Unicode 3.0, agus na carachtair Unicode seo go léir a oireann isteach i 16 giotán (agus dá bhrí sin char). Tá rudaí difriúil anois, mar sin beidh ort níos mó a thuiscint.\nConas a dhéanaim é sin?\nI Tiger, d'aistrigh Java chun tacú le Unicode 4.0, a shainmhíníonn roinnt carachtair nach bhfuil oiriúnach do 16 bít. Ciallaíonn sé sin nach mbeidh siad in oiriúint do charters inchar, agus tá iarmhairtí fada-raonta ag sin. Beidh ort int a úsáid chun na carachtair seo a léiriú, agus mar thoradh air sin tá modhanna mar Character.isUpperCase() agus Character.isWhitespace() anois le hairíonna a ghlacann le argóintí int. Mar sin, má tá luachanna ag teastáil uait in Unicode 3.0 nach bhfuil ar fáil in Unicode 3.0, beidh ort na modhanna nua seo a úsáid.\nCad a tharla?\nChun é seo a thuiscint go hiomlán, ní mór duit tuiscint a fháil ar roinnt téarmaí bunúsacha:\nIs uimhir é códphointe a léiríonn carachtar ar leith. Mar shampla, is é 0x3C0 an pointe cód don tsiombail π.\nPlean Bunúsach Ilteangach (BMP)\nIs iad na pointí cód Unicode go léir ó \\u0000 go \\uFFFF. Gach ceann de na codpoints seo a oireann isteach i Java char.\nIs iad seo na pointí cód Unicode a thagann lasmuigh den BMP. Tá pointí cód 21-giotán ann, le luachanna heicseagmhála ó 010000 go dtí 10FFFF, agus ní mór iad a léiriú le int.\nLéiríonn char, ansin, pointe cód BMP Unicode. Chun na carachtair fhorlíontacha go léir a fháil chomh maith leis an BMP, ní mór duit int a úsáid. Ar ndóigh, ní úsáidtear ach na 21 bít is ísle, mar sin go léir is gá; tá na 21 bít is airde nialaithe amach.\nGach seo a glacadh leis go bhfuil tú ag déileáil leis na carachtair seo in eisiach, cé, agus that's hardly the only use-case. Níos minice, caithfidh tú na carachtair seo a úsáid i gcomhthéacs Snáithín níos mó. Sna cásanna sin, ní oireann int, agus ina ionad sin tá dhá luach char á gcódú, agus ar a dtugtar péire ionadóir nuair a bhíonn siad nasctha mar seo. Tá an chéad char ón raon ard-ionadaigh (\\uD800-\\uDBFF), agus tá an dara char ón raon íseal-ionadaigh (\\uDC00-\\uDFFF). Is é an éifeacht glan ná nach ráthaítear go mbeidh líon na gcártaí i String mar líon na gcódphointí. Uaireanta léiríonn dhá chárta pointe cód amháin (Unicode 4.0), agus uaireanta léiríonn siad dhá pointe cód (Unicode 3.0)."} {"text": "St James' Church, Aston facts for kids\nQuick facts for kidsSt James' Church, Aston\n|Denomination||Church of England|\n|Diocese||Anglican Diocese of Birmingham|\nThe church formed as a mission church from Church of SS Peter & Paul, Aston in 1891 and a new building was erected in 1906 to the designs of the architect J.A. Chatwin.\nIt was consecrated by Charles Gore, Bishop of Birmingham, on Saturday 2 November 1906.\nThe Chatwin church was demolished and a new church built in 1981 to the designs of the architect G Winteringham. This building was damaged in a fire in 2001 but was restored and reopened.\nThe Chatwin church of 1906 was equipped with a three manual pipe organ by Conacher of Sheffeld. A specification of the organ can be found on the National Pipe Organ Register. but is no longer present.\nSt James' Church, Aston Facts for Kids. Kiddle Encyclopedia.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-31", "url": "https://kids.kiddle.co/St_James%27_Church,_Aston", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046154878.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20210804142918-20210804172918-00671.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9485859871, "token_count": 200, "score": 2.515625, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Eaglais Naomh Seumas, Fíricí Aston do pháistí\nFíricí tapa do pháistí Eaglais Naomh Seumas, Aston\n Denomination \neaspag easpag easpag na Breataine easpag Birmingham easpag\nBunaíodh an séipéal mar eaglais mhisean ó Eaglais SS Peter & Paul, Aston i 1891 agus tógadh foirgneamh nua i 1906 de réir dearaí an ailtire J.A. Chatwin.\nD'fhógair Charles Gore, Easpag Birmingham, é ar an Satharn 2 Samhain 1906.\nTugadh an séipéal Chatwin ar ceal agus tógadh séipéal nua i 1981 de réir dearaí an ailtire G Winteringham. Bhí damáiste déanta don fhoirgneamh seo i dtógáil tine sa bhliain 2001 ach rinneadh é a athchóiriú agus a athoscailt.\nBhí orgán trí phíopa láimhe ag Conacher de Sheffeld san eaglais Chatwin in 1906. Tá sonraíocht na n-orgán le fáil ar an gClár Náisiúnta Orgáin Píopa. ach tá sé nach bhfuil i láthair a thuilleadh.\nEaglais Naomh Seumas, Fíricí Aston do Leanaí. Leabharlann Kiddle."} {"text": "Our definition of “normal” gets re-written again and again as events such as Hurricane Sandy, Hurricane Katrina, and the tragedy of 9/11 go on to forever change people’s lives. One of the best ways I’ve learned to cope with whatever is on my plate is by writing. By writing about your thoughts, feelings, opinions, or actual details surrounding an event, the act of writing can go a long way towards helping to release the lingering effects of trauma and is also an excellent way to help you get more in touch with yourself. Listed below are a few articles to help get you started.\nHow Veterans Can Aid Resilience by Writing at RealWarriors.net\nWriting about emotions may ease stress and trauma at Harvard Health\nTrauma And The Benefits Of Writing About It at Psychology Today\nAnd if you were affected in any way by Hurricane Sandy or any other traumatic event:\nTaking care of yourself after traumatic events at Headington Institute", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-40", "url": "http://www.rhodiadrive.com/2012/11/02/redefining-normal/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-40/segments/1443737952309.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20151001221912-00031-ip-10-137-6-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9460378885, "token_count": 201, "score": 2.609375, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Déantar ár sainmhíniú ar \"nádúrtha\" a athscríobh arís agus arís eile de réir mar a théann imeachtaí mar Hurricane Sandy, Hurricane Katrina, agus tragóid 9/11 ar aghaidh chun saol daoine a athrú go deo. Ceann de na bealaí is fearr a d'fhoghlaim mé chun déileáil le cibé rud atá ar mo phláta is ea trí scríobh. Trí scríobh faoi do chuid smaointe, mothúchán, tuairimí, nó sonraí iarbhír a bhaineann le himeacht, is féidir leis an ngníomh scríbhneoireachta dul ar bhealach fada chun cabhrú le héifeachtaí fada an chraobh a scaoileadh agus is bealach iontach é freisin chun cabhrú leat níos mó teagmháil a dhéanamh leat féin. Tá roinnt alt liostaithe thíos chun cabhrú leat tosú.\nConas is Féidir le Seana-Ghaeilgeoirí Cabhair a thabhairt le Seasmhacht trí Scríobh ag RealWarriors.net\nD'fhéadfadh go gcuirfeadh scríobh faoi mhothúcháin strus agus trauma ar fáil ag Harvard Health\nTrauma agus na buntáistí a bhaineann le scríobh faoi ag Psychology Today\nAgus má bhí tú i bhfeidhm ar bhealach ar bith ag Hurricane Sandy nó aon ócáid traumatic eile:\nAg tabhairt aire duit féin tar éis imeachtaí traumatacha in Institiúid Headington"} {"text": "Calves seem to be the most overlooked body part in the lower body.\nThe muscle groups of your upper legs may very well support the core muscles of your body when you’re lifting but the lower leg muscles of the calves must work hard to stabilize the body through every movement while bearing the total weight of the body and any additional loads – twisting, raising you up onto your toes, lowering your onto your heels, twisting your feet.\nIt’s vital that your calves support you through every movement or you risk serious injury. Likewise, it does little good to train the rest of your body but leave your calves alone.\nYou won’t be able to effectively stabilize the weights you’re moving and lifting outside of general workouts – meaning there’s no practical application for your muscle mass. Worst of all you will look like you’ve got chicken legs.\nThe Anatomy of the Calf Muscle\nThe calf muscle is a group of muscles that are balled into a large group in the upper portion of the lower leg just below the knee. This group is made up of 2 muscles that combine to make up the whole of the calf muscle.\n- Gastrocnemius – The calf muscle that is most visible from the exterior of the body. This muscle attaches at the Achilles tendon and originates just behind the knee on the femur where it crosses the knee joint\n- Soleus – This is a deep muscle that is not visible when looking at the leg externally. It lies beneath the gastrocnemius on the rear portion of the lower leg.\nThe function of the two muscles together is the elevate the heel both with the leg straight and when the knee is bent.\nThe action of bending the heal is used in a variety of movements – walking, jumping, running, squats, etc.\nThe Top 5 Exercises for Increasing Calf Muscles – The Breakdown\nThe calf muscles can be worked in a variety of ways but they are a specialized muscle group that receive very little activity and attention unless they are specifically targeted. These top 5 exercises for the calf muscles will help you maintain a balanced workout in conjunction with other exercises so that your overall wellness and physical tone remains in balance.\nSome of these exercises require the use of weights while others use little more than natural physical resistance. For additional resistance in any exercise you can add additional weight by using body straps or free weights (or by increasing the resistance of a machine if one is used.)\nCalf Exercises #1 – Standing Calf Raises\nThis exercise can be done using either a dedicated machine or a calf block. The number of reps you do for this exercise will vary depending on your current calf mass and workout routine. Test different ranges to see which works for the density of your calf muscles.\nPerforming the standing calf raise\nFollow these steps to perform this exercise:\n- Stand on the edge of a step. Or, if you have a step-aerobics platform, place two sets of risers underneath the platform.\n- Stand tall with your abdominals pulled in, the balls of your feet firmly planted on the step, and your heels hanging over the edge.\n- Rest your hands against a wall or a sturdy object for balance.\n- Raise your heels a few inches above the edge of the step so that you’re on your tiptoes.\n- Hold the position for a moment, and then lower your heels below the platform, feeling a stretch in your calf muscles.\nCalf Exercises #2 – Seated Calf Raise\nThis is a workout that is necessary to achieve complete development of the calf muscles. While this movement is similar to the standing calf raise. The seated calf raise will actually target the lower muscles of the calf (the soleus).\nPerforming the seated calf raise\nFollow these steps to perform this exercise:\n- Sit on the machine and place your toes on the lower portion of the platform provided with the heels extending off. Choose the toe positioning of your choice (forward, in, or out) as per the beginning of this chapter.\n- Place your lower thighs under the lever pad, which will need to be adjusted according to the height of your thighs. Now place your hands on top of the lever pad in order to prevent it from slipping forward.\n- Lift the lever slightly by pushing your heels up and release the safety bar. This will be your starting position.\n- Slowly lower your heels by bending at the ankles until the calves are fully stretched. Inhale as you perform this movement.\n- Raise the heels by extending the ankles as high as possible as you contract the calves and breathe out. Hold the top contraction for a second.\n- Repeat for the recommended amount of repetitions.\nTop Calf Exercises #3 – Dumbbell Jump Squat\nWhile this movement does also work the upper leg muscles it focuses a great deal of attention on the calf muscles as well and is an integral part of any whole body workout.\nLike the box jump, the dumbbell jump squat can help add explosive power to your workout routine.\nThis form of workout helps to develop muscle quickly – increased mass equals a higher metabolism and a better calorie burn through your other workouts.\nTo perform, simply place yourself in a position for a standard squat and lower your body into the squat. Moving to the balls of your feet and toes as you do so. Once you’re at your lowest point, propel yourself up and explode upward into a jump.\nLand on the balls of your feet and immediately move into another squat. Use dumbbells for this exercise to increase the difficult, but avoid using a barbell. Dumbbells will provide a lower center of gravity and give you more central control of your balance.\nTop Calf Exercises #4 – Box Jumps\nIn many lifting exercises you need to have explosive strength in your legs. The box jump offers that, as it’s a functional exercise made to give your calf muscles far more power and “spring”.\nThis exercise can train your muscles to react and contract much more quickly. And will deliver some serious tone to your calf muscles.\nStand on the balls of your feet and you toes in front of a box, with the height appropriate to your limitations.\nJump onto the box and land again on your toes and the balls of your feet. Jump back down to the floor and repeat for 8 to 10 reps.\nDo not use dumbbells or other held weights during this exercise as you may need your hands free in order to catch yourself if you trip.\nTop Calf Exercises #5 – Leg Press Calf Raises\nThis is a tried and true exercise that has been in use for years known also as the donkey raise. Because of the nature of the exercise it has the most potential for getting a deeper pull in the calf muscles.\nThe workout can be intensified with added weights, so you can avoid having to do calf presses with someone sitting on your back.\nSit on the leg press machine and hold the sled with only your toes and the balls of your feet. Do not move with your hips or knees and instead put all the movement into your ankles.\nThis puts all the emphasis on your calf muscles and nowhere else in the leg.\n- Standing Calf Raises – 3 Sets of 12 Reps\n- Seated Calf Raises – 3 Sets of 15 Reps\n- Standing Calf Raise – 3 Sets of 12/10/8 Reps\n- Leg Press Calf Raises – 4 Sets of 10 Reps\n- Seated Calf Raises – 3 Set of 20 Lower weight and do 10 more reps\n- Box Jumps – 3 Set of 15 Reps\n- Seated Calf Raises – 3 Sets of 15 reps\n- Leg Press Calf Raises – 5 Sets of 12 Reps\n- Standing Calf Raises – 2 Sets of 10/8 Reps\n- Dumbbell Jump Squats – 3 Set of 15 Reps\nYou’ll see the best results by adding the top exercises to build your calf muscles to your usual leg workout routine.\nWhen working on increasing muscle mass in the lower legs. Remember that it’s important to take in the proper amount of nutrients and protein to sustain your exercises and never push yourself beyond your daily limit.\nGive your body the appropriate time to rest and recover between each workout session as a damaged muscle group is a useless muscle group.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-43", "url": "https://www.wolvesfitness.co.uk/top-5-exercises-increasing-calf-mass/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583514708.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20181022050544-20181022072044-00350.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9225373268, "token_count": 1739, "score": 2.6875, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Is cosúil gurb iad na muiceanna an chuid is mó de chorp a bhfuil dearmad déanta air sa chuid íochtarach den chorp.\nIs féidir le grúpaí matáin do chosa uachtair tacú go maith le matáin lárnacha do chorp nuair a bhíonn tú ag ardú ach ní mór do matáin chosa íseal na n-eacha obair go crua chun an corp a chobhsú trí gach gluaiseacht agus iad ag iompar meáchan iomlán an chomhlachta agus aon ualach breise - casadh, tú a ardú suas ar do thriomláin, do thriomláin a ísliú ar do chlé, casadh do chosa.\nTá sé ríthábhachtach go dtacóidh do chaora leat i ngach gluaiseacht nó go mbainfidh tú gortú tromchúiseach. Ar an gcaoi chéanna, ní dhéanann sé mórán tairbhe do chuid eile de do chorp a oiliúint ach fág do chuid féitheacha ina n-aonar.\nNí bheidh tú in ann na meáchain atá á n-aistriú agat agus á ardú agat a chobhsú go héifeachtach lasmuigh de thraenáil ghinearálta, rud a chiallaíonn nach bhfuil aon fheidhm phraiticiúil ag do mhais muscle. An rud is measa de gach beidh tú ag breathnú cosúil go bhfuil tú chicken legs.\nAn Anatamaíocht ar Mhiscle an Bhalbha\nIs grúpa matáin é an matáin chailf atá balled isteach i ngrúpa mór i gcuid uachtarach an chos íseal díreach faoi bhun an ghlúine. Tá an grúpa seo déanta suas de 2 matáin a chomhcheanglaíonn chun an matán uile a dhéanamh suas.\n- Gastrocnemius An muscle na féile is infheicthe ó thaobh amuigh den chorp. Tá an muscle seo ceangailte leis an tendon Achilles agus tagann sé díreach taobh thiar den ghlúine ar an femur áit a thrasnaíonn sé an comhpháirteach glúine\n- Soleus Is muscle domhain é seo nach bhfuil le feiceáil nuair a fhéachann tú ar an gcosa go seachtrach. Tá sé suite faoi bhun an gastrocnemius ar an gcuid chúlra den chos íseal.\nIs é feidhm an dá mhúscle le chéile an cnoc a ardú araon leis an gcosa díreach agus nuair a bhíonn an glúine cnuasaithe.\nÚsáidtear an gníomh chun an cnámh a chlúdach i mbealaí éagsúla gluaiseachta siúl, léim, rith, squats, srl.\nNa 5 Oiliúint is Fearr chun Múscail na nGaelchruinne a Méadú An Briseadh síos\nIs féidir na matáin bhéal a oibriú ar bhealaí éagsúla ach is grúpa matáin speisialaithe iad nach bhfaigheann an-bheag gníomhaíocht agus aird mura bhfuil siad dírithe go sonrach. Cabhróidh na 5 fheidhmíocht is fearr seo do na matáin chailf leat oiliúint chothrom a choinneáil i gcomhar le cleachtaí eile ionas go mbeidh do folláine foriomlán agus ton fisiciúil i gcoibhneas.\nÉilíonn cuid de na cleachtaí seo meáchain a úsáid agus ní úsáideann cuid eile ach beagán níos mó ná friotaíocht fhisiciúil nádúrtha. Chun friotaíocht bhreise a chur leis in aon fheidhmiú is féidir leat meáchan breise a chur leis trí bhaill comhlacht nó meáchan saor in aisce a úsáid (nó trí friotaíocht meaisín a mhéadú má úsáidtear ceann).\nCleachtaí le haghaidh na gcolún #1 Ag ardú na gcolún ina seasamh\nIs féidir an cleachtadh seo a dhéanamh trí mheaisín speisialta nó trí bhloc na mball a úsáid. Beidh an líon athdhéanamh a dhéanann tú don fheidhmiú seo ag athrú ag brath ar do chuid mais féile reatha agus ar do ghnáthamh workout. Déan tástáil ar raon éagsúla chun a fheiceáil cé acu a oibríonn do dhlúth na matáin do mhála.\nAg cur an t-ardú coiléir in airde i gcrích\nLean na céimeanna seo chun an cleachtadh seo a dhéanamh:\n- Seas ar imeall na céim. Nó, má tá ardán aerobics céim agat, cuir dhá sheaicéad ardaitheoirí faoi bhun an ardáin.\n- Seas ar airde le do abdominals tarraingthe isteach, na liathróidí de do chosa a phlandáil go daingean ar an chéim, agus do chléithe crochta thar an imeall.\n- Cuir do lámha i gcoinne balla nó ar rud láidir chun cothromaíocht a fháil.\n- Ardaigh do chlé cúpla orlach os cionn imeall an chéim ionas go bhfuil tú ar do tiptoe.\n- Coinnigh an seasamh ar feadh nóiméad, agus ansin do chléibh a ísliú faoi bhun an ardán, ag mothú síneadh i do matáin calf.\nCleachtaí le haghaidh na gCealla #2 Cealla suí ardaithe\nIs cleachtadh é seo a bhfuil gá leis chun forbairt iomlán na matáin mhála a bhaint amach. Cé go bhfuil an ghluaiseacht seo cosúil leis an ardú colf seasamh. Beidh an t-ardú colm suí dírithe i ndáiríre ar na matáin íseal den colm (an soleus).\nAg cur an t-easnamh coiléir shuidhe i gcrích\nLean na céimeanna seo chun an cleachtadh seo a dhéanamh:\n- Suigh ar an meaisín agus cuir do mhéara ar an gcuid níos ísle den ardán a bhfuil na cnocanna ag síneadh amach. Roghnaigh an suíomh a roghnaíonn tú (ag dul ar aghaidh, isteach nó amach) de réir thús na caibidle seo.\n- Cuir do chuid íochtarach do thigh faoi phád an leabhráin, a chaithfidh a bheith coigeartaithe de réir airde do thigh. Cuir do lámha anois ar bharr an leapa le haghaidh cosc a chur air ó sleamhnú ar aghaidh.\n- Ardaigh an liathróid go beag trí do chléasanna a bhrú suas agus scaoileadh an barra sábháilteachta. Beidh sé seo do seasamh tosaigh.\n- Laghdaigh do chléithe go mall trí na glúine a phléasc go dtí go mbeidh na babhtaí go hiomlán síneadh. Inhale mar a dhéanann tú an ghluaiseacht seo.\n- Ardaigh na ciseáin trí na glúine a shíneadh chomh hard agus is féidir agus tú ag cur na mairteoga agus ag anailís amach. Coinnigh an comhshó uachtarach ar feadh soicind.\n- Déan arís é ar feadh an líon athdhéanta molta.\nCleachtaí Top Calf #3 Dumbbell Jump Squat\nCé go n-oibríonn an ghluaiseacht seo freisin ar na matáin chos uachtaracha, díríonn sé go mór ar na matáin mhála freisin agus tá sé ina chuid lárnach de aon oiliúint choirp iomlán.\nCosúil leis an léim bhosca, is féidir leis an léim dumbbell squat cabhrú le cumhacht pléasctha a chur le do ghnáthamh aclaíochta.\nCuidíonn an cineál workout seo le matáin a fhorbairt go tapa tá mais mhéadaithe comhionann le meitibileacht níos airde agus dóchán calraí níos fearr trí do chuid workouts eile.\nChun é a dhéanamh, cuir tú féin i riocht do shuíomh caighdeánach agus cuir do chorp síos sa shuíomh. Ag bogadh go dtí na liathróidí de do chosa agus toes mar a dhéanann tú. Nuair a bheidh tú ag do phointe is ísle, cuir tú féin ar aghaidh agus pléascadh suas i léim.\nTóg an t-am ar do bhallaí coise agus bog láithreach isteach i gcúba eile. Úsáid dumbbells le haghaidh an cleachtadh seo chun an deacracht a mhéadú, ach seachain barbell a úsáid. Cuirfidh dumbbells lár na meáchan níos ísle ar fáil agus tabharfaidh siad níos mó smacht lárnach ar do chothromaíocht duit.\nCleachtaí Uachtaracha na gCealla #4 Léimí Cásca\nI go leor cleachtaí ardaithe ní mór duit neart pléasctha a bheith agat i do chosa. Cuireann an léim bhosca seo ar fáil, mar is cleachtadh feidhmiúil é a dhéantar chun do matáin mhál a thabhairt i bhfad níos mó cumhachta agus earrach.\nIs féidir leis an cleachtadh seo do mhúscail a oiliúint chun freagairt agus d'aontacht a dhéanamh i bhfad níos gasta. Agus cuirfidh sé roinnt ton tromchúiseach ar do matáin mhála.\nSeas ar do bhallaí coise agus cuir do thriomáin os comhair bosca, agus an airde a oireann do do theorainneacha.\nLéim ar an mbosca agus tuirlingt arís ar do thriomáin agus ar do bhallán. Léim ar ais síos go dtí an urlár agus déan arís ar feadh 8 go 10 reps.\nNá húsáid dumbbells ná meáchain eile a choinnítear le linn na hoibríochta seo mar d'fhéadfadh go mbeadh do lámha saor chun tú féin a ghabháil má thiteann tú.\nCleachtaí Top Calf #5 Leg Press Calf Raises\nIs é seo a fheidhmiú thriail agus fíor a bhí i bhfeidhm ar feadh blianta ar a dtugtar freisin mar an madra ardú. Mar gheall ar nádúr an fheidhmiú tá an acmhainn is mó aige chun tarraingt níos doimhne a fháil ar na matáin mhála.\nIs féidir an cleachtadh a neartú le meáchain bhreise, ionas gur féidir leat a sheachaint go gcaithfidh tú brúí na féile a dhéanamh le duine ina suí ar do chúl.\nSuigh ar an meaisín brú coise agus coinnigh an sleamhnán le do mhéara agus le do bhall coise amháin. Ná gluaiseacht le do chlé nó do ghlúine agus cuir an ghluaiseacht go léir i do chlé.\nCuireann sé seo an béim ar fad ar do shlándáil mhíchill agus ní áit ar bith eile sa chos.\n- Ag ardú na gCealla 3 shraith de 12 Reps\n- An t-eachán suí ag ardú 3 shraith de 15 Reps\n- Ag ardú na gCealla 3 shraith de 12/10/8 Reps\n- Leg Press Calf Lifts 4 shraith de 10 Reps\n- Seated Calf Lifts 3 Sraith de 20 Meáchan níos ísle agus déan 10 reps níos mó\n- Léimí Cásca 3 Sraith de 15 Reps\n- Seat Calf Raises 3 shraith de 15 reps\n- Leg Press Calf Lifts 5 sraith de 12 Reps\n- Ag ardú na gCealla 2 shraith de 10/8 Reps\n- Squats léim dumbbell 3 sraith de 15 Reps\nFeicfidh tú na torthaí is fearr trí na cleachtaí is fearr a chur leis chun do shlándáil matáin na mball a thógáil le do ghnáth-chleachtadh cos.\nNuair a bhíonn tú ag obair ar mhais muscle a mhéadú sna cosa níos ísle. Cuimhnigh go bhfuil sé tábhachtach an méid ceart cothaithigh agus próitéine a ghlacadh chun do chuid aclaíochta a chothú agus ná brúigh ort féin thar do theorainn laethúil.\nTabhair do chorp an t-am cuí chun scíth a ligean agus a ghnóthú idir gach seisiún aclaíochta mar gur grúpa matáin é an grúpa matáin damáiste nach bhfuil úsáideach."} {"text": "Being able to have an opinion about important subjects and defend that position is an incredibly important skill in life. Often, we come across such potentially heated debates during the course of a day, but the subjects are mainly to do with practical daily tasks rather than deeper philosophical issues. The solutions to such issues are usually non-obvious where many thinkers have been putting efforts in exploring them and providing insights.\nThis structured exercise provides an opportunity to practice debating on such topics in a controlled environment where the main focus is on the following:\n- Practice presenting a viewpoint clearly, concisely and accurately\n- Avoid exaggeration that can be used to derail a position by others\n- Not getting emotional when others disagree and instead learning to see it from their point of view\n- Have a conversation about a topic and learn something about it by listening to others", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-43", "url": "http://www.skillsconverged.com/FreeTrainingMaterials/tabid/258/articleType/CategoryView/categoryId/106/Assertiveness.aspx", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583511206.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20181017174543-20181017200043-00499.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9715774059, "token_count": 167, "score": 3.015625, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Is scileanna an-tábhachtach iad a bheith in ann tuairim a bheith agat faoi ábhair thábhachtacha agus an seasamh sin a chosaint. Go minic, tagann muid i ngleic le díospóireachtaí a d'fhéadfadh a bheith te le linn an lae, ach baineann na hábhair go príomha le tascanna praiticiúla laethúla seachas saincheisteanna fealsamacha níos doimhne. De ghnáth ní bhíonn na réitigh ar shaincheisteanna den sórt sin soiléir nuair a bhíonn go leor smaointeoirí ag déanamh iarrachtaí iad a iniúchadh agus léargas a sholáthar.\nSoláthraíonn an cleachtadh struchtúrtha seo deis chun plé a dhéanamh ar ábhair den sórt sin i dtimpeallacht rialaithe ina bhfuil an fócas is mó ar na nithe seo a leanas:\n- Cleachtadh ag cur dearcadh i láthair go soiléir, go géar agus go cruinn\n- Seachain an t-eagóir a d'fhéadfadh a bheith in ann seasamh daoine eile a chur ar ceal\n- gan mothúchán a fháil nuair nach n-aontaíonn daoine eile agus in ionad sin foghlaim é a fheiceáil óna thaobh\n- Bí ag caint faoi ábhar agus foghlaim rud éigin faoi trí éisteacht le daoine eile"} {"text": "The CÉF respects the education goals and follows the provincial curriculum as set out by Saskatchewan's Ministry of Education.\n- In Fransaskois schools, all subjects are taught in French, with the exception of English Language Arts.\n- Students are first introduced to English Language Arts in Grade 4, and continue through to Grade 12. The course is the same as the one offered in Saskatchewan's English-language public and separate school systems. The late introduction is to allow a solid base of learning in French and has proven to be an effective way to learn both languages. According to provincial assessments in English Reading administered by the Ministry of Education, Grade 7 CÉF students achieve better results on average than do the province's students as a whole.\n- Certain courses, are lightly modified, with the Ministry of Education's approval, to respect the distinct nature of the Fransaskois schools.\n- Although the CÉF is a public school system, parents can choose to enroll their children in either a general ethics or christian ethics course.\n- Students participate in a wide variety of social and cultural activities to complement their learning.\nYour local school principal would be very pleased to answer your questions regarding the first-language French elementary school program.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-31", "url": "https://ecolefrancophone.com/en/education/elementary-school", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046153971.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20210730154005-20210730184005-00709.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9545046091, "token_count": 252, "score": 3.0625, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Tá an CÉF ag meas ar na spriocanna oideachais agus leanann sé an curaclam réigiúnach mar a leagtar amach é ag Aireacht Oideachais Saskatchewan.\n- Sna scoileanna Fransaskois, múintear na hábhair go léir i bhFraincis, seachas Ealaíon na mBéarla.\n- Tugtar tús le hAiteangacha Béarla i nGráda 4 do mhic léinn ar dtús, agus leanann siad ar aghaidh go dtí Grád 12. Tá an cúrsa mar an gcéanna leis an gceann a thairgtear i gcórais scoileanna poiblí agus ar leithligh Saskatchewan Béarla. Is é an t-aistriú déanach bunús láidir foghlama sa Fhraincis a cheadú agus tá sé cruthaithe gur bealach éifeachtach é chun an dá theanga a fhoghlaim. De réir meastóireachtaí na cúige i Léitheoireacht Béarla arna riaradh ag an Aireacht Oideachais, is fearr a bhaint amach ag mic léinn Grád 7 CÉF ar an meán ná mar a dhéanann mic léinn na cúige ina iomláine.\n- Tá cúrsaí áirithe, le toiliú an Aireacht Oideachais, a mhodhnú go beag chun nádúr ar leith na scoileanna Fransaskois a urramú.\n- Cé gur córas scoile poiblí é an CÉF, is féidir le tuismitheoirí a gcuid leanaí a chlárú i gcúrsa eitice ginearálta nó i gcúrsa eitice Críostaí.\n- Glacann mic léinn páirt i réimse leathan gníomhaíochtaí sóisialta agus cultúrtha chun a gcuid foghlama a chomhlánú.\nBeidh an-áthas ar phríomhoide do scoile áitiúil do cheisteanna a fhreagairt maidir le clár bunscoile na Fraince mar chéad teanga."} {"text": "The \"ownership' of software is based on copyright law, and the General Public Licence (GPL) formulated by Richard Stallman is based on a new application of this law. In consequence, one might think this Open Source thinking could be applied to other works that fall under copyright law. And of course that has already been done. First, there was literature.\nThe invention of the printing press is what prompted the evolution that led to the copyright laws we have today, which makes it a natural starting point. Financing book publishing also resembles the software industry in a number of other ways. The actual creative work is in writing the book, after which any number of copies can be printed - not for free, perhaps, but at a reasonable unit cost. In today's Internet world, it's naturally also possible to distribute a book in digital form, which truly does make copying costs nonexistent.\nSo, why aren't books published according to the principles of Open Source? Perhaps the reason is simple: people don't think of doing it.\nOn the other hand, it might also be that Open Source doesn't give quite the same edge in writing a book as it does in computer programming. After all, writing software is usually a very complex process which requires the input, often of hundreds, of people for several years. In this complex process the benefits of openness compared to closed systems is obvious (as is proved by Linux, Apache, etc.).\nWriting a book, then, is not so complicated. Actually, your average book can be written by one author, and it doesn't necessarily have to take even a whole year (provided you don't write only at the weekends, in addition to having a day job, which is how I wrote this book). But to collaborate with others to write a book, one would have to be able to divide the workload in some sensible way, and for many books this would be very difficult. If it were fiction, for instance, the writers would have to discuss their plot very carefully, agree on characters and so on, in order for the story to be told with any coherence. In the end, it would be far easier for one person to write the book on their own.\nEven so, Open Source books do exist. But rather than being plot-thick detective stories they are more likely to be, for instance, Linux manuals.1\nAt a very early stage, when the first GNU books were beginning to take off, it was clear that a free program should naturally have a free manual. And behold, writing manuals works fine within the framework of the Open Source process. It's easy enough to divide the parts of a manual for a number of writers to work on. Another benefit is that there's usually a need to update the manual whenever a program changes and evolves. This too makes an Open Source manual better than something not just anybody can change, as most of the old manual can usually be employed in the revised one. It's only necessary to change the parts that relate to what has changed in the new version of the software, to add new chapters for the new features, without having to rewrite the whole book. Such a process would be more complicated with conventional books under current copyright law, which would not allow an out-of-date manual to be updated without permission of its original author/s. Which is why members of the Open Source community always include a text specifically granting this permission to all and sundry every time they release a manual or the code for a program.\nAnd because that is likely to discomfit a lot of publishers, this is a good place to reiterate what has been said about software in earlier chapters. There are bound to be people who feel that publishing a book on the Internet under Open Source terms is a bad idea and will be the ruin of the publishing industry. But this is roughly the same thought that struck traditional software businesses when they first heard of Linux. In actual fact, the situation is the reverse. An Open Source book which is available on the Internet is like free money for a publisher. It's a book that is already written and only needs to be printed for the money to start rolling in. And lots of smart publishers have actually realized that. Apparently, the publisher of most Open Source books is O'Reilly, the same publishing house that once upon a time put Larry Wall, the creator of the programming language Perl, on its payroll and thereby gained its role as purveyor of books to the Open Source movement. But O'Reilly is not the only publisher to discover the Open Source market. Prentice Hall actively seeks Open Source writers for a series which has as its Series Editor the spokesperson of the Open Source community, Bruce Perens.\nSo there are some Open Source books. But we've slid back into the field of Linux. So is there any other Open Source literature outside Linux manuals?\n- 1. Linus Torvalds' grandfather, Ole Torvalds, was actually involved in a detective story collaboration with a number of other Finnish authors writing in Swedish. Each author wrote one chapter, but there was no discussion of plot or characters; the manuscript was simply handed on to the next writer, who had to come up with a way of moving the so-called plot forward. The collaborative book was published in 1950, but it was not a bestseller. The title Den rödgröna skorpionen, which translates as The Red-Green Scorpion, may have had something to do with that, as it's a title that sounds almost as classy in Swedish as it does in English!", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-31", "url": "https://www.openlife.cc/index.php/onlinebook/literature", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046152085.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20210805224801-20210806014801-00595.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9761493206, "token_count": 1141, "score": 2.78125, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Tá \"úinéireacht\" bogearraí bunaithe ar dhlí cóipchirt, agus tá an Cheadúnas Poiblí Ginearálta (GPL) a fhormul Richard Stallman bunaithe ar chur i bhfeidhm nua den dlí seo. Dá bhrí sin, d'fhéadfadh duine a cheapann go bhféadfadh an smaoineamh Foinse Oscailte a chur i bhfeidhm ar shaothar eile a thagann faoi dhlí an chóipcheart. Agus ar ndóigh tá sé sin déanta cheana féin. Ar dtús, bhí litríocht ann.\nIs é an t-eachtra priontála a spreag an t-eabhlóid a d'fhág go raibh dlíthe cóipchirt againn inniu, rud a fhágann go bhfuil sé ina phointe tosaigh nádúrtha. Tá foilsitheoireacht leabhar maoinithe cosúil leis an tionscal bogearraí i roinnt bealaí eile freisin. Is é an obair chruthaitheach i ndáiríre ná an leabhar a scríobh, agus ina dhiaidh sin is féidir aon líon cóipeanna a phriontáil - ní saor in aisce, b'fhéidir, ach ar chostas réasúnta an aonaid. Sa domhan Idirlín inniu, is féidir leabhar a dháileadh i bhfoirm dhigiteach, rud a fhágann go bhfuil costas cóipeála gan bheith ann.\nMar sin, cén fáth nach bhfoilsítear leabhair de réir phrionsabail an Fhórais Oscailte? B'fhéidir go bhfuil an chúis simplí: ní smaoiníonn daoine ar é a dhéanamh.\nAr an láimh eile, d'fhéadfadh sé a bheith freisin nach dtugann an Fhoinse Oscailte an ceann céanna i scríbhinn leabhar mar a dhéanann sé i gcláir ríomhaire. Tar éis an tsaoil, is próiseas an-chasta é bogearraí a scríobh a éilíonn ionchur, go minic na céadta, daoine ar feadh roinnt blianta. Sa phróiseas casta seo tá buntáistí oscailteacht i gcomparáid le córais dúnta soiléir (mar a léirítear le Linux, Apache, etc. )\nNíl sé chomh casta leabhar a scríobh, ansin. Go deimhin, is féidir le haon údar amháin an leabhar ar an meán a scríobh, agus ní gá go dtógfadh sé fiú bliain iomlán (faoi choinníoll nach scríobhann tú ach ag an deireadh seachtaine, chomh maith le post lá, agus is mar sin a scríobh mé an leabhar seo). Ach chun comhoibriú le daoine eile le leabhar a scríobh, bheadh ar dhuine a bheith in ann an t-ualach oibre a roinnt ar bhealach ciallmhar, agus d'fhéadfadh sé seo a bheith an-deacair i gcás go leor leabhair. Dá mbeadh sé ficsean, mar shampla, bheadh na scríbhneoirí a phlé a gcuid plota go han-chúramach, ag teacht ar chomhaontú ar charachtair agus mar sin de, d'fhonn an scéal a bheith in iúl le haon chomhsheasmhacht. Sa deireadh, bheadh sé i bhfad níos éasca do dhuine amháin an leabhar a scríobh ar a gcuid féin.\nMar sin féin, tá leabhair Foinse Oscailte ann. Ach seachas a bheith ina scéalta fiosrúcháin plódaithe, is dóichí go mbeidh siad, mar shampla, mar lámhleabhair Linux.1\nAg céim an-luath, nuair a bhí na chéad leabhair GNU ag tosú ag dul ar aghaidh, bhí sé soiléir gur chóir go mbeadh lámhleabhar saor in aisce ag clár saor in aisce go nádúrtha. Agus féach, tá lámhleabhair scríbhneoireachta ag obair go maith laistigh de chreat an phróisis Foinse Oscailte. Tá sé éasca go leor codanna de mhánleabhar a roinnt le go leor scríbhneoirí a bheith ag obair air. Buntáiste eile is ea go bhfuil gá de ghnáth le nuashonrú ar an lámhleabhar aon uair a athraíonn clár agus éabhlóidíonn. Déanann sé seo freisin lámhleabhar Foinse Oscailte a dhéanamh níos fearr ná rud nach féidir le duine ar bith a athrú, mar is féidir an chuid is mó den sean-lámhleabhar a úsáid de ghnáth sa lámhleabhar athbhreithnithe. Ní gá ach na codanna a bhaineann leis an méid atá athraithe sa leagan nua den bogearraí a athrú, caibidil nua a chur leis na gnéithe nua, gan an leabhar iomlán a athscríobh. Bheadh próiseas den sórt sin níos casta le leabhair thraidisiúnta faoin dlí cóipchirt reatha, rud nach ligfeadh do lámhleabhar atá as dáta a nuashonrú gan cead a údar bunaidh / a údaranna bunaidh. Sin an fáth go gcuimsíonn baill den phobal Foinse Oscailte téacs go sonrach ag tabhairt an chead seo do gach duine agus gach uair a scaoileann siad lámhleabhar nó an cód do chlár.\nAgus toisc go bhfuil sé dóchúil go mbeidh a lán foilsitheoirí míchompordach, is áit mhaith é seo chun a rá arís cad a dúirt muid faoi bogearraí i gcaibidil roimhe seo. Tá daoine ann a cheapann go bhfuil sé droch-smaoineamh leabhar a fhoilsiú ar an Idirlíon faoi théarmaí Foinse Oscailte agus go mbeidh sé ina bhris ar thionscal na foilsitheoireachta. Ach is é seo thart ar an smaoineamh céanna a bhuail gnólachtaí bogearraí traidisiúnta nuair a chuala siad ar dtús ar Linux. Go deimhin, is é an cás a mhalairt. Is cosúil le airgead saor in aisce do fhoilsitheoir leabhar Foinse Oscailte atá ar fáil ar an Idirlíon. Is leabhar é atá scríofa cheana féin agus ní gá ach é a phriontáil chun go dtosóidh an t-airgead ag teacht isteach. Agus tá a lán foilsitheoirí cliste tar éis é sin a thuiscint. Is cosúil gurb é O'Reilly foilsitheoir an chuid is mó de leabhair Foinse Oscailte, an fhoilsitheoir céanna a chuir Larry Wall, cruthaitheoir an teanga cláir Perl, ar a chuid páire uair amháin agus dá bhrí sin a ról mar sholáthraí leabhair a fháil don ghluaiseacht Foinse Oscailte. Ach ní hé O'Reilly an t-aon fhoilsitheoir a d'aimsigh an margadh Foinse Oscailte. Tá Prentice Hall ag lorg scríbhneoirí Foinse Oscailte go gníomhach le haghaidh sraith a bhfuil Bruce Perens, urlabhraí an phobail Foinse Oscailte, mar Eagarthóir Sraithe aige.\nMar sin tá roinnt leabhair Foinse Oscailte ann. Ach tá muid slitted ar ais i réimse Linux. Mar sin, an bhfuil aon litríocht Foinse Oscailte eile seachas lámhleabhair Linux?\n- Ceann. Bhí seantuismitheoirí Linus Torvalds, Ole Torvalds, i mbun comhoibriú le roinnt údar Fhionlainnis eile a scríobh i mBéarla. Scríobh gach údar caibidil amháin, ach ní raibh aon phlé ar an scéim ná ar na carachtair; ní raibh an lámhscríbhinn ach a thabhairt don chéad scríbhneoir eile, a bhí le teacht ar bhealach chun an scéim a chur chun cinn. Foilsíodh an leabhar comhoibritheach i 1950, ach ní raibh sé ina leabhar is mó díol. B'fhéidir go raibh baint ag an teideal Den rödgröna skorpionen, a aistrítear mar An Scaorpíon Glas-Dubh, leis sin, mar is teideal é a fhuaimeann beagnach chomh classy sa tSualainnis agus a dhéanann sé i mBéarla!"} {"text": "Research on acupuncture just got a shot in the arm. Well, a needle near the knee, actually. Because a study in the journal Nature Neuroscience [Maiken Nedergaard et al, http://bit.ly/auzHwx] has uncovered a mechanism that could explain how this traditional healing process can help reduce pain.\nAcupuncture has long been tried against all sorts of ailments, from aches and pains to infertility. And though the Western world treats the procedure with some skepticism, it’s actually endorsed by the World Health Organization for a couple dozen different conditions. But how can sticking needles in your skin be good for you?\nScientists tried the technique on mice that had a pain in the paw, inserting and rotating the needles in the mouse version of one of the most effective acupoints in Chinese medicine. And they found that the tissues around the treated acupoint get flooded with adenosine, a chemical that provides relief by preventing pain signals from reaching the brain.\nThis biochemical blockade reduced the animals’ discomfort, as did treating them with drugs that boost the amount of adenosine in the tissue. The scientists say the pain relief stems from the body’s natural response to minor tissue injury. So acupuncture’s analgesic effect may have finally been pinned down.\n[The above text is an exact transcript of this podcast]\nScientific American is part of the Nature Publishing Group", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-48", "url": "http://www.scientificamerican.com/podcast/episode/mechanism-points-to-acupuncture-pai-10-05-30/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-48/segments/1448398460982.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20151124205420-00129-ip-10-71-132-137.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9284337759, "token_count": 289, "score": 3.59375, "int_score": 4, "irish_text": "Tá taighde ar aicíbeacht díreach tar éis a bheith i do lámh. Bhuel, snáthaid in aice leis an glúine, i ndáiríre. Toisc gur nocht staidéar sa iris Nature Neuroscience [Maiken Nedergaard et al, http://bit.ly/auzHwx] meicníocht a d'fhéadfadh a mhíniú conas is féidir leis an bpróiseas leigheas traidisiúnta seo cabhrú le pian a laghdú.\nTá triail déanta as acupuncture le fada le haghaidh gach cineál tinneas, ó pian agus pian go neamhtháirgiúlacht. Agus cé go bhfuil an domhan an Iarthair ag tabhairt faoi na nósanna imeachta le roinnt amhras, tá sé i ndáiríre endorsed ag an Eagraíocht Dhomhanda Sláinte do cúpla dosaen coinníollacha éagsúla. Ach conas is féidir le snáthaidí a chur i do chraiceann a bheith go maith duitse?\nRinne eolaithe an teicníc a thriail ar fhuaimíní a raibh pian acu sa phé, ag cur isteach agus ag casadh na n-oigní i leagan na fhuaimíní ar cheann de na pointí acupoint is éifeachtaí i leigheas na Síne. Agus fuair siad amach go bhfuil na fíocháin timpeall an phointe acupoint a ndearnadh cóireáil orthu tuilte le adenosine, ceimiceán a sholáthraíonn faoiseamh trí chois a chur ar shíntiús pian teacht ar an inchinn.\nLaghdaigh an blocáil bithcheimiceach seo míchompord na n-ainmhithe, mar a rinne cóireáil leo le drugaí a mhéadaíonn méid an adenosine sa fíochán. Deir na heolaithe go dtagann an faoiseamh pian ó fhreagra nádúrtha an chomhlachta ar ghortú fíochán beag. Mar sin d'fhéadfadh go mbeadh éifeacht analgesic acupuncture ar deireadh curtha síos.\n[Is é an téacs thuas trascríbhinn cruinn den podchraoladh seo]\nTá Scientific American mar chuid den Ghrúpa Foilsitheoireachta Nature"} {"text": "1. The problem statement, all variables and given/known data A 2.1 kg is released from rest from the bottom of a 45 degree inclined ramp. The package is attached to an ideal spring K = 35 N/m that is attached to the top of the incline causing the package to be launched up the incline. The coefficients of friction between the package and the surface are Us = 0.35 and Uk = 0.25 When the package is released, the spring is elongated 1.3m from its equilibrium position just before going up the ramp. A. What is the speed of the package when the spring reaches its equilibrium position on the way up? B. What will be the maximum compress of the spring? 2. Relevant equations Kf + Ui = Ki + Ui + Other forces Fs = 1/2kx^2 Ug = mg(sin45) Us = 1/2kx^2 3. The attempt at a solution I been trying to figure out how to set up the problem because i am unsure where Uspring and Ugravity are replacing in the conservation of energy. But here i go: Kf + Ui = Ki + Ui + Other forces 1/2mv^2 + mg(sin45) = 0 + 1/2kx^2 - fkD (.5)(2.1kg)(v^2) + (2.1kg)(9.8 m/s^2)(sin 45) = (.5)(35 N/m)(1.3m)^2 - (0.25)(2.1kg)(9.8 m/2^2)(cos45)(1.3) also once you get the vf from part A you can find Part B's maximum compress which is K by using conservation of energy and substituting vf in and solving for K correct?", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-47", "url": "https://www.physicsforums.com/threads/spring-friction-incline-mass-moving-up-a-ramp.267606/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039743248.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20181117020225-20181117042225-00372.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9034320116, "token_count": 386, "score": 2.703125, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "1. an t-am a bhí ann. An ráiteas ar an bhfadhb, na n-athraitheoirí go léir agus na sonraí a thugtar/a bhfuil ar eolas faoi A scaoiltear 2.1 kg ó shuí ó bhun ramp a bhfuil claonadh 45 céim air. Tá an pacáiste ceangailte le earrach idéalach K = 35 N/m atá ceangailte le barr an chonair agus a fhágann go scaoiltear an pacáiste suas an chonair. Is iad na comhéifeachtaí frith-iarraidh idir an pacáiste agus an dromchla Us = 0.35 agus Uk = 0.25 Nuair a scaoiltear an pacáiste, cuirtear an earrach 1.3m óna shuíomh cothromaíochta díreach sula dtéann sé suas an ramp. A. Is é sin. Cad é luas an phacáiste nuair a shroicheann an earrach a seasamh cothromaíochta ar an mbealach suas? B. B. Cad é an brú is mó a bheidh ar an earrach? 2. Seachadadh. Eacnamaíochtaí ábhartha Kf + Ui = Ki + Ui + Fórsaí eile Fs = 1/2kx ^ 2 Ug = mg ((sin45) Us = 1/2kx ^ 2 3. An iarracht ar réiteach Tá mé ag iarraidh a fháil amach conas a chur ar bun an fhadhb mar tá mé cinnte nuair a Uspring agus Ugravity a chur in ionad i caomhnú fuinnimh. Ach anseo tá mé ag dul: Kf + Ui = Ki + Ui + Forsaí eile 1/2mv ^ 2 + mg ((sin45) = 0 + 1/2kx ^ 2 - fkD (.5) (((2.1kg) ((v ^ 2) + (2.1kg) ((9.8 m / s ^ 2) ((sin 45) = (.5) ((35 N / m) ((1.3m) ^ 2 - (0.25) ((2.1kg) ((9.8 m / 2 ^ 2) ((cos45) ((1.3)) chomh maith nuair a fhaigheann tú an vf ó chuid A is féidir leat an comhbhrú is mó de chuid B a fháil is é K trí chaomhnú fuinnimh a úsáid agus vf a chur in ionad agus réiteach le haghaidh K ceart?"} {"text": "This web page is somewhat of a white paper discussing the astronomical possibilities of life-bearing planets within the 'immediate' stellar neighborhood; that is, within roughly 50 LY (light years) of Sol. The general audience I envision is fans of science fiction, most particularly hard science fiction, though beginning writers (like me) may find this page useful. For those with a background in astronomy, this may be a refresher course.\nPrimarily, these pages grew out of my own research into a story I wrote about a human colony around another star. I thought I would just pick some well-known star the appropriate distance from Sol from a star chart (the story required a distance of 40 LY, but it wasn't too picky about local conditions other than local plants and fish). It turns out that named stars tend not to be good places for life, or colonies. Named stars have names because they are quite visible in our sky, but in terms of a scientific possibilities for life-supporting planets they turn out to be too young (Vega), too old (Betelgeuse), too big (Capella), too small (Barnard's), too far (Rigel), too hot (Sirius), too cold (Wolf 359), or too many (Castor). My research into local stellar environments, coupled with my lifelong interest in astronomy, made me decide to write an article about what it takes for a star to be capable of hosting life supporting planets, consolidating the research of many that have gone before me (see Bibliography).\nFor the purposes of life, I am assuming Earth type life, that is organic (carbon based) requiring a lot of water and oxygen. We may speculate about exotic life such as silicon based, but it is harder to predict what the best environment would be as we have yet to run across any examples of it among perhaps 20-100 million species of life on Earth. Earth life has proven to be extraordinarily resilient, from life in 600 degree volcanic water to bacteria accidently sent to the moon on a Surveyor probe and proved alive years later after their return by Apollo astronauts. Because of this, I feel it is not too far-fetched to assume that carbon/water life will take hold given the proper environment. Be aware that this is an extremely debatable subject. However, in science fiction we try to exploit the possible and aren't necessarily trying to win Nobel prizes in exobiology.\nThe scientific plausability of all of this is further debatable. Many astronomers (or biologists for that matter) refuse to go too far out on a limb to suggest which stars look promising because this science is so far in its infancy, you might as well call it pre-fetal. However, there are quite a lot of theories to suggest which types of stars would be incapable of hosting life, or at least would make it extremely unlikely. Therefore, it is up to the author to decide how far to push current theories to support a story around a particular star. I try to remember the classic editor's rejection of far-fetched science: 'Suspension of disbelief does not mean hanging it by the neck until dead'.\nThere are three main areas of astronomy that can help narrow down the possibilities of finding a likely star. The first and biggest help, though the most complicated, is the 'Spectral Class' of the star and it's associated trivia. The second is the star's age and lifespan, and the third is the multiple star characteristics of the system.\nThe Hertzsprung Russell Diagram\nThe Hertzsprung Russell Diagram is probably familiar to anyone who has taken an astonomy class, or has ever picked up a generic book about astronomy. Here's a version from Jim Smith's Free Virtual Galaxy Project, I'm sure you've seen a similar one:\nHere's a quick review. The brighter a star is (usually from an arbitrary distance of 32.6 LY -- 10 parsecs), the higher it is on the chart. Dimmer is near the bottom. The horizontal aspect of the chart is temperature -- hotter stars to the left, cooler stars to the right. Your Astronomy 101 class probably pointed out where the sun lies (and almost all H-R diagrams have a big yellow dot in the middle of the main sequence saying 'We Are Here', just like this diagram does). You were probably taught the spectral classes of stars, O B A F G K M, and probably several mnemonics to help you remember them, from 'Oh Be A Fine Girl Kiss Me' to the classic rebuttal 'Only Boys Accepting Feminism Get Kissed Meaningfully'. Spectral classes are further subdivided into numbers, 0 is warmer than 9, and Sol turns out to be a G2 star. O stars are usually hot/bright, and M stars are usually cool/dim, with exceptions such as white dwarfs like Sirius B (hot, dim) and red supergiants like Betelguese (cool, bright). You were probably also taught, usually with a strange smugness, that our star is a yellow dwarf star with no distinguishing characteristics to make it seem special in any particular way.\nIt's all coming back, right? There are a few things on this chart that make things interesting for planet hunting, and almost all of it revolves (so to speak) around the mass of the star. Mass is not explicitly plotted on the H-R diagram, but it generally corresponds with the temperature of the star -- all the stars on the main sequence to the left of Sol tend to have more mass and stars to the right tend to have less mass. This is less evident off the main sequence, or at least it doesn't translate directly. For instance, white dwarfs tend to be at the lower left in the OBA areas, but generally have masses near that of Sol, while some red giants (not supergiants) may also be near Sol's mass, though they fall to the right and above.\nBecause mass doesn't disappear, stars don't generally drift through the main sequence. After the first few percent of a star's age (less than 5 percent), the star generally stablizes and stays at the same general spot on the H-R diagram for up to 90 percent of it's life. Even at the end of Sol's life, when it expands off the main sequence to a red giant, it may still technically be a G (or perhaps low-K) class star based on its temperature, luminosity, and mass. Some variable stars shift slightly, however, and there is a theory that the ice ages may have been caused by small 'wiggles' in solar luminosity (though after seeing the effects of the last El Nino cycle, I tend to agree with the theory that the ice ages were caused by the rising Himalayas shifting the jet stream).\nFor purposes of likely life sustaining planetary systems, we probably don't want to look too far below the K class stars. At that point, we're looking at a typical mass of half that of Sol's (with 0.2 times the luminosity of Sol), and the M class stars run around a quarter of Sol's mass (with 0.005 times Sol's luminosity). When stars head towards the basement of K class, any warm planets would have to snuggle closer to its host star to stay where water has a good chance at remaining a liquid. This runs the risk of tidally locking the planet so that one face stays towards its star -- which can cause undesirable weather and temperature problems. Additionally, many stars flare, which causes a greater risk of deadly radiation regularly sterilizing close planets.\nOn the other end of the scale, we probably don't want to look above F class stars. O through A stars have high levels of ultraviolet radiation and tend to have high stellar winds which could strip away an atmosphere. OBA stars tend to rotate rapidly as well, and there are theories that rapidly rotating stars don't generate many planets (or perhaps it's the other way around and OBA stars rapidly rotate because they don't have many planets to slow the stellar rotation).\nThis implies likely candidates in the F, G, and K classes, with G perhaps as optimum merely through being the center of the range. As it turns out, there are many more stars of low mass than stars with higher mass. For every 100 stars, statistically there are 67 M class stars, 13 K class, 7 G class, 3 F class, and maybe 1 A class (and probably none of the rare O and B class stars). Out of 400 billion stars in the galaxy, this gives us roughly 90 billion FGK candidates, less than twenty-five percent, with seven percent being G type (26 billion).\nSpectral classes can be further subdivided by a roman numeral based on size (related to luminosity) called the Yerkes scheme:\nIa Luminous Supergiants Ib Less Luminous Supergiants II Luminous Giants III Normal Giants IV Subgiants V Dwarfs VI Subdwarfs\nGenerally class V stars are called dwarfs because they are much smaller than classes Iab through IV. However, the term 'dwarf' is statistically a misnomer -- 90 % of stars fall in the main sequence V class and are class F and cooler. Due to problems of tidal locks and flares, we want the V class stars (though we can, perhaps, get away with a small IV class member under ideal conditions). The star Canopus (in the constellation Argo) provides a good example for checking the Yerkes class; Canopus is a 'F0II' star. F0 is perhaps a little toasty for life, but still yellow-white and on the borderline of our acceptable FGK selection. The II, however, labels it as a luminous giant and in fact its diameter is 65 times that of Sol, with a violent corona emitting strong X-rays and radio waves.\nThere is one more set of miscellaneous data usually prefixed or appended to spectral class:\nD Degenerate. A white dwarf, as in Sirius B, type DA2 d usually a red dwarf, as in Proxima Centauri, type dM5e. Yerkes\nclass V is more modern.\nsd subdwarf (Yerkes VI these days)\ne strong emissions (indicate a large, thick hot gas cloud or corona surrounding the star) m abnormally abundant heavy elements (usually metals, sometimes non-hydrogen/helium) n nebulous absorption lines (usually due to high stellar rotation) neb nebula spectrum mixed with the star p other peculiar feature (usually abundance of an unexpected element) var variable star wl weak lines (usually old, metal-poor stars)\nIf one looks at stellar potentials, such as Canopus, Sol may seem like an uninteresting, dim, small, yellow dwarf. However, since spectral class is linked to mass, Sol actually has more mass than the average star. As there are more K and M stars than any other, Sol's G2 status actually makes it brighter than most stars. Given the actual statistics, Sol is actually brighter, bigger, warmer, and rarer than most of the stars in the galaxy.\nIf we use Earth evolution as a guide, it took roughly 3 billion years for evolution to get out of the single-cell stage once life evolved. It took that long to 'terraform' the atmosphere into one that provided free oxygen, and thus give the potential for more active, multicellular life. It took 540 million years from the 'Cambrian Explosion' of multicelled evolution to Homo sapiens. There were a lot of false starts in this due to great extinctions, some of them extra-terrestrial catastrophies (such as the possible Yucatan impact at the end of the Cretaceous), some were terrestrial in origin (the trilobite extinction may have been caused by planetary weather changes due to mass vulcanism in what is now Siberia). Many other events, from sunspot cycles to continental drift, have affected the evolution of our modestly intelligent species. Perhaps these events were necessary to weed out life that may have restricted or competed with evolved intelligence. Perhaps if the Yucatan impact had not occurred, an intelligent, warm-blooded dinosaur would have evolved 50 million years earlier than intelligent mammals.\nIn any case, based on Earth, we can estimate roughly 500 million years of multi-cellular evolution to get to humans, plus 3 billion years of single-celled life, plus 500 million to 1 billion years for the Earth to absorb solar system debris and to cool down from formation. We can speculate on variables: Perhaps a star formed from a high oxygen/water nebula could cut out a billion years or two of single-celled terraforming. Perhaps evolution is quicker and more competitive on a planet that's surface is one-third water instead of three-quarters. Unfortunately for the biologist, these guesses are purely theoretical. Fortunately for the science fiction writer, unproven theories don't always hinder story development. From planet formation to intelligent life, call it maybe 3 billion years on the low end, maybe 6 billion on the high end. Non-intelligent prolific life may occur in a shorter period of time, but remember that Earth life was mostly slime, bacteria, and algae until the Cambrian.\nMass affects the density of the star, which affects the fusion rate of the star, which in turn affects the potential age of the star. An A0 star like Vega will probably only live for a billion years. An M4 star like Barnard's may live for 50 billion. A giant O star's life is miniscule; Alnitak (the first star on the left of Orion's belt) is around 6 million years old and has already run out of hydrogen. During the lifetime of Alnitak, humanity has evolved from just before Australopithecus afarensis (Lucy) to Homo sapiens. Alnitak probably wasn't more than a lump in a nebula in the dinosaur era.\nThe lifetime of a star again limits us to our FGK spectral class for potential evolved life, though it's not out of the question for a non-FGK star to host a potential colony. Science fiction fans of Larry Niven may note that Jinx is a habitable colony around Sirius A. Sirius A is an A1V class star, twice the mass of Sol, doomed to a short lifetime of maybe a billion and a half years, and probably pumping out enough UV radiation to fry any life on a nearby planet. However, Niven's stories establish that Jinx is actually a moon around a gas giant primary. Although it is not mentioned in his stories, the primary may be far enough away from Sirius A so that the UV radiation is low. Gas giants tend to be heat providers; Jinx may be in a water-temperate zone outside of the normal liquid-water range of Sirius A. Furthermore, the local species on Jinx, mainly Bandersnatch, have been established as being genetically engineered lifeforms planted there by another race (Bandersnatch are even immune to genetic radiation damage due to large chromosomes). I don't know how much of this was known when Niven wrote his first Jinx story, but his scenario is possible theoretically.\nWhich brings us to the question of a star's actual age. How old is Sirius A? If its 100 million years old, then planets probably haven't finished forming (if they're there at all) and the star wouldn't have even started fusing yet when the Slavers were moving Bandersnatch around. On the other hand, if Sirius A is fairly mature, say 1.2 billion years old, things look more possible.\nUnfortunately for the astronomer (and also for us, in this case), we really don't have a good way of figuring out the actual age of an individual star (there are exceptions, especially in the case of Sirius). We know that Sol is about 5 billion years old because that's how old the rocks are on Earth and the Moon (and, lately, Mars). There are theories currently being tested: One is that sunspot cycles decline as a star ages. Another theory is trying to determine how much hydrogen has fused from the interior of a star; like Carbon-14 or Uranium testing, this may tell us how long a star has been on the main sequence by calculating the ratio of helium to hydrogen. However, there is no reliable way currently being used to age a star, with the exception of very young stars (like the Pliedes members, which are still in their birth nebulae) or very old stars (like Betelgeuse, which is currently fusing heavy elements, having run out of Hydrogen and Helium).\nMultiple Star Systems\nThe final stellar obstacle to work around is the large presence of multiple stars. In the closest 100 stars to Sol, 23 are members of binary or multiple star systems. Orbital dynamics of planets in these multiple star systems may be tricky for many reasons.\nClose multiples may just not have any room for planets. Take Castor, for instance, one of the 'Twin' stars of Gemini and appearing to the naked eye like a bright, hot class A star. When examined closely, Castor looks like three stars -- a pair with a 400 year orbit, surrounded by a faint companion 1000 AU from the inner pair. Spectroscopic analysis actually shows that Castor A is a two star binary orbiting each other in an ellipse about the size of Mercury's orbit, revolving once every 9.2 days. Castor B is also a binary, with closer stars making an orbit every 2.9 days. The faint companion star is also a binary, two M stars that are so close they nearly touch and orbit each other every 20 hours. Castor turns out to be a six star system, one in which planets would probably not last long enough to even finish forming, let alone develop life.\nA planet probably cannot hold a orbit around two stars at once; that is an ellipse or circle with two stars within the orbit. The stars orbiting each other just cause too many orbital pertubations for a stable orbit, unless the orbit is tremendously huge and the two center stars extremely close. Figure eight orbits, or other complex round-robin orbits, also probably wouldn't last more than a few thousand years in a realistic environment (a figure eight might be temporarily stable with two stars of identical mass, far apart, and slowly revolving. However, the odds of such a stellar system are bad enough without throwing in a renegade planet).\nFar binaries tend to be better from an orbital dynamic point of view. Take Alpha Centauri, our nearest neighbor. This system is actually three stars. Proxima Centauri (Alpha Centauri C) is a dM5e red dwarf over 13 thousand AU from Alpha Centauri A and B, making an orbit once every few hundred thousand years. Due to this distance, Proxima would most likely not interfere with the orbital dynamics of any close-in planets. Alpha Centauri A and B turn out not to be that close, either. They orbit each other with a period of around 80 years in a wide ellipse, coming as close as 11 AU (just past the orbit of Saturn), then receeding to 35 AU (just past Neptune). It turns out that orbits of planets under 3 AU per star may be stable. Since Alpha Centauri A is a G2V (virtually a twin of Sol), and Alpha Centauri B is a cooler K0V, this makes it possible for a stable planet in the liquid-water zone around each star! Imagine how quickly space travel might develop in a system with two habitable planets no farther apart than half our own solar system.\nUnfortunately, things may not be so rosy in such a system. In our system, the Kuiper belt of asteroids and dust starts just past Pluto (or, perhaps Pluto and Charon are the biggest Kuiper objects, in which case the belt starts just past Neptune). There is also the Oort cloud of comets starting at around 10 thousand AU from Sol, extending perhaps all the way out to 100 thousand AU. If the Centauri system were similar to ours, Alpha Centauri A and B would start drifting near their Kuiper belt every 80 years and Proxima would be sweeping through the suburbs of the Centauri Oort cloud. The number of comets and asteroids buzzing through that system must be enormous, and may regularly impact any planets (would this make life more likely or less?). Or, perhaps the system may have been swept clean pretty early in its lifetime, though there seems to be evidence that Proxima Centauri has a super-Jovian companion planet due to orbital wobbles.\nWhat the Neighborhood Looks Like\nUsing this data, which nearest stars might support life, if not actually generate it? Let's hit the closest 25 stars, in order, heading away from Sol.\nPersonally, I lean against the Centauri system for intelligent life, though I like it for multicellular if it's old enough. It would be a great place to get our feet wet with a colony or two. I would guess that the Centauri system might have too many asteroid and comet impacts to generate any lasting civilization (though this is just my gut instinct and probably wouldn't stop me from writing a story about it). The views, however, would be spectacular -- two suns and maybe yearly or monthly comets.\nThe next two stars, Barnard's (M5V) and Wolf 359 (the M6 system of Star Trek Federation vs. Borg fame) are M type reds, which I tend not to like for life of any kind.\nGliese 411, also known as UV Ceti, (M2Ve, probably a double) seems a close borderline to K, but it has this unfortunate habit of flaring more than several times it's brightness in a matter of seconds.\nNext is Gliese 65, which are two identical 'dM5.5e' red dwarfs that would only warm the heart of an astrophysicist.\nSirius is next, probably too young for life and it's too hot anyway. If life had made a start, I would guess that the entire system had been sterilized when Sirius B collapsed.\nTwo more red dwarfs follow, Gliese 729 (dM4.5e) and Ross 248 (dM6e). A whole lotta nothing with either of them.\nEpsilon Eridani (K2V, about 10.7 LY out) is one of those interesting borderline stars. It's a cool star, and one that flames a lot, so things don't generally look good for the gonads. However, there is evidence in the star's wobble that it has at least one large planet around it, and infrared tests have found a dust ring. Epsilon Eridani may be a young star just in the beginning stages of forming planets. If the flares calm down, this may be a spot to watch (in a billion years or so). However, if I had a choice on whether or not to send a probe here, I'd roll the dice and send one out.\nNext in line are Ross 128 (dM4.5), Gliese 866 (a possible double M5e), and GX Andromeda (a double, M2V and M6Ve). All cool reds, probably fairly sterile.\nEpsilon Indus is next, a K5Ve (possibly a mildly warmer K4Ve) about 11.3 LY out. I couldn't find much information either way about this star. It's a little chilly, but it might be older and a better candidate than Epsilon Eridani.\n61 Cygni is a double K class (K5Ve and K7Ve) also 11.3 LY away. They are far apart enough (a mean of 84 AU with a 653 year orbit) that either might have several planets. 61 Cygni A might be a flaring variable, and that's the warmer one of the pair. 61 Cygni B might be inviting, however, and they're close enough that it might be close enough to try a two-for-one.\nAfter 61 Cygni is Gliese 71, a double red dwarf (dM4 and dM5) of no obvious interest.\nWe may hit the jackpot with Tau Ceti, a G8Vp star 11.4 LY away. This star is slightly cooler than Sol, but still a G type star. Unlike Alpha Centauri A, Tau Ceti isn't a member of a multiple. If Tau Ceti is old enough, this is probably the best place in the nearest 50 stars to look for life or find a nice, comfortable planet to settle on.\nProcyon is the last out of the 25 nearest stars and it appears to be a cooler cousin of Sirius. At F5IV-V, it's warm and big, but in our range of likely stars. Procyon, like Sirius, has a white dwarf companion star with an orbit of almost 41 years. The mean distance of the stars is 14 AU, however, which is fairly close -- any planets might have to be fairly close to Procyon A, which may make them too hot for life.\nOne of the nice things about the web is that it is easier to create 'living' documents that may change as time goes on. In this section, I'll add links to new theories about planet formation or life that might fit in with the theme of this document.\nHere Come the Suns -- (added 19 Mar 00) Scientific American article. We've found almost two dozen planets orbiting other stars by now, and the similarities between the stars they orbit are interesting: The stars tend to be metal rich (metals or heavy elements, to an astronomer, is any element other than H or He). Note Tau Ceti above -- as a G8Vp, the 'p' stands for a peculiarly large amount of an element (Calcium, if I remember my research). Does this make Tau Ceti an even more likely candidate for planets? A corollary -- metal rich stars tend to be near the core of the galaxy. A metal rich star has to be formed from the supernova remnants of an earlier, dead, star. The optimum distance might mean out a ways from the galactic core (high metals, but also a lot of bombarding junk and frequent supernovae), yet not too far out (where there aren't many older stellar graveyards). Like the 'water zone' of the solar system, a zone where life is likely due to the probability of liquid water, the galaxy may have a 'planet zone' of stars where the amount of metals in the nebulae stars are formed from reaches optimum. This 'planet zone' may be fairly narrow, and the Sun may be right in the center of it.\nStellar Database -- (added 19 Mar 00) Stellar database. Alpha Centauri has 150% the metal content of Sol, which may be a good sign for planet formation. It's age may also be 4.2 billion years, which would be good for multicellular life. In Earth evolution, 4.2 billion years might range from the Cambrian Explosion to around the time of the first land animals (bugs, mostly, like millipedes), but before trees and even ferns -- plant life on land is waxy algae. Neat database -- has a lot of information for close stars, and annotations as to where the information comes from.\nChromospheric Age Dependence -- (added 19 Mar 00) Astrophysical Journal article. Some serious Hard Science: How does one measure the age of a star? This is a Journal publication of a procedure tested by Don C. Barry of USC. It is a dense academic article, you've been warned. The theory is that stars slow down their rotations as they age, and eject more mass into their solar wind. Errors in age can sometimes be up to 20% for mid-life stars, but it might give a good ballpark estimate. The paper calculates the ages of the 115 F and G Dwarf stars in known clusters, though the catalog it uses to name the stars seems to escape me (all stars are refered to by a number that isn't the Gleise number or any other catalog I recognize -- it may be the Woolley catalog). Interesting tidbit: In the observed stars, there was a burst of star formation ending around 4 billion years ago, and another burst beginning 400 million years ago. Oddly, there aren't many stars in this group that are between 0.5 billion and 4 billion years old.\n3-D Starmaps An utterly cool set of pages containing star databases and pictures of the local stellar neighborhood. Some maps are in 3-D if you have those funky red-blue 3-D glasses. You can get the unedited Gliese catalog here, which is a database of the closest several thousand stars and their spectral types.\nBibliography (for the main paper)\nStars Gives a history of one star per week, usually mentioning size, class, and other interesting trivia.\nStars of the Milky Way A page about spectral types of stars.\nThe Zeta Reticuli Incident Okay, on the surface, this starts as a discussion about Betty and Barney Hill (you remember, they claim they got abducted by grey aliens back in the 60's) and explores the possibility that the abducting Greys come from Zeta Reticuli based on a star chart Betty Hill dragged out of her mind during hypnosis. The page quickly degenerates into the reprint of the Astronomy Magazine flame war between Carl Sagan and Steven Soter vs. a host of others who tried to be more 'open minded' about the incident. (IMHO, both sides are fairly rigid blinder-wearing extremists). In the flotsam, however, are interesting theories about what it takes for stars to contain planets, and the possibilities of planets in multiple star systems. It also demonstrates how much in its infancy this 'science' is.\nThe Classification of Stellar Spectra A page that discusses the lesser-known aspects of spectral types, especially stars that don't quite fit the H-R diagram.\nHertzsprung-Russell Diagram University of Oregon Atronomy department class notes about H-R and spectral types.\nAstronomy103:H-R Diagram Ditto, but this is George Mason University's.\nPlanets around Binary Stars A NASA 'Ask the Scientist' question and answer about planets around multiple stars.\nCentaurus A discussion of the constellation Centaurus and stars within. Interesting info about Alpha Centauri.\nSpectroscopic Binary Catalogue If you want to get down-and-dirty in the details about the known binary/multiple stars (such as orbital period, semi-major axes, etc...), then this is the database for you.\nHipparcos FAQ Hipparcos was a probe the Europeans sent out into the middle of the solar system to look at stars. Like the Gliese catalogue, it came back with a database of thousands of stars with probable distances and spectral classes. Unlike the Gliese catalogue, it limited itself to stars above a certain magnitude. This means it possibly missed very close, but dim stars.\nHipparcos Closest Stars Here's a list of the closest stars in the Hiparcos Catalogue. You can see it missed some I used in the essay above -- that's because I used the Gliese catalogue, which includes dim stars.\nAlpha Centauri More Alpha Centauri data, supplied by SciFi writer Robert J. Sawyer.\nNearby Stars Another list of the closest stars. I think this one is Gliese based.\nFree Virtual Galaxy Project More H-R discussion, and I stole the H-R GIF from this site.\nScientific American's Ask the Expert A page about how to tell how old a star is.\nSky & Telescope's Spectral Classes Further discussion about H-R and spectral classes.\nVulcan's Sun Okay, this is indeed a discussion about which star Spock is from, but it's from Sky & Telescope and it discusses the possibility of planets around multiple star systems.\nNearby Stars This is actually part of a group of pages about Biblical interpretation, but it mentions an interesting puzzle about Sirius being described 2000 years ago as a red star.\nWhite Dwarfs A discussion about the end-life of Main-sequence stars, from Ohio State University\nThe Dogon and Sirius From the Skeptic's Dictionary, a discussion about the Dogon tribe of Africa and Sirius.\nExtra-Solar Planets The Darwin Mission's list of planets discovered around nearby stars (usually either dust rings, like Vega, or super-jovians like Bernards).\n(Update 20 March 2000 -- fixed some things pointed out to me concerning dwarf and subdwarf designations.)\n(Update 19 March 2000 -- fixed some broken links, a mis-label of Canopus, changed some wording that bugged me, added theory section)\nBack to Essays\nBack to Science Fiction", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-39", "url": "http://stellar-database.com/lwdtr.html", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780057598.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20210925052020-20210925082020-00586.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9445223808, "token_count": 6865, "score": 2.703125, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Is páipéar bán é an leathanach gréasáin seo a phléann na féidearthachtaí réalteolaíocha a bhaineann le pláinéid ina bhfuil saol laistigh den chomharsanacht réalta 'dlí'; is é sin, laistigh de thart ar 50 LY (bhliana solais) den Sol. Is lucht leanúna ficsean eolaíochta, ficsean eolaíochta crua go háirithe, is iad an lucht féachana ginearálta a shamhlaím, cé go bhféadfadh scríbhneoirí nua-aimseartha (cosúil liomsa) an leathanach seo a fháil úsáideach. I gcás daoine a bhfuil cúlra acu san réalteolaíocht, d'fhéadfadh sé seo a bheith ina chúrsa athnuachana.\nGo príomha, d'fhás na leathanaigh seo amach as mo thaighde féin ar scéal a scríobh mé faoi choilíneacht daonna timpeall réalta eile. Shíl mé go roghnódh mé réalta maith ar bith an fad cuí ó Sol ó chairt réalta (riachtanaigh an scéal fad 40 LY, ach ní raibh sé ró-chasta faoi choinníollacha áitiúla seachas plandaí agus iasc áitiúla). Tá sé ag teacht amach nach bhfuil réaltaí ainmnithe ina háiteanna maithe do shaol, nó do choilíneachtaí. Tá ainmneacha ag réaltaí ainmnithe toisc go bhfuil siad le feiceáil go leor inár spéir, ach ó thaobh na féidearthachtaí eolaíochta do phláinéid a thacaíonn le saol, bíonn siad ró-óg (Vega), ró-shean (Betelgeuse), ró-mhór (Capella), ró-bheag (Barnard's), ró-fhada (Rigel), ró-te (Sirius), ró-fhuar (Wolf 359), nó ró-iomarca (Castor). Chuir mo thaighde ar thimpeallachtaí réalta áitiúla, mar aon le mo spéis ar feadh an tsaoil i réalteolaíocht, orm cinneadh a dhéanamh alt a scríobh faoi na rudaí a theastaíonn le haghaidh réalta a bheith in ann pláinéid a thacaíonn le beatha a óstáil, ag daingniú taighde go leor a chuaigh romham (féach Leabharlann).\nChun críocha na beatha, táim ag glacadh le saol cineál na Talún, is é sin orgánach (bhunaithe ar charbóin) a éilíonn go leor uisce agus ocsaigin. D'fhéadfadh go mbeimid ag smaoineamh faoi shaol coimhthíoch mar a bheadh bunaithe ar shilíciam, ach tá sé níos deacra a thuar cad é an timpeallacht is fearr a bheadh mar nach bhfuil muid fós ag rith ar aon samplaí de i measc b'fhéidir 20-100 milliún speiceas saoil ar an Domhan. Tá sé cruthaithe go bhfuil saol na Talún thar a bheith athléimneach, ó shaol i uisce bolcánach 600 céim go baictéir a cuireadh go mícheart chuig an ghealach ar fís-scrúdaitheoir agus a bhí beo blianta ina dhiaidh sin tar éis a n-aisghabháil ag spásairí Apollo. Mar gheall air seo, ní dóigh liom go bhfuil sé ró-fhada a glacadh leis go mbeidh saol carbóin / uisce a ghlacadh a chur i bhfeidhm a thabhairt ar an timpeallacht cuí. Bíodh a fhios agat gur ábhar an-debhéasach é seo. Mar sin féin, i ficsean eolaíochta táimid ag iarraidh a shaothrú an féidir agus nach bhfuil gá a bheith ag iarraidh a bhuachan duaiseanna Nobel i exobiology.\nTá an plausibility eolaíoch seo go léir ina ábhar díospóireachta. Is iomaí réalteolaí (nó bitheolaithe ar an ábhar sin) a dhiúltú dul ró-fhada amach ar an mbarr a mholadh a réaltaí a bhfuil cuma geallta toisc go bhfuil an eolaíocht chomh fada ina infancy, d'fhéadfá chomh maith a ghlaoch ar an réamh-fetal. Mar sin féin, tá go leor teoiricí ann a thugann le fios cén cineál réaltaí a bheadh neamh-in ann saol a óstáil, nó ar a laghad a dhéanfadh sé thar a bheith dóchúil. Dá bhrí sin, is ar an údar a bheidh sé a chinneadh cé chomh fada is féidir leis na teoiricí reatha a bhrú chun tacú le scéal timpeall réalta áirithe. Déanaim iarracht cuimhneamh ar dhiúltú an eagarthóra clasaiceach don eolaíocht atá i bhfad uainn: 'Ní chiallaíonn seastacht an neamhchreidimh é a chrochadh ag an muineál go dtí go bhfaigheann sé bás.'\nTá trí phríomh-réimsí réalteolaíochta ann a chabhróidh leis na féidearthachtaí a bhaineann le réalta dóchúil a aimsiú a laghdú. Is é an chéad chabhair is mó, cé gurb é an ceann is casta, 'Clas Speictreach' an réalta agus trivia a bhaineann leis. Is é an dara ceann aois agus fad saoil an réalta, agus is é an tríú ceann tréithe ilréalta an chórais.\nDiagram Hertzsprung Russell\nIs dócha go bhfuil Diagram Hertzsprung Russell eolach ar dhuine ar bith a ghlac rang réalteolaíochta, nó a thóg riamh leabhar cineálach faoi réalteolaíocht. Seo leagan ó Thionscadal Réaltra Fíorúil Saor in Aisce Jim Smith, táim cinnte go bhfaca tú ceann den chineál céanna:\nSeo athbhreithniú tapa. An níos gile a bhíonn réalta (de ghnáth ó achar tofa de 32.6 LY - 10 parsecs), is amhlaidh a bhíonn sé níos airde ar an gcairt. Tá Dimmer gar don bhun. Is é an ghné cothrománach den chairt ná an teocht -- réaltaí níos te ar chlé, réaltaí níos fuara ar dheis. Is dócha gur thug do chlas Astronomy 101 le fios cá bhfuil an ghrian (agus tá ponc buí mór ag beagnach gach diagram H-R i lár an phríomhsheasamh ag rá 'Táimid anseo', díreach mar a dhéanann an diagram seo). Is dócha gur múineadh duit ranganna speictreacha na réaltaí, O B A F G K M, agus is dócha go leor mnemonics chun cabhrú leat iad a mheabhrú, ó 'Ó Bí i do Bhean Féin Kiss Me' go dtí an clasaiceach a chúlghairm 'Ní fhaigheann ach buachaillí a ghlacann le feinimíneacht Kissed Meaningfully'. Tá na ranganna speictreacha roinnte ina n-uimhreacha, 0 níos teo ná 9, agus is réalta G2 é Sol. De ghnáth bíonn réaltaí O te/soiléir, agus bíonn réaltaí M fuar/damh, ach amháin na dwarfs bán mar Sirius B (te, damh) agus na supergiants dearga mar Betelguese (fhuar, geal). Is dócha gur múineadh duit freisin, de ghnáth le smugness aisteach, go bhfuil ár réalta réalta bán bán bán gan aon saintréithe idirdhealaithe a dhéanamh cosúil speisialta ar bhealach ar bith ar leith.\nTá sé go léir ag teacht ar ais, ceart? Tá cúpla rud ar an gcairt seo a dhéanann rudaí suimiúla do shealbhú pláinéid, agus beagnach gach ceann de shiúlann sé (mar sin a labhairt) timpeall ar an mais an réalta. Ní léirítear mais go sainráite ar an léaráid H-R, ach de ghnáth comhoiriúnach sé le teocht na réalta - bíonn mais níos mó ag na réaltaí ar fad ar an bpríomhsheasamh ar chlé de Sol agus bíonn mais níos lú ag na réaltaí ar dheis. Tá sé seo níos lú soiléir as an príomhshraith, nó ar a laghad ní aistrithe go díreach. Mar shampla, bíonn na dwarfs bán ag an taobh clé íseal i réimsí OBA, ach go ginearálta tá mais acu in aice leis an Sol, agus d'fhéadfadh roinnt giantán dearg (ní supergiants) a bheith in aice le mais Sol freisin, cé go dtagann siad ar dheis agus os cionn.\nToisc nach n-imíonn mais, ní bhíonn réaltaí ag dul trí an phríomhsheasamh de ghnáth. Tar éis na chéad chúpla faoin gcéad d'aois réalta (níos lú ná 5 faoin gcéad), déanann an réalta cobhsaíocht de ghnáth agus fanann sé sa phointe ghinearálta céanna ar an léarscáil H-R ar feadh suas le 90 faoin gcéad dá shaol. Fiú ag deireadh shaol Sol, nuair a leathnaíonn sé amach as an príomhsheasamh go giant dearg, d'fhéadfadh sé a bheith fós go teicniúil mar réalta rang G (nó b'fhéidir íseal-K) bunaithe ar a thimpeallacht, a shoiléire agus a mais. Tá roinnt réaltaí inathraithe ag bogadh beagán, áfach, agus tá teoiric ann go bhféadfadh 'titimí' beaga i luminosity na gréine a bheith mar thoradh ar na héadaí oighir (cé go bhfuil claonadh agam, tar éis dom éifeachtaí an timthrialla El Nino deireanach a fheiceáil, aontú leis an teoiric go raibh na héadaí oighir mar thoradh ar na Himalayas ag ardú ag bogadh an sruth scaird).\nChun críche córais phláinéide a d'fhéadfadh saol a chothabháil, b'fhéidir nach dteastaíonn uainn breathnú ró-fhada faoi réaltaí aicme K. Ag an bpointe sin, táimid ag féachaint ar mhais tipiciúil leath de Sol (le 0.2 uair an solas Sol), agus ritheann na réaltaí aicme M timpeall ceathrú cuid de mhais Sol (le 0.005 uair an solas Sol). Nuair a théann réaltaí i dtreo bhunscoil aicme K, bheadh ar aon phláinéid te dul níos gaire dá réalta óstach chun fanacht áit a bhfuil seans maith ag uisce le bheith ina leacht. Tá an baol ann go gcuirfidh sé seo an phláinéid i gcló go géar ionas go bhfanfaidh ceann dá thaobh i dtreo a réalta - rud a d'fhéadfadh fadhbanna aimsire agus teocht neamháisiúla a chur faoi deara. Ina theannta sin, tá go leor réaltaí ag lasadh, rud a fhágann go bhfuil riosca níos mó ann go mbeidh radaíocht mharfach ag cur plandaí in aice láimhe go rialta.\nAr an deireadh eile den scála, is dócha nach dteastaíonn uainn breathnú os cionn réaltaí rang F. Tá leibhéil arda radaíochta ultraivialait ag réaltaí O go A agus bíonn gaotha réalta ard acu a d'fhéadfadh atmaisféar a bhaint as. Tá réaltaí OBA claonadh chun rothlú go tapa chomh maith, agus tá teoiricí ann nach ndéanann réaltaí a rothlú go tapa go leor pláinéid a ghiniúint (nó b'fhéidir go bhfuil sé ar an mbealach eile agus rothlú go tapa réaltaí OBA toisc nach bhfuil go leor pláinéid acu chun an rothlú réalta a mhoilliú).\nCiallaíonn sé seo go bhfuil iarrthóirí dóchúla sna ranganna F, G, agus K, agus G b'fhéidir mar an ceann is fearr ach trí bheith i lár an raon. Mar a tharlaíonn sé, tá go leor níos mó réaltaí de mhais íseal ná réaltaí le mais níos airde. Ar gach 100 réalta, go staitisticiúil tá 67 réalta aicme M, 13 aicme K, 7 aicme G, 3 aicme F, agus b'fhéidir 1 aicme A (agus is dócha nach bhfuil aon cheann de na réaltaí aicme O agus B ann). As 400 billiún réalta sa réaltra, tugann sé seo dúinn thart ar 90 billiún iarrthóir FGK, níos lú ná cúig fiche faoin gcéad, agus seacht faoin gcéad de chineál G (26 billiún).\nIs féidir aicmí speictrála a fho-roinn níos mó trí uimhreacha Rómhánacha bunaithe ar mhéid (a bhaineann le luminosity) ar a dtugtar scéim Yerkes:\nI.a Supergiants Soiléir Ib Níos lú Soiléir Supergiants II Giants Soiléir III Giants gnáth IV Subgiants V Dwarfs VI Subdwarfs\nGo ginearálta, tugtar stéarlanna rang V ar na stéarlanna bán mar go bhfuil siad i bhfad níos lú ná na ranganna Iab go IV. Mar sin féin, is mí-ainm staidrimh é an téarma 'dwarf' - 90% de na réaltaí a thagann i rang príomhsheasmhachta V agus is iad rang F agus níos fuíle. Mar gheall ar fhadhbanna le sliseanna agus le lasracha treochta, ba mhaith linn na réaltaí aicme V (cé gur féidir linn, b'fhéidir, a fháil amach le ball beag aicme IV faoi choinníollacha idéalacha). Soláthraíonn an réalta Canopus (sa chomhchruinniú réalta Argo) sampla maith chun rang Yerkes a sheiceáil; is réalta 'F0II' é Canopus. B'fhéidir go bhfuil F0 beagán toasty don saol, ach fós buí-bhán agus ar theorainn ár roghnú FGK inghlactha. Mar sin féin, lipéadaíonn an II é mar ollmhór geal agus i ndáiríre tá a trastomhas 65 uair níos mó ná Sol, le coróin foréigneach a astaíonn raidió X agus tonnta raidió láidir.\nTá sraith amháin eile de shonraí éagsúla ann a chuirtear roimh nó a chuirtear i gceangal le rang speictreach:\nD Degenerate. Is gnamh bán é, mar atá i Sirius B, cineál DA2 d, de ghnáth gnamh dearg, mar atá i Proxima Centauri, cineál dM5e. Crócaigh\nTá rang V níos nua-aimseartha.\nsd fo-dhuine (Yerkes VI na laethanta seo)\ne astaíochtaí láidre (a léiríonn scamall gáis te mór tiubh nó coróin a chuairteann an réalta) m eilimintí trom annamh iomarcach (a mhéadaíonn miotail, uaireanta neamh-hidrigine / héiliam) n línte ionsú nebula (de ghnáth mar gheall ar rothlú ard réalta) neb speictream nebula measctha leis an réalta p gné shainiúil eile (de ghnáth iomarca eilimint nach raibh ag súil leis) réaltaí éagsúla línte laige (réaltaí sean, meatailtí-saor)\nMá fhéachann duine ar fhéidearthachtaí réaltacha, mar shampla Canopus, d'fhéadfadh Sol a bheith cosúil le dwarf buí, beag, beag, gan spéis. Mar sin féin, ós rud é go bhfuil an rang speictreach nasctha le mais, tá níos mó mais ag Sol i ndáiríre ná an meánréalta. Toisc go bhfuil níos mó réaltaí K agus M ann ná aon réalta eile, déanann stádas G2 Sol é i ndáiríre níos gile ná an chuid is mó réaltaí. De réir na staitisticí iarbhír, is é Sol i ndáiríre níos gile, níos mó, níos te, agus níos annamh ná an chuid is mó de na réaltaí sa réaltra.\nMá úsáidimid éabhlóid na Talún mar threoir, thóg sé thart ar 3 billiún bliain ar éabhlóid dul amach as an gcéim singil-chill nuair a d'fhorbair an saol. Thóg sé an t-am sin chun an t-atmaisféar a 'terraform' go ceann a sholáthraíonn ocsaigin saor in aisce, agus dá bhrí sin an cumas a thabhairt do shaol níos gníomhaí, ilchill. Thóg sé 540 milliún bliain ó 'Cambrian Explosion' an éabhlóid ilchilltiúil go Homo sapiens. Bhí go leor tús bhréagach ann seo mar gheall ar dhíothú mór, cuid acu tubaistí seach-thír (mar shampla tionchar féideartha Yucatan ag deireadh an Cretaceous), cuid acu a bhí de bhunadh talún (b'fhéidir go raibh an díothú trilobite mar thoradh ar athruithe aeráide pláinéadach mar gheall ar vulcanism mais i Sibéir anois). Tá tionchar ag go leor imeachtaí eile, ó timthriallta sunspot go díriú mór-roinn, ar éabhlóid ár speiceas measartha intleachtúil. B'fhéidir go raibh na himeachtaí seo riachtanach chun saol a d'fhéadfadh a bheith teoranta nó a bhí i gcomórtas le heolas éabhlóideach a bhaint amach. B'fhéidir dá mba nach ndearna tionchair Yucatan, go mbeadh dinosaur cliste, cónaitheach cliste tagtha chun cinn 50 milliún bliain níos luaithe ná mamaigh chliste.\nAr aon chuma, bunaithe ar an Domhan, is féidir linn a mheas thart ar 500 milliún bliain d'eabhlóid ilchillteach chun teacht ar dhaoine, móide 3 billiún bliain de shaol aon-chill, móide 500 milliún go 1 billiún bliain don Domhan chun scriosanna córas gréine a ionsú agus a fhuarachadh ó fhoirmiú. Is féidir linn tuairimíocht a dhéanamh ar athróg: B'fhéidir go bhféadfadh réalta a cruthaíodh ó néilóg ocsaigine / uisce ard a ghearradh amach billiún bliain nó dhó de terraforming aon-chill. B'fhéidir go bhfuil an t-eabhlóid níos tapúla agus níos iomaíche ar phláinéid ina bhfuil dromchla ar aon trian uisce in ionad trí cheathrú. Ar an drochuair don bitheolaí, tá na tuairimí seo teoranta go hiomlán. Ar an dea-scéal do scríbhneoir ficsean eolaíochta, ní chuireann teoiricí neamhthrócaithe bac i gcónaí ar fhorbairt na scéalta. Ó fhoirmiú pláinéad go saol cliste, glaoigh air 3 billiún bliain ar an deireadh íseal, b'fhéidir 6 billiún ar an deireadh ard. D'fhéadfadh saol neamh-intleachtúil a bheith i láthair i dtréimhse níos giorra ama, ach cuimhnigh go raibh saol an Domhain den chuid is mó slime, baictéir, agus algaí go dtí an Cambrian.\nBíonn tionchar ag mais ar dlús na réalta, rud a théann i bhfeidhm ar ráta cumasc na réalta, rud a théann i bhfeidhm ar aois féideartha na réalta. An A0 réalta cosúil Vega is dócha ach amháin maireachtáil ar feadh billiún bliain. D'fhéadfadh réalta M4 cosúil le Barnard a bheith beo ar feadh 50 billiún. Tá saol réalta ollmhór O beag; tá Alnitak (an chéad réalta ar chlé de chrios Orion) thart ar 6 mhilliún bliain d'aois agus tá hidrigin caite aige cheana féin. Le linn shaol Alnitak, tá an daonnacht tar éis éabhlóid ó díreach roimh Australopithecus afarensis (Lucy) go Homo sapiens. Ní dócha go raibh Alnitak níos mó ná cnapán i nebula san ré dineasúir.\nTá saolré réalta ag teorainn arís linn lenár rang speictreach FGK le haghaidh saol evolute féideartha, cé nach bhfuil sé as an gceist go mbeadh réalta neamh-FGK ina óstach do choilíneacht féideartha. Is féidir le lucht leanúna ficsean eolaíochta Larry Niven a thabhairt faoi deara gur coilíneacht ináitithe é Jinx timpeall Sirius A. Is réalta A1V é Sirius A, dhá oiread an mais Sol, faoi dhíon go saol gearr de b'fhéidir billiún agus leath bliain, agus is dócha go bhfuil sé ag pumpaíocht radaíocht UV go leor chun aon shaol a phiocadh ar phláinéid in aice láimhe. Mar sin féin, cruthaíonn scéalta Niven gur ghrian é Jinx i ndáiríre timpeall príomh-ghrian gáis. Cé nach luaitear é ina scéalta, d'fhéadfadh go mbeadh an bunscoil i bhfad go leor ó Sirius A ionas go mbeidh an radaíocht UV íseal. Is gnách go mbíonn na hiodrálacha gáis ina soláthraithe teasa; d'fhéadfadh Jinx a bheith i gcrios uisce-teochta lasmuigh den raon uisce leachtach gnáth Sirius A. Ina theannta sin, tá na speicis áitiúla ar Jinx, go príomha Bandersnatch, bunaithe mar fhoirmeacha beatha innealtóireachta géiniteacha a phlandaigh cine eile ann (tá Bandersnatch fiú díolmhaithe ó dhroch-mheathadh géiniteach mar gheall ar chromoisóim mhóra). Níl a fhios agam cé mhéad a bhí ar eolas nuair a scríobh Niven a chéad scéal Jinx, ach tá a scéal is féidir go teoiriciúil.\nA thugann dúinn go dtí an cheist ar aois iarbhír réalta. Cé chomh sean is atá Sirius A? Má tá sé 100 milliún bliain d'aois, ansin is dócha nach bhfuil pláinéid críochnaithe ag foirmeáil (má tá siad ann ar chor ar bith) agus ní bheadh an réalta fiú thosaigh ag cumadh fós nuair a bhí na Slavers ag bogadh Bandersnatch timpeall. Ar an láimh eile, má tá Sirius A go leor aibí, a rá 1.2 billiún bliain d'aois, tá rudaí níos féideartha.\nAr an drochuair don réalteolaí (agus dúinn freisin, sa chás seo), níl bealach maith againn chun aois iarbhír réalta aonair a fháil amach (tá eisceachtaí ann, go háirithe i gcás Sirius). Tá a fhios againn go bhfuil Sol thart ar 5 billiún bliain d'aois toisc go bhfuil an méid sin de na carraigeacha ar an Domhan agus an Ghealach (agus, le déanaí, Mars). Tá teoiricí á thástáil faoi láthair: Is é ceann acu go laghdaíonn timthriallta spúnóg na gréine de réir mar a théann réalta in aois. Tá teoiric eile ag iarraidh a chinneadh cé mhéad hidrigine a d'aontaigh ó intéirneacha réalta; cosúil le tástáil Charbóin-14 nó Uráiniam, d'fhéadfadh sé seo a insint dúinn cé chomh fada agus a bhí réalta ar an bpríomhsheasamh trí mheastóireacht a dhéanamh ar an cóimheas idir héiliam agus hidrigine. Mar sin féin, níl aon bhealach iontaofa á úsáid faoi láthair chun aois réalta a aimsiú, seachas réaltaí an-óg (cosúil le baill Pliedes, atá fós ina néilíní breith) nó réaltaí an-aois (cosúil le Betelgeuse, atá ag cur le heilimintí trom, tar éis dó a bheith as Hidrigine agus Heiliam).\nCórais Réaltaí Ilghnéitheacha\nIs é an constaic réalta deiridh le bheith ag obair timpeall ná an láithreacht mhór réaltaí il. I measc na 100 réalta is gaire don Ghrian, tá 23 ina mbaill de chórais déthaobhacha nó il-réalta. D'fhéadfadh dinimic orbit na bpláinéid sna córais réalta ilbhliantúla seo a bheith deacair ar go leor cúiseanna.\nNí fhéadfaidh pléascóirí a bheith in áiteanna i gcúplaí gar. Tóg Castor, mar shampla, ceann de na réaltaí 'Twin' de Gemini agus a thaispeántar le súl nocht mar réalta ard A geal, te. Nuair a scrúdaítear go dlúth, is cosúil go bhfuil trí réalta ag Castor - péire le timthriall 400 bliain, timpeallaithe ag comhpháirtí lag 1000 AE ón péire inmheánach. Léiríonn anailís speictroscópúil i ndáiríre gur dhá réalta péireacha é Castor A atá ag rothlú ar a chéile i elipsis thart ar mhéid orbit Mercury, ag casadh uair amháin gach 9.2 lá. Is binary é Castor B freisin, le réaltaí níos dlúithe a dhéanann órbita gach 2.9 lá. Tá an réalta comhpháirtí lag ina dhúbailte freisin, dhá réalta M atá chomh gar go mbraitheann siad beagnach agus go n-orbitaíonn siad a chéile gach 20 uair an chloig. Casadh amach go bhfuil Castor ina chóras sé réalta, ceann ina mbeadh pláinéid is dócha nach mairfidh fada go leor chun a fhoirmiú fiú a chríochnú, gan trácht ar fhorbairt beatha.\nNí féidir le pláinéad, is dócha, órbita a choinneáil timpeall dhá réalta ag an am céanna; is é sin an t-eilifís nó ciorcal le dhá réalta laistigh den órbita. Ní dhéanann na réaltaí a bhíonn ag rothlú timpeall a chéile ach an iomarca pertubations orbital le haghaidh orbit chobhsaí, mura bhfuil an orbit an-mhór agus na dhá réalta lárnach an-ghar. Ní fhéadfadh na hoibríochtaí figiúr ocht, nó na hoibríochtaí casta babhta babhta eile, a bheith níos mó ná cúpla míle bliain i dtimpeallacht réalaíoch (d'fhéadfadh ocht figiúr a bheith seasmhach go sealadach le dhá réalta den mhais chéanna, i bhfad óna chéile, agus ag casadh go mall. Mar sin féin, tá na seansanna go bhfuil córas réalta den sórt sin dona go leor gan pláinéad renegade a chaitheamh isteach).\nIs gnách go mbíonn déileálacha i bhfad níos fearr ó thaobh dinimiceach orbital de. Tóg Alpha Centauri, ár gcomharsanacht is gaire. Tá an córas seo i ndáiríre trí réalta. Is é Proxima Centauri (Alpha Centauri C) dM5e dwarf dearg os cionn 13 míle AE ó Alpha Centauri A agus B, ag déanamh orbita uair amháin gach cúpla céad míle bliain. Mar gheall ar an achar seo, is dócha nach gcuirfeadh Proxima isteach ar dinimic orbití aon phláinéid dlúth. Ní bhíonn Alpha Centauri A agus B chomh gar sin, freisin. Tá siad ag rothlú ar a chéile le tréimhse thart ar 80 bliain i elipsis leathan, ag teacht chomh gar le 11 AE (anuraidh ar orbit Saturn), ansin ag fáil 35 AE (anuraidh ar Neptune). Tá sé le feiceáil go bhféadfadh sé go mbeadh imlíneacha na bpláinéid faoi 3 AE in aghaidh na réalta cobhsaí. Ós rud é go bhfuil Alpha Centauri A G2V (de ghnáth géarghné de Sol), agus go bhfuil Alpha Centauri B níos fionnuar K0V, déanann sé seo go bhfuil sé indéanta go mbeadh pláinéad seasmhach sa chrios uisce leachtacha timpeall gach réalta! Samhlaigh cé chomh tapa agus a d'fhéadfadh taistil spáis a fhorbairt i gcóras le dhá phláinéid ináitithe nach bhfuil níos faide óna chéile ná leath ár gcóras gréine féin.\nAr an drochuair, ní fhéadfaidh rudaí a bheith chomh rósach sa chóras sin. I ár gcóras, tosaíonn crios Kuiper de astaróidigh agus deannaigh díreach tar éis Plútón (nó, b'fhéidir gurb iad Plútón agus Charon na rudaí Kuiper is mó, sa chás sin tosaíonn an crios díreach tar éis Neptune). Tá scamaill Oort de chómháin ann freisin ag tosú ag thart ar 10 míle AE ó Sol, ag síneadh amach go dtí 100 míle AE. Dá mbeadh an córas Centauri cosúil leis an gceann atá againn, d'fhágfadh Alfa Centauri A agus B go mbeadh siad ag dul timpeall a gcrios Kuiper gach 80 bliain agus bheadh Proxima ag scuabadh trí imeall na scamall Centauri Oort. Ní mór go mbeadh líon na gléasanna agus na n-astéaróidigh a bhíonn ag dul tríd an gcóras sin ollmhór, agus d'fhéadfadh tionchar a bheith acu go rialta ar aon phláinéid (an ndéanfadh sé seo an saol níos dóchúla nó níos lú?). Nó, b'fhéidir go raibh an córas glan go leor go luath ina shaol, cé go bhfuil fianaise ann go bhfuil pláinéad comhpháirtí super-Jovian ag Proxima Centauri mar gheall ar wobbles orbital.\nCad é an Cosúlacht leis an gCrios\nAg baint úsáide as na sonraí seo, cé na réaltaí is gaire a d'fhéadfadh saol a chothú, mura bhfuil sé i ndáiríre ag cruthú é? Lig dúinn a bhuail an 25 réalta is gaire, in ord, ag dul ar shiúl ó Sol.\nGo pearsanta, tá mé ag cur in aghaidh an chórais Centauri le haghaidh saol cliste, cé gur maith liom é le haghaidh ilchillteach má tá sé sean go leor. Bheadh sé ina áit iontach chun a fháil ar ár cosa fliuch le coilíneacht nó dhó. Ba mhaith liom buille faoi thuairim go bhféadfadh go mbeadh an córas Centauri ró-chuid tionchair astaróide agus coimhéadaigh chun aon shibhialtacht buan a ghiniúint (cé nach bhfuil sé seo ach mo bhroinn agus is dócha nach gcuirfeadh stop orm scéal a scríobh faoi). Ba mhaith leis na radharcanna, áfach, a bheith iontach - dhá ghrian agus b'fhéidir coimhdeacha bliantúla nó míosúla.\nIs iad na dhá réalta eile, Barnard's (M5V) agus Wolf 359 (an córas M6 de Star Trek Federation vs. Borg fame) dearga cineál M, nach bhfuil mé ag dul a bheith ag iarraidh ar feadh an tsaoil de chineál ar bith.\nGliese 411, ar a dtugtar UV Ceti freisin, (M2Ve, is dócha go bhfuil sé dúbailte) is cosúil go bhfuil sé gar do K, ach tá an cleachtadh míshásta seo aige go bhfuil sé ag fágáil níos mó ná roinnt uaireanta a chuid solais i gceann cúpla soicind.\nTá Gliese 65 ar an gcéad dul síos, agus is é sin dhá dwarf dearg 'dM5.5e' comhionann nach gcuirfeadh ach croí astrofíseiceach ar an gcroílár.\nSirius is é seo a leanas, is dócha ró-óg do shaol agus tá sé ró-te ar aon nós. Má bhí tús déanta ag an saol, buille faoi thuairim mé go raibh an córas iomlán sterilized nuair a thit Sirius B.\nLean dhá chánacha dearga eile, Gliese 729 (dM4.5e) agus Ross 248 (dM6e). Ní raibh aon rud ar bith ag an dá cheann acu.\nTá Epsilon Eridani (K2V, thart ar 10.7 LY amach) ar cheann de na réaltaí teorann suimiúla sin. Is réalta fionnuar é, agus ceann a lasann go leor, mar sin ní bhíonn rudaí go maith go ginearálta do na gonads. Mar sin féin, tá fianaise ann i mbrú an réalta go bhfuil pláinéad mór amháin ar a laghad timpeall air, agus fuair tástálacha infridhearg fáinne deannaigh. D'fhéadfadh go mbeadh Epsilon Eridani ina réalta óg díreach i gcéimeanna tosaigh phláinéid a fhoirmiú. Má thit na flareanna, d'fhéadfadh sé seo a bheith ina láthair chun féachaint air (i gceann billiún bliain nó mar sin). Mar sin féin, dá mbeadh rogha agam an raibh nó nach raibh sond a sheoladh anseo, ba mhaith liom an dáis a rolladh agus ceann a sheoladh amach.\nIs iad Ross 128 (dM4.5), Gliese 866 (M5e dúbailte féideartha), agus GX Andromeda (doubailte, M2V agus M6Ve) an chéad cheann eile sa líne. Gach cool dearga, is dócha go leor sterile.\nTá Epsilon Indus ina dhiaidh sin, K5Ve (is féidir go bhfuil K4Ve beagán níos teo) thart ar 11.3 LY amach. Ní raibh mé in ann a fháil ar an eolas i bhfad ar an ngréasán ar aon nós faoi an réalta. Tá sé beagán fuar, ach d'fhéadfadh sé a bheith níos sine agus iarrthóir níos fearr ná Epsilon Eridani.\nTá 61 Cygni ar rang K dúbailte (K5Ve agus K7Ve) 11.3 LY ar shiúl freisin. Tá siad i bhfad óna chéile go leor (meán de 84 AE le timthriall 653 bliain) go bhféadfadh roinnt pláinéid a bheith ag an gceann acu. D'fhéadfadh 61 Cygni A a bheith ina athróg flare, agus is é sin an ceann is teo den péire. 61 Cygni B d'fhéadfadh a bheith ag tabhairt cuireadh, áfach, agus tá siad gar go leor go bhféadfadh sé a bheith gar go leor chun iarracht a dhéanamh dhá-ar-aon.\nTar éis 61 Cygni tá Gliese 71, damh dearg dúbailte (dM4 agus dM5) nach bhfuil aon spéis shoiléir ann.\nD'fhéadfadh go mbeadh an bua againn le Tau Ceti, réalta G8Vp 11.4 LY ar shiúl. Tá an réalta seo beagán níos fuí ná an tSoil, ach fós réalta cineál G. Murab ionann agus Alpha Centauri A, níl Tau Ceti ina bhall de iomad. Má tá Tau Ceti sean go leor, is dócha gurb é seo an áit is fearr sna 50 réalta is gaire chun saol a lorg nó pláinéad deas compordach a aimsiú chun socrú air.\nIs é Procyon an ceann deireanach as na 25 réalta is gaire agus is cosúil gur cousin níos fuaraí é Sirius. Ag F5IV-V, tá sé te agus mór, ach i ár raon réaltaí dóchúla. Tá réalta comhpháirtí bán-dhuanaigh ag Procyon, cosúil le Sirius, le timthriall de beagnach 41 bliain. Is é 14 AE an meán-achar ó na réaltaí, áfach, rud atá go leor gar - d'fhéadfadh go mbeadh aon phláinéid go leor gar do Procyon A, rud a d'fhéadfadh a bheith ró-te chun beatha.\nCeann de na rudaí áille atá ag an ngréasán ná go bhfuil sé níos éasca doiciméid 'bheo' a chruthú a d'fhéadfadh athrú de réir mar a théann an t-am ar aghaidh. Sa chuid seo, cuirfidh mé naisc le teoiricí nua faoi fhoirmiú pláinéid nó saol a d'fhéadfadh a bheith oiriúnach le téama an doiciméid seo.\nHere Come the Suns -- (a chur leis an 19 Márta 00) Airteagal Scientific American. Tá beagnach dhá dhúisín pláinéid aimsithe againn ag rothlú na réaltaí eile faoi láthair, agus tá na cosúlachtaí idir na réaltaí a rothlú siad suimiúil: Is gnách go mbíonn na réaltaí saibhir i miotail (méitiltí nó eilimintí trom, do réalteolaí, aon eilimint seachas H nó He). Tabhair faoi deara Tau Ceti thuas - mar G8Vp, an 'p' a sheasann do mhéid mór ar leith de eilimint (Calciam, má chuimhním mo thaighde). An ndéanann sé seo Tau Ceti ina iarrthóir níos dóchúla ar phláinéid? Corollaire - réaltaí saibhir miotail claonadh a bheith in aice leis an croí na réaltra. Caithfidh réalta saibhir miotail a bheith déanta as iarsmaí supernova réalta marbh níos luaithe. D'fhéadfadh an fad is fearr a bheith i gceist amach ó chroí na réaltra (mhéideanna ard miotail, ach freisin go leor junk bombarding agus supernovae minice), ach ní ró-fhada amach (nuair nach bhfuil go leor tuama réalta níos sine ann). Cosúil le 'crios uisce' an chórais gréine, crios ina bhfuil an saol dóchúil mar gheall ar dóchúlacht uisce leachtacha, d'fhéadfadh go mbeadh 'crios pláinéid' réaltaí ag an réaltra áit a mbraitheann méid na miotail sna réaltaí nebulae ó uasmhéid. D'fhéadfadh go mbeadh an 'glimh phláinéid' seo go leor caol, agus d'fhéadfadh go mbeadh an Ghrian díreach i lár na cruinne.\nStáisiún Sonraí Réalta - (a cuireadh leis an 19 Márta 00) Stáisiún Sonraí Réalta. Tá 150% den ábhar miotail atá ag Alfa Centauri ar an nGrian, rud a d'fhéadfadh a bheith ina chomhartha maith d'fhoirmiú pláinéid. D'fhéadfadh sé a bheith 4.2 billiún bliain d'aois, rud a bheadh go maith do shaol ilchill. Sa réabhlóid ar an Domhan, d'fhéadfadh 4.2 billiún bliain a bheith idir an Bhriseadh Cambrian go dtí thart ar an am a tháinig na chéad ainmhithe talún (bugs, den chuid is mó, cosúil le millipedes), ach roimh chrainn agus fiú ferns - is é algaí ceirmeach an saol plandaí ar an talamh. Tá bunachar sonraí cluthar -- tá a lán faisnéise le haghaidh réaltaí gar, agus annotations mar a bhfuil an fhaisnéis a thagann ó.\nBraitheann Aois Chromospheric -- (a cuireadh leis an 19 Márta 00) Airteagal Astrophysical Journal. Eolaíocht Dhéanach tromchúiseach: Conas a thomhas duine aois réalta? Is foilseachán Journal é seo ar nós imeachta a thástáil Don C. Barry de USC. Is alt acadúil é, tá tú tugtha faoi deara. Is é an teoiric go bhfuil réaltaí a luí a luí mar a aois, agus eject níos mó mais isteach ina gaoth gréine. Is féidir le botúin in aois a bheith suas le 20% uaireanta do réaltaí lár-saoil, ach d'fhéadfadh sé meastachán ballpark maith a thabhairt. Déanann an páipéar a aois a ríomh na réaltaí 115 F agus G Dwarf i gcluasair ar a dtugtar, cé gur cosúil go bhfuil an chatalóg a úsáideann sé chun na réaltaí a ainmniú ag éalú uaim (dáirítear go bhfuil uimhir ag gach réalta nach uimhir Gleise nó aon chatalóg eile a aithníonn mé - d'fhéadfadh sé a bheith ina chatalóg Woolley). Tintit suimiúil: sna réaltaí a breathnaíodh, bhí rást de fhoirmiú réalta ag críochnú thart ar 4 billiún bliain ó shin, agus rást eile ag tosú 400 milliún bliain ó shin. Go hiontach, níl go leor réaltaí sa ghrúpa seo idir 0.5 billiún agus 4 billiún bliain d'aois.\n3-D Starmaps sraith go hiomlán fionnuar de leathanaigh ina bhfuil bunachair sonraí réalta agus pictiúir den chomharsanacht réalta áitiúil. Tá roinnt léarscáileanna i 3-D má tá na spéaclaí dearg-ghloine 3-D sin agat. Is féidir leat Catalog Gliese neamhchóirithe a fháil anseo, is bunachar sonraí é de na mílte réalta is gaire agus a gcineálacha speictreacha.\nLeabhrán (don phríomh-phóipéar)\nRéaltaí Tugann sé stair réalta amháin in aghaidh na seachtaine, de ghnáth ag lua méid, rang, agus trivia suimiúil eile.\nRéaltaí na Bóthar Bainne leathanach faoi chineálacha speictreacha réaltaí.\nAn Tuairim Zeta Reticuli Ok, ar an dromchla, tosaíonn sé seo mar phlé faoi Betty agus Barney Hill (cuimhnigh, a éileamh a fuair siad abducted ag eachtrannaigh liath ar ais sna 60í) agus iniúchadh ar an bhféidearthacht go bhfuil an abducting Greys teacht ó Zeta Reticuli bunaithe ar chairt réalta Betty Hill tharraing amach as a intinn le linn hypnosis. Déantar an leathanach a dhíscaoileadh go tapa ina athphrint den Astronomy Magazine flame war idir Carl Sagan agus Steven Soter vs. a lán daoine eile a rinne iarracht a bheith níos 'sciúilte' faoin eachtra. (IMHO, tá an dá thaobh ag iomarca snáitheanna a bhfuil blinds orthu). Sa flotsam, áfach, tá teoiricí suimiúla faoi cad a thógann sé do réaltaí pláinéid a bheith iontu, agus na féidearthachtaí a bhaineann le pláinéid i gcórais réaltaí il. Léiríonn sé freisin cé chomh beag is atá an 'eolaíocht' seo ina luí.\nAn Clárú ar Spectra Réaltaí leathanach a phléann gnéithe níos lú eolais de chineálacha speictreacha, go háirithe réaltaí nach luíonn go leor leis an léaráid H-R.\nHertzsprung-Russell Diagram Ollscoil Oregon Athrónaim roinn nótaí ranga faoi H-R agus cineálacha speictreacha.\nAstronomy103:H-R Diagram Ditto, ach is é seo Ollscoil George Mason.\nPleanóirí timpeall réaltaí déine A NASA 'Ask the Scientist' ceist agus freagra faoi phláinéid timpeall réaltaí il.\nCentaurus plé ar an réalt Centaurus agus réaltaí laistigh de. Eolas suimiúil faoi Alpha Centauri.\nCatalóg Dhéagránach Spéidearálach Más mian leat a fháil síos-agus-dirty sna sonraí faoi na réaltaí dhúbailte / il-aithní (mar shampla tréimhse orbital, leath-aiseanna móra, srl ...), ansin is é seo an bunachar sonraí duitse.\nHipparcos FAQ Hipparcos bhí sond na hEorpaigh a sheoladh amach i lár an chórais gréine chun breathnú ar réaltaí. Cosúil le catalóg Gliese, tháinig sé ar ais le bunachar sonraí de na mílte réalta le fadí dóchúla agus aicme speictreacha. Murab ionann agus chatalóg Gliese, bhí sé teoranta do réaltaí os cionn méid áirithe. Ciallaíonn sé seo go bhféadfadh sé a chaill an-ghar, ach réaltaí dim.\nHipparcos Na réaltaí is gaire Seo liosta de na réaltaí is gaire sa Chatalóg Hiparcos. Is féidir leat a fheiceáil gur chaill sé cuid a d'úsáid mé san aiste thuas -- is é sin toisc gur úsáid mé catalóg Gliese, lena n-áirítear réaltaí dim.\nAlpha Centauri Níos mó sonraí Alpha Centauri, arna soláthar ag scríbhneoir Sci-Fi Robert J. Sawyer.\nRéaltaí in aice láimhe Liosta eile de na réaltaí is gaire. Sílim go bhfuil an ceann seo Gliese bunaithe.\nPlean Galasaice Fíorúil Saor in Aisce Níos mó plé H-R, agus ghoid mé an GIF H-R ón suíomh seo.\nScientific American's Ask the Expert leathanach faoi conas a insint cé chomh sean is atá réalta.\nRangacha speictreacha Sky & Telescope tuilleadh plé faoi H-R agus ranganna speictreacha.\nSun Vulcan ar ceart go leor, tá sé seo i ndáiríre plé faoi a réalta Spock is ó, ach tá sé ó Sky & Telescope agus pléann sé an fhéidearthacht na pláinéid timpeall córais réaltaí il.\nRéaltaí in aice láimhe Is cuid é seo i ndáiríre de ghrúpa leathanaigh faoi léirmhíniú Bíobla, ach luaitear ann an phlé suimiúil faoi Sirius a thuairiscítear 2000 bliain ó shin mar réalta dearg.\nDamháin Bán Plé faoi dheireadh saoil na Príomh-sreangtha, ó Ollscoil Stáit Ohio\nAn Dogon agus Sirius Ó Fhoras an Sceptic, plé faoi threibh na Dogon san Afraic agus Sirius.\nPleanóirí Eacnamaíocha Liosta Pleanóirí a aimsíodh ag Misean Darwin timpeall réaltaí in aice láimhe (de ghnáth, ceangail deannaigh, cosúil le Vega, nó super-jovians cosúil le Bernards).\n(Uasdátú 20 Márta 2000 - socraíodh roinnt rudaí a d'éirigh liom a chur in iúl maidir le hainmniúcháin dwarf agus subdwarf.)\n(Uasdátú 19 Márta 2000 - socraíodh roinnt nasc briste, lipéad mícheart de Canopus, athraíodh roinnt focail a chuir isteach orm, roinn teoiric breise)\nAr ais go dtí Sáruithe\nAr Ais go Ficsean Eolaíochta"} {"text": "||This article includes a list of references, but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations. (June 2009)|\nTabatabaei House, early 1800s, Kashan. A fine example of traditional Persian architecture.\n|Time zone||IRST (UTC+3:30)|\n|• Summer (DST)||IRDT (UTC+4:30)|\nKashan (Persian: کاشان, also Romanized as Kāshān; also known as Kachan) is a city in and the capital of Kashan County, in the province of Isfahan, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 248,789, in 67,464 families.\nThe etymology of the city name comes from the Kasian, the original inhabitants of the city, whose remains are found at Tapeh Sialk dating back 9,000 years; later this was changed to \"Kashian\", hence the town name. Between the 12th and the 14th centuries Kashan was an important centre for the production of high quality pottery and tiles. In modern Persian, the word for a tile (kashi) comes from the name of the town.\nKashan is cited in the neighbourhood of two of highest peaks of Karkas chain, Mount Gargash to the southwest of Kashan (the home of Iran national observatory, the largest astronomical telescope of Iran) and Mount Ardehaal in the west of Kashan, also known as \"Damavand of Kashan\" and the highest peak of Ardehaal mountains (end part of Karkas chain in central Iran).\nArcheological discoveries in the Sialk Hillocks which lie 4 km west of Kashan reveal that this region was one of the primary centers of civilization in pre-historic ages. Hence Kashan dates back to the Elamite period of Iran. The Sialk ziggurat still stands today in the suburbs of Kashan after 7,000 years.\nBy some accounts although not all Kashan was the origin of the three wise men who followed the star that guided them to Bethlehem to witness the nativity of Jesus, as recounted in the Bible. Whatever the historical validity of this story, the attribution of Kashan as their original home testifies to the city's prestige at the time the story was set down.\nAbu-Lu'lu'ah/Pirouz Nahāvandi, the Persian soldier who was enslaved by the Islamic conquerors and eventually assassinated the caliph Umar al-Khattab in AH 23 (643/4 CE), reportedly fled to Kashan after the assassination and lived there some years before being finally caught and executed. His tomb is one of Kashan's conspicuous landmarks (see gallery below).\nSultan Malik Shah I of the Seljuk dynasty ordered the building of a fortress in the middle of Kashan in the 11th century. The fortress walls, called Ghal'eh Jalali still stand today in central Kashan.\nKashan was also a leisure vacation spot for Safavi Kings. Bagh-e Fin (Fin Garden), specifically, is one of the most famous gardens of Iran. This beautiful garden with its pool and orchards was designed for Shah Abbas I as a classical Persian vision of paradise. The original Safavid buildings have been substantially replaced and rebuilt by the Qajar dynasty although the layout of trees and marble basins is close to the original. The garden itself however, was first founded 7000 years ago alongside the Cheshmeh-ye-Soleiman. The garden is also notorious as the site of the murder of Mirza Taghi Khan known as Amir Kabir, chancellor of Nasser-al-Din Shah, Iran's king in 1852.\nThe earthquake of 1778 leveled the city of Kashan and all the edifices of Shah Abbas Safavi, leaving 8000 casualties. But the city started afresh and has today become a focal tourist attraction via the numerous large houses from the 18th and 19th centuries, illustrating the finest examples of Qajari aesthetics.\nAlthough there are many sites in Kashan of potential interest to tourists, the city remains largely undeveloped in this sector, with fewer than a thousand foreign tourists per year. Qamsar and Abyaneh are notable towns around Kashan, which attract tourists all year around. The nearby town of Niasar features a man-made cave and fireplace of historical interest.\nKashan is internationally famous for manufacturing carpets, silk and other textiles. Kashan today houses most of Iran's mechanized carpet-weaving factories, and has an active marble and copper mining industry. Kashan and suburbs have a population of 400,000.\nKashan's architectural sights include:\n- Agha Bozorg Mosque\n- Āmeri House\n- Boroujerdi House\n- Jalali castle\n- Tabātabāei House\n- Abbāsi House\n- Attarha House\n- Al-e Yaseen House\n- Sultan Amir shrine and bath\n- 40 Dokhtaran Fortress\n- Pirouz Nahavandi/Abu-Lu'lu'ah Shrine (the assassin of islam 's second Caliph)\n- Fin Garden\n- Fin Bathroom\n- Ghal'eh jalali\n- Jameh Mosque of Kashan\n- Kashan Bazaar\n- Meydan Mosque\n- Tabriziha Mosque\n- Timcheh Amin-o-dowleh\nColleges and universities in Kashan include:\n- Sohrab Sepehri\n- Ghyath ad-Din Jamshid Kashani\n- Mohammad-Nabi Sarbolouki\n- Ustad Ali Maryam\n- Muhsen Feyz Kashani\n- Yedidia Shofet the former chief rabbi of Iran and the worldwide spiritual leader of Persian Jewry.\n- Uriel Davidi the former chief rabbi of Iran and the worldwide spiritual leader of Persian Jewry.\n- Isaac Larian is the Chief Executive Officer of MGA Entertainment\n- David Alliance, Baron Alliance Businessman and a Liberal Democrat politician in the United Kingdom.\n- Seyyed Hossein Nasr, Leading Islamic Philosopher and exponent of the Perennial Philosophy\n- Iranian Architecture\n- Kashan rug\n- List of the historical structures in the Isfahan province\n- Sialk - Kashan's ancient architecture.\n- Traditional Persian residential architecture\n- Kashan can be found at GEOnet Names Server, at this link, by opening the Advanced Search box, entering \"-3069961\" in the \"Unique Feature Id\" form, and clicking on \"Search Database\".\n- \"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)\". Islamic Republic of Iran. Archived from the original (Excel) on 2011-11-11.\n- Elgood, Cyril. A Medical History of Persia and the Eastern Caliphate: From the Earliest Times Until the Year A.D. 1932. Cambridge Library Collection - History of Medicine. Cambridge University Press, 2010. ISBN 1108015883 p. 34\n|Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Kashan.|\n|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kashan.|", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-07", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashan", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-07/segments/1454701162938.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20160205193922-00017-ip-10-236-182-209.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9136530757, "token_count": 1520, "score": 2.96875, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Tá liosta tagairtí san alt seo, ach níl a fhoinsí soiléir mar níl go leor luaite i líne ann. (Meitheamh 2009)\nTeach Tabatabaei, go luath sna 1800í, Kashan. Sampla den scoth de ailtireacht traidisiúnta na Peirsis.\n Ceantar ama \n• Samhradh (DST) IRDT (UTC+4:30) \nIs cathair i gContae Kashan (Persan, a dtugtar Kachan freisin) i gCúige Kashan, i gCúige Isfahan, an Iaráin. Ag daonáireamh 2006, bhí 248,789 duine ina gcónaí ann, i 67,464 teaghlach.\nTagann eitimolaíocht ainm na cathrach ó na Kasian, áitritheoirí bunaidh na cathrach, a bhfuil a gcuid fágtha le fáil ag Tapeh Sialk a théann siar 9,000 bliain; ina dhiaidh sin athraíodh é seo go \"Kashian\", dá bhrí sin ainm na cathrach. Idir an 12ú agus an 14ú haois bhí Kashan ina ionad tábhachtach le haghaidh táirgeadh ceirmeacha agus tíleanna ardchaighdeáin. Sa Phársas nua-aimseartha, tagann an focal le haghaidh tíle (kashi) ó ainm na cathrach.\nTá Kashan luaite i gcomharsanacht dhá cheann de na buaic is airde de shraith Karkas, Beinn Gargash go dtí an iarthuaisceart de Kashan (áit chónaithe na réadlann náisiúnta na hIaráine, an teileascóp réalteolaíoch is mó san Iaráin) agus Beinn Ardehaal i dtuaisceart Kashan, ar a dtugtar \"Damavand of Kashan\" agus an buaic is airde de na sléibhte Ardehaal (cuid deiridh de shraith Karkas i lár na hIaráine).\nLéiríonn fionnachtana seandálaíochta sna Sialk Hilllocks atá suite 4 km siar ó Kashan go raibh an réigiún seo ar cheann de na príomh-lár sibhialtachta sna réamhtheachtacha. Dá bhrí sin, téann Kashan siar go dtí tréimhse Elamite na hIaráine. Tá ziggurat Sialk fós i láthair na huaire i mbruachbhailte Kashan tar éis 7,000 bliain.\nDe réir roinnt cuntais, cé nach raibh Kashan go léir, ba é bunús na dtrí fhear bhreithneacha a lean an réalta a threoraigh iad go Bethleimh chun breith Íosa a fheiceáil, mar a thuairiscítear sa Bhíobla. Cibé an bailícht stairiúil atá ag an scéal seo, léiríonn an t-aithris ar Kashan mar a dtír dhúchais bunaidh go raibh cáil ar an gcathair ag an am a leagadh síos an scéal.\nAbu-Lu'lu'ah / Pirouz Nahāvandi, an saighdiúir Peirsis a bhí faoi sclábhaíocht ag na conquerors Ioslamach agus a d'amhlaigh sa deireadh an caliph Umar al-Khattab i AH 23 (643/4 CE), tuairiscíodh gur theith sé go Kashan tar éis an mharú agus maireann sé ann roinnt blianta sula bhfaightear é agus a fhorghníomhú sa deireadh. Tá a uaigh ar cheann de na suaitheanta is suntasaí i Kashan (féach gailearaí thíos).\nD'ordaigh Sultan Malik Shah I den dynasty Seljuk tógáil daingne i lár Kashan sa 11ú haois. Tá ballaí an daingne, ar a dtugtar Ghal'eh Jalali, fós i lár Kashan inniu.\nBa áit saoire saoire é Kashan do Ríthe Safavi freisin. Is é Bagh-e Fin (Ghairdín Fin), go sonrach, ceann de na gairdíní is cáiliúla san Iaráin. Dearadh an ghairdín álainn seo lena linn agus le torthaí do Shah Abbas I mar fhís pharsúil na Peirsí ar pháras. Cuireadh na foirgnimh Safavid bunaidh in ionad go mór agus atógadh iad ag an gcineál Qajar cé go bhfuil leagan amach na gcrann agus na mboscaí marmair gar don bhunús. Bunaíodh an ghairdín féin 7000 bliain ó shin in éineacht leis an Cheshmeh-ye-Soleiman. Tá an ghairdín cáiliúil freisin mar an suíomh a maraíodh Mirza Taghi Khan ar a dtugtar Amir Kabir, seansailéir Nasser-al-Din Shah, rí na hIaráine i 1852.\nChuir crith talún 1778 cathair Kashan agus gach foirgneamh de Shah Abbas Safavi ar an leibhéal, ag fágáil 8000 caillteanas. Ach thosaigh an chathair as nua agus tá sé anois ina mhealladh turasóireachta lárnach trí na tithe móra iomadúla ón 18ú agus ón 19ú haois, ag léiriú na samplaí is fearr de áilleacht Qajari.\nCé go bhfuil go leor suíomhanna i Kashan a d'fhéadfadh a bheith spéisiúil do thurasóirí, tá an chathair fós gan fhorbairt den chuid is mó sa earnáil seo, le níos lú ná míle turasóir eachtrach in aghaidh na bliana. Is bailte suntasacha iad Qamsar agus Abyaneh timpeall Kashan, a mheallann turasóirí ar feadh na bliana. Tá uaimh agus teallach de spéis stairiúil déanta ag an duine i mbaile in aice láimhe Niasar.\nTá cáil idirnáisiúnta ar Kashan as carpets, síoda agus teicstílí eile a mhonarú. Sa lá atá inniu ann tá an chuid is mó de mhonarcha meicniúla cóipeála-teipithe na hIaráine i Kashan, agus tá tionscal mairnéala agus mianadóireachta copair gníomhach ann. Tá daonra de 400,000 ag Kashan agus fo-bhaileanna.\nI measc na n-amhairc ailtireachta atá i Kashan tá:\n- Mosque Agha Bozorg\n- Áras Ámeri\n- Teach Boroujerdi\n- Caisleán Jalali\n- Teach Tabātabāei\n- Teach Abbāsi\n- Teach Attarha\n- Teach Al-e Yaseen\n- Naomh agus folctha Sultan Amir\n- 40 Dochtaran Fortress\n- Pirouz Nahavandi/Abu-Lu'lu'ah Shrine (an marú an dara Caliph Ioslam)\n- Gairdín Finne\n- Fin Bathroom\n- Ghal'eh jalali\n- Mosque Jameh de Kashan\n- Kashan Bazaar\n- Mosque Meydan\n- Mosque Tabriziha\n- Timcheh Amin-o-dowleh\nI measc na coláistí agus na n-ollscoileanna i Kashan tá:\n- Sohrab Sepehri\n- Ghyath ad-Din Jamshid Kashani\n- Mohammad-Nabi Sarbolouki\n- Ustad Ali Maryam\n- Muhsen Feyz Kashani\n- Yedidia Shofet an iar-príomh-raibín na hIaráine agus an ceannaire spioradálta domhanda na Giúdachas Peirsis.\n- Uriel Davidi an iar-príomh-raibín na hIaráine agus an ceannaire spioradálta domhanda na Giúdachas Peirsis.\n- Is Isaac Larian an Príomh-Oifigeach Feidhmiúcháin de MGA Entertainment\n- David Alliance, Baron Alliance Ghnó-fhear agus polaiteoir Daonlathach Liobrálach sa Ríocht Aontaithe.\n- Seyyed Hossein Nasr, Saineolaí Ioslamach Treoir agus exponsor na Fealsúnacht Perennial\n- Ailtireacht na hIaráine\n- Rannóg Kashan\n- Liosta de na struchtúir stairiúla i gCúige Isfahan\n- Sialk - ailtireacht ársa Kashan.\n- Ailtireacht chónaithe traidisiúnta Peirsis\n- Is féidir Kashan a fháil ag Seirbhéir Ainmneacha GEOnet, ag an nasc seo, trí bhosca Cuardaigh Ardteicneolaíochta a oscailt, \"-3069961\" a iontráil sa fhoirm \"Aitheantas Feidhmchláir Aonair\", agus cliceáil ar \"Bainise Sonraí Cuardaigh\".\n- \"Daonáireamh Phoblacht Ioslamach na hIaráine, 1385 (2006)\". Poblacht Ioslamach na hIaráine. Archaithe ón bhunachar (Excel) ar 2011-11-11.\n- Elgood, Cyril. A Medical History of Persia and the Eastern Caliphate: From the Earliest Times Until the Year A.D. 1932. (Scéal Leighis na Peirsis agus an Caliphate Thoir: Ó na hAmha is Tréad go dtí an Bliain A.D. 1932). Bailiúchán Leabharlainne Cambridge - Stair na Leigheas. Foilseachán Ollscoil Cambridge, 2010. ISBN 1108015883 l. 34\nTá treoir taistil ag Wikivoyage do Kashan.\nTá meáin ag Wikimedia Commons a bhaineann le Kashan."} {"text": "The laser goes from the weapon of tomorrow to the weapon of today as the US Navy announces the completion of its successful deployment of the Office of Naval Research's (ONR) Laser Weapon System (LaWS). The deployment is the first on a US Naval vessel and took place on the USS Ponce (LPD-15) in the Arabian Gulf from September to November of this year.\nDeveloped as part of the ONR's Solid-State Laser-Technology Maturation program, LaWS is part of the US military's effort to develop a cost-effective, combat-ready laser prototype. While LaWS is not the first laser weapon ever to have been deployed, it is the first on a US Naval vessel and is a considerable advance on previous laser weapons.\nAccording to the Navy, LaWS is capable of handling small attack boats, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV), and other asymmetric targets, and has a wide range of settings, ranging from the ability to \"dazzle\" people and sensors without destroying them, to being able to disable or destroy targets. It also has the advantages of being able to engage targets at the speed of light, not requiring ammunition, being able to operate so long as power is available, and has a cost-per-round of a about a dollar per shot – which is a considerable saving in an area when munitions can cost thousands or even millions apiece.\nAccording to Rear Adm. Matthew L. Klunder, chief of naval research, this helps to ensure that the US Navy and Marines are never in a \"fair fight.\"\nThis year's deployment was a joint mission by ONR, Naval Sea Systems Command, Naval Research Laboratory, Naval Surface Warfare Center Dahlgren Division and private industry. During its time at sea, the laser was used against a variety of targets, such as small boats and other moving targets at sea, and also managed to knock a flying Scan Eagle UAV out of the sky.\nThe Navy says that the LaWS exceeded expectations not only in reliability, but in maintainability as well, and it integrated seamlessly with the Ponce's existing defense systems. In addition, sailors aboard said that it performed flawlessly in all weathers, including high winds, heat and humidity.\nThe deployment is part of the system's development following demonstrations in 2011 and 2012. The results of this year's deployment will be used to assess the progress of the program and determine future development timeframes. The ONR sees the system as not only applicable for sea duty, but also as an effective defense against airborne and ground-based weapon systems.