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Oral rinsing with salt water is a simple and effective way to prevent inflammation or infection after oral surgical procedures. But just how much salt do you need? Lets first look at what salt does and why we recommend it.
The chief reason for oral rinsing is to wash away the plaque and food debris from the surgical sites. While this can be achieved quite effectively with regular tap water, adding salt simply makes it a more balanced and physiologic which is kinder and less dehydrating to the healing tissues. Alcohol-based mouth rinses, while effective in debridement of the sites, cause tissue dehydration and hence not recommended.
While salt can potentially kill bacteria if used in high concentrations, more is not necessarily better- not to mention its burning or stinging feeling or excessive salty taste.
Here are the recommendations on the amount of salt in water for effective oral rinsing following oral surgical procedures:
- Use 1/2 teaspoon of table salt in 1 cup of room temperature water
- A typical water bottle holds about 3 cups of water, so add 1.5 teaspoons of salt for the same concentration.
- Or you can also make a gallon (about 16 cups) of salt water by adding 8 teaspoons (about 2.5 tablespoons) of salt.
Oral rinsing should be done every 1-2 hours for 10-14 days after oral surgery. Make sure to ask your surgeon or dentist for appropriate length of time.
Dr. H. Ryan Kazemi is an oral and maxillofacial surgeon in Bethesda, MD | <urn:uuid:e4867587-eb10-4851-925c-432a207e990e> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://www.facialart.com/2019/10/how-much-salt-in-water-for-oral-rinsing-after-oral-or-dental-surgery/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224644915.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20230530000715-20230530030715-00430.warc.gz | en | 0.915679 | 319 | 2.671875 | 3 | Is bealach simplí agus éifeachtach é sruthlú béil le huisce salainn chun athlasadh nó ionfhabhtú a chosc tar éis nósanna imeachta máinliachta béil. Ach cé mhéad salann a theastaíonn uait? Déanaimis breathnú ar an méid a dhéanann salann ar dtús agus cén fáth a mholann muid é.
Is é an príomhchúis le sruthlú béal ná an plaic agus na scriosanna bia a ní as na háiteanna máinliachta. Cé gur féidir é seo a bhaint amach go héifeachtach le rialta uisce grianghraf, ag cur salann ach a dhéanann sé níos cothromaithe agus fisiceolaíoch a bhfuil níos fearr agus níos lú dehydrating chun na fíocháin leigheas. Cé go bhfuil sé éifeachtach le haghaidh na suíomhanna a dhíghlasáil, bíonn díhiodráitiú fíocháin mar thoradh ar shláinte béil alcóil agus dá bhrí sin ní mholtar iad.
Cé go bhféadfadh salann baictéir a mharú má úsáidtear é i dtuiscí ard, ní gá go mbeadh níos mó salann níos fearr - gan trácht ar a mhothú nó a bhraitheann nó a bhraitheann nó a bhraitheann go bhfuil blas salann iomarcach aige.
Seo iad na moltaí maidir leis an méid salainn san uisce le haghaidh sruthlú béil éifeachtach tar éis nósanna imeachta máinliachta béil:
- Úsáid 1/2 spúnóg tae salainn tábla i 1 cupán uisce teochta seomra
- Is féidir le buidéal uisce tipiciúil thart ar 3 cupán uisce a shealbhú, mar sin cuir 1.5 spúnóg tae salainn leis an tiúchan céanna.
- Nó is féidir leat gallún (thart ar 16 cupán) uisce salainn a dhéanamh freisin trí 8 spúnóg tae (thart ar 2.5 spúnóg boird) salann a chur leis.
Ba chóir an t-airgead a rinsí gach 1-2 uair an chloig ar feadh 10-14 lá tar éis máinliacht bhéal. Déan cinnte go n-iarrfaidh tú ar do liachta nó ar do dhochtúir fiacla an tréimhse ama cuí.
Is é an Dr. H. Ryan Kazemi máinliacht béil agus maxillofacial i Bethesda, MD |
In a remarkably bold and landmark study, scientists in China have reportedly edited genes in human embryos to erase a fatal blood disorder.
Published in Protein & Cell, researchers led by Sun Yat-sen at University of Guangzhou are confirming the widespread rumours about human trails of CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing. The rumours sparked widespread debates about ethical implications and the unfair usage of the same.
According to their paper titled “CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene editing in human tripronuclear zygotes”, the researchers for now used ‘non-viable’ embryos which couldn’t have resulted in any form of live birth. The widely touted and popularized CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing technique was used to erase the genes causing β-thalassaemia in humans, a potentially fatal disorder of the blood. Thanks to fewer restrictions on human tests, the scientists became the first of many to conduct human trials.
Long Way Ahead for CRISPR/Cas9
The researchers are reported failure in their attempts to eradicate β-thalassaemia gene from the embryo. The system in which the enzyme complex of CRISPR/Cas9 binds to DNA and splices it has now been well studied in animal embryos and human cell lines. However, in human embryos the enzyme complex failed to repair the problematic gene. The researchers took precaution by creating ‘non-viable’ embryo following fertilisation of the embryo by two sperms. This prevents the chances of a live birth, however the embryo does reach the first stages of development.
Alarmingly Low Gene-Editing Success Rates
The team lead by Huang targeted the β-globin protein gene which is responsible for β-thalassaemia. Using 86 embryos, which the researchers injected with the CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing enzyme. Of the surviving embryos, 54 were tested for the spliced β-globin protein gene. Of these only 28 showed to be successfully spliced and just a fraction of these had the replacement β-globin gene. Not just that, a few off-target mutations were also found that were introduced by CRISPR/Cas9 technique.
The paper which was rejected by Nature and Science on ethical grounds, underlines the need to improve the technique before beginning experimentation in humans. Huang and his team will begin work on reducing the off-target mutations induced by CRISPR/Cas9 technique, using combination of other gene-editing techniques.
Source: Protein & Cell (Open Access) | <urn:uuid:a821b64a-41a2-4730-9056-a0a592b16531> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | http://www.labcritics.com/chinese-scientists-use-crispr-to-engineer-first-human-embryo-3901/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370510352.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20200403061648-20200403091648-00126.warc.gz | en | 0.946435 | 521 | 2.90625 | 3 | I staidéar suntasach cróga agus suntasach, tuairiscíodh go ndearna eolaithe sa tSín géiní a chur in eagar i mbrionglóidí daonna chun easnamh fola marfach a scriosadh.
Foilsithe i Prótain & Cealla, tá taighdeoirí faoi stiúir Sun Yat-sen in Ollscoil Guangzhou ag deimhniú na ráflaí forleathan faoi rianta daonna de eagarthóireacht géine CRISPR / Cas9. Chuir na ráflaí díospóireachtaí forleathan ar bun maidir le himpleachtaí eiticiúla agus úsáid éagórach an rud céanna.
De réir a n-oibre dar teideal CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene editing in human tripronuclear zygotes, d'úsáid na taighdeoirí embryos neamh-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in- Baineadh úsáid as an teicníc eagarthóireachta géine CRISPR/Cas9 a bhí á rá go forleathan agus a bhí tóir air chun na géiní a chuireann β-thalassaemia i ndaoine, neamhoird bháis fhéideartha an fhuil, a scriosadh. A bhuíochas le níos lú srianta ar thrialacha daonna, bhí na heolaithe ar na céadta de go leor a rinne trialacha daonna.
Bealach fada romhainn do CRISPR/Cas9
Tuairiscítear go bhfuil na taighdeoirí ag teip ar a gcuid iarrachtaí géin β-thalasemia a dhíothú ón embrio. Tá staidéar maith déanta anois ar an gcóras ina gceanglaíonn an coimpléasc einsím CRISPR/Cas9 le DNA agus ina gcuirtear é i gcló i mbrionglóidí ainmhithe agus i línte cealla daonna. Mar sin féin, i mbrionglóidí daonna níor éirigh leis an gcomhchruinniú einsím an géin fhadhbúil a dheisiú. Ghlac na taighdeoirí réamhchúram trí "fhiontair neamh-in-inbheathach" a chruthú tar éis an fhhiontair a fhéilleadh ag dhá sperm. Cuireann sé seo cosc ar na seansanna go dtarlóidh breith beo, ach déanann an t-eabríon na chéad chéimeanna forbartha a bhaint amach.
Tá rátaí rathúlachta íseal go foréigneach i ndeisiú géin
D'aimsigh an fhoireann faoi stiúir Huang an géin próitéine β-globín atá freagrach as β-thalassaemia. Ag baint úsáide as 86 embryos, a instealladh na taighdeoirí leis an einsím eagarthóireachta géine CRISPR/Cas9. As na himbríonna a mhair, rinneadh tástáil ar 54 ar an ngine próitéine β-glóibín spliceáilte. Níor léirigh ach 28 díobh seo go raibh siad spliceáilte go rathúil agus ní raibh ach cuid acu den ghine β-glóibín athsholáthair. Ní hamháin sin, fuair roinnt mutaíochtaí lasmuigh den sprioc a tugadh isteach ag teicníc CRISPR/Cas9.
Tá an páipéar a dhiúltaigh an t-eolaíocht agus an eolaíocht ar chúiseanna eiticiúla, ag cur béime ar an ngá atá le feabhas a chur ar an teicníc sula dtosaíonn siad ag turgnamh ar dhaoine. Tosaíonn Huang agus a fhoireann ag obair ar na hathruithe neamh-sprioc a spreagann teicníc CRISPR/Cas9 a laghdú, ag baint úsáide as teaglaim de theicnící eile eagarthóireachta géine.
Foinse: Prótaine & Céil (Solúbthacht Oscailte) |
Sign Language Interpreter Services
Hamilton County ESC provides quality sign language interpreter services to help ensure students with hearing impairments or communication challenges can understand instruction and communicate with teachers and peers throughout the school day.
Hamilton County ESC will:
- Provide quality educational interpreting using student’s method of communication (ASL, CASE, SEE and Oral Transliteration)
- Ensure that full-time interpreters have proper credentials and are credentialed by the Ohio Department of Education as an Educational Interpreter
- Provide substitute interpreters who are qualified to meet student’s needs
- Routinely evaluate the technical skills and performance of each educational interpreter.
- Provide technical assistance and support for interpreters and teams by a Lead Interpreter who is Nationally Certified through the Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf
- Provide interpreter services for school related functions (these services are contracted on an hourly, as needed basis)
- After school functions including extracurricular student activities, programs, graduations, meetings, class trips, and more
- Interpreter services for deaf parents (parent-teacher conferences, special education related meetings and more).
Do you have a student who you are not sure needs or would benefit from an educational interpreter?
Hamilton County ESC has professional interpreters who can conduct an Interpreter Assessment and provide suggestions for educational teams.
Assessments can include:
- Meeting with the student, teacher and family to discuss communication needs
- Observing the student in a variety of educational settings and situations
- Interact with the student using a variety of sign language communication styles
- Assess current level of sign language vocabulary and ability to learn and produce signs for communication
- Written report of assessment/observation
- Attend team meetings to discuss assessment and answer questions
Lauren Brown, 513.674.4310 | <urn:uuid:332669bd-88ac-47da-bda7-0d0f7df43773> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | http://hcesc.org/sign-language-interpreter-services | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886106754.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20170820131332-20170820151332-00470.warc.gz | en | 0.92378 | 383 | 2.515625 | 3 | Seirbhísí Intleachta Teanga na nAchtanna
Soláthraíonn Ollscoil Chontae Hamilton seirbhísí cáilíochta ateangaireachta teanga comhartha chun a chinntiú gur féidir le mic léinn a bhfuil lagú éisteachta nó deacrachtaí cumarsáide acu teagasc a thuiscint agus cumarsáid a dhéanamh le múinteoirí agus le comhoibrithe ar feadh an lae scoile.
Beidh CCE Chontae Hamilton:
- Teanga oideachais ardchaighdeáin a sholáthar ag baint úsáide as modh cumarsáide na mac léinn (ASL, CASE, SEE agus Traslitriú Ó bhéal)
- Cinntiú go bhfuil na hiontrálacha cuí ag ateangairí lánaimseartha agus go bhfuil siad creidiúnaithe ag Roinn Oideachais Ohio mar Ateangaire Oideachais
- Tuirlisí malartacha a chur ar fáil atá cáilithe chun freastal ar riachtanais na mac léinn
- Measúnú a dhéanamh go rialta ar scileanna teicniúla agus ar fheidhmíocht gach ateangaire oideachais.
- Cúnamh teicniúil agus tacaíocht a chur ar fáil d'intreabóirí agus d'fhoirne ag Príomhintreabóir atá deimhnithe go Náisiúnta trí Chlár na nIontreabóirí do Dhaoine neirbhíseacha
- Seirbhísí ateangaireachta a sholáthar do ghnóthaí a bhaineann leis an scoil (conarthaí a dhéanamh ar na seirbhísí seo ar bhonn uair an chloig, de réir mar is gá)
- I ndiaidh na scoile, lena n-áirítear gníomhaíochtaí iar-churaclaim, cláir, ceachtanna, cruinnithe, turais ranga, agus go leor eile
- Seirbhísí ateangaireachta do thuismitheoirí bochta (comórtais tuismitheoirí-teagaisc, cruinnithe a bhaineann le hoideachas speisialta agus go leor eile).
An bhfuil mac léinn agat nach bhfuil tú cinnte go bhfuil gá leis nó go mbeadh sé tairbhe aige ó theangaire oideachais?
Tá ateangairí gairmiúla ag CCE Chontae Hamilton a fhéadfaidh Measúnú Ateangairí a dhéanamh agus moltaí a chur ar fáil d'fhoirne oideachais.
Féadfaidh measúnuithe a bheith san áireamh:
- Cruinniú leis an dalta, leis an múinteoir agus leis an teaghlach chun riachtanais cumarsáide a phlé
- an scoláire a bhreathnú i gcúrsaí agus i gcásanna éagsúla oideachais
- Idirghníomhaigh leis an dalta ag úsáid stíleanna cumarsáide éagsúla teanga comhartha
- Measúnú a dhéanamh ar an leibhéal reatha de fholasaíocht teanga comhartha agus ar an gcumas comharthaí a fhoghlaim agus a tháirgeadh chun cumarsáid a dhéanamh
- Tuarascáil i scríbhinn ar mheasúnú/ar bhreathnú
- freastal ar chruinnithe foirne chun measúnú a phlé agus ceisteanna a fhreagairt
Lauren Brown, 513.674.4310 (Cliceáil ar an leathanach seo) |
Napoleon Crossing the Alps, a romantic version from 1801 and a more realistic version from 1848
Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte’s key to perpetuating the war despite setbacks was ensuring the compliance of the people at home. Thus total control over French newspapers fueled the constant call for more soldiers.
Although freedom of the press existed in Enlightenment France and became an ideal during the Revolution, in the era of the Directory all formal media opposition was stamped out. In his 2002 work, Napoleon and His Collaborators, Isser Woloch writes: “Unable to solve the conundrum of when press freedom turns into license or dangerous subversion, they inscribed their ambivalent position in the constitution of 1795.” By eliminating press protections, French leaders aligned with Napoleon paved the way for a one-man military dictatorship. “The first consul had long considered freedom of the press a dangerous shibboleth, and after the experience of the Directory years he encountered scant resistance to muzzling political newspapers decisively.”
The American Perspective
Despite souring Anglo-American relations on the eve of the War of 1812, American animosity to Napoleon reflected that of the British. In October of 1811, New York’s Evening Post ran an article about the emperor, asserting he was “a studious imitator of Roman policy in the business of breaking down states that thwart his views…”
The article further described his methods, which included recognizing foreign collaborators “first to the rank of confederates, and afterwards incorporating them into the body of his empire; in dividing and beating his enemies separately, and in all that is imposing, magnificent and terrible.” The Post claimed that in France “the press is a tremendous instrument in the hands of a tyrant, and a most fearful support of his power.” In their estimation, a compliant press was where Napoleon drew his power:
Through this channel he has exclusive access to the public mind; and pours into it those systematic falsehoods… from the throne to the humblest officer of the empire; those adulatory effusions, bordering on idolatry, which tend to enervate and corrupt the best feeling; and those detestable lessons of despotism which help to rivet upon the minds as well as the bodies of men the most debasing servitude. The press under its present organization in France, instead of being the friend, is the enemy of liberty and truth…
In the early nineteenth century, control of information in France contrasted the American system whose literati were divided evenly along ideological and political lines within a system of checks-and-balances intended by its founders to bulwark political inertia toward despotism. However, in Napoleonic France, in the absence of “any serious constitutional guarantees standing in his way,” the Consulate from an early point forced newspapers to close, and “coerced the sale of several others to reliable individuals, and eventually instituted formal censorship over those that remained.” Without a viable press where politicians were held accountable for their actions, the French system gravitated toward military despotism.
To American observers, Napoleon personified the United States’ potential march toward empire at the expense of “the liberties of the world.” Critics contrasted what the French nation under Napoleon had become to their own nascent republic. The Hartford Courant noted that France was a nation without “freedom of speech and the press, the protection of property, of personal liberty,” and other rights Americans had fought to defend. Even with the disadvantage of late news from Europe, it was easy to see how the system had sown the seeds of destruction over the old continent. “A few years have sufficed to recruit strength after the most disastrous wars.” The movement towards despotism in France, according to The Courant, seemed to be in the “the exuberance of the [French] population, the genius of the people, whether for policy or for war… he who directs them, at will, must always be considered as the most dangerous enemy to other nations of the earth.”
In 1810 the New York’s Evening Post called it a “Dark Age,” and commented on a Napoleonic decree for the “suppression of printing” in France. The newspaper’s editors were decidedly against the First French Empire. To them it was designed “to reduce mankind to a state of barbarism, that tyrants can more easily rule them.”
The Post warned that the seeds of such a system fueled by the mass manipulation of ignorant citizens had already been planted on the shores of America. “The system of democracy in this country, goes hand in hand with Bonaparte’s system of tyranny in Europe. Ignorance is supported, and knowledge and civilization are disregarded and discouraged.” In their opinion, it was essentially a matter of time before the United States mimicked what Napoleon was doing in Europe:
The most ignorant and abandoned of mankind are raised to places and offices of trust, while the enlightened and candid are neglected and oppressed. Our government have not yet suppressed information by interdicting the press, but the people have done everything to keep themselves in ignorance. …This kind of system lends to riot and anarchy – anarchy leads to absolute despotism, and ignorance fits the people to bear that despotism. So that we find our country not far behind those of Europe in the road to darkness as many may imagine. We are ignorant… and we want nothing but a Bonaparte to reduce us to as a complete state of slavery, as that which all Europe now groans.
Isser Woloch, Napoleon and His Collaborators, The Making of a Dictatorship (New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 2002), 206.
Evening Post, New York City, October 19, 1811.
Woloch, Napoleon and His Collaborators, 206.“By 1811, only four daily newspapers were appearing in Paris, all virtual instruments of the government.” (Ibid. 207)
Hartford Courant, February 7, 1810.
Evening Post, New York, August 28, 1810.
About the author
Benjamin J. Swenson is an assistant professor at Hoseo University in Asan, South Korea. He holds a PhD from Pompeu Fabra University in Barcelona, Spain, where his dissertation addressed Euro-American military history and the advent of guerrilla warfare and counterinsurgency doctrine in the nineteenth century. His work has recently appeared in the Journal of Military History, and his latest, The Dawn of Guerrilla Warfare, will be published by UK’s Pen & Sword in 2023. His hobbies include Viking sagas and chess. | <urn:uuid:1ee74074-ac36-4889-afbc-98d4047a1815> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://the-history-avenue.eu/2023/05/07/an-american-look-at-napoleons-dark-age-press-1810-1811/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224649193.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20230603101032-20230603131032-00009.warc.gz | en | 0.962004 | 1,444 | 3.765625 | 4 | Napoleon Crossing the Alps, leagan rómánsúil ó 1801 agus leagan níos réalaíocha ó 1848
An eochair Impire Napoleon Bonaparte chun an cogadh a choimeád ar bun in ainneoin na gcúis, bhí sé ag cinntiú go raibh na daoine sa bhaile ag comhlíonadh. Dá bhrí sin, chuir smacht iomlán ar pàipeanna na Fraince an glao leanúnach ar níos mó saighdiúirí.
Cé go raibh saoirse na preasa i bhFrainc na Soilse agus gur tháinig sé ina idéalach le linn an Réabhlóide, sa ré na Stiúrthóireachta cuireadh deireadh le gach freasúra foirmiúil sna meáin. Ina chuid oibre in 2002, Napoleon and His Collaborators, scríobhann Isser Woloch: Ná raibh siad in ann an conundrum a réiteach nuair a thiocfaidh saoirse na preasa chun ceadúnais nó subhversion contúirteach, scríobh siad a seasamh amíleach i mbunreacht 1795. Trí chosaint na preasa a dhíchur, d'fhág ceannairí na Fraince a bhí ag teacht le Napoleon an bealach do dhrionglóid mhíleata fear amháin. Bhí saoirse na preasa ina shibboleth contúirteach ar feadh i bhfad ag an gcéad chonsól, agus tar éis taithí na mblianta Stiúrthóireachta, níor tháinig sé ar mórán friotaíochta chun nuachtáin pholaitiúla a mhúchadh go cinntitheach.
An t-Amharc Mheiriceá
In ainneoin caidreamh Anglo-Mheiriceánach a bheith ag dul i ngleic ar an oíche roimh Chogadh 1812, léiríodh naimhdeas Meiriceánach do Napoleon an chuid sin de na Breataine. I mí Dheireadh Fómhair 1811, d'eisigh New York's Evening Post alt faoin impire, ag dearbhaithe go raibh sé "iompóir dílis de bheartas na Róimhe i ngnó na stáit a bhriseadh síos a chuir ina gcontúirt a chuid tuairimí... "
Chuir an t-alt cur síos ar a mhodhanna, lena n-áirítear comhoibrithe eachtracha a aithint ar dtús go dtí rang na gcomhghuaillithe, agus ina dhiaidh sin iad a ionchorprú i gcorp a impireacht; ina naimhde a roinnt agus a bhualadh ar leithligh, agus i ngach rud atá impúinteach, iontach agus uafásach. D'éiligh an Post go bhfuil an phreas san Fhrainc ina uirlis iontach i lámha tiran, agus an tacaíocht is eagla dá chumhacht. Ina meastóireacht, ba í an phreas compliant áit a tharraing Napoleon a chumhacht:
Tríd an gcainéal seo tá rochtain eisiach aige ar intinn an phobail; agus tuiteann sé isteach na bréaga córeálacha sin... ón ríchathaoir go dtí an t-oifigeach is humblest den impireacht; na effusions adulatory sin, ag teorainn le idoláladh, a bhfuil claonadh acu an mothú is fearr a chur ar ceal agus a chailliúint; agus na ceachtanna is fuathúla sin den despotism a chabhraíonn le na heagla is mó a chur ar intinn chomh maith le comhlachtaí na bhfear. Tá an phreas faoi a eagrúchán reatha sa Fhrainc, in ionad a bheith ina chara, ina namhaid saoirse agus fírinne...
I dtús an naoú haois déag, bhí rialú faisnéise sa Fhrainc i gcodarsnacht leis an gcóras Meiriceánach a raibh a litrithe roinnte go cothrom ar feadh línte idéalaíocha agus polaitiúla laistigh de chóras seiceálacha agus chothromaíochtaí a bhí i gceist ag a bhunaitheoirí chun an t-idirthréimhse pholaitiúil i dtreo an dícheartais a chosaint. Mar sin féin, sa Fhrainc Napoléon, in éagmais aon ráthaíochtaí tromchúiseacha bunreachtúla a bhí ina seasamh ina bhealach, chuir an Consulacht ó phointe luath iallach ar nuachtáin a dhúnadh, agus chuir sé iallach ar roinnt eile a dhíol le daoine iontaofa, agus ar deireadh chuir sé cinsireacht fhoirmiúil i bhfeidhm ar na cinn a d'fhan. Gan phreas inmharthana inar tugadh cuntas do pholaiteoirí as a ngníomhartha, d'éirigh leis an gcóras na Fraince dul i dtreo dícheallach míleata.
I gcás breathnóirí Mheiriceá, phearsanódh Napoleon imeacht féideartha na Stát Aontaithe i dtreo impireacht ar chostas saoirse an domhain. Chuir criticeoirí i gcodarsnacht an méid a bhí tagtha ar náisiún na Fraince faoi Napoleon lena poblacht nua-aimseartha féin. Thug an Hartford Courant faoi deara gur náisiún é an Fhrainc gan "saoirse cainte agus na preasa, cosaint maoine, saoirse phearsanta, agus cearta eile a throid Meiriceánaigh chun iad a chosaint". Fiú amháin leis an míbhuntáiste a bhí ag na nuachtanna déanacha ón Eoraip, bhí sé éasca a fheiceáil conas a bhí an córas ag síol na síolta na scriosadh ar fud an sean-chríoch. Is leor cúpla bliain chun neart a earcú tar éis na gcogadh is tubaisteacha.Is cosúil go bhfuil an gluaiseacht i dtreo despotism sa Fhrainc, de réir The Courant, i exuberance an daonra [Frainc], genius na ndaoine, cibé acu le haghaidh beartas nó le haghaidh cogaidh ... ní mór dó a threorú, de réir toil, a mheas i gcónaí mar an namhaid is contúirteacha do náisiúin eile an domhain.
I 1810 d'iarr an New York's Post Oíche é a Dark Age, agus rinne sé trácht ar fhorordú Napoleonic le haghaidh suppression of printing sa Fhrainc. Bhí eagarthóirí an nuachtáin i gcoinne an Chéad Impireacht na Fraince go cinnte. I gcás na ndaoine sin, bhí sé ceaptha chun an chine daonna a laghdú go dtí staid barbarism, go bhféadfadh tiranóirí a rialú níos éasca orthu.