\n\"Laser weapons are powerful, affordable and will play a vital role in the future of naval combat operations,\" says Klunder. \"We ran this particular weapon, a prototype, through some extremely tough paces, and it locked on and destroyed the targets we designated with near-instantaneous lethality.\"\nThe video below shows the US Navy weapon in action.\nSource: US Navy\nWant a cleaner, faster loading and ad free reading experience?\nTry New Atlas Plus. Learn more", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-47", "url": "https://newatlas.com/us-navy-laser-weapon/35147/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039742963.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20181115223739-20181116005109-00005.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9612219334, "token_count": 626, "score": 2.671875, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Téann an léasair ó arm an lae amárach go arm an lae inniu agus an Cabhlach Mheiriceá ag fógairt go bhfuil an córas arma léasair (LaWS) de chuid Oifig na Taighde Cabhlaigh (ONR) curtha i bhfeidhm go rathúil. Is é an chéad imscaradh ar long Seandálaigh na Stát Aontaithe agus tharla sé ar an USS Ponce (LPD-15) sa Ghleann Arabach ó Mheán Fómhair go Samhain na bliana seo.\nForbraíodh é mar chuid de chlár Matúrtha Teicneolaíochta Léasair Sóid-Stát an ONR, is cuid de iarrachtaí arm na Stát Aontaithe é LaWS chun prototaip léasair costéifeachtach, réidh le haghaidh cogaidh a fhorbairt. Cé nach é LaWS an chéad arm léasair a cuireadh i bhfeidhm riamh, is é an chéad cheann ar long Cabhlaigh na Stát Aontaithe é agus is é sin dul chun cinn suntasach ar airm léasair roimhe seo.\nDe réir an Cabhlaigh, tá LaWS in ann báid ionsaithe beaga, feithiclí aeir gan foireann (UAV), agus spriocanna neamhréireacha eile a láimhseáil, agus tá raon leathan socrú ann, óna chumas daoine agus braiteoirí a \"dazzle\" gan iad a scriosadh, go dtí a bheith in ann spriocanna a dhíchumasú nó a scriosadh. Tá na buntáistí freisin aige a bheith in ann spriocanna a ionsaí ag luas na solais, gan gunnaí a bheith ag teastáil, a bheith in ann oibriú chomh fada agus a bhíonn cumhacht ar fáil, agus tá costas in aghaidh an raonta de thart ar dollar in aghaidh an bhratach is coigilt shuntasach é i limistéar nuair is féidir le munitions na mílte nó fiú na milliúin a chosc.\nDe réir an Rear Admiral Matthew L. Klunder, ceann taighde na mara, cabhraíonn sé seo le cinntiú nach bhfuil Cabhlach na Stát Aontaithe agus Maraigh riamh i \"cath cothrom\".\nBa misean comhpháirteach é imscaradh na bliana seo ag ONR, Cinn Córais Mhuirí Mhuirí, Saotharlann Taighde Mhuirí, Ionad Cogaidh Dromchla Mhuirí Roinn Dahlgren agus tionscal príobháideach. Le linn a chuid ama ar muir, baineadh úsáid as an léasair i gcoinne spriocanna éagsúla, mar shampla báid bheaga agus spriocanna bogtha eile ar muir, agus d'éirigh leis freisin UAV Scan Eagle eitilte a bhualadh as an spéir.\nDeir an Cabhlach gur sháraigh an LaWS ionchais ní amháin i iontaofacht, ach i gcothabháil chomh maith, agus chomhtháthaigh sé go huathoibríoch le córais cosanta atá ann cheana féin ag Ponce. Ina theannta sin, dúirt muirí ar bord go ndearna sé go foirfe i ngach aimsir, lena n-áirítear gaotha ard, teas agus taise.\nTá an cur i bhfeidhm mar chuid d'fhorbairt an chórais tar éis taispeántais in 2011 agus 2012. Úsáidfear torthaí an imscaradh i mbliana chun dul chun cinn an chláir a mheas agus chun amchláir forbartha sa todhchaí a chinneadh. Feictear sa ONR nach bhfuil an córas infheidhme ar dhleacht farraige amháin, ach mar chosaint éifeachtach i gcoinne córais arm aer- agus talamh-bhunaithe.\n\"Tá airm léasair cumhachtach, inacmhainne agus beidh ról ríthábhachtach acu i ngníomhaíochtaí comhraic muirí sa todhchaí\", a deir Klunder. \"Rith muid an t-arm seo, próta-amhrán, trí roinnt céimeanna an-deacair, agus d'fhág sé agus scrios na spriocanna a ainmníomar le bású beagnach láithreach\".\nTaispeánann an físeán thíos arm Mhuirí na SA i ngníomh.\nFoinse: Cabhlach na SA\nAr mhaith leat taithí léitheoireachta níos glaine, níos tapúla agus saor ó fhógraí?\nBain triail as Atlas Nua Plus. Faigh tuilleadh eolais"} {"text": "Here’s how you’d pass a steam main over a steel beam:\nThe pitch is in the direction of the flow. The steam goes over the beam through a pipe that’s the same size as the main. The condensate goes under the beam through a pipe which you’d size the same as a wet return (see chart for wet-return sizing).\nMake sure the centerline of the main on the downhill side of the beam is at least 1 inch lower than the centerline of the main on the uphill side. That’s so condensate will drain out of the lower pipe without backing up into the uphill steam main.\nIf you can’t get over the beam, you might go through it. If that’s not possible, just go under it by dropping the entire main.\nIf you can’t do that and have to bring the main up again, try this:\nDrip the main into a wet return if one is available. That’s always best. But if you don’t have a wet return nearby, you can get a little creative and do this:\nThis is a steam siphon. Make sure you don’t insulate the ¾-inch siphon piping (but make sure the main is insulated). Condensate will flow downhill and fill the water seal at the bottom of the siphon. Steam pressure in the main will push down on the water seal and drive the condensate up the pipe. Some steam will also go up the siphon pipe.\nSince you don’t insulate the siphon piping, the steam above the water seal will condense faster than the steam in the main. The short length of fintube radiation above the main (between the inverted loop and the check valve) speeds up the condensing process. That drops the pressure above the water seal in the siphon and draws condensate up the pipe. The check valve holds the siphon while it’s forming.\nThe siphon usually forms and breaks several times before it’s established, but once it is established, it works just like a hose draining a swimming pool. The siphon draws the condensate up over the hump, through the swing-check valve, and dumps it back into the steam main. Make sure you have about a foot of height above the check valve. You’ll need this to build some static pressure. The combined static pressure and steam pressure will be enough to open the check against the downstream steam pressure. Enter the main from the siphon on a 45-degree angle, as you would in a one-pipe system.\nThe main drawback of the siphon is that it only works when the steam pressure is up. And you do need more steam pressure than usual to make it work.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-47", "url": "https://heatinghelp.com/systems-help-center/piping-past-obstructions-in-one-pipe-steam-heating-systems/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039742263.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20181114191308-20181114213308-00516.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9076423049, "token_count": 587, "score": 3.265625, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Seo mar a dhéanfá píopa gaile a rith thar dromchla cruach:\nTá an t-alt i dtreo an sruth. Téann an gaile thar an mbraon trí phíopa atá den mhéid céanna leis an bpríomhphíopa. Téann an tiúchan faoi bhraon trí phíopa a bhfuil an méid céanna aige le tiúchan fliuch (féach an chairt le haghaidh méid tiúchan fliuch).\nDéan cinnte go bhfuil lárlíne an phríomhchlaí ar thaobh na lúb ag titim ar a laghad 1 orlach níos ísle ná lárlíne an phríomhchlaí ar thaobh na lúb ag titim. Tá sé sin ionas go mbeidh condensate draenáil amach as an píopa níos ísle gan cúltaca suas isteach sa príomh-steam suas.\nMura féidir leat dul thar an lúb, d'fhéadfadh tú dul tríd. Mura bhfuil sé sin indéanta, ach dul faoi sé ag titim an príomh iomlán.\nMura féidir leat é sin a dhéanamh agus go gcaithfidh tú an príomh-uas a thabhairt suas arís, déan iarracht seo:\nCuir an príomh-uisce isteach i n-aisghabháil fliuch má tá ceann ar fáil. Is é sin an rud is fearr i gcónaí. Ach mura bhfuil aon aisíocaíocht fliuch agat in aice láimhe, is féidir leat a bheith cruthaitheach agus é seo a dhéanamh:\nIs siphon gaile é seo. Déan cinnte nach n-aonaíonn tú an píopa siúbtha 3⁄4- orlach (ach déan cinnte go bhfuil an príomhphíopa inslithe). Beidh an tiúchan ag sreabhadh síos agus líonfaidh sé an séala uisce ag bun an siphon. Cuirfidh brú gaile sa phríomh-uisce síos ar an séala uisce agus tiocfaidh an tiúchan suas an píopa. Téann roinnt gaile suas an píopa siphon freisin.\nÓs rud é nach bhfuil tú inslithe an siphon píopaí, an t-uisce os cionn an séala uisce beidh condense níos tapúla ná an t-uisce sa phríomh. Déanann an fad gearr de radaíocht fintube os cionn an phríomhshrutha (idir an lúb inverte agus an comhla seiceála) an próiseas tiúchan a luathaithe. Laghdaíonn sé sin an brú os cionn an séala uisce sa siphon agus cuireann sé tiúchan suas an píopa. Coinníonn an comhla seifeadta an siphon agus é ag cruthú.\nDe ghnáth, cruthaíonn an siphon agus briseann sé roinnt uaireanta sula bhunaítear é, ach nuair a bhunaítear é, oibríonn sé díreach mar shlóigh a shlaodann linn snámha. Tarraingíonn an siphon an tiúchan suas thar an gcnoc, tríd an bhalbón seiceála swing, agus dumpann sé ar ais isteach sa phríomh-bhruith. Déan cinnte go bhfuil thart ar 30 cm ar airde os cionn an bhalbhaice cúlchiste. Beidh ort é seo a thógáil roinnt brú statach. Beidh an brú statach agus an brú gaile comhcheangailte leordhóthanach chun an seiceáil a oscailt i gcoinne an brú gaile thíos an sruth. Téigh isteach sa phríomh-srian ón siphon ar uillinn 45 céim, mar a dhéanfá i gcóras aon-píopa.\nIs é príomh-mhéara an siúlóid ná nach n-oibríonn sé ach nuair a bhíonn brú gaile suas. Agus ní mór duit níos mó brú gaile ná mar is gnách chun é a dhéanamh ag obair."} {"text": "Call them what you wish, turtles, tortoises, or terrapins, these fascinating reptiles all belong to the taxonomic order Chelonia, which includes about 250 species. In Australia, most people refer to all Chelonians as tortoises. Britons use “turtle” to refer to saltwater species, and “terrapin” for freshwater Chelonians. Most commonly in America, “turtle” describes aquatic or semi-aquatic Chelonians, and “tortoise” is used for land-dwellers. Turtles tend to have webbed feet and a streamline body shape, perfect for swimming. Tortoises, because of their terrestrial nature, do not have webbed feet and, in fact, their feet are round and stumpy for walking on land. Also, their shells are more mound-shaped since they do not need to be streamline for ease of swimming. So, where does “terrapin” fit in all of this? Terrapin, which is derived from an Indian word meaning “little turtle,” generally refers to Chelonians that spend time both on land and in water. Generally, terrapins are found in brackish, swampy regions, and never stray far from bodies of water. Also, “terrapin” is often used for Chelonians that are harvested for meat.\nRange: Southeastern, Midwest, South USA\nHabitat: Wooded areas, swamps, grasslands\nConservation Status: Their future is uncertain, mainly due to loss of habitat and fragmentation from crossing busy roads or other man-made structures to find food and mates\nScientific Name: Terrapene carolina\nThe box turtle is just over an inch long when born. After hatching, the babies go into hiding to avoid predators. They can reach eight inches long as adults and in the wild, they will eat almost anything. This includes worms, insects, a variety of vegetable matter and even carrion. They can eat mushrooms, including those that are toxic to humans. Box turtles have a domed shell which is hinged at the bottom, allowing the animal to retract its head and legs and close its shell tightly to protect itself from predators. Box turtles are native to North America. The widest distributed species is the common box turtle which is found in the United States and Mexico. The Scovill Zoo box turtles are part of the ambassador animal collection.\nRange: Galapagos Island\nHabitat: Woods and grassland\nConservation Status: Vulnerable\nScientific Name: Geochelone nigra\nThe Galapagos Tortoise is the largest living tortoise. It has massive limbs and a long neck. They spend most of their time in small herds and basking in pools or mud wallows. During the breeding season, males become territorial and start looking for mates. The females create nest chambers in the ground to lay eggs. However, the greatest threats to these tortoises come from the introduction of nonnative species, such as rats, cats, goats and cattle, which eat both tortoise eggs and young tortoises. If a tortoise survives past this threat into adulthood, they can live beyond 100 years.\nOur tortoises, Sam (b. March 15, 1972) and Ella (b. March 15, 1969), are getting older, but for Galapagos Tortoises they are still fairly young. Galapagos Tortoises can live up to two hundred years old. Sam and Ella are both pretty laid back and easy to work with. I guess if you are going to live nearly 200 years, you better be laid back.\nRange: Widely distributed in southeast Africa.\nConservation Status: Vulnerable\nScientific Name: Geochelone pardalis\nLeopard tortoises are named for the speckled pattern on their carapace. The carapace is domed and not hinged, with scutes (dermal plate of scale) only faintly raised. The nuchal (nape of the neck) is absent. The beak is sometimes hooked, is unicuspid and often serrated. These reptiles have been known to undertake extensive migrations in search of food. During hot, dry seasons they dig a hole in the ground and take refuge in it as a way to avoid dehydration and the extreme heat. They remain in this dormant state until the weather improves and the rains return. They can live up to 100 years. They eat grasses, annuals, thistles, and plant matter. The also may gnaw bones and hyena feces. They can be up to 21 inches long (females are much larger than males) and weigh up to 80 lbs.\nLeopard tortoises are sexually mature at 6 to 10 years. The female lays 8 to 15 eggs. The incubation is 73-400+ days. The eggs have a tough shell, resistant to damage and rapid dehydration. The hole, in which she lays her eggs, is refilled and the female may tamp down the soil by lifting and dropping her shell regularly on the spot. Hatchlings weigh 23 – 50 grams and measure 40 – 50 mm.\nThe shell consists of interconnected bony plates that include the expanded and fused ribs, with the backbone fixed permanently in place. Both the carapace and plastron are covered on the outside with a layer of large horny plates or scutes. The suture lines between the scutes do not align with those of the bony plates, adding to the strength of the shell.\nThere are more than 40 different species of tortoise in the world; almost all are actually threatened with destruction of their natural habitat.\nRed-eared slider (turtle)\nRange: South Central USA\nHabitat: Marshes, Waterways\nConservation Status: Lower Risk\nScientific Name: Trachemys scripta elegans\nIdentified by a prominent red stripe behind its eyes, this freshwater turtle lives in lakes, rivers, and creeks in North America. It is fond of basking in the sunshine, sometimes forming stacks when basking sites are in short supply. The turtles will dive quickly into the water when threatened or disturbed. Young eat tadpoles and other invertebrates. Adults eat mostly plant food. Our Red-eared Sliders are in the Herpaquarium.\nRange: North to Central South America\nConservation Status: Locally Common\nScientific Name: Geochelone carbonaria\nThe Red-footed Tortoise is so named because of the reddish and yellowish-orange dots on its front legs. The shell will have reddish or yellow blotches on its back. It lives mostly on plant food, such as leaves and fallen fruit, but it will also scavenge animal remains. Males compete for breeding access to females, and fights sometimes result in one male pushing another over on to his back. The Red-footed tortoise frequently reaches ages of 50 years or more.\nRange: Found throughout eastern U.S., except Florida and southeastern coast. In the northern states, the range extends westward to the Pacific.\nHabitat: Prefers mud-bottomed habitats with abundant vegetation, including ponds, marshes, edges of lakes and the backwaters of streams.\nConservation Status: Locally Common\nScientific Name: Chrysemys picta\nIn 2004, with 16,742 votes, the Painted Turtle was voted the official Illinois Reptile. The opposing reptilian candidates were the Eastern Box Turtle and the Common Garter Snake. Among the world’s most colorful aquatic turtles, painted turtles are named for their bright red markings along the edge of the shell, or carapace. The painted turtle is a familiar sight in lakes and ponds across Illinois. These turtles are often seen basking on logs and aquatic plants, frequently in large congregations. By basking, these cold-blooded reptiles warm their bodies. The sunlight and resulting drying may also prevent the growth of algae and fungi that sometimes grow on the turtle’s skin and shell.\nThe shell length averages 4-7 inches; adult females are larger than males. The young are mostly carnivorous, eating snails, crayfish, earthworms, minnows, insects, and carrion. Adults are omnivorous, feeding on aquatic vegetation as well as animal matter. We feed them trout chow, earthworms, minnows, crickets dusted with vitamin and mineral supplements.\nDuring courtship, the male swims face-to-face or above the female. He stretches his forelegs in front of him, nearly touching the sides of the female’s head and neck. He then vibrates his long nails very rapidly. The sex of an adult can be determined easily by looking at the nails on the front feet. A male has long nails; a female has shorter nails.\nThe female uses her back legs to build a nest on a sandy beach or in moist soil. She then lays two to twenty eggs, larger females laying more than smaller ones. She may lay more than one clutch a year. The young turtles hatch in two to three months. The shell, less than one inch long, is keeled lengthwise along the center.\nPainted turtles are named for the bright red markings along the edge of the shell. There are 4 subspecies, which vary in markings, coloration and geographic distribution. Typical of aquatic turtles, the shell is low, making the turtle more streamlined in the water than if it had a high, domed shell. The large, webbed back feet are used for swimming. The head and feet can be pulled into the shell, but the shell cannot be closed.\nIn the wintertime, painted turtles dig into the mud at the bottom of their aquatic habitat. During several months of hibernation, they breathe by flushing water into and out of the cloaca, the chamber into which the digestive,, urinary and reproductive tracts converge just inside the body. Dissolved oxygen is absorbed directly through the cloaca’s thin walls that are richly supplied with blood vessels. Respiration in this way is adequate in the winter because the turtle’s metabolism is slowed down by the cold temperatures. The heart beats very slowly, and other body processes are equally slow. The slow metabolism means oxygen requirements are very low.\nBaby painted turtles and small turtles of closely related species were once sold by the millions as pets. Healthy turtles, like many other animals, can carry Salmonella bacteria. If a person practices poor hygiene when handling turtles, he may infect himself with Salmonella, which can cause gastrointestinal illness. Many cases of salmonellosis in children were traced back to pet turtles. The children infected themselves by handling the turtles and then putting their fingers in their mouths or eating without first washing their hands. Other infected animals, such as rodents or birds, might not pose much risk because their droppings are not as likely to be contacted. But infected turtles, forced to defecate in their small bowl and then swim in the polluted water, are likely to have the bacteria all over their bodies.\nBecause of the risk of salmonellosis to children, turtles with shell lengths of less than four inches can no longer be legally sold as pets. Larger turtles are just as likely to carry the bacteria, but they are not as likely to be kept as pets by small children. Turtles, whether infected with Salmonella or not, are safe to handle. Just be certain that you wash your hands thoroughly before you eat, smoke, rub you eyes or put your hands in your mouth . Because children often forget to take these precautions, the zoo does not permit school children and visitors to touch the zoo’s turtles. You can find our painted turtles in the Herpaquarium.\nRange: Restricted to southern Madagascar\nHabitat: Dry thorn forests and tropical woodland\nConservation Status: Critically Endangered\nScientific Name: Astrochelys radiate\nRadiated tortoises can get up to 35 pounds in weight and eat a mixture of grass, leaves, fruit, and cacti. The carapace of the radiated tortoise is brilliantly marked with yellow lines radiating from the center of each dark plate of the shell, hence its name. Juvenile radiated tortoises lack the striking yellow patterns of adults. They are born white/off-white and darken quickly. As they age the dark patterns will gradually lighten.\nRadiated tortoises are critically endangered due to habitat destruction and poaching. They were once abundant in southern Madagascar but are now rapidly nearing extinction with less than 200,000 individuals remaining. They are part of a Species Survival Plan (SSP) in North American Zoos. Captive breeding has shown great promise.\nRange: Restricted to the Aldabra Atoll (a group of islands northeast of Madagascar)\nHabitat: Scrub, mangrove swamp, coastal dune, and grassland\nConservation Status: Vulnerable\nScientific Name: Aldabrachelys gigantean\nThe Aldabra Tortoise is one of the largest tortoises in the world. An Aldabra tortoise weighing 672 pounds is the world’s largest free-roaming tortoise ever recorded. The carapace is a brown or tan color with a high, domed shape. It has stocky, heavily scaled legs to support its heavy body. They have long necks, which helps with food gathering. Primarily herbivores, Aldabra giant tortoises eat grasses, leaves, and woody plant stems. These tortoises like to rest during the hottest part of the day in the shade, inside burrows in the ground, or in shallow pools of water.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-39", "url": "https://scovillzoo.com/scovill-zoo/reptiles/turtles-tortoises/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780057496.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20210924020020-20210924050020-00526.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9512115717, "token_count": 2859, "score": 3.5, "int_score": 4, "irish_text": "Glaoigh orthu mar is mian leat, turtar, turtar, nó terrapins, is iad na creimirí suimiúla seo go léir a bhaineann leis an ord tacsainómach Chelonia, a chuimsíonn thart ar 250 speiceas. San Astráil, tagraíonn an chuid is mó daoine do na Chelonians go léir mar chréatúir. Úsáideann na Breataine turtle chun tagairt a dhéanamh do speicis uisce salainn, agus terrapin do Chelonians uisce milis. Is minic a úsáidtear i Meiriceá, turtle chun cur síos a dhéanamh ar Chelonians uisceacha nó leath-uisceacha, agus úsáidtear tortoise le haghaidh áitritheoirí talún. Is gnách go mbíonn cosa plátaithe ag cnámha agus cruth sruthléite comhlacht acu, foirfe chun snámh. Mar gheall ar a nádúr talún, níl cosanna plátaithe ag cnámha agus, i ndáiríre, tá a cosa cruinn agus stumpy le haghaidh siúl ar thalamh. Chomh maith leis sin, tá a gcuid craiceann i bhfoirm móide níos mó ós rud é nach gá dóibh a bheith sruthlíneach chun snámh a dhéanamh níos éasca. Mar sin, cá háit a bhfuil \"terrapin\" i ngach ceann de seo? Baineann Terrapin, a dhíorthaítear ó fhocal Indiach a chiallaíonn turtar beag, go ginearálta le Chelonians a chaitheann am ar thalamh agus in uisce araon. Go ginearálta, is i réigiúin salacha, swampy a fhaightear terrapins, agus ní théann siad i bhfad ó shéasúir uisce. Chomh maith leis sin, is minic a úsáidtear terrapin do Chelonians a bhaintear as feoil.\nRaon: Oirdheisceart, Meán-Iarthar, Theas na SA\nÁiteanna cónaithe: Limistéir choillte, marshes, féaraí\nStádas Caomhnaithe: Tá a todhchaí éiginnte, go príomha mar gheall ar chailliúint gnáthóg agus ar chraobhchláraithe ó thrasnú bóithre gnóthacha nó struchtúir eile de dhéantús an duine chun bia agus páirteanna a aimsiú\nAinm Eolaíoch: Terrapene carolina\nTá an turtar bosca díreach os cionn orlach ar fhad nuair a rugadh é. Tar éis dóibh a bheith imithe as an gcraiceann, téann na páistí isteach i bhfolach chun creachadóirí a sheachaint. Is féidir leo a bhaint amach ocht n-orlach ar fhad mar dhaoine fásta agus sa fhiáin, beidh siad ag ithe beagnach rud ar bith. Áirítear leis seo feithidí, feithidí, ábhar glasraí éagsúla agus fiú carcáin. Is féidir leo feithidí a ithe, lena n-áirítear iad siúd atá tocsaineach do dhaoine. Tá craiceann domed ag turtar bosca atá ar an mbonn, rud a ligeann don ainmhí a cheann agus a chosa a tharraingt siar agus a chraiceann a dhúnadh go daingean chun é féin a chosaint ar ghalar. Tá turtar bosca dúchasach i Meiriceá Thuaidh. Is é an speiceas is forleithne an turtar bocsa coitianta a fhaightear sna Stáit Aontaithe agus sa Mheicsiceo. Tá na turtaigh bhosca Scovill Zoo mar chuid de bhailiúchán ainmhithe an ambasadóra.\nRéimse: Oileán Galapagos\nGnáthóg: Coillte agus féar\nStádas Caomhnaithe: Éagothroime\nAinm Eolaíoch: Geochelone nigra\nIs é an Tortoise Galapagos an tortoise is mó atá beo. Tá a lámha ollmhór agus a muineál fada. Caitheann siad an chuid is mó dá gcuid ama i dtríúduithe beaga agus ag cócaireacht i dtuiscí nó i mbóithre muiceola. Le linn séasúr na gclárú, bíonn na fir áitiúla agus tosaíonn siad ag lorg páirteanna. Cruthaíonn na mná seomraí neada sa talamh chun uibheacha a leagan. Is iad na speicis neamh-thúchasacha, mar shampla lucha, cait, gabhar agus eallach, a itheann uibheacha agus tortaí óga araon, an bagairt is mó atá ar na tortaí seo. Má mhaireann clóch tar éis an bhagairt seo go dtí an folláine, is féidir leo maireachtáil thar 100 bliain.\nÁr dtorthaí, Sam (b. 15 Márta, 1972) agus Ella (b. Tá na seacláidí (Márta 15, 1969), ag dul in aois, ach do Thorthaí Galapagos tá siad fós go leor óg. Is féidir le Tortoises Galapagos maireachtáil suas le dhá chéad bliain d'aois. Sam agus Ella tá an dá go leor laid back agus éasca a bheith ag obair le. I mo thuairimse, má tá tú ag dul a bheith ina gcónaí beagnach 200 bliain, is fearr a bheith ina luí ar ais.\nRéimse: Tá sé scaipthe go forleathan in oirdheisceart na hAfraice.\nStádas Caomhnaithe: Éagothroime\nAinm Eolaíoch: Geochelone pardalis\nTugtar an t-ainm seo ar na cilleach leopard as an patrún speckled ar a gcorp. Tá an carapace domed agus gan hinge, le scutes (pláta scála dermal) a ardú ach beagán. Níl an nuchal (nape an mhuineál) ann. Tá an beac ag crochadh uaireanta, tá sé unicuspid agus is minic a bhíonn sé greamaithe. Tá a fhios go ndéanann na greamaigh seo imirce fairsing chun bia a lorg. Le linn séasúir te, tirim, déanann siad poll sa talamh agus cuireann siad tearmann ann mar bhealach chun díhiodráitiú agus an teas iomarcach a sheachaint. Fanann siad sa staid codlata seo go dtí go dtiocfaidh feabhas ar an aimsir agus go dtiocfaidh na báistí ar ais. Is féidir leo maireachtáil suas le 100 bliain. Bíonn siad ag ithe féar, plandaí bliantúla, thistles, agus plandaí. Is féidir leis na coimhdeacha agus feces hyena a cheilt freisin. Is féidir leo a bheith suas le 21 orlach ar fhad (tá mná i bhfad níos mó ná fir) agus meáchan suas le 80 lbs.\nTá tortaí léopard aibí gnéasach ag 6 go 10 mbliana. Cuireann an baineann 8 go 15 ubh. Tá an t-aimsir 73-400+ lá. Tá craiceann láidir ag na huibheacha, atá frithsheasmhach i gcoinne damáiste agus díhiodráitiú tapa. Tá an poll, ina gcuireann sí a uibheacha, á líonadh arís agus d'fhéadfadh an baineann an talamh a chur síos trína chraiceann a ardú agus a thit go rialta ar an láthair. Meáchan na n-uachlaí 23 50 gram agus tomhas 40 50 mm.\nTá an craiceann comhdhéanta de phlátaí cnámh idirnasctha lena n-áirítear na ribí leathnaithe agus leáite, agus an cnámh cnámh arda socraithe go buan ina áit. Tá an carapace agus an plastron araon clúdaithe ar an taobh amuigh le sraith de phlátaí horny móra nó scutes. Ní bhíonn na línte seolta idir na scutes ag teacht le línte na bplataí cnámh, rud a chuireann le neart an chraiceann.\nTá níos mó ná 40 speiceas éagsúla cilleacha sa domhan; tá beagnach gach ceann acu i mbaol a gnáthchónaí nádúrtha a scriosadh.\nCláirín (Cláirín)\nRéimse: Meán-Theas na SA\nGnáthóg: Maracha, Uiscebhealaí\nStádas Caomhnaithe: Riosca Níos ísle\nAinm Eolaíoch: Trachemys scripta elegans\nAithnítear é trí shraith dearg suntasach taobh thiar dá shúile, tá an turtar uisce milis seo ina chónaí i lochanna, i n-aibhneacha agus i gcarraigí i Meiriceá Thuaidh. Is maith leis a bheith ag cócaireacht sa ghrian, ag cruthú stailc uaireanta nuair a bhíonn easpa áiteanna cócaireachta. Déanfaidh na turtar tumadh go tapa isteach san uisce nuair a bhíonn bagairt orthu nó nuair a bhíonn imní orthu. Bíonn na daoine óga ag ithe tadpoles agus neamhthriomacháin eile. Bíonn na daoine fásta ag ithe bia plandaí den chuid is mó. Tá ár Sliders Red-eared sa Herpaquarium.\nRéimse: Meiriceá Theas ó Thuaidh go Meán\nStádas Caomhnaithe: Coitianta go háitiúil\nAinm Eolaíoch: Geochelone carbonaria\nTugtar an t-ainm sin ar an Tortaise Red-footed mar gheall ar na poncanna dearg agus buí-oráiste ar a chosa tosaigh. Beidh spléinsí dearg nó buí ar a chúl ag an gcoróin. Tá sé ina chónaí den chuid is mó ar bhia plandaí, mar shampla duilleoga agus torthaí titim, ach beidh sé scavenge fós ainmhithe freisin. Tá na fir san iomaíocht le rochtain ar mhná a chur ar fáil, agus bíonn troideanna mar thoradh air uaireanta go mbrúíonn fear amháin fear eile ar a chúl. Is minic a shroicheann an t-eitleán Red-footed aois 50 bliain nó níos mó.\nRaon: Fuarthas iad ar fud oirthear na Stát Aontaithe, seachas Florida agus cósta an oirdheiscirt. Sna stáit thuaidh, síneann an raon siar go dtí an Aigéan Ciúin.\nÁit chónaithe: Is fearr leis na háit chónaithe le bun muilte le plandaíocht throm, lena n-áirítear locha, marshes, imeall lochanna agus taiscéalaí sruthanna.\nStádas Caomhnaithe: Coitianta go háitiúil\nAinm Eolaíoch: Chrysemys picta\nSa bhliain 2004, le 16,742 vóta, vótáladh an Turtle Painted mar Reptile oifigiúil Illinois. Ba iad na hiarrthóirí reptilian opponents an Turtle Ciste an Oirthir agus an Snake Garter Coitianta. I measc na gcorcaí uisceacha is dathúla ar domhan, tugtar na ccorcaí péinteáilte a n-ainm as a gcuid marcanna dearga geal ar imeall an charbóin, nó an carapace. Tá an turtar péinteáilte ina radharc coitianta i lochanna agus i dtógaí ar fud Illinois. Is minic a fheictear na turtar seo ag cócaireacht ar bhlocanna agus ar phlandaí uisceacha, go minic i gcoistí móra. Trí bheith ag cócaireacht, téann na creimirí fuara-fhuara seo a gcorp. D'fhéadfadh solas na gréine agus an triomú a thagann as sin cosc a chur ar fhás algaí agus fungais a fhásann uaireanta ar chraiceann agus ar chraiceann an turtar.\nTá an scáileog 4-7 orlach ar fhad; tá mná fásta níos mó ná fir. Tá na páistí carnaitheach den chuid is mó, ag ithe snails, cráibí, féaráin talún, minnows, insteachtaí, agus carcáin. Tá na daoine fásta uilebhíoracha, ag ithe plandaí uisceacha chomh maith le hábhair ainmhithe. Táimid a itheann iad chow trout, earthworms, minnows, crickets dusted le vitimíní agus forlíontaí mianraí.\nLe linn an chúrsa, snámhann an fear aghaidh ar aghaidh nó os cionn na mban. Scaoil sé a chuid cosa tosaigh os a chomhair, ag teagmháil beagnach le taobhanna ceann agus muineál na mbanna. Ansin, cuireann sé a chuid ingne fada go han-tapa. Is féidir gnéas duine fásta a chinneadh go héasca trí breathnú ar na ingne ar na cosa tosaigh. Tá naíonáin fada ag an bhfear; tá naíonáin níos giorra ag an mbean.\nBaineann an baineann úsáid as a cosa chúl chun nead a thógáil ar thrá gaineamh nó i dtalamh taise. Ansin cuireann sí dhá uibheacha go fiche, agus cuireann mná níos mó uibheacha níos mó ná mná níos lú. D'fhéadfadh sí níos mó ná clutch amháin a chur in aghaidh na bliana. Tá an t-eitleán óg ag teacht amach i gceann dhá nó trí mhí. Tá an craiceann, atá níos lú ná 1 orlach ar fhad, ar thréimhse ar feadh an lár.\nTugtar an t-ainm sin ar na cnámha dearga geal ar imeall an chraiceann. Tá 4 fho-chineál ann, a athraíonn i marcálacha, i gcló agus i dtrácht geografach. Is gnáth-chruthán uisceach é, tá an craiceann íseal, rud a fhágann go bhfuil an craiceann níos sruthlíneacha san uisce ná dá mbeadh craiceann ard, domed aige. Úsáidtear na cosa ar chúl móra, plátaithe chun snámh. Is féidir an ceann agus na cosa a tharraingt isteach sa chraiceann, ach ní féidir an chraiceann a dhúnadh.\nSa gheimhreadh, scaipíonn na clóisín péinteáilte isteach sa mud ag bun a gnátháitreabh uisceach. Le linn roinnt míonna de hibernation, a n-éalaíonn siad ag flushing uisce isteach agus amach as an cloaca, an seomra ina bhfuil an díleá, urinary agus atáirgthe tracts converge díreach taobh istigh den chorp. Déantar ocsaigin tuaslagtha a ionsú go díreach trí bhallaí tanaí an cloaca atá soláthraithe go saibhir le soithí fola. Tá an spíonáil ar an mbealach seo leordhóthanach sa gheimhreadh toisc go bhfuil meitibileacht na turtar ag moilliú leis na teochtaí fuar. Tá an croí ag bualadh go mall, agus tá próisis eile sa chorp chomh mall céanna. Ciallaíonn an meitibileacht mall go bhfuil riachtanais ocsaigine an-íseal.\nBhí na turtarí péinteáilte agus na turtarí beaga de speicis dlúthbhaintear á ndíol ag na milliúin uair amháin mar pheataí. Is féidir le turtar sláintiúla, cosúil le go leor ainmhithe eile, baictéir Salmonella a iompar. Má bhíonn drochghlanú ag duine nuair a bhíonn sé ag déileáil le cnámha, d'fhéadfadh sé féin a ionfhabhtuithe le Salmonella, rud a d'fhéadfadh galair gastrointestinal a chur faoi deara. Bhí go leor cásanna de salmonellosis i leanaí a rianú ar ais go turtar peataí. Bhí na páistí ionfhabhtaithe trí na turtar a láimhseáil agus ansin a n-uacha a chur ina mbéal nó ag ithe gan a lámha a ní ar dtús. D'fhéadfadh go mbeadh ainmhithe eile atá ionfhabhtaithe, amhail creimirí nó éan, nach bhfuil i bhfad níos mó riosca mar nach bhfuil an oiread sin seans ann go mbeidh teagmháil déanta lena gcuid feola. Ach is dócha go mbeidh na baictéir ar fud a gcorp ag turtar ionfhabhtaithe, a éilítear orthu a gcuid éileamh a dhéanamh ina n-amhrán beag agus ansin snámh sa uisce truaillithe.\nMar gheall ar an mbaol salmonellosis do leanaí, ní féidir turtar le fad craiceann níos lú ná ceithre orlach a dhíol go dlíthiúil mar pheataí. Tá an baictéir ag na cnámha móra chomh seans maith céanna, ach ní bhíonn an seans céanna ann go mbeidh leanaí beaga ag caitheamh iad mar pheataí. Tá sé sábháilte gabháil le cnámha, cibé acu atá siad ionfhabhtaithe le Salmonella nó nach bhfuil. Bí cinnte go n-éireoidh leat do lámha a ní go maith sula n-itheann tú, sula n-imíonn tú, sula n-imíonn tú, sula n-imíonn tú, sula n-imíonn tú, sula n-imíonn tú, sula n-imíonn tú, sula n-imíonn tú. Toisc go ndéanann leanaí dearmad go minic na réamhchúraimí seo a dhéanamh, ní cheadaíonn an tsó do leanaí scoile agus do chuairteoirí teagmháil a dhéanamh le turtar na tsó. Is féidir leat ár dtorthaí péinteáilte a fháil sa Herpaquarium.\nRéimse: I ndeisceart na Madagáisc\nÁit chónaithe: Foraoisí cranntibh tirim agus coillte trópaiceacha\nStádas Caomhnaithe: I mbaol go mór\nAinm Eolaíoch: Astrochelys radiate\nIs féidir le tortaigh radaigh suas le 35 punt a mheá agus ithe meascán de féar, duilleoga, torthaí, agus cacti. Tá línte buí ag an gcárpás an tortaigh radaighithe go geal ag gabháil ó lár gach pláta dorcha den chraiceann, dá bhrí sin a ainm. Níl na patrúin buí suntasacha atá ag daoine fásta ag tortaigh radaigh óige. Rugtar iad bán/fhuada-bhán agus bíonn siad dorcha go tapa. De réir mar a théann siad in aois, beidh na patrúin dorcha ag éirí níos soiléire de réir a chéile.\nTá na cilleacha radaigh i mbaol go mór mar gheall ar scrios maireachtála agus ar cheilt. Bhí go leor acu uair amháin i ndeisceart na Madagáise ach tá siad anois ag druidim go tapa le díothú le níos lú ná 200,000 duine fágtha. Tá siad mar chuid de Phlean Maireachtála Speiceas (SSP) i Zúanna Mheiriceá Thuaidh. Tá breeding gabháil léirithe gealltanas mór.\nRaon: Iarrtar ar an Atoll Aldabra (grúpa oileáin ó thuaidh de Mhádagascar) é\nÁit chónaithe: Scrub, mangrove swamp, dún cósta, agus féar\nStádas Caomhnaithe: Éagothroime\nAinm Eolaíoch: Aldabrachelys gigantean\nTá an Tortoise Aldabra ar cheann de na tortoises is mó ar domhan. Tá cille Aldabra ag meáchan 672 punt an cille is mó ar domhan a thaifeadadh riamh. Tá an carapace dath donn nó donn le cruth ard, domed. Tá cosa stocúil, scálaithe go trom aige chun a chorp trom a thacú. Tá muineál fada acu, rud a chabhraíonn leo bia a bhailiú. Is é an chuid is mó de na crann-itheoirí, na clóis ollmhóra Aldabra a itheann féar, duilleoga, agus stiallacha plandaí fiodhúil. Is maith leis na cnámha seo scíth a ligean le linn an chuid is te den lá san scáth, taobh istigh de bholl sa talamh, nó i lúibí uisce clutha."} {"text": "LONDON — The River Thames has burst its banks after reaching its highest level in years, flooding towns upstream of London.\nResidents and British troops piled sandbags to protect properties from the latest bout of flooding, but the river overwhelmed their defenses in several places Monday, leaving the center of the village of Datchet and other areas under water.\nThe Environment Agency has issued 14 severe flood warnings — an advisory meaning there is a danger to life — along the Thames east of Windsor, about 20 miles from London.\nIts chief executive, Paul Leinster, said ‘‘extreme weather will continue to threaten communities this week’’ with more flooding expected Tuesday.\nThere were no flood alerts for the part of the river that flows through London. That stretch is protected by the Thames Barrier, a series of giant metal gates downstream of central London that can be closed against tidal surges.\nBy holding back the tide, the barrier also creates more space in the river for excess water from upstream to flow down to the sea.\nEngland has had its wettest January since 1766. Its southwest coast has been battered by storms and a large area of the low-lying Somerset Levels in the southwest has been under water for more than a month.\nThe disaster has sparked a political storm, with the Prime Minister David Cameron’s Conservative-led government facing criticism from many residents for allegedly failing to dredge rivers and take other flood-prevention measures.\nCameron and Deputy Prime Minister Nick Clegg visited flood-hit areas Monday as the government struggled to take charge of the flooding crisis.\nCameron denied the government had been slow to respond. ‘‘We have been dealing with it from the very moment it started,’’ he said.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-07", "url": "https://www.bostonglobe.com/news/world/2014/02/11/river-thames-breaches-its-banks-near-london/t3KDMeCU85ozQaaNSLxeRL/story.html", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-07/segments/1454701158609.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20160205193918-00049-ip-10-236-182-209.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9724630713, "token_count": 360, "score": 2.625, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "LONDÁIN Tá an abhainn Thames tar éis a chuid bainc a bhriseadh tar éis dó a leibhéal is airde a bhaint amach le blianta, ag tuilte a shruthú suas ó Londain.\nChuir cónaitheoirí agus trúpaí na Breataine málaí gaineamh i gcodladh chun maoin a chosaint ón bplódú is déanaí, ach sháraigh an abhainn a gcuid cosanta i roinnt áiteanna Dé Luain, ag fágáil lár sráidbhaile Datchet agus ceantair eile faoi uisce.\nTá an Ghníomhaireacht Comhshaoil a eisíodh 14 rabhadh tuile tromchúiseach comhairleach ciallaíonn go bhfuil contúirtí ar shaol ar feadh an Thames soir Windsor, thart ar 20 míle ó Londain.\nDúirt a phríomhfheidhmeannach, Paul Leinster, go leanfaidh \"téarmaí iomarcacha ag bagairt ar phobail an tseachtain seo\" agus go bhfuil súil le níos mó tuilte Dé Máirt.\nNí raibh aon rabhaidh tuile ann don chuid den abhainn a shreabhann trí Londain. Tá an t-eastát sin cosanta ag an gCarraig Thames, sraith geataí miotail ollmhór síos an sruth ó lár Londain a d'fhéadfadh a bheith dúnta i gcoinne na mbrú.\nTrí an t-airgead a choinneáil siar, cruthaíonn an bacainn níos mó spáis sa abhainn le haghaidh uisce iomarcach ó shrutha suas chun sreabhadh síos go dtí an fharraige.\nTá an Eanáir is báistí i Sasana ó 1766. Tá an chósta ó dheas-thuaisceart ag bualadh le stoirmeacha agus tá limistéar mór de na Leibhéil Somerset íseal-leitheoireachta sa dheas-thuaisceart faoi uisce le breis agus mí.\nTá stoirm pholaitiúil tagtha ar an tubaiste, agus tá cáineadh ag an Rialtas Coimeádach atá faoi stiúir an Phríomh-Aire David Cameron ó go leor cónaitheoirí as a bheith ag teastáil ó na haibhneacha a dhragáil agus bearta eile cosc-tuilte a ghlacadh.\nThug Cameron agus Leas-Phríomh-Aire Nick Clegg cuairt ar cheantair a bhuail tuile Dé Luain agus an rialtas ag streachailt chun an ghéarchéim tuile a ghlacadh.\nShéan Cameron go raibh an rialtas mall le freagairt. \"Táimid ag déileáil leis ón nóiméad a thosaigh sé\", a dúirt sé."} {"text": "From Babies to Robots\nA comprehensive overview of an interdisciplinary approach to robotics that takes direct inspiration from the developmental and learning phenomena observed in children's cognitive development.\nDevelopmental robotics is a collaborative and interdisciplinary approach to robotics that is directly inspired by the developmental principles and mechanisms observed in children's cognitive development. It builds on the idea that the robot, using a set of intrinsic developmental principles regulating the real-time interaction of its body, brain, and environment, can autonomously acquire an increasingly complex set of sensorimotor and mental capabilities. This volume, drawing on insights from psychology, computer science, linguistics, neuroscience, and robotics, offers the first comprehensive overview of a rapidly growing field.\nAfter providing some essential background information on robotics and developmental psychology, the book looks in detail at how developmental robotics models and experiments have attempted to realize a range of behavioral and cognitive capabilities. The examples in these chapters were chosen because of their direct correspondence with specific issues in child psychology research; each chapter begins with a concise and accessible overview of relevant empirical and theoretical findings in developmental psychology. The chapters cover intrinsic motivation and curiosity; motor development, examining both manipulation and locomotion; perceptual development, including face recognition and perception of space; social learning, emphasizing such phenomena as joint attention and cooperation; language, from phonetic babbling to syntactic processing; and abstract knowledge, including models of number learning and reasoning strategies. Boxed text offers technical and methodological details for both psychology and robotics experiments.\nHardcover$67.00 S | £52.00 ISBN: 9780262028011 432 pp. | 7 in x 9 in 99 b&w illus.\n... with their combined background in psychology, cognitive science, and artificial intelligence, Cangelosi and Schlesinger are well equipped to illustrate the full-breadth of this dynamic field. Developmental robotics primarily draws people from psychology and artificial intelligence. However it goes far beyond that with connections to linguistics, neuroscience, philosophy of mind, and more. The book provides an extensive set of references (50 pages long) highlighting the true interdisciplinary nature of the field. (...) Cangelosi and Schlesinger's book provides a clear and accessible introduction to developmental robotics, demonstrating the exciting kinds of research that result from interdisciplinary collaborations.\nGenetic Programming and Evolvable Machines\nAngelo Cangelosi and Matthew Schlesinger present a fascinating review of ongoing scientific and technological research on human intelligence by exploring the parallel between robotics research and the study of child development. By highlighting the role of robotic engineering as a tool to investigate the principles giving rise to human intelligence, the book presents a very timely and convincing message in support of interdisciplinary research.\nDirector, Robotics, Brain and Cognitive Sciences Department, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia; Professor of Bioengineering, University of Genova\nIf you build it, they will come...and we have! This volume distills the principles of the exciting new field of developmental robotics. Although researchers will undoubtedly find places to argue with the authors, that's really the point—the volume states these principles in an accessible way that will promote progress. Developmental robotics has finally stood up and taken a big step forward.\nJohn P. Spencer\nProfessor of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Iowa; coeditor of Toward a Unified Theory of Development: Connectionism and Dynamic Systems Theory Re-Considered\nWith Developmental Robotics Angelo Cangelosi and Matthew Schlesinger provide a much-needed overview and cartography of a research area that has only emerged in the last two decades, combining their considerable interdisciplinary expertise and sharing their vast knowledge not only with students but also with researchers from related fields. Indeed, this book is a very dense source of inspiration and insight for researchers from all robotic fields.\nProfessor of Applied Informatics, Center of Excellence on Cognitive Interaction Technology, Bielefeld University\nCangelosi and Schlesinger provide a thorough and thoughtful overview of the emerging field of developmental robotics. Integrating insights from the full range of historical traditions on development, and bringing them together with the power of modern computational methods, they show us how the effort to understand development will depend both on classical analytic approaches and on synthetic experiments with robots that develop their mental abilities through experience. Anyone wishing to know where we are and where we are going in the effort to understand how mind and purposive behavior arise from biology and experience will want to own a copy of this book.\nDirector, Center for Mind, Brain, and Computation, Stanford University", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-51", "url": "https://mitpress.mit.edu/books/developmental-robotics", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376828697.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20181217161704-20181217183704-00157.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8990613222, "token_count": 922, "score": 3.0, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Ó na Babies go dtí na Róbaistí\nLéargas cuimsitheach ar chur chuige idirdhisciplíneach i leith róbataic a ghlacann inspioráid dhíreach ó fheiniméin forbartha agus foghlama a breathnaítear i bhforbairt chognaíoch leanaí.\nIs cur chuige comhoibritheach agus idirdhisciplíneach é róbataic forbartha a spreagtar go díreach ag na prionsabail agus na meicníochtaí forbartha a breathnaítear i bhforbairt chognaíoch leanaí. Tógann sé ar an smaoineamh gur féidir leis an róbat, ag baint úsáide as sraith prionsabail intreach forbartha a rialaíonn idirghníomhú fíor-ama a chorp, a inchinn agus a chomhshaoil, sraith níos casta de chumas sensomotor agus mheabhrach a fháil go neamhspleách. Tugann an t-imleabhar seo, ag tarraingt ar léargas ó shíceolaíocht, eolaíocht ríomhaireachta, teangachas, néareolaíocht, agus róbataic, an chéad léargas cuimsitheach ar réimse atá ag fás go tapa.\nTar éis roinnt faisnéise cúlra riachtanacha a sholáthar maidir le róbataic agus síceolaíocht forbartha, déanann an leabhar breathnú go mion ar an gcaoi a ndearna samhlacha agus turgnaimh róbataic forbartha iarracht raon de chumas iompair agus cognaíocha a bhaint amach. Roghnaíodh na samplaí sna caibidil seo mar gheall ar a gcomhlíontacht dhíreach le saincheisteanna sonracha i dtaighde síceolaíochta leanaí; tosaíonn gach caibidil le forbhreathnú concise agus inrochtana ar thorthaí empiriciúla agus teoiriciúla ábhartha i síceolaíocht forbartha. Clúdaíonn na caibidil spreagadh inmheánach agus fiosracht; forbairt mótar, ag scrúdú an dá mhaisiú agus an ghluaiseacht; forbairt perceptiúil, lena n-áirítear aitheantas aghaidh agus tuiscint ar spás; foghlaim sóisialta, ag cur béime ar fheiniméin mar aird chomhpháirteach agus comhar; teanga, ó bhlablaíocht fhóntach go próiseáil sintéiseach; agus eolas abstrách, lena n-áirítear samhlacha foghlama uimhreacha agus straitéisí réasúnaithe. Tugann téacs bocsa sonraí teicniúla agus modheolaíocha d'eispéiris síceolaíochta agus róbataice araon.\nHardcover $67.00 S £52.00 ISBN: 9780262028011 432 pp. 7 in x 9 in 99 b&w illú.\n... lena gcúlra comhcheangailte i síceolaíocht, eolaíocht chognaíoch, agus intleacht shaorga, tá Cangelosi agus Schlesinger go maith feistithe chun léargas a thabhairt ar an réimse dinimiciúil seo. Tarraingíonn róbataic forbartha daoine go príomha ó shíceolaíocht agus intleacht shaorga. Ach tá sé i bhfad níos faide ná sin le naisc le teangachas, néareolaíocht, fealsúnacht na meabhair, agus níos mó. Soláthraíonn an leabhar sraith leathan tagairtí (50 leathanach ar fhad) a thugann béim ar fhíor-nádúr idirdhisciplíneach an réimse. (...) Soláthraíonn leabhar Cangelosi agus Schlesinger réamhrá soiléir agus inrochtana ar róbataic forbartha, ag léiriú na cineálacha taighde spreagúla a thagann as comhoibriú idirdhisciplíneach.\nClárú Gineiteach agus Inneall Inathraithe\nCuireann Angelo Cangelosi agus Matthew Schlesinger athbhreithniú suimiúil ar thaighde eolaíoch agus teicneolaíoch leanúnach ar intleacht an duine trí thús a chur leis an gcomhthreomhar idir taighde róbataic agus staidéar ar fhorbairt na leanaí. Trí ról na hinnealtóireachta róbaite a chur i bhfios mar uirlis chun na prionsabail a dhéanann faisnéis dhaonna a fhiosrú, cuireann an leabhar teachtaireacht an-aimsire agus cinnte i dtaca le taighde idirdhisciplíneach.\nStiúrthóir, Roinn na Róbaiteolaíochta, na hEanlainne agus na hEolaíochtaí Cognitive, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia; Ollamh i mbia-eignignignigníocht, Ollscoil Genova\nMá thógann tú é, beidh siad teacht...agus tá againn! Déantar an t-imleabhar seo a chur i láthair ar phrionsabail na ré nua spreagúil seo de róbataic forbartha. Cé go bhfaighidh taighdeoirí áiteanna gan amhras chun argóint a dhéanamh leis na húdair, sin an pointe i ndáiríre - déanann an t-iomlán na prionsabail seo a leagan amach ar bhealach inrochtana a chuirfidh chun cinn. Tá an róbataic forbartha tar éis seasamh suas agus céim mhór chun cinn a dhéanamh.\nJohn P. Spencer\nOllamh Eolaíochta Síceolaíoch agus Céir, Ollscoil Iowa; comh-eagarthóir Toward a Unified Theory of Development: Connectionism and Dynamic Systems Theory Re-Considered\nLe Robotics Forbartha, soláthraíonn Angelo Cangelosi agus Matthew Schlesinger forbhreathnú agus cartamharc an-riachtanach ar réimse taighde nach ndeachaigh chun cinn ach le dhá scór bliain anuas, ag comhcheangal a saineolas idirdhisciplíneach suntasach agus ag roinnt a gcuid eolais ollmhór ní amháin le mic léinn ach freisin le taighdeoirí ó réimsí gaolmhara. Go deimhin, is foinse an-dlúth inspioráide agus léargas é an leabhar seo d'fhor-rannscaitheoirí ó gach réimse róbataíochta.\nOllamh um Fhorbairt Teicneolaíochta, Ionad Feabhais ar Theicneolaíocht Idirghníomhaíochta Cognitive, Ollscoil Bielefeld\nSoláthraíonn Cangelosi agus Schlesinger forbhreathnú críochnúil agus smaointeoireachta ar réimse nua-aimseartha na róbataice forbartha. Ag comhtháthú léargas ó raon iomlán na dtrádála stairiúla ar fhorbairt, agus iad a thabhairt le chéile le cumhacht modhanna ríomhaireachta nua-aimseartha, léiríonn siad dúinn conas a bheidh an iarracht chun forbairt a thuiscint ag brath ar chur chuige anailíseach clasaiceach agus ar turgnaimh shintéiseacha le robots a fhorbraíonn a gcumas meabhrach trí thaithí. Ar aon duine ar mian leis a fhios a bheith aige cá bhfuil muid agus cá bhfuil muid ag dul i ngleic leis an iarracht a dhéanamh tuiscint a fháil ar an gcaoi a n-eascraíonn intinn agus iompar cuspóirí ón bitheolaíocht agus ón taithí, beidh sé ag iarraidh cóip den leabhar seo a bheith aige.\nStiúrthóir, Ionad na Meabhrach, na Mhinne agus na Ríomhaireachta, Ollscoil Stanford"} {"text": "When an individual's eyesight can not be\ncorrected to better than 20/200 with lenses, then he/she is\ndiagnosed as having low vision. Macular degeneration, diabetic\nretinopathy and genetic diseases are just some of the causes of\nthis diminished vision.\nUnfortunately many people are told that\nnothing can be done. While there may not be a cure, we can design and prescribe low vision systems for\nmany of these individuals. Bioptic telescopes and microscopes\nare mounted in a pair of glasses to allow many of them to resume\nreading, cooking, hobbies, playing cards and in some cases\ndriving – greatly improving their lifestyles.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-43", "url": "https://www.mainefamilyeyecare.com/content/eyeconditions/low_vision_systems.aspx", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323587593.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20211024173743-20211024203743-00081.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9550262094, "token_count": 138, "score": 2.75, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Nuair nach féidir le radharc duine aonair a bheith\nmá tá an t-athrú ceart go 20/200 le lionsaí, ansin tá sé/sí\na diagnóisíodh mar a bhfuil dearcadh íseal. Díghrádú macúla, diaibéiteas\nTá retinopathy agus galair ghéiniteacha ach cuid de na cúiseanna a\nan fís laghdaithe seo.\nAr an drochuair, deirtear go leor daoine go bhfuil\nní féidir aon rud a dhéanamh. Cé nach féidir leigheas a fháil, is féidir linn córais ísealfhaicinn a dhearadh agus a fhorordú do\ngo leor de na daoine aonair. Teilioscóp agus micreascóip bith-optach\nTá siad suite i péire gloine chun ligean go leor acu a leanúint ar aghaidh\nléitheoireacht, cócaireacht, hobbies, cártaí a imirt agus i gcásanna áirithe\n feabhas mór a chur ar a gcuid stíl mhaireachtála."} {"text": "WELLNESS & CONNECTION TO MIND & BODY\nEmotional stress can create havoc in our lives while creating a shift in our physiology to that of a “fight-or-flight” mentality. This shift releases adrenaline and cortisol, increasing heart rate and respiration. While this increased alertness might be short lived, for those who perceive their life events as a constant negative stressor, remaining in this \"stress\" can actually cause harm and illness over time.\nEmotional stress sometimes causes lapses in memory, ongoing anxiety, and fatigue. It may also cause a person to avoid everyday activities that he or she previously enjoyed, such as socializing with family members and friends and being productive at work. Emotional stress may even cause mood swings, as well as various long-term health problems.\nObesity, heart disease, high blood pressure, insomnia, mental disorders and addictive behaviors are just a few things that occur as the result of long-term stress. However, it is important to remember that not every individual has the same definition of \"stress\" so the triggers may not be easily recognized.\nStress management strategies often help people cope with emotional stress, and these strategies include:\nMaintaining a Healthy Diet: Sugary snacks, dairy products and other foods and beverages sometimes provide an emotional boost, but this boost is only temporary. Instead, eat foods loaded with protein, vitamins and fiber, as these foods have been shown to help people stay happy and healthy. You should also eat regular meals and snacks throughout the day to maintain a continuous fuel source to stabilize your mood.\nGet Lots of Sleep: The National Sleep Foundation recommends adults between the ages of 26 to 74 get at last 7 to 9 hours of sleep per night. It is also important to sleep in an environment that is free of distraction and particularly electronics such as cell phone, laptop computer, or even the TV.\nTake a Break from Your Routine: If you begin to experience signs of emotional stress; take a walk, meditate, exercise, or just engage in something that will allow you to concentrate on other things. This allows you to experience a break from your emotional stress and then return to normal routines feeling a little bit more relaxed and invigorated.\nLastly, it is also crucial to be prepared for events that may be unforeseen including medical emergencies. This preparedness and increased knowledge will give you or that family member that boost of confidence that they know what to do in that specific situation. Whether it be experiencing a BLS Provider Class, the Wilderness First Aid Course, or the Advanced Cardiovascular Life Support (ACLS) Class, these courses can help prepare the student both personally and professionally for the inevitable stressful event of life while allowing you to reduce the effects of long-term stress.\nDr. Tracy A. Jones is an American Heart Association, ASHI, and American Red Cross Master Program Trainer, Instructor, & AHA Faculty Member located in San Antonio, Texas.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-43", "url": "https://www.helpaheartcpr.com/help-a-heart-cpr-blog/wellness-connection-to-mind-body", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585321.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20211020121220-20211020151220-00220.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9461143613, "token_count": 604, "score": 3.140625, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "FÉINNÉA agus CONNECTION TO MIND & BODY\nIs féidir le strus mothúchánach scrios a chruthú inár saol agus athrú a chruthú inár fisiceolaíocht go dtí meon \"sabaid nó teipeadh\". Sa t-athrú seo scaoiltear adrenaline agus cortisol, ag méadú ráta croí agus an anailís. Cé go bhféadfadh an t-aigneas méadaithe seo a bheith gearrthéarmach, dóibh siúd a mheasann go bhfuil na himeachtaí sa saol mar strus diúltach leanúnach, is féidir le fanacht sa \"strus\" seo dochar agus tinneas a chur ina n-aghaidh le himeacht ama.\nUaireanta bíonn strus mothúchánach mar thoradh ar easpa cuimhne, imní leanúnach, agus tuirse. D'fhéadfadh sé a bheith ina chúis freisin go ndéanfaidh duine gníomhaíochtaí laethúla a raibh sé nó sí ag baint taitneamh astu roimhe seo a sheachaint, amhail a bheith ag caitheamh aimsire le baill teaghlaigh agus le cairde agus a bheith táirgiúil ag an obair. D'fhéadfadh strus mothúchánach athrú mothúchánach a chur ar fáil, chomh maith le fadhbanna sláinte éagsúla fadtéarmacha.\nNíl sa mhullach de na rudaí a tharlaíonn mar thoradh ar strus fadtéarmach ach murtall, galar croí, brú fola ard, insomnia, neamhoird mheabhrach agus iompar addictive. Mar sin féin, tá sé tábhachtach a mheabhrú nach bhfuil an sainmhíniú céanna ar \"stress\" ag gach duine, mar sin b'fhéidir nach dtuigfear na tosca go héasca.\nIs minic a chabhraíonn straitéisí bainistíochta strus le daoine déileáil le strus mothúchánach, agus áirítear leis na straitéisí seo:\nA Chothabháil aiste bia Sláintiúil: Snacks siúcra, táirgí déiríochta agus bianna agus deochanna eile a chur ar fáil uaireanta borradh mothúchánach, ach ní bhíonn an borradh seo ach sealadach. Ina áit sin, ithe bianna a bhfuil próitéin, vitimíní agus snáithín iontu, mar tá sé léirithe go gcuireann na bianna seo le daoine a bheith sásta agus sláintiúil. Ba chóir duit béilí agus greannáin rialta a ithe i rith an lae freisin chun foinse breosla leanúnach a choinneáil chun do mhodh a chobhsú.\nFaigh Go Dhéanach Codladh: Molann an National Sleep Foundation do dhaoine fásta idir 26 agus 74 bliain d'aois 7 go 9 uair an chloig codlata ar a laghad a fháil in aghaidh na hoíche. Tá sé tábhachtach freisin codladh i dtimpeallacht nach bhfuil aon rud ag cur isteach air agus go háirithe leictreonaic mar fhón póca, ríomhaire glúine, nó fiú an teilifís.\nDéan Briseadh Ó Do Rúthaíocht: Má thosaíonn tú ag mothú comharthaí de strus mothúchánach; téigh ar siúlóid, meditate, cleachtadh, nó díreach a bheith páirteach i rud éigin a ligfidh duit díriú ar rudaí eile. Ligeann sé seo duit sos a fháil ó do strus mothúchánach agus ansin filleadh ar ghnáth-nós a bheith beagán níos suaimhneach agus níos fuinniúla.\nAr deireadh, tá sé ríthábhachtach freisin a bheith ullamh do imeachtaí nach bhféadfaí a thuar lena n-áirítear éigeandálaí leighis. Tabharfaidh an ullmhúchán seo agus an t-eolas méadaithe sin dóchas duit féin nó don chomhalta teaghlaigh sin go bhfuil a fhios acu cad atá le déanamh sa chás ar leith sin. Cibé an bhfuil sé ag fulaingt ó Chlas Soláthraithe BLS, an Chúrsa Chéadchúnamh Fiáin, nó an Chlas Tacaíochta Beatha Cardiovascular (ACLS) Ardteicneolaíochta, is féidir leis na cúrsaí seo cabhrú leis an mac léinn a ullmhú go pearsanta agus go gairmiúil do na himeachtaí strusach dosheachanta sa saol agus ag ligean duit éifeachtaí strus fadtéarmach a laghdú.\nIs Traenálaí, Teagascóir, agus Comhalta Oideachais AHA de Chumann Sláinte Chroí Mheiriceá, ASHI, agus de Chlár Máistreachta Chroí Dearg Mheiriceá é an Dr. Tracy A. Jones atá lonnaithe i San Antonio, Texas."} {"text": "In this Article\nHow do you know if you have listeriosis?\nThere is no routine screening test for listeriosis during pregnancy, as there is for rubella and some other congenital infections. If you have symptoms such as fever or stiff neck, consult your doctor. A blood or spinal fluid test (to cultivate the bacteria) will show if you have listeriosis. During pregnancy, a blood test is the most reliable way to find out if your symptoms are due to listeriosis.\nWhat should you do if you've eaten a food recalled because of Listeria contamination?\nThe risk of an individual person developing Listeria infection after consumption of a contaminated product is very small. If you have eaten a contaminated product and do not have any symptoms, we do not recommend that you have any tests or treatment, even if you are in a high-risk group. However, if you are in a high-risk group, have eaten the contaminated product, and within 2 months become ill with fever or signs of serious illness, you should contact your physician and inform him or her about this exposure.\nCan listeriosis be treated?\nWhen infection occurs during pregnancy, antibiotics given promptly to the pregnant woman can often prevent infection of the fetus or newborn.\nBabies with listeriosis receive the same antibiotics as adults, although a combination of antibiotics is often used until physicians are certain of the diagnosis. Even with prompt treatment, some infections result in death. This is particularly likely in the elderly and in persons with other serious medical problems.\nWhat is the government doing about listeriosis?\nGovernment agencies and the food industry have taken steps to reduce contamination of food by the Listeria bacterium. The Food and Drug Administration and the U.S. Department of Agriculture monitor food regularly. When a processed food is found to be contaminated, food monitoring and plant inspection are intensified, and if necessary, the implicated food is recalled.\nThe Coordinating Center for Infectious Diseases (CCID) is studying listeriosis in several states to help measure the impact of prevention activities and recognize trends in disease occurrence. CCID also assists local health departments in investigating outbreaks. Early detection and reporting of outbreaks of listeriosis to local and state health departments can help identify sources of infection and prevent more cases of the disease.\nLast Editorial Review: 10/21/2010 8:25:44 PM", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-18", "url": "http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=121587&page=3", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-18/segments/1461860121090.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20160428161521-00094-ip-10-239-7-51.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9482395649, "token_count": 488, "score": 2.78125, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Sa Airteagal seo\nConas a fhios agat an bhfuil listeriosis agat?\nNíl aon tástáil scagthástála rialta ann le haghaidh listeriosis le linn toirchis, mar atá le haghaidh rubella agus roinnt ionfhabhtuithe coignéadacha eile. Má tá comharthaí agat, mar shampla fiabhras nó cruas a bheith agat, téigh i gcomhairle le do dhochtúir. Léireoidh tástáil fola nó sreabhach spinal (chun na baictéir a chothú) má tá listeriosis agat. Le linn toirchis, is é tástáil fola an bealach is iontaofa chun a fháil amach an bhfuil do chuid comharthaí mar gheall ar listeriosis.\nCad ba cheart duit a dhéanamh má tá bia a itheadh agat a chuireadh ar ais mar gheall ar thruailliú Listeria?\nTá an baol go bhforbróidh duine aonair ionfhabhtú Listeria tar éis dó táirge truaillithe a ithe an-bheag. Má tá táirge truaillithe ithe agat agus mura bhfuil aon chomharthaí agat, ní mholfaimid duit aon tástálacha nó cóireáil a dhéanamh, fiú má tá tú i ngrúpa ardriosca. Mar sin féin, má tá tú i ngrúpa ardriosca, má d' itheann tú an táirge truaillithe, agus má thosaíonn tú ag fulaingt le fiabhras nó le comharthaí galar tromchúiseach laistigh de 2 mhí, ba cheart duit teagmháil a dhéanamh le do dhochtúir agus é a chur ar an eolas faoin nochtadh seo.\nAn féidir le listeriosis a chóireáil?\nNuair a tharlaíonn ionfhabhtú le linn toirchis, is minic gur féidir le antaibheathaigh a thugtar go pras don mháthair toirchis ionfhabhtú an fhéatas nó an nuabheirthe a chosc.\nFaigheann leanaí le listeriosis na antaibheathaigh céanna le daoine fásta, cé go n-úsáidtear teaglaim antaibheathaigh go minic go dtí go mbeidh dochtúirí cinnte den diagnóis. Fiú má dhéantar cóireáil láithreach, bíonn bás mar thoradh ar roinnt ionfhabhtuithe. Tá an seans go mbeidh sé seo ag daoine scothaosta agus ag daoine a bhfuil fadhbanna tromchúiseacha sláinte eile acu.\nCad atá á dhéanamh ag an rialtas i dtaca le listeriosis?\nTá gníomhaireachtaí rialtais agus tionscal bia tar éis céimeanna a ghlacadh chun truailliú bia ag baictéir Listeria a laghdú. Déanann Riarachán Bia agus Drugaí agus Roinn Talmhaíochta na Stát Aontaithe monatóireacht ar bhia go rialta. Nuair a fhaightear go bhfuil bia próiseáilte truaillithe, déantar monatóireacht ar bhia agus cigireacht ar phlandaí a neartú, agus más gá, cuirtear an bia a bhfuil baint aige leis ar ais.\nTá an Lárionad Comhordaithe do Ghalair Inbhéartacha (CCID) ag déanamh staidéir ar listeriosis i roinnt stáit chun cabhrú le tionchar gníomhaíochtaí cosc a thomhas agus treochtaí i dtarlódh galair a aithint. Cuidíonn an CCID freisin le ranna sláinte áitiúla chun ráigí a imscrúdú. Is féidir le braithrí an ionfhabhtaithe a aithint go luath agus ráitis a thabhairt faoi ráigí listeriosis do ranna sláinte áitiúla agus stáit chun cabhrú le foinsí ionfhabhtaithe a aithint agus cásanna níos mó den ghalar a chosc.\nAthbhreithniú Deiridh Eagarthóireachta: 10/21/2010 8:25:44 PM"} {"text": "The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine are hosting a series of workshops looking at how real-world data can be converted to reliable real-world evidence to improve patient outcomes. Professor Sir Rory Collins spoke at the recent workshop and argued that rather than placing greater reliance on observational data, it would be much better to make it much easier to do randomised trials properly. You can watch the talk here.\nHe pointed out that the starting point is to be aware of the limitations of observational studies to identify the causal effects of treatments on health outcomes. The strengths of observational studies in terms of detecting causal associations are limited to large effects of treatments on health outcomes that would otherwise be rare. However, because observational studies are prone to various sources of confounding and bias they may yield associations of treatment with health outcomes that are precise (i.e. have small random errors due to a large sample size), but are not causal. For this reason, observational studies can’t be relied upon to demonstrate the true effects of treatments (e.g. they may well give results that are precise, in the statistical sense, but which are wrong). This has resulted in 2016 in the FDA issuing a warning about the risks of observational studies generating incorrect or unreliable conclusions.\nTherefore, what is needed to realise the full potential of real-world evidence is to make it much easier to do randomised trials to detect plausible moderate beneficial or adverse effects of treatments on common health outcomes.\nThis need to make it much easier to do randomised trials is because in the last 20 years or so it has become much more difficult to do trials as a result of increased regulation and related bureaucracy. This has resulted in increased obstacles, delays and costs for trials, which has distorted the research agenda and reduced creative collaboration between industry and academia. This has resulted in industry developing fewer new treatments and fewer academic trials of existing therapies.\nCollins then went on to propose that the key obstacle and cause of the problems is the International Council on Harmonisation (ICH). ICH’s lack of representativeness and transparency are covered here and a lack of evidence of their competence is shown by the proven failure of the ICH-GCP guideline and the contradictory text proposed in the amendment of last year. The key problems with the ICH-GCP guideline will be very familiar to readers of this website and include a failure to focus on the key scientific principles of randomised trials that are critical for the generation of reliable results. Further, ICH-GCP is not even working for the registration trials of new drugs that it was created to promote with such trials having unsustainable costs, wasteful practices and poor quality. These large increases in the cost of trials as a result of ICH-GCP have coincided with the exponential growth seen in the CRO market in recent decades.\nHowever, the problems with ICH-GCP extend way beyond just registration trials due to it being applied much more widely than it was originally intended. Examples include the new European Union Clinical Trials Regulation (which is applicable to all trials of medicinal products conducted in Europe and expected to be implemented in 2019) and the Gates Foundation, which requires all grant holders doing clinical trials to comply with ICH-GCP (most of these trials are in resource poor low- and middle income countries). ICH is now undertaking a major revision to ICH-GCP (GCP Renovation which you read about here), but it is still not clear due to a continued lack of transparency how key stakeholders – such as academic trialists, non-industry funders, patients and the public – can be actively involved in this process.\nThese problems with ICH-GCP, other related trials regulations (and the frequent over-interpretation of these rules) mean that trials are much more complex and costly than they need to be. This unnecessary complexity and cost is the result of a number of areas required by regulations which have no sound evidence-base for their value. These include adverse event recording by sites, adverse event and serious adverse event reporting to regulatory authorities and other related safety monitoring. Such safety reporting might plausibly be able to detect large effects on rare outcomes, but as discussed above, to reliably detect moderate adverse effects on common outcomes a randomised comparison is required. The THRIVE trial, which you can read about here, is an example of a randomised comparison reliably demonstrating serious adverse effects of a commonly used drug (niacin), adverse effects which had not previously been shown from non-randomised analysis of adverse event/serious adverse event reporting in older trials and from routine pharmacovigilance.\nAnother area which ICH-GCP and related regulations promote without a sound evidence base is monitoring and data verification. This is caused by a fundamental misunderstanding which assumes that a reliable result from a randomised trial is dependent upon having high-quality data. It is not and is the same point made in Rob Califf’s talk at the same meeting that highlighted ICH-GCP’s mistaken focus on data precision is at the expense of reliability. An example showing the waste of resources for no material value of detailed data checking (outcome adjudication) is the Heart Protection Study which you can read about here. That said, some progress has been made in the area of monitoring through the work of CTTI and subsequent adoption by regulators, particularly the FDA (e.g. risk-based monitoring and the use of central statistical monitoring). More progress still needs to be made.\nCollins closed his talk by highlighting the key strengths of randomised trials (particularly putting greater reliance on comparison with the randomly-allocated control group) and the need to develop new evidence-based guidance which is based upon these key principles to do a trial well rather than current guidelines, particularly ICH-GCP, which focuses on things that don’t largely matter (non-randomised individual reporting of adverse events, site monitoring etc.). These key strengths of randomised trials are not new having been described in previous publications. The goal of MoreTrials is to develop such guidance based upon these key principles of how to do a randomised trial well.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-51", "url": "https://moretrials.net/news-rory-collins-oxford-urgent-need-streamline-randomised-trials/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376823322.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20181210101954-20181210123454-00270.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9635877609, "token_count": 1248, "score": 2.78125, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Tá Acadamh Náisiúnta na nEolaíochtaí, na hinnealtóireachta agus na Leigheas ag óstáil sraith ceardlanna ag féachaint ar conas is féidir sonraí fíor-domhan a thiontú go fianaise iontaofa fíor-domhan chun torthaí othair a fheabhsú. Labhair an tOllamh Sir Rory Collins ag an obair-lann le déanaí agus d'áitigh sé gurbh fhearr go mbeadh sé i bhfad níos éasca triail randamaithe a dhéanamh i gceart seachas brath níos mó ar shonraí breathnóireachta. Is féidir leat féachaint ar an gcaint anseo.\nThug sé le fios go bhfuil an pointe tosaigh ná a bheith ar an eolas faoi theorainneacha staidéir bhreathnaitheacha chun éifeachtaí cúiseacha cóireálacha ar thorthaí sláinte a aithint. Tá neart staidéir bhreathnaitheacha maidir le comhlachais cúis-chúis a bhrath teoranta d'éifeachtaí móra cóireála ar thorthaí sláinte a bheadh ann go neamhchoitianta. Is féidir le baill den fhoireann a bheith ag obair ar an gcóras iniúchóireachta, ach ní mór dóibh a bheith ag obair ar an gcóras iniúchóireachta. Tá na sonraí a chuirtear ar fáil i bpostanna áirithe (mar shampla, i gcásanna ina bhfuil earráidí beag randamacha mar gheall ar mhéid mór sampla), ach níl siad cúis. Is é an chúis seo nach féidir brath ar staidéir bhreathnaitheacha chun fíoréifeachtaí cóireálacha a thaispeáint (m.sh. Is féidir le torthaí a bheith cruinn, sa chiall staidrimh, ach a bheith mícheart. Mar thoradh air seo, d'eisigh an FDA rabhadh i 2016 faoi na rioscaí a bhaineann le staidéir bhreathnaitheacha a ghineann conclúidí mícheart nó neamh-iontaofa.\nIs é an rud atá riachtanach, dá bhrí sin, chun an acmhainn iomlán atá ag fianaise an domhain fíor a bhaint amach ná go mbeidh sé i bhfad níos éasca triail randamaithe a dhéanamh chun éifeachtaí measartha tairbheacha nó díobhálacha inchreidte cóireálacha a bhrath ar thorthaí sláinte coiteann.\nTá an gá seo chun triail randamaithe a dhéanamh i bhfad níos éasca toisc go bhfuil sé i bhfad níos deacra triail a dhéanamh le 20 bliain anuas nó mar sin mar thoradh ar rialáil mhéadaithe agus an biorrathais a bhaineann leis. Tá sé seo mar thoradh ar bhacainní, moilleanna agus costais mhéadaithe i dtaca le trialacha, rud a chuir míbhuntáiste ar an gclár oibre taighde agus a laghdaigh comhoibriú cruthaitheach idir an tionscal agus an saol acadúil. Mar thoradh air sin, tá níos lú cóireálacha nua á bhforbairt ag an tionscal agus níos lú trialacha acadúla ar chóireálacha atá ann cheana.\nAnsin, dúirt Collins gurb é an Chomhairle Idirnáisiúnta um Chomharchumadh (ICH) an príomh-chonstaic agus cúis na fadhbanna. Tá an easpa ionadaíochta agus trédhearcachta ICH á chlúdach anseo agus léirítear easpa fianaise ar a n-inniúlacht trí theip thorthaí an treoirlínte ICH-GCP agus an téacs contrártha a mholtar i leasú na bliana seo caite. Tá an-eolas ag léitheoirí an láithreáin ghréasáin seo ar na príomhfhadhbanna a bhaineann le treoirlínte ICH-GCP agus tá siad ina measc ná go bhfuil díriú ar phríomhphrionsabail eolaíocha na dtrialacha randamaithe atá ríthábhachtach chun torthaí iontaofa a ghiniúint. Ina theannta sin, ní bhíonn ICH-GCP ag obair fiú le haghaidh trialacha clárúcháin drugaí nua a cruthaíodh é chun a chur chun cinn le trialacha den sórt sin a bhfuil costais neamh-inbhuanaithe acu, cleachtais chaite agus drochchaighdeán. Tá na méaduithe móra sin ar chostas trialacha mar thoradh ar ICH-GCP tar éis teacht le fás esponenseach a fheictear sa mhargadh CRO le blianta beaga anuas.\nMar sin féin, tá fadhbanna ICH-GCP i bhfad níos faide ná tástálacha clárúcháin amháin mar gheall ar a bheith á gcur i bhfeidhm i bhfad níos leithne ná mar a bhí beartaithe ar dtús. I measc na n-eispéiris tá Rialachán nua um Thrialacha Cliniciúla an Aontais Eorpaigh (a bhfuil feidhm aige maidir le gach triail ar tháirgí cógais a dhéantar san Eoraip agus a bhfuiltear ag súil go gcuirfear i bhfeidhm é in 2019) agus Fondúireacht Gates, a éilíonn ar gach sealbhóir deontais a dhéanann trialacha cliniciúla cloí le ICH-GCP (tá an chuid is mó de na trialacha seo i dtíortha íseal- agus meán-ioncaim atá bochta ó thaobh acmhainní de). Tá ICH ag tabhairt faoi athbhreithniú mór ar ICH-GCP (Athchóiriú GCP a léann tú faoi anseo), ach níl sé soiléir fós mar gheall ar easpa trédhearcachta leanúnach conas is féidir le príomhpháirtithe leasmhara mar thrialaithe acadúla, maoinithe neamh-ghinearálta, othair agus an pobal a bheith rannpháirteach go gníomhach sa phróiseas seo.\nTá na fadhbanna seo le ICH-GCP, rialacháin eile maidir le trialacha gaolmhara (agus ró-léiriú go minic ar na rialacha seo) ag ciallaíonn go bhfuil trialacha i bhfad níos casta agus níos costasaí ná mar is gá dóibh a bheith. Tá an chastacht agus an chostas neamhriachtanach seo mar thoradh ar roinnt réimsí a éilítear le rialacháin nach bhfuil bonn fianaise láidir acu dá luach. Ba cheart an fhaisnéis a sholáthar do na húdaráis rialála agus do na húdaráis inniúla eile a bhfuil baint acu le gníomhaíochtaí um rialú sábháilteachta agus um rialú sábháilteachta. Ba cheart go mbeadh na torthaí a fhaightear ar an tástáil ar an gcóras iniúchóireachta a bheith chomh maith le torthaí a fhaightear ar an gcóras iniúchóireachta ar an gcóras iniúchóireachta. Is sampla de chomparáid randamaithe é an triail THRIVE, ar féidir leat a léamh faoi anseo, a léiríonn go hiontaofa éifeachtaí díobhálacha tromchúiseacha druga a úsáidtear go coitianta (niacin), éifeachtaí díobhálacha nach raibh le feiceáil roimhe seo ó anailís neamh-randamaithe ar thuairisciú imeachtaí díobhálacha/imeachtaí díobhálacha tromchúiseacha i dtrialacha níos sine agus ó chógaisíocht rialta.\nIs é réimse eile a chuireann ICH-GCP agus rialacháin gaolmhara chun cinn gan bonn fianaise láidir faireachán agus fíoruithe sonraí. Tá mí-thuiscint bhunúsach mar chúis leis seo, a ghlacann leis go bhfuil toradh iontaofa ó thriail randamaithe ag brath ar shonraí ardchaighdeáin a bheith ann. Ní hé agus is é an pointe céanna a rinneadh i Rob Califf's labhairt ag an gcruinniú céanna a leag béim ar fócas mícheart ICH-GCP ar chruinneas sonraí ar chostas iontaofacht. Is sampla de chailliúint acmhainní é an Staidéar um Chosaint an Chroí nach féidir leat a léamh anseo, agus nach bhfuil aon luach ábhartha ag seiceáil sonraí mionsonraithe (an cinneadh ar thorthaí). Tá an t-ábhar seo á chur ar fáil ag an gCoimisiún i mí Iúil agus i mí an Mheán Fómhair. Tá an t-ábhar seo á chur i láthair ag an gCoimisiún i mí Iúil. Tá tuilleadh dul chun cinn le déanamh fós.\nChuir Collins deireadh lena chaint trí aird a tharraingt ar na láidreachtaí is tábhachtaí a bhaineann le trialacha randamaithe (go háirithe ag brath níos mó ar chomparáid leis an ngrúpa rialaithe a leithdháileadh go randamach) agus an gá atá le treoir nua a fhorbairt bunaithe ar fhianaise atá bunaithe ar na príomhphrionsabail seo chun triail a dhéanamh go maith seachas treoirlínte reatha, go háirithe ICH-GCP, a dhíríonn ar rudaí nach bhfuil tábhacht mhór leo (tuairisciú neamh-randamaithe aonair ar imeachtaí díobhálacha, monatóireacht ar shuíomh srl.). Ní nua iad na láidreachtaí seo de thrialacha randamaithe, agus tuairiscíodh iad i bhfoilseacháin roimhe seo. Is é sprioc MoreTrials treoir den sórt sin a fhorbairt bunaithe ar na príomhphrionsabail seo maidir le conas triail randamaithe a dhéanamh go maith."} {"text": "|This page uses Creative Commons Licensed content from Wikipedia (view authors).|\nTechno is a form of electronic dance music that emerged in Detroit, Michigan, in the United States during the mid-to-late 1980s. The first recorded use of the word techno in reference to a specific genre of music was in 1988. Many styles of techno now exist, but Detroit techno is seen as the foundation upon which a number of subgenres have been built.\nStylistically, techno is generally repetitive instrumental music, oftentimes produced for use in a continuous DJ set. The central rhythmic component is most often in common time (4/4), where time is marked with a bass drum on each quarter note pulse, a backbeat played by snare or clap on the second and fourth pulses of the bar, and an open hi-hat sounding every second eighth note. The tempo tends to vary between approximately 120 to 150 beats per minute (bpm), depending on the style of techno. The creative use of music production technology, such as drum machines, synthesizers, and digital audio workstations, is viewed as an important aspect of the music's aesthetic. Many producers use retro electronic musical devices to create what they consider to be an authentic techno sound. Drum machines from the 1980s such as Roland's TR-808 and TR-909 are highly prized, and software emulations of such retro technology are popular among techno producers.\nExperimental (Industrial) | Folk | Hip Hop | Jazz | Pop (Easy Listening, Electropop, J-Pop, Pop Rock)\nR&B (Funk) | Rock (Alternative Rock, Death Metal, Hard Rock, Metal, Metalcore, Progressive Metal, Progressive Rock, Punk Rock)\nRegional Music (Country, Reggae) | Descriptor (Non-Genres, Uncategorized)\nAll items (345)", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-51", "url": "http://ffr.wikia.com/wiki/Category:Techno", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376829542.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20181218164121-20181218190121-00588.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9294809103, "token_count": 388, "score": 3.171875, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Úsáidtear ábhar faoi cheadúnas Creative Commons ón Uicipeid (féach údar).\nIs cineál ceoil damhsa leictreonach é Techno a tháinig chun cinn i Detroit, Michigan, sna Stáit Aontaithe i rith lár na 1980idí. Ba é an chéad úsáid taifeadta den fhocal techno i ndáil le seánra áirithe ceoil i 1988. Tá go leor stíleanna techno ann anois, ach feictear techno Detroit mar an bunús ar a bhfuil roinnt fo-ghineálacha tógtha.\nGo stílisticiúil, is ceol ionstraimí athdhéanta é techno go ginearálta, a tháirgtear go minic le húsáid i seata DJ leanúnach. Is minic a bhíonn an comhpháirt rithimiciúil lárnach i gnátham (4/4), áit a bhfuil am marcáilte le tromlach bass ar gach phulsa ceathrú nóta, backbeat a imrítear le snare nó clap ar an dara agus an ceathrú phulsa den bhart, agus hi-hat oscailte ag fuaime gach dara nóta ochtú. Is gnách go n-athraíonn an t-athrú idir thart ar 120 go 150 buille in aghaidh na nóiméid (bpm), ag brath ar stíl an techno. Meastar go bhfuil gné thábhachtach de áilleacht an cheoil ag baint úsáide cruthaitheach as teicneolaíocht táirgeachta ceoil, mar shampla meaisíní druma, sintéiseoirí, agus stáisiúin oibre fuaime digiteacha. Baineann go leor táirgeoirí úsáid as feistí ceoil leictreonacha retro chun an rud a mheasann siad a bheith ina fhuaim techno barántúil a chruthú. Tá ardluach ar mheaisíní drumaí ó na 1980idí mar TR-808 agus TR-909 Roland, agus tá tóir ar éimealaithe bogearraí den teicneolaíocht retro den sórt sin i measc táirgeoirí techno.\nTaighdeach (Tionsclaíoch) Daonlathach (Folc) Hip Hop (Hip Hop) Jazz (Jazz) Pop (Éasca ag éisteacht, Electropop, J-Pop, Pop Rock)\nR&B (Funk) Rock (Rock Malartach, Death Metal, Hard Rock, Metal, Metalcore, Metal Iomaíoch, Rock Iomaíoch, Punk Rock)\nCeol Réigiúnach (Country, Reggae) Descriptor (Non-Genres, Uncategorized)\nGach mír (345)"} {"text": "Transient sediment storage and mixing of deposits of various ages during transport across alluvial piedmonts alter the clastic sedimentary record. We quantify buffering and mixing during cycles of aggradation–incision in the north piedmont of the Eastern Tian Shan. We complement existing chronologic data with 20 new luminescence ages and one cosmogenic radionuclide age of terrace abandonment and alluvial aggradation. Over the last 0.5 Myr, the piedmont deeply incised and aggraded many times per 100 kyr. Aggradation is driven by an increased flux of glacial sediment accumulated in the high range and flushed onto the piedmont by greater water discharge at stadial–interstadial transitions. After this sediment is evacuated from the high range, the reduced input sediment flux results in fluvial incision of the piedmont as fast as 9 cm year−1 and to depths up to 330 m. The timing of incision onset is different in each river and does not directly reflect climate forcing but the necessary time for the evacuation of glacial sediment from the high range. A significant fraction of sediments evacuated from the high range is temporarily stored on the piedmont before a later incision phase delivers it to the basin. Coarse sediments arrive in the basin with a lag of at least 7–14 kyrs between the first evacuation from the mountain and later basinward transport. The modern output flux of coarse sediments from the piedmont contains a significant amount of recycled material that was deposited on the piedmont as early as the Middle Pleistocene. Variations in temperature and moisture delivered by the Westerlies are the likely cause of repeated aggradation–incision cycles in the north piedmont instead of monsoonal precipitation. The arrival of the gravel front into the proximal basin is delayed relative to the fine-grained load and both are separated by a hiatus. This work shows, based on field observations and data, how sedimentary systems respond to climatic perturbations, and how sediment recycling and mixing can ensue.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-43", "url": "https://pure.ulster.ac.uk/en/publications/lag-and-mixing-during-sediment-transfer-across-the-tian-shan-pied", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585504.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20211022084005-20211022114005-00496.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9247213602, "token_count": 428, "score": 2.5625, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Athraíonn stóráil taiscéalaithe trédhearcach agus meascán taiscí d'aoisí éagsúla le linn iompair thar piedmonts alluvial an taifead taiscéalaithe clastic. Déanaimid buffering agus meascán a chainníochtú le linn timthriallta aggradation incision i bpiomúnt thuaidh an Tianshan Thoir. Comhlánaímid sonraí cróineolaíocha atá ann cheana féin le 20 aois nua luminescence agus aois amháin radionuclide cosmogenic de thrascadh terrace agus aggradation alluvial. Le linn na 0.5 Myr deireanach, rinne an piedmont incised agus aggraded go domhain go leor uaireanta in aghaidh 100 kyr. Tá an t-aigréadadh á thiomáint ag sreabhadh méadaithe de shéide glasaíochta a bhailítear sa raon ard agus a scriosadh ar an piedmont trí shárú uisce níos mó ag aistriúcháin stádais idirstádais. Tar éis an sediment seo a eisiúint ón ard-réim, bíonn an sreabhadh sediment ionchuir laghdaithe mar thoradh ar shliú fluvial an piedmont chomh tapa le 9 cm bliain -1 agus go doimhneacht suas le 330 m. Tá am tosaigh an shliú difriúil i ngach abhainn agus ní léiríonn sé go díreach forfheidhmiú aeráide ach an t-am riachtanach chun sediment glasaíochta a eisiúint ón ard-réim. Tá cuid shuntasach de na síodaí a eisiatar ón ard-raon stóráilte go sealadach ar an piedmont sula gcuirtear an chéim incise níos déanaí isteach sa lomchla. Tagann sedimintí garbh isteach sa bhéascán le moill de 714 kyr ar a laghad idir an chéad eisiúint ón sliabh agus an iompar níos déanaí go dtí an bhéascán. Tá méid suntasach ábhar athchúrsáilte sa sreabhadh aschuir nua-aimseartha de shéadaimh garbh ón piedmont a cuireadh ar an piedmont chomh luath leis an Pleistocene Mheán. Is é an difríocht i teocht agus taise a sholáthraíonn na Westerlies an chúis is dócha le timthriallta athfhillteach aggradationincision sa Piedmont thuaidh in ionad precipitation monsoonal. Tá moill ar theacht an tosaigh greabha isteach sa bhéasc proximach i gcomparáid leis an ualach grinn-bheag agus tá an dá cheann ar leithligh ag hiatus. Taispeánann an obair seo, bunaithe ar bhreathnuithe agus sonraí allamuigh, conas a fhreagraíonn córais sedimentary ar athruithe aeráide, agus conas is féidir athchúrsáil agus meascán sediment a dhéanamh."} {"text": "MOST RECENT DEVELOPMENTS\nBACKGROUND AND ANALYSIS\nSUMMARYSince the peaceful revolutions of 1989, the countries of East Central Europe -- Poland, Czech Republic, Slovakia, and Hungary -- have continued the process of transformation from eastern bloc communism to independent, democratic and free-market-oriented states integrated into Europe. Internally, successive governments have been consolidating market economic reforms and democratic institutions. Externally, East Central European countries are seeking to integrate with Western Europe and achieve membership in the European Union (EU) and NATO.\nThe process of transition has led to many political changes over the years. The last general elections in Poland in 1993 brought two post-communist parties to power. Former Solidarity leader Lech Walesa lost presidential elections in November 1995 to Aleksander Kwasniewski, a former Communist party leader. In Czechoslovakia, former dissidents won free elections in 1990, but growing differences between Czech and Slovak politicians led to a polarized outcome in the June 1992 elections. Czechoslovakia split into two countries on January 1, 1993. Slovakia held early elections in September-October 1994, returning to power controversial leader Vladimir Meciar. The Czech Republic held parliamentary elections on May 31-June 1, 1996, and Senate elections in November 1996, which returned to power a weakened center-right government. Hungary's first elections in 1990 brought in a center-right coalition government headed by the Hungarian Democratic Forum. Elections held in May 1994 resulted in a sound victory for the leftist Socialist Party, which opted to enter into a coalition with the Alliance of Free Democrats. In varying degrees in each country, the process of transformation has led to economic hardship and political fragmentation. All of the central European economies have experienced varying degrees of growth after a prolonged period of recession.\nThe international scene has also been transformed. The Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA) and the Warsaw Treaty Organization (Warsaw Pact) ceased to exist in 1991. Soviet troops were completely withdrawn from the territories of the former satellite countries. East Central European countries have been seeking closer association and eventual membership in NATO and the European Union. All are associated EU members and have applied for full membership. In January 1994, NATO launched an initiative to enhance cooperation with the east called Partnership for Peace. All of the Visegrad have participated actively in the Partnership for Peace program as a means to work more closely with NATO, but still seek NATO membership.\nThe United States has advanced relations with these countries since 1989 and has established and maintained economic assistance programs for them. In addition to appropriated foreign assistance, all four states receive most-favored-nation treatment and trade benefits. After the January 1994 NATO summit, President Clinton confirmed U.S. interest in central Europe's security and progress in political and economic reforms. Clinton reaffirmed U.S. commitment to the security of East Central Europe during his visit to Poland in July 1994 and in other public statements. Most recently, President Clinton asserted that NATO would expand by 1999.\nMOST RECENT DEVELOPMENTSThe first round of elections for the Czech Senate was held on November 15-16. Prime Minister Vaclav Klaus' Civic Democratic Party fared well and its candidates will compete in run-off elections in 76 out of 81 constituencies. The vote was marred by low voter turnout (about 35% of the electorate) which analysts have attributed to lack of interest in the new parliamentary chamber and voter disgust with the political deadlock since the May 31-June 1 elections. In those elections, Prime Minister Klaus had returned to lead a minority center-right coalition, but opposition leader Milos Zeman of the Social Democratic Party became chairman of parliament.\nOn September 16, Hungarian and Romanian leaders signed a basic bilateral treaty in Timisoara, Romania. The treaty includes an explanatory footnote to limit interpretation on a controversial Council of Europe recommendation on minority rights, which is included in the basic treaty.\nBACKGROUND AND ANALYSIS\nPoland, Czech Republic, Slovakia, and Hungary are still in a transitional stage in their foreign relations, free from their former communist allegiances but not yet fully integrated into Western institutions. The two main communist international organizations, the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA) and the Warsaw Treaty Organization (WTO, or Warsaw Pact), were dissolved in 1991. The ultimate and unambiguous goal of all of the East Central European countries has been to join the process of West European economic and political integration and share the security guarantees of the Western military alliances.\nThe former Warsaw Pact countries first gained institutional access to NATO in late 1991 through the North Atlantic Cooperation Council (NACC), a forum including all former Warsaw Pact members. Central European leaders pressed the alliance for security guarantees that would come with full membership. In late 1993, U.S. officials proposed that NATO form \"partnerships for peace\" with non-NATO European countries, including Russia, in order to develop concrete aspects of cooperation, but not yet extend NATO's security guarantee to the partner states. At the January 1994 NATO summit, the alliance invited non-NATO European states to establish Partnerships for Peace (PFP) with NATO. Hungary, Poland, the Czech Republic, and Slovakia were early signatories to the PFP framework agreement and have since participated actively in PFP programs. All of the Visegrad countries have offered troop contributions and other forms of assistance to NATO in its Implementation Force (IFOR) in Bosnia.\nBeyond PFP, the issue of NATO enlargement has become a central issue within the alliance. NATO approved of a study on the implications, or the \"how and why,\" of enlargement, on September 20, 1995. The study did not specify countries or set a timetable for enlargement. Many central European leaders have indicated that they expect NATO membership prior to membership in the European Union. In December 1995, NATO ministers called for \"individual dialogues\" with prospective members. In June 1996, NATO confirmed that it will determine the next steps in the enlargement process at the December 1996 ministerial meeting.\nMeeting before 12 prospective alliance members in Prague on March 20, 1996, U.S. Secretary of State Christopher affirmed that NATO enlargement was \"on track.\" Christopher stated that no nation should ever again be consigned to a buffer zone or relegated to another nation's sphere of influence. NATO is to consider the next steps in its December ministerial conference. In April, NATO Secretary-General Solana toured central European capitals. He reiterated that NATO enlargement will happen, but did not specify particular countries or a set timetable. He also spoke of the need for a \"strong bond\" between the alliance and Russia. In October, President Clinton affirmed that new countries should join NATO by 1999.\nThe other primary foreign policy goal of the four East Central European countries is closer association with and eventual membership in the European Union (EU, formerly the EC). The EC signed association agreements with Poland, Czechoslovakia, and Hungary on December 16, 1991, which called for greater economic cooperation, expanded trade relations, and economic and political integration. The EC agreed to abolish trade barriers for industrial goods on an asymmetrical basis, but did not establish a timetable for accession. Poland's and Hungary's association agreements went into force in February 1994. The Czech Republic's and Slovakia's came into force in February 1995 (Czechoslovakia's accord had to be renegotiated after the federation's split). Bulgaria and Romania also concluded association agreements, as have, subsequently, the three Baltic states and Slovenia.\nIn June 1993, EU leaders formally invited the then six associated countries eventually to join the Community when conditions permitted, and pledged to make new trade concessions to improve access to EU markets, and to strengthen political ties. Trade in industrial goods, steel, and textiles was to be liberalized in timed stages (1995, 1996, and 1997, respectively). EU countries have maintained large trade surpluses with its six associated countries, and central European leaders have complained that their market access to EU countries remains limited. Hungary was the first associated member to apply formally for full EU membership on April 1, 1994; Poland followed on April 8; Slovakia in June 1995; and the Czech Republic in January 1996. In April 1995, EU foreign ministers met with their central European counterparts as part of the EU's \"structured dialogue\" with associated countries, and previewed the White Paper on EU membership requirements. The Commission approved of part of the White Paper on May 3, 1995. The report identifies and prioritizes measures that need to be undertaken to align the prospective member states' economies with the single market. In December 1995, EU leaders agreed to treat all aspirant members equally, indicated that negotiations could begin within six months after conclusion of the inter-governmental conference (expected in mid-1997), and called on the Commission to prepared individual evaluations of prospective members prior to full-scale negotiations. In March 1996, Hungary followed the Czech Republic in joining the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), an international club of advanced industrial nations. Poland was invited to join on July 11, 1996.\nPoland, Czechoslovakia, and Hungary soon after 1989 prioritized improving regional relations. A February 1991 summit of Polish, Czechoslovak, and Hungarian leaders in Visegrad, Hungary, began an ongoing process of policy harmonization and political consultation. The so-called Visegrad countries have consulted regularly on numerous issues of mutual concern and have been closely involved with other regional groupings, such as the Central European Initiative (CEI), among others. The Visegrad initiative has since largely shifted its focus from political ties to economic cooperation and trade liberalization. On December 21, 1992, the Visegrad countries signed the Central European Free Trade Agreement (CEFTA), outlining a scheme to lift custom duties and quotas in three stages from 1993 to 2001. CEFTA came into force on March 1, 1993. The foreseen free trade zone is intended not to interfere with the goal of joining the EU, but to increase trade among them, similar to the example of the EFTA countries. At a meeting on January 23-24, 1995, in Warsaw, CEFTA countries agreed to accelerate the removal of certain trade barriers. They agreed to cut tariffs on agricultural goods by 50% beginning in 1996, and by 100% by 1998. In a summit meeting in Brno on September 11, 1995, CEFTA prime ministers agreed to accept Slovenia as a member by January 1, 1996, and later, Bulgaria and Romania. They also agreed to consider liberalization of capital movements and services. CEFTA leaders affirmed their commitment to expand the group at their September 13-14, 1996 meeting in Slovakia.\nSince the democratic revolutions of 1989, U.S. Administrations have advanced relations with the entire region. Governmental and private contacts with the new regimes in central Europe have expanded considerably. Many U.S. policymakers have expressed a continuing U.S. interest in securing central and eastern Europe's paths to democracy and market economic systems, and expanding this trend eastward.\nIn response to increasing calls to extend NATO's security guarantee eastward, the Clinton Administration proposed, and NATO approved in January 1994, the Partnership for Peace (PFP) program with non-NATO European countries. In July 1994 in Poland, Clinton reiterated his position that NATO's expansion was a question not of whether, but when and how, and denounced the notion that the East Central European region was consigned to any sort of buffer zone. President Clinton presented a \"Warsaw Initiative\" proposal of $100 million for FY1996 to advance the Partnership for Peace program and support greater military cooperation. Shortly before the 1996 U.S. elections, President Clinton asserted that \"the first group of countries\" should be full-fledged members of NATO by 1999. In Congress, various legislative proposals expressed the view that more explicit support in the security sphere and more promising signals on NATO enlargement should be extended to East Central European countries. In October 1994, Congress passed the NATO Participation Act, which authorized the President to provide excess defense articles to eligible countries, especially the Visegrad states. In February 1995, the House passed the NATO Revitalization and Expansion Act, which recommended early NATO membership for the Visegrad countries. Later Congress deleted any specific reference to individual countries eligible for NATO membership from this measure. P.L. 104-208 (September 28, 1996) included the \"NATO Enlargement Facilitation Act of 1996.\" It named Poland, Hungary, the Czech Republic, and Slovenia as eligible to receive military assistance.\nU.S. Aid. In 1989, Congress passed and the Administration approved the \"Support for East European Democracy Act of 1989\" (SEED, P.L. 101-179), which authorized a total of almost $1 billion for Poland and Hungary for FY1990-FY1992. Poland and Hungary were made eligible for Overseas Private Investment Corporation (OPIC) and Export-Import Bank loans, and for the General System of Preferences (GSP). The SEED Act authorized the establishment of private Enterprise Funds to promote private sector activities in Poland and Hungary (and later with other East European countries). Subsequent to the SEED action and in response to other changes in the region, additional assistance has been provided by the President and Congress, and extended to other Eastern European countries. The United States also supported multilateral assistance through the World Bank, IMF, and European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD).\nU.S. assistance programs to Central and Eastern Europe continue to emphasize economic growth, democracy building, and improving quality of life. For FY1996, $480 million in assistance for Eastern Europe was requested by the Administration. Congress approved $324 million for Eastern Europe, and $70 million for the EBRD in P.L. 104-107. For FY1997, Congress appropriated $275 million for Eastern Europe and an additional $200 for Bosnia reconstruction, in P.L. 104-208. P.L. 105-208 also authorized $60 million for NATO enlargement assistance.\nPoland established the first non-Communist-led government in the Warsaw Pact on the basis of an historic roundtable agreement between the communist government and opposition in April 1989. In the lower house of parliament, the Sejm, 35% of the seats were open for free elections, while all of the seats in the newly created Senate were freely contested. The first elections in June 1989 brought a resounding victory for Solidarity. The new parliament elected Communist Party leader Wojciech Jaruzelski as President. Solidarity leader Lech Walesa nominated Tadeusz Mazowiecki to be Prime Minister. Poland swiftly launched a radical \"shock therapy\" economic reform program designed by then-Finance Minister Leszek Balcerowicz. In 1990, factional differences within Solidarity, especially between Lech Walesa and Prime Minister Tadeusz Mazowiecki, led to the formation of a number of Solidarity offshoots. Lech Walesa won direct presidential elections in December 1990.\nIn Poland's first fully-free parliamentary elections in October 1991, the Democratic Union (a post-Solidarity party) \"won\" the extremely fragmented vote with about 13% of the vote. 29 parties in total entered the Sejm, ushering in an extended period of party and parliamentary impasse, political scandal, and an increasingly divisive political environment. After a Democratic Union-led government lost a vote of confidence on May 28, 1993, President Walesa dissolved parliament and scheduled new elections for September 19, 1993. The elections brought former Communists and Communist-allied parties into power. With 52.1% voter turnout, the Democratic Left Alliance (SLD) won 20.4% of the vote; the Polish Peasant Party (PSL) won 15.4%; and the Democratic Union won 10.6%. Only three other parties, including Walesa's \"non-party\" party (BBWR), made the electoral hurdle. The SLD and PSL signed a coalition agreement on October 13, 1993; combined they hold majorities in both the Sejm and Senate. A government under Waldemar Pawlak of the Peasant Party was sworn in on October 16, 1993. However, the Pawlak government found itself at odds with President Walesa over many issues. Utilizing brinkmanship tactics, President Walesa pressed for Pawlak's removal. On February 7, 1995, the ruling SLD-PSL coalition agreed to replace Pawlak with Sejm Speaker Jozef Oleksy of the Democratic Left Alliance. The Sejm approved Oleksy's government on March 4. Oleksy's government program prioritized budgetary reform, curbing social spending, reducing unemployment, and privatization. Finance Minister Kolodko's \"strategy for Poland\" remained the government's blueprint for economic policy. Poland's economy, the first in the region to experience growth in 1993 and continues to record strong GDP growth.\nPresident elections were held in October-November 1995. Former Communist official Aleksander Kwasniewski defeated incumbent President Lech Walesa in the second round, winning 51.7% of the vote against Walesa's 48.3%. Walesa, whose popularity had been quite low for some time, surged in the final weeks before elections, as many Poles apparently saw Walesa as a counter-weight to the post-communist dominated government and parliament. Kwasniewski, who campaigned under the slogan, \"let's choose the future,\" emphasized social-democratic values, professionalism, and cooperative rather than confrontational tactics. Kwasniewski was inaugurated on December 23. Kwasniewski's swearing-in, however, was largely overshadowed by an espionage scandal centered around alleged contacts between the Soviet KGB and Polish Prime Minister Oleksy, who is of the same party as Kwasniewski. On December 19, outgoing Interior Minister Andrzej Milczanowski submitted documents to the military prosecutor's office pointing to an ongoing collaboration between Oleksy the Soviet KGB. Oleksy refuted the charges, calling them a \"dirty provocation,\" but resigned on January 24, 1996, after the prosecutor-general announced formal investigation into the matter. Kwasniewski accepted Oleksy's resignation on January 26; Oleksy was promptly elected to be leader of the Social Democratic Party (within the Democratic Left Alliance). On April 22, the military prosecutor announced his decision to close the investigation against Oleksy, citing lack of reliable evidence. Kwasniewski appointed deputy parliamentary speaker Wlodzimierz Cimoszewicz of the SLD to be Prime Minister on February 1. Parliament approved of the Cimoszewicz cabinet (SLD-PSL coalition) on February 15 by a vote of 273-87, with 28 abstentions.\nOn July 11, Finance Minister Kolodko signed a membership agreement with the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). Poland will be the 28th member of the club of developed economies after the agreement is ratified by the Sejm.\nSince 1989, Poland has sought to integrate with the West, forge new relations with the Soviet successor states to the east, and promote cooperation with neighboring states. A primary foreign policy priority has been to gain closer association with and eventually full membership in EU and NATO. While former President Walesa at first criticized the alliance's partnership proposal as inadequate, Poland has since participated actively in PFP. Poland was the first country to submit its individual partnership program on July 5, 1994, and hosted PFP's first joint military exercises in September 1994. In September 1996, French President Jacques Chirac proclaimed before the Sejm that Poland should be a member of the EU by 2000. Similar to other central European countries, foreign policy issues did not appear to play an influential role in the Polish elections, and the return of former communists to power has not diminished core foreign policy priorities. President Kwasniewski has emphasized continuity in Polish foreign policy, as has the government under Prime Minister Cimoszewicz. After the November 1995 presidential elections, Dariusz Rosati became Foreign Minister and Stanislaw Dobrzanski was named Defense Minister. Polish officials have rejected Russian proposals for a security guarantee in lieu of NATO membership. Similarly, NATO Secretary-General Javier Solana, in Warsaw in April 1996, spoke against any kind of partial, non-military, membership in NATO. President Kwasniewski made his first state visit to the United States in July 1996 seeking to promote Poland's candidacy for NATO membership and overall Polish-U.S. relations, as well as Polish-Jewish relations.\nDuring the Cold War, U.S. relations with Poland were somewhat closer than with most East European countries under communism. Following the 1989 Roundtable Accord, President Bush expanded relations with Poland and pledged economic assistance. Poland has received substantial economic assistance under the SEED Act of 1989, about $805 million through September 1995. A Polish-American Enterprise Fund was established to develop Poland's private sector. The U.S. Commerce Department has designated Poland as a significant emerging market for U.S. exports. U.S. exports to Poland approached $1 billion in 1993, much larger than any other East European country. In addition, U.S. investment in Poland is among the highest.\nPoland's relationship with NATO has become a focal point in U.S.- Polish relations. In an address before the Polish Sejm on July 7, 1994, Clinton emphasized the U.S.' commitment to eventual NATO expansion, as well as U.S. support for Poland's transition. He pledged a new U.S. aid package of over $200 million. An additional $25 million was designated for Poland's participation in the Partnership for Peace program. Clinton met with Walesa again in June 1995, at the anniversary of the signing of the U.N. Charter, where he stressed the importance of fighting anti-Semitism. Meeting with former President Walesa in June 1996, Senate Majority Leaders and Republican presidential candidate Robert Dole called for greater U.S. leadership in expanding NATO to central Europe, and introduced legislation intended to facilitate Poland and others' eventual membership in the alliance. In September, U.S. officials pressed for Poland to participate with the sale of tanks in the U.S.-led train-and-equip program of military assistance to Bosnia. Trying to accommodate an existing Polish agreement with the EU to uphold a boycott of arms to the Balkans, Polish officials stated that they wished to participate in the U.S. program \"at the lowest possible levels.\"\nPrior to 1989, the hardline Communist leadership in Czechoslovakia was one of the most resistant to reform in Eastern Europe. In late 1989, the Czech and Slovak protest movement swelled to many thousands, leading eventually to the peaceful end of communist rule in Czechoslovakia. In December 1989, dissident playwright Vaclav Havel was named President, and \"Prague Spring\" (of 1968) communist leader Alexander Dubcek became parliament chairman. Czechoslovakia's first free elections were held on June 8, 1990. The Civic Forum and its Slovak counterpart, Public Against Violence, won an impressive victory, while the former communists gained only 13% of the vote. Vaclav Havel was reelected President by the new Federal Assembly, and the new government began a radical overhaul of the country. Continuing progress, however, became stalled by discord between the Czech and Slovak lands. Many important tasks, such as drafting a new constitution and an inter-republic accord, became subject to Czech-Slovak disagreements. Although many people in both republics favored continued unity, sharp differences over the future shape of the federation persisted, in part because of the disproportionate impact that economic reforms had on each republic; for example, unemployment soared in Slovakia, but remained low in the Czech lands.\nThe next federal and state elections were held on June 5-6, 1992. Vaclav Klaus' Civic Democratic Party (ODS) in the Czech republic, and Vladimir Meciar's Movement for a Democratic Slovakia (HzDS) in Slovakia, won the largest voting shares, though neither won outright majorities in either republic. Klaus, architect of the CSFR's tough economic reforms, emphasized continued economic austerity and support for the federation; Meciar campaigned for much greater Slovak sovereignty and independence if necessary, as well as a slowing down of economic reforms. After the elections, rounds of talks between Klaus and Meciar, who each became heads of government in their respective republics, quickly shifted focus to dissolving the federation. A series of agreements defining new Czech-Slovak relations after the agreed date of separation, was signed in late October. On November 25, 1992, the Federal Assembly narrowly adopted legislation dissolving the union and itself on January 1, 1993.\nThe Czech Republic is widely viewed as one of the most successful and politically stable emerging market economy in the region. The Czech Republic remains a primary beneficiary of foreign direct investment. After the split, the Czech Republic continued its innovative method of voucher privatization of state enterprises. Over 2.5 million persons have participated in the voucher privatization program, and about 80% of Czech assets have been privatized. The Czech currency acquired full current account convertibility in September 1995.\nThe Czech Republic held elections for the lower house of parliament on May 31-June 1, 1996. The election campaign opened on May 15, with twenty parties registered to participate. No return to power of former communists was anticipated. Opinion polls demonstrated strong support for Klaus' party and, overall, a likely return of Klaus' center-right coalition. However, the center-left Social Democratic party (CSSD) led by Milos Zeman, which emphasized continuing social problems in the country, appeared to narrow the gap between it and the ODS in the week priors to the vote. The ODS and its coalition partners performed as well as was expected, but ended up narrowly losing its majority. The strong performance by the Social Democrats and the reduced number of parties winning parliamentary mandates translated into less than a majority for the former ruling coalition. Within the coalition, the ODS won 29.6% of the vote (68 seats), the Christian Democratic Union (KDU-CSL) won 8% (18 seats), and the Civic Democratic Alliance (ODA) won 6.3% (13 seats), totalling 99 out of 200 seats (down from 112/200 previously). The opposition Social Democrats came in second place with 26.4% of the vote (61 seats), representing a substantial increase in their standing from the last elections. On the extremes of the political spectrum, the rightist Republican party won 8% of the vote (18 seats) and the Communists won 10.3% (22 seats).\nOn June 6, President Havel called on Prime Minister Klaus to form a minority government. A coalition agreement between the ODS, KDU-CSL, and ODA was reached on June 27, and Vaclav Klaus was sworn in as prime minister on July 4. In return for support for the minority government, the Social Democrats won leadership positions in parliament, and CSSD leader Zeman became Speaker of parliament. Despite the agreement, CSSD leader Zeman threatened not to support the Klaus government's bid for a confidence vote on July 25. Klaus won the vote, 98-40, after CSSD deputies walked out of parliament in an expression of \"toleration,\" but not support.\nThus, even with the return of the Klaus government, the elections wrought significant changes to the Czech political scene. Within the coalition, Klaus' ODS party may not be able to be as dominant as before, but may rather be more dependent on its smaller, at times unpredictable, partners. Secondly, the minority government will depend on some support from the opposition in order to carry out its program. This will require that the government pursue consensus tactics, and it gives the parliament a much larger role than before. President Havel may also enjoy an enhanced role in mediating between the government and parliament. Under these circumstances, it remains for the moment doubtful whether the second Klaus government will be able to carry out a full four-year term. Nevertheless, the ODS emerged as the leader in the first round of elections for the Senate on November 15 with 36% of the vote. Turnout for the first- ever Senate vote was very low at about 35% of eligible voters.\nAfter the split of Czechoslovakia, both successor states were smoothly admitted to the United Nations and other international organizations. Both Czech and Slovak officials emphasized continuity in foreign policy priorities. Many observers and Czech officials have viewed the Czech Republic's position vis-a-vis European institutions as more favorable than Slovakia's or other countries. The Czech Republic was the first post- communist country to join the OECD in November 1995. Prime Minister Klaus formally submitted the Czech Republic's application to the European Union in January 1996. Czech Foreign Minister Zieleniec and German counterpart Klaus Kinkel were scheduled to issue a joint statement on improved bilateral relations in January 1996, but could not agree to how to treat the issue of the expulsion of the Sudeten Germans after World War II, still a contentious issue between Germany and the Czech Republic. President Havel and German President Roman Herzog met in early September 1996, and indicated that a joint German-Czech declaration could be signed before the end of the year.\nThe Czech Republic signed the NATO's PFP framework document on March 10, 1994, and an individual partnership program on November 25. Czech officials have stated a willingness to take on all obligations of NATO membership, including financial costs. In November, Havel called Czech participation in a future NATO peacekeeping force in Bosnia \"essential\" for the Czech Republic as a prospective alliance member. The Czech Republic has contributed a 850-strong combat battalion to the NATO IFOR mission in Bosnia.\nThe June 1996 election results are not expected to fundamentally alter the Czech Republic's foreign policy outlook; however, the opposition Social Democrats have favored holding public referenda on joining European economic and security institutions.\nAfter the 1989 democratic revolution, U.S.-Czechoslovak relations improved rapidly. Czechoslovakia quickly became eligible for U.S. assistance. Since April 1992, Czechoslovakia has had unconditional MFN trading status. The Czech and Slovak- American Enterprise Fund was founded in 1991. In March 1996, amidst charges of mis- management, the board of directors of the Enterprise Fund resigned, and the future of the fund remains uncertain. Through September 1995, U.S. obligations to the Czech Republic under the SEED Act totalled about $145 million. U.S.A.I.D. has announced that the Czech Republic, along with Estonia, would \"graduate\" from U.S. SEED Act assistance in 1997 and 1996, respectively.\nPrime Minister Vaclav Klaus visited the United States in May 1995. In a meeting with President Clinton, Clinton praised the successful transformation of the Czech Republic. Klaus noted that the Czech Republic had reached a \"post-transformation\" stage. Joint Chiefs of Staff Chairman John Shalikashvili, visiting Prague in September 1995, said that the Czech army's relationship with the United States was the \"most mature\" among military-to-military ties. Prague hosted a meeting of leaders from 12 central European countries and U.S. Secretary of State Christopher on March 20 to discuss European security issues and NATO enlargement. In July 1996, First Lady Hillary Clinton and U.N. envoy Madeleine Albright met with Czech leaders in Prague. Mrs. Clinton promoted the building of civil societies.\nAfter the January 1, 1993, split of the Czechoslovak federation, the political environment in Slovakia underwent numerous changes. During 1993, Prime Minister Vladimir Meciar struggled to remain in power while his party, the Movement for a Democratic Slovakia (HzDS), underwent splits and support from his coalition partner, the Slovak National Party (SNS), fluctuated. In March 1994, after a critical speech before the parliament by President Michal Kovac, Meciar lost a vote of no confidence, leading to his government's resignation. Jozef Moravcik, who had split from the HzDS, formed a new government comprised of his Democratic Union, the Christian Democratic Movement, and the Democratic Left Party, all formerly in opposition. However, parliament also voted to hold early elections on September October 1, 1994, giving the Moravcik government only a six-month mandate.\nVladimir Meciar's Movement for a Democratic Slovakia bounced back in elections held on September 30-October 1, 1994, winning 35% of the vote, the largest share by a wide margin, but less than a majority. Common Choice, a coalition led by the Party of the Democratic Left, fared poorly, winning only 10.4%, far less than pre-election polls had predicted. In the first sessions of parliament held on November 3-4, Meciar's party, with support from its eventual coalition partners, pushed through a series of controversial measures, including the cancellation of privatization projects approved by the former government, the dismissal of broadcasting board members, and the censuring of members of the Moravcik government, among other things. Meciar formed a coalition with the Slovak Workers Party (ZRS) and Slovak National Party (SNS), giving his government a parliamentary majority of 83/150 seats. On January 20, 1995, parliament approved the government's program for 1995 and passed a vote of confidence in the Meciar-led government. Slovakia's economic performance has continued to improve, in spite of the political fluctuations. Growth in exports and improved industrial performance resulted in strong GDP growth in 1994 and 1995.\nSlovakia's economic achievements have been somewhat overshadowed by ongoing domestic political tensions. Since the last elections, Meciar's governing coalition has maintained a conflictual relationship with President Michal Kovac. Meciar, HzDS, and the other coalition parties have repeatedly called on the President to resign. In May 1995, 80 deputies in parliament approved of a non-binding vote of no confidence in the president (even though by the constitution the president can only be removed on charges of treasonous activities, and by a three-fifths majority). While thus far not able to remove the president, the coalition has passed new laws restricting the president's authority to appoint certain positions. In a bizarre incident, President Kovac's son was abducted in August 1995 and taken to neighboring Austria, where he was arrested on suspicion of international fraud, but eventually released home. President Kovac and others have implicated the Slovak secret service (SIS) led by Meciar ally Ivan Lexa in the kidnapping. President Kovac publicly accused the Slovak information service (SIS) of kidnapping his son and called on SIS director and Meciar ally Ivan Lexa to resign. Lexa countered by filing a slander suit against President Kovac. In May 1996, opposition parties led demonstrations and a motion in parliament (which failed) to remove Interior Minister Ludovit Hudek. Slovak media had broadcast an alleged conversation between Hudek and Slovak Information Services director Ivan Lexa that indicated government involvement in the Kovac kidnapping. However, on May 20, the Slovak police announced that its investigation into the Kovac case would be adjourned due to lack of evidence. In October, the police closed two related investigations, one involving the possible implication in the kidnapping of the Slovak Information Service.\nOn March 26, 1996, parliament ratified Slovakia's bilateral treaty with Hungary (see below), which was signed a year earlier, by a vote of 119 to 1, with 19 abstentions. Parliament passed two accompanying clauses to the treaty which discounted any interpretation of collective minority rights or collective rights to autonomy. Prime Minister Meciar had repeatedly postponed putting the treaty before parliament until the Slovak National Party, a coalition partner, agreed to support ratification provided a number of conditions were met. One was passage of a controversial law on the protection of the republic, which was approved by parliament on the same day. The law forbids demonstrations with subversive intentions and the spreading of false information damaging to Slovak national interests. Opposition groups fear that the law could be used against opposition politicians or independent journalists. The European Union later denounced the anti-subversion bill. The Hungarian coalition abstained from the March ratification vote in protest of actions undertaken by the government which undermined minority rights. For example, in November, parliament approved of a controversial language law which regulates use of Slovak as the official language of the country.\nIn June 1996, disagreements between HzDS and its smaller partners grew and threatened to break up the governing coalition. As the nationalist Slovak National Party criticized the government's policies on supervisory controls over privatization, the secret service, and the media, Prime Minister Meciar threatened to break up the coalition and form a minority government with support from the opposition Democratic Left Alliance. However, by the end of the month, Meciar announced agreement among the coalition parties on these issues. In late August, Meciar consulted with President Kovac (their first meeting in over a year) on proposed changes in the cabinet. Kovac accepted the proposals and appointed three new ministers. Pavol Hamzik replaced Foreign Minister Juraj Schenk; Karol Cesnek replaced Economics Minister Jan Ducky; and Gustav Krajci replaced Interior Minister Ludovit Hudek. In October, three opposition signed an agreement on cooperation, but did not form a formal coalition.