Thug an Post rabhadh go raibh síolta córas den sórt sin a bhí ag gabháil le húsáid na ndaoine a bhí neamhfhiosach curtha cheana féin ar chóstaí Mheiriceá. An córas daonlathais sa tír seo, téann sé lámh ar láimh le córas tiranúna Bonaparte san Eoraip. Tacaítear leis an aineolas, agus déantar neamhaird agus díspreagadh ar an eolas agus ar an gcultúr. I dtuairim, bhí sé ina ábhar ama go bunúsach sula ndearna na Stáit Aontaithe a bhí á dhéanamh ag Napoleon san Eoraip:
An chuid is mó aineolach agus thréigthe de na daonnachta a ardú go dtí áiteanna agus oifigí iontaofa, cé go bhfuil an enlightened agus frank neamhaird agus oppressed. Ní chuir ár rialtas cosc ar fhaisnéis go fóill trí chosc a chur ar an bpreas, ach rinne na daoine gach rud chun iad féin a choinneáil i ndearmad. ... Tugann an cineál seo córais le reoth agus anarchy anarchy a thugann despotism iomlán, agus an aineolas oireann na daoine a chur leis an despotism sin. Chun nach mbeidh ár dtír i bhfad i ndiaidh na dtíortha san Eoraip ar an mbóthar go dtí an dorchadas mar a cheapann go leor. Tá muid aineolach... agus ní mian linn ach Bonaparte a laghdú dúinn mar staid iomlán de sclábhaíocht, mar an ceann go léir na hEorpa groans anois.
Isser Woloch, Napoleon and His Collaborators, The Making of a Dictatorship (New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 2002), 206.
Post Oíche, Cathair Nua Eabhrac, 19 Deireadh Fómhair, 1811.
Woloch, Napoleon and His Collaborators, 206. Faoi 1811, ní raibh ach ceithre nuachtán laethúil ag teacht i láthair i bPáras, ionstraimí fíorúla an rialtais iad go léir. (Ibid. 207)
Hartford Courant, 7 Feabhra, 1810.
Post Oíche, Nua-Eabhrac, 28 Lúnasa, 1810.
Maidir leis an údar
Is múinteoir cúnta é Benjamin J. Swenson in Ollscoil Hoseo i Asan, sa Chóiré Theas. Tá PhD aige ó Ollscoil Pompeu Fabra i mBairceola, an Spáinn, áit a ndearnadh a chuid dírscéala ar stair mhíleata na hEorpa-Mheiriceánach agus teacht chun cinn chogaidh ghéarlaigh agus dochtúir frith-easaontais sa naoú haois déag. Tá a chuid oibre le feiceáil le déanaí i Journal of Military History, agus foilsíodh a chuid is déanaí, The Dawn of Guerrilla Warfare, ag Pen & Sword na RA i 2023. I measc a chuid spraoi tá sagaí Víking agus fichille. |
Phrygia facts for kids
|Ancient Kingdom of Anatolia|
|State existed||Dominant kingdom in Asia Minor from c. 1200–700 BC|
|Persian satrapy||Hellespontine Phrygia, Greater Phyrgia|
|Roman province||Galatia, Asia|
Phrygia (Greek: Φρυγία) was a kingdom in the west central part of the Anatolia. The Phrygian people started to live in the area from c. 1200 BC, and made a kingdom in the 8th century BC. It was ruined by Cimmerian invaders c. 690 BC, then conquered by its neighbor Lydia, before it passed successively into the Persian Empire of Cyrus, the empire of Alexander and his successors, was taken by the king of Pergamon, and became part of the Roman Empire. The Phrygian language survived until about the 6th century AD.
Images for kids
Detail from a reconstruction of a Phrygian building at Pararli, Turkey, 7th–6th Centuries BC; Museum of Anatolian Civilizations, Ankara. A griffin, sphinx and two centaurs are shown.
Tomb at Midas City (6th century BC), near Eskişehir
Man in Phrygian costume, Hellenistic period (3rd–1st century BC), Cyprus
Phrygia Facts for Kids. Kiddle Encyclopedia. | <urn:uuid:97b151cb-f027-4bad-aaf2-82a46100955e> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://kids.kiddle.co/Phrygia | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370506477.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20200401223807-20200402013807-00003.warc.gz | en | 0.911318 | 311 | 3.65625 | 4 | Fíricí Phrygia do pháistí
An Ríocht Sean-Anatóiliam
Bhí stát ann mar ríocht ceannasach san Áise Bheag ó thart ar 1200-700 RC mar a bhí
Persian satrapy Hellespontine Phrygia, Greater Phyrgia
♬ Cúige Rómhánach ♬♬
Bhí ríocht i lár an iarthair na hAnatólia. Thosaigh na daoine Phrygian ag maireachtáil sa cheantar ó c. 1200 RC, agus rinne siad ríocht sa 8ú haois RC. Bhí sé scriosadh ag ionsaitheoirí Cimmeria c. 690 RC, ansin conquered ag a chomharsa Lydia, sula ndeachaigh sé i ndiaidh a chéile isteach i Impireacht na Peirsí de Cyrus, an impireacht de Alexander agus a chomharbaí, bhí tógtha ag an rí Pergamon, agus tháinig chun bheith mar chuid de na Impireacht na Rómháine. D'fhan an teanga Phrygian go dtí thart ar an 6ú haois AD.
Íomhánna do leanaí
Mionsonraí ó athchóiriú ar fhoirgneamh Phrygian ag Pararli, an Tuirc, 7ú 6ú haois RC; Músaem na n-Sciobhaltaí Anatolian, Ankara. Taispeántar griffin, sphinx agus dhá centaur.
Tuama i gCathair Midas (an 6ú haois RC), in aice le Eskişehir
Fear i gúna Phrygian, tréimhse Eileinistíche (3ú1ú haois RC), an Chipir
Fíricí Phrygia do Leanaí. Leabharlann Kiddle. |
Employees are the backbone of any organisation; they perform tasks that ensure the organisation runs smoothly, help to increase performance, and reduce risks in the workplace, thus guaranteeing a safe working environment. The role of employees is especially important in engineering firms where safety and high performance output is critical for the survival of businesses operating in the industry. As a result, engineering firms should ensure that it hires the professional staff with the right skills to guarantee lower risks, high performance, and safety. In addition, these employees should be regularly receive professional training to ensure that their skills are up to date with the current business practices and regulations.
Importance of training staff
Training of employees helps to improve their skills, knowledge, experience, and capabilities, thus bringing about several benefits in an organisation. Below is a look at some of these benefits:
- Guaranteeing safety in the workplace
Employees who work in engineering organisations deal with equipment that can lead to fatal accidents if handled wrongly. These accidents are more likely to occur in situations where the staff does not have the necessary knowledge to operate the equipment. Training therefore helps to reduce the risks of these accidents occurring by providing the employees with the right knowledge and skills to do their jobs, thus making them more proficient and less likely to cause accidents.
- Improving performance and productivity
Another benefit of training staff is that it helps to improve performance and productivity in the workplace. Through training, the skills, performance, and capabilities of employees are improved, and thus they are able to perform more work at a faster rate with less supervision. Therefore, the quality and quantity of work in an organisation increase while the wastage of resources, time, and money decrease, leading to a higher productivity.
- Keeping up with the latest technology and trends
In addition to improving on the current skills, training also helps employees to acquire new skills that are being used in the industry they work in. These include professional skills to operate new technology and equipment, thus ensuring that an organisation is able to keep up with continuous changes in the technology being used. In addition, regular training helps to ensure that employees are up-to-date with the latest business trends and regulations; just like technology, business trends and industry regulations in the engineering-related industries change regularly, requiring continuous training to ensure that an organisation is not left behind.
- Increasing employee morale
Training of employees is very beneficial to an organisation. However, it is also very useful to the employees as it helps them to develop their careers. This increases the chances of promotion, which makes the employees satisfied. In addition, training of employees helps to make them feel adequate and efficient. Therefore, continually training your staff can help to make them feel valued, increasing employee morale in your organisation.
How do we train our employees?
As one of the leading engineering firms in the UK, we have many projects that deal with critical equipment that need to be handled correctly to guarantee safety. As a result, we hire the best engineering professionals to ensure that the risk of accidents occurring is mitigated when operating the equipment. However, just like any other sector nowadays, the equipment we use is constantly changing, bringing about the need for our employees to undergo additional training. To guarantee safety in the workplace, we also require all of our professional staff to undergo regular training, in compliance with industry regulations. However, since we do not have the capacity to competently train our staff in all areas, we outsource the training to firms that offer training and learning solutions (read about them here) for professional staff. Our training partner is Edif Group, a leading engineering consultancy firm that offers a wide range of services to engineering firms, including professional training of employees.
Learning solutions offered by Edif Group
Edif Group is one of the largest engineering training firms in the UK. The reason we trust their services is because they use several effective learning solutions, discussed in this pdf document that equip our employees with the latest skills. Below are some of these learning solutions:
- Instructor led courses
One of the best methods Edif Group uses to train our employees is the use of instructor led courses. The firm specialises in UK safety training, where they offer many UK safety courses to ensure that our staff are competent when dealing with critical equipment. Edif Group also offers professional development courses, which help our employees to gain valuable skills to progress their careers.
Another training solution offered to us by Edif is e-learning, where our employees are able to receive the necessary training from our offices or in the comfort of their homes. We are especially fond of this service because it offers us (and our staff) many benefits that include:
– 24/7 accessibility – with e-learning, our staff are able to receive training from Edif at any time of the day, thus allowing them to learn comfortably at their own pace.
– Cost effective – e-learning is one of the most cost-effective training solutions as it eliminates the need for expensive travels.
– Easy learning and assessment – e-learning makes it easy for the employees to learn, as they are able to access all the information they need. Assessment is also very easy as all the exams and tests are done online.
- Mobile learning
Mobile learning is another effective learning solution used by Edif Group in training employees. This solution allows our employees to learn using mobile devices, which further enhances the learning process; they can access the learning material from anywhere. It is also cost effective as the mobile devices used are very affordable.
Having employees with the necessary skills is very critical when dealing with engineering equipment. It also helps to ensure that the performance of the employees is high, which guarantees high productivity. Therefore, as one of the top engineering firms in the UK, we are committed to ensuring that all of our staff have the necessary skills, and that is why we hire Edif Group to provide high-quality professional training to our employees. This helps to make sure that they are all competent to operate the equipment we use. The training from Edif Group also helps to improve their performance, and at the same time, provide them with great career development opportunities. | <urn:uuid:380f1d87-9689-4113-aa71-f922f68e155c> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | http://www.businessideasnetwork.com/business/where-we-source-staff-training-for-safety-critical-environments.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886106779.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20170820150632-20170820170632-00082.warc.gz | en | 0.96873 | 1,243 | 2.59375 | 3 | Is iad fostaithe cnámh droma aon eagraíochta; déanann siad tascanna a chinntíonn go n-oibríonn an eagraíocht go réidh, a chabhraíonn le feidhmíocht a mhéadú, agus rioscaí a laghdú san ionad oibre, agus dá bhrí sin timpeallacht oibre sábháilte a ráthú. Tá ról na bhfostaithe tábhachtach go háirithe i ngnólachtaí innealtóireachta ina bhfuil sábháilteacht agus aschur ardfheidhmíochta ríthábhachtach d'fhanbhunaithe gnóthais atá ag feidhmiú sa tionscal. Dá bhrí sin, ba cheart do ghnólachtaí innealtóireachta a chinntiú go bhfostóidh siad an fhoireann ghairmiúil a bhfuil na scileanna cuí acu chun rioscaí níos ísle, feidhmíocht ard agus sábháilteacht a ráthú. Ina theannta sin, ba cheart go bhfaigheadh na fostaithe seo oiliúint ghairmiúil go rialta chun a chinntiú go bhfuil a gcuid scileanna cothrom le dáta leis na cleachtais agus na rialacháin ghnó reatha.
An tábhacht a bhaineann le foireann oiliúna
Cuidíonn oiliúint fostaithe lena scileanna, lena gcuid eolais, a dtaithí agus a gcumas a fheabhsú, rud a thugann roinnt buntáistí d'eagraíocht. Seo thíos roinnt de na buntáistí sin:
- Sábháilteacht san ionad oibre a ráthú
Baineann fostaithe a oibríonn in eagraíochtaí innealtóireachta le trealamh a d'fhéadfadh timpistí marfach a bheith mar thoradh air má dhéantar iad a láimhseáil go mícheart. Tá seans níos mó ann go dtarlóidh na timpistí seo i gcásanna nach bhfuil an t-eolas riachtanach ag an bhfoireann chun an trealamh a oibriú. Cabhraíonn an oiliúint, dá bhrí sin, le rioscaí na dtuarascálacha seo a laghdú trí na scileanna agus na scileanna ceart a chur ar fáil do na hoibrithe chun a gcuid post a dhéanamh, rud a fhágann go mbeidh siad níos proifisiúnta agus go mbeidh seans níos lú acu timpistí a chur chun cinn.
- Feabhas a chur ar fheidhmíocht agus ar tháirgiúlacht
Buntáiste eile atá i bhfoireann oiliúna ná go gcuireann sé le feidhmíocht agus táirgiúlacht a fheabhsú san ionad oibre. Trí oiliúint, feabhsaítear scileanna, feidhmíocht agus cumas na bhfostaithe, agus dá bhrí sin is féidir leo níos mó oibre a dhéanamh ar ráta níos tapúla le níos lú maoirseachta. Dá bhrí sin, méadaíonn cáilíocht agus cainníocht na hoibre in eagraíocht agus laghdaíonn dramhaíl acmhainní, ama agus airgid, rud a fhágann go bhfuil táirgiúlacht níos airde ann.
- Coinneáil suas leis an teicneolaíocht is déanaí agus leis na treochtaí
Chomh maith le scileanna reatha a fheabhsú, cabhraíonn oiliúint le hoibrithe scileanna nua a fháil atá á n-úsáid sa tionscal ina n-oibríonn siad. Áirítear leis seo scileanna gairmiúla chun teicneolaíocht agus trealamh nua a oibriú, rud a chinntíonn go mbeidh eagraíocht in ann coinneáil suas le hathruithe leanúnacha sa teicneolaíocht atá á n-úsáid. Ina theannta sin, cabhraíonn oiliúint rialta lena chinntiú go bhfuil fostaithe cothrom le dáta leis na treochtaí agus na rialacháin gnó is déanaí; díreach cosúil le teicneolaíocht, athraíonn treochtaí gnó agus rialacháin tionscail sna tionscail a bhaineann le hinnealtóireacht go rialta, rud a éilíonn oiliúint leanúnach chun a chinntiú nach bhfágfar eagraíocht ar chúl.
- Morál na bhfostaithe a ardú
Tá oiliúint fostaithe an-tairbheach d'eagraíocht. Tá sé an-úsáideach do na fostaithe freisin, áfach, toisc go gcuireann sé lena gcuid gairmeacha a fhorbairt. Méadaíonn sé seo na seansanna a bhaineann le cur chun cinn, rud a fhágann go bhfuil na fostaithe sásta. Ina theannta sin, cabhraíonn oiliúint na bhfostaithe le go mbraitheann siad go bhfuil siad oiriúnach agus éifeachtach. Dá bhrí sin, is féidir le hoiliúint leanúnach a thabhairt do do chuid foirne cabhrú leo mothú luachmhar, ag ardú morál na bhfostaithe i do eagraíocht.
Conas a oiliúint ár bhfostaithe?
Mar cheann de na gnólachtaí innealtóireachta is mó sa Ríocht Aontaithe, tá go leor tionscadal againn a bhaineann le trealamh ríthábhachtach a chaithfear a láimhseáil i gceart chun sábháilteacht a ráthú. Mar thoradh air sin, glacaimid na gairmithe innealtóireachta is fearr chun a chinntiú go bhfuil an baol go dtarlóidh timpistí a mhaolú nuair a oibríonn an trealamh. Mar sin féin, cosúil le haon earnáil eile sa lá atá inniu ann, tá an trealamh a úsáideann muid ag athrú i gcónaí, rud a fhágann go bhfuil gá le hoiliúint bhreise ag ár bhfostaithe. Chun sábháilteacht san ionad oibre a ráthú, éilímid freisin go ndéanfaidh ár bhfoireann gairmiúil go léir oiliúint rialta, i gcomhréir le rialacháin tionscail. Mar sin féin, ós rud é nach bhfuil an cumas againn ár bhfoireann a oiliúint go hinniúil i ngach réimse, déanaimid an oiliúint a chur ar fáil do ghnólachtaí a thairgeann réitigh oiliúna agus foghlama (léigh faoi anseo) do fhoireann ghairmiúil. Is é an Grúpa Edif, ceannródaíoch i gcomhairliúchán innealtóireachta, a bhfuil páirtí oiliúna againn, a thairgeann réimse leathan seirbhísí do ghnólachtaí innealtóireachta, lena n-áirítear oiliúint ghairmiúil d'fhostaithe.
Réitigh foghlama a thairgeann Grúpa Edif
Tá Grúpa Edif ar cheann de na gnólachtaí oiliúna innealtóireachta is mó sa RA. Is é an chúis a bhfuil muinín againn as a gcuid seirbhísí ná go n-úsáideann siad roinnt réitigh éifeachtacha foghlama, a pléadh sa doiciméad pdf seo a chuireann na scileanna is déanaí ar fáil dár bhfostaithe. Seo thíos roinnt de na réitigh foghlama seo:
- Cúrsaí faoi stiúir teagaisc
Ceann de na modhanna is fearr a úsáideann Grúpa Edif chun ár bhfostaithe a oiliúint ná cúrsaí faoi stiúir teagaisc. Tá an chuideachta speisialaithe i oiliúint sábháilteachta sa Ríocht Aontaithe, áit a dtugann siad go leor cúrsaí sábháilteachta sa Ríocht Aontaithe chun a chinntiú go bhfuil ár bhfoireann inniúil nuair a bhíonn sé ag déileáil le trealamh criticiúil. Cuireann Grúpa Edif cúrsaí forbartha gairmiúla ar fáil freisin, a chabhraíonn lenár bhfostaithe scileanna luachmhara a fháil chun dul chun cinn a dhéanamh ina gcuid gairme.
Slí eile oiliúna a thairgeann Edif dúinn is ea e-fhoghlaim, áit a bhfuil ár bhfostaithe in ann an oiliúint riachtanach a fháil óna n-oifigí nó ó chompord a dtithe. Is breá linn an tseirbhís seo go háirithe toisc go dtugann sí go leor buntáistí dúinn féin (agus dár bhfoireann) lena n-áirítear:
Inrochtaineacht 24/7 le ríomhfhoghlaim, is féidir lenár bhfoireann oiliúint a fháil ó Edif ag am ar bith den lá, rud a ligeann dóibh foghlaim go compordach ina luas féin.
Cost-effective Tá e-fhoghlaim ar cheann de na réitigh oiliúna is cost-éifeachtúla toisc nach gá dul ar thuras costasach.
Fósfhoghlaim agus measúnú éasca Déanann e-fhoghlaim an fhoireann a fhoghlaim go héasca, toisc go bhfuil siad in ann rochtain a fháil ar an bhfaisnéis go léir is gá dóibh. Tá measúnú an-éasca freisin mar go ndéantar na scrúduithe agus na tástálacha go léir ar líne.
- Foghlaim soghluaiste
Is réiteach foghlama éifeachtach eile é foghlama soghluaiste a úsáideann Grúpa Edif chun fostaithe a oiliúint. Ligeann an réiteach seo do ár bhfostaithe foghlaim ag baint úsáide as gléasanna soghluaiste, rud a fheabhsaíonn an próiseas foghlama tuilleadh; is féidir leo rochtain a fháil ar an ábhar foghlama ó áit ar bith. Tá an t-airgead costéifeachtach freisin toisc go bhfuil na feistí soghluaiste a úsáidtear an-áisiúil.
Tá sé ríthábhachtach go mbeadh fostaithe ag obair leis na scileanna riachtanacha nuair a bhíonn sé i gceist le trealamh innealtóireachta. Cuidíonn sé freisin le cinntiú go bhfuil feidhmíocht ard na bhfostaithe, rud a ráthaíonn táirgiúlacht ard. Dá bhrí sin, mar cheann de na gnólachtaí innealtóireachta is fearr sa Ríocht Aontaithe, táimid tiomanta a chinntiú go bhfuil na scileanna riachtanacha ag ár bhfoireann go léir, agus sin an fáth a bhfostaímid Grúpa Edif chun oiliúint ghairmiúil ardchaighdeáin a sholáthar dár bhfostaithe. Cabhraíonn sé seo lena chinntiú go bhfuil siad uile inniúil chun an trealamh a úsáideann muid a oibriú. Cuidíonn an oiliúint ó Ghrúpa Edif freisin lena gcuid feidhmíochta a fheabhsú, agus ag an am céanna, cuireann sé deiseanna móra forbartha gairme ar fáil dóibh. |
Use the Power of Your Breath for an Oxygen Boost
- Erythropoietin (EPO) is a naturally occurring hormone
- About 90% of EPO is secreted by the kidneys
- EPO stimulates production and maturation of red blood cells in the bone marrow
- This increases the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood
Let’s find out how to increase erythropoietin naturally, and safely.
Erythropoietin, or EPO, is produced when oxygen levels in the body are low. This occurs naturally at high altitude. Like any hormone, imbalance can also be caused by sickness or overtraining.
For instance, high EPO hormone levels are seen in sleep apnea patients. These people stop breathing periodically during sleep. Their blood oxygen saturation can drop to as low as 50%. Low blood oxygen stimulates the production of erythropoietin. EPO can increase by up to 20%. It’s one of the body’s protective mechanisms. The cells are starved of oxygen, so the body releases and matures new red blood cells to compensate.
EPO: The Good, The Bad and The Ugly
EPO is essential for the production of red blood cells. A healthy red blood cell count boosts aerobic power and oxygen carrying capacity. For the athlete, this means greater strength and stamina, and reduced breathlessness.
Synthetic EPO is available as a pharmaceutical. It regulates the concentration of red blood cells and hemoglobin in the blood. It’s used to treat anemia.
It’s also used in blood doping – when athletes inject EPO to boost their aerobic capacity.
Blood doping is banned. It results in permanent disqualification from competition. It has tainted events like the Tour de France. Since the Sydney Olympics in 2000, EPO testing has been commonplace.
Even worse, blood doping can be fatal. When EPO concentration is too high, the bone marrow produces too many red blood cells. This causes the blood to thicken. Thick blood is difficult for the heart to pump. It slows blood flow, affecting blood pressure. The full long-term effects of unregulated synthetic EPO use aren’t known. But young athletes have suffered clotting and strokes. Some have died from heart attacks. It is possible to boost EPO ethically, and without these risks.
How to Increase EPO Naturally
If you want to increase your red blood cell count, you first need to look at your diet. Certain foods support your body’s natural EPO production. This is especially important when your body is subject to endurance exercise stress. Choose foods high in iron and supplements including:
- B vitamins (B3, B6, B12, B complex and folic acid, B9)
- Vitamins A and E
- Vitamin C
- Minerals including zinc, selenium and copper
- Kelp and garlic
- Probiotics and digestive enzymes
Special diets for cancer patients can be useful for over-trained endurance athletes. Especially if your red blood cell count is low.
And according to Men’s Health, you can boost EPO in the sauna too.
Does Exercise Increase EPO?
EPO production occurs when the cells are low in oxygen. In order for erythropoietin production to increase naturally, arterial oxygen levels need to drop below 91%. To achieve this during exercise, you’d have to work at an intensity beyond your VO2 max. This could risk injury or overtraining.
Using Breath Holding to Stimulate EPO
Breath holding to simulate training at high altitude increases EPO production. When the body taps into its own supply of EPO, it’s safe and legal. When synthetic EPO is injected, over-saturation lasts for 72 hours. This represents a serious risk for the heart. When you use breath holding to boost EPO naturally you can achieve a 24% increase in EPO, but levels only stay high for around 5 hours.
What Does EPO Do for Athletes?
- Breath holding to create hypoxia triggers an acute rise of EPO in the blood. This happens immediately. But it takes 3 or 4 days before your bone marrow floods your blood with new red blood cells. If you’re using breath holding to prepare for competition, you’ll need to time it right.
- If you practice breath holding regularly, the effects will last. You’ll see long-term improvements in your oxygen-carrying capacity and your aerobic fitness. Which is why breath hold divers typically have 5% more red blood cells.
Breath holding has many benefits. One of them is that you can learn how to increase erythropoietin naturally.
If you’re an elite athlete or an amateur fitness fan, breath holding should be a no-brainer. It improves your body’s ability to get oxygen to your muscles. And it enhances performance. Without the risks to your career, your health or your life.
What the Scientists Say about EPO
- INCREASE EPO BY 24%
Results showed that EPO concentration increased by 24%, which peaked at three hours after the final breath hold and returned to baseline two hours later.
Exercise: Three sets of five maximum duration breath holds, with each set separated by ten minutes of rest.
See: de Bruijn R, Richardson M, Schagatay E. “Increased erythropoietin concentration after repeated apneas in humans.” Eur J Appl Physiol 2008; 102:609–13. Epub 2007 Dec 19.
- INCREASE EPO BY 24 TO 36% BY LOWERING BLOOD OXYGEN SATURATION TO LOWER THAN 91% FOR 24 SECONDS AND 26 SECONDS RESPECTIVELY
Researchers from the Human Performance Laboratory, University of Calgary, Canada, conducted a study to investigate the relationship between a decrease of oxygen concentration during exercise and erythropoietin (EPO) production. Five athletes cycled for three minutes at an intensity greater than maximal (supramaximal) at two different elevations: 1,000m and 2,100m.
Oxygen saturation of hemoglobin was lower than 91 percent for approximately 24 seconds during exercise at 1,000 meters and for 136 seconds during exercise at 2,100 meters, with EPO levels increasing by 24 percent and 36 percent, respectively following the exercise.
See: Roberts D, Smith DJ, Donnelly S, Simard S. Plasma-volume contraction and exercise-induced hypoxaemia modulate erythropoietin production in healthy humans. Clinical Science.2000 ;(Jan;98(1)):39-45
- BREATH HOLDING INCREASES EPO NATURALLY
Korean researchers Choi et al. carried out a study on 263 subjects to determine the relationship between hematocrit levels and obstructive sleep apnea (involuntary holding of the breath during sleep). Patients with severe sleep apnea had significantly higher levels of hematocrit than mild and moderate OSA.
Study findings showed that hematocrit levels were significantly correlated with per cent of time spent at oxygen saturation of below 90 percent, as well as average oxygen saturation.
See: Jong Bae Choi, José S. Loredo, Daniel Norman, Paul J. Mills, Sonia Ancoli-Israel, Michael G. Ziegler and Joel E. Dimsdale. Does obstructive sleep apnea increase haematocrit? Sleep and Breathing.2006 ;(Sep;10(3)):155-60 | <urn:uuid:32e802c4-e04c-4538-bf0c-a4bfcab999f6> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://oxygenadvantage.com/science/increase-erythropoietin-epo/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224652161.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20230605185809-20230605215809-00600.warc.gz | en | 0.900003 | 1,596 | 2.703125 | 3 | Úsáid Cumhacht Do Anail chun Oxygen a Thógáil
- Is hormóin nádúrtha é Erythropoietin (EPO)
- Tá thart ar 90% den EPO á sceitheadh ag na duáin
- Spreagann EPO táirgeadh agus aibíocht cealla fola dearga sa mheirníocht chnámh
- Méadaíonn sé seo cumas an fhuil ocsaigin a iompar
Déanaimis a fháil amach conas éiríthróipóitéin a mhéadú go nádúrtha, agus go sábháilte.
Déantar Erythropoietin, nó EPO, nuair a bhíonn leibhéil ocsaigine íseal sa chorp. Tarlaíonn sé seo go nádúrtha ag airde ard. Cosúil le haon hormóin, is féidir é a bheith mar thoradh ar ghalair nó ar ró-oiliúint.
Mar shampla, feictear leibhéil arda hormóin EPO i ndaoine a bhfuil apnea codlata acu. Stopann na daoine seo ag anailís go tréimhsiúil le linn codlata. Is féidir le sású ocsaigine a fola titim go dtí 50% chomh ísle. Spreagann ocsaigin íseal fola táirgeadh erythropoietin. Is féidir le EPO méadú suas le 20%. Tá sé ar cheann de na meicníochtaí cosanta an chomhlachta. Tá ocsaigin ag teip ar na cealla, mar sin scaoileann an corp agus déanann sé cealla dearga fola nua a fhás chun cúiteamh a dhéanamh.
EPO: An Dea, an Droch agus an Brú
Tá EPO riachtanach chun glúine dearga fola a tháirgeadh. Méadaíonn líon sláintiúil cealla fola dearga cumhacht aeróbach agus cumas iompair ocsaigine. Maidir leis an lúthchleasaí, ciallaíonn sé seo neart agus seasmhacht níos mó, agus laghdú ar an anailís.
Tá EPO sintéiseach ar fáil mar chógas. Rialaíonn sé tiúchan glúine dearga agus hemiglóibín sa fhuil. Úsáidtear é chun anemia a chóireáil.
Úsáidtear é freisin i ndopaíocht fola nuair a insteallann lúthchleasaithe EPO chun a gcumas aeróbach a threisiú.
Tá cosc ar dhoping fola. Mar thoradh air sin, ní bheidh cead ag duine dul san iomaíocht go buan. Tá sé tar éis imeachtaí cosúil leis an Tour de France a thruailliú. Ó bhí na Cluichí Oilimpeacha i Sydney i 2000, tá tástáil EPO coitianta.
Níos measa fós, d'fhéadfadh sé go mbeadh bás ag an duine a dhéantar a dhótáil le fuil. Nuair a bhíonn tiúchan EPO ró-ard, déanann an mhearbhall cnámh ró-chuid cealla fola dearga a tháirgeadh. Déantar an fhuil a thiúchadh. Tá sé deacair ar an gcroí fuil tiubh a phumpáil. Laghdaíonn sé sreabhadh fola, ag dul i bhfeidhm ar an brú fola. Níl na héifeachtaí fadtéarmacha iomlána a bhaineann le húsáid neamhrialta EPO sintéiseach ar eolas. Ach tá lúthchleasaithe óga tar éis coagulants agus strokes a fhulaingt. Fuair cuid acu bás ó ionsaí croí. Is féidir an EPO a threisiú go heiticiúil, agus gan na rioscaí sin.
Conas EPO a mhéadú go nádúrtha
Más mian leat do chomhaireamh cealla fola dearga a mhéadú, ní mór duit do aiste bia a fheiceáil ar dtús. Tacaíonn bianna áirithe le táirgeadh nádúrtha EPO do chorp. Tá sé seo tábhachtach go háirithe nuair a bhíonn do chorp faoi réir strus a bhaineann le cleachtadh seasmhachta. Roghnaigh bianna ard-iarainn agus forlíontaí lena n-áirítear:
- vitimíní B (B3, B6, B12, B-chomplex agus aigéad fólach, B9)
- Vitimíní A agus E
- Vitimín C
- Mionraí lena n-áirítear sinc, seiléiniam agus copar
- Ceol agus garlic
- Proibhiotaic agus einsímí díleá
Is féidir le haiste bia speisialta do othair ailse a bheith úsáideach d'aisteolaithe seasmhachta ró-oiliúna. Go háirithe má tá do chomhaireamh glúine dearga íseal.
Agus de réir Sláinte na bhfear, is féidir leat EPO a mhéadú sa sauna freisin.
An Méadóidh Cleachtadh EPO?
Tarlaíonn táirgeadh EPO nuair a bhíonn ocsaigin íseal sna cealla. Chun go méadóidh táirgeadh erythropoietin go nádúrtha, ní mór leibhéil ocsaigine arda a laghdú faoi bhun 91%. Chun é seo a bhaint amach le linn aclaíochta, ní mór duit oibriú ag dianfhiúchas os cionn do VO2 max. D'fhéadfadh sé seo díobháil nó ró-oiliúint a chur i mbaol.
Ag baint úsáide as an anail a choinneáil chun EPO a spreagadh
Méadaíonn an táirgeadh EPO ag fanacht le anailís a dhéanamh ar oiliúint ar airde ard. Nuair a bhíonn an comhlacht ag baint úsáide as a soláthar féin EPO, tá sé sábháilte agus dlíthiúil. Nuair a instealladh EPO sintéiseach, maireann ró-saturation ar feadh 72 uair an chloig. Léiríonn sé seo riosca tromchúiseach don chroí. Nuair a úsáideann tú an t-aiste a choinneáil chun EPO a threisiú go nádúrtha is féidir leat méadú 24% a bhaint amach ar EPO, ach ní fhanann leibhéil ard ach ar feadh thart ar 5 uair an chloig.
Cad a dhéanann EPO do Lucht-ealaíontóirí?
- Tá an t-anam a choinneáil chun hypoxia a chruthú ag spreagadh ardú géarúil EPO sa fhuil. Tarlaíonn sé seo láithreach. Ach tógann sé 3 nó 4 lá sula gcuireann do mheirní cnámh glúine nua de chealla dearga fola i do fhuil. Má tá tú ag úsáid a choinneáil anáil chun ullmhú do chomórtas, beidh ort a chur in am ceart.
- Má chleachtann tú an t-anam a choinneáil go rialta, mairfidh na héifeachtaí. Feicfidh tú feabhsuithe fadtéarmacha i do chumas ocsaigine a iompar agus i do folláine aeróbach. Sin an fáth go bhfuil 5% níos mó cealla fola dearga ag lúthchleasaithe a choinníonn anáil.
Tá go leor buntáistí ag gabháil an anail. Ceann acu is ea gur féidir leat foghlaim conas éiríthropoietin a mhéadú go nádúrtha.
Má tá tú i do lúthchleasaí nó i do lucht leanúna fionnuar, ní mór duit a bheith ag smaoineamh ar an bhfíor-gháire. Feabhsaíonn sé cumas do chorp ocsaigin a fháil chuig do shroma. Agus cuireann sé feabhas ar fheidhmíocht. Gan na rioscaí do do ghairm bheatha, do shláinte nó do shaol.
Cad a Deir na Saineolaithe faoi EPO
- EPO A MÉADÚ LE 24%
Léirigh na torthaí gur mhéadaigh tiúchan EPO 24%, a shroich trí uair an chloig tar éis an ghalar deiridh a choinneáil agus a d'fhill ar an mbonn luaidhe dhá uair an chloig ina dhiaidh sin.
Cleachtadh: Trí shraith de chúig choimeád an anailís ar feadh an tréimhse is faide, agus deich nóiméad scíthe ag gach sraith.
Féach: de Bruijn R, Richardson M, Schagatay E. Concentráireacht níos airde erythropoietin tar éis apneas athfhillteach i ndaoine. Eur J Appl Physiol 2008; 102: 609 13. Epub 2007 Dec 19.
- EPO a mhéadú 24 go 36% trí sháthaíocht ocsaigine fola a ísliú go níos ísle ná 91% ar feadh 24 soicind agus 26 soicind faoi seach
Rinne taighdeoirí ó Laiboráid Feidhmíochta Daonna, Ollscoil Calgary, Ceanada, staidéar chun an gaol idir laghdú ar thiúchan ocsaigine le linn aclaíochta agus táirgeadh erythropoietin (EPO) a iniúchadh. Bhí cúig lúthchleasaí ag rothaíocht ar feadh trí nóiméad ag dian níos mó ná an uasmhéid (supramaximal) ag dhá airde éagsúla: 1,000m agus 2,100m.
Bhí saturation ocsaigine na haemoglobin níos ísle ná 91 faoin gcéad ar feadh thart ar 24 soicind le linn aclaíochta ag 1,000 méadar agus ar feadh 136 soicind le linn aclaíochta ag 2,100 méadar, agus méadaigh leibhéil EPO 24 faoin gcéad agus 36 faoin gcéad, faoi seach tar éis na cleachta.
Féach: Roberts D, Smith DJ, Donnelly S, Simard S. Tá an laghdú ar mhéid na plasma agus an hypoxaemia a spreagann aclaíocht ag modhnú táirgeadh erythropoietin i ndaoine sláintiúla. Clinical Science.2000; (Jan;98 (I)): 39-45
- Breath Holding méadaíonn EPO NATURALLY
taighdeoirí Cóiré Choi et al. Rinne an Coimisiún staidéar ar 263 duine chun an gaol idir leibhéil hematocrit agus apnea codlata oscailteach (an t- anailís a choinneáil le linn codlata) a chinneadh. Bhí leibhéil hematocrit i bhfad níos airde ag othair a raibh apnea codlata tromchúiseach orthu ná ar OSA éadrom agus meánach.
Léirigh torthaí na staidéir go raibh comhghaol suntasach idir leibhéil hematocrit agus an céatadán ama a chaitear ag saturation ocsaigine faoi bhun 90 faoin gcéad, chomh maith le meán- saturation ocsaigine.
Féach: Jong Bae Choi, José S. Loredo, Daniel Norman, Paul J. Mills, Sonia Ancoli-Israel, Michael G. Ziegler agus Joel E. Dimsdale. An méadaíonn apnea codlata coscála hematocrit? Codladh agus Anáil.2006 ;(Sep;10(3)) |
What is the inactivated influenza vaccine?
The inactivated influenza vaccine is made of killed influenza viruses. It protects against viruses that cause influenza, often called the flu. The vaccine does not protect against other viruses or bacteria that cause colds or stomach flu. Several different influenza vaccines are available in B.C. All of the vaccines are approved by Health Canada.
In B.C., influenza vaccines are usually available in October. For your best protection, get immunized as soon as possible. Speak with your health care provider to find out if the vaccines are available or visit ImmunizeBC https://immunizebc.ca/clinics/flu to locate a flu clinic.
Who should get the vaccine?
In B.C., the inactivated influenza vaccine or flu shot is provided free to the following groups of people.
People at high risk of serious illness from influenza, such as:
- Children 6 months to less than 5 years of age
- Pregnant women at any stage of pregnancy during the influenza season
- Seniors 65 years and older
- Residents of any age living in residential care, assisted living or other group facilities
- Indigenous people
- Children and teenagers required to take Aspirin® or ASA for long periods of time due to a medical condition
- Children and adults with certain medical conditions, including:
- Heart or lung disorders that require regular medical care, such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or cystic fibrosis
- Kidney disease, chronic liver disease such as hepatitis, diabetes, cancer, anemia or weakened immune system
- Those with health conditions causing difficulty breathing, swallowing or a risk of choking on food or fluids, such as people with severe brain damage, spinal cord injury, seizures or neuromuscular disorders
- Those who are very obese
People able to transmit or spread influenza to those at high risk of serious illness from influenza including:
- Household contacts of people at high risk
- Household contacts, caregivers and daycare staff of children under 5 years of age
- Doctors, nurses and others working in health care settings who have contact with patients
- Visitors to health care facilities and other patient care locations
- Inmates of provincial correctional institutions
- Those who provide care or service to people at high risk in potential outbreak settings such as cruise ships
Other groups who are eligible to receive the flu shot for free include:
- People who provide essential community services such as police officers, firefighters and ambulance attendants
- Farmers and other people who work with live poultry
To find out if you are eligible, talk to your health care provider or call HealthLink BC at 8-1-1.
If you are not eligible for a free influenza vaccine, you can buy it at most pharmacies and travel clinics. Some employers also provide free vaccine to employees.
How is the vaccine given?
The vaccine is given by injection, usually as 1 dose. Children under 9 years of age who have never had a seasonal influenza vaccine need 2 doses. The second dose of vaccine is important to raise their level of protection and should be given 4 weeks after the first dose.
What are the benefits of getting the vaccine?
The vaccine is the best way to protect against influenza, a serious and sometimes fatal infection. When you get immunized, you help protect others as well by reducing the spread of the influenza virus.
What are the possible reactions after the vaccine?
Common reactions to the vaccine include soreness, redness and swelling where the vaccine was given. Other symptoms can include fever, headache, aching muscles and fatigue that may last 1 to 2 days. Fewer than 1 in 20 people may have oculo-respiratory syndrome (ORS). Symptoms of ORS include red eyes and a cough and/or sore throat and/or hoarseness.
You cannot get the flu from the inactivated influenza vaccine because it contains killed influenza viruses that cannot cause infection.
It is important to stay in the clinic for 15 minutes after getting any vaccine because there is an extremely rare possibility, less than 1 in a million, of a life-threatening allergic reaction called anaphylaxis. This may include hives, difficulty breathing, or swelling of the throat, tongue or lips. Should this reaction occur, your health care provider is prepared to treat it. Emergency treatment includes administration of epinephrine (adrenaline) and transfer by ambulance to the nearest emergency department. If symptoms develop after you leave the clinic, call 9-1-1 or the local emergency number.
It is important to always report serious or unexpected reactions to your health care provider.
Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS) is a rare condition that can result in weakness and paralysis of the body’s muscles. It most commonly occurs after infections. In rare cases GBS can also occur after some vaccines. GBS may be associated with influenza vaccine in about 1 per million recipients.
Who should not get the inactivated influenza vaccine?
Speak with your health care provider if you:
- Had a life-threatening reaction to a previous dose of influenza vaccine, or any part of the vaccine (people with egg allergies can be safely immunized)
- Had severe oculo-respiratory syndrome after a previous flu shot
- Developed Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS) within 8 weeks of getting any influenza vaccine without another cause being identified
- Are receiving a checkpoint inhibitor to treat cancer. This may affect when you should get the vaccine
Children less than 6 months of age should not get the vaccine because it is not known to be effective at this age.
There is no need to delay getting immunized because of a cold or other mild illness. However, if you have concerns speak with your health care provider.
What is influenza?
Influenza is an infection of the upper airway caused by the influenza virus. A person with influenza is at risk of other infections, including viral or bacterial pneumonia which is an infection of the lungs.
Influenza spreads easily from person to person through coughing, sneezing or face-to-face contact. The virus can also spread when a person touches tiny droplets from a cough or sneeze on another person or object and then touches their eyes, mouth or nose before washing their hands.
What is the Influenza Prevention Policy?
B.C. has an Influenza Prevention Policy to protect high risk people from influenza. Health care workers are required to be immunized against influenza or wear a mask when they are in patient care areas during the influenza season. Students, volunteers and visitors to health care facilities and other patient care locations are also expected to wear a mask if they did not get an influenza vaccine.
Mature Minor Consent
It is recommended that parents or guardians and their children discuss consent for immunization. Children under the age of 19, who are able to understand the benefits and possible reactions for each vaccine and the risk of not getting immunized, can legally consent to or refuse immunizations. For more information on mature minor consent see HealthLinkBC File #119 The Infants Act, Mature Minor Consent and Immunization.
For More Information
For more information, see the following HeathLinkBC Files:
- HealthLinkBC File #12a Why Seniors Should Get the Inactivated Influenza (Flu) Vaccine
- HealthLinkBC File #12b Facts about Influenza (the Flu)
- HealthLinkBC File #12c Influenza (Flu) Immunization: Myths and Facts
For more information on immunizations visit ImmunizeBC https://immunizebc.ca. | <urn:uuid:c138165c-3920-4a5b-ae3a-657a722c283a> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://www.healthlinkbc.ca/healthlinkbc-files/inactivated-influenza-vaccine | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370506988.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20200402143006-20200402173006-00516.warc.gz | en | 0.935493 | 1,571 | 3.265625 | 3 | Cad é an vacsaín fliú neamhghníomhaithe?
Déantar an vacsaín fliú neamhghníomhaithe de víris fliú marbh. Cosnaíonn sé i gcoinne víris a chuireann an fliú, ar a dtugtar an fliú go minic. Ní thugann an vacsaín cosaint i gcoinne víris nó baictéir eile a chuireann colds nó stomaigríp ar fáil. Tá roinnt vacsaíní éagsúla an fhliú ar fáil i mB.C. Tá na vacsaíní go léir ceadaithe ag Sláinte Cheanada.
I mB.C., is gnách go mbíonn vacsaíní an fhliú ar fáil i mí Dheireadh Fómhair. Chun do chosaint is fearr, déan imdhíonacht a luaithe is féidir. Labhair le do sholáthraí cúraim sláinte chun a fháil amach an bhfuil na vacsaíní ar fáil nó tabhair cuairt ar ImmunizeBC https://immunizebc.ca/clinics/flu chun clinic fliú a aimsiú.
Cé ba cheart an vacsaín a fháil?
I B.C., cuirtear an vacsaín fliú neamhghníomhaithe nó an lámhaigh fliú ar fáil saor in aisce do na grúpaí daoine seo a leanas.
Daoine atá i mbaol mór tinnis tromchúiseach a fháil ó ghrianghraif, amhail:
- Leanaí 6 mhí go dtí níos lú ná 5 bliana d'aois
- Mná torracha ag aon chéim den torthúlacht le linn shéasúr an fhuil
- Seansaithe 65 bliana d'aois agus níos sine
- Cónaitheoirí de gach aois atá ina gcónaí i gcúram cónaithe, i gcúram maireachtála faoi chúnamh nó i saoráidí eile do ghrúpaí
- Daoine dúchasacha
- Leanaí agus déagóirí a bhfuil gá leo Aspirin® nó ASA a ghlacadh ar feadh tréimhsí fada de thréimhse ama mar gheall ar riocht míochaine
- Leanaí agus daoine fásta a bhfuil coinníollacha sláinte áirithe acu, lena n-áirítear:
- Ainneoin na ndroch-úsáidí a rinneadh, ní mór do na daoine sin a bheith ar an eolas faoi na coinníollacha a leagtar síos i bpointe (b) den chéad fhomhír den Airteagal seo.
- Aigéad duáin, galar crónach ae mar eipitéis, diaibéiteas, ailse, anaimia nó córas imdhíonachta lag
- Daoine a bhfuil galair sláinte acu a bhfuil deacracht acu a anailís, a shlogadh nó a bhfuil baol ann go mbrisfidh siad le bia nó le leachtacha, amhail daoine a bhfuil damáiste tromchúiseach acu don inchinn, damáiste don mheall spinal, coiscí nó neamhoird neuromuscular
- An dream atá an-titim
Daoine atá in ann an t-ionsaí a tharchur nó a scaipeadh chuig daoine atá i mbaol ard tinnis thromchúiseach a fháil ó thrioblóid lena n-áirítear:
- Teagmhálacha teaghlaigh daoine atá i mbaol ard
- Teagmhálacha teaghlaigh, cúramóirí agus foireann na gcúram lae do leanaí faoi 5 bliana d'aois
- Dochtúirí, altraí agus daoine eile a oibríonn i suíomhanna cúraim sláinte a bhfuil teagmháil acu le hothair
- Cuairteoirí ar áiseanna cúraim sláinte agus ar áiteanna eile chun cúram a thabhairt do othair
- Daoine a bhfuil iontu i rialtas na cúige
- Iad siúd a sholáthraíonn cúram nó seirbhís do dhaoine atá i mbaol ard i suíomhanna a d'fhéadfadh a bheith ina gcúis le ráigí, mar shampla longa turasóireachta
I measc na ngrúpaí eile atá incháilithe chun an vacsaín fliú a fháil saor in aisce tá:
- Daoine a sholáthraíonn seirbhísí riachtanacha pobail amhail oifigigh póilíní, tineoirí agus lucht freastail ar ambulance
- Feirmeoirí agus daoine eile a oibríonn le deochra éanlaithe beo
Chun a fháil amach an bhfuil tú incháilithe, labhair le do sholáthraí cúraim sláinte nó glaoigh ar HealthLink BC ag 8-1-1.
Mura bhfuil tú i dteideal vacsaín an fhliú saor in aisce a fháil, is féidir leat é a cheannach ag formhór na dteachlanní cógaisíochta agus ag na clinicí taistil. Cuirtear vacsaín saor in aisce ar fáil do fhostaithe ag roinnt fostóirí freisin.
Conas a thugtar an vacsaín?
Tugtar an vacsaín trí instealladh, de ghnáth mar 1 dáileog. Ní mór 2 dáileog a thabhairt do leanaí faoi 9 mbliana d'aois nach ndearna vacsaín fliú séasúrach riamh. Tá an dara dáileog vacsaín tábhachtach chun a leibhéal cosanta a ardú agus ba cheart é a thabhairt 4 seachtaine tar éis an chéad dáileog.
Cad iad na buntáistí a bhaineann leis an vacsaín a fháil?
Is é an vacsaín an bealach is fearr chun cosaint a fháil ó ghrianghraif, ionfhabhtú tromchúiseach agus marfach uaireanta. Nuair a fhaigheann tú an vacsaín, cuireann tú le daoine eile a chosaint freisin trí scaipeadh víreas na hinfhrionglóide a laghdú.
Cad iad na frithghníomhartha is féidir tar éis an vacsaín?
I measc na n-imoibrithe coitianta ar an vacsaín tá pian, deargú agus tuitim sa áit a ndearnadh an vacsaín a thabhairt. Is féidir le hairíonna eile a bheith ina measc fiabhras, tinneas cinn, matáin a bhriste agus tuirse a d'fhéadfadh a bheith ag tarlú ar feadh 1 go 2 lá. D'fhéadfadh siondróm oculo-respiratory (ORS) a bheith ag níos lú ná 1 as 20 duine. I measc na hairíonna atá ag ORS tá súile dearga agus cough agus/ nó sore throat agus/ nó hoarseness.
Ní féidir leat an fliú a fháil ón vacsaín fliú neamhghníomhaithe toisc go bhfuil víris fliú marbh ann nach féidir ionfhabhtaithe a chur faoi deara.
Tá sé tábhachtach fanacht sa chlinic ar feadh 15 nóiméad tar éis vacsaín a fháil mar go bhfuil seans an-annamh ann, níos lú ná 1 as milliún, go dtarlóidh imoibriú ailléirgeach a chuireann beatha i mbaol ar a dtugtar anafilacsis. D'fhéadfadh go mbeadh hives, deacracht anailíse, nó titim na throat, na teanga nó na liopaí ann. Má tharlaíonn an imoibriú seo, tá do sholáthraí cúraim sláinte réidh chun é a chóireáil. I measc na cóireála éigeandála tá epinephrine (adrenaline) a thabhairt agus aistriú ag ambulance chuig an roinn éigeandála is gaire. Má thagann na hairíonna chun cinn tar éis duit an clinic a fhágáil, glaoigh ar 9-1-1 nó ar an uimhir éigeandála áitiúil.
Tá sé tábhachtach go dtabharfá tuairisc do do sholáthraí cúraim sláinte i gcónaí ar imoibrithe tromchúiseacha nó gan choinne.