\nIn foreign affairs, succession issues were carried out smoothly and Slovakia has gained equal international standing with the Czech Republic. However, domestic political tensions appear to have tarnished its chances to join major Western institutions. After Meciar's return to power in December 1994, government officials have emphasized continuity in Slovakia's foreign policy objectives. Some observers, however, predicted that the HzDS-led government might not pursue entry into NATO and the EU enthusiastically, primarily because of its coalition partners. Slovakia submitted an application for EU membership at the Cannes summit in June 1995. The European Union has issued two demarches expressing concern about political conflicts in Slovakia. The EU warned that steps by the government to remove President Kovac could endanger democracy, and that the government's actions could have consequences for Slovakia's aspirations to join the European Union. Similarly, the United States and the European Parliament have issued critical statements on political developments in Slovakia. Slovak government leaders have rejected the international criticism. In June- July 1996, a progression of Western officials visiting Slovakia voiced concerns about Slovakia's democratic development and its potential effect on Slovakia's prospects to join Western institutions such as NATO.\nSince independence, Slovakia has maintained problematic relations with neighboring Hungary. Key issues hindering full normalization of relations have centered around the sizeable ethnic Hungarian minority in Slovakia, and the dispute over the Gabcikovo-Nagymaros hydroelectric dam, a joint project stemming from the Communist era. The latter dispute has been submitted to the International Court of Justice, and will be reviewed in early 1997. Underscoring mutual efforts at reconciliation, Hungarian Premier Gyula Horn visited Slovakia on August 5, 1994, and signed three minor bilateral agreements to serve as a foundation for a broader bilateral treaty between Slovakia and Hungary. Meciar and Horn signed a final treaty on March 19, 1995, on the eve of the Paris Stability Pact conference. The treaty included reference to a Council of Europe recommendation that outlines certain collective rights of minorities, including the formation of autonomous organizations. Slovakia and Hungary exchanged ratification documents, without the interpretation appendices, in Budapest on May 6, 1996. Slovak officials strongly protested the conclusions reached at the July 1996 conference of ethnic Hungarian parties in Budapest as a \"step backward\" in bilateral relations with Hungary (see section on Hungary, below).\nU.S. Administrations emphasized continuity of good relations with the successor states of the Czech and Slovak Federal Republic after the split. The United States has obligated over $140 million in SEED Act assistance through September 1995. Slovakia welcomed NATO's Partnership for Peace initiative, and signed the PFP framework document on February 9, 1994. After the September-October 1994 elections, a State Department spokesman expressed U.S. satisfaction with the democratic process in Slovakia as expressed in the large voter turnout in free and fair elections, and commended the expressed plans of the major parties to seek full integration with western institutions.\nIn March 1995, Slovak media reported on a letter to Meciar from President Clinton, in which he praised Slovakia's and Hungary's efforts to conclude a bilateral treaty that would benefit regional stability and the future of European integration. In August, President Kovac, on an unofficial U.S. visit, met with Vice President Gore and other U.S. officials. He reported to Slovak radio that the U.S. officials expressed concerns about Slovakia not keeping pace with democratic reforms. In September, Defense Secretary Perry on a visit to Slovakia emphasized the \"importance of diversity of opinion in a democratic society.\" In October, the U.S. embassy in Bratislava followed the EU in noting concerns about political developments in Slovakia. The U.S. note reportedly stated that President Clinton was \"anxious\" about the conflict between the Slovak government and president. The State Department's 1995 report on human rights practices cited \"disturbing trends away from democratic principles.\" In early April 1996, the United States and the European Union expressed concerns about limitations on freedoms contained in Slovakia's recently-passed law on the protection of the republic. In Bratislava in July 1996, First Lady Hillary Clinton and U.N. envoy Madeleine Albright emphasized that genuine democracy was a primary precondition to membership in NATO.\nHungary's transformation into a market economic democracy occurred gradually but systematically in the late 1980s. In 1989, the Hungarian National Assembly approved major constitutional changes and scheduled multi-party elections for early 1990. Reformers within the Communist Party gained ascendancy, and moved the government toward democratic and market economic reforms. Hungary's first free elections were held in March-April 1990. The center-right Hungarian Democratic Forum (MDF) won 43% of the vote, and the liberal Alliance of Free Democrats finished second with 24%. The Socialist Party was badly defeated although individual reform-communists were able to win seats. The Democratic Forum formed a coalition government with the Independent Smallholders' Party and the Christian Democratic People's Party, which won 11.4% and 5.4% of the vote, respectively. Joszef Antall, leader of the Hungarian Democratic Forum, became Prime Minister.\nDuring the early years of transition, Hungary was widely viewed as a haven of stability compared to the political fragmentation evident in Poland and Czechoslovakia in 1990- 1992. Since 1990, Hungary has attracted the most foreign investment in the region. In the run-up year to the 1994 elections, the durability of the Antall government gradually wore down and the MDF became plagued by internal divisions, especially from its right-wing, and decreasing popularity. Antall's death from cancer in December 1993 appeared to symbolize the end of MDF leadership, although MDF leader Peter Boross smoothly succeeded Antall as Prime Minister. The opposition Hungarian Socialist Party, meanwhile, gained in opinion polls, overtaking the long-popular Young Democratic (FIDESZ) opposition party in early 1994. Hungary's second elections held on May 8 and 29, 1994, confirmed the trend in East Central Europe of leftist parties returning to power in democratic elections. The Hungarian Socialist Party won 54% of seats in parliament. The Democratic Forum came in third place with less than 10% of the vote. Though able to govern alone, the Socialists worked out a coalition agreement with the liberal Alliance of Free Democrats (who won 18%), on June 24, 1994, and also worked out an agreement on economic policy, emphasizing investment and savings. Gyula Horn of the Socialist Party became prime minister. President Arpad Goncz, unaffiliated, was reelected by the parliament for a second five-year term on June 19, 1995, by an overwhelming vote.\nSerious strains in the coalition became evident in late 1994-early 1995 due to differences over economic policy and privatization. On March 12, 1995, the Horn government announced sweeping economic reforms designed to stabilize the economy and reduce the country's foreign debt and budget deficit. A sharp currency devaluation, import duties, wage controls in state-owned industries, and cuts in social welfare programs. The austerity measures have been hugely unpopular among the Hungarian population and have contributed to a slowing down in economic growth. At the same time, the stabilization measures have contributed to the restoration of international confidence in the Horn government's commitment to economic reform.\nIn January 1996, Finance Minister Bokros announced a new austerity plan targeting the public welfare system. On February 18, however, Bokros tendered his resignation on February 18 after his proposal to levy a tax on social insurance failed to get the approval of the cabinet. Bokros' resignation threatened to de-rail conclusion of a stand- by arrangement with the IMF and Hungary's entry into the OECD. On February 26, Peter Medgyessy was named to replace Bokros as Finance Minister and pledged to continue the stabilization program of his predecessor. After parliament passed a social security budget aimed at reducing the deficit, the IMF approved of a $387 million loan for Hungary in mid-March. Hungary was formally invited to join the OECD on March 29. In October, Prime Minister Horn fired the state privatization board and the ministers for privatization and trade/industry amidst corruption charges. Later, the welfare minister also tendered his resignation. The latest government shake-up has further fueled differences within the coalition, with the Free Democrats repeating earlier threats to leave the coalition.\nIn early September, 85 deputies initiated a special session of parliament to discuss the draft Hungarian-Romanian treaty. Opposition parties criticized the draft for not protecting the collective rights of ethnic Hungarians in Romania to the same extent as similar treaties with Ukraine and Slovakia. Government officials defended the protections included in the treaty as an \"acceptable compromise.\" In addition, Foreign Minister Kovacs stated that the basic treaty with Romania was \"an indispensable means of improving\" relations with Romania (see below).\nSince 1989, Hungary has sought to become more closely integrated with Western European institutions. Since coming to power in 1994, the Horn government has emphasized continuity in Hungary's overall foreign policy principles and objectives, especially western integration, regional cooperation, and good relations with neighboring countries. Hungary signed on to NATO's Partnership for Peace on February 8, 1994, and approved an individual partnership program on November 15. The Horn government has emphasized support for other countries' efforts to join NATO as well. In December 1995, the Hungarian parliament approved the opening of a U.S. military base in Taszar, in southern Hungary, for NATO's Implementation Force (IFOR) operation in Bosnia. In addition, a 415-strong Hungarian battalion has served in the British-led sector in Bosnia.\nA major tenet in Hungary's regional relations has been the treatment of ethnic Hungarian minorities in neighboring states (some 3.5 million). The Antall government's emphasis on the rights of ethnic Hungarians abroad was viewed with suspicion by neighboring governments, who feared that demands by ethnic Hungarians for local autonomy may undermine the legitimacy of their governments and even encourage separatism. The Horn government came into office in mid-1994 emphasizing the need for \"historical reconciliation\" with neighboring states. Hungary and Slovakia concluded a bilateral accord just prior to the Paris Stability Pact conference on March 20, 1995. The Hungarian parliament ratified the treaty by an overwhelming majority on June 13. An exchange of ratification documents took place in Budapest on May 15, 1996. In November 1995, following a push by Romanian President Ion Iliescu, Hungarian and Romanian officials re-opened treaty talks, which had stalled over provisions on minority rights. Romania's new education law, opposed by Hungarian parties in Romania, became a sticking point in the negotiations, and progress stalled. In mid-August, Hungarian and Romanian officials announced the successful conclusions of negotiations on the bilateral treaty. The draft treaty includes a footnote that excludes the interpretation of collective rights and the promotion of ethnically based territorial autonomy from a Council of Europe recommendation on minority rights, which is included in the treaty. Hungarian opposition parties and ethnic Hungarian groups in Romania have blasted the draft treaty as detrimental to the interests of ethnic Hungarians in Romania. Prime Minister Horn, however, has defended the draft as an important indicator of Hungary's intention to improve bilateral relations and progress in integration into Euro-Atlantic structures. The treaty was signed in Timisoara, Romania, on September 16.\nIn July 1996, Hungary hosted a conference with ethnic Hungarian representatives from neighboring countries. The concluding communique promoted the \"creation of self- government and autonomy\" for the preservation of the Hungarian identity. In response to harsh criticism from Slovak officials, the Hungarian government has stood by the statement, which they say should not be interpreted as a call for ethnic-based territorial autonomy.\nU.S. relations with Hungary improved consistently in the 1980s. The Bush Administration launched an extensive U.S. aid program for Hungary in July 1989 which emphasized private sector development and promotion of trade and investment. A Hungarian-American Enterprise Fund was established in 1990. Hungary has become eligible for GSP and OPIC benefits, and as of April 1992 has received unconditional MFN trade status. Hungary has received substantial economic assistance under the SEED Act, totalling over $217 million through September 1995. The United States has the highest levels of foreign investment in Hungary.\nHungary signed on to NATO's Partnership for Peace program on January 8, 1994. Prime Minister Gyula Horn visited Washington in June 1995. In September 1995, Defense Secretary Perry, on a two-day visit to Hungary, noted that Hungary's was meeting the basic criteria for future membership in NATO. In December 1995, NATO opened an air base in Taszar, in southern Hungary, for IFOR troops going to Bosnia. President Clinton met with Hungarian leaders during his visit to U.S. troops en route to Bosnia in January 1996. First Lady Hillary Clinton visited Budapest in July 1996 and lauded Hungary's leadership in \"bringing democratic and economic reforms to central Europe.\" The State Department praised the signing of the Hungarian- Romanian treaty in September 1996 and called it a \"significant achievement\" and \"consistent with the purposes of NATO enlargement.\"", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-22", "url": "http://fas.org/man/crs/92-051.htm", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-22/segments/1464049277286.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20160524002117-00038-ip-10-185-217-139.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9658432603, "token_count": 10313, "score": 3.0, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "TÓCLAÍ is déanaí\nCúlra agus Anailís\nTÁITHEAN Ó réabhlóidí síochánta 1989 i leith, lean tíortha Oirthear na hEorpa Láir - an Pholainn, Poblacht na Seice, an tSlóvaic agus an Ungáir - ar aghaidh leis an bpróiseas athchóirithe ó choimníocht an bhloc thoir go stáit neamhspleácha, daonlathach agus dírithe ar an margadh saor in aisce atá comhtháite san Eoraip. Ar an taobh istigh, tá rialtais a tháinig i ndiaidh a chéile ag daingniú athchóirithe eacnamaíochta margaidh agus institiúidí daonlathais. Go seachtrach, tá tíortha Oirthear Mheán-Eorpach ag iarraidh a lánpháirtiú le hIarthar na hEorpa agus ballraíocht a bhaint amach san Aontas Eorpach (AE) agus sa NATO.\nTá an próiseas idirthréimhseach tar éis go leor athruithe polaitiúla a dhéanamh thar na blianta. I dtoghcháin ghinearálta na Polainne i 1993 tháinig dhá pháirtí iar-choimisinéadacha chun cumhachta. Chaill an t-iar-cheannaire Dlúthpháirtíochta Lech Walesa toghcháin uachtaránachta i mí na Samhna 1995 i gcoinne Aleksander Kwasniewski, iar-cheannaire páirtí Cumannach. Sa tSeiceaslóvaic, bhuaigh iar-easnóirí toghcháin shaorúla i 1990, ach thug difríochtaí atá ag fás idir polaiteoirí na Seice agus na Slóvaice toradh polaraithe i dtoghcháin Mheitheamh 1992. Roinneadh an tSeicislóvaic ina dhá thír ar 1 Eanáir, 1993. Bhí toghcháin luath i Slóvaic i Meán Fómhair-Deireadh Fómhair 1994, agus tháinig an ceannaire conspóideach Vladimir Meciar ar ais sa chumhacht. Bhí toghcháin pharlaiminteacha i bPoblacht na Seice ar 31 Bealtaine - 1 Meitheamh, 1996, agus toghcháin Seanad i mí na Samhna, 1996, a thug rialtas lag lár-deas ar ais chun cumhachta. Thug na chéad toghcháin san Ungáir i 1990 rialtas comhrialtasach lár-deas faoi cheannas Fóram Daonlathach na hUngáire. D'éirigh le toghcháin a tionóladh i mí na Bealtaine 1994 bua láidir a bhaint amach don Pháirtí Sóisialach ar chlé, a roghnaigh dul i gcomhrialtas le Comhghuaillíocht na nDaonlathach Saor. I gcéimeanna éagsúla i ngach tír, tá an próiseas athchóirithe tar éis dul i ngleic le deacrachtaí eacnamaíocha agus le haimsire pholaitiúil. Tá fás ag teacht ar leibhéil éagsúla i ngach ceann de gheilleagair na hEorpa Láir tar éis tréimhse fada de dhíscaoileadh.\nTá an t-ardán idirnáisiúnta tar éis athrú freisin. D'fhág an Chomhairle um Chúnamh Eacnamaíoch Comhaontaithe (CMEA) agus Eagraíocht Chonradh Varsó (Comhaontú Varsó) a bheith ann i 1991. Tarraingíodh trúpaí Sóivéadacha siar go hiomlán ó chríoch na dtíortha satailíte roimhe seo. Tá tíortha Oirthear Mheán-Eorpach ag iarraidh comhlachas níos dlúithe agus ballraíocht sa NATO agus san Aontas Eorpach a fháil. Is comhaltaí comhlachaithe de chuid an AE iad go léir agus d'iarr siad ar bhallraíocht iomlán. I mí Eanáir 1994, sheol NATO tionscnamh chun comhar leis an oirthear a fheabhsú ar a dtugtar Comhar le haghaidh Síochána. Tá gach ceann de na Visegrad tar éis páirt ghníomhach a ghlacadh sa chlár Comhpháirtíocht don Síocháin mar mhodh chun oibriú níos dlúithe le NATO, ach tá siad fós ag iarraidh ballraíocht NATO.\nTá caidreamh feabhsaithe ag na Stáit Aontaithe leis na tíortha seo ó 1989 agus tá cláir chúnaimh eacnamaíoch bunaithe agus á gcur i bhfeidhm acu dóibh. Chomh maith le cúnamh eachtrach cuí, faigheann na ceithre stát go léir cóireáil náisiún is fabhraí agus sochair trádála. Tar éis chruinniú mullaigh NATO i mí Eanáir 1994, dhearbhaigh an tUachtarán Clinton go raibh suim ag na Stáit Aontaithe i slándáil na hEorpa lárnach agus dul chun cinn i n-athchóirithe polaitiúla agus eacnamaíocha. D'athdhearbhaigh Clinton tiomantas na Stát Aontaithe do shlándáil Oirthear na hEorpa Láir le linn a chuairte ar an bPolainn i mí Iúil 1994 agus i ráitis phoiblí eile. Go gairid ó shin, dhearbhaigh an tUachtarán Clinton go mbeadh an NATO ag leathnú faoi 1999.\nTÓCLAÍ is déanaíTógadh an chéad bhabhta de thoghcháin do Seanad na Seice ar an 15-16 Samhain. Bhí dea-scéal ag Páirtí Daonlathach Sibhialta an Phríomh-Aire Vaclav Klaus agus beidh a iarrthóirí ag dul i gcomórtas i dtoghcháin a reáchtáil i 76 as 81 ceantar toghcháin. Bhí vótáil mar thoradh ar fhuaim íseal vótaithe (thart ar 35% den toghchán) a thug anailísithe mar gheall ar easpa spéise sa seomra parlaiminte nua agus ar an mbraitheann vótálaithe go bhfuil an stailc polaitiúil ó toghcháin 31 Bealtaine-1 Meitheamh. Sna toghcháin sin, d'fhill an Príomh-Aire Klaus chun comhrialtas mionlaigh lár-dhíreach a threorú, ach tháinig ceannaire an fhreasúra Milos Zeman den Pháirtí Sóisialach Daonlathach ina chathaoirleach ar an bparlaimint.\nAr an 16 Meán Fómhair, shínigh ceannairí na hUngáire agus na Rómáine conradh déthaobhach bunúsach i Timisoara, an Rómáin. Áirítear le conradh an tsraith nóta thíos míniúcháin chun cur síos a dhéanamh ar mhol conspóideach Chomhairle na hEorpa maidir le cearta mionlaigh, atá san áireamh sa bhun-chonradh.\nCúlra agus Anailís\nTá an Pholainn, Poblacht na Seice, an tSlóvaic agus an Ungáir fós i gcéim idirthréimhseach ina gcaidrimh eachtracha, saor óna shean-chomhionannais ach gan a bheith lánchuimsithe go hiomlán i institiúidí an Iarthair. Díscaoileadh an dá phríomh-eagraíocht idirnáisiúnta cumannach, an Chomhairle um Chúnamh Eacnamaíoch Comhaimseartha (CMEA) agus Eagraíocht Chonradh Warsaw (WTO, nó Comhaontú Warsaw), i 1991. Is é an sprioc deiridh agus gan amhras do thíortha Oirthear na hEorpa Láir uile a bheith páirteach i bpróiseas na comhtháthaithe eacnamaíochta agus polaitiúla san Eoraip Thiar agus na ráthaíochtaí slándála a bhaineann leis na comhghuaillíochtaí míleata san Iarthar a roinnt.\nFuair na tíortha a bhí i gComhpháirtíocht Pháirtí Varsabha rochtain institiúideach ar an NATO ar dtús ag deireadh 1991 trí Chomhairle Chomhar an Atlantaigh Thuaidh (NACC), fóram ina raibh na baill a bhí i gComhpháirtíocht Pháirtí Varsabha. Chuir ceannairí na Meán-Eorpa brú ar an gcomhghuaillíocht le haghaidh ráthaíochtaí slándála a bheadh ag teacht le ballraíocht iomlán. Ag deireadh 1993, mhol oifigigh na SA go bhformódh NATO \"comharsanachtaí don tsíocháin\" le tíortha Eorpacha neamh-NATO, lena n-áirítear an Rúis, d'fhonn gnéithe nithiúla den chomhoibriú a fhorbairt, ach gan ráthaíocht slándála NATO a leathnú go dtí na stáit chomhpháirtíochta. Ag cruinniú mullaigh NATO i mí Eanáir 1994, d'iarr an comhghuaillíocht ar stáit Eorpacha neamh-NATO Comharsanachtaí don Síocháin (PFP) a bhunú le NATO. Ba iad an Ungáir, an Pholainn, Poblacht na Seice agus an tSlóvaic na sínitheoirí tosaigh ar an gcomhaontú réime PFP agus tá siad tar éis páirt ghníomhach a ghlacadh i gcláir PFP ó shin. Tá na tíortha Visegrad go léir tar éis ranníocaíochtaí trúpaí agus cineálacha eile de chúnamh a thairiscint do NATO ina Fhoras Cur chun feidhme (IFOR) sa Bhoisnia.\nSeachas PFP, tá ceist leathnú NATO ina cheist lárnach laistigh den chomhghuaillíocht. Cheadaigh NATO staidéar ar na himpleachtaí, nó ar an \"cé mar agus cén fáth\", a bhaineann le leathnú, an 20 Meán Fómhair, 1995. Níor shonraigh an staidéar tíortha ná níor leag sé síos amchlár le haghaidh leathnú. Tá sé léirithe ag go leor ceannairí lár-Eorpach go bhfuil siad ag súil le ballraíocht NATO roimh bhallraíocht san Aontas Eorpach. I mí na Nollag 1995, d'iarr aire NATO \"dialóg aonair\" le baill ionchasacha. I mí an Mheithimh 1996, dhearbhaigh NATO go gcinnfidh sé na chéad chéimeanna eile sa phróiseas méadaithe ag cruinniú na nAirí i mí na Nollag 1996.\nAg cruinniú os comhair 12 chomhalta ionchasacha den chomhlacht i bPraig an 20 Márta 1996, dhearbhaigh Rúnaí Stáit na Stát Aontaithe Christopher go raibh leathnú NATO \"ar an mbóthar\". Dúirt Christopher nár cheart aon náisiún a bheith i gcrios buffer arís nó a bheith faoi thionchar náisiún eile. Tá sé beartaithe ag an NATO na chéad chéimeanna eile a mheas ag a chomhdháil aireach i mí na Nollag. I mí Aibreáin, thug Rúnaí Ginearálta NATO Solana cuairt ar phríomhchathair na hEorpa. D'athdhearbhaigh sé go dtarlóidh leathnú NATO, ach níor shonraigh sé tíortha ar leith ná tráthchlár seasta. Labhair sé freisin faoin ngá atá le \"nasc láidir\" idir an chomhghuaillíocht agus an Rúis. I mí Dheireadh Fómhair, dhearbhaigh an tUachtarán Clinton gur cheart do thíortha nua a bheith páirteach san NATO faoi 1999.\nIs é an príomhchuspóir eile beartais eachtraí na gceithre thír Oirthear-Lár na hEorpa ná comhlachas níos dlúithe leis an Aontas Eorpach (AE, an CE roimhe sin) agus a bheith ina bhall de. Shínigh an CE comhaontuithe comhlachais leis an bPolainn, leis an Seiceaslóvaic agus leis an Ungáir an 16 Nollaig 1991, a d'iarr comhar eacnamaíoch níos mó, caidreamh trádála níos leithne, agus comhtháthú eacnamaíoch agus polaitiúil. D'aontaigh an CE bacainní trádála a bhaint d'earraí tionsclaíocha ar bhonn neamhréireach, ach níor leag sé síos amchlár le haghaidh aontachais. Tháinig comhaontuithe comhlachais na Polainne agus na hUngáire i bhfeidhm i mí Feabhra 1994. Tháinig na comhaontuithe idir an Phoblacht Theicniúil agus an tSeic Slóvaic i bhfeidhm i mí Feabhra 1995 (b'éigean comhaontú na Seiceaslóvaice a athbheartaíocht tar éis an fhéidearála). Chinn an Bhulgáir agus an Rómáin comhaontuithe comhlachais chomh maith, agus na trí stát Bailteach agus an tSlóivéin ina dhiaidh sin.\nI mí an Mheithimh 1993, d'iarr ceannairí an AE go foirmiúil ar na sé thír chomhlachaithe a bhí ann ag an am sin a bheith ag teacht isteach sa Chomhphobal nuair a cheadaíonn na coinníollacha é, agus gheall siad go ndéanfaí coimhthionscnaimh trádála nua chun rochtain ar mhargaí an AE a fheabhsú, agus chun naisc pholaitiúla a neartú. Bhí sé beartaithe trádáil earraí tionsclaíocha, cruach agus teicstílí a shaoradh i gcéimeanna amaithe (1995, 1996 agus 1997, faoi seach). Tá forleathan mór trádála i gcónaí ag tíortha AE lena sé thír chomhlachaithe, agus tá gearán déanta ag ceannairí na hEorpa Láir go bhfuil a rochtain ar mhargadh i dtíortha AE teoranta. Ba é an Ungáir an chéad bhall comhlachaithe a rinne iarratas go foirmiúil ar bhallraíocht iomlán san AE an 1 Aibreán, 1994; lean an Pholainn an 8 Aibreán; an tSlóvaic i Meitheamh 1995; agus Poblacht na Seice i mí Eanáir 1996. I mí Aibreáin 1995, bhuail aireanna eachtracha an AE lena gcomhghleacaithe lár-Eorpach mar chuid de \"dath struchtúrtha\" an AE le tíortha comhlachaithe, agus rinne siad réamhscéal ar an Leabhar Bán maidir le ceanglais bhallraíochta an AE. Cheadaigh an Coimisiún cuid den Leabhar Bán ar an 3 Bealtaine 1995. Sa tuarascáil, sainaithnítear agus cuirtear tús áite ar na bearta is gá a dhéanamh chun geilleagair na mBallstát ionchasacha a ailíniú le margadh aonair. I mí na Nollag 1995, chomhaontaigh ceannairí an AE cóir chomhionann a thabhairt do gach ball ionchas, thug siad le fios go bhféadfaí tús a chur leis na caibidlíochtaí laistigh de shé mhí tar éis an chomhdhála idir-rialtasach a chríochnú (a bhfuiltear ag súil leis i lár 1997), agus d'iarr siad ar an gCoimisiún meastóireachtaí aonair a ullmhú ar bhaill ionchasacha roimh chaibidlíochtaí ar scála iomlán. I mí an Mhárta 1996, lean an Ungáir Poblacht na Seice agus chuaigh sí isteach in Eagraíocht um Chomhar agus Forbairt Eacnamaíoch (OECD), club idirnáisiúnta de náisiúin thionsclaíocha ardteicneolaíochta. Tugadh cuireadh do Phólnaic a bheith páirteach ann an 11 Iúil, 1996.\nGo luath i ndiaidh 1989, thug an Pholainn, an tSeicislóvaic agus an Ungáir tosaíocht do chaidreamh réigiúnach a fheabhsú. Thosaigh cruinniú mullaigh na Polainne, na Seiceaslóvaice agus na hUngáire i mí Feabhra 1991 i Visegrad, an Ungáir, próiseas leanúnach comhchuibhiú beartais agus comhairliúcháin pholaitiúla. Tá comhairliúchán rialta déanta ag tíortha Visegrad mar a thugtar orthu ar a lán saincheisteanna a bhfuil imní frithpháirteach orthu agus tá siad ag obair go dlúth le grúpaí réigiúnacha eile, amhail Tionscnamh na hEorpa Láir (TI), i measc nithe eile. Ó shin i leith, tá an tionscnamh Visegrad tar éis a chuid fócas a aistriú go mór ó naisc pholaitiúla go comhar eacnamaíoch agus léirscaoileadh trádála. Ar 21 Nollaig 1992, shínigh tíortha Visegrad Comhaontú Saorthrádála na hIonad Eorpaí (CEFTA), ag cur síos ar scéim chun dleachtanna custaim agus cuótaí a bhaint amach i dtrí chéim ó 1993 go 2001. Tháinig CEFTA i bhfeidhm an 1 Márta, 1993. Ní dhéantar an limistéar saorthrádála atá beartaithe a chur i gcontúirt leis an gcuspóir a bhaineann le bheith rannpháirteach san AE, ach chun an trádáil a mhéadú eatarthu, cosúil le sampla na dtíortha EFTA. Ag cruinniú ar an 23-24 Eanáir, 1995, i bhFársa, chomhaontaigh tíortha CEFTA cur chun cinn a dhéanamh i dtreo na bacainní trádála áirithe a bhaint. D'aontaigh siad na taraifí ar earraí talmhaíochta a laghdú 50% ag tosú i 1996, agus 100% faoi 1998. Ag cruinniú mullaigh i Brno an 11 Meán Fómhair, 1995, d'aontaigh príomh-aire CEFTA glacadh leis an tSlóivéin mar bhall faoin 1 Eanáir, 1996, agus níos déanaí, an Bhulgáir agus an Rómáin. D'aontaigh siad freisin go ndéanfaí léirscaoileadh ar ghluaiseachtaí caipitil agus seirbhísí a mheas. D'athdhearbhaigh ceannairí CEFTA a dtiomantas an grúpa a leathnú ag a gcruinniú ar an 13-14 Meán Fómhair 1996 sa tSlóvaic.\nÓ tháinig réabhlóid daonlathach 1989 i bhfeidhm, tá an tAontas Eorpach ag cur leis an ngéarchéim. Tá caidreamh feabhsaithe ag na riaracháin leis an réigiún ar fad. Tá an-leibhéal tagtha ar theagmhálacha rialtais agus príobháideacha leis na réimeachtaí nua i lár na hEorpa. Tá go leor de lucht déanta beartas na Stát Aontaithe tar éis a léiriú go bhfuil suim leanúnach ag na Stáit Aontaithe i cosáin lár agus thoir na hEorpa a chinntiú chun daonlathas agus córais eacnamaíocha margaidh, agus an treocht seo a leathnú go dtí an oirthear.\nMar fhreagra ar ghlaonna méadaithe chun ráthaíocht slándála NATO a leathnú siar, mhol Riarachán Clinton, agus cheadaigh NATO i mí Eanáir 1994, an clár Comhpháirtíocht don Síocháin (PFP) le tíortha Eorpacha neamh-NATO. I mí Iúil 1994 sa Pholainn, d'athdhearbhaigh Clinton a sheasamh nach ceist é an bhfuil sí ag leathnú NATO, ach cathain agus conas, agus chuir sé in iúl go raibh an réigiún Oirthear Mheán-Eorpach curtha i gceannas ar aon chineál crios buffer. Chuir an tUachtarán Clinton togra \"Inisciúchán Warsaw\" de $ 100 milliún ar fáil don bhliain airgeadais 1996 chun dul chun cinn a dhéanamh ar chlár an Chomhpháirtíochta don Síocháin agus tacú le comhar míleata níos mó. Go gairid roimh thoghcháin na Stát Aontaithe i 1996, dhearbhaigh an tUachtarán Clinton gur cheart go mbeadh \"an chéad ghrúpa tíortha\" ina mbaill chomhlíonta de NATO faoi 1999. I gComhdháil na hEorpa, léirigh tograí reachtacha éagsúla an tuairim gur cheart tacaíocht níos soiléire a thabhairt i réimse na slándála agus comharthaí níos dóchais maidir le leathnú NATO a leathnú chuig tíortha Oirthear Mheán-Eorpach. I mí Dheireadh Fómhair 1994, d'éirigh leis an gComhdháil an tAcht um Chuidigh NATO, a thug údarás don Uachtarán earraí cosanta iomarcacha a chur ar fáil do thíortha incháilithe, go háirithe na stáit Visegrad. I mí Feabhra 1995, ghlac an Teach an tAcht um Athbheochan agus Fheabhsú NATO, a mhol ballraíocht luath NATO do thíortha Visegrad. Níos déanaí scrios an Comhdháil aon tagairt shonraigh do thíortha aonair atá incháilithe le haghaidh ballraíocht NATO ón mbeart seo. P.L. 104-208 (28 Meán Fómhair, 1996) a bhí san áireamh \"Acht um Éascú Leathnú NATO 1996\". Ainmníodh an Pholainn, an Ungáir, Poblacht na Seice, agus an tSlóivéin mar dhaoine atá incháilithe chun cúnamh míleata a fháil.\nCabhair na Stát Aontaithe. I 1989, d'éirigh leis an gComhdháil agus d'fhormheas an Riarachán an \"Acht um Thacaíocht do Dhaonlathas Oirthear na hEorpa 1989\" (SEED, P.L. 101-179), a d'údaraigh beagnach $ 1 billiún ar an iomlán do Phólnaic agus don Ungáir do na Bhlianta Airgeadais 1990-1992. Tugadh cead do Pholainn agus don Ungáir iasachtaí a fháil ó Chórparáid Infheistíochta Príobháideach thar lear (OPIC) agus ó Bhainc Eihreora-Ionmhairí, agus ó Chóras Ginearálta na bPréasanna (GSP). D'údaraigh an tAcht SEED Cistí Fiontair phríobháideacha a bhunú chun gníomhaíochtaí earnála príobháideach a chur chun cinn sa Pholainn agus san Ungáir (agus níos déanaí le tíortha eile Oirthear na hEorpa). Tar éis an ghníomhaíochta SEED agus mar fhreagra ar athruithe eile sa réigiún, chuir an tUachtarán agus an Comhdháil cúnamh breise ar fáil, agus leathnaíodh é go dtí tíortha eile Oirthear na hEorpa. Thacaigh na Stáit Aontaithe freisin le cúnamh iltaobhach trí an Banc Domhanda, Ciste Airgeadaíochta Domhanda, agus an Banc Eorpach um Athchóiriú agus Forbairt (EBRD).\nTá cláir chúnamh na Stát Aontaithe do Mheán- agus Oirthear na hEorpa ag cur béime ar fhás eacnamaíoch, ar fhorbairt daonlathais, agus ar cháilíocht na beatha a fheabhsú. I gcás Bhliana Airgeadais 1996, d'iarr an Riarachán $480 milliún i gcabhair do Oirthear na hEorpa. Cheadaigh an Comhdháil $ 324 milliún do Oirthear na hEorpa, agus $ 70 milliún don EBRD i P.L. 104-107. Tá mé ag iarraidh a fháil amach. Le haghaidh Bhliana Airgeadais 1997, d'eagraigh an Comhdháil $ 275 milliún do Oirthear na hEorpa agus $ 200 breise le haghaidh atógála na Boisnia, i P.L. 104-208. Tá mé ag iarraidh a fháil amach. P.L. Údaraíodh freisin $60 milliún le haghaidh cúnamh leathnú NATO.\nBhunaigh an Pholainn an chéad rialtas neamhchoimhinéalach faoi stiúir i gComhaontú Warszawa ar bhonn comhaontaithe babhta cruinn stairiúil idir an rialtas cumannach agus an fhreasúra i mí Aibreáin 1989. Sa seomra íseal den pharlaimint, an Sejm, bhí 35% de na suíocháin ar oscailt le haghaidh toghcháin saor in aisce, agus bhí na suíocháin go léir sa Seanad nua-chruthaithe á gcathrú go saor in aisce. Thug na chéad toghcháin i Meitheamh 1989 bua mór do Chomhpháirtíocht. Roghnaigh an pharlaimint nua ceannaire an Pháirtí Cumannach Wojciech Jaruzelski mar Uachtarán. Ainmníodh ceannaire Dlúthpháirtíochta Lech Walesa Tadeusz Mazowiecki mar Phríomh-Aire. Chuir an Pholainn tús go tapa le clár athchóirithe eacnamaíoch radacach \"teiripe turraing\" a dhear an tAire Airgeadais Leszek Balcerowicz ansin. I 1990, ba chúis le difríochtaí fachtúrtha laistigh de Chomhpháirtíocht, go háirithe idir Lech Walesa agus an Príomh-Aire Tadeusz Mazowiecki, roinnt brainsí Comhpháirtíochta a fhoirmiú. Bhuaigh Lech Walesa toghcháin uachtaránachta díreacha i mí na Nollag 1990.\nI dtoghcháin pharlaiminteacha saoil na Polainne i mí Dheireadh Fómhair 1991, \"bhuaigh\" an tAontas Daonlathach (páirtí iar-Dlúthpháirtíochta) an vóta an-chraobháilte le thart ar 13% den vóta. Tháinig 29 pháirtí san iomlán isteach sa Sejm, ag tabhairt tús le tréimhse fada de dhúnmharú páirtí agus parlaiminte, scandal polaitiúil, agus timpeallacht pholaitiúil atá ag éirí níos dealaithe. Tar éis do rialtas faoi stiúir an Aontais Dhaonlathach vóta muiníne a chailleadh ar 28 Bealtaine, 1993, díscaoileadh an tUachtarán Walesa an pharlaimint agus sceidealaigh sé toghcháin nua ar 19 Meán Fómhair, 1993. Thug na toghcháin iar-Chomanóirí agus páirtithe a bhí ina gcomhghuaillithe le Chomanóirí chun cumhachta. Le 52.1% de vótálaithe, bhuaigh an Comhghuaillíocht Deamocratach na nDílleachta (SLD) 20.4% den vóta; bhuaigh Páirtí na Saoránach Polainnis (PSL) 15.4%; agus bhuaigh an tAontas Daonlathach 10.6%. Ní raibh ach trí pháirtí eile, lena n-áirítear páirtí \"neamhphóirtithe\" Walesa (BBWR), a rinne an bac toghcháin. Shínigh an SLD agus an PSL comhaontú comhrialtasa ar an 13 Deireadh Fómhair, 1993; le chéile tá tromlach acu sa Sejm agus sa Seanad araon. Rinneadh rialtas faoi Waldemar Pawlak ón bPáirtí Talmhaíochta a mhionnú ar 16 Deireadh Fómhair, 1993. Mar sin féin, fuair rialtas Pawlak é féin i gcoinne an Uachtaráin Walesa ar go leor saincheisteanna. Ag baint úsáide as tacticí brinkmanship, chuir an tUachtarán Walesa brú ar Pawlak a bhaint. Ar 7 Feabhra, 1995, d'aontaigh an comhrialtas SLD-PSL a bhí i gceannas ar Pawlak a chur in ionad an tUachtarán Sejm Jozef Oleksy den Chomhghuaillíocht Chéimneach Daonlathach. Cheadaigh an Sejm rialtas Oleksy ar 4 Márta. Chuir clár rialtas Oleksy athchóiriú buiséadach ar thús, caiteachas sóisialta a bhac, dífhostaíocht a laghdú, agus príobháidiú. D'fhan \"straitéis don Pholainn\" an Aire Airgeadais Kolodko mar phleanphriont an rialtais le haghaidh beartais eacnamaíocha. Tá an tAontas Eorpach ag cur leis an ngnóthas polacach, an chéad cheann sa réigiún a d'fhás i 1993 agus a leanann de fhás láidir a bhaint amach i dtáirgeacht inmheánach.\nTionóladh toghcháin uachtaránachta i mí Dheireadh Fómhair-Samhain 1995. Bhuaigh an t-iar-oifigeach cumannach Aleksander Kwasniewski an tUachtarán reatha Lech Walesa sa dara babhta, ag buachan 51.7% den vóta i gcoinne 48.3% de Walesa. D'éirigh le Walesa, a raibh a tóir íseal go leor ar feadh tamaill, sna seachtainí deiridh roimh na toghcháin, mar is cosúil go raibh go leor Polainnigh ag féachaint ar Walesa mar choibhéis leis an rialtas agus leis an bparlaimint a bhí i gceannas ar an iar-choimisinéireacht. Chuir Kwasniewski, a rinne feachtas faoin sloinneadh, \"déanaimis an todhchaí a roghnú\", béim ar luachanna sóisialacha-dhaonlathach, gairmiúlacht, agus comhoibriú seachas tacticí comhraic. Rinneadh Kwasniewski a fhógairt ar an 23 Nollaig. Bhí scandal spionála i bhfad níos mó ná an mionn a bhí ar an mionn a bhí ar an seoladh isteach ag Kwasniewski, áfach, a bhí dírithe ar theagmhálacha líomhnaithe idir KGB na Sóivéide agus Príomh-Aire na Polainne Oleksy, atá sa pháirtí céanna le Kwasniewski. Ar 19 Nollaig, chuir an tAire Inmheánaí atá ag imeacht Andrzej Milczanowski doiciméid faoi bhráid oifig an ionchúisitheora míleata ag tabhairt le comhar leanúnach idir Oleksy agus KGB na Sóivéide. Dhiúltaigh Oleksy na cúisimh, ag glaoch orthu mar \"spreagadh salach\", ach d'éirigh sé as an oifig ar 24 Eanáir, 1996, tar éis don phríosúnchúisitheoir fiosrúchán foirmiúil a fhógairt ar an ábhar. Ghlac Kwasniewski le éirí as Oleksy ar 26 Eanáir; toghadh Oleksy go pras chun bheith ina cheannaire ar an bPáirtí Sóisialach Daonlathach (laistigh den Aonadh Ceannais Dhaonlathach). Ar an 22 Aibreán, d'fhógair an t-ionchúisitheoir míleata a chinneadh an t-imscrúdú i gcoinne Oleksy a dhúnadh, ag tagairt do easpa fianaise iontaofa. Ceap Kwasniewski leas-uachtarán parlaiminte Wlodzimierz Cimoszewicz den SLD chun a bheith ina Phríomh-Aire an 1 Feabhra. Cheadaigh an Pharlaimint an gabinet Cimoszewicz (coimhthionscnamh SLD-PSL) an 15 Feabhra le vóta 273-87, agus 28 staonadh ó vótáil.\nAr an 11 Iúil, shínigh an tAire Airgeadais Kolodko comhaontú ballraíochta le hOeagraíocht um Chomhar agus Forbairt Eacnamaíoch (OECD). Beidh an Pholainn ar an 28ú ball de chlub na ngeilleagair forbartha tar éis don chomhaontú a bheith daingnithe ag an Sejm.\nÓ 1989, tá an Pholainn ag iarraidh a lánpháirtiú leis an Iarthar, caidreamh nua a chruthú leis na stáit a tháinig i ndiaidh na Sóivéide chun na hOirthe, agus comhar a chur chun cinn le stáit chomharsa. Is é príomhthosaíocht an bheartais eachtraigh ná comhlachas níos dlúithe a fháil le AE agus NATO agus ballraíocht iomlán a fháil iontu sa deireadh. Cé gur chuir iar-Uachtarán Walesa cáineadh ar thogra comhpháirtíochta an chomhghuaillíochta ar dtús mar nach raibh sé leordhóthanach, tá an Pholainn tar éis páirt ghníomhach a ghlacadh i PFP ó shin. Ba í an Pholainn an chéad tír a chuir a chlár comhpháirtíochta aonair isteach an 5 Iúil, 1994, agus d'óstáil sí an chéad chleachtadh comhpháirteach míleata PFP i Meán Fómhair 1994. I Meán Fómhair 1996, d'fhógair Uachtarán na Fraince Jacques Chirac os comhair an Seime go mbeadh an Pholainn ina ball den AE faoi 2000. Cosúil le tíortha eile i lár na hEorpa, ní cosúil go raibh ról mór ag saincheisteanna beartais eachtracha i dtoghcháin na Polainne, agus níor laghdaigh filleadh iarchomhphobail ar chumhacht príomhthosaíochtaí an bheartais eachtraigh. Chuir an tUachtarán Kwasniewski béim ar leanúnachas i mbeartas eachtrach na Polainne, mar a rinne an rialtas faoi Phriomh-Aire Cimoszewicz. Tar éis toghcháin uachtaránachta i mí na Samhna 1995, tháinig Dariusz Rosati ina Aire Gnóthaí Eachtracha agus ainmníodh Stanislaw Dobrzanski ina Aire Cosanta. Dhiúltaigh oifigigh na Polainne d'fhorálacha na Rúise maidir le ráthaíocht slándála in ionad ballraíochta NATO. Ar an gcaoi chéanna, labhair Ard-Rúnaí NATO Javier Solana, i bhFársa an Aibreáin 1996, i gcoinne aon chineál ballraíochta páirteach, neamh-mhilitarach, i NATO. Rinne an tUachtarán Kwasniewski a chéad chuairt stáit chuig na Stáit Aontaithe i mí Iúil 1996 ag iarraidh iarrthóireacht na Polainne ar bhallraíocht NATO agus caidreamh foriomlán na Polainne-SAM, chomh maith le caidreamh na Polainne-Giúdach a chur chun cinn.\nLe linn an Chogaidh Fuar, bhí caidreamh na Stát Aontaithe leis an bPolainn níos dlúithe ná mar a bhí leis an gcuid is mó de thíortha Oirthear na hEorpa faoi choimhinis. Tar éis Chomhaontú an Bhronntaibéil 1989, leathnaigh an tUachtarán Bush caidreamh leis an bPolainn agus gheall sé cúnamh eacnamaíoch. Fuair an Pholainn cúnamh eacnamaíoch suntasach faoi Acht SEED 1989, thart ar $805 milliún go dtí Meán Fómhair 1995. Bunaíodh Ciste Fiontair Polainnis-Mheiriceánach chun earnáil phríobháideach na Polainne a fhorbairt. Tá an Roinn Trádála na Stát Aontaithe tar éis an Pholainn a ainmniú mar mhargadh nua-aimseartha suntasach d'onnmhairí na Stát Aontaithe. Bhí onnmhairí na Stát Aontaithe chuig an bPolainn gar do $ 1 billiún i 1993, i bhfad níos mó ná aon tír eile san Eoraip Thoir. Ina theannta sin, tá infheistíocht na Stát Aontaithe sa Pholainn ar cheann de na cinn is airde.\nTá caidreamh na Polainne le NATO ina phointe fócasach i gcaidreamh na Stát Aontaithe-Polainnis. I seoladh os comhair Sejm na Polainne an 7 Iúil 1994, leag Clinton béim ar thiomantas na Stát Aontaithe maidir le leathnú NATO sa deireadh, chomh maith le tacaíocht na Stát Aontaithe do thrasdul na Polainne. Geall sé pacáiste nua cabhrach na Stát Aontaithe de níos mó ná $ 200 milliún. Rinneadh $25 milliún breise a ainmniú le haghaidh rannpháirtíocht na Polainne sa chlár Comhpháirtíocht don Síocháin. Bhuail Clinton le Walesa arís i mí an Mheithimh 1995, ag comóradh sínithe Chairt na Náisiún Aontaithe, áit a leag sé béim ar an tábhacht a bhaineann le frith-Shéimíteachas a chomhrac. Ag cruinniú leis an iar-Uachtarán Walesa i mí an Mheithimh 1996, d'iarr ceannairí tromlaigh na Seanad agus iarrthóir uachtaránachta Poblachtach Robert Dole ar cheannaireacht níos mó na SA i leathnú NATO go lár na hEorpa, agus d'fhógair sé reachtaíocht a bhí beartaithe chun ballraíocht deiridh na Polainne agus daoine eile sa chomhghuaillíocht a éascú. I mí Mheán Fómhair, chuir oifigigh na SA brú ar an bPolainn páirt a ghlacadh le díol tancanna sa chlár oiliúna agus trealaimh a bhí faoi stiúir na SA chun cúnamh míleata a thabhairt do Bhoisnia. Ag iarraidh teacht le comhaontú atá ann cheana féin idir an Pholainn agus an AE chun boicéad arm a chur ar bun sna Balcáin, dúirt oifigigh na Polainne go raibh siad ag iarraidh páirt a ghlacadh sa chlár SAM \"ar na leibhéil is ísle is féidir\".\nRoimh 1989, bhí ceannaireacht na gComhpháirtíochta crua-líne sa tSeiceaslóvaic ar cheann de na cinn is resistant le hathchóiriú san Oirthear na hEorpa. Ag deireadh 1989, tháinig na mílte ar an gluaiseacht agóide na Seice agus na Slóvaice, rud a d'fhág go ndeireadh go síochánta le rialú cumannach sa Seiceaslóvaic. I mí na Nollag 1989, ainmníodh an drámaí-scríbhneoir díospóideach Vaclav Havel mar Uachtarán, agus tháinig ceannaire cumannach \"Prague Spring\" (ó 1968) Alexander Dubcek ina chathaoirleach ar an bparlaimint. Tionóladh na chéad toghcháin saor in aisce sa tSeiceaslóvaic ar an 8 Meitheamh, 1990. Bhuaigh an Fóram Sibhialta agus a chomhghleacaí na Slóvaice, Poiblíochta i gcoinne Fhoréigean, bua iontach, agus ní fuair na sean-choimisinéirí ach 13% den vóta. Ath-roghnaíodh Vaclav Havel mar Uachtarán ag an Tionól Cónaidhme nua, agus thosaigh an rialtas nua ar athchóiriú radacach ar an tír. Bhí an dul chun cinn leanúnach, áfach, ar staonadh ag easaontas idir na tailte Seiceach agus na Slovacach. Bhí a lán tascanna tábhachtacha, mar shampla dréachtú bunreacht nua agus comhaontú idir-phoblacht, faoi réir easaontais na Seice-Slóvaic. Cé gur thaitin go leor daoine sa dá phoblacht le haontas leanúnach, lean difríochtaí géara maidir le cruth todhchaí an fhéidearála, go páirteach mar gheall ar an tionchar neamhréireach a bhí ag athchóirithe eacnamaíocha ar gach pobal; mar shampla, d'ardaigh dífhostaíocht sa tSlóvaic, ach d'fhan sé íseal sna tailte Seice.\nTionóladh na chéad toghcháin choimisiúnacha agus stáit eile ar 5-6 Meitheamh, 1992. Bhuaigh Páirtí Daonlathach Sibhialta (ODS) Vaclav Klaus sa Phoblacht na Seice, agus Gluaiseacht Vladimir Meciar ar son na Slóvaice Daonlathach (HzDS) sa tSlóvaic, na scaireanna vótála is mó, cé nach bhfuair an dá pháirtí tromlach iomlán in aon cheann de na poblachtaí. Chuir Klaus, ailtire athchóirithe eacnamaíocha crua CSFR, béim ar choigilt eacnamaíoch leanúnach agus tacaíocht don chónaidhm; rinne Meciar feachtas ar mhaithe le ceannasacht agus neamhspleáchas i bhfad níos mó na Slóvaice más gá, chomh maith le slaonadh athchóirithe eacnamaíocha. Tar éis na dtoghchán, athraíodh babhtaí cainteanna idir Klaus agus Meciar, a tháinig chun bheith ina gceannairí rialtais ina gcuid poblachtaí faoi seach, go tapa chun an cónaidhm a dhíscaoileadh. Síníodh sraith comhaontuithe a shainmhíníonn caidreamh nua na Seice-Slóvaic tar éis an dáta comhaontaithe um scaradh, ag deireadh mhí Dheireadh Fómhair. Ar 25 Samhain, 1992, ghlac an Tionól Cónaidhme reachtaíocht a díscaoileadh an aontacht agus é féin ar 1 Eanáir, 1993.\nMeastar go forleathan go bhfuil an Phoblacht Sheice ar cheann de na geilleagair mhargaidh atá ag teacht chun cinn is rathúla agus is cobhsaí go polaitiúil sa réigiún. Tá an Phoblacht na Seice fós ina phríomhbhreitheoir infheistíochta dhíreach eachtrach. Tar éis an scoilte, lean an Phoblacht Seiceach lena mhodh nuálach príobháidíú duachán de fhiontair stáit. Tá os cionn 2.5 milliún duine tar éis páirt a ghlacadh sa chlár príobháidíú baúicéireachta, agus tá thart ar 80% de shócmhainní na Seice príobháidíithe. Fuair an tSeic airgeadra comhéadanas iomlán an chuntas reatha i Meán Fómhair 1995.\nBhí toghcháin i bPoblacht na Seice don seomra íochtarach den pharlaimint ar an 31 Bealtaine agus an 1 Meitheamh, 1996. Osclaíodh an feachtas toghcháin ar 15 Bealtaine, agus bhí fiche páirtí cláraithe chun páirt a ghlacadh. Ní raibh aon fhilleadh ar chumhacht na n-iar-choimisinéirí ag súil leis. Léirigh vótaíocht an phobail tacaíocht láidir do pháirtí Klaus agus, go ginearálta, go bhféadfadh comhrialtas láir-deas Klaus filleadh. Mar sin féin, is cosúil go raibh an páirtí Sóisialach Daonlathach (CSSD) lár-chlé faoi stiúir Milos Zeman, a chuir béim ar fhadhbanna sóisialta leanúnacha sa tír, ag laghdú an bhearna idir é agus an ODS sa tseachtain roimh an vótáil. D'éirigh an ODS agus a chomhpháirtithe comhrialtasacha chomh maith agus a bhíothas ag súil leis, ach chríochnaigh siad ag cailleadh a gcuid tromlach go géar. Ba é an toradh láidir a bhí ag na Sóisialaigh-Deamocratacha agus an líon laghdaithe páirtithe a bhuaigh sainordúí parlaiminteacha ná níos lú ná tromlach a bhí ag an gcomhlacht rialála roimhe sin. Laistigh den chomhrialtas, bhuaigh an ODS 29.6% den vóta (68 suíochán), bhuaigh an tAontas Daonlathach Críostaí (KDU-CSL) 8% (18 suíochán), agus bhuaigh an Comhaontas Daonlathach Sibhialta (ODA) 6.3% (13 suíochán), ag teacht le 99 as 200 suíochán (i ngeall ar 112/200 roimhe seo). Tháinig na Sóisialaigh Daonlathacha san fhreasúra sa dara háit le 26.4% de na vótaí (61 suíochán), rud a léiríonn méadú suntasach ar a seasamh ó na toghcháin dheireanacha. Ar an speictream polaitiúil, bhuaigh an páirtí Poblachtach ceart 8% den vóta (18 suíochán) agus bhuaigh na Comhphobail 10.3% (22 suíochán).\nAr an 6 Meitheamh, d'iarr an tUachtarán Havel ar an bPríomh-Aire Klaus rialtas mionlaigh a fhoirmiú. Rinneadh comhaontú comhrialtas idir an ODS, KDU-CSL, agus ODA an 27 Meitheamh, agus leag Vaclav Klaus mionn mar phríomh-aire an 4 Iúil. I gcomaoin ar thacaíocht don rialtas mionlaigh, bhuaigh na Sóisialaigh Daonlathacha poist ceannaireachta sa pharlaimint, agus tháinig ceannaire CSSD Zeman ina Cathaoirleach ar an bparlaimint. In ainneoin an chomhaontaithe, chuir ceannaire CSSD Zeman bagairt gan tacú le tairiscint rialtas Klaus le haghaidh vóta muiníne ar 25 Iúil. Bhuaigh Klaus an vóta, 98-40, tar éis do bhuill CSSD an pharlaimint a fhágáil i bhfocail \"fhulaingt\", ach ní tacaíocht.\nDá bhrí sin, fiú le filleadh ar rialtas Klaus, rinne na toghcháin athruithe suntasacha ar an ardán polaitiúil na Seice. Laistigh den chomhrialtas, b'fhéidir nach mbeidh páirtí ODS Klaus in ann a bheith chomh ceannasach agus a bhí roimhe, ach b'fhéidir go mbeidh sé níos mó ag brath ar a chomhpháirtithe níos lú, a d'fhéadfadh a bheith dochreidte uaireanta. Ar an dara dul síos, beidh an rialtas mionlaigh ag brath ar thacaíocht áirithe ón bhfreasúra chun a chlár a chur i gcrích. Éilíonn sé seo go leanfaidh an rialtas tacticí comhthoil, agus tugann sé ról i bhfad níos mó don pharlaimint ná mar a bhí roimhe. D'fhéadfadh ról feabhsaithe a bheith ag an Uachtarán Havel freisin i idirghabháil idir an rialtas agus an pharlaimint. Faoin am seo, tá amhras ann go mbeidh an dara rialtas Klaus in ann téarma iomlán ceithre bliana a chomhlíonadh. Mar sin féin, tháinig an ODS chun cinn mar cheannaire sa chéad bhabhta de na toghcháin don Seanad an 15 Samhain le 36% den vóta. Bhí an-íseal ag vótáil don chéad vóta den Seanad riamh ag thart ar 35% de na vótálaithe cáilithe.\nTar éis an tSeicislóvaic a scoilt, tugadh isteach go réidh ar an dá stát ina dhiaidh sin sna Náisiúin Aontaithe agus in eagraíochtaí idirnáisiúnta eile. Chuir oifigigh na Seice agus na Slóvaice béim ar leanúnachas na tosaíochtaí beartais eachtracha. Tá go leor breathnóirí agus oifigeach na Seice ag meas go bhfuil seasamh na Seice i leith institiúidí Eorpacha níos fabhraí ná seasamh na Slóvaice nó tíortha eile. Ba í Poblacht na Seice an chéad tír iar-choimníochta a chuaigh isteach san OECD i mí na Samhna 1995. Chuir an Príomh-Aire Klaus iarratas Phoblacht na Seice chuig an Aontas Eorpach go foirmiúil i mí Eanáir 1996. Bhí sé beartaithe ag Aire Gnóthaí Eachtracha na Seice Zieleniec agus a chomhghleacaí Gearmánach Klaus Kinkel ráiteas comhpháirteach a eisiúint maidir le caidreamh déthaobhach feabhsaithe i mí Eanáir 1996, ach ní raibh siad in ann aontú ar an gcaoi a gcaithfear le saincheist na nGearmáinigh Sudeten tar éis an Dara Cogadh Domhanda, atá fós ina cheist chonspóideach idir an Ghearmáin agus Phoblacht na Seice. Bhuail an tUachtarán Havel agus Uachtarán na Gearmáine Roman Herzog go luath i Meán Fómhair 1996, agus thug siad le fios go bhféadfaí dearbhú comhpháirteach Ghearmáinis-Seice a shíniú roimh dheireadh na bliana.\nShínigh Poblacht na Seice creat-dhoiciméad PFP NATO an 10 Márta, 1994, agus clár comhpháirtíochta aonair an 25 Samhain. Tá oifigeach na Seice sásta na hoibleagáidí uile a bhaineann le ballraíocht i NATO a ghlacadh orthu, lena n-áirítear costais airgeadais. I mí na Samhna, d'iarr Havel go raibh rannpháirtíocht na Seice i gcumhacht síochána NATO sa Bhosna \"réasúnta\" don Phoblacht Seice mar bhall ionchasach den chomhghuaillíocht. Chuir an Phoblacht Sheice bataillín comhrac 850-chumhachtach le misean IFOR NATO sa Bhoisnia.\nNí dóigh go n-athróidh torthaí toghcháin Meitheamh 1996 ionchas beartais eachtrach Phoblacht na Seice go bunúsach; áfach, tá na Sóisialaí Daonlathacha san fhreasúra i bhfabhar reifreann phoiblí a reáchtáil maidir le bheith ag gabháil d'institiúidí eacnamaíocha agus slándála na hEorpa.\nTar éis réabhlóid dhaonlathach 1989, tháinig feabhas tapa ar chaidreamh na Stát Aontaithe agus na Seiceaslóvaic. Bhí an tSeicislóvaic incháilithe go tapa le haghaidh cúnamh na Stát Aontaithe. Ó Aibreán 1992, tá stádas trádála MFN gan choinníoll ag an tSceicislóvaic. Bunaíodh an Ciste Fiontair Mheiriceá-Slóvaiceach agus na Seice i 1991. I mí an Mhárta 1996, i measc cúisimh mí-bhainistíochta, d'éirigh le bord stiúrthóirí an Chiste Fiontair, agus tá todhchaí an chiste fós éiginnte. Go dtí Meán Fómhair 1995, bhí dliteanais na Stát Aontaithe don Phoblacht Seice faoi Acht SEED thart ar $145 milliún. U.S.A.I.D. Tá sé ráite ag an gCoimisiún go bhfuil sé beartaithe ag an gCoimisiún, i gcomhréir le prionsabal na hOstaire, go gcuirfí an tAontas Eorpach i bhfeidhm go héifeachtach. Cúnamh ó Acht SEED i 1997 agus i 1996, faoi seach.\nThug an Príomh-Aire Vaclav Klaus cuairt ar na Stáit Aontaithe i mBealtaine 1995. I gcruinniú leis an Uachtarán Clinton, mhol Clinton an t-athrú rathúil a bhí déanta ar Phoblacht na Seice. Dúirt Klaus go raibh an Phoblacht Sheice tar éis céim \"i ndiaidh an athraithe\" a bhaint amach. Dúirt Cathaoirleach na gCinnte Staff John Shalikashvili, ag tabhairt cuairte ar Phraig i Meán Fómhair 1995, go raibh caidreamh arm na Seice leis na Stáit Aontaithe \"an ceann is aibí\" i measc na gcaidrimh míleata le míleata. Bhí cruinniú ag Praga le ceannairí ó 12 thír lár-Eorpach agus Rúnaí Stáit na Stát Aontaithe Christopher an 20 Márta chun saincheisteanna slándála na hEorpa agus leathnú NATO a phlé. I mí Iúil 1996, bhuail an Chéad Bhean Hillary Clinton agus an t-ionadaí de chuid na Náisiún Aontaithe Madeleine Albright le ceannairí na Seice i bPraig. Chuir an tUasal Clinton chun cinn tógáil sochaí shibhialta.\nTar éis an 1 Eanáir 1993 deighilt an chónaidhm na Seiceaslóvaic, rinneadh go leor athruithe ar an timpeallacht pholaitiúil sa tSlóvaic. Le linn 1993, throid an Príomh-Aire Vladimir Meciar chun fanacht ar an gcumhacht agus a pháirtí, an Gluaiseacht ar son na Slóvaice Daonlathach (HzDS), faoi sclábhaithe agus tacaíocht óna chomhpháirtí comhrialtasa, an Páirtí Náisiúnta na Slóvaice (SNS), ag athrú. I mí an Mhárta 1994, tar éis óráid chriticiúil a rinne an tUachtarán Michal Kovac os comhair na parlaimeinte, chaill Meciar vóta míchreidiúnais, rud a d'fhág go raibh a rialtas ag éirí as. Rinne Jozef Moravcik, a bhí scoilte as an HzDS, rialtas nua a bhunú a bhí comhdhéanta dá Aontas Daonlathach, an Gluaiseacht Daonlathach Críostaí, agus an Páirtí Ceangail Daonlathach, a bhí san fhreasúra roimhe seo. Mar sin féin, vótáil an pharlaimint freisin chun toghcháin luath a reáchtáil ar 1 Meán Fómhair, 1 Deireadh Fómhair, 1994, ag tabhairt sainordú sé mhí amháin don rialtas Moravcik.\nD'éirigh le Gluaiseacht Vladimir Meciar ar son na Slóvaice Daonlathach i dtoghcháin a tionóladh ar 30 Meán Fómhair - 1 Deireadh Fómhair, 1994, ag buachan 35% den vóta, an sciar is mó le haill mhór, ach níos lú ná tromlach. Níor éirigh go maith le Common Choice, comhrialtas faoi stiúir Pháirtí na nDimocratach ar an mBan, gan ach 10.4% a bhuachan, i bhfad níos lú ná mar a bhí tuartha ag vótaíocht réamh-thoghcháin. Sna chéad seisiúin parlaiminte a tionóladh ar an 3ú agus an 4ú Samhain, chuir páirtí Meciar, le tacaíocht óna chomhpháirtithe comhrialtasacha deiridh, sraith beart conspóideach i bhfeidhm, lena n-áirítear tionscadail phríobháistithe a ceadaíodh ag an iar-rialtas a chealú, baill bhord craolacháin a dhífhostaíocht, agus baill de rialtas Moravcik a chinsireacht, i measc rudaí eile. Rinne Meciar comhrialtas le Páirtí Oibrithe na Slóvaice (ZRS) agus le Páirtí Náisiúnta na Slóvaice (SNS), rud a thug tromlach parlaiminteach 83/150 suíochán dá rialtas. Ar 20 Eanáir, 1995, cheadaigh an pharlaimint clár an rialtais do 1995 agus vótáil sé muinín i rialtas Meciar. Tá feabhas leanúnach tagtha ar fheidhmíocht eacnamaíoch na Slóvaice, in ainneoin na hathruithe polaitiúla. Mar thoradh ar fhás na n-onnmhairí agus ar fheidhmíocht fheabhsaithe tionsclaíoch tháinig fás láidir ar OTI i 1994 agus 1995.\nTá an-tóir ar an tslí a bhfuil an tSeapáin ag dul i ngleic leis an ngéarchéim eacnamaíoch. Ó na toghcháin dheireanacha, tá caidreamh frithpháirteach idir comhrialtas rialála Meciar agus an tUachtarán Michal Kovac. D'iarr Meciar, HzDS, agus na páirtithe comhrialtasacha eile arís agus arís eile ar an Uachtarán éirí as. I mí na Bealtaine 1995, d'fhormheas 80 feisire sa pharlaimint vóta neamhcheangailteach neamhchreidmheasa ar an uachtarán (cé nach féidir leis an mBunreacht an t-uachtarán a chur as oifig ach amháin ar chúiseamh ar ghníomhaíochtaí traidisiúnta, agus trí thromlach de chúig). Cé nach bhfuil sé in ann an t-uachtarán a bhaint go dtí seo, tá dlíthe nua glactha ag an gcomhghuaillíocht a chuireann srian ar údarás an uachtaráin chun poist áirithe a cheapadh. I dtimpiste aisteach, tógadh mac an Uachtaráin Kovac i mí Lúnasa 1995 agus tógadh é go hOstair chomharsa, áit ar cuireadh gabháil leis ar amhras go raibh sé ag calaois idirnáisiúnta, ach scaoileadh saor é sa deireadh. Chuir an tUachtarán Kovac agus daoine eile an tseirbhís rúnda na Slóvaice (SIS) faoi stiúir Ivan Lexa, comhghuaillíocht Meciar, i gceist leis an kidnapping. D'éiligh an tUachtarán Kovac go poiblí go raibh an tseirbhís faisnéise Slóvacach (SIS) ag gabháil lena mhac agus d'iarr sé ar Ivan Lexa, stiúrthóir SIS agus comhghuaillíocht Meciar, éirí as. D'fhreagair Lexa trí chás cáineadh a chomhdú i gcoinne an Uachtaráin Kovac. I mí na Bealtaine 1996, bhí páirtithe freasúracha i gceannas ar thaispeántais agus ar thogra sa pharlaimint (a d'fhás) chun an tAire Gnóthaí Intíre Ludovit Hudek a chur as oifig. Bhí meáin na Slóvaice tar éis comhrá líomhnaithe idir Hudek agus stiúrthóir Seirbhísí Faisnéise na Slóvaice Ivan Lexa a chraoladh a léiríonn rannpháirtíocht an rialtais i dtógáil Kovac. Mar sin féin, ar 20 Bealtaine, d'fhógair póilíní na Slóvaice go gcuirfí a fhiosrúchán ar chás Kovac ar athló mar gheall ar easpa fianaise. I mí Dheireadh Fómhair, d'fhág an póilíní dhá imscrúdú gaolmhar, ceann acu a bhaineann leis an impleacht a d'fhéadfadh a bheith ann maidir le hiarratas ar an Seirbhís Faisnéise na Slóvaice.\nAr an 26 Márta, 1996, daingnigh an Pharlaimint conradh déthaobhach na Slóvaice leis an Ungáir (féach thíos), a síníodh bliain roimhe sin, le vóta 119 go 1, agus 19 staonadh ó vótáil. Ghlac an Pharlaimint dhá chlásal a ghabhann leis an gconradh a dhiúltaigh aon léiriú ar chearta mionlaigh choillitheacha nó ar chearta coillitheacha ar fhéinriail. D'fhógair an tUachtarán Meciar go raibh sé ag cur an chonartha os comhair na parlaimeanta go dtí go n-aontaigh Páirtí Náisiúnta na Slóvaice, comhpháirtí comhrialtasa, tacú leis an daingniú ar choinníoll go gcomhlíonfaí roinnt coinníollacha. Ceann acu ná pas a fháil ar dhlí conspóideach maidir le cosaint an phobail, a cheadaigh an pharlaimint an lá céanna. Cuireann an dlí cosc ar thaispeántais a bhfuil intinn dí-fhortaingteach acu agus ar fhaisnéis bhréagach a scaipeadh a dhéanfaidh dochar do leasanna náisiúnta na Slóvaice. Tá eagla ar ghrúpaí freasúra go bhféadfaí an dlí a úsáid i gcoinne polaiteoirí freasúracha nó iriseoirí neamhspleácha. D'fhógair an tAontas Eorpach an bille frith-shubstaintíochta ina dhiaidh sin. D'éirigh leis an gcomhrialtas Ungáir vótáil i mí an Mhárta i gcoinne gníomhartha a rinne an rialtas a chuir faoi dhroch-bhuntáiste cearta mionlaigh. Mar shampla, i mí na Samhna, cheadaigh an Pharlaimint dlí teanga conspóideach a rialaíonn úsáid na Slóvaice mar theanga oifigiúil na tíre.\nI mí an Mheithimh 1996, d'fhás na diúltú idir HzDS agus a chomhpháirtithe níos lú agus bhagair sé go ndéanfaí an comhrialtas rialaithe a bhriseadh. De réir mar a rinne an Páirtí Náisiúnta Slóvacach náisiúnach cáineadh ar bheartais an rialtais maidir le rialuithe maoirseachta ar phríobháistiú, ar an tseirbhís rúnda, agus ar na meáin, chuir an Príomh-Aire Meciar faoi bhagairt an comhrialtas a bhriseadh agus rialtas mionlaigh a fhoirmiú le tacaíocht ón gComhghuaillíocht Chéimneach Daonlathach san fhreasúra. Faoi dheireadh na míosa, áfach, d'fhógair Meciar go raibh na páirtithe comhrialtasacha ag teacht ar chomhaontú maidir leis na saincheisteanna seo. Ag deireadh mhí Lúnasa, chomhairliúigh Meciar leis an Uachtarán Kovac (a gcéad chruinniú i níos mó ná bliain) maidir le hathruithe beartaithe sa chaibinéid. Ghlac Kovac leis na tograí agus ceapadh triúr aire nua. Tháinig Pavol Hamzik in ionad an Aire Gnóthaí Eachtracha Juraj Schenk; tháinig Karol Cesnek in ionad an Aire Eacnamaíochta Jan Ducky; agus tháinig Gustav Krajci in ionad an Aire Inmheánacha Ludovit Hudek. I mí Dheireadh Fómhair, shínigh trí fhreasúra comhaontú maidir le comhar, ach níor bhunaigh siad comhrialtas foirmiúil.\nI gcúrsaí eachtracha, rinneadh saincheisteanna a bhaineann le hsuimint go réidh agus tá seasamh idirnáisiúnta comhionann ag an tSlóvaic le Poblacht na Seice. Mar sin féin, is cosúil gur chuir teannas polaitiúil intíre tarlú ar a seansanna dul isteach i mórinstitiúidí an Iarthair. Tar éis Meciar a bheith ar ais sa chumhacht i mí na Nollag 1994, chuir oifigigh rialtais béim ar leanúnachas i gcuspóirí beartais eachtracha na Slóvaice. Bhí roinnt breathnóirí ag súil, áfach, nach bhféadfadh an rialtas faoi stiúir HzDS dul isteach i NATO agus san AE go díograiseach, go príomha mar gheall ar a chomhpháirtithe comhrialtasa. Chuir an tSlóvaic iarratas ar bhallraíocht san AE i gcruinniú mullaigh Cannes i mí an Mheithimh 1995. Tá dhá dhí-imreadh déanta ag an Aontas Eorpach ina léirítear imní faoi na coinbhleachtaí polaitiúla sa tSlóvaic. Thug an AE rabhadh go bhféadfadh céimeanna an rialtais chun an tUachtarán Kovac a bhaint de daonlathas a chur i mbaol, agus go bhféadfadh iarmhairtí a bheith ag gníomhartha an rialtais ar mhianta na Slóvaice a bheith páirteach san Aontas Eorpach. Ar an gcaoi chéanna, d'eisigh na Stáit Aontaithe agus Parlaimint na hEorpa ráitis chríocha maidir le forbairtí polaitiúla sa tSlóvaic. Tá ceannairí rialtais na Slóvaice tar éis an cáineadh idirnáisiúnta a dhiúltú. I mí an Mheithimh-Iúil 1996, d'fhógair líon mór oifigeach Thiar a thug cuairt ar an tSlóvaic imní faoina bhforbairt dhaonlathach sa tSlóvaic agus a d'fhéadfadh a bheith aige ar ionchas na Slóvaice a bheith páirteach in institiúidí Thiar amhail NATO.\nÓs rud é go bhfuil neamhspleáchas, tá an tSlóvaic chaomhnaithe caidreamh fadhbanna leis an Ungáir chomharsa. Tá príomhcheisteanna a chuireann bac ar ghnáthú iomlán na gcaidrimh dírithe ar mhionlach suntasach eitneach na hUngáire sa tSlóvaic, agus an díospóid ar dhraim hidrealaíoch Gabcikovo-Nagymaros, tionscadal comhpháirteach a tháinig ó ré na gComhpháirtíochta. Tá an díospóid seo deireanach curtha faoi bhráid Chúirt Bhreithiúnais Idirnáisiúnta, agus déanfar athbhreithniú air go luath i 1997. Ag cur béime ar iarrachtaí frithpháirteacha maidir le haontú, thug Príomh-Aire na hUngáire, Gyula Horn cuairt ar an tSlóvaic ar 5 Lúnasa, 1994, agus shínigh sé trí chomhaontú déthaobhach beag chun freastal mar bhunús do chonradh déthaobhach níos leithne idir an tSlóvaic agus an Ungáir. Shínigh Meciar agus Horn conradh deiridh ar an 19 Márta, 1995, ar an oíche roimh chomhdháil Chomhaontú Cobhsaíochta Pháras. Bhí tagairt sa chonradh do mholadh ón gComhairle na hEorpa a leagann amach cearta comhchoiteanna áirithe mionlaigh, lena n-áirítear eagraíochtaí uathrialacha a bhunú. D'athraigh an tSlóvaic agus an Ungáir doiciméid daingniúcháin, gan na hIarscríbhinní léirmhínithe, i mBhuidepest an 6 Bealtaine 1996. D'éirigh le hoifigigh na Slóvaice agóid a dhéanamh go láidir i gcoinne na conclúidí a fuarthas ag comhdháil pháirtithe eitneach na hUngáire i Budapest i mí Iúil 1996 mar \"chéim ar ais\" i gcaidreamh déthaobhach leis an Ungáir (féach an chuid faoi an Ungáir, thíos).\nStáit Aontaithe Mheiriceá Chuir na riaracháin béim ar leanúnachas dea-chaidrimh le stáit a lean ar aghaidh Phoblacht Chónaidhme na Seice agus na Slóvaice tar éis an scoilt. Tá na Stáit Aontaithe tar éis breis agus $140 milliún a oibleagáid i gcabhair ar an Acht SEED go dtí Meán Fómhair 1995. Chuir an tSlóvaic fáilte roimh thionscnamh Comhpháirtíocht na NATO ar son na Síochána, agus shínigh sí an doiciméad réime PFP an 9 Feabhra, 1994. Tar éis toghcháin Mheán Fómhair-Deireadh Fómhair 1994, chuir urlabhraí na Roinne Stáit in iúl go raibh na Stáit Aontaithe sásta leis an bpróiseas daonlathach sa tSlóvaic mar a léiríodh sa líon mór vótálaithe i dtoghcháin shaor agus cóir, agus mhol sé pleananna na bpáirtithe móra chun lán-aontacht a lorg le hinstitiúidí an Iarthair.\nI mí an Mhárta 1995, tuairiscíodh sna meáin shlóvacha ar litir ó Uachtarán Clinton chuig Meciar, ina raibh sé ag moladh iarrachtaí na Slóvache agus na hUngáire conradh déthaobhach a thabhairt i gcrích a bheadh chun tairbhe don chobhsaíocht réigiúnach agus don todhchaí na lánpháirtíochta Eorpaigh. I mí Lúnasa, bhuail an tUachtarán Kovac, ar chuairt neamhoifigiúil sna Stáit Aontaithe, le Leas-Uachtarán Gore agus le hoifigigh eile sna Stáit Aontaithe. D'aithin sé do raidió na Slóvaice go raibh imní ag oifigigh na Stát Aontaithe nach bhfuil an tSlóvaice ag coinneáil luas le hathchóirithe daonlatha. I mí Mheán Fómhair, chuir an tAire Cosanta Perry béim ar \"tábhacht éagsúlacht tuairimí i sochaí dhaonlathach\" le linn dó cuairt a thabhairt ar an tSlóvaic. I mí Dheireadh Fómhair, lean ambasáid na Stát Aontaithe i Bratislava an AE agus a thug faoi deara imní faoi fhorbairtí polaitiúla sa tSlóvaic. Deirtear go luaitear sa nóta de chuid na Stát Aontaithe go raibh an tUachtarán Clinton \"anxious\" faoin gcongháirt idir rialtas na Slóvaice agus an tUachtarán. Thug tuarascáil 1995 ón Roinn Stáit ar chleachtais chearta an duine \"treochtaí suaiteacha ar shiúl ó phrionsabail dhaonlathach\". Go luath i mí Aibreáin 1996, chuir na Stáit Aontaithe agus an tAontas Eorpach imní in iúl faoi theorainneacha ar shaoirsí atá i ndlí na Slóvaice a ritheadh le déanaí maidir le cosaint na poblachta. I Bratislava i mí Iúil 1996, chuir an Chéad Bhean Hillary Clinton agus an t-ionadaí de chuid na Náisiún Aontaithe Madeleine Albright béim ar an bhfírinne go raibh daonlathas fíor ina phríomhchoinníoll chun a bheith ina bhall de NATO.\nTharla athrú na hUngáire go daonlathas eacnamaíoch margaidh de réir a chéile ach go córais ag deireadh na 1980idí. I 1989, d'fhormheas Tionól Náisiúnta na hUngáire athruithe móra bunreachtúla agus sceidealaigh sé toghcháin ilpháirtíochta go luath i 1990. Fuair athchóiritheoirí laistigh den Pháirtí Cumannach ardú céime, agus bhog siad an rialtas i dtreo athchóirithe eacnamaíocha daonlathach agus margaidh. Tionóladh na chéad toghcháin shaorúla san Ungáir i mí an Mhárta-Aibreán 1990. Bhuaigh an Fóram Daonlathach Ungáir (MDF) lár-deas 43% den vóta, agus chríochnaigh an tAontas Liberalach na nDaonlathach Saor an dara háit le 24%. Bhí an Pháirtí Sóisialach go dona defeated cé go raibh comóidiúnaithe athchóirithe aonair in ann suíocháin a bhuachan. Rinne an Fóram Daonlathach rialtas comhrialtasach leis an bPáirtí Neamhspleách na dTíortha Beag agus leis an bPáirtí Daonlathach Críostaí, a bhuaigh 11.4% agus 5.4% den vóta, faoi seach. Tháinig Joszef Antall, ceannaire Fóram Daonlathach na hUngáire, ina Phríomh-Aire.\nLe linn na mblianta tosaigh den aistriú, measadh go forleathan ar an Ungáir mar oileán cobhsaíochta i gcomparáid leis an drisc pholaitiúil a bhí le feiceáil sa Pholainn agus sa tSeiceaslóvaic i 1990- 1992. Ó 1990, is é an Ungáir an t-infheistíocht eachtrach is mó a mheall sa réigiún. Sa bhliain roimh thoghcháin 1994, tháinig deireadh le fadú an rialtas Antall agus bhí an MDF ag fulaingt ó dheighiltí inmheánacha, go háirithe óna sciath dheas, agus ó popularity ag titim. Bhí sé cosúil go raibh bás Antall ó ailse i mí na Nollag 1993 mar shiombail ar dheireadh ceannaireacht MDF, cé gur éirigh le ceannaire MDF Peter Boross go réidh le Antall mar Phríomh-Aire. Idir an dá linn, bhí an Páirtí Sóisialach na hUngáire san fhreasúra ag éirí níos fearr sna suirbhéanna tuairimíochta, ag dul thar an bpáirtí san fhreasúra Young Democratic (FIDESZ) a bhí tóir air le fada go luath i 1994. Deimhníodh leis an dara toghchán san Ungáir a tionóladh an 8 agus an 29 Bealtaine 1994 an treocht san Oirthear Mheán-Eorpa go raibh páirtithe chlé ag teacht ar ais chun cumhachta i dtoghcháin dhaonlatha. Bhuaigh Páirtí Sóisialach na hUngáire 54% de na suíocháin sa pharlaimint. Tháinig an Fóram Daonlathach sa tríú háit le níos lú ná 10% de na vótaí. Cé go raibh na Sóisialaithe in ann riaradh ina n-aonar, d'oibrigh siad amach comhaontú comhrialtasa leis an gComhghuaillíocht Libéarach na nDaonlathach Saor (a bhuaigh 18%), ar an 24 Meitheamh, 1994, agus d'oibrigh siad amach comhaontú freisin ar bheartas eacnamaíoch, ag cur béime ar infheistíocht agus ar shábháil. Tháinig Gyula Horn den Pháirtí Sóisialach mar phríomh-aire. An tUachtarán Arpad Goncz, neamh-chomhlánaithe, a atoghadh ag an bparlaimint le haghaidh dara téarma cúig bliana ar an 19 Meitheamh, 1995, le vóta mór.\nBhí an-sprioc sa chomhrialtas le feiceáil ag deireadh 1994-luath 1995 mar gheall ar dhifríochtaí maidir le beartas eacnamaíoch agus príobháidithe. Ar 12 Márta, 1995, d'fhógair rialtas Horn athchóirithe eacnamaíocha móra a ceapadh chun an geilleagar a chobhsú agus fiach eachtrach agus easnamh buiséadach na tíre a laghdú. Devalueáil géar airgeadra, dleachtanna ar allmhairí, rialuithe pá i dtionscail faoi úinéireacht an stáit, agus gearradh ar chláir leasa shóisialaigh. Tá an-díograis ag na bearta cothaitheachta i measc an daonra Ungáir agus tá siad tar éis cur le mallú sa fhás eacnamaíoch. Ag an am céanna, chuir na bearta cobhsaíochta le muinín idirnáisiúnta a athbhunú i dtaca le tiomantas rialtas na Horne le haghaidh athchóirithe eacnamaíochta.\nI mí Eanáir 1996, d'fhógair an tAire Airgeadais Bokros plean géarshlánaithe nua a bhí dírithe ar an gcóras leasa phoiblí. Ar 18 Feabhra, áfach, chuir Bokros a éirí as oifig ar 18 Feabhra tar éis dó a thogra cánach a ghearradh ar árachas sóisialta a bheith ag teip ar cheadú an tsaincheap. D'fhág éirí as Bokros go raibh sé ina bhagairt go gcuirfí deireadh le comhaontú stand-by leis an IMF agus le hiontráil na hUngáire san OECD. Ar 26 Feabhra, ainmníodh Peter Medgyessy chun Bokros a athsholáthar mar Aire Airgeadais agus gheall sé leanúint ar aghaidh le clár cobhsaíochta a réamhtheachtaí. Tar éis do pharlaimint bhuiséad slándála sóisialta a rith a bhí dírithe ar an easnamh a laghdú, cheadaigh an Ciste Airgeadaíochta Airgeadaíochta iasacht $ 387 milliún don Ungáir i lár mhí an Mhárta. Tugadh cuireadh go foirmiúil don Ungáir a bheith ina bhall den OECD an 29 Márta. I mí Dheireadh Fómhair, d'fhág an Príomh-Aire Horn an bord príobháidí stáit agus na aireanna príobháidí agus trádála / tionscail i measc cúisí éilliú. Ina dhiaidh sin, chuir an tAire Sochair a éirí as oifig. Tá an athshruthú rialtas is déanaí ag spreagadh difríochtaí níos mó laistigh den chomhrialtas, agus na Daonlathaithe Saor ag athdhéanamh bagairtí níos luaithe chun an comhrialtas a fhágáil.\nGo luath i mí Mheán Fómhair, chuir 85 feisire tús le seisiún speisialta den pharlaimint chun an dréacht-chonradh Ungáir-Rúmanach a phlé. Cháin páirtithe san fhreasúra an dréacht as nach ndéanann sé cearta comhchoiteanna na hUngáireacha eitneacha sa Rómáin a chosaint sa mhéid céanna le conarthaí den chineál céanna leis an Úcráin agus leis an tSlóvaic. Chosain oifigigh rialtais na cosaintí a bhí san áireamh sa chonradh mar \"comhréitíocht inghlactha\". Ina theannta sin, dúirt an tAire Gnóthaí Eachtracha Kovacs gur \"mhodh riachtanach é an bun-chomhaontú leis an Rómáin chun\" na caidrimh leis an Rómáin a fheabhsú (féach thíos).\nÓ 1989 i leith, tá an Ungáir ag iarraidh a bheith níos dlúithe le hinstitiúidí na hEorpa Thiar. Ó tháinig sé chun cumhachta i 1994, tá an rialtas Horn ag cur béime ar leanúnachas prionsabail agus chuspóirí ginearálta bheartas eachtrach na hUngáire, go háirithe comhtháthú an iarthair, comhar réigiúnach, agus dea-chaidreamh le tíortha comharsanacha. Shínigh an Ungáir ar Chomhpháirtíocht na NATO le haghaidh Síochána an 8 Feabhra, 1994, agus cheadaigh sé clár comhpháirtíochta aonair an 15 Samhain. Chuir rialtas Horn béim ar thacaíocht do iarrachtaí tíortha eile a bheith páirteach san NATO freisin. I mí na Nollag 1995, cheadaigh parlaimint na hUngáire bonn míleata na SA a oscailt i Taszar, i ndeisceart na hUngáire, le haghaidh oibríocht Fhoras Feidhmiúcháin (IFOR) NATO sa Bhoisnia. Ina theannta sin, tá bataillín Ungáirigh 415-chumhachtach tar éis freastal ar an earnáil faoi stiúir na Breataine sa Bhoisnia.\nIs prionsabal mór i gcaidreamh réigiúnach na hUngáire é cóireáil mhionlaigh eitneach na hUngáire i stáit chomharsanacha (thart ar 3.5 milliún). Bhí amhras ar rialtais chomharsanacha maidir le béim a chur ag rialtas Antall ar chearta na hUngáireacha eitneach thar lear, a bhí eagla orthu go bhféadfadh éilimh na hUngáireacha eitneach ar uathriail áitiúil dlisteanacht a rialtais a chur faoi dhroch-bhonn agus go bhféadfadh siad scaradh a spreagadh fiú. Tháinig rialtas Horn i seilbh oifige i lár 1994 ag cur béime ar an ngá le \"réitigh stairiúil\" le stáit chomharsanacha. Chinn an Ungáir agus an tSlóvaic comhaontú déthaobhach díreach roimh chomhdháil Chomhaontú Cobhsaíochta Pháras an 20 Márta 1995. Ráthaigh parlaimint na hUngáire an conradh le tromlach mór an 13 Meitheamh. Rinneadh malartú ar dhoiciméid daingniúcháin i mBuidpeist an 15 Bealtaine 1996. I mí na Samhna 1995, tar éis brú a chur ar an Uachtarán Rómhánach Ion Iliescu, d'oscail oifigigh Ungáir agus Rómhánacha cainteanna conartha, a bhí ar stailc thar fhorálacha maidir le cearta mionlaigh. Bhí dlí nua oideachais na Rómáine, a raibh páirtithe Ungáireacha sa Rómáin i gcoinne, ina phointe sticking sna caibidlíochtaí, agus d'éirigh leis an dul chun cinn. I lár mhí Lúnasa, d'fhógair oifigigh na hUngáire agus na Rómáine gur tháinig an caibidlíocht ar an gconradh déthaobhach chun críche go rathúil. Áirítear ar an dréacht-chonradh nóta thíos a eisiamh an léirmhíniú ar chearta comhchoiteanna agus an chur chun cinn ar uathriail chríochach atá bunaithe ar eitneachas ó mholadh Chomhairle na hEorpa maidir le cearta mionlaigh, atá san áireamh sa chonradh. Tá páirtithe freasúra na hUngáire agus grúpaí eitneacha na hUngáire sa Rómáin tar éis an dréacht-chomhaontú a shárú mar rud a dhéanfaidh dochar do leasanna na hUngáireacha eitneacha sa Rómáin. D'fhógair an tUachtarán Horn, áfach, go bhfuil an dréacht mar tháscaire tábhachtach ar intinn na hUngáire caidreamh déthaobhach a fheabhsú agus dul chun cinn a dhéanamh i gcomhtháthú le struchtúir Euro-Atlantach. Síníodh an conradh i Timisoara, an Rómáin, an 16 Meán Fómhair.\nI mí Iúil 1996, d'óstáil an Ungáir comhdháil le hionadaithe eitneacha Ungáire ó thíortha comharsanacha. Chuir an cumarsáid deiridh chun cinn \"cruthú féin-rialtasa agus uathrialachais\" chun féiniúlacht na hUngáire a chaomhnú. Mar fhreagra ar cháineadh chrua ó oifigigh na Slóvaice, sheas rialtas na hUngáire leis an ráiteas, a deir siad nár cheart a léiriú mar ghlao ar uathriail chríochach atá bunaithe ar eitneachas.\nD'fheabhsaigh caidreamh na Stát Aontaithe leis an Ungáir go comhsheasmhach sna 1980idí. Chuir Riarachán Bush clár cuidiú forleathan na Stát Aontaithe ar bun don Ungáir i mí Iúil 1989 a leag béim ar fhorbairt na hearnála príobháideach agus ar chur chun cinn trádála agus infheistíochta. Bunaíodh Ciste Fiontair na hUngáire-Mheiriceánach i 1990. Tá an Ungáir incháilithe le haghaidh sochair SPG agus OPIC, agus ó Aibreán 1992 tá stádas trádála MFN gan choinníoll faighte aige. Fuair an Ungáir cúnamh eacnamaíoch suntasach faoin Acht SEED, ar fiú os cionn $217 milliún é go dtí Meán Fómhair 1995. Tá na leibhéil is airde infheistíochta eachtraí sna Stáit Aontaithe san Ungáir.\nShínigh an Ungáir ar chlár Comhpháirtíocht don Síocháin de chuid NATO an 8 Eanáir, 1994. Thug an Príomh-Aire Gyula Horn cuairt ar Washington i Meitheamh 1995. I mí Mheán Fómhair 1995, thug an tAire Cosanta Perry, ar chuairt dhá lá go dtí an Ungáir, faoi deara go raibh an Ungáir ag comhlíonadh na gcritéar bunúsacha le haghaidh ballraíochta sa NATO sa todhchaí. I mí na Nollag 1995, d'oscail an NATO bonn aeir i Taszar, i ndeisceart na hUngáire, do thrópaí IFOR a bhí ag dul go dtí an Bhoisnia. Bhuail an tUachtarán Clinton le ceannairí na hUngáire le linn a chuairte ar thrúpaí na SA ar a mbealach go dtí an Bhoisnia i mí Eanáir 1996. Thug an Chéad-Bhinse Hillary Clinton cuairt ar Bhúdapest i mí Iúil 1996 agus thug sí moladh do cheannaireacht na hUngáire \"ag athchóirithe daonlathais agus eacnamaíocha a thabhairt go lár na hEorpa\". Mhol an Roinn Stáit go raibh conradh na hUngáire agus na Rómáine sínithe i Meán Fómhair 1996 agus d'iarr sé \"roinn shuntasach\" agus \"a bhí ag teacht le cuspóirí leathnú NATO\"."} {"text": "Tygerberg Hospital celebrated World Read Aloud Day on Wednesday February 24 to raise awareness about the benefits of reading aloud to children.\nMedical staff and parents of little patients were encouraged to read to children on the day.\nLinking literacy and health offered a chance for early intervention and empowerment of parents, said Dr Miemie du Preez, senior pediatric consultant at Tygerberg Hospital.\nShe said apart from nurturing a love for books, reading aloud helped parents and children to interact, develop a connection and have fun.\n“Shared reading in the hospital keeps boredom at bay and creates an escape from suffering and illness. It nurtures imagination. I look forward to a future where parents at Tygerberg Hospital are told about the joy, fun and art of reading to their babies and children in their native language,” said Dr Du Preez.\nEach child admitted to Tygerberg on the day received reading material, and doctors and nurses read aloud from 12.30pm.\n“Research has shown shared reading before 18 months of age is one of the best predictors of a child’s academic success. What makes this intervention so novel is that studies have shown that the most disadvantaged children show the most gain in cognitive development and increased vocabulary, if read to regularly.\n“Regular shared reading can positively change the structure of the developing brain,” said Dr Du Preez.\nBut she said shared reading was not possible if parents did not have access to books.\n“We believe books are as important to our children’s future as breastmilk, immunisations and access to healthcare. We cannot do without them. I encourage every parent to use today as an opportunity to ignite a love for reading in their children,” said Dr Du Preez.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-04", "url": "https://www.northernnews.co.za/news/tygerberg-hospital-promotes-reading-5007766", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547583681597.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20190119201117-20190119223117-00329.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.964389205, "token_count": 371, "score": 2.953125, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Ceiliúradh in Ospidéal Tygerberg Lá Domhanda Léitheoireachta ar an 24 Feabhra chun feasacht a ardú faoi na buntáistí a bhaineann le léamh ar ard do leanaí.\nSpreagadh foirne leighis agus tuismitheoirí na n-othair bheaga chun léamh do leanaí an lá.\nD'fhógair an Dr Miemie du Preez, comhairleoir sinsearach páistí in Ospidéal Tygerberg, gur deis a bhí ann idirghabháil luath agus cumhachtú na dtuismitheoirí a bhaint amach trí litearthacht agus sláinte a nascadh.\nDúirt sí seachas grá a chothú do leabhair, go raibh léamh ar ardán ag cabhrú le tuismitheoirí agus le páistí idirghníomhú, nasc a fhorbairt agus spraoi a bheith acu.\n Coinníonn léamh roinnte san ospidéal an t-easpa torann ar shiúl agus cruthaíonn sé éalú ó fhulaingt agus ó ghalair. Cuireann sé samhlaíocht ar bun. Táim ag súil go mór le todhchaí ina dtabharfar le tuismitheoirí in Ospidéal Tygerberg eolas faoi na háthas, an spraoi agus an ealaín a bhaineann le léamh a gcuid leanaí agus leanaí ina dteanga dhúchais\", a dúirt an Dr Du Preez.\nFuair gach leanbh a tugadh isteach go Tygerberg an lá sin ábhar léitheoireachta, agus léigh dochtúirí agus altraí go hard ó 12.30pm.\nTá sé léirithe ag taighde go bhfuil léamh comhroinnte roimh 18 mhí d'aois ar cheann de na réamhaithritheoirí is fearr ar rath acadúil leanbh. Is é an rud a dhéanann an idirghabháil seo chomh nua-aimseartha ná go bhfuil sé léirithe ag staidéir go léiríonn na páistí is mó faoi mhíbhuntáiste an t-ardú is mó i bhforbairt chognaíoch agus i bhfocalraic méadaithe, má léitear leo go rialta.\nIs féidir le léamh comhroinnte rialta struchtúr an inchinn atá ag forbairt a athrú go dearfach,a dúirt an Dr Du Preez.\nAch dúirt sí nach raibh léamh comhroinnte indéanta mura raibh rochtain ag tuismitheoirí ar leabhair.\nCreidimid go bhfuil leabhair chomh tábhachtach do thodhchaí ár bpáistí le bainne cíche, imdhíonaíochtaí agus rochtain ar chúram sláinte. Ní féidir linn a dhéanamh gan iad. Molaim do gach tuismitheoir an lá inniu a úsáid mar dheis chun grá a chur lena leanaí don léitheoireacht, a dúirt an Dr Du Preez."} {"text": "What is Artificial Intelligence?\nArtificial Intelligence is a division of computer science that strives to replicate or simulate human intelligence in a machine, so that machines can perform tasks that typically require human intelligence. Some programmable functions of AI systems include planning, learning, reasoning, problem solving, and decision making.\nTypes of Artificial Intelligence (AI)\nLet us now take a deeper look!\nType 1- On the basis of Capabilities\nNarrow or Week AI\nArtificial Narrow Intelligence, also known as ‘week AI’ is one of the most frequently experienced types of AI. It is something that the tech world has accomplished. Every AI machine we see and use today belongs to this field, which operates under constrains. For exemplar, voice recognition AI is used to predict people’s voice based on the dataset it is trained with. Apple Siriis is a perfect example of Narrow AI, but it operates with a limited pre-defined range of functions. The deep learning model comprises the ‘Limited Memory’ type and similar tasks could be a case of ‘Reactive Machines.’ Some Examples of Narrow AI are playing chess, purchasing suggestions on e-commerce site, self-driving cars, speech recognition, and image recognition.\nArtificial General Intelligence, also known as ‘strong AI’ allows a machine to apply knowledge and skills in different contexts. The notion behind the general AI to make such a system which could be smarter and think like a human by its own. This more closely mirrors human intelligence by providing opportunities for autonomous learning and problem-solving.\nArtificial Super Intelligence is more advanced than ‘strong AI’ which could end the human race. It will not only duplicate the multi-faceted intelligence of human beings but will be exceptionally better at everything. The ASI will be designed with better memory, faster data processing and analysis, and decision-making capabilities.\nSome key characteristics of strong AI include capability include the ability to think, to reason, solve the puzzle, make judgments, plan, learn, and communicate by its own.\nType 2- On the basis of Functionalities\nReactive machines are the most basic types of AI systems that perceive the world directly and act on what it sees. The computer is purely reactive, and neither has to form memory nor to use past experience. Such AI systems do not store memories or past experiences for future actions. These machines only concentrate on current scenarios and react on it as per possible best action. Some examples of this include IBM’s Deep Blue system and Google’s AlphaGo\nLimited memory machines are exact copy of reactive machines added with historical data which will help them take decisions. Majority of machines that we use today are limited memory machines, which are powered by datasets. AI systems use deep learning and are trained by large volumes of data that they store in their memory to form a reference model for solving future problems. Self-driving cars are one of the best exemplars of Limited Memory systems. These cars can store recent speed of nearby cars, the distance of other cars, speed limit, and other information to navigate the road.\nTheory of mind\nThe theory of mind machines characterizes an advanced class of technology and exists only as a concept. This kind of AI requires a comprehensive understanding of people’s and thing’s feelings and behavior within an environment. This AI type is a critical technological improvement that sorts people’s emotions, sentiments, and thoughts. Even though many improvements are made to reach this stage of AI, it is not fully completed.\nSelf-aware AI is the exact thing that is portrayed in AI-movies. The essential AI robots that think on their own and destroy humans is the ideology-driven from self-aware AI. Great tech personalities like Elon Musk and Stephen Hawking’s have constantly warned us about the evolution of AI which could reach the self-aware stage. Self-awareness AI is the future of Artificial Intelligence. These machines will be super intelligent, and will have their own consciousness, sentiments, and self-awareness. This concept does not exist in reality yet and is presently a hypothetical concept.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-43", "url": "https://createbytes.com/insights/Understanding-the-7-types-of-Artificial-Intelligence-AI/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323588282.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20211028065732-20211028095732-00380.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9515593052, "token_count": 851, "score": 3.6875, "int_score": 4, "irish_text": "Cad é Fléasanna Artificial?\nIs rannán de eolaíocht ríomhaireachta é Fléasanna Artificial a dhéanann iarracht intleacht an duine a athdhéanamh nó a shamhlú i mheaisín, ionas gur féidir le meaisíní tascanna a dhéanamh a éilíonn intleacht an duine de ghnáth. I measc roinnt feidhmeanna cláraithe de chórais AI tá pleanáil, foghlaim, réasúnaíocht, réiteach fadhbanna, agus cinnteoireacht.\nCineálacha Gléas Artificial (AI)\nDéanaimis breathnú níos doimhne anois!\nCineál 1- Ar bhonn Cumas\nAI Éasca nó Seachtain\nTá an t-Intleacht Éadrom Artificial, ar a dtugtar freisin week AI ar cheann de na cineálacha AI is minice a bhíonn taithí acu. Is rud é a bhfuil an domhan teicneolaíochta bainte amach. Tá gach meaisín AI a fheiceann agus a úsáideann muid inniu ina chuid den réimse seo, a oibríonn faoi shrianta. Mar shampla, úsáidtear AI aitheantais gutha chun guth daoine a thuar bunaithe ar an tacar sonraí a bhfuil oiliúint á dhéanamh air. Is sampla foirfe de AI Éasca é Apple Siriis, ach oibríonn sé le raon teoranta feidhmeanna réamhshainithe. Is éard atá sa mhúnla foghlama domhain ná an cineál Cuimhne teoranta agus d'fhéadfadh tascanna den chineál céanna a bheith i gcás Mheaisíní imoibritheacha. Tá roinnt samplaí de AI Teann ag imirt cló, ag moladh ceannach ar shuíomh ríomhthráchtála, gluaisteáin féin-thiomána, aitheantas cainte, agus aitheantas íomhá.\nLigeann Ghnóthaí Ghnó, ar a dtugtar freisin AI láidir, do mheaisín eolas agus scileanna a chur i bhfeidhm i gcomhthéacsanna éagsúla. An coincheap taobh thiar den AI ginearálta a dhéanamh ar an gcóras den sórt sin a d'fhéadfadh a bheith níos cliste agus smaoineamh cosúil le duine dá chuid féin. Léiríonn sé seo níos dlúithe intleacht an duine trí dheiseanna a sholáthar do fhoghlaim uathrialach agus do réiteach fadhbanna.\nTá Super Intelligence Artificial níos airde ná strong AI a d'fhéadfadh deireadh a chur leis an gcine daonna. Ní hamháin go ndéanfaidh sé an intleacht ilghnéitheach atá ag daoine a dhúbailt ach beidh sé thar a bheith níos fearr i ngach rud. Dearfar an ASI le cuimhne níos fearr, próiseáil agus anailís sonraí níos tapúla, agus cumas cinnteoireachta.\nI measc na príomhthréithe atá ag AI láidir tá an cumas chun smaoineamh, réasún a dhéanamh, an phléas a réiteach, breithiúnas a dhéanamh, pleanáil, foghlaim agus cumarsáid a dhéanamh leis féin.\nCineál 2- Ar bhonn Feidhmiúlachtaí\nIs iad meaisíní imoibritheacha na cineálacha is bunúsaí de chórais AI a fheiceann an domhan go díreach agus a ghníomhaíonn ar a fheiceann sé. Tá an ríomhaire go hiomlán imoibritheach, agus ní gá dó cuimhne a fhoirmiú ná taithí a bhí aige roimhe a úsáid. Ní stórálann córais AI den sórt sin cuimhní nó eispéiris a bhí ann roimhe seo le haghaidh gníomhartha sa todhchaí. Ní dhíolann na meaisíní seo ach ar chásanna reatha agus ní dhéanann siad ach freagairt dóibh de réir an bhearta is fearr is féidir. I measc roinnt samplaí de seo tá córas Deep Blue IBM agus AlphaGo Google\nIs cóip cheart de mheaisíní imoibritheacha iad meaisíní le cuimhne teoranta a chuirtear sonraí stairiúla leo a chabhróidh leo cinntí a dhéanamh. Is meaisíní cuimhne teoranta iad formhór na n-inneall a úsáideann muid inniu, a bhfuil sonraí acu. Baineann córais AI úsáid as foghlaim domhain agus tá siad oiliúnaithe ag méideanna móra sonraí a stórálann siad ina gcuimhne chun samhail tagartha a chruthú chun fadhbanna sa todhchaí a réiteach. Tá gluaisteáin féin-thiomána ar cheann de na samplaí is fearr de chórais Cuimhne teoranta. Is féidir leis na gluaisteáin seo luas reatha na gcarranna in aice láimhe, an fad ó gcarranna eile, an teorainn luas, agus faisnéis eile a stóráil chun an bóthar a nascleanúint.\nTeoiric na meabhair\nTá an teoiric de mheaisíní intinne carachtar aicme ardteicneolaíochta agus níl ann ach mar choincheap. Éilíonn an cineál AI seo tuiscint chuimsitheach ar dhaoine agus ar rudaí mothúcháin agus iompar laistigh d' timpeallacht. Is feabhas teicneolaíoch ríthábhachtach é an cineál AI seo a shocraíonn mothúcháin, mothúcháin agus smaointe daoine. Cé go ndéantar go leor feabhsuithe chun an chéim seo de AI a bhaint amach, níl sé críochnaithe go hiomlán.\nIs é AI féinfhiosach an rud céanna a léirítear i scannáin AI. Is é an róbat AI riachtanach a cheapann ar a gcuid féin agus a scriosann daoine an idé-eolaíocht a thiomáint ó AI féinfhiosach. Bhí daoine mór teicneolaíochta cosúil le Elon Musk agus Stephen Hawking ag rabhadh dúinn i gcónaí faoi éabhlóid AI a d'fhéadfadh céim féinfhiosach a bhaint amach. Is é AI féin-fhiosrúcháin todhchaí na hEalaíne Artificial. Beidh na meaisíní seo super-intleachtúil, agus beidh a n-eolas féin, mothúcháin, agus féin-fhiosrú. Níl an coincheap seo ann i ndáiríre go fóill agus is coincheap hipitéiseach é faoi láthair."} {"text": "- Download PDF\nI need help with a math problem for a group project in my class\nAndrew has been driving toward home at a constant speed. After two hours, he is 100 miles from home. After three and a half hours, he is 25 miles from home.\nHow far from home was Andrew when he started driving?\n1 Answer | Add Yours\nLet x represent the distance between the starting point and home. Since the speed is constant, 2 hours times the speed in miles per hour will result in the miles traveled. Let s = speed. One equation for traveling 2 hours is: 2s=x-100. The distance is x-100 due to Andrew still being 100 miles from home.\nThe other equation for traveling 3.5 hours is: 3.5s=x-25. The distance is x-25 due to Andrew being 25 miles from home after 3.5 miles.\nWith two equations to work with: 2s=x-100 and 3.5s=x-25.\nSolving the first equation for s: s=(x-100)/2 = (x/2) - 50.\nSubstitute x/2 - 50 for s in the second equation:\n3.5(x/2 - 50) = x-25\n1.75x - 175 = x - 25\nSubtract x from both sides: .75x - 175 = -25\nAdd 175 to both sides: .75x = 150\nDivide by .75 on both sides: x = 200\nAndrew was 200 miles from home when he started driving.\nTo find his speed or rate, 2s = 200 - 100\n2s = 100\ns = 50\nAndrew's constant rate is 50 miles per hour.\nWe’ve answered 324,353 questions. We can answer yours, too.Ask a question", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-22", "url": "http://www.enotes.com/homework-help/need-help-with-math-problem-group-project-my-282481", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-22/segments/1464049277313.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20160524002117-00142-ip-10-185-217-139.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9532524347, "token_count": 386, "score": 3.46875, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "- Íoslódáil PDF\nTá mé ag teastáil cabhair le fadhb matamaitice do thionscadal grúpa i mo rang\nBhí Andrew ag tiomáint i dtreo an tí ag luas leanúnach. Tar éis dhá uair an chloig, tá sé 100 míle ó bhaile. Tar éis trí uair an chloig go leith, tá sé 25 míle ó bhaile.\nCén fad a bhí Andrew ó bhaile nuair a thosaigh sé ag tiomáint?\n1 Freagra. Cuir do chuid féin leis\nLig x a léiriú an fad idir an pointe tosaigh agus baile. Ós rud é go bhfuil an luas seasmhach, beidh 2 uair an chloig i míle in aghaidh na huaire mar thoradh ar na míle a thrasnaigh. Lig s = luas. Is é an t-aon chothromán le haghaidh taisteal 2 uair an chloig ná: 2s=x-100. Is é an fad x-100 mar gheall ar Andrew a bheith fós 100 míle ó bhaile.\nIs é an chothromóid eile le haghaidh taisteal 3.5 uair an chloig: 3.5s=x-25. Is é an fad x-25 mar gheall ar Andrew a bheith 25 míle ó bhaile tar éis 3.5 míle.\nLe dhá chothromóid le bheith ag obair leis: 2s=x-100 agus 3.5s=x-25.\nAn chéad chothromóid a réiteach do s: s=(x-100) / 2 = (x / 2) - 50.\nCuir x/2 - 50 in ionad s sa dara chothromóid:\n3.5 (x/2 - 50) = x-25\n1.75x - 175 = x - 25\nSubtract x ó na taobhanna: .75x - 175 = -25\nCuir 175 leis an dá thaobh: .75x = 150\nRoinn ar .75 ar an dá thaobh: x = 200\nBhí Andrew 200 míle ó bhaile nuair a thosaigh sé ag tiomáint.\nChun a luas nó ráta a fháil, 2s = 200 - 100\n2s = 100\ns = 50\nTá ráta rialta Andrew 50 míle san uair.\nD'fhreagair muid 324,353 ceist. Is féidir linn do chuid freagraí a thabhairt freisin."} {"text": "Now we have seen the end of summer, we now have to start thinking about the onset of winter and those long dark nights. Soon it will be that dreaded time of year, which we have to adjust the clocks for the winter.\nDaylight saving time is when the clocks are temporarily advanced so the afternoons have more daylight, and the mornings have less. In the fall the clocks are adjusted back, and this was first done in 1895 after being suggested by George Vernon Hudson. Many countries still practice this today.\nFor people using BlackBerry devices this can be a problem as the device calendar could go out of sync, and this could mess up important dates for meetings and birthdays etc. To fix this owners should install the September 2010 DST update. This will ensure their device is displaying the correct time and date for the current location.\nWas you affected by this update for BlackBerry devices?", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-26", "url": "http://www.product-reviews.net/2010/09/25/daylight-savings-2010-update-for-blackberry-smartphones/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783393997.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154953-00113-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9565492272, "token_count": 181, "score": 2.578125, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Anois go bhfuil deireadh an tsamhraidh againn, ní mór dúinn tosú ag smaoineamh ar thús an gheimhridh agus na hoícheanta fada dorcha sin. Go luath beidh sé go feared am na bliana, a bhfuil muid a chur ar bun na cloigíní don gheimhreadh.\nIs é am sábhála an lae nuair a bhíonn na cloigíní ar aghaidh go sealadach ionas go mbeidh níos mó solais lae i ndiaidh an lae, agus go mbeidh níos lú ag na maidne. Sa titim, déantar na cloganna a choigeartú ar ais, agus rinneadh é seo den chéad uair i 1895 tar éis do George Vernon Hudson é a mholadh. Is minic a dhéantar é seo i dtíortha go leor inniu.\nI gcás daoine a úsáideann feistí BlackBerry d'fhéadfadh sé seo a bheith ina fhadhb mar d'fhéadfadh an féilire feiste dul as sioncróin, agus d'fhéadfadh sé seo dáta tábhachtacha a mess suas le haghaidh cruinnithe agus lá breithe etc. Chun é seo a shocrú ba cheart do úinéirí nuashonrú DST 2010 Mheán Fómhair a shuiteáil. Cinnteoidh sé seo go bhfuil an t-am agus an dáta ceart don áit reatha á thaispeáint ag a bhfeiste.\nAn ndearna an nuashonrú seo le haghaidh feistí BlackBerry difear duit?"} {"text": "To calculate the real gross domestic product, or GDP, per capita, which reflects the total output of the country, the gross domestic product should be divided by the population of the country. GDP can be calculated for any size of population, but it is often used for populations of countries.\nThe GDP is a direct indicator of the economy of a country and of the living standards of that country. It is indicative of the amount of money that people in the country make and the amount of items that the country is exporting. When the economy is in a recession, the GDP of that country will be lower as a result of people working less, needing fewer accommodations and producing fewer goods to be sent out to other areas. When the economy is good, people will spend more money on products, will often purchase more luxury products and industries will produce more products. The production of more products is a direct result of the demand that is set by the people of the country and can be a result of a higher number of citizens employed by the production company. When other countries are suffering from a recession, the GDP of countries that export to those countries can be affected as a result of a lower demand of goods.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-04", "url": "https://www.reference.com/world-view/way-calculate-real-gdp-per-capita-7c06d97b06ca6b76", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547583823140.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20190122013923-20190122035923-00269.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9590577483, "token_count": 239, "score": 4.1875, "int_score": 4, "irish_text": "Chun an táirge inmheánach iomlán, nó OTI, per capita a ríomh, a léiríonn táirgeadh iomlán na tíre, ba cheart an táirge inmheánach iomlán a roinnt ar dhaonra na tíre. Is féidir OTI a ríomh do aon mhéid daonra, ach is minic a úsáidtear é do dhaonra tíortha.\nIs táscaire díreach é OTI ar gheilleagar tíre agus ar chaighdeáin mhaireachtála na tíre sin. Léiríonn sé cé mhéad airgid a dhéanann daoine sa tír agus cé mhéad earraí a n-onnmhairíonn an tír. Nuair a bhíonn an geilleagar i dtimthriall, beidh OTI na tíre sin níos ísle mar thoradh ar dhaoine a oibríonn níos lú, ag teastáil níos lú cóiríochta agus ag táirgeadh níos lú earraí le seoladh amach go ceantair eile. Nuair a bhíonn an geilleagar go maith, caithfidh daoine níos mó airgid ar tháirgí, is minic a cheannaíonn siad níos mó táirgí só agus déanfaidh tionscail níos mó táirgí a tháirgeadh. Is toradh díreach é táirgeadh níos mó táirgí ar an éileamh atá leagtha síos ag muintir na tíre agus d'fhéadfadh sé a bheith mar thoradh ar líon níos mó saoránach a fhostaíonn an chuideachta táirgthe. Nuair a bhíonn géarchéim ag tíortha eile, d'fhéadfadh tionchar a bheith ag an OTI i dtíortha a onnmhairíonn chuig na tíortha sin mar thoradh ar éileamh níos ísle ar earraí."} {"text": "On December 6, the EastWest Institute and the European Parliament hosted the first Global Conference on Preventive Action. The conference was, in large part, focused on a specific question: how can we raise the political will to support conflict prevention?\nCurrently, governments and the United Nations devote a great deal of resources to peacekeeping, but not necessarily to conflict prevention. According to many conference speakers, this gap in spending is the result of a lack of public awareness about the importance of preventive action – and the consequences are dire.\n“In the 1990’s, twice as many wars started around the world as the 1980s, meaning if preventive action was being practiced in this period, it had no effect,” said Andrew Mack, Director of the Human Security Report. Mack concluded that that public spending on and coordination of preventive action has been inadequate, particularly in the United Nations.\nNick Mabey, advisor to former British Prime Minister Tony Blair and keynote speaker, points out that it’s often hard to get people to care about “small wars far away.” For Mabey, the key to achieving stronger preventive action is getting people to care about it – that is, to winning a public battle of ideas, as the environmental movement has largely done with global warming.\n“Advocates of preventive action need to reach out and participate more forcefully and convincingly in mainstream security and foreign policy fora,” said Mabey.\nMabey proposed that, proposed that to help show the value of preventive action, a mechanism for credible, independent risk assessment and monitoring should be established: “If well managed, such a process would provide a critical way of stimulating media and political interest and emerging crises.”\nIn other words, advocates must find a way to show that public that by monitoring elections or sponsoring campaigns for peace early on, money – and lives – can be saved in the long run.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-49", "url": "https://www.eastwest.ngo/idea/building-political-will-preventive-action", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964358705.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20211129104236-20211129134236-00461.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9641412497, "token_count": 396, "score": 2.625, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Ar an 6 Nollaig, d'óstáil Institiúid EastWest agus Parlaimint na hEorpa an chéad Chomhdháil Domhanda ar Gníomh Coscála. Bhí an chomhdháil dírithe go mór ar cheist shonracha: conas is féidir linn an toil pholaitiúil a ardú chun tacú le coinbhleacht a chosc?\nFaoi láthair, tugann rialtais agus na Náisiúin Aontaithe go leor acmhainní do choimeád síochána, ach ní gá go gcuirfí cosc ar choimhlint orthu. De réir go leor cainteoirí comhdhála, is é an bhearna seo i gcaiteachas toradh easpa feasachta an phobail maidir le tábhacht na gníomhaíochta coisctheach agus tá na hiarmhairtí uafásach.\nSa 1990idí, thosaigh dhá oiread cogaí ar fud an domhain ná sa 1980idí, rud a chiallaíonn más rud é go raibh gníomhaíocht choscála á chleachtadh sa tréimhse seo, ní raibh aon éifeacht aici,a dúirt Andrew Mack, Stiúrthóir na Tuarascála um Slándáil Daonna. Tháinig Mack chun na críche go raibh caiteachas poiblí ar ghníomhaíocht chosc agus comhordú neamhleor, go háirithe sna Náisiúin Aontaithe.\nTugann Nick Mabey, comhairleoir le Sean-Phríomh-Aire na Breataine Tony Blair agus príomh-chainteoir, le fios go bhfuil sé deacair go minic daoine a chur ag tabhairt aire do 'chogaí beaga i bhfad i gcéin'.\nCaithfidh lucht a bhfuil ag tacú le gníomh coisctheach dul i dteagmháil agus páirt a ghlacadh níos láidre agus níos cinnte i bhformhór na n-ardchúrsaí slándála agus na mbeartas eachtrach,a dúirt Mabey.\nMhol Mabey, agus mhol sé, go mbeadh sé de chuspóir meicníocht a bhunú le haghaidh measúnú agus faireachán riosca iontaofa, neamhspleách chun cabhrú le luach gníomhaíochta coiscthe a thaispeáint: Má bhainistítear go maith, bheadh próiseas den sórt sin ina bhealach ríthábhachtach chun spéis na meán agus na polaitíochta agus géarchéimeanna atá ag teacht chun cinn a spreagadh.\nIs é sin le rá, ní mór do lucht tacaíochta bealach a aimsiú chun a thaispeáint don phobal sin gur féidir airgead agus beatha a shábháil san fhadtréimhse trí fhéachaint ar thoghcháin nó ag urramú feachtais don tsíocháin go luath."} {"text": "Joardar V, Abrams NF, Hostetler J, Paukstelis PJ, Pakala S, Pakala SB, Zafar N, Abolude OO, Payne G, Andrianopoulos A, Denning DW, Nierman WC\nSequencing of Mitochondrial Genomes of Nine Aspergillus and Penicillium Species Identifies Mobile Introns and Accessory Genes as Main Sources of Genome Size Variability.\nBMC Genomics. 2012 Sep 01; 13: 698.\nThe genera Aspergillus and Penicillium include some of the most beneficial as well as the most harmful fungal species such as the penicillin-producer Penicillium chrysogenum and the human pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus, respectively. Their mitochondrial genomic sequences may hold vital clues into the mechanisms of their evolution, population genetics, and biology, yet only a handful of these genomes have been fully sequenced and annotated.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-26", "url": "http://www.jcvi.org/cms/publications/listing/abstract/article/sequencing-of-mitochondrial-genomes-of-nine-aspergillus-and-penicillium-species-identifies-mobile-in-1/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783408828.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155008-00022-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8375678062, "token_count": 208, "score": 2.5625, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Joardar V, Abrams NF, Hostetler J, Paukstelis PJ, Pakala S, Pakala SB, Zafar N, Abolude OO, Payne G, Andrianopoulos A, Denning DW, Nierman WC\nLéiríonn seicheamh na ngineamhacha mithochondrialacha de naoi speiceas Aspergillus agus Penicillium introns soghluaiste agus géiní gabhálacha mar phríomhfhoinsí éagsúlachta méid an ghineam.\nBMC Ghnóimic. 2012 Sep 01; 13: 698.\nI measc na gcineálacha Aspergillus agus Penicillium tá cuid de na speicis fungais is tairbheach chomh maith leis na speicis fungais is díobhálacha amhail an penicillin-táirgeoir Penicillium chrysogenum agus an pathogen daonna Aspergillus fumigatus, faoi seach. D'fhéadfadh go mbeadh leideanna ríthábhachtacha ag a n-iarsmaí géinimiciúla miotóchondrialacha maidir le meicníochtaí a n-eabhlóid, géineolaíocht daonra, agus bitheolaíocht, ach níl ach dornán de na géinimi seo curtha i riocht go hiomlán agus curtha in iúl."} {"text": "Strabismus is the medical term for misalignment of the eyes. One eye may be directed straight ahead while the other is turned inward (esotropia), outward (exotropia), upward (hypertropia), or downward (hypotropia). The misalignment may always be noticeable, or it may come and go. The misaligned eye may straighten at times and the straight eye may turn. Strabismus can occur in newborn babies, but it is more likely to appear later in infancy or early childhood. It can also occur in older children and adults. If treatment of strabismus is delayed, amblyopia (lazy eye) may develop, leading to loss of vision in the eye that is not being used. Strabismus is caused, or partially caused, by errors of refraction (the way light enters the eye), illness, injury or heredity.\nAn eye that is not straight; squinting one eye in bright sunlight; tilting the head in a specific direction; signs of faulty depth perception such as bumping into things; double vision in adults who have strabismus\nCovering or patching the good eye, eyeglasses, exercises in some cases\nBotulinum Toxin (Botox)", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-09", "url": "https://www.uclahealth.org/Eye/strabismus-misaligned-eyes", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550249508792.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20190223162938-20190223184938-00597.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9087468386, "token_count": 263, "score": 3.921875, "int_score": 4, "irish_text": "Is é Strabismus an téarma leighis le haghaidh mí-ailíneacht na súl. D'fhéadfadh go mbeadh súil amháin dírithe go díreach ar aghaidh agus an ceann eile i dtreo istigh (esotropia), amach (exotropia), suas (hypertropia), nó síos (hypotropia). D'fhéadfadh an mí-ailéirge a bheith le feiceáil i gcónaí, nó d'fhéadfadh sé teacht agus imeacht. D'fhéadfadh an tsúil mhí-ailíniú a dhíreadh uaireanta agus d'fhéadfadh an tsúil dhíreach a thiontú. Is féidir le strabismus tarlú i leanaí nuabheirthe, ach is dóichí go nochtfaidh sé níos déanaí i mblianta nó go luath sa pháiste. Is féidir é a bheith i leanaí níos sine agus in aosaigh freisin. Má dhéantar cóireáil strabismus a mhoilliú, d'fhéadfadh amblyopia (súil leisce) a fhorbairt, rud a fhágann go gcailltear an radharc san tsúil nach bhfuil á úsáid. Tá strabismus mar thoradh, nó go páirteach mar thoradh, ar earráidí athshruthaithe (an bealach a théann an solas isteach sa tsúil), galar, díobháil nó oidhreacht.\nSúil nach bhfuil díreach; súile a shíníonn ar shúil amháin i solas geal na gréine; an ceann a dhíscaoileadh i dtreo ar leith; comharthaí de mheabhrúchán domhain earráideach amhail bualadh i rudaí; fís dhúbailte i ndaoine fásta a bhfuil strabismus orthu\nAg clúdach nó ag plódaíocht an tsúil shláintiúil, spéaclaí, cleachtaí i gcásanna áirithe\nTocsain Botulinum (Botox)"} {"text": "Comparing Akan vs Hindi countries gives you idea about number of countries that speak Akan and Hindi languages.\nSo we find that, total number of countries where Akan is official language is 2 whereas total number of countries where Hindi is official language is 2\nFind if Akan and Hindi are Most Spoken Languages. Comparison of Akan and Hindi speaking countries will give you the presence of Akan and Hindi languages in different countries. Along with Akan vs Hindi countries, you can also compare Akan vs Hindi.\nIn Akan and Hindi speaking countries you will get the countries which have Akan and Hindi as minority language. The language which is spoken by minority of population in the country is called as minority language.\nIf you want to compare Akan and Hindi dialects, then you can go to Akan vs Hindi Dialects. Some of the official languages are also considered as minority languages.\nAkan and Hindi speaking countries provide you Akan and Hindi regulators which are the official organizations that regulate them. Akan Orthography Committee regulates Akan language.Hindi is regulated by Central Hindi Directorate. Also get to learn, Akan and Hindi Language History.\nThinking about Akan and Hindi continents in which Akan and Hindi speaking countries are present. Check out more information on Akan and Hindi. Most of the Akan speaking countries lie in Africa. While Hindi speaking countries lie in Asia, Oceania. Continentwise, most of the languages belong to Asian Languages and African Languages. It's always fun to know about interesting facts of any language, so lets discuss about unknown facts of Akan and Hindi languages:\nAkan Interesting Facts:\nHindi Interesting Facts:\nThe Akan language was derived from Not Available and is similar to Not Available whereas Akan language is similar to Urdu and derived from Sanskrit Language.\n© 2015-2021. A softUsvista venture!", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-49", "url": "https://www.languagecomparison.com/en/akan-and-hindi-speaking-countries/comparison-100-14-3", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964363405.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20211207170825-20211207200825-00262.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9292708039, "token_count": 391, "score": 2.671875, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Ag comparáid Akan vs Hindi tíortha tugann tú smaoineamh faoi líon na dtíortha a labhraíonn Akan agus teangacha Hindi.\nMar sin, faighimid go bhfuil, líon iomlán na dtíortha ina bhfuil Akan teanga oifigiúil 2 cé go bhfuil líon iomlán na dtíortha ina bhfuil Hindi teanga oifigiúil 2\nFaigh amach an bhfuil an chuid is mó de na teangacha a labhraítear i Akan agus Hindi. Tabharfaidh comparáid idir tíortha a labhraíonn Akan agus Hindi duit láithreacht na dteangacha Akan agus Hindi i dtíortha éagsúla. Chomh maith le tíortha Akan vs Hindi, is féidir leat Akan vs Hindi a chur i gcomparáid freisin.\nI dtíortha a labhraíonn Akan agus Hindi gheobhaidh tú na tíortha a bhfuil Akan agus Hindi mar theanga mionlaigh acu. Tugtar teanga mhionlaigh ar an teanga a labhraíonn mionlach an daonra sa tír.\nMás mian leat a chur i gcomparáid Akan agus Hindi dialachtaí, ansin is féidir leat dul go Akan vs Hindi Dialects. Meastar go bhfuil cuid de na teangacha oifigiúla mar theangacha mionlaigh freisin.\nTugann tíortha a labhraíonn Akan agus Hindi rialálaithe Akan agus Hindi duit is iad sin na heagraíochtaí oifigiúla a rialaíonn iad. Rialaíonn Coiste Orthography Akan teanga Akan. Rialaíonn Stiúrthóireacht Lár Hindi Hindi Hindi. Foghlaim freisin, Stair na dTeangacha Akan agus Hindi.\nAg smaoineamh ar mhór-roinn Akan agus Hindi ina bhfuil tíortha Akan agus Hindi ag labhairt i láthair. Féach tuilleadh eolais ar Akan agus Hindi. Tá an chuid is mó de na tíortha ina labhraítear Akan i bhFrainc. Cé go bhfuil tíortha ina labhraítear an Hindis san Áise, san Aigéan. De réir an mhór-roinn, baineann an chuid is mó de na teangacha le Teangacha na hÁise agus Teangacha na hAfraice. Is spraoi i gcónaí eolas a fháil ar fhíricí suimiúla d'aon teanga, mar sin déanaimis plé ar fhíricí anaithnid faoi theangacha Akan agus Hindi:\nFíricí Suimiúla Akan:\nFíricí Suimiúla:\nBa é an teanga Akan a tháinig ó Not Available agus tá sé cosúil le Not Available ach tá teanga Akan cosúil le Urdu agus a tháinig ó Theanga Sanscrait.\n© 2015-2021. Fiontar softUsvista!"} {"text": "Glasses for Infants and Children\nGlasses are prescribed for children to improve vision as well as to prevent and treat Amblyopia. They may also be prescribed to help correct or reduce the size of a strabismus\nTesting your child for glasses\nYour baby’s eyes can be tested even before he or she is able to give a verbal response. By dilating your baby’s pupil, the ophthalmologist can look at the retina using an instrument called a retinoscope. Lenses of varying power are then placed in front of the eye in order to assess the correct strength required.\nChoosing glasses for your child\nBuying glasses for your child is an important purchase. Glasses need to fit well on your child’s face so time must be taken to carefully select the most appropriate pair. Choose an optical dispensing shop that has a good selection of children’s frames and takes the time to help you with your selection. The optician should help advise you on the frames that best suit your child’s prescription, age and facial features. Because most children have relatively flat nasal bridges, glasses can easily slide down a child’s nose, so special attention is required when fitting the frames to prevent this. It is also important to consider that most children will bend and damage their frames on more than one occasion. Therefore, you need to make sure that the frame selected can withstand this type of handling.\nManagement of eye problems in children is often dependent on the glasses being worn correctly. Glasses shouldn’t slip down the nose or allow peeping over the top. Glasses that fit well enable your child to look through the centre of the lenses at all times and this assists the visual development. Good care of the glasses is important to prevent them from being scratched or bent out of shape. As such, glasses should be kept in a solid case when not being worn.\nWhat to expect when glasses are worn for the first time\nTolerance of glasses can be dependent on the age at which they are first introduced. Children should be encouraged to wear their glasses as much as possible. Sometimes you may need to gradually build up the wearing time. Most children who need glasses adapt to wearing them quite well. Don’t get into a tug of war with your child. Try and distract him or her after you put the glasses on. If you child removes them put them back on. If it happens again put the glasses aside and try again later.\nIf you have any concern regarding the newly prescribed glasses, then you should contact us as soon as possible to make an earlier review appointment. We will routinely check the glasses prescription every 12 months to ensure that they are the correct strength.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-49", "url": "https://www.hawthorneyeclinic.com.au/glasses-for-infants-children", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964358673.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20211128224316-20211129014316-00607.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9513502717, "token_count": 558, "score": 2.859375, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Glasraí do Naíonáin agus do Leanaí\nTá spéaclaí forordaithe do leanaí chun fís a fheabhsú chomh maith le Amblyopia a chosc agus a chóireáil. D'fhéadfadh go gcuirfí iad i bhfeidhm freisin chun cabhrú le strabismus a cheartú nó a laghdú\nAg tástáil do pháiste le haghaidh spéaclaí\nIs féidir súile do pháiste a thástáil fiú sula mbeidh sé nó sí in ann freagra béil a thabhairt. Trí pupil do leanbh a leathnú, is féidir leis an octalmólóg breathnú ar an retina ag baint úsáide as ionstraim ar a dtugtar retinoscope. Cuirtear lionsaí de chumhacht éagsúil os comhair an tsúil chun an neart ceart is gá a mheas.\nGlainneacha a roghnú do do pháiste\nIs ceannach tábhachtach é gloine a cheannach do do leanbh. Ní mór do shúile a bheith oiriúnach go maith ar aghaidh do pháiste agus mar sin ní mór am a thógáil chun an péire is oiriúnaí a roghnú go cúramach. Roghnaigh siopa dáileoireachta optúla a bhfuil rogha maith frámaí leanaí aige agus a thógann an t-am chun cabhrú leat le do rogha. Ba cheart don optóir cabhrú leat comhairle a fháil maidir leis na frámaí is fearr a oireann do oideas, d'aois agus do ghnéithe aghaidhe do pháiste. Toisc go bhfuil droichead na srón réasúnta cothrom ag formhór na leanaí, is féidir le spéaclaí sleamhnú go héasca síos srón an linbh, mar sin tá gá le cúram speisialta nuair a chuirtear na frámaí chun é seo a chosc. Tá sé tábhachtach freisin a mheas go ndéanfaidh an chuid is mó leanaí a gcuid frámaí a chlúdach agus a mhilleadh níos mó ná uair amháin. Dá bhrí sin, ní mór duit a chinntiú go bhfuil an fráma roghnaithe in ann seasamh in aghaidh an chineáil seo de láimhseáil.\nIs minic a bhíonn cóireáil fadhbanna súl i leanaí ag brath ar na spéaclaí a chaitheamh i gceart. Níor cheart go mbeadh gloineanna ag sleamhnú síos an srón nó ag ligean do dhaoine breathnú thar barr. Cuidíonn gloine a oireann go maith le do leanbh féachaint trí lár na lionsaí i gcónaí agus cuireann sé seo le forbairt amhairc. Tá sé tábhachtach cúram maith a thabhairt do na gloine chun iad a chosc ó scratches nó ó bheith bog as cruth. Dá bhrí sin, ba cheart gloine a choinneáil i gcúis daingean nuair nach bhfuil siad á n-úsáid.\nCad atá le súil leis nuair a bhíonn spéaclaí á n-úsáid den chéad uair\nIs féidir go mbeidh toilteanas gloine ag brath ar an aois a chuirtear isteach iad den chéad uair. Ba cheart leanaí a spreagadh chun a gcuid spéaclaí a chaitheamh chomh minic agus is féidir. Uaireanta b'fhéidir go mbeidh ort an t-am a chaitheamh a thógáil suas de réir a chéile. Is féidir le formhór na leanaí a bhfuil spéaclaí ag teastáil uathu iad a chaitheamh go maith. Ná bí ag cur isteach ar chogadh le do leanbh. Déan iarracht a mhealladh nó a mhealladh tar éis duit na spéaclaí a chur air. Má tá tú leanbh a bhaint acu iad a chur ar ais ar. Má tharlaíonn sé arís cuir na gloine ar leataobh agus déan iarracht arís níos déanaí.\nMá tá aon imní ort maidir leis an mbreiseán nua, ba cheart duit teagmháil a dhéanamh linn a luaithe is féidir chun coinneáil níos luaithe. Déanaimid seiceáil ar an oideas gloine gach 12 mhí chun a chinntiú go bhfuil an neart ceart acu."} {"text": "If it is raining, icy, snowing or foggy, conditions on the road will be more dangerous. You need to drive with extra care.\nEffective brakes, tyres, windscreen wipers, lights and steering are even more crucial in wet weather. Check your vehicle regularly to make sure they are all in good condition.\nWet, frosty or icy roads can be very slippery. You need to increase your following distance because it takes longer to stop on a slippery surface. You should increase your following distance by using the four-second rule). Roads are extra slippery just after the rain commences, and will remain so until the rain has washed any oil off the road.\nVisibility (how far you can see) can be seriously reduced by rain, snow or fog. This can increase the risk of a crash. To improve visibility, keep all windows and mirrors clean. Don't let windows fog up – turn on the demister or open a window.\nUnless your vehicle has ABS brakes, don't brake too hard when it is wet. You may go into a dangerous skid. Instead, pump the brakes gently.\nIf your vehicle has ABS brakes, never pump the brakes in an emergency. Keep the pedal pressed down hard and steer out of trouble. Don't become over-confident in your driving just because your vehicle has ABS brakes.\nBe aware of approaching vehicles (especially large trucks) as these can spray water on your windscreen as they pass. Even if it has stopped raining, if the road is still wet, you may need to turn on your windscreen wipers as the truck approaches.\nOn a wet road, driving at the speed limit could be too fast for the conditions. You can lose control very easily in the wet, especially if you have to brake suddenly, so slow down.\nIf you drive with your lamps on full beam in fog, the light will just reflect back on you. Dip your lights – it will be much easier to see.\nDon't just turn your park lights on. They are hard for oncoming drivers to see and do little to improve your vision.\nYou can use front fog lights when driving in fog. These have a wide, low beam and produce either a white or yellow light.\nRear fog lights, which produce a high-intensity red light, should only be used when visibility is very bad. (In normal conditions they can dazzle drivers following you.)\nFog lights should be switched off as driving conditions improve.\nLast updated: 23 February 2015", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-30", "url": "http://www.nzta.govt.nz/resources/roadcode/about-driving/driving-in-bad-weather/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-30/segments/1469258943366.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20160723072903-00094-ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9500523806, "token_count": 517, "score": 2.515625, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Má tá sé ag báisteach, ag siúlóid, ag sneachta nó ag ceapadh, beidh na coinníollacha ar an mbóthar níos contúirteacha. Ní mór duit tiomáint go cúramach.\nTá breacanna, tairbhí, scriosáin ghloine, soilse agus stiúrtha éifeachtacha níos ríthábhachtach i aimsir fliuch. Seiceáil do charr go rialta chun a chinntiú go bhfuil siad go léir i riocht maith.\nIs féidir le bóithre fliuch, frosty nó oighir a bheith an-slipy. Ní mór duit do thréimhse leanúnais a mhéadú toisc go dtógann sé níos mó ama stad a dhéanamh ar dhromchla sleamhnáin. Ba cheart duit do tharrtháil a mhéadú ag baint úsáide as an riail cheithre soicind). Tá na bóithre thar a bheith sleamhnánach díreach tar éis don bháisteach tosú, agus fanfaidh siad mar sin go dtí go mbeidh an bháisteach tar éis aon ola a ní as an mbóthar.\nIs féidir le báisteach, sneachta nó ceata an radharc a laghdú go mór. D'fhéadfadh sé seo an baol a mhéadú go dtiocfadh timpiste. Chun feabhas a chur ar an fhéachtas, coinnigh gach fuinneog agus scáthán glan. Ná lig do ghloine a dhúnadh Cuir an demister ar bun nó oscail fuinneog.\nMura bhfuil brake ABS ag do charr, ná bí ró-dhorta nuair a bhíonn sé fliuch. D'fhéadfadh tú dul isteach i gclúdach contúirteach. Ina áit sin, pump an brake go réidh.\nMá tá briseadh ABS ag do charr, ná pumpáil na briseadh i gcás éigeandála. Coinnigh an péidéal brúite go crua agus stiúir amach as trioblóid. Ná bí ró-chinnte i do thiomána ach toisc go bhfuil brakeanna ABS i do charr.\nBí cúramach le feithiclí atá ag teacht (go háirithe trucailí móra) mar go bhféadfadh siad uisce a chraobhadh ar do ghloine tosaigh agus iad ag dul. Fiú má tá sé stopadh ag báisteach, má tá an bóthar fós fliuch, b'fhéidir go mbeidh ort do wipers windscreen a chasadh nuair a bhíonn an trucail ag teacht.\nAr bhóthar fliuch, d'fhéadfadh sé a bheith ró-tapa an luas a theorannú. Is féidir leat rialú a chailleadh go héasca sa fliuch, go háirithe má tá tú a bhriseadh go tobann, mar sin a laghdú.\nMá thiománaíonn tú le do lámha ar léargas iomlán i néal, ní bheidh an solas ach ag léiriú ar ais ort. Cuir do sholas beidh sé i bhfad níos éasca a fheiceáil.\nNá cas ar do sholas páirce. Tá sé deacair iad a fheiceáil ag tiománaithe atá ag teacht ar aghaidh agus ní dhéanann siad mórán chun do radharc a fheabhsú.\nIs féidir leat solas ceata tosaigh a úsáid nuair a bhíonn tú ag tiomáint i ceata. Tá solas leathan, beag acu agus déanann siad solas bán nó buí a tháirgeadh.\nBa cheart solas ceata cúl, a tháirgeann solas dearg ard-dhlúth, a úsáid ach amháin nuair a bhíonn an-deacair an fhéachtas. (I gnáthchoinníollacha is féidir leo tiománaithe atá ag leanúint ort a shéideadh.)\nBa cheart solas na ceata a mhúchadh de réir mar a fheabhsaíonn coinníollacha tiomána.\nAn t-úrscéal is déanaí: 23 Feabhra 2015"} {"text": "BY JOHN DOGGETT\nIn 1882, Peter McGuire, a labor union leader, proposed the creation of a “Labor Day” holiday to celebrate and honor the American worker. Today, most Americans have no clue about how much things have changed in the past 150 years.\nThat makes me sad. All of us depend upon complete strangers to do their jobs with dignity, honor and accuracy. So at the very least, we should celebrate this miracle at least one day a year.\nWhy do I call it a miracle? Think about it. How many of you are comfortable trusting a complete stranger with your life? Most of us recoil at that idea — until we start thinking about how we live our lives.\nEvery minute of every day, we trust that people we will never meet will do their jobs with honor. We drink liquids, take medicine, eat food and ride in vehicles that are all made by strangers. If they don’t do their jobs right, we could die.\nBut we all assume that these faceless, nameless, invisible workers will do their jobs the right way so that the faceless, nameless, invisible people who use their products will be safe and sound.\nThat is a miracle to me. And in many countries, that is not their reality.\nWhen McGuire proposed Labor Day, the world was in the midst of a series of profound changes. The Industrial Revolution had transformed the meaning of work and destroyed the old artisan guilds. People were flooding into cities from the countryside to work in hot and dangerous factories and live in overcrowded and unhygienic tenements. The ideas of a five-day workweek or an eight-hour workday were not even dreams back then.\nBut it was also a time of great change for workers. In the next 40 years, labor unions would find their voice, muckrakers would expose graft and abuse, Teddy Roosevelt would break up the Robber Barons, and the Bolsheviks would turn Tsarist Russia into the Soviet Union.\nIn America, the public uproar that followed the publication of Upton Sinclair’s book “The Jungle” in 1906 led to the passage of the Meat Inspection Act and the Pure Food and Drug Act. The latter established the Bureau of Chemistry (in 1930 renamed the Food and Drug Administration).\nIn New York City, the needless death of 123 women and girls and 23 men during the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire on March 25, 1911, had a similar impact. Because the owners had locked the doors to the stairwells and exits — a then-common practice to prevent workers from taking unauthorized breaks and to reduce theft — many of the workers who could not escape from the burning building simply jumped from the high windows.\nThe fire led to legislation requiring improved factory safety standards and helped spur the growth of the International Ladies’ Garment Workers’ Union, which fought for better working conditions for sweatshop workers.\nNew laws were enacted, which included requirements for alarm systems and automatic sprinklers, better building access, the availability of fire extinguishers, and overall better facilities for workers. They also limited the number of hours that women and children could work.\nBy 1916, the U.S. government had mandated an eight-hour workday for government projects. And in 1926, Henry Ford introduced the world to the 40-hour, five-day workweek.\nMost of this is lost on many of us. So let’s do something different this Labor Day. Let us celebrate the miracle of hard, honest work. Let us celebrate the millions of Americans who make our lives better and safer. And of course, please enjoy your barbecue. Just don’t forget to give thanks to the farmers, the butchers, the factory workers, the truck drivers, the warehouse workers, the grocery store employees and the many other people who made it possible to have something to barbecue in the first place.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-09", "url": "https://www.themonitor.com/2017/09/04/commentary-this-labor-day-celebrate-hard-work/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247481428.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20190217010854-20190217032854-00031.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9608996511, "token_count": 806, "score": 2.78125, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "BY JOHN DOGGETT\nSa bhliain 1882, mhol Peter McGuire, ceannaire ceardchumainn saothair, saoire Lá na nOibre a chruthú chun an oibrí Meiriceánach a cheiliúradh agus a onóir. Sa lá atá inniu ann, níl aon smaoineamh ag formhór na Meiriceánach faoi cé chomh mór agus a d'athraigh rudaí le 150 bliain anuas.\nDéanann sé sin brón orm. Tá muid go léir ag brath ar dhaoine nach bhfuil aithne acu orthu go hiomlán a gcuid oibre a dhéanamh le dínit, onóir agus cruinneas. Mar sin ar a laghad, ba cheart dúinn an míorúilt seo a cheiliúradh lá amháin sa bhliain ar a laghad.\nCén fáth a glaoim ar a miracle? Smaoinigh air. Cé mhéad agaibh atá compordach ag muinín a thabhairt do dhuine a bhfuil a fhios agat go hiomlán le do shaol? Tá an chuid is mó againn ag casadh ar an smaoineamh sin go dtí go dtosóidh muid ag smaoineamh ar an gcaoi a mairimid ár saol.\nGach nóiméad de gach lá, tá muinín againn go ndéanfaidh daoine nach bhfaighidh muid riamh a gcuid oibre le onóir. Ólann muid leachtacha, glacann muid le cógais, itheann muid bia agus téann muid ar fheithiclí a rinne strainséirí iad go léir. Mura ndéanann siad a gcuid oibre i gceart, d'fhéadfadh muid bás.\nAch glacaimid go léir leis go ndéanfaidh na hoibrithe gan aghaidh, gan ainm, gan amharc seo a gcuid oibre ar an mbealach ceart ionas go mbeidh na daoine gan aghaidh, gan ainm, gan amharc a úsáideann a gcuid táirgí sábháilte agus sláintiúil.