Is riocht neamhchoitianta é Siondróm Guillain-Barré (GBS) a d'fhéadfadh lagú agus paraisíocht na matáin choirp a bheith mar thoradh air. Tarlaíonn sé go coitianta tar éis ionfhabhtuithe. I gcásanna neamhchoitianta, d'fhéadfadh GBS tarlú tar éis roinnt vacsaíní. D'fhéadfadh GBS a bheith bainteach le vacsaín an fhliú i thart ar 1 in aghaidh na milliún faighteora.
Cé nár cheart an vacsaín fliú neamhghníomhaithe a fháil?
Labhair le do sholáthraí cúraim sláinte má tá tú:
- Bhí frithghníomh a bhí ina bhagairt ar shaol ar dháileog roimhe seo de vacsaín an fhliú, nó ar aon chuid den vacsaín (is féidir daoine a bhfuil ailléirgí uibheacha acu a imdhíonacht go sábháilte)
- Bhí siondróm oculo-respiratory tromchúiseach aige tar éis vacsaín fliú roimhe seo
- Síndróm Guillain- Barré (GBS) a fhorbairt laistigh de 8 seachtaine tar éis vacsaín influenza a fháil gan cúis eile a aithint
- Tá coscóir seiceála á fháil agat chun ailse a chóireáil. D'fhéadfadh sé seo difear a dhéanamh don tráth ar chóir duit an vacsaín a fháil.
Níor chóir do leanaí atá faoi bhun 6 mhí an vacsaín a fháil toisc nach bhfuil a fhios go bhfuil sé éifeachtach ag an aois seo.
Ní gá go gcuirfí moill ar imdhíonacht a fháil mar gheall ar fhuílleog nó ar ghalar éadrom eile. Má tá imní ort, áfach, labhair le do sholáthraí cúraim sláinte.
Cad é an fliú?
Is ionfhabhtú é an fhrithghrianghraf a bhíonn ag an víreas fliú a bhíonn ag na hoibríochtaí aeracha uachtaracha. Tá duine le haireamh grianghraf i mbaol ionfhabhtuithe eile, lena n-áirítear nimhiú víreasach nó baictéarach a bhfuil ionfhabhtú na scamhóga ann.
Tá an t-ionsaí seo ag tarlú go héasca ó dhuine go duine trí chath, sneachta nó teagmháil aghaidh le duine. Is féidir an víreas a scaipeadh freisin nuair a bhíonn duine ag teagmháil le titimí beaga ó cháil nó sneeze ar dhuine nó ar rud eile agus ansin a n-aird a chur ar a súile, a bhéal nó a srón sula n-aisceann siad a lámha.
Cad é an Beartas um Chosc Ghríomhoire?
B.C. Tá beartas frithghiniúna an Ghríog aige chun daoine atá i mbaol a chosaint ó ghrianghraif. Tá sé de cheangal ar oibrithe cúraim sláinte a bheith imdhíonaithe i gcoinne an fhliú nó masc a chaitheamh nuair a bhíonn siad i limistéir cúraim othair le linn shéasúr an fhliú. Táthar ag súil go n-úsáidfidh mic léinn, saorálaithe agus cuairteoirí i saoráidí cúraim sláinte agus i suíomhanna cúraim othair eile masc mura bhfaighidís vacsaín an fhliú.
Aontacht Dollmhartach
Moltar do thuismitheoirí nó do chaomhnóirí a gcuid leanaí a phlé maidir le toiliú le haghaidh imdhíonaithe. Is féidir le leanaí faoi 19 mbliana d'aois, atá in ann na buntáistí agus na frithghníomhartha féideartha a thuiscint le haghaidh gach vacsaín agus an riosca nach ndéantar imdhíonú, toiliú dlíthiúil a thabhairt nó diúltú le himdhíonacha. Le haghaidh tuilleadh faisnéise ar thoiliú na míorúiltí aibí féach HealthLinkBC File #119 The Infants Act, Mature Minor Consent and Immunization.
Chun tuilleadh eolais a fháil
Le haghaidh tuilleadh eolais, féach na Comhaid seo a leanas ó HeathLinkBC:
- HealthLinkBC File #12a Cén fáth ar chóir do sheanóirí an vacsaín Ghríog (Ghríog) Neamhghníomhaithe a fháil
- HealthLinkBC File #12b Fíricí faoi Ghríomhacha (an Ghríomhacha)
- HealthLinkBC File #12c Imdhíonú an Ghríog: Miotais agus Fíricí
Le haghaidh tuilleadh eolais ar imdhíonaíochtaí téigh chuig ImmunizeBC https://immunizebc.ca. |
The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Association has released a document outlining at what point man-made sounds become harmful to marine mammals. Called “Draft Guidance for Assessing the Effects of Anthropogenic Sound on Marine Mammals,” the 83-page, peer-reviewed document is currently open for public comment.
The document divides mammals into five different “functional hearing groups” based on the frequencies they can hear, a change from previous guidelines.
“Given the specific nature of the guidance updates (e.g., different metrics, auditory weighting functions, etc.), it is not possible to directly compare the updated acoustic threshold levels with the thresholds previously used by NOAA,” according to a NOAA web page.
NOAA Field Office Supervisor with the Protected Resources Division Brad Smith said marine mammals in Alaska have “almost certainly” been negatively impacted by sound.
“We issue authorizations for incidental harassment under MMPA (the Marine Mammal Protection Act) for this purpose, and those animals ‘taken’ are by definition negatively affected,” he said.
According to the document, “take” means harassing, hunting, capturing or killing an animal, or attempting to do any of those things.
Marine mammals use sound for navigation, communication and finding food. Some strandings have been attributed to auditory damage. This document doesn’t address behavioral changes associated with sound; that’s something NOAA is planning to study over the next year.
The draft outlines a decibel level at which point different mammals’ hearing will be permanently injured, which is classified as “Level A Harassment” under the MMPA and “harm” under the Endangered Species Act.
The National Marine Fisheries Service defines “harm” as “an act which actually kills or injures fish or wildlife.”
The document also outlines at which point different mammals’ hearing will be temporarily injured, which is “Level B harassment” under the MMPA and “harassment” under the ESA. Smith said the guidelines “will not normally result in the ‘take’ bar being lowered. Rather, the guidelines are an additional tool to characterize the result of acoustic exposures.”
Data about permanent injuries is limited, as it’s gathered accidentally (it’s unethical to cause permanent hearing loss on purpose).
The lowest threshold for temporary hearing loss is estimated at 146 decibels, cumulatively, for “high-frequency cetaceans (like true porpoises) exposed to underwater impulsive (quickly rising, quickly falling) sound sources.”
The document notes that cumulative limits “could be exceeded in a multitude of ways (i.e., varying exposure levels and durations).”
Sound is measured differently underwater than above the water. According to the Federation of American Scientists, sounds underwater measure around 63 decibels higher than sounds in air (though it notes this is a generalization, as frequency can affect sound level.) Ambient ocean noise, it says, is around 74 to 100 decibels. A supertanker 340 meters long and traveling at 20 knots, for comparison, would reach a maximum of 190 decibels underwater.
According to NOAA, the activities most likely to impact marine mammals are seismic airguns, explosions, construction activities like impact pile driving and high-energy sonar used by the military.
“Many activities in Alaska generate these levels; pile driving, seismic research and even ships,” said Smith. “Because these (guidelines) introduce time as a factor, the longer an exposure, the lower the acoustic (decibel) threshold becomes.”
After the draft was released, Senator Lisa Murkowski requested NOAA’s acting administrator extend the deadline.
“This is a very complex issue that will have a significant effect on Alaskans and NOAA decided to unveil its own holiday surprise of sophisticated research when most Americans were understandably focused on family matters,” Murkowski stated in a press release. “I believe more time is needed to ensure that stakeholders, including coastal communities, not only are aware of this document (but also) have a chance to review this document and provide their input.”
NOAA responded to “requests from members of the public” by extending the comment deadline for 45 days, until March 13. NOAA is planning on releasing a user guide with the finalized document this summer.
• Contact Outdoors reporter Mary Catharine Martin at firstname.lastname@example.org. | <urn:uuid:a5de860c-d0b0-4510-9a3f-ab14ba34e900> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | http://juneauempire.com/outdoors/2014-01-24/man-made-sounds-effect-marine-animals | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818686983.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20170920085844-20170920105844-00494.warc.gz | en | 0.914683 | 954 | 3.46875 | 3 | Tá doiciméad eisithe ag an gCumann Náisiúnta um Aigéin agus Atmaisféar a léiríonn cén pointe a mbíonn fuaimeanna de dhéantús an duine díobhálach do mhamaigh mara. Tugtar "Treoirlínte dréachta chun Measúnú a dhéanamh ar na héifeachtaí a bhíonn ag fuaim anthrópaigineach ar mhamaigh mhuirí", ar an doiciméad 83 leathanach, a rinne athbhreithniú piaraí, agus tá sé ar oscailt faoi láthair le haghaidh tuairimí ón bpobal.
Roinntear na mamaigh sa doiciméad ina cúig 'ghrúpa éisteachta feidhmiúla' éagsúla bunaithe ar na minicíochtaí is féidir leo a chloisteáil, athrú ó threoirlínte roimhe seo.
De réir nádúr sonrach na nuashonruithe treorach (e.g., tomhais éagsúla, feidhmeanna meáchain éisteachta, etc. ), ní féidir na leibhéil tairseach fuaime nuashonraithe a chur i gcomparáid go díreach leis na tairseacha a d'úsáid NOAA roimhe seo, de réir leathanach gréasáin NOAA.
Dúirt an t-Shuirbhéire Oifige Feirme NOAA leis an Rannán Acmhainní Cosanta Brad Smith go bhfuil tionchar diúltach ag fuaim ar mhamaigh mhuirí in Alaska.
"Tá ceadanna á n-eisiúint againn le haghaidh casadh teagmhasach faoi MMPA (an tAcht um Chosaint Mammal Mara) chun na críche seo, agus tá tionchar diúltach ag na hainmhithe sin, de réir sainmhíniú", a dúirt sé.
De réir an doiciméid, ciallaíonn 'tógáil' ainmhí a ionsaí, a sheachaint, a ghabháil nó a mharú, nó aon cheann de na rudaí sin a dhéanamh.
Úsáideann mamaigh mhuirí fuaim chun loingseoireacht, cumarsáid agus bia a aimsiú. Cuirtear damáiste éisteachta i leith roinnt strandings. Ní bhaineann an doiciméad seo le hathruithe iompraíochta a bhaineann le fuaim; is rud é sin atá ag pleanáil NOAA a staidéar le linn na bliana seo chugainn.
Leagtar amach sa dréacht leibhéal decibel ag a mbeidh damáiste buan déanta do chluas mamaigh éagsúla, a aicmeofar mar Leibhéal A de Chaos faoin MMPA agus Dábhal faoin Acht um Speicis i mbaol.
Sainmhíníonn an tSeirbhís Náisiúnta Iascaigh Mhuirí ' díobháil ' mar ' gníomh a mharaíonn nó a ghortú iasc nó fiadhúlra i ndáiríre. '
Léiríonn an doiciméad freisin an pointe ina ndéantar díobháil shealadach ar éisteacht mamaigh éagsúla, ar "leibhéal B de threascairt" é faoi MMPA agus "threascairt" faoi ESA. Dúirt Smith nach dtiocfaidh na treoirlínte de ghnáth ar an mbarra "tógála" a ísliú. Is uirlis bhreise iad na treoirlínte chun tréithe na n-altúis fuaime a shainmhíniú.
Tá sonraí faoi ghortú buan teoranta, mar go mbaintear iad le chéile go neamhchinnte (níl sé éiticiúil caillteanas éisteachta buan a chur i bhfeidhm ar an gcuspóir sin).
Meastar gurb é an tairseach is ísle le haghaidh caillteanas sealadach éisteachta 146 decibel, go carthanach, do ceataicí ardmhinicíochta (cosúil le fíor-porpoise) a nochtaítear do fhoinsí fuaime impulsive faoi uisce (ag ardú go tapa, ag titim go tapa).
Tugann an doiciméad faoi deara go bhféadfaí teorainneacha cardaitheacha a shárú ar bhealaí éagsúla (i.e. leibhéil agus tréimhsí éagsúla nochtadh).
Déantar fuaim a thomhas ar bhealach difriúil faoi uisce ná os cionn an uisce. De réir Chónaidhm Eolaithe Mheiriceá, déanann fuaimeanna faoi uisce tomhas thart ar 63 decibel níos airde ná fuaimeanna san aer (cé go dtugann sé faoi deara gur ginearálta é seo, mar is féidir le minicíocht tionchar a imirt ar leibhéal fuaime). Tá an torann aigéin timpeallachta, a deir sé, thart ar 74 go 100 decibel. I gcomparáid leis sin, d'fhéadfadh supertanker 340 méadar ar fhad agus ag taisteal ag 20 nóta, 190 decibel a bhaint amach faoi uisce.
De réir NOAA, is iad na gníomhaíochtaí is dóichí a théann i bhfeidhm ar mhamaigh mara ná gunnaí aeir seismic, pléascadh, gníomhaíochtaí tógála cosúil le tiomáint píolla tionchair agus sonar ardfhuinnimh a úsáideann an míleata.
"Tá go leor gníomhaíochtaí in Alasca a ghineann na leibhéil seo; píolótaíocht, taighde seismic agus fiú longa", a dúirt Smith. Toisc go gcuirtear am isteach sna (treoirlínte) seo mar fhachtóir, is é an méid a bhíonn nochtadh níos faide, is é an méid is ísle a bhíonn an tairseach fuaime (decibel).
Tar éis an dréacht a scaoileadh, d'iarr an Seanadóir Lisa Murkowski ar riarthóir gníomhach NOAA an spriocdháta a fhadú.
"Is ceist an-chasta é seo a mbeidh tionchar suntasach aici ar Alascaigh agus shocraigh NOAA a iontas saoire féin a nochtadh de thaighde sofaisticiúil nuair a bhí an chuid is mó de na Meiriceánaigh dírithe go tuiscintí ar shaincheisteanna teaghlaigh", a dúirt Murkowski i preasráiteas. Creidim go bhfuil níos mó ama ag teastáil chun a chinntiú nach bhfuil na páirtithe leasmhara, lena n-áirítear pobail chósta, ar an eolas faoin doiciméad seo ach go bhfuil deis acu athbhreithniú a dhéanamh ar an doiciméad seo agus a gcuid ionchur a chur ar fáil.
D'fhreagair NOAA ar "iarratas ó bhaill den phobal" trí an spriocdháta chun tuairimí a chur ar aghaidh 45 lá, go dtí an 13 Márta. Tá NOAA ag pleanáil treoir úsáideora a scaoileadh leis an doiciméad críochnaithe an samhradh seo.
• Déan teagmháil le tuairisceoir Outdoors Mary Catharine Martin ag firstname.lastname@example.org. |
Medallion with the Crucifixion, ca. 1100
Gilt copper, cloisonné and champlevé enamel; Diam. 4 1/8 in. (10.3 cm)
Purchase, Michel David–Weill Gift, and 2006 Benefit Fund, 2007 (2007.189)
This precious medallion of the Crucifixion is, astonishingly, the missing centerpiece of four enameled plaques with symbols that the Museum acquired from the Morgan collection in 1917. The ensemble, probably from a book cover, can be securely attributed to the celebrated pilgrimage abbey of Saint Foy in Conques. Because of its location in the mountains of central France, much of the abbey's precious goldsmiths' work escaped destruction during the French Revolution. Several works in copper were dispersed from the abbey's treasury over the course of the nineteenth century. The Crucifixion medallion shares with these and others still in situ a technique, style, and palette uniquely combined during the abbacy of Bégon III in the late eleventh century. For these pieces, the monk goldsmiths employed superimposed copper plaques, the lower one to receive the delicate cloisons that define features and drapery, the upper one cut to delineate the silhouettes of the figures and the cross. Hallmarks of the style include the single cloison used to define eyebrows and noses and the thin loop of gold that creates cowlicks. In the Museum's reconstituted ensemble, the same remarkable oxblood color was used for the symbol of Saint Luke and the hair of the image of the Sun ("Sol") above the Crucifixion. Furthermore, scientific analysis has determined that common enamel compositions and the same metallic oxides were used to tint and opacify all five pieces. | <urn:uuid:a120e76e-6991-44e3-8dfa-379c3b8e14f4> | CC-MAIN-2014-15 | http://metmuseum.org/toah/works-of-art/2007.189 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609539066.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005219-00079-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.904501 | 371 | 3.203125 | 3 | Meidéal leis an Crucifixion, ca. 1100 - - - - - - - -
Cúpár gile, cloisonné agus champlevé; Diam. 4 1/8 in. (le haghaidh an t-earraí)
Ceannach, Michel David Weill Gift, agus 2006 Ciste Sochair, 2007 (2007.189)
Is é an mheidéal luachmhar seo den Crucifixion, go hiontach, an lárchomhpháirt atá ar iarraidh de cheithre phláic enamelled le siombailí a fuair an Músaem ó bhailiúchán Morgan i 1917. Is féidir an comhcheangal, is dócha ó chlúdach leabhar, a chur i leith an abbey oilithreachta cáiliúil de Saint Foy i Conques. Mar gheall ar a shuíomh sna sléibhte i lár na Fraince, d'éalaigh cuid mhór de shaothar luachmhar na n-aibí óirchóirithe ó scrios le linn Réabhlóid na Fraince. Bhí roinnt saothar de mhachaire scaipthe ó chiste an abbey i rith an naoú haois déag. Tá an mheidéal Croise le roinnt leis seo agus le daoine eile fós in situ teicníc, stíl, agus pailéad a chomhcheanglaíodh go uathúil le linn abbot Bégon III ag deireadh an aonú haois déag. Maidir leis na píosaí seo, d'úsáid na seilbh órmhiontaithe manach plátaí copair a bhí curtha thar a chéile, an ceann íseal chun na cloisons íogair a fháil a shainmhíníonn gnéithe agus drapery, an ceann uachtarach a ghearradh chun siléithe na ndaoine agus an chros a shainmhínithe. I measc saintréithe an stíl tá an cloison aonair a úsáidtear chun bróg agus srón a shainiú agus an lúb tanaí óir a chruthaíonn cowlicks. Sa chomhdhéanamh athchruthaithe an Músaeim, baineadh úsáid as an dath fíon-fhionn iontach céanna le haghaidh siombail Naomh Lucas agus gruaig íomhá na gréine ("Sol") os cionn an Chrosbhás. Ina theannta sin, chinn anailís eolaíoch gur úsáideadh comhdhéanamh comhchoiteann smál agus na haoxídí miotail chéanna chun na cúig phíosa a dhúnadh agus a dhúnadh. |
Mycobacterium ulcerans, a slow-growing acid-fast bacillus (AFB), arose from Mycobacterium marinum and acquired a virulence plasmid coding for mycolactone, a necrotizing, apoptotic, immunosuppressive toxin that mediates pathogenesis. BU is characterized clinically by indolent necrotizing skin and subcutaneous and sometimes bone lesions, often with severe residual scarring. It is an important public health issue.
The incidence of BU is highest in West Africa, particularly Benin, Nigeria, Ivory Coast, and Ghana, although increased severity and spread of M ulcerans have been reported in Southeastern Australia between 1998 and 2017. Far fewer cases have been reported in China, Japan, Mexico, Papua, and in some South American countries such as French Guiana, Brazil, and Peru. In industrialized countries, the disease is occasionally imported. A history of travel to endemic regions, especially West Africa, is important. Geographically, multiple strains of M ulcerans exhibit variable pathogenicity and immunogenicity.
In endemic regions, exposure to stagnant water, especially swampy areas, may be a predisposing factor. The mode of transmission in humans remains unknown. In Australia, BU is considered a zoonosis transmitted by mosquitoes from possums to humans.
Somewhat similar to tuberculosis, exposure of cutaneous tissues to M ulcerans may lead to 1 of 3 outcomes:
- Clearance of the infection,
- Clinical disease relatively soon after infection (primary BU), or
- Subclinical or asymptomatic infection (latent BU) that may subsequently reactivate and produce disease.
After inoculation of the skin, followed in general by a 2-3 month incubation period, the extracellular bacilli proliferate and release mycolactone, which causes apoptosis, necrosis, and local immunosuppression.
BU typically presents as one or more painless solitary lesions. In Africa, about 13% of patients develop bone disease (osteitis, osteomyelitis), either subjacent or distant to a skin lesion. Distant lesions are probably caused by lymphohematogenous spread of M ulcerans.
Because M ulcerans is an environmental organism, it is generally accepted that person-to-person spread is uncommon or does not occur. In limited disease, there are few systemic manifestations. Lymphadenopathy and fever are rare unless secondary bacterial infection develops. Small ulcers may either self-resolve or progress to chronic, nonhealing lesions over a period of months.
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) provides useful information about BU, as does the World Health Organization (WHO). A confirmed or highly suspected case in a new region should be reported to WHO.
Related diagnosis: Cutaneous tuberculosis | <urn:uuid:bf967a75-5a0f-47a4-a852-40d9905f22cf> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.visualdx.com/visualdx/diagnosis/buruli+ulcer?diagnosisId=51234&sex=F&age=5&moduleId=7&contentModuleId=101 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510454.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20230928194838-20230928224838-00432.warc.gz | en | 0.923827 | 589 | 2.84375 | 3 | Tháinig Mycobacterium ulcerans, bacillín aigéad-tapa (AFB) a fhásann go mall, ó Mycobacterium marinum agus fuair sé plasmid víreasach a chódáil le haghaidh mycolactone, tocsain necrotizing, apoptotic, imdhíonach a idirghabhálann pathogenesis. Tá BU tréithithe go cliniciúil le craiceann necrotizing indolent agus léachtaí fo-chraiceann agus uaireanta cnámh, go minic le scarring iarmhartach tromchúiseach. Is ceist thábhachtach sláinte poiblí í.
Tá an t-ionfhabhtú is airde ar BU san Afraic Thiar, go háirithe i mBéinín, sa Nigéir, ar Chósta na hIavóire, agus sa Ghána, cé gur tuairiscíodh méadú ar thromchúis agus scaipeadh ulcerans M i dTuaisceart na hAstráile idir 1998 agus 2017. Tá i bhfad níos lú cásanna tuairiscithe sa tSín, sa tSeapáin, sa Mheicsiceo, i bPapúa, agus i roinnt tíortha Mheiriceá Theas amhail Guiana na Fraince, an Bhrasaíl, agus Peiriú. I dtíortha tionsclaithe, déantar an galar a allmhairiú ó am go ham. Tá sé tábhachtach go mbeadh stair taistil i réigiúin endemic, go háirithe san Afraic Thiar. Go geografach, léiríonn strains éagsúla de M ulcerans paiteogaineacht agus imdhíonacht éagsúil.
I réigiúin endéimeacha, d'fhéadfadh go mbeadh toscaithe ag baint le huisce stagnant, go háirithe i gceantair swampy. Níl a fhios fós conas a tharchurann daoine an druga. Sa Astráil, meastar go bhfuil BU mar fhéin-bhreithe a tharchur ag mosquitoes ó possums go daoine.
Cosúil le tuirse, d'fhéadfadh nochtadh fíochán craiceann do M ulcerans a bheith mar thoradh ar 1 de na 3 thoradh:
- Athrú ar an ionfhabhtú,
- Breoiteacht chliniciúil go luath tar éis ionfhabhtaithe (BU bunscoile), nó
- Infechtú fo-chlainne nó gan comharthaí (BU latente) a d'fhéadfadh athghníomhachtú a dhéanamh ina dhiaidh sin agus galar a chur i gcrích.
Tar éis an craiceann a inócailt, agus tréimhse 2-3 mhí ina dhiaidh sin de ghnáth, déanann na bacilli seachchillíneacha méadú agus scaoileann siad mycolactone, rud a fhágann go bhfuil apoptosis, néacróis agus imdhíothú imdhíonachta áitiúil ann.
Is gnách go léiríonn BU mar léasanna aonair neamhbhríoch amháin nó níos mó. I san Afraic, faigheann thart ar 13% de na hothair galar cnámh (osteitis, osteomyelitis), atá faoi bhun nó i bhfad ó léas craiceann. Is dócha go bhfuil léachtaí i bhfad ar shiúl mar gheall ar scaipeadh lymphohematogenous de M ulcerans.
Toisc go bhfuil M ulcerans ina orgánach comhshaoil, glactar go ginearálta go bhfuil scaipeadh ó dhuine go duine neamhchoitianta nó nach dtarlaíonn. I ghalair teoranta, níl mórán léiriú córais ann. Tá lymphadenopathy agus fiabhras annamh mura bhforbróidh ionfhabhtú baictéarach darach. D'fhéadfadh ulcers beaga a bheith ina réiteach féin nó dul chun cinn go léiseanna ainsealacha, neamh-fhoghlaim i rith tréimhse míonna.
Cuireann na hIonaid um Rialú agus Cosc ar Ghalair (CDC) faisnéis úsáideach ar fáil faoi BU, mar a dhéanann an Eagraíocht Dhomhanda Sláinte (WHO). Ba cheart cás dearbhaithe nó cás an-amhrasach i réigiún nua a thuairisciú don Eagraíocht Dhomhanda Sláinte.
Dearadh coibhneasta: Tubairicléas craiceann |
Alex Korb, a UCLA neuroscience researcher, reveals 4 scientifically proven rituals that will drastically change your life and make you happy.
There are all kinds of advice on the Internet that tell you the ‘recipe’ for happiness. Some advice is good, some not so good. However, if you are looking for a scientifically proven way on how to make yourself happy – neuroscience has the answer.
A UCLA neuroscientist, Alex Korb, shared his insights on this topic in a book called “The Upward Spiral.”