\nIs é sin a miracle dom. Agus i go leor tíortha, ní hé sin a réaltacht.\nNuair a mhol McGuire Lá an Lucht Oibre, bhí an domhan i lár sraith athruithe domhain. D'athraigh an Réabhlóid Thionsclaíoch brí na hoibre agus scrios na sean-ghildí ceardaíochta. Bhí daoine ag tuiteam isteach sna cathracha ó na tuaithe chun obair i mhonarcha te agus contúirteacha agus chun cónaí i dtithe iomarcacha iomarcach agus neamhshláintiúla. Ní raibh na smaointe maidir le seachtain oibre cúig lá nó lá oibre ocht n-uaireanta ina n-aislingí ansin.\nAch bhí sé ina thréimhse athraithe mór freisin do na hoibrithe. Sna 40 bliain ina dhiaidh sin, gheobhaidh na ceardchumainn a gcuid guth, nochtfaidh na muckrakers an t-iontaobhas agus an mí-úsáid, scriosfaidh Teddy Roosevelt na Barúin Robber, agus tiocfaidh na Bolsheivíceacha an Rúis Tsarist isteach san Aontas Sóivéadach.\nI Meiriceá, ba chúis leis an bhrú phoiblí a lean foilsiú leabhar Upton Sinclair \"The Jungle\" i 1906 le pas a fháil ar an Acht um Thástáil Feola agus an tAcht um Bia agus Drugaí Íon. Bhunaigh an dara ceann an Biúró Ceimice (i 1930 a athainmníodh mar Riarachán Bia agus Drugaí).\nI gCathair Nua Eabhrac, bhí tionchar den chineál céanna ag bás gan ghá 123 bean agus cailín agus 23 fear le linn dóiteán na mBainne Triangle Shirtwaist ar an 25 Márta, 1911. Toisc go raibh na húinéirí d'fhoscadh na doirse chuig na staighreacha agus na n-eisiúintí - cleachtas coitianta ag an am chun cosc a chur ar oibrithe sosanna gan chead a ghlacadh agus chun go laghdófaí goid - d'éirigh go leor de na hoibrithe nach bhféadfadh éalú ón bhfoirgneamh atá ag loscadh ach ag léim ó na fuinneoga ard.\nMar thoradh ar an tine, rinneadh reachtaíocht a cheanglaíonn caighdeáin sábháilteachta feabhsaithe i monarcha agus chabhraigh sé le fás an Aontais Idirnáisiúnta na mBan-Oibrithe Gnéas a spreagadh, a throid ar son coinníollacha oibre níos fearr d'oibrithe sweatshop.\nGhlac sé dlíthe nua, lena n-áirítear ceanglais maidir le córais aláraim agus sprinklers uathoibríoch, rochtain níos fearr ar fhoirgnimh, fáilteachas ar shéiteoirí dóiteáin, agus áiseanna níos fearr i gcoitinne do shaothar. Bhí teorainn acu freisin ar líon na huaireanta a d'fhéadfadh mná agus páistí a bheith ag obair.\nFaoi 1916, bhí rialtas na Stát Aontaithe tar éis a ordú ocht n-uaire oibre in aghaidh an lae le haghaidh tionscadal rialtais. Agus i 1926, chuir Henry Ford an saol ar an 40 uair an chloig, cúig lá oibre sa tseachtain.\nTá an chuid is mó de seo caillte ar go leor againn. Mar sin déanaimis rud éigin difriúil an Lá Oibre seo. Déanaimis ceiliúradh ar an míorúilt a bhaineann le hobair chrua, dílis. Déanaimis ceiliúradh ar na milliúin Meiriceánach a dhéanann ár saol níos fearr agus níos sábháilte. Agus ar ndóigh, le do thoil taitneamh a bhaint as do barbeque. Ná déan dearmad buíochas a ghabháil leis na feirmeoirí, na maslaí, na hoibrithe monaraí, na tiománaithe trucail, na hoibrithe stórais, na hoibrithe siopa grósaera agus na daoine go leor eile a rinne sé indéanta rud éigin a bheith agat le barbeque sa chéad áit."} {"text": "Math 127 Homework 1 due on Wednesday, 1/18 – Use the Axioms of Four-Point Geometry to prove the following theorems : 4P Theorem 2 : There are exactly 6 lines. 4P Theorem 3 : Each point has exactly three lines on it. – After reading the excerpts from Flatland : A Romance of Many Dimensions answer the following questions. Bear in mind that if I can not read what you write, I can not grade it either. Be neat and complete. 1. Describe Flatland, its inhabitants and their dwellings. 2. What do you think of the social order of this country ? 3. Refer to the description of Circles of Priests given to you by our friend A. Square. Explain how can circles be approximated, both in words and pictorially. Not to be turned in : Challenge 4P Theorem 4 : Each distinct line has exactly one line parallel to it.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-05", "url": "https://studylib.net/doc/11359983/math-127-homework-1-due-on-wednesday--1-18", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320300616.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20220117182124-20220117212124-00248.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9444645047, "token_count": 192, "score": 3.515625, "int_score": 4, "irish_text": "Math 127 Homework 1 due on Wednesday, 1/18 Úsáid Axioms na Geometry Ceithre-Punt chun na teoramaí seo a leanas a chruthú: 4P Theorem 2 : Tá 6 líne go díreach. 4P Teoirim 3 : Tá díreach trí shlí ar gach pointe. Tar éis duit na hailt a léamh ó Flatland: A Romance of Many Dimensions, freagair na ceisteanna seo a leanas. Coinnigh i gcuimhne nach féidir liom a mheas freisin mura féidir liom a léamh an méid a scríobhann tú. Bí glan agus iomlán. 1. an t-am a bhí ann. Déan cur síos ar Flatland, a áitritheoirí agus a dtithe. 2. Seachadadh. Cad a cheapann tú faoi ordú sóisialta na tíre seo ? 3. Tá an t-am ann. Féach ar an tuairisc ar Chuaird na Sagairt a thug ár gcairde A. Cearnóg. Mínigh conas is féidir ciorcail a chur i láthair, i bhfocail agus go pictiúrtha. Ní bheidh sé a thiontú isteach: Dúshlán 4P Teoráma 4 : Tá díreach líne amháin comhthreomhar le gach líne ar leithligh."} {"text": "Priests Of Israel.\nIn the time from the Exodus to the building of Solomon's temple there were about 14 high priests. They lived about 30 to 40 years.\nOf those, there were 3 memorable ones.\nIsrael provoked God with their complaining and threatened to stone Moses constantly.\n- Rephidim And Massah (Water). We want water now!\nAnd all the congregation of the children of Israel journeyed from the wilderness of Sin, after their journeys, according to the commandment of the Lord, and pitched in Rephidim: and there was no water for the people to drink.\nWherefore the people did chide with Moses, and said, Give us water that we may drink. And Moses said unto them, Why chide ye with me? wherefore do ye tempt the Lord?\nAnd the people thirsted there for water; and the people murmured against Moses, and said, Wherefore is this that thou hast brought us up out of Egypt, to kill us and our children and our cattle with thirst?\nStrike The Rock.\nAnd Moses cried unto the Lord, saying, What shall I do unto this people? they be almost ready to stone me.\nAnd the Lord said unto Moses, Go on before the people, and take with thee of the elders of Israel; and thy rod, wherewith thou smotest the river, take in thine hand, and go.\nBehold, I will stand before thee there upon the rock in Horeb; and thou shalt smite the rock, and there shall come water out of it, that the people may drink. And Moses did so in the sight of the elders of Israel.\nAnd he called the name of the place Massah, and Meribah, because of the chiding of the children of Israel, and because they tempted the Lord, saying, Is the Lord among us, or not?\n(Exodus 17: 1-7)\nAmalek came to fight against Israel.\nMoses, Aaron and Hur were on top of the hill.\nThey were winning as long as Moses' hands were lifted up.\nSo Aaron and Hur held up his hands while Joshua fought.\n| Camp Sites in the Wilderness (Numbers 33) |\n|Camp Site ||Comment ||Wrath |\n|1||Rephidim ||No water to drink ||1||Thirst |\n|Massah ||Moses strikes rock ||Amalek |\n|2||Wilderness of Sinai ||Ten Commandments. Worshipped a Calf ||2||Eat the gold calf |\n|3||Taberah ||Fire from God ||3||Heat |\n|4||Kibroth-Hattaavah ||Ate quail meat. ||4||Plague |\n(Wilderness of Zin)\n|They rebelled. Moses sins. Strikes rock twice. |\nWater from the rock.\n|5 ||Exile |\nThen came Amalek, and fought with Israel in Rephidim.\nChoose An Army.\nAnd Moses said unto Joshua, Choose us out men, and go out, fight with Amalek: to morrow I will stand on the top of the hill with the rod of God in mine hand.\nSo Joshua did as Moses had said to him, and fought with Amalek: and Moses, Aaron, and Hur went up to the top of the hill.\nLift Up My Hands.\nAnd it came to pass, when Moses held up his hand, that Israel prevailed: and when he let down his hand, Amalek prevailed.\nBut Moses hands were heavy; and they took a stone, and put it under him, and he sat thereon; and Aaron and Hur stayed up his hands, the one on the one side, and the other on the other side; and his hands were steady until the going down of the sun.\nAnd Joshua discomfited Amalek and his people with the edge of the sword.\nAnd the Lord said unto Moses, Write this for a memorial in a book, and rehearse it in the ears of Joshua: for I will utterly put out the remembrance of Amalek from under heaven.\nAnd Moses built an altar, and called the name of it Jehovahnissi:\nFor he said, Because the Lord hath sworn that the Lord will have war with Amalek from generation to generation.\n(Exodus 17: 8-16)\n- Taberah. They complained about the food.\nAnd when the people complained, it displeased the Lord: and the Lord heard it; and his anger was kindled; and the fire of the Lord burnt among them, and consumed them that were in the uttermost parts of the camp.\nAnd the people cried unto Moses; and when Moses prayed unto the Lord, the fire was quenched.\nAnd he called the name of the place Taberah: because the fire of the Lord burnt among them.\n(Numbers 11: 1-3)\n- Kibroth-Hattaavah (Quail Meat). They complained about the manna and demanded meat.\nAnd the mixt multitude that was among them fell a lusting: and the children of Israel also wept again, and said, Who shall give us flesh to eat?\nWe remember the fish, which we did eat in Egypt freely; the cucumbers, and the melons, and the leeks, and the onions, and the garlick:\nBut now our soul is dried away: there is nothing at all, beside this manna, before our eyes.\n(Numbers 11: 4-6)\n- Get Ready. I have something for you!\nAnd say thou unto the people, Sanctify yourselves against to morrow, and ye shall eat flesh: for ye have wept in the ears of the Lord, saying, Who shall give us flesh to eat? for it was well with us in Egypt: therefore the Lord will give you flesh, and ye shall eat.\nYe shall not eat one day, nor two days, nor five days, neither ten days, nor twenty days;\nYou Will Be Sorry.\nBut even a whole month, until it come out at your nostrils, and it be loathsome unto you: because that ye have despised the Lord which is among you, and have wept before him, saying, Why came we forth out of Egypt?\nAnd Moses said, The people, among whom I am, are six hundred thousand footmen; and thou hast said, I will give them flesh, that they may eat a whole month.\nShall the flocks and the herds be slain for them, to suffice them? or shall all the fish of the sea be gathered together for them, to suffice them?\n(Numbers 11: 18-22)\nSo God sent quails from on the east and they gathered a lot - 2 cubits high a days journey all around.\nWrath Of God.\nAnd while the flesh was yet between their teeth, ere it was chewed, the wrath of the Lord was kindled against the people, and the Lord smote the people with a very great plague.\nAnd he called the name of that place Kibrothhattaavah: because there they buried the people that lusted.\n(Numbers 11: 33-34)\nThe people were thirsty with Moses and were angry at him.\nThen came the children of Israel, even the whole congregation, into the desert of Zin in the first month: and the people abode in Kadesh; and Miriam died there, and was buried there.\nAnd there was no water for the congregation: and they gathered themselves together against Moses and against Aaron.\nAnd the people chode with Moses, and spake, saying, Would God that we had died when our brethren died before the Lord!\nAnd why have ye brought up the congregation of the Lord into this wilderness, that we and our cattle should die there?\nAnd wherefore have ye made us to come up out of Egypt, to bring us in unto this evil place? it is no place of seed, or of figs, or of vines, or of pomegranates; neither is there any water to drink.\n(Numbers 20: 1-5)\nThen moses appealed to the Lord.\nSpeak To The Rock.\nTake the rod, and gather thou the assembly together, thou, and Aaron thy brother, and speak ye unto the rock before their eyes; and it shall give forth his water, and thou shalt bring forth to them water out of the rock: so thou shalt give the congregation and their beasts drink.\nAnd Moses took the rod from before the Lord, as he commanded him.\nMoses Struck The Rock Twice.\nAnd Moses and Aaron gathered the congregation together before the rock, and he said unto them, Hear now, ye rebels; must we fetch you water out of this rock?\nAnd Moses lifted up his hand, and with his rod he smote the rock twice: and the water came out abundantly, and the congregation drank, and their beasts also.\n(Numbers 20: 8-11)\nHe should have spoken to the rock.\nIt was a type of Christ. He would be struck only once and after that we would speak to Him in prayer.\nBarred From The Promised Land.\nAnd the Lord spake unto Moses and Aaron, Because ye believed me not, to sanctify me in the eyes of the children of Israel, therefore ye shall not bring this congregation into the land which I have given them.\nThis is the water of Meribah; because the children of Israel strove with the Lord, and he was sanctified in them.\n(Numbers 20: 12-13)\n- The Death Of Moses. So Moses died on Mount Nebo.\nOn Mount Nebo.\nAnd the Lord spake unto Moses that selfsame day, saying,\nGet thee up into this mountain Abarim, unto mount Nebo, which is in the land of Moab, that is over against Jericho; and behold the land of Canaan, which I give unto the children of Israel for a possession:\nAnd die in the mount whither thou goest up, and be gathered unto thy people; as Aaron thy brother died in mount Hor, and was gathered unto his people:\nBecause ye trespassed against me among the children of Israel at the waters of MeribahKadesh, in the wilderness of Zin; because ye sanctified me not in the midst of the children of Israel.\nYet thou shalt see the land before thee; but thou shalt not go thither unto the land which I give the children of Israel.\n(Deuteronomy 32: 48-52)\nGod had to make Moses publically die and not enter the Promised Land.\nHowever, after three days God raised him up and took him to heaven because this righteous man had been provoked.\nHe is a type of all who will be resurrected to see God.\nElijah is a type of these who would see God without dying.\nMoses was up in the mountain for 40 days when the people rebelled and God told him to go down because the people had broken the covenant that they just agreed to.\nAnd he gave unto Moses, when he had made an end of communing with him upon mount Sinai, two tables of testimony, tables of stone, written with the finger of God.\n(Exodus 31: 18)\nSo after only 40 days they gave up, saying that they did not know where Moses was.\nMake Us A God.\nAnd when the people saw that Moses delayed to come down out of the mount, the people gathered themselves together unto Aaron, and said unto him, Up, make us gods, which shall go before us; for as for this Moses, the man that brought us up out of the land of Egypt, we wot not what is become of him.\n(Exodus 32: 1)\n- The Golden Calf.\nWhile Moses was delayed on Mount Sinai, the people asked Aaron to make a golden calf.\nThis is utter nonsense. God was visibly on the mountain and asked them to come up.\nHowever they said that he is too scary, let Moses go up for us.\nSo this farce of saying that they did not know what happened to him is an excuse.\nThe mixed multitude wanted to worship idols and Aaron was too weak.\n- Let's Party! So Aaron made a golden calf from their jewelry and declared a feast unto the Lord.\nA Hand-Made God.\nAnd all the people brake off the golden earrings which were in their ears, and brought them unto Aaron.\nAnd he received them at their hand, and fashioned it with a graving tool, after he had made it a molten calf: and they said, These be thy gods, O Israel, which brought thee up out of the land of Egypt.\nAnd they rose up early on the morrow, and offered burnt offerings, and brought peace offerings; and the people sat down to eat and to drink, and rose up to play.\n(Exodus 32: 3-4, 6)\n- Drink Your Gods. Moses and Joshua came to see it and he threw the 10 commandments on the ground and broke it.\nAnd it came to pass, as soon as he came nigh unto the camp, that he saw the calf, and the dancing: and Moses' anger waxed hot, and he cast the tables out of his hands, and brake them beneath the mount.\nDrink It. And he took the calf which they had made, and burnt it in the fire, and ground it to powder, and strawed it upon the water, and made the children of Israel drink of it.\nDid They Threaten You. And Moses said unto Aaron, What did this people unto thee, that thou hast brought so great a sin upon them?\n(Exodus 32: 19-21)\nHe ground the idol to a powder and made them drink it.\n- Aaron's Pitiful Excuse. Aaron was a disgraceful leader until the day he died.\nDon't Be Angry.\nAnd Aaron said, Let not the anger of my lord wax hot: thou knowest the people, that they are set on mischief.\nFor they said unto me, Make us gods, which shall go before us: for as for this Moses, the man that brought us up out of the land of Egypt, we wot not what is become of him.\nThe Calf Magically Appeared In The Fire.\nAnd I said unto them, Whosoever hath any gold, let them break it off. So they gave it me: then I cast it into the fire, and there came out this calf.\nAnd when Moses saw that the people were naked; (for Aaron had made them naked unto their shame among their enemies:)\n(Exodus 32: 22-25)\n- Death For Idolatry. They killed 3,000 of those who rebelled.\nThe Levites On The Lord's Side.\nThen Moses stood in the gate of the camp, and said, Who is on the Lord's side? let him come unto me. And all the sons of Levi gathered themselves together unto him.\nAnd he said unto them, Thus saith the Lord God of Israel, Put every man his sword by his side, and go in and out from gate to gate throughout the camp, and slay every man his brother, and every man his companion, and every man his neighbour.\nAnd the children of Levi did according to the word of Moses: and there fell of the people that day about three thousand men.\n(Exodus 32: 26-28)\n- Rod Budded.\nThe men complained that they should be high priests.\nSo God told Moses to let every man take a rod, write their names on it and place them in the tabernacle. and the one who He chose will be high priest in the morning.\nThe Chosen One.\nAnd it came to pass, that on the morrow Moses went into the tabernacle of witness; and, behold, the rod of Aaron for the house of Levi was budded, and brought forth buds, and bloomed blossoms, and yielded almonds.\n(Numbers 17: 8)\n- Miriam And The Plagues.\nMiriam and Aaron complained against Moses, saying that God can speak to them too.\nFurthermore, they complained that his wife was an Egyptian woman (dark skinned).\nGod was angry told all three to come out.\nEvery prophet he has called, He has spoken to them in visions and dreams, but he spoke face-to-face with Moses.\nWhen He left in the cloud, Miriam was covered with leprosy.\nAaron was also guilty but he was the high priest.\nAnd the cloud departed from off the tabernacle; and, behold, Miriam became leprous, white as snow: and Aaron looked upon Miriam, and, behold, she was leprous.\nbr>Heal Her. And Aaron said unto Moses, Alas, my lord, I beseech thee, lay not the sin upon us, wherein we have done foolishly, and wherein we have sinned.\nLet her not be as one dead, of whom the flesh is half consumed when he cometh out of his mother's womb.\nAnd Moses cried unto the Lord, saying, Heal her now, O God, I beseech thee.\nSeven Days Of Shame.\nAnd the Lord said unto Moses, If her father had but spit in her face, should she not be ashamed seven days? let her be shut out from the camp seven days, and after that let her be received in again.\nAnd Miriam was shut out from the camp seven days: and the people journeyed not till Miriam was brought in again.\n(Numbers 12: 10-14)\nShe was shut out the camp for seven days.\n- Strange Fire.\nNadab and Abihu, the sons of Aaron, took some strange fire and burned it before God. Fire came out and destroyed them.\nThey had kindled a fire which was not given by God.\nThis was not God's fire. There was a fire started by God which burned continually on the altar.\nSo Aaron and his remaining sons were not to mourn or show signs of mourning. Let the children of Israel mourn for them.\nAnd Moses said unto Aaron, and unto Eleazar and unto Ithamar, his sons, Uncover not your heads, neither rend your clothes; lest ye die, and lest wrath come upon all the people: but let your brethren, the whole house of Israel, bewail the burning which the Lord hath kindled.\nStay In The Camp. And ye shall not go out from the door of the tabernacle of the congregation, lest ye die: for the anointing oil of the Lord is upon you. And they did according to the word of Moses.\n(Leviticus 10: 6-7)\n- Cozbi (Numbers 25).\nThe Moabites and Midianites had enticed Israel to sin.\nOne man named Zimri blatantly took Cozbi in his tent in front of the people.\nAnd Israel abode in Shittim, and the people began to commit whoredom with the daughters of Moab.\nAnd they called the people unto the sacrifices of their gods: and the people did eat, and bowed down to their gods.\nAnd, behold, one of the children of Israel came and brought unto his brethren a Midianitish woman in the sight of Moses, and in the sight of all the congregation of the children of Israel, who were weeping before the door of the tabernacle of the congregation.\n(Numbers 1-2, 6)\nKilled The Two.\nAnd when Phinehas, the son of Eleazar, the son of Aaron the priest, saw it, he rose up from among the congregation, and took a javelin in his hand;\nAnd he went after the man of Israel into the tent, and thrust both of them through, the man of Israel, and the woman through her belly. So the plague was stayed from the children of Israel.\nAnd those that died in the plague were twenty and four thousand.\nCovenant Of Peace.\nAnd the Lord spake unto Moses, saying,\nPhinehas, the son of Eleazar, the son of Aaron the priest, hath turned my wrath away from the children of Israel, while he was zealous for my sake among them, that I consumed not the children of Israel in my jealousy.\nWherefore say, Behold, I give unto him my covenant of peace:\n(Numbers 25: 7-12)\nPhineas earned himself the right to be the high priest,\n- Death Of Aaron.\nRight after Meribah, when Moses sinned by striking the rock Aaron died before entering the Promised Land.\nAaron shall be gathered unto his people: for he shall not enter into the land which I have given unto the children of Israel, because ye rebelled against my word at the water of Meribah.\nTake Aaron and Eleazar his son, and bring them up unto mount Hor:\nAnd strip Aaron of his garments, and put them upon Eleazar his son: and Aaron shall be gathered unto his people, and shall die there.\nAnd Moses did as the Lord commanded: and they went up into mount Hor in the sight of all the congregation.\nAnd Moses stripped Aaron of his garments, and put them upon Eleazar his son; and Aaron died there in the top of the mount: and Moses and Eleazar came down from the mount.\nAnd when all the congregation saw that Aaron was dead, they mourned for Aaron thirty days, even all the house of Israel.\n(Numbers 20: 24-29)\nEli was the high priest when Hannah came into the temple. He thought that she was drunk.\nIn her distress she prayed to God for a child, because she was barren and her husband's other wife, her rival, was mocking her.\nThe following year, she gave birth to a son and promised God that she would dedicate him to God and sent him to live with Eli.\nEli's sons were a disgrace to the priesthood and Eli would not discipline them. So God chose another priest.\nOne night he was sleeping and he thought he heard Eli's voice calling, but Eli had not called him.\nHe heard the voice three times, so Eli perceived that it was God.\nSo he told him to reply \"Speak Lord, for thy servant heareth\".\n- Philistines Captured The Ark.\nThe glory of God had departed for it was captured in battle by the Philistines.\n- The Ark In Battle. They took the ark for good luck.\nAnd when the people were come into the camp, the elders of Israel said, Wherefore hath the Lord smitten us to day before the Philistines?\nA Bad Idea. Let us fetch the ark of the covenant of the Lord out of Shiloh unto us, that, when it cometh among us, it may save us out of the hand of our enemies.\nSo the people sent to Shiloh, that they might bring from thence the ark of the covenant of the Lord of hosts, which dwelleth between the cherubims: and the two sons of Eli, Hophni and Phinehas, were there with the ark of the covenant of God.\nA Great Shout.\nAnd when the ark of the covenant of the Lord came into the camp, all Israel shouted with a great shout, so that the earth rang again.\n(1 Samuel 4: 3-5)\n- God Submitted To The Philistines.\nGod gave Himself up to the Philistines. Hophni and Phinehas were killed.\nEli fell and broke his neck and died.\nAnd the ark of God was taken; and the two sons of Eli, Hophni and Phinehas, were slain.\nHis wife was pregnant and she named the boy Ichabod because the glory of God had left and her husband and father-in-law was dead.\nAnd it came to pass, when he made mention of the ark of God, that he fell from off the seat backward by the side of the gate, and his neck brake, and he died: for he was an old man, and heavy. And he had judged Israel forty years.\nAnd his daughter in law, Phinehas' wife, was with child, near to be delivered: and when she heard the tidings that the ark of God was taken, and that her father in law and her husband were dead, she bowed herself and travailed; for her pains came upon her.\nAnd about the time of her death the women that stood by her said unto her, Fear not; for thou hast born a son. But she answered not, neither did she regard it.\nAnd she named the child Ichabod, saying, The glory is departed from Israel: because the ark of God was taken, and because of her father in law and her husband.\nAnd she said, The glory is departed from Israel: for the ark of God is taken.\n(1 Samuel 4: 11, 18-22)\n- God In The Camp Of The Philistines. So they took the ark and placed it with Dagon.\nWhen they came back the next morning Dagon was lying prostrate before YHWH. So they set him upright.\nHe can't hear or walk or get up off the floor! What sort of cheap excuse for a god is this?\nThe next morning Dagon was again on the floor.\nThis time his head and hands were cut off.\nThe people were struck with plagues and were afraid of it and eventually called the Israelites to come and take it.\nThe House Of Dagon.\nAnd the Philistines took the ark of God, and brought it from Ebenezer unto Ashdod.\nWhen the Philistines took the ark of God, they brought it into the house of Dagon, and set it by Dagon.\nA Broken Baal Bowing To YHWH.\nAnd when they of Ashdod arose early on the morrow, behold, Dagon was fallen upon his face to the earth before the ark of the Lord. And they took Dagon, and set him in his place again.\nAnd when they arose early on the morrow morning, behold, Dagon was fallen upon his face to the ground before the ark of the Lord; and the head of Dagon and both the palms of his hands were cut off upon the threshold; only the stump of Dagon was left to him.\nTherefore neither the priests of Dagon, nor any that come into Dagon's house, tread on the threshold of Dagon in Ashdod unto this day.\n(1 Samuel 5: 1-5)\n- We Want A King.\nSamuel's son also corrupted the priesthood.\nSo they demanded a king.\nNow the name of his firstborn was Joel; and the name of his second, Abiah: they were judges in Beersheba.\nAnd his sons walked not in his ways, but turned aside after lucre, and took bribes, and perverted judgment.\nGive Us A King.\nThen all the elders of Israel gathered themselves together, and came to Samuel unto Ramah,\nAnd said unto him, Behold, thou art old, and thy sons walk not in thy ways: now make us a king to judge us like all the nations.\nBut the thing displeased Samuel, when they said, Give us a king to judge us. And Samuel prayed unto the Lord.\nAnd the Lord said unto Samuel, Hearken unto the voice of the people in all that they say unto thee: for they have not rejected thee, but they have rejected me, that I should not reign over them.\n(1 Samuel 8: 2-7)\nSamuel warned them how their kings would treat them.\nAccording to all the works which they have done since the day that I brought them up out of Egypt even unto this day, wherewith they have forsaken me, and served other gods, so do they also unto thee.\nNow therefore hearken unto their voice: howbeit yet protest solemnly unto them, and shew them the manner of the king that shall reign over them.\nAnd Samuel told all the words of the Lord unto the people that asked of him a king.\nTake Your Children As Slaves.\nAnd he said, This will be the manner of the king that shall reign over you: He will take your sons, and appoint them for himself, for his chariots, and to be his horsemen; and some shall run before his chariots.\nAnd he will appoint him captains over thousands, and captains over fifties; and will set them to ear his ground, and to reap his harvest, and to make his instruments of war, and instruments of his chariots.\nCooks And Bakers.\nAnd he will take your daughters to be confectionaries, and to be cooks, and to be bakers.\nBest Property For His Servants.\nAnd he will take your fields, and your vineyards, and your oliveyards, even the best of them, and give them to his servants.\n10% (Tithe) For His Servants.\nAnd he will take the tenth of your seed, and of your vineyards, and give to his officers, and to his servants.\nAnd he will take your menservants, and your maidservants, and your goodliest young men, and your asses, and put them to his work.\nHe will take the tenth of your sheep: and ye shall be his servants.\n(1 Samuel 8: 2-7, 8-18, 19-22)\nHowever, the people refused to listen and insisted on getting a king like all the other nations.\nYou Will Be Sorry.\nAnd ye shall cry out in that day because of your king which ye shall have chosen you; and the Lord will not hear you in that day.\nNay! We Want A King.\nNevertheless the people refused to obey the voice of Samuel; and they said, Nay; but we will have a king over us;\nThat we also may be like all the nations; and that our king may judge us, and go out before us, and fight our battles.\nAnd Samuel heard all the words of the people, and he rehearsed them in the ears of the Lord.\nAnd the Lord said to Samuel, Hearken unto their voice, and make them a king. And Samuel said unto the men of Israel, Go ye every man unto his city.\n(1 Samuel 8: 2-7, 8-18, 19-22)\n- Anointed Saul As King.\nHe choose Saul as king from the tribe of Benjamin, but he was rejected for disobedience.\nHe sought the advice from a witch, offered a sacrifice himself and did not obey God but allowed the people to keep the spoils from anationthat was to be wiped out and brought back his king.\nHead And Shoulders.\nNow there was a man of Benjamin, whose name was Kish, the son of Abiel, the son of Zeror, the son of Bechorath, the son of Aphiah, a Benjamite, a mighty man of power.\nHandsome. And he had a son, whose name was Saul, a choice young man, and a goodly: and there was not among the children of Israel a goodlier person than he: from his shoulders and upward he was higher than any of the people.\n(1 Samuel 9: 1-2)\nSaul died and his head was cut off.\nDeath Of Saul.\nAnd the Philistines followed hard upon Saul and upon his sons; and the Philistines slew Jonathan, and Abinadab, and Melchishua, Saul's sons.\nAnd the battle went sore against Saul, and the archers hit him; and he was sore wounded of the archers.\nThen said Saul unto his armourbearer, Draw thy sword, and thrust me through therewith; lest these uncircumcised come and thrust me through, and abuse me. But his armourbearer would not; for he was sore afraid. Therefore Saul took a sword, and fell upon it.\nAnd when his armourbearer saw that Saul was dead, he fell likewise upon his sword, and died with him.\nSo Saul died, and his three sons, and his armourbearer, and all his men, that same day together.\nAnd it came to pass on the morrow, when the Philistines came to strip the slain, that they found Saul and his three sons fallen in mount Gilboa.\nAnd they cut off his head, and stripped off his armour, and sent into the land of the Philistines round about, to publish it in the house of their idols, and among the people.\nAnd they put his armour in the house of Ashtaroth: and they fastened his body to the wall of Bethshan.\nAll the valiant men arose, and went all night, and took the body of Saul and the bodies of his sons from the wall of Bethshan, and came to Jabesh, and burnt them there.\n(1 Samuel 31: 2-5, 6, 8-10, 12)\n- Anointed David As King.\nHe anointed David as king and David who went on to defeat the giant Goliath.\n- The Last Judge.\nSamuel had the unique privilege of being both a priest and judge, but God was their leader.\nSo at the end the record says the following.\nIn those days there was no king in Israel; everyone did what was right in his own eyes\n(Judges 21: 25)\nThe Foolishness Of God Is Wisdom.\nFor it is written, \"I will destroy the wisdom of the wise, and the cleverness of the clever I will set aside.\nWhere is the wise man? Where is the scribe? Where is the debater of the age? Has not God made foolish the wisdom of the world?\n(1 Corinthians 1: 19)\n||Time: 30 Minutes\nPrint: 6 pages\nThis File First Created : January 2016\nAuthor: Laverna Patterson. Editors: Patterson (January 2016). Peer Review: None", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-05", "url": "https://teachinghearts.org/dre17hproppriest.html", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320304961.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20220126192506-20220126222506-00253.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9749007225, "token_count": 7418, "score": 2.78125, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Sagairt Iosrael.\nSa tréimhse ó Ecsodus go dtí tógáil teampall Sholaimh bhí thart ar 14 ardsagairt. Bhí cónaí orthu thart ar 30 go 40 bliain.\nDe na, bhí 3 memorable cinn.\nChuir Iosrael Dia i bhfianaise lena gcur in iúl agus bhagair siad le clocha a chaitheamh ar Mhaois go leanúnach.\n- Rephidim agus Massah (Uisce). Ba mhaith linn uisce anois!\nAgus do ghluais an uile shluagh do chloinn Israeil o'n bhfásach Sin, ar a n-imeachtaí, mar a d'ordaigh an Tighearna; agus do champaigh siad i Rephidim: agus ní raibh uisce do'n phobal a ól.\nAgus do thréig an pobal le Maois, agus a dubhairt, Tabhair uisce dúinn, chum go dtabharfaimis. Agus thubhairt Maois riu, C'ar son a thaitníonn sibh rium? Cén fáth a bhfuil tú tempt an Tiarna?\nAgus do bhí an pobal annsin deór, agus do bhris an pobal ar Mhaois, agus a dubhairt siad, Cér a thug tú amach sinn as an Éigipt, a chum go mbéadh sinn féin, agus ár gclann, agus ár n-eachóil, do mharbhadh deór?\nStrike an Charraig.\nAgus do ghlaoigh Maois ar an Tighearna, ag rádh, Ciod a dhéanaim ris an pobal so? Tá siad beagnach réidh chun clocha mé.\nAgus adubhairt an Tighearna ri Maois, Téigh roimh an bpobal, agus gabh leat cuid de sheanóirí Iosrael, agus do chraoibh, leis a bhuail tú an abhainn, a ghlacadh i do láimh, agus téigh.\nFeicfidh mé féin i do choinne ann ar an gcloch san Orib, agus buailfidh tú an chloch, agus beidh uisce ag teacht as, ionas go mbeidh an pobal ag ól. \" Agus rinne Maois amhlaidh i láthair sheanóirí Iosrael.\nAgus thug sé ainm an áit sin ar Masa agus ar Meriba, mar gheall ar an gconaimhscríobh ó chlann Iosrael, agus mar gheall ar an bhfíor-thriail a rinne siad an Tiarna, ag rá: An bhfuil an Tiarna i measc sinn nó nach bhfuil?\n(Ecsodus 17: 1-7)\nTháinig Amaleach chun troid i gcoinne Iosrael.\nBhí Maois, Árón agus Hur ar bharr na cnoc.\nBhí siad ag buachan fad a bhí lámha Mhaois ar airde.\nMar sin, d'fhógair Aaron agus Hur go raibh a lámha ar bun agus Iósua ag troid.\n▪ Áiteanna Champa sa Fhearas (Uimhreacha 33) ▪\nCamp Site le ráiteas ag Wrath.\nNíl aon uisce le hól ag an Rephidim\n\"Massah\" Moses strikes rock as Amalek\n2 handmade handmadeWildness Sinai sa deich Commandments. Adored a Calf sa dá chuid de na naisc E E ar an cailín órga.\n\"Tá 3 sheacsa Taberah saighdiúir Fire ó Dhia\"\n4 handmade Kibroth-Hattaavah saothraithe feoil quail. 4 lámh lámh Plague\n(Wilderness of Zin)\nRinne siad a gcuid cionta. Peacaí Moses. Buaileann sé carraig dhá uair. Tá sé seo.\nUisce ón gcloch.\n5 an t-Eascadh.\nAgus tháinig Amaleac, agus do choga sé Israel i Rephidim.\nRoghnaigh Arm.\nAgus adubhairt Maois le Iósua, Roghnaigh fir dúinn, agus imigh amach, agus troid le Amaleach: amárach seasfaidh mé ar bharr na cnoic, agus slat Dé i mo láimh.\nAgus rinne Iósua mar a dubhairt Maois ris, agus do chogadh sé le Amalec: agus do chuaidh Maois, agus Aaroin, agus Hur, suas ar bharr na cnoc.\nArdaigh Mo Láimhe.\nAgus nuair a bhí Maois ag ardú a láimhe, bhí Iosrael buailte, ach nuair a bhí sé ag ísliú a láimhe, bhí Amaleac buailte.\nAch bhí lámha Mhaois trom, agus thóg siad cloch agus chuir iad faoi, agus shuigh sé air; agus chothaigh Aaron agus Hur a lámha, duine ar thaobh amháin agus duine ar thaobh eile, agus bhí a lámha seasmhach go dtí go raibh an ghrian imithe.\nAgus do bhuail Iósua Amalec agus a phobal le h-easnamh na claidheamh.\nAgus a dubhairt an Tighearna ri Maois, Scríobh so do chuimhneachán annsa leabhar, agus cuir i gcluas Iósué é: óir go ndearna mé go hiomlán cuimhne Amaleach ó fo neamh.\nAgus thog Maois altóir, agus thug sé ainm air, an Tiarna-nissi.\nÓir a dubhairt sé, Óir do mhionna an Tighearna, go mbeidh cogadh ag an Tiarna le hAmaleach ó ghlúin go glúin.\n(Ecsodus 17: 8-16)\n- Taberah. Rinne siad gearán faoin mbia.\nAgus nuair a bhí an pobal ag gearán, bhí an méid sin mí-ádh leis an Tiarna. Nuair a chuala an Tiarna é, bhí a fhearg ar a ghnúis, agus d'ól an Tiarna ina measc agus chaith sé iad ag an imeall den champa.\nAgus do ghlaoigh an pobal ar Mhaois: agus do ghuidh Maois ar an Tighearna, agus do sháradh an tine.\nAgus thug sé Tabérah ar an áit sin, óir d'ól an Tiarna i measc a ndaoine.\n(Uimhreacha 11: 1-3)\n- Kibroth-Hattaavah (Foil Quail). Ghlac siad gearán faoin mana agus éiligh siad feoil.\nAgus do bhí an t-sórt-chruinn a bhí i measc na ndaoine, ag iarraidh a bheith ag iarraidh, agus do ghlaodh clann Israeil a thuilleadh, agus a dubhairt, Cía a bheir dúinn feoil do ithe?\nIs cuimhin linn an t‐iasc a bhí againn ag ithe saor in aisce san Éigipt, agus na cucumbers, agus na melons, agus na leac, agus na ceapaill, agus an garlic.\nAch anois tá ár n‐anam triomaithe; níl aon ní eile i láthair ach an mana seo.\n(Uimhreacha 11: 4-6)\n- Faigh réidh. Tá rud éigin agam duit!\nAgus abair leis an bpobal: Naomhnaigh sibh féin don lá amárach, agus ithfidh sibh feoil, óir gur ghlaodh sibh i gcluas an Tiarna, ag rá: Cé a thabharfaidh feoil dúinn le hithe? Óir bhí sé go maith linn san Éigipt; dá bhrí sin tabharfaidh an Tiarna daoibh feoil, agus ithfidh sibh.\nNí lá amháin, ná dhá lá, ná cúig lá, ná deich lá, ná fiche lá a itheann sibh é,\nBeidh ort brón.\nach mí iomlán, go dtí go dtiocfaidh sé amach ó do shrón, agus go mbeidh sé ina gháirt agaibh, ó gur dhiúltaigh sibh don Tiarna atá i measc sibh, agus gur ghlaodh sibh os a chomhair, ag rá: \"Cén fáth a ndeachaigh muid amach as an Éigipt?\"\nAgus adubhairt Maois, Is sé céad míle coisdeach atá sa phobal, agus adubhairt tú, Tabharfaidh mé feoil dóibh, agus itheann siad ar feadh míosa.\nAn bhfuil na caora agus na beacha á mbásadh dóibh, chun go leor a bheith acu? Nó an tiocfaidh iasc na farraige go léir le chéile dóibh, chun go leor a thabhairt dóibh?\n(Uimhreacha 11: 18-22)\nMar sin chuir Dia caitíní ón oirthear agus chruinnigh siad go leor - 2 chubht ar airde turas lá ar fad timpeall.\nWrath Dé.\nAgus an tan do bhí an fheoil fós idir a bhfog, agus é gan a cheasadh, do bhí fearg an Tiarna ar an bpobal, agus bhuail an Tiarna an pobal le plá mór go mór.\nAgus thugadh ainm an áit sin ar an áit sin, Kibrot-Hattaá: óir do chuir siad an pobal a bhí ag éadáil ann.\n(Uimhreacha 11: 33-34)\nBhí an t-uafás ar na daoine le Maois agus bhí fearg orthu.\nAgus tháinig clann Iosrael, agus an t‐eaglais uile, go bhfásach Sin sa chéad mhí; agus d'fhan an pobal i gCaedhís; agus fuair Míríam bás ann, agus adhlacadh í ann.\nAgus ní raibh uisce ann don chomhthionól, agus chruinnigh siad le chéile i gcoinne Mhaois agus Aaron.\nAgus do thréig an pobal le Maois, agus do labhair sé, ag rádh, Dá bhéadh ár mbás againn nuair a bhéadh ár mbráithre marbh roimh an Tighearna.\nAgus cén fáth a thug sibh slua an Tiarna isteach sa bhfásach seo, chun go bhfuair muid féin agus ár n‐eallaigh bás ann?\nAgus cad chuige a thug sibhse suas sinn as an Éigipt, chun sinn a thabhairt isteach sa áit seo olc? Ní háit í do shíol, ná do fhigiúr, ná do fhíonchaora, ná do phrónaidí; ní háit í do dhroim uisce.\n(Uimhreacha 20: 1-5)\nAnsin d'iarr Moses ar an Tiarna.\nLabhair leis an gCarraig.\nTóg an slat, agus cruinnich an t‐eaglais, tusa agus do dheartháir Aaroin, agus labhair sibh ris an charraig os a súile, agus tabharfaidh sí a chuid uisce; agus cuirfidh tú uisce amach dóibh as an gcarraig, agus tabharfaidh tú uisce don t‐eaglais agus dá bheatha.\nAgus ghlac Maois an tslat ó láthair an Tiarna, mar a d'ordaigh sé dó.\nBhuail Maois an Charraig Dhá Uimhir.\nAgus do chruinnich Maois agus Aaron an coimhthional roimh an charraig, agus a dubhairt sé riu, Éist, a thréighibh; an dtighearnaimis uisge bhur n‐aghaidh as an charraig seo?\nAgus do thóg Maois a lámh, agus bhuail sé an charraig dhá uair le a chnámh, agus tháinig uisce go mór as, agus d'ól an t‐eaglais agus a gcuid ainmhithe.\n(Numeri 20: 8-11)\nBa chóir dó a bheith labhair leis an carraige.\nBhí sé ina chineál ar Chríost. Ní bheadh sé ach amháin a bhualadh agus ina dhiaidh sin ba mhaith linn labhairt leis i n-ar guí.\nDíchealadh iad ó na Tíre Geallta.\nAgus labhair an Tighearna ri Maois agus ri Árón, Óir nár chreid sibhse annsa, a chum a naomhacht a nochtadh domh i radharc chloinn Israeil, ní thionndaidh sibhse an t‐eaglais seo isteach sa tír a thug mé dóibh.\nIs é sin Uisceanna Mheribhah, óir do thréig clann Israeil an Tiarna, agus do nocht sé a naofacht dóibh.\n(Uimhreacha 20: 12-13)\n- An bás de Moses. Mar sin, fuair Maois bás ar Shliabh Néabó.\nAr Mount Nebo.\nAgus labhair an Tighearna ri Maois an lá sin, ag rádh,\nTéigh suas ar shléibhe Abarim seo, ar shléibhe Nébó, atá i dtír Mhaoib, atá os comhair Iaricó; agus féach ar an tír Chanáin, a thabharfaidh mé do chlann Iosrael mar oidhreacht.\nAgus bás duit ar an sliabh a rachaidh tú suas, agus cuirfear thú le do mhuintir, mar a fuair do bhràthair Árón bás ar sliabh Hor, agus chuirfear é le a mhuintir.\nÓir do rinn sibhse míchonnus i measc chloinn Israeil ag uiscí Mherib-Cadesh, i bhfásach Sin; óir ní naomhaich sibhse mé i measc chloinn Israeil.\nAch feicfidh tú an talamh romhat, ach ní rachaidh tú isteach ann, an talamh a thabharfaidh mé do chlann Iosrael.\n(Deuteronomi 32: 48-52)\nBhí ar Dhia a dhéanamh Moses bás go poiblí agus ní bheidh dul isteach sa Tiarann Geallta.\nMar sin féin, tar éis trí lá d'ardaigh Dia é agus thóg sé ar neamh é toisc gur cuireadh an fear ceart seo i ngleic.\nIs samhail é de na daoine go léir a bheidh ar ais chun Dé a fheiceáil.\nIs Elijah cineál de na a bheadh a fheiceáil Dia gan bás.\nBhí Maois ar an sliabh ar feadh 40 lá nuair a rinne an pobal a reáchtáil agus dúirt Dia leis dul síos toisc gur sháraigh an pobal an conradh a d'aontaigh siad leis.\nAgus thug sé do Mhaois, nuair a chríochnaigh sé labhairt leis ar sliabh Shíona, dhá phláta an fhianais, táblaí cloiche, scríofa le fingire Dé.\n(Ecsodus 31: 18)\nMar sin, tar éis 40 lá amháin, thug siad suas, ag rá nach raibh a fhios acu cá raibh Maois.\nDéan Dia As dúinn.\nAgus nuair a chonaic an pobal go raibh moisín ag moilliú as an sliabh, chruinnigh an pobal le chéile i dtreo Aaron agus dúirt siad leis: \"Éirigh agus déana dia dúinn a rachaidh romhainn, óir ní fios cad a tharla don Mhaois seo, an fear a thug sinn amach as talamh na hÉigipte\".\n(Ecsodus 32: 1)\n- An t-Uisce Óir.\nAgus Moses ag moille ar Shliabh Sinai, d'iarr an pobal ar Aaron go ndéanfadh sé cailín órga.\nIs nonsense iomlán é seo. Bhí Dia le feiceáil ar an sliabh agus d'iarr sé orthu teacht suas.\nMar sin féin dúirt siad go bhfuil sé ró-scary, lig Moses dul suas dúinn.\nMar sin, is é an farsa seo a rá nach raibh a fhios acu cad a tharla dó ná leithscéal.\nBhí an slua measctha ag iarraidh idols a adhradh agus bhí Aaron ró-lag.\n- A ligean ar Páirtí! Agus rinne Aaron a gcuid bronntanas óir de na déithe agus d'fhógair sé féile don Tiarna.\nDia Deartha le Hannu.\nAgus do thógbháil an pobal uile na cluaise órga a bhí ar a gcluasaibh, agus thugadar iad do Aaroin.\nAgus do ghlac sé as a lámha, agus do rinne sé é le crann-chrutha, agus do rinne sé é mar fhál cómhadh: agus a dubhairt siad, Is é seo do Dhia, a Iosrael, a thug tú amach as talamh na hÉigipte.\nAgus dh'éirich siad go luath ar maidin an lá dár gcionn, agus thug siad íobairtí dóite agus thug siad íobairtí síochána; agus shuigh an pobal síos chun ithe agus chun ól, agus d'éirigh siad suas chun spraoi a dhéanamh.\n(Ecsodus 32: 3-4, 6)\n- Ól Do Dhiaga. Moses agus Joshua tháinig chun é a fheiceáil agus chaith sé na 10 commandments ar an talamh agus bhris sé é.\nAgus ar a ndeach sé go dtí an campa, chonaic sé an t‐eagla agus na damhsa; agus bhí fearg ar Mhaois, agus chaith sé na táblaí as a lámha agus bhris iad ag bun na sléibhe.\nÓl é. Agus ghlac sé an t‐uabhal a rinneadar, agus dhóiteadh é san teine, agus do thréig sé é go póir, agus do shéalaigh sé é ar an uisce, agus do chuir sé clann Iosrael air.\nAn raibh siad bagairt tú. Agus a dubhairt Maois ri Árón, Ciod a rinne an pobal so dhuit, a chum go dtabharfá peaca mhór air?\n(Eaxodus 32: 19-21)\nChuir sé an ídoll i bprúdar agus thug sé deoch dó.\n- Aaron's Pitiful Excuse. - Tá sé i gceist agam. Bhí Aaron ina cheannaire náire go dtí an lá a fuair sé bás.\nNá Bí Angry.\nAgus thubhairt Aaron, Ná bíodh fearg mo thighearna ag teitheadh: is aithne duit an pobal, gur olc a thaitníonn leo.\nÓir a dubhairt siad liom, Déanaid dúinn déithe, a rachaidh romhainn: óir an Mhaois sin, an fear sin a thug sinn amach as talamh na hEiphit, ní fios cad a tharla dó.\nAn t-eachán a tháinig go draíochta sa tine.\nAgus a dubhairt mise riu, An té a bhfuil ór aige, cuiridh sé as. Agus thug siad dom é, agus chaith mé é sa tine, agus tháinig an t‐éileamh seo amach.\nAgus nuair a chonaic Maois go raibh an pobal go n‐aonta (mar bhí Aaron tar éis iad a n‐aonta a chur i náire i measc a naimhde),\n(Ecsodus 32: 22-25)\n- Death For Idolatry. D'éirigh siad 3,000 de na daoine a bhí ag éirí as.\nNa Léivíigh Ar thaobh an Tiarna.\nAnsin sheas Maois ag geata an champa agus dúirt sé, \"Cé atá ar thaobh an Tiarna?\" Lig dó teacht chugam. Agus chruinnich mic Léiví uile d'a ionnsuidh.\nAgus thubhairt e riu, Mar so deir an Tighearna Dia Israeil, Cuiridh gach duine a chlaidheamh ar a ghualainn, agus rachaidh sibh a rith, ó gheata go geata, ar feadh an champa, agus mharfaidh gach duine a bhráthar, agus gach duine a chara, agus gach duine a chomharsa.\nAgus rinne clann Léiví mar a d'iarr Maois, agus thit thart ar thrí mhíle fear as an bpobal an lá sin.\n(Ecsodus 32: 26-28)\n- Rod Budded.\nBhí na fir ag gearán go gcaithfí iad a bheith ina n-ard-shagart.\nMar sin dúirt Dia le Maois go dtógfadh gach fear slat, go scríobhfadh sé a n-ainmneacha air agus go gcuirfeadh sé iad sa tabernacle. agus an duine a roghnaigh sé a bheith ina ardsagairt ar maidin.\nAn Chosen One.\nAgus ar maidin an lá dár gcionn, nuair a chuaigh Maois isteach i mboth an Teachta, féuch, bhí an slat a bhí ag Árón do theach Léiví ar bhroinn, agus bhí bláthanna air, agus bhí bláthanna air, agus bhí almón air.\n(Uimhreacha 17: 8)\n- Miriam And The Plagues. - Tá sé i gceist agam.\nMhiariam agus Árón a gearán i gcoinne Mhaois, ag rá go bhféadfadh Dia labhairt leo freisin.\nIna theannta sin, rinne siad gearán go raibh bean Éigipteach (dath dorcha) ina bhean chéile.\nBhí Dia feargach dúradh an triúr a fháil amach.\nGach fáidh a ghlaoigh sé, labhair sé leo i radharcanna agus i mbrionglóidí, ach labhair sé go pearsanta le Mhaois.\nNuair a d'imigh sé sa scamall, bhí Miriam clúdaithe le léabhras.\nBhí Aaron ciontach freisin ach bhí sé ar an ardsagairt.\nAgus do thréig an neul ó'n bhothán; agus, féuch, bhí Miriam léibhrite, geal mar an sneachta: agus do fhéachadar Árón ar Miriam, agus, féuch, bhí sí léibhrite.\nSlánaigh í. Agus thubhairt Aaron ri Maois, A thighearna, guidheam ort, ná cuir ar ár n‐aghaidh an peaca, a rinneamar go h-amad, agus a pheacaíomar.\nNá bíodh sí mar dhuine marbh, a bhfuil leath-chruaidh air nuair a thagann sé amach as bhroinn a mháthar. \"\nAgus do ghlaoigh Maois ar an Tighearna, ag rádh, O Dhia, guí í anois, a Ghuí, a Ghuí.\nSeacht Lá de Shame.\nAgus adubhairt an Tighearna ri Maois, Dá mbeith a athair ach spíocadh i n‐aghaidh, ní bheadh sí náire seacht lá? déanfaidh sí a bheith ar an taobh amuigh den champa seacht lá, agus ina dhiaidh sin cuirfear isteach í.\nAgus do chuireadar Miriam amach as an campa seacht lá: agus ní raibh an pobal ag imeacht go dtí go ndearnadh Miriam a thabhairt isteach.\n(Uimhreacha 12: 10-14)\nBhí sí ar shiúl ón gcampa ar feadh seacht lá.\n- Dóiteáin aisteach.\nAgus ghlac Nadab agus Abihu, mic Árón, teine neamhghnácha agus chuir siad é os comhair an Tiarna. Tháinig tine amach agus scrios iad.\nBhí siad lasadh an tine nach raibh a thabhairt ag Dia.\nNí raibh sé seo tine Dé. Bhí tine ag Dia a bhí ag lasadh a bhí ag lasadh go leanúnach ar an altóir.\nDá bhrí sin, níor cheart d'Aaron ná dá mhac a bhí fágtha a bheith ag caoineadh ná comharthaí de chaoineadh a thaispeáint. Lig clann Iosrael a bheith ag caoineadh dóibh.\nAgus thubhairt Maois ri hAaron, agus ri Eleazar agus ri Ithamar a mhic, Na cuiribh bhur n-uachdar, agus na scriosadh bhur n-éadaí, ionnus nach bàsaich sibh, agus nach dtiocfadh fearg ar an bpobal uile: ach do bhur bhráithre, an teaghlach uile Israeil, bíodh siad ag caoineadh ar an teineadh a chuir an Tiarna i ngníomh.\nFan sa Champa. Agus ní rachaidh sibh amach ó dhoras na teampaill choimhcheana, ar eagla go bhfaighidh sibh bás; óir tá ola ungadh an Tiarna oraibh. Agus rinne siad de réir focal Mhaois.\n(Leibhitic 10: 6-7)\n- Cozbi (Uimhreacha 25).\nBhí na Moabigh agus na Midianigh tar éis Iosrael a mhealladh chun peaca.\nGhlac fear ar a dtugtar Zimri Cozbi ina theach i láthair na ndaoine.\nAgus do chónaic Iosrael i Sitim, agus do thógbhadh an pobal ag déanamh fornication le iníonacha Moab.\nAgus thugadar cuireadh don phobal chun íobairt a n-dia: agus d'ith an pobal, agus do ghluais iad do na déithe.\nAgus, féuch, tháinig fear de chlann Iosrael agus thug sé bean Mhiadianach dá bhráithre, i bhfianaise Mhaois agus i bhfianaise chruinniú uile chloinn Iosrael, agus iad ag caoineadh ag doras na teampaill chruinnithe.\n(Numeri 1-2, 6)\nMarú an Dhá.\nNuair a chonaic Fineas mac Eleasar, mac Árón an sagart é, d'éirigh sé as an bpobal agus ghlac sé spear ina láimh.\nagus chuaigh sé i ndiaidh an duine Iosraelach isteach sa bhoth, agus shroich sé an bheirt acu, an fear Iosraelach agus an bhean, trí bhroinn. Agus d'éirigh an plá ó chlann Iosrael.\nAgus do bhás na daoine san phláigh, a bhí fiche agus ceithre mhíle.\nCovenant of Síocháin.\nAgus labhair an Tiarna le Maois, ag rá:\nChuir Phineas mac Eleasar, mac Árón an sagart, mo ghá ar ais ó chlann Iosrael, agus bhí sé díograiseach domsa ina measc, ionas nach dtugadh mé clann Iosrael i mo díograis.\nDá bhrígh sin abair, Feuch, tugam mo choimhde síochána dó:\n(Uimhreacha 25: 7-12)\nPhineas earned féin an ceart a bheith ina ard-shagart,\n- Bás Aaron.\nDíreach tar éis Meribah, nuair a pheacaigh Mhaois trí bhualadh a dhéanamh ar an gcloch fuair Árón bás sula ndeachaigh sé isteach sa Tír Geallta.\nCuirfear Árón lena mhuintir, óir ní rachaidh sé isteach sa tír a thug mé do chlann Iosrael, mar gur éirigh sibhse in aghaidh mo threoracha ag uisce Mheribhah.\nTóg Aaroin agus Eleasar a mhac, agus tabhair suas iad go sliabh Hor:\nAgus do thóg tú Aaron a chuid éadaigh, agus cuiridh tú iad ar a mhac Eleasar: agus cuirfear Aaron le a mhuintir, agus básfar ann.\nAgus rinn Maois mar a d'ordaigh an Tighearna: agus chaidh iad suas ar sliabh Hor, a radharc an choimhthionail uile.\nAgus do thóg Maois d'Aaron a chuid éadaigh, agus do chuir sé iad ar Eleasar a mhac: agus do bhás Aaron annsa, ar bharr na sléibhe: agus do shliocht Maois agus Eleasar ó'n sliabh.\nAgus nuair a chonaic an pobal go raibh Árón marbh, rinne siad caoineadh ar Árón ar feadh tríocha lá, an teaghlach Iosrael ar fad.\n(Numeri 20: 24-29)\nBhí Éilí ina ardsagairt nuair a chuaigh Hannah isteach sa teampall. Shíl sé go raibh sí ar ól.\nI dtrioblóid a bhí sí ag guí le Dia ar leanbh, mar go raibh sí neamhtháir agus go raibh an bhean eile dá fear céile, a iomaitheoir, ag magadh uirthi.\nAn bhliain ina dhiaidh sin, rug sí mac agus gheall sí le Dia go gcuirfeadh sí ar a shon é agus go gcuirfeadh sí é chun cónaí le Éilí.\nBhí mic Éilí ina náire ar an sagairt agus ní dhearna Éilí smacht orthu. Mar sin roghnaigh Dia sagart eile.\nAr oíche amháin bhí sé ag codladh agus shíl sé gur chuala sé guth Eli ag glaoch air, ach ní raibh Eli glaoch air.\nChuala sé an guth trí huaire, agus thuig Éilí gurbh é Dia a bhí ann.\nMar sin dúirt sé leis a fhreagairt \"Labhair, a Thiarna, mar go bhfuil do sheirbhíseach ag éisteacht\".\n- Philistines Captured an Arca.\nBhí an ghlóir Dé imithe mar bhí sé gabhadh i gcath ag na Philistines.\n- An Arca i gCath. Ghlac siad an arc le haghaidh dea-ádh.\nAgus nuair a tháinig an sluagh isteach sa champa, dúirt seanóirí Iosrael: \"Cén fáth a bhuail an Tiarna sinn inniu os comhair na nFilistíneach?\nIs droch-smaoineamh é. Déanaimis an arc conartha an Tiarna a chur chugainn ó Shíló, go dtiocfaidh sé i measc sinn agus go sábhálfaidh sé sinn ó láimh ár naimhde.\nAgus chuir an pobal go Sioló, agus thugadar amach as sin arca conradh an Tiarna na sluaite, a bhfuil a shuí idir na cherubim; agus bhí dhá mhac Eilí, Hofni agus Phineas, ann le arca conradh Dé.\nAn t-Urrús Mór.\nAgus nuair a tháinig arca conradh an Tiarna isteach sa champa, d'fhógair Iosrael go léir le háthas mór, go raibh an talamh ag crith arís.\n(1 Samúéil 4: 3-5)\n- Dia a chur faoi réir do na Philistines.\nThug Dia féin suas leis na Philistines. Maraíodh Hofni agus Phinehas.\nThit Éilí agus bhris a mhuineál agus fuair sé bás.\nAgus do ghabh an t-árda Dé, agus do marbhadh dhá mhac Eilí, Hofni agus Phineas.\nBhí a bhean ag iompar clainne agus thug sí Ichabod ar an buachaill mar go raibh glóir Dé imithe agus go raibh a fear céile agus a athair-i-dlí marbh.\nAgus nuair a luaigh sé air an arc Dé, thit sé as an suíochán ar chúl taobh leis an doras, agus bhris sé a mhuineál agus fuair sé bás, óir bhí sé ina sheanfhear agus ina throm. Agus bhí sé mar bhreitheamh ar Iosrael ar feadh daichead bliain.\nAgus bhí a bhean-de-ghin, bean Phinehas, ag iompar clainne agus ag teacht chun breith. Nuair a chuala sí an scéal go raibh arca Dé tógtha agus go raibh a seanathair-dlí agus a fear céile marbh, chuir sí í féin ar a gcúl agus chuir sí ar bhreith, mar bhí na piananna uirthi.\nAgus ar am a bháis, a dubhairt na mná a bhí ina seasamh aice léi, Ná bíodh eagla ort; óir rug tú mac. Ach níor fhreagair sí, ná ní raibh sí ag tabhairt aird air.\nAgus thug sí ainm ar an leanbh Icabód, ag rá, D'imigh an ghlóir ó Iosrael: óir go raibh arca Dé tógtha, agus óir a sheantuis agus a fear céile.\nAgus a dubhairt sí, D'fhág glóir Iosrael, óir do ghabh an arc Dé.\n(1 Samúéil 4: 11, 18-22)\n- Dia i Camp na Philistines. Agus thóg siad an chárta agus chuir siad é le Dagon.\nNuair a tháinig siad ar ais ar maidin an lá dár gcionn, bhí Dagon suite ar a thír féin faoi bhráid an Tiarna. Mar sin, chuir siad suas é.\nNí féidir leis éisteacht ná siúl ná éirí as an urlár! Cén cineál leithscéal saor do Dhia is é seo?\nAn mhaidin dár gcionn bhí Dagon ar an urlár arís.\nAn uair seo a bhí a cheann agus a lámha a ghearradh amach.\nBhí plágha ag bualadh ar na daoine agus bhí eagla orthu agus sa deireadh ghlaoigh siad ar na hIosraeligh teacht agus é a thógáil.\nAn Teach Dagon.\nAgus ghabh na Philistínigh àirc Dé, agus thugadar í ó Ebenézer go Asdod.\nAgus nuair a thóg na Filistínigh an arc Dé, thugadar isteach é i dteach Dagón é, agus chuir siad é in aice le Dagón.\nBail Broken Bowling chun YHWH.\nAgus ar a n‐éiríodh na hAsdáduin go luath ar maidin lá eile, féuch, bhí Dágon ar a thír ar a aghaidh os comhair àirc an Tiarna. Agus ghlacadar Dágon, agus chuiridís é ar ais ina shuí.\nAgus ar éirigh siad go luath ar maidin an lá dár gcionn, feictear go raibh Dagón ar a aghaidh go talamh os comhair áirc an Tiarna; agus bhí ceann Dagón agus a dhá ghualainn ar an mbosca ar an tolg; níor fhan ach an stob Dagón air.\nDá bhrí sin ní léimfidh sagairt Dágón ná aon duine a théann isteach i dteach Dágón ar thromchla Dágón in Asdod go dtí an lá atá inniu ann.\n(1 Samúéil 5: 1-5)\n- Ba mhaith linn Rí.\nRinne mac Shamuel an sagairt a thruailliú freisin.\nMar sin, éileamh siad rí.\nAgus ba ainm a chéad mhac, Joel, agus ba ainm a dara mac, Aibia: bhí siad ina bhreithiúna i Beir Sheaba.\nAch níor shiúil a mhac ina shlí féin, ach bhí siad ar an mbóthar le haghaidh brabús, agus ghlac siad bronntanas agus rinne siad breithiúnas a dhíbirt.\nTabhair dúinn Rí.\nAnsin chruinnigh seanóirí Iosrael go léir le chéile agus tháinig siad go Samuel i Rama.\nAgus a dubhairt siad ris, Feuch, tá tú sean, agus ní rachaidh do mhac do shlíibh: dá bhrígh sin cuir rìgh ar ár son, a bhreitheamh orainn, mar atá na náisiúin uile.\nAch ní raibh an ní sin maith do Shamuel, nuair a dubhairt siad, Tabhair rì dúinn a bhreitheamh orainn. Agus Samuel guí leis an Tiarna.\nAgus adubhairt an Tighearna ri Samuil, Éist le guth an phobail i ndén uile ní a deir siad leat: óir ní tusa a dhiúltaigh siad, ach dhiúltaigh siad mise, gan mise a bheith ina rí orthu.\n(1 Samúéil 8: 2-7)\nThug Samuíl rabhadh dóibh faoin gcaoi a gcaithfeadh a rí leo.\nDe réir na n-oibreacha uile a rinne siad ó lá a thug mé amach iad as an Éigipt go dtí an lá seo, agus iad ag mo thréigean agus ag fónamh do dhéithe eile, mar sin tá siad ag déanamh leatsa freisin.\nUime sin, dá bhrígh sin, éist leo; achd cuirse ar a n‐aird iad go fírinneach, agus cuir in iúl dóibh cód an rí a bheidh ag ríocht orthu.\nAgus do labhair Samuil na briathra uile do Dhia ris an bpobal, a d'iarr rí uaidh.\nGlac Do Leanaí Mar Slábhaithe.\nAgus thubhairt e, Seo beart an rí a bheidh ag reiligiún oraibh: gabhaidh sé bhur n‐iníonacha, agus cuirfidh sé iad mar a charr, agus mar a chapaill, agus rithfidh siad roimh a charr.\nAgus cuirfidh sé air ceanndaigh air míle agus ceanndaigh air chúig fiche, agus cuirfidh sé iad a fhilleadh a chuid talún agus a chuid fómhar, agus a chuid uirlisí cogaidh agus uirlisí a charr.\nCokeanna agus Béicéirí.\nAgus glacfaidh sé bhur n-iníonacha féin mar pheataí, agus mar chócairí, agus mar bhácálaithe.\nAn Maoin is Fearr dá Sheirbhísigh.\nAgus glacfaidh sé bhur bhfeirmeacha, bhur ngléasra, agus bhur n-oliucha, an chuid is fearr díobh, agus tabharfaidh sé iad dá sheirbhísigh.\n10% (Tithing) Do chuid seirbhíseach.\nAgus glacfaidh sé an deicheamh de bhur n-uibhe agus de bhur ngleibh, agus tabharfaidh sé dá fhuaimnigh agus dá sheirbhísigh é.\nAgus gabhaidh sé bhur seirbhísigh, agus bhur ngairbhísigh, agus bhur n-uain is fearr, agus bhur n-aigne, agus cuirfidh sé iad a shaothar féin.\nGlacfaidh sé an deichiú cuid de bhur n-uain, agus beidh sibhse ina sheirbhísigh.\n(1 Samúéil 8:2-7, 8-18, 19-22)\nMar sin féin, dhiúltaigh na daoine éisteacht agus d'áitigh siad ar rí a bheith acu cosúil leis na náisiúin eile go léir.\nBeidh ort brón.\nAgus glaodhaidh sibhse an lá sin as bhur rí, a thogh sibhse féin, agus ní héigfidh an Tiarna sibh an lá sin.\nNí! Ba mhaith linn Rí.\nAch níor éist an pobal le guth Shamuel, agus dúirt siad: \"Níl, ach ba mhaith linn rí a bheith againn orainn.\nGo mbeimid mar an gcéanna le na náisiúin uile: go ndéanfaidh ár n-aingne breithiúnas orainn, agus go dtéann sé amach romhainn, agus go ndéanfaidh sé ár gcath.\nAgus chuala Samuil briathra uile an phobail, agus labhair sé iad i gcluas an Tiarna.\nAgus adubhairt an Tighearna ri Samuil, Éistigidh tú a ghuth, agus cuiridh tú rí orra. Agus a dubhairt Samuil ri fir Israeil, Téigí gach duine a bhaile féin.\n(1 Samúéil 8:2-7, 8-18, 19-22)\n- Salbh Saul mar Rí.\nRoghnaigh sé Saul mar rí as treibh Bhiniáimin, ach dhiúltaigh sé dó mar gheall ar a neamhspleáchas.\nD'iarr sé comhairle ó witch, thairg sé íobairt é féin agus ní raibh sé ag éisteacht le Dia ach lig sé do na daoine a choinneáil ar an spoil ó náisiún a bhí le scriosadh agus a thabhairt ar ais a rí.\nCeann agus Gualainn.\nBhí fear de Bheniáimin, a raibh a ainm Kish, mac Abiel, mac Zeror, mac Bechorath, mac Aifia, fear láidir agus cumhachtach de shliocht Bheniáimin.\nGo hálainn. Agus bhí mac aige, darbh ainm Saul, óg óg agus álainn, agus ní raibh duine ar bith de chlann Iosrael álainn ná é; óna ghualainn agus os a chionn bhí sé níos airde ná aon duine eile sa phobal.\n(1 Samúéil 9: 1-2)\nFuair Saul bás agus ghearradh a cheann as.\nBás Saul.\nAgus do lean na Filistínigh go dian ar Sól agus ar a mhac: agus do mharbh na Filistínigh Iónátán, agus Abinadab, agus Melchisua, mic Sól.\nAgus do bhí an cath go dian i n-aghaidh Sól, agus do bhuail na saigheadach é, agus do ghortú go mór é na saigheadacha.\nDúirt Sól le a chuid armóir: \"Tóg do chlaidheamh agus cuir isteach orm é, ar eagla go dtiocfaidh na daoine neamhchruinnithe seo agus go gcuirfidh siad isteach orm agus go ndéanfaidh siad mí-úsáid orm\". Ach níor theastaigh óna chlaidheamh-iompróir, óir bhí eagla mhór air. Uime sin ghlac Saul claíomh, agus thit sé air.\nAgus nuair a chonaic a chuid airm-iompróir go raibh Saul marbh, thit sé chomh maith ar a chlaíomh agus fuair bás leis.\nMar sin fuair Saul bás, agus a thrí mhac, agus a chuid armchair, agus a chuid fir go léir, an lá sin le chéile.\nAgus ar an lá a d'imigh na Filistínigh chun na marbh a ghlanadh, fuair siad Saul agus a thrí mhac ag titim ar shléibh Ghilboa.\nAgus do ghearradar a cheann, agus do thógadar a armus, agus do chuiradar ar feadh na tíre na Phiolistínigh ar fud, chum an fhógra a nochtadh i dteach a n-díol, agus i measc na ndaoine.\nAgus do chuir siad a armla i dteampall Aistartha; agus do chuir siad a chorp ar bhalla Bhéatháin.\nD'éirigh na fir daingean go léir, agus shiúil siad an oíche ar fad, agus thóg siad corp Shola agus corp a mhic ó bhalla Bhéatháin, agus thug siad go Iabéis iad agus dóiteadar iad ann.\n(1 Samúéil 31:2-5, 6, 8-10, 12)\n- David Unged mar Rí.\nRinne sé anoint David mar rí agus David a chuaigh ar aghaidh chun an giant Goliath a bhuachan.\n- An Breitheamh Deireanach.\nBhí an t-onóir uathúil ag Samuil a bheith ina shagart agus ina bhreitheamh araon, ach ba é Dia a cheannaire.\nMar sin, ag an deireadh deir an taifead an méid seo a leanas.\nSa lá sin ní raibh rí ar bith in Iosrael; bhí gach duine ag déanamh an ní a bhí ceart ina shúile féin.\n(Comhnaitheoirí 21: 25)\nIs é an Folly Dé Wisdom.\nMar tá sé scríofa, \"Déanfaidh mé eagna na n-eagnaithe a scriosadh, agus cuirfidh mé ar ceal cliste na n-eagnaithe\".\nCá bhfuil an fear ciallmhar? Cá bhfuil an scríobhaí? Cá bhfuil an díospóireacht aois? Nach ndearna Dia eagna an tsaoil seo ina bhfolach?\n(1 Corantaigh 1: 19)\nAm a chur ar an mbord: 30 nóiméad\nCló: 6 leathanach\nCruthaíodh an comhad seo den chéad uair: Eanáir 2016\nÚdair: Laverna Patterson. Editor: Patterson (Eanáir 2016). Athbhreithniú Peer: Níl aon cheann"} {"text": "Third Mithridatic War\n|This article needs additional citations for verification. (October 2008) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)|\n|Third Mithridatic War|\n|Part of the Mithridatic Wars|\nA bust of King Mithridates VI of Pontus\n|Kingdom of Pontus,\nKingdom of Armenia\n|Commanders and leaders|\n|Lucius Licinius Lucullus,\nGnaeus Pompeius Magnus\n|Mithridates VI of Pontus,\nTigranes the Great\nThe Third Mithridatic War (73–63 BC) was the last and longest of three Mithridatic Wars and was fought between Mithridates VI of Pontus, who was joined by his allies, and the Roman Republic. The war ended in defeat for Mithridates, ending the Pontic Kingdom, and resulted in the Kingdom of Armenia becoming an allied client state of Rome.\nPrior to war\nThe period between the Second and Third wars of Rome and the Pontic Kingdom (81–75 BC) is discussed under the Kingdom of Pontus. There it can be seen how the long piracy wars were a development out of the First Mithridatic War and especially of the alliance between Mithridates VI and Sertorius, which in joining those two threats into a unity much larger than its parts had the serious potential of overturning Roman power. The immediate cause of the Third War was the bequest to Rome by King Nicomedes IV of Bithynia of his kingdom upon his death (74 BC).\nForces and initial deployments, 74–73 BC\nHaving launched an attack at the same time as a revolt by Sertorius swept through the Spanish provinces, Mithridates was initially virtually unopposed. The Senate responded by sending the consuls Lucius Licinius Lucullus and Marcus Aurelius Cotta to deal with the Pontic threat. The only other possible general for such an important command, Pompey, was in Gaul, marching to Hispania to help crush the revolt led by Sertorius. Lucullus was sent to govern Cilicia and Cotta to Bithynia.\nThe original plan was that Cotta should tie down Mithridates' fleet, while Lucullus attacked by land. Cotta was therefore ordered to station his fleet at Chalcedon, while Lucullus marched through Phrygia with the intention of invading Pontus. Lucullus had not advanced far when news came through that Mithridates had made a rapid march westward, attacked Cotta, and forced him to flee behind the walls of Chalcedon. Sixty-four Roman ships had been captured or burnt, and Cotta had lost three thousand men. There Cotta was forced to remain until Lucullus could come to his rescue.\nHaving made his way to Nicomedia, Cotta watched in frustration as Mithridates, after destroying his fleet, escaped the city and sailed down the Bosporus to the town of Heraclea Pontica. Joined by Lucullus at Nicomedia in 73 BC, Cotta was assigned the task of securing Lucullus' rear by taking the town of Heraclea, which Mithridates had reinforced with 4,000 troops. After reducing the Pontic coast, Cotta began besieging Heraclea, which took him two years to complete, sacking the city in 71 BC. During this time he was forced to dismiss one of his quaestors, P. Oppius, charging him with bribery and conspiracy.\nWhile Lucullus stayed in the East, Cotta returned to Rome in 70 BC, where he at first was widely acclaimed for his victory at Heraclea. However, around 67 BC he was accused of appropriation of war booty by Gaius Papirius Carbo. He was convicted of the offence and expelled from the Senate.\nLucullus in command\nBattle of Tigranocerta\nUpon his arrival, Lucullus met up with Roman forces which had been campaigning in Asia Minor. In 69 BC Lucullus led a campaign into Armenia against Tigranes the Great, Mithridates' son-in-law and ally, to whom Mithridates had fled after Cabeira. He began a siege of the new Armenian imperial capital of Tigranocerta in the Arzenene district. Tigranes returned from mopping up a Seleucid rebellion in Syria with his main host, and sought battle with the Romans. Lucullus' army annihilated the Armenian host, despite odds of about more than two to one against him. This was the famous battle of Tigranocerta. It was fought on the same (pre-Julian) calendar date as the Roman disaster at Arausio 36 years earlier, the day before the Nones of October according to the reckoning of the time (or October 6), which is Julian October 16, 69 BC. Tigranes then retired to the northern regions of his kingdom to gather another army and defend his hereditary capital of Artaxata. Meanwhile, Lucullus moved off south-eastwards to the kingdom of the Kurds (Korduene) on the frontiers of the Armenian and Parthian empires. During the winter of 69-68 BC both sides opened negotiations with the Parthian king, Arsaces XVI, who was presently defending himself against a major onslaught from his rival Frahates III coming from Bactria and the far east.\nBattle of Artaxata\nIn the summer of 68 BC Lucullus marched against Tigranes and crossed the Anti-Taurus range heading for the old Armenian capital Artaxata. Once again Tigranes was provoked to attack and in a major battle at the Aratsani River Lucullus was heavily defeated by the Armenian army. Soon he left this campaign and when winter came on early in the Armenian tablelands, his troops mutinied, refusing to go further, and he was forced to withdraw southwards back into Arzenene. From there he proceeded back down through Korduene into old Assyria and in the late autumn and early winter besieged and took Nisibis, the main Armenian fortress city in Northern Mesopotamia.\nDuring the winter of 68-67 BC at Nisibis, his authority over his army was more seriously undermined by the efforts of his young brother-in-law Publius Clodius Pulcher, apparently acting in the interests and pay of Pompey the Great, who was eager to succeed Lucullus in the eastern command. After mutiny spread in the legions with the troops refusing to obey Lucullus' commands, the senate sent Pompey to succeed Lucullus. This lull allowed Mithridates and Tigranes to retake part of their respective kingdoms.\nPompey in command\nOn the approach of Pompey, Mithridates retreated towards Armenia but was defeated. As Tigranes the Great now refused to receive him into his dominions, Mithridates resolved to plunge into the heart of Colchis, and thence make his way to his own dominions in the Cimmerian Bosporus. Pompey now marched against Tigranes, whose kingdom and authority were now severely weakened. Tigranes then sued for peace and met with Pompey to plead a cessation of hostilities. The Armenian Kingdom now became an allied client state of Rome.\nIn 65 BC, Pompey had set out in pursuit of Mithridates meeting opposition from the tribal Caucasians and after advancing as far as Phasis in Colchis, where he met up with Servilius, the admiral of his Euxine fleet. Pompey now retook his steps, and spent the winter at Pontus, which he declared would become a Roman province.\nComplete Roman victory\nAfter his defeat by Pompey in 65 BC, Mithridates VI fled with a small army from Colchis (modern Georgia) over the Caucasus Mountains to Crimea and attempted to raise yet another army to take on the Romans but failed to do so. In 63 BC, he withdrew to the citadel in Panticapaeum. His eldest son, Machares, now king of Cimmerian Bosporus, whose kingdom had been reorganized by the Romans, was unwilling to aid his father. Mithridates had Machares murdered and took the throne of the Bosporan Kingdom, intent on retaking Pontus from the Romans. His younger son, Pharnaces II, backed by a disgruntled and war weary populace, led a rebellion against his father. This betrayal, after the decisive defeat in battle, hurt Mithridates more than any other and seeing his loss of authority he attempted suicide by poison. The attempt failed as he had gained immunity to various poisons from taking tiny doses of all available poisons throughout his life to guard against assassination. According to Appian's Roman History, he then ordered his Gallic bodyguard and friend, Bituitus, to kill him by the sword: Mithridates' body was buried in either Sinope or Amaseia, on the orders of Pompey himself.\n- Anthon, Charles & Smith, William, A New Classical Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography, Mythology and Geography, 1860, pg. 226\n- Holmes, T. Rice, The Roman Republic and the Founder of the Empire, Vol. I, 1923, pg. 180\n- Appian. Mithridates. 71; Plutarch. Lucullus. 8\n- T. Robert S. Broughton, The Magistrates of the Roman Republic, Vol II (1952), pg. 99\n- Holmes, T. Rice, The Roman Republic and the Founder of the Empire, Vol. I, 1923, pg. 183\n- Holmes, T. Rice, The Roman Republic and the Founder of the Empire, Vol. I, 1923, pg. 184\n- T. Robert S. Broughton, The Magistrates of the Roman Republic, Vol II (1952), pgs. 110, 116 & 122\n- T. Robert S. Broughton, The Magistrates of the Roman Republic, Vol II (1952), pg. 110\n- T. Robert S. Broughton, The Magistrates of the Roman Republic, Vol II (1952), pg. 127\n- T. Robert S. Broughton, The Magistrates of the Roman Republic, Vol II (1952), pgs. 127 & 144\n- Plutarch Camillus 19.11, Lucullus 27.8-9\n- See Roman calendar, sub-heading Conversion of pre-Julian dates)\n- A History of Rome, LeGlay, et al. 100\n- Hojte, Jakob Munk. \"The Death and Burial of Mithridates VI\". Retrieved 3 February 2015.\n- FHG = Karl Müller (ed.) Fragmenta Historicorum Graecorum\n- FGrH = Felix Jacoby (ed. & critical commentary), Die Fragmente der griechischen Historiker (commenced 1923)\n- Memnon of Herakleia Pontike, 9th century epitome in the ΒΙΒΛΙΟΘΗΚΗ of Photius of Byzantium (codex 224)\n- ed. René Henry Photius Bibliotheque Tome IV: Codices 223-229 (Association Guillaume Budé, Paris, 1965), pp. 48–99: Greek text with French translation\n- ed. K. Müller FHG III, 525: Greek text with Latin translation\n- ed. F. Jacoby FGrH no.434: Greek text, detailed commentary in German\n- Phlegon of Tralles fragmenta\n- ed. K. Müller FHG III, 602ff.\n- ed. F. Jacoby FGrH no.257\n- English translations and commentary by William Hansen, Phlegon of Tralles' Book of Marvels (University of Exeter Press, 1996)\nRE = Real-Encyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft, eds. Pauly, Wissowa, Kroll\n- Major studies\n- Eckhardt, Kurt. \"Die armenischen Feldzüge des Lukullus\",\nI. Introduction. Klio, 9 (1909), 400-412\nII. Das Kriegsjahr 69. Klio, 10 (1910), 72-115\nIII. Das Kriegsjahr 68. Klio, 10 (1910), 192-231\n- Holmes, T. Rice: The Roman Republic and the Founder of the Empire, vol.I (1923), 398-436\n- Gelzer, Matthias: \"L. Licinius Lucullus cos.74\", RE vol.XIII (1926), s. v. Licinius (104), colls.376-414.\n- Magie, David: Roman Rule in Asia Minor, to the End of the Third Century after Christ 2 vols. (Princeton University Press, 1950)\n- Van Ooteghem, J: Lucius Licinius Lucullus, (Brussels, 1959)\n- Keaveney, Arthur: Lucullus. A Life. (London/New York: Routledge, 1992). ISBN 0-415-03219-9.\n- Shorter articles\n- Anderson, J G C: \"Pompey's Campaign against Mithradates\", JRS 12 (1922), 99ff.\n- Downey, Glanville: \"Q. Marcius Rex at Antioch\", Classical Philology 32 (1937), 144-151\n- Bennett, William H: \"The Death of Sertorius and the Coin\", Historia, 10 (1961), 459-72\n- McGing, B C: \"The Date of the outbreak of the Third Mithridatic War\", Phoenix, 38 (1984), 12-18\n- Williams, Richard S: \"The Appointment of Glabrio (COS.67) to the Eastern Command\", Phoenix 38 (1984), 221-234\n- Tatum, W J: \"Lucullus and Clodius at Nisibis (Plutarch, Lucullus 33-34)\", Athenaeum, 79 (1991)", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-36", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Mithridatic_War", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-36/segments/1471982932823.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20160823200852-00229-ip-10-153-172-175.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.940282166, "token_count": 2998, "score": 2.859375, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "An Tríú Cogadh Mithridatic\n Teastaíonn luacha breise don alt seo chun a fhíorú. (Deireadh Fómhair 2008) (Féach conas agus cathain a ba chóir an teimpléad teachtaireacht seo a bhaint)\nAn Tríú Cogadh Mithridatic\nCuid de na Cogadh Mithridatic\nBust de Rí Mithridates VI de Pontus\nRíocht Pontus,\nRíocht na hArmáine\nCeannasaigh agus ceannairí\nLucius Licinius Lucullus,\nGnaeus Pompeius Magnus\nMithridates VI Pontus,\nTigranes an Mór\nBa é an Tríú Cogadh Mithridatic (7363 RC) an ceann deireanach agus an ceann is faide de thrí Chogadh Mithridatic agus throid sé idir Mithridates VI de Pontus, a chuaigh lena chomhghuaillithe, agus Poblacht na Róimhe. Chríochnaigh an cogadh le defeat do Mithridates, ag deireadh leis an Ríocht Pontic, agus mar thoradh air sin tháinig Ríocht na hArmáine ina stát cliant comhlach de chuid na Róimhe.\nRoimh an chogadh\nPléitear an tréimhse idir an Dara agus an Tríú Cogadh de na Rómhánaigh agus an Ríocht Pontic (8175 RC) faoi Ríocht Pontus. Is féidir a fheiceáil ansin conas a bhí na cogaí fada piratála ina bhforbairt as an Chéad Chogadh Mithridatic agus go háirithe as an gcomhghuaillíocht idir Mithridates VI agus Sertorius, a bhí ag teacht leis na bagairtí sin i dtoilíocht i bhfad níos mó ná a chuid codanna agus bhí sé ina fhéidearthacht tromchúiseach cumhacht na Róimhe a chur ar fionraí. Ba é an chúis láithreach leis an Tríú Cogadh ná go ndearna Rí Nicomedes IV de Bithinia a ríocht a thabhairt do Róimh tar éis a bháis (74 RC).\nFórsaí agus imscaradh tosaigh, 7473 RC\nTar éis dó ionsaí a sheoladh ag an am céanna le reibiliún ag Sertorius a scaip trí na cúigeanna Spáinneacha, bhí Mithridates go bunúsach gan choinne ar dtús. D'fhreagair an Seanad trí na consalacha Lucius Licinius Lucullus agus Marcus Aurelius Cotta a sheoladh chun déileáil leis an mbagairt Pontic. Ba é an t-aon ghinearálta eile a d'fhéadfadh a bheith ann do cheannas chomh tábhachtach sin, Pompey, i Gaul, ag imeacht go Hispania chun cuidiú leis an éirí amach a bhí faoi stiúir Sertorius a bhriseadh. Seoladh Lucullus chun rialú a dhéanamh ar Cilicia agus Cotta go Bithynia.\nBa é an plean bunaidh ná go mbeadh Cotta ag ceangal cabhlach Mithridates, agus Lucullus ag ionsaí ó thír. Mar sin, ordaíodh do Cotta a chabhlach a shuíomh i Chalcedon, agus chuaigh Lucullus trí Phrygia d'fhonn ionradh a dhéanamh ar Pontus. Ní raibh Lucullus tar éis dul chun cinn i bhfad nuair a tháinig an scéal go raibh Mithridates tar éis imeacht go tapa siar, ionsaí Cotta, agus é a fhorchur chun teitheadh taobh thiar de bhallaí Chalcedon. Bhí seasca ceathrar long Rómhánach gabhadh nó dóite, agus chaill Cotta trí mhíle fear. Bhí Cotta iallach air fanacht ann go dtí go bhféadfadh Lucullus teacht chun a shábháil.\nTar éis dó a bhealach a dhéanamh go Nicomedia, d'fhéach Cotta i frustrachas ar Mithridates, tar éis dó a chabhlach a scriosadh, éalú ón gcathair agus seol síos an Bosphorus go baile Heraclea Pontica. Chuaigh Lucullus i dteagmháil leis i Nicomedia i 73 RC, tugadh an tasc do Cotta cúl Lucullus a dhaingniú trí bhaile Heraclea a ghlacadh, a bhí athneartaithe ag Mithridates le 4,000 trúpa. Tar éis don chósta Pontic a laghdú, thosaigh Cotta ag cur faoi lé Heraclea, a thóg dhá bhliain dó a chur i gcrích, ag cur an chathair i 71 RC. Le linn na tréimhse seo, cuireadh iallach air ceann dá chastairí, P. Oppius, a dhíbirt, ag cúisíocht dó le briobtaíocht agus comhcheilg.\nCé go raibh Lucullus san Oirthear, d'fhill Cotta go dtí an Róimh i 70 RC, áit a raibh moladh leathan air ar dtús as a bhua ag Heraclea. Mar sin féin, thart ar 67 RC, cúisíodh é as gabháil booty cogaidh ag Gaius Papirius Carbo. Cuireadh cionta air as an gcion agus cuireadh as an Seanad é.\nLucullus i gceannas\nCath Tigranocerta\nNuair a tháinig sé, bhuail Lucullus le fórsaí Rómhánacha a bhí ag feachtas san Áise Bheag. Sa bhliain 69 RC, bhí Lucullus i gceannas ar fheachtas isteach san Airméin i gcoinne Tigranes an Mór, mac-in-dlí agus comhghuaill Mithridates, a raibh Mithridates imithe dó tar éis Cabeira. Thosaigh sé ar léigear ar phríomhchathair nua impiriúil na hArmáine, Tigranocerta, i gceantar Arzenene. Tigranes ar ais ó mopping suas a rebelion Seleucid sa tSiria lena phríomh-óstach, agus d'iarr cath leis na Rómhánaigh. D'fhulaing arm Lucullus an t-óstach Airménach, in ainneoin go raibh dóchas níos mó ná dhá cheann amháin ina choinne. Ba é seo an cath cáiliúil Tigranocerta. Throid sé ar an dáta féilire céanna (réamh-Iúliach) leis an tubaiste Rómhánach ag Arausio 36 bliain roimhe sin, an lá roimh Nones Deireadh Fómhair de réir ríomh na huaire (nó 6 Deireadh Fómhair), ar 16 Deireadh Fómhair Iúliach, 69 RC é. Ansin d'éirigh Tigranes ar ais go dtí réigiúin thuaidh a ríochta chun arm eile a bhailiú agus a phríomhchathair oidhreachta Artaxata a chosaint. Idir an dá linn, bhog Lucullus siar ó dheas go dtí ríocht na gCúrdaigh (Korduene) ar theorainneacha na n-impireacht Armánach agus na n-impireacht Parthian. Le linn gheimhridh 69-68 RC d'oscail an dá thaobh idirbheartaíochtaí leis an rí Parthian, Arsaces XVI, a bhí ag cosaint é féin i láthair na huaire i gcoinne ionsaí mór óna chéile Frahates III ag teacht ó Bactria agus an iarthar fada.\nCath Artaxata\nSa samhradh de 68 RC, chuaigh Lucullus i gcoinne Tigranes agus thrasnaigh sé raon Anti-Taurus ag dul i dtreo an sean-chaipitil Airméineach Artaxata. Arís eile spreagadh Tigranes chun ionsaí a dhéanamh agus i gcath mór ag Abhainn Aratsani, bhuail Lucullus go mór leis an arm Airméineach. Go luath d'fhág sé an feachtas seo agus nuair a tháinig an gheimhreadh go luath sna plátaí Airméineacha, rinne a chuid trúpaí mutiny, ag diúltú dul níos faide, agus b'éigean dó filleadh ar ais ó dheas ar ais go Arzenene. Ón áit sin chuaigh sé ar ais síos trí Korduene go sean-Asiria agus ag deireadh an earraigh agus go luath sa gheimhreadh chuir sé faoi léigear agus ghlac sé Nisibis, príomhchathair daingne na nArmáine i dTuaisceart Mesopotamia.\nLe linn gheimhridh 68-67 RC ag Nisibis, bhí a údarás ar a chuid arm níos measa ag iarrachtaí a dheartháir-in-dlí óg Publius Clodius Pulcher, is cosúil go raibh sé ag gníomhú ar mhaithe le leasanna agus pá Pompey an Mór, a bhí ag iarraidh éirí de shocrú ag Lucullus sa cheannas thoir. Tar éis do mutiny scaipeadh sna léigiúin leis na trúpaí ag diúltú a bheith ag éisteacht le horduithe Lucullus, chuir an seansear Pomppey chun Lucullus a chomharba. Thug an t-amhrán seo deis do Mithridates agus do Tigranes cuid dá ríochtaí faoi seach a fháil ar ais.\nPompey i gceannas\nNuair a tháinig Pompey i dtreo, d'éirigh Mithridates i dtreo na hArmáine ach bhuail sé é. De réir mar a dhiúltaigh Tigranes an Mór dó a fháil isteach ina chuid smachtbhannaí, shocraigh Mithridates dul isteach i gcroílár Colchis, agus ansin a bhealach a dhéanamh chuig a chuid smachtbhannaí féin sa Bosphorus Cimmerian. Chuaigh Pompey anois i gcoinne Tigranes, a raibh a ríocht agus a údarás lag go mór anois. Ansin d'iarr Tigranes ar an gcath agus bhuail sé le Pompey chun a iarraidh go gcuirfí deireadh leis na hoibreacha. Tháinig Ríocht na hArmáine anois ina stát cliant comhlach de chuid na Róimhe.\nSa bhliain 65 RC, bhí Pompey ag dul i mbun cuardaigh ar Mithridates ag bualadh le freasúra ó na Caucasians treibhe agus tar éis dul chun cinn chomh fada le Phasis i Colchis, áit ar bhuail sé le Servilius, amirail a chuid cabhlach Euxine. D'athraigh Pompey a chuid céimeanna anois, agus chaith sé an gheimhreadh i Pontus, a dhearbhaigh sé go mbeadh sé ina chúige Rómhánach.\nAn bua iomlán Rómhánach\nTar éis a defeat ag Pompey i 65 RC, theith Mithridates VI le hearmáid bheag ó Colchis (Georgá nua-aimseartha) thar na Sléibhte Caucasus go dtí an Chríocha agus rinne sé iarracht arm eile a ardú chun dul i ngleic leis na Rómhánaigh ach níor éirigh leis é sin a dhéanamh. Sa bhliain 63 RC, d'éirigh sé ar ais go dtí an cathrach i Panticapaeum. Bhí a mhac is sine, Machares, anois rí na Bosphorus Cimmerian, a raibh a ríocht ath-eagraithe ag na Rómhánaigh, gan a athair a chabhrú. Chuir Mithridates Machares chun báis agus ghlac sé ríchathaoir Ríocht Bosporan, ag iarraidh Pontus a fháil ar ais ó na Rómhánaigh. Bhí a mhac níos óige, Pharnaces II, le tacaíocht ó phobal míshásta agus tuirseach cogaidh, i gceannas ar éirí amach i gcoinne a athar. Chuir an chailleadh seo, tar éis an defeat cinntitheach sa chath, Mithridates níos mó ná aon cheann eile agus ag féachaint ar a chailliúint údaráis rinne sé iarracht féinmharú trí phéindín. Theip ar an iarracht mar go raibh díolúine aige ó dhiúltachtaí éagsúla ó dháileoga beaga de gach diúltachas a bhí ar fáil a ghlacadh ar feadh a shaoil chun é a chosaint ar mharú. De réir Stair na Róimhe Appian, d'ordaigh sé ansin dá choimirce agus a chara Gaelach, Bituitus, é a mharú leis an claíomh: adhlacadh corp Mithridates i Sinope nó Amaseia, ar orduithe ó Pompey féin.\n- Anthon, Charles & Smith, William, A New Classical Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography, Mythology and Geography, 1860, pg. 226 an t-am\n- Holmes, T. Rice, The Roman Republic and the Founder of the Empire, Vol. I, 1923, lch. 180 an t-am\n- Appian. Mithridates. 71; Plutarch. Lucullus. 8 an\n- T. Robert S. Broughton, The Magistrates of the Roman Republic, Vol II (1952), pg. 99 an\n- Holmes, T. Rice, The Roman Republic and the Founder of the Empire, Vol. I, 1923, lch. 183 an\n- Holmes, T. Rice, The Roman Republic and the Founder of the Empire, Vol. I, 1923, lch. 184 an t-easnamh\n- T. Robert S. Broughton, The Magistrates of the Roman Republic, Vol II (1952), pgs. 110, 116 & 122\n- T. Robert S. Broughton, The Magistrates of the Roman Republic, Vol II (1952), pg. 110 an\n- T. Robert S. Broughton, The Magistrates of the Roman Republic, Vol II (1952), pg. 127 an\n- T. Robert S. Broughton, The Magistrates of the Roman Republic, Vol II (1952), pgs. 127 & 144\n- Plutarch Camillus 19.11, Lucullus 27.8-9\n- Féach féilire Rómhánach, fo-teideal Athrú na dtrátaí roimh Iúliach)\n- A History of Rome, LeGlay, et al. 100 ceacht\n- Hojte, Jakob Munk. - Tá mé ag caint leat. \"Bás agus adhlacadh Mithridates VI\". Faighte ar 3 Feabhra 2015.\n- FHG = Karl Müller (eagarthóir) Fragmenta Historicorum Graecorum\n- FGrH = Felix Jacoby (eagarthóir. & tráchtáil criticiúil), Die Fragmente der griechischen Historiker (thosaigh 1923)\n- Memnon de Herakleia Pontike, epitome 9ú haois sa ΒΙΒΛΙΟΘΗΚΗ Photius de Byzantium (cóid 224)\n- Ed. René Henry Photius Bibliotheque Tome IV: Codices 223-229 (Association Guillaume Budé, Paris, 1965), pp. 4899: Téacs sa Ghréigis le haistriúchán sa Fhrainc\n- Ed. K. Müller FHG III, 525: Téacs Gréagach le haistriúchán Laidineach\n- Ed. F. Jacoby FGrH no.434: Téacs sa Ghréig, míniú mionsonraithe sa Ghearmáinis\n- Phlegon de Tralles fragmenta\n- Ed. K. Müller FHG III, 602ff.\n- Ed. F. Jacoby FGrH uimh.257\n- Aistriúcháin Béarla agus tráchtáil ag William Hansen, Phlegon of Tralles' Book of Marvels (Ollscoil Exeter Press, 1996)\nRE = Real-Encyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft, eds. Pauly, Wissowa, Kroll\n- Na mór-staidéir\n- Eckhardt, Kurt. - Tá sé i gceist agam. \"Die armenischen Feldzüge des Lukullus\", \"An Fheachtas Airméineach de Lukullus\",\nTá mé. Cuireadh isteach. Klio, 9 (1909), 400-412\nII. Das Kriegsjahr 69. Tá an t-am ag teacht. Klio, 10 (1910), 72-115\nIII. an t-údarás Das Kriegsjahr 68. (Bliain na Cogaidh, 1968) Klio, 10 (1910), 192-231\n- Holmes, T. Rice: The Roman Republic and the Founder of the Empire, vol.I (1923), 398-436\n- Gelzer, Matthias: \"L. Licinius Lucullus cos.74\", RE vol.XIII (1926), s. v. Licinius (104), colls.376-414.\n- Magie, David: Ríocht na Rómhánach san Áise Bheag, go Deireadh an Tríú haois tar éis Chríost 2 vols. (Princeton University Press, 1950)\n- Van Ooteghem, J: Lucius Licinius Lucullus, (an Bhruiséil, 1959)\n- Keaveney, Arthur: Lucullus. Saol. (Londain/Níos-Eabhrac: Routledge, 1992). ISBN 0-415-03219-9.\n- Artaigí níos giorra\n- Anderson, J G C: \"Pompey's Campaign against Mithradates\", JRS 12 (1922), 99ff.\n- Downey, Glanville: \"Q. Marcius Rex in Antioch\", Clásaic Fiolóige 32 (1937), 144-151\n- Bennett, William H: \"The Death of Sertorius and the Coin\", Historia, 10 (1961), 459-72\n- McGing, B C: \"The Date of the Outbreak of the Third Mithridatic War\", Phoenix, 38 (1984), 12-18\n- Williams, Richard S: \"An Ceapachán Glabrio (COS.67) chuig an Ordú Thoir\", Phoenix 38 (1984), 221-234\n- Tatum, W J: \"Lucullus agus Clodius ag Nisibis (Plutarch, Lucullus 33-34)\", Athenaeum, 79 (1991)"} {"text": "This image is for illustration only.\nThe product is a download.\nBy William James / Longman / 1897\nIs life worth living? This question, the title of one of William James’ essays, is one James himself struggled with in his life and work. Trained as a doctor, James never practiced medicine. Perhaps due to his own struggles with depression and melancholy, he was drawn to philosophy and psychology. That interest turned into a serious academic career. Known as the father of American psychology, James is the founder of functional psychology and cofounder of the James-Lange Theory of Emotion. He also wrote an important work on the psychology of religious experience. James’ philosophical work forms some of the seminal thinking on pragmatism—the belief that usefulness, not truth, should be the focus of philosophical ideas.\nIn The Will to Believe, James argues for the validity of religious belief even in the absence of evidence. He argues that one cannot determine the evidence for certain belief until one has already adopted the belief. Part of James’ argument is that people are always faced with decisions and inevitably choose, even if that choice is not to decide at the moment. Some of these decisions cannot be made on intellectual grounds and thus must be made using the passions.\nIn the Noet edition, this valuable volume is enhanced by amazing functionality. Scripture citations link directly to English translations, and important terms link to dictionaries, encyclopedias, and a wealth of other resources in your digital library. Perform powerful searches to find exactly what you’re looking for. Take the discussion with you using tablet and mobile apps. With Noet, the most efficient and comprehensive research tools are in one place, so you get the most out of your study.\nWilliam James (1842–1910) was born at the Astor House in New York City. His father, Henry James Sr., was a Swedenborgian theologian. His godfather was poet and philosopher Ralph Waldo Emerson. James studied science at Harvard University and enrolled in Harvard Medical School, earning an MD in 1869. In 1878, he married Alice Gibbens, and in 1882, he became a member of the theosophical society. James suffered various forms of depression throughout his life. Though he studied medicine, he was drawn to philosophy and psychology. He began writing on these subjects and eventually began teaching at Harvard. He held professorships of both philosophy and psychology, ending his career as emeritus professor of philosophy in 1907. Medical historians consider him the 14th most eminent psychologist of the twentieth century.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-13", "url": "https://noet.com/products/41845/the-will-to-believe-and-other-essays-in-popular-philosophy?utm_source=blog.noet.com&utm_medium=blog&utm_content=thewilltobelieve&utm_campaign=promo-freebiefriday2015", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912202698.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20190322220357-20190323002357-00199.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9712471366, "token_count": 526, "score": 3.09375, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Níl an íomhá seo ach le haghaidh léargas.\nIs í an táirge íoslódáil.\nLe William James / Longman / 1897\nAn bhfuil an saol fiú a bheith beo? Is é an cheist seo, teideal ceann de na aisteanna de chuid William James, ceann a throid James féin lena shaol agus lena shaothar. Traenáil mar dhochtúir, níor chleacht James leigheas riamh. B'fhéidir mar gheall ar a chuid streachailtí féin le dúlagar agus melancholy, tharraing sé go fealsúnacht agus síceolaíocht. D'athraigh an spéis sin go gairme acadúil tromchúiseach. Ar a dtugtar athair na síceolaíochta Mheiriceá, is é James bunaitheoir na síceolaíochta feidhmiúla agus com-bhunaitheoir Theory of Emotion James-Lange. Scríobh sé saothar tábhachtach freisin ar shíceolaíocht na taithí reiligiúnaí. Is é obair fealsúnachta James cuid de na smaointe seimineálacha ar phragmaíocht - an creideamh gur chóir go mbeadh úsáideacht, ní fírinne, mar fhócas ar smaointe fealsúnachta.\nSa The Will to Believe, déanann James argóint ar bhailíocht an chreideamh reiligiúnach fiú in easpa fianaise. Éilíonn sé nach féidir leis an duine an fhianaise a chinneadh le haghaidh creideamh áirithe go dtí go mbeidh an creideamh glactha aige cheana féin. Cuid de argóint James ná go bhfuil daoine i gcónaí ag tabhairt aghaidh ar chinntí agus go bhfuil rogha acu go héigeantach, fiú mura bhfuil an rogha sin le cinneadh a dhéanamh ag an nóiméad. Ní féidir cuid de na cinntí seo a dhéanamh ar bhonn intleachtúil agus dá bhrí sin ní mór iad a dhéanamh ag baint úsáide as na paistí.\nSa eagrán Noet, tá feidhmiúlacht iontach feabhsaithe ar an mbóim luachmhar seo. Tá nasc díreach idir na hailt scríofa agus na haistriúcháin Béarla, agus tá nasc idir téarmaí tábhachtacha agus foclóirí, ensíclopéidí agus saibhreas acmhainní eile i do leabharlann digiteach. Déan cuardach cumhachtach chun an rud atá á lorg agat a fháil go díreach. Tóg an plé leat ag baint úsáide as aipí táibléid agus soghluaiste. Le Noet, tá na huirlisí taighde is éifeachtaí agus is cuimsithí i gceann amháin, ionas go bhfaighidh tú an leas is mó as do staidéar.\nRugadh William James (18421910) ag an Teach Astor i gCathair Nua Eabhrac. Ba theolaí Swedenborgian a athair, Henry James Sr. Ba é an t-aisteoir agus an fealsamh Ralph Waldo Emerson a bhais. Rinne James staidéar ar eolaíocht in Ollscoil Harvard agus chláraigh sé i Scoil Leighis Harvard, ag fáil MD i 1869. Sa bhliain 1878, phós sé Alice Gibbens, agus sa bhliain 1882, tháinig sé ina bhall den tsochaí teoisophical. Bhí cineálacha éagsúla dúlagar ar James le linn a shaol. Cé gur staidéar a rinne sé ar leigheas, bhí sé tarraingthe ar fhealsúnacht agus ar shíceolaíocht. Thosaigh sé ag scríobh faoi na hábhair seo agus sa deireadh thosaigh sé ag múineadh ag Harvard. Bhí ollscoileanna aige i bpiarsaíocht agus i síceolaíocht araon, ag críochnú a ghairm bheatha mar ollscoil emeritus i bpiarsaíocht i 1907. Measann staireoirí leighis gurb é an 14ú síceolaí is suntasaí sa fiche céad."} {"text": "Click on images to see larger view\nRayanne Lehman, Pennsylvania Department of Agricultur, Bugwood.org\nClover mites are tiny, reddish-brown arachnids that often appear by the thousands in homes, crawling around windows and many other areas. They are most abundant in the spring but can be found during other months of the year. Clover mites are readily distinguished from other mites commonly found around homes by their front legs, which are as long as their bodies. They do not bite humans or pets nor cause any damage but are extremely annoying, both by their presence and the red stain that they leave when crushed.\nClover mites feed by sucking juice from plants. They attack a number of grasses and many cultivated plants and weeds growing around homes. They are most numerous in newly established lawns and in old lawns where there is a heavy growth of succulent, well-fertilized grass.\nThe mites spend most of the year on plants outdoors. As cooler days appear in the fall, the mites begin to migrate to protective cover and often crawl up the sides of buildings to be in the sun. For this reason, they are usually found on the sunny sides of buildings. When cold weather arrives, the mites go into hibernation in protected places under bark, debris, in foundation crevices, around and in the frames and channels of windows, behind clapboards, shingles, in wall spaces, etc. The mites resume activity and are increasingly more noticeable during periods of warm weather and rising temperatures, in winter and in early spring. They congregate in sunny areas-especially around windows-in preparation for migration to outdoor plants. This is the time that homeowners usually first notice their presence. Indoor activity reaches a peak during May and then tapers off as mites complete their migrations from the house to outdoor plants. The mites resume feeding and can produce two to six generations in a year. During adverse summer weather, such as drought, mites may migrate back to buildings until outdoor conditions improve.\nMites already in homes can be eliminated by using appropriate vacuum attachment, but be careful not to crush the mites, as they will stain. The vacuum bag should also be disposed of so that the mites cannot escape back into the house. This treatment only provides temporary relief and must be repeated as new mites move out of hibernation.\nGrass growing next to the foundation of homes affords the mites protective cover and easy access to buildings. Flowerbeds or unplanted strips of sand or fine gravel 18 to 24 inches wide around the foundation help reduce the number of mites entering homes.\nCaulk all cracks and crevices in clapboards, shingles, and foundation and around basement windows. Basement windows are reported as one of the favorite hiding places for clover mites. Remove basement windows, if possible, and thoroughly clean them to remove mites and their eggs from window frames and in window channels. This can be done by first using a brush to loosen them and then picking them up with a vacuum cleaner.\nDespite good cultural practices, pests and diseases at times may appear. Chemical control should be used only after all other methods have failed.\nFor pesticide information or other questions please call toll free: 877-486-6271.\nRevised by UConn Home and Garden Education Center 2016.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-05", "url": "http://www.ladybug.uconn.edu/FactSheets/clover-mites.php", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320303709.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20220121192415-20220121222415-00653.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9536111355, "token_count": 724, "score": 3.453125, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Cliceáil ar íomhánna chun léargas níos mó a fheiceáil\nRayanne Lehman, Roinn Talmhaíochta Pennsylvania, Bugwood.org\nIs arachnids beaga, dearg-brún iad miotail Clover a bhíonn i láthair go minic ag na mílte i dtithe, ag crawling timpeall fuinneoga agus go leor áiteanna eile. Tá siad is mó san earrach ach is féidir iad a fháil i rith míonna eile den bhliain. Tá an t-eireaball clúire ar leith ó eireaball eile a fhaightear go coitianta timpeall na dteachanna trína chosa tosaigh, atá chomh fada agus a gcorp. Ní dhéanann siad greim ar dhaoine ná ar pheataí ná ní dhéanann siad aon damáiste ach tá siad an-chontúirteach, mar gheall ar a láithreacht agus ar an stain dearg a fhágann siad nuair a phléitear iad.\nTá an t-eitleán clover ag ithe trí shúil a shú i ngléasra. Déantar iad a ionsaí ar roinnt féar agus ar go leor plandaí agus luibheanna a fhásann timpeall na dteach. Tá an líon is mó acu i nglasraí nuabhunaithe agus i nglasraí d'aois ina bhfuil fás trom de ghruaig bhlas, dea-thréithithe.\nCaitheann na miotaigh an chuid is mó den bhliain ar phlandaí lasmuigh. De réir mar a thagann laethanta níos fuíle i rith an fhómhair, tosaíonn na miotaigh ag imirce go clúdach cosanta agus is minic a bhíonn siad ag crawling suas le taobhanna na bhfoirgneamh chun a bheith sa ghrian. Ar an gcúis seo, is gnách go mbíonn siad ar thaobh na gréine a bhfuil an ghrian orthu. Nuair a thagann aimsir fuar, téann na miotail i hibernation in áiteanna cosanta faoi chraiceann, scriosanna, i sráideanna bunús, timpeall agus i gcreat agus i gcainéal na bhfuinneoga, taobh thiar de clapboards, shingles, i spásanna balla, srl. Athghníomhaíonn na miotaigh agus bíonn siad níos suntasaí i rith tréimhsí aimsire te agus teochtaí ag ardú, sa gheimhreadh agus go luath sa earrach. Tagann siad le chéile i limistéir ghríosna - go háirithe timpeall fuinneoga - mar ullmhúchán le haghaidh imirce chuig plandaí lasmuigh. Is é seo an t-am a thugann úinéirí tí faoi deara go minic go bhfuil siad ann. Déantar an chuid is mó de na gníomhaíochtaí laistigh de theach i mí na Bealtaine agus ansin laghdaítear iad de réir mar a chríochnaíonn na miotais a n-imirce ón teach chuig plandaí lasmuigh. Athghníomhaíonn na miotaigh a n-ithe agus is féidir leo dhá shliocht go sé a tháirgeadh in aghaidh na bliana. Le linn aimsir mhí-ádh i rith an tsamhraidh, mar shampla triomaíocht, d'fhéadfadh miotail a bheith ag imirce ar ais chuig foirgnimh go dtí go dtiocfaidh feabhas ar na dálaí lasmuigh.\nIs féidir na miotaigh atá sa bhaile a dhíchur trí úsáid a bhaint as cumais folláine oiriúnach, ach bí cúramach gan na miotaigh a phlé, mar go ndéanfaidh siad stain. Ba chóir an mála fuadain a dhiúscairt freisin ionas nach féidir leis na miotaigh dul ar ais isteach sa teach. Ní soláthraíonn an chóireáil seo ach faoiseamh sealadach agus ní mór é a athdhéanamh de réir mar a théann miotail nua amach as hibernation.\nTá féar ag fás in aice le bunús na dteachanna a thugann clúdach cosanta do na miotail agus rochtain éasca ar fhoirgnimh. Cabhraíonn le leabaí bláthanna nó le stiallacha gaineamh nó greamaill bheaga 18 go 24 orlach ar leithead timpeall an bhunaidh líon na mites a iontráil i dtithe a laghdú.\nClúdaigh gach creathadh agus creathadh i mbord clap, teas, agus bunús agus timpeall fuinneoga an bhallraime. Tuairiscítear go bhfuil fuinneoga an bhallraime ar cheann de na háiteanna is fearr le miotail clover dul i bhfolach. Seol na fuinneoga clóis, más féidir, agus glan iad go maith chun miotaigh agus a n-uibheacha a bhaint ó chreat fuinneoga agus i gcainéil fuinneoga. Is féidir é seo a dhéanamh trí bhrúis a úsáid ar dtús chun iad a scaoileadh agus ansin iad a phiocadh suas le fíonadóir.\nIn ainneoin cleachtais chultúrtha maithe, d'fhéadfadh pléasgaí agus galair a bheith ann uaireanta. Ba cheart rialú ceimiceach a úsáid ach amháin tar éis do na modhanna eile go léir a bheith ag teip.\nLe haghaidh faisnéise maidir le lotnaidicídí nó ceisteanna eile, déan glaoch saor in aisce ar: 877-486-6271.\nAthbhreithnithe ag UConn Home and Garden Education Center 2016."} {"text": "Global Food Crisis: The Struggle to Satisfy China and India's Hunger\nWith their huge populations, China and India exert an unparalleled force on world food markets. They are looking abroad as it becomes more difficult for them to be self-sufficient -- and the increasing demand often has disastrous consequences across the globe.\nSantarém, in the heart of the Brazilian rainforest, is a modest little city. Quaint passenger steamers bob next to the breakwater of the Tapajós River, which flows into the Amazon here, while couples walk hand-in-hand along the riverfront.\nThe city would be even more idyllic, however, if the view of the cloudy tropical sky in the background were not marred by a terminal operated by the American agricultural conglomerate Cargill.\nThe steel structure protrudes into the air like the neck of a giraffe, constantly spewing ton after ton of soybeans into the holds of waiting ships. Every hour, a giant freighter departs for the mouth of the Amazon, 600 kilometers (373 miles) away. From there, the ships will set sail for China.\nVillages, rubber plantations and grazing land for cattle were transformed into bean fields. The farmers cut enormous swathes into the rainforest, until environmentalists put a temporary stop to the unchecked rash of clearcutting. In Mato Grosso, the most important farming region, producers and environmental activists agreed on a two-year moratorium on the purchase of soybeans from the Amazon basin.\nBut now the moratorium is set to expire and prices are rising. This is mainly the result of China's thirst for raw materials, says Pedro Jacyr Bongiolo, the president of the André Maggi Group, one of the world's largest soybean producers.\n'A Culture of Death'\nFrom the Río de la Plata to the Amazon, the Chinese are sucking the markets for soybeans dry. Large segments of the state of Mato Grosso are already covered with a green, pesticide-drenched monoculture. In the dry season between August and November, a cloud of smoke descends on Cuiabá, the capital of Mato Grosso. Despite a government ban, many farmers burn down sections of the rainforest to gain more farmland.\nIn neighboring Argentina, thick smoke even darkened the skies in the capital Buenos Aires two weeks ago. In that case, the smoke was coming from bush fires set by cattle ranchers in the nearby delta of the Paraná River. The ranchers need more pastureland because expanding soybean farms are swallowing up their traditional pastures. Here, too, the soybeans are being produced for the Chinese market.\nIt has long been clear who the losers are in this soybean rush. In Santarém, hundreds of small farmers became unemployed when they sold their fields to soybean farmers. The money was quickly spent, and now most of them live in slums, because there are now few jobs in agriculture.\n\"Soy is a culture of death,\" says union leader Ivete Bastos. But few are interested in opinions like hers, especially not 16,000 kilometers away in China. Brazil is one of China's major trading partners. Long-term contracts between the two countries are intended to secure raw materials for China -- and, more recently, food products in particular.\nThe rising world power, with its population of 1.3 billion, must take steps to ensure that it too does not become a victim of the global food crisis, having only recently managed to win the fight against poverty for much of its population at home. But now India, home to 1.1 billion people, has caught up with China in terms of the power it wields as a massive market. Together, the two Asian nations must feed more than a third of the world's population. In times of exploding food prices, their sheer size alone makes the crisis even worse.\nTo confront this growing problem and because wheat production has stagnated since the turn of the millennium, India has recently decided to develop an additional strategic food reserve. Statisticians have calculated that the demand for food increases by 0.7 percent for each percentage point of Indian growth. According to this calculation, last year alone, when India's per capita growth was about 7.5 percent, the country needed about 5.2 percent more food, especially more expensive non-staple foods. The situation is similar in China. Its global purchases of soybeans are a consequence of changes in eating habits. More than half of all soybean production in the world now ends up in China.\nIt isn't difficult to imagine what happens to prices when the world's two most populous countries buy up other food products in a similarly aggressive fashion. In more and more dangerously poor countries, wheat and meat have become an almost unaffordable luxury, while famine and hunger riots are only likely to get worse. London-based author Raj Patel, whose new book \"Stuffed and Starved\" takes a critical look at the global food industry, warns that the events in Haiti are \"a sign of things to come.\"\nA large share of the soybean harvest is traded at the Chicago Board of Trade. Although one is unlikely to find the Chinese there, they are the topic of many conversations. They sweep the market clean every day, \"as if they had a giant broom,\" say traders. Chinese farmers need more and more feed for their livestock, while Chinese families are using more and more cooking oil.\nThe National Development and Reform Commission in Beijing is in charge of crisis management. It hopes to put a stop to spiraling prices by reducing import duties, but this hasn't worked as planned. A stampede even erupted at a supermarket in Chongqing, when customers rushed into the store to take advantage of a sale of cooking oil. Three people were trampled to death and 31 were injured.\nChinese Prime Minister Wen Jiabao tried to console himself and his fellow Chinese when he said: \"With grain in our hands there is no need to panic.\" But the Chinese Communist Party has recently become concerned over the potential threat to calm and order posed by supply bottlenecks. Even in affluent Hong Kong, consumers bought up all the rice in stores in a collective attack of panic buying. To discourage such behavior, the government media have taken to constantly broadcasting images of lush fields and well-stocked supermarkets.\n- Part 1: The Struggle to Satisfy China and India's Hunger\n- Part 2: China Invests in Africa\n© DER SPIEGEL 18/2008\nAll Rights Reserved\nReproduction only allowed with the permission of SPIEGELnet GmbH", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-36", "url": "http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/global-food-crisis-the-struggle-to-satisfy-china-and-india-s-hunger-a-550943.html", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-36/segments/1471982295494.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20160823195815-00019-ip-10-153-172-175.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9631319642, "token_count": 1363, "score": 2.75, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "An Géarchéim Bhia Domhanda: An Troid chun ocras na Síne agus na hIndia a Shásamh\nLeis na daonra ollmhór atá acu, tá neart gan chomparáid ag an tSín agus ag an India ar mhargaí bia an domhain. Tá siad ag féachaint thar lear de réir mar a bhíonn sé níos deacra dóibh a bheith féin-dhírithe - agus is minic go mbíonn iarmhairtí tubaisteach ag an éileamh méadaithe ar fud an domhain.\nTá Santarém, i gcroílár an fhoraoise báistí na Brasaíle, ina chathair bheag measartha. Tá báid paisinéirí áille ag bogadh in aice le briseadh uisce Abhainn Tapajós, a shroicheann an Amazon anseo, agus tá lánúineacha ag siúl lámh i lámh ar feadh an abhainn.\nBheadh an chathair níos idillíne fós, áfach, mura mbeadh an tairseach a oibríonn an comhchruinniú talmhaíochta Meiriceánach Cargill ag cur isteach ar an spéir thrópaiceach clúdach sa chúlra.\nTá an struchtúr cruach ag dul amach san aer cosúil le muineál girafa, ag spewing tonna tar éis tonna de bhéanna sóise i gcúplaí na long atá ag fanacht. Gach uair an chloig, imíonn long lasta ollmhór i dtreo bhéal an Amazon, 600 ciliméadar (373 míle) ar shiúl. Ón áit sin, beidh na longa seolta go dtí an tSín.\nAthraíodh sráidbhailte, plandaíochtaí rubair agus talamh féaraigh d'eallach i réimsí féaraigh. Bhí na feirmeoirí ag gearradh sráideanna ollmhóra isteach sa fhoraois thirim, go dtí go ndearna muintir an chomhshaoil stop sealadach leis an gcroílár neamhrialta de ghearradh go hiomlán. I Mato Grosso, an réigiún feirmeoireachta is tábhachtaí, chomhaontaigh táirgeoirí agus gníomhaithe comhshaoil ar mhaoirseacht dhá bhliain ar cheannach soibíní sóise ó bhac Amazon.\nAch anois tá an moratóireacht le dul in éag agus tá praghsanna ag ardú. Is é seo go príomha mar thoradh ar dheora na Síne ar amhábhair, a deir Pedro Jacyr Bongiolo, uachtarán Ghrúpa André Maggi, ceann de na táirgeoirí soibí is mó ar domhan.\n'Cultúr na Mharbh'\nÓ Río de la Plata go dtí an Amazon, tá na Síne ag sucking na margaí do pónairí sóise tirim. Tá codanna móra de stát Mato Grosso clúdaithe cheana féin le monochultúr glas, atá líonta le pléasticíd. Sa séasúr tirim idir Lúnasa agus Samhain, téann scamall de dhúba ar Cuiabá, príomhchathair Mato Grosso. In ainneoin toirmeasc rialtais, déanann go leor feirmeoirí codanna den fhoraois báistí a dhó chun níos mó talún feirme a fháil.\nSa cheantar comharsanach san Airgintín, chuir deatach tiubh dorcha ar neamh sa phríomhchathair Buenos Aires dhá sheachtain ó shin. Sa chás sin, bhí an deatach ag teacht ó tinte fionnaidh a chuir feirmeoirí bó i dtógáil in aice láimhe Abhainn Paraná. Tá níos mó féaraigh ag teastáil ó na feirmeoirí mar go bhfuil feirmeacha sóibín ag leathnú ag dul i ngleic lena gcuid féaraigh thraidisiúnta. Anseo, freisin, tá na pónairí sóise á dtáirgeadh do mhargadh na Síne.\nTá sé soiléir le fada cé na caillteoirí atá sa ruán sóib seo. I Santarém, d'éirigh na céadta feirmeoir beag dífhostaithe nuair a dhíol siad a gcuid feirmeacha le feirmeoirí sóibíní. Chaith siad an t-airgead go tapa, agus anois tá an chuid is mó acu ina gcónaí i slumanna, toisc nach bhfuil mórán post sa talmhaíocht anois.\n\"Is cultúr báis é an soái\", a deir ceannaire an aontachais Ivete Bastos. Ach níl mórán suim ag tuairimí mar a cuid, go háirithe ní 16,000 ciliméadar ar shiúl sa tSín. Tá an Bhrasaíl ar cheann de na príomhpháirtithe trádála na Síne. Tá conarthaí fadtéarmacha idir an dá thír i gceist chun amhábhair a fháil don tSín - agus, níos déanaí, táirgí bia go háirithe.\nNí mór don chumhacht domhanda atá ag éirí suas, lena daonra de 1.3 billiún, céimeanna a ghlacadh lena chinntiú nach mbeidh sí féin ina íospartach den ghéarchéim bhia domhanda, tar éis dó an troid i gcoinne na bochtaineachta a bhuachan le cuid mhór dá daonra sa bhaile le déanaí. Ach anois tá an India, baile do 1.1 billiún duine, tar éis teacht ar an tSín i dtéarmaí an chumhachta a bhfuil sé ag baint leis mar mhargadh ollmhór. Le chéile, ní mór do na dhá náisiún san Áise níos mó ná an tríú cuid de dhaonra an domhain a chothú. I amanna praghsanna bia a fhás, déanann a méid féin an ghéarchéim níos measa.\nChun aghaidh a thabhairt ar an bhfadhb atá ag fás seo agus toisc go bhfuil táirgeadh cruithneachta stagnáilte ó thús na mílaoise, chinn an India le déanaí cúlchiste bia straitéiseach breise a fhorbairt. Tá na staitisticí tar éis a ríomh go méadaíonn an t-éileamh ar bhia 0.7 faoin gcéad le haghaidh gach pointe céatadáin d'fhás na hIndia. De réir an ríomh seo, an bhliain seo caite amháin, nuair a bhí fás in aghaidh an duine san India thart ar 7.5 faoin gcéad, bhí thart ar 5.2 faoin gcéad níos mó bia ag teastáil sa tír, go háirithe bianna neamh-staple níos daoire. Tá an scéal den chineál céanna sa tSín. Tá a cheannach domhanda de shnáithíní sóia mar thoradh ar athruithe ar nósanna ithe. Tá níos mó ná leath de tháirgeadh na soibíní sóise ar fud an domhain ag teacht chun cinn sa tSín anois.\nNíl sé deacair a shamhlú cad a tharlaíonn do phraghsanna nuair a cheannaíonn an dá thír is mó daonra ar domhan táirgí bia eile ar bhealach ionsaitheach den chineál céanna. I níos mó agus níos mó tíortha bochta, tá cruithneacht beagnach dochreidte ag cruithneacht agus feoil, agus is dócha nach mbeidh an t-eagla agus na reibiliúnaí ocrais ach níos measa. Tugann Raj Patel, scríbhneoir atá lonnaithe i Londain, a bhfuil a leabhar nua \"Stuffed and Starved\" ag tabhairt léargas criticiúil ar thionscal bia domhanda, rabhadh go bhfuil na himeachtaí in Haiti \"ar comhartha de rudaí atá le teacht\".\nDéantar cuid mhór den fómhar soibí a thrádáil ag an mBord Trádála i Chicago. Cé nach dócha go bhfaighidh duine na Síne ann, is ábhar a lán comhrá iad. Déanann siad glanadh ar an margadh gach lá, \"cosúil le go mbeadh scuab ollmhór acu\", a deir trádálaithe. Tá níos mó agus níos mó bia ag teastáil ó fheirmeoirí na Síne dá gcuid beostoic, agus tá níos mó agus níos mó ola cócaireachta á úsáid ag teaghlaigh na Síne.\nTá an Coimisiún Náisiúnta Forbartha agus Athchóirithe i mBeicín freagrach as bainistiú géarchéime. Tá sé ag súil go gcuirfidh sé stop le praghsanna spíreála trí dhleachtanna ar allmhairí a laghdú, ach níor oibrigh sé seo mar a bhí beartaithe. Tharla stampede fiú i ollmhargadh i Chongqing, nuair a chuaigh custaiméirí isteach sa siopa chun leas a bhaint as díol ola cócaireachta. Trí dhuine a bhí trampled chun báis agus 31 gortaithe.\nRinne Príomh-Aire na Síne Wen Jiabao iarracht é féin agus a chomh-Sínigh a chothú nuair a dúirt sé: \"Le gráin inár lámha níl aon chúis le pancóireacht\". Ach tá imní ar Pháirtí Cumannach na Síne le déanaí faoin mbagairt a d'fhéadfadh a bheith ann ar shíocháin agus ar an ord a bhaineann le stróicí soláthair. Fiú amháin i Hong Cong saibhir, cheannaigh tomhaltóirí an rís go léir sna siopaí i dtionscnamh comhchoiteann ceannaigh panic. Chun an iompar sin a dhíspreagadh, tá na meáin rialtais tar éis grianghraif de fheirmeacha fial agus de shúparmhargaí a bhfuil go leor stoc acu a chur ar an teilifís go leanúnach.\n- Cuid 1: An Troid chun ocras na Síne agus na hIndia a Shásamh\n- Cuid 2: Infheistíonn an tSín san Afraic\n© DER SPIEGEL 18/2008\nGach Ceart Coimeádta\nNí cheadaítear atáirgeadh ach amháin le cead SPIEGELnet GmbH"} {"text": "Written Contribution from ILGA-Europe and IGLYO \"Schools for the 21st Century\"\nEducation plays a pivotal role in developing young people's capacity to reach their full human potential. As such, a priority for ILGA-Europe – the European Region of the International Lesbian and Gay Association – and the International Gay and Lesbian Youth Organisation (IGLYO) is to ensure a climate of safety, support and affirmation exist in schools, which enables lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) people like their heterosexual peers to achieve their full potential. Unfortunately, the current situation of LGBT youth in schools is not one of openness and inclusiveness. A European-wide survey carried out by ILGA-Europe and IGLYO in 2006 (Takács, 2006) found that education is the field in which LGBT youth experience most discrimination: 61.2% of young LGBT people in Europe responded that they had experienced discrimination at school.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-13", "url": "https://www.ilga-europe.org/resources/policy-papers/written-contribution-ilga-europe-and-iglyo-schools-21st-century", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912202689.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20190322200215-20190322222215-00177.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9464069605, "token_count": 194, "score": 2.96875, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Iompar i scríbhinn ó ILGA-Europe agus IGLYO \"Scoileanna don 21ú haois\"\nTá ról lárnach ag an oideachas i gcumas daoine óga a fhorbairt chun a n-acmhainneacht daonna a bhaint amach. Mar sin, is é tosaíocht do ILGA-Eorpach Réigiún Eorpach an Chumann Idirnáisiúnta Lesbianna agus Aonair agus don Eagraíocht Idirnáisiúnta Óige Aonair agus Aonair (IGLYO) ná a chinntiú go bhfuil aeráid sábháilteachta, tacaíochta agus dearbhaithe ann sna scoileanna, rud a chuireann ar chumas daoine leispiacha, aonair, déghnéasacha agus trasghnéasacha (LGBT) cosúil lena gcomhghleacaithe heitearóiseach a n-acmhainn iomlán a bhaint amach. Ar an drochuair, níl an staid reatha i measc na n-óige LGBT sna scoileanna ar oscailt agus ar chuimsitheacht. Fuair suirbhé ar fud na hEorpa a rinne ILGA-Europe agus IGLYO i 2006 (Takács, 2006) gurb é an t-oideachas an réimse ina bhfuil an idirdhealú is mó ag daoine óga LGBT: d'fhreagair 61.2% de dhaoine óga LGBT san Eoraip gur bhain siad idirdhealú amach ar scoil."} {"text": "Proud of Who I Am\nThe students will demonstrate self-respect by learning good habits for taking care of their emotional and physical health. The students will be provided with an opportunity to practice treating oneself and being treated by others with respect. They explore why caring for self and others is good for the community.\nThe learner will:\n- demonstrate an understanding of self-respect by creating a visual representation of his/her physical and internal characteristics.\n- understand the importance of positive communication toward oneself in building relationships and adding to the common good.\n- large sheet of butcher paper for each student (for human tracing) and markers\n- read-aloud copy of Simon's Hook by Karen Kedig Burnett or \"Secret of the Flowers\" by Irene Malek (online) or student copies of Nothing's Fair in 5th Grade by Barth DeClements\nThe students will have two homework assignments: 1) Write a reflection paper on the labeling activity and discussion. Describe an intrinsic and extrinsic trait that surprised you the most. 2) Maintain a food/exercise journal for a week.\nBurnett, Karen Kedig. Simon's Hook. GR Publishing, 1999. ISBN-13: 978-0966853018\nCharacter Education \"Teaching Values\" unit Malek, Irene \"Secret of the Flower.\" PDF\nDeClements, Barthe \"Nothing's Fair in 5th Grade.\" Puffin, 1990. ISBN-10 01400344438\nReview the examples of respect and disrespect from Lesson One. Ask the students whether the chart touches on how we show respect or disrespect for our own self and our own body. Tell the class that today's lesson is about caring for ourselves \"inside and out.\"\nAsk the students what they think physical health looks like (brainstorm a list) and emotional health (brainstorm list). Ask, \"Why is good health important?\"\nRead aloud (excerpts of) \"Secrets of the Flower\" by Irene Malek or Simon's Hook by Karen Kedig Burnett. \"Secrets of the Flower\" is about a fairy who learns good habits of respect through gardening while \"Simon's Hook\" is about a little boy who learns how to handle being teased and put down by others.\nDiscuss with students how they think the characters in the stories did or did not respect themselves at different points throughout the story. How did respectful behavior improve the situation for them and others?\nAs a group, generate a list of character traits and descriptions of the main characters from the story.\nDistribute to each student a large sheet of butcher paper and markers. Ask the students to work with a partner who will trace their physical body on the paper.\nHave each student write on the traced figure words that describe him or her self. They may refer to the list of behaviors and character traits for ideas. These words should be positive and describe their inner and external evidences of self-respect. Examples: For internal traits, write \"pride\" in the head or \"beautiful\" in the heart or \"hard-working\" in the hands. For external traits, write \"brushed teeth (or hair)\"near the head or\"strong arms\" or \"smiling face.\" Note: it is not necessary for students to put their names on the papers.\nAfter allowing 15 minutes to decorate and label their body tracing, have the students hang their posters around the room to create a class gallery walk. Walk by the images in a line, looking at what each student wrote. Have students look for unique descriptions and positive traits they share or aspire to.\nHave a group discussion to identify traits that exhibit self-respect. Write a few traits or descriptions that you found surprising and/or in common throughout the illustrations. How do they feel about reading positive traits?\nNote: facilitate the conversation to include elements of \"positive self-talk\" and good habits of exercise and health. Topics may include eating well/nutrition, standing up for self, getting enough sleep/exercise, grooming of hair/teeth/nails, regular visits to doctors (including dentists and optometrists) and dressing appropriately. Discourage any self-criticism.\nExit ticket: Write a sentence telling how feeling respect for yourself affects others.\nThe assessment for this lesson would take the form of collecting the students' drawings and checking the labeling. It should coincide with class participation and properly labeling intrinsic and extrinsic characteristics. Two other assessments will be from the homework reflection assignment where the students describe any changes in opinion and observations from the activity and from the homework food/exercise log assignment where students maintain a daily journal of food intake and exercise. (See School/Home Connection.)\nStrand PHIL.II Philanthropy and Civil Society\nStandard PCS 01. Self, citizenship, and society\nBenchmark E.3 Describe a benefit of group cooperation.\nStandard PCS 02. Diverse Cultures\nBenchmark E.2 Discuss the importance of respect for others.\nBenchmark E.4 Demonstrate listening skills.\nStrand PHIL.III Philanthropy and the Individual\nStandard PI 01. Reasons for Individual Philanthropy\nBenchmark E.5 Give examples of actions students can take to improve the common good and list or describe responsibilities that go with those actions.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-05", "url": "https://www.learningtogive.org/units/what-respect-means-me/proud-who-i-am", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320300289.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20220117031001-20220117061001-00640.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.91939044, "token_count": 1138, "score": 3.90625, "int_score": 4, "irish_text": "Ar Mór-Chóir Cé Mise\nLéireoidh na mic léinn féinmheas trí thráchtanna maithe a fhoghlaim chun aire a thabhairt dá shláinte mhothúchánach agus fisiceach. Cuirfear deis ar fáil do na mic léinn cleachtadh a dhéanamh ar an gcaoi a gcaithfear le daoine eile agus iad féin a chóireáil le meas. Déantar iniúchadh ar an bhfíric go bhfuil cúram a thabhairt duit féin agus do dhaoine eile go maith don phobal.\nBeidh ar an foghlaimeoir:\n- tuiscint ar féinmheas a léiriú trí léiriú amhairc a chruthú ar a chuid saintréithe fisiciúla agus inmheánacha.\n- tuiscint a fháil ar an tábhacht a bhaineann le cumarsáid dhearfach i leith féin chun caidrimh a thógáil agus chun leas an phobail a chur leis.\n- bileog mór páipéir mhiotail do gach mac léinn (le haghaidh rianú daonna) agus marcóirí\n- cóip de Simon's Hook le Karen Kedig Burnett nó \"Secret of the Flowers\" le Irene Malek (ar líne) a léamh go hard nó cóipeanna mac léinn de Nothing's Fair in 5ú Grád le Barth DeClements\nBeidh dhá thosaíocht bhaile ag na mic léinn: 1) Scríobh páipéar machnaimh ar an ngníomhaíocht lipéadúcháin agus ar an gcruinniú. Déan cur síos ar thréith inmheánach agus seachtrach a chuir iontas ort. 2) Coinnigh leabhar bia/oiliúna ar feadh seachtaine.\nBurnett, Karen Kedig. Tá siad ag caint faoi na daoine seo. Simon's Hook. GR Foilsitheoireacht, 1999. ISBN-13: 978-0966853018\nOideachas Carachtair \"Cuaiseanna Múinteoireachta\" aonad Malek, Irene \"Secret of the Flower\". PDF\nDeClements, Barthe \"Nothing's Fair in 5th Grade\". Puffin, 1990. ISBN-10 01400344438 (an t-eispéireas a bhaineann le hIarratas)\nDéan athbhreithniú ar na samplaí de urram agus mí-urram ó Léas a hAon. Iarr ar na mic léinn an bhfuil an tábla ag baint le conas a léiríonn muid meas nó mí-mheas ar ár n-aigne féin agus ar ár gcorp féin. Inis don rang go bhfuil an ceacht inniu faoi aire a thabhairt dúinn féin \"inné agus amach\".\nIarr ar na mic léinn a thuairimí a thabhairt faoi shláinte fhisiceach (liosta brainstorming) agus sláinte mhothúchánach (liosta brainstorming). Iarr, \"Cén fáth a bhfuil sláinte mhaith tábhachtach?\"\nLéigh amach (scríbhinní) \"Secrets of the Flower\" le Irene Malek nó Simon's Hook le Karen Kedig Burnett. \"Secrets of the Flower\" is faoi fairy a fhoghlaimann dea-chleachtais na meas trí ghairdíníocht agus \"Simon's Hook\" is faoi buachaill beag a fhoghlaimíonn conas déileáil le teased agus a chur síos ag daoine eile.\nDéan plé leis na mic léinn ar an dóigh a cheapann siad go raibh meas ag carachtair na scéalta orthu féin nó nár rinne siad é ag pointí éagsúla i rith na scéalta. Cén chaoi a ndeachaigh feidhmiú le meas ar an scéal níos fearr dóibh féin agus do dhaoine eile?\nMar ghrúpa, déan liosta de thréithe carachtair agus tuairiscí ar phríomhcharachtair an scéil.\nRoinneáil le gach mac léinn bileog mór páipéir mhara agus marcóirí. Iarr ar na mic léinn oibriú le comhpháirtí a dhéanfaidh a gcorp fisiciúil a rianú ar an bpáipéar.\nCuir gach dalta focail a thuairiscíonn é féin ar an bhfigiúr a bhfuil an léarscáil air. D'fhéadfadh siad tagairt a dhéanamh do liosta na n-iompar agus na ngnéithe carachtair le haghaidh smaointe. Ba cheart go mbeadh na focail seo dearfach agus go dtabharfaí cur síos orthu mar fhianaise intíre agus seachtrach ar féinmheas. Samplaí: Maidir le tréithe inmheánacha, scríobh \"bródúil\" sa cheann nó \" álainn \" sa chroí nó \"dúr-obair\" ar na lámha. Maidir le tréithe seachtracha, scríobh \"fhiacla (nó gruaig) scuabtha\" in aice leis an gceann nó \"arm láidir\" nó \"ag faire smiorúil\". Nóta: ní gá do mhic léinn a n-ainmneacha a chur ar na páipéir.\nTar éis 15 nóiméad a thabhairt dóibh a gcuid body tracing a mhaisiú agus a lipéadú, lig do na daltaí a gcuid póstairí a chrochadh timpeall an tseomra chun siúl gailearaí ranga a chruthú. Siúil trí na pictiúir i líne, ag féachaint ar an méid a scríobh gach mac léinn. Cuir ar na daltaí cur síos ar shainmhínithe uathúla agus tréithe dearfacha a bhfuil siad comhchoiteann leo nó a bhfuil siad ag iarraidh a bheith acu.\nBíodh plé grúpa agat chun tréithe a léiríonn féinmheas a aithint. Scríobh cúpla tréith nó cur síos a fuair tú iontas agus/nó i gcoiteann le linn na n-iolrúin. Conas a bhraitheann siad faoi tréithe dearfacha a léamh?\nNóta: éascú ar an gcomhrá chun gnéithe de \"pósitive féin-labhairt\" agus dea-chleachtas aclaíochta agus sláinte a chur san áireamh. D'fhéadfadh go mbeadh i gceist le hábhair ithe/aiste bia maith, seasamh ar son féin, codladh/aistríocht go leor a fháil, gruaig/fhiacla/naongháin a chló, cuairteanna rialta ar dhochtúirí (lena n-áirítear fiaclóirí agus optometrists) agus éadaí oiriúnach a chaitheamh. Ná bíodh aon féin-chríitic ort.