His recipe for happiness is based on doing these 4 small rituals that can change your life for the better:
1. The most important question to ask yourself when you are feeling down
It is a normal thing to feel guilty or ashamed about something. This is not necessarily a bad thing since these feelings of guilt and shame activate the brain’s reward center.
According to Alex, feelings of pride, shame, and guilt activate the same centers in the brain including the prefrontal cortex, insula, amygdala, and the nucleus accumbens. The feeling of pride is the most intense one, and it affects all these areas, except for the nucleus accumbens, where guilt and shame prevail.
This is an explanation of why it is so easy to blame ourselves and start worrying. It is because we are activating the reward center in our brain, and worrying gives us the short-term feeling like we are doing something about the problem.
In fact, worrying can increase the activity in our brain’s prefrontal cortex while decreasing the activity in the amygdala. Even though this seems contradictory, it shows that when we feel anxious about some problem, the mere feeling of worry is better than doing nothing, because worrying can give us a sense that we are at least doing something about it.
However, these feelings of guilt, shame, and worry are not long-term solutions. So, the question is: What we should do instead? Neuroscientists all suggest that we should ask ourselves this question: What am I grateful for?
Expressing gratitude can, in fact, affect our brain at biological levels, by raising the levels of dopamine and serotonin in the brain. This is because when we try to remember the things we are grateful for our brain focuses only on the positive aspects of our life.
Moreover, if you feel like there is nothing in your life to be grateful for, the sole search for things to be grateful about is enough.
Finally, this feeling of gratitude increases the emotional intelligence, and with higher levels of emotional intelligence, it is easier for us to become more grateful and appreciate the little things in life.
Besides, gratitude not only makes our brain happy – it creates positive feelings in all our relationships.
2. Label negative feelings
When you are experiencing negative emotions, it is best to give those feelings a name, be it sad, angry, anxious, or depressed – whatever it is that you are feeling.
In a study called “Putting Feelings Into Words,” participants were asked to view pictures of people with emotional facial expressions. As predicted, their amygdala activated when they saw the pictures. However, when they have been invited to name the emotion that they see, their ventrolateral prefrontal cortex went up and decreased the emotional reactivity levels of the amygdala.
In other words, with naming the emotions they saw on the pictures, participants reduced the emotional impact the pictures had on them.
Moreover, Alex found that trying to suppress emotions does not work and can easily backfire on you. When people try to suppress a feeling and look confident and positive, they are always failing. Because while they think that they look fine from the outside, the negative feelings they feel inside can become even more intense when consciously suppressed.
The solution? Labeling the emotions you feel can sure make a great difference. Try to use few, simple words when describing the feeling. Being clear and concise can drastically reduce the emotion you are feeling.
3. Make a decision
Sometimes, making a simple decision can give us a sense of accomplishment and put us at ease. Neuroscience also agrees that making decisions can reduce the feelings of anxiety and worry, and can help us to solve our problems more efficiently.
The process of making a decision includes the intent to make a decision first and then setting the goals through this decision-making process. All these three components activate the brain’s prefrontal cortex positively, thus eliminating the negative feelings we experience. This allows us to change our perception of the world and focus on solving the problem rather than act impulsively.
Therefore, when it is hard for us to make a decision, neuroscientists suggest that we do not need to make a 100% best decision, but it is enough to make a “good enough” decision.
When we try to make a ‘perfect’ decision, our brain overwhelms and gets confused making us feel like we are out of control. When we opt for ‘the best’ rather than ‘good enough’ decision, the emotional ventromedial prefrontal activity in our brain is very high which leads further to an emotional mess.
Finally, when we make a decision we immediately start feeling like we are in control over our lives, and this feeling of having it all figured out reduces stress and boosts our pleasure levels.
For instance, this explains why it is so hard for some people to go to the gym regularly. When we feel like we should go to the gym, but we have not made that decision voluntarily – our brain does not get the necessary pleasure boost; it feels only stress, and this is not a good way to start with a new habit.
4. Touch people
Not in a sexual way, but in a loving and understanding way. Meaning, show people you care about them and get these feelings of love and care back. Because, the thing is – we all need to feel loved and accepted by others.
Neuroscience also confirms this to be true. In one study, participants were asked to play a ball-tossing video game. They were told that they are playing against real human players, when in fact they were playing against a computer.
So, when the “other players” (i.e., the computer program) ceased to play nice and share the ball, the real people’s brains responded in the same way as they would if they had experienced physical pain.
This is the reason why physical touch and emotional connection with others is so important when it comes to our happiness.
Touching is very powerful, and a simple hug or a handshake can do the trick.
In fact, some studies have proved that physical touch reduces pain. For instance, one MRI study scanned the brain of a married woman as she was told that she would receive a small electric shock. When she heard this, her brain’s centers of pain and worry increased. However, when she got hold of her husband’s hand, these feelings suddenly diminished.
Moreover, studies have also shown that hugging produces the oxytocin hormone that is responsible for our happiness. So, go on, hug someone today and make them happy!
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Mary Wright is a professional writer with more than 10 years of incessant practice. Her topics of interest gravitate around the fields of the human mind and the interpersonal relationships of people.If you have a general question or comment please fill out the form and we will get back to you as soon as possible https://curiousmindmagazine.com/contact-us/ . | <urn:uuid:b46c1717-7d47-4d67-88e3-74fc52ec3ee1> | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | https://curiousmindmagazine.com/neuroscientist-reveals-4-simple-rituals-will-make-happy/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347432237.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20200603050448-20200603080448-00501.warc.gz | en | 0.957167 | 1,557 | 2.921875 | 3 | Léiríonn Alex Korb, taighdeoir néareolaíochta UCLA, 4 deasghnátha a bhfuil fianaise eolaíochta acu a d'athróidh do shaol go suntasach agus a dhéanfaidh tú sásta.
Tá gach cineál comhairle ar an Idirlíon a insíonn duit an "réiteoir" don sonas. Tá cuid de na comhairle maith, cuid eile nach bhfuil chomh maith. Mar sin féin, má tá tú ag lorg bealach cruthaithe go heolaíoch ar conas tú féin a dhéanamh sona tá an freagra ag néareolaíocht.
D'fhoilsigh eolaí néar-eolaíoch de chuid UCLA, Alex Korb, a chuid léargas ar an ábhar seo i leabhar dar teideal "The Upward Spiral".
Tá a oideas don sonas bunaithe ar na 4 mhion-ríomhaire a dhéanamh a d'fhéadfadh do shaol a athrú chun níos fearr:
1. an t-am a bhí ann. An cheist is tábhachtaí a d'fhéadfá a chur ort féin nuair a bhíonn tú ag mothú go bhfuil tú faoi bhrón
Is rud gnáth é a bheith ciontach nó náire faoi rud éigin. Ní gá go mbeadh sé seo ina rud olc ós rud é go gcuireann na mothúcháin seo cionta agus náire ionad luach saothair an inchinn i ngníomh.
De réir Alex, mothúcháin bród, náire, agus cionta a ghníomhachtú na hionaid céanna sa inchinn lena n-áirítear an cortex prefrontal, insula, amygdala, agus an núicléas accumbens. Is é an mothú bród an ceann is déine, agus bíonn tionchar aige ar na réimsí seo go léir, ach amháin ar an núicléas accumbens, áit a bhfuil ciontacht agus náire ann.
Is é seo an míniú ar an fáth go bhfuil sé chomh furasta a bheith ag ciontacht orainn féin agus ag tosú ag déanamh imní. Tá sé mar gheall go bhfuil an t-ionad luach saothair inár n-inchinn á ghníomhachtú againn, agus tugann imní dúinn an mothú gearrthéarmach go bhfuil muid ag déanamh rud éigin faoin bhfadhb.
Go deimhin, is féidir le imní cur leis an ngníomhaíocht i gcórtaic réamh-chinnteach ár n-inchinn agus laghdú a dhéanamh ar ghníomhaíocht an amygdala. Cé gur cosúil go bhfuil sé seo contrártha, léiríonn sé nuair a bhíonn imní orainn faoi fhadhb éigin, is fearr an mothúchán imní amháin ná gan aon rud a dhéanamh, toisc go bhféadfadh imní a thabhairt dúinn go bhfuil rud éigin á dhéanamh againn faoi ar a laghad.
Mar sin féin, ní réitigh fhadtéarmacha iad na mothúcháin seo de chiontacht, náire agus imní. Mar sin, is é an cheist: Cad ba cheart dúinn a dhéanamh ina ionad sin? Molann na neiro-eolaithe go léir gur chóir dúinn an cheist seo a chur orainn féin: Cad atá buíoch as?
Is féidir le buíochas a chur in iúl, i ndáiríre, tionchar a imirt ar ár n-inchinn ar leibhéal bitheolaíoch, trí leibhéil dopamine agus serotonin sa inchinn a ardú. Tá sé seo toisc nuair a dhéanaimid iarracht cuimhneamh ar na rudaí a bhfuil buíochas againn leo ní fhócas ár n-inchinn ach ar na gnéithe dearfacha dár saol.
Ina theannta sin, má bhraitheann tú nach bhfuil aon rud i do shaol le bheith buíoch as, is leor an cuardach amháin ar rudaí le bheith buíoch as.
Ar deireadh, cuireann an mothú buíochais seo an intleacht mhothúchánach, agus le leibhéil níos airde intleacht mhothúchánach, tá sé níos éasca dúinn a bheith níos buíochais agus meas a bheith againn ar na rudaí beaga sa saol.
Thairis sin, ní hamháin go ndéanann buíochas ár n-inchinn sásta, cruthaíonn sé mothúcháin dhearfacha inár gcaidrimh go léir.
2. Seachadadh. Meabhrú ar mhothúcháin dhiúltacha
Nuair a bhíonn mothúcháin dhiúltacha agat, is fearr iad a ainmniú, bíodh sé brónach, feargach, imní nó dúlagar cibé rud a bhraitheann tú.
I staidéar ar a dtugtar "Féachaint ar Fhéileanna i mBriathra", iarradh ar rannpháirtithe pictiúir de dhaoine a bhfuil mothúcháin ag dul in iúl orthu a fheiceáil. Mar a bhí tuartha, d'fhógair a n-amygdala nuair a chonaic siad na pictiúir. Mar sin féin, nuair a cuireadh orthu an mothúchán a chonaic siad a ainmniú, d'ardaigh a gcórtaic réamhchinnteach ventrolateral agus laghdaigh leibhéil imoibritheachta mothúchánach an amygdala.
I bhfocail eile, trí ainmniú a thabhairt ar na mothúcháin a chonaic siad ar na pictiúir, laghdaigh rannpháirtithe an tionchar mothúchánach a bhí ag na pictiúir orthu.
Ina theannta sin, fuair Alex amach nach n-oibríonn sé a bheith ag iarraidh mothúcháin a chur faoi chois agus go bhféadfadh sé go héasca dul i ngleic leat féin. Nuair a dhéanann daoine iarracht mothúchán a chur faoi chois agus breathnú muiníneach agus dearfach, tá siad ag teip i gcónaí. Toisc cé go gceapann siad go bhfuil cuma mhaith orthu ón taobh amuigh, is féidir leis na mothúcháin dhiúltacha a bhraitheann siad taobh istigh a bheith níos déine nuair a bhíonn siad faoi chois go ciallmhar.
An réiteach? Is cinnte go ndéanann sé difríocht mhór a bheith agat na mothúcháin a bhíonn agat a lipéadú. Déan iarracht cúpla focal simplí a úsáid agus tú ag cur síos ar an mothúchán. Is féidir le bheith soiléir agus concise an mothúchán atá agat a laghdú go mór.
3. Tá an t-am ann. Déan cinneadh
Uaireanta, is féidir le cinneadh simplí a dhéanamh go mbraitheann muid go bhfuil rud éigin déanta againn agus go gcuireann sé suaimhneas orainn. Aontaíonn na neirbhéolaíochta freisin gur féidir le cinntí a dhéanamh mothúcháin imní agus imní a laghdú, agus is féidir leo cabhrú linn ár gcuid fadhbanna a réiteach níos éifeachtaí.
Áirítear sa phróiseas chun cinneadh a dhéanamh an rún cinneadh a dhéanamh ar dtús agus ansin na spriocanna a shocrú tríd an bpróiseas cinnteoireachta seo. Cuireann na trí chomhpháirt seo go léir cortex prefrontal an inchinn i ngníomh go dearfach, rud a fhágann go scoirfidh siad na mothúcháin diúltacha a bhíonn againn. Ligeann sé seo dúinn ár dtuairim ar an domhan a athrú agus díriú ar réiteach na faidhbe seachas gníomhú go impulsively.
Dá bhrí sin, nuair a bhíonn sé deacair orainn cinneadh a dhéanamh, molann néar-eolaithe nach gá dúinn cinneadh 100% is fearr a dhéanamh, ach is leor cinneadh "mhaith go leor" a dhéanamh.
Nuair a dhéanaimid iarracht cinneadh "dea-mhaith" a dhéanamh, bíonn an oiread sin oibre ar ár n-inchinn agus bíonn sé mearbhall orainn agus bíonn an chuma orainn nach bhfuil smacht againn ar an scéal. Nuair a roghnaímid "an cinneadh is fearr" seachas "an cinneadh is fearr", tá an ghníomhaíocht prefrontal ventromedial mothúchánach inár n-inchinn an-ard a fhágann go bhfuil meabhrú mothúchánach ann.
Faoi dheireadh, nuair a dhéanaimid cinneadh, tosaímid ag mothú láithreach go bhfuil smacht againn ar ár saol, agus an mothú seo go bhfuil gach rud le tuiscint ag laghdú strus agus ag méadú ár leibhéil áthas.
Mar shampla, is é seo a mhíníonn an fáth go bhfuil sé chomh deacair do roinnt daoine dul go rialta chuig an seomra aclaíochta. Nuair a bhraitheann muid gur chóir dúinn dul chuig an seomra aclaíochta, ach nár rinneamar an cinneadh sin deonach ní fhaigheann ár n-inchinn an treis phléasóireachta riachtanach; ní fhaigheann sé ach strus, agus ní bealach maith é seo chun tosú le nósanna nua.
4. Tá an t-am daoine a bhaint
Ní ar bhealach gnéis, ach ar bhealach grámhar agus tuisceana. Ciallaíonn, a thaispeáint do dhaoine a bhfuil cúram agat orthu agus a fháil na mothúcháin seo grá agus cúram ar ais. Toisc, is é an rud go bhfuil muid go léir ag iarraidh a bhraitheann grá agus glacadh ag daoine eile.
Deimhníonn néareolaíocht go bhfuil sé seo fíor freisin. I staidéar amháin, iarradh ar rannpháirtithe cluiche físeán liathróid a chaitheamh. Dúradh leo go raibh siad ag imirt i gcoinne fíor-imreoirí daonna, nuair a bhí siad ag imirt i gcoinne ríomhaire i ndáiríre.
Mar sin, nuair a stopadh na "imreoirí eile" (i.e., an clár ríomhaire) ag imirt go deas agus ag roinnt an liathróid, d'fhreagair brainsí na ndaoine fíor ar an mbealach céanna dá mba rud é go raibh pian fisiciúil orthu.
Sin an fáth go bhfuil teagmháil fhisiciúil agus nasc mothúchánach le daoine eile chomh tábhachtach nuair a thagann sé chun ár sonas.
Tá an-chumhacht ag teagmháil, agus is féidir le hug nó lámhdhéanamh simplí an cleas a dhéanamh.
Go deimhin, tá roinnt staidéir cruthaithe go laghdaíonn teagmháil fhisiciúil pian. Mar shampla, scanadh MRI staidéar amháin inchinn bean pósta agus a dúradh léi go bhfaigheadh sí cosc leictreach beag. Nuair a chuala sí seo, a n-inchinn ionaid pian agus imní méadaithe. Mar sin féin, nuair a ghlac sí lámh a fear céile, tháinig na mothúcháin seo ar ais go tobann.
Ina theannta sin, léiríonn staidéir go ndéantar an hormóin ocsaitócin a tháirgeann gabháil a tháirgeann ár sonas. Mar sin, téigh ar aghaidh, gabháil le duine éigin inniu agus déan iad sásta!
Comhroinn agus scaipeadh an feasacht!
Is scríbhneoir gairmiúil í Mary Wright le breis agus 10 mbliana de chleachtas gan stad. Tá a n-ábhar spéise ag dul timpeall ar réimsí na meabhair dhaonna agus caidrimh idirphearsanta daoine. Má tá ceist nó trácht ginearálta agat, comhlánaigh an fhoirm agus cuirfimid ar ais chugat a luaithe is féidir https://curiousmindmagazine.com/contact-us/ . |
La Tumba Francesa, is a traditional cultural dance, song, and drumming style that emerged in Oriente, Cuba by Haitian black slaves who were resettled in the island’s eastern regions following the unrest in Haiti during the 1790s. It combines music from West Africa and traditional French music. "Tumba" derives from "tambours", which is French for drums. It is one of several Haitian drumming styles that produces a very vibrant sound, often accompanied by trumpets, usually played by Cuban bands. The clothes of the dancers are colorful and flamboyant. It embodies one of the oldest and most tangible links to the Afro-Haitian heritage of Cuba’s Oriente province and developed from an eighteenth- century fusion of music from Dahomey in West Africa and traditional French dances. After Cuba’s abolition of slavery in 1886 and the resulting migration of former slaves to urban areas in search of work, tumba francesa societies emerged in several cities. The drums are played in both Santiago de Cuba and Haiti today. | <urn:uuid:0707d5f8-5925-44a8-b229-625ec5a486f9> | CC-MAIN-2014-15 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumba_francesa | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609527423.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005207-00157-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.975914 | 223 | 3.234375 | 3 | Is é La Tumba Francesa, damhsa, amhrán agus stíl drumaíochta cultúrtha traidisiúnta a tháinig chun cinn in Oriente, Cúba ag sclábhaithe dubha Haití a athlonnaíodh i réigiúin thoir an oileáin tar éis na neamhord san Ait sa 1790í. Comhcheanglaíonn sé ceol ó Iarthar na hAfraice agus ceol traidisiúnta na Fraince. Tagann "tumba" ó "tambours", rud a chiallaíonn drumaí sa bhFraincis. Tá sé ar cheann de roinnt stíleanna drumaíochta Haití a tháirgeann fuaim an-ghéar, a bhíonn go minic ag gabháil le trumpaí, a imríonn bannaí Cúba de ghnáth. Tá éadaí na damhsacha datha agus flamboyant. Tá sé ina cheann de na naisc is sine agus is inláimhsithe le oidhreacht Afro-Haitian chúige Oriente na Cúba agus d'fhorbair sé ó chomhcheangal ceoil ó Dahomey san Afraic Thiar agus damhsaí traidisiúnta na Fraince sa ochtú haois déag. Tar éis do Chúba sclábhaíocht a dhíothú i 1886 agus imirce iar-sclábhaithe a tháinig as sin go ceantair uirbeacha i lorg oibre, tháinig pobail tumba francesa chun cinn i roinnt cathracha. Tá an drumaí á imirt i Santiago de Cuba agus in Haiti inniu. |
An increasing number of children are growing up in environments in which more than one language is spoken. For many of these children, early childhood education and care (ECEC) is often their first contact with the majority language of the country in which they are growing up. This situation adds to the crucial role that ECEC professionals play in children’s education.
Children from multilingual families bring an added richness to the ECEC centre. Their full language repertoire is both a resource for the child’s own holistic development, and enriches the learning experiences of the other children. Policy recommendations at European level, as well as the United Nations (UN) Convention on the Rights of the Child advocate for language learning from a young age and promotion of multilingual education in ECEC.
However, multilingualism presents specific challenges for ECEC professionals. To support multilingual children and families, ECEC staff must possess complex knowledge, skills and competences, as well as an understanding of child development and early childhood pedagogy. The purpose of this report is to formulate research- and practice-based policy recommendations for high-quality Continuous Professional Development to support ECEC professionals working with multilingual children and families. | <urn:uuid:a5115d7d-3007-4644-82af-e12a727dd360> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.reyn.eu/resource_group/workforce/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510481.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20230929022639-20230929052639-00790.warc.gz | en | 0.949748 | 244 | 2.953125 | 3 | Tá líon méadaitheach páistí ag fás suas i dtimpeallachtaí ina labhraítear níos mó ná teanga amháin. I gcás go leor de na páistí seo, is minic gurb é oideachas agus cúram luathóige (ECEC) a chéad teagmháil le teanga tromlaigh na tíre ina bhfuil siad ag fás aníos. Tá an cás seo ag cur leis an ról ríthábhachtach a bhíonn ag gairmithe ECEC i oideachas leanaí.
Tugann leanaí ó theaghlaigh ilteangacha saibhreas breise don ionad ECEC. Is acmhainn é a gcuid clár teanga iomlán d'fhorbairt iomlánach an linbh féin, agus saibhríonn sé eispéiris foghlama na leanaí eile. Molann moltaí beartais ar leibhéal na hEorpa, chomh maith le Coinbhinsiún na Náisiún Aontaithe (NA) um Chearta an Linbh foghlaim teanga ó aois óg agus oideachas ilteangach a chur chun cinn i gColáistí Bunscoile agus Oideachais.
Mar sin féin, tá dúshláin shonracha ag baint le ilteangachas do ghairmithe ECEC. Chun tacú le leanaí agus le teaghlaigh ilteangacha, ní mór go mbeadh eolas, scileanna agus inniúlachtaí casta ag foireann an ECEC, chomh maith le tuiscint a bheith acu ar fhorbairt na linbh agus ar theagasc luathóige. Is é cuspóir an tuarascála seo moltaí beartais bunaithe ar thaighde agus ar chleachtas a fhoirmiú le haghaidh Forbartha Gairmiúil Leanúnach ardchaighdeáin chun tacú le gairmithe ECEC a oibríonn le leanaí agus le teaghlaigh ilteangacha. |
The inauguration of President Tsai Ing-wen (蔡英文) and vice president-elect William Lai (賴清德) today is to be a formal, dignified occasion, even though all public celebrations have had to be canceled out of fear of the novel coronavirus outbreak.
Everyone is curious about what Tsai’s remarks on cross-strait relations will be. As she disregarded the “one China” principle in her 2016 inaugural address, she is likely to assert Taiwan’s separate identity and outline her holistic vision of the nation’s development.
Her electoral victory was a hard-fought battle against external and internal pressures. Despite the increasing diplomatic isolation of Taiwan, the growing frustration with China has turned into a powerful impetus for supporting Tsai’s effort to fight for national sovereignty.
Throughout the years, China’s ascension to power and the remaking of Asian geopolitics have weakened the diplomatic space for Taiwan. As China becomes more proactive in the global community, it has striven to restrict Taiwanese pro-independence forces through a combination of coercive and co-optative measures, stopping Taiwanese participation in multinational organizations and targeting its few diplomatic allies.
The best example is Taiwan’s troublesome relationship with the WHO. In 1972, Taiwan was expelled from the WHO under World Health Assembly Resolution 25.1. Twenty-five years later, Taiwan applied for readmission into the World Health Assembly as an observer, but China mobilized its allies from the developing world to reject the request.
Taiwan made the same request year after year, and China had it denied each time until 2009, when then-president Ma Ying-jeou (馬英九) was in office, who kept good terms with China. From 2009 to 2016, Taiwan attended the assembly as an observer.
However, since Tsai took office, Taiwan has not been invited to the assembly. This actually deprives Taiwan of a formal channel to access major information about global health alerts and epidemic outbreaks, and to contribute the nation’s expertise to resolving common medical challenges.
Worse still, China has launched an aggressive international campaign to force Taiwan to change its national title to “Chinese Taipei,” or to withdraw itself from other global institutions.
In 2007, China pushed the World Organisation for Animal Health to support a resolution that “there is only one China in the world and Taiwan is an inalienable part of the Chinese territory, and the government of the People’s Republic of China is the sole legal government representing all China.”
This deeply politicized resolution was designed to change Taiwan’s status from a full member to a non-sovereign regional member, and to alter its title from the “Republic of China on Taiwan” to “Taiwan, China.” At that time, the US and allies gave in to the “one China” principle and failed to stand up for Taiwan.
Recognizing that such hostile gestures fail to win the hearts and minds of Taiwanese, China has embraced a comprehensive strategy of economic integration, offering material incentives to Taiwanese through a series of policies known as the “31 measures,” introduced in February 2018.
These regulations lure Taiwanese entrepreneurs, professionals and educators to relocate to China with generous tax benefits, loans and grants. The ultimate objective is to incorporate Taiwan into China through all levels of people-to-people exchange.
The frequent cross-strait exchanges clearly benefit Taiwan’s commercial and professional sectors, but have failed to foster a sense of Chinese nationalism against Taiwanese consciousness.
The disastrous performance of the pro-unification Chinese Nationalist Party (KMT) in recent legislative and presidential elections suggests that the pro-independence agenda has become part of the political mainstream, and that the Democratic Progressive Party is to stay in power for a while.
Against the backdrop of escalating bilateral tensions and rivalries in a post-pandemic world, US presidential candidates of both parties are going to use the Taiwan issue as a trump card against China.
Seeing China as a formidable global competitor, whoever wins the White House in November will advocate a more engaging security strategy that reaffirms the US’ commitment to defend Taiwan and modernize its military.
Although China is widely perceived by the media as a unipolar power in the Western Pacific, any attempt by Beijing to destabilize the Taiwan Strait is bound to antagonize neighboring states and raise the concern about China’s threat to geopolitical stability.
Furthermore, Taiwan still maintains impressive humanistic connections and economic links worldwide. Effective use of informal diplomacy should permit the nation to shine and thrive in a seemingly hostile environment.