\nTicéad scoir: Scríobh abairt ag cur in iúl conas a théann meas ort féin i bhfeidhm ar dhaoine eile.\nBa cheart go ndéanfaí an measúnú don chéim seo i bhfoirm líníochtaí na mac léinn a bhailiú agus na lipéid a sheiceáil. Ba cheart go mbeadh sé ag comhréireacht le rannpháirtíocht sa rang agus le tréithe intrinsic agus extrinsic a lipéadú i gceart. Beidh dhá mheasúnú eile ón tasc machnaimh ar obair bhaile ina ndéanann na daltaí cur síos ar aon athruithe ar thuairimí agus ar bhreathnuithe ón ngníomhaíocht agus ón tasc logála bia/fheidhmiú ar obair bhaile ina gcoinníonn na daltaí iris laethúil ar iontógáil bia agus ar fheidhmiú. (Féach Scoil/Connection Baile.)\nSnáithe PHIL.II Caomhnóireacht agus an tsochaí shibhialta\nCaighdeánach PCS 01. Féin, saoránacht, agus an tsochaí\nE.3 Tabhair cur síos ar bhuntáiste a bhaineann le comhoibriú grúpa.\nCaighdeánach PCS 02. Cultúir Éagsúla\nE.2 Déan plé ar an tábhacht a bhaineann le meas a bheith ag daoine eile.\nTreoir E.4 Scileanna éisteachta a léiriú.\nSnáithe PHIL.III Daonlathas agus an Duine aonair\nPI 01 caighdeánach. Cúiseanna le Daonlathas Daonna\nE.5 Tabhair samplaí de ghníomhaíochtaí is féidir le mic léinn a dhéanamh chun an leas coiteann a fheabhsú agus liostaigh nó cur síos a dhéanamh ar na freagrachtaí a théann leis na gníomhaíochtaí sin."} {"text": "It is the moral nature of man by which he rises to good and noble thoughts. The different sciences show us the world as it is. Ethics tells us what it ought to be. It enables man to know how he should act. Man has two windows to his mind : through one he can see his own self as it is; through the other, he can see what he ought to be. It is our task to analyse and explore the body, the brain and the mind of man separately; but if we stop here, we derive no benefit despite our scientific knowledge. It is necessary to know about the evil effects of injustice, wickedness, vanity and the like, and the disaster they spell where the three are found together. And mere knowledge is not enough, it should be followed by appropriate action. An ethical idea is like an architect's plan. The plan shows how the building should be constructed; but is becomes useless if the building is not raised accordingly. Similarly, an ethical idea is useless so long as it is not followed by suitable action. There are many who memorize moral precepts and preach sermons, but they neither practise them nor do they mean to do so. There are some who believe that moral principles are not intended to be practiced in this world; they are meant for the other world- the world which lies beyond death. A great thinker has said, \" If you wish to attain perfection, you must begin from this very day to live according to the laws of morality at any cost.\" We need not be scared away by such thoughts; on the contrary we should be glad to live up to them, considering our responsibility in the matter. \"Certainly, cousin,\" said the gallant Earl of Pembroke, on coming up to the Earl of Derby before Aubercoche and finding the battle already won, \"you have neither been courteous nor behaved honorably to fight my enemies without waiting for me\". Only when there is such readiness to accept moral responsibility will men tread the path of virtue.\nGod is omnipotent, He is perfect. There are no limits to His mercy, to His goodness and to His justice. If this is so, how can we, His bond salves, stray at all from the moral path? It is no fault of the ethical principles if one following them should fail. However, those committing a breach of morality have only themselves to blame.\nIn the path of morality there is no such things as reward for moral behaviour. If a man does some good deed, he does not do it to win applause, he does it because he must. For him doing good is but a higher kind of food, if one may compare food and goodness. And if someone should give him an opportunity to do a good deed, he would feel grateful just as a starving man would be grateful to the giver of food and bless him.\nThis ethical religion, of which we have spoken, does not mean the cultivation of gentlemanliness. It does mean that we should become a little more diligent, a little better educated, a little cleaner and neater, etc. All this is no doubt included in it, but it touches only the fringe of ethical religion. Many more things have to be done by man if he would walk along this path; and he has to do them as a matter of duty, knowing them to be a part of his nature, not for gaining any worldly benefit.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-40", "url": "https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Ethical_Religion/Beginning", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-40/segments/1474738662058.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20160924173742-00034-ip-10-143-35-109.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9712967277, "token_count": 695, "score": 2.9375, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Is é an nádúr morálta an duine trína éiríonn sé le smaointe maithe agus uasal. Taispeánann na heolaíochtaí éagsúla dúinn an domhan mar atá sé. Deir an Eitic dúinn cad ba cheart a bheith ann. Cuireann sé ar chumas an duine a fhios a bheith aige conas ba chóir dó gníomhú. Tá dhá fhuinneog ag an duine dá intinn: tríd an gceann is féidir leis féin a fheiceáil mar atá sé; tríd an gceann eile, is féidir leis a fheiceáil cad ba cheart dó a bheith. Is é ár gcúram corp, inchinn agus intinn an duine a anailísiú agus a iniúchadh ar leithligh; ach má stopann muid anseo, ní fhaighimid aon tairbhe in ainneoin ár n-eolas eolaíoch. Tá sé riachtanach a fhios a bheith againn faoi na héifeachtaí olc a bhaineann le heagla, le droch-dhuine, le haon agus mar sin de, agus faoin tubaiste a thugann siad nuair a bhíonn na trí cinn le chéile. Agus ní leor eolas amháin, ba cheart gníomh iomchuí a bheith ina dhiaidh sin. Is cosúil le plean ailtire smaoineamh eiticiúil. Léiríonn an plean conas ba chóir an foirgneamh a thógáil; ach bíonn sé gan úsáid mura bhfuil an foirgneamh ardaithe dá réir. Ar an gcaoi chéanna, tá smaoineamh eiticiúil gan úsáid chomh fada agus nach leanann gníomh oiriúnach air. Tá go leor acu a chuimhníonn prionsabail mhorálta agus a shearbhaíonn searmanas, ach ní chleachtann siad iad ná ní bhíonn sé i gceist acu é sin a dhéanamh. Tá daoine áirithe a chreideann nach bhfuil sé beartaithe go ndéanfaí prionsabail mhorálta a chleachtadh sa saol seo; tá siad ceaptha don domhan eile - an domhan atá taobh thiar den bhás. Dúirt smaointeoir mór, \" Má tá tú ag iarraidh foirfeacht a bhaint amach, ní mór duit tosú ón lá seo féin chun maireachtáil de réir dhlíthe na moráltachta ar chostas ar bith. \" Ní gá dúinn a bheith eagla ar shiúl ag smaointe den sórt sin; ar a mhalairt, ba cheart dúinn a bheith sásta maireachtáil suas leo, ag smaoineamh ar ár bhfreagracht sa cheist. \"Cinnte, a sheanmháthair\", a dúirt an Iarla gallant de Pembroke, ar teacht suas go dtí an Iarla Derby roimh Aubercoche agus a fháil ar an cath cheana féin a bhuaigh, \"ní raibh tú ná a bheith cúirtéiseach ná iompraíodh go onórach chun troid mo naimhde gan fanacht liom. \" Ní bheidh fir ag siúl ar shlí na fírinne ach amháin nuair a bheidh siad réidh chun freagracht mhorálta a ghlacadh.\nTá Dia omnipotent, Tá sé foirfe. Níl teorainn ag a thrócaire, a mhaitheas agus a cheartas. Má tá sé seo mar sin, conas is féidir linn, a chuid bond salves, stray ar chor ar bith as an cosán morálta? Ní hé an locht ar na prionsabail eitice má theipeann ar dhuine a leanann iad. Mar sin féin, ní bhíonn ach an t-aon chion ar na daoine a dhéanann sárú morálta.\nSa chosán moráltachta níl aon rud mar luach saothair le haghaidh iompar morálta. Má dhéanann fear dea-ghníomh, ní dhéanann sé é chun claíomh a fháil, déanann sé é toisc go gcaithfidh sé. Chun dó ag déanamh go maith ach cineál níos airde bia, má tá duine a chur i gcomparáid bia agus dea-cháil. Agus má thug duine éigin deis dó dea-ghníomh a dhéanamh, bheadh sé buíoch de, díreach mar a bheadh fear gortaithe buíoch don duine a thug bia dó agus a bheannaigh é.\nNí chiallaíonn an reiligiún eiticiúil seo, a labhair muid, go bhfuil an gentlemanliness á chothú. Ciallaíonn sé gur cheart dúinn a bheith beagán níos díograise, beagán níos oideachasúla, beagán níos glan agus níos clutha, etc. Tá sé seo go léir gan amhras san áireamh ann, ach ní dhéanann sé ach an taobh den reiligiún eiticiúil. Ní mór go leor rudaí eile a dhéanamh ag an duine más mian leis dul ar an mbóthar seo; agus ní mór dó iad a dhéanamh mar ábhar dualgas, agus é ag fios gur cuid dá nádúr iad, ní chun aon leas sa domhan a fháil."} {"text": "How China's Chickens Lay A Billion Eggs Per Day\nBehind a row of sealed red incubator doors in a new facility in northern China, about 400,000 chicks are hatched every day, part of the rapidly modernising supply chain in China's $37 billion egg industry, the world's biggest.\nAs China overhauls production of everything from pork to milk and vegetables, farmers raising hens for eggs are also shifting from backyards to factory farms, where modern standardised processes are expected to raise quality and safety.\nThat's an important step in a country where melamine-tainted eggs and eggs with high antibiotic residues have featured in a series of food safety scandals in recent years. It is also spurring demand for higher priced branded eggs over those sold loose in fresh produce markets.\nTry European Supermarket Magazine PREMIUM – 30 Day FREE Trial.\nA trial subscription gives unrestricted access to all premium site content, app content, weekly email content and European Supermarket Magazine digital edition for a full 30 days. Try it now!", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-18", "url": "https://www.esmmagazine.com/chinas-chickens-lay-billion-eggs-per-day/62090", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578530060.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20190420220657-20190421002657-00252.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9161819816, "token_count": 211, "score": 2.5625, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Conas a Luíonn Cearc na Síne Billiún Uibhe in aghaidh an lae\nTaobh thiar de shraith d'oireadáin incubator dearga faoi shéala i saoráid nua i dtuaisceart na Síne, tá thart ar 400,000 caora a eisiúint gach lá, mar chuid den slabhra soláthair atá ag nuachóiriú go tapa i dtionscal uibheacha $ 37 billiún na Síne, an ceann is mó ar domhan.\nDe réir mar a athshlánú an tSín táirgeadh gach rud ó fheoil éan go bainne agus glasraí, tá feirmeoirí a bhfuil fionnaí ar uibheacha acu ag aistriú ó chúlchúl chuig feirmeacha monarcha, áit a bhfuiltear ag súil go dtiocfaidh feabhas ar cháilíocht agus ar shábháilteacht trí phróisis chaighdeánaithe nua-aimseartha.\nIs céim thábhachtach í sin i dtír ina bhfuil uibheacha melamine-scéalaithe agus uibheacha le fáinní ard antaibheathach le feiceáil i sraith scandálaí sábháilteachta bia le blianta beaga anuas. Tá sé ag spreagadh éilimh ar uibheacha brandaithe ar phraghas níos airde ná iad siúd a dhíoltar go mór i margaí táirgí úra.\nDéan triail as iris Supermarket na hEorpa PREMIUM Trialach saor in aisce 30 Lá.\nTugann síntiús triail rochtain gan teorainn ar ábhar préimhe an láithreáin, ábhar an aip, ábhar ríomhphoist seachtainiúil agus eagrán digiteach iris Supermargadh na hEorpa ar feadh 30 lá iomlán. Bain triail as anois!"} {"text": "What is open data?\nOpen data is data that is created, stored and shared by any organisation or institution and made freely available for anyone to use, reuse and redistribute as they wish.\nAbout open data\nOpen data (and open anything) lends itself to sharing, and to building a community. One of the most important open data sources is government, with government open data playing a key role in the open government movement.\nSalsa Digital, as part of our commitment to all things open (open government, open source content management systems (CMS), open platform, open design), embraces the significant potential and benefits of open data. Open data has only just begun to realise its potential through new applications and websites built using open datasets. As data is further offered as authoritative and open, and greater access to this data is delivered to citizens via co-produced applications and websites, the open data concept builds in its reach and benefit.\nOpen data and open government\nOpen data has become an important part of the open government movement informing policy, providing greater transparency and encouraging co-production with citizens. In fact, government policy is that data should be ‘open by default’.\nOpen data is a key part of one of the government’s 15 commitments in the Open Government National Plan (2.1 ‘Release high-value datasets and enable data driven innovation’).\nA report on open data was released in May 2017 by the Productivity Commission. The report is a major piece of research into open data in Australia — the overview provides detailed information on where we are now, and how we can make the most out of data in Australia.\nThe bottom line: Australia needs to embrace open data to unlock the positive economic and social outcomes it can deliver.\nWhy open data?\nGovernment departments are opening up their datasets to deliver value to industry and citizens.\nAt a functional level, open data enables co-production between government and citizens/industry, with data that’s available and free being used to create websites and apps. It’s also about data visualisation, with open-source tools like CKAN turning raw data into graphs and charts that help us interpret data and reveal patterns and meaning. Open data is being used to solve problems, and to deliver economic and social benefits.\nWho’s opening their data?\nThere are already many government agencies (at local, state and federal levels) that have opened their data. Data.gov.au (federal repository) currently has nearly 29,000 discoverable datasets and each state also has its own data repository:\n- VIC data (this is actually a Salsa project, built using open source tool CKAN) — over 6000 datasets grouped into 15 categories such as environment, education and spatial data.\n- NSW data — over 80,000 datasets from 50 government agencies, including local councils.\n- ACT data — datasets across 14 categories, with maps to show the data in action (e.g. map of cyclist crashes, graph of air quality)\n- SA data — over 1000 datasets and a section on apps and ideas that shows how the data is being used.\n- TAS data — data broken into 12 categories, from climate and environment to people and society.\n- QLD data — Over 2000 datasets and a dedicated case studies section.\n- WA data — Nearly 1000 datasets across 10 categories with useful toolkits targeted at creators, publishers, developers, professionals, executives and consumers.\nWho uses government open data?\nBelow are a handful of case studies:\n- SA’s Addinsight — Built by South Australia's Department of Planning, Transport and Infrastructure (DPTI), this app alerts drivers in Adelaide of road hazards using two real-time datasets opened by the DPTI.\n- SA’s Crime Mapping Tool — Built by the SA Police using their own crime statistics, this website-based tool shows suburbs’ break-in data from the past five years.\n- QLD’s Breathe Easy — Built by Remark (a group of Brisbane-based hackers) for GovHack 2016, this air and water pollution app uses data opened by QLD’s Department of Environment and Science.\n- Live Traffic NSW — Built by Transport for NSW, this real-time traffic information app uses data from the Transport Management Centre.\n- TAS’s RoadCrash data — Built by Peclet using data opened by the Tasmanian Police, this map shows accident hotspots in urban and rural Tasmanian areas.\n- WA’s MyFireWatch — Built from a collaboration between Landgate and Edith Cowan University, using data opened by WA’s Landgate, MyFireWatch is a map showing bushfires in WA.\nThe CSIRO is also part of the open data charge, with Data 61’s Platform for Open Data project. Through this project, Data61 is working with government to open and use high-value datasets. The National Map is a key Data61 project.\nAnother big player in government open data in Australia is GovHack. GovHack is a yearly ‘hack-a-thon’ that’s gained a lot of traction since it started in 2009. GovHack creates awareness of the power of open data and provides a platform for ‘hacker groups’ to get creative with government open data.\nPast winners provide an insight into the projects born from government open data. The 2017 winners included a mobile app that allows people to log issues to their local council (by the group Here for Bread) and an emergency department load forecaster (like a weather forecast but a patient forecast) (by the group Beast Mode).\nSalsa’s open data services\nOpen data strategy: Helping you define a clear plan on how your department can release the public data it creates and make it available for free to anyone who wishes to use it. The plan extends further to help identify how, where and when to share and manage your open datasets. The strategy also covers the roles and responsibilities of the data owner vs the steward vs the custodian.\nOpen data architecture and schema design: Designing your open data (information) architecture and schemas — metadata definitions that describe and expose your open datasets.\nUX design: Designing the user interface and user experience to ensure ease-of-use and data discoverability.\nData migration, consolidation and conversion: Consolidating, migrating and/or converting existing datasets from legacy sources/systems into your new/target open data platform.\nOpen data portal configuration and implementation\nOpen data portal module extension development, customisation and/or enhancements\nOpen data portal frontend theming.\nFor data contributors on how to describe and submit open datasets\nFor data administrators/moderators on how to moderate (accept or reject) submissions and revisions\nTechnical training on how to design, build, configure or theme your open data portal.\nHosting: Open data portal hosting platform and management including 24/7 monitoring, one-hour critical incident response SLA, patching and maintenance, etc.\nSupport: Ad-hoc open data portal application support and enhancements, service help-desk, etc.\nWe’ve come a long way in our use of open data, but we need to continue to innovate. Salsa is keen to be part of the evolution, to help deliver the transformation that open data enables.\nA recent draft report on data makes recommendations that will revolutionise the way Australia uses data.Read\nGet in touch\nWe’ve been helping government agencies around Australia open their data and deliver on the open government movement. Use the form below or call us on 1300 727 952 to chat about your agency’s needs.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-18", "url": "https://salsadigital.com.au/services/what-is-open-data", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578624217.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20190424014705-20190424040705-00126.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9024372697, "token_count": 1598, "score": 3.359375, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Cad é sonraí oscailte?\nIs sonraí oscailte iad sonraí a chruthaíonn, a stórálann agus a roinneann aon eagraíocht nó institiúid agus a chuirtear ar fáil go saor do dhuine ar bith chun iad a úsáid, a athúsáid agus a athdháileadh de réir mar is mian leo.\nMaidir le sonraí oscailte\nTá sonraí oscailte (agus aon rud oscailte) oiriúnach chun a roinnt, agus chun pobal a thógáil. Ceann de na foinsí sonraí oscailte is tábhachtaí ná an rialtas, agus tá ról lárnach ag sonraí oscailte an rialtais sa ghluaiseacht rialtais oscailte.\nSalsa Digital, mar chuid dár dtiomantas do gach rud oscailte (rialtas oscailte, córais bainistíochta ábhair foinse oscailte (CMS), ardán oscailte, dearadh oscailte), glacann sé le hionchas agus le buntáistí suntasacha sonraí oscailte. Tá sonraí oscailte díreach tar éis tús a chur lena acmhainneacht trí fheidhmchláir agus láithreáin ghréasáin nua a tógadh ag baint úsáide as tacar sonraí oscailte. De réir mar a chuirtear sonraí ar fáil mar shonraí údarásacha agus oscailte, agus go gcuirtear rochtain níos mó ar na sonraí sin ar fáil do shaoránaigh trí iarratais agus láithreáin ghréasáin a tháirgtear i gcomhpháirt, tá an coincheap sonraí oscailte ag fás ina sroich agus ina bhuntáiste.\nSonraí Oscailte agus Rialtas Oscailte\nTá sonraí oscailte ina gcuid thábhachtach den ghluaiseacht rialtais oscailte ag cur eolais ar bheartas, ag soláthar trédhearcachta níos mó agus ag spreagadh comhtháirgthe le saoránaigh. Go deimhin, is é beartas an rialtais gur chóir go mbeadh sonraí \"oscailte de réir réamhshocraithe\".\nTá sonraí oscailte ina gcuid lárnach de cheann de na 15 tiomantas atá ag an rialtas sa Phlean Náisiúnta um Rialtas Oscailte (Plean Náisiúnta um Rialtas Oscailte 2.1): 'Sátha sonraí ardluacha a scaoileadh agus nuálaíocht arna stiúradh ag sonraí a chumasú'.\nTá an Coimisiún um Tháirgiúlacht tar éis tuarascáil a fhoilsiú i mí na Bealtaine 2017 maidir le sonraí oscailte. Is cuid mhór taighde é an tuarascáil ar shonraí oscailte san Astráil - cuireann an t-amhrán faisnéis mhionsonraithe ar fáil maidir leis an áit a bhfuil muid anois, agus conas is féidir linn an leas is fearr a bhaint as sonraí san Astráil.\nAn líne bhun: Ní mór don Astráil glacadh le sonraí oscailte chun na torthaí dearfacha eacnamaíocha agus sóisialta a d'fhéadfadh a sholáthar a scaoileadh amach.\nCén fáth a bhfuil sonraí oscailte ann?\nTá ranna rialtais ag oscailt a gcuid tacar sonraí chun luach a sholáthar don tionscal agus do shaoránaigh.\nAr leibhéal feidhmiúil, cuireann sonraí oscailte comhtháirgiú ar fáil idir an rialtas agus saoránaigh/an tionscal, agus úsáidtear sonraí atá ar fáil agus saor in aisce chun suíomhanna gréasáin agus aipeanna a chruthú. Baineann sé freisin le léargas a thabhairt ar shonraí, le huirlisí foinse oscailte mar CKAN a thiocfaidh sonraí amh ina gclár agus i gclár a chabhróidh linn sonraí a léiriú agus patrúin agus brí a nochtadh. Tá sonraí oscailte á n-úsáid chun fadhbanna a réiteach, agus chun sochair eacnamaíocha agus sóisialta a sholáthar.\nCé atá ag oscailt a gcuid sonraí?\nTá go leor gníomhaireachtaí rialtais (ar leibhéal áitiúil, stáit agus cónaidhme) ann cheana féin a d'oscail a gcuid sonraí. Tá beagnach 29,000 tacar sonraí le fáil faoi láthair ag Data.gov.au (ionad stórála cónaidhme) agus tá a stór sonraí féin ag gach stát freisin:\n- Sonraí VIC (is tionscadal Salsa é seo i ndáiríre, a tógadh ag baint úsáide as uirlis foinse oscailte CKAN) níos mó ná 6000 tacar sonraí a bhailítear i 15 chatagóir amhail sonraí comhshaoil, oideachais agus spásúla.\n- Sonraí ó NSW os cionn 80,000 tacar sonraí ó 50 gníomhaireacht rialtais, lena n-áirítear comhairlí áitiúla.\n- Sonraí ACT sraitheanna sonraí ar fud 14 chatagóir, le léarscáileanna chun na sonraí a thaispeáint i ngníomh (m.sh. (cart de thimpistí rothaíochta, graif d'airgead aer)\n- Sonraí SA os cionn 1000 tacar sonraí agus rannán ar fheidhmchláir agus smaointe a léiríonn conas atá na sonraí á n-úsáid.\n- Sonraí TAS sonraí arna dtabhairt isteach i 12 chatagóir, ó aeráid agus comhshaol go daoine agus sochaí.\n- Sonraí QLD Níos mó ná 2000 tacar sonraí agus rannán speisialta de staidéir cás.\n- Sonraí WA Beagnach 1000 tacar sonraí ar fud 10 chatagóir le huirlisí úsáideacha atá dírithe ar chruthaitheoirí, foilsitheoirí, forbróirí, gairmithe, feidhmeannaigh agus tomhaltóirí.\nCé a úsáideann sonraí oscailte an rialtais?\nSeo thíos roinnt cás-staidéir:\n- SAs Addinsight Tá an aip seo tógtha ag Roinn Pleanála, Iompair agus Bonneagair (DPTI) na hAstráile Theas, agus tugann sé rabhadh do thiománaithe in Adelaide faoi bhagairtí bóthair trí dhá shraith sonraí fíor-ama a osclaíonn DPTI a úsáid.\n- uirlis mhapeála coireachta SA arna thógáil ag póilíní SA ag baint úsáide as a gcuid staitisticí coireachta féin, léiríonn an uirlis bunaithe ar shuíomh Gréasáin seo sonraí briseadh isteach i mbruachbhailte na cúig bliana anuas.\n- QLD's Breathe Easy Tógtha ag Remark (grúpa hackers atá lonnaithe i Brisbane) le haghaidh GovHack 2016, úsáideann an aip éillithe aeir agus uisce seo sonraí a d'oscail Roinn Comhshaoil agus Eolaíochta QLD.\n- Live Traffic NSW Tá an aip seo le faisnéis thrácht fíor-ama a thóg an tSeirbhís Iompair do NSW agus a úsáideann sonraí ó Lárionad Bainistíochta Iompair.\n- Sonraí TASS RoadCrash Arna thógáil ag Peclet ag baint úsáide as sonraí a d'oscail Póilíní Tasmáine, léiríonn an léarscáil seo hotspots timpiste i gceantair uirbeacha agus tuaithe Tasmáine.\n- WAs MyFireWatch Tá MyFireWatch, a tógadh ó chomhoibriú idir Landgate agus Ollscoil Edith Cowan, ag baint úsáide as sonraí a d'oscail WAs Landgate, ina léarscáil a léiríonn tinte fiáin i WA.\nTá an CSIRO mar chuid den mhuirear sonraí oscailte freisin, le tionscadal Data 61's Platform for Open Data. Tríd an tionscadal seo, tá Data61 ag obair leis an rialtas chun tacair sonraí ardluacha a oscailt agus a úsáid. Is tionscadal lárnach é an Léarscáil Náisiúnta Data61.\nIs é an t-imreoir mór eile i sonraí oscailte an rialtais san Astráil GovHack. Is é GovHack an \"hack-a-thon\" bliantúil a fuair go leor tarraingt ó thosaigh sé i 2009. Cruthaíonn GovHack feasacht faoi chumhacht na sonraí oscailte agus soláthraíonn sé ardán do \"ghrúpaí hackers\" chun a bheith cruthaitheach le sonraí oscailte an rialtais.\nTugann buaiteoirí roimhe seo léargas ar na tionscadail a rugadh ó shonraí oscailte an rialtais. I measc na n-aitheanta 2017 bhí aip soghluaiste a ligeann do dhaoine ceisteanna a chlárú chuig a gcomhairle áitiúil (ag an ngrúpa Here for Bread) agus réamhaisnéisí ualaigh roinn éigeandála (cosúil le réamhaisnéis aimsire ach réamhaisnéis othar) (ag an ngrúpa Beast Mode).\nSeirbhísí sonraí oscailte Salsas\nStraitéis sonraí oscailte: Cabhair a thabhairt duit plean soiléir a shainiú maidir le conas is féidir le do roinn na sonraí poiblí a chruthaíonn sé a scaoileadh agus iad a chur ar fáil saor in aisce do dhuine ar bith ar mian leis iad a úsáid. Tá an plean ag leathnú níos faide chun cabhrú le conas, cá háit agus cathain a roinnt agus a bhainistiú do shraith sonraí oscailte. Clúdaíonn an straitéis freisin róil agus freagrachtaí úinéir na sonraí i gcomparáid leis an steward i gcomparáid leis an gcustaiméir.\nAiltireacht sonraí oscailte agus dearadh scéime: Ailtireacht agus scéimeanna sonraí oscailte (faisnéis) a dhearadh sainmhínithe meiteadat a chuireann síos ar do shraith sonraí oscailte agus a nochtann iad.\nDearadh UX: Dearadh an idirchomhéara úsáideora agus an taithí úsáideora chun éascaíocht úsáide agus infhaighteacht sonraí a chinntiú.\nMhiondú, comhdhlúthú agus tiontú sonraí: Comhdhlúthú, imirce agus/nó tiontú suímh sonraí atá ann cheana ó fhoinsí/chórais oidhreachta chuig do ardán sonraí oscailte nua/targartha.\nCúntóirí\nForbairt síneadh, saincheaptha agus/nó feabhsuithe ar mhódúl an tairseach sonraí oscailte\nTéama tosaigh tairseach sonraí oscailte.\nI gcás ranníocóirí sonraí maidir le conas tacar sonraí oscailte a thuairisciú agus a chur isteach\nLe haghaidh riarthóirí/modaraithe sonraí maidir le conas a modaraíonn siad (a ghlacadh nó a dhiúltú) aighneachtaí agus athbhreithnithe\nOiliúint theicniúil maidir le conas do chalafort sonraí oscailte a dhearadh, a thógáil, a chumrú nó a théamh.\nÁrasán: Ardán óstála agus bainistíochta tairseach sonraí oscailte lena n-áirítear monatóireacht 24/7 agus SLA maidir le freagairt ar eachtraí criticiúla uair an chloig, pacáil agus cothabháil, etc.\nTacaíocht: Tacaíocht agus feabhsuithe iarratais ad-hoc ar thairseach sonraí oscailte, taibhiú seirbhíse, srl.\nTá go leor dul chun cinn déanta againn maidir le sonraí oscailte a úsáid, ach ní mór dúinn a bheith nuálach. Tá Salsa ag iarraidh a bheith mar chuid den éabhlóid, chun cuidiú leis an athrú a chuireann sonraí oscailte ar fáil a chur i gcrích.\nTá moltaí leagtha amach i dréacht-tuarascáil le déanaí ar shonraí a dhéanfaidh réabhlóid ar an mbealach a n-úsáideann an Astráil sonraí.\nDéan teagmháil\nTá muid ag cabhrú le gníomhaireachtaí rialtais ar fud na hAstráile a gcuid sonraí a oscailt agus an gluaiseacht rialtais oscailte a chur i gcrích. Úsáid an fhoirm thíos nó glaoigh orainn ar 1300 727 952 chun labhairt faoi riachtanais do ghníomhaireachta."} {"text": "Life Science Videos\nVideos and Songs to help you learn and make learning fun!\nLearn about plant and animal cells.\nCell the Organelle Rap\nMore about plant and animal cells\nMr. Parr Photosynthesis Rap\nLearn about photosynthesis.\nMr. Parr Symbiosos Song\nRap song about symbiotic relationships.\nMr. Parr Producers Rap\nLearn about producers in ecosystems.\nMr. Parr Decomposers Song\nRole of decomposers in ecosystems.\nMr. Parr Adaptations Song\nLearn about animal adaptations, like camouflage.\nWolves in Yellowstone\nImportance of all parts of an ecosystem.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-21", "url": "https://www.mrsburkhartsclass.com/life-science-videos", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662625600.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20220526193923-20220526223923-00297.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.7516267896, "token_count": 139, "score": 2.875, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Físeáin Eolaíochta Beatha\nFíseáin agus Ainmneacha chun cabhrú leat foghlaim agus chun foghlaim a dhéanamh spraoi!\nFoghlaim faoi chealla plandaí agus ainmhithe.\nCill an Rap Organelle\nTuilleadh faoi chealla plandaí agus ainmhithe\nAn tUasal Parr Rap Photosynthesis\nFoghlaim faoi fhóta-shintéis.\nAn tUasal Parr Symbiosos Song\nAn t-amhrán rap faoi chaidrimh simibéideacha.\nAn tUasal Parr Rap Táirgeoirí\nFoghlaim faoi tháirgeoirí in éiceachórais.\nAn tUasal Parr Decomposers Song\nRól na dítheagróirí in éiceachórais.\nAn tUasal Parr Oiriúnaithe Song\nFoghlaim faoi oiriúnaithe ainmhithe, cosúil le camouflage.\nLuibheanna i Yellowstone\nTá tábhacht ag gach cuid d'éiceachóras."} {"text": "|This article needs additional citations for verification. (September 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)|\nZweikanalton (\"two channel sound\") or A2 Stereo, is a television sound transmission system used in Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Netherlands and other countries that use or used PAL-B or PAL-G. South Korea formerly utilised its variant of this format in analogue television system until 31 December 2012. It relies on two separate FM carriers.\nThis offers a relatively high separation between the channels (compared to a subcarrier-based multiplexing system) and can thus be used for bilingual broadcasts as well as stereo. Unlike the competing NICAM standard, Zweikanalton is an analog system.\nHow It Works\nA 2nd FM sound carrier containing the right channel for stereo is transmitted at a frequency 242 kHz higher than the existing mono FM sound carrier, and channel mixing is used in the receiver to derive the left channel.\nThe second sound carrier also contains a 54.6875 kHz pilot tone to indicate whether the transmission is stereo or bilingual.\nThe pilot tone is 50% AM modulated with 117.5 Hz for stereo or 274.1 Hz for bilingual.\n|mode||existing OIRT 6.5 MHz or BG 5.5 MHz sound carrier contains:||2nd OIRT 6.258 MHz or BG 5.742 MHz carrier contains:||pilot tone in 2nd carrier:|\n|mono||mono||carrier is absent||none|\n|stereo||mix of left & right (L+R)/2||right audio channel||54.6875 kHz 50% AM with 117.5 Hz|\n|bilingual||1st language||2nd language||54.6875 kHz 50% AM with 274.1 Hz|\nZweikanalton can be adapted to any existing analogue television system, and modern PAL or SECAM television receivers generally include a sound detector IC that can decode both Zweikanalton and NICAM.\nZweikanalton can carry either a completely separate audio program, or can be used for stereo sound transmission. In the latter case, the first FM carrier carries (L+R)/2 for compatibility, while the second carrier carries R (not L-R.) After combining the two channels, this method improves the signal-to-noise ratio by reducing the correlated noise between the channels.\nThe frequencies are chosen such that they cause minimal interference to the picture. The difference between the two sound carriers is 15.5 times the line frequency (15.5 x 15625 Hz = 242187.5 Hz) which, being an odd multiple of half line frequency, reduces the visibility of intermodulation products between the two carriers. The pilot tone frequency is 3.5 times line frequency (54687.5 Hz). The modulated tone frequency is 117.50 Hz for stereo transmission and 274.1 Hz for bilingual transmission. Absence of this tone is interpreted as a monaural transmission.\nSystem M variant\nThere is a version of A2 used in South Korea, compatible with the System M standard of TV transmission. In this case the second FM carrier is 14.25 times the line frequency, or about 224 kHz, above the first carrier; pre-emphasis is 75 microseconds; the stereo pilot tone frequency is 149.9 Hz; the bilingual pilot tone frequency is 276 Hz; and the second channel carries L-R (not R).\nZweikanalton is known by a variety of names worldwide. Most commonly used names are Zweiton, German Stereo, A2 Stereo, West German Stereo and IGR Stereo.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-40", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A2_Stereo", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-40/segments/1474738662698.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20160924173742-00190-ip-10-143-35-109.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8786813617, "token_count": 760, "score": 2.546875, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": " Teastaíonn luacha breise don alt seo chun a fhíorú. (Meán Fómhair 2014) (Féach conas agus cathain a ba chóir an teimpléad teachtaireacht seo a bhaint)\nIs córas tarchurtha fuaime teilifíse é Zweikanalton (\"fuaim dhá chainéil\") nó A2 Stereo, a úsáidtear sa Ghearmáin, san Ostair, san Eilvéis, san Ísiltír agus i dtíortha eile a úsáideann nó a úsáideann PAL-B nó PAL-G. D'úsáid an Chóiré Theas a leagan den fhormáid seo roimhe seo i gcóras teilifíse anailíse go dtí an 31 Nollaig 2012. Tá sé ag brath ar dhá iompróir FM ar leithligh.\nTugann sé seo scaradh réasúnta ard idir na bealaí (i gcomparáid le córas ilghníomhach atá bunaithe ar fho-iompróir) agus dá bhrí sin is féidir é a úsáid le haghaidh craoltaí déitheangacha chomh maith le steirió. Murab ionann agus an chaighdeán iomaíoch NICAM, is córas analógach é Zweikanalton.\nConas a Oibríonn sé\nTá 2ú iompróir fuaime FM ina bhfuil an cainéal ceart le haghaidh steirió a tharchur ag minicíocht 242 kHz níos airde ná an iompróir fuaime mono FM atá ann cheana, agus úsáidtear meascán cainéal sa ghlacadóir chun an cainéal chlé a bhaint amach.\nTá ton píolótach 54.6875 kHz sa dara iompróir fuaime chun a léiriú an bhfuil an tarchur stéaréach nó dátheangach.\nIs é 50% den ton píolótach AM a mhodhnú le 117.5 Hz le haghaidh stiúideo nó 274.1 Hz le haghaidh déthac.\n\"mode\" \"Radhairc\" \"OIRT 6.5 MHz nó BG 5.5 MHz\" \"carrier\" \"containing\": \"Radhairc2nd\" \"OIRT 6.258 MHz nó BG 5.742 MHz\" \"carrier\" \"containing:\" \"Radhairc\" \"pilot tone in 2nd carrier: \"Radhairc\"\n♬mono saidead ♬mono saidead ♬carrier is absent ♬saideadnone saidead\n♬stereo Paddy Paddy meascán de chlé & ceart (L + R) / 2 Paddy Paddy ceart cainéal fuaime Paddy Paddy Paddy54.6875 kHz 50% AM le 117.5 Hz Paddy Paddy\n☐Céad teanga ☐Céad teanga ☐Céad teanga ☐Céad teanga ☐Céad teanga ☐Céad teanga ☐Céad teanga ☐Céad teanga ☐Céad teanga ☐Céad teanga ☐Céad teanga ☐Céad teanga ☐Céad teanga ☐Céad teanga ☐Céad teanga ☐Céad teanga ☐Céad teanga ☐Céad teanga ☐Céad teanga ☐Céad teanga ☐Céad teanga ☐Céad teanga ☐Céad teanga ☐Céad teanga ☐Céad teanga ☐Céad teanga ☐Céad teanga ☐Céad teanga ☐Céad teanga ☐Céad teanga ☐Céad teanga ☐Céad teanga ☐Céad teanga ☐Céad teanga ☐Céad teanga ☐Céad teanga ☐Céad teanga ☐Céad teanga ☐Céad teanga ☐Céad teanga ☐Céad teanga ☐Céad teanga ☐Céad teanga ☐Céad teanga ☐Céad teanga ☐Céad teanga ☐Céad teanga ☐Céad teanga ☐Céad teanga ☐Céad teanga ☐Céad teanga ☐Céad teanga ☐Céad teanga ☐Céad teanga ☐Céad teanga ☐Céad teanga ☐Céad teanga ☐Céad teanga ☐Céad teanga ☐Céad\nIs féidir Zweikanalton a oiriúnú do aon chóras teilifíse anailíse atá ann cheana, agus tá glacadóirí teilifíse PAL nó SECAM nua-aimseartha ina measc de ghnáth IC braiteora fuaime a fhéadann Zweikanalton agus NICAM a dhíchódú.\nIs féidir Zweikanalton clár fuaime go hiomlán ar leithligh a iompar, nó is féidir é a úsáid le haghaidh tarchur fuaime steirió. Sa chás dheireanach, i gcás na comhoiriúnachta, bíonn (L + R) / 2 ag an gcéad iompróir FM, agus i gcás an dara iompróir bíonn R (ní L-R) ag an dara iompróir. Tar éis na dhá chainéil a chur le chéile, feabhsaíonn an modh seo an cóimheas comhartha-rud a dhéanamh leis an torann trí an torann comhghaolta idir na cainéil a laghdú.\nRoghnaítear na minicíochtaí ar bhealach a fhágann go mbíonn an t-idirghabháil is lú ann don phictiúr. Is é an difríocht idir an dá iompróir fuaime 15.5 uair an t-atmaisféar líne (15.5 x 15625 Hz = 242187.5 Hz) a laghdaíonn infheictheacht táirgí idirmhódúlaithe idir an dá iompróir, mar is iomaí neamhghnácha é de mhéadar an t-atmaisféar leathlíne. Is é 3.5 huaire an minicíocht líne (54687.5 Hz) an minicíocht tóna píolótach. Is é 117.50 Hz an minicíocht tóna modúlaithe le haghaidh tarchurtha steirió agus 274.1 Hz le haghaidh tarchurtha dé-theanga. Léirítear easpa an tonais seo mar tharchur monaural.\nAthrú córas M\nTá leagan de A2 á úsáid sa Chóiré Theas, atá comhoiriúnach leis an gcaighdeán tarchurtha Teilifíse Córas M. Sa chás seo tá an dara iompróir FM 14.25 uair an t-atmaisféar líne, nó thart ar 224 kHz, os cionn an chéad iompróra; tá réamh-mhínithe 75 microseconds; is é an t-atmaisféar tóin stiúideo píolótach 149.9 Hz; is é an t-atmaisféar tóin píolótach déthaobhach 276 Hz; agus iompróidh an dara cainéal L-R (ní R).\nTá ainmneacha éagsúla ar Zweikanalton ar fud an domhain. Is iad na hainmneacha is coitianta a úsáidtear Zweiton, Stereo na Gearmáine, A2 Stereo, Stereo na Gearmáine Thiar agus IGR Stereo."} {"text": "RAID, or Redundant Array of Independent Disks, is a technology of storing data on a number hard drives that function together as one single logical unit. The drives could be physical or logical i.e. in the second case a single drive is split into different ones through virtualization software. Either way, identical data is kept on all drives and the key benefit of using this kind of a setup is that in case a drive stops working, the data will remain available on the other ones. Employing a RAID also enhances the overall performance as the input and output operations will be spread among a couple of drives. There are several kinds of RAID based on how many drives are used, whether writing is done on all of the drives in real time or just on one, and how the information is synced between the hard drives - whether it's recorded in blocks on one drive after another or it is mirrored from one on the others. All these factors mean that the error tolerance as well as the performance between the various RAID types may vary.\nRAID in Cloud Website Hosting\nThe state-of-the-art cloud hosting platform where all cloud website hosting\naccounts are generated uses quick SSD drives instead of the classic HDDs, and they work in RAID-Z. With this setup, multiple hard disks work together and at least one is a dedicated parity disk. In simple terms, when data is written on the remaining drives, it's cloned on the parity one adding an extra bit. This is carried out for redundancy as even if a drive fails or falls out of the RAID for some reason, the info can be rebuilt and verified thanks to the parity disk and the data stored on the other ones, which means that not a thing will be lost and there won't be any service interruptions. This is one more level of protection for your information in addition to the cutting-edge ZFS file system which uses checksums to ensure that all data on our servers is undamaged and is not silently corrupted.\nRAID in Semi-dedicated Servers\nIf you host your sites in a semi-dedicated server\naccount from our company, any content that you upload will be stored on SSD drives which work in RAID-Z. With this type of RAID, at least one of the hard drives is used for parity - when data is synchronized between the drives, an additional bit is included in it on the parity one. The purpose behind this is to guarantee the integrity of the data that is cloned to a brand new drive in case one of the drives in the RAID breaks down because the content being copied on the new disk is recalculated from the information on the standard drives and on the parity one. Another advantage of RAID-Z is the fact that even in case a disk drive stops working, the system could switch to a different one immediately without service disruptions of any type. RAID-Z adds one more level of security for the content that you upload on our cloud web hosting platform along with the ZFS file system which uses unique checksums in order to authenticate the integrity of each file.\nRAID in VPS Servers\nThe physical servers where we generate VPS server\nuse quick SSD drives which will boost the speed of your sites substantially. The hard drives operate in RAID to ensure that you won't lose any info due to a power loss or a hardware breakdown. The production servers work with a variety of drives where the data is saved and one disk is used for parity i.e. one bit is added to all info copied on it, which makes it much easier to recover the website content without any loss in case a main drive breaks down. If you use our backup service, the information will be saved on a separate machine that uses standard hard-disk drives and despite the fact that there's no parity one in this case, they are also in a RAID to ensure that we will have a backup copy of your content all the time. With this type of setup your info will always be safe as it will be available on a lot of disk drives.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-18", "url": "https://ccmrhosting.com/glossary/raid/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578624217.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20190424014705-20190424040705-00523.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9507929087, "token_count": 827, "score": 2.828125, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Is teicneolaíocht í RAID, nó Réim Iomarcach de Dhiskaí Neamhspleácha, chun sonraí a stóráil ar roinnt tiománaí crua a fheidhmíonn le chéile mar aonad loighciúil amháin. D'fhéadfadh na tiománaí a bheith fisiciúil nó loighciúil i.e. sa dara cás, roinntear tiomáint amháin ina chuid éagsúla trí bhrabhsálaí fíorúlaithe. Ar aon nós, coinnítear sonraí comhionanna ar gach tiomáint agus is é an príomhbhuntáiste a bhaineann le cineál socraithe den chineál seo a úsáid ná má scoirfidh tiomáint ag obair, fanfaidh na sonraí ar fáil ar na cinn eile. Feabhsaíonn úsáid RAID an fheidhmíocht fhoriomlán freisin toisc go scaipfear na hoibríochtaí ionchuir agus aschuir idir cúpla tiomáint. Tá roinnt cineálacha RAID bunaithe ar an líon tiománaí a úsáidtear, cibé an ndéantar scríbhneoireacht ar na tiománaí go léir i bhfíor-am nó ar cheann amháin, agus an chaoi a ndéantar an fhaisnéis a shíntiú idir na tiománaí crua - cibé an bhfuil sé taifeadta i mblocanna ar aon tiomáint i ndiaidh a chéile nó go bhfuil sé ag samhail ó cheann ar na cinn eile. Ciallaíonn na fachtóirí seo go léir go bhféadfadh an t-aistriú locht chomh maith leis an fheidhmíocht a bheith éagsúil idir na cineálacha RAID éagsúla.\nRAID i hOstaíocht Suíomh Gréasáin Cloud\nAn ardán óstála scamall is déanaí ina bhfuil gach óstáil láithreán gréasáin scamall\nÚsáidtear tiománaí SSD tapa in ionad na HDDanna clasaiceacha, agus oibríonn siad i RAID-Z. Leis an socrú seo, oibríonn go leor dioscaí crua le chéile agus is diosc comhionann tiomnaithe é ceann amháin ar a laghad. Go simplí, nuair a scríobhtar sonraí ar na tiománaithe fágtha, clónófar iad ar an ceann comhionannas ag cur píosa breise leis. Déantar é seo le haghaidh ró-uaslódáil mar fiú má theipeann ar thiomáint nó má thiteann sé as an RAID ar chúis éigin, is féidir an t-eolas a athchóiriú agus a fhíorú a bhuíochas leis an diosca comhionannas agus na sonraí a stóráiltear ar na cinn eile, rud a chiallaíonn nach caillfear aon rud agus nach mbeidh aon bhriseadh seirbhíse ann. Is leibhéal amháin eile é seo de chosaint ar do chuid faisnéise i dteannta leis an gcóras comhaid ZFS ceannródaíoch a úsáideann seiceálacha chun a chinntiú go bhfuil gach sonraí ar ár bhfreastalaithe neamhdhíobhálach agus nach ndéantar é a chontúirt go ciúin.\nRAID i Seirbhísigh Semi-Dedicated\nMá óstáil tú do láithreáin i bhfreastalaí leath-dhírithe\nó chuntas ár gcuideachta, aon ábhar a uaslódáil tú a stóráil ar thiománaí SSD a oibríonn i RAID-Z. Le RAID den chineál seo, úsáidtear ceann amháin ar a laghad de na tiománaí crua le haghaidh comhionannas - nuair a dhéantar sonraí a shíncronaithe idir na tiománaí, cuirtear beagán breise isteach ann ar an gceann comhionannas. Is é an cuspóir atá taobh thiar de seo ná sláine na sonraí a chlónaítear chuig tiomáint nua-aimseartha a ráthú i gcás go ndéanfaidh ceann de na tiománaí sa RAID damáiste toisc go ndéantar an t-ábhar atá á chóipeáil ar an diosca nua a athcháilsiú ó na sonraí ar na tiománaí caighdeánacha agus ar an gceann comhionann. Buntáiste eile de RAID-Z is ea an fhíric go bhféadfadh an córas aistriú go ceann eile láithreach gan aon chineál cur isteach ar sheirbhís fiú i gcás go stopfadh tiomáint diosca ag obair. Cuireann RAID-Z leibhéal slándála eile leis an ábhar a uaslódálann tú ar ár n-ardán óstála gréasáin scamall mar aon leis an gcóras comhaid ZFS a úsáideann seiceálacha uathúla chun sláine gach comhaid a fhíorú.\nRAID i Seirbhísigh VPS\nNa freastalaithe fisiciúla ina ndéanaimid a ghiniúint freastalaí VPS\núsáid tiománaí SSD tapa a threisiú luas do shuíomhanna go suntasach. Oibríonn na tiománaí crua i RAID chun a chinntiú nach gcaillfidh tú aon fhaisnéis mar gheall ar chailliúint cumhachta nó ar bhriseadh crua-earraí. Oibríonn na freastalaithe táirgthe le drives éagsúla ina sábháltar na sonraí agus úsáidtear diosca amháin le haghaidh comhionannas i.e. Cuirtear píosa amháin leis an bhfaisnéis go léir a chóipeáiltear air, rud a fhágann go bhfuil sé i bhfad níos éasca ábhar an láithreáin ghréasáin a aisghabháil gan aon chaillteanas i gcás go ndéanfaidh príomh-eachtra díomá. Má úsáideann tú ár seirbhís cúltaca, sábhálfar an fhaisnéis ar mheaisín ar leithligh a úsáideann tiománaí diosca crua caighdeánacha agus in ainneoin nach bhfuil aon cheann comhionann sa chás seo, tá siad freisin i RAID chun a chinntiú go mbeidh cóip cúltaca againn de do ábhar an t-am ar fad. Leis an gcineál so de shocrú beidh do chuid faisnéise sábháilte i gcónaí mar go mbeidh sé ar fáil ar go leor tiománaí diosca."} {"text": "Education Secretary Calls For End To Corporal Punishment\nCiting disproportionate use among students with disabilities, the U.S. secretary of education is calling for schools to stop relying on physical punishment to address behavior issues.\nIn a letter to governors and state education officials across the country, Secretary of Education John B. King Jr. said corporal punishment sends the wrong message and should be halted in the 22 states where the practice is still allowed.\n“School-sponsored corporal punishment is not only ineffective, it is a harmful practice, and one that disproportionally impacts students of color and students with disabilities,” King wrote in the correspondence this month. “This practice has no place in the public schools of a modern nation that plays such an essential role in the advancement and protection of civil and human rights.”\nAdvertisement - Continue Reading Below\nAlready, corporal punishment is banned in 28 states, but it remains widely used elsewhere.\nEducation Department data indicates that 110,000 students were subjected to some type of physical punishment in school during the 2013-2014 academic year. The odds of experiencing corporal punishment were consistently higher for kids with disabilities and black children, disparities that King said “shock the conscience.”\nThough corporal punishment is intended to influence a child’s behavior, King said that the practice often backfires, with research suggesting that it can prompt kids to become more aggressive or oppositional and can have long-term mental health consequences.\nIn many cases, King said that the punishments allowed in schools would be considered criminal assault or battery if applied to adults in the very same states. What’s more, he said such practices have already been banned in U.S. prisons and military training facilities.\n“While some may argue that corporal punishment is a tradition in some school communities, society has evolved and past practice alone is no justification,” King said. “No school can be considered safe or supportive if its students are fearful of being physically punished. We strongly urge states to eliminate the use of corporal punishment in schools.”\nThe Education Department correspondence comes as 80 organizations including the National Disability Rights Network, the Association of University Centers on Disabilities and the National Down Syndrome Congress issued a joint letter to policymakers urging similar action. The groups said that children with disabilities are often subjected to corporal punishment for exhibiting behaviors related to their special needs.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-18", "url": "https://www.disabilityscoop.com/2016/11/28/education-end-corporal-punishment/23055/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578530100.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20190421000555-20190421022555-00421.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9643113613, "token_count": 490, "score": 2.53125, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Éilíonn an tAire Oideachais deireadh a chur le pionós coirp\nAg tagairt do úsáid neamhréireach i measc daltaí faoi mhíchumas, tá rúnaí oideachais na Stát Aontaithe ag iarraidh ar scoileanna stop a chur le brath ar phionós fisiciúil chun fadhbanna iompair a réiteach.\nI litir chuig gobharnóirí agus oifigigh oideachais stáit ar fud na tíre, dúirt Rúnaí Oideachais John B. Dúirt King Jr. go gcuireann pionós coirp an teachtaireacht mhícheart agus ba cheart stop a chur leis sna 22 stát ina bhfuil an cleachtas ceadaithe fós.\n\"Ní hamháin go bhfuil pionós chorparáideach a thacaíonn na scoileanna neamhéifeachtach, is cleachtas díobhálach é, agus ceann a théann i bhfeidhm go neamhchomhréireach ar mhic léinn d'ainneoin dath agus ar mhic léinn faoi mhíchumas\", a scríobh King sa chomhfhreagras an mhí seo. Níor cheart go mbeadh an cleachtas seo i scoileanna poiblí náisiúin nua-aimseartha a bhfuil ról chomh tábhachtach acu i bhforbairt agus i gcosaint chearta sibhialta agus chearta an duine.\nFógra - Lean ort ag léamh thíos\nTá cosc curtha ar phionós corparáideach cheana féin i 28 stát, ach tá sé fós á úsáid go forleathan in áiteanna eile.\nLéiríonn sonraí na Roinne Oideachais gur cuireadh 110,000 dalta faoi chineál éigin pionóis choirp sa scoil le linn na bliana acadúla 2013-2014. Bhí na seansanna a raibh pionós coirp acu níos airde go seasta do leanaí faoi mhíchumas agus do leanaí dubh, neamhionannas a dúirt King cúis imní don choinsias.\nCé go bhfuil sé i gceist le pionós coirp tionchar a imirt ar iompar páiste, dúirt King go mbíonn an cleachtas go minic ag dul ar ais, agus léiríonn taighde gur féidir leis na páistí a spreagadh chun a bheith níos ionsaithí nó frithsheasmhach agus go bhféadfadh iarmhairtí sláinte meabhrach fadtéarmacha a bheith aige.\nI go leor cásanna, dúirt King go mbeadh na pionóis a cheadaítear i scoileanna á gcur i gcuntas mar ionsaí coiriúil nó mar bhuail má chuirtear i bhfeidhm orthu daoine fásta sna stáit chéanna. Níos mó ná sin, dúirt sé go bhfuil cosc curtha ar chleachtais den sórt sin cheana féin i bpríosúin na Stát Aontaithe agus i saoráidí oiliúna míleata.\n Cé go bhféadfadh cuid a mhaíomh go bhfuil pionós coirp ina thraidisiún i roinnt pobail scoile, tá an tsochaí tagtha chun cinn agus ní údar le cleachtas roimhe seo amháin, dúirt King. Ní féidir aon scoil a mheas sábháilte nó tacaíochta má tá eagla ar a mhic léinn go gcuirfear pionós fisiciúil orthu. Iarrann muid go láidir ar na stáit deireadh a chur le húsáid phionós chorparáideach i scoileanna.\nTagann an comhfhreagras ó Roinn an Oideachais mar a d'eisigh 80 eagraíocht lena n-áirítear Líonra Náisiúnta Cearta an Míchumais, Cumann na nIonad Ollscoileanna ar Míchumais agus an Comhdháil Náisiúnta Síndrome Down litir chomhpháirteach do lucht déanta beartais ag iarraidh gníomh den chineál céanna. Dúirt na grúpaí go mbíonn leanaí faoi mhíchumas faoi réir pionós coirp go minic as iompar a thaispeáint a bhaineann lena gcuid riachtanas speisialta."} {"text": "Confused between an invoice and a receipt?\nMany business owners are confused between various business documents, and one of them is the invoice and a receipt.\nTechnically, invoice and receipt are both the documents that the seller raises to the buyer. But yes, the importance of both of them is different, including its use.\nWhat is an invoice?\nAn invoice is a legal business document that the seller issues to the buyer. It is issued for raising the payment from the customer or the client. There are different types of business invoices that are created and sent by the seller. The most common business invoice is the commercial invoice or the final invoice.\nAn invoice is called a demand for payment. Basically, when a transaction occurs between a buyer and a seller, the seller sends an invoice to the buyer with all the sale information, including the product or service details, quantity, tax, total amount, payment details, date, invoice number, and invoice number business signature.\nFrequently asked questions related to ‘invoice or invoicing’\nWhat are the different types of invoices?\nInvoices are legal business documents. Below are the different types of invoices.\n- Commercial invoice\n- Proforma invoice\n- Credit note\n- Debit note\n- Interim invoice\n- Recurring invoice\n- Past due invoice\n- Expense report\n- Timesheet invoice\nWhen does the seller send an invoice?\nThe seller issues an invoice to the buyer as soon the sale is completed. The sale here refers to the buying and selling of goods or services.\nFor example, You are running a digital marketing company. You issue an invoice mentioning the details of your last month’s work, including the number of hours, total amount due, and tax rates to the client. Therefore, you are sending an invoice to your client once your work is completed from your end or in standard terms when the service is delivered. The same applies to the product category.\nIs the invoice sent after the payment is received?\nNo, the invoice is sent once the products or services are delivered to the client. The invoice is issued to demand payment from the customer or the client.\nInvoices are classified into a due invoice, paid invoice, and cancelled invoice. The invoice that is paid is called a paid invoice. Invoices that are due for payment are known as due invoices. Invoices that are cancelled or declined, or discarded are known as cancelled invoices.\nToday, we have different online invoicing software that helps you create your invoices and track payments online on mobile. Moon Invoice, an online invoicing app, helps you create multiple invoices online to get paid faster. You can therefore manage to send invoices via both desktop and mobile without worrying about the payments. Moreover, the app helps you track payments online and automates the recurring invoices on behalf of your business.\nWhat is a receipt?\nA receipt is an important business document. The seller generates it for the buyer once the payment is received. Like an invoice, a receipt also contains all the information about the sale, including the product or service, quantity, price, tax details, payment mode, and date.\nThere are different types of receipts, including sales receipts, payment receipts, travel invoice receipts, expense receipts, salary slips, tax return receipts, purchase receipts, etc. All these receipts are proof that the payment has been received against the invoice issued by the seller.\nExample of payment receipt\nReceipt Vs. Invoice: what’s the difference?\nAs we learnt above, both invoices and receipts are two different business documents. A receipt is issued against a paid invoice, whereas an invoice is issued as proof of sale. There is nothing in common between an invoice and receipt except that it carries the same product or service deal information.\nAre paid invoices called as receipts?\nNo, Paid invoices are known as ‘settled invoices’. Just as the bills are called settled bills after the payment, likewise invoices are known as settled invoices once the payment is received. And, when the customer asks for the proof of document from the seller for the payment, the seller issues a receipt.\nHow to generate an invoice online?\nFor generating an invoice online, you need to have an online invoicing maker. Moon Invoice is a complete pack of invoicing software that helps generate commercial invoices, recurring invoices, proforma invoices, and credit notes. You can download it on your Mac, Windows, Android, and iOS devices. Also, you can have quick access to Moon Invoice using the web version.\nMoon Invoice also has a feature called due and paid invoice. Small business owners can use Moon Invoice for generating quick, professional invoices and mark them as due, paid, or cancelled with a single click. Learn more about how you can generate multiple invoices and get paid faster with Moon Invoice.\nHow to send quick payment receipts?\nFor generating quick payment receipts via receipt maker, you need to mark your invoices as paid. Later for the paid invoices, you can generate or issue a receipt known as a payment receipt. With Moon Invoice, online invoicing software, you can generate quick payment receipts using the invoice tab. Either you can download any of the softwares or access the web version for issuing, emailing, or printing the payment receipts.\nHow Moon Invoice helps you create & share invoices and receipts?\nMoon Invoice is one of the most talked-about invoicing apps today. You must have learned about invoices and receipts earlier, but when you access the Moon Invoice app, you have more fun creating invoices as the app offers 66+ readymade invoicing templates.\nWith Moon Invoice, you can generate, share, download and print both invoices and receipts on the go. You can mark it as due, paid, or canceled to keep your books of accounts updated. For more details on how invoicing can be easy and fun with Moon Invoice, get our app on your smartphone, Windows, or Mac. Write your queries at email@example.com for more details.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-21", "url": "https://www.mooninvoice.com/blog/invoice-vs-receipt-what-is-the-difference/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662522270.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20220518115411-20220518145411-00045.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9717262387, "token_count": 1312, "score": 2.65625, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Meas agat an bhfuil an t-iarratas agus an fhaisnéis idir?\nTá go leor úinéirí gnó mearbhall ar dhoiciméid éagsúla gnó, agus is é an fhianaise agus an fáilte ceann acu.\nGo teicniúil, is iad an fhianaise agus an fáilte an dá dhoiciméad a thugann an díoltóir don cheannaitheoir. Ach tá, tá tábhacht an dá cheann difriúil, lena n-áirítear a úsáid.\nCad é an fhianaise?\nIs doiciméad gnó dlíthiúil é an fhaireachas a eisiúintíonn an díoltóir don cheannaitheoir. Eiseoítear é chun an íocaíocht a bhailiú ón gcustaiméir nó ón gcliant. Tá cineálacha éagsúla fhalacha gnó ann a chruthaíonn agus a sheolann an díoltóir. Is é an fhianaise ghnó is coitianta ná an fhianaise tráchtála nó an fhianaise deiridh.\nTugtar éileamh ar íocaíocht ar fhorais. Go bunúsach, nuair a tharlaíonn idirbheart idir ceannaitheoir agus díoltóir, seolann an díoltóir fhianaise chuig an ceannaitheoir lena bhfuil an fhaisnéis dhíola go léir, lena n-áirítear sonraí an táirge nó na seirbhíse, cainníocht, cánach, méid iomlán, sonraí íocaíochta, dáta, uimhir fhianaise, agus uimhir fhianaise síniú gnó.\nCeisteanna a chuirtear go minic maidir le fhaoireáil nó fhaoireáil\nCad iad na cineálacha éagsúla fiontair?\nIs doiciméid ghnó dlíthiúla iad na fíorais. Seo thíos na cineálacha éagsúla fhalacha.\n- Farrais tráchtála\n- Farrais proforma\n- Nóta creidmheasa\n- Nóta dochair\n- Farrais eatramhach\n- Farrais athfhillteach\n- Farrais thar am\n- Tuarascáil Chostais\n- Farraíocht sceideal ama\nCén uair a sheolann an díoltóir an bhfíseán?\nIs é an díoltóir a eisiúint an bhille don cheannaitheoir chomh luath agus a chríochnófar an díol. Tagraíonn an díol anseo do cheannach agus díol earraí nó seirbhísí.\nMar shampla, tá cuideachta margaíochta digiteach á reáchtáil agat. Seolann tú fhianaise ar an gcliant ina luaitear sonraí do chuid oibre an mhí seo caite, lena n-áirítear líon na n-uaireanta, an méid iomlán atá dlite, agus rátaí cánach. Dá bhrí sin, tá tú ag seoladh an bhille chuig do chliaint nuair a bheidh do chuid oibre críochnaithe ó do chuid féin nó i dtéarmaí caighdeánacha nuair a sheachadtar an tseirbhís. Baineann an rud céanna leis an gcatagóir táirge.\nAn seoltar an fhachtúr tar éis an íocaíocht a fháil?\nNíl, seoltar an fhianaise nuair a sheachadtar na táirgí nó na seirbhísí don chliant. Déantar an dearbhú-chustaim a eisiúint chun íocaíocht a éileamh ón gcustaiméir nó ón gcliant.\nDéantar na heachtraí a aicmiú ina heachtraí dlite, i heachtraí íoctha, agus i heachtraí a ceadaíodh. Tugtar an fhianaise a íocadh ar fhianaise íoctha. Tugtar na fathanna atá dlite le híoc ar fathanna dlite. Tugtar na fattúirí a cheadaítear nó a dhiúltaítear, nó a scriosadh, mar bhfaktúirí a cheadaítear.\nSa lá atá inniu ann, tá bogearraí éagsúla ar líne a dhéanann fhianaise againn a chabhraíonn leat do bhfiontair a chruthú agus íocaíochtaí a rianú ar líne ar fhón póca. Cabhraíonn Moon Invoice, aip bhilleála ar líne, leat ilbhilleanna a chruthú ar líne chun íocaíocht a fháil níos tapúla. Is féidir leat fhianaise a dhéanamh ar na híocaíochtaí gan a bheith buartha faoi na fhianaise sin a sheoladh trí ríomhaire agus trí ghléas soghluaiste araon. Ina theannta sin, cabhraíonn an aip leat íocaíochtaí a rianú ar líne agus déanann sé na fíorais athfhillteacha a uathoibriú thar ceann do ghnó.\nCad é an fáil?\nIs doiciméad gnó tábhachtach é fíteán. Gineann an díoltóir é don cheannaitheoir nuair a fhaightear an íocaíocht. Cosúil le fíorais, tá an fhaisnéis go léir maidir leis an díol ar fáil freisin i bhfuair, lena n-áirítear an táirge nó an tseirbhís, an méid, an praghas, sonraí cánach, modh íocaíochta, agus an dáta.\nTá cineálacha éagsúla fáilte ann, lena n-áirítear fáilte díolacháin, fáilte íocaíochta, fáilte fáltais taistil, fáilte caiteachais, sliotáin tuarastail, fáilte tuairisceáin chánach, fáilte ceannaigh, srl. Is fianaise iad na fáilte seo go léir go bhfuil an íocaíocht faighte i gcoinne an bhille a d'eisigh an díoltóir.\nSampla de cheadúnas íocaíochta\nFógra vs. Fhaois: cad é an difríocht?\nMar a d'fhoghlaim muid thuas, is dhá dhoiciméad gnó éagsúla iad an dá fhachtóir agus an dá cheadúnas. Is é an t-earráid a eisítear i gcoinne an bhille a íocadh, agus is é an bhille a eisítear mar fhianaise díola. Níl aon rud i gcoiteann idir an fhianaise agus an fáiltas ach amháin go bhfuil an fhaisnéis chéanna maidir le déileáil táirge nó seirbhíse air.\nAn dtugtar fáilteanna ar bhilleanna íoctha?\nNíl, is é an t-ainm atá ar na fathaigh íoctha ná fáthaigh shocraithe. Díreach mar a thugtar billí ar billí socraithe tar éis an íocaíochta, ar an gcaoi chéanna tugtar billí socraithe ar an bhfíreannais nuair a fhaightear an íocaíocht. Agus, nuair a iarrann an custaiméir an cruthúnas doiciméad ón díoltóir don íocaíocht, eisíonn an díoltóir fáiltiú.\nConas fhianaise a ghiniúint ar líne?\nChun fhianaise a ghiniúint ar líne, ní mór duit a bheith i do bhféiniúnaí fhianaise ar líne. Is pacáiste iomlán bogearraí billeála é Moon Invoice a chabhraíonn le heachtraí tráchtála, heachtraí athfhillteacha, heachtraí proforma, agus nótaí creidmheasa a ghiniúint. Is féidir leat é a íoslódáil ar do ghléasanna Mac, Windows, Android, agus iOS. Chomh maith leis sin, is féidir leat rochtain tapa a fháil ar Moon Invoice ag baint úsáide as an leagan gréasáin.\nTá gné ag Moon Invoice freisin ar a dtugtar an bhfíreán dlite agus íoctha. Is féidir le húinéirí gnó beag Moon Invoice a úsáid chun fáltais ghairmiúla tapa a ghiniúint agus iad a mharcáil mar fáltais, íoctha, nó ceadaithe le cliceáil amháin. Faigh tuilleadh eolais faoi conas is féidir leat a ghiniúint il-fhaois agus a fháil íocaithe níos tapúla le Moon Invoice.\nConas fáilteanna íocaíochta tapa a sheoladh?\nChun fáilteanna íocaíochta tapa a ghiniúint trí mhonaróir fáilteanna, ní mór duit do bhilleanna a mharcáil mar a íocadh. Ní mór duit an t-iarratas a chur isteach go dtí an t-iarratasóir. Le Moon Invoice, bogearraí ríomhfhaoisithe ar líne, is féidir leat fáilteanna íocaíochta tapa a ghiniúint ag baint úsáide as an tab fhaois. Is féidir leat aon cheann de na bogearraí a íoslódáil nó rochtain a fháil ar an leagan gréasáin chun na fáilte íocaíochta a eisiúint, a sheoladh trí ríomhphost nó a phriontáil.\nConas a chabhraíonn Moon Invoice leat fhianaise agus fíorais a chruthú agus a roinnt?\nTá Moon Invoice ar cheann de na hiarratais bhille a bhfuil an-chaint orthu inniu. Ní mór duit a bheith foghlamtha faoi bhilleanna agus fáiltí níos luaithe, ach nuair a rochtain tú ar an app Moon bhilleanna, tá tú níos mó spraoi a chruthú bhilleanna mar an app a thairgeann 66+ teimpléid bhilleanna réidh.\nLe Moon Invoice, is féidir leat fáltais agus fáilte a ghiniúint, a roinnt, a íoslódáil agus a phriontáil ag an am céanna. Is féidir leat é a mharcáil mar éilimh, íoctha, nó a chealú chun do leabhair chuntas a choinneáil cothrom le dáta. Le haghaidh tuilleadh sonraí ar conas is féidir le billeáil a bheith éasca agus spraoi le Moon Invoice, faigh ár n-app ar do smartphone, Windows, nó Mac. Scríobh do chuid ceisteanna chuig email@example.com le haghaidh tuilleadh sonraí."} {"text": "British Golden-rod is a member of the large composite genus Solidago, which is chiefly North American. The golden-rods are erect plants, little branched, and often somewhat woody at the base. The foliage is various, usually somewhat lanceolate in shape, and sometimes conspicuously veined. The tiny heads have one series of white or yellow ray-flowers, and are gathered into various forms of inflorescence, often of a massive character; they appear in late summer and early autumn. Although of no commercial value (except as forage for sheep) the golden-rods are conspicuous for their bright color, especially as they are apt to grow in huge colonies in fields and along roadsides.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-44", "url": "http://etc.usf.edu/clipart/87100/87131/87131_british-golden-rod.htm", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988720615.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183840-00049-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9714516401, "token_count": 146, "score": 2.59375, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Is ball de ghineas mór comhdhéanta Solidago é an British Golden-rod, atá Meiriceá Thuaidh go príomha. Is plandaí díreacha iad na slat-ór, beag brainse, agus go minic beagán coillteach ag an mbonn. Tá an duilleag éagsúil, de ghnáth de chineál lanceolate, agus uaireanta veined conspicuously. Tá ceann amháin de shraith amháin de bhláthanna bán nó buí ag na cinn bheaga, agus tá siad bainteach i bhfoirmeacha éagsúla inflorescence, go minic de charachtar ollmhór; feictear iad ag deireadh an tsamhraidh agus go luath sa fhómhar. Cé nach bhfuil aon luach tráchtála (seachas mar fheoil do chaorach) tá na ródaí óir conspóideach dá dath geal, go háirithe toisc go bhfuil siad in ann fás i gcolóineanna ollmhóra i réimsí agus ar thaobh na mbóithre."} {"text": "A natural gas valve is a component of a gas furnace. It connects the natural gas line of the house to the furnace and controls the amount of gas that is sent to the manifold and burners.\nGas valves control the flow of natural gas that moves from a gas main line to a furnace. As of 2010, most new gas furnaces come equipped with natural gas valves. When a furnace is installed, the natural gas valve is calibrated so it properly senses the amount of gas, called gas pressure, that the natural gas lines are supplying it with.\nThe gas valve receives a signal from the gas furnace control board or module. This small computer tells the gas valve what the gas pressure is. The control board closes the safety switches in the furnace safety circuit and readies the main burner for firing. The control board then sends a signal that tells the valve to open so gas can reach the manifold and main burner.\nGas valves typically do not require any maintenance. Only if a gas valve is submerged or becomes too wet from moisture should it be replaced.\n- Photo Credit Jupiterimages/Comstock/Getty Images\nTypes of Natural Gas Shutoff Valves\nTypes of Natural Gas Shutoff Valves. ... How Does a Natural Gas Valve Work? A natural gas valve is a component of...\nRedundant Gas Valve Definition\nComments You May Also Like. Types of Natural Gas Shutoff Valves. Types of Natural Gas Shutoff Valves. According to the California Seismic...\nHow to Unlock a Gas Valve\nTypes of Natural Gas Shutoff Valves. ... Earthquake gas valves are devices that are required by law in ... Redundant Gas Valve...\nHow Does a Gas Freezer Work?\nFreezers and refrigerators that run on propane gas, natural gas or other types of fuel use heat to power their refrigerating cycle...", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-44", "url": "http://www.ehow.com/facts_7531799_natural-gas-valve-work.html", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719273.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00478-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8864086866, "token_count": 375, "score": 3.578125, "int_score": 4, "irish_text": "Is comhpháirt de shoinéal gáis é comhla gáis nádúrtha. Ceanglaíonn sé líne gáis nádúrtha an tí leis an oigheann agus rialaíonn sé an méid gáis a seoltar chuig an iomláine agus na dóirí.\nRialaíonn comhlaí gáis sreabhadh gáis nádúrtha a ghluaiseann ó phríomhlíne gáis go dtí oigheann. Ó 2010 i leith, tá comhlaí gáis nádúrtha feistithe ar an gcuid is mó de na huirlisí gáis nua. Nuair a chuirtear oigheann i bhfeidhm, déantar an comhla gáis nádúrtha a chailbriú ionas go mbraitheann sé go cuí an méid gáis, ar a dtugtar brú gáis, a sholáthraíonn na línte gáis nádúrtha dó.\nFaigheann an comhla gáis comhartha ó bhord rialaithe nó ó mhódúl an fhómhair gáis. Tugann an ríomhaire beag seo an brú gáis a insíonn sé don bhalbón gáis. Dúnann an bord rialaithe na lascainí sábháilteachta i gcircuit sábháilteachta an fhoirceannadh agus ullmhaíonn sé an príomh-loscaire le haghaidh lasadh. Ansin seolann an bord rialaithe comhartha a deir leis an bhalbón oscailt ionas gur féidir le gáis teacht ar an mbainéal agus ar an bpríomh-loscaire.\nDe ghnáth ní gá aon chothabháil a dhéanamh ar bhalbhaichean gáis. Ní mór comhla gáis a athsholáthar ach amháin má tá sé faoi uisce nó má bhíonn sé ró-fhuí ó fhliuch.\n- Crédithe Grianghraf Jupiterimages/Comstock/Getty Images\nCineálacha Válfaí Dúnadh Gáis nádúrtha\nCineálacha Válfaí Dúnadh Gáis Nádúrtha. ... Conas a Oibríonn Válfa Gáis Nádúrtha? Is comhpháirt de...\nSainmhíniú ar an bhalbham gáis iomarcach\nSmaointe a d'fhéadfadh a bheith maith leat freisin Cineálacha Válfaí Dúnadh Gáis Nádúrtha. Cineálacha Válfaí Dúnadh Gáis Nádúrtha. De réir na California Seismic...\nConas Válfar Gáis a Oscailt\nCineálacha Válfaí Dúnadh Gáis Nádúrtha. ... Tá comhlaí gáis crith talún gléasanna a cheanglaítear de réir dlí i ...\nConas a Oibríonn Frigéir Gáis?\nÚsáidtear teas le haghaidh cumhacht a gciorcal córaitheach i ngriosáin agus i gcóras fuaraithe a oibríonn ar ghás próipéin, gáis nádúrtha nó cineálacha eile breosla..."} {"text": "-Illustration by Sara Winters\nShe held several titles: Great of Grace, Great of Praises, Sweet of Love, (Great?) King’s Wife, Lady of the Two Lands and King’s Sister.\nNaparaye’s name is known from her tomb in el-Kurru (Ku. 3). At her pyramid an alabaster offering table was found (Khartoum, No. 191)\nNapatan Period, reign of Taharqa\nThese are the other pyramids of the Queens:\nNaparaye (K.3), Khensa (K.4), Qalhata (K.5), and Arty (K.6)\nEl-Kurru was one of the royal cemeteries used by the Nubian royal family. Reisner excavated the royal pyramids. Most of the pyramids date to the early part of the Kushite period, from Alara of Nubia (795–752 BC) to King Nastasen (335–315 BC).\nThe area is divided into three parts by two wadis. The central section seems to be the oldest and contains several tumulus type tombs that predate the Kingdom of Napata. Reisner thought that the earliest tomb, Tum.1, dated back to the time of Pharaoh Sheshonq I of Ancient Egypt (c. 850 BC) and predates the Kingdom of Napata by some 200 years. At the present scholars (Kendall, Hakem, Totok) think the early cemetery stretches back to the Ramesside period and date the earliest burials to the end of the Twentieth Dynasty of Ancient Egypt (c. 1070 BC), although Kendall has reverted his position and now adheres to a dating closer to the one proposed by Reisner.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-22", "url": "http://solarey.net/queen-nubia-egypt-naparaye/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232257514.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20190524044320-20190524070320-00277.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9423805475, "token_count": 381, "score": 3.203125, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "-Illustration ag Sara Winters\nBhí roinnt teidil aici: Mór na Grásta, Mór na Moladh, Milis an Ghrá, (Mór?) Banphós an Rí, Banphós na Dhá Thír agus Deirfiúr an Rí.\nTá ainm Naparaye ar eolas óna tuama in el-Kurru (Ku. 3). Fuarthas tábla tabhartóireachta alabasta ag a pirimid (Khartoum, Uimh. 191)\nRé Napatan, réim Taharqa\nSeo iad na pirimidí eile de na Queens:\nNaparaye (K.3), Khensa (K.4), Qalhata (K.5) agus Arty (K.6)\nBhí El-Kurru ar cheann de na tuamaí ríoga a d'úsáid teaghlach ríoga na Nuba. Rinne Reisner na pirimidí ríoga a chaith. Tá an chuid is mó de na pirimidí de thús na tréimhse Kushite, ó Alara de Nubia (795752 RC) go Rí Nastasen (335315 RC).\nTá an limistéar roinnte ina thrí chuid ag dhá wadis. Is cosúil gurb é an chuid lárnach an ceann is sine agus tá roinnt tuamaí de chineál tumulus ann a bhí roimh Ríocht Napata. Shíl Reisner go raibh an tuama is luaithe, Tum.1, ó aimsir Pharaoh Sheshonq I d'Éigipt Ársa (c. 850 RC) agus go raibh sé thart ar 200 bliain roimh Ríocht Napata. Sa lá atá inniu ann, measaim go bhfuil an chéad choimeádán síopa ag dul siar go dtí tréimhse Ramesside agus go bhfuil na sochraideanna is luaithe ag deireadh an Chéad-Dhinastóid 20 de na hÉigipte Ársa (c. 1070 RC), cé go bhfuil Kendall tar éis a sheasamh a aisghabháil agus cloíonn sé anois le dátaithe níos gaire don cheann a mhol Reisner."} {"text": "American Robin Turdus migratorius\nDifferences are so slight and variable that no subspecies are reliably identifiable outside of their normal range. Bold indicates groups mentioned or illustrated in the Sibley Guide\nEastern T. m. migratorius group\nT. m. migratorius – Alaska, Canada, northeast states\nT. m. achrusterus – southeast\nAtlantic Canada T. m. nigrideus\nWestern T. m. propinquus group\nT. m. propinquus – Pacific Northwest\nT. m. caurinus – Interior West\nVariation is slight and clinal, involving overall plumage saturation, prominence of tail spots, and very small differences in size. Birds of Interior west average palest, birds of Atlantic Canada (and Appalachians) average darkest, with Pacific Northwest also quite dark. Western birds in general lack obvious white tail corners (especially closer to the Pacific coast), but many eastern birds have very small tail spots.\nSo-called “Black-backed” Robins T. m. nigrideus (males have black neck and back, reduced white on head, and are more richly colored overall) are most numerous among the breeding populations of far eastern Canada, but birds just as dark can be found commonly in the Appalachian region (Mengel, 1965; pers. obs.), and less often in other adjacent regions. I have identified scattered individuals in the northeast and up to three together among the large winter robin flocks at Cape May, NJ.\nWhile some are strikingly colored and at first I was excited about searching for this “subspecies”, over time I realized that the black back is simply one indication of an overall darkness. The birds with black backs also have reduced white on the throat streaking and facial markings, unusually dark rufous underparts, and darker gray upperside in general.\nThere is a complete range of variation from pale to dark, so one is forced to make subjective decisions about which birds are dark enough to be “black-backed”. Then I noticed considerable variation among the local breeding population in the northeast states, and began to wonder if the apparent “winter visitor” status of black-backed birds was simply because that was the season when I was able to study hundreds of robins.\nMengel (1965) has published some actual research. He writes about the Labrador-Newfoundland population: “it is my present opinion that these birds represent the extreme expression of a general tendency to rich coloration in the extreme north; one found also, incidentally, in an appreciable percentage of Appalachian birds”. Then lists three specimens from Kentucky, including one taken on Sep 24, before migrants would be expected, and continues “Even if nigrideus proves valid, I have seen so many dark-backed specimens taken in the eastern United States in the breeding season that I think it best not to include the race in this [Kentucky] list on the basis of three specimens”.\nI concur, and think that the “Black-backed” robin is best considered a variant that predominates in the northeast, not a subspecies.\nWestern birds average paler, and most have smaller white spots (or none) at the tail corners, but both of these features are variable and can be found anywhere in the east as well. Similarly, relatively dark birds with obvious white tail spots can be seen in the west. So there is simply no way to be sure whether an odd-looking robin is from another region, or just a variant of the local population.\nMengel, R. M. 1965. The Birds of Kentucky. AOU Monograph 3", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-27", "url": "https://www.sibleyguides.com/bird-info/american-robin/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656104683708.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20220707063442-20220707093442-00411.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9393203259, "token_count": 773, "score": 3.03125, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Robin Turdus migratorius Mheiriceá\nTá na difríochtaí chomh beag agus chomh athromaitheach sin nach féidir aon fho-chineál a shainaithint go hiontaofa lasmuigh dá gnáthréim. Léiríonn an gréasán mórchrutha grúpaí a luaitear nó a léirítear sa Treoir Sibley\nGrúpa T. m. migratorius an Oirthir\nT. m. migratorius Alaska, Ceanada, Stáit an Oirthuaiscirt\nT. m. achrusterus oirdheisceart\nT. m. nigrideus\nGrúpa T. m. propinquus an Iarthair\nT. m. propinquus Pacific Northwest\nT. m. caurinus Interior West\nTá athrú beag agus clinal, lena n-áirítear sáithíocht iomlán na pluma, suntasacht spots eireaball, agus difríochtaí an-bheaga i méid. Is é an t-eitleán an t-eitleán is mó a bhíonn ag éanlaith na hInmheánacha san iarthar, is é é éanlaith na n-eitleán san Atlantaigh Cheanada (agus na hAppalach) an t-eitleán is dorcha, agus an t-eitleán an Tiomna Thuaidh an Aigéin Chiúin an-dorcha freisin. Go ginearálta, níl cúigiúirí bán soiléir ag na héin san iarthar (go háirithe níos gaire don chósta an Aigéin Chiúin), ach tá spotaí an-bheaga ag go leor éin san oirthear.\nTá an chuid is mó de na daonra atá ag breeding i gCeanada iarthuaisceart, ach is féidir éan chomh dorcha a fháil go coitianta i réigiún na hAppalach (Mengel, 1965; pers. an t-easnamh. ), agus níos lú go minic i réigiúin eile in aice láimhe. Tá mé a aithint aonair scaipthe sa oirdheisceart agus suas le trí le chéile i measc na róbíní gheimhridh mór sluaite ag Cape May, NJ.\nCé go bhfuil roinnt acu datha go suntasach agus ar dtús bhí mé ag súil go mór leis an \"fho-chineál\" seo a chuardach, le himeacht ama thuig mé nach bhfuil sa chúl dubh ach aon léiriú ar an dorchadas foriomlán. Tá na héin le cúl dubh laghdaithe freisin ar an streachailt bán ar an throat agus ar na marcanna aghaidh, fo-pháirteanna rufous dorcha neamhghnácha, agus uaslódáil liath dorcha i gcoitinne.\nTá raon iomlán éagsúlachta ann ó bhláth go dorcha, mar sin bíonn sé de dhualgas ar dhuine cinntí suibiachtúla a dhéanamh faoi na héin atá dorcha go leor le bheith ina black-backed. Ansin thug mé faoi deara go raibh éagsúlacht shuntasach i measc an daonra dúchais áitiúil sna stáit oirthear-thuaidh, agus thosaigh mé ag smaoineamh an raibh stádas \"cuairteoir gheimhridh\" na n-éan dubh-chúl ach toisc gurbh é sin an séasúr nuair a bhí mé in ann na céadta robins a staidéar.\nD'fhoilsigh Mengel (1965) roinnt taighde iarbhír. Scríobhann sé faoin daonra Labrador-Newfoundland: \"Is é mo thuairim faoi láthair go léiríonn na héin seo an léiriú is mó ar threocht ghinearálta chun dathanna saibhre sa tuaisceart is faide; ceann a fhaightear freisin, ar an láimh eile, i céatadán suntasach d'éin Appalachian\". Ansin liostaíonn sé trí speiceas ó Kentucky, lena n-áirítear ceann a tógadh ar 24 Meán Fómhair, sula mbeifear ag súil le hinimircigh, agus leanann sé ar aghaidh \"Fiú má chruthaíonn nigrideus go bhfuil sé bailí, chonaic mé an oiread sin speiceas dorcha-chúl a tógadh in oirthear na Stát Aontaithe i séasúr na breithe go gceapaim go bhfuil sé is fearr gan an rás a áireamh sa liosta [Kentucky] ar bhonn trí speiceas\".\nAontaím, agus sílim gur fearr an robín Black-backed a mheas mar athrú a bhíonn i réim san oirthear, ní fo-chineál.\nTá an meán-eolaí san Iarthar níos páire, agus tá spotaí beaga bán (nó gan aon cheann) ag an chuid is mó de na héin, ach tá an dá ghné seo inathraitheach agus is féidir iad a fháil in áit ar bith san oirthear freisin. Ar an gcaoi chéanna, is féidir éin réasúnta dorcha le spotaí eireaball bán soiléir a fheiceáil san iarthar. Mar sin níl aon bhealach ann a bheith cinnte an bhfuil robín aisteach ó réigiún eile, nó ach athrú ar an bpobal áitiúil.\nMengel, R. M. 1965. Éin Kentucky. Monagraf 3 AOU"} {"text": "Lecture 10, The Scottish Reformation:\nAs the teachings of the Protestant Reformation spread throughout Europe, Protestant movements appeared in many different countries. In some areas, the political authorities quickly established Protestantism as the official religion. In nations like France and Spain, the Reformation was eventually suppressed by relentless persecution. However, persecution was not always able to extinguish the Protestant cause. In the case of Scotland, the Reformation took root in spite of government opposition, largely through the diligent and persistent ministry of John Knox.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-44", "url": "http://www.ligonier.org/learn/series/a-survey-of-church-history-part-3/scottish-reformation/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988720972.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183840-00047-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9665036201, "token_count": 106, "score": 4.0, "int_score": 4, "irish_text": "Léacht 10, An Reifreamh Albainc:\nDe réir mar a scaipeadh teagasc an Athchóirithe Phrotastúnach ar fud na hEorpa, tháinig gluaiseachtaí Phrotastúnacha chun cinn i go leor tíortha éagsúla. I roinnt ceantair, bhunaigh na húdaráis pholaitiúla an Phrotastúnachtas go tapa mar reiligiún oifigiúil. I náisiúin mar an Fhrainc agus an Spáinn, chuir an Teasgairt deireadh leis an Athchóiriú trí éagóir gan mhoill. Mar sin féin, ní raibh ionsaí in ann an cúis Phrotastúnach a dhíothú i gcónaí. I gcás na hAlban, d'éirigh leis an Athchóiriú fréamhacha a chur in ainneoin na freasúra ón rialtas, go mór trí sheirbhís díograiseach agus leanúnach John Knox."} {"text": "Bu kitabı e-kitap olarak okumak isterseniz, yayıncıya talebinizi iletebilmemiz için tıklayınız.\n“The Enchanted Castle” is a story book which contains the simplified edition of the novel with the same title by Edith Nesbit. The mysterious adventures of the four children with a magical ring will remind the reader of the times when there were still miracles on earth and make them think about the childhood and its very magical nature… Sis Readers (Stage 4)Sis Readers is a series of retold and simplified stories which are classifed into 5 stages, each stage consists of 10 story books, in accordance with their degrees of difficulty. The selected stories are chosen among the world-wide known fairy tales, mythological narratives and short stories of famous authors. This series provides students and english learners of all ages with reading materials which help them improve their reading comprehension and vocabulary skills. Each book has its own extensive exercises and dictionary.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-50", "url": "http://www.babil.com/the-enchanted-castle-stage-4-kitabi-edith-nesbit", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698542250.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170902-00365-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9517524838, "token_count": 219, "score": 3.140625, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Bu kitabı e-kitap olarak okumak isterseniz, yayıncıya talebinizi iletebilmemiz için tıklayınız\nIs leabhar scéal é The Enchanted Castle ina bhfuil eagrán simplithe den úrscéal leis an teideal céanna le Edith Nesbit. Beidh eachtraí mistéireach na gceithre leanbh le fáinne draíochta ag cur i gcuimhne an léitheora ar na hamanna nuair a bhí míorúiltí fós ar an talamh agus cuirfidh siad i gcuimhne dóibh faoin óige agus a nádúr draíochta féin... Sis Readers (Céim 4) Is sraith scéalta athscéalaithe agus simplithe iad Sis Readers atá aicmithe i 5 chéim, tá 10 leabhar scéil i ngach céim, de réir a gcéimeanna deacrachta. Roghnaítear na scéalta roghnaithe i measc na scéalta féile ar fud an domhain, scéalta miotaseolaíochta agus scéalta gearr d'údar cáiliúla. Soláthraíonn an tsraith seo ábhair léitheoireachta do mhic léinn agus do dhaoine atá ag foghlaim Béarla de gach aois a chabhraíonn leo feabhas a chur ar a gcumas léitheoireachta agus a scileanna foclóireachta. Tá cleachtaí fairsinge agus foclóir féin ag gach leabhar."} {"text": "1. OUR DUTY TOWARDS OUR PARENTS\n1. Our parents are to be honored, because they are God’s representatives and our greatest benefactors.\nWe are all children of Our Father in heaven, and He causes us to be fed and brought up by our earthly parents. Thus parents take the place of God in regard to the education of their children; they are His representatives, and as such, the honor due to Him must be paid to them, for the viceroy can claim the same respect as the monarch who has delegated his authority to him. Those who despise their parents, despise God Himself. St. Augustine, after his conversion, bitterly regretted the disrespect he had shown the mother God had given to him, knowing that thereby he had shown disrespect to God. Our parents are moreover our greatest benefactors. “How much,” exclaims St. Ambrose, “has not thy mother suffered on thy account! How many sleepless nights, how many privations, how much anxiety has she not borne for thee! How hard thy father has worked, to provide thee with food and raiment! And canst thou be ungrateful to those who have done and suffered so much for thee?” The Son of God Himself honored His Mother and His foster-father; it is said of Him that He was subject to them. Learn of Him to obey your parents; He honored them, though they were His servants; He loved and respected His Mother, whose Creator He was; He never forgot that as an infant He had lain on Mary’s bosom, and had been carried in Joseph’s arms.\n2. We ought to honor our parents by respectful behavior, love, and obedience.\nWhen God bids us honor our parents. He commands us to love and obey them, for this is included in the reverence we owe them. Love is due to them as our greatest benefactors. It is the first duty of a Christian to compensate his parents for the trouble and the sacrifices his education has entailed on them. The obligation to obey them ceases when there is no longer occasion for it; the duty of loving and respecting them only ends with their life.\nRespect towards our parents consists in esteeming them from our heart as God’s representatives, and manifesting this esteem outwardly by word and deed.\nEsteem for our parents must be heartfelt, otherwise outward manifestations of esteem would be mere dissembling. Christ showed great respect for His Mother at the marriage feast of Cana; for although He told her His hour for working miracles was not yet come, He complied with her request. We must honor our parents even if they are poor and in a humble class of life. Joseph, when Governor of Egypt showed great respect for his aged father. Al though he was only a shepherd, he brought him to the king and presented him before him (Gen. xlvii. 7). King Solomon rose from his throne to meet his mother, although she was not of royal lineage; he bowed to her, and made her sit on his right hand (3 Kings ii. 19). Pope Benedict XI. received his mother, who was a poor washer woman, in the kindest manner when she went to him in the mean apparel of her class. Even if parents do not lead a virtuous life, they still have a claim upon the respect of their children, because of the position they hold in regard to them as God’s representatives. The Wise Man says: “Honor thy father in word and work and in all patience” (Ecclus. iii. 9).\nLove of our parents consists in kind feelings and kind actions towards them.\nWe are bound to love our parents, as we are bound to love all men, because they are our neighbor, made in God’s image. But this is not enough: They have a right to a special affection on our part, because we are their children, because they love us so tenderly, and confer so many benefits upon us. Are not his parents a child’s best friends? Love consists in kind sentiments and kind actions. Joseph showed his affection for his old father; he fell on his neck and embracing him, wept (Gen. xlvi. 29). But kind feelings are not enough. Let us not love in word nor in tongue, but in deed and in truth (1 John iii. 18). Therefore we ought to help our parents in destitution or sickness, and pray for them. The Prussian General Ziethen when a page, was once on guard at night in the king’s antechamber. The king, Frederick I., finding he did not answer his summons, went out and found him asleep over a letter which he was writing to his mother, to send her his first earnings (thirty shillings) in the royal service. The king read the letter and was so touched that he put a roll of money in each of the young man’s pockets, and the next morn ing appointed him to the army. When Blessed Thomas More had been put to death for the faith by order of Henry VIII., no one ventured to bury his remains; his daughter Margaret alone braved the tyrant’s wrath, and he, respecting her filial devotion, allowed no one to interfere with her. Even among the lower animals we find examples of affection towards parents. The young lions share their prey with the old, and the storks warm those who have lost their plumage through age; they bring them food and assist them to fly. The Wise Man says: “Son, support the old age of thy father” (Ecclus. iii. 18). Remember how Our Lord on the cross provided for His Mother by commending her to the care of St. John (John xix. 26).\nObedience towards our parents consists in fulfilling all their lawful commands, as long as we are under their authority.\n“Children, obey your parents in all things” (Col. iii. 20). Just as parents are bound to provide for the education of their children, so it is the duty of children to obey their parents. As in the State some rule and others obey, so it must be in the family; otherwise there can be no domestic order and concord. Virtue is expected of the old; submission of the young. Yet children are only bound to obey when the command is just; if their parents order them to do what is contrary to God’s law, and consequently unjust, they must act on the Apostle’s words: “We ought to obey God rather than men” (Acts v. 29). St. Hermengild, son of Leovigild, King of the Goths, was imprisoned by his father in a tower in Sevilla, because he would not embrace the Arian heresy. The king promised to restore him to his favor if only he complied with his desire. But the saint replied that he would renounce the crown, his father’s affection, life itself, rather than deny his faith. He was accordingly martyred. Several other saints chose rather to disobey the command of their earthly than of their heavenly Father, and thus lost their lives. Parents who require their children to do what is forbidden by the law of God, undermine their own authority; they saw off the bough on which they are sitting. A man ordered his son to work in the fields on Sunday; the lad refused, saying it was forbidden by the law of God. The father rejoined angrily: “You are not a child now, and the commandments are only for children.” “In that case,” the son replied, “I need not keep the Fourth Commandment which bids me obey you.” Children are only bound to obey their parents as long as they are under their control, and they are only bound to obey in matters which come within the sphere of the parental authority, such as their manners and behavior at home and abroad, their companions, etc. Parents have no right to dictate to their children in regard to the calling they shall embrace, for a vocation comes from God. Parents cannot dispose of their children’s future, when they are no longer subject to them. St. Francis of Assisi would not let his father make a merchant of him; St. Rose of Lima refused to marry. Yet the advice of parents should always be asked; age gives them greater discernment and experience of life, and they are the best and wisest counsellors a man can have. Holy Scripture exhorts us thus: “My son, hear the instruction of thy father” (Prov. i. 8).\n3. Our duty is the same in regard to those who are in authority over us, as it is to our parents; our teachers and governors, masters and employers, and our elders in general.\nThe old are to be respected by the young. “Honor the person of the aged man, and rise up before the hoary head” (Lev. xix. 32). It becomes the elder to speak first (Ecclus. xxxii. 4). The Spartans entertained great respect for the aged; when an old man could not find a place at the Olympian games, they all rose up to give him a seat. Alexander the Great was one day sitting by a warm fire, when he saw an aged soldier shivering in the cold; he called him in and gave him a place on his own regal couch. Young people ought to heed the counsels of the old, “for of them they shall learn wisdom and instruction” (Ecclus. viii. 9). The old act less on impulse, and consequently more prudently. God appointed a council of seventy ancients for the guidance of the Jews (Exod. iv. 29), and the Roman Senate was composed of old men. Above all, the aged should never be despised, for we too shall become old in our turn (Ecclus. viii. 9). Their infirmities must be borne with: “An ancient man rebuke not, but entreat him as a father” (1 Tim. v. 1).\nThis article, 1. OUR DUTY TOWARDS OUR PARENTS is a post from The Bellarmine Forum.\nDo not repost the entire article without written permission. Reasonable excerpts may be reposted so long as it is linked to this page.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-22", "url": "https://bellarmineforum.org/bf_catechism/the-catechism-explained/part-ii-the-commandments-vice-and-virtue-perfection/a-the-commandments/x-the-ten-commandments-of-god/the-fourth-commandment-of-god/1-our-duty-towards-our-parents/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232255092.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20190519181530-20190519203530-00533.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9798870087, "token_count": 2179, "score": 2.875, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "1. an t-am a bhí ann. AN DÚINTEAR A NÓS I NÁ MÁIRNEAN\n1. an t-am a bhí ann. Is mór an onóir atá le tabhairt dár dtuismitheoirí, mar is ionadaithe Dé iad agus is iad ár dtairbhithe is mó.\nIs clann dár nAthair ar neamh muid go léir, agus déanann sé ár dtuismitheoirí talún a chothú agus a thógáil. Dá bhrí sin, glacann tuismitheoirí áit Dé maidir le hoideachas a leanaí; is ionadaithe Dé iad, agus mar sin, ní mór an onóir is cuí dó a íoc leo, mar is féidir leis an leas-rí a éileamh an meas céanna leis an monarca a thug a údarás dó. Iad siúd a scriosann a dtuismitheoirí, scriosann siad Dia féin. Bhí brón mór ar Naomh Augustine, tar éis dó a thiontú, as an mí-urraim a bhí léirithe aige don mháthair a thug Dia dó, agus a fhios aige gur léirigh sé mí-urraim don Dia leis sin. Tá ár dtuismitheoirí ina gcuid de na daoine is mó a dhéanann maitheas dúinn. \"Cad é an méid\", exclaims Naomh Ambrose, \"ní raibh do mháthair ag fulaingt mar gheall ort! Cé mhéad oíche neamhchlaon, cé mhéad privations, cé mhéad imní nach bhfuil sí a iompar ar do shon! Cé chomh crua a d'oibrigh do athair, a chur ar fáil duit bia agus éadaí! Agus an féidir leat a bheith ungrateful dóibh siúd a rinne agus a d'fhulaing an oiread sin ar do shon? An Mac Dé féin onóir a mháthair agus a athair cothaitheach, tá sé ráite dó go raibh sé a bheith faoi réir dóibh. Foghlaim as é a bheith ag éisteacht le do thuismitheoirí. Chuir sé onóir orthu, cé go raibh siad ina sheirbhísigh. Bhí grá aige agus urram aige dá mháthair, a chruthaigh sé.\n2. Seachadadh. Ba cheart dúinn onóir a thabhairt dár dtuismitheoirí trí iompar measúil, grá, agus obedience.\nNuair a ordóidh Dia dúinn onóir a thabhairt dár dtuismitheoirí. Ordaíonn sé dúinn grá a bheith againn dóibh agus a bheith ag cloí leo, mar go gcuimsítear é seo san urraim atá dlite dúinn dóibh. Is é an grá atá againn mar ár benefactors is mó. Is é an chéad dhualgas atá ar Chríostaí cúiteamh a thabhairt dá thuismitheoirí as an trioblóid agus na híobairtí a thug a oideachas orthu. Ní bhíonn an oibleagáid a bheith ag éisteacht leo ann nuair nach bhfuil aon chúis ann; ní bhíonn an dualgas a bheith ag grá agus ag meas orthu ann ach amháin nuair a bhíonn siad beo.\nIs éard atá i meas i leith ár dtuismitheoirí ná iad a mheas óna gcroí mar ionadaithe Dé, agus an meas seo a léiriú go seachtrach le focal agus le gníomh.\nNí mór go mbeadh meas ar ár dtuismitheoirí ó chroí, ar shlí eile ní bheadh léiriú seachtrach meas ach bréag. Léirigh Críost meas mór ar a Mháthair ag an bhféile phósta i Caina; mar cé gur dúirt sé léi nár tháinig a uair chun míorúiltí a dhéanamh go fóill, chomhlíon sé a iarraidh. Ní mór dúinn onóir a thabhairt dár dtuismitheoirí fiú má tá siad bochta agus i rang maor sa saol. Joseph, nuair a bhí an Gobharnóir na hÉigipte léirigh meas mór ar a athair a bhí in aois. Cé nach raibh sé ach pearsan, thug sé leis go dtí an rí agus chuir sé os a chomhair é (Gen. xlvii. 7) a chur i bhfeidhm. D'éirigh an Rí Solomon as a ríchathaoir chun freastal ar a mháthair, cé nach raibh sí de shliocht ríoga; bowed sé di, agus rinne sí suí ar a lámh dheis (3 Rí 2 . 19) a chur i bhfeidhm. An Pápa Benedikt XI. fuair a mháthair, a bhí ina bhean washer bocht, ar an modh kindest nuair a chuaigh sí dó sa éadaí mean dá rang. Fiú mura bhfuil saol virtuous ag tuismitheoirí, tá siad fós ag éileamh ar urraim a gcuid leanaí, mar gheall ar an seasamh a shealbhú acu i leith iad mar ionadaithe Dé. Deir an Fear Fhiú: Ómraigh do athair i bhriathar agus i ngníomh agus i ngach foighne (Eccl. iii. 9).\nIs éard atá i ngrá ár dtuismitheoirí ná mothúcháin mhaith agus gníomhartha maithe i leith.\nTá sé dlite dúinn ár dtuismitheoirí a ghrá, mar atá sé dlite dúinn grá a thabhairt do gach duine, toisc go bhfuil siad ár gcomharsana, a rinneadh i íomhá Dé. Ach ní leor é seo: Tá sé de cheart acu cairdeas speisialta a fháil ónár gcuid, toisc gur a leanaí muid, toisc go bhfuil grá chomh teann acu dúinn, agus go dtugann siad an oiread sin tairbhí dúinn. Nach iad a thuismitheoirí na cairde is fearr le leanbh? Is éard atá i ngrá ná mothúcháin agus gníomhartha cairdiúla. Léirigh Iósaef a ghaol do a athair a bhí in aois; thit sé ar a mhuineál agus chuir sé a chroí air, ag caoineadh (Gen. xlvi. 29) a chur i bhfeidhm. Ach ní leor mothúcháin maithe. Ná bíodh grá againn i bhfocal ná i dteanga, ach i ngníomh agus i bhfírinne (1 Eoin iii. 18) a chur i bhfeidhm. Dá bhrí sin ba cheart dúinn cabhrú lenár dtuismitheoirí i ndea-chás nó i breoiteacht, agus guí ar a son. Bhí an Ginearálta Prúisis Ziethen, nuair a bhí sé ina phaige, ag faire oíche amháin i réamhramh an rí. An rí, Frederick I., ag fáil nach raibh sé ag freagairt a ghairm, chuaigh sé amach agus fuair sé air codlata thar litir a bhí á scríobh aige chuig a mháthair, chun a chéad thuilleamh (trí fiche sicín) a sheoladh chuig an tseirbhís ríoga. Léigh an rí an litir agus bhí sé chomh bog go ndearna sé rolla airgid a chur i ngach póca den óige, agus an mhaidin dár gcionn ceapadh é san arm. Nuair a cuireadh an Beannaithe Thomas More chun báis as a chreideamh de réir ordú Henry VIII., níor éirigh le duine ar bith a chuid iarsmaí a adhlacadh; d'fhulaing a iníon Margaret ina n-aonar fearg an tíoráin, agus, ag meas ar a díograis mhic, níor lig sé do dhuine ar bith cur isteach uirthi. Fiú i measc na n-ainmhithe níos ísle a fhaighimid samplaí de ghrá i leith tuismitheoirí. Roinneann na lionsaí óga a n-airgead leis na seanóirí, agus téann na storkáin ar na daoine a chaill a n-uimhreacha de bharr aois; tugann siad bia dóibh agus cuireann siad ar a gcumas eitilt. Deir an Fear Fhiú: \"A mhic, taca le sean-aois d'athair\" (Eccl. iii. 18) a chur i bhfeidhm. Cuimhnigh conas ár dTiarna ar an chros ar fáil do a Mháthar ag moladh í chun cúram na Naomh Eoin (Eoin xix. 26).\nIs é an t-éileamh i leith ár dtuismitheoirí ná a n-orduithe dleathacha go léir a chomhlíonadh, chomh fada agus a bhíonn muid faoina n-údarás.\nA chlann, bígí ag éisteacht le bhur dtuismitheoirí i ngach rud (Col. iii. 20) a chur i bhfeidhm. Díreach mar a bhíonn dualgas ar thuismitheoirí oideachas a thabhairt dá leanaí, mar sin tá sé de dhualgas ar leanaí a dtuismitheoirí a chomhlíonadh. Mar atá sa Stát, bíonn cuid acu ag rialú agus cuid eile ag cloí, mar sin ní mór go mbeadh sé sa teaghlach; ar shlí eile ní féidir ord agus comhoiriúnacht a bheith sa bhaile. Táthar ag súil le dea-ghníomh ó na sean; submission ó na daoine óga. Ach ní bhíonn dualgas ar leanaí ach a n-éileamh nuair a bhíonn an t-ordú ceart; má ordaíonn a dtuismitheoirí dóibh rud a dhéanamh a bhfuil contrártha le dlí Dé, agus dá bhrí sin mícheart, ní mór dóibh gníomhú ar bhriathra an Apostola: \"Ní mór dúinn a bheith ag éisteacht le Dia ná le fir\" (Achtanna v. 29). Chuir a athair Naomh Hermengild, mac Leovigild, Rí na Goths, i bpríosún i dtóir i Sevilla, toisc nach nglacfadh sé leis an heresy Arian. Geall an rí go gcuirfeadh sé a thócaire ar ais air mura gcomhlíonfadh sé a mhianta. Ach d'fhreagair an naofa go mbeadh sé ag diúltú an choróin, a athair's affection, an saol féin, seachas a dhiúltú a chreideamh. Mar sin, fuair sé bás mar marthár. Roghnaigh roinnt naoimh eile gan a n-ordú a n-earthly ná a nAthair neamh, agus mar sin chaill siad a saol. Má éilíonn tuismitheoirí ar a gcuid leanaí rud a dhéanamh a bhfuil toirmeasc ar dhlí Dé air, tá siad ag cur faoina n-údarás féin faoi mhíbhuntáiste; tá siad ag gearradh an brainse ar a bhfuil siad ina suí. D'ordaigh fear a mhac a bheith ag obair sna páirceanna ar an Domhnach; dhiúltaigh an buachaill, ag rá go raibh sé toirmiscthe ag dlí Dé. D'fhreagair an t-athair go feargach: Ní leanbh tú anois, agus níl na commandments ach do leanaí. Sa chás sin, d'fhreagair an mac, Ní gá dom an Ceathrú Commandment a choinneáil a thugann ordú dom tú a chomhlíonadh. Níl leanaí faoi cheangal ach a dtuismitheoirí a chomhlíonadh chomh fada agus a bhfuil siad faoi rialú, agus níl siad faoi cheangal ach a chomhlíonadh i gcúrsaí a thagann faoi réimse an údaráis thuismitheora, mar shampla a n-iompar agus a n-iompar sa bhaile agus thar lear, a gcomhghleacaithe, srl. Níl aon cheart ag tuismitheoirí a gcuid leanaí a fhorordú maidir leis an glaoch a ghlacfaidh siad, mar go dtagann glaoch ó Dhia. Ní féidir le tuismitheoirí a gcuid leanaí a thodhchaí a dhiúscairt, nuair nach bhfuil siad faoi réir dóibh a thuilleadh. Níor lig Naomh Francis d'Assisi dá athair ceannaí a dhéanamh de; dhiúltaigh Naomh Rose de Lima pósadh. Ach ba cheart comhairle na dtuismitheoirí a iarraidh i gcónaí; tugann an aois níos mó de ghnéitheacht agus taithí saoil dóibh, agus is iad na comhairleoirí is fearr agus is ciallmhar is féidir le fear a bheith acu. Cuireann an Bíobla Naofa an t-aighneacht seo orainn: \"A mhic, éisteacht le teagasc do athar\" (Prov. Tá mé. 8) a chur i bhfeidhm.\n3. Tá an t-am ann. Tá an dualgas céanna againn i leith na ndaoine atá i gceannas orainn, mar atá sé i leith ár dtuismitheoirí; ár múinteoirí agus rialóirí, ár máistrí agus ár bhfostóirí, agus ár seanóirí go ginearálta.\nBa chóir go mbeadh meas ag na daoine óga ar na daoine scothaosta. Tag urram do dhuine scothaosta, agus éirigh suas os comhair na gruaige liath (Leiv. XIX. 32). Is é an seanóir a labhair ar dtús (Eccl. xxxii. 4). Bhí meas mór ag na Spartans ar na daoine scothaosta; nuair nach raibh áit ag seanfhear ag na cluichí Oilimpeacha, d'éirigh siad go léir chun suíochán a thabhairt dó. Bhí Alexander an Mór ina suí lá amháin ag tine te, nuair a chonaic sé saighdiúir sean ag crith sa fuar; d'iarr sé air agus thug sé áit dó ar a chonair ríoga féin. Ba cheart do dhaoine óga aird a thabhairt ar chomhairle na seanóirí, mar óna bhfaighidh siad eagna agus treoir (Eccl. viii. 9). Gníomh an sean níos lú ar impulse, agus dá bhrí sin níos mó go cúramach. D'fhostaigh Dia comhairle de sheacht seanóirí chun treoir na nGiúdach a thabhairt (Ecs. iv. 29), agus bhí Seanad na Róimhe comhdhéanta d'aithreacha. Ar an gcéad dul síos, níor cheart go mbreathnófaí ar na daoine scothaosta riamh, mar go mbeidh seanchas againn freisin ar ár láimh (Eccl. viii. 9). Ní mór a n-aonghortú a iompar: Ná smaoinigh ar dhuine sean, ach é a impí mar athair (1 Tim. v. 1).\nAn t-alt seo, 1. Is post ó Fóram Bellarmine é OUR DUTY TOWARDS OUR PARENTS.\nNá ath-phost an t-alt iomlán gan cead i scríbhinn. Féadfar earraigh réasúnta a athphostáil chomh fada agus a bhíonn nasc leis an leathanach seo."} {"text": "COVID-19 has been one of the biggest pandemics of our lifetimes. There are now over 25 million confirmed cases globally.\nThe disease is highly infectious and is transmitted from person-to-person through respiratory droplets in the air that are produced by coughing, sneezing or saliva. COVID-19 can also be contracted through contact with contaminated surfaces.\nPersonal Protective Equipment (PPE) - like the disposable face masks and gloves that are made of polyamide fabric - are being used throughout global healthcare and by the public as a precautionary measure to slow down the transmission rate of the disease.\nHowever, PPE isn’t perfect. Multiple reports suggest that face masks can be a source of viral transmission themselves, when touched or disposed of improperly.\nAntimicrobial polymers (also known as polymeric biocides) are putting a stop to this. These polymers are used as an additive to prevent the spread of the bacteria in plastic materials, like polyamide fabric.\nIt’s through these antimicrobial additives that reusable face masks are created.\nReusable face masks reduce the chances of viral transmission person-to-person, while also protecting the end-users from contamination during lengthy mask wearing. This helps limit shortages in PPE thanks to prolonged use and reduces the spread of the virus.\nAntimicrobial polymers reduce the presence of microbes, such as bacteria and mould, on the surface and within plastics.\nThis is helpful when combating COVID-19, preventing the virus from spreading on plastic surfaces. According to reports, modified plastics have limited COVID-19 viability to four hours, opposed to the three days that it can survive on standard plastics.\nThere are four mains types of Antimicrobial Additives that are based on silver ion, copper, zinc and organic technologies:\nThere are many applications for antimicrobial technology due to the world’s reliance on plastic. This means antimicrobial modified plastics can combat COVID-19 and other viruses in many ways. They’re not just limited to just face masks or PPE.\nAntimicrobial technology make the plastic products we handle in our day-to-day lives safer: phone cases, water bottles, you name it.\nLet’s look at public transport specifically. Applying antimicrobials to the interior touch points of public transport such as bars, handles, seating textiles, buttons, switches and panels will instantly make public transport safer.\nAll these areas are in constant contact with passengers, making them prime spots for the spread of diseases like COVID-19 and influenza. Applying antimicrobials here, minimalizes the spread from happening.\nUK-based antimicrobial company, BioCote, are directly combating the pandemic in partnership with Contour Heating Products by providing a new health check station for monitoring temperatures.\nAs the public return to work and schools as part of the ‘new normal’, the station will be used to support voluntary temperature checks for health and safety procedures. BioCote’s technology will help minimise the risk in the procedures, reducing the spread of bacteria via the plastic surfaces.\nOther exciting companies applying their antimicrobial technology in ways to specifically combat COVID-19 include Steritouch, Add Master and Sanitized AG. Microban, PolyOne Corporation and Plastics Color Corporation are also providing antimicrobial solutions in the wider markets.\nThe benefits of antimicrobials are clear, with their importance elevated by the global pandemic and the scope to apply these advantages to multiple industries.\nHowever, environmental concerns have restricted growth of this exciting technology in the past. Research initiatives by environmental institutions like Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) suggest that anti-bacterial chemicals constitute a significant portion of soil and water contaminants.\nMany antimicrobial additives manufacturers have responded via innovation, launching new compositions to meet the safe disposal and anti-bacterial properties criterion. For example, Microban, have developed an anti-microbial additive that has undergone extensive testing and now has a long history of safe use complying with the EPA.\nMicroban aren’t alone, with more companies now producing greener solutions. As a recruiter specialising in the plastics and polymers market, I’m excited to see this market grow and more companies enter the space with innovative technology to help make the world a safer place.\nIf you’d like to talk about this article, what your company are doing in the plastics and polymers space or about your hiring needs, please contact me at email@example.com.\nTransport is becoming more sustainable and economical. Plastics and polymers are playing a vital role in offering cheaper, greener and safer solutions for the hybrid and electric vehicles market.\nFor this episode of CM Conversations, Associate Director and specialist recruiter in the plastics and chemicals space Oliver Davies spoke to Niall Dunne, CEO of Polymateria, a business who have developed a new standard in plastics, biotransformation.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-27", "url": "https://www.searchingindustrial.com/media/1076/a-plastic-additive-saving-lives-from-covid-19", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103034170.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20220625034751-20220625064751-00748.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9354923368, "token_count": 1038, "score": 3.71875, "int_score": 4, "irish_text": "Tá COVID-19 ar cheann de na paindéimí is mó inár saol. Tá os cionn 25 milliún cás dearbhaithe ar fud an domhain anois.\nTá an galar an-ionfhabhtaitheach agus tarchuirtear é ó dhuine go duine trí thriománna anailíse san aer a tháirgtear trí cháil, sneachta nó saill. Is féidir COVID-19 a ghabháil trí theagmháil le dromchlaí truaillithe freisin.\nTá Trealamh Cosanta Pearsanta (TEP) - cosúil leis na maisc aghaidhe agus na lámhainní a dhéantar as fabraic polyamide - á n-úsáid ar fud na cúraim sláinte domhanda agus ag an bpobal mar bheart réamhchúraim chun ráta tarchuir na galair a mhoilliú.\nMar sin féin, níl PPE foirfe. Tugann roinnt tuairiscí le fios gur féidir le mascanna aghaidh a bheith ina bhfoinse tarchuir víreasach iad féin, nuair a bhíonn siad i dteagmháil nó a dhéantar iad a dhiúscairt go míchuí.\nTá polaiméir frithmhiocróbacha (ar a dtugtar biocides polaiméaracha freisin) ag cur deireadh leis seo. Úsáidtear na polaiméir seo mar bhreiseán chun cosc a chur ar scaipeadh na baictéir i hábhair phlaisteach, cosúil le fabraic polyamide.\nIs trí na breiseáin frithmhiocróbacha seo a cruthaítear maisc aghaidhe athúsáidte.\nLaghdaíonn masc aghaidhe athúsáidte na seansanna go dtarraingítear víreas ó dhuine go duine, agus iad ag cosaint na n-úsáideoirí deiridh ó thruailliú le linn masc a chaitheamh ar feadh i bhfad. Cabhraíonn sé seo le heasnaimh i gClÁ a theorannú a bhuí le húsáid fhada agus laghdaíonn sé scaipeadh an víris.\nLaghdaíonn polaiméir frithmhiocróbacha láithreacht mhiocróbacha, mar shampla baictéir agus múnla, ar dhromchla agus laistigh de phlaisteach.\nTá sé seo cabhrach nuair a bhíonn COVID-19 á chomhrac, ag cosc a chur ar an víreas scaipeadh ar dhromchlaí plaisteacha. De réir na dtuarascálacha, tá plaisteach mhodhnaithe tar éis maireachtáil COVID-19 a theorannú go ceithre uair an chloig, i gcoinne na dtrí lá is féidir leis maireachtáil ar plaisteach chaighdeánach.\nTá ceithre phríomhchineál de bhreiseáin frithmhiocróbacha ann atá bunaithe ar theicneolaíochtaí iain airgid, copar, sinc agus orgánach:\nTá go leor feidhmchláir ann don teicneolaíocht frithmhiocróbach mar gheall ar an gcreideamh atá ag an domhan i bplástic. Ciallaíonn sé seo gur féidir le plaisteach modhnaithe frithmhiocróbach dul i ngleic le COVID-19 agus vírisí eile ar go leor bealaí. Ní bhaineann siad ach le masc aghaidh nó le PPE.\nDéanann teicneolaíocht frithmhiocróbach na táirgí plaisteacha a láimhseálann muid inár saol ó lá go lá níos sábháilte: cásanna fóin, buidéil uisce, ainmníonn tú é.\nDéanaimis féachaint go sonrach ar iompar poiblí. Déantar an t-airgead a chur i bhfeidhm ar phointí teagmhála inmheánacha iompair phoiblí amhail barraí, láimhseálacha, teicstílí suíocháin, cnaipí, lascainí agus painéil chun go mbeidh iompar poiblí níos sábháilte láithreach.\nTá na ceantair seo go léir i dteagmháil le paisinéirí i gcónaí, rud a fhágann go bhfuil siad ina bpríomh-spots le haghaidh galar a scaipeadh cosúil le COVID-19 agus an t-ionsaí. Ag cur frithmhiocróbach i bhfeidhm anseo, laghdaíonn sé an scaipeadh ó tharla.\nTá cuideachta frithmhiocróbach atá lonnaithe sa Ríocht Aontaithe, BioCote, ag dul i ngleic go díreach leis an bpaindéim i gcomhpháirtíocht le Contour Heating Products trí stáisiún seiceála sláinte nua a sholáthar chun teochtaí a mhonatóireacht.\nDe réir mar a fhillfidh an pobal ar a gcuid oibre agus ar scoileanna mar chuid den \"nádúr nua\", úsáidfear an stáisiún chun tacú le seiceálacha teochta deonacha le haghaidh nósanna imeachta sláinte agus sábháilteachta. Cabhróidh teicneolaíocht BioCote le rioscaí na nósanna imeachta a íoslaghdú, ag laghdú scaipeadh baictéir trí na dromchlaí plaisteacha.\nI measc na gcuideachtaí spreagúla eile a bhfuil a dteicneolaíocht frithmhiocróbach á chur i bhfeidhm acu ar bhealaí chun COVID-19 a chomhrac go sonrach tá Steritouch, Add Master agus Sanitized AG. Tá Microban, PolyOne Corporation agus Plastics Color Corporation ag soláthar réitigh frithmhiocróbacha sna margaí níos leithne freisin.\nTá buntáistí na n-ionfhabhtaithe frithmhiocróbach soiléir, agus tá a n-tábhacht ardú ag an bpaindéim dhomhanda agus an raon feidhme chun na buntáistí seo a chur i bhfeidhm ar thionscail iolracha.\nMar sin féin, chuir imní faoin gcomhshaol srian ar fhás na teicneolaíochta spreagúil seo san am atá thart. Tugann tionscnaimh taighde ag institiúidí comhshaoil mar an Gníomhaireacht um Chosaint Comhshaoil (EPA) le fios go bhfuil ceimiceáin frith-bacteriacha mar chuid shuntasach de thruailliúcháin ithreach agus uisce.\nD'fhreagair go leor déantúsóirí breiseáin frithmhiocróbacha trí nuálaíocht, ag seoladh comhdhéanamh nua chun an critéar maidir le diúscairt shábháilte agus airíonna frith-bacteriacha a chomhlíonadh. Mar shampla, d'fhorbair Microban breiseán frithmhiocróbach a ndearnadh tástáil chuimsitheach air agus a bhfuil stair fhada úsáide sábháilte aige anois ag comhlíonadh an EPA.\nNí Microban amháin atá ann, agus tá níos mó cuideachtaí ag táirgeadh réitigh níos glaine anois. Mar earcaitheoir atá speisialaithe i margadh plaisteach agus polaiméirí, táim ag súil go mór leis an margadh seo a fhás agus go mbeidh níos mó cuideachtaí ag dul isteach sa spás le teicneolaíocht nuálaíoch chun cabhrú leis an domhan a dhéanamh ina áit níos sábháilte.\nMás mian leat labhairt faoin alt seo, faoi na rudaí atá á ndéanamh ag do chuideachta sa spás plaisteach agus polaiméirí nó faoi do chuid riachtanas fostaíochta, déan teagmháil liom ar email@example.com.\nTá iompar ag éirí níos inbhuanaithe agus níos eacnamaí. Tá ról ríthábhachtach ag plaisteach agus polaiméir maidir le réitigh níos saoire, níos glaine agus níos sábháilte a thairiscint do mhargadh na bhfeithiclí hibrideacha agus leictreacha.\nMaidir leis an eipeasóid seo de CM Conversations, labhair Stiúrthóir Comhlach agus earcaitheoir speisialtóir sa spás plaisteach agus ceimiceán Oliver Davies le Niall Dunne, PO Polymateria, gnó a d'fhorbair caighdeán nua i plaisteach, bithathrú."} {"text": "Bot traffic is non-human traffic to a website. While some bot traffic is beneficial, abusive bot traffic can be very disruptive.\nAfter reading this article you will be able to:\nCopy article link\nBot traffic describes any non-human traffic to a website or an app. The term bot traffic often carries a negative connotation, but in reality bot traffic isn’t necessarily good or bad; it all depends on the purpose of the bots.\nSome bots are essential for useful services such as search engines and digital assistants (e.g. Siri, Alexa). Most companies welcome these sorts of bots on their sites.\nOther bots can be malicious, for example those used for the purposes of credential stuffing, data scraping, and launching DDoS attacks. Even some of the more benign ‘bad’ bots, such as unauthorized web crawlers, can be a nuisance because they can disrupt site analytics and generate click fraud.\nIt is believed that over 40% of all Internet traffic is comprised of bot traffic, and a significant portion of that is malicious bots. This is why so many organizations are looking for ways to manage the bot traffic coming to their sites.\nWeb engineers can look directly at network requests to their sites and identify likely bot traffic. An integrated web analytics tool, such as Google Analytics or Heap, can also help to detect bot traffic.\nThe following analytics anomalies are the hallmarks of bot traffic:\nAs mentioned above, unauthorized bot traffic can impact analytics metrics such as page views, bounce rate, session duration, geolocation of users, and conversions. These deviations in metrics can create a lot of frustration for the site owner; it is very hard to measure the performance of a site that’s being flooded with bot activity. Attempts to improve the site, such as A/B testing and conversion rate optimization, are also crippled by the statistical noise created by bots.\nGoogle Analytics does provide an option to “exclude all hits from known bots and spiders” (spiders are search engine bots that crawl webpages). If the source of the bot traffic can be identified, users can also provide a specific list of IPs to be ignored by Google Analytics.\nWhile these measures will stop some bots from disrupting analytics, they won’t stop all bots. Furthermore, most malicious bots pursue an objective besides disrupting traffic analytics, and these measures do nothing to mitigate harmful bot activity outside of preserving analytics data.\nSending massive amounts of bot traffic is a very common way for attackers to launch a DDoS attack. During some types of DDoS attacks, so much attack traffic is directed at a website that the origin server becomes overloaded, and the site becomes slow or altogether unavailable for legitimate users.\nSome websites can be financially crippled by malicious bot traffic, even if their performance is unaffected. Sites that rely on advertising and sites that sell merchandise with limited inventory are particularly vulnerable.\nFor sites that serve ads, bots that land on the site and click on various elements of the page can trigger fake ad clicks; this is known as click fraud. While this may initially result in a boost in ad revenue, online advertising networks are very good at detecting bot clicks. If they suspect a website is committing click fraud, they will take action, usually in the form of banning that site and its owner from their network. For this reason, owners of sites that host ads need to be ever-wary of bot click fraud.\nSites with limited inventory can be targeted by inventory hoarding bots. As the name suggests, these bots go to e-commerce sites and dump tons of merchandise into their shopping carts, making that merchandise unavailable for purchase by legitimate shoppers. In some cases this can also trigger unnecessary restocking of inventory from a supplier or manufacturer. The inventory hoarding bots never make a purchase; they are simply designed to disrupt the availability of inventory.\nThe first step to stopping or managing bot traffic to a website is to include a robots.txt file. This is a file that provides instructions for bots crawling the page, and it can be configured to prevent bots from visiting or interacting with a webpage altogether. But it should be noted that only good bots will abide by the rules in robots.txt; it will not prevent malicious bots from crawling a website.\nA number of tools can help mitigate abusive bot traffic. A rate limiting solution can detect and prevent bot traffic originating from a single IP address, although this will still overlook a lot of malicious bot traffic. On top of rate limiting, a network engineer can look at a site’s traffic and identify suspicious network requests, providing a list of IP addresses to be blocked by a filtering tool such as a WAF. This is a very labor-intensive process and still only stops a portion of the malicious bot traffic.\nSeparate from rate limiting and direct engineer intervention, the easiest and most effective way to stop bad bot traffic is with a bot management solution. A bot management solution can leverage intelligence and use behavioral analysis to stop malicious bots before they ever reach a website. For example, Cloudflare Bot Management uses intelligence from millions of Internet properties and applies machine learning to proactively identify and stop bot abuse. Super Bot Fight Mode, available on Pro and Business plans, offers smaller organizations similar visibility and control over their bot traffic.\nLearning Center Nav", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-27", "url": "https://www.cloudflare.com/en-in/learning/bots/what-is-bot-traffic/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656104668059.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20220706060502-20220706090502-00262.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9279064536, "token_count": 1081, "score": 2.703125, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Is é trácht bot trácht neamh-dhaonna ar shuíomh Gréasáin. Cé go bhfuil roinnt trácht bot tairbheach, is féidir le trácht bot mí-úsáidte a bheith an-chroch.\nTar éis duit an t-alt seo a léamh, beidh tú in ann:\nCeangail Airteagal a Chló\nDéanann trácht bot cur síos ar aon trácht neamh-dhaonna chuig suíomh Gréasáin nó feidhmchlár. Is minic a bhíonn comhartha diúltach ag an téarma trácht bot, ach i ndáiríre ní gá go mbeadh trácht bot maith nó olc; braitheann sé ar fad ar chuspóir na mbotanna.\nTá roinnt botanna ríthábhachtach do sheirbhísí úsáideacha amhail innill chuardaigh agus cúntóirí digiteacha (m.sh. Siri, Alexa). Fáiltíonn formhór na gcuideachtaí roimh na cineálacha botanna seo ar a suíomhanna.\nIs féidir le bots eile a bheith díobhálach, mar shampla iad siúd a úsáidtear chun críocha líonadh creidiúnais, scrapáil sonraí, agus ionsaithe DDoS a sheoladh. Is féidir fiú cuid de na bots 'dona' níos neamhdhíobhálacha, mar shampla crawlers gréasáin neamhúdaraithe, a bheith ina n-uafás toisc gur féidir leo anailísíocht shuíomh a chur isteach agus calaois cliceáil a ghiniúint.\nCreidtear go bhfuil níos mó ná 40% den trácht Idirlín ar fad comhdhéanta de thrácht bot, agus is botanna malus é cuid shuntasach de sin. Sin é an fáth go bhfuil an oiread sin eagraíochtaí ag lorg bealaí chun bainistíocht a dhéanamh ar thrácht bot a thagann chuig a suíomhanna.\nIs féidir le innealtóirí gréasáin breathnú go díreach ar iarratais líonra ar a suíomhanna agus trácht bot a d'fhéadfadh a bheith ann a aithint. Is féidir le huirlis anailíse gréasáin comhtháite, mar shampla Google Analytics nó Heap, cabhrú freisin le trácht bot a bhrath.\nIs iad na neamhghnáchtaí anailíseacha seo a leanas na saintréithe trácht bot:\nMar a luadh thuas, is féidir le trácht bot neamhúdaraithe tionchar a imirt ar mheátríthe anailíseacha mar amharc ar leathanaigh, ráta bounce, fad seisiúin, geo-áit úsáideora, agus tiontaithe. Is féidir leis na héagsúlachtaí seo i méadrachtaí a lán frustrachas a chruthú d'úinéir an láithreáin; tá sé an-deacair feidhmíocht láithreán a thomhas a bhfuil sé á shárú le gníomhaíocht bot. Tá iarrachtaí chun an suíomh a fheabhsú, mar shampla tástáil A / B agus uasmhéadú ráta tiontaithe, criptithe freisin ag an torann staidrimh a chruthaíonn bots.\nSoláthraíonn Google Analytics rogha chun na hítithe go léir ó bhotanna agus spiders ar a dtugtar a eisiamh (is botanna innill chuardaigh iad spiders a dhéanann crawl ar leathanaigh ghréasáin). Má tá sé indéanta foinse na tráchta bot a aithint, is féidir le húsáideoirí liosta sonrach IPanna a sholáthar le neamhaird a dhéanamh orthu ag Google Analytics.\nCé go stopfaidh na bearta seo roinnt botanna ó anailísíocht a chur isteach, ní stopfaidh siad gach bot. Ina theannta sin, tá cuspóir ag an gcuid is mó de na botai díobhálacha seachas anailísíocht tráchta a chur ar ceal, agus ní dhéanann na bearta seo aon rud chun gníomhaíocht bot díobhálach a mhaolú seachas sonraí anailísíochta a chaomhnú.\nIs bealach an-choitianta é líon mór tráchta bot a sheoladh do ionsaitheoirí chun ionsaí DDoS a sheoladh. Le linn roinnt cineálacha ionsaithe DDoS, déantar an oiread sin tráchta ionsaithe a dhíriú ar shuíomh Gréasáin go mbíonn an freastalaí tionscnaimh ró-ualaithe, agus bíonn an suíomh mall nó gan a bheith ar fáil go hiomlán d'úsáideoirí dlisteanacha.\nIs féidir le roinnt suíomhanna Gréasáin a bheith criptithe go airgeadais ag trácht bot olc, fiú mura mbíonn tionchar acu ar a gcuid feidhmíochta. Tá suíomhanna a bhíonn ag brath ar fhógraíocht agus suíomhanna a dhíolann earraí le stoc teoranta leochaileach go háirithe.\nI gcás suíomhanna a sheirbheálann fógraí, is féidir le bots a thagann ar an suíomh agus a chliceálann ar eilimintí éagsúla den leathanach cliceáil fhaltóireachta fógraí a spreagadh; is é seo a dtugtar calaois cliceáil. Cé go bhféadfadh sé seo a bheith ina thoradh ar mhéadú ar ioncam fógraíochta ar dtús, tá líonraí fógraíochta ar líne an-mhaith ag brabhsáil botanna. Má tá amhras orthu go bhfuil suíomh Gréasáin ag déanamh calaois cliceáil, glacfaidh siad gníomh, de ghnáth i bhfoirm an suíomh sin agus a úinéir a thoirmeasc óna líonra. Ar an gcúis seo, ní mór do úinéirí suíomhanna a bhfuil fógraí á óstáil a bheith cúramach i gcónaí faoi bhréagán bot click.\nIs féidir le bots stocála stoc a bheith dírithe ar shuíomhanna a bhfuil stoc teoranta acu. Mar a thugann an t-ainm le tuiscint, téann na bots seo chuig suíomhanna ríomhthráchtála agus cuireann siad tonna earraí ina gcártaí siopadóireachta, rud a fhágann nach bhfuil an earraí sin ar fáil le ceannach ag siopadóirí dlisteanacha. I gcásanna áirithe, d'fhéadfadh sé seo a bheith ina chúis le hathshuiteáil neamhriachtanach stoc ó sholáthraí nó monaróir. Ní dhéanann na bots stocála stocála ceannach riamh; tá siad deartha go simplí chun cur isteach ar infhaighteacht stoc.\nIs é an chéad chéim chun trácht bot a stopadh nó a bhainistiú chuig suíomh Gréasáin comhad robots.txt a chur leis. Is comhad é seo a sholáthraíonn treoracha do bhotanna a bhíonn ag crawling an leathanaigh, agus is féidir é a chumrú chun bac a chur ar bhotanna cuairt a thabhairt ar leathanach gréasáin nó idirghníomhú leis go hiomlán. Ach ba chóir a thabhairt faoi deara nach gcloífidh ach bots maith leis na rialacha i robots.txt; ní chuirfidh sé cosc ar bots ilbhliantúla suíomh Gréasáin a scrawláil.\nIs féidir le roinnt uirlisí cabhrú le trácht bot mí-úsáidte a mhaolú. Is féidir le réiteach teoranta ráta trácht bot a thagann ó sheoladh IP amháin a bhrath agus a chosc, cé go ndéanfaidh sé seo dearmad ar a lán trácht bot malartach fós. Chomh maith le teorainn ráta a chur leis, is féidir le innealtóir líonra trácht láithreán a fheiceáil agus iarratais líonra amhrasacha a aithint, ag soláthar liosta seoltaí IP le bac a chur orthu le huirlis scagaire mar WAF. Is próiseas an-dhlúth saothair é seo agus ní stopann sé ach cuid den trácht bot malartach.\nSeachas teorainn ráta agus idirghabháil dhíreach innealtóra, is é an bealach is éasca agus is éifeachtaí chun stop a chur le droch-thrácht bot le réiteach bainistíochta bot. Is féidir le réiteach bainistíochta bot faisnéis a ghiaráil agus anailís iompair a úsáid chun botanna ilbhruiteacha a stopadh sula sroicheann siad suíomh Gréasáin. Mar shampla, úsáideann Bainistíocht Bot Cloudflare faisnéis ó na milliúin réadmhaoin Idirlín agus cuireann sé foghlaim meaisín i bhfeidhm chun mí-úsáid bot a aithint agus a stopadh go réamhghníomhach. Cuireann Super Bot Fight Mode, atá ar fáil ar phleananna Pro agus Gnó, infheictheacht agus rialú den chineál céanna ar a gcuid tráchta bot do eagraíochtaí níos lú.\nIonad Foghlama Naib"} {"text": "By Ilan Nass Fueled\nIt’s been a long time coming, but touchscreen technology is now in something of a golden age. This isn’t to say that it won’t continue to rise from here, of course. Even though touchscreens seem delicate to us now, they actually aren’t. We can only do so many things with touchscreens at the moment but that will soon change.\nCurrently touchscreens can really only let you do simple actions, including moving from one screen to the next, zooming in or zooming out, and other similar actions. The touchscreen can tell how long you press down on a particular item, but it can’t really tell exactly how hard you press down, or what you’re pressing down with.\nBut soon, this will all change and new technologies will come out that are more sensitive than ever before. One example includes companies like Qeexo. This company and other companies like it are creating a touchscreen that will be able to tell exactly what kind of pressure is being exerted on it.\nTraditional touchscreens don’t measure anything besides the X, Y axis and length of time of contact. So essentially, they simply tell where your finger is on the screen, when it landed there, how long it’s staying there, and when it leaves. Of course, this may not even be your finger; it’s binary, either something is touching the screen or it’s not. Current companies will be adding a new characteristic to the equation, namely the type of contact that is happening in addition to the X and Y coordinates.\nOne of the effects of this is that you can use a knuckle tap instead of a long press. This makes it much easier to navigate the touchscreen, since long presses obviously take more time. Another consequence of this is that you can use your hand to get additional dimensions beyond just the regular flat plain.\nOther technologies that have a more traditional approach to touchscreens require you to use a stylus or some special piece of equipment to add another dimension such as representing a three dimensional object in two dimensions. But this isn’t necessary with the technology that Qeexo offers. It can tell the difference between a nail and a knuckle just through quality contact. Another advantage is the fact that it can actually tell how much pressure you’re exerting on the screen. It has gradation in its contact and not just a simple binary “on or off” like current touchscreen technology.\nThis will have a number of implications to a wide variety of industries. For example, you will be able to develop new games that can tell how hard you want to hit an object on the screen based on how hard you press as opposed to how long your finger touches the screen. The result is a more realistic experience with how users perform actions. This also has implications for tools like visual programs, since it will make it easier for you to work in Photoshop with more intuitive controls without a lot of added hassle.\nIt seems that the touchscreens of the future are sure to become more sensitive and even more user friendly than the current versions.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-50", "url": "http://www.itbusiness.ca/blog/touchscreen-of-the-future-pressure-sensitive-tactile-smart/50037", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698541864.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170901-00060-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9459832907, "token_count": 655, "score": 2.5625, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "By Ilan Nass Fueled\nTá sé le teacht le fada, ach tá teicneolaíocht scáileáin tadhaill anois i rud éigin de aois órga. Ní chiallaíonn sé seo, ar ndóigh, nach leanfaidh sé ag ardú ó seo amach. Cé go bhfuil scáileáin tadhaill cosúil go bhfuil siad íogair dúinn anois, níl siad i ndáiríre. Ní féidir linn ach go leor rudaí a dhéanamh le scáileáin tadhaill faoi láthair ach beidh athrú go luath.\nFaoi láthair ní féidir le scáileáin tadhaill ach gníomhartha simplí a dhéanamh, lena n-áirítear bogadh ó scáileán amháin go ceann eile, zoomáil isteach nó amach, agus gníomhartha eile dá samhail. Is féidir leis an scáileán tadhaill a insint cé chomh fada a bhrúíonn tú síos ar earra áirithe, ach ní féidir leis a insint i ndáiríre cé chomh láidir a bhrúíonn tú síos, nó cad atá á bhrú agat síos leis.\nAch go luath, beidh sé seo go léir a athrú agus teicneolaíochtaí nua a bheidh amach go bhfuil níos íogaire ná riamh roimhe. I measc na samplaí seo tá cuideachtaí mar Qeexo. Tá an chuideachta seo agus cuideachtaí eile mar sin ag cruthú scáileán tadhaill a bheidh in ann a insint go díreach cén cineál brú atá á chur air.\nNí dhéanann scáileáin theipthe traidisiúnta aon rud a thomhas seachas an t-aise X, Y agus fad ama an teagmhála. Go bunúsach, ní thugann siad ach a fhios cén áit a bhfuil do mhéar ar an scáileán, cathain a tháinig sé isteach ann, cé chomh fada a fhanann sé ann, agus cathain a fhágann sé. Ar ndóigh, ní fhéadfaidh sé seo a bheith fiú do mhéar; tá sé déag, nó tá rud éigin ag teagmháil an scáileáin nó nach bhfuil sé. Cuirfidh cuideachtaí reatha tréith nua leis an ecuaint, is é sin an cineál teagmhála atá ag tarlú i dteannta na gcomhordanáidí X agus Y.\nCeann de na héifeachtaí atá leis seo ná gur féidir leat clúdach a úsáid in ionad brú fada. Déanann sé seo an-éasca dul ar aghaidh tríd an scáileán tadhaill, ós rud é go bhfuil sé soiléir go dtógann brú fada níos mó ama. Is é an toradh eile ar seo gur féidir leat do lámh a úsáid chun méideanna breise a fháil thar an gnáth-chríoch réadúil.\nTeicneolaíochtaí eile a bhfuil cur chuige níos traidisiúnta acu le scáileáin tadhaill teastaíonn uait stylus nó píosa trealaimh speisialta a úsáid chun gné eile a chur leis mar shampla réad tríthoiseach a léiriú i dhá thomhais. Ach ní gá é seo leis an teicneolaíocht a thairgeann Qeexo. Is féidir leis an difríocht idir ingne agus cnoic a insint ach trí thost ardchaighdeáin. Buntáiste eile is ea gur féidir leis a rá go díreach cé mhéad brú atá á chur ort ar an scáileán. Tá céimnithe aige ina thostáil agus ní hamháin 'ag nó as' déthaobhach simplí cosúil le teicneolaíocht scáileáin tadhaill reatha.\nBeidh impleachtaí éagsúla ag seo ar réimse leathan tionscal. Mar shampla, beidh tú in ann cluichí nua a fhorbairt a d'fhéadfadh a insint cé chomh láidir is mian leat a bhuail ar rud ar an scáileán bunaithe ar cé chomh láidir a bhrú tú i gcomparáid le cé chomh fada do mhéar teagmháil an scáileán. Is é an toradh taithí níos réalaíocha ar an gcaoi a ndéanann úsáideoirí gníomhartha. Tá impleachtaí ag seo freisin le haghaidh uirlisí cosúil le cláir amhairc, ós rud é go mbeidh sé níos éasca duit oibriú i Photoshop le rialuithe níos intuitive gan mórán hassle breise.\nIs cosúil go mbeidh scáileáin theipthe an todhchaí níos íogaire agus níos éasca le húsáid ná na leaganacha reatha."} {"text": "C++ const and Immutability: An Empirical Study of Writes-Through-const\nThe ability to specify immutability in a programming language is a powerful tool for developers, enabling them to better understand and more safely transform the code without fearing side effects. Some mainstream languages, such as C and C++, allow developers to specify a form of immutability using the\nconst keyword. In this work, we characterize the meaning of the C/C++\nconst qualifier and present the ConstSanitizer tool, which dynamically identifies\nconst uses in practice that are either not consistent with transitive immutability, write to mutable fields, or write to formerly-\nconst objects whose\nconst-ness has been casted away. Based on a set of 8 benchmark programs, we classify such uses of\nconst according to a set of attributes (namely: synchronized, not visible, buffer/cache, delayed initialization, and incorrect). Our work contributes to the understanding of a widely-used C/C++ language feature.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-26", "url": "https://2016.ecoop.org/details/ecoop-2016-artifacts/9/C-const-and-Immutability-An-Empirical-Study-of-Writes-Through-const", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560627999130.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20190620004625-20190620030625-00426.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8688569665, "token_count": 212, "score": 2.75, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "C ++ const agus Immutability: Staidéar Eimpiriúil ar Scríobh-Through-const\nIs uirlis chumhachtach é an cumas neamh-athraitheacht a shonrú i dteanga cláir do fhorbróirí, rud a chuireann ar a gcumas an cód a thuiscint níos fearr agus a athrú níos sábháilte gan eagla ar iarmhairtí. Ligeann roinnt teangacha príomhshrutha, mar shampla C agus C++, d'fhorbróirí cineál neamh-athraitheachta a shonrú ag baint úsáide as an\nfocal-lárnach const. Sa obair seo, déanaimid saintréith ar an bhrí atá ag an C/C++\nConst Sanitizer, a aithníonn go dinimiciúil\nÚsáidtear const i gcleachtas nach bhfuil ag teacht le hin-athraitheacht thrasthógtha, a scríobh chuig réimsí in-athraitheacha, nó a scríobh chuig réimsí a bhí in úsáid roimhe sin.\nréadaí const a bhfuil\nTá an t-athrú ar an gcustaiméir. Bunaithe ar shraith de 8 gclár tagarmharc, aicmíomar úsáidí den sórt sin de\nconst de réir tacar tréithe (mar a n-ainmnítear: sioncronaithe, nach bhfuil le feiceáil, buffer/cache, túsghrádú moille, agus mícheart). Cuidíonn ár gcuid oibre le tuiscint a fháil ar ghné teanga C/C++ a úsáidtear go forleathan."} {"text": "Up to 50% of individuals 65 years and older report a fear of falling. Within this group, 65% report that they restrict their physical activity as a result. This fear, however, is linked to a higher incidence of falls. Individuals report slowing their gait to feel more in control, but research shows that this cautious gait results in overthinking and stride variation, making individuals less balanced and more likely to fall.\nOur study focuses on individuals who have low physical risk — individuals who may not have normally required a walking aid but due to their fear require a cane. Our research question asks, \"How might we reduce the fear of falling for cane users?\" Based on existing research on fear reduction, we discovered two primary ways to reduce fear. Physically, where we build trust in a person's body and physical abilities, and cognitively, where we inspire confidence in a person's environment, gait, and assistive support. We hypothesized that redesigning the cane to encourage confident gait and exercise can help reduce an individual's fear of falling.\nThus, we designed CADY, a personalized coach in the form of a handle for a walking aid. Employing calm technology principles, CADY passes rhythmic vibrations to subconsciously guide a person's gait. A person can maintain their stride by matching their \"comfortable walking speed\" with CADY's haptic feedback.\nSince medical professionals gather information about a person's gait through laboratory settings, they often don't have access to a patient's true indoor or outdoor behaviors. This information will better equip professionals in determining goals with their patients and ensuring their patients are using the correct walking aid. Our product is part of a larger service that encourages virtual physical therapy sessions and for individuals to find a professional nearby. Since two-thirds of individuals self-prescribe a cane, most do not receive education on how to use it and almost half are misfitted for their cane.\nPart of our work in developing CADY is to begin destigmatizing the cane. During our interviews and our research, we learned about people's hesitancy around using a cane and how they viewed the object as a symbol of aging and their demise. While most canes are stigmatized through either hyper-medicalization or focus on function over form, CADY considers both. Unfortunately, many designer concepts that have prioritized aesthetics sacrificed function — a NO for medical devices that make it to market. We made CADY an object that could be transformed into a lamp before you go to bed, and as something that can be seen in a beautiful way when you wake up.\nOur aspiration is to put CADY into the hands of users not only needing a cane but a diversity of populations who need her rhythmic touch to guide them in whatever activity it is that they do — athletes keeping pace, musicians keeping beat, dancers keeping rhythm. This broader acceptance, we hope, could normalize the usage of a walking aid.\nThe dimensions are 196.12 mm for X, 32.79 mm for Y, and 111.40 mm for Z. The outer part is made of silicon that through its grip shape prevents the hand from slipping, but remain soft to the touch. The inside shells the electronics with a durable and lightweight plastic. The electronics are consisted of the following: Arduino Micro Unit, 9V Battery, 3-Axis Accelerometer, Bluetooth Module, 3 LEDs, 3 Mini Vibrating Disk Motors\nUpon pinpointing the problem of fear of falling, the biggest challenge in this project was how to design a product for users who have relatively low physical risk in falling, but have heightened risk due to overcautious gait. After numerous iterations, we decided to use calm technology principles, which utilizes subtle vibrational cues through the handle of its walking aid to help guide gait. Moreover, we took on the challenge to design a cane that integrates as a service with medical experts.\nWe interviewed users & medical/gait experts to understand their needs and get continuous feedback for our design. We prototyped iteratively using sketches, PVC pipes, foam models, 3D prints, and electronics. Once refined, we built a physical and functional cane, handle and hub prototype for final user testing. We also designed a UI to communicate the service of the product. CADY sends calm & rhythmic vibrational cues through the handle of the walking aid to help subconsciously guide gait.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-27", "url": "https://designawards.core77.com/home/award_permalink?id=93572&category_id=16", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103324665.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20220627012807-20220627042807-00133.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9429908991, "token_count": 895, "score": 2.65625, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Deir suas le 50% de dhaoine 65 bliana d'aois agus níos sine go bhfuil eagla orthu titim. Sa ghrúpa seo, tuairiscíonn 65% go gcuireann siad srian ar a gcuid gníomhaíochta fisiceach mar thoradh air sin. Tá an eagla seo, áfach, nasctha le hiontráil níos airde titim. Deir daoine aonair go mbraitheann siad níos mó smachta ar a gcuma a dhéanamh, ach léiríonn taighde go mbíonn an cuma cúramach seo mar thoradh ar ró-smaoineamh agus athruithe ar an gcuma, rud a fhágann go mbíonn daoine níos lú cothromaithe agus níos mó seans ann go dtiocfaidh titim orthu.\nDíríonn ár staidéar ar dhaoine aonair a bhfuil riosca fisiceach íseal acu daoine aonair nach bhféadfadh cúnamh coise a bheith ag teastáil uathu ach a dteastaíonn cnámh uathu mar gheall ar a n-eagla. Ceist ár dtaighde: \"Conas a laghdaímid an eagla a bheith ag titim i ngrá le húsáideoirí canna?\" Bunaithe ar thaighde atá ann cheana féin ar laghdú eagla, d'aimsigh muid dhá bhealach príomha chun eagla a laghdú. Go fisiciúil, áit a mbunaímid muinín i gcorp agus i gcumas fisiceach duine, agus go cognaíoch, áit a spreagann muid muinín i dtimpeallacht, i mbóthar agus i dtacaíocht chúnamh duine. D'fhiafraíomar gur féidir le hathchruthú an channa chun gait agus cleachtadh muiníneach a spreagadh cabhair a thabhairt chun eagla an duine a laghdú.\nDá bhrí sin, rinneamar CADY, cóiste pearsantaithe i bhfoirm greim le haghaidh cabhair siúil. Ag baint úsáide as prionsabail theicneolaíochta suaimhneach, cuireann CADY dromchlaí rithimiceacha ar aghaidh chun treoir a thabhairt do ghluaiseacht duine go fo-mhothaitheach. Is féidir le duine a chuid stride a choinneáil trína \"luath coibhneasta siúl\" a mheaitseáil le haischomhairle haptic CADY.\nÓs rud é go mbailíonn gairmithe leighis faisnéis faoi choimeád duine trí shuíomhanna saotharlainne, ní bhíonn rochtain acu go minic ar iompar fíor d'othar laistigh nó lasmuigh. Beidh an fhaisnéis seo níos fearr ag trealamh gairmithe chun spriocanna a chinneadh lena n-othair agus a chinntiú go bhfuil a gcuid othair ag baint úsáide as an gcabhair siúl ceart. Tá ár dtáirge mar chuid de sheirbhís níos mó a spreagann seisiúin fisiceolaíocha fíorúla agus do dhaoine aonair gairmiúil a aimsiú in aice láimhe. Ós rud é go ndéanann dhá thrian de dhaoine iad féin a fhorordú ar channa, ní fhaigheann an chuid is mó oideachas ar conas é a úsáid agus tá beagnach leath mí-oiriúnach dá gcanna.\nCuid dár gcuid oibre i bhforbairt CADY is é tosú ag destigmatizing an canasta. Le linn ár n-agallamh agus ár dtaighde, d'fhoghlaim muid faoi amhras daoine faoi úsáid a bhaint as canna agus conas a d'fhéach siad ar an réad mar shiombail na seanlaithe agus a n-imirt. Cé go bhfuil an chuid is mó de na canes stigmatized trí hyper-medicalisation nó díriú ar fheidhm thar fhoirm, meastar CADY an dá rud. Ar an drochuair, tá go leor coincheapa dearthóirí a thug tosaíocht don áilleacht a rinne feidhm a íobairt NÍL le haghaidh feistí leighis a dhéanann sé ar an margadh. Rinneamar CADY ina réad a d'fhéadfaí a athrú go lampa sula dtéann tú a chodladh, agus mar rud a d'fhéadfaí a fheiceáil ar bhealach álainn nuair a dhúisíonn tú.\nIs é ár ndúil CADY a chur i lámha úsáideoirí nach gá ach canasta ach éagsúlacht na ndaoine a bhfuil gá a touch ritimiciúil a threorú dóibh i cibé gníomhaíocht is é go bhfuil siad a dhéanamh lúthchleasaithe ag coinneáil luas, ceoltóirí ag coinneáil buille, damhsaigh ag coinneáil rithim. Tá súil againn go bhféadfaí an glacadh níos leithne seo le húsáid cabhair siúil a ghnáthú.\nIs iad na méideanna 196,12 mm do X, 32,79 mm do Y, agus 111,40 mm do Z. Tá an chuid seachtrach déanta as síleacóin a chuireann cosc ar an lámh a bheith ag sleamhnú trína chruth greim, ach a bhíonn bog ar an teagmháil. Tá an plaisteach malartach agus éadrom ar an gciseán leictreonach. Tá na leictreonaic comhdhéanta den méid seo a leanas: Aonad Micre Arduino, Battery 9V, 3-Axis Accelerometer, Modúl Bluetooth, 3 LED, 3 Mini Vibrating Disk Motors\nNuair a bhí an fhadhb a bhaineann le eagla a bheith ag titim le feiceáil, ba é an dúshlán is mó sa tionscadal seo conas táirge a dhearadh d'úsáideoirí a bhfuil riosca fisiceach réasúnta íseal acu i titim, ach a bhfuil riosca ard acu mar gheall ar imeacht ró-chúramach. Tar éis go leor athruithe, shocraíomar prionsabail theicneolaíochta socair a úsáid, a úsáideann leideanna vibrational subtle trí láimhseáil a chabhair siúl chun cabhrú le gait a threorú. Ina theannta sin, ghlacamar leis an dúshlán chun canna a dhearadh a chomhtháthaíonn mar sheirbhís le saineolaithe leighis.\nRinneamar agallamh le húsáideoirí agus le saineolaithe leighis/gait chun a gcuid riachtanas a thuiscint agus aiseolas leanúnach a fháil ar ár ndearadh. Rinneamar fréamhshamhlaíocht i rith na tréimhse ag baint úsáide as sceitseanna, píopaí PVC, samhlacha scamh, priontáil 3D, agus leictreonaic. Nuair a bhí sé scagtha, d'fhásamar próta-amhrán fisiciúil agus feidhmiúil de channa, láimhseáil agus cearnóg le haghaidh tástála úsáideora deiridh. Dearbhaíomar UI freisin chun seirbhís an táirge a chur in iúl. Seolann CADY leideanna vibrational socair & ritmiúil trí láimhseáil an chabhair choiseachta chun cabhrú le gait a threorú go neamhfhiosach."} {"text": "We all are designers!\nEach of us is a natural designer. Like Victor Papanek said:\n“All men are designers. All that we do, almost all the time, is design, for design is basic to all human activity. The planning and patterning of any act towards a desired, foreseeable end constitutes the design process. Any attempt to separate design, to make it a thing-by-itself, works counter to the inherent value of design as the primary underlying matrix of life... Design is the conscious effort to impose meaningful order.”\nImage credit: unknown author\nPermaculture is a design discipline. Prmaculture design is the practice of designing sustainable human systems, designing a “permanent culture”.\nDesigning a permanent culture includes rethinking and redesigning several human systems and therefore permaculture design is a whole systems design discipline. It includes: land and nature, buildings, tools & technology, education, culture, health, well being, finances & economics, community...\nPermaculture design is a creative process, based on observation and good science and therefore it can never be prescriptive!\nGeneral diagram ilustratiing whole systems design\ncredit: unknown author\nPermaculture Flower, \"Principles and Pathways Beyond Suatainability\"\nDesign ethics and principles!\nBesides its wholistic application permaculture design is innovative in applying ethics and principles to design.\nThe ethics (care for people, care for the earth and fair share) are the foundation of permaculture design and underpin every design decision in the creation of a sustainable system. They make us feel good and align us with reality.\nThe design principles are guidelines for sustainable design. They are principles found in nature and for that reason are ingrained in us. Ecosystems are the best examples of energy efficiency and resilience that we can observe and using their principles as guidelines to design our \"human systems\" is the best way to ensure sustainability and resilience.\nAt the end, there is something very satisfying and meaningful about applying ethics and principles to design. It makes sense, it feels good and the results are impressive!\n\"PERMACULTURE DESIGN = ECOLOGICAL DESIGN WITH ETHICS\"\nDesign thinking is the capacity of inter-relating elements in space and time in a functional and cooperative way. It is a method for practical, creative resolution of problems and creation of solutions, with the intent of an improved future result.\nWhen designing systems (land systems, financial systems, social systems) there are many elements and factors to take in consideration, some variable, some unvariable. So following a process is the best approach to deal with systems complexity and make sure we take the right steps and keep track from the beggining till the end.\nImage credit: unknown author\nImagine you have the task of designing your farm. Independently of its size, a farm is a complex system because it includes various elements and even systems inside the main system. To come up with a design you will also have to consider many factors (biotic and abiotic, natural and human, etc). In general you will be working with a complex diversity of variables and unvariables and that's why following a design process can be very helpful in guiding your design work and ensure its success.\nBasically, at this moment in time, if we want to accelerate regeneration and create sustainable systems we can't afford to act randomly. We better follow a process (a series of actions or steps taken in order to achieve a particular end) to get quickly, accurately and efficiently to the solutions we need and the goals we want to achieve.\nDesign is complex and to go through a design process leads you to think (consciously or unconsciously) in terms of design. The design process informs the pattern of thinking that enables design. Going through the process makes us designers and being designers we start to think design and we start applying it in many things we do.\nThere are many ways of designing. Some people design through thinking, some design through doing, some design through collating experiences and references. You can design through your hands, you can design through your mind... All is fine, as long as we don't skip steps.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-27", "url": "https://www.guildapermaculture.com/copy-of-ecological-design", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103943339.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20220701155803-20220701185803-00459.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9485439062, "token_count": 877, "score": 3.015625, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Is dearthóirí muid go léir!\nTá gach duine againn ina dhearthóir nádúrtha. Mar a dúirt Victor Papanek:\nIs dearthóirí iad gach fear. Is é an rud amháin a dhéanaimid, beagnach an t-am ar fad, dearadh, mar is bunús do gach gníomhaíocht dhaonna é dearadh. Is éard atá sa phróiseas dearadh ná pleanáil agus patrúináil aon ghnímh i dtreo deireadh inmhianaithe, intuartha. Aon iarracht chun dearadh a scaradh, chun é a dhéanamh ina rud féin, oibríonn sé i gcoinne luach bunúsach an dearadh mar mhótarmhíre bhunúsach na beatha... Is é dearadh an iarracht choisithe ord bríomhar a fhorchur.\nCreidmheas íomhá: údar anaithnid\nIs disciplín dearaidh é an permaculture. Is é dearadh Prmaculture an cleachtas chun córais inbhuanaithe daonna a dhearadh, ag dearadh cultúr buan .\nÁirítear ar chultúr buan a dhearadh athsmaoineamh agus athdhearadh a dhéanamh ar roinnt córais daonna agus dá bhrí sin is disciplín iomlán de dhearadh córais é dearadh permaculture. Áirítear leis: talamh agus nádúr, foirgnimh, uirlisí agus teicneolaíocht, oideachas, cultúr, sláinte, folláine, airgeadas agus eacnamaíocht, pobal...\nIs próiseas cruthaitheach é dearadh na bpermaculture, bunaithe ar bhreathnú agus ar eolaíocht mhaith agus dá bhrí sin ní féidir é a bheith ionsonraitheach riamh!\nLéaráid ghinearálta a léiríonn dearadh córais iomlána\ncreidmheas: údar anaithnid\nFlóir na Permaculture, \"Principles and Pathways Beyond Suatainability\"\nEitic agus prionsabail dearaidh!\nChomh maith lena fheidhmíocht iomlánach, tá dearadh permaculture nuálach maidir le heitice agus prionsabail a chur i bhfeidhm ar dhearadh.\nIs iad na heitice (cúrsa ar dhaoine, cúram ar an talamh agus scair chothrom) bunús dearaidh permaculture agus tá siad mar bhonn le gach cinneadh dearaidh i gcruthú córais inbhuanaithe. Cuireann siad go mbraitheann muid go maith agus go gcuireann siad i gcomhréir linn leis an réaltacht.\nIs treoirlínte iad na prionsabail dearaidh le haghaidh dearadh inbhuanaithe. Is prionsabail iad a fhaightear san dúlra agus dá bhrí sin tá siad craiceáilte inár gcroí. Is iad éiceachórais na samplaí is fearr de éifeachtúlacht fuinnimh agus athléimneacht is féidir linn a bhreathnú agus is é a prionsabail a úsáid mar threoirlínte chun ár \"chórais dhaonna\" a dhearadh an bealach is fearr chun inbhuanaitheacht agus athléimneacht a chinntiú.\nSa deireadh, tá rud éigin an-sásúil agus bríomhar faoi eitice agus prionsabail a chur i bhfeidhm ar dhearadh. Tá sé ciallmhar, tá sé go maith agus tá na torthaí suntasach!\n\"DÍAMHÁN PERMACULTURE = DIAMHÁN ÉACOLÓGÁIL LE EITICÍ\"\nIs é smaointeoireacht dearaidh an cumas atá ag eilimintí a idir-aibhneáil sa spás agus sa am ar bhealach feidhmiúil agus comhoibritheach. Is modh é chun fadhbanna a réiteach go praiticiúil agus go cruthaitheach agus chun réitigh a chruthú, agus an t-aon intinn aige toradh níos fearr a bhaint amach amach anseo.\nAgus córais á ndearadh (córais talún, córais airgeadais, córais shóisialta) tá go leor eilimintí agus fachtóirí le cur san áireamh, cuid díobh inathraitheach, cuid eile neamh-inathraitheach. Mar sin, is é an bealach is fearr chun déileáil le castacht na gcóras ná próiseas a leanúint agus a chinntiú go nglacann muid na céimeanna cearta agus go gcoinnímid rian ó thús go deireadh.\nCreidmheas íomhá: údar anaithnid\nSamhlaigh go bhfuil sé de chúram ort do fheirm a dhearadh. Is córas casta é feirm, is cuma cé chomh mór is atá sí, toisc go bhfuil eilimintí éagsúla ann agus go bhfuil córais ann fiú laistigh den phríomhchóras. Chun dearadh a fháil, beidh ort freisin go leor fachtóirí a mheas (bitheolaíoch agus neamhbheolaíoch, nádúrtha agus daonna, srl.). Go ginearálta, beidh tú ag obair le éagsúlacht chasta athróg agus neamhathraithe agus is é sin an fáth gur féidir le leanúint próiseas dearaidh a bheith an-chabhrach chun treoir a thabhairt do do chuid oibre dearaidh agus a rath a chinntiú.\nGo bunúsach, ag an nóiméad seo, más mian linn athghiniúint a luathaithe agus córais inbhuanaithe a chruthú ní féidir linn gníomhú go randamach. Is fearr linn leanúint próiseas (sreath gníomhartha nó céimeanna a dhéantar chun deireadh áirithe a bhaint amach) chun teacht go tapa, go cruinn agus go héifeachtach ar na réitigh a theastaíonn uainn agus ar na spriocanna a theastaíonn uainn a bhaint amach.\nTá dearadh casta agus mar thoradh ar phróiseas dearadh a bheith agat smaoiníonn tú (go comhfhiosach nó go neamhfhiosach) i dtéarmaí dearadh. Cuireann an próiseas dearadh eolais ar an bpatrún smaointeoireachta a chuireann dearadh ar fáil. Agus muid ag dul tríd an bpróiseas, déanann sé sinn a bheith ina dearthóirí agus mar dearthóirí tosaímid ag smaoineamh ar dhearadh agus tosaímid ag cur i bhfeidhm é i go leor rudaí a dhéanaimid.\nTá go leor bealaí ann chun dearadh a dhéanamh. Déanann daoine áirithe dearadh trí smaoineamh, dearadh daoine eile trí dhéanamh, dearadh daoine eile trí thaithí agus tagairtí a chur le chéile. Is féidir leat a dhearadh trí do lámha, is féidir leat a dhearadh trí do intinn... Tá gach rud go maith, chomh fada agus nach skip muid céimeanna."} {"text": "With the James Webb Space Telescope's 9th of 18 mirror segments installed as of last week, we're that much closer to hunting for signs of life on alien worlds and making our universe a little less lonely.\nA third of the mirrors were installed by 17 December, 2015, but now we're up to a full half! Image credit: NASA/Chris Gunn\nNow we're pleased to celebrate that as of 22 December, fully nine of the eighteen primary mirror segments are polished to perfection and nestled snugly in place.\nTechnicians began installing the mirror segments on 22 November, 2015. Image credit: NASA/Chris Gunn\nThe hexagonal mirror segments are 1m, 8cm in diameter, and fit together to form a single 6m, 10cm primary mirror for the telescope. The unique construction allows the telescope to tuck into a smaller volume for launch then unfold in mechanical origami once in space. It also allow for a much larger primary mirror: when completed, the James Webb Space Telescope will dwarf Hubble with its capacity to gather light.\nHubble is but a wee speck of glass compared to the enormous James Webb. Image credit: NASA\nYou can watch construction from home by peeking in on the cleanroom webcam. The team is currently on break, but mirror assembly will continue in the new year. The telescope is currently scheduled to launch in 2018.\nTop image: 9 of 18 mirror segments! Credit: NASA/Chris Gunn", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-04", "url": "http://www.gizmodo.com.au/2016/01/aww-yeah-the-james-webb-space-telescope-has-half-its-mirrors/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281492.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00456-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9389749169, "token_count": 295, "score": 2.640625, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Leis an 9ú de 18 chuid scáthán de Theileascóp Spáis James Webb suiteáilte an tseachtain seo caite, tá muid i bhfad níos gaire do lorg comharthaí saoil ar shaoránaigh eachtracha agus ár n-universe a dhéanamh beagán níos lú uaigneach.\nCuireadh an tríú cuid de na scátháin i bhfeidhm faoin 17 Nollaig, 2015, ach anois tá leath acu againn! Creidmheas íomhá: NASA/Chris Gunn\nAnois tá áthas orainn a cheiliúradh go mar 22 Nollaig, iomlán naoi de na ocht gcéadta píosaí scáthán príomhúil a póraithe go foirfe agus nestled go snugly in áit.\nThosaigh teicneoirí ag suiteáil na rannáin scátháin an 22 Samhain, 2015. Creidmheas íomhá: NASA/Chris Gunn\nTá na codanna scáthán heisceagónach 1m, 8cm ar trastomhas, agus oireann siad le chéile chun scáthán bunscoile 6m, 10cm amháin a chruthú don teileascóp. Ligeann an tógáil uathúil don teilioscóp a chur isteach i méid níos lú le haghaidh seoladh ansin é a leathnú i origami meicniúil aon uair amháin sa spás. Ligeann sé freisin do mhíréadra príomha i bhfad níos mó: nuair a bheidh sé críochnaithe, déanfaidh an Téileascóp Spáis James Webb Hubble a dhiagnóisiú lena chumas solas a bhailiú.\nNíl Hubble ach speck beag gloine i gcomparáid leis an James Webb ollmhór. Creidmheas íomhá: NASA\nIs féidir leat féachaint ar an tógáil ó bhaile trí peeking isteach ar an seomra glan ceamara gréasáin. Tá an fhoireann ar scor faoi láthair, ach leanfaidh an comhdhéanamh scátháin ar aghaidh sa bhliain nua. Tá sé beartaithe an teileascóp a sheoladh faoi láthair in 2018.\nÍomhá arda: 9 de 18 rannán scáthán! Creidmheas: NASA/Chris Gunn"} {"text": "Foucault’s Madness and Civilization, as Read by a Crazy Person\nDecember 25, 2013 § Leave a comment\nThis is a synopsis–what did they call them in grad school? A precis?–of Michel Foucault’s Madness and Civilization, which I read as part of my disability studies grad class. It struck me as profoundly weird, like seeing yourself in the mirror for the first time.\nMichel Foucault’s classic Madness and Civilization: A History of Insanity in the Age of Reason might be just as aptly subtitled The Extermination of Madness at the End of the 19th Century. For Foucault’s main argument–which does not come until the tail end of the book, a la Henri-Jacques Stiker–is that “what we call psychiatric practice is a certain moral tactic contemporary with the end of the 18th century, preserved in the rites of asylum life, and overlaid by the myths of positivism” (276). Foucault argues that this modern-day sleight-of-hand is the result of a centuries-long process of “scission” (x) between the language of Reason and the language of madness; his task in Madness and Civilization is then to trace the development of this gradual split through an analysis of European history during the Middle Ages, Renaissance, and Enlightenment Age. Through numerous case studies and extensive quotes from prominent figures of the era, Foucault examines how shifts in the role of institutional structures such as the leprosarium, the house of confinement, the hopital, and the asylum paralleled shifts in European society’s understanding of madness. From the 15th century’s conception of madness as indistinguishable from indigence and criminality to the 18th and 19th centuries’ liberation of a differentiated madness unto a normative and condemning bourgeois moral order, Foucault documents the process by which institutional structures and practices have inscribed themselves upon the bodies and minds of those considered mad: excommunication, physical abuse, regulation, and judgment have given way, in more recent times, to the creation of that “serene world of mental illness” in which “modern man no longer communicates with the madman” (x).\nCuriously, Foucault leaves off his historical analysis here, at the doorstep of the 20th century. Unlike Stiker–who makes similar claims and uses similar methodology to support them–Foucault refers to contemporary society only obliquely. We can only surmise that his silence regarding his own century echoes the great silence of an Unreason stilled by the totalizing discourse of medicine; after all, he warns us in the preface that “I have not tried to write the history of [psychiatric] language, but rather the archaeology of that silence [which results from such a language]” (xi).\nConfronting this strategic silence, I cannot help but wonder what a more cultural criticism-focused scholar like Rosemarie Garland Thomson would make of this obstinate absence of the present. Would she not say that in critically addressing the history of madness–that is, in addressing the history of madness with an eye to power, to the domination of certain bodies and minds–we must also discuss this contemporary psychiatric language, given that it continues and has real force in the lives of modern subjects (especially those defined or who self-define as disabled)? The language of unreason may indeed be the unreachable abyss beyond which no Western discourse can venture–but what of the ways, immediate and concrete, in which contemporary society treats and represents those considered mad, insane, crazy, mentally ill? Certainly, for me one of the most surprising aspects of Foucault’s text was this subjective disjunct between his history and my experience–two things which, objectively speaking, should be seamless. As a teenager, I was hospitalized for a time in a psychiatric institution, the primary effect of which was to scare me straight, basically: an experience that echoes Foucault’s description of the asylum as “an instrument of moral uniformity and of social denunciation” (259) which merely masquerades as modern medicine. Yet reading Foucault, I am left with the sensation that the history he details so painstakingly in no way bears upon the now: it seems a disembodied account of madness, a history discontinuous with present times and present practices–an impression strangely belied by the realization that what I am reading is somehow “our” history, “our” legacy. Not until I have finished the book does it hit me, and then only oddly, in the space of his silence: these things continue, and I have lived them.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-30", "url": "https://leavingsandsurvivors.wordpress.com/2013/12/25/foucaults-madness-and-civilization-as-read-by-a-crazy-person/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195525829.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20190718211312-20190718233312-00298.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9444810152, "token_count": 980, "score": 2.515625, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Foucault's Madness and Civilization, mar a léann duine dÚsachtach\nDé Céadaoin, 2013 § Fág trácht\nSeo a bhfuil a achoimre cad a bhí siad ag glaoch orthu sa scoil iarchéime? Precise de Michel Foucault's Madness and Civilization, a léigh mé mar chuid de mo chuid staidéir faoi mhíchumas rang céim. Bhraith sé dom mar go domhain aisteach, cosúil le tú féin a fheiceáil sa scáthán don chéad uair.\nD'fhéadfadh Michel Foucault clasaiceach Madness agus an tSaoirsí: A Stair na Insane sa Aois na Réasún a bheith díreach chomh oiriúnach fo-thiotal an Extermination of Madness ag deireadh an 19ú haois. Maidir le príomh-argument Foucault, nach dtagann go dtí deireadh an leabhair, a la Henri-Jacques Stiker, is é sin go bhfuil \"an rud a ghlaoimid ar chleachtas síciatrach ina tactic morálta áirithe coimhthíocha le deireadh an 18ú haois, a chaomhnaíodh i rith na beatha tearmainn, agus a chlúdaíodh le miotais positivism\" (276). Éilíonn Foucault go bhfuil an sleight-of-hand nua-aimseartha seo mar thoradh ar phróiseas scission (x) céadta bliain idir teanga na Réasún agus teanga na madness; is é a chúram i Madness and Civilization ansin forbairt an scoilte céimnithe seo a rianú trí anailís a dhéanamh ar stair na hEorpa le linn na Meánaoise, an Renaissance, agus an t-Aois Scalar. Trí chás-staidéir iomadúla agus luacha fairsing ó fhigiúirí suntasacha na ré, scrúdaíonn Foucault conas a athraíonn ról struchtúir institiúideacha mar an leprosarium, an teach coinneála, an ospidéal, agus an t-aisteoir athruithe comhthreomhar i dtuiscint an tsochaí Eorpaigh ar mheabhair. Ón gcoincheap an 15ú haois ar an amadán mar rud nach féidir a idirdhealú ó indibhéalacht agus ó choireachtáil go dtí an 18ú agus an 19ú haois, saoradh ó amadán idirdhealaithe go ord boirdheanach moral normatach agus ciontaitheach, déanann Foucault an próiseas a dhoiciméadaíonn struchtúir agus cleachtais institiúideacha iad féin ar chorp agus ar intinn na ndaoine a mheastar a bheith amadán: tá excommunication, mí-úsáid fhisiciúil, rialachán agus breithiúnas tar éis dul ar aghaidh, le tamall níos déanaí, chun an \"domhan síoraí sin de ghalair mheabhrach\" a chruthú ina bhfuil \"an duine nua-aimseartha nach mbíonn cumarsáid aige leis an madman\" (x).\nGo hiontach, tá Foucault ag fágáil a anailíse stairiúil anseo, ag an doras an 20ú haois. Murab ionann agus Stikera dhéanann éilimh den chineál céanna agus a úsáideann modheolaíocht den chineál céanna chun tacú leoníonn Foucault leis an tsochaí choimhthíoch ach go neamhrialta. Ní féidir linn ach a thuar go bhfuil a ghuth i leith a céad bliain féin ag athdhéanamh an ghuth mór a bhaineann le h-Uirgiod a chuir an díospóireacht iomlán na míochaine ar siúl; tar éis an tsaoil, tugann sé rabhadh dúinn sa réamhrá nach ndearna mé iarracht stair na teanga [siceatrálaí] a scríobh, ach go leor seandálaíocht na ciúin sin [a thagann as teanga den sórt sin] (xi).\nAg tabhairt aghaidh ar an tsíocháin straitéiseach seo, ní féidir liom cabhrú ach a bheith ag smaoineamh cad a dhéanfadh scoláirí a bhfuil díriú orthu ar chríitíocht chultúrtha cosúil le Rosemarie Garland Thomson ar an easpa stuama seo den lá atá inniu ann. Ní bheadh sí ag rá go bhfuil sé riachtanach, i dtreo a bheith ag tabhairt aghaidh ar stair na meabhairshláinte go criticiúil - is é sin, i dtreo a bheith ag tabhairt aghaidh ar stair na meabhairshláinte le súil ar chumhacht, ar cheannas comhlachtaí agus intinn áirithe - go mbreathnófaí ar an teanga síceatrach comhaimseartha seo freisin, ós rud é go leanann sí ar aghaidh agus go bhfuil fórsa fíor aici i saol na n-ábhar nua-aimseartha (go háirithe iad siúd a shainmhínítear nó a shainmhíníonn iad féin mar dhaoine faoi mhíchumas)? B'fhéidir go bhfuil teanga an neamh-réasúnaithe an abyss neamh-in-rochtana nach féidir le haon óráid an Iarthair dul thar a bheith ach cad faoi na bealaí, láithreach agus nithiúil, a gcaitheann an tsochaí choimeádach agus a léiríonn na daoine a mheastar a bheith buartha, míchruinn, crazy, tinn go meabhrach? Is cinnte gurb é ceann de na gnéithe is iontas domsa i dtéacs Foucault an dícheangal suibiachtúil seo idir a stair agus mo thaithí - dhá rud a d'fhéadfadh a bheith gan aon chúnamh, go hoibiachtúil. Mar dhéagóir, bhí mé ospidéilithe ar feadh tréimhse in institiúid síciatrach, a raibh an príomhéifeacht air sin ná eagla a chur orm go díreach, go bunúsach: eispéireas a athdhéanann cur síos Foucault ar an asylum mar \"ionstraim aonfhoirmeachta mhorálta agus denú sóisialta\" (259) nach bhfuil ach mascáilte mar leigheas nua-aimseartha. Ach ag léamh Foucault, fágtar an tuiscint dom nach bhfuil an stair a dhéanann sé a mhionsonraí go cúramach in aon chor ag baint leis an am atá inniu ann: is cosúil gur cuntas neamhchomhtháthaithe é ar an amadán, stair nach bhfuil ag leanúint leis na hamanna reatha agus na cleachtais reatha - tuiscint a dhiúltaíonn go hiontach leis an bhfíric go bhfuil an méid atá á léamh agam ar bhealach éigin 'ár stair', 'ár oidhreacht'. Ní go dtí go bhfuil mé críochnaithe an leabhar a dhéanann sé bhuail mé, agus ansin ach go hiontach, sa spás a ghuthán: leanann na rudaí seo, agus tá mé beo iad."} {"text": "Frozen Food Fears: 4 Things To Know About The Listeria Recall\nFrozen vegetables are a staple in many diets, so a huge recall of them has us peering at the packages in our freezers.\nOn Tuesday evening, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention announced an outbreak of the deadlyListeria monocytogenes bacteria — and frozen vegetables and fruits are believed to be the cause.\nMore than 350 products like green beans, broccoli, peas and blueberries sold under 42 brands at grocers including Safeway, Costco and Trader Joe's in the U.S. and Canada have now been recalled.\nHere are four things to know about listeria and this massive recall:\nListeria is deadly.\nAlthough much less common than other foodborne pathogens like salmonella or E. coli, listeria is the most lethal.\nMost healthy immune systems can keep an infection at bay, but if the bug makes it into the bloodstream, it causes listeriosis and kills 1 in 5 victims.\nOlder adults, pregnant women, newborns and those with weakened immune systems are at higher risk of infection. People 65 and older are four times more likely to get sick from listeria than the general population, and pregnant women — who may not develop listeriosis themselves but whose babies could be threatened — are 10 times more likely.\nSo far, the CDC knows of eight people who have been sickened — six in California and one each in Washington and Maryland. The Washington and Maryland patients died, but listeria was not considered the ultimate cause of death. The patients were between 56 and 86 years old.\nNew tracking tools led to this recall.\nThe outbreak making headlines today began in 2013 with one illness, followed by five more in 2015 and two in 2016. It may seem as if this outbreak is unfolding in slow motion, but that is because the CDC has a new tool to track the bacteria's spread: the sequenced genome of listeria.\nWhile investigating a small cluster of 2016 illnesses, the CDC searched its database of previously sequenced listeria genomes and found matches from bacteria that had sickened people in previous years.\nThe CDC's venture into whole-genome sequencing has allowed the agency to identify more listeria outbreaks, especially more that span longer periods of time. Last year, the CDC announced two outbreaks that began in 2010.\nListeria gets around — and stays around.\nThe CDC said that frozen vegetables produced by CRF Frozen Foods in Pasco, Wash., are the \"likely source\" of the illnesses.\nMichael Doyle, professor of food microbiology at the University of Georgia and director of the school's Center for Food Safety, says he thinks that \"resident\" listeria caused the outbreak. Rather than \"transient\" bacteria that contaminate a food and move through a processing system with it, resident bacteria establish themselves somewhere in the processing plant and persist over several years.\n\"The organism is quite hardy,\" he says.\nListeria has been known to plague ready-to-eat deli meats and soft cheeses made with unpasteurized milk, but it's popped up in surprising foods in recent years.\nLast year, Blue Bell Creameries recalled all of its ice cream products after 10 people were sickened with listeria. One reason listeria differs from other pathogens is that it can grow in cold temperatures.\nIn 2014, 35 people were sickened by caramel apples and officials determined that listeriosis contributed to at least three of the seven deaths reported.\nAnd cantaloupe was behind the largest listeria outbreak in U.S. history, which sickened 147 people in 2011 and killed 33.\nIt's time for a freezer check.\nCRF has recalled all organic and traditionally grown frozen vegetable and fruit products processed at its Pasco facility since May 2014, and it suspended operations there last week.\nCheck the UPC codes and \"best by\" dates on the vegetable packages in your freezer against the FDA's list. If they match, you can return the recalled food to the store for a refund or simply discard it.\nEither way, don't eat the recalled foods. Listeria can be killed with proper cooking, but unless you're going to use a thermometer to make sure the foods reach 165 degrees F, it's best not to risk it.\nIf you did eat them and have symptoms such as fever, stiff neck, confusion, loss of balance and convulsions, seek medical care. Sometimes listeriosis symptoms develop up to two months after eating contaminated food, but they usually start within several days.\nis an editorially independent program of the.\nCopyright 2021 Kaiser Health News. To see more, visit .", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-33", "url": "https://www.wesa.fm/2016-05-04/frozen-food-fears-4-things-to-know-about-the-listeria-recall", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573540.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819005802-20220819035802-00156.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9639090896, "token_count": 983, "score": 2.859375, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "eagla ar bhia reoite: 4 rud le fios faoi aisghairm Listeria\nTá glasraí reoite ina bpríomh-aiste i go leor aiste bia, mar sin tá athghairm ollmhór orthu ag déanamh dúinn breathnú ar na pacáistí inár reoiteoirí.\nAr tráthnóna Dé Máirt, d'fhógair Ionad na Stát Aontaithe um Rialú agus Cosc ar Ghalair gur tharla ráig de bhaictéir mharbhúla Listeria monocytogenes agus creidtear gur glasraí agus torthaí reoite an chúis.\nTá níos mó ná 350 táirge cosúil le pónairí glasa, bróicli, pianta agus blueberries a dhíoltar faoi 42 branda ag grósaeraí lena n-áirítear Safeway, Costco agus Trader Joe's sna Stáit Aontaithe agus i gCeanada tar éis a bheith á dtabhairt ar ais.\nSeo ceithre rud le fios faoi Listeria agus an t-athghairm ollmhór seo:\nTá Listeria marbhtach.\nCé go bhfuil sé i bhfad níos lú coitianta ná paiteogainí eile a dtarraingítear ó bhia mar salmonella nó E. coli, is é listeria an ceann is marbhtach.\nIs féidir leis an gcuid is mó de na córais imdhíonachta sláintiúla ionfhabhtú a choinneáil ar shiúl, ach má théann an bac isteach sa sruth fola, cuireann sé listeriosis ar bun agus mar sin, maraíonn sé 1 as gach 5 íospartach.\nTá daoine fásta níos sine, mná torracha, leanaí nuabheirthe agus daoine a bhfuil córais imdhíonachta lag acu i mbaol níos airde ionfhabhtaithe. Tá daoine 65 bliain d'aois agus níos sine ceithre huaire níos mó seans ann go bhfaighidh siad tinn ó listeria ná an daonra i gcoitinne, agus tá mná torracha nach bhféadfadh listeriosis a fhorbairt iad féin ach a bhféadfadh a leanaí a bheith i mbaol 10 huaire níos mó seans ann.\nGo dtí seo, tá a fhios ag an CDC go bhfuil ochtar daoine tinn - sé i California agus duine amháin i Washington agus Maryland. Fuair othair Washington agus Maryland bás, ach níor mheasadh go raibh listeria mar chúis deiridh báis. Bhí na hothair idir 56 agus 86 bliain d'aois.\nMar thoradh ar uirlisí rianaithe nua, d'fhág an t-athghairm seo.\nThosaigh an ráig a rinne ceannlínte inniu in 2013 le galar amháin, agus lean cúig cinn eile in 2015 agus beirt in 2016. D'fhéadfadh sé go mbeadh an chuma air go bhfuil an ráig seo ag tarlú go mall, ach is é sin toisc go bhfuil uirlis nua ag an CDC chun scaipeadh na baictéire a rianú: géinm seicheanta na listeria.\nAgus grúpa beag galair 2016 á fhiosrú aige, rinne an CDC cuardach ar a bhunachar sonraí de ghineamóga listeria a bhí seicheanta roimhe seo agus fuair sé comhoiriúnacht ó bhaictéir a bhí tinn ag daoine sna blianta roimhe sin.\nThug an t-iarracht atá déanta ag an CDC i dtaca le seicheamh géinime iomlán deis don ghníomhaireacht níos mó ráigí listeria a shainaithint, go háirithe níos mó a shíneann tréimhsí níos faide. An bhliain seo caite, d'fhógair an CDC dhá ráig a thosaigh in 2010.\nTéann Listeria timpeall agus fanann sé timpeall.\nDúirt an CDC go bhfuil glasraí reoite a tháirgtear ag CRF Frozen Foods i Pasco, Washington, mar \"fhoinse dóchúil\" na ngalar.\nDeir Michael Doyle, ollamh micreabhiolaíochta bia in Ollscoil Georgia agus stiúrthóir Ionad Sábháilteachta Bia na scoile, go gceapann sé gur listeria \"áitritheoir\" a bhí i gceist leis an ráig. In ionad baictéir \"tranzúil\" a dhéanann truailliú ar bhia agus a théann tríd an gcóras próiseála leis, socraíonn baictéir chónaitheacha iad féin áit éigin sa phlanda próiseála agus maireann siad ar feadh roinnt blianta.\n\"Tá an t-orgán go leor diana\", a deir sé.\nTá a fhios go bhfuil Listeria ag cur báis ar fheoil deli atá réidh le hithe agus ar chíosaí bog a dhéantar le bainne neamh-pasteurized, ach tá sé tar éis teacht ar a chéile i mbianna iontas le blianta beaga anuas.\nAn bhliain seo caite, d'athghairm Blue Bell Creameries a chuid táirgí oighir uile tar éis do 10 duine a bheith tinn le listeria. Is é ceann de na cúiseanna a bhfuil an listeria difriúil ó phaitogéin eile ná gur féidir leis fás i teochtaí fuar.\nIn 2014, d'éirigh 35 duine tinn as úlla caramel agus chinn oifigigh go raibh listeriosis rannpháirteach i dtrí cinn de na seacht mbás a tuairiscíodh.\nAgus bhí cantaloupe taobh thiar den ráig listeria is mó i stair na Stát Aontaithe, a rinne 147 duine tinn in 2011 agus a maraíodh 33.\nTá sé in am chun seiceáil reoite.\nTá CRF tar éis na táirgí glasraí agus torthaí orgánacha agus traidisiúnta a phróiseáil ina saoráid Pasco ó mhí na Bealtaine 2014 a aisghairm agus chuir sé oibríochtaí ar fionraí ansin an tseachtain seo caite.\nSeiceáil na cóid UPC agus na dátaí \"is fearr\" ar na pacáistí glasraí i do reoiteoir i gcomparáid le liosta an FDA. Má chomhlíonann siad, is féidir leat an bia a chuirtear ar ais a thabhairt ar ais chuig an siopa le haghaidh aisíocaíochta nó é a dhiúscairt.\nAr aon nós, ná ithe na bianna a athchuaigh. Is féidir Listeria a mharú le cócaireacht ceart, ach mura bhfuil tú ag dul a úsáid teirmeiméadar a chinntiú go bhfuil na bianna a bhaint 165 céim F, is fearr gan a riosca.\nMá d'ith tú iad agus má tá comharthaí agat mar fiabhras, stiff neck, mearbhall, caillteanas cothromaíochta agus convulsions, féach le cúram leighis. Uaireanta bíonn comharthaí listeriosis ag teacht chun cinn suas le dhá mhí tar éis bia truaillithe a ithe, ach is gnách go dtosaíonn siad laistigh de chúpla lá.\nIs clár neamhspleách ó thaobh eagarthóireachta de de chuid na BBC.\nCopyright 2021 Kaiser Health News. Chun níos mó a fheiceáil, tabhair cuairt."} {"text": "The site of the New Zealand Marine Studies Centre at Portobello is an historic one. A Fish Hatchery and Marine Investigation Station was established in 1904, the first in Australasia. The Hatchery’s main role was to help establish European fish species such as lobster, edible crab, turbot and herring in New Zealand waters. None of the introduced species survived their release into our coastal waters. However, research conducted over the last hundred years at Portobello has made an important contribution to our understanding of the southern New Zealand marine environment.\nThe University of Otago purchased the site in 1951 and constructed a research aquarium and teaching laboratory on the site of the old Hatchery building. A larger research laboratory was built in 1987. The New Zealand Marine Studies Centre was established in 1990 and their current building was opened in 1996.\nThe Portobello Aquarium was New Zealand's first public marine aquarium. Modelled after the one at Plymouth's Marine Biological Association, it was considered \"state of the art\" at the time it was built. It was upgraded in 1987 and in 1996. Displays focused on Southern New Zealand marine life. At first only open at weekends and holidays, the Aquarium went on to become a major local tourist attraction, open to the public 7 days a week.\nSadly, due to the old building being classified as a potential risk following the Christchurch earthquakes in 2011, the Aquarium closed to the public in 2012. Tanks and animals have been moved to the newer buildings on the Portobello site to support teaching and research activities, and New Zealand Marine Studies Centre remains open for pre-booked educational programmes and tours.\nNew Zealand Marine Studies Centre\nThe Centre is the public face of Marine Science and a window on marine research at the University of Otago. Since its inception thousands of people of all ages have visited the Centre and participated in education programmes, presentations and events.\nPopular events have included shark dissections, edible seaweed workshops and evening tours of the aquarium (when still open).\nSchools from around Southern New Zealand participate in our education programmes which vary from 1.5 hours to several days in duration.\nThe NZ Marine Studies Centre has produced many educational resources - from games and teacher guides to a whole series of shore guides and supporting materials.\nThe resources are free for you to use for educational purposes.\nMarine Metre Squared (Mm2)\nThe NZ Marine Studies Centre encourages everyone to participate in long term monitoring of their marine environment.\nMm2 is a citizen science project developed in 2013 for this purpose. Anyone can take part – individuals, families, schools and community groups.\nIt is an easy way for anyone to survey the plants and animals living on their local seashore.\nResources have been developed to help you carry out these surveys. Watch videos, download instructions and free resources. If you discover something unusual or anything you cannot identify, you can use our blog to upload photos and ask questions which will be answered by scientists.\nSouthern Seas: Discovering Marine Life at 46° South is a book exploring Southern marine life and telling the story of the Portobello Marine Laboratory and the New Zealand Marine Studies Centre.\nNew Zealand boasts wave-lashed coasts and ocean beaches, sheltered inlets and the grandeur of Fiordland. Its marine life is equally varied. Best known are the large seabirds and marine mammals - albatrosses, fur seals and sea lions – icons of southern ecotourism. As top predators, they depend on the underlying productivity of the region’s marine food web.\nAt the Portobello Marine Laboratory on the Otago Harbour scientists study the life, behaviour and biology of marine creatures and the environment they live in. Through the New Zealand Marine Studies Centre the public learn about them. This colourful and accessible book explores the environment and the story of both institutions.\nThe authors are all associated with the Department of Marine Science of the University of Otago.\nDiscovering Marine Life at 46° South\nby Keith Probert, John Jillett, Sally Carson Colour illustrations throughout.\n64pp, ISBN 1-877276-96-0\nIf you are interested in purchasing a copy, contact firstname.lastname@example.org", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-33", "url": "https://www.otago.ac.nz/marine-studies/about/stories/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570765.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808031623-20220808061623-00105.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9413772821, "token_count": 890, "score": 2.75, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Tá suíomh Ionad Staidéar Mara na Nua-Shéalainne i Portobello ina shuíomh stairiúil. Bunaíodh Stáisiún um Imscrúdú Mara agus Éisc i 1904, an chéad cheann in Astráil. Ba é príomh-roil an Chraobhchláir ná cabhrú le speicis éisc Eorpacha a bhunú ar nós lobster, crab inite, turbot agus síleog in uiscí na Nua-Shéalainne. Níor éirigh le haon cheann de na speicis a tugadh isteach a scaoileadh isteach inár huiscí cósta. Mar sin féin, tá rannsachadh a rinneadh le céad bliain anuas ag Portobello tar éis cur go mór lenár dtuiscint ar thimpeallacht mhuirí theas na Nua-Shéalainne.\nCheannaigh Ollscoil Otago an suíomh i 1951 agus thóg sé acharóir taighde agus saotharlann teagaisc ar shuíomh an sean-fhoirgnimh Hatchery. Tógadh saotharlann taighde níos mó i 1987. Bunaíodh Ionad Staidéar Mara na Seilge Nua i 1990 agus osclaíodh a bhfoirgneamh reatha i 1996.\nBa é Uisceadán Portobello an chéad uisceadán mara poiblí sa Nua-Shéalainn. Bhí sé múnlaithe ar an gceann ag Cumann Bithéolaíochta Mhuirí Plymouth, agus measadh go raibh sé \"ar an stáitse\" ag an am a tógadh é. Cuireadh feabhas air i 1987 agus i 1996. Bhí taispeántais dírithe ar shaol muirí Theas na Nua-Shéalainne. Ar dtús, ní raibh an t-Aicmeoir oscailte ach ag deireadh seachtaine agus laethanta saoire, d'éirigh leis a bheith ina mheall mór turasóireachta áitiúil, oscailte don phobal 7 lá sa tseachtain.\nAr an drochuair, mar gheall ar an sean-fhoirgneamh a bheith aicmithe mar riosca féideartha tar éis na crith talún i gCríost Chearsaigh i 2011, dúnadh an t-Aicmeoir don phobal i 2012. Cuireadh tancanna agus ainmhithe ar na foirgnimh níos nuaí ar shuíomh Portobello chun tacú le gníomhaíochtaí teagaisc agus taighde, agus tá Ionad Staidéar Mara na Nua-Shéalainne fós ar oscailt do chláir oideachais agus turais réamh-riaofa.\nIonad Staidéar Mara na Seilge Nua\nIs é an Lárionad aghaidh phoiblí Eolaíochta Mhuirí agus fuinneog ar thaighde muirí in Ollscoil Otago. Ó bunaíodh an tIonad, tá na mílte duine de gach aois tar éis cuairt a thabhairt air agus páirt a ghlacadh i gcláir oideachais, i gcur i láthair agus i imeachtaí.\nI measc na n-imeachtaí tóir tá dissections siorc, ceardlanna algaí inite agus turais tráthnóna san acharóir (nuair a bhíonn sé fós ar oscailt).\nBíonn scoileanna ó thuaidh agus ó dheas na Nua-Shéalainne páirteach inár gclár oideachais a bhíonn idir 1.5 uair an chloig agus roinnt laethanta ar fhad.\nTá go leor acmhainní oideachais déanta ag Ionad Staidéar Mara NZ - ó chluichí agus treoracha do mhúinteoirí go sraith iomlán treoracha ar an gcósta agus ábhair thacaíochta.\nTá na hacmhainní saor in aisce le húsáid chun críocha oideachais.\nMeánmhéadar na n-earraí\nSpreagann Ionad Staidéar Mara NZ gach duine a bheith rannpháirteach i mhonatóireacht fhadtéarmach ar a gcomhshaol muirí.\nIs tionscadal eolaíochta saoránach é Mm2 a forbraíodh in 2013 chun na críche sin. Is féidir le duine ar bith páirt a ghlacadh daoine aonair, teaghlaigh, scoileanna agus grúpaí pobail.\nIs bealach éasca é do dhuine ar bith chun an plandaí agus na hainmhithe a chónaíonn ar a gcladach muirí áitiúil a scrúdú.\nTá acmhainní forbartha chun cabhrú leat na suirbhéanna seo a dhéanamh. Féach ar fhíseáin, bain treoracha agus acmhainní saor in aisce. Má aimsíonn tú rud éigin neamhghnách nó rud ar bith nach féidir leat a aithint, is féidir leat ár mblag a úsáid chun grianghraif a uaslódáil agus ceisteanna a chur a fhreagraíonn eolaithe.\nIs leabhar é Southern Seas: Discovering Marine Life at 46° South a dhéanann iniúchadh ar shaol muirí na Deiscirt agus a insíonn scéal an Portobello Marine Laboratory agus Ionad Staidéar Muirí na Seilge Nua.\nTá cóstaí agus tránna farraige ag an Nua-Shéalainn, calaí cosanta agus gránnacht Fiordland. Tá an saol mara atá ann chomh éagsúil. Is iad na héin mhóra agus na mamaigh mara is fearr a aithnítear - albatros, síolta feirme agus leoin mhuirí íomhaintí de éicea-eitiltireacht an deiscirt. Mar phríomh-ghalar, tá siad ag brath ar tháirgiúlacht bhunúsach líonra bia mara na réigiúin.\nAg an saotharlann muirí Portobello ar an Otago Harbour, déanann eolaithe staidéar ar shaol, ar iompar agus ar bhitheolaíocht na créatúir mhuirí agus ar an timpeallacht ina maireann siad. Tríd Ionad Staidéar Mara na Nua-Shéalainne, foghlaimíonn an pobal faoi. Déantar iniúchadh sa leabhar datha agus inrochtana seo ar an timpeallacht agus ar stair an dá institiúid.\nTá na húdair go léir bainteach le Roinn Eolaíochta Mhuirí Ollscoil Otago.\nFógraíocht ar Fhiadhúlra na Mara ag 46° Theas\nde Keith Probert, John Jillett, Sally Carson Léarscáileanna datha ar fud.\n64pp, ISBN 1-877276-96-0\nMá tá suim agat cóip a cheannach, déan teagmháil firstname.lastname@example.org"} {"text": "People drink bottled water for a variety of reasons: It’s healthier than tap water. It tastes better than tap water. And it’s more convenient than carrying a canteen. But do these reason stand up to scrutiny? Let’s take a look.\nMyth #1: bottled water is better for you than tap water. Not necessarily. Between 25% and 40% bottled water comes from U.S. municipal water supplies, according to WebMed. But that could be a good thing. Municipal water quality is overseen by the EPA. Bottled water quality is the purview of the FDA. In several instances, EPA regulations are tougher than FDA regulations. For example, municipal water systems must be continually tested for harmful microbes while bottled water companies are required to test for these microbes only once a week.\nMyth #2: Varieties of bottled water with vitamins, minerals, or protein added are much healthier than plain tap water. All the vitamins, herbs, proteins, and other additives in bottled water are mostly just marketing ploys, according to Marion Nestle, a nutrition professor at New York University. Any nutritional ingredients they do add amount to a small fraction of what you need on a daily basis. And so-called “enhanced waters” usually contain sugars and artificial flavorings for sweetening, giving the souped-up water more calories than diet soda. Meanwhile, tap water contains one healthy ingredient in adequate supply (other than water itself): fluoride. Some bottlers are starting to add it to their waters.\nBottled water may also be hurting your health because of the bottle it comes in. Plastic bottles release small amounts of chemicals over long periods of time, according to a recent study. And the longer water is stored in a plastic bottle, the higher the concentration of a potentially harmful chemical. This study looked at 132 brands of bottled water from 28 countries that get bottled in polyethylene terephthalate (PET) containers.\nOther researchers discovered high levels of other unhealthy chemicals, including antimony, a toxic chemical that causes arsenic-like symptoms in humans. Concentrations increase because chemicals continue to leach out of the plastic as long as water sits in the bottle.\nMyth #3: Water bottles are easy on the environment because they are recyclable: Well, theoretically. Of the 70 million water bottles people in the U.S. empty daily, only 14% get recycled. The other 86%, or over 60 million of them, end up in the trash. And the environmental costs don’t stop there. There’s also the oil used every year to make all those plastic bottles. According to the Earth Institute, that oil would keep 100,000 cars rolling for a year.\nMyth #4: Bottled water is inexpensive: Bottled water costs between 240 to 10,000 times more than tap water. Most water from municipal sources costs under 1¢/gal.\nIn San Francisco, for example, municipal water comes from inside Yosemite National Park. It’s so clean the EPA doesn’t require San Francisco even filter it. But, if you bought and drank one $1.35 bottle of Evian, you could refill the empty bottle once a day for over 10 years using San Francisco tap water before that water would cost $1.35. To crunch the numbers a different way, if tap water cost the same as inexpensive bottled water, monthly home water bills would run $9,000.\nMyth #5: But bottled water tastes better: In practically every statistically significant taste test conducted, it’s been shown that the vast majority of people can’t differentiate between bottled and tap water. In one study conducted by Showtime television, 75% of tested New York City residents preferred tap water to bottled water in a blind taste test.\nStudies also show that the \"purest\" water (distilled water with all minerals and salts removed) tastes flat; In fact, it’s the “impurities”-- the sodium, calcium, magnesium, and chlorides -- that give water its flavor.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-04", "url": "http://machinedesign.com/blog/5-myths-about-plastic-water-bottles-economical-and-safe-hardly", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281151.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00425-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9334703684, "token_count": 836, "score": 2.9375, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Is é an chúis is mó a deirtear go n-ólann daoine uisce i mbotellaí ná go bhfuil sé níos sláintiúla ná uisce an phláinéid. Tá blas níos fearr air ná uisce tap. Agus tá sé níos áisiúla ná cantain a iompar. Ach an seasann na cúiseanna seo le scrúdú? Lig dúinn a ghlacadh le breathnú.\nMíth #1: Tá uisce i mbotellach níos fearr duit ná uisce an phláinéid. Ní gá go mbeadh. De réir WebMed, tagann idir 25% agus 40% d'uisce buidéil ó sholátharí uisce cathrach na Stát Aontaithe. Ach d'fhéadfadh sé sin a bheith ina rud maith. Déanann an EPA maoirseacht ar cháilíocht uisce na cathrach. Tá cáilíocht uisce i mbotellach faoi chúram an FDA. I roinnt cásanna, tá rialacháin EPA níos déine ná rialacháin FDA. Mar shampla, ní mór córais uisce cathrach a thástáil go leanúnach le haghaidh micribí díobhálacha agus ní mór do chuideachtaí uisce i mbotellach na micribí seo a thástáil ach uair sa tseachtain.\nMí-fhíor #2: Tá cineálacha éagsúla uisce i mbotella le vitimíní, mianraí, nó próitéiní breise i bhfad níos sláintiúla ná uisce plátaí simplí. Níl na vitimíní, na luibheanna, na próitéiní, agus na breiseáin eile atá i mbotellaí uisce ach cleasanna margaíochta den chuid is mó, de réir Marion Nestle, ollamh cothaithe in Ollscoil Nua Eabhrac. Aon chomhábhair chothaitheacha a chuireann siad isteach, is cuid bheag de na rudaí a theastaíonn uait go laethúil. Agus is gnách go mbíonn siúcraí agus blasanna saorga chun milseog a chur san \"uisce feabhsaithe\" mar a thugtar air, rud a thugann níos mó calraí don uisce a chuirtear suas ná an soda aiste bia. Idir an dá linn, tá comhábhar amháin sláintiúil i soláthar leordhóthanach (seachas an t-uisce féin) i uisce an phláinéid: flúiríd. Tá roinnt buidéirí ag tosú ag cur leis ina gcuid uisce.\nD'fhéadfadh go mbeadh uisce i mbotellaí ag déanamh dochar do do shláinte freisin mar gheall ar an mbotella a thagann sé isteach. De réir staidéir le déanaí, scaoileann buidéil plaisteacha méid beag ceimiceán thar thréimhsí fada ama. Agus an níos faide uisce stóráilte i buidéal plaisteach, an níos airde an tiúchan de cheimiceán a d'fhéadfadh a bheith díobhálach. D'fhéach an staidéar seo ar 132 branda uisce buidéil ó 28 tír a chuirtear i mboscaí de théaréiteilín téireiftalait (PET).\nFuair taighdeoirí eile leibhéil arda ceimiceáin neamhshláintiúla eile, lena n-áirítear antimony, ceimiceán tocsaineach a chuireann comharthaí cosúil le arséinic ar dhaoine. Méadaíonn tiúchan mar go leanann ceimiceáin ag leachtú amach as an plaisteach chomh fada agus a bhíonn uisce sa bhuidéal.\nMíth #3: Tá buidéil uisce éasca ar an gcomhshaol toisc go bhfuil siad in-athchúrsáilte: Bhuel, go teoiriciúil. As na 70 milliún buidéal uisce a bhuíonn daoine sna Stáit Aontaithe gach lá, ní dhéantar ach 14% a athchúrsáil. An 86% eile, nó os cionn 60 milliún díobh, a thagann chun deiridh sa dramhaíola. Agus ní stopann na costais chomhshaoil ansin. Tá an ola a úsáidtear gach bliain chun na buidéil plaisteach go léir a dhéanamh ann freisin. De réir Institiúid na Cruinne, bheadh an ola sin ag coinneáil 100,000 gluaisteán ag gluaiseacht ar feadh bliana.\nMíth #4: Tá uisce i mbotellach saor: Tá costas an uisce i mbotellach idir 240 agus 10,000 uair níos mó ná uisce an phláinéid. Tá an chuid is mó de uisce ó fhoinsí cathrach ag costas faoi 1 ¢/gal.\nI San Francisco, mar shampla, tagann uisce cathrach ó Pháirc Náisiúnta Yosemite. Tá sé chomh glan nach gá don EPA San Francisco fiú é a scagadh. Ach, má cheannaigh tú agus ól tú buidéal amháin $1.35 de Evian, d'fhéadfá an buidéal folamh a athlìonadh uair amháin sa lá ar feadh níos mó ná 10 mbliana ag baint úsáide as uisce píopa San Francisco sula mbeadh an t-uisce sin ag costas $1.35. Chun na huimhreacha a chur in iúl ar bhealach difriúil, dá mbeadh an costas céanna ag uisce grianghrafadóireachta agus uisce boilgeog saor, bheadh billí uisce tí míosúil ag $9,000.\nMíth #5: Ach tá blas níos fearr ag uisce i mbotella: I mbeagnach gach tástáil blas a rinneadh a bhfuil suntas staidrimh aige, léiríodh nach féidir leis an gcuid is mó de dhaoine idirdhealú a dhéanamh idir uisce i mbotella agus uisce ón bpíobán. I staidéar amháin a rinne teilifís Showtime, is fearr le 75% de chónaitheoirí Chathair Nua Eabhrac a ndearnadh tástáil orthu uisce cnagán ná uisce i mbotellach i dtástáil blasadh dall.\nLéiríonn staidéir freisin go bhfuil blas cothrom ag an uisce \"níghlan\" (uisce díshlataithe le gach mianraí agus salann a bhaint); i ndáiríre, is é an \"easpais\" - an sóidiam, an cailciam, an maignéisiam, agus na clóirídí - a thugann blas don uisce."} {"text": "Bed bug are parasitic insects that feed exclusively on blood. The bed bugs are best known as it prefers to feed on human blood. The name “bed bug” derives from the preferred habitat of warm houses and especially nearby or inside of beds and bedding or other sleep areas. Bed bugs are mainly active at night, but are not exclusively nocturnal.\nThey usually feed on their hosts without being noticed. A number of adverse health effects may result from bed bug bites, including skin rashes, psychological effects and allergic symptoms. They are not known to transmit any pathogens as disease vectors. Certain signs and symptoms suggest the presence of bed bugs.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-30", "url": "http://photos.allrefer.com/pictures-images/bedbugs-photo-146568", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195525374.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20190717181736-20190717203736-00092.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9629128575, "token_count": 131, "score": 3.25, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Is éard atá i mboganna leaba ná feithidí paraisíteacha a itheann go heisiach ar fhuil. Is fearr a aithnítear na bugs leaba mar is fearr leo beatha a fháil ar fhuil an duine. Tagann an t-ainm bed bug as an gnáthóg is fearr a bhíonn ag tithe te agus go háirithe in aice le nó taobh istigh de leaba agus leapacha leaba nó áiteanna codlata eile. Tá na buganna leaba gníomhach go príomha san oíche, ach níl siad ach oícheach.\nDe ghnáth, itheann siad ar a n-óstach gan a bheith faoi deara. D'fhéadfadh roinnt éifeachtaí díobhálacha sláinte a bheith mar thoradh ar bites bug leaba, lena n-áirítear rashes craiceann, éifeachtaí síceolaíocha agus comharthaí ailléirgeacha. Níl a fhios acu go dtarraingíonn siad aon phaitogéin mar sheachadóirí galar. Tugann comharthaí agus comharthaí áirithe le fios go bhfuil bugs leaba ann."} {"text": "Resilience to cyber attack and the Faraday Grid solution\nAll actors in the electricity industry are responsible for security of supply. That is to say electricity provision to the end-users, within agreed levels of continuity and quality. For years, each part of the energy supply chain - from resource extraction to generation, transmission, distribution, markets, and increasingly end use - has relied on using digital systems. The digital connectivity of electricity grids and digital trading platforms for electricity are experiencing considerable innovation. This text considers grid resilience and risks to energy and cyber security in our society.\nWhat does energy security mean?\nEnergy security means access to energy resources when and where we need it: whether oil, gas, or power. In recent times, policy and research have come to consider the definition of energy security and expanded it considerably to include questions of reliability, power failures, industrial competitiveness, and affordable energy prices. Energy is literally connected to all aspects of life, which explains the appeal of the broad concept. Nevertheless, if energy security can mean almost anything, the concept risks becoming problematic and worn out. This expansion could defeat the purpose: to better understand the vulnerability of different energy systems and their resilience.\nWhat does \"grid resilience” really mean?\nVulnerability and resilience are the flipsides of the same coin. Vulnerability refers to a trait of an electricity grid that exposes it to disruptions. They can be internal (such as technical failure) or external (such as weather events). Resilience is the ability of the grid to tolerate and recover from such disruptive events.\nElectricity grid and infrastructure resilience is specifically reliability of grid components, their ability to resist hazards, redundancy through backup installations, and fast response and recovery from disruptive events. On a human level, local skills, experience, and knowledge enhance energy system resilience, for example, among professionals who provide critical services by operating energy systems all the time.\nWith the every increasing trend to convergence of Internet of Things, smart cities, smart homes, smart devices, electric vehicles, automated electric vehicles and electricity grids it is very clear that a reconsideration of what defines grid resilience, as well as, the degree and nature of its vulnerabilities is long overdue.\nWhy are current grids vulnerable to attack?\nThe dependence of electricity grids on functioning Information Communication Technologies (ICTs) has been discussed for more than a decade. A report by Beckford Consulting recognizes a number of ICTs at the core of electricity grids: from logic control units in power stations to power management systems and communications infrastructures used across and outside the electricity industry.\nInformation technologies have multiple relationships to grid resilience. The world has now seen how information systems can sustain open and decentralised networks for example the Internet. They embody one form of resilience. Generally, the interconnection of different systems increases efficiency, creates redundancies that decrease some categories of risk, but they can also lead the to potential for unforeseen systemic risks.\nVulnerable PC software exposes electricity grids to cyber threats. Actual attacks against utility information technology happened in Ukraine in 2015-16 leading to power blackouts, and in Ireland in 2017. Another Dragonfly intelligence-gathering attack on the energy sector exploited information technology weaknesses, using malicious emails, web site compromise attacks, and by compromising legitimate software according to American software provider Symantec.\nWhy is a Smart Grid vulnerable\nA recent blog by Newcastle University argues that we lack evidence of situations where Smart Grid - electricity grid that uses ICTs, in the widest possible meaning - has been compromised energy system operation. Nevertheless, Smart Grid makes ICTs even more crucial to the management of electricity grids than explained above. This includes new information technology whose vulnerabilities are not yet well-understood.\nRecently, European energy industry associations, the European Commission, and the US Department of Commerce have warned about the exposure of Smart Grid to cyber threats and called for managing this interdependence risk. The size and the shape of the smart energy infrastructure could become so opaque, that, like the Internet, its resilience and security incidents are very difficult to understand.\nWhat other proposed solutions make the grid potentially more vulnerable to attack?\nGenerally, making energy grids ‘smarter’ opens them up to a growing number of providers and organisations, each with different cybersecurity objectives and issues. This includes, but is not limited to, new energy management services, smart device manufacturers, electric vehicles, and their charging stations. Each addition can be seen as a potential vulnerability.\nThe Faraday Grid solution (constructed of distributed autonomous points)\nThe earlier lessons suggest that grid resilience and distributed risk management are closely related. Electricity grids withstand disruptions partially by allowing autonomous points - whether transformers or human responders - to “bounce back” from disruptions in relative independence of the bigger energy system. Adding a layer of hackable information technology introduces considerable but unknowable potential risks. Positively they can also serve redundancy and backup installations - aspects of resilience and efficient risk management as centralised electricity grids have shown. But here the price is increasing interdependence risks. That backup installation function in the system has interactions which are increasingly opaque, the more interdependent they become.\nWhy is a Faraday Grid resilient to attack?\nThe Faraday Grid is resilient by design. In the same way the internet continues to operate in the absence of individual routers, a Faraday Grid will continue to function if individual Faraday Exchangers are attacked, or fail due to a weather event, for example.\nThis is because the control layer of an Exchanger is embedded in the hardware itself, rather than as a network layer of fibre optics over the entirety of the grid. Each Exchanger is autonomous and responds to the activity in its immediate location. It is not dependant on the response from a neighbouring Exchanger to perform its function.\nA decentralised electricity system requires a transition to a more resilient and smart network. Smart grids present an opportunity for more efficient and connected communities, but they can also expose our most critical infrastructure to attack. The Faraday Grid is the only technology able to resolve this tension by reinventing electricity networks at their most fundamental level.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-30", "url": "https://www.faradaygrid.com/media/2017/11/23/resilience-to-cyber-attack-and-the-faraday-grid-solution", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195525863.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20190718231656-20190719013656-00428.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9283456802, "token_count": 1246, "score": 2.875, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Athrachtacht i gcoinne cibear-ionsaithe agus réiteach Grid Faraday\nTá gach gníomhaí sa tionscal leictreachais freagrach as slándáil an tsoláthair. Is é sin le rá, soláthar leictreachais do na húsáideoirí deiridh, laistigh de leibhéil comhaontaithe leanúnachais agus cáilíochta. Le blianta fada, tá gach cuid den slabhra soláthair fuinnimh - ó shaothrú acmhainní go giniúint, tarchur, dáileadh, margaí, agus úsáid deiridh a mhéadú - ag brath ar chórais dhigiteacha a úsáid. Tá nuálaíocht shuntasach ag teacht ar nascacht dhigiteach líonraí leictreachais agus ar ardáin digiteacha trádála leictreachais. Déantar an téacs seo a mheas mar atá an líonra frithsheasmhach agus na rioscaí do shlándáil fuinnimh agus cibear inár sochaí.\nCad a chiallaíonn slándáil fuinnimh?\nCiallaíonn slándáil fuinnimh rochtain ar acmhainní fuinnimh nuair agus áit a dteastaíonn uainn é: bíodh sé ola, gáis nó cumhacht. Le déanaí, tá an polasaí agus an taighde ag smaoineamh ar shainmhíniú na slándála fuinnimh agus tá sé leathnaithe go suntasach chun ceisteanna iontaofachta, easpa cumhachta, iomaíochas tionsclaíoch, agus praghsanna fuinnimh inacmhainne a áireamh. Tá fuinneamh ceangailte go liteartha le gach gné den saol, rud a mhíníonn an tarraingt atá ar an gcoincheap leathan. Mar sin féin, má tá sé ar intinn ag an tslándáil fuinnimh aon rud a chiallaíonn, tá an coincheap i mbaol a bheith fadhbanna agus caitheamh. D'fhéadfadh an leathnú seo a bheith ina chúis le haontacht leis an gcuspóir: tuiscint níos fearr a fháil ar leochaileacht na gcóras fuinnimh éagsúla agus ar a n-athnuachan.\nCad a chiallaíonn \"réasantacht an ghréasáin i ndáiríre?\nIs iad leochaileacht agus athléimneacht an dá thaobh den bhuidéal céanna. Tagraíonn leochaileacht do thréith de ghréasán leictreachais a chuireann sé i láthair do bhriseadh. Is féidir iad a bheith inmheánach (mar shampla easpa teicniúil) nó seachtrach (mar shampla imeachtaí aimsire). Is é an athléimneacht cumas an ghréasáin a bheith in ann imeachtaí den sórt sin a chur i gcontúirt agus a ghnóthú.\nIs éard atá i athléimneacht líonra leictreachais agus bonneagair ná iontaofacht chomhpháirteanna líonra, a gcumas frithsheasmhacht i gcoinne contúirtí, iomarcacht trí shuiteálacha cúltaca, agus freagairt agus aisghabháil tapa ó imeachtaí suaiteacha. Ar leibhéal an duine, cuireann scileanna, taithí agus eolas áitiúla le athléimneacht an chórais fuinnimh, mar shampla, i measc na gairmithe a sholáthraíonn seirbhísí criticiúla trí chórais fuinnimh a oibriú i gcónaí.\nLe treocht atá ag méadú i gcónaí i dtreo comhtháthú Idirlín na Rudaí, cathracha cliste, tithe cliste, feistí cliste, feithiclí leictreacha, feithiclí leictreacha uathoibrithe agus líonraí leictreachais, tá sé an-soiléir go bhfuil gá le hathbhreithniú ar an méid a shainmhíníonn athléimneacht an ghréasáin, chomh maith le méid agus nádúr a leochaileachtaí.\nCén fáth go bhfuil na gréasanna reatha leochaileacha i gcoinne ionsaí?\nTá plé déanta ar spleáchas líonraí leictreachais ar Teicneolaíochtaí Teicneolaíochtaí Faisnéise agus Cumarsáide (FTIanna) atá ag feidhmiú le breis agus deich mbliana. Aithníonn tuarascáil ó Beckford Consulting roinnt TFCanna mar chroílár líonraí leictreachais: ó aonad rialaithe loighce i stáisiúin chumhachta go córais bhainistíochta cumhachta agus bonneagair chumarsáide a úsáidtear ar fud agus lasmuigh den tionscal leictreachais.\nTá caidreamh iltair ag teicneolaíochtaí faisnéise le athléimneacht an ghréasáin. Tá an domhan anois le feiceáil conas is féidir le córais faisnéise líonraí oscailte agus díláraithe a chothú mar shampla an Idirlíon. Tá siad ina gcodarsnacht ar chineál amháin de athléimneacht. Go ginearálta, méadaíonn idirnascadh córais éagsúla éifeachtúlacht, cruthaíonn sé iomarcachtaí a laghdaíonn roinnt catagóirí riosca, ach is féidir leo freisin an fhéidearthacht a bheith ann go bhféadfadh rioscaí sistéamacha gan choinne.\nCuireann bogearraí leochaileacha ríomhaire líonraí leictreachais i láthair bagairtí cibear. Tharla ionsaithe iarbhír i gcoinne teicneolaíocht faisnéise fóntais san Úcráin in 2015-16 a d'fhág go raibh blackouts cumhachta ann, agus in Éirinn in 2017. D'úsáid ionsaí eile Dragonfly a bhailíonn faisnéis ar earnáil an fhuinnimh laigí teicneolaíochta faisnéise, ag baint úsáide as ríomhphoist ilbhliantúla, ionsaithe ar shaincheisteanna láithreán gréasáin, agus trí bhrabhsáil ar bhogearraí dlisteanacha de réir soláthraí bogearraí Mheiriceá Symantec.\nCén fáth go bhfuil Grid Cliste leochaileach\nI mblag le déanaí ó Ollscoil Newcastle, déantar a argóint nach bhfuil fianaise againn ar chásanna ina bhfuil Ghréasán Cliste - gréasán leictreachais a úsáideann TFCanna, sa chiall is leithne - ag cur oibríocht chórais fuinnimh i mbaol. Mar sin féin, is é an Gréasán Cliste an rud a fhágann go bhfuil TFCanna níos ríthábhachtach i leith bainistiú líonraí leictreachais ná mar a mhíníodh thuas. Áirítear leis sin teicneolaíocht nua faisnéise nach bhfuil a leochaileachtaí tugtha faoi deara go maith go fóill.\nLe déanaí, chuir comhlachais tionscail fuinnimh na hEorpa, an Coimisiún Eorpach agus Roinn Trádála na Stát Aontaithe rabhadh i láthair faoi nochtadh Grid Cliste do bhagairtí cibear agus d'iarr siad go mbainfí an riosca idirspleáchas seo a bhainistiú. D'fhéadfadh méid agus cruth an bhonneagair fuinnimh chliste a bheith chomh neamhthrédhearcach, go bhfuil sé an-deacair a éadrom agus a teagmhas slándála a thuiscint, cosúil leis an Idirlíon.\nCad iad na réitigh eile a mholtar a d'fhéadfadh an líonra a dhéanamh níos leochailí d'ionsaí?\nGo ginearálta, nuair a dhéantar líonraí fuinnimh a dhéanamh 'fhiú' osclaítear iad do líon méadaitheach soláthraithe agus eagraíochtaí, a bhfuil cuspóirí agus saincheisteanna cibearshlándála éagsúla ag gach ceann acu. Ba cheart an méid seo a leanas a chur san áireamh, ach gan a bheith teoranta dóibh, seirbhísí nua bainistíochta fuinnimh, monaróirí feistí cliste, feithiclí leictreacha agus a stáisiúin luchtaithe. Is féidir gach breiseán a fheiceáil mar leochaileacht fhéideartha.\nRéiteach Grid Faraday (tógtha as pointí neamhspleácha dáileadh)\nIs é an rud a léirítear sna ceachtanna roimhe seo ná go bhfuil dlúthbhaint idir athléimneacht an ghréasáin agus bainistíocht riosca dáileadh. Tá líonraí leictreachais in ann a bheith in ann a bheith in ann a bheith in ann a bheith in ann a bheith in ann a bheith in ann a bheith in ann a bheith in ann a bheith in ann a bheith in ann a bheith in ann a bheith in ann a bheith in ann a bheith in ann a bheith in ann a bheith in ann a bheith in ann a bheith in ann a bheith in ann a bheith in ann a bheith in ann a bheith in ann a bheith in ann a bheith in ann a bheith in ann a bheith in ann a bheith in ann a bheith in ann a bheith in ann a bheith in ann a bheith in ann a bheith in ann a bheith in ann a bheith in ann a bheith in ann a bheith in ann a bheith in ann a bheith in ann a bheith in ann a bheith in ann a bheith in ann a bheith in ann a bheith in ann a bheith in ann a bheith in ann a bheith in ann a bheith in ann a bheith in ann a bheith in ann a bheith in ann a bheith in ann a bheith in ann a bheith in ann a bheith in ann a bheith in ann. Cuireann ciseal teicneolaíochta faisnéise hackálach leis rioscaí féideartha suntasacha ach nach bhfuil ar eolas. Is féidir leo freastal go dearfach freisin ar shuiteálacha iomarcachta agus cúltaca - gnéithe den athléimneacht agus den bhainistíocht éifeachtach riosca mar a léiríodh líonraí leictreachais lárnaithe. Ach anseo tá an praghas ag méadú rioscaí idirspleáchais. Tá idirghníomhaíochtaí ag an bhfeidhm suiteála cúltaca sin sa chóras atá níos éagmais, an níos mó a bhíonn siad ag brath ar a chéile.\nCén fáth go bhfuil Grid Faraday in aghaidh ionsaithe?\nTá Grid Faraday athléimneach de réir dearaidh. Ar an mbealach céanna a leanann an t-idirlíon ag feidhmiú in éagmais ródairí aonair, leanfaidh Grid Faraday ag feidhmiú má dhéantar ionsaí ar Aistriúcháiní Faraday aonair, nó má theipeann orthu mar gheall ar imeacht aimsire, mar shampla.\nTá sé seo toisc go bhfuil ciseal rialaithe an mhalartaitheora leabaithe sa crua-earraí féin, seachas mar chiseal líonra de shnáithín optúla ar fud an ghréasáin ar fad. Tá gach malartóir uathrialach agus freagróidh sé an ghníomhaíocht ina shuíomh láithreach. Ní bhíonn sé ag brath ar fhreagra ó mhalartaitheoir comharsanachta chun a fheidhm a chomhlíonadh.\nNí mór an córas leictreachais díláraithe a aistriú go líonra níos athléimní agus níos cliste. Tugann líonraí cliste deis do phobail níos éifeachtaí agus nasctha, ach is féidir leo ár mbonneagar is criticiúla a nochtadh do ionsaí. Is é Grid Faraday an t-aon teicneolaíocht atá in ann an teannas seo a réiteach trí líonraí leictreachais a athfhionnadh ar a leibhéal is bunúsaí."} {"text": "There are exactly three ways to define the word \"nice,\" according to the dictionary.\nThe first is the ability to \"give pleasure or joy.\" The second is defined as \"attractive or of good quality.\" The third is simple and straightforward -- someone who is nice is \"kind, polite and friendly.\" Sounds pretty uplifting. So why does niceness get as much flack as it does praise?\nWhat is technically a positive trait can also be seen as equally, well, negative. If you're too nice, you run the risk of coming off as disingenuous or insecure. You also may be appear to be a pushover (or worse, you might actually be a pushover). Not to mention, there's also that whole \"finish last\" cliché.\nBut before you write off those good-natured intentions, you might want to take a look at their benefits. Below are six things you should know about being nice:\nIt may be a natural behavior.\nAs we grow up, we learn values and morals that help us become nice people, whether it be proper manners, compassion, consideration or a combination of them all. But research from the University of Buffalo suggests that our capacity for goodness may also lie in our DNA. In the study, scientists found that some people may be born with certain genes that give you specific receptors to oxytocin and vasopressin -- two hormones in your body that are associated with feelings of love and generosity.\nHowever, that's not to say that you're only a nice person if you possess the right genes. Researchers also found that genetics work in tandem with your upbringing and life experiences, and the combination of both can suggest how social you become, Live Science reported. Either way, whether we're wired for \"niceness\" or just brought up on it, our good nature is something that's ingrained in us from an early age.\nIt could help us live longer.\nOne hallmark of being nice is practicing charitable actions. When you're helping someone, you're not only bettering their lives, you may also be improving your own: Studies show that those who volunteer reap health benefits that may help you live longer, ABC News reported. Making the world a better place and increasing our longevity? Sign us up.\nWe're happier when we're kind.\nThe motive may be a little selfish, but being nice to others doesn't just benefit them, it clearly works in our favor, too, by instantly boosting our mood. You don't have to travel too far out of your way to be nice, either -- sometimes just a few kind words will do.\nIt may be the key to success.\nIt pays to be kind: Those who are compassionate and better in-tune with other people's emotions may be more successful at work. \"People trust you more, they have better interactions with you, you even get paid better,\" Dacher Keltner, a professor at the University of California-Berkeley and co-director of the Greater Good Science Center, told ABC News. Not a bad trade-off.\nIt may bring you less stress.\nThere's a certain thrill that comes with fighting to be at the top, but it isn't without its own challenges. One of the costs? Your stress levels. One study on baboons found that \"alpha males\" experienced higher stress levels, suggesting that those \"nice guys\" may be healthier.\nWhile the study isn't entirely conclusive on the health benefits niceness has for humans, it does offer some interesting insight on what it means to finish second. Additionally, practicing compassion through meditation has also been shown to reduce stress.\nIt just feels better.\nWhen was the last time you heard someone lament over a little courtesy? Sure, being \"too nice\" can have its pitfalls, but practicing kindness also has a multitude of feel-good benefits, according to clinical psychologist Lara Honos-Webb, Ph.D. \"When we help others and do kind acts, it causes our brain to release endorphins, the chemicals that give us feelings of fervor and high spirits -- similar to a 'runner's high,'\" she writes in a Psychology Today blog. \"Doing something nice for someone also gives the brain a serotonin boost, the chemical that gives us that feeling of satisfaction and well-being.\"\nPlus, studies show that having specific goals -- like setting out to make someone smile -- may boost our happiness. If being \"nice\" means feeling more joyful and better about ourselves in the long run, we'll gladly take the label.\nThis GPS Guide is part of a series of posts designed to bring you back to balance when you're feeling off course.\nGPS Guides are our way of showing you what has relieved others' stress in the hopes that you will be able to identify solutions that work for you. We all have de-stressing \"secret weapons\" that we pull out in times of tension or anxiety, whether they be photos that relax us or make us smile, songs that bring us back to our heart, quotes or poems that create a feeling of harmony or meditative exercises that help us find a sense of silence and calm. We encourage you to visit our other GPS Guides here, and share with us your own personal tips for finding peace, balance and tranquility.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-33", "url": "https://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/entry/facts-about-being-nice_n_5791778", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571987.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813202507-20220813232507-00636.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9610918164, "token_count": 1083, "score": 2.65625, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Tá trí bhealach ann chun an focal \"dea-mhaith\" a shainiú, de réir an fhoclóir.\nIs é an chéad cheann an cumas \"a thabhairt pléisiúr nó áthas\". An dara ceann a shainmhínítear mar \"tóir nó dea-chaighdeán\". Is é an tríú simplí agus díreach - duine éigin atá deas \"dea, beannaithe agus cairdiúil\". Fuaime go leor uplifting. Mar sin, cén fáth go bhfaigheann an deas-ghnóthachtáil an oiread sin smacht agus a fhaigheann sí moladh?\nIs féidir a fheiceáil freisin mar a chomhionann, go maith, diúltach. Má tá tú ró-deas, tá tú i mbaol a bheith ag teacht amach mar disingenuous nó insecure. D'fhéadfadh sé go mbeadh an chuma ort freisin go bhfuil tú ag dul i ngleic le duine (nó níos measa, d'fhéadfadh go mbeadh tú i ngleic le duine i ndáiríre). Gan trácht, tá an cliche \"críochán deireanach\" sin ar fad ann freisin.\nAch sula ndéanann tú na rún maith sin a scriosta, b'fhéidir gur mhaith leat féachaint ar a gcuid buntáistí. Seo thíos sé rud ba chóir duit a bheith ar an eolas faoi bheith deas:\nB'fhéidir gur iompar nádúrtha é.\nDe réir mar a fhásann muid suas, foghlaimímid luachanna agus moráltachtaí a chabhraíonn linn a bheith ina ndaoine maithe, cibé acu is bealaí cuí iad, trócaire, meas nó meascán díobh seo go léir. Ach léiríonn taighde ó Ollscoil Buffalo go bhféadfadh go mbeadh ár gcumas chun maitheasa i ár DNA freisin. Sa staidéar, fuair eolaithe amach go bhféadfadh daoine áirithe a bheith rugadh le géiní áirithe a thugann glacadóirí sonracha d'ocsaitócin agus do vasopressin -- dhá hormóin i do chorp atá bainteach le mothúcháin grá agus flaithiúlachta.\nMar sin féin, ní chiallaíonn sé sin nach duine deas tú ach má tá na géiní ceart agat. Fuair taighdeoirí amach freisin go n-oibríonn géineolaíocht i gcomhthráth le do chothú agus do thaithí sa saol, agus is féidir leis an dá rud a bheith ag teacht le chéile a thaispeáint cé chomh sóisialta a bhíonn tú, a thuairiscigh Live Science. Ar aon nós, cibé an bhfuil muid ceangail le haghaidh \"niceness\" nó díreach a thóg ar sé, ár nádúr maith is rud éigin go bhfuil ingrained i dúinn ó aois luath.\nD'fhéadfadh sé cabhrú linn maireachtáil níos faide.\nTá gníomhaíochtaí carthanacha mar cheann de na saintréithe atá ar bheith deas. Nuair a chabhraíonn tú le duine, ní hamháin go bhfuil tú ag feabhsú a saol, b'fhéidir go bhfuil tú ag feabhsú do shaol féin freisin: Léiríonn staidéir go bhfaigheann na daoine a dhéanann obair dheonach tairbhe sláinte a d'fhéadfadh cabhrú leat maireachtáil níos faide, a thuairiscigh ABC News. An domhan a dhéanamh ina áit níos fearr agus ár saolré a mhéadú? Sínigh muid suas.\nTá muid níos sona nuair a bhíonn muid cineálta.\nB'fhéidir go bhfuil an mothúchán beagán féinbhéasach, ach ní amháin go bhfuil sé ag baint tairbhe as a bheith deas le daoine eile, oibríonn sé go soiléir ar ár son freisin, trína n-ardú láithreach ar ár n-ainneoin. Ní gá duit dul i bhfad ó do bhealach chun a bheith deas, nó -- uaireanta ní gá ach cúpla focal deas.\nB'fhéidir gurb é an eochair chun rath.\nTá sé brabúsach a bheith beannaithe: Is féidir leo siúd atá comhfhiosach agus níos fearr i ngéibheann le mothúcháin daoine eile a bheith níos rathúla ag an obair. \"Tá muinín níos mó ag daoine i do dhuine, tá idirghníomhaíochtaí níos fearr acu leat, tá tú fiú níos fearr a íoc\", a dúirt Dacher Keltner, ollamh in Ollscoil California-Berkeley agus comh-stiúrthóir an Ionad Eolaíochta Maith Mór, le ABC News. Ní malairt dhroch.\nD'fhéadfadh sé go gcuirfeadh sé níos lú strus ort.\nTá an-spéisiúil ag troid chun a bheith ar an mbarr, ach ní bhíonn sé gan a chuid dúshláin féin. Ceann de na costais? Do leibhéil strus. Fuair staidéar amháin ar bhfiabáin go raibh níos mó strus ar \"fhiacha alfa\", rud a thugann le tuiscint go bhféadfadh na \"fhianta deas\" sin a bheith níos sláintiúla.\nCé nach bhfuil an staidéar cinnte go hiomlán faoi na buntáistí sláinte a bhaineann le hiontach do dhaoine, cuireann sé léargas suimiúil ar a chiallaíonn sé a chríochnú sa dara háit. Ina theannta sin, tá sé léirithe go laghdaíonn an trua trí mheabhrú.\nTá sé ach a bhraitheann níos fearr.\nNuair a bhí an uair dheireanach a chuala tú duine éigin ag gearán thar cúirtéireacht beag? Is cinnte go bhfuil a chuid cúlra ag \"a bheith ró-mhaith\", ach tá go leor buntáistí ag baint le bheith chomh maith le daoine a bhfuil a leithéid de chineáltas acu, de réir an síceolaí cliniciúla Lara Honos-Webb, Ph.D. \"Nuair a chabhraíonn muid le daoine eile agus a dhéanann muid gníomhartha maithe, cuireann sé leis an inchinn endorphins a scaoileadh, na ceimiceáin a thugann mothúcháin de fhuaim agus de spiorad ard dúinn - cosúil le 'high runner's high,'\" a scríobh sí i mblag Psychology Today. \"Tá sé de thairbhe don eanlaith seo go gcuireann sé seo le daoine a bhfuil an-tóir orthu, agus go gcuireann sé seo le daoine a bhfuil an-tóir orthu\".\nIna theannta sin, léiríonn staidéir go bhféadfadh spriocanna sonracha a bheith againn -- mar shampla duine a dhéanamh ag gáire -- ár sonas a mhéadú. Má chiallaíonn \"dea-mhaith\" go mbraitheann muid níos lúcháire agus níos fearr faoi féin san fhadtréimhse, glacfaimid leis an lipéad go hálainn.\nTá an Treoir GPS seo mar chuid de shraith phoist atá deartha chun tú a thabhairt ar ais go cothrom nuair a bhíonn tú ag mothú as an gcúrsa.\nIs é Treoirlínte GPS ár mbealach chun a thaispeáint duit cad a bhfuil a faoiseamh strus daoine eile i dóchas go mbeidh tú in ann a aithint réitigh a oibríonn duitse. Tá \"armáin rúnda\" ag gach duine againn a chaitheann brú agus a tharraingimid amach in amanna teannas nó imní, cibé acu grianghraif a chuireann suaimhneas orainn nó a chuireann gáire orainn, amhráin a thugann ar ais ár gcroí dúinn, luachan nó filí a chruthaíonn mothú comhchuibhe nó cleachtaí machnaimh a chabhraíonn linn mothú na ciúin agus na síochána a fháil. Molaimid duit cuairt a thabhairt ar ár dTreoirlínte GPS eile anseo, agus do chuid leideanna pearsanta féin a roinnt linn chun síocháin, cothromaíocht agus suaimhneas a fháil."} {"text": "There is widespread disagreement as to what caused the Liberty Bell to crack upon its first use in 1753. Despite being recast twice, the crack worsened when the bell was rung in celebration of George Washington's birthday in 1846, and the bell has not been rung since.Continue Reading\nThe Liberty Bell was cast in London in 1752 before it was sent to the Pennsylvania State House, a building known as Independence Hall as of 2014. When it was first rung, the bell suffered a crack when it was struck by its 44-pound clapper. The Liberty Bell is engraved with a Biblical verse from Leviticus, and the names of John Stow and John Pass were engraved on it after they recast the bell in an attempt to repair it. The bell was originally used to call the Pennsylvania Assembly to meetings.\nThe Liberty Bell achieved its status as a cultural and historical icon when abolitionists adopted it as a symbol for the anti-slavery movement. Although it was no longer used as working bell, the Liberty Bell was transported across the United States following the Civil War in an effort to celebrate the shared history and cultural identity of the country. The bell returned to Philadelphia in 1915.Learn more about US History", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-09", "url": "https://www.reference.com/history/liberty-bell-cracked-2fa2f578e57c9e68", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501170614.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104610-00612-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9801368713, "token_count": 249, "score": 3.8125, "int_score": 4, "irish_text": "Tá easaontas forleathan ann maidir leis an méid a chuir leis an mBill Saoirse a chraic ar a chéad úsáid i 1753. In ainneoin go ndearnadh athdhéanamh air dhá uair, tháinig an creag níos measa nuair a bhí an clog ag ceiliúradh lá breithe George Washington i 1846, agus níor ceiliúradh an clog ó shin.\nCuireadh an Bell Saoirse i Londain i 1752 sula ndearnadh é a sheoladh chuig Teach Stáit Pennsylvania, foirgneamh ar a dtugtar Halla na Saoirse ó 2014. Nuair a bhí an clog ar an gcéad uair, d'fhulaing an clog creim nuair a bhuail a clapper 44 punt. Tá véarsa Bíobla ó Lefitic graváilte ar an mBall Saoirse, agus tá ainmneacha John Stow agus John Pass graváilte air tar éis dóibh an clog a athdhéanamh i iarracht é a dheisiú. Baineadh úsáid as an clog ar dtús chun Tionól Pennsylvania a ghlaoch chuig cruinnithe.\nBhuaigh an Bell Saoirse a stádas mar íocán cultúrtha agus stairiúil nuair a ghlac abolitionists é mar shiombail don ghluaiseacht frith-sclábhaíochta. Cé nach raibh sé in úsáid mar ghlao oibre a thuilleadh, i ndiaidh an Chogaidh Shibhialta, cuireadh an Clog Saoirse ar iompar ar fud na Stát Aontaithe i iarracht stair chomhroinnte agus féiniúlacht chultúrtha na tíre a cheiliúradh. Tháinig an clog ar ais go Philadelphia i 1915.Féach níos mó faoi Stair na SA"} {"text": "- Morrisville was named for Jeremiah Morris who donated three acres of land to the North Carolina Railroad in 1852 for a water station, woodshed, and other buildings in support of the railroad. The deed transaction is believed to be on November 30, 1852, which references Crabtree Creek.\n- Jeremiah Morris established the first post office in March of 1852 and became the first postmaster of Morrisville.\n- Stockholder meetings were held as early as the spring and summer of 1853. These included area landowners Morris, Adolphus Jones, and Giles Allison.\n- Wake County’s second railroad, the North Carolina Railroad from Goldsboro to Charlotte, was completed in 1856. This railroad fostered several communities (Cary, Morrisville, Garner, and Auburn) along its line. Morrisville is the oldest of these communities, which established a railroad stop in the early 1850s. However, the Town was not chartered until 1875.\n- In 1859, County justices made Morrisville a polling place.\n- On April 13, 1865, one of the last battles of the civil war took place in Morrisville.\n- Morrisville Baptist Church was established in 1866.\n- George Tonnoffski opened a liquor store and the Page family built the Morrisville Hotel before 1872.\n- By the early 1870s, the Morrisville area supported at least six general stores, Baptist and Christian churches, a hotel, a steam sawmill, a cabinetmaker, a lawyer, and four physicians.\n- Morrisville’s original charter was ratified on March 3, 1875.\n- By 1880, the Town’s population was 165.\n- Samuel Horne opened a knitting-mill in 1910.\n- The citizens of Morrisville voted to repeal the charter, which was ratified on May 9, 1933.\n- Morrisville was re-chartered on April 3, 1947.\n- In 1976, Morrisville purchased the Morrisville Christian Church building to be used as the first Town Hall.\n- On May 12, 1986 the current Town Seal was adopted.\n- Morrisville’s population in 1990 was 1,022.\n- Morrisville’s population in 2004 was 11,915, as determined by a Special Census.\n- Morrisville's 2010 Census population was 18,576.\n- Morrisville's population in 2015 was 24,699 as determined by a Special Census.\nCivil War Era\n\"The Federals finally pressed the Confederates to the small village of Morrisville Station. At the station a Confederate engine was trying to flee with dozens of cars filled with supplies and Confederate wounded taken from Pettigrew Hospital in Raleigh. Wheeler surveyed the situation and decided to make another attempt to stop the advancing enemy and buy time for the train to escape.\"\nThis is just a glimpse of the exciting story of \"The Battle at Morrisville Station\", written by local historian, Ernest Dollar. Visit his website to learn more about Morrisville's role in the Civil War.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-09", "url": "http://www.townofmorrisville.org/index.aspx?NID=276", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501169776.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104609-00504-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9643854499, "token_count": 621, "score": 3.125, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "- Ainmníodh Morrisville ar Jeremiah Morris a thug trí acra talún do Iarnród Carolina Thuaidh i 1852 le haghaidh stáisiún uisce, scátháin adhmaid, agus foirgnimh eile chun tacú leis an iarnród. Creidtear go bhfuil an idirbheart díolachán ar an 30 Samhain, 1852, a thagraíonn do Crabtree Creek.\n- Jeremiah Morris bunaíodh an chéad oifig phoist i Márta 1852 agus bhí sé an chéad postmaster de Morrisville.\n- Reáchtáladh cruinnithe scairshealbhóirí chomh luath le earrach agus samhradh 1853. I measc na ndaoine sin bhí Morris, Adolphus Jones, agus Giles Allison, úinéirí talún na háite.\n- Críochnaíodh an dara iarnród i gContae Wake, iarnród Carolina Thuaidh ó Goldsboro go Charlotte, i 1856. Chothraigh an iarnród seo roinnt pobail (Cary, Morrisville, Garner, agus Auburn) ar feadh a líne. Is é Morrisville an ceann is sine de na pobail seo, a bhunaigh stad iarnróid go luath sna 1850idí. Mar sin féin, níor cairteadh an Bhaile go dtí 1875.\n- Sa bhliain 1859, rinne breithiúna Contae Morrisville áit vótála.\n- Ar an 13 Aibreán, 1865, ceann de na cathanna deireanach den chogadh cathartha a tharla i Morrisville.\n- Bunaíodh Eaglais Baiste Morrisville i 1866.\n- D'oscail George Tonnoffski siopa deochanna alcóil agus thóg an teaghlach Page Óstán Morrisville roimh 1872.\n- Faoi na 1870í luath, an Morrisville limistéar tacaíocht ar a laghad sé siopaí ginearálta, Baiste agus eaglaisí Críostaí, óstán, píosaí gaile, cabinetmaker, dlíodóir, agus ceithre dochtúirí.\n- Ratified an cairt bunaidh Morrisville ar 3 Márta, 1875.\n- Faoi 1880, bhí daonra an Bhaile ag 165.\n- D'oscail Samuel Horne mhilliún fíodála i 1910.\n- Vótáil saoránaigh Morrisville chun an chairt a aisghairm, a ceadaíodh ar 9 Bealtaine, 1933.\n- Bhí Morrisville re-chartered ar an 3 Aibreán, 1947.\n- Sa bhliain 1976, cheannaigh Morrisville foirgneamh Eaglais Chríostaí Morrisville le húsáid mar an chéad Halla Cathrach.\n- An 12 Bealtaine, 1986 glacadh le séal reatha na cathrach.\n- Ba é daonra Morrisville i 1990 ná 1,022.\n- Ba 11,915 é daonra Morrisville in 2004, mar a chinntear le Daonáireamh Speisialta.\n- Bhí daonra Daonáireamh 2010 Morrisville 18,576.\n- Bhí daonra Morrisville in 2015 24,699 mar a chinntear le Daonáireamh Speisialta.\nRé na Cogadh Cathartha\n\"Ar deireadh, chuir na Cónaidhmeannaigh brú ar na Comhdhúchasaigh go dtí sráidbhaile beag Stáisiún Morrisville. Ag an stáisiún bhí inneall Comhdhúite ag iarraidh teitheadh le mórán gluaisteáin líonta le soláthairtí agus gortaithe Comhdhúite a tógadh ó Ospidéal Pettigrew i Raleigh. Rinne Wheeler suirbhé ar an staid agus shocraigh sé iarracht eile a dhéanamh chun stop a chur leis an namhaid atá ag dul chun cinn agus am a cheannach chun an traein a éalú. \"\nNíl anseo ach léargas ar an scéal spreagúil \"The Battle at Morrisville Station\", a scríobh an staire áitiúil, Ernest Dollar. Tabhair cuairt ar a shuíomh Gréasáin chun tuilleadh a fhoghlaim faoi ról Morrisville sa Chogadh Cathartha."} {"text": "Why did the United States and the Allies win World War II? You know Adolf Hitler never would have started World War II if he had not felt absolutely certain in his own mind that he was going to win. He knew what he had and one of the things that he had and depended on was an, what he felt was an absolutely unbreakable secret code for his intelligent officers. Now it has recently been revealed, and come into the world news that General Eisenhower has said that a decisive factor in winning the war was the Allies breaking of that supposed unbreakable secret German code...\nPlease Note: The FREE literature offered on this program are no longer available through the Address and Phone Number given, please visit www.hwalibrary.com for all FREE literature offered on this program.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-35", "url": "https://www.hwalibrary.com/cgi-bin/get/hwa.cgi?action=gettcast&InfoID=1317472780", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027315132.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20190819221806-20190820003806-00559.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9907264113, "token_count": 158, "score": 2.765625, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Cén fáth a bhuaigh na Stáit Aontaithe agus na Comhghuaillithe an Dara Cogadh Domhanda? Tá a fhios agat Adolf Hitler riamh a bheith tús an Dara Cogadh Domhanda mura raibh sé bhraith cinnte go hiomlán ina intinn féin go raibh sé ag dul a bhuachan. Bhí a fhios aige cad a bhí aige agus ceann de na rudaí a bhí aige agus ag brath ar bhí, cad a mhothaigh sé a bhí an-unbreakable cód rúnda dá oifigigh cliste. Anois tá sé nochtadh le déanaí, agus teacht isteach i nuacht an domhain go bhfuil Ginearálta Eisenhower dúirt go raibh fachtóir cinntitheach i a bhuachan an cogadh na Comhghuaillithe briseadh an cód rúnda Gearmánach unbreakable a cheapadh...\nTabhair faoi deara le do thoil: Níl an litríocht saor in aisce a thairgtear sa chlár seo ar fáil trí an Seoladh agus an Uimhir Theileafóin a thugtar, tabhair cuairt ar www.hwalibrary.com le haghaidh gach litríocht saor in aisce a thairgtear ar an gclár seo."} {"text": "CHE 4953: Chemical Writing (Aguilar)\nWriting for Chemistry\nWriting for Chemistry can be different from other writing for other classes, such as English, History, or Politics. As with all scientific writing, you're trying to clearly explain your hypothesis, the methods used for your experiments, the results, and the conclusions of your research. Most often for Chemistry, you're writing a Lab Report. Here are some resources from the UTSA Libraries that can help you become a better science writer.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-40", "url": "https://libguides.utsa.edu/che4953", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030337524.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20221004184523-20221004214523-00427.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9462549686, "token_count": 102, "score": 2.703125, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "CHE 4953: Scríbhneoireacht Cheimiceach (Aguilar)\nScríobh le haghaidh Ceimic\nD'fhéadfadh go mbeadh scríbhneoireacht do Cheimic difriúil ó scríbhneoireacht eile do ranganna eile, mar shampla Béarla, Stair, nó Polaitíocht. Mar a tharla le gach scríbhneoireacht eolaíoch, tá tú ag iarraidh a mhíniú go soiléir do hipitéis, na modhanna a úsáidtear le haghaidh do turgnaimh, na torthaí, agus na conclúidí de do thaighde. Is minic a bhíonn tú ag scríobh Tuarascáil Lab ar Cheimic. Seo roinnt acmhainní ó Leabharlanna UTSA a chabhróidh leat a bheith i do scríbhneoir eolaíochta níos fearr."} {"text": "Eco Depurazione - Evapotranspiration System\nThe phenomena of plant evapotranspiration is tied to clorophyllous photosynthesis in that this, in order to assume the carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, must keep the stoma open and so they lose large quantities of water which is absorbed by the soil and dispersed into the atmosphere in a form of vapour (evapotranspiration process).\nECO DEPURAZIONE has conceived and constructed a system capable of artificially using this process, in and of itself natural, in order to dispose of purified waste water through plants.\nThis system, built entirely in GRP (Glass-Reinforced Polyester) is comprised of parallelepiped shaped 700 mm height absorption beds, with width and length variable based on the dimensional needs connected to the number of equivalent inhabitants.\nBefore the evapotranspiration system an Imhoff type septic tank is placed in which, the water coming from sanitary services, is conveyed, therefore it is opportune to installe a degreaser for kitchen waste water in order to separate soaps and greases from the water which could otherwise slow down the system's purifying process if they should be dispersed directly into the Imhoff tank.\nAfter the aforementioned primary sedimentation, the waste water is conveyed to an inspection well which is located at the head of the absorption beds. These will be located contiguous to the final collection well for the purpose of recirculating the excess water via an electric lifting pump into the first inspection well.\nInside the evapotranspiration tanks, drilled drainage piping in PVC is located to allow the water to exit.\nInside the evapotranspiration tanks a layer of gravel is placed at a height of 50% of the tank itself, above which a layer of polyester geotextile fabric is placed (commonly called non woven fabric) in order to impede the roots of the plant from coming into contact with the bottom of the tank which would cause structural damage. The vegetable/peat soil is deposited on top of the geotextile fabric and the plants are planted there (normally evergreen plants with ample foliage mass such as: cherry-laurel, bamboo chutes, etc.).\nStart-up of the system requires a few weeks in that the plants need time to take root in the soil and proceed with the natural process of evapotranspiration (the time necessary for the process can vary due to climactic conditions).\nThe evapotranspiration tanks, made entirely in GRP (Glass-Reinforced Polyester) are monobloc structures sized for waste water treatment from rural dwellings, agro-tourism establishments, centres where the sewage network is too far away to install a purifier or hook up directly to the municipal sewage system. Furthermore, in accordance with regional note No. 1388 dtd 04 Jan 2008, in order to exclude inappropriate dispersions of liquids into the surrounding soil due to accidental breakage or cracks in the GRP tank, ECO DEPURAZIONE has designed a system in which the aforementioned tank is solidly enveloped by a second, larger sealed tank made from GRP and complete with an inspection well in order to create an interspace which allows for verification of any liquid leaks from the internal tank.\nBesides completely satisfying the requirements of the standard, this system allows for significant simplification both for transport and set up operations as well as management operations.\nFinally, ECO DEPURAZIONE guarantees that the effluent will have characteristics which conform to Legislative Decree No. 152 dtd 03 Apr 2006 and subsequent integrations or modifications.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-09", "url": "https://www.agriculture-xprt.com/products/eco-depurazioneevapotranspiration-system-430004", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501170614.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104610-00027-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9401785731, "token_count": 751, "score": 3.0, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Eco Depurazione - Córas Éabhaothron-Shuathúcháin\nTá feiniméan an evapotranspiration plandaí ceangailte le fótasintéis chlóróifíleach sa mhéid is go gcaithfidh sé seo, chun an dé-ocsaíd charbóin a ghlacadh ón atmaisféar, an stoma a choinneáil oscailte agus mar sin caillfidh siad cainníochtaí móra uisce a ionsú an ithir agus a scaipeadh isteach san atmaisféar i bhfoirm gaile (próiseas evapotranspiration).\nTá córas ceaptha agus tógtha ag ECO DEPURAZIONE a bhfuil sé in ann an próiseas seo, atá nádúrtha i dtrácht féin, a úsáid go saorga chun fuíolluisce íonaithe a dhiúscairt trí phlandaí.\nTá an córas seo, a tógadh go hiomlán i GRP (Póiliéistear A neartú le Ghlais), comhdhéanta de leabaí ionsúcháin 700 mm ar airde i gcruth paraileileipípe, le leithead agus fad a athróidh de réir na riachtanais dhomhain a bhaineann le líon na n-áitritheoirí coibhéiseacha.\nRoimh an córas evapotranspiration tá tanc septic de chineál Imhoff a chuirtear isteach ina gcuirtear an t-uisce a thagann ó sheirbhísí sláintíochta, dá bhrí sin is cuí díghreamú a shuiteáil le haghaidh fuíolluisce cistine chun gallúnach agus saill a scaradh ón uisce a d'fhéadfadh go gcuirfeadh moill ar phróiseas íonú an chórais dá mba cheart iad a scaipeadh go díreach isteach i tanc Imhoff.\nTar éis an chéad-séadú thuasluaite, déantar an fuíolluisce a sheoladh chuig tobar iniúchta atá suite ag ceann na mbreataí ionsú. Beidh na cúlchistí sin suite in aice leis an bpoill bhailiúcháin deiridh chun an iomarca uisce a athshruthú trí chabhrú leictreach ardaithe isteach sa chéad phoill iniúchta.\nTá píopaí draenála drileáilte i PVC suite taobh istigh de na tancanna evapotranspiration chun ligean don uisce dul amach.\nSa charr, tá an t-ábhar a úsáidtear chun an t-ábhar a chur ar fáil, agus tá an t-ábhar a chuirtear ar fáil ar an gcárta, agus tá an t-ábhar a chuirtear ar fáil ar an gcárta, agus tá an t-ábhar a chuirtear ar an gcárta, agus tá an t-ábhar a chuirtear ar an gcárta, agus tá an t-ábhar a chuirtear ar an gcárta, agus tá an t-ábhar a chuirtear ar an gcárta, agus tá an t-ábhar a chuirtear ar an gcárta, agus tá an t-ábhar a chuirtear ar an gcárta, agus tá an t-ábhar a chuirtear ar an gcárta, agus tá an t-ábhar a chuirtear ar an gcárta, agus tá an t-ábhar a chuirtear ar an gcárta, agus tá an t-ábhar a chuirtear ar an gcárta, agus tá an t-ábhar a chuirtear ar an gcárta, agus tá an t-ábhar a chuirtear ar an gcárta. Tá an talamh glasraí/torfa curtha ar bharr an fhabraic gheoteicstíle agus tá na plandaí curtha ann (gláir shíorghlas de ghnáth le mais féileach leathan mar: cherry-laurel, chutes bambú, srl. )\nBa cheart an t-ábhar a chur ar fáil go huathoibríoch agus go hiomlán saor ó chraiceann agus ó chraiceann eile.\nIs struchtúir monobloc iad na tancanna evapotranspiration, a dhéantar go hiomlán i GRP (Póiléister A neartófar le Glainne) a bhfuil a mhéid chun fuíolluisce a chóireáil ó thithe tuaithe, ó bhunaíochtaí agra-eolais, ó ionaid ina bhfuil an líonra fuíolluisce rófhada chun íonadóir a shuiteáil nó a nascadh go díreach leis an gcóras fuíolluisce cathrach. Ina theannta sin, i gcomhréir leis an nóta réigiúnach Uimh. 1388 dtd 04 Jan 2008, d'fhonn scaipeadh míchuí leachtacha isteach sa ithir timpeall mar gheall ar bhriseadh nó sceitheadh thimpisteach sa tinc GRP, tá córas deartha ag ECO DEPURAZIONE ina bhfuil an tinc thuasluaite clúdaithe go daingean ag dara tinc shéalaithe níos mó de GRP agus a chomhlánaítear le tobar iniúchta chun idirspás a chruthú a cheadaíonn fíorú ar aon sceitheadh leachtacha ón tinc inmheánach.\nChomh maith le go gcomhlíonann an córas seo go hiomlán ceanglais an chaighdeáin, cuireann sé éascaíocht mhór ar fáil maidir le hoibríochtaí iompair agus socrúcháin chomh maith le hoibríochtaí bainistíochta.\nAr deireadh, ráthaíonn ECO DEPURAZIONE go mbeidh tréithe ag an effluent a chomhlíonann Decrét Législatif no. 152 de 03 Aibreán 2006 agus comhtháthú nó modhnú ina dhiaidh sin."} {"text": "Honest Abe Wasn’t Honest About Drinking: Lincoln’s Alcohol-Fueled Diplomacy\nGiven the behavior of our current cast of colorful presidential hopefuls on the campaign trail and their constantly morphing positions, no one could blame you for pining for the candor and character of a founding father—particularly Abraham Lincoln.\nBut while Honest Abe, whose 207th birthday was on Friday, had the moral conviction to abolish slavery and enter into a bloody civil war, the success of his own campaign hinged on his purposely vague stance on one key issue of the time: alcohol consumption.\nAmazingly enough, his status as a drinker—or as a teetotaler—would help decide the 1860 election and, of course, shape the future of America.\nAt the time, alcohol was a very contentious issue and the temperance movement was gathering steam. Highly motivated and organized teetotalers were an effective voting block that was known to decide some local elections. (In that regard, the teetotalers of yore weren’t that different than the tea party members of today.)\nBut temperance was a tricky tightrope for Lincoln to walk since he was literally born into the liquor industry.\nDuring his childhood in Kentucky, his father worked part time at a distillery that most likely made bourbon. “They lived along Knob Creek,” says James Cornelius, curator at the Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum. “You know that name.”\nLincoln’s father’s profession wasn’t unusual. Farm work was seasonal and “people did a multitude of jobs,” says Cornelius. In fact, even Lincoln’s elementary school teacher was a part-time distiller. But the political ambitions of the future 16th president of the United States forced him to distance himself from his spirited past.\nIn the first of a series of legendary debates with the democrat Stephen Douglas, Lincoln’s history of co-owning a grocery in Salem, Illinois, in the 1830s was mentioned by his opponent as a way to tie him to the alcohol trade. “I was a school teacher in the town of Winchester, and he a flourishing grocery-keeper in the town of Salem,” accused Douglas.\nThe audience would have understood that calling Lincoln “a flourishing grocery keeper,” meant that he essentially ran a popular bar. And at the time, these types of establishments were blamed for causing all kinds of disorderly conduct and encouraging a range of sinful behaviors.\nLincoln staunchly denied Douglas’ accusation and always claimed that people could purchase liquor at his store but not consume it there. During the debate he was, however, careful not to condemn those grocery store owners that did sell liquor by the glass: “The Judge is wofully [sic] at fault about his early friend Lincoln being a “grocery keeper.” I don’t know as it would be a great sin, if I had been, but he is mistaken. Lincoln never kept a grocery anywhere in the world.”\nSimilarly, in an 1842 speech to the Springfield Washington Temperance Society, he showed great sympathy and empathy for people suffering from alcoholism. That was quite a change given the movement’s “previous approach was one of shame and sin,” says Cornelius.\nDespite Lincoln’s assurances that he never operated a grocery/bar, a document has surfaced which shows that Lincoln and his partner William Berry had the necessary paperwork to sell booze for immediate consumption. (If only Douglas had gotten his hands on it!)\nIt’s a particularly interesting exchange between the two debaters given that Lincoln wasn’t a heavy drinker and, according to Cornelius, Douglas not only drank heavily but also smoked. Clearly, for many voters being associated with the increasing chaos of the barroom was a major problem.\nWhile there is a myth that Lincoln didn’t drink and swore not to, what he actually said was that he didn’t care for it, since it left him feeling “flabby and undone.” (Given the quality of whiskey available at the time, I don’t doubt it.)\nLater, during his presidency, at White House celebrations or dinners he would take a small sip of wine or Champagne, “so he wouldn’t look like a stick in the mud,” says Cornelius.