In light of compelling diplomatic and geopolitical problems, the best way for Tsai to move forward is to deepen ties with global civil society, and advance formal and informal alliances with countries to balance any external security threats. By upholding the pillars of a liberal world order and engaging with multilateral bodies, her administration will gain respect and recognition from the wider world.
Joseph Tse-hei Lee is history professor at Pace University in New York City.
The Central Epidemic Command Center (CECC) has been giving daily COVID-19 updates for almost four months, and on several occasions when major developments have arisen, the news conferences have attracted large numbers of viewers. The entire nation is anxious about the pandemic, and interest in the latest news has become a part of daily life. Watching the center’s daily news conferences has become something of a national ritual. The pandemic has stabilized within Taiwan due to the admirable efforts of each person living in the nation conducting themselves with the utmost responsibility, and in certain cases making considerable sacrifices within their
This year marks the 75th anniversary of the end of World War II. In that war’s aftermath, novelist George Orwell produced two prophetic works. The first, Animal Farm, was published in August 1945; the second, Nineteen Eighty-Four, came out in June 1949. Both still ring true and cover a wide range of messages, including even how the mid-sized nation of Taiwan achieved its democracy and why it still maintains an outlier status in a COVID-19 world. With its full planetary scope, WWII left untold millions dead and injured, cities were destroyed and the future path of most nations was altered. New
Israel-based geo-intelligence data provider ImageSat International on May 13 released a satellite photograph of the Chinese-controlled Fiery Cross Reef (Yongshu Reef, 永暑礁) on Twitter. The image gave a clear view of Chinese People’s Liberation Army (PLA) Air Force Shaanxi KJ-500 airborne early-warning aircraft, KQ-200 anti-submarine maritime patrol aircraft and a suspected Changhe Z-18 anti-submarine helicopter, showing that the PLA has advanced its deployment in the South China Sea. Only last month, China established Xisha District (西沙) on Woody Island (Yongxing Island, 永興島) and Nansha District (南沙) on the reef, both of which fall under Sansha, a prefecture-level city established in
United States Senator “Kit” Bond (R-MO) was a real leader on Asia policy during his time in Congress. Like most senators, he had a ready one-liner for every occasion. The one I never tired of hearing is “Well, looks like everything has been said. The problem is not everyone has said it.” It’s sort of like with US-China great power competition. There is not much new to say. This is especially true because it’s largely a story of what’s already happened: BRI, Made in China 2025, aggression in the South China Sea, provocations on the Indian border, cyber-hacks, erosion of “one country, | <urn:uuid:b86c554d-344b-4f0b-a082-1e7418cf3db0> | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/editorials/archives/2020/05/20/2003736716 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347413097.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20200531085047-20200531115047-00459.warc.gz | en | 0.950429 | 1,651 | 2.65625 | 3 | Tá an ionagrúchán ar an Uachtarán Tsai Ing-wen (英文) agus an Leas-Uachtarán-tofa William Lai (賴清德) inniu le bheith ina ócáid foirmiúil, dínit, cé go raibh ar gach ceiliúradh poiblí a chur ar ceal as eagla an ráig nua coronavirus.
Tá gach duine aisteach faoi cad a bheidh Tsai's ráitis ar an tras-strait caidrimh a bheith. Ós rud é gur dhiúltaigh sí do phrionsabal "an tSín amháin" ina óráid ionchuir 2016, is dócha go gcuirfidh sí aitheantas ar leithligh Taiwan i bhfeidhm agus go ndéanfaidh sí léargas iomlánach ar fhorbairt na náisiúin.
Bhí a bua toghcháin ina chath crua i gcoinne brú seachtrach agus inmheánach. In ainneoin na leithscéal taidhleoireachta atá ag méadú ar Taiwan, tá an frustrachas atá ag fás leis an tSín tar éis éirí ina spreagadh cumhachtach chun tacú le hiarrachtaí Tsai chun troid ar son na neamhspleáchais náisiúnta.
Le blianta anuas, tá ardú cumhachta na Síne agus athdhéanamh na tíre-pholaitíochta san Áise tar éis an spás taidhleoireachta a lagú do Taiwan. De réir mar a bhíonn an tSín níos gníomhaí sa phobal domhanda, tá sé ag iarraidh fórsaí neamhspleáchais Taiwanese a shrianadh trí mheáin choiriúla agus comhghleacaitheacha a chur le chéile, ag cur stop le rannpháirtíocht Taiwanese in eagraíochtaí ilnáisiúnta agus ag díriú ar a cuid comhghuaillithe taidhleoireachta.
Is é an sampla is fearr ná caidreamh trioblóideach Taiwan le WHO. Sa bhliain 1972, cuireadh Taiwan as an Eagraíocht Dhomhanda Sláinte faoi Rún 25.1 den Tionól Sláinte Domhanda. Cúig bliana fichead ina dhiaidh sin, d'iarr Taiwan ar athghlacadh isteach san Tionól Sláinte Domhanda mar bhreathnóir, ach chuir an tSín a chomhghuaillithe ó na tíortha i mbéal forbartha i bhfeidhm chun an t-iarratas a dhiúltú.
Rinne Taiwan an t-iarratas céanna bliain i ndiaidh bliana, agus dhiúltaíodh don tSín é gach uair go dtí 2009, nuair a bhí an t-uachtarán Ma Ying-jeou (馬英九) in oifig, a choinnigh dea-chaidreamh leis an tSín. Ó 2009 go 2016, d'fhreastail Taiwan ar an tionól mar bhreathnóir.
Mar sin féin, ó ghlac Tsai oifig, níor cuireadh Taiwan chuig an tionól. Go deimhin, cuireann sé seo cosc ar Taiwan cainéal foirmiúil chun rochtain a fháil ar fhaisnéis mhór faoi rabhaidh sláinte domhanda agus ráigí eipidéime, agus chun saineolas na tíre a chur le réiteach dúshláin mhíochaine choitianta.
Níos measa fós, sheol an tSín feachtas idirnáisiúnta ionsaitheach chun é a chur ar an bhfios go n-athróidh Taiwan a teideal náisiúnta go "Taipei na Síne", nó go dtarraingeodh sé as institiúidí domhanda eile.
I 2007, chuir an tSín brú ar an Eagraíocht Dhomhanda um Sláinte Ainmhithe tacú le rún go bhfuil "níl ach tSín amháin ar domhan agus go bhfuil Taiwan mar chuid dochloíte de chríoch na Síne, agus go bhfuil rialtas Phoblacht na Síne an t-aon rialtas dlíthiúil a dhéanann ionadaíocht ar an tSín ar fad".
Bhí an rún seo, a bhí an-poiliteáilte, deartha chun stádas Taiwan a athrú ó bhall iomlán go ball réigiúnach neamh-údarás, agus a theideal a athrú ó Poblacht na Síne ar Taiwan go Taiwan, an tSín. Ag an am sin, thug na Stáit Aontaithe agus na comhghuaillithe isteach ar phrionsabal an tSín amháin agus níor éirigh leo seasamh suas ar son Taiwan.
Ag aithint nach éiríonn le gníomhartha naimhdeacha den sórt sin croí agus intinn Taiwanese a bhuachan, ghlac an tSín le straitéis chuimsitheach comhtháthaithe eacnamaíoch, ag tairiscint dreasachtaí ábhartha do Taiwanese trí shraith bheartais ar a dtugtar bearta 31 , a tugadh isteach i mí Feabhra 2018.
Tá na rialacháin seo ag mealladh fiontraithe, gairmithe agus oideachasóirí Taiwanese chun athlonnú go dtí an tSín le sochair chánach, iasachtaí agus deontais mhór. Is é an cuspóir deiridh Taiwan a ionchorprú sa tSín trí gach leibhéal malartaithe ó dhaoine go daoine.
Tá sé soiléir go bhfuil na malartuithe go minic trasna na stráice ag baint tairbhe as earnálacha tráchtála agus gairmiúla Taiwan, ach níor éirigh leo mothú náisiúnachas na Síne a chothú i gcoinne chonaic Taiwanese.
Tugann feidhmíocht tubaisteach an Pháirtí Náisiúntaigh Sháinis (KMT) a bhí ag tacú le haontú i dtoghcháin reachtacha agus uachtaránachta le déanaí le tuiscint go bhfuil an clár oibre pro-neamhspleáchas tar éis a bheith mar chuid den phríomhshruth polaitiúil, agus go bhfuil an Páirtí Forbartha Daonlathach chun fanacht sa chumhacht ar feadh tamaill.
I gcoinne an chúlra de teannas déthaobhach agus iomaíochtaí atá ag éirí níos mó i saol iar-pandemic, tá iarrthóirí uachtaránachta na Stát Aontaithe ó gach páirtí ag dul a úsáid an tsaincheist Taiwan mar chárta trumpa i gcoinne na Síne.
Ag féachaint ar an tSín mar iomaitheoir domhanda uafásach, cibé duine a bhuaigh an Teach Bán i mí na Samhna, beidh sé ina abhcóide ar straitéis slándála níos tarraingtí a dhaingníonn tiomantas na Stát Aontaithe chun Taiwan a chosaint agus a arm a nuachóiriú.
Cé go bhfuil an tSín a mheas go forleathan ag na meáin mar chumhacht unipolar sa Aigéan Ciúin Thiar, aon iarracht ag Beijing chun an Strait Taiwan a destabilize tá sé ag teastáil chun antagonize tíortha comharsanacha agus ardú an imní faoi bhagairt na Síne ar chobhsaíocht gheopoiliciúil.
Ina theannta sin, coinníonn Taiwan naisc dhaonna agus naisc eacnamaíocha suntasacha ar fud an domhain fós. Ba cheart go gcuirfeadh úsáid éifeachtach na taidhleoireachta neamhfhoirmiúla ar chumas na náisiúin a bheith ag geal agus ag fás sa timpeallacht a bhfuil cuma naimhdeach air.
I bhfianaise na fadhbanna dioplómacha agus geopolitical a spreagadh, is é an bealach is fearr do Tsai chun dul ar aghaidh ná naisc a dhoimhneáil leis an tsochaí shibhialta domhanda, agus comhghuaillíochtaí foirmiúla agus neamhfhoirmiúla a chur chun cinn le tíortha chun aon bhagairtí slándála seachtracha a chothromú. Trí chúlghairm a thabhairt do cholúnna ordlathas domhanda liobrálacha agus trí bheith páirteach i gcomhlachtaí iltaobhacha, gheobhaidh a riarachán meas agus aitheantas ón domhan níos leithne.
Is ollamh staire é Joseph Tse-hei Lee in Ollscoil Pace i gCathair Nua Eabhrac.
Tá an Lárionad Ceannais Eipidéime (CECC) ag tabhairt nuashonruithe laethúla COVID-19 le beagnach ceithre mhí, agus ar roinnt ócáidí nuair a tháinig forbairtí móra chun cinn, mheall na comhdhálacha nuachta líon mór lucht féachana. Tá an náisiún ar fad buartha faoin bpaindéim, agus tá suim sna nuacht is déanaí ina chuid den saol laethúil. Tá sé ina nós náisiúnta ag féachaint ar choinbhinsiúin nuachta laethúla an ionaid. Tá an paindéim cobhsaí laistigh de Taiwan mar gheall ar na hiarrachtaí iontacha a rinne gach duine a chónaíonn sa náisiún ag iompar iad féin leis an fhreagracht is mó, agus i gcásanna áirithe ag déanamh íobairtí suntasacha laistigh dá gcuid
Is é an bhliain seo an 75ú bliain ó dheireadh an Dara Cogadh Domhanda. I ndiaidh na cogaidh sin, d'eisigh an nobhailí George Orwell dhá shaothar fáidh. Foilsíodh an chéad cheann, Animal Farm, i mí Lúnasa 1945; an dara ceann, Nineteen Eighty-Four, i mí an Mheithimh 1949. Tá an dá rud fós fíor agus clúdaíonn siad raon leathan teachtaireachtaí, lena n-áirítear fiú conas a bhain náisiún meánmhéide Taiwan a dhaonlathas amach agus cén fáth go gcoinníonn sé stádas neamhghnách i saol COVID-19. Le raon feidhme iomlán pláinéad, d'fhág WWII na milliúin marbh agus gortaithe, scriosadh cathracha agus athraíodh cosán todhchaí an chuid is mó náisiúin. Nua
D'eisigh soláthraí sonraí geo-ghrianghrafadóireachta atá lonnaithe in Iosrael, ImageSat International, grianghraf satailíte de Chraobh Chróis Fiery (Craobh Yongshu, 永暑礁) faoi smacht na Síne ar Twitter an 13 Bealtaine. Thug an íomhá radharc soiléir ar eitleán luathrabhaidh aerfoirt Shaanxi KJ-500 Arm Saoirse Phobail na Síne (PLA), eitleán patrólaigh farraige KQ-200 agus héileacaptar frith-submarine Changhe Z-18, ag taispeáint go bhfuil an PLA tar éis a imscaradh sa Mhuir Theas na Síne a chur chun cinn. Níos déanaí an mhí seo caite, bhunaigh an tSín Dúiche Xisha (西沙) ar Oileán Woody (Oileán Yongxing, 永興島) agus Dúiche Nansha (南沙) ar an bhfásach, agus tá an dá cheann faoi Sansha, cathair ar leibhéal an choirnéil a bunaíodh i
Bhí Seanadóir na Stát Aontaithe Kit Bond (R-MO) ina cheannaire fíor ar bheartas na hÁise le linn a chuid ama sa Chomhdháil. Cosúil le formhór na seanadóirí, bhí líne amháin réidh aige do gach ócáid. An ceann nach bhfuil mé tuirseach de éisteacht ná "Bhuel, is cosúil go bhfuil gach rud a dúirt. Is é an fhadhb nach bhfuil gach duine a dúirt sé. Tá sé cineál cosúil le US-China mórchumhacht iomaíocht. Níl mórán nua le rá. Tá sé seo fíor go háirithe toisc go bhfuil sé i bhfad ar scéal de na rudaí a tharla cheana féin: BRI, Déanta sa tSín 2025, ionsaí i Muir na Síne Theas, provocations ar an teorainn Indiach, cyber-hacks, creimeadh ar one tír, |
- 2012 INDIES Winner
- Gold, Young Adult Nonfiction (Children's)
Highlighting fifty events spanning the twentieth century, Hallie Fryd identifies issues that helped shape American culture over that time, making insightful connections between significant contemporary and historical events. These events typically involve behavior that went against the social norms of the era, and public outrage or support, sometimes in the form of a protest, played a part in the outcome.
In making connections between older and and more recent events, Fryd illustrates that many current cultural and political issues are actually long-standing ones. For example, the release of Upton Sinclair’s novel The Jungle in 1906 exposed unsafe worker conditions in meatpacking plants. It led to the formation of unions, as well as governmental oversight of workplace practices and food safety, an issue highlighted recently in the 2008 documentary Food Inc. The debate about whether gay soldiers should be able to serve openly in the military is often associated with political discourse in the 1990s, but Fryd traces it back to 1919, when FDR, then assistant secretary of the Navy, approved a sting operation to expose gay soldiers. She cites other events that led to commonly used phrases, the origins of which may not be familiar, including the term “Ponzi scheme,” which refers to the plan used by Charles Ponzi in 1920 to defraud investors. He kept the money and used it to pay dividends to older investors—a strategy, Fryd notes, that will be familiar to readers who followed the Bernie Madoff case in 2008.
The casual, conversational tone of the text, presented in small chunks, and the colorful graphics that accompany the information, highlight key facts and recreate the look of websites and blogs, which will appeal to a younger audience, enticing them to learn about cultural history. However, no sources are cited for the factual information, and a few of the descriptions presented in this abridged format are incomplete or misleading. For example, the woman at the center of the Roe v. Wade case is referred to as Jane Roe, but there is no mention that it was a pseudonym, a play on “Jane Doe,” to conceal Norma McCorvey’s identity during the legal proceedings. Also, televangelists are described as unpopular following fallout from the Jim Bakker sex and money scandal in 1987, even though Billy Graham has remained popular and new, widely followed televangelists such as Joel Osteen have emerged in the years since.
Overall, by connecting events during the past century in a fun format, Fryd provides an entertaining read while reinforcing that history matters.
Disclosure: This article is not an endorsement, but a review. The author of this book provided free copies of the book and paid a small fee to have their book reviewed by a professional reviewer. Foreword Reviews and Clarion Reviews make no guarantee that the author will receive a positive review. Foreword Magazine, Inc. is disclosing this in accordance with the Federal Trade Commission’s 16 CFR, Part 255. | <urn:uuid:05b41b08-1cfd-4a0f-8e27-1ab1f300bd23> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | https://www.forewordreviews.com/reviews/scandalous-50-shocking-events-you-should-know-about/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818685698.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20170919131102-20170919151102-00145.warc.gz | en | 0.955824 | 617 | 2.9375 | 3 | - 2012 Indies Winner
- Óir, Neamh-Fhealsúnacht do Dhaoine Fásta Óga (Leanaí)
Ag cur béime ar chúig scoth imeachtaí a bhí ar siúl sa ficheú haois, aithníonn Hallie Fryd saincheisteanna a chabhraigh le cultúr Mheiriceá a mhúnlú le linn na tréimhse sin, agus déanann sí naisc léargas idir imeachtaí suntasacha comhaimseartha agus stairiúla. Is gnách go mbíonn i gceist leis na himeachtaí seo iompar a chuaigh i gcoinne nósanna sóisialta na ré, agus bhí tionchar ag an scrios poiblí nó tacaíocht, uaireanta i bhfoirm agóide, ar an toradh.
Agus nasc á dhéanamh aige idir imeachtaí níos sine agus is déanaí, léiríonn Fryd go bhfuil go leor saincheisteanna cultúrtha agus polaitiúla reatha i ndáiríre ar dhaoine a bhí ann le fada. Mar shampla, nochtadh nobhail Upton Sinclair The Jungle i 1906 coinníollacha neamhshláintiúla oibrithe i mhonarcha pacála feola. Mar thoradh air sin, bunaíodh ceardchumainn, chomh maith le maoirseacht rialtais ar chleachtais san ionad oibre agus ar shábháilteacht bia, saincheist a leagadh béim air le déanaí sa chlár faisnéise Food Inc. 2008. Is minic a bhaineann an díospóireacht faoi cibé an chóir do shaighdiúirí aeracha a bheith in ann freastal go hoscailte san arm le cainte polaitiúil sna 1990idí, ach leanann Fryd ar ais go 1919, nuair a cheadaigh FDR, ansin mar chúntóir ar rúnaí na Mara, oibríocht sting chun saighdiúirí aeracha a nochtadh. Tugann sí luaite eile imeachtaí a d'fhág go coitianta a úsáidtear frásaí, a d'fhéadfadh a bheith a thionscnamh nach bhfuil a fhios, lena n-áirítear an téarma "Ponzi scéim, "a thagraíonn don phlean a úsáideann Charles Ponzi i 1920 chun infheisteoirí a scriosadh. D'fhág sé an t-airgead agus d'úsáid sé é chun díbhinní a íoc le hinfheisteoirí níos sine - straitéis, a thugann Fryd faoi deara, a bheidh ar eolas ag léitheoirí a lean an cás Bernie Madoff i 2008.
Tá an t-aistriúchán, a chuirtear i láthair i gcodanna beaga, agus na grafaicí datha a ghabhann leis an bhfaisnéis, ag cur béime ar fhíricí tábhachtacha agus ag athchruthú cuma láithreáin ghréasáin agus bhlaganna, a thabharfaidh tarraingt ar lucht féachana níos óige, ag cur iallach orthu foghlaim faoi stair chultúrtha. Ní luaitear foinsí ar bith, áfach, chun na faisnéise fíoracha a chur i láthair, agus tá roinnt de na tuairiscí a chuirtear i láthair sa fhoirm ghearrte seo neamhiomlán nó míthreorach. Mar shampla, tugtar Jane Roe ar an mbean i lár chás Roe v. Wade, ach níl aon luaite ann gur pseudonym é, cluiche ar Jane Doe, chun aitheantas Norma McCorvey a cheilt le linn na n-imeachtaí dlíthiúla. Chomh maith leis sin, déantar cur síos ar theilifís-eangailisteoirí mar neamh-tóir tar éis na scaipeadh ó scandal gnéis agus airgid Jim Bakker i 1987, cé gur fhan Billy Graham tóir agus tá teilifís-eangailisteoirí nua, a leanann go forleathan mar Joel Osteen tagtha chun cinn sna blianta ó shin.
Ar an iomlán, trí imeachtaí a nascadh le linn na céadta bliain anuas i bhformáid spraíúil, soláthraíonn Fryd léitheoireacht siamsaíochta agus é ag daingniú go bhfuil tábhacht ag an stair.
Nochtadh: Ní le moladh atá an t-alt seo, ach athbhreithniú. Thug údar an leabhair seo cóipeanna saor in aisce den leabhar agus d'íoc sé táille beag chun go ndéanfadh athbhreithniú gairmiúil ar a leabhar. Ní thugann Athbhreithnithe Réamhrá agus Athbhreithnithe Clarion aon ráthaíocht go bhfaighidh an t-údar athbhreithniú dearfach. Tá Foreword Magazine, Inc. ag nochtadh é seo i gcomhréir le 16 CFR, Cuid 255 an Choimisiúin Trádála Chónaidhme. |
Solar Street Lighting
The threat of climate change due to a dramatic increase of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions like methane, and hydrofluorocarbons, have accelerated dramatically after the Industrial Revolution and increased the threat of climate change in the past few decades, threatening both the environment and our society.
The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), the United Nations body for assessing the science related to climate change, reported in his 2014 Mitigation of Climate Change study that the burning of coal, natural gas, and oil for electricity and heat is the largest single source of global greenhouse gas emissions amounting a 25%.
Meanwhile, the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) reflected in their latest Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions, that the electric power sector is among the largest contributors of greenhouse gases in the United States, representing 28% of all emissions.
n order to reduce air pollution produced by carbon emissions and other harmful greenhouse gases, one of the priorities of governments, environmentally conscious corporations, and citizens around the world, has been reducing our reliance on fossil fuels and faster adoption of renewable energy sources like solar energy, to power a clean and affordable economic future.
LEDs and Solar Power
The Alternatives to Conventional Street Lights
Today, cities and municipalities around the world are transitioning from older tech represented by non-renewable technology (incandescent bulbs, fluorescent and mercury street light bulbs to modern solar-powered street lights (LED) due to the great benefits they provide over traditional lighting. Solar Street Lighting.
LED stands for the light-emitting diode. A diode is an electrical device – made from semi-conductive materials such as silicon or selenium with two electrodes: an anode and a cathode: through which electricity flows, when current passes through the semiconductor material the device emits a visible light that is reliable, instantaneous, and able to be dimmed. Solar Street Lighting.
These unique characteristics and others like compact size, long life, resistance to breakage and vibration, good performance in cold temperatures, lack of infrared or ultraviolet emissions, ability to dim and provide color control, and instant-on performance, have transformed everything from car headlights to streetlights and even Christmas trees.
Compared to their conventional incandescent or high-pressure sodium (HPS) counterparts, solar street light with LEDs uses less energy, produce better, more direct light, and last almost seven times as long, resulting in significant cost savings.
The new generation of solar street lights, use LEDs as light sources and are cheaper in terms of initial investment, operational and maintenance costs and infrastructure need it before deployment, meaning that more street lights can be installed for the same cost while delivering greater benefits for the people and the environment.
Solar Street Lights Benefits and Advantages Over Traditional Street Lights
When it comes to traditional lighting, the major expense with traditional street lighting comes from the initial installation, maintenance, and of course, energy costs for the ongoing operation of the lights. Solar Street Lighting.
The estimated street light pole and installation cost in the United States are between $2000 to $3000 per light pole and an added cost of up to $1000 for the installation, electricians’ labor, and an ongoing cost of $10.36 kw/h as per energy consumption U.S average electricity cost.
Traditional streetlights are also grid-dependent, and hard to install in remote locations without supporting infrastructure.
In contrast, Solar Street Lights, are proving to be a financially smart decision, easier and faster to install, and good for the environment making it a clear choice when compared to traditional ones. Solar Street Lighting.
Some of the greatest benefits of Solar over Conventional Street Lights are:
- Compared to conventional incandescent or high-pressure sodium (HPS) lights, solar street lights use less energy, produce better, more direct light, and last longer making them more cost-effective in the long run.
- Solar street lights use renewable energy instead of fossil fuels, reducing the carbon emissions and energy expenditure of traditional lights.
- Their typical rated lifespan ranges from 15,000 to 50,000 hours compared to 2,000 to 29,000 hours for a traditional light.
- Monthly energy bills and maintenance costs are very little to non-existent resulting in significant savings over the lifespan of the light and in most cases reducing the original cost of the light to 0.
- A solar streetlight can work without being affected by power outages, grid failures, power interruptions due to natural disasters, and many other factors that can impact the proper functioning of traditional streetlights dependent on the grid.
- Using smart and green technology, solar street lights operators can configure lighting schedules to collect data like energy consumption, temperature, and efficiency of each individual fixture. This way they can discover all kinds of issues like malfunctions or lack of connectivity by being alerted in real-time.
- Modern solar street lights have built-in solar panels, batteries, motion sensors, and control modules which allow a simple and faster deployment and installation over traditional street lights as no trenching for power lines or power infrastructure construction is necessary.
- Solar-powered streetlights can work regardless of grid failures, power interruptions due to natural disasters, and many other factors that can impact the functioning of grid-dependent traditional streetlights.
Solar Street Lights, the Green Alternative for a Cleaner and Brighter Future
Successful cost-effective deployments of solar street lights are clear, real-life examples of the benefits of solar street lights while showing national governments, private enterprises, and citizens around the world, that we can build smarter, brighter, safer, and more productive cities while reducing carbon emissions, pollution, and the costs of maintenance and installation of street lighting. A total social, economic, and environmental win. | <urn:uuid:7885be26-2d04-4e60-8c4c-01ac8e7c1338> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://soherwardiasolar.com/solar-street-lighting/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510100.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20230925215547-20230926005547-00649.warc.gz | en | 0.910528 | 1,194 | 3.59375 | 4 | Solas Sráide Sólar
Tá bagairt an athraithe aeráide mar gheall ar mhéadú suntasach ar astaíochtaí dé-ocsaíd charbóin agus gáis cheaptha teasa eile (GCE) cosúil le meitéin, agus hidrifluórachcarbóin, tar éis an Réabhlóid Thionsclaíoch a luathachadh go suntasach agus méadaigh bagairt an athraithe aeráide le cúpla bliain anuas, ag bagairt ar an gcomhshaol agus ar ár sochaí araon.
Tuairiscíodh ag an bPainéal Idir-Rialtasach um Athrú Aeráide (IPCC), comhlacht na Náisiún Aontaithe chun an eolaíocht a bhaineann le hathrú aeráide a mheas, ina staidéar ar mhaolú ar Athrú Aeráide in 2014 gurbh é dóiteadh guail, gáis nádúrtha agus ola le haghaidh leictreachais agus teasa an fhoinse aonair is mó d'astaíochtaí gáis cheaptha teasa domhanda a mhéid 25%.
Idir an dá linn, léiríodh ag an nGníomhaireacht um Chosaint Comhshaoil na Stát Aontaithe (EPA) ina n-Ionad Úrscéalta de Gás Ceaptha Teasa na Stát Aontaithe is déanaí, go bhfuil an earnáil chumhacht leictreach i measc na ranníocóirí is mó de ghás ceaptha teasa sna Stáit Aontaithe, a léiríonn 28% de na hastaíochtaí go léir.
Chun truailliú aeir a tháirgtear trí astaíochtaí carbóin agus gáis cheaptha teasa díobhálacha eile a laghdú, tá ceann de thosaíochtaí rialtais, corparáidí atá comhshaoil-chomasach, agus saoránaigh ar fud an domhain, ag laghdú ár n-iontaobhas ar bhreoslaí iontaise agus glacadh níos tapúla foinsí fuinnimh in-athnuaite mar fhuinneamh gréine, chun todhchaí eacnamaíoch glan agus inacmhainne a chumhachtú.
LEDanna agus Cumhacht Sólar
Na roghanna eile i gcomparáid le soilse sráide traidisiúnta
Sa lá atá inniu ann, tá cathracha agus bardais ar fud an domhain ag aistriú ó shean-theicneolaíocht a léirítear le teicneolaíocht neamh-inathnuaite ( bolgáin ghlanmhar, bolgáin soilse agus soilse sráide mearcair) go soilse sráide nua-aimseartha solár-chumhachtaithe (LED) mar gheall ar na buntáistí móra a sholáthraíonn siad thar soilsiú traidisiúnta. Solas Sráide Sólar.
Is éard atá i LED ná an diod a astaíonn solas. Is feiste leictreach é diod déanta as ábhair leathsheoltóra amhail sileacain nó seiléiniam le dhá leictreód: anód agus catód: trína sreabhann leictreachas, nuair a théann sruth tríd an ábhar leathsheoltóra scaipeann an feiste solas infheicthe atá iontaofa, láithreach, agus is féidir é a mhaolú. Solas Sráide Sólar.
Tá na tréithe uathúla seo agus tréithe eile cosúil le méid dlúth, saol fada, friotaíocht in aghaidh briseadh agus vibration, feidhmíocht mhaith i teochtaí fuar, eisiúintí infridhearg nó ultraivialait gan aon, cumas a mhaolú agus rialú datha a sholáthar, agus feidhmíocht láithreach, tar éis gach rud a athrú ó lámha tosaigh gluaisteán go soilse sráide agus fiú crainn Nollag.
I gcomparáid lena gcomhghleacaithe traidisiúnta incandescent nó sóidiam ardphrionsachta (HPS), úsáideann solas sráide gréine le LEDanna níos lú fuinnimh, táirgeann sé solas níos fearr, níos díreacha, agus maireann sé beagnach seacht n-uaire níos faide, rud a fhágann go sábhálann sé costas suntasach.
Tá an ghlúin nua de sholas sráide gréine, a úsáideann LEDanna mar fhoinsí solais agus atá níos saoire ó thaobh infheistíochta tosaigh, costais oibríochtúla agus cothabhála agus bonneagair de, ag teastáil uaidh sula ndéantar é a imscaradh, rud a chiallaíonn gur féidir níos mó sholas sráide a shuiteáil ar an gcostas céanna agus tairbhe níos mó a sholáthar do dhaoine agus don chomhshaol.
Sochair agus buntáistí solais sráide gréine thar soilse sráide traidisiúnta
Nuair a thagann sé chun soilsiú traidisiúnta, an costas is mó le soilsiú sráide traidisiúnta a thagann ó an suiteáil tosaigh, cothabháil, agus ar ndóigh, costais fuinnimh le haghaidh oibriú leanúnach na soilse. Solas Sráide Sólar.
Tá an costas measta póil solais sráide agus suiteála sna Stáit Aontaithe idir $ 2000 go $ 3000 in aghaidh an phoil solais agus costas breise suas le $ 1000 don suiteáil, saothair leictreoirí, agus costas leanúnach de $ 10.36 kw / h de réir tomhaltas fuinnimh Meánchostas leictreachais na Stát Aontaithe.
Tá solas sráide traidisiúnta ag brath ar an líonra freisin, agus tá sé deacair é a shuiteáil i suíomhanna iargúlta gan bonneagar tacaíochta.
I gcodarsnacht leis sin, tá Solas Sráide Sólar ag éirí mar chinneadh cliste ó thaobh airgeadais de, níos éasca agus níos tapúla a shuiteáil, agus go maith don chomhshaol ag déanamh rogha soiléir é i gcomparáid le cinn traidisiúnta. Solas Sráide Sólar.
Tá roinnt de na buntáistí is mó a bhaineann le Solar thar Solas Sráide Coitianta:
- I gcomparáid le soilse gnáth-ghloine nó ardluais sóidiam (HPS), úsáideann soilse sráide gréine níos lú fuinnimh, táirgeann siad solas níos fearr, níos díreacha, agus maireann siad níos faide rud a fhágann go bhfuil siad níos costéifeachtúla san fhadtéarma.
- Úsáidtear fuinneamh in-athnuaite ag soilse straoí gréine in ionad breoslaí iontaise, rud a laghdaíonn astaíochtaí carbóin agus caiteachas fuinnimh na soilse traidisiúnta.
- Tá a saolré ainmnithe tipiciúil idir 15,000 agus 50,000 uair an chloig i gcomparáid le 2,000 go 29,000 uair an chloig le haghaidh solas traidisiúnta.
- Tá billí fuinnimh míosúla agus costais chothabhála an-bheag go neamh-éagmhach rud a fhágann go sábhálfar go suntasach thar shaolré an tsolais agus i bhformhór na gcásanna laghdófar costas bunaidh an tsolais go 0.
- Is féidir le lampa sráide gréine oibriú gan tionchar a bheith aige ar thréimhseanna cumhachta, ar thorthaí líonra, ar thréimhseanna cumhachta mar gheall ar thubaistí nádúrtha, agus ar go leor fachtóirí eile a d'fhéadfadh tionchar a bheith acu ar fheidhmiú cuí lampaí sráide traidisiúnta atá ag brath ar an líonra.
- Ag baint úsáide as teicneolaíocht chliste agus glas, is féidir le hoibreoirí soilse sráide gréine sceidil soilse a chumrú chun sonraí a bhailiú mar thomhaltas fuinnimh, teocht, agus éifeachtúlacht gach solais aonair. Ar an mbealach seo is féidir leo gach cineál saincheisteanna a aimsiú mar mhífheidhm nó easpa nascachta trí bheith ar an eolas i bhfíor-am.
- Tá painéil ghrian, cadhnraí, braiteoirí gluaiseachta agus modúil rialaithe tógtha i lampaí sráide gréine nua-aimseartha a ligeann imscaradh agus suiteáil simplí agus níos tapúla a dhéanamh thar lampaí sráide traidisiúnta toisc nach gá tránna a dhéanamh do línte cumhachta nó do bhonneagar cumhachta a thógáil.
- Is féidir le soilse sráide solair-chumhachta oibriú gan beann ar easpaí líonra, easpaí cumhachta mar gheall ar thubaistí nádúrtha, agus go leor fachtóirí eile a d'fhéadfadh tionchar a bheith acu ar fheidhmiú soilse sráide traidisiúnta atá ag brath ar an líonra.
Solas Sráide Sólar, an Rogha Ghluaiste don Todhchaí Níos Glan agus níos Soiléir
Tá imscaradh costéifeachtach rathúil soilse sráide gréine soiléir, samplaí fíor-saoil de na buntáistí a bhaineann le soilse sráide gréine agus iad ag taispeáint do rialtais náisiúnta, do ghnóthais phríobháideacha, agus do shaoránaigh ar fud an domhain, gur féidir linn cathracha níos cliste, níos soiléire, níos sábháilte, agus níos táirgiúla a thógáil agus astaíochtaí carbóin, truailliú, agus costais chothabhála agus suiteála soilse sráide á laghdú againn. Bua iomlán sóisialta, eacnamaíoch, agus comhshaoil. |
Over 30 years ago, scientists developed a group of medicines known as therapeutic antibodies. These molecules have a unique ability to “home in” on and bind to single targets on diseased cells like cancer tumours. The engineering of therapeutic antibodies was a step forward in the evolution of personalised healthcare and accelerated innovation in cancer treatment.
Now, scientists are working on engineering the next generation of therapeutic antibodies including ‘bispecific’ antibodies. These antibodies can bind to two targets at once and the hope is that this dual binding ability will harness the immune system in a much more targeted way and lead to better treatment outcomes for patients. One of these novel engineered molecules is the cytokine fusion protein, or Immunocytokine.
Cytokines are cell-signalling proteins that are naturally made by the body to activate and regulate the immune system. “At Roche, we have believed for a long time that cancer immunotherapies could be a powerful, transformative approach to controlling tumours,” says Pablo Umaña, Head of Cancer Immunotherapy Discovery at the Roche Innovation Centre in Zurich.
The team first had to overcome the cytokines’ inability to specifically target the cancer cells, which can lead to broad immune reactions and toxicities in the body. “We set out to answer how we could engineer cytokines to better use their powerful immune-stimulating properties while minimising their known side effects,” says Pablo Umaña. This led them to look into the possibility of specifically delivering cytokines into the tumour, which would activate the immune system locally to attack the cancer cells.
The benefits of fusing a cytokine with an antibody
The team found that attaching a single engineered cytokine to an antibody may allow better tumour targeting due to higher affinity towards the cancer cell rather than the immune cell. According to Christian Klein, Preclinical Project Leader for the cytokine fusion protein development programme, “The engineered cytokine is intended to reduce the activation of undesired immunosuppressive T cells (so-called Tregs) and to reduce the toxicities seen in the past. We believe this will hopefully result in a more controlled immune reaction directly at the tumour.”
Once the antibody has delivered the cytokine into the tumour, immune cells that can recognise and kill the cancer cell like T cells or natural killer cells would be activated.
A deceptively simple concept requiring global teamwork
What sounds like an easy process is in reality technically very complex.
“The antibody is engineered asymmetrically in order to attach only one single engineered cytokine to the antibody to increase the drug’s targeting to the tumour,” says Markus Neubauer from the Large Molecule Research team at the Roche Innovation Centre in Penzberg.
Producing such a cytokine fusion protein on a large scale and to a high enough quality required an innovative development strategy that included state-of-the-art high-throughput cell line screening and analytical methods. It took intensive and collaborative work from many creative, talented and resilient people at the Roche Innovation Centers in Zurich, Munich and Basel to discover and develop these novel molecules from the initial concept to clinical trials.
If proven successful, cytokine fusion proteins could be the basis for new combination treatments, hopefully offering patients additional treatment options whilst encouraging further scientific discovery. | <urn:uuid:c301fdd5-aea8-4451-80b0-526b525445fb> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | https://www.roche.com/research_and_development/what_we_are_working_on/research_technologies/protein-related_technologies/cytokine_fusion_proteins.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593657151761.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20200714212401-20200715002401-00018.warc.gz | en | 0.943307 | 689 | 2.953125 | 3 | Níos mó ná 30 bliain ó shin, d'fhorbair eolaithe grúpa cógais ar a dtugtar frith-choirp theiripeacha. Tá cumas uathúil ag na móilíní seo "a bheith ina dtír" agus ceangal le spriocanna aonair ar chealla tinn cosúil le tuamair ailse. Bhí innillíocht na n-ionfhabhtaithe teiripeacha ina chéim chun cinn i bhforbairt na cúraim sláinte phearsantaithe agus d'athnuachan luathaithe i gcóireáil ailse.
Anois, tá eolaithe ag obair ar an gcéad ghlúin eile d'aghaidh-chorp teiripeacha a dhearadh lena n-áirítear aghaidh-chorp bispecific. Is féidir leis na frith-fhillte seo ceangal le dhá sprioc ag an am céanna agus tá súil againn go mbainfidh an cumas seo ceangailteach dúbailte leas as an gcóras imdhíonachta ar bhealach i bhfad níos spriocdhírithe agus go dtiocfaidh torthaí cóireála níos fearr ar othair. Ceann de na móilíní nua a ndearnadh innealtóireacht orthu ná próitéin chomhcheangail cytokine, nó Immunocytokine.
Is próitéiní comharthaithe cealla iad na sitóicíní a dhéanann an corp go nádúrtha chun an córas imdhíonachta a ghníomhachtú agus a rialáil. 'Tá an creideamh againn ag Roche le fada go bhféadfadh imdhíolacháin a dhéanamh ar an ailse ina gcur chuige cumhachtach, athraitheach chun rianú a dhéanamh ar dhroim,' a deir Pablo Umaña, Ceann na Fionnachtana Imdhíolacháin a bhaineann le hailse ag Ionad Nuálaíochta Roche i Zurich.
Bhí ar an bhfoireann dul thar an gcumas a bhí ag na sitokíní díriú go sonrach ar na cealla ailse, rud a d'fhéadfadh a bheith ina chúis le frithghníomhartha imdhíonacha leathan agus tocsaineachtaí sa chorp. 'Thugamar ar aghaidh chun freagra a fháil ar conas a d'fhéadfaimis citoicíní a innealtóireacht chun a n-airíonna cumhachtach imdhíonachta-spreagthaithe a úsáid níos fearr agus a n-eascóidí a aithnítear a íoslaghdú,' a deir Pablo Umaña. Mar thoradh air sin, rinne siad staidéar ar an bhféidearthacht go gcuirfí citoicíní isteach go sonrach sa tuiméar, rud a chuirfeadh an córas imdhíonachta i ngníomh go háitiúil chun ionsaí a dhéanamh ar na cealla ailse.
Na buntáistí a bhaineann le cithokine a chomhcheangal le frith-choirp
Fuair an fhoireann go bhféadfadh cytokine amháin a dhéantar le hinnealtóireacht a chur le frith-chorp a d'fhéadfadh spriocú níos fearr a cheadú mar gheall ar chomhghaol níos airde i dtreo na cealla ailse seachas an chealla imdhíonachta. De réir Christian Klein, Leas-Phríomh-Phríomh-Phríomh-Phríomh-Phríomh-Phríomh-Phríomh-Phríomh-Phríomh-Phríomh-Phríomh-Phríomh-Phríomh-Phríomh-Phríomh-Phríomh-Phríomh-Phríomh-Phríomh-Phríomh-Phríomh-Phríomh-Phríomh-Phríomh-Phríomh-Phríomh-Phríomh-Phríomh-Phríomh-Phríomh-Phríomh-Phríomh-Phríomh-Phríomh-Phríomh-Phríomh-Phríomh-Phríomh-Phríomh-Phríomh-Phríomh-Phríomh-Phríomh-Phríomh-Phríomh-Phríomh-Phríomh-Phríomh-Phríomh-Phríomh-Phríomh-Phríomh-Phríomh-Phríomh-Phríomh-Phríomh-Phríomh-Phríomh-Phríomh-Phríomh-Phríomh-Phríomh-Phríomh-Phríomh-Phríomh-Phríomh-Phríomh-Phríomh-Phríomh-Phríomh-Phríomh-Phríomh-Phríomh-Phríomh-Phríomh-Phríomh-Phríomh-Phríomh-Phríomh-Phríomh-Phríomh-Phríomh-Phríomh-Phríomh-Phríomh Creidimid go mbeidh sé seo mar thoradh ar imoibriú imdhíonachta níos rialaithe go díreach ar an tuamair.
Nuair a sheachadfaidh an frith-chorp an citéicín isteach sa tuamair, cuirfear cealla imdhíonachta a aithníonn agus a mharaíonn an ceall ailse, cosúil le cealla T nó le cealla marfach nádúrtha, i ngníomh.
Coinníoll simplí a éilíonn obair chomhlachta domhanda
Is é an rud a bhfuil an chuma air go bhfuil sé éasca a dhéanamh, an rud atá an-chasta go teicniúil.
'Tá an t-ionchas ceaptha go neamhshimplí chun cytokine amháin a cheangal leis an gcorp-ionchas chun spriocáil an druga ar an tuamair a mhéadú,' a deir Markus Neubauer ó fhoireann Taighde Móilíneach Mór ag Ionad Nuálaíochta Roche i Penzberg.
Chun próitéin chomhcheangailte cytokine den sórt sin a tháirgeadh ar scála mór agus ar chaighdeán ard go leor, bhí straitéis forbartha nuálach ag teastáil a chuimsigh scagadh líne chealla ardthráchtála agus modhanna anailíseacha is déanaí. Bhí obair dian agus comhoibritheach ag teastáil ó go leor daoine cruthaitheacha, cumasach agus athléimní ag Ionad Nuálaíochta Roche i Zurich, München agus Basel chun na móilíní nua seo a fháil amach agus a fhorbairt ón gcoincheap tosaigh go trialacha cliniciúla.
Má chruthaítear go bhfuil siad rathúil, d'fhéadfadh próitéiní cumasc cytokine a bheith mar bhunús le cóireálacha teaglaim nua, ag súil go gcuirfí roghanna cóireála breise ar fáil do othair agus go spreagfaí tuilleadh fionnachtana eolaíochta. |
The 3 E's to Midwest Success
Expansion, Elevation, Empoweration
A Brief History of the
Women's Missionary Society
of the African Methodist Episcopal Church
In1816 the African Methodist Episcopal Church was organized under the leadership of Richard Allen. The first missionary activities with the women began with the organizing of the Dorcas Society by Richard Allen in 1824. They worked together caring for the ministers who were helping to establish the A. M. E. Church.
Welcome to the official website of the Midwest Conference Women's Missionary Society.
Father of the Oldest Organized Black Church in the Free World!
Remembering Our History
* Embracing Our Culture * Remembering Our Own
“God Our Father, Christ Our Redeemer, the Holy Spirit Our Comforter, Humankind Our Family.”
Connectional WMS Initiative
"I am Woman"
Promoting Women's Economic Empowerment
To learn more about the campaign click here.
Click picture above to be taken to the new 5th Episcopal District website
Facts about Breast Cancer in the United States
•One in eight women in the United States will be diagnosed with breast cancer in her lifetime.
Breast cancer is the second leading cause of cancer death among women.
•Each year it is estimated that over 252,710 women in the United States will be diagnosed with breast cancer and more than 40,500 will die.
•Although breast cancer in men is rare, an estimated 2,470 men will be diagnosed with breast cancer and approximately 460 will die each year.
•On average, every 2 minutes a woman is diagnosed with breast cancer and 1 woman will die of breast cancer every 13 minutes.
•Over 3.3 million breast cancer survivors are alive in the United States today.
•Breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer in women | <urn:uuid:ce79950a-d7a8-42a3-aa1c-a035d6661159> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | http://www.midwestwms.org/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187824675.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20171021081004-20171021101004-00843.warc.gz | en | 0.921758 | 385 | 2.78125 | 3 | An 3 Eanna chun rath Midwest
Fás, Éalú, Cumhachtú
An t-Eolaí
Cumann Míosúnachta na mBan
Eaglais Eipiscópála Mheitéadaí na hAfraice
I1816 eagraíodh Eaglais Eipiscópála Meitéadaí na hAfraice faoi cheannaireacht Richard Allen. Thosaigh na chéad ghníomhaíochtaí misinéirí leis na mná le heagraíocht Chumann Dorcas ag Richard Allen i 1824. D'oibrigh siad le chéile ag tabhairt aire do na hairí a bhí ag cabhrú leis an A.M.E. Church a bhunú.
Fáilte go dtí an suíomh Gréasáin oifigiúil de Chumann Misinéireachta na mBan i gComhdháil an Mheán-Iarthar.
Athair an Eaglais Dhúchais is Seanda sa Domhan Saor!
Ag Cuimhneamh ar Ár Stair
* Ag glacadh lenár gcultúr * ag cuimhneamh ar ár gcuid féin
Dia Ár nAthair, Críost Ár Scaoileoir, an Spiorad Naomh Ár Comhráiteoir, an Duine Ár Teaghlach.
Tionscnamh um SAM nascúil
"I am Woman"
Cumhachtú Eacnamaíoch na mBan a Chur chun Cinn
Chun tuilleadh a fhoghlaim faoin bhfeachtas cliceáil anseo.
Cliceáil ar an bpictiúr thuas chun dul chuig an suíomh Gréasáin nua 5ú Ceantar Eipiscóp
Fíricí faoi Ailse Breast sna Stáit Aontaithe
•Déanfaidh duine as gach ochtar bean sna Stáit Aontaithe diagnóis ailse chíche a fháil ina saolré.
Is é ailse chíche an dara cúis is mó de bhás ailse i measc na mban.
•I ngach bliain meastar go ndéantar níos mó ná 252,710 bean sna Stáit Aontaithe a dhiagnóisiú le hailse chíche agus go bhfaighidh níos mó ná 40,500 bás.
•Cé go bhfuil ailse chíche i bhfear annamh, meastar go bhfaighfear 2,470 fear a bhfuil ailse chíche orthu agus go bhfaighidh thart ar 460 bás gach bliain.
•Ar an meán, déantar ailse chíche a dhiagnóisiú ar bhean gach 2 nóiméad agus básóidh bean amháin de bharr ailse chíche gach 13 nóiméad.
•Tá os cionn 3.3 milliún duine a chaill bás ó ailse chíche beo sna Stáit Aontaithe inniu.
•Is é ailse na bainne an ailse is coitianta a dhiagnóisiú i measc na mban |
Papyrus was one of the most important plants in ancient civilized Egypt. Papyrus plants were used as paper, woven goods, food, and fragrance. Papyrus grass is in a genus of over 600 different plants from around the world. The plant is considered a sedge and favors moist, warm environments. You can grow papyrus from seed or division. In most zones, papyrus is an annual or half-hardy perennial. This fast growing plant would be an excellent addition to a water garden or naturalized bog area.
What is Papyrus?
There are numerous names for papyrus grass. What is papyrus? It is a plant in the genus Cyperus, which is native to Madagascar. Umbrella plant or bulrush are other names for the plant. Papyrus plant is suitable for USDA plant hardiness zones 8 to 10 and requires a full sun location, in shallow water or riparian areas.
How to Grow Papyrus
The plant is called umbrella plant because it has a grass-like habit with sprays of foliage at the top of the stems. These sprays of foliage radiate out like the spokes in an umbrella. Papyrus can grow up to 10 feet (3 m.) tall from rhizomes. The stems are rigid and triangular and have a white pith inside. The pith is the source of papyrus paper. Papyrus has no frost tolerance and should be moved indoors for the winter.
Papyrus grass is easy to grow. It prefers full sun but can also be raised in partial shade. Papyrus is usually planted by rhizomes in moist, fertile soil in pots and then submerged in an aquatic environment. It can also be planted directly into 3 feet (1 m.) of muddy substrate to hold the heavy stems upright.
The plant needs to be kept moist, if not submerged. Papyrus seeds do not readily germinate and can take a month or more to sprout. Even in their native conditions, the plant does not easily spread by seed. Papyrus need little extra care to thrive, provided it is kept moist. Mulching in zone 8 can help protect the tender roots but the foliage will likely die back in winter.
Pruning is not necessary except to remove errant or broken stems. You can give it a balanced fertilizer in spring to support the growth of the huge stems.
Papyrus grass has no damaging pests or diseases except rust fungus, which will discolor the stems and foliage. In the correct zones with light and moist conditions, care of papyrus plant is easy for even a novice gardener.
Propagation of Papyrus Plant
You can grow and share your papyrus plant through division in spring. Wait until the danger of frost has passed and un-pot or dig up the plant. Cut apart the papyrus rhizomes into groups of two or three. Re-pot the new plants and grow them as usual. | <urn:uuid:d86fb82c-9f8f-4771-8c4b-196daafe5e01> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/ornamental/foliage/papyrus/papyrus-plants.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510983.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20231002064957-20231002094957-00408.warc.gz | en | 0.948571 | 597 | 3.59375 | 4 | Bhí an papyrus ar cheann de na plandaí is tábhachtaí san Éigipt chultúrtha ársa. Baineadh úsáid as plandaí papyrus mar pháipéar, mar earraí fíonta, mar bhia, agus mar bholadh. Tá féar papyrus i gcineál de níos mó ná 600 plandaí éagsúla ó gach cearn den domhan. Meastar go bhfuil an planda ina séide agus is fearr leis timpeallachtaí taise, te. Is féidir leat papyrus a fhás ó shíol nó ó roinn. I bhformhór na gcriosanna, is plandaí bliantúla nó leath-dhíobhálach é papyrus. Bheadh an planda seo a fhásann go tapa ina bhreiseán den scoth do ghairdín uisce nó do limistéar bog nádúrtha.