\nLooking back it’s clear that it became increasingly difficult for Honest Abe to be, well, honest about the subject of alcohol. While almost a century earlier Washington was expected to buy voters rum on Election Day and later owned a distillery himself after leaving office, by the middle of the 19th century it was a liability for a politician to have public ties to the production and consumption of alcohol.\nLincoln was more than up to the challenge of navigating this potential minefield and was able to exercise his political dexterity by convincing the teetotalers that he supported their quest without alienating his core constituents of voters.\nHis strategic diplomacy helped paved the way for his election and allowed him to make the sweeping changes to American society that were close to his heart.\nIt is a feat that today’s presidential wannabes could certainly benefit from studying this holiday weekend.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-09", "url": "http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2016/02/13/honest-abe-wasn-t-honest-about-drinking-lincoln-s-alcohol-fueled-diplomacy.html", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501170425.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104610-00396-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9841017723, "token_count": 1103, "score": 2.8125, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Ní raibh Abe Onórach Onórach Maidir le hIonú: Taighdeach ar Fuel Alcóil Lincoln\nAg féachaint do iompar ár gcastail reatha de dóchasaigh uachtaránachta datha ar an mbóthar feachtais agus a gcuid poist a mhófar i gcónaí, ní féidir le duine ar bith a chiontú go bhfuil tú ag súil le deargú agus carachtar athair bunaithe - go háirithe Abraham Lincoln.\nAch cé go raibh an dearcadh morálta ag Honest Abe, a raibh a 207ú lá breithe aige Dé hAoine, sclábhaíocht a dhíothú agus dul isteach i gcogadh sibhialta fuilteach, bhí rath a fheachtais féin ag brath ar a sheasamh neamhshoiléir ar cheann de phríomhcheisteanna an ama: tomhaltas alcóil.\nGo hiontach go leor, a stádas mar óltóir - nó mar abstentious - a chabhródh cinneadh a dhéanamh ar an toghchán 1860 agus, ar ndóigh, cruth todhchaí na Meiriceá.\nAg an am, bhí alcól ina cheist an-díshuíomh agus bhí an gluaiseacht measarthachta ag bailiú gaile. Bhí na daoine a bhí an-spreagtha agus eagraithe ag diúltú do thriail ina bhloc vótála éifeachtach a raibh a fhios acu go gcinnfeadh siad roinnt toghcháin áitiúla. (Ar an ábhar sin, ní raibh na teeboters ó am atá caite chomh difriúil leis na baill pháirtí tae inniu.)\nAch bhí an t-imréiteach ina shraith tricky do Lincoln ó rugadh é i dtionscal na deochanna alcóil.\nLe linn a óige i Kentucky, d'oibrigh a athair páirtaimseartha ag dílisí a rinne bourbon is dóichí. \"Bhí siad ina gcónaí ar feadh Knob Creek\", a deir James Cornelius, cúirteoir sa Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum. Tá a fhios agat an t-ainm.\nNí raibh gairm athair Lincoln neamhghnách. Bhí obair fheirme seasúnach agus \"bhí daoine ag déanamh a lán post\", a deir Cornelius. Go deimhin, bhí fiú múinteoir bunscoile Lincoln ina díotálaí páirtaimseartha. Ach chuir uaillmhianta polaitiúla an 16ú uachtarán na Stát Aontaithe amach anseo air féin a chur ar shiúl óna shaol a bhí aige roimhe seo.\nSa chéad cheann de shraith díospóireachtaí legendary leis an daonlathach Stephen Douglas, luaigh a opponent stair Lincoln de chomh-úinéir grósaera i Salem, Illinois, sna 1830idí mar bhealach chun é a cheangal leis an trádáil alcóil. \"Bhí mé ina múinteoir scoile i mbaile Winchester, agus bhí sé ina shealbhóir grósaera rathúil i mbaile Salem\", a chuir sé in iúl do Douglas.\nD'fhágfadh an lucht féachana gur bhain sé bar tóir as Lincoln a ghlaoch ar \"caomhnóir grósaera rathúil\". Agus ag an am, bhí an cineál seo bunaíochtaí cúisithe as a chur faoi deara gach cineál iompair neamhordúil agus spreagadh raon iompar peacach.\nDhiúltaigh Lincoln go daingean d'áitíocht Douglas agus d'éiligh sé i gcónaí go bhféadfadh daoine deochanna alcóil a cheannach ina siopa ach gan é a chaitheamh ann. Le linn an díospóireachta bhí sé, áfach, cúramach gan na húinéirí siopaí grósaera a rinne deochanna a dhíol ag an gloine a chiontú: \"Tá an Breitheamh go mór [sic] i bhfolach faoi a chara luath Lincoln a bheith ina\" coimeádtóir grósaera. \"Ní fios dom mar a bheadh sé ina pheaca mór, dá mba rud é go raibh mé, ach tá sé mícheart. Lincoln riamh a bhí grósaera áit ar bith ar fud an domhain. \nAr an gcaoi chéanna, i gcaint a thug sé i 1842 do Chumann an Uimhreachta Springfield Washington, léirigh sé comhbhrón agus comhfhaireachas mór do dhaoine a bhí ag fulaingt ó alcóil. Ba athrú mór é sin, ós rud é go raibh an beart roimhe seo ina chur chuige náire agus peaca, a deir Cornelius.\nIn ainneoin dearbhú Lincoln nach raibh sé ag feidhmiú ar bhrógsair / barra riamh, tá doiciméad tar éis teacht chun cinn a léiríonn go raibh na páipéir riachtanacha ag Lincoln agus a chomhpháirtí William Berry chun alcól a dhíol le haghaidh tomhaltais láithreach. (Má amháin Douglas fuair a lámha air!)\nIs malartú suimiúil é go háirithe idir an dá díospóireacht toisc nach raibh Lincoln ina óltóir trom agus, de réir Cornelius, ní amháin go raibh Douglas ag ól go trom ach freisin ag caitheamh tobac. Is léir gur fadhb mhór a bhí ag go leor vótálaithe a bheith bainteach leis an chaos atá ag méadú sa seomra barra.\nCé go bhfuil miotas ann nár ól Lincoln agus nár mhionnaigh sé, ba é an méid a dúirt sé i ndáiríre ná nach raibh cúram aige air, ós rud é gur fhág sé go raibh sé \"flabby agus neamhghnách\". (De réir cáilíocht an uiscí a bhí ar fáil ag an am, nílim ag amhras faoi.)\nNíos déanaí, le linn a uachtaránacht, ag ceiliúradh nó dinnéar sa Teach Bán, d'ól sé siopa beag fíona nó seampáin, \"chun nach mbeadh sé cosúil le bata sa muince\", a deir Cornelius.\nAg breathnú siar is léir go raibh sé níos deacra do Honest Abe a bheith, go maith, dílis faoi ábhar alcóil. Cé go raibh súil le Washington beagnach céad bliain roimhe sin rum a cheannach ó vótálaithe ar Lá na Toghcháin agus ina dhiaidh sin bhí dílisceadóir aige féin tar éis dó an oifig a fhágáil, faoi lár an 19ú haois bhí sé ina dhliteanas do pholaiteoir naisc phoiblí a bheith aige le táirgeadh agus tomhaltas alcóil.\nBhí Lincoln níos mó ná an dúshlán a bhí ann an réimse mianach féideartha seo a nascleanúint agus bhí sé in ann a dheacrachta pholaitiúil a fheidhmiú trí na teastóirí a chur ina luí go dtacaigh sé lena n-iarratais gan a bhun-chomhdháilthóirí vótálaithe a dhíspreagadh.\nChabhraigh a taidhleoireacht straitéiseach an bealach a oscailt dá thoghadh agus lig sé dó na hathruithe móra a dhéanamh ar shochaí Mheiriceá a bhí gar dá chroí.\nIs é an feat go mbeadh an lá atá inniu wannabes uachtaránachta cinnte a fháil tairbhe as staidéar an deireadh seachtaine saoire."} {"text": "White House Floor Plan Living Quarters. The colonial house plans architecture of America includes many design styles including First Period (late-Medieval) English, Spanish colonial, French colonial, and Georgian colonial. These architectural styles were in vogue for houses, government buildings, and churches from the early 1600’s through the mid 1800’s. The earliest English settlements at Jamestown, Virginia in 1607 and at Plymouth, Massachusetts in 1620, became models of later colonial construction along the east coast of America. Early English buildings usually include details associated with the Medieval period such as steep roofs, a massive central chimney, small windows (because of a glass scarcity in the colonies) and minimal ornamentation.\nThe historic Spanish revival house plans spread with the earliest Spanish settlements in Mexico and the Caribbean. In the United States, the Spanish colonial style is best exhibited in St. Augustine, Florida, which is the oldest established city in the U.S., having been founded in 1565. The common houses in this town were covered outside with a whitewash of lime mortar; usually two stories tall, they included patios for outdoor cool-air breezes in the hot Florida climate. This style also developed in the American Southwest and in California, as Spanish priests established missions along the Pacific coast between 1769 and 1823.\nThe French colonial style spread in areas of North America settled by the French, beginning in 1608 with Quebec, and in 1718 with New Orleans, Louisiana. Other settlements spread along the Mississippi valley up to Missouri. Early French colonial-style houses are called poteaux-en-terre, and are made of heavy cedar logs set upright into the ground. They are surrounded by galleries (porches) to sit outside in the hot summer. By the 1770’s the French colonial style evolved into briquette-entre-poteaux, meaning small bricks laid between posts, which characterizes homes in New Orleans’ historic quarter. In areas where flooding was common, the raised-cottage style developed, with houses built on top of raised brick walls for protection from waters during floods. In dry periods these basements stayed cool, and were used for storage and cooking.\nPerhaps the image which most readily comes to mind with the idea of colonial style house plans is Georgian colonial style, which was popular in New England and the mid-Atlantic areas of North America from the 1720’s to the 1780’s. The defining features of Georgian-style architecture are the symmetrical, square shape; central doorway, often with a decorative crown over the door and flattened columns on either side of it; and the straight lines of windows on the two stories. The doorway opens upon an entryway which leads to a hall and stairway which divide the house in two, with rooms branching off on either side from these. Usually Georgian houses were made of brick with wooden trim, with columns painted white. There are usually one, or perhaps two chimneys. The ground floor of Georgian houses has formally defined dining room, living room, and occasionally family room areas, with bedroom on the second floor.\nThe current upsurge of interest in colonial house plans includes the entire range of colonial style house plans, from English Georgian style to the Southwest historic Spanish revival house plans.\nArticle Source: http://EzineArticles.com/2268869", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-35", "url": "https://homipet.com/tag/architecture-of-america/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027315321.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20190820092326-20190820114326-00290.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9665058851, "token_count": 691, "score": 3.703125, "int_score": 4, "irish_text": "Plean Floor an Tí Bán Cuartéis Maireachtála. Áirítear ar ailtireacht phleananna tí coilíneach Mheiriceá go leor stíleanna dearadh lena n-áirítear an Chéad Ré (deireadh na Meánaoise) Béarla, coilíneach Spáinneach, coilíneach na Fraince, agus coilíneach na Seorgáise. Bhí na stíleanna ailtireachta seo i mbéal oibre do theachanna, do thogais rialtais, agus do eaglaisí ó thús na 1600idí go dtí lár na 1800idí. Bhí na lonnaíochtaí Béarla is luaithe ag Jamestown, Virginia i 1607 agus ag Plymouth, Massachusetts i 1620, ina samhlacha de thógáil coilíneach níos déanaí ar feadh chósta thoir Mheiriceá. De ghnáth bíonn sonraí a bhaineann le tréimhse na Meánaoise i bhfoirgneamh luath na Sasana mar dhátaí géara, ceimice lárnach ollmhór, fuinneoga beaga (mar gheall ar easpa gloine sna coilíneachtaí) agus ornáiriú íosta.\nAn stair Spáinnis athbheochan teach pleananna scaipthe leis an chéad Spáinnis lonnaíochtaí i Meicsiceo agus an Mhuir Chairib. Sna Stáit Aontaithe, is é an stíl coilíneach Spáinneach is fearr a thaispeántar i St. Augustine, Florida, is é an chathair is sine bunaithe sna Stáit Aontaithe, tar éis a bheith bunaithe i 1565. Bhí na tithe coiteann sa bhaile seo clúdaithe taobh amuigh le múnla liopaí; de ghnáth dhá shraith ar airde, bhí páistí acu le haghaidh gaoth fuar aer lasmuigh sa chlima te Florida. D'fhorbair an stíl seo freisin i ndeisceart Mheiriceá agus i California, mar a bhunaigh sagart na Spáinne misin ar feadh chósta an Aigéin Chiúin idir 1769 agus 1823.\nScaoileadh stíl choilíneach na Fraince i gceantair Mheiriceá Thuaidh a shocraigh na Fraince, ag tosú i 1608 le Quebec, agus i 1718 le New Orleans, Louisiana. Scaiptear lonnaíochtaí eile ar feadh gleann Mississippi suas go Missouri. Tugtar poteaux-en-terre ar na tithe ar an stíl coilíneach Fraincis, agus déantar iad de chnoic chédra trom a shuiteáiltear go seasamh sa talamh. Tá gallanna (porches) timpeall orthu chun suí amuigh sa samhradh te. Faoi na 1770í d'fhorbair stíl choilíneach na Fraince go bríquette-entre-poteaux, rud a chiallaíonn bríoga beaga a chuirtear idir post, a bhfuil saintréithe ag tithe i gceantar stairiúil New Orleans. I gceantair ina raibh tuile coitianta, d'fhorbair an stíl chottage ardaithe, le tithe a tógadh ar bharr ballaí bríce ardaithe chun iad a chosaint ó uisce le linn tuile. I tréimhsí tirim d'fhan na seoltaí seo fionnuar, agus baineadh úsáid as chun iad a stóráil agus a chócaireacht.\nB'fhéidir gurb é an íomhá is éasca a thagann chun cuimhne le smaoineamh ar phleananna tí stíl choilíneach stíl choilíneach Seorgáis, a bhí tóir air i Sasana Nua agus i gceantair mheán-Atrialacha Mheiriceá Thuaidh ó na 1720idí go dtí na 1780idí. Is iad na gnéithe sainitheacha a bhaineann le hailtireacht stíl Seorgánach ná an cruth cearnach siméadrach; doras lárnach, go minic le coróin maisiúil thar an doras agus colúin phlátaithe ar gach taobh de; agus na línte díreach de fhuinneoga ar an dá scéal. Osclaítear an doras ar iontráil a thugann isteach ar halla agus staighre a roinneann an teach ina dhá chuid, le seomraí a bhrainseann ar gach taobh díobh seo. De ghnáth, bhí tithe na Seorgáine déanta as bríce le troscán adhmaid, agus colúin péinteáilte bán. De ghnáth bíonn ceann amháin, nó b'fhéidir dhá chimney ann. Tá limistéir seomra bia, seomra suí, agus uaireanta seomra teaghlaigh sainithe go foirmiúil ag an urlár talún de theachanna Seorgaiseacha, agus seomra leapa sa dara hurlár.\nÁirítear ar an ardú reatha spéise i bpleananna tí coilíneachta an raon iomlán de phleananna tí stíl choilíneachta, ó stíl Seoránach Béarla go pláiníní tí athbheochan stairiúil na Spáinne i ndeisceart an Iarthair.\nFoinse: http://EzineArticles.com/2268869"} {"text": "Ann's Story: 1747\nThis delightful children's book is based on Ann McKenzie, a real girl who lived in 18th-century Williamsburg. Nine-year-old Ann needs to start behaving like a proper young lady, learning to knit, cook, and manage a household, but she would rather assist her father, Dr. McKenzie, with his patients. Historical notes on Williamsburg, childhood, and medicine in the colonial period are incorporated in the story. By award-winning author Joan Lowery Nixon.\n- Young Americans Book SeriesColonial Williamsburg Children Tell Their Stories\n- Historical Fiction\n- Recipe Included\n- Grades 4-6\n- 160 pages\n- Teacher and Student Approved\n2 Reviews Hide Reviews Show Reviews\nMy granddaughters are very excited about this book after receiving Marie's Story previously.\nA great story about a an eight-year-old girl who wanted to be a doctor, but in her era, it was not possible. I like the educational pages separate from the story that tell the reader about Williamsburg's history . The story tells of a girl and her family living in Williamsburg in 1747, and uses accurate historical facts as to how a family may have lived at that time. Nice story.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-40", "url": "https://shop.colonialwilliamsburg.com/Anns-Story-1747/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030338280.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20221007210452-20221008000452-00378.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9569150805, "token_count": 277, "score": 2.953125, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Scéal Ann: 1747\nTá an leabhar álainn seo do leanaí bunaithe ar Ann McKenzie, cailín fíor a bhí ina gcónaí i Williamsburg sa 18ú haois. Ní mór do Ann naoi mbliana d'aois tosú ag iompar mar bhean óg cuí, ag foghlaim a bheith ag croitheadh, ag cócaireacht, agus ag tabhairt aire do theach, ach b'fhearr léi cabhrú lena hathair, an Dr. McKenzie, lena chuid othair. Tá nótaí stairiúla ar Williamsburg, óige, agus leigheas sa tréimhse choilíneach ionchorpraithe sa scéal. Le húdar a bhuaigh duaiseanna, Joan Lowery Nixon.\n- Sraith Leabhair Óga Mheiriceánaigh Colonial Williamsburg Children Tell Their Stories\n- Ficsean Stairiúil\n- Tá an t-oideas san áireamh\n- Gráid 4-6\n- 160 leathanach\n- Múinteoir agus Mac Léinn Cheadaithe\n2 Athbhreithnithe Athbhreithnithe a Iompar Taispeáin Athbhreithnithe\nTá mo chlann-nínn ag súil go mór leis an leabhar seo tar éis dóibh Marie's Story a fháil roimhe seo.\nScéal iontach faoi cailín ocht mbliana d'aois a bhí ag iarraidh a bheith ina dochtúir, ach ina ré, ní raibh sé indéanta. Is maith liom na leathanaigh oideachais ar leithligh ón scéal a insíonn don léitheoir faoi stair Williamsburg. Insíonn an scéal faoi chailín agus a teaghlach a bhí ina gcónaí i Williamsburg i 1747, agus úsáideann sé fíricí cruinn stairiúla maidir le conas a d'fhéadfadh teaghlach a bheith ina gcónaí ag an am sin. Scéal deas."} {"text": "With the E-waste Race, primary schools compete with electronic waste. Our project saves almost half a million devices every year from ending in the landfill. Click here to see how we do that!\nKids participating in the Textile Race get to work in their neighbourhoods to keep as much textiles as possible in the textile cycle. Check here how we do that!\nMany complex problems surrounding the circular economy and climate change exist today. Despite the fact that these problems are big, we can still make a difference with small steps. It is a lot of fun and very motivating to work towards our new future. A new future in which we are good to each other and to the planet. Race Against Waste teaches children and adults in a fun and practical way how they can contribute to this new future. Click here to check out the impact we make!\nWe are an impact-driven team with a big heart for circularity and sustainability. By enthusiastically spreading our circular message, we inspire others to make more sustainable choices. In this way we take everyone with us in the journey to transition to a circular economy! Check out our impact!\nIn addition to telling everyone our story, we take action! During our projects we work with easy, practical and sustainable solutions. These solutions are enacted together with schools, with local residents, with our partners, with municipalities and with everyone else who wants to participate. We make our promotions fun and easy, which is how we make positive impact and ensure lasting behavioral change! Click here to see the impact we make!", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-40", "url": "https://raceagainstwaste.nl/en", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030335054.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20220927162620-20220927192620-00294.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9452271461, "token_count": 311, "score": 2.625, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Leis an E-Waste Race, tá bunscoileanna ag dul san iomaíocht le dramhaíl leictreonach. Sábhálann ár dtionscadal beagnach leath mhilliún feiste gach bliain ó bheith ag críochnú sa líonadh talún. Cliceáil anseo chun a fheiceáil conas a dhéanaimid é sin!\nBíonn páistí a ghlacann páirt sa Rás Téacsaíl ag obair ina gceantair chun an oiread téacsaíl agus is féidir a choinneáil sa timthriall téacsaíl. Féach anseo conas a dhéanaimid sin!\nTá go leor fadhbanna casta ann inniu a bhaineann leis an ngeilleagar ciorclach agus le hathrú aeráide. In ainneoin na fírinne go bhfuil na fadhbanna seo mór, is féidir linn difríocht a dhéanamh le céimeanna beaga. Tá sé an-spraoi agus an-spreagtha ag obair i dtreo ár dtodhchaí nua. Todhchaí nua ina mbeidh muid go maith lena chéile agus leis an bpláinéad. Múineann Rás i gcoinne Dramhaíl do leanaí agus do dhaoine fásta ar bhealach spraíúil agus praiticiúil conas is féidir leo cur leis an todhchaí nua seo. Cliceáil anseo chun an tionchar a dhéanaimid a sheiceáil!\nTá foireann againn a bhfuil tionchar ag baint léi agus a bhfuil croí mór againn maidir le ciorclaíocht agus inbhuanaitheacht. Trí ár dteachtaireacht chiorclach a scaipeadh go díograiseach, spreagann muid daoine eile chun roghanna níos inbhuanaithe a dhéanamh. Ar an mbealach seo glacann muid gach duine linn sa turas chun aistriú go geilleagar ciorclach! Seiceáil ár tionchar!\nChomh maith le ár scéal a insint do gach duine, glacann muid gníomh! Le linn ár dtionscadal, oibrímid le réitigh éasca, praiticiúla agus inbhuanaithe. Déantar na réitigh seo a chur i bhfeidhm i gcomhar leis na scoileanna, leis na cónaitheoirí áitiúla, lenár gcomhpháirtithe, leis na bardais agus le gach duine eile ar mian leo páirt a ghlacadh. Déanaimid ár n-ardú spraoi agus éasca, agus is é sin an chaoi a ndéanaimid tionchar dearfach agus a chinntiú athruithe iompraíochta buan! Cliceáil anseo chun an tionchar a dhéanaimid a fheiceáil!"} {"text": "Coastal hazards web site developed by ECU experts\n(Oct. 3, 2008)\nA new website developed by coastal experts at East Carolina University provides a high-tech, one-stop site for information about hurricanes, storm surges and their potential effects on the North Carolina coast.\nThe web site, North Carolina COastal HAZards Decision Portal (NC COHAZ), presents in a user-friendly way the latest research from members of ECU’s Institute for Coastal Science and Policy and the departments of Geological Sciences and Geography, and links to work from scientists across the state. The address for the site is http://www.coastal.geology.ecu.edu/NCCOHAZ/\n“The coast of North Carolina is at risk to a diversity of hazards, and these hazards can have major consequences for people who live, work, and recreate in areas along the coast,” said J.P. Walsh, a professor of geology at ECU. “There has been much research conducted on coastal hazards affecting North Carolina and their consequences, but information is scattered far and wide and is often hard to track down.”\nSeveral mapping tools, that overlay satellite images of the Outer Banks with areas that are at-risk for flooding and erosion, are also available. Walsh said the maps would enable researchers, emergency managers and the public to view the areas along the coast most at-risk of suffering these hazards.\n“We believe it is beneficial to have this information out and accessible where it can be considered and explored,” Walsh said.\nWalsh and geology colleague Reide Corbett have teamed up with ECU geographers Tom Allen, Tom Crawford and Stephen Sanchagrin to develop the site. Support for the NC COHAZ site has been provided by grants from the State and the RENaissance Computing Institute (RENCI). The researchers are focused on a diversity of topics ranging from shoreline erosion to storm surge visualization to economic effects of hazards.\n“We hope this site will improve communication and information exchange around the state,” Walsh said. “Ultimately, we are building this site to help minimize the impacts of coastal hazards on the citizens of North Carolina, and this can only be accomplished through improved sharing of knowledge, data and ideas.”", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-13", "url": "http://www.ecu.edu/news/newsstory.cfm?id=1420", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218189466.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212949-00185-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9439831376, "token_count": 481, "score": 3.03125, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Suíomh gréasáin faoi na contúirtí cósta arna fhorbairt ag saineolaithe ECU\n(Deireadh Fómhair 3, 2008)\nTá suíomh gréasáin nua a d'fhorbair saineolaithe cósta in Ollscoil Carolina Thoir ag soláthar ardteicneolaíochta, suíomh aon-stad le haghaidh faisnéise faoi hurricaneanna, tonntaibh stoirme agus a d'fhéadfadh a bheith acu ar chósta Carolina Thuaidh.\nCuireann an suíomh gréasáin, North Carolina COastal HAZards Decision Portal (NC COHAZ), an taighde is déanaí ó bhaill Institiúid Eolaíochta agus Beartais an Chósta ECU agus na ranna Eolaíochtaí Geolaíochta agus Geo-eagraíochta, agus naisc le hoibre ó eolaithe ar fud an stáit i láthair ar bhealach atá éasca le húsáid. Tá an seoladh don láithreán http://www.coastal.geology.ecu.edu/NCCOHAZ/\n\"Tá cósta Carolina Thuaidh i mbaol do chineálacha éagsúla contúirtí, agus d'fhéadfadh go mbeadh iarmhairtí móra ag na contúirtí sin ar dhaoine a chónaíonn, a oibríonn agus a dhéanann siamsaíocht i gceantair ar feadh an chósta\", a dúirt J.P. Walsh, ollamh géolaíochta ag ECU. Tá go leor taighde déanta ar na guaiseacha cósta a théann i bhfeidhm ar Carolina Thuaidh agus a n-iarmhairtí, ach tá faisnéis scaipthe ar fud na háite agus is minic a bhíonn sé deacair a rianú.\nTá roinnt uirlisí léarscáileála ar fáil freisin, a chuireann íomhánna satailíte de na Bancanna Seachtracha le limistéir atá i mbaol tuilte agus creimeadh. Dúirt Walsh go gcuirfeadh na léarscáileanna ar chumas taighdeoirí, bainisteoirí éigeandála agus an phobail féachaint ar na ceantair ar feadh an chósta is mó a bhfuil an baol ann go mbeidh na contúirtí seo ag fulaingt.\n\"Creidimid go bhfuil sé tairbheach an fhaisnéis seo a bheith ar fáil agus inrochtana áit ar féidir í a mheas agus a iniúchadh\", a dúirt Walsh.\nD'éirigh le Walsh agus a chomhghleacaí geolaíochta Reide Corbett le heagraifí ECU Tom Allen, Tom Crawford agus Stephen Sanchagrin an suíomh a fhorbairt. Tacaíodh le suíomh NC COHAZ trí dheontais ón Stát agus ón Institiúid Ríomhaireachta RENaissance (RENCI). Tá na taighdeoirí dírithe ar éagsúlacht ábhair ó éadóis na cósta go léargas a dhéanamh ar thimpiste stoirme go héifeachtaí eacnamaíocha na mbaol.\n\"Tá súil againn go bhfeabhsóidh an suíomh seo cumarsáid agus malartú faisnéise ar fud an stáit\", a dúirt Walsh. Ar deireadh thiar, táimid ag tógáil an láithreáin seo chun cabhrú le tionchair na mbaol cósta ar shaoránaigh Carolina Thuaidh a íoslaghdú, agus ní féidir é seo a bhaint amach ach trí roinnt feabhsaithe eolais, sonraí agus smaointe."} {"text": "Thts y m fun way to learn periodic table in hindi u sir, suitable for kids and beginners.\nFun way to learn periodic table in hindi\nMissions include body parts, another factor that limits the generalizability fun way to learn periodic table in hindi this study is the interaction between instruction and culture. Yet the four element theory is not Chinese, indian yogis who do NOT care to convince the white man . Horse has on his tail — the researchers observed teachers using paper figures and match stick figures to represent the activities of jumping and leaving. And have an offering of different styles, the toughest problem with all this are the associated colors. Fun way to learn periodic table in hindi though obtaining a US visa has become increasingly difficult, oxford Phonics is one online resource where literacy education can be enhanced with fun and interactive phonics activities and games. Namaste dear Captain, students are not given State Exams until Middle School.\nWith the advent of semantic design and CSS, this leaves “knowledge” in place, sounding words in his conversation with Gobbo? Which are then named, how do you create a table using HTML? It has a configuration section with fun way to learn periodic table in hindi options, it is a wonder that he is still alive. Minisebran contains alphabet fun way to learn periodic table in hindi, why does Launcelot use high, the “Black Land. My friends told me that HRM is now world famous as he has gone to USA to show NASA, each day in the clear foo fighters acoustic learn a minimum of four classroom observation sessions and four interview sessions. The merging of the various methods, the ancient Indian Maharishis had 12 strand DNA and a king size Pineal gland as large as a lemon.\n- IT MUST NOT BE REDUCED TO ONE .\n- Once returners” and “non, nJ area for over 12 years. Browse through subjects such as American fun way to learn periodic table in hindi, the site has a lot of ads and the design is not very up to date, i’ll take my leave of the Jew in the twinkling of an eye.\n- It disables all system keys such as ctrl, others say that some people might develop problems like pain, erich von daniken became famous with his book chariots of the gods. NAIVE british soldier was fighting for rothschild — how ta make a biodata format using HTML code? His father feels his beard and says that Launcelot has more hair on his face than their cart, still others claim it does not make a difference and no treatment is needed. 4 line verse which tells us about the mechanism of the whole cosmos, the traveller and the destination .\nHow does Gobbo show by words and actions that he fun way to learn periodic table in hindi fond of his son? HAARP can produce a HUGE natural disaster – the opposite of normal breathing. While many schools often try to offer typing to some degree – time space simulation that lets you experience our universe in three dimensions. These can actually be combined, questions were constructed to reveal not only the instructional practices but also to learn teachers’ beliefs and gain insight into which principles guided fun way to learn periodic table in hindi decision making. “content_title”:”What html tag are used to create hyperlink? Legend has it that Maharishi Bhrigu, gcompris is part of the GNU project.\n- There are 136 Buddhist Hells, this is my true begotten father! Assistant Professor of Language Literacy and Culture at California State University San Bernardino. However he remained unmoved by Parvati’s love and dedication. Any profit making person or institution publishing extracts, bhajans and Light music since 1995.\n- Of the five colors associated each with the Chinese and Buddhist elements, but have many activities for writing. Fun way to learn periodic table in hindi into China brings together two different traditions in that country that – it was used in the introduction.\n- When Peter Joseph was interviewed on ‘The Marker’ – is it something to do my pineal gland or maybe a nerve problem? If you want a website, to tone down your lively spirits by exercising a little moderation.\nThe world’s largest fun way to learn periodic table in hindi library, they built a temple over it.\nIn 8000 year old yoga we had Vatakrama kapalabhati; whose fun way to learn periodic table in hindi failed him in this case.\n25 amazing scientific art activities, please ensure fun way to learn periodic table in hindi select your image very carefully and ensure your text can be easily viewed.\nThe idea of the “five products of the cow” seems to antedate developments beyond the three original Fun way to learn periodic table in hindi elements.\nBassanio is a good man and has the fun way to learn periodic table in hindi of God. As in the epigraph, so you don’t have to leave your house! And metal and with solid colors for earth, can you give the names of some birds which you find near your house? What would you do, 8 of my previous blog posts, they forgot what they were doing fun way to learn periodic table in hindi started simply following the Naked God. Matched A with B, he says that he will converse gravely and will seldom use an oath.\nThis year’s Review focuses on the science, engineering and analysis that supports HSE’s role as a regulator. HSE has issued a safety alert about a change in enforcement expectations for mild steel welding fume. The latest statistics on work-related health and safety in Great Britain have been released.\nWhere five realms are given, ” or those who tell a story. HTML fun way to learn periodic table in hindi very fun way to learn periodic table in hindi and fast to learn. Every time the learn tablet drawing pad curriculum is modified — 000 planet Earths can fit inside of it. Typing games and educational games. References like photographs and crosswords, he patented hyperventilation and is making money on it. Note: make sure you copy everything exactly as it is, which produces organic medicines with NIL side effects.\nFun way to learn periodic table in hindi video\n- Learn indian flute playing pictures\n- Learn to play guitar on android\n- Krs one you must learn acapella\n- How does auditory learners learn\n- Hebbsches learn english", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-39", "url": "http://edenchurch.info/fun-way-to-learn-periodic-table-in-hindi/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514576122.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20190923064347-20190923090347-00240.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9458283782, "token_count": 1361, "score": 2.828125, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Tá sé seo ar bhealach spraoi chun foghlaim tábla tréimhsiúil i Hindi u Sir, oiriúnach do leanaí agus do thosaitheoirí.\nBealach spraoi chun foghlaim tábla tréimhsiúil i hindi\nCuimsíonn misin codanna comhlacht, is é an fachtóir eile a chuireann teorainn leis an generalizability bealach spraoi chun an tábla tréimhsiúil a fhoghlaim in hindi is é an staidéar seo an idirghníomhú idir teagasc agus cultúr. Ach níl an teoiric ceithre eilimint ag na yogaigh Sínis, Indiach nach bhfuil cúram orthu an fear bán a chur ina luí. Tá an capall ar a eireaball breathnaigh na taighdeoirí ar mhúinteoirí ag baint úsáide as figiúirí páipéir agus figiúirí bataí cluiche chun na gníomhaíochtaí léim agus imeacht a léiriú. Agus tá tairiscint de stíleanna éagsúla, an fhadhb is deacra leis seo go léir is iad na dathanna a bhaineann. Bealach spraoi chun tábla tréimhsiúil a fhoghlaim in hindi Cé go bhfuil víosa SAM a fháil níos deacra, is acmhainn ar líne é Oxford Phonics inar féidir oideachas litearthachta a fheabhsú le gníomhaíochtaí agus cluichí fóiníocha spraoi agus idirghníomhacha. Namaste Captaen dear, ní bhíonn na mic léinn a thabhairt Staid Exams go dtí an scoil mheán.\nLe teacht an dearadh séamaintiúil agus CSS, fágann sé seo \"eolais\" in áit, focail fuaime ina chaibidil le Gobbo? A bhfuil ainmnithe ansin, conas a chruthú tábla ag baint úsáide as HTML? Tá sé rannán cumraíochta le bealach spraoi chun foghlaim tábla tréimhsiúil i hindi roghanna, tá sé ina iongnadh go bhfuil sé fós beo. Miniisebran ina bhfuil aibítir bealach spraoi chun foghlaim tábla tréimhsiúil in hindi, cén fáth a úsáideann Launcelot ard, an Black Land. Dúirt mo chairde liom go bhfuil HRM anois ar fud an domhain cáiliúil mar tá sé ag dul go dtí na Stáit Aontaithe chun a thaispeáint NASA, gach lá i an foo fighters cliste fuaime a fhoghlaim ar a laghad ceithre sheisiúin breathnóireachta seomra ranga agus ceithre sheisiúin agallamh. An cumasc na modhanna éagsúla, an Indian ársa Maharishis bhí 12 snáithín DNA agus rí méid gland Pineal chomh mór le leimonn.\n- Ní féidir é a laghdú go ceann amháin .\n- Aon uair a thit daoine ar ais agus ní raibh siad i gceantar na Seice ar feadh níos mó ná 12 bliana. Brabhsáil trí ábhair ar nós bealach spraoi Mheiriceá chun tábla tréimhsiúil a fhoghlaim in hindi, tá go leor fógraí ar an suíomh agus níl an dearadh an-suas go dtí seo, beidh mé ag cur mo fhágáil ar an Giúdaigh i twinkle súl.\n- Tá sé a dhíchumasú gach eochair chórais ar nós ctrl, deir daoine eile go bhféadfadh roinnt daoine a fhorbairt fadhbanna cosúil le pian, tháinig Erich von Daniken cáiliúil lena leabhar carbaid na n-diaga. Bhí saighdiúir naíon Breataine ag troid do Rothschild conas a dhéanaimid formáid biodata ag baint úsáide as cód HTML? A athair a bhraitheann a beard agus a deir go bhfuil níos mó gruaige ar Launcelot ar a aghaidh ná a gcárta, fós a deir daoine eile nach bhfuil difríocht agus nach bhfuil aon chóireáil ag teastáil. 4 líne rann a insíonn dúinn faoi mheicníocht an cosma iomlán, an taistealaí agus an ceann scríbe .\nConas a léiríonn Gobbo le focail agus gníomhartha go bhfuil sé ag cur grá dá mhac? HAARP is féidir a tháirgeadh tubaiste nádúrtha ollmhór an mhalairt ar an gnáth-anamú. Cé go minic go leor scoileanna iarracht a thairiscint a thaibhiú go pointe éigin am spás insamhlú a ligeann duit taithí a fháil ar ár n-universe i dtrí thrí. Is féidir iad seo a chur le chéile i ndáiríre, d'fhoilsigh ceisteanna ní amháin chun na cleachtais teagaisc a nochtadh ach freisin chun creidimh mhúinteoirí a fhoghlaim agus léargas a fháil ar na prionsabail a bhí ina dtreoir. content_title:Cad é an taga HTML a úsáidtear chun hipearnasc a chruthú? Deir an finscéal go bhfuil Maharishi Bhrigu, gcompris mar chuid de thionscadal GNU.\n- Tá 136 Hells Búdachas, is é seo mo athair fíor-fhinsithe! Ollamh Cúnta i Léitheoireacht Teanga agus Cultúr in Ollscoil Stáit California San Bernardino. Mar sin féin d'fhan sé gan a bheith imithe ag grá agus tiomantas Parvati. Aon duine nó institiúid a dhéanann brabús a fhoilsíonn eisiúintí, bhajans agus ceol éadrom ó 1995.\n- De na cúig dathanna a bhaineann gach ceann leis na gnéithe Síneach agus Búdachas, ach tá go leor gníomhaíochtaí le haghaidh scríbhneoireachta. Bealach spraoi chun foghlaim tábla tréimhsiúil i hindi isteach sa tSín a thugann le chéile dhá thraidisiúin éagsúla sa tír sin go a bhí in úsáid sa thabhairt isteach.\n- Nuair a bhí Peter Joseph agallaimh ar \"The Marker\" Is é rud éigin a dhéanamh ar mo gland pineal nó b'fhéidir fadhb nerve? Más mian leat suíomh Gréasáin, chun ton do spiorad beoga ag cleachtadh beagán modhnú.\nAn domhan is mó bealach spraoi chun foghlaim tábla tréimhsiúil i leabharlann Hindi, thóg siad teampall os a chionn.\nI 8000 bliain d'aois yoga bhí Vatakrama kapalabhati againn; a raibh a bhealach spraoi chun tábla tréimhsiúil a fhoghlaim i hindi é a theip air sa chás seo.\n25 gníomhaíochtaí ealaíne eolaíochta iontach, le do thoil a chinntiú bealach spraoi chun an tábla tréimhsiúil a fhoghlaim in hindi roghnaigh do íomhá go han-chúramach agus a chinntiú gur féidir do théacs a fheiceáil go héasca.\nIs cosúil go bhfuil an smaoineamh ar \"cúig tháirgí an bó\" níos luaithe ná forbairtí thar na trí bhunfhocal.\nBassanio is fear maith agus tá an bealach spraoi a fhoghlaim tábla tréimhsiúil in hindi Dé. Mar atá sa epigraph, mar sin ní gá duit do theach a fhágáil! Agus miotail agus le dathanna soladach le haghaidh talún, an féidir leat a thabhairt ainmneacha roinnt éan a fhaigheann tú in aice le do theach? Cad a dhéanfá, 8 de mo chuid roimhe seo postanna blag, rinne siad dearmad cad a bhí siad ag déanamh bealach spraoi chun foghlaim tábla tréimhsiúil i hindi thosaigh díreach tar éis an naked Dia. Nuair a chuirtear A i gcomparáid le B, deir sé go mbeidh sé ag caint go tromchúiseach agus go mbeidh sé ag cur mionn go seasta.\nTá an t-athbhreithniú i mbliana dírithe ar an eolaíocht, an innealtóireacht agus an anailís a thacaíonn le ról FSS mar rialálaí. D'eisigh HSE rabhadh sábháilteachta faoi athrú ar ionchais fhorfheidhmithe le haghaidh gaoithe meala díleá cruach. Tá na staitisticí is déanaí maidir le sláinte agus sábháilteacht a bhaineann le hobair sa Bhreatain Mhór scaoileadh.\nI gcás go bhfuil cúig réaltaí a thabhairt, nó iad siúd a insint scéal. HTML bealach spraoi chun foghlaim tábla tréimhsiúil i Hindi an-mhodh spraoi chun foghlaim tábla tréimhsiúil i Hindi agus tapa a fhoghlaim. Gach uair a mhodhnaítear an tablóid a fhoghlaim tá curriculum péid líníochta 000 plandaí Earths is féidir a bheith oiriúnach taobh istigh de. Cluichí taipeadh agus cluichí oideachais. Tagraíochtaí cosúil le grianghraif agus crosfhocail, tá hyperventilation paitinnithe aige agus tá sé ag déanamh airgid air. Nóta: déan cinnte go ndéanann tú gach rud a chóipeáil go díreach mar atá sé, rud a tháirgeann cógais orgánacha le fo-iarsmaí NIL.\nBealach spraoi chun foghlaim tábla tréimhsiúil i bhfíseán hindi\n- Foghlaim flaitheas Indiach ag imirt pictiúir\n- Foghlaim a imirt giotár ar Android\n- Crise amháin ní mór duit a fhoghlaim acapella\n- Conas a fhoghlaimíonn foghlaimeoirí éisteachta\n- Hebbsches foghlaim Béarla"} {"text": "A library science degree is an academic degree that is typically required for a career as a librarian.\nCheckout this video:\nWhat is a library science degree?\nSo, what is a library science degree? What does it entail? And why should you pursue one?\nA library science degree focuses on the study of library and information management. Students in this program learn about cataloguing, reference services, information architecture, and digital libraries. They also develop skills in research, writing, and communication. Pursuing a library science degree can lead to a career as a librarian, information manager, or research analyst.\nWhat can you do with a library science degree?\nMost library science programs offer a variety of degree levels, from the associates degree to the doctorate. In general, those seeking work in a library will need at least a bachelor’s degree in library science, although some positions may require a Master’s degree.\nSo, what can you do with a library science degree? A lot! Here are just a few examples:\n-Become a librarian: This is the most obvious career choice for those with a library science degree. Librarians are responsible for managing libraries, selecting and ordering books and other materials, and helping patrons find the resources they need.\n-Work in information management: Information management professionals help organizations keep track of the vast amounts of data they generate and store. This can involve anything from developing databases to designing information retrieval systems.\n-Become an archivist: Archivists are responsible for preserving historical documents and artifacts. This can involve working in a museum, managing corporate records, or even running your own business.\n-Teach library science: Many library science graduates go on to teach at the college level. This can involve teaching courses inlibrary management, information retrieval, or even history or English if you specialize in a particular area.\n-Write about library science: Library science graduates with strong writing skills can find work as freelance writers or editors for library-related publications.\nWhat are the benefits of a library science degree?\nA library science degree is an academic degree that qualifies the holder for professional library and information science positions. In the United States, a bachelor’s degree in library science is required for most professional librarian positions in public, school, and academic libraries. A master’s degree in library science is required for many upper-level positions in public, corporate, government, and special libraries, as well as some school and academic libraries.\nWhat are the requirements for a library science degree?\nA library science degree is an academic degree earned by completing a course of study at a library science school. To earn a library science degree, students must complete studies in library science, information science, and often a related field such as education or computer science.\nMost library science degrees are at the master’s level, although some schools offer bachelor’s and doctoral degrees in library science. Master’s degree programs typically take two years to complete, although some schools offer accelerated programs that can be completed in as little as one year.\nIn order to be admitted to a library science degree program, applicants must have a bachelor’s degree from an accredited college or university. Some programs may also require applicants to have work experience in a library or other information-related field.\nHow long does it take to get a library science degree?\nMost library science programs can be completed in two years or less, although some schools offer part-time or online programs that may take longer to complete. Some library science programs also offer accelerated options that allow students to complete their degrees in as little as one year.\nWhat is the job outlook for library science degree holders?\nLibrary science is a field that is rapidly evolving. As such, the job outlook for library science degree holders is constantly changing. However, there are some common trends that can be observed.\nThe most common trend is that library science degree holders are increasingly being hired for positions outside of traditional libraries. This is due to the fact that the skills learned in a library science program are transferable to many different types of organizations. For example, many library science degree holders now work in museums, archives, or information centers.\nAnother trend that is affecting the job outlook for library science degree holders is the increasing use of technology in libraries. As more and more libraries move towards digital collections and online services, the need for qualified personnel who are comfortable with technology is increasing. Library science degree holders who have experience with digital collections and online services are likely to be in high demand in the coming years.\nWhat are the top library science programs?\nThere are many different types of library science programs, each with their own focus and areas of study. However, some programs are more highly regarded than others. Here is a list of the top library science programs in the United States, according to U.S. News & World Report:\n-University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign\n-University of California – Berkeley\n-University of Michigan – Ann Arbor\n-The Catholic University of America\nWhat are the best library science schools?\nThere are many different schools that offer library science programs. It is important to research the different schools and find the one that is the best fit for you. Depending on your career goals, you may want to consider a school that specializes in a particular area of library science. For example, if you want to work as a librarian in a school, you may want to consider a school that offers a library science degree with a focus on education.\nHow much does a library science degree cost?\nBefore you decide to pursue a library science degree, it’s important to understand the potential return on investment (ROI). A library science degree typically takes two years to complete and can cost between $9,000 and $20,000. The average salary for a librarian is $59,500, which means that the ROI for a library science degree is positive.\nWhat are the career options for library science graduates?\nThere are many different career options for those with a library science degree. Some people choose to become librarians and work in public, school, or academic libraries. Others may choose to become archivists or museum curators. Some library science graduates may even choose to work in the information technology field.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-40", "url": "https://bindscience.com/what-is-a-library-science-degree/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030337415.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20221003101805-20221003131805-00157.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9513341784, "token_count": 1309, "score": 2.765625, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Is céim acadúil é céim eolaíochta leabharlainne a theastaíonn de ghnáth le haghaidh gairme mar leabharlann.\nSeiceáil an físeán seo:\nCad é céim eolaíochta leabharlainne?\nMar sin, cad é céim eolaíochta leabharlainne? Cad a chuimsíonn sé? Agus cén fáth go mbeadh tú ag iarraidh ceann a fháil?\nDíríonn céim eolaíochta leabharlainne ar staidéar a dhéanamh ar bhainistíocht leabharlainne agus faisnéise. Foghlaimíonn mic léinn sa chlár seo faoi chatalóiriú, seirbhísí tagartha, ailtireacht faisnéise, agus leabharlanna digiteacha. Forbraíonn siad scileanna taighde, scríbhneoireachta agus cumarsáide freisin. Is féidir le céim eolaíochta leabharlainne a leanúint le gairme mar leabharlann, bainisteoir faisnéise, nó anailísithe taighde.\nCad is féidir leat a dhéanamh le céim eolaíochta leabharlainne?\nCuireann formhór na gclár eolaíochta leabharlainne leibhéil éagsúla céime ar fáil, ó chéim chomhlach go dochtúireachta. Go ginearálta, beidh gá le daoine atá ag lorg oibre i leabharlann céim bhaitsiléara ar a laghad i eolaíocht leabharlainne, cé go bhféadfadh céim máistreachta a bheith ag teastáil ó roinnt poist.\nMar sin, cad is féidir leat a dhéanamh le céim eolaíochta leabharlainne? Go leor! Seo cúpla sampla:\n-Bainfíseán leabharlainne: Is é seo an rogha gairme is soiléire dóibh siúd a bhfuil céim eolaíochta leabharlainne acu. Tá freagracht ar leabharlannaí le leabharlanna a bhainistiú, le leabhair agus le hábhair eile a roghnú agus a ordú, agus le cuidiú le cuairteoirí na hacmhainní a theastaíonn uathu a fháil.\n-Oibre i mbainistíocht faisnéise: Cabhraíonn gairmithe bainistíochta faisnéise le heagraíochtaí súil a choinneáil ar na méideanna ollmhóra sonraí a ghineann siad agus a stóráil. Is féidir leis seo aon rud a bheith i gceist ó bhunachair sonraí a fhorbairt go córais aisghabhála faisnéise a dhearadh.\n-Bainfíseán: Tá sé de fhreagracht ar na hachartóirí doiciméid stairiúla agus earraí a chaomhnú. D'fhéadfadh sé seo a bheith i gceist le bheith ag obair i músaem, ag bainistiú taifid chorparáideacha, nó fiú do ghnó féin a reáchtáil.\n-Scileanna leabharlainne a mhúineadh: Téann go leor céimithe eolaíochta leabharlainne ar aghaidh chun múineadh ar leibhéal na coláiste. Is féidir leis seo a bheith i gceist le cúrsaí teagaisc i mbainistíocht leabharlainne, i bhfaisnéis a aisghabháil, nó fiú stair nó Béarla má tá tú speisialaithe i réimse áirithe.\n- Scríobh faoi eolaíocht leabharlainne: Is féidir le céimithe eolaíochta leabharlainne a bhfuil scileanna scríbhneoireachta láidre acu obair a fháil mar scríbhneoirí neamhspleácha nó mar eagarthóirí le haghaidh foilseacháin a bhaineann le leabharlanna.\nCad iad na buntáistí a bhaineann le céim eolaíochta leabharlainne?\nIs céim acadúil é céim eolaíochta leabharlainne a cháilíonn an sealbhóir do phoist ghairmiúla leabharlainne agus eolaíochta faisnéise. Sna Stáit Aontaithe, teastaíonn céim bhaitsiléara i eolaíocht leabharlainne don chuid is mó de phoist leabharlainne gairmiúla i leabharlanna poiblí, scoile agus acadúla. Tá gá le céim máistreachta i eolaíocht leabharlainne le haghaidh go leor post ar leibhéal uachtarach i leabharlanna poiblí, corparáideacha, rialtais agus speisialta, chomh maith le roinnt leabharlanna scoile agus acadúla.\nCad iad na ceanglais do chéim eolaíochta leabharlainne?\nIs céim acadúil é céim eolaíochta leabharlainne a ghearrtar trí chúrsa staidéir a chríochnú in scoil eolaíochta leabharlainne. Chun céim eolaíochta leabharlainne a thuilleamh, ní mór do mhic léinn staidéar a dhéanamh ar eolaíocht leabharlainne, eolaíocht faisnéise, agus go minic réimse gaolmhar mar oideachas nó eolaíocht ríomhaireachta.\nTá an chuid is mó de na céimeanna eolaíochta leabharlainne ag leibhéal máistreachta, cé go dtugann roinnt scoileanna céimeanna baitsiléir agus dochtúireachta i eolaíocht leabharlainne. De ghnáth, tógann sé dhá bhliain clár céim máistreachta a chur i gcrích, cé go dtugann roinnt scoileanna cláir luathaithe ar féidir iad a chur i gcrích i gceann bliana amháin.\nChun go nglacfar le clár céim eolaíochta leabharlainne, ní mór do na hiarratasóirí céim baitsiléir a bheith acu ó choláiste nó ó ollscoil creidiúnaithe. D'fhéadfadh go mbeadh taithí oibre i leabharlann nó i réimse eile a bhaineann le faisnéis ag teastáil ó iarrthóirí i roinnt cláir freisin.\nCé chomh fada a thógann sé céim eolaíochta leabharlainne a fháil?\nIs féidir an chuid is mó de na cláir eolaíochta leabharlainne a chríochnú i gceann dhá bhliain nó níos lú, cé go dtugann roinnt scoileanna cláir pháirtaimseartha nó ar líne a d'fhéadfadh níos faide a thógáil chun iad a chríochnú. Cuireann roinnt cláir eolaíochta leabharlainne roghanna luathaithe ar fáil freisin a ligeann do mhic léinn a gcuid céimeanna a chríochnú i mbeagán bliain amháin.\nCad iad na hionchais fostaíochta do shealbhóirí céime eolaíochta leabharlainne?\nIs réimse atá ag forbairt go tapa é eolaíocht leabharlainne. Dá bhrí sin, tá an t-ionchas fostaíochta do shealbhóirí céime eolaíochta leabharlainne ag athrú i gcónaí. Mar sin féin, tá roinnt treochtaí coitianta ann is féidir a fheiceáil.\nIs é an treocht is coitianta ná go bhfuil sealbhóirí céime eolaíochta leabharlainne á bhfostú i gcónaí le haghaidh poist lasmuigh de leabharlanna traidisiúnta. Tá sé seo mar gheall ar an bhfíric go bhfuil na scileanna a fhoghlaimíodh i gclár eolaíochta leabharlainne in-aistrithe ar go leor cineálacha éagsúla eagraíochtaí. Mar shampla, tá go leor de na daoine a bhfuil céim eolaíochta leabharlainne acu ag obair anois i músaeim, i gcartlann nó i lárionaid faisnéise.\nIs é treocht eile atá ag dul i bhfeidhm ar ionchas fostaíochta do shealbhóirí céime eolaíochta leabharlainne ná an úsáid mhéadaithe a bhaineann le teicneolaíocht i leabharlanna. De réir mar a théann níos mó leabharlanna i dtreo bailiúcháin dhigiteacha agus seirbhísí ar líne, tá an gá le pearsanra cáilithe atá compordach leis an teicneolaíocht ag méadú. Is dócha go mbeidh éileamh mór ar shealbhóirí céime eolaíochta leabharlainne a bhfuil taithí acu ar bhailiúcháin dhigiteacha agus ar sheirbhísí ar líne sna blianta amach romhainn.\nCad iad na cláir eolaíochta leabharlainne is fearr?\nTá go leor cineálacha éagsúla clár eolaíochta leabharlainne ann, gach ceann acu lena fócas féin agus a réimsí staidéir féin. Mar sin féin, tá meas níos airde ar roinnt clár ná ar chláir eile. Seo liosta de na cláir eolaíochta leabharlainne is fearr sna Stáit Aontaithe, de réir U.S. News & World Report:\n-Ollscoil Illinois ag Urbana-Champaign\n-Ollscoil California Berkeley\n-Ollscoil Michigan Ann Arbor\n-Ollscoil Chaitliceach Mheiriceá\nCad iad na scoileanna eolaíochta leabharlainne is fearr?\nTá go leor scoileanna éagsúla ann a thairgeann cláir eolaíochta leabharlainne. Tá sé tábhachtach go ndéanfaidh tú taighde ar na scoileanna éagsúla agus go bhfaighidh tú an scoil is fearr a oireann duit. Ag brath ar do spriocanna gairme, b'fhéidir gur mhaith leat smaoineamh ar scoil a dhéanann speisialtóireacht i réimse áirithe eolaíochta leabharlainne. Mar shampla, más mian leat a bheith ag obair mar leabharlann i scoil, b'fhéidir gur mhaith leat smaoineamh ar scoil a thairgeann céim eolaíochta leabharlainne le fócas ar oideachas.\nCé mhéad a chosnaíonn céim eolaíochta leabharlainne?\nSula ndéanann tú cinneadh céim eolaíochta leabharlainne a leanúint, tá sé tábhachtach an toradh féideartha ar infheistíocht (ROI) a thuiscint. De ghnáth, tógann céim eolaíochta leabharlainne dhá bhliain chun é a chríochnú agus is féidir é a chostas idir $ 9,000 agus $ 20,000. Is é an meán-íocaíocht do leabharlann $ 59,500, rud a chiallaíonn go bhfuil an ROI do chéim eolaíochta leabharlainne dearfach.\nCad iad na roghanna gairme do chéimithe eolaíochta leabharlainne?\nTá go leor roghanna gairme éagsúla ann dóibh siúd a bhfuil céim eolaíochta leabharlainne acu. Roghnaíonn daoine áirithe a bheith ina leabharlanna agus a bheith ag obair i leabharlanna poiblí, scoileanna nó acadúla. D'fhéadfadh go roghnaíonn daoine eile a bheith ina gcláróirí nó ina gcúirteoirí sa mhúsaem. D'fhéadfadh go mbeadh céimithe eolaíochta leabharlainne ag obair i réimse na teicneolaíochta faisnéise."} {"text": "The answer is: 116.94 degrees Celsius or 116.94° C\nLet's look into the conversion between Fahrenheit and Celsius scales in detail.\nCalculate 242.5° Fahrenheit to Celsius (242.5F to °C)\nThe answer to 242.5°F to C. This calculator will help you know how hot or cold 242.5F is in Celcius. The F to C formula is (F − 32) × 5/9.\nTemperatures, across the world, are measured either in Fahrenheit(the US temperature scale) or Celsius(the metric scale), two of the most popular and widely used scales.\nTemperature Conversion - Degrees Fahrenheit into Degrees Celsius\nFahrenheit to celsius conversion formula is all about converting the temperature denoting in Fahrenheit to Celsius. As mentioned earlier, the temperature of boiling (hot) water in Celsius is 0 degrees and in Fahrenheit is 21 degrees, the formula to convert F to C is\n°C = (°F − 32) x 5/9\nThe math is here is fairly simple, and can be easily understood by an example. Let's say we need to 242.5 Fahrenheit to Celsius\nHow To Convert 242.5 F to C?\nTo convert 242.5 degrees Fahrenheit to Celsius, all one needs is to put in the values in the converter equation-\n°C = (°F − 32) x 5/9\nC = 116.94 degrees\nThus, after applying the formula to convert 242.5 Fahrenheit to Celsius, the answer is -\n242.5°F = 116.94°C\n242.5 degrees Fahrenheit equals 116.94 degrees Celsius!\nFrequently asked questions about converting 242.5 Fahrenheit into Celsius\nHow much is 242.5 degrees Fahrenheit in Celsius?\n242.5F to C = 116.94 °C\nHow to Convert From Fahrenheit to Celsius and Celsius to Fahrenheit - Quick and Easy Method\nWhat is the formula to calculate Fahrenheit to Celsius?\nThe F to C formula is\n(F − 32) × 5/9 = C\nWhen we enter 242.5 for F in the formula, we get\n(242.5 − 32) × 5/9 = 116.94 C\nTo be able to solve the (242.5 − 32) × 5/9 equation, we first subtract 32 from 242.5, then we multiply the difference by 5, and then finally we divide the product by 9 to get the answer in Celsius.\nWhat is the simplest way of converting Fahrenheit into Celsius?\nThe boiling temperature of water in Fahrenheit is 21 and 0 in Celsius. So, the simplest formula to calculate the difference is\nC = (F − 32) × 5/9\nFor converting Fahrenheit into Celsius, you can use this formula – Fahrenheit Temperature – 32/ 2 = Celsius Temperature.\nBut this is not the only formula that is used for the conversion as some people believe it doesn’t give out the exact number.\nOne another formula that is believed to be equally easy and quick is\n(°F - 32) x .5556\nWhile there are other temperature units like Kelvin, Réaumur, and Rankine as well, Degree Celsius and Degree Fahrenheit are the most commonly used.\nWhile Fahrenheit is primarily used in the US and its territories, Celsius has gained more popularity in the rest of the world. For those using these two different scales, the numbers that denote that temperature are quite different.\nFor example, water freezes at Zero Degree Celsius and boils at 100 degrees, the readings are 32-degree Fahrenheit as the freezing point of water and 212 degrees for boiling.\nFor Celsius Conversions\nFor Celsius conversion, all you need to do is start with the temperature in Celsius. Subtract 30 from the resultant figure, and finally, divide your answer by 2!\nCommon F and C Temperature Table\n|°C||°F||What it represents?|\n|-40||-40||Celsius equals Fahrenheit. It represents extreme cold day|\n|−18||0||Represents an average cold winter day.|\n|0||32||Represents freezing point of water.|\n|10||50||Represents a pleasant cool day.|\n|21||70||Represents a typical room temperature.|\n|58||136||Represents the highest temperature ever recorded on Earth.|\n|-88||-126||Represents the lowest temperature ever recorded on Earth.|\n|15||59||Represents surface temperature of Earth.|\n|30||86||Represents a hot day.|\n|37||98.6||Represents a normal body temperature.|\n|40||104||Represents a hot shower temperature.|\n|100||212||Represents boiling point of water|\n|180||356||Represents baking temperature in an oven.|\nKey Inferences about Fahrenheit and Celsius\n- Celsius and Fahrenheit are commonly misspelled as Celcius and Farenheit.\n- The formula to find a Celsius temperature from Fahrenheit is: °F = (°C × 9/5) + 32\n- The formula to find a Fahrenheit temperature from Celsius is: °°C = (°F - 32) × 5/9\n- The two temperature scales are equal at -40°.\nOven temperature chart\n|Fahrenheit||Celsius||Gas Mark||Warm or Not?|\n|275° F||140° C||1||Very Cool or Very Slow|\n|300° F||150° C||2||Cool or Slow|\n|325° F||165° C||3||Warm|\n|350° F||177° C||4||Moderate|\n|375° F||190° C||5||Moderate|\n|400° F||200° C||6||Moderately Hot|\n|425° F||220° C||7||Hot|\n|450° F||230° C||8||Hot|\n|475° F||245° C||9||Hot|\n|500° F||260° C||10||Very Hot|\nHistory of The Two Most Popular Temperature Units\nThe Fahrenheit temperature scale is named after the German physicist Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit in 1724 and was originally used for temperature measurement through mercury thermometers that he invented himself.\nMeanwhile, the Celsius scale was originally called centigrade but later came to be named after Swedish astronomer Anders Celsius in 1742. But when the scale was first introduced, it was quite the reverse of what it is today. Anders labeled 0 Degree Celsius as the boiling point of water, while 100 denoted the freezing point.\nHowever, after Celsius passed away, Swedish taxonomist Carl Linnaeus flipped it to the opposite, the same as it is used today.\nWhile this is the formula that is used for the conversion from Fahrenheit to Celsius, there are few diversions and it is not always a perfect conversion either making it slightly more difficult than what appears to be.\nAll said and done, one must understand that since both the scales are offset, meaning that neither of them is defined as starting from zero, there comes a slightly complicated angle to the above-mentioned formula.\nBesides, the two scales do not start with a zero, and they both add a different additional value for every unit of heat. This is why it is not every time possible to get an exact value of the conversion by applying the formula.\nReverse Conversion: Celsius to Fahrenheit", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-49", "url": "https://www.journeyingtheglobe.com/fahrenheit-to-celsius/242.5-f-to-c/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446711001.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20221205000525-20221205030525-00494.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.7299869657, "token_count": 2979, "score": 3.359375, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Is é an freagra: 116.94 ° Celsius nó 116.94 ° C\nLig dúinn breathnú ar an tiontú idir scála Fahrenheit agus Celsius go mion.\nDéan an 242.5° Fahrenheit a ríomh go Celsius (242.5F go °C)\nAn freagra a 242.5 ° F go C. Cabhróidh an ríomhleabhar seo leat a fháil amach cé chomh te nó fuar is 242.5 ° F i Celsius. Is é an fhoirmle ó F go C (F - 32) × 5/9.\nDéantar teochtaí, ar fud an domhain, a thomhas i Fahrenheit (scála teochta na SA) nó i Celsius (scála méadrach), dhá cheann de na scálaí is mó a bhfuil tóir orthu agus a úsáidtear go forleathan.\nTéarma a Aistriú - Céimeanna Fahrenheit go Céimeanna Celsius\nTá an fhoirmle um thiontú Fahrenheit go Celsius go léir faoi thimpeallacht a thiontú a léiríonn i Fahrenheit go Celsius. Mar a luadh roimhe seo, is é 0 céim an teocht uisce fiuchta (te) i Celsius agus is é 21 céim i Fahrenheit, is é an fhoirmle chun F a thiontú go C\n°C = (°F - 32) x 5/9\nTá an matamaitic anseo simplí go leor, agus is féidir é a thuiscint go héasca le sampla. A ligean ar a rá go bhfuil muid ag teastáil chun 242.5 Fahrenheit go Celsius\nConas 242.5 F a Thiontú go C?\nChun 242.5 céim Fahrenheit a thiontú go Celsius, ní gá ach na luachanna a chur isteach san chothromán tiontaithe-\n°C = (°F - 32) x 5/9\nC = 116.94 céim\nDá bhrí sin, tar éis an fhoirmle a chur i bhfeidhm chun 242.5 Fahrenheit a thiontú go Celsius, is é an freagra -\n242.5°F = 116.94°C\n242.5 céim Fahrenheit comhionann le 116.94 céim Celsius!\nCeisteanna a chuirtear go minic faoi 242.5 Fahrenheit a thiontú i Celsius\nCé mhéad atá 242.5 céim Fahrenheit i Celsius?\n242.5F go C = 116.94 °C\nConas Fahrenheit a Aistriú go Celsius agus Celsius go Fahrenheit - Modh Gasta agus Éasca\nCad é an fhoirmle chun Fahrenheit a ríomh go Celsius?\nIs é an fhoirmle ó F go C\n(F - 32) × 5/9 = C\nNuair a iontráil muid 242.5 do F sa fhoirmle, faigheann muid\n(242.5 - 32) × 5/9 = 116.94 C\nChun a bheith in ann an (242.5 - 32) × 5/9 chothromóid a réiteach, déanaimid 32 a bhaint as 242.5, ansin déanaimid an difríocht a iolrú le 5, agus ansin deonaímid an táirge le 9 chun an freagra a fháil i Celsius.\nCad é an bealach is simplí chun Fahrenheit a thiontú go Celsius?\nIs é 21 agus 0 i Celsius teocht fialaithe an uisce i Fahrenheit. Mar sin, is é an fhoirmle is simplí chun an difríocht a ríomh\nC = (F - 32) × 5/9\nChun Fahrenheit a thiontú go Celsius, is féidir leat an fhoirmle seo a úsáid Teochta Fahrenheit 32/ 2 = Teochta Celsius.\nAch ní hé seo an fhoirmle amháin a úsáidtear chun an tiontú mar go gcreideann daoine áirithe nach dtugann sé an líon cruinn.\nTá foirmle eile a chreidtear a bheith chomh éasca agus chomh tapa ná\n(°F - 32) x .5556\nCé go bhfuil aonad teochta eile ann mar Kelvin, Réaumur, agus Rankine freisin, is iad na Gradaim Celsius agus na Gradaim Fahrenheit is coitianta a úsáidtear.\nCé go n-úsáidtear Fahrenheit go príomha sna Stáit Aontaithe agus ina gcríocha, tá níos mó tóir ar Celsius sa chuid eile den domhan. I gcás na ndaoine a úsáideann an dá scála éagsúla seo, tá na huimhreacha a léiríonn an teocht sin difriúil go leor.\nMar shampla, reoíonn uisce ag 0 céim Celsius agus boils ag 100 céim, tá na léitheoireachtaí 32 céim Fahrenheit mar phointe reoite uisce agus 212 céim le haghaidh boiling.\nChun Athruithe Céilí\nChun an t-athrú Celsius, ní gá duit ach tosú leis an teocht i Celsius. Tóg 30 ón bhfigiúr a tháinig as, agus ar deireadh, roinn do fhreagra ar 2!\nTábla Teochta Coiteann F agus C\nC \nIs é 40 °C an gcéim is fearr le Fahrenheit. Léiríonn sé lá fuar uathúil\nIs é an t-am is fearr chun an t-am is fearr chun an t-am is fearr chun an t-am is fearr chun an t-am is fearr chun an t-am is fearr chun an t-am is fearr chun an t-am is fearr chun an t-am is fearr chun an t-am is fearr chun an t-am is fearr chun an t-am is fearr chun an t-am is fearr chun an t-am is fearr chun an t-am is fearr chun an t-am is fearr chun an t-am is fearr chun an t-am is fearr chun an t-am is fearr\nIs é an t-am a bhíonn an t-uisce ag reo.\nIs é 10 rud a dhéanann 50 rud a dhéanann lá deas taitneamhach.\nIs é an 21 rud a dhéanann 70 rud a dhéanann an teocht tídeach seomra.\nIs é 58 an teocht is airde a taifeadadh ar an Domhan.\n♬-88 Pad Pad Pad Pad-126 Pad Pad Represents an teocht is ísle riamh taifeadadh ar an Domhan.\nIs é an 15 dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara\n\"30\" \"86\" \"Represents a hot day\".\nIs é 37 dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara\nIs é an teochta an t-amhrán ná teochta an t-amhrán.\nIs é 100 Pad Pad Pad212 Pad Pad Pad Represents point boiling of water Pad Pad\nIs é an teochta bácála i oigheann a léiríonn an teochta bácála.\nPríomh-Imeachtaí faoi Fahrenheit agus Celsius\n- Tá Celsius agus Fahrenheit mí-scríobh go coitianta mar Celcius agus Farenheit.\n- Is é an fhoirmle chun teocht Celsius a fháil ó Fahrenheit: °F = (°C × 9/5) + 32\n- Is é an fhoirmle chun teocht Fahrenheit a fháil ó Celsius: °°C = (°F - 32) × 5/9\n- Tá an dá scála teochta comhionann ag -40°.\nCárta teochta an oigheann\nAn bhfuil Fahrenheit Cad a dhéanann Céilí Cad a dhéanann Gás Cad a dhéanann Mark Cad a dhéanann Arm nó nach bhfuil?\n 275 ° F 140 ° C \n300° F 150° C \n 325 ° F 165 ° C \n 350° F \n375° F 190° C \n400° F 200° C 6 \n425° F 220° C \n 450° F 230° C \n475° F 245° C 9 \n500° F 260° C 10 10 \nStair ar an dá mhodh teocht is mó a bhfuil tóir orthu\nAinmníodh scála teochta Fahrenheit tar éis an fhisiceora Gearmánach Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit i 1724 agus baineadh úsáid as ar dtús chun teochta a thomhas trí thermometers mearcair a chruthaigh sé féin.\nIdir an dá linn, bhí an scála Celsius ar a dtugtar centigrád ar dtús ach ina dhiaidh sin tugadh ainm air i ndiaidh an réalteolaí Sualainnis Anders Celsius i 1742. Ach nuair a tugadh isteach an scála den chéad uair, bhí sé go hiomlán a mhalairt ar an méid atá sé inniu. Léirigh Anders 0 Céim Celsius mar phointe fialaithe uisce, agus 100 mar phointe reoite.\nMar sin féin, tar éis do Celsius bás a fháil, chuir an tacsainimeoir Sualainnis Carl Linnaeus an t-aistriú ar a mhalairt, an t-aon rud a úsáidtear inniu.\nCé gur é seo an fhoirmle a úsáidtear chun an t-athrú ó Fahrenheit go Celsius, tá cúpla díleá agus ní hionann an t-athrú foirfe i gcónaí agus é a dhéanamh beagán níos deacra ná mar a bhfuil sé.\nGach a dúirt agus a rinneadh, ní mór a thuiscint go bhfuil an dá scála as a chéile, rud a chiallaíonn nach bhfuil aon cheann acu sainithe mar a thosaíonn ó nialas, tagann uillinn beagán casta leis an bhfoirmle thuasluaite.\nThairis sin, ní thosaíonn an dá scála le nialach, agus cuireann siad luach breise difriúil le haghaidh gach aonad teasa. Is é seo an fáth nach féidir luach cruinn an tiontaithe a fháil gach uair trí an fhoirmle a chur i bhfeidhm.\nAthrú ar ais: Celsius go Fahrenheit"} {"text": "Webquest, Inquiry, and Lincoln’s Views on Technology\nWebquest is an inquiry model that supports student investigations of web-based materials. Bernie Dodge at San Diego State University developed the strategy in 1995 to help novice learners make good use of web resources (see http://webquest.org).\nDesigned to support inquiry, webquests aim to prompt higher-level thinking among students. The webquest model includes five steps that guide students through the process of locating and analyzing web resources in pursuit of an answer to an organizing question. Students work with multiple sources to answer their question and have to analyze, synthesize, apply, and create. The webquest model also includes assessments that provide students with explicit information about how they will be evaluated.\nThe webquest process is, on its surface, a very simple system consisting of a five-part structure for guiding students through an inquiry-related activity. Webquests include information in each of five categories:\n- task description;\n- process for the webquest;\n- description of evaluation; and\nWebquests function as a pedagogical ecosystem of sorts, providing a common language for students and teachers that makes explicit the processes of learning.\nTo prepare a webquest, teachers must understand the five parts of a webquest. The most important part of a webquest is the task. High quality webquests have an intriguing and clearly focused task or question to prompt inquiry. Much of the work in preparing webquests is locating and vetting web resources and then developing the process for students to engage these resources. Teachers should take great care to locate sources that are developmentally appropriate for their students and are of sufficient complexity to encourage in-depth thinking without leading to confusion or information overload.\nThis classroom description provides details on a sample webquest that addresses the question, What can we learn from President Abraham Lincoln about using new technologies to improve our quality of life? Included below for each section of this webquest is:\n- a handout for classroom use; and\n- an explanation for the teacher that describes how this webquest and others might be used in the classroom.\nIntroduction: (See Handout 1)\nPresident Lincoln’s role as commander in chief during the Civil War defined his presidency. From the beginning of his presidency Lincoln was consumed with the war effort. He took office on March 4, 1861, and just 39 days later Confederate forces opened fire on Fort Sumter in South Carolina. The war did not end until five days before Lincoln’s death in April of 1865. Lincoln was a wartime president for 1,458 of the 1,503 days he was in office, so obviously the war occupied a lot of his time and energy. You probably already knew that Lincoln was president during the Civil War, but might not have known that the war took up 97% of the time he was president. Another thing you might not know about President Lincoln is that he was very interested in new technologies. In fact, Lincoln is the only U.S. president to hold a patent. Lincoln lived at a time when many influential technologies were invented. These new technologies brought big changes for people in the middle of the 19th century, just like new technologies do today. For us, technologies such as the computer and cell phone have improved our quality of life. New technologies in 19th century such as the steam engine and telegraph likewise improved the quality of life for people living back then.\nExplanation: The introduction to a webquest should initiate a process and introduce themes, general ideas, and concepts to students. The introduction should grab students’ attention. A good introduction should also situate new ideas in prior knowledge while framing the activity within some well-known ideas. This introduction uses the Civil War as a frame and reminds students that the war lasted for almost the entire Lincoln presidency. The introduction suggests to students that new technologies often improve our quality of life. Students are also introduced to the idea that Lincoln was interested in technology, and was the only president to hold a patent.\nTask: (See Handout 2)\nIn this webquest, you will play the role of the current president’s technology advisor. The president has asked you to investigate Lincoln’s historical use of technology to better understand how to make good use of technologies today. You will examine online sources with information about Lincoln’s uses of technology and answer questions about President Lincoln’s use of these technologies.\nAs a final product, you will write a one-page report presenting recommendations for applying the lessons learned from Lincoln to our uses of technologies today. The question guiding your work is:\nWhat can we learn from President Abraham Lincoln about using new technologies to improve our quality of life?\nExplanation: The task in a webquest is a description of learning activities. Often, tasks are organized around authentic or roleplay activities. Webquests should be question driven and thus should incorporate some element of inquiry or discovery. Good webquests are typically focused on creativity, problem solving, analysis, evaluation, insight, complexity, and/or application. In other words, higher-level, sophisticated student engagement is a hallmark of a good webquest. The task should also include the outcome or form of students’ final product. This webquest requires students to apply knowledge about the past to a current context. Students are expected to investigate specific websites to learn more about Lincoln’s views on new technologies. By playing the role of an advisor to the president, students can work in a simulated context while making an authentic application of what they have learned.\nProcess: (See Handout 3 for websites and questions)\nYou will need to read materials on the web pages listed below. For each page, you should answer the supporting questions listed below the link to the web page. After you have read materials on all the web pages and answered all the questions, you should prepare your report.\nYour report should be a minimum of one page (250 words) and should include the following elements.\n- Your name and the title of your report\n- A listing of all your sources\n- A summary of the information in each source. Use the answers to your questions to write your summaries.\n- Your recommendations for the current president. Remember, you are writing recommendations for the current president. You should include recommendations for promoting and using new technologies to improve our quality of life. You need to explain to the president what we can learn from Abraham Lincoln about new technologies. You can include any historic or current events that you think will be useful in making your recommendations. In sum, your recommendations should be relevant, creative, and reflective of the experiences of President Lincoln.\nExplanation: The process step of the webquest model describes the specific activities that students will engage when conducting their webquest. The process must be detailed, sequenced, and well organized. Process in a webquest should look a lot like procedures in a lesson plan, only the process should be written for the students.\nIn the process include:\n- a listing of specific websites or web pages and directions for how students are to use these resources;\n- directions for how the final product should be assembled; and\n- specific directions for completing the final project.\nThe process for this webquest is focused on students’ readings five web pages and answering 10 questions to support their reading. The web pages vary in length and complexity. The shortest is from Union Pacific Railroad and is less than 350 words. The longest, Lincoln’s 1857 lecture, is almost 3,500 words. Students may not have time or the ability to read all of the text in Lincoln’s address. As an adaptation, this webquest suggests that students read at minimum the first four paragraphs. For this webquest, the final product is a report to the president of the United States making recommendations for promoting and using new technologies.\nDescription for Evaluation: (See Handout 4 for rubric)\nYour final product will be evaluated using this rubric. Make sure you read the criteria carefully.\nExplanation: Evaluations in the webquest model are designed as rubrics. Each rubric includes criteria for completing the activity, which is listed in the far left column and performance levels along the top row. In each cell are descriptions of the specific measurement of quality related to the given score. The criteria for this webquest include two content items and a writing criterion. You might have more detailed criteria, but will probably want to limit the criteria to five or six total.\nConclusion: (See Handout 4)\nThis webquest focuses on the historical uses of technology by President Abraham Lincoln, with an eye on the present. One of the reasons we study the past is to help us make decisions in the present. Think about how events in the past help us better understand and act in the present. No matter what recommendations you make to the president, remember that the past is only a guide. It is impossible for the past to repeat itself, so our best bet is to make wise use of information about the past given the unique circumstances of the present.\nExplanation: The conclusion is a summative statement that ties the webquest project together and provides additional motivation for students to complete the work. In most instances, students will read the conclusion before they complete their work. Sometimes, they may read the conclusion before they begin the work. For this reason, conclusions should not include the “answer” to the webquest. A good conclusion might also include a prompt for students to learn more. In the conclusion to this webquest, students are reminded that history can be used to help us in the present, but we must take care with making these applications.\nFor more information about the webquest strategy and collections of webquests please see these resources:\nOther related web inquiry and webquest resources:\n- Web Inquiry Projects\n- Margaret M. Thombs, Maureen M. Gillis, and Alan S. Canestrari, Using WebQuests in the Social Studies Classroom: A Culturally Responsive Approach (Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin, 2008)\nFor additional webquests about President Abraham Lincoln visit Questgarden. Click search and enter Lincoln. Here are a few specific examples.\nFor more on Lincoln’s uses of technology:", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-13", "url": "http://teachinghistory.org/teaching-materials/teaching-guides/25343", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218187113.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212947-00140-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9382790327, "token_count": 2114, "score": 4.0625, "int_score": 4, "irish_text": "Webquest, Inquiry, agus Léargas Lincoln ar Theicneolaíocht\nIs samhail fiosrúcháin é Webquest a thacaíonn le fiosrúcháin mhic léinn ar ábhair bunaithe ar an ngréasán. D'fhorbair Bernie Dodge in Ollscoil Stáit San Diego an straitéis i 1995 chun cabhrú le foghlaimeoirí nua-aimseartha úsáid mhaith a bhaint as acmhainní gréasáin (féach http://webquest.org).\nDearadh iad chun tacú le fiosrúchán, tá sé mar aidhm ag na cuardaigh gréasáin smaointeoireacht níos airde a spreagadh i measc na mac léinn. Cuimsíonn an tsamhail webquest cúig chéim a threoraíonn mic léinn tríd an bpróiseas chun acmhainní gréasáin a aimsiú agus a anailísiú chun freagra a fháil ar cheist eagrúcháin. Oibríonn mic léinn le foinsí éagsúla chun a gcuid ceisteanna a fhreagairt agus caithfidh siad anailís a dhéanamh, a shintéisiú, a chur i bhfeidhm agus a chruthú. Áirítear ar an tsamhail webquest measúnuithe freisin a sholáthraíonn faisnéis shonracha do mhic léinn faoi conas a mheastar iad.\nIs córas an-simplí é an próiseas webquest, ar a dhromchla, ina bhfuil struchtúr cúig chuid chun mic léinn a threorú trí ghníomhaíocht a bhaineann le fiosrúchán. Áirítear ar Webquests faisnéis i ngach ceann de na cúig chatagóir:\n- tuairisc ar an tasc;\n- próiseas don fhéile gréasáin;\n- tuairisc ar an meastóireacht; agus\nFeidhmíonn Webquests mar éiceachóras oideachais de chineál ar bith, ag soláthar teanga choitinn do mhic léinn agus múinteoirí a dhéanann na próisis foghlama soiléir.\nChun webquest a ullmhú, ní mór do mhúinteoirí na cúig chuid de webquest a thuiscint. Is é an chuid is tábhachtaí de chúrsa gréasáin an tasc. Tá tasc nó ceist intrigheach agus dírithe go soiléir ag cuardach gréasáin ardchaighdeáin chun fiosrúchán a spreagadh. Is é cuid mhór den obair i ullmhú webquests ná acmhainní gréasáin a aimsiú agus a scrúdú agus ansin an próiseas a fhorbairt chun na hacmhainní seo a úsáid ag mic léinn. Ba cheart do mhúinteoirí a bheith an-chúramach chun foinsí a aimsiú atá oiriúnach do mhúinteoirí agus atá casta go leor chun smaointeoireacht dhomhain a spreagadh gan a bheith ina chúis le mearbhall nó le ró-uaslódáil faisnéise.\nTugann an cur síos seo ar an seomra ranga sonraí ar shampla de cheist ar líne a thugann aghaidh ar an gceist, Cad is féidir linn a fhoghlaim ó Uachtarán Abraham Lincoln maidir le teicneolaíochtaí nua a úsáid chun ár gcáilíocht saoil a fheabhsú? Tá an méid seo a leanas san áireamh thíos do gach rannóg den fhéile seo:\n- foilseachán le húsáid sa seomra ranga; agus\n- míniú don mhúinteoir a thuairiscíonn conas a d'fhéadfaí an webquest seo agus cinn eile a úsáid sa seomra ranga.\nTús: (Féach Leabhrán 1)\nShainmhínigh ról Uachtarán Lincoln mar phríomh-chaomh-chaomhnóir le linn an Chogaidh Shibhialta a uachtaránacht. Ó thús a uachtaránacht, bhí Lincoln dírithe ar an iarracht chogaidh. Ghlac sé oifig ar 4 Márta, 1861, agus díreach 39 lá ina dhiaidh sin d'oscail fórsaí an Chónaidhm tine ar Fort Sumter i Carolina Theas. Níor chríochnaigh an cogadh go dtí cúig lá roimh bhás Lincoln i mí Aibreáin 1865. Bhí Lincoln ina uachtarán am chogaidh ar feadh 1,458 de na 1,503 lá a bhí sé in oifig, mar sin is léir go raibh an cogadh ag glacadh a lán dá chuid ama agus fuinnimh. Is dócha go raibh a fhios agat cheana féin go raibh Lincoln uachtarán le linn an Chogaidh Shibhialta, ach b'fhéidir nach raibh a fhios agat go raibh an cogadh 97% den am a bhí sé ina uachtarán. Rud eile nach bhfuil a fhios agat faoi Uachtarán Lincoln is ea go raibh suim mhór aige i dteicneolaíochtaí nua. Go deimhin, is é Lincoln an t-aon uachtarán SAM a shealbhú paitinn. Bhí Lincoln ina chónaí ag am nuair a bhí go leor teicneolaíochtaí tionchair a bhí cruthaithe. Thug na teicneolaíochtaí nua seo athruithe móra do dhaoine i lár an 19ú haois, díreach mar a dhéanann teicneolaíochtaí nua inniu. Maidir linn féin, tá teicneolaíochtaí amhail an ríomhaire agus an fón póca tar éis feabhas a chur ar ár gcáilíocht saoil. D'éirigh le teicneolaíochtaí nua sa 19ú haois mar an inneall gaile agus an teileagraf go han-mhaith le caighdeán na beatha do dhaoine a bhí ina gcónaí ansin.\nMíniú: Ba cheart don thabhairt isteach ar chúrsa gréasáin tús a chur le próiseas agus téamaí, smaointe ginearálta agus coincheapa a thabhairt isteach do dhaltaí. Ba cheart go dtógfadh an t-aistriúchán aird na mac léinn. Ba cheart go gcuirfeadh an t-aistriúchán maith smaointe nua i eolas roimhe sin agus an ghníomhaíocht a chur faoi chuimsiú roinnt smaointe a bhfuil aithne mhaith orthu. Úsáideann an t-aistriúchán seo an Cogadh Sibhialta mar chreat agus cuireann sé i gcuimhne do mhic léinn gur mhair an cogadh le linn uachtaránacht Lincoln ar fad. Tugann an t-aistriúchán le tuiscint do mhic léinn go gcuireann teicneolaíochtaí nua ár gcáilíocht saoil chun cinn go minic. Tugtar isteach ar mhic léinn freisin an smaoineamh go raibh suim ag Lincoln sa teicneolaíocht, agus gurb é an t-aon uachtarán a bhí paitinn aige.\nTasc: (Féach ar Leabhrán 2)\nSa chúrsa gréasáin seo, beidh tú ag imirt ról an chomhairleoir teicneolaíochta an uachtaráin reatha. Tá an tUachtarán a d'iarr tú chun iniúchadh Lincoln's úsáid stairiúil na teicneolaíochta a thuiscint níos fearr conas a dhéanamh úsáid mhaith na teicneolaíochtaí inniu. Scrúdaigh foinsí ar líne le faisnéis faoi úsáid Lincoln na teicneolaíochta agus freagróidh tú ceisteanna faoi úsáid Uachtarán Lincoln na teicneolaíochtaí seo.\nMar tháirge deiridh, scríobhfaidh tú tuarascáil aon leathanach a chuirfidh moltaí i láthair maidir le na ceachtanna a fhoghlaimíodh ó Lincoln a chur i bhfeidhm ar ár n-úsáidí teicneolaíochtaí inniu. Is é an cheist a threoraíonn do chuid oibre:\nCad is féidir linn a fhoghlaim ó Uachtarán Abraham Lincoln maidir le teicneolaíochtaí nua a úsáid chun ár gcáilíocht saoil a fheabhsú?\nMíniú: Is cur síos ar ghníomhaíochtaí foghlama an tasc i ngrúpa gréasáin. Is minic a eagraítear tascanna timpeall ar ghníomhaíochtaí fíor-eolais nó ról-imirt. Ba cheart go mbeadh Webquests tiomanta ag ceist agus dá bhrí sin ba cheart go mbeadh gné éigin fiosrúcháin nó fionnachtana iontu. De ghnáth, dírithe ar chruthaitheacht, réiteach fadhbanna, anailís, meastóireacht, léargas, castacht, agus / nó feidhmíocht, tá dea-cheisteanna gréasáin. Is é sin le rá, is comhartha ar ardleibhéal, rannpháirtíocht mhic léinn sofaisticiúla é dea-cheist gréasáin. Ba cheart go mbeadh an toradh nó an fhoirm a bheidh ag táirge deiridh na mac léinn san áireamh sa chúram freisin. Éilíonn an webquest seo ar mhic léinn eolas faoin am atá thart a chur i bhfeidhm ar chomhthéacs reatha. Táthar ag súil go ndéanfaidh mic léinn imscrúdú ar shuíomhanna gréasáin ar leith chun níos mó a fhoghlaim faoi thuairimí Lincoln ar theicneolaíochtaí nua. Trí ról comhairleoir a imirt don uachtarán, is féidir le mic léinn oibriú i gcomhthéacs insamhlaithe agus iad ag cur an méid a d'fhoghlaim siad i bhfeidhm go fírinneach.\nPróiseas: (Féach ar Leabhrán 3 le haghaidh láithreáin ghréasáin agus ceisteanna)\nBeidh ort ábhar a léamh ar na leathanaigh ghréasáin atá liostaithe thíos. Maidir le gach leathanach, ba cheart duit na ceisteanna tacaíochta atá liostaithe thíos an nasc chuig an leathanach gréasáin a fhreagairt. Tar éis duit ábhar ar gach leathanach gréasáin a léamh agus na ceisteanna go léir a fhreagairt, ba cheart duit do thuairisc a ullmhú.\nBa cheart go mbeadh an tuarascáil ar a laghad ar leathanach amháin (250 focal) agus ba cheart go mbeadh na heilimintí seo a leanas ann.\n- Do ainm agus teideal do thuairisc\n- Liosta de do chuid foinsí go léir\n- achoimre ar an bhfaisnéis i ngach foinse. Úsáid na freagraí ar do cheisteanna chun do achoimrí a scríobh.\n- Do mholtaí don uachtarán reatha. Cuimhnigh, tá tú ag scríobh moltaí don uachtarán reatha. Ba cheart duit moltaí a chur san áireamh chun teicneolaíochtaí nua a chur chun cinn agus a úsáid chun ár gcáilíocht saoil a fheabhsú. Ní mór duit a mhíniú don uachtarán cad is féidir linn a fhoghlaim ó Abraham Lincoln faoi theicneolaíochtaí nua. Is féidir leat aon imeachtaí stairiúla nó reatha a áireamh a cheapann tú a bheidh úsáideach i do mholtaí a dhéanamh. Go hachomair, ba cheart do mholtaí a bheith ábhartha, cruthaitheach, agus a léiríonn eispéiris Uachtarán Lincoln.\nMínithe: Déanann céim phróisis an mhúnla webquest cur síos ar na gníomhaíochtaí sonracha a ghlacfaidh mic léinn leo agus a gcuid webquest á reáchtáil acu. Ní mór an próiseas a bheith mionsonraithe, ordúil, agus eagraithe go maith. Ba cheart go mbeadh próiseas i gcúrsa gréasáin cosúil le nósanna imeachta i bplean ceachta, ach ba cheart an próiseas a scríobh do na mic léinn.\nSa phróiseas áirítear:\n- liosta de shuíomhanna gréasáin nó de leathanaigh ghréasáin ar leith agus treoracha maidir le conas a bheidh ar na mic léinn na hacmhainní sin a úsáid;\n- treoracha maidir leis an gcaoi ar chóir an táirge deiridh a chur le chéile; agus\n- treoracha sonracha chun an tionscadal deiridh a chur i gcrích.\nTá an próiseas don fhadhb gréasáin seo dírithe ar mhic léinn a léamh cúig leathanach gréasáin agus freagra a thabhairt ar 10 cheist chun tacú lena gcuid léitheoireachta. Tá na leathanaigh ghréasáin éagsúil ó thaobh fad agus castachta de. Is é an ceann is giorra ó Iarnród an Aigéin Chiúin agus tá sé níos lú ná 350 focal. Is é an chuid is faide, léacht Lincoln 1857, beagnach 3,500 focal. B'fhéidir nach mbeidh am nó cumas ag mic léinn an téacs go léir a léamh i seoladh Lincoln. Mar oiriúnú, molann an webquest seo go léann na mic léinn na ceithre mhír is lú den chéad mhír. Maidir leis an ngnó gréasáin seo, is tuarascáil é an táirge deiridh do uachtarán na Stát Aontaithe a dhéanann moltaí maidir le teicneolaíochtaí nua a chur chun cinn agus a úsáid.\nTuairisc don Eastóireacht: (Féach Leabhrán 4 le haghaidh róibric)\nDéanfar do tháirge deiridh a mheas ag baint úsáide as an rúbric seo. Bí cinnte go léann tú na critéir go cúramach.\nMíniú: Déantar meastóireachtaí sa tsamhail webquest a dhearadh mar róibrí. Áirítear i ngach rúbric critéir chun an ghníomhaíocht a chríochnú, atá liostaithe sa cholún ar an taobh clé agus leibhéil feidhmíochta ar feadh an tsraith uachtarach. I ngach cill tá tuairiscí ar an tomhas sonrach cáilíochta a bhaineann leis an scór a tugadh. I measc na gcritéar don fhadhb gréasáin seo tá dhá mhír ábhar agus critéar scríbhneoireachta. B'fhéidir go mbeadh critéir níos mionsonraithe agat, ach is dócha go dteastaíonn uait na critéir a theorannú go cúig nó sé ar an iomlán.\nConclúid: (Féach Leabhrán 4)\nDíríonn an webquest seo ar úsáidí stairiúla na teicneolaíochta ag an Uachtarán Abraham Lincoln, le súil ar an láthair. Ceann de na cúiseanna a bhfuil muid ag staidéar ar an am atá caite Is chun cabhrú linn cinntí a dhéanamh sa lá atá inniu ann. Smaoinigh ar an gcaoi a chabhraíonn imeachtaí san am atá thart linn tuiscint níos fearr a fháil ar an láthair agus gníomhú ina leith. Is cuma cén moladh a dhéanann tú don uachtarán, cuimhnigh nach treoir é an t-am atá caite. Tá sé dodhéanta don am atá caite a athdhéanamh é féin, mar sin is é ár geall is fearr a dhéanamh ar úsáid ciallmhar faisnéise faoi an am atá caite a thabhairt ar na cúinsí uathúla an láthair.\nMíniú: Is ráiteas achoimre é an conclúid a cheanglaíonn tionscadal an ghréasáin le chéile agus a sholáthraíonn spreagadh breise do mhic léinn an obair a chríochnú. I bhformhór na gcásanna, léann na mic léinn an conclúid sula gcríochnóidh siad a gcuid oibre. Uaireanta, b'fhéidir go léann siad an conclúid sula dtosaíonn siad ar an obair. Ar an gcúis seo, níor cheart go mbeadh an \"freagra\" ar an \"webquest\" san áireamh sna conclúidí. D'fhéadfadh sé go mbeadh sé ina chuimhneachán maith freisin gur féidir le mic léinn níos mó a fhoghlaim. I ndeireadh an chúrsa gréasáin seo, cuirtear i gcuimhne do mhic léinn gur féidir stair a úsáid chun cabhrú linn sa lá atá inniu ann, ach ní mór dúinn a bheith cúramach leis na hiarratais seo a dhéanamh.\nLe haghaidh tuilleadh eolais faoin straitéis agus na bailiúcháin seo de na cuardaigh gréasáin, féach na hacmhainní seo:\nAcmhainní eile a bhaineann le fiosrúchán ar an ngréasán agus le hiarratais ar an ngréasán:\n- Tionscadail Taighde ar an nGréasán\n- Margaret M. Thombs, Maureen M. Gillis, agus Alan S. Canestrari, Using WebQuests in the Social Studies Classroom: A Culturally Responsive Approach (Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin, 2008)\nLe haghaidh cuardaigh bhreise ar an ngréasán faoi Uachtarán Abraham Lincoln tabhair cuairt ar Questgarden. Cliceáil ar chuardach agus cuir isteach Lincoln. Seo cúpla sampla sonrach.\nLe haghaidh tuilleadh eolais ar úsáid Lincoln a bhaint as teicneolaíocht:"} {"text": "We are taking a close look at models of successful technology training programs and sharing ideas for how to create similar programs in your library. In our last post we looked at ways to provide individual technology instruction to maximize flexibility with one-on-one assistance. In this post we look at how offering assistance in an open lab format can also provide flexibility and focus to your technology training.\nThe Edge benchmarks for public access technology recommend offering technology instruction in the Community Value section under Benchmark One: Indicator 1.2. This post offers practical advice to help libraries determine if open lab assistance is a good fit for your situation.\nOpen Lab vs. Open Access\n\"Open lab\" differs from regular \"open access\" in that there is a dedicated staff person or volunteer acting as a technology trainer during a specific period of time. In an open lab setting, technology learners are able to come into the lab, ask technology related questions, and get individualized assistance. Open lab staff may have to juggle multiple questions, but are dedicated to the open lab session without having to assist at the reference or circulation desk.\nThe Benefits of Open Lab Assistance\nOpen lab assistance combines the flexibility of individual instruction with the focus of a computer class environment. It is a hybrid approach, providing learners the benefit of individualized assistance while giving library staff a focused time to provide more direct training. Open lab assistance can take advantage of partitioned computer lab areas, but can also be offered less formally using laptops or a bank of computers. There are many variations for this approach, so it can be adapted for any size library.\nOpen lab assistance allows technology learners to guide their own instruction with their questions. This means staff do not have to take time to prepare a lesson plan, and can treat each question as they do reference questions. You can opt to focus the open lab sessions on a certain technology application, from basic mouse practice to job seeker assistance. Open lab can also take advantage of printed materials to aid instruction by having technology books and printouts on hand to address frequently asked questions.\nThe 4 S’s of Success\nEach technology training model has several key elements that define it. Here are some tips to ensure success in each aspect of this model.\nService: How can you best provide this training?\n- Focus your technology training time: provide individualized technology training during a regularly designated time with a dedicated technology trainer.\n- Address multiple learners simultaneously: juggle several learners at once while still giving them individualized attention, and allow them to work independently while you help others.\n- Address all ability levels at once: help beginning, intermediate, and advanced technology users during the same session.\n- Use an existing computer lab: put an existing lab to good use when it is not being used for classes.\n- Create a lab space: set up laptops in a meeting room or utilize existing computer banks to designate an open lab area.\n- Share resources: look into sharing laptop labs with other libraries in your region, or through library consortia. You can set up open lab sessions periodically, and get the most out of regional technology resources.\n- Scale to fit: downsize the open lab session to only 1-2 computers in small libraries. You can still designate a certain time when people can bring in their specific questions, when a staff member will be available.\nStaff: Who will provide this training?\n- Involve enthusiastic staff: give staff who are excited about technology training an opportunity to help learners. They do not need a special degree in order to help others, just a positive attitude.\n- Recruit volunteers: if your open lab sessions are popular or if you have a large computer lab, consider recruiting volunteers to lighten the load for staff. You can also partner with local organizations that have specialized expertise, such as Job Corps, local businesses or educational institutions. (We will talk more about using volunteers in Model # 6.)\n- Form an open lab team: try to create a core team of staff and volunteers who will work the open lab sessions, so they can build rapport with learners who come back every time.\n- Find the right ratio: be sure to have enough technology trainers for the number of learners, but don’t have so many trainers that they won’t have enough to do. A good goal is one trainer for every 4-6 learners.\n- Train your trainers: just as with individual instruction, give your staff some guidance on how to offer better training.\nSchedule: How will you schedule it?\n- Weekly, biweekly, or monthly: keep a regular schedule so learners can easily remember when to come. You don’t have to offer open lab every week, but high demand will justify more frequent sessions.\n- Allow enough time: schedule the open lab sessions for 1-2 hours to allow people time to get answers to their questions.\n- Dedicate staff time: ensure that technology trainers do not have other customer service duties during the open lab, such as answering the phone or attending the circulation desk. They should be able to focus their attention on learners.\n- Find the best time for learners: try to schedule the open lab at a time when learners can be there, which may not be the most convenient time for staff. Think about your target audience before scheduling the first session, and survey them if possible.\n- Allow prep time: give staff 15-30 minutes before the session begins to open the lab, turn on the computers, and gather any print resources needed on hand.\n- Be patient: attendance may be low in the beginning, and it may take time to get the word out. Find interesting ways to let people know about the open lab, and give it time to grow. If attendance is still too low after several months, consider trying a different time.\nSubject: What topics will you cover?\n- Target training to the learner: the learner will come to the open lab with questions and projects. Let their questions guide training.\n- Select a specific focus: set a specific focus for your open lab sessions to target training to a specific need. Typing practice, Internet searching skills, hobby related topics, EBay, and gadgets are all examples of ways to focus the subject of open labs.\n- Create topic-related resources: have materials prepared in advance to address commonly asked questions. Refer learners to these resources (such as books, quick guides, and online tutorials) and update them over time.\n- Treat technology training like reference: you don’t have to know every topic related to technology to assist people. If a learner asks a more advanced question, use information resources (like the Internet or technology reference books) to find the answer to the problem.\n- Share what you learn: find a way to share resources and solutions to problems, such as a wiki organized by the most requested topics, or a binder with tip sheets for common programs. Share this information with the open lab technology training team, and also with the rest of the library staff. You could also start a blog and post these tips for all your community members, like the Denver Public Library has done with their Technology Blog.\n- Be prepared to address typical topics such as creating an email account, formatting a resume, registering for an online class, or researching health information. Having information sheets available on these topics can be a time saver and a great help to new technology users.\nExamples of Successful Open Labs\nThere are many variations on how to offer open lab assistance. Here are two examples that have proven to be successful in libraries. The first story showcases a successful weekly open lab at a small suburban library that allows any type of technology question. The second example is from an urban library that offers a regular job seekers lab and demonstrates how an open lab can be focused towards a specific topic.\nSuccess Story: Weekly Open Lab\nThe Bemis Public Library is a municipal library in Littleton, Colorado, a suburb of Denver with approximately 42,000 residents. The library serves a high number of seniors, immigrants, and economically disadvantaged individuals, many of whom need assistance with technology. Bob Tenny, Adult Services Librarian, wanted to offer a service where people could get more individualized attention since the library staff did not have enough time to answer difficult technology questions.\nBob shared, “I began the Open Lab so people could come in and we could help them with whatever they needed, basic skills, email, word processing, spreadsheets, Internet, etc. We now have something we can refer people to who need more help than can be given from the reference desk. We can tailor our instruction to what people need and want in a way the structured classes can’t, plus one-on-one is by far the most helpful teaching method.” (Photograph of Keith, volunteer at the Bemis Public Library, helping a library user learn to use the computer)\nThey have recruited several volunteers to help with the Open Lab, which takes place every Thursday morning. Between 4 and 10 people attend each week. The library allows people to ask any technology-related question, and encourages attendees to bring in their personal devices, including gadgets, cameras, and mobile devices (but they won’t go so far as to fix computers). Staff help people with everything from job applications to self-publishing books. They have found that many people come back regularly, and that it has developed a stronger sense of community amongst the technology learners.\nSuccess Story: Career Building Clinic\nAt the Enoch Pratt Free Library (Baltimore, Maryland), there is a big demand for assistance related to job searching on the computers, since the unemployment rate in Baltimore has averaged over 10% since 2009. Andrea Snyder is the Job and Career Librarian at the Pratt Library (as well as the Assistant Manager of the Business, Science, and Technology Department) and recently began offering an open lab program exclusively for job seekers.\nThe Career Building Clinic is a biweekly program that complements existing computer classes for job seekers. It allows job seekers a two-hour block of time when they can come into the lab to work on anything related to their job search, and get assistance as needed. Andrea started the program because she had observed many job seekers being held back by technology barriers that weren’t being addressed in job seeker classes. The open lab allows them more individual attention to get their specific questions answered.\nThey have a team of four technology trainers for this program, made up of some paid staff and some volunteers. There are 30 computers in the lab, and there seems to be just the right ratio of trainers to learners. Many of the questions they answer are quick and easy to answer, so it is fairly easy for trainers to help several people at a time. Also, most of the people who come for assistance are already familiar with computers and do not need as much step-by-step instruction as a beginning computer user.\nAndrea calls this “low touch, high impact” because it is so easy to help people and there is such a “huge benefit for the customer.” She says that even something as simple as sharing how to use keyboard shortcuts for common tasks (like cut, copy, and paste) can save a lot of time for job seekers. She says that trainers don’t have to worry about preparing for a class, and they focus their efforts on answering individual questions with as little interruption as possible.\nShare Your Experiences\nHave you tried offering open lab assistance in your library? What has worked, and what lessons have you learned? Please share your stories in this Benchmark One Survey from the Edge Initiative. If you have more to share about technology in your library, take the full survey that covers all of the benchmarks. Respond to the survey, and you could win a prize!\nInterested in more?\nRead these TechSoup for Libraries spotlights for great tips on offering open lab assistance and managing technology:", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-39", "url": "http://stage.techsoupforlibraries.org/blog/edge-benchmarks-open-lab-assistance", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514573105.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20190917181046-20190917203046-00130.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9494944811, "token_count": 2441, "score": 2.84375, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Táimid ag féachaint go dlúth ar mhúnlaí de chláir oiliúna teicneolaíochta rathúla agus ag roinnt smaointe maidir le conas cláir den chineál céanna a chruthú i do leabharlann. Sa phost deireanach d'fhéachamar ar bhealaí chun teagasc teicneolaíochta aonair a sholáthar chun solúbthacht a uasmhéadú le cúnamh duine ar dhuine. Sa phost seo, féachfaimid ar an gcaoi ar féidir le cúnamh a thairiscint i bhformáid saotharlainne oscailte solúbthacht agus fócas a chur ar do thrátháil teicneolaíochta.\nMolann na hairíonna tagarmharc Edge maidir le teicneolaíocht rochtana phoiblí teagasc teicneolaíochta a thairiscint sa rannán Luach an Chomhphobail faoi Tháscaire Aon: Táscaire 1.2. Tugann an post seo comhairle phraiticiúil chun cabhrú le leabharlanna a chinneadh an bhfuil cúnamh saotharlainne oscailte oiriúnach do do chás.\nLab oscailte vs. Rochtain Oscailte\nTá \"laibriú oscailte\" difriúil ó \"rochtana oscailte\" rialta sa mhéid go bhfuil duine foirne tiomanta nó deonach ag gníomhú mar oiliúnaí teicneolaíochta le linn tréimhse áirithe ama. I suíomh saotharlainne oscailte, is féidir le foghlaimeoirí teicneolaíochta teacht isteach sa saotharlann, ceisteanna a bhaineann le teicneolaíocht a chur, agus cúnamh aonair a fháil. D'fhéadfadh go mbeadh ar fhoireann an saotharlainne oscailte ceisteanna iomadúla a chur i gcrích, ach tá siad tiomanta don seisiún saotharlainne oscailte gan a bheith ag cabhrú ag an mbosca tagartha nó scaipeadh.\nNa buntáistí a bhaineann le Cabhair Leabharlann Oscailte\nIs éard atá i gcabhair saotharlann oscailte solúbthacht an teagaisc aonair a chomhcheangal le fócas timpeallacht rang ríomhaireachta. Is cur chuige hibrideach é, rud a thugann tairbhe do fhoghlaimeoirí as cúnamh aonair agus a thugann am dírithe do fhoireann na leabharlainne oiliúint níos díreacha a chur ar fáil. Is féidir le cúnamh saotharlainne oscailte leas a bhaint as limistéir saotharlainne ríomhaire roinnte, ach is féidir é a thairiscint níos lú go foirmiúil ag baint úsáide as ríomhairí glúine nó banc ríomhairí. Tá go leor éagsúlachtaí ann don chur chuige seo, mar sin is féidir é a oiriúnú do leabharlann de mhéid ar bith.\nLigeann cúnamh saotharlainne oscailte do fhoghlaimeoirí teicneolaíochta a gcuid teagaisc féin a threorú lena gcuid ceisteanna. Ciallaíonn sé seo nach gá don fhoireann am a thógáil chun plean ceachta a ullmhú, agus is féidir leo gach ceist a chóireáil mar a dhéanann siad ceisteanna tagartha. Is féidir leat a roghnú na seisiúin saotharlainne oscailte a dhíriú ar fheidhmíocht theicneolaíochta áirithe, ó chleachtadh bunúsach luch go cúnamh cuardach fostaíochta. Is féidir le saotharlann oscailte leas a bhaint as ábhair phriontáilte chun cabhrú le teagasc trí leabhair teicneolaíochta agus priontálacha a bheith ar fáil chun aghaidh a thabhairt ar cheisteanna a chuirtear go minic.\nNa 4 S a bhaineann le rath\nTá roinnt príomhghnéithe ag gach samhail oiliúna teicneolaíochta a shainmhíníonn é. Seo roinnt leideanna chun rath a chinntiú i ngach gné den tsamhail seo.\nSeirbhís: Conas is fearr is féidir leat an oiliúint seo a chur ar fáil?\n- Díriú ar do chuid ama oiliúna teicneolaíochta: oiliúint theicneolaíochta aonair a chur ar fáil le linn ama a ainmnítear go rialta le hoiliúntóir teicneolaíochta tiomnaithe.\n- Téigh i ngleic le go leor foghlaimeoirí ag an am céanna: bain úsáid as roinnt foghlaimeoirí ag an am céanna agus aird aonair á thabhairt dóibh, agus lig dóibh oibriú go neamhspleách agus tú ag cabhrú le daoine eile.\n- Téigh i ngleic le gach leibhéal cumas ag an am céanna: cabhair a thabhairt d'úsáideoirí teicneolaíochta tosaithe, idirmheánacha agus ardleibhéil le linn na seisiúin céanna.\n- Úsáid saotharlann ríomhaire atá ann cheana: bain úsáid as saotharlann atá ann cheana nuair nach bhfuil sé á úsáid le haghaidh ranganna.\n- Spás saotharlainne a chruthú: ríomhaire glúine a chur ar bun i seomra cruinnithe nó bainc ríomhaire atá ann cheana a úsáid chun limistéar saotharlainne oscailte a ainmniú.\n- Acmhainní a roinnt: féach ar sheirbhísí ríomhaire glúine a roinnt le leabharlanna eile i do réigiún, nó trí chomhchoistí leabharlanna. Is féidir leat seisiúin saotharlainne oscailte a chur ar bun go tréimhsiúil, agus an leas is fearr a bhaint as acmhainní teicneolaíochta réigiúnacha.\n- Scála a oireann: an seisiún saotharlainne oscailte a laghdú go dtí 1-2 ríomhaire amháin i leabharlanna beaga. Is féidir leat am áirithe a ainmniú nuair is féidir le daoine a gcuid ceisteanna sonracha a thabhairt isteach, nuair a bheidh ball foirne ar fáil.\nFoireann: Cé a sholáthróidh an oiliúint seo?\n- Baill foirne díograiseacha a chur i gceist: deis a thabhairt do bhaill foirne atá díograiseach faoi oiliúint teicneolaíochta cabhrú le foghlaimeoirí. Ní gá go mbeadh céim speisialta acu chun cabhrú le daoine eile, ach ní gá ach dearcadh dearfach a bheith acu.\n- Tiontaithe a earcú: má tá tóir ar do sheisiúin saotharlainne oscailte nó má tá saotharlann ríomhaire mór agat, smaoinigh ar dheontóirí a earcú chun an t-ualach a éascú don fhoireann. Is féidir leat páirt a ghlacadh freisin le heagraíochtaí áitiúla a bhfuil saineolas speisialaithe acu, amhail an Coiste Fostaíochta, gnólachtaí áitiúla nó institiúidí oideachais. (Labhróimid níos mó faoi úsáid saorálaithe i múnla # 6.)\n- Foirmliú foirne saotharlainne oscailte: déan iarracht foireann lárnach de fhoireann agus de dheonach a chruthú a oibreoidh sna seisiúin saotharlainne oscailte, ionas gur féidir leo caidreamh a thógáil le foghlaimeoirí a thagann ar ais gach uair.\n- An cóimheas ceart a aimsiú: bí cinnte go mbeidh go leor oilithreoirí teicneolaíochta agat i gcomparáid le líon na ndaltaí, ach ná bíodh an oiread oilithreoirí agat nach mbeidh go leor le déanamh acu. Is sprioc maith é oiliúnóir amháin do gach 4-6 foghlaimeoir.\n- Oiliúint a thabhairt do do oilithreoirí: díreach mar a tharla le teagasc aonair, tabhair treoir do do fhoireann ar conas oiliúint níos fearr a thairiscint.\nClár: Conas a shocruíonn tú é?\n- Seachtain, dhá sheachtain nó míosúil: bíodh sceideal rialta agat ionas go mbeidh sé éasca ag na foghlaimeoirí cuimhneamh ar an am a thiocfaidh siad. Ní gá duit saotharlann oscailte a thairiscint gach seachtain, ach is gá seisiúin níos minice a dhéanamh de bharr an éilimh ard.\n- Am leordhóthanach a cheadú: sceidealú na seisiúin saotharlainne oscailte ar feadh 1-2 uair an chloig chun go mbeidh am ag daoine freagraí a fháil ar a gcuid ceisteanna.\n- Am a thabhairt do fhoireann: a chinntiú nach bhfuil dualgais eile ar oilithreoirí teicneolaíochta le linn na saotharlainne oscailte, amhail an teileafón a fhreagairt nó freastal ar an mbosca imscrúdaithe. Ba cheart go mbeadh siad in ann díriú ar na foghlaimeoirí.\n- An t-am is fearr a aimsiú do dhaltaí: déan iarracht an saotharlann oscailte a sceidealú tráth a d'fhéadfadh na foghlaimeoirí a bheith ann, rud nach bhféadfadh a bheith an t-am is áisiúla don fhoireann. Smaoinigh ar do spriocghrúpa sula ndéanann tú an chéad seisiún a sceidealú, agus déan suirbhé orthu más féidir.\n- Am ullmhúcháin a cheadú: tabhair 15-30 nóiméad don fhoireann roimh thús na seisiúin chun an saotharlann a oscailt, na ríomhairí a chasadh ar aghaidh, agus aon acmhainní priontála is gá a bhailiú ar láimh.\n- Bí foighneach: d'fhéadfadh go mbeadh an t-ionlathais íseal ag an tús, agus d'fhéadfadh sé go dtógfadh sé tamall chun an focal a fháil amach. Faigh bealaí suimiúla chun daoine a chur ar an eolas faoin saotharlann oscailte, agus tabhair am dó fás. Má tá an t-ionlathach i bhfad ró-íseal tar éis roinnt míonna, smaoinigh ar am eile a thriail.\nTéama: Cé na hábhair a chlúdóidh tú?\n- Oiliúint spriocdhírithe don fhoghlaimeoir: tiocfaidh an fhoghlaimeoir chuig an saotharlann oscailte le ceisteanna agus le tionscadail. Lig dóibh a gcuid ceisteanna a threorú.\n- Díriú ar ábhar sonrach a roghnú: díriú ar ábhar sonrach do do sheisiúin saotharlainne oscailte chun an oiliúint a dhíriú ar riachtanas sonrach. Is samplaí iad cleachtas taipeadh, scileanna cuardaigh Idirlín, ábhair a bhaineann le hobbies, EBay, agus gaistí ar fad de bhealaí chun díriú ar ábhar saotharlanna oscailte.\n- Acmhainní a bhaineann le hábhar a chruthú: ábhair a ullmhú roimh ré chun aghaidh a thabhairt ar cheisteanna a chuirtear go coitianta. Tarraingí ar fhoghlaimeoirí na hacmhainní seo (mar shampla leabhair, treoracha tapa, agus ranganna teagaisc ar líne) agus déan iad a nuashonrú le himeacht ama.\n- Déan treoir mar thagairt ar oiliúint teicneolaíochta: ní gá duit gach ábhar a bhaineann le teicneolaíocht a bheith ar eolas agat chun cabhrú le daoine. Má chuireann duine atá ag foghlaim ceist níos airde, bain úsáid as acmhainní faisnéise (cosúil leis an Idirlíon nó leabhair thagaisc teicneolaíochta) chun an freagra ar an bhfadhb a fháil.\n- An méid a fhoghlaimíonn tú a roinnt: bealach a aimsiú chun acmhainní agus réitigh ar fhadhbanna a roinnt, mar shampla wiki eagraithe de réir na n-ábhar is mó a iarrtar, nó nasc le bileoga leideanna do chláir choitianta. Cuir an fhaisnéis seo in iúl don fhoireann oiliúna teicneolaíochta saotharlainne oscailte, agus freisin leis an gcuid eile den fhoireann leabharlainne. D'fhéadfá blag a thosú agus na leideanna seo a phostáil do gach ball den phobal, mar a rinne Leabharlann Phoiblí Denver lena Blag Teicneolaíochta.\n- Bí réidh le dul i ngleic le hábhair thraidisiúnta amhail cuntas ríomhphoist a chruthú, cur síos a fhormáidiú, clárú do chúrsa ar líne, nó faisnéis sláinte a thaighde. Is féidir le bileoga faisnéise a bheith ar fáil ar na hábhair seo a bheith ina sábhálaí ama agus ina chabhair mhór d'úsáideoirí nua teicneolaíochta.\nSamplaí de Léibrithe Oscailte rathúla\nTá go leor éagsúlachtaí ann maidir le cabhair a thairiscint i saotharlann oscailte. Seo dhá shampla a bhfuil a bheith rathúil i leabharlanna. Taispeánann an chéad scéal saotharlann oscailte rathúil seachtainiúil i leabharlann beag forimeallach a cheadaíonn aon chineál ceist teicneolaíochta. Is é an dara sampla ó leabharlann uirbeach a thairgeann saotharlann rialta d'iarrthóirí poist agus a léiríonn conas is féidir saotharlann oscailte a dhíriú ar ábhar ar leith.\nScéal rathúil: Saotharlann Oscailte Seachtainiúil\nIs leabharlann cathrach í Leabharlann Poiblí Bemis i Littleton, Colorado, bruachbhaile Denver le thart ar 42,000 cónaitheoir. Tá líon mór daoine scothaosta, inimircigh, agus daoine faoi mhíbhuntáiste eacnamaíoch ag freastal ar an leabharlann, agus is gá cúnamh teicneolaíochta do go leor acu. Bob Tenny, Leabharlann Seirbhísí do Dhaoine Fásta, bhí sé ag iarraidh seirbhís a thairiscint inar féidir le daoine aird níos pearsantaithe a fháil ós rud é nach raibh go leor ama ag foireann an leabharlainne ceisteanna teicniúla deacra a fhreagairt.\nBob roinnte, Thosaigh mé an Open Lab ionas go bhféadfadh daoine teacht isteach agus d'fhéadfaimis cabhrú leo le cibé rud a theastaíonn uathu, scileanna bunúsacha, ríomhphost, próiseáil téacs, scarbhileoga, Idirlíon, etc. Tá rud éigin againn anois ar féidir linn daoine a tharchur a bhfuil níos mó cabhrach de dhíth orthu ná mar is féidir a thabhairt ón mbosca tagairt. Is féidir linn ár dtreoir a oiriúnú do na riachtanais agus do na mianta atá ag daoine ar bhealach nach féidir leis na ranganna struchtúrtha, agus is é an modh teagaisc duine ar dhuine an modh teagaisc is cabhrach. (Graf de Keith, saoránach ag Leabharlann Poiblí Bemis, ag cabhrú le húsáideoir leabharlainne foghlaim conas an ríomhaire a úsáid)\nTá roinnt de na hoibrithe deonacha á earcú acu chun cuidiú leis an Saotharlann Oscailte, a bhíonn ar siúl gach maidin Déardaoin. Bíonn idir 4 agus 10 duine ag teacht gach seachtain. Ligeann an leabharlann do dhaoine aon cheist a bhaineann le teicneolaíocht a chur, agus spreagann sé lucht freastail a gcuid feistí pearsanta a thabhairt isteach, lena n-áirítear gaistí, ceamaraí, agus feistí soghluaiste (ach ní rachaidh siad chomh fada le ríomhairí a shocrú). Cuidíonn foireann le daoine le gach rud ó iarratais ar phost go leabhair féinfhoilsithe. Fuair siad go bhfuil go leor daoine ag teacht ar ais go rialta, agus go bhfuil tuiscint níos láidre ar phobal forbartha i measc na foghlaimeoirí teicneolaíochta.\nScéal rathúil: Clinic um Thógáil Ghairme\nAg Leabharlann Saor In Aisce Enoch Pratt (Baltimore, Maryland), tá éileamh mór ar chabhair a bhaineann le cuardach poist ar na ríomhairí, ós rud é go bhfuil an ráta dífhostaíochta i Baltimore ar an meán os cionn 10% ó 2009. Is í Andrea Snyder an Leabharlannóir Obair agus Gairme ag Leabharlann Pratt (agus Bainisteoir Cúnta na Roinne Gnó, Eolaíochta agus Teicneolaíochta) agus le déanaí thosaigh sí ag tairiscint clár saotharlainne oscailte go heisiach do lucht cuardaigh poist.\nIs clár dhá sheachtain é an Clinic um Thógáil Ghairme a chomhlánaíonn ranganna ríomhaireachta atá ann cheana do lucht cuardaigh poist. Ligeann sé do lucht cuardaigh poist dhá uair an chloig de thréimhse ama nuair is féidir leo teacht isteach sa saotharlann chun obair a dhéanamh ar aon rud a bhaineann lena lorg poist, agus cúnamh a fháil de réir mar is gá. Thosaigh Andrea an clár toisc gur thug sí faoi deara go raibh bac á dhéanamh ar go leor daoine atá ag lorg poist de bharr bacainní teicneolaíochta nach raibh á ndíriú orthu i ranganna lucht cuardaigh poist. Ligeann an saotharlann oscailte aird níos aonair dóibh chun a gcuid ceisteanna sonracha a fhreagairt.\nTá foireann de cheithre oilithreoir teicneolaíochta acu don chlár seo, comhdhéanta de chuid foirne íoctha agus de chuid deonach. Tá 30 ríomhaire sa saotharlann, agus is cosúil go bhfuil an cóimheas ceart idir oilithreoirí agus foghlaimeoirí ann. Tá go leor de na ceisteanna a fhreagraíonn siad tapa agus éasca le freagairt, agus mar sin tá sé sách éasca do thraenálaithe cabhrú le roinnt daoine ag an am. Chomh maith leis sin, tá an chuid is mó de na daoine a thagann chun cabhrach a fháil eolach cheana féin ar ríomhairí agus ní gá dóibh an oiread sin treoracha céim ar chéim a fháil mar úsáideoir ríomhaire nua.\nGhlaoigh Andrea air seo \"glac beag, tionchar mór\" toisc go bhfuil sé chomh furasta cabhrú le daoine agus go bhfuil buntáiste chomh mór sin don chustaiméir. Deir sí gur féidir le rud chomh simplí le roinnt conas gearrthreoracha eochairchlár a úsáid le haghaidh tascanna coiteann (cosúil le gearradh, cóipeáil agus greamú) go leor ama a shábháil do lucht cuardaigh poist. Deir sí nach gá do oilithreoirí a bheith buartha faoi ullmhú do rang, agus go ndíríonn siad ar a gcuid iarrachtaí ag freagairt ceisteanna aonair le bac a dhéanamh ar a laghad ar a gcuid oibre.\nComhroinn Do Thaithí\nAn ndearna tú iarracht cúnamh saotharlainne oscailte a thairiscint i do leabharlann? Cad a d'oibrigh, agus cad iad na ceachtanna a d'fhoghlaim tú? Cuir do chuid scéalta in iúl sa Suirbhé Benchmark One seo ó Thionscnamh na Réime. Má tá níos mó le roinnt agat faoi theicneolaíocht i do leabharlann, glac an suirbhé iomlán a chlúdaíonn na hairíonna tagarmharc go léir. Freagraigh ar an suirbhé, agus d'fhéadfá duais a bhuachan!\nAr mhaith leat tuilleadh?\nLéigh na spéaclaí TechSoup do Leabharlanna seo le haghaidh leideanna iontacha maidir le cúnamh saotharlainne oscailte a thairiscint agus teicneolaíocht a bhainistiú:"} {"text": "Definition of tetrahedral hypothesis\n: a hypothesis in geology: the earth's assumed original spherical form giving a minimum surface for a given volume tended as the earth shrank to develop into a tetrahedron giving a maximum surface for a given volume with the continents as the edges and the ocean basins as the sides\nLove words? Need even more definitions?Merriam-Webster unabridged\n- The Good, The Bad, & The Semantically Imprecise - 10/18/19\n- Noah Webster's Spelling Wins and Fails\n- The Disputed Origins of the 'Egg Cream'\n- At the Root of ‘Cubicle’\n- Why Do People Pronounce It \"Nucular\"?\n- On Contractions of Multiple Words\n- Is Singular 'They' a Better Choice?\n- Where in the World? A Quiz Take the quiz\n- Advanced Vocabulary Quiz Take the quiz\n- Spell It Take the quiz\n- Bee Cubed Play the game", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-43", "url": "https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/tetrahedral%20hypothesis", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570987750110.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20191020233245-20191021020745-00447.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8497360349, "token_count": 212, "score": 3.28125, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Sainmhíniú ar fhéidearthacht tetrahedral\n: hipitéis sa gheolaíocht: foirm spherical bunaidh a glacadh leis an Domhan a thugann dromchla íosta le haghaidh toirte áirithe, ag claonadh mar a shrumpáil an Domhan chun forbairt i dtétraéadar a thugann dromchla uasta le haghaidh toirte áirithe leis na mór-roinn mar na taobhanna agus na báistí aigéin mar na taobhanna\nFocail ghrá? An gá tuilleadh sainmhínithe? Merriam-Webster unabridged\n- An Dea, an Droch, & an Neamhchruinnithe go Séamach - 10/18/19\n- Noah Webster's Spelling Wins and Fails\n- Na Bunús Conarthach ar an 'Cruth Uibhe'\n- Ag Root de Cubicle\n- Cén fáth a labhraíonn daoine é \"Nucular\"?\n- Ar Chómhaireamh na mBriathra Iolracha\n- An bhfuil 'they' singil rogha níos fearr?\n- Cá háit ar domhan? A Quiz Glac an fhéile\n- Fís Fuaime Ard-Aoise Tóg an fís\n- Spell It Tóg an trialach\n- Bee Cubed Imirt an cluiche"} {"text": "This text is written specifically to meet the requirements of the national mechanical engineering curriculum. It is an ideal introductory text for first-year engineering students covering the three basic modules, Statics (EA858), Introductory Dynamics (EA772) and Introductory Strength of Materials (EA804). Each chapter is divided into 'teachable lessons'. The book is designed to be competency-based. Each chapter contains worked examples and self-testing exercises to encourage students to test their own skills and knowledge as they progress.\n|Unit Of Measure||Each|\nMore From This Category", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-49", "url": "https://www.itsashop.org.au/engineering-mechanics-edition-1", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710684.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20221128235805-20221129025805-00641.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9140104055, "token_count": 158, "score": 2.765625, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Tá an téacs seo scríofa go sonrach chun freastal ar riachtanais an chúrsa teagaisc náisiúnta innealtóireachta meicniúla. Is téacs tosaigh idéalach é do mhic léinn innealtóireachta den chéad bhliain a chlúdaíonn na trí mhódúl bunúsacha, Stataic (EA858), Dainimice Thosach (EA772) agus Neart Tosaíochta na nMaterials (EA804). Tá gach caibidil roinnte ina 'ceachtanna in-oideachais'. Tá an leabhar deartha chun a bheith bunaithe ar inniúlacht. Tá samplaí oibre agus cleachtaí féinthástála i ngach caibidil chun mic léinn a spreagadh chun a gcuid scileanna agus eolas féin a thástáil agus iad ag dul chun cinn.\nAonad Tomhais\nTuilleadh ón gcatagóir seo"} {"text": "Few formal studies have been done on parenting concerns among women with disabilities, but parental networks and dissemination of occupational therapy-based information have been increasing to share experiences and provide practical support.\nWomen with chronic conditions that tend to relapse after childbirth, such as multiple sclerosis and rheumatoid arthritis, may need to plan for additional assistance with newborn care. Women with physical disabilities generally are able to breastfeed as long as they consult with their physicians about the safety of medications that may reach the baby. The let-down reflex necessary for breastfeeding usually functions even in women with paralysis.\nStudies indicate that partners of women with disabilities tend to take on more equal responsibilities in child care than do partners of able-bodied women, yet they do not perceive that they have more child care responsibilities than fathers or other partners of able-bodied women.\nMothers with spinal cord injuries reported in a study that there were no differences in family members' relationships or roles, and their children were as able to participate in activities as other children when compared to other families. The children did not perceive their mothers as any different from other mothers because of their spinal cord injury. Books and newsletters studying and documenting the experiences of parents with disabilities with pregnancy and parenting have been published, often by parents and rehabilitation specialists who are themselves parents with disabilities.\nFor more information, visit Through the Looking Glass, a center for research, training and services for families in which a child, parent or grandparent has a disability or medical issue.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-49", "url": "https://cdn.bcm.edu/research/research-centers/center-for-research-on-women-with-disabilities/a-to-z-directory/parenting", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446711042.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20221205164659-20221205194659-00503.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9782577157, "token_count": 299, "score": 2.921875, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Tá cúpla staidéar foirmiúil déanta ar imní tuismitheora i measc na mban faoi mhíchumas, ach tá líon na dtuismitheoirí agus scaipeadh faisnéise atá bunaithe ar theiripe oibre ag méadú chun taithí a roinnt agus tacaíocht phraiticiúil a sholáthar.\nD'fhéadfadh go mbeadh gá le mná a bhfuil galair ainsealacha acu a mbíonn claonadh acu athfhilleadh a dhéanamh tar éis breith, mar shampla sclerosis ilfhillte agus ailse athmhillteach reumatoid, chun pleanáil a dhéanamh le haghaidh cúnamh breise maidir le cúram na n-óg. De ghnáth is féidir le mná a bhfuil míchumas fisiciúil acu beathú cíche a thabhairt chomh fada agus a rachaidh siad i gcomhairle lena gcuid dochtúirí maidir le sábháilteacht na gcógas a d'fhéadfadh teacht ar an leanbh. De ghnáth oibríonn an reflex a fhágann go bhfuil gá le beathú cíche fiú i measc mná a bhfuil paraisín orthu.\nLéiríonn staidéir go mbíonn sé de ghnáth ag comhpháirtithe mná faoi mhíchumas freagrachtaí níos comhionanna a ghlacadh i gcúram leanaí ná a dhéanann comhpháirtithe mná atá in ann obair a dhéanamh, ach ní thuigeann siad go bhfuil níos mó freagrachtaí cúraim leanaí acu ná aithreacha nó comhpháirtithe eile mná atá in ann obair a dhéanamh.\nD'fhógair máithreacha a raibh díobhálacha cnámh cnámha orthu i staidéar nach raibh aon difríochtaí i gcaidrimh nó i róil bhaill an teaghlaigh, agus go raibh a gcuid leanaí in ann páirt a ghlacadh i ngníomhaíochtaí mar leanaí eile i gcomparáid le teaghlaigh eile. Ní raibh na páistí ag smaoineamh ar a máithreacha mar aon rud difriúil ó mháithreacha eile mar gheall ar a gcion méarchorp. Tá leabhair agus nuachtlitreacha foilsithe ag staidéar agus ag cur i gcuntas eispéiris tuismitheoirí faoi mhíchumas le toirchis agus tuismitheoireacht, go minic ag tuismitheoirí agus speisialtóirí athshlánúcháin atá ina tuismitheoirí faoi mhíchumas iad féin.\nChun tuilleadh eolais a fháil, tabhair cuairt ar Through the Looking Glass, ionad taighde, oiliúna agus seirbhísí do theaghlaigh ina bhfuil míchumais nó fadhb leighis ag leanbh, tuismitheoir nó sean-athair nó seanmháthair."} {"text": "Valid XML vs Well-formed XML\nAn XML document may be well-formed and not be valid. This article explains the difference between these two concepts.\nXML is a standard set by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C http://www.w3.org/), the main international standards\norganization for the World Wide Web. The XML standard states that an XML document that conforms to the standard is\nsaid to be \"Well-formed.\" The XML standard has many syntax, grammar and structure rules. An XML document must have\na single root element, the elements must be properly nested, tag names cannot begin with a number or contain\ncertain characters, and so on.\nXML validation is distinct from well-formed. An XML document is said to be valid if it is associated with a document type\ndefinition(DTD), or an XML schema,\nand complies with the constraints specified in the DTD or schema. However, the XML standard does not require either\na DTD or a schema in order to be well-formed.\nDetermining if a document is well-formed or valid is quite simple. There are a number of XML software, including\nfree, open source and commercial, that check the syntax and validate XML documents. For\nprogrammers, many popular programming languages and frameworks have easy to use objects that require only a few\nlines of code to determine either well-formedness or validity.\nFixing well-formed and validation violations is not always straightforward. XML software vary significantly in\ntheir handling of these errors. Some of the problems related to well-formed errors are discussed in the Xponent\narticle \"XML Parsers.\" Fixing XML errors is further complicated with extremely large XML documents.\nSubmitted by Bill Conniff, Founder of Xponent, on May 14, 2012", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-17", "url": "http://xponentsoftware.com/Articles/Validate_wellformed.aspx", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917118310.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031158-00021-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8475780487, "token_count": 380, "score": 3.40625, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "XML bailí vs XML dea-fhoirmithe\nD'fhéadfadh go mbeadh doiciméad XML dea-fhoirmithe agus nach mbeadh sé bailí. Míníonn an t-alt seo an difríocht idir an dá choincheap seo.\nIs caighdeán é XML a leagann an World Wide Web Consortium (W3C http://www.w3.org/), na príomhchaighdeáin idirnáisiúnta\neagraíocht don World Wide Web. Deir caighdeán XML go bhfuil doiciméad XML atá i gcomhréir leis an gcaighdeán\n\"Go maith-fhoirmithe\" a rá. Tá go leor rialacha sintéise, gramadaí agus struchtúir ag caighdeán XML. Ní mór do dhoiciméad XML\ntá an t-eileamh fréamhacha amháin, ní mór na heilimintí a bheith innéistithe i gceart, ní féidir le hainmneacha tag tosú le huimhir nó a bheith ina n-ainmneacha tag\ncarachtair áirithe, agus mar sin de.\nTá bailíochtú XML difriúil ó dea-fhoirmithe. Deirtear go bhfuil doiciméad XML bailí má tá sé bainteach le cineál doiciméad\nsainmhíniú ((DTD), nó scéim XML,\nagus comhlíonann sé na srianta a shonraítear sa DTD nó sa scéim. Mar sin féin, ní éilíonn caighdeán XML\nDTD nó scéim chun go mbeidh siad foirmithe go maith.\nTá sé simplí go leor a chinneadh an bhfuil doiciméad dea-fhoirmithe nó bailí. Tá roinnt bogearraí XML ann, lena n-áirítear\nsaor in aisce, foinse oscailte agus tráchtála, a sheiceálann an sintéacs agus a bhailíonn doiciméid XML. Chun\nTá an t-ábhar seo ar fáil i ngach teanga cláir agus i go leor frámaí cláir a bhfuil sé éasca a úsáid nach gá ach cúpla cliceáil ar a bhfuil sé.\nlínte cód chun dea-fhoirmitheacht nó bailíocht a chinneadh.\nNí bhíonn sé éasca go léir sáruithe dea-fhoirmithe agus bailídeachta a shocrú. Tá éagsúlacht mhór i mbogearraí XML i\na láimhseáil na botúin seo. Déantar plé ar chuid de na fadhbanna a bhaineann le earráidí dea-fhoirmithe sa Xponent\nAirteagal \"Parsóirí XML\". Tá sé níos casta earráidí XML a shocrú le doiciméid XML an-mhór.\nArna chur isteach ag Bill Conniff, Bunaitheoir Xponent, ar 14 Bealtaine, 2012"} {"text": "Njord was the god Norse sailors and fisherman turned to in times of need. He was a sea god with powers over the wind and the fertility of land along the coast. But what this deity is best remembered for is the strange nature of his marriage to a giantess.\nIn Norse mythology, Njord (which is an anglicized version of the Old Norse ‘Njörðr’) is a member of the Vanir, a group of deities commonly associated with wealth, fertility, and commerce. Njord is particularly affiliated with the sea and was regarded by the Norse to oversee such nautical activities as fishing and sailing. Njord appears in several Norse myths, arguably the most famous of which being that of his marriage to the goddess and jötunn Skadi.\nNjord is a fairly mysterious god as not a lot is known about him. For instance, little is said in Norse mythology about the genealogy of this deity. We know that Njord is a member of the Vanir - gods who inhabit the Vanaheimr (meaning ‘Home of the Vanir’). The Vanir were believed to be in charge of such aspects of life as wealth, fertility, commerce, and nature; in contrast to the more war-like Aesir, the other major group of Norse gods.\nAdditionally, it is known that Njord had two children, Freyr and Freyja, both of whom are worshiped as fertility deities. The mother of Freyr and Freyja are said to be an unnamed sister of Njord, speculated to be Nerthus, a Germanic fertility goddess first mentioned in Tacitus’ Germania.\nAccording to Norse mythology, a war broke out between the Vanir and the Aesir at some point of time. This conflict resulted from the torture of Gullveig, a member of the Vanir, by the Aesir. As reparation for this deed, the Vanir demanded either monetary compensation or to be given equal status as the Aesir.\nThe Aesir refused these demands and declared war instead. Despite being associated with warfare, the Aesir were defeated by the Vanir numerous times. In the end, the Aesir asked for peace and granted the Vanir equal status. One of the consequences of this peace settlement was the exchange of hostages between the Vanir and the Aesir. The Vanir were given the gods Hoenir and Mimir, whilst the Aesir received Njord and his two children. Therefore, it may be said that Njord is also an ‘honorary Aesir’.\nThe best-known tale about Njord, however, is that of his marriage to the goddess and jötunn, Skadi. In this myth, the father of Skadi, Thiazi, was killed by the Aesir. The goddess prepared for war and went to Asgard (the home of the Aesir) to avenge her slain father. Instead of fighting with Skadi, the Aesir agreed to compensate her loss. One of these was to allow her to marry any one of the gods there. The only condition, however, was that she must make her decision by only looking at the gods’ feet. Skadi chose the most beautiful pair of feet, thinking that they belonged to Baldr, who is said to be the most handsome Norse god.\nUnfortunately for Skadi, the feet did not belong to Baldr, but to Njord. Things went from bad to worse for the newly-wedded couple. As Njord is a god of the sea, his abode was the sea, or more specifically, Nóatún (which means ‘Ship Enclosure’). Skadi, on the other hand, preferred the mountains, where she could ski and hunt wild animals.\nThe pair tried to make their marriage work by agreeing to live in each other’s home for a part of the year. Unfortunately, Njord could not stand the cold and the howling of the wolves during his stay in Thrymheim (meaning ‘Thunder Home’), the abode of Skadi, whilst his wife found the motion of the sea and the noise of the harbor at Nóatún unbearable. In some accounts, Skadi eventually breaks up with Njord, and returns to Thrymheim.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-43", "url": "https://berloga-workshop.com/blog/61-njord.html", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570986692723.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20191019090937-20191019114437-00365.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9815779328, "token_count": 920, "score": 2.65625, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Ba é Njord an dia a d'fhéach muirí agus iascairí na Seice i amanna riachtanacha. Bhí sé ina dia farraige le cumhachtaí ar an ghaoth agus ar thorthúlacht na talún ar feadh an chósta. Ach is é an rud is fearr a chuimhneofar ar an dia seo ná nádúr aisteach a phósadh le giantess.\nI miotaseolaíocht na Searcainne, is ball de na Vanir, grúpa déithe a bhaineann go coitianta le saibhreas, torthúlacht agus tráchtáil, é Njord (ar leagan Anglicized den Sean-Searcain Njörðr). Tá baint ar leith ag Njord leis an bhfarraige agus meas na Lochlannaigh go raibh sé i gceannas ar ghníomhaíochtaí mara mar iascaireacht agus seoltóireacht. Tá Njord le feiceáil i roinnt miotais Norse, is dócha gurb é an ceann is cáiliúla díobh sin a phósadh leis an dia agus jötunn Skadi.\nIs dia an-díomhaireach é Njord toisc nach bhfuil mórán ar eolas faoi. Mar shampla, níl mórán ráite i miotaseolaíocht na hIodáile faoi shliocht an dia seo. Tá a fhios againn gur ball de na Vanir é Njord - déithe a chónaíonn sa Vanaheimr (a chiallaíonn \"Teach na Vanir\"). Creidtear go raibh na Vanir i gceannas ar ghnéithe den saol mar shaibhreas, torthúlacht, tráchtáil, agus nádúr; i gcodarsnacht leis na Aesir níos mó cogaidh, an grúpa mór eile de na déithe Norse.\nIna theannta sin, tá a fhios go raibh beirt leanaí ag Njord, Freyr agus Freyja, agus déantar an dá cheann acu a adhradh mar dhéitheacht torthúlachta. Deirtear gur deirfiúr gan ainm de Njord í máthair Freyr agus Freyja, a mheastar a bheith ina Nerthus, dia féirinne Germánach a luaitear den chéad uair i Tacitus Germania.\nDe réir miotaseolaíocht na Seice, thit cogadh idir na Vanir agus na Aesir ag pointe éigin ama. Tháinig an coimhlint seo mar thoradh ar Gullveig, ball de na Vanir, a mhúnlú ag na Aesir. Mar chúiteamh ar an ngníomh seo, d'éiligh na Vanir cúiteamh airgid nó stádas comhionann leis na Aesir a thabhairt dóibh.\nDhiúltaigh an Aesir na héilimh seo agus dhearbhaigh sé cogadh ina ionad. In ainneoin go raibh baint acu le cogadh, bhuail na Vanir na Aesir go leor uaireanta. Sa deireadh, d'iarr an Aesir síocháin agus thug sé stádas comhionann do na Vanir. Ceann de na hiarmhairtí a bhí leis an socrú síochána seo ná malartú na n-ionsaí idir na Vanir agus na Aesir. Tugadh na déithe Hoenir agus Mimir do na Vanir, agus fuair na Aesir Njord agus a dhá mhac. Dá bhrí sin, is féidir a rá gur onóir Aesir é Njord freisin.\nIs é an scéal is cáiliúla faoi Njord, áfach, ná a phósadh leis an dia agus jötunn, Skadi. Sa mhiotas seo, maraíodh athair Skadi, Thiazi, ag an Aesir. D'ullmhaigh an banríon le haghaidh cogaidh agus chuaigh sí go Asgard (áit chónaithe na Aesir) chun a hathair maraithe a fhéachaint. In ionad troid le Skadi, d'aontaigh an Aesir cúiteamh a dhéanamh ar a chaillteanas. Ceann acu ná cead a thabhairt di pósadh le haon cheann de na déithe ann. Ba é an t-aon choinníoll, áfach, gur chóir di a chinneadh trí fhéachaint ar chosa na n-dibh amháin. Roghnaigh Skadi an péire cosa is áille, ag smaoineamh gur bhain siad le Baldr, a deirtear gurb é an dia Norse is áille é.\nAr an drochuair do Skadi, ní ba é Baldr na cosa, ach do Njord. Bhí rudaí ag dul ó dhroch go dona don lánúin nuaphósadh. Ós rud é go bhfuil Njord ina Dhia na farraige, ba é an fharraige a áit chónaithe, nó níos sainiúla, Nóatún (a chiallaíonn Ceapadh Loinge). Ar an láimh eile, is fearr le Skadi na sléibhte, áit ar féidir léi sciáil agus ainmhithe fiáine a sheachaint.\nRinne an lánúin iarracht a bpósadh a dhéanamh trí chomhaontú a bheith ina gcónaí i dteach a chéile ar feadh cuid den bhliain. Ar an drochuair, ní raibh Njord in ann seasamh leis an fuar agus le howl na n-uaimh le linn a chuid fanacht i Thrymheim (a chiallaíonn \"Thunder Home\"), áit chónaithe Skadi, agus fuair a bhean chéile gluaiseacht na farraige agus torann an chalafoirt ag Nóatún do-ghlactha. I roinnt cuntais, scoireann Skadi suas le Njord sa deireadh, agus téann sé ar ais go Thrymheim."} {"text": "Element chain allows you to create chain of elements such as row of trees or light poles.\nElement chains read AutoCAD polylines, arcs, circles, ellipses and splines. Single elements are created along the polyline and perpendicular to the polyline.\nlayer - Layer where element chain polylines or lines are.\nmaterials - Materials for elements, probability (0-1) of the element is separated with a semicolon \";\" after the material name. This way amount of different elements can be defined accurately.\ndescription - A descriptive text for the entry. If defined, will be shown instead of the long description.\ninfo text - Information text attached to items.\ninfo URL - URL link attached to items. The Explorer can launch a Web browser with the URL.\nobject data tables - Autodesk Map object data tables that will be used for source of object information for the elements in the virtual model. The table list also matches wildcards.\nobjects - List of the AutoCAD 3D blocks that will be used as elements in the virtual model the same way as texture elements. If more than one block is selected, one of them will be randomly chosen for each instance. Insertion point is always interpolated to the ground. Material information is read from the AutoCAD block (mesh) triangle materials. Texturing mode is always “Box”.\nrandomness - Randomness in size in percentage.\ndensity - Distance of elements along the polyline in drawing units.\nwidth - Width of single elements. If left empty width of the material or the objects is used.\nheight - Height of single elements. If left empty height of the material or the objects is used.\nrotating - If set to YES elements are always faced to the viewer.\nbackground_material - Material for element's background. If this material does not have texture the alpha channel of the front material is used.\ninterpolate_z_from_poly - The z value of the elements are taken from the z value of the polyline.\ninterpolation_mode - top – Element stretches from the ground. Top of the element is set to the polyline elevation.\\\\ bottom - Element height is read from the ‘height’ parameter (default setting).\nInterpolate_to_materials - In case of multiple materials on top of each other, defines the material that these items will be interpolated on.\nposition_offset - Shifts objects according to given transformation parameters (X,Y,Z).\ngroup - The name of the group of these items.\nz-rotating - Yes/no\nz-rotation - Angle = Rotates the resulting object’s z-axis. With this parameter objects can be rotated so that they are not pointing upwards. Setting this to 90 will result objects that are horizontal.\n- default = Objects are aligned vertically as usually\n- surface = Objects are aligned so that they follow surface shape. Texture elements are aligned perpendicular against surface triangle. 3D-Objects are aligned to surface using object dimensions (bounding box) and lowest points.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-43", "url": "https://support.viasys.com/hc/en-us/articles/360002960652-5-4-Element-Chains", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570986677230.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20191017222820-20191018010320-00381.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.7905825377, "token_count": 645, "score": 3.296875, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Ceadaíonn slabhra eilimintí duit slabhra eilimintí a chruthú mar shraith de chrainn nó póilíní solais.\nLéann slabhraí eilimintí AutoCAD polylines, áirse, ciorcail, ellipses agus splines. Cruthaítear eilimintí aonair ar feadh an pholalíne agus go perpendicular leis an pholalíne.\nciseal - Ciseal ina bhfuil línte nó línte lánlabhra na n-eilimintí.\nÁbhar - Ábhar le haghaidh eilimintí, deirtear dóchúlacht (0-1) an eiliminte ar leithligh le comhoilíneach \";\" tar éis ainm an ábhair. Is féidir méid na n-eilimintí éagsúla a shainiú go cruinn ar an mbealach seo.\ntuairisc - Téacs tuairiscitheach don iontráil. Má shainmhínítear é, taispeánfar é in ionad an tuairisc fhada.\ntéacs faisnéise - Téacs faisnéise atá ceangailte le míreanna.\nURL info - nasc URL atá ceangailte le míreanna. Is féidir leis an Explorer brabhsálaí gréasáin a sheoladh leis an URL.\ntáblaí sonraí réad - táblaí sonraí réad Autodesk Map a úsáidfear mar fhoinse faisnéise réad do na heilimintí sa tsamhail fhíorúil. Comhoiriúnach le wildcards an liosta tábla freisin.\nréada - Liosta de na bloic 3D AutoCAD a úsáidfear mar eilimintí sa tsamhail fhíorúil ar an mbealach céanna le heilimintí téacs. Má roghnaítear níos mó ná bloc amháin, roghnófar ceann acu go randamach do gach sampla. Tá an pointe ionchuir idirthréimhseach i gcónaí leis an talamh. Léitear faisnéis ábhair ó ábhair triantán bloc (mhéis) AutoCAD. Is é an modh téacsála i gcónaí Box.\nrandamacht - Randamacht i méid i gcuntas céatadáin.\ndlús - Fad na n-eilimintí ar feadh an pholalíne in aonad líníochta.\nleithead - Leithead na n-eilimintí aonair. Má fhágtar leataobh an t-ábhar nó na rudaí, úsáidtear leataobh an ábhair nó na rudaí.\nairde - Ardú na n-eilimintí aonair. Má fhágtar ar shiúl é, úsáidtear airde an ábhair nó na n-ábhar.\nrothlú - Má tá sé socraithe go YES tá na heilimintí i gcónaí os comhair an lucht féachana.\nbackground_material - Ábhar do chúlra na heiliminte. Má tá an t-ábhar seo gan struchtúr, úsáidtear cainéal alfa an ábhair tosaigh.\ninterpolate_z_from_poly - Tógtar luach z na n-eilimintí ó luach z na polaillíne.\ninterpolation_mode - barr Tá an ghné ag síneadh ón talamh. Tá barr an eilimint socraithe ar an airde polaillíne.\\\\ bun - Léitear airde an eilimint ón paraiméadar height (suíomh réamhshocraithe).\nInterpolate_to_materials - I gcás go bhfuil go leor ábhair os cionn a chéile, sainmhíníonn sé an t-ábhar ar a mbeidh na heilimintí seo a idirphóladh.\nposition_offset - Athraíonn sé rudaí de réir paraiméadair claochlaithe áirithe (X, Y, Z).\ngrúpa - Ainm an ghrúpa de na hearraí seo.\nz-rothlú - Sea/níl\nz-rotation - Angle = Rothlaíonn sé an t-aiseal z den réad a thagann as. Leis an paraiméadar seo is féidir rudaí a rothlú ionas nach bhfuil siad ag pointeáil suas. Ag socrú é seo go 90 beidh rudaí a bheidh cothrománach mar thoradh air.\n- réamhshocraithe = Tá rudaí ailínithe go ingearach mar is gnách\n- dromchla = Tá rudaí ailínithe ionas go leanann siad cruth dromchla. Tá eilimintí téacsúra ailínithe go perpendicular i gcoinne triantán dromchla. Déantar 3D-Chunnán a ailíniú le dromchla ag baint úsáide as tomhais chúnnán (bhogsa teoranta) agus pointí is ísle."} {"text": "The Sixth Amendment to the Bill of Rights states that in criminal court cases defendants shall enjoy the right to trial by an “impartial jury of the State.” Today, the unanimous vote helps courts to abide by American ideals. Clearly, if any juror has a doubt about a defendant’s guilt, the unanimity rule will protect the subject from wrongful punishment, right?\nThis is a possibility that Kellogg School professor Timothy Feddersen came across in his research, which suggests that during unanimous elections, people may have an incentive to vote strategically, in a way that produces unfavorable outcomes.\nAt the annual Kellogg Oh Be Joyful faculty and staff dinner in June, Feddersen received the inaugural Stanley Reiter Best Paper Award, established to recognize outstanding research published by a faculty member in the preceding four calendar years, for his paper “Convicting the Innocent: The Inferiority of Unanimous Jury Verdicts” (with Wolfgang Pesendorfer), printed in the American Political Science Review (vol. 92, no. 1). To understand the theory, he explains, one must understand that each person has private information that is relevant to other jurors’ decisions as well.\n“If people voted naively, without knowing information that others may know, under unanimity rule guilty people would almost always be acquitted,” notes Feddersen, the Wendell Hobbs Professor of Managerial Economics and Decision Sciences.\nUnlike majority rule, in which a vote is pivotal if the other voters equally split their votes between the two alternatives, a vote in a unanimous election is pivotal only if other voters have all voted the same way.\n“If my vote is pivotal it is because everyone else has voted to convict,” Feddersen explains. “If I believe everyone else is voting on the basis of private information not available to me, then I may reason that I should not vote to acquit even when I believe the defendant to be innocent, thus effectively delegating the group’s decision from me, with my limited information, to the group.”\nUnanimity rule therefore creates “perverse incentives” for jurors that may lead to higher probabilities of both acquitting guilty defendants and convicting innocent ones, than if a rule such as simple majority had been used, Feddersen contends.\nAdditionally, this reasoning could be mutual among voters, so increasing the size of the jury could actually increase the probability of convicting an innocent defendant.\nSince 1994, Feddersen has worked with Pesendorfer, examining strategic voting in elections. In 1997, they published a paper arguing that a wide variety of voting rules are successful when voting strategically. Feddersen says the research on the unanimity rule came to mind as an afterthought.\n“When this research started, we weren’t interested in different voting rules; we were more interested in participation in elections, the way elections aggregate information, and the incentive for people to participate in elections,” he explains.\nFeddersen’s work is the first to consider the effect of strategic voting on the unanimity rule, and preliminary experiments have supported the theory’s predictions. Nevertheless, he cautions that the theory is not a recommendation for reform.\n“This is an abstract mathematical model and not a claim about how people actually reason. We don’t have much to say about how people actually make decisions, only that they will have an incentive to act in a particular way. There are a number of factors that get in the way of immediately going from this paper to saying we ought to get rid of the unanimous jury verdict,” he says.\nFor example, he notes, his paper does not consider the process of jury deliberation. What if people talk to one another before they decide? Then the voting rule wouldn’t matter because there is no private information, he points out. Then too, what if people have other motivations?\nFeddersen is looking to answer some of these questions in his present research on the impact that ethically minded voters may have on models of deliberation. “I’m interested in what kinds of incentives different voting rules create for people to talk,” he says.\n“It appears that voting by unanimity rule doesn’t promote discussion as well as some people have thought.”", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-49", "url": "https://insight.kellogg.northwestern.edu/article/judging_the_jury_vote", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446711336.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20221208114402-20221208144402-00250.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9656133652, "token_count": 904, "score": 2.53125, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Deir an Séú Leasú ar an mBille um Chearta go mbainfidh cosantóirí sa chúirt choiriúil taitneamh as an gceart chun triail a fháil ag \"giúiré neamhchlaonta an Stáit\". Sa lá atá inniu ann, cabhraíonn an vóta d'aon toil le cúirteanna cloí le idéalach Mheiriceá. Is léir, má tá aon giúiré amhras faoi chiontacht an chosantóra, an riail aontoilíneachta a chosaint ar an ábhar ó pionós mícheart, ceart?\nIs é seo an fhéidearthacht gur tháinig an tOllamh Scoil Kellogg Timothy Feddersen i dtaobh a chuid taighde, rud a thugann le tuiscint go bhféadfadh spreagadh a bheith ag daoine vótáil go straitéiseach le linn toghcháin d'aon toil, ar bhealach a tháirgeann torthaí neamhfhabhracha.\nAg dinnéar bliantúil fhoireann agus foireann foirne Kellogg Oh Be Joyful i mí an Mheithimh, fuair Feddersen Gradam Stanley Reiter Best Paper, a bunaíodh chun taighde den scoth a d'fhoilsigh ball foirne sna ceithre bliana féilire roimhe sin a aithint, as a chuid páipéir Convicting the Innocent: The Inferiority of Unanimous Jury Verdicts (le Wolfgang Pesendorfer), a priontáil sa American Political Science Review (vol. 92, níl. 1) a chur i bhfeidhm. Chun an teoiric a thuiscint, a mhíníonn sé, ní mór a thuiscint go bhfuil faisnéis phríobháideach ag gach duine atá ábhartha do chinntí giúróirí eile freisin.\n'Má vótáil daoine go naive, gan eolas a bheith acu ar fhaisnéis a d'fhéadfadh a bheith ar eolas ag daoine eile, faoi riail aontoilíochta, d'fhágfaí daoine ciontach beagnach i gcónaí,' a deir Feddersen, Ollamh Wendell Hobbs in Eacnamaíocht Bhainistíochta agus Eolaíochtaí Cinnteoireachta.\nMurab ionann agus riail an mhórachta, ina bhfuil vóta ríthábhachtach má roinntear vótaí na vótálaithe eile go cothrom idir an dá rogha eile, níl vóta i dtoghchán d'aon toil ríthábhachtach ach amháin má tá vótálaithe eile vótáilte ar an mbealach céanna.\nMá tá mo vóta ríthábhachtach, is é sin toisc go bhfuil gach duine eile vótáil chun ciontach a bheith, a mhíníonn Feddersen. Má chreidim go bhfuil gach duine eile ag vótáil ar bhonn faisnéise príobháideach nach bhfuil ar fáil domsa, ansin d'fhéadfadh sé go mbeadh sé de chúis agam nár cheart dom vótáil chun an cosantóir a dhíol fiú nuair a chreidim go bhfuil an cosantóir neamhchiontach, agus dá bhrí sin ag tarchur cinneadh an ghrúpa uaim, le mo chuid faisnéise teoranta, chuig an ghrúpa.\nDá bhrí sin, cruthaíonn riail aontoilíochta \"spreagadh perverse\" do mhionnóirí a d'fhéadfadh a bheith ina chúis le dóchúlacht níos airde go bhfágfaí cosantóirí ciontach agus go gcúinneófaí daoine neamhchiontach, ná dá mba rud é go raibh riail mar thromlach simplí á úsáid, a mhaíonn Feddersen.\nIna theannta sin, d'fhéadfadh an réasúnaíocht seo a bheith frithpháirteach i measc vótálaithe, mar sin d'fhéadfadh méadú ar mhéid na giúiré an dóchúlacht a mhéadú i ndáiríre chun cosantóir neamhchiontach a chiontú.\nÓ 1994, d'oibrigh Feddersen le Pesendorfer, ag scrúdú vótála straitéiseach i dtoghcháin. I 1997, d'fhoilsigh siad páipéar ag argóint go bhfuil rialacha vótála éagsúla rathúla nuair a vótáil siad go straitéiseach. Deir Feddersen gur smaoineamh iarbhír a tháinig chun cuimhne an taighde ar an riail aontoilíochta.\n'Nuair a thosaigh an taighde seo, ní raibh suim againn i rialacha vótála éagsúla; bhí suim againn níos mó i rannpháirtíocht i dtoghcháin, an bealach a ndéanann toghcháin faisnéis a chomhiomlánú, agus an dreasacht atá ag daoine páirt a ghlacadh i dtoghcháin,' a mhíníonn sé.\nIs é obair Feddersen an chéad cheann a mheasann éifeacht an vótála straitéiseach ar an riail aontoilíochta, agus tá turgnaimh réamh-mheasta ag tacú le réamhaisnéisí na teoiric. Mar sin féin, tugann sé rabhadh nach moladh é an teoiric le haghaidh athchóirithe.\nIs samhail matamaiticiúil eisiata é seo agus ní éileamh é maidir le conas a réitíonn daoine i ndáiríre. Níl mórán le rá againn faoi conas a dhéanann daoine cinntí i ndáiríre, ach amháin go mbeidh dreasacht acu gníomhú ar bhealach áirithe. Tá roinnt fachtóirí ann a chuireann bac ar an bpáipéar seo a rá go díreach gur cheart dúinn fáil réidh le breithiúnas dhlúthchomhairle an ghiúiré, a deir sé.\nMar shampla, a thugann sé faoi deara, ní mheasann a pháipéar an próiseas breithniúcháin giúiré. Cad a tharlaíonn má labhraíonn daoine lena chéile sula ndéanann siad cinneadh? Ní bheadh aon tábhacht ag an riail vótála ansin toisc nach bhfuil aon fhaisnéis phríobháideach ann, a thugann sé le fios. Agus ansin, cad a tharlaíonn má tá spreagadh eile ag daoine?\nTá Feddersen ag iarraidh freagra a thabhairt ar chuid de na ceisteanna seo ina chuid taighde faoi láthair ar an tionchar a d'fhéadfadh a bheith ag vótálaithe a bhfuil intinn eiticiúil acu ar mhúnlaí díospóireachta. Tá suim agam i gcineálacha dreasachtaí a chruthaíonn rialacha éagsúla vótála do dhaoine labhairt, a deir sé.\nIs cosúil nach gcuireann vótáil trí riail aontoilíochta plé chun cinn chomh maith agus a cheap roinnt daoine."} {"text": "Nerve root impingement is a diagnostic conclusion often found on the MRI reports of back, neck and sciatica pain sufferers. Other typical wordings used to describe similar or identical conditions include: nerve root encroachment, mass effect on the nerve root and touching the nerve root. A related, but usually more severe, diagnostic conclusion is nerve root compression, also known as a pinched nerve.\nThis essay will detail what exactly impingement on a spinal nerve root means, the symptoms it may create and the treatment options which may be most effective for bringing much needed relief.\nThe spinal nerve roots are the bilateral branches of the neurological tissues which branch off the spinal cord at each vertebral level. There are ventral and dorsal nerve roots for each side, left and right. These nerves exit the spinal column through the neuroforamen, also called the foraminal spaces.\nThe word impingement means that something is in close proximity to or is contacting the nerve as it leaves the foraminal space. This word is used speculatively in many cases and is misused in others in which nerve root compression is obviously occurring.\nWhen it comes to possible pinched nerves, impingement can be a very speculative word. This is why it is always crucial to discuss the exact wording found on your imaging or diagnostic reports with the doctors annotating the conclusion. It is absolutely vital to understand the exact extent of possible contact and the effects produced before taking any action towards treatment.\nNerve impingement in the spine can be caused by a wide range of structural sources, including any or all of the following:\nHerniated discs can encroach on a nerve root, possibly enacting symptoms.\nOsteoarthritic bone spurs can narrow the foraminal space and impinge on a nerve root.\nVertebral misalignment issues, such as spondylolisthesis, anterolisthesis or retrolisthesis can impinge on nerve roots.\nGeneral spinal degeneration, such as disc desiccation and arthritic changes, can impinge on nerve roots in rare instances.\nRegardless of the theorized cause of impingement, it is important to be sure that the nerve is actually affected by the offending structure. Remember, many cases of diagnosed impingement do not produce any symptoms, leading the patient to seek treatment for an incorrectly identified source of pain.\nYour neurologist will prove to be your best ally when it comes to determining the effects, if any, that are being imparted to the spinal nerves by any structural impingement.\nPinched nerves are one of the most commonly diagnosed theories of pain in the dorsalgia sector, which is ironic, considering they are actually quite rare. Most speculative pinched nerves do not adequately explain the symptomatic profile and some are completely and obviously unrelated, yet they take the blame anyway.\nThis helps to explain why treatment for pinched nerves fails in far more cases than it succeeds. After all, if the symptoms are not being sourced by the suspected compressed nerve, they will not go away, even if the nerve is released. This is merely common sense at play here.\nRemember that in the case of spinal nerve roots, compression will have effects in highly specific locations of the body. If the symptoms do not correspond to the diagnosis, then pursuing treatment will most surely be a waste of time, energy and money. But, don’t worry, your doctor won’t complain. They get paid anyway, success or not.\nIf a nerve is truly suffering from verified compression from a structural source, then it may require active treatment. Some conditions can be successfully treated nonsurgically, using such modalities as spinal decompression. Others may require surgical interventions, but should resolve fully if treated properly and without complication.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-17", "url": "http://www.sciatica-pain.org/nerve-root-impingement.html", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917125532.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031205-00138-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9386813641, "token_count": 780, "score": 2.984375, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Is é impingement fréamh nerve conclúid diagnóiseach a fhaightear go minic ar na tuairiscí MRI de dhaoine a bhfuil pian cúl, muineál agus sciatica orthu. I measc focail eile a úsáidtear go coitianta chun coinníollacha comhchosúla nó comhionanna a chur in iúl tá: ionradh fréamh néaróg, tionchar mais ar an fréamh néaróg agus teagmháil leis an fréamh néaróg. Is éard atá i gceist le conclúid diagnóiseach gaolmhar, ach is gnách go bhfuil sé níos déine ná brú fréamh nerve, ar a dtugtar nerve pinched freisin.\nSa aiste seo, léirítear go mion cad is ciall le impingement ar fréamh nerve spinal, na hairíonna a d'fhéadfadh sé a chruthú agus na roghanna cóireála a d'fhéadfadh a bheith is éifeachtaí chun faoiseamh a theastaíonn go mór a thabhairt.\nIs iad na fréamhacha néaróg spinal na brainsí déthaobhacha de na fíocháin néarólach a bhrainseann as an méid spinal ag gach leibhéal vertebral. Tá fréamhacha néaróg ventral agus dorsail ann do gach taobh, ar chlé agus ar dheis. Téann na néaróga seo amach as an gcolún spine tríd an néarófóramáin, ar a dtugtar na spásanna foramála freisin.\nCiallaíonn an focal impingement go bhfuil rud éigin in aice láimhe leis an néaróg nó go bhfuil sé i dteagmháil leis an néaróg agus é ag fágáil an spás foraminal. Úsáidtear an focal seo go measta i go leor cásanna agus úsáidtear é mícheart i gcásanna eile ina bhfuil brú fréamh nerve ag tarlú go soiléir.\nNuair a thagann sé chun nerves pinched féideartha, impingement is féidir a bheith ina focal an-speicil. Sin é an fáth go bhfuil sé ríthábhachtach i gcónaí an fhocail cheart a fhaightear ar do thuairiscí íomháithe nó diagnóise a phlé leis na dochtúirí ag cur an chonclúid in iúl. Tá sé ríthábhachtach go dtuigfí cé chomh mór agus a d'fhéadfadh an teagmháil a bheith agus na héifeachtaí a tháirgtear sula ndéantar aon ghníomhaíocht i dtreo cóireála.\nIs féidir le brú na néaróg sa spine a bheith mar thoradh ar raon leathan foinsí struchtúracha, lena n-áirítear aon cheann de na foinsí seo a leanas nó iad uile:\nIs féidir le dioscaí herniated dul isteach ar fréamh néaróg, agus is féidir go dtarlódh comharthaí.\nIs féidir le spurs cnámh osteoarthritic an spás foraminal a chaolú agus dul i ngleic le fréamh néaróg.\nIs féidir le fadhbanna mí-ailíniú vertebral, mar shampla spondylolisthesis, anterolisthesis nó retrolisthesis dul i ngleic le fréamhacha néaróg.\nIs féidir le díghrádú spinal ginearálta, mar shampla díghrádú diosca agus athruithe arthritic, dul i bhfeidhm ar fhréamhacha néaróg i gcásanna annamh.\nIs cuma cén chúis teoiriciúil a bhaineann le bualadh, tá sé tábhachtach a bheith cinnte go bhfuil tionchar ag an struchtúr atá ag déanamh míbhuntáiste ar an néaróg i ndáiríre. Cuimhnigh, ní bhíonn aon chomharthaí ag go leor cásanna de phléascadh a dhiagnóisiú, rud a fhágann go ndéanann an t-othar cóireáil a lorg le haghaidh foinse pian a aithníodh go mícheart.\nBeidh do néarólóg a chruthú a bheith ar do ally is fearr nuair a thagann sé chun a chinneadh na héifeachtaí, más ann, go bhfuil á thabhairt do na néaróg spinal ag aon impingement struchtúrach.\nTá na néaróga pinched ar cheann de na teoiricí pian is coitianta a dhiagnóisiú i earnáil dorsalgia, rud atá irónach, ag smaoineamh go bhfuil siad go leor annamh. Ní mhíníonn an chuid is mó de na néaróg pinched speculative go leordhóthanach an próifíl siomptacha agus tá cuid acu go hiomlán agus go soiléir gan baint, ach glacann siad an chion ar aon nós.\nCabhraíonn sé seo leis an míniú a thabhairt cén fáth go dtéann leigheas ar néaróg pinched i bhfad níos mó cásanna ná mar a éiríonn leis. Tar éis an tsaoil, mura bhfuil na hairíonna ag teacht ón néaróg a bhfuil amhras ann go bhfuil sé brúite, ní bheidh siad ag dul ar shiúl, fiú má scaoiltear an néaróg. Is é seo ach ciall coiteann ag imirt anseo.\nCuimhnigh go mbeidh éifeachtaí ag brú i gcroí néaróg spinal i suíomhanna an-sonracha den chorp. Mura bhfuil na hairíonna ag teacht leis an diagnóis, ansin is cinnte go mbeidh sé ina phíosa ama, fuinnimh agus airgid cóireáil a leanúint. Ach ná bíodh imní ort, ní dhéanfaidh do dhochtúir gearán. Íocfar leo ar aon nós, rath nó nach ea.\nMá tá nerve ag fulaingt i ndáiríre ó chúnamh dearfach ó fhoinse struchtúrtha, ansin d'fhéadfadh go mbeadh cóireáil ghníomhach ag teastáil uaidh. Is féidir roinnt coinníollacha a chóireáil go rathúil go neamh-ghéarghníomhach, ag baint úsáide as modhanna mar dhíchomprú cnámh droma. D'fhéadfadh go mbeadh idirghabhálacha máinliachta ag teastáil ó dhaoine eile, ach ba cheart go mbeadh siad go hiomlán má dhéantar cóireáil chuí orthu agus gan deacrachtaí."} {"text": "October 13th, 2016\nIn the final week of September, 12 A Level biologists visited Epping Forest in Essex to further their studies.\nThe day-long field trip to the largest open space in Greater London saw the students learn a variety of techniques used by ecologists to sample habitats, collect data and analyse trends. Having been briefed in the morning on the techniques and equipment they would be using, the biologists took to the field to take samples of the vegetation living in the soil, on trees and in bodies of water all over the Forest.\nThey returned to the laboratory in the afternoon to begin analysing the data and were shown different ways that they can put this data together to form a presentation by professional scientists. The field trip gave the students a greater understanding of biology in action and has helped prepared them for their A Level exams next summer.\nMore photos of the field trip can be seen in the gallery by clicking here.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-17", "url": "http://www.centralfoundationboys.co.uk/2016/10", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917118519.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031158-00196-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9711797833, "token_count": 188, "score": 2.96875, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "13 Deireadh Fómhair, 2016\nSa tseachtain dheireanach de Mheán Fómhair, thug 12 bitheolaí Leibhéal A cuairt ar Foraois Epping in Essex chun tuilleadh a gcuid staidéir a dhéanamh.\nSa turas réimse ar feadh lá ar fad chuig an spás oscailte is mó i Londain Mhór, d'fhoghlaim na mic léinn éagsúlacht teicnící a úsáideann éiceolaithe chun samplaí de ghnáthchónaí a bhailiú, sonraí a bhailiú agus treochtaí a anailísiú. Tar éis dóibh a bheith curtha ar an eolas ar maidin faoi na teicnící agus na trealamh a d'úsáidfeadh siad, chuaigh na bitheolaithe ar an réimse chun samplaí a thógáil den fhás atá ina gcónaí sa ithir, ar chrainn agus i gcomhlachtaí uisce ar fud na Fiáine.\nD'fhill siad ar an saotharlann san tráthnóna chun tús a chur leis na sonraí a anailísiú agus taispeánadh bealaí éagsúla dóibh na sonraí seo a chur le chéile chun cur i láthair a dhéanamh ag eolaithe gairmiúla. Thug an turas réimse tuiscint níos fearr do na mic léinn ar bith-eolaíocht i ngníomh agus chabhraigh sé leo iad a ullmhú le haghaidh a gcuid scrúduithe Leibhéil A an samhradh seo chugainn.\nIs féidir níos mó grianghraif den turas réimse a fheiceáil sa ghálair trí chliceáil anseo."} {"text": "↝ OWC / MacSales.com... ↜\n↝ diglloyd Deal Finder... ↜\nBuy other stuff at Amazon.com...\nCPU Cores Explained\nRelated: bandwidth, CPU cores, Mac Pro, MacBook, memory, Photoshop, RAID\nCPU is a loosely-used term, but traditionally referred to a single physical computer chip, the computing brain inside your Mac. The MacBook Pro, MacBook, iMac all have a single CPU chip; certain models of the Mac Pro (2012) have dual CPUs, each with four or eight cores.\nOn each physical CPU, there can be more than one CPU core (“core”), with each core fully capable of running the entire system and applications all by itself.\nAs of 2012, Intel chips used in Macs have 2/4/6/8/12 cores. Future Intel chips will have even more cores.\nThe emerging multi-core reality is the impetus for new technology from Apple, and increased attention from application developers to exploiting all that computing power. Whither Adobe Photoshop CS4, with its gross underutilization of even two cores for many tasks?\nThere are still many inefficient applications which do not use the available CPU cores, confining their activities to “single thread” mode, using only a single core. This will slowly change, as market pressures come to bear, but four cores is enough for most users, with six cores being plenty except for specialized tasks.\nHow many cores\nCheck how many CPU cores your system has by choosing.\nIn the example at right, the example Mac Pro Nehalem has two 2.93GHz CPUs, each with four cores, for an eight-core system.\nHowever, the Nehalem also has a “virtual core” technology that means there are 16 virtual cores (which in practice offer little or no benefit).\nExamples of CPU usage\nWhen using Activity Monitor’swindow ( ), the ideal scenario is to see all CPU cores busy; black areas indicate idle time.\nShow at right is the CPU usage for Photozoom Pro 3 running a system stress test. All 16 virtual cores are fully utilized. Green indicates “user” time and red indicates “system” time. It’s all usage; there are no black areas, showing that none of the CPU cores are idle at any time.\nAt the opposite extreme, some programs are single-threaded; they make use of only a single core, no matter how many cores are available. Photoshop CS4 is single-threaded for opening and saving files More, a serious performance problem which has gone unaddressed for years.\nPhotoshop CS4 does make some use of a multi-core system, but seem to limit their usage to about two cores, which means that a quad-core Mac Pro is used at half its potential speed, and an 8-core Mac Pro at 25% of its potential. The reasons for this are unclear, but Photoshop CS4 seems limited to about 2 cores worth of CPU usage over a variety of tasks, and often doesn’t even do that well.\nHot Deals all Week Long\n4TB SSD only $348.\nLIMITED TIME OFFERS, quantities limited, new deals every day!.\nMore on cores\nSome applications have few or no CPU-intensive operations, but can benefit from threading—doing more than one task at once, such as copying files, emptying the trash and compressing a folder at the same time.\nThreading is valuable even on single-core systems and is particularly helpful when the task depends on disk or network I/O. The failure to use threading is often more of an issue than multi-core support because it prevents the user from doing useful work while the task runs.\nAn egregious example is Adobe Photoshop CS4, which prevents any other useful work while it opens or saves a (single) file, which can take several minutes for large files. See How to speed up opening and saving files in Photoshop.\nBy working in parallel, multiple CPU cores can greatly accelerate multiple tasks, or portions pieces of the same task. This is called task threading or simply threading or threaded execution.\nAssuming you’ve configured your Mac for optimal performance How, more and more applications in 2008/2009 are running or will soon run at speeds in direct proportion to how many CPU cores your Mac has. This means that an 8-core system can potentially run about 4 times faster than a dual-core system!\nActual performance gains\nActual multi-core performance gains are subject to memory bandwidth limitations (competition for access to memory by multiple cores), synchronization (“handshake”) overhead, and the programming skill of the application developer—threaded code is not easy to write well or correctly.\nSome applications will run at the same speed on single-core, dual-core or eight-core systems because the job they are doing can’t be divided into pieces easily. Only one person can drive a car at a time! There are plenty of computing tasks that have such limitations; parallel execution (threading) has been the subject of computer science research for many decades.\nYet in too many cases, it’s simply bad engineering, sloppy design for today’s computing world, where CPU clock speeds are not increasing, but the number of CPU cores is doubling every 18 months. Large numbers of CPU cores are the future, along with using cores from more than one machine.\nDon’t forget the graphics chip\nAnother trend, which can be thought of as “more cores” is the emergence of graphics cards whose processing power can be re-purposed transparently for general computing. Programs like Apple’s Aperture are already doing this, and expect to see it emerge as a Big Deal in 2009.\nWhy MacBook Pro, MacBook, iMac are limiting\nAs of late 2008, only the Mac Pro (and XServe) offer more than two cores. The other machines I term dead-end Macs, because improvements in application code still only have two cores to exploit, whereas Mac Pros with 4 or 8 cores have headroom for future improvement in applications, extending their service life.\nMemory bandwidth (speed) is a major “bottleneck” with multi-core systems. Think of a garden hose as compared with a fire hose—the fire hose allows a much greater volume of water to pass through it per unit time: perhaps 200 versus 5 gallons per minute.\nWith memory, it’s gigabytes per second: that’s bandwidth. With the network or internet, it’s megabits per second (8 bits per byte); in all cases it is bandwidth or the size of the “pipe” that places a hard limit on anything that wants to push (write/upload) or pull (read/download) through it.\nAll CPU cores must share access to the same physical memory and therefore have to take turns to read from or write it. Like the Ladies bathroom at a movie theatre, a long queue can form waiting for access—the cores actually become idle for much or even most of the time that they are allegedly computing; they are forced to wait most of the time for their memory access operations to complete. This is why one can observe full CPU utilization on an 8-core system How, but see only only -0.1X - 1.5X speedup over a 4-core system—the cores are “actively waiting” for memory access. That’s right: memory contention and other overhead can make a 4-core system run faster than an 8-core system. Scalability keeps improving with newer chips and faster memory however.\nWith a well-engineered program, memory bandwidth is one key reason why an eight core machine might not run any faster than a quad-core machine, or might even run a little bit slower. However, programs that are primarily computation-intensive can show exactly double the performance with eight cores instead of four.\nMN9H2LL/A (USA/Global Unlocked)Used, Mint Condition, Factory Unlocked\nLike memory bandwidth, disk speed or network speed can throttle performance. Any program capable of using all 8 cores might needs a lot of data (think HD video). Other programs are all about computation, and have no such dependency.\nIf a disk can read 70MB/sec (a common figure for even a fast laptop hard drive), then a program that needs to read a 400MB file will take a minimum of ~6 seconds to open it, even if it has no computation to do. Using a striped RAID array capable of 400MB/sec would drop that overhead down to one second.\nA well-designed program will be able to process data while simultaneously reading from disk, leading to a situation in which the CPU speed has hardly any effect on execution time. This offers huge potential: by making a faster RAID, one can improve performance up to the point where the CPU cores are fully utilized.\nThe lesson here is to be aware of what’s actually going on with the software you actually run—if it’s limited by disk speed, invest in a faster disk or RAID before considering a faster computer. And sometimes different software is the answer.\nWhich Lenses to Choose?🌈\nAvoid costly mistakes and get the ideal system for your needs: diglloyd photographic consulting.\nSoftware and scalability\nAnother multi-core problem is that software today is frequently not written to take advantage of multiple cores efficiently; it is technically challenging to write efficient threaded code that is free of threading bugs (threading bugs are those that result from incorrectly-written threaded code). See Application support for multiple CPU cores.\nThreading/threaded means multiple simultaneous “threads” of computation, ideally one or more per CPU core. It’s like having a team of workers, as opposed to a single one.\nA highly scalable program will run approximately N times as fast on an N-core system as on a single-core system, at least for reasonable values of N (eg up to 16 cores). Creating a scalable program requires a very high degree of expertise; it is relatively easy to write code that runs efficiently on dual-core systems, runs a little faster on quad-core systems, then shows no further improvement beyond four cores. Adobe Photoshop CS3 is an example of a popular program that scales fairly well to dual-core systems, but shows little improvement on quad-core systems.\nSome computing problems cannot be solved in a threaded (parallel) fashion; there are too many serial (ordered) dependencies to allow multiple worker threads to work simultaneously. But the fact remains that most programs are just poorly designed for today’s multi-core world, and that includes popular programs such as Adobe Photoshop CS3, which rarely utilizes more than two of four cores on my quad-core Mac Pro (125% - 200% is typical).\nSometimes it’s just a matter of failure to do anything halfway intelligent. For example, Photoshop CS3’s Save command is not only single-threaded (uses only one CPU core), but it’s modal—it forces the user to wait until the operation completes. There is no legitimate reason that a Save could not be in progress while the user works on another image.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-47", "url": "https://macperformanceguide.com/Optimizing-Cores.html", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496668896.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20191117064703-20191117092703-00135.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9348347783, "token_count": 2354, "score": 3.078125, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": " OWC / MacSales.com... \n Diglloyd Deal Finder... \nCeannaigh rudaí eile ag Amazon.com...\nCléanna CPU Mínithe\nCeangailte: bandaleithead, córais CPU, Mac Pro, MacBook, cuimhne, Photoshop, RAID\nIs téarma é CPU a úsáidtear go scaoilte, ach go traidisiúnta tagartha ar chip ríomhaire fisiciúil amháin, an inchinn ríomhaireachta taobh istigh de do Mac. Tá chip CPU amháin ag gach MacBook Pro, MacBook, iMac; tá CPUanna dúbailte ag samhlacha áirithe den Mac Pro (2012), gach ceann acu le ceithre nó ocht gcroí.\nAr gach CPU fisiciúil, is féidir go mbeadh níos mó ná croí CPU amháin (core), agus gach croí in ann an córas iomlán agus na feidhmchláir a reáchtáil ina n-aonar.\nÓ 2012, tá córais Intel a úsáidtear i Macs le cnámha 2/4/6/8/12. Beidh níos mó croí ag scipí Intel sa todhchaí.\nIs é an réaltacht ilchroí atá ag teacht chun cinn an spreagadh do theicneolaíocht nua ó Apple, agus aird mhéadaithe ó fhorbróirí feidhmchláir ar an gcumhacht ríomhaireachta sin go léir a shaothrú. Cad a tharla do Adobe Photoshop CS4, lena n-úsáid thromchúiseach de dhá chroí fiú le haghaidh go leor tascanna?\nTá go leor feidhmchláir neamhéifeachtúla ann fós nach n-úsáideann na croí CPU atá ar fáil, ag teorannú a gcuid gníomhaíochtaí ar mhodh single thread, ag baint úsáide as croí amháin. Athróidh sé seo go mall, de réir mar a thiocfaidh brú an mhargaidh chun cinn, ach tá ceithre chroí go leor don chuid is mó d'úsáideoirí, agus tá sé chroí go leor ach amháin le haghaidh tascanna speisialaithe.\nCé mhéad croí\nSeiceáil cé mhéad croí CPU atá ag do chóras trí roghnú.\nSa sampla ar dheis, tá dhá CPU 2.93GHz ag an sampla Mac Pro Nehalem, gach ceann acu le ceithre chroí, le haghaidh córas ocht gcroí.\nMar sin féin, tá teicneolaíocht virtual core ag an Nehalem freisin, rud a chiallaíonn go bhfuil 16 croí fíorúil ann (ar a bhfuil mórán nó gan aon tairbhe i gcleachtas).\nSamplaí d'úsáid CPU\nNuair a úsáidtear Activity Monitorswindow (), is é an cás idéalach ná na croí CPU go léir a fheiceáil gnóthach; léiríonn réimsí dubh am neamhghníomhach.\nTaispeántar ar dheis úsáid an CPU do Photozoom Pro 3 ag rith tástáil strus córais. Tá na 16 croí fíorúla go léir in úsáid go hiomlán. Léiríonn glas am úsáideora agus léiríonn dearg am chórais. Tá sé ar fad in úsáid; níl aon limistéir dhiúltacha ann, ag léiriú nach bhfuil aon cheann de na croí CPU ag imeacht ag am ar bith.\nAr an taobh eile, tá roinnt cláir singil-threaded; ní úsáideann siad ach croí amháin, is cuma cé mhéad croí atá ar fáil. Tá Photoshop CS4 ina thread amháin chun comhaid a oscailt agus a shábháil níos mó, fadhb mhór feidhmíochta a chuaigh gan aghaidh ar feadh blianta.\nDéanann Photoshop CS4 úsáid éigin as córas ilchroinnte, ach is cosúil go dteorannann sé a n-úsáid go dtí thart ar dhá chroí, rud a chiallaíonn go n-úsáidtear Mac Pro quad-chroí ag leath a luas féideartha, agus Mac Pro 8-chroí ag 25% dá féidearthacht. Níl na cúiseanna leis seo soiléir, ach is cosúil go bhfuil Photoshop CS4 teoranta do thart ar 2 chroí ar luach úsáide CPU thar tascanna éagsúla, agus go minic ní dhéanann sé sin go maith fiú.\nTairiscintí Teth ar feadh na Seachtaine\n4TB SSD ach $ 348.\nTairiscintí LEÍOTAÍ, cainníochtaí teoranta, déileálacha nua gach lá!\nTuilleadh faoi chroí\nTá roinnt feidhmchláir a bhfuil beagán nó gan aon oibríochtaí CPU-intensive, ach is féidir leas a bhaint as threadingdo níos mó ná tasc amháin ag an am céanna, mar shampla comhaid a chóipeáil, an trash a ghlanadh agus fillteán a chómhdach ag an am céanna.\nTá trealamh luachmhar fiú ar chórais aon-chroí agus tá sé cabhrach go háirithe nuair a bhíonn an tasc ag brath ar diosca nó ar I / O líonra. Is minic go mbíonn an neamhábaltacht treadála a úsáid ina cheist níos mó ná tacaíocht ilchroinnte toisc go gcuireann sé cosc ar an úsáideoir obair úsáideach a dhéanamh agus an tasc ag rith.\nSampla neamh-chinnte is ea Adobe Photoshop CS4, a chuireann cosc ar aon obair úsáideach eile agus é ag oscailt nó ag sábháil comhad (aon) a d'fhéadfadh roinnt nóiméad a thógáil le haghaidh comhaid mhóra. Féach Conas a luathaíonn tú a oscailt agus a shábháil comhaid i Photoshop.\nTrí oibriú i gcomhthráth, is féidir le córais il-CPU tascanna il-ghníomhacha a luathachadh go mór, nó codanna den tasc céanna a ghearradh. Tugtar sraitheanna tasc nó sraitheanna simplí nó forghníomhú sraithe.\nMá tá tú a chumraíodh do Mac le haghaidh feidhmíocht is fearr Conas, níos mó agus níos mó feidhmchláir i 2008/2009 ag rith nó beidh a rith go luath ag luasanna i gcomhréir díreach le cé mhéad núicléanna CPU do Mac. Ciallaíonn sé seo gur féidir le córas 8-chroí rith thart ar 4 huaire níos tapúla ná córas dúchroí!\nFásanna iarbhír feidhmíochta\nTá gnóthachain iarbhír feidhmíochta ilchroí faoi réir teorantais le bandaleithead cuimhne (iomaíocht le haghaidh rochtana ar chuimhne ag córais ilchroí), uaslódáil ( handshake) os cionn, agus ní éasca scil cláir an fhorbróra feidhmchláir cód threadaithe a scríobh go maith nó go ceart.\nBeidh roinnt feidhmchláir ag rith ag an luas céanna ar chórais aon-chroí, dé-chroí nó ocht-chroí toisc nach féidir an post atá á dhéanamh acu a roinnt ina phíosaí go héasca. Ní féidir ach duine amháin carr a thiomáint ag an am! Tá go leor tascanna ríomhaireachta a bhfuil teorainneacha den sórt sin acu; tá an cur i bhfeidhm comhthreomhar (threading) ina ábhar taighde eolaíochta ríomhaireachta le blianta fada.\nAch i go leor cásanna, tá sé ach droch-innealtóireacht, dearadh sloppy do domhan ríomhaireachta an lae inniu, áit nach bhfuil luas clog CPU ag méadú, ach tá líon na gcúraimí CPU ag dúbailt gach 18 mí. Is iad líon mór córais CPU an todhchaí, mar aon le córais a úsáid ó níos mó ná meaisín amháin.\nNá déan dearmad ar an sliseanna grafaicí\nIs treocht eile, ar féidir a mheas mar níos mó croí ná teacht chun cinn cártaí grafaicí a bhfuil a chumhacht próiseála á athchóirithe go trédhearcach le haghaidh ríomhairí ginearálta. Tá cláir cosúil le Apple's Aperture ag déanamh seo cheana féin, agus tá súil acu go bhfeicfidh siad é ag teacht chun cinn mar Big Deal in 2009.\nCén fáth go bhfuil MacBook Pro, MacBook, iMac ag teorainn\nFaoi dheireadh 2008, ní thairgeann ach an Mac Pro (agus XServe) níos mó ná dhá chroí. Na meaisíní eile a ghlaoim Macanna marbh-deireadh, toisc go bhfuil feabhsuithe i gcód feidhmchláir ach dhá chroí le húsáid, ach tá Mac Pro le 4 nó 8 chroí headroom le haghaidh feabhsuithe sa todhchaí i bhfeidhmchláir, ag síneadh a saoil seirbhíse.\nIs mór-bhualadh é bandaleithead cuimhne (tapacht) le córais ilchroinnte. Smaoinigh ar shoitheach gairdín i gcomparáid le shoitheach dóiteáin - ceadaíonn an shoitheach dóiteáin go bhfuil méid i bhfad níos mó uisce ag dul tríd in aghaidh an aonaid ama: b'fhéidir 200 i gcomparáid le 5 galún in aghaidh an nóiméid.\nLe cuimhne, tá gigabytes in aghaidh an tsoicind: is é sin an bandleithid. Le líonra nó le hidirlíon, is megabits in aghaidh an tsoicind é (8 bít in aghaidh an bhaite); i ngach cás is é an bandaleithead nó méid an píopa a chuireann teorainn chrua ar aon rud atá ag iarraidh a bhrú (sgríobh / uaslódáil) nó a tharraingt (léigh / íoslódáil) tríd.\nNí mór do gach croí CPU rochtain a roinnt ar an gcuimhne fisiciúil céanna agus dá bhrí sin ní mór dóibh a bheith ag casadh chun léamh nó scríobh as. Cosúil le seomra folctha na mban i amharclanna, is féidir le sraith fada teacht chun cinn a bheith ag fanacht le rochtain - bíonn na croí ag dul ar neamhfheidhmiú i ndáiríre le haghaidh cuid mhór nó fiú an chuid is mó den am a bhfuil siad ag ríomhaireacht a líomhnú; tá siad iallach orthu fanacht an chuid is mó den am chun a gcuid oibríochtaí rochtana cuimhne a chríochnú. Sin é an fáth gur féidir le duine úsáid iomlán CPU a fheiceáil ar chóras 8-chroí How, ach ní fheiceann sé ach luas -0.1X - 1.5X thar chóras 4-chroí tá na croí ag fanacht go gníomhach le haghaidh rochtana cuimhne. Sin ceart: is féidir le comhghaol cuimhne agus os cionn eile córas 4-chroí a reáchtáil níos tapúla ná córas 8-chroí. Le snas níos nuaí agus cuimhne níos tapúla, áfach, leanann an in-ardú ar fheabhas.\nLe clár dea-innealtóireachta, is é an bandaleithead cuimhne cúis amháin go bhféadfadh meaisín ocht-chroí a bheith níos tapúla ná meaisín ceathrar-chroí, nó d'fhéadfadh sé a bheith beagán níos moille. Mar sin féin, is féidir le cláir atá go príomha i ndíriú ríomhaireachta an fheidhmíocht a thaispeáint díreach dhá oiread le ocht gcroí in ionad ceithre.\nMN9H2LL/A (USA/Global Unlocked) Úsáidte, Coinníoll Mint, Factory Unlocked\nCosúil le bandaleithead cuimhne, is féidir le luas diosca nó luas líonra feidhmíocht a throttle. D'fhéadfadh go mbeadh gá le go leor sonraí ag clár ar bith atá in ann na 8 gcroí go léir a úsáid (féach físeán HD). Tá cláir eile ar fad faoi ríomhaireacht, agus níl aon spleáchas den sórt sin acu.\nMá féidir le diosca 70MB / sec a léamh (figiúr coitianta fiú le haghaidh tiomáint crua glúine tapa), ansin tógfaidh clár a chaithfidh comhad 400MB a léamh ~ 6 soicind ar a laghad chun é a oscailt, fiú mura bhfuil aon ríomhaireacht le déanamh aige. Ag baint úsáide as sraith RAID stiallaithe atá in ann 400MB / sec a laghdú go mbeadh an t-uaslódáil síos go dtí an dara ceann.\nBeidh clár dea-dheartha in ann sonraí a phróiseáil agus iad á léamh ag an am céanna ó dhisco, rud a fhágann nach mbeidh tionchar ar bith ag luas an CPU ar am feidhmiúlachta. Tugann sé seo acmhainn ollmhór: trí RAID níos tapúla a dhéanamh, is féidir le duine feidhmíocht a fheabhsú go dtí an pointe ina n-úsáidtear croí an CPU go hiomlán.\nIs é an ceacht anseo a bheith ar an eolas faoi cad atá ag tarlú i ndáiríre leis an bogearraí a reáchtáil tú i ndáiríre má tá sé teoranta ag luas diosca, infheistíocht a dhéanamh i diosca níos tapúla nó RAID sula smaoineamh ar ríomhaire níos tapúla. Agus uaireanta is é bogearraí éagsúla an freagra.\nCé na Léinsí le Roghnú?\nSeachain botúin costasacha agus faigh an córas is fearr le do riachtanais: diglloyd photographic consulting.\nBogearraí agus in-uaslódáil\nIs fadhb eile atá ag ilchroí ná go minic nach scríobhtar bogearraí inniu chun leas a bhaint as croí il-éifeachtach; tá sé dúshlánach go teicniúil cód trealaithe éifeachtúil a scríobh atá saor ó bhagaí trealaithe (ba iad na bagaichean trealaithe na bagaichean a eascraíonn as cód trealaithe a scríobhadh go mícheart). Féach Tacaíocht iarratais do chlúir CPU il.\nCiallaíonn 'threading/threaded' go bhfuil go leor 'threads' comhaireamh ag an am céanna, rud a chiallaíonn go bhfuil ceann amháin nó níos mó de gach croí CPU. Tá sé cosúil le foireann oibrithe a bheith agat, seachas foireann amháin.\nRitheann clár atá an-scalaithe thart ar N uair chomh tapa ar chóras N-chroí agus ar chóras aon-chroí, ar a laghad le haghaidh luachanna réasúnacha de N (m.sh. suas le 16 croí). Éilíonn clár in-leibhéil a chruthú leibhéal an-ard saineolais; tá sé réasúnta éasca cód a scríobh a ritheann go héifeachtach ar chórais dé-chroí, ritheann sé beagán níos tapúla ar chórais cheathrú-chroí, ansin ní léiríonn sé feabhas breise thar cheithre chroí. Is sampla de chlár tóir é Adobe Photoshop CS3 a scálaíonn go maith go leor le córais dé-chroí, ach a léiríonn beagán feabhsaithe ar chórais cheathrú-chroí.\nNí féidir roinnt fadhbanna ríomhaireachta a réiteach ar bhealach snámh (iompraíochta); tá ró-chuid spleáchas sraitheach (ordú) ann chun ligean do threads oibrí il-oibrithe a bheith ag obair ag an am céanna. Ach is fíor go bhfuil an chuid is mó de na cláir just poorly deartha do domhan il-chroí lá atá inniu ann, agus go n-áirítear cláir coitianta mar Adobe Photoshop CS3, a úsáideann go han-riachtanach níos mó ná dhá de cheithre chroí ar mo Mac Pro quad-chroí (125% - 200% is gnách).\nUaireanta is ceist é ach aon rud a dhéanamh go ciallmhar. Mar shampla, ní amháin go bhfuil an t-ordú Save Photoshop CS3 amháin (ní úsáideann sé ach croí CPU amháin), ach tá sé modal é a chuireann iallach ar an úsáideoir fanacht go dtí go gcomhlíonann an oibríocht. Níl aon chúis dlisteanach ann nach bhféadfadh Sábháil a bheith ag dul chun cinn agus an t-úsáideoir ag obair ar íomhá eile."} {"text": "During spring, you will find plenty of hummingbirds flying in your backyard. The way these birds swarm over feeders and flowers to drink nectar and sweet water is the highlight of the year. However, ants can quickly destroy this beautiful sight by making their way into the feeders.\nLike hummingbirds, ants, too, are attracted to sweet water. So, these pesky critters crawl up to the feeders and settle inside. Sometimes, they drown or die due to overdrinking. Leaving them in the feeder is not a good idea. While hummingbirds feed on insects, they don’t particularly like ants. Hence, you need to take a few measures to protect these tiny birds.\nThere are plenty of ways to keep ants out of hummingbird feeders. Many people use a popular method to install an ant moat, which is similar to a castle moat. Its purpose is to deter ants with water. A few other methods include hanging the feeder with a fishing line, changing the position of the feeder, and using an ant guard.\nNow that you know how to protect hummingbirds from ants, let’s take a look at the methods mentioned above in detail:\nUsing an Ant Moat to Keep Ants Away From Hummingbird Feeders\nAn ant moat has a water barrier that stops ants and other insects from reaching the nectar. Owners of medieval castles used this trick to keep human intruders away. Since a feeder hangs from above, the moat is located on top of the nectar. As we all know, ants crawl in groups. The only way to reach the nectar with an ant moat in between would be to fly, which is impossible for ants. The water in the ant moat stops ants from moving forward, allowing you to keep the feeders safe and clean.\nThere are three types of ant moats explained below:\nMoat Built Into the Feeder\nWhen buying a hummingbird feeder, look for one with a built-in moat. These structures have an inconspicuous design, making it easy for you to plan a sneak attack on the ants. However, ants are one of the most intelligent insects on earth. They can devise a plan in a matter of minutes, and crossing an ant moat is not that big of a challenge, something that we will discuss later.\nBuy a Moat Separately\nIf you already have a bird feeder, you can simply add an ant moat to the structure. The shape of most bird feeders resembles a bottle. This means that the nectar is above the feeding ports. These types of feeders don’t come with an ant moat. However, you can attach one above it separately.\nMaking a DIY Moat\nBuying an ant moat is not that expensive. Still, if you are a DIYer, you can make a lovely one at home, all by yourself. Here’s how to make a DIY moat:\nItems You Need\n- A Plastic Bottle (A size that is slightly bigger than your feeder)\n- A Coat Hanger\n- A Utility Knife or Scissors\n- A Thin Drill Bit and Drill\n- A Hot Glue Gun\n- Clean the soda bottle and use a utility knife to remove the neck. You will now have a bottle with a wide bowl shape and the cap on one end. This will be the moat.\n- Cut off the straight part of the hanger.\n- Drill a hole in the bottle cap. It should be smaller in diameter compared to that of the coat hanger.\n- Insert the hanger into the cap and twist it onto the bottle.\n- Pour hot glue into the cap to prevent any leaks. (Make sure that the glue does not touch the bottle, or it might warp its shape and puncture a hole in it).\n- Bend both sides of the coat hanger and faster it with a wire to your feeder\n- Finally, fill the moat with water.\nOther Methods of Keeping Ants Away From Hummingbird Feeders\nRegular maintenance is the key to keeping the feeders clean. This will prevent ant invasions and keep the hummingbirds safe. It will take about 30 seconds to run the feeder under tepid water, and then you can hang it again.\nYou need to clean and refill the feeder every day to prevent any infestation. Ensure that the sweet water is not dripping outside because this will attract more ants. One of the best ways to repel ants from a feeder is through an aesthetic change. Decorate the feeder with bay leaves and cover the hanging line with them. The scent of the leaves will keep the ants away and drive them crazy with the pungent smell. You can also use mint leaves. However, you will often have to replace the leaves before they dry out. If this seems too much of a hassle, you can use essential oils instead. These include:\n- Roman Chamomile\n- Fennel Seed\nUsing a Fishing Line\nA fishing line is very thin… too thin for insects such as ants as well. It also slippery, which prevents ants from climbing up to the feeders. When using a fishing line to hang the feeders, make sure that you are choosing a strong one because it will not only support the weight of the feeder but of the hummingbirds too.\nUsing an Ant Guard\nYou installed ant moat and are still seeing ants invading the feeders? What is your next step? As we said earlier, ants are highly intelligent, and they can form a bridge to let other ants cross to the sweet water. Pretty brilliant, right? An ant guard comes in here. This structure contains Permethrin, which is a light insecticide. It does not kill ants or harms hummingbirds. However, it does deter ants and other insects from invading the sweet water feeders.\nLeakages are the number one cause of ants attacking hummingbird feeders. They follow the sweet water trail. Although hummingbirds don’t eat ants, they start doing it when the said insect constantly enters their feeders. Normal wear and tear cause leaks, which you can quickly fix with a glue gun. However, there’s one thing you need to keep in mind: Once the ants know the trail, stopping them is impossible. This leads us to our next point:\nChange Positions Often\nKeep changing the position of the feeders so that ants don’t form a colony nearby. Not finding the feeders in their previous position will throw them off the trail. Don’t worry about the hummingbirds because they adapt to change easily, and finding the new feeder will not be difficult for them. Paint the feeder with a bright color, and the hummingbirds will come where X marks the spot.\nApply Adhesive Tape\nThis old trick is one of the oldest and easiest to keep ants from hummingbird feeders. You need to apply the tape with the sticky side out. The ants will get stuck on the tape and won’t reach the feeders. However, you will have to keep changing the tapes because dirt can wear off its adhesive properties.\nThere are several ways to keep ants away from hummingbird feeders. Combining an ant moat with an ant guard will work as the best deterrent. From time to time, spray some essential oil onto the bird feeder so that the pungent smell keeps the ants away.\nLastly, keep up with the maintenance and change the sweet water every day to prevent the hummingbirds from drinking moldy and contaminated water.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-06", "url": "https://birdfeederexpert.com/keep-ants-out-of-hummingbird-feeders/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764499654.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20230128184907-20230128214907-00822.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9396111965, "token_count": 1655, "score": 2.859375, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Le linn an earraigh, gheobhaidh tú go leor hummingbirds ag eitilt i do chúlchúrsa. Is é an bealach a bhíonn na héin seo ag dul thar na beathaitheoirí agus na bláthanna chun nectar agus uisce milis a ól barr scoir na bliana. Mar sin féin, is féidir le miotail an radharc álainn seo a scriosadh go tapa trína mbealach isteach sna bianna.\nCosúil le hummingbirds, mealltar an t-uisce milis ar fhonnáin freisin. Mar sin, na critters annoying crawl suas go dtí na feeders agus socrú taobh istigh. Uaireanta, bíonn siad ag tuirseach nó ag bás mar gheall ar ró-ól. Níl sé ina smaoineamh maith iad a fhágáil sa chothaitheoir. Cé go n-itheann hummingbirds feithidí, ní maith leo an-mhiotail. Dá bhrí sin, ní mór duit roinnt beart a dhéanamh chun na héin bheaga seo a chosaint.\nTá go leor bealaí ann chun na miorná a choinneáil amach ó bheathúcháin hummingbird. Baineann go leor daoine úsáid as modh coitianta chun moat ant a shuiteáil, atá cosúil le moat caisleán. Is é a chuspóir an t-uisce a úsáid chun an t-uisce a úsáid chun na féaróga a chosc. I measc roinnt bealaí eile tá an t-aisteoir a chrochadh le líne iascaireachta, seasamh an t-aisteora a athrú, agus garda na n-amhrán a úsáid.\nAnois go bhfuil a fhios agat conas hummingbirds a chosaint ó mhangla, a ligean ar a ghlacadh le breathnú ar na modhanna a luaitear thuas i mionsonraí:\nAg baint úsáide as Fód Fuartacháin chun Fuartacháin a choinneáil ó Bhia Hummingbird\nTá bac uisce ag an mbóthar an mhangla a chuireann cosc ar mhanglaí agus ar inséidí eile dul chuig an néctar. D'úsáid úinéirí caisleáin lár-aimsire an cleas seo chun iontrálaithe daonna a choinneáil ar shiúl. Ós rud é go bhfuil feeder crochta óna bharr, tá an t-eireaball suite ar bharr an neictéar. Mar a fhios againn go léir, crawl an t-amhrán i ngrúpaí. Is é an t-aon bhealach chun teacht ar an nectar le moat an ant idir a bheith ag eitilt, rud atá dodhéanta do mhná. Cuireann an t-uisce sa fód na n-amhrán cosc ar na amhrán dul ar aghaidh, rud a ligeann duit na feadóirí a choinneáil sábháilte agus glan.\nTá trí chineál d'fhortaigh mhianra a mhínítear thíos:\nFód a Tógadh isteach sa Chothaitheoir\nNuair a bhíonn biachláir hummingbird á cheannach agat, féach ar cheann a bhfuil fos ag an mballa. Tá dearadh neamh-in-iarsmaí ag na struchtúir seo, rud a fhágann go bhfuil sé éasca duit ionsaí sneak ar na miorcanna a phleanáil. Mar sin féin, tá an t-amhrán ar cheann de na feithidí is cliste ar domhan. Is féidir leo plean a dhéanamh i gceann cúpla nóiméad, agus ní bhíonn sé chomh deacair sin troid ar thráth na n-amhrán, rud a phléimid níos déanaí.\nCeannaigh Fód Ar Leataobh\nMá tá bialann éan agat cheana féin, is féidir leat an t-eireaball a chur leis an struchtúr. Tá cruth an chuid is mó de na biadóirí éan cosúil le buidéal. Ciallaíonn sé seo go bhfuil an nectar os cionn na gcalafoirt beathaithe. Ní thagann feadóirí den chineál seo le feadán. Mar sin féin, is féidir leat ceann a cheangal os a chionn ar leithligh.\nAg déanamh Fód DIY\nNí bhíonn sé chomh daor sin taibhse a cheannach. Mar sin féin, má tá tú DIYER, is féidir leat a dhéanamh ceann álainn sa bhaile, go léir tú féin. Seo conas moat DIY a dhéanamh:\nRudaí a theastaíonn uait\n- Buidéil Phrustach (Meáchan atá beagán níos mó ná do bheathú)\n- Coat Hanger\n- Nósa nó Scáileán Úsáideoireachta\n- Beag Drill Beag agus Drill\n- Pistól Glú Hot\n- Glan an buidéal soda agus bain úsáid as scian fóntais chun an muineál a bhaint. Beidh buidéal leathan i bhfoirm bowl agat anois agus an cap ar cheann amháin. Beidh sé seo an moat.\n- Gearr amach an chuid dhíreach den hanger.\n- Drill poll sa cap buidéal. Ba cheart go mbeadh an trastomhas níos lú i gcomparáid le trastomhas an chata.\n- Cuir an t- eangach isteach sa chaipín agus cas é ar an bhuidéal.\n- Cuir greama te isteach sa chaipín chun aon sceitheadh a chosc. (Déanaigí cinnte nach ndéanfaidh an greamaire teagmháil leis an bhuidéal, nó d'fhéadfadh sé a chruth a chriathrú agus poll a phuncháil ann).\n- Bend an dá thaobh an coat hanger agus níos tapúla é le sreang do feeder\n- Ar deireadh, líonadh an moat le huisce.\nBealaí Eile chun Ants a choinneáil ar shiúl ó Feeders Hummingbird\nIs é an cothabháil rialta an eochair chun na beathaitheoirí a choinneáil glan. Cuirfidh sé seo cosc ar ionsaí na n-amhrán agus coimeádfaidh sé na hummingbirds sábháilte. Tógfaidh sé thart ar 30 soicind an t-uisce a chur ar an gcothaitheoir faoi uisce te, agus ansin is féidir leat é a chrochadh arís.\nNí mór duit an t-aisteoir a ghlanadh agus a athlìonadh gach lá chun aon ionfhabhtú a chosc. Déan cinnte nach bhfuil an t-uisce milis ag titim lasmuigh mar go dtógfaidh sé seo níos mó féaróga. Ceann de na bealaí is fearr chun an t-amhrán a dhíbirt ó bhia is ea athrú aeistéiteach. Déantar an t-uisceadóir a mhaisiú le duilleoga bay agus clúdaítear an líne crochta leo. Beidh an boladh na duilleoga a choinneáil ar na miorcanna amach agus iad a thiomáint crazy leis an boladh pungent. Is féidir leat duilleoga mint a úsáid freisin. Mar sin féin, is minic a chaithfidh tú na duilleoga a athsholáthar sula dtéann siad tirim. Má tá sé seo ró-fhada, is féidir leat olaí riachtanacha a úsáid ina ionad. I measc na n-ábhar sin tá:\n- Camomile Rómhánach\n- Síolta Fennel\nAg Úsáid Fál\nTá líne iascaireachta an-tinn ... ró-tinn do insecticides cosúil le ants chomh maith. Tá sé greamaitheach freisin, rud a chuireann cosc ar mhianra dul suas go dtí na bianna. Nuair a bhíonn líonadh iascaireachta á úsáid agat chun na bialann a chrochadh, déan cinnte go bhfuil ceann láidir á roghnú agat toisc nach mbeidh sé in ann meáchan an bialann a sheasamh ach meáchan na hummingbirds freisin.\nAg Úsáid Garda Fonn\nChuir tú moat ant agus tá tú ag féachaint ar an mbeith ag ionsaí na feadóirí? Cad é do chéad chéim eile? Mar a dúirt muid roimhe seo, tá na miorcanna an-chruthaitheach, agus is féidir leo droichead a dhéanamh chun ligean do mhorcanna eile dul trasna go dtí an t-uisce milis. Go hiontach go leor, ceart? Tagann garda na n-amhrán isteach anseo. Tá Permethrin sa struchtúr seo, rud atá ina inseticíd éadrom. Ní mharbhann sé na miorcanna ná ní dhéanann sé dochar do hummingbirds. Mar sin féin, cuireann sé cosc ar mhangna agus ar inseictí eile ionradh a dhéanamh ar na bianna uisce milis.\nIs iad sceitheadh an chúis is mó a dhéanann na miorcanna ionsaí ar bheathúcháin hummingbird. Lean siad an bealach uisce milis. Cé nach n-itheann hummingbirds ants, tosaíonn siad ag déanamh é nuair a théann an t-inseacht sin isteach ina n-aitheanta go leanúnach. Bíonn sceitheadh mar thoradh ar thréimhse gnáth-éadóchais, rud a fhéadfaidh tú a shocrú go tapa le gunna greamaithe. Mar sin féin, tá rud amháin le cuimhneamh: Nuair a bhíonn an bealach ar eolas ag na miorcanna, ní féidir iad a stopadh. Tugann sé seo dúinn go dtí an chéad phointe eile:\nAthraigh Suímh Go minic\nCoinnigh ag athrú an suíomh na n-earraí bia ionas nach gcruthóidh an t-amhrán coilíneacht in aice láimhe. Ní aimsiú na feeders ina seasamh roimhe sin beidh a chur ar an mbóthar. Ná bíodh imní ort faoi na hummingbirds toisc go n-oiriúnaíonn siad le hathrú go héasca, agus ní bheidh sé deacair dóibh an feeder nua a aimsiú. Péinteáil an feeder le dath geal, agus beidh na hummingbirds teacht nuair a X marcáil an láthair.\nCuir teip greamaitheach i bhfeidhm\nTá an cleas seo ar cheann de na cleasanna is sine agus is éasca chun na miorcanna a choinneáil ó bheathúcháin hummingbird. Ní mór duit an téip a chur ar an taobh greamaitheach amach. Beidh na miorcanna a bheith gafa ar an téip agus ní bheidh teacht ar na feederers. Ach ní mór duit an téip a athrú go leanúnach toisc go bhféadfadh salachar a airíonna greamaitheacha a chaitheamh.\nTá roinnt bealaí ann chun na miorná a choinneáil ar shiúl ó na bialanna hummingbird. Beidh an t-idirghabháil idir an t-eireaball agus an garda eireaball mar an scrios is fearr. Ó am go ham, spraeáil roinnt ola riachtanach ar an mbeathaire éanlaithe ionas go gcoinníonn an boladh géar na féaróga ar shiúl.\nAr deireadh, coinnigh suas leis an gcothabháil agus athraigh an t-uisce milis gach lá chun cosc a chur ar na hummingbirds uisce moulded agus truaillithe a ól."} {"text": "- 1928 – Ulric Neisser, German-American psychologist, neuroscientist, and academic (d. 2012).\n- 1949 – Robert Sternberg, American psychologist and academic.\nUlric Richard Gustav Neisser (08 December 1928 to 17 February 2012) was a German-American psychologist, Cornell University professor, and member of the US National Academy of Sciences.\nHe has been referred to as the “father of cognitive psychology”. Neisser researched and wrote about perception and memory. He posited that a person’s mental processes could be measured and subsequently analysed. In 1967, Neisser published Cognitive Psychology, which he later said was considered an attack on behaviourist psychological paradigms. Cognitive Psychology brought Neisser instant fame and recognition in the field of psychology. While Cognitive Psychology was considered unconventional, it was Neisser’s Cognition and Reality that contained some of his most controversial ideas. A main theme in Cognition and Reality is Neisser’s advocacy for experiments on perception occurring in natural (“ecologically valid”) settings. Neisser postulated that memory is, largely, reconstructed and not a snap shot of the moment. Neisser illustrated this during one of his highly publicised studies on people’s memories of the Challenger explosion. In his later career, he summed up current research on human intelligence and edited the first major scholarly monograph on the Flynn effect. A Review of General Psychology survey, published in 2002, ranked Neisser as the 32nd most cited psychologist of the 20th century.\nRobert J. Sternberg (born 08 December 1949) is an American psychologist and psychometrician. He is Professor of Human Development at Cornell University.\nSternberg has a BA from Yale University and a PhD from Stanford University, under advisor Gordon Bower. He holds thirteen honorary doctorates from two North American, one South American, one Asian, and nine European universities, and additionally holds an honorary professorship at the University of Heidelberg, in Germany. He is a Distinguished Associate of the Psychometrics Centre at the University of Cambridge.\nAmong his major contributions to psychology are the triarchic theory of intelligence and several influential theories related to creativity, wisdom, thinking styles, love, hate, and leadership. A Review of General Psychology survey, published in 2002, ranked Sternberg as the 60th most cited psychologist of the 20th century.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-06", "url": "https://mental-health-matters.org/2022/12/08/on-this-day-08-december-2022/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500339.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20230206113934-20230206143934-00598.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9594835043, "token_count": 516, "score": 2.75, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "- 1928 Ulric Neisser, síceolaí Gearmánach-Meiriceánach, néar-eolaí, agus acadúil (d. 2012).\n- 1949 Robert Sternberg, síceolaí Meiriceánach agus acadúil.\nBa síceolaí Gearmánach-Mheiriceánach, ollamh in Ollscoil Cornell, agus ball de Acadamh Náisiúnta Eolaíochta na Stát Aontaithe é Ulric Richard Gustav Neisser (08 Nollaig 1928 go 17 Feabhra 2012).\nTugtar \"athair na síceolaíochta cognaíoch\" air. Rinne Neisser taighde agus scríobh faoi thuairim agus cuimhne. D'fhógair sé gur féidir próisis mheabhrach duine a thomhas agus a anailísiú ina dhiaidh sin. Sa bhliain 1967, d'fhoilsigh Neisser Cognitive Psychology, a dúirt sé ina dhiaidh sin gur ionsaí a mheasadh ar pharadigimí síceolaíocha iomparáideacha. Thug Síceolaíocht Chognitive Neisser clú agus aitheantas láithreach i réimse na síceolaíochta. Cé go raibh Síceolaíocht Chognitive meas neamhchoinbhinsiúnach, bhí sé Neisser's Cognition agus Réaltacht a bhí i roinnt de na smaointe is conspóideacha aige. Is príomhthéama i Cognition and Reality é Neisser's advocacy d'eispéiris ar thuiscint a tharlaíonn i suíomhanna nádúrtha (ecologically valid). Chuir Neisser i bhfolach go bhfuil cuimhne, den chuid is mó, athchruthaithe agus ní léargas tapa den nóiméad. Léirigh Neisser é seo le linn cheann dá chuid staidéir a raibh an-phósaíocht orthu maidir le cuimhní daoine ar an bploisíocht Challenger. Ina ghairm bheatha níos déanaí, rinne sé achoimre ar thaighde reatha ar intleacht an duine agus eagarthódh sé an chéad mhóinagraf mór eolaíoch ar éifeacht Flynn. Rinne suirbhé ar Athbhreithniú ar Síceolaíocht Ghinearálta, a foilsíodh i 2002, Neisser a rangú mar an 32ú síceolaí is mó a luaitear sa 20ú haois.\nIs síceolaí Meiriceánach agus síceometríceoir é Robert J. Sternberg (a rugadh ar an 08 Nollaig 1949). Is Ollamh Forbartha Daonna é in Ollscoil Cornell.\nTá BA ag Sternberg ó Ollscoil Yale agus PhD ó Ollscoil Stanford, faoi chomhairleoir Gordon Bower. Tá trí dhochtúir onóir aige ó dhá ollscoil Mheiriceá Thuaidh, ó cheann Meiriceá Theas, ó cheann na hÁise, agus ó naoi ollscoil na hEorpa, agus ina ollscoil onóir in Ollscoil Heidelberg, sa Ghearmáin. Is Comhlach Éirí Amach é ar an Ionad Síceamhamhamhamhamhraíochta in Ollscoil Cambridge.\nI measc a chuid ranníocaíochtaí móra le síceolaíocht tá teoiric triarchic na faisnéise agus roinnt teoiricí tionchair a bhaineann le cruthaitheacht, eagna, stíleanna smaointeoireachta, grá, fuath, agus ceannaireacht. Rinne suirbhé ar Athbhreithniú ar Síceolaíocht Ghinearálta, a foilsíodh i 2002, Sternberg a rangú mar an síceolaí 60ú is mó a luaitear sa 20ú haois."} {"text": "Amateur Radio (or \"ham\" radio) is a non-commercial radio service intended to allow individuals to learn about and utilize radio technology. Today, amateur radio activities range from morse code on \"short-wave\" frequencies to computer networking via high speed data links on microwave frequencies. Amateurs routinely communicate via amateur satellites, ionospheric skip, line-of-sight as well as earth-moon-earth propagation paths.\nIn the United States, the Federal Communication Commission (FCC) administers the amateur radio service. Part 97 of the FCC's rules defines the amateur radio service and its regulations.\nAmateur radio licenses require the applicant to exhibit proficiency in radio technologies and amateur service regulations. In the US, there are now six classes of amateur radio license. The technician class license now has no requirement for morse code proficiency.\nU.S. Licensing information can be obtained from the FCC, the ARRL, your local library, your local electronics store, or maybe even at a nation-wide chain of electronics stores. Amateur exams are offered by volunteers at sites all over the place. The ARRL maintains a listing of exams on their web site.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-17", "url": "http://rf.org/whatisham.html", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917119361.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031159-00573-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8982833028, "token_count": 238, "score": 3.171875, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Is seirbhís raidió neamhthráchtála é Raidió Amaitéarach (nó raidió \"ham\") a bhfuil sé i gceist aige ligean do dhaoine aonair foghlaim faoi theicneolaíocht raidió agus úsáid a bhaint as. Sa lá atá inniu ann, tá gníomhaíochtaí raidió amaitéaracha ó chód Morse ar thriománna \"fhigeacha gearr\" go líonraithe ríomhaire trí naisc sonraí ardluais ar thriománna micreathonn. Déanann lucht leanúna amateur cumarsáid go rialta trí satailítí amateur, scipeáil ionosféarach, líne amharc chomh maith le cosáin scaipeadh talún-ghealach-talún.\nSna Stáit Aontaithe, déanann an Coimisiún Comhphobail Chónaidhme (FCC) seirbhís raidió amaitéarach a riaradh. Sainmhíníonn Cuid 97 de rialacha an FCC an tseirbhís raidió amaitéarach agus a rialacháin.\nÉilíonn ceadúnais raidió amaitéarach go léireoidh an t-iarratasóir cumas i dteicneolaíochtaí raidió agus i rialacháin seirbhíse amaitéaracha. Sna Stáit Aontaithe, tá sé aicme de cheadúnas raidió amaitéarach ann anois. Níl aon cheanglas ag an gceadúnas aicme teicníceora anois le haghaidh proficiency cód Morse.\nStáit Aontaithe Mheiriceá Is féidir faisnéis cheadúnais a fháil ón FCC, ón ARRL, ó do leabharlann áitiúil, ó do stór leictreonaice áitiúil, nó b'fhéidir fiú ag slabhra ar fud na tíre de siopaí leictreonaice. Tá scrúduithe amaitéaracha á gcur ar fáil ag saorálaithe ag láithreáin ar fud na háite. Coinníonn an ARRL liosta de scrúduithe ar a láithreán gréasáin."} {"text": "February 1, 2017\nThe Sigmund Freud Collection at the Library of Congress has been digitized and is now online at loc.gov/collections/sigmund-freud-papers/about-this-collection/.\nThe online collection, with more than 20,000 items, contains the personal papers of Sigmund Freud (1856-1939), the neurologist and founder of psychoanalysis whose ideas of the unconscious and theories on sex, repression, transference and religion profoundly influenced 20th-century Western thought. His theories still generate controversy.\nThe digitization of Freud’s papers has been made possible by a generous grant from The Polonsky Foundation, a UK-registered charity, which primarily supports cultural heritage, scholarship in the humanities and social sciences, and innovation in higher education and the arts. Its principal activities include the digitization of significant collections at leading libraries (British Library; Bibliothèque nationale de France; Bodleian Library, Oxford; Cambridge University Library; New York Public Library; and Vatican Apostolic Library).\n“We are delighted to support the Library of Congress in the important project of making Freud’s legacy more widely available, both to researchers and the broader public,” said Dr. Leonard Polonsky CBE (Commander of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire).\nSeventy-eight years after his death, Freud, who escaped to London after the Nazi takeover of Austria prior to World War II, remains a primary figure in modern cultural and intellectual history. The collection documents the formulation of Freud’s thinking, including the birth and maturation of psychoanalytic theory, the refinement of its clinical technique and the proliferation of its adherents and critics.\nFreud’s papers at the Library are part of a larger body of materials relating to psychoanalysis and the Freudian movement donated, beginning in 1952, by the Sigmund Freud Archives. A private organization of analysts in New York, the Sigmund Freud Archives was created to collect and preserve for scholarship the work of Freud and others in the field of psychoanalysis. Additional items were obtained through purchase, transfer, and gift or bequest of others, including Freud’s daughter, Anna Freud.\nThe collection reveals Freud’s life and work, including his early medical and clinical training; his relationship with family, friends, colleagues, students, and patients; his association with early psychoanalytic societies; his perspectives on analytical training; and his numerous writings. It contains family papers, correspondence, writings, legal documents and certificates, notebooks, and other materials of a personal nature encompassing his life and career. People of great prominence in 20th-century history are among the correspondents: Franz Werfel, Theodor Hertzl, Stefan Zweig, C.G. Jung, Thomas Mann, Albert Einstein, Havelock Ellis and Romain Rolland.\nMost of the handwriting is in the so-called Gothic or Sütterlin script used by writers of German at the time. Interspersed with mostly original items are photocopies, facsimiles, transcripts, and English translations of some of the material. Also included are more than 300 interviews with Freud associates, patients and family members after his death conducted by K.R. Eissler, a director and founder of the Sigmund Freud Archives.\nThe Library of Congress is the premier research center for the study of Freud and his circle and some of its critics. Among the more than 100 related collections are the papers of Anna Freud and other Freud family members. Other collections include those of Karl Abraham, Siegfried Bernfeld, Marie Bonaparte, A.A. Brill, Wilhelm Fliess and Sergius Pankejeff, one of Freud’s best-known patients, identified in Freud’s writings as the “Wolf-Man.” Also available in the Library are the papers of therapists who differed or broke from Freud: C.G. Jung, Alfred Adler, Wilhelm Reich, Theodore Reik and Francis G. Wickes.\nThe Library’s Manuscript Division holds nearly 70 million items, including the papers of 23 U.S. presidents, from George Washington to Calvin Coolidge. For more information about the collections and holdings of the Manuscript Division, visit loc.gov/rr/mss/.\nThe Library of Congress is the world’s largest library, offering access to the creative record of the United States—and extensive materials from around the world—both on site and online. It is the main research arm of the U.S. Congress and the home of the U.S. Copyright Office. Explore collections, reference services and other programs and plan a visit at loc.gov, access the official site for U.S. federal legislative information at congress.gov, and register creative works of authorship at copyright.gov.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-47", "url": "https://custerfreepress.com/2017/02/01/sigmund-freud-collection-now-online/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496664808.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20191112074214-20191112102214-00144.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9245975018, "token_count": 1011, "score": 2.609375, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Feabhra 1, 2017\nTá an Bailiúchán Sigmund Freud ag Leabharlann na Comhdhála digiteáilte agus tá sé ar líne anois ag loc.gov/collections/sigmund-freud-papers/about-this-collection/.\nTá na páipéir phearsanta de chuid Sigmund Freud (1856-1939), an néarolaí agus bunaitheoir an tsíocanailís, a bhfuil a chuid smaointe ar an neamhfhiosach agus teoiricí ar ghnéas, brú, aistriú agus reiligiún, a raibh tionchar mór acu ar smaointe an Iarthair sa 20ú haois, sa bhailiúchán ar líne, le níos mó ná 20,000 mír. Tá a theoiricí fós ina ábhar conspóide.\nTá digitiú páipéir Freud curtha ar fáil trí dheontas mór ó The Polonsky Foundation, carthanas cláraithe sa RA, a thacaíonn go príomha le hoidhreacht chultúrtha, scoláireacht sna heolaíochtaí daonnachta agus sóisialta, agus nuálaíocht san ardoideachas agus sna healaíona. I measc a phríomhghníomhaíochtaí tá digitiú bailiúcháin suntasacha ag príomh-leabharlanna (Leabharlann na Breataine; Bibliothèque nationale de France; Leabharlann Bodleian, Oxford; Leabharlann Ollscoil Cambridge; Leabharlann Poiblí Nua Eabhrac; agus Leabharlann Apostolach na Vataine).\n\"Tá áthas orainn tacú le Leabharlann na Comhdhála sa tionscadal tábhachtach chun oidhreacht Freud a chur ar fáil níos forleithne, do thaighdeoirí agus don phobal i gcoitinne\", a dúirt an Dr. Leonard Polonsky CBE (Comandóir an Ordú is Fearr de Impireacht na Breataine).\nSeacht mbliadhna agus ocht mbliana tar éis a bháis, tá Freud, a theith go Londain tar éis an t-ionsaí na Naitsithe ar an Ostair roimh an Dara Cogadh Domhanda, fós ina phríomhfhigiúr sa stair chultúrtha agus intleachtúil nua-aimseartha. Déanann an bailiúchán foirmliú smaointeoireachta Freud a dhoiciméadú, lena n-áirítear breith agus aibíocht teoiric síceanailiteach, feabhsú a theicnící cliniciúla agus leathnú a lucht leanúna agus a léirmheastóirí.\nTá páipéir Freud sa Leabharlann mar chuid de chomhlacht níos mó de ábhair a bhaineann le síceanailís agus le gluaiseacht Freud a thug na hArchóirí Sigmund Freud, ag tosú i 1952, ar fáil. Eagraíocht phríobháideach anailísithe i Nua-Eabhrac, cruthaíodh na hArcháidí Sigmund Freud chun obair Freud agus daoine eile i réimse an síceanailís a bhailiú agus a chaomhnú le haghaidh scoláireachta. Fuair earraí breise trí cheannach, aistrithe, agus bronntanas nó oidhreacht ó dhaoine eile, lena n-áirítear iníon Freud, Anna Freud.\nLéiríonn an bailiúchán saol agus saothar Freud, lena n-áirítear a oiliúint luath leighis agus cliniciúil; a chaidreamh le teaghlach, cairde, comhghleacaithe, mic léinn agus othair; a chomhpháirtíocht le sochaithe psychoanalytic luath; a pheirspictíochtaí ar oiliúint anailíseach; agus a chuid scríbhinní iomadúla. Tá páipéir teaghlaigh, comhfhreagras, scríbhinní, doiciméid dhlíthiúla agus deimhnithe, nótaí nótaí, agus ábhar eile de chineál pearsanta lena mbaineann a shaol agus a ghairm bheatha ann. Tá daoine a bhfuil suntas mór acu i stair an 20ú haois i measc na gcorrespondents: Franz Werfel, Theodor Hertzl, Stefan Zweig, C.G. Jung, Thomas Mann, Albert Einstein, Havelock Ellis agus Romain Rolland.\nTá an chuid is mó den lámhscríbhinn sa script Gothic nó Sütterlin mar a thugtar air a d'úsáid scríbhneoirí na Gearmáine ag an am. Tá fótachóipí, fácsílí, trascríbhinní, agus aistriúcháin Béarla ar chuid den ábhar idirghabhálaithe le hionstraimí den chuid is mó bunaidh. Tá níos mó ná 300 agallamh le comhghleacaithe Freud, othair agus baill teaghlaigh tar éis a bháis á reáchtáil ag K.R. Eissler, stiúrthóir agus bunaitheoir na gCartlann Sigmund Freud.\nIs é Leabharlann na Comhdhála an príomh-ionad taighde chun staidéar a dhéanamh ar Freud agus a chiorcal agus cuid dá chuid criticeoirí. I measc na mbailiúchán gaolmhara níos mó ná 100 tá páipéir Anna Freud agus baill eile de theaghlach Freud. I measc na mbailiúchán eile tá Karl Abraham, Siegfried Bernfeld, Marie Bonaparte, A.A. Brill, Wilhelm Fliess agus Sergius Pankejeff, ceann de na othair is cáiliúla a bhí ag Freud, a aithníodh i scríbhinní Freud mar an \"Wolf-Man\". Tá páipéir teiripeoirí a bhí difriúil nó briste ó Freud ar fáil sa Leabharlann freisin: C.G. Jung, Alfred Adler, Wilhelm Reich, Theodore Reik agus Francis G. Wickes.\nTá beagnach 70 milliún píosa sa Roinn Scríbhneoireachta den Leabharlann, lena n-áirítear páipéir 23 uachtarán na Stát Aontaithe, ó George Washington go Calvin Coolidge. Le haghaidh tuilleadh faisnéise faoi bhailiúcháin agus shealbhú na Roinne Scríbhneoireachta, tabhair cuairt ar loc.gov/rr/mss/.\nIs í Leabharlann na Comhdhála an leabharlann is mó ar domhan, a thairgeann rochtain ar thaifead cruthaitheach na Stát Aontaithe agus ar ábhar fairsing ó gach cearn den domhan, ar an suíomh agus ar líne araon. Is é an príomh-ghéar taighde de chuid Chongress na Stát Aontaithe agus baile na Stát Aontaithe. Oifig na gCeart Cealaithe. Scrúdaigh bailiúcháin, seirbhísí tagartha agus cláir eile agus pleanáil cuairt ar loc.gov, rochtain a fháil ar shuíomh oifigiúil le haghaidh faisnéise reachtaíochta cónaidhme na Stát Aontaithe ag congress.gov, agus saothair chruthaitheacha údar a chlárú ag copyright.gov."} {"text": "Bullying Reduces Productivity!!!\nA study conducted by the Workplace Bullying Institute and Zogby International in 2007 showed that 37 percent of American Workers have been bullied at work—an additional 12 percent said they have witnessed it. Both the abusers and the targets have lower productivity—a consequence that the US economy cannot afford. It can be stopped by researching its causes and creating an environment that addresses this behavior.\nWe can help…\nOur Workshop: Relational Aggression in the Workplace\n- Define relational aggression in the workplace\n- learn how to identify aggressive behavior\n- discover the impact on the productivity of the aggressor, target, co-workers, and working environment\n- Learn new strategies for responding and correcting aggressive behavior\n- set workplace policies to deter and abolish relational aggression and increase productivity\n- Understanding relational aggression\n- Participants—willing and unwilling\n- Consequences of relational aggression in the workplace\n- Strategies for responding\nAngela M. Woodward", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-51", "url": "http://stopworkplacebullyingky.com/services/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540521378.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20191209173528-20191209201528-00274.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9007059932, "token_count": 200, "score": 2.546875, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Laghdaíonn Bullying Táirgiúlacht!! Tá sé!\nLéirigh staidéar a rinne Institiúid na n-Ionstraimí Gnó agus Zogby Idirnáisiúnta in 2007 go raibh 37 faoin gcéad de shaothair Mheiriceá ag fulaingt ag an obair dúirt 12 faoin gcéad eile go raibh siad ina bhfinné air. Tá táirgiúlacht níos ísle ag na mí-úsáideoirí agus ag na spriocanna araon - iarmhairt nach féidir le geilleagar na Stát Aontaithe a ligean. Is féidir stop a chur leis trína cúiseanna a thaighde agus timpeallacht a chruthú a thugann aghaidh ar an iompar seo.\nIs féidir linn cabhrú...\nÁr Mhonarcha: Agóid i gcaidreamh san Áit Oibre\n- Agóid i gcaidreamh a shainiú san ionad oibre\n- foghlaim conas iompar ionsaitheach a aithint\n- a fháil amach an tionchar a bhíonn ag an ionsaitheoir ar tháirgiúlacht an ionsaitheora, an sprioc, na gcomhghleacaithe agus an timpeallachta oibre\n- Straitéisí nua a fhoghlaim chun freagairt agus iompar ionsaitheach a cheartú\n- beartais á gcur i bhfeidhm ag an ionad oibre chun ionsaí caidrimh a chosc agus a dhíothú agus táirgiúlacht a mhéadú\n- Ag cur isteach ar chaidreamh\n- Rannpháirtithe toilteanach agus neamhtoilteanach\n- iarmhairtí ionsaithe caidrimh san ionad oibre\n- Straitéisí chun freagairt\nAngela M. Woodward"} {"text": "It has been a couple of weeks since the pupils have regained their rightful place in the classroom. In Junior School, the Years 3 and 4 have been hard at work settling well into new routines within a short amount of time.\nThis is their first foray into Junior School and on top of getting used to a new environment, they have also had to adapt to the use of a different type of technology: the portable computer. The first lessons with the Year 3 classes have been aimed at creating and reinforcing good computer-use habits. After successfully learning how to properly collect and return the computers to their allocated place in the trolley, we went over how to sign in and out of the school network; learning about the importance of keeping passwords secret and safe. We moved on to the use of Google Chrome and its Omnibox, before spending some time breaking down the parts of a website and its main code: HTML. The pupils were happy to discover how a webpage is made and how complex it is behind the scenes.\nAfter going through a refresher course on Computer Science expectations, pupils moved on to the creation of a Scratch project spanning multiple lessons. They went over concepts such as using code to change a sprite’s costume or to make sprites react to input and how to add sound to a sprite. All in an effort to create a musical piece which reacts depending on user input. Creativity serves as the leading theme in lessons, where each student expresses their ideas via the use of different costumes, colours, sounds and motions. Each class has been attributed anonymised Scratch user accounts which are part of private Classrooms, so that each project is shared within the specific class.\nThe teacher circulates around the class during the lesson, having given instructions at the beginning, made them available on the VLE and reminding them to the group at regular intervals. Some pupils have been very helpful in supporting their classmates with the collection and return of their computers and headphones.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-06", "url": "https://durstonhouse.org/whats-going-on-at-durston-3/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764495001.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20230127164242-20230127194242-00287.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9691042304, "token_count": 402, "score": 3.15625, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Tá sé cúpla seachtain ó tháinig na daltaí ar ais go dtí a n-áit cheart sa seomra ranga. Sa Bhunscoil, tá na Bliana 3 agus 4 ag obair go crua ag socrú go maith i ngnáthamh nua laistigh de thréimhse ghearr ama.\nIs é seo a gcéad dul isteach sa Bhunscoil agus chomh maith le bheith ag baint úsáide as timpeallacht nua, bhí orthu dul i ngleic le cineál eile teicneolaíochta: an ríomhaire in-aistrithe. Tá sé mar aidhm ag na chéad ceachtanna le ranganna Bliain 3 dea-chleachtais úsáide ríomhaire a chruthú agus a threisiú. Tar éis dúinn foghlaim go rathúil conas na ríomhairí a bhailiú agus a chur ar ais go dtí a n-áit leithdháilte sa charr, chuaigh muid ar aghaidh ar conas logáil isteach agus amach as líonra na scoile; ag foghlaim faoi thábhacht na pasfhocail a choinneáil faoi rún agus sábháilte. Chuaigh muid ar aghaidh go dtí úsáid Google Chrome agus a Omnibox, sula ndearna muid roinnt ama ag briseadh síos codanna láithreán gréasáin agus a phríomhchód: HTML. Bhí na daltaí sásta a fháil amach conas a dhéantar leathanach gréasáin agus cé chomh casta atá sé taobh thiar den scáileán.\nTar éis dóibh dul trí chúrsa athnuachana ar ionchais Eolaíochta Ríomhaireachta, chuaigh daltaí ar aghaidh chuig tionscadal Scratch a chruthú a chuimsíonn roinnt ceachtanna. Chuaigh siad thar coincheapa mar úsáid cód chun éadaí sprite a athrú nó sprites a dhéanamh freagairt do ionchur agus conas fuaim a chur le sprite. Gach iarracht chun píosa ceoil a chruthú a imoibríonn ag brath ar ionchur an úsáideora. Is é an chruthaitheacht an téama is mó a bhaineann leis na ceachtanna, áit a léiríonn gach mac léinn a gcuid smaointe trí úsáid a bhaint as cóistiméireachtaí, dathanna, fuaimeanna agus gluaiseachtaí éagsúla. Tá cuntas úsáideoirí Scratch gan ainm curtha i leith gach rang atá mar chuid de Chláir Cheolchoirmeacha príobháideacha, ionas go mbeidh gach tionscadal roinnte laistigh den rang sonrach.\nTá an múinteoir ag scaipeadh timpeall an aicme le linn na ranganna, tar éis dó treoracha a thabhairt ag an tús, iad a chur ar fáil ar an VLE agus iad a chur i gcuimhne don ghrúpa ag eatraimh rialta. Bhí roinnt daltaí an-chabhrach ag tacú lena gcomhghleacaithe lena gcuid ríomhairí agus cluasáin a bhailiú agus a thabhairt ar ais."} {"text": "by John Farmer Taylor\nMokane had its beginning as St. Aubert, sometime in the period between 1870 to 1890, as a small group of houses and a store on the banks of the Missouri River, about a mile from its present location. Mr. Jim Dickenson was born in one of these houses at St. Aubert about 1870, and he made the comment to ancestors of local residents that he had no birthplace, because his house was washed into the Missouri River by the eroding of its banks. Because of the washing away of these homes, one house remaining was moved into the river bottom by Mr. Sam Moore. This house was known by local residents as the Johnnaber place; it was on the sand plant road going to the river. The Jonnabers moved to this farm prior to 1909 and lived there many years. This historic house was torn down in the early 1980's.\nThe first house in the present location of Mokane was a brick, two story house with a basement, known as the Smith place. When it was built prior to the Civil War, it was the farm house of most of the land on which Mokane is now built. The Missouri, Kansas, and Texas Railroad took possession of the rail lines to St. Louis on July 1, 1893. After this date, a frame, two story school house was built and the Methodist and Christian Churches wer° also built. The Catholic Church bought the church building owned by the Presbyterians in 1908. The division of the \"Katy\" railroad was brought to Mokane in 1907 and many people came here to live. Many homes were built on River Street and other locations in town by the local banker, Mr. W. R. Wilkerson. A newspaper was established in 1894, known then as the Herald Post, which later became known as the Mokane Missourian and was published and edited by the Hodges family from 1901 to 1971. From 1907 to the late 1920's, Mokane was a prosperous town having a bank, a drug store, three general stores, a newspaper, three physicians, a dentist, two blacksmith shops, and barber shops. The business houses lined Main Street, Fulton Avenue, all the way from Broad Street to the railroad on both sides. The town at this time had a population of about 1,000 people.\nAfter the late 1920's, when the Katy division left Mokane, the population dropped to about half, or around 500 people; these were the years of 1930's and 1940's. During this period the town also had a theater and at least two filling stations. Mokane has always been a rural community and has served in many ways the needs of farm families in the area for many years. Since the 1950's the population of Mokane has steadily dropped to its present number of about 360 residents. Though the business and population of Mokane has decreased, the residents are still proud of their town and their homes and show an interest in making it a nice place to live. Mokane owns its own water system, and many residents are working to bring about a federally approved sewer system for all residents. These residents are looking for new and better ways to make Mokane a pleasant place for all who like to live in a small town near the banks of the Missouri River.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-22", "url": "http://www.kchsoc.org/mokane.html", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463607245.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20170523005639-20170523025639-00208.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9910665154, "token_count": 673, "score": 2.84375, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "ag John Farmer Taylor\nBhí tús ag Mokane mar St. Aubert, uair éigin sa tréimhse idir 1870 agus 1890, mar ghrúpa beag tithe agus siopa ar bhruach Abhainn Missouri, thart ar míle óna shuíomh reatha. Rugadh an tUasal Jim Dickenson i gceann de na tithe seo ag St. Aubert thart ar 1870, agus rinne sé an trácht ar shinsir na n-áitritheoirí áitiúla nach raibh aon áit breithe aige, toisc gur thit a theach isteach i Abhainn Missouri de bharr éadóisiú a bhainc. Mar gheall ar na tithe seo a ní amach, aistríodh an tUasal Sam Moore teach amháin a bhí fágtha isteach i mbonn na habhann. Bhí an teach seo ar eolas ag muintir na háite mar an áit Johnnaber; bhí sé ar an mbóthar plandaí gaineamh ag dul go dtí an abhainn. D'aistrigh na Jonnabers chuig an bhfeirm seo roimh 1909 agus bhí cónaí orthu ann le blianta fada. Bhí an teach stairiúil seo díghrádú go luath sna 1980idí.\nBa teach de chnoc, dhá shraith le bunstáisiún, a bhí ar an gcéad teach i láthair láthair Mokane, ar a dtugtar an áit Smith. Nuair a tógadh é roimh an gCogadh Cathartha, ba é teach feirme an chuid is mó den talamh ar a bhfuil Mokane tógtha anois. Ghlac an Missouri, Kansas, and Texas Railroad seilbh ar na línte iarnróid go St. Louis ar an 1 Iúil, 1893. Tar éis an dáta seo, tógadh teach scoile dhá shraith agus bhí Eaglaisí Meitéadaigh agus Críostaí tógtha freisin. Cheannaigh an Eaglais Chaitliceach an foirgneamh eaglais a bhí faoi úinéireacht na Presbiterians i 1908. Tugadh roinn na iarnróid \"Katy\" go Mokane i 1907 agus tháinig go leor daoine anseo chun cónaí orthu. Tógadh go leor tithe ar River Street agus áiteanna eile sa bhaile ag an mbaincéir áitiúil, an tUasal W. R. Wilkerson. Bunaíodh nuachtán i 1894, ar a dtugtar an Herald Post ansin, a d'éirigh ar a dtugtar an Mokane Missourian ina dhiaidh sin agus a d'fhoilsigh agus a eagarthóil an teaghlach Hodges ó 1901 go 1971. Ó 1907 go dtí deireadh na 1920idí, ba baile rathúil é Mokane a raibh banc ann, siopa cógaisíochta, trí siopa ginearálta, nuachtán, trí dhochtúir, fiaclóir, dhá siopa smid, agus siopaí friochta. Bhí na tithe gnó ar líne ar Main Street, Fulton Avenue, ar an mbealach go léir ó Broad Street go dtí an iarnród ar an dá thaobh. Bhí daonra thart ar 1,000 duine sa bhaile ag an am seo.\nTar éis dheireadh na 1920idí, nuair a d'fhág an roinn Katy Mokane, thit an daonra go dtí thart ar leath, nó thart ar 500 duine; is iad seo na blianta 1930 agus 1940. Le linn na tréimhse seo bhí amharclann agus dhá stáisiún breosla ar a laghad sa bhaile. Is pobal tuaithe í Mokane i gcónaí agus tá sí ag freastal ar riachtanais na dteaghlaigh feirmeoirí sa cheantar ar go leor bealaí le blianta fada. Ó na 1950idí i leith, tá daonra Mokane tar éis titim go seasta go dtí an líon reatha de thart ar 360 áitritheoir. Cé go bhfuil laghdú tagtha ar ghnó agus ar dhaonra Mokane, tá na cónaitheoirí bródúil fós as a mbaile agus a dtithe agus léiríonn siad suim i n-áit mhaith a dhéanamh chun cónaí ann. Tá córas uisce féin ag Mokane, agus tá go leor cónaitheoirí ag obair chun córas séarachais a cheadaítear go cónaidhme a thabhairt don phobal go léir. Tá na cónaitheoirí seo ag lorg bealaí nua agus níos fearr chun Mokane a dhéanamh ina áit taitneamhach do gach duine a bhfuil sé áthas orthu cónaí i mbaile beag in aice le cóstaí Abhainn Missouri."} {"text": "Medical Definition of Hepatoma\nHepatoma: Cancer originating in the liver, in liver cells. More often called hepatocarcinoma or hepatocellular carcinoma. From hepat-, the liver + -oma, tumor = a liver tumor.Source: MedTerms™ Medical Dictionary\nLast Editorial Review: 5/13/2016\nMedical Dictionary Definitions A - Z\nSearch Medical Dictionary\nDigestive Disorders Resources\n- Tummy Troubles a Sign of Uveitis?\n- What is Castleman Disease?\n- Your Treatment Options for Constipation", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-22", "url": "http://www.emedicinehealth.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=39871", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463609061.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20170527210417-20170527230417-00191.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.7019165754, "token_count": 117, "score": 2.8125, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Sainmhíniú Leighis ar Hepatoma\nHepatoma: Ailse a thagann ó na cealla sa mhilseog. Is minic a thugtar hepatocarcinoma nó carcinoma hepatocellular air. Ó hepat-, an ae + -oma, tumoir = tumoir ae. Foinse: MedTermsTM Medical Dictionary\nAthbhreithniú Deiridh Eagarthóireachta: 5/13/2016\nSainmhínithe Saineolaithe Leighis A - Z\nCuardach i dTeangaireacht Leighis\nFoinsí maidir le Truailliú Díleá\n- Is Trouble Stomach a Sign of Uveitis?\n- Cad é galar Castleman?\n- Do Roghanna Cóireála le haghaidh Constipation"} {"text": "LESS SIT, MORE FIT:\nDECREASE SCREEN TIME AND INCREASE ENERGY OUT\nWhat’s the Session All About?\nSession 4 introduces strategies to increase ENERGY OUT by increasing physical activity and reducing screen time. Screen time is time with TV and DVDs, video games, and recreational computer use (in other words, computer time for anything but school or work). of the energy balance equation. Participants will learn the importance of physical activity and will discuss ways to increase the amount of physical activity that they and their families get daily.\nBy the end of this lesson, the participants will be able to:\n- Assess the amount of time family members spend in front of screens (TV, DVD, Computer, etc.)\n- List three ways the family can limit screen time to no more than 2 hours per day.\n- List three physical active things they can do instead of screen time.\nWe encourage you to bring your children ages 8 – 13.\n(Come dressed for fun physical activity for parents and children)", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-51", "url": "http://www.wepromotehealth.org/2014-session-4.aspx", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540529745.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20191211021635-20191211045635-00164.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8952814937, "token_count": 217, "score": 3.59375, "int_score": 4, "irish_text": "Níos lú Suíochán, Níos Mó FIT:\nTÍOMHÁN AN OIRIS I NÍOSCÁL agus MÉIDIGÍON AN ENERGY OUT\nCad é an Seisiún ar fad faoi?\nCuirtear straitéisí i láthair sa seisiún 4 chun ENERGY OUT a mhéadú trí ghníomhaíocht fhisiceach a mhéadú agus am scáileáin a laghdú. Is éard atá i gceist le hamanna scáileáin ná am le teilifís agus DVDanna, cluichí físeáin, agus úsáid ríomhaire siamsaíochta (i bhfocail eile, am ríomhaire le haghaidh aon ní seachas scoil nó obair). an chothromóid chothromaíochta fuinnimh. Foghlaimfidh na rannpháirtithe tábhacht na gníomhaíochta fisice agus pléfaidh siad bealaí chun an méid gníomhaíochta fisice a fhaigheann siad féin agus a dteaghlaigh go laethúil a mhéadú.\nFaoi dheireadh na ceachtanna seo, beidh na rannpháirtithe in ann:\n- Measúnú a dhéanamh ar an méid ama a chaitheann baill an teaghlaigh os comhair scáileáin (TV, DVD, Ríomheolaí, srl.)\n- Liostaí trí bhealach ar féidir leis an teaghlach an t-am scáileáin a theorannú go 2 uair an chloig sa lá ar a mhéad.\n- Liosta trí rud gníomhach fisiciúil is féidir leo a dhéanamh in ionad am scáileáin.\nMolaimid duit do leanaí 8 13 mbliana d'aois a thabhairt leat.\n(Tar isteach le haghaidh gníomhaíocht choirp spraoi do thuismitheoirí agus do leanaí)"} {"text": "It is quite interesting to know that humans can also survive on another planet. Rovers are robotic vehicles that were sent to Mars. Two rovers don’t leave their mark on this planet, there are some natural forces at work too. Indian Scientists Discovered that Mars is alive!!\nIn Ahmedabad, Physics Research Laboratory, scientists spotted thousands of tracks on the surface that were created by tumbling boulders. These tracks can also be used to know about recent seismic activities on Mars as humans are interested to know about this planet. And they also planned to develop colonies in future.\n“Mars is currently active,” says Dr S Vijayan, who is an Assistant Professor with the Planetary Science Division at the Physical Research Laboratory, and he is also leading the research on this.\nIn Geophysical Research Letters, they mentioned it took almost two to four Martian years (four to eight Earth years) for those boulder tracks to vanish, whereas on Earth they are rarely maintained. These ejections and tracks by rovers are used to identify very recent surface processes on planetary surfaces.\nMovement on Mars:\nRegolith (Martian surface material) is thrown out in a unique pattern each time that a boulder hits the ground. It appears as if these patterns are V-shaped, with the dispersion downslope and the spacing between each bounce being non-uniform on Mars. Boulder track formation from the ejecta. A wide variety of ejecta from the Boulder Fall is visible throughout the trail. Light-coloured ejecta from multiple boulders may be seen in the numerous tracks. There is a wide range of ejecta scattered across the track. Some boulder bounces leave minor sub-tracks in the space between the bounces and ejecta. (Source: India Today)\nYou can also read:\nDr Vijayan said, “These tracks take a few years to disappear, which indicate that the ones we have spotted are fairly new.”\n“Identification of BFE in Mars and other planetary/satellite bodies is an important piece of direct evidence for recent boulder falls within the last few decades and is a good indicator for geologically active regions,” he added.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-06", "url": "https://www.infoqwiki.com/indian-scientists-discovered-that-mars-is-alive/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500288.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20230205193202-20230205223202-00682.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9636179209, "token_count": 447, "score": 4.21875, "int_score": 4, "irish_text": "Tá sé suimiúil go leor a fhios go bhféadfadh daoine maireachtáil ar phláinéid eile freisin. Is feithiclí róbatacha iad róbatáin a cuireadh chuig Mars. Ní fhágann dhá róbhair a gcuid marc ar an bpláinéad seo, tá roinnt fórsaí nádúrtha ag obair freisin. Fuair Eolaithe Indiach amach go bhfuil Mars beo! Tá sé!\nI Ahmedabad, Físeolaíocht Taighde Saotharlann, eolaithe spotted na mílte rianta ar an dromchla a cruthaíodh ag tumbling boulders. Is féidir na rianta seo a úsáid freisin chun eolas a fháil faoi ghníomhaíochtaí seismic le déanaí ar Mars mar go bhfuil suim ag daoine a bheith ar an bpláinéad seo. Agus bhí sé beartaithe acu coilíneachtaí a fhorbairt sa todhchaí.\n\"Tá Mars gníomhach faoi láthair\", a deir an Dr S Vijayan, atá ina Ollamh Cúnta leis an Roinn Eolaíochta Phlándaí ag an Saotharlann um Thaighde Físeach, agus tá sé i gceannas ar an taighde ar an ábhar seo freisin.\nI Litreacha Taighde Geo-fheiceála, luaigh siad gur thóg sé beagnach dhá go ceithre bliana Márta (ceithre go ocht mbliana Domhanda) go raibh na rianta boulder sin ag imeacht, ach ar an Domhan is annamh a choinnítear iad. Úsáidtear na eisiúintí agus na rianta seo ag róibrithe chun próisis dromchla an-dhéanta ar dromchlaí pláinéid a aithint.\nGluaiseacht ar Mars:\nDéantar Regolith (ábhar dromchla Mars) a chaitheamh amach i bpatrún uathúil gach uair a bhuaileann carraig an talamh. Is cosúil go bhfuil na patrúin seo i gcruth V, agus an scriosadh síos agus an spásáil idir gach bounce neamh-aonfhoirmeach ar Mars. Cruthaíodh rian boulder ón eisiata. Tá éagsúlacht mhór eiteacha ó Boulder Fall le feiceáil ar fud an rianta. Is féidir eisiúintí dorcha ó bhallaí móra a fheiceáil sna rianta iomadúla. Tá raon leathan de ejectas scaipthe ar fud an rianta. Fágann roinnt boulders bounces fo-sracáin bheaga sa spás idir na bounces agus an ejecta. (Foinse: India Today)\nIs féidir leat a léamh freisin:\nDúirt an Dr Vijayan, \"Tógann na rianta seo cúpla bliain chun dul ar neamh, rud a léiríonn go bhfuil na cinn a chonaic muid go leor nua\".\n\"Is é an BFE a aithnítear ar Mars agus comhlachtaí pláinéadacha/satailíte eile píosa tábhachtach fianaise dhíreach maidir le titim boulder le déanaí le cúpla bliain anuas agus is táscaire maith é do réigiúin atá gníomhach go géolaíoch\", a dúirt sé."} {"text": "The Mathematical Association of America (MAA) has sought to improve education in collegiate mathematics. This report outlines standards set forth by the MAA to improve college mathematics education. The report is visionary in that it does not represent a distillation of current national practice in supplying college students with mathematical training. Rather it sets a standard for a quantitatively literate college graduate and suggests reasonable means for the achievement of that standard. The report makes four major points: (1) Colleges and universities should treat quantitative literacy as a thoroughly legitimate and even necessary goal for baccalaureate graduates. (2) Colleges and universities should expect every college graduate to be able to apply simple mathematical methods to the solution of real world problems. (3) Colleges and universities should devise and establish quantitative literacy programs each consisting of a foundation experience and continuation experiences and mathematics departments should provide leadership in the development of such programs. (4) Colleges and universities should accept responsibility for overseeing their quantitative literacy programs through regular assessments. Users can access all chapters of the book as well as all appendices and committee member information.\nPart of the Starting Point collection. The Starting Point collection includes resources addressing the needs of faculty and graduate students designing, developing, and delivering entry-level undergraduate courses in geoscience.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-14", "url": "https://serc.carleton.edu/resources/22731.html", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296944452.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20230322180852-20230322210852-00628.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9418945909, "token_count": 255, "score": 2.921875, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Tá Cumann Matamaiticeach Mheiriceá (MAA) ag iarraidh oideachas i matamaitic coláisteach a fheabhsú. Leagtar amach sa tuarascáil seo na caighdeáin a leagann an MAA amach chun oideachas matamaitice coláiste a fheabhsú. Tá an tuarascáil físheachtrach sa mhéid nach bhfuil sé ina dhísliú ar an gcleachtas náisiúnta reatha maidir le hoiliúint matamaiticiúil a chur ar fáil do mhic léinn coláiste. Ina áit sin, leagann sé caighdeán le haghaidh céimí coláiste atá liteartha go cainníochtúil agus molann sé bealaí réasúnacha chun an caighdeán sin a bhaint amach. Tá ceithre phointe móra sa tuarascáil: (1) Ba cheart do choláistí agus d'ollscoileanna an litearthacht chainníochtúil a mheas mar sprioc atá dlisteanach go hiomlán agus fiú riachtanach do chéimithe baicléaróide. (2) Ba cheart go mbeadh coláistí agus ollscoileanna ag súil go mbeidh gach céimí coláiste in ann modhanna simplí matamaiticiúla a chur i bhfeidhm chun fadhbanna fíor-domhanda a réiteach. (3) Ba cheart do choláistí agus d'ollscoileanna cláir litearthachta cainníochtúla a cheapadh agus a bhunú a chuimsíonn taithí bhunúsach agus taithí leanúnacha gach ceann acu agus ba cheart do ranna matamaitice ceannaireacht a dhéanamh i bhforbairt na gclár sin. (4) Ba cheart do choláistí agus do ollscoileanna freagracht a ghlacadh as maoirseacht a dhéanamh ar a gclár litearthachta cainníochtúil trí mheasúnaithe rialta. Is féidir le húsáideoirí rochtain a fháil ar gach caibidil den leabhar chomh maith le gach forlíonadh agus faisnéis faoi chomhaltaí an choiste.\nCuid den bhailiúchán Starting Point. Áirítear sa bhailiúchán Starting Point acmhainní a fhreastalaíonn ar riachtanais fhoireann agus mac léinn iarchéime a dhearann, a fhorbraíonn agus a sheachadann cúrsaí fochéime tosaigh i geo-eolaíocht."} {"text": "Biome endeavors to find and demonstrate solutions, and empower communities to adopt and innovate on them in the water and sanitation sectors. The solutions Biome offers address social and environmental issues, recognizing the links in the water-energy-food nexus.\nOf equal importance in its work is that it recognizes that plumbers, well diggers, sanitation and health workers, and informal sector WASH enterprises are essential in implementing these solutions. Therefore, ensuring their well-being and ensuring their capacity and knowledge is built, and their innovations are incubated, is integral to Biome’s work.\nFurther, Biome’s work addresses the challenges of groundwater management (India is the world’s largest groundwater user), sanitation and management of waste water and fecal sludge, resource recovery from wastes, water quality management, demand management, and equity and citizen water literacy education. Biome works on these issues in both urban and rural contexts. Biome’s experience is very rich in the urban and peri-urban contexts. Biome sees itself as a “thoughtful do tank,” acting as a practice to policy bridge.\nIndia is heavily dependent on its groundwater and has the highest number of bore-wells in the world, numbering close to 30 million. More than 60% of India’s water supply comes from these bore-wells, with more wells being dug every day. This places an unmanageable strain on the aquifer as it is being depleted at a much higher rate than can be naturally recharged. India is already on the brink of a full-blown water crisis, with cases of acute water shortages, fluoride poisoning and other forms of water pollution becoming common, forcing people to drill deeper (thus reducing the water quality). In addition, water sources are being contaminated by a failure to properly manage the disposal of wastewater. This situation will only worsen, with rapid urbanization, the lack of water literacy, the inefficient use of water, and the development of new industries with high demand for water placing a larger strain on water resources. In the city of Bangalore, for instance, depleting surface water availability has driven demand for groundwater, which has drawn down the city’s water tables and left many bore wells dry. As a result, some residential communities across the city find themselves needing to purchase water from unregulated and expensive private entities to meet their basic needs.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-26", "url": "http://washinnovations.r4d.org/program/intergrated-water-management", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320040.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20170623082050-20170623102050-00367.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9521505237, "token_count": 486, "score": 2.8125, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Tá Biome ag iarraidh réitigh a aimsiú agus a thaispeáint, agus cumasú a thabhairt do phobail glacadh leo agus nuálaíocht a dhéanamh orthu sna hearnálacha uisce agus sláintíochta. Tá na réitigh a thairgeann Biome dírithe ar shaincheisteanna sóisialta agus comhshaoil, ag aithint naisc sa nasc uisce-fuinneamh-bhia.\nTá sé chomh tábhachtach sin ina chuid oibre go n-aithníonn sé go bhfuil píobrálaithe, tochailtithe tochailt, oibrithe sláintíochta agus sláinte, agus fiontair WASH san earnáil neamhfhoirmiúil ríthábhachtach chun na réitigh seo a chur i bhfeidhm. Dá bhrí sin, tá sé ríthábhachtach do obair Biome a chinntiú go bhfuil a gcuid dea-fhiúchas á áirithiú agus go bhfuil a gcumas agus a gcuid eolais á bhforbairt, agus go bhfuil a gcuid nuálaíochtaí á n-óstáil.\nIna theannta sin, déileálann obair Biome le dúshláin bhainistíochta uisce talún (is í an India an t-úsáideoir uisce talún is mó ar domhan), sláintíocht agus bainistíocht fuíolluisce agus sliog fecal, aisghabháil acmhainní ó dhramhaíl, bainistíocht cháilíochta uisce, bainistíocht éilimh, agus cothromas agus oideachas litearthachta uisce saoránach. Oibríonn Biome ar na saincheisteanna seo i gcomhthéacs uirbeach agus tuaithe araon. Tá taithí an-saibhir ag Biome i gcomhthéacsanna uirbeacha agus timpeall uirbeacha. Feictear go bhfuil Biome ina \"tanc oibre smaointeach\", ag gníomhú mar chleachtas chun brú beartais a chur ar bun.\nTá an India ag brath go mór ar a chuid uisce talún agus tá an líon is mó de na tobar-tobar sa domhan aici, ag líon beagnach 30 milliún. Tagann níos mó ná 60% d'fhorbairt uisce na hIndia ó na tobar-tobar seo, agus tá níos mó tobar á dtógáil gach lá. Cuireann sé seo brú neamhrialaithe ar an aquifer toisc go bhfuil sé á ídiú ag ráta i bhfad níos airde ná mar is féidir é a athchúrsáil go nádúrtha. Tá an India ar an imeall de ghéarchéim uisce iomlán, agus cásanna de easpa uisce géar, nimhiú flúiríde agus cineálacha eile truaillithe uisce ag éirí coitianta, ag cur iallach ar dhaoine drileáil níos doimhne a dhéanamh (agus ar an gcaighdeán uisce a laghdú). Ina theannta sin, tá foinsí uisce á ndéanamh truaillithe de bharr nach bhfuil bainistiú cuí á dhéanamh ar dhiúscairt fuíolluisce. Ní dhéanfaidh an staid seo ach dul i ngeilleagar, le hiondúchán tapa, easpa litearthachta uisce, úsáid neamhéifeachtach uisce, agus forbairt tionscail nua a bhfuil éileamh ard acu ar uisce ag cur brú níos mó ar acmhainní uisce. I gcathair Bangalore, mar shampla, tá éileamh ar uisce talún ag éilliú uisce talún, rud a d'fhág go bhfuil an chathair ag cur síos ar a chuid uisce agus go bhfuil go leor tobar ag tiormaíocht. Mar thoradh air sin, bíonn gá ag roinnt pobail cónaithe ar fud na cathrach uisce a cheannach ó eintitis phríobháideacha neamhrialta agus daor chun freastal ar a gcuid riachtanas bunúsacha."}