Cad é Papyrus?
Tá go leor ainmneacha ann don ghruaig papyrus. Cad é papyrus? Is planda den ghéineas Cyperus é, atá dúchasach i Maidagascar. Is iad planntra umbrella nó bulrush ainmneacha eile don phlanda. Tá plandaí papyrus oiriúnach do limistéir daingneachta plandaí USDA 8 go 10 agus éilíonn siad suíomh iomlán na gréine, in uisce íseal nó i gceantair ribí.
Conas Papyrus a Fás
Tugtar planda umbrella ar an gléasra toisc go bhfuil cleachtadh cosúil le féar aige le spraeanna de dhuilleog ag barr na mbéal. Tá na spraeanna seo de fhéileog ag scaipeadh amach cosúil leis na spokes i samhraill. Is féidir le papyrus fás suas le 10 troigh (3 m) ar airde ó rhizomes. Tá na stiallacha crua agus triantúil agus tá pith bán istigh. Is é an pith an fhoinse páipéar papyrus. Ní féidir le papyrus an reo a sheasamh agus ba cheart é a aistriú laistigh don gheimhreadh.
Tá sé éasca féar papyrus a fhás. Is fearr leis an ngrian iomlán ach is féidir é a ardú i scáth páirteach freisin. De ghnáth, síoltaítear an papyrus trí rhizomes i gcruth taise, torthúil i bpótaí agus ansin i dtimpeallacht uisce. Is féidir é a phlandaí go díreach isteach i gcúlchiste 3 troigh (1 méadar) muilte chun na crainn throm a choinneáil ar bun.
Ní mór an planda a choinneáil taise, mura bhfuil sí faoi uisce. Ní bhíonn síolta papyrus ag luí go héasca agus d'fhéadfadh sé mí nó níos mó a thógáil chun luí. Fiú amháin ina gcoinníollacha dúchais, ní scaipeann an planda go héasca trí síol. Ní gá cúram breise a dhéanamh ar phaipéar chun go n-éireoidh leis, ar choinníoll go gcoinnítear taise air. Is féidir le mulcadh i gcrios 8 cabhrú leis na fréamhacha íogair a chosaint ach is dócha go bhfaighidh an duilleog bás ar ais sa gheimhreadh.
Ní gá an t-eitilt ach amháin chun crainn atá ag imeacht nó briste a bhaint. Is féidir leat táirgiú cothromaithe a thabhairt dó san earrach chun tacú le fás na gcroí ollmhóra.
Níl aon lotnaidí nó galair díobhálacha ag féar papyrus ach amháin fongus ruis, a chaillfidh dath na gcinn agus na duilleoga. I gceart réimsí le coinníollacha solais agus taise, cúram plandaí papyrus éasca fiú le gairdínéir nua-aimseartha.
An Chéim Píopairóis a Cholladh
Is féidir leat do phlanda papyrus a fhás agus a roinnt trí roinn i rith an earraigh. Fan go dtí go mbeidh an baol frost imithe agus an planda a dhí-potáil nó a dhúnadh. Déan na rhizomes papyrus a scoilt ina ngrúpaí de dhá nó trí. Ath-pot na plandaí nua agus iad a fhás mar is gnách. |
An understanding and the cooperative team can do wonders in the workplace. Each and every team of a company should maintain camaraderie among themselves. Many people lack the skills to perform in a good team. Those people will not cooperate with the team, sticks to their own views, and not understanding the situations of other team members. There will be no cooperation from them and will always indulge in unnecessary arguments. These are the negative traits of a good team worker. Thus, these traits should be changed and they should be trained to work in a team. Team Building possible through simple activities without taking some boring lectures on the topic.
There are numerous activities in which the team members can be trained well to cooperate with the team members. Many of the corporate companies will use indoor activities to train their workers. The indoor activities involve Campfire stories, Memory Wall, Code of Conduct, Silver Lines, old Couples, truth, and Lies. There are some other outdoor activities like Hole in many, Back to Back Drawing and more. These activities can be performed in the leisure time of the people in the company. One of the best outdoor activities is Body of Words. In this activity, many of the skills related to team building can be learned in a simple way.
An Interesting Physical Activity:
This is also a fun game in which the team members involved physically. The main motive of this game is to create letters and frame them as words with the bodies. This activity is a great way to help the people to relax from their hectic schedules and also to train on the team building. This game can have 8 to 24 participants. The maximum time duration of the game will be just 30 minutes. So, the game can be easily arranged in leisure time without disturbing the company’s work. The team members can develop the skill of planning an event, innovative thinking, and also the skill of cooperating with the other team members.
One can enjoy the activity to a greater extent as it involves many members and also it is more than physical activity. The members of the activity are first divided into groups containing 4 to 8 people as per the total strength of the participants. Each and every team should choose a leader of the team. The team should write some words which start with the same letter. The letters should be less than the number of members of the team. In case if the team consists of six members then the letters must only five.
The words must be noted on the index cards. One should randomly pick a word from the index card. Then the team has to find out the letters and frame the word as guided by the team leader. Each and every team leader should be changed per round and so everyone gets the chance to lead the team. This activity will be interesting and the team which finds the letters and frames the word in less timing is the winner. | <urn:uuid:367d7627-21dc-4a43-8296-2c320f0a30d8> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | http://www.ffcov.org/build-a-good-relationship-among-the-team-members/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655882051.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20200703122347-20200703152347-00250.warc.gz | en | 0.967363 | 576 | 2.640625 | 3 | Is féidir le comhthuiscint agus leis an bhfoireann chomhoibritheach aontas a dhéanamh san ionad oibre. Ba cheart do gach foireann de chuid na cuideachta comhghleacaíocht a chothabháil eatarthu féin. Níl na scileanna atá ag go leor daoine chun feidhmiú i bhfoireann maith. Ní bheidh na daoine sin ag comhoibriú leis an bhfoireann, ag cloí lena gcuid tuairimí féin, agus gan tuiscint a bheith acu ar chásanna baill eile an fhoireann. Ní bheidh aon chomhoibriú acu agus beidh siad i gcónaí ag dul i mbun argóintí gan gá. Is iad seo na tréithe diúltacha d'oibrí foirne maith. Dá bhrí sin, ba cheart na tréithe seo a athrú agus ba cheart iad a oiliúint chun oibriú i bhfoireann. Is féidir foirne a thógáil trí ghníomhaíochtaí simplí gan roinnt léachtaí brónach a ghlacadh ar an ábhar.
Tá go leor gníomhaíochtaí ann inar féidir na baill foirne a oiliúint go maith chun comhoibriú le baill foirne. Úsáidfidh go leor de na cuideachtaí corparáideacha gníomhaíochtaí laistigh chun a gcuid oibrithe a oiliúint. I measc na ngníomhaíochtaí laistigh tá scéalta Campfire, Wall Cuimhne, Cód Iompair, Líneanna Airgid, Páirtí Sean, Fírinne, agus Lies. Tá roinnt gníomhaíochtaí amuigh faoin aer eile ann mar Hole in many, Back to Back Drawing agus go leor eile. Is féidir na gníomhaíochtaí seo a dhéanamh i am shaoire na ndaoine sa chuideachta. Ceann de na gníomhaíochtaí lasmuigh is fearr ná Corp na nGearáin. Sa ghníomhaíocht seo, is féidir go leor de na scileanna a bhaineann le foirne a thógáil a fhoghlaim ar bhealach simplí.
Gníomhaíocht Fisiceach Suimiúil:
Is cluiche spraíúil é seo freisin ina bhfuil na baill foirne páirteach go fisiciúil. Is é príomh-mhionscnamh an chluiche seo litreacha a chruthú agus iad a chur i gcorp mar fhocail. Is bealach iontach é an ghníomhaíocht seo chun cabhrú leis na daoine scíth a ligean óna sceidil ghnóthach agus freisin chun oiliúint a fháil ar fhoireann a thógáil. Is féidir 8 go 24 rannpháirtí a bheith sa chluiche seo. Ní bheidh ach 30 nóiméad ar fad ag an gcluiche. Mar sin, is féidir an cluiche a eagrú go héasca i am saor in aisce gan cur isteach ar obair na cuideachta. Is féidir le baill an fhoireann an scileanna pleanála imeachta, smaointeoireachta nuálaíoch, agus an scileanna comhoibrithe le baill eile an fhoireann a fhorbairt.
Is féidir le duine taitneamh a bhaint as an ngníomhaíocht go mór toisc go bhfuil go leor comhaltaí i gceist leis agus freisin tá sé níos mó ná gníomhaíocht choirp. Déantar na baill den ghníomhaíocht a roinnt ar dtús i ngrúpaí de 4 go 8 duine de réir neart iomlán na rannpháirtithe. Ba cheart do gach foireann ceannaire a roghnú don fhoireann. Ba cheart don fhoireann roinnt focail a scríobh a thosaíonn leis an litir chéanna. Ba cheart go mbeadh na litreacha níos lú ná líon na mball den fhoireann. I gcás go bhfuil sé bhall den fhoireann ansin ní mór na litreacha a bheith ach cúig.
Ní mór na focail a nótaíocht ar na cártaí innéacs. Ba cheart focal a roghnú ó chárta na hindeacsa go randamach. Ansin caithfidh an fhoireann na litreacha a fháil amach agus an focal a chur i gcorp mar a threoraíonn ceannaire an fhoireann. Ba chóir gach ceannasaí foirne a athrú in aghaidh an raonta agus mar sin faigheann gach duine an deis an fhoireann a threorú. Beidh an ghníomhaíocht seo suimiúil agus is é an fhoireann a fhaigheann na litreacha agus a chuireann an focal i gcorp níos lú ama an buaiteoir. |
SMOOTH GREEN SNAKE
Photo © by Suzanne L. Collins
Used by permission
Length in Kansas up to 26 inches.
Only known from two counties in north central Kansas.
Harmless. Named for its body color and the smooth scales covering its body. A bright
green serpent with a white or cream-colored belly. It differs from the Rough Green Snake
by having smooth scales, a stouter body and its habitat preference: it is a ground
dweller. The young are miniature adults.
Active during the day from April to early October. Always found on the ground; prefers
cover along the edges of streams, but also sometimes found in wet meadows and on open
brushy ridges. An egg-layer. Breeding occurs in spring or autumn; the eggs are laid in
June or July. Specializes in feeding on insects and other invertebrates. A harmless
serpent that never bites.
Click here for
information on precautions against being bitten by snakes
and what to do if you have been bitten by one..
Text: Joseph T. Collins & Suzanne L. Collins
Photos: Suzanne L. Collins & Bob Gress
Range Maps & Web Design: Jim Mason | <urn:uuid:614696cb-d14a-459e-826c-d330954346af> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | http://www.gpnc.org/sgsnake.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187822625.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20171017234801-20171018014801-00700.warc.gz | en | 0.889303 | 253 | 2.859375 | 3 | SNAK GREEN SMOOTH
Grianghraf © Suzanne L. Collins
Úsáidte le cead
Tá an fad i Kansas suas le 26 orlach.
Níl a fhios ach ó dhá chontae i dtuaisceart lár Kansas.
Gan dochar. Ainmnítear é mar gheall ar a dath comhlacht agus na scamaill réidh a chlúdaíonn a chorp. A geal
serpent glas le bolg bán nó uachtar-dath. Tá sé difriúil ón Snake Green Rough
trí scamaill réidh, corp stouter agus a rogha gnáthóg: tá sé ina talamh
áitritheoir. Is daoine fásta íon iad na daoine óga.
Gníomhach i rith an lae ó Aibreán go luath i mí Dheireadh Fómhair. Faigheann sé ar an talamh i gcónaí; is fearr leis
Clúdaíonn sé ar feadh imeall na sruthanna, ach is féidir é a fháil uaireanta i meadows fliuch agus ar oscailte
crann brushed. Uibheacha-chlaonadh. Tarlaíonn an t-airgead i rith an earraigh nó an earraigh; cuirtear na huibheacha i
Meitheamh nó Iúil. Speisialtóireacht i mbiadh ag ithe feithidí agus neamhthriomacháin eile. A harmless
nathair nach bites riamh.
Cliceáil anseo le haghaidh
faisnéis maidir le cosaintí i gcoinne a bheith i d'éag ag nathracha
agus cad atá le déanamh má tá tú bitten ag ceann ..
Téacs: Joseph T. Collins & Suzanne L. Collins
Grianghraf: Suzanne L. Collins & Bob Gress
Léarscáileanna Réimse & Dearadh Gréasáin: Jim Mason |
Parents – are you still deciding what to make for dinner tonight? Today is a great day to put your kids in charge of cooking! …Or at least part of the cooking. September 13th is National Kids Take Over the Kitchen Day!
What is National Kids Take Over the Kitchen Day?
National Kids Take Over the Kitchen Day is celebrated every year on September 13th. This national holiday was originally started by the Young Chefs Academy in hopes to encourage and inspire children to grow their love of cooking, baking, and all things food. It is a special day to allow your children to learn not only helpful culinary skills, but also valuable life skills, while enjoying time with family. Although this holiday is recognized on September 13th, your kids can take over the kitchen any day of the year! So, next time you’re in need of a kitchen helper, ask your child for some help, and you may find that the meal prep experience just got a whole lot better!
Why is Involving Your Child in the Kitchen Important?
While cooking with your child can require more time, energy, and patience, cooking is so much more rewarding when you involve your kids. Cooking and baking with your child will teach them a wide variety of different skills. From culinary skills to cognitive development to life skills, including your children in the kitchen will be a learning rich experience that could potentially spark a new hobby!
Cooking can teach children a variety of valuable life skills. For example, your child will learn about the importance of teamwork as you work together preparing a meal. Your child will learn the importance of following instructions as you follow each step throughout a recipe. Your child will learn the importance of patience as it takes time to prepare a meal.
As you cook with your child, they will also be able to practice good hygiene by making sure to wash their hands before touching food. You can talk to them about the importance of cleaning up after yourself as you wipe up messes and put away dishes.
Teaching your children about cooking can also help boost their cognitive development and learning. For example, language development will come naturally as you introduce your child to new vocabulary as you talk about food, nutrition, cooking utensils, etc.
Your child will also be able to develop their fine motor skills as they help you with tasks such as mixing, measuring, and using other kitchen tools.
Math and science also come into play as you’re preparing meals with your child. Your child will learn math skills such as counting, measuring, and sequencing as you’re adding ingredients. Your child will learn science skills as you talk to them about how food changes as you cook. For example, talk to them about what’s happening as you’re boiling water, cooking noodles, melting butter, etc.
Health & Nutrition
Healthy eating is so important for proper growth and development. As you cook with your child, teach them about the importance of nutrition. Involve your child in meals when using healthy ingredients such as fruits, vegetables, and whole grains. If you teach these healthy eating habits from a young age, your children will develop these healthy habits sooner and be more likely to continue them as they grow older.
Some of the more obvious skills children will learn in the kitchen are culinary skills. Your child will naturally become more familiar with cooking and baking as you work with them in the kitchen. As you ease your child into the kitchen, they will become familiar with cooking vocabulary, cooking tips, cooking utensils, and more. And who knows, maybe one day your child will be the next top chef!
10 Ways to Involve Your Children in the Kitchen
- Choosing Recipes – Let your child help you pick out recipes. Choose a couple different healthy recipes beforehand, and then ask them which one they would prefer to make. You can also encourage your child to look through cookbooks or recipe cards to find a meal on their own. If a child feels like they had a hand in the decision, they will be more likely to enjoy eating the meal.
- Grocery Shopping – Take your child grocery shopping. Allow your child to help find items you need for the recipe you picked out. As you find the food items, ask your child to cross the items off your grocery list.
- Observation – Allow your child to watch you cook and encourage them to ask questions in the kitchen. As you are preparing food, explain what you are doing and why.
- Rinsing – As you are preparing a meal, ask your child to rinse items such as fruits and vegetables in the sink. Talk to them about the importance of making sure your food is clean before you eat it. You can also turn rinsing into a sensory experience as you ask your child to describe textures, colors, and smells as they are handling the food.
- Helping Hand – Have your child hand you ingredients as you cook. Ask your child if they can name the different foods as they hand them to you. If you are asking your child to hand you more than one of the same item, have them count the number of items as they give them to you.
- Measuring – Measuring ingredients is a great way to teach children about math and numbers. Help guide them to the correct size measuring tools and let them pour the ingredients into the correct sized portions. Talk to younger children about counting and older children about fractions as you measure.
- Mixing – After all the needed ingredients are in a mixing bowl, encourage your child to help mix the ingredients together. This is a great fine motor activity for children. Talk to them about different stirring utensils such as spoons, whisks, and spatulas.
- Using Tools and Utensils – Give your child their own tools and utensils that they can use while they prepare food. If you happen to have an old or extra set, this is a great way to help children feel independent. Make sure these utensils are kid-friendly of course. Stay away from sharp objects. Try giving your child tools such as their own apron, mixing spoons, or measuring cups.
- Setting the Table – Encourage your child to help set the table before your family sits down for a meal. Teach older children the proper etiquette of table setting, explaining where each piece of silverware goes on the table.
- Cleaning Up – After you prepare and enjoy your family meal, have your child help you with the clean-up process. Not only is this a kitchen skill, but life skill!
Favorite Kid-Friendly Recipes to Try With Your Family
At New Horizon Academy, we offer a variety of recipes that your whole family can enjoy. Here are a few of our family-favorite recipes that you can make with your child:
- Sunny Sushi Roll Snack
- Fruit Pizza Crackers
- No-Bake Blueberry Muffin Oatmeal Energy Balls
- Frozen Banana Yogurt Popsicles
Lunch & Dinner Recipes
*All recipes can be found under our blog’s Kid’s Cuisine category.
We hope you and your family are able to enjoy National Kids Take Over the Kitchen Day. However, no matter the day, introducing your child to cooking can be a fun learning experience for the whole family. Take cooking as an opportunity to learn new skills, try new recipes, and enjoy some great company! Happy National Kids Take Over the Kitchen Day! | <urn:uuid:a40759d0-67c2-4254-b2f7-adfdf300735d> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.newhorizonacademy.net/involving-children-in-the-kitchen/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510454.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20230928194838-20230928224838-00074.warc.gz | en | 0.961193 | 1,549 | 3.203125 | 3 | A thuismitheoirí tá tú fós ag cinneadh cad a dhéanamh le haghaidh dinnéar anocht? Is lá iontach é inniu chun do pháistí a chur i gceannas ar chócaireacht! ...Nó cuid den chócaireacht ar a laghad. Is é an 13 Meán Fómhair Lá Náisiúnta na gCúigeanna a ghlacann an Cistin!
Cad é Lá Náisiúnta na mBíonaí a Thóg an Cistin?
Déantar Lá Náisiúnta na Leanaí a Thógann an Cistin a cheiliúradh gach bliain ar an 13 Meán Fómhair. Thosaigh Acadamh na n-Sheifí Óga an saoire náisiúnta seo ar dtús agus dóchas acu leanaí a spreagadh agus a spreagadh chun a ngrá le cócaireacht, bácáil, agus gach rud bia a fhás. Is lá speisialta é chun ligean do do pháistí ní amháin scileanna cócaireachta úsáideacha a fhoghlaim, ach scileanna luachmhara sa saol freisin, agus am a chaitheamh le teaghlach. Cé go n-aithnítear an saoire seo ar an 13 Meán Fómhair, is féidir le do pháistí an chistin a ghlacadh ar aghaidh aon lá den bhliain! Mar sin, an chéad uair eile a bheidh cabhair ag teastáil uait sa chistin, iarr ar do leanbh cabhair a fháil, agus b'fhéidir go bhfaighidh tú go bhfuil an taithí ullmhúcháin béile i bhfad níos fearr!
Cén fáth go bhfuil sé tábhachtach do leanbh a chur san áireamh sa chistin?
Cé go bhféadfadh sé go n-iarrfadh sé níos mó ama, fuinnimh, agus foighne a bheith agat ag cócaireacht le do leanbh, tá an cócaireacht i bhfad níos luachmhar nuair a bhíonn do pháistí páirteach ann. Má bhíonn tú ag cócaireacht agus ag bácáil le do leanbh, tabharfaidh tú scileanna éagsúla éagsúla dóibh. Ó scileanna cócaireachta go forbairt chognaíoch go scileanna saoil, beidh taithí saibhir foghlama ag do leanaí sa chistin a d'fhéadfadh a bheith ina sciar ceiliúradh nua!
Is féidir le cócaireacht scileanna luachmhara éagsúla sa saol a mhúineadh do leanaí. Mar shampla, foghlaimfidh do leanbh an tábhacht a bhaineann le comhoibriú agus tú ag obair le chéile chun béile a ullmhú. Foghlaimfidh do leanbh an tábhacht a bhaineann le treoracha a leanúint de réir mar a leanann tú gach céim i rith oideas. Foghlaimfidh do leanbh an tábhacht a bhaineann le foighne toisc go dtógann sé am bia a ullmhú.
Agus tú ag cócaireacht le do pháiste, beidh sé in ann sláinteachas maith a chleachtadh trína lámha a ní sula ndéanann sé teagmháil le bia. Is féidir leat labhairt leo faoin tábhacht a bhaineann le glanadh tar éis duit féin agus tú ag scriosadh an chaos agus ag cur na miasa ar shiúl.
Is féidir le múineadh do pháistí faoi chócaireacht cabhrú freisin le forbairt chognaíoch agus foghlaim a spreagadh. Mar shampla, beidh forbairt teanga ag teacht go nádúrtha agus tú ag tabhairt do leanbh le foclóir nua agus tú ag caint faoi bhia, cothaithe, uirlisí cócaireachta, srl.
Beidh do leanbh in ann a scileanna mótair bheaga a fhorbairt freisin agus iad ag cabhrú leat le tascanna mar mheasc, tomhas, agus uirlisí eile sa chistin a úsáid.
Tá baint ag matamaitic agus eolaíocht freisin agus tú ag ullmhú béilí le do leanbh. Foghlaimfidh do leanbh scileanna matamaitice mar a bheith ag comhaireamh, ag tomhas agus ag ordú nuair a bheidh tú ag cur comhábhair leis. Foghlaimfidh do leanbh scileanna eolaíochta agus tú ag caint leo faoi conas a athraíonn bia agus tú ag cócaireacht. Mar shampla, labhair leo faoi na rudaí a tharlaíonn agus tú ag báil uisce, ag cócaireacht núidlí, ag leá bóthar, etc.
Sláinte & Cothú
Tá bia sláintiúil chomh tábhachtach sin d'fhás agus d'fhorbairt cheart. Agus tú ag cócaireacht le do leanbh, múin dóibh faoi thábhacht an chothaithe. Cuir do leanbh i mbun béilí nuair a úsáideann tú comhábhair shláintiúla amhail torthaí, glasraí, agus gráin iomlána. Má mhúineann tú na nósanna ithe sláintiúla seo ó aois óg, beidh do pháistí ag forbairt na nósanna sláintiúla seo níos luaithe agus is dóichí go leanfaidh siad orthu nuair a bheidh siad níos sine.
Tá cuid de na scileanna is soiléire a fhoghlaimfidh leanaí sa chistin ná scileanna cócaireachta. Beidh do leanbh níos eolaí ar chócaireacht agus ar bhácáil de réir a chéile de réir mar a oibreoidh tú leo sa chistin. De réir mar a thugann tú do leanbh isteach sa chistin, beidh sé nó sí eolach ar fhocallann cócaireachta, ar leideanna cócaireachta, ar uirlisí cócaireachta, agus go leor eile. Agus cé a fhios, b'fhéidir go mbeidh do leanbh ar an gcéad chócaire is fearr eile lá amháin!
10 Bealaí chun Do Leanaí a Iompú sa Chistin
- Recipes a roghnú Lig do leanbh cabhrú leat recipes a roghnú. Roghnaigh cúpla oidis shláintiúil éagsúla roimh ré, agus ansin fiafraigh díobh cén ceann a b'fhearr leo a dhéanamh. Is féidir leat a spreagadh freisin do leanbh chun breathnú trí leabhair cócaireachta nó cártaí cócaireachta chun bia a fháil ar a gcuid féin. Má bhraitheann leanbh go raibh lámh acu sa chinneadh, is dóichí go mbainfidh siad taitneamh as an béile a ithe.
- Siopaí grósaera Tóg do leanbh ag siopadóireacht grósaera. Lig do leanbh cabhrú leat na míreanna a theastaíonn uait a aimsiú don oideas a roghnaigh tú. Agus tú ag lorg na n-earraí bia, iarr ar do leanbh na hearraí sin a shíneadh as do liosta grósaera.
- Breathnú Lig do leanbh féachaint ort ag cócaireacht agus spreag iad ceisteanna a chur sa chistin. Agus tú ag ullmhú bia, mínigh cad atá á dhéanamh agat agus cén fáth.
- Rannú Le linn duit béile a ullmhú, iarr ar do leanbh rudaí cosúil le torthaí agus glasraí a rannú sa niosca. Labhair leo faoin tábhacht a bhaineann le cinntiú go bhfuil do bhia glan sula n-itheann tú é. Is féidir leat an t-uisce a ghlanadh ina eispéireas braite freisin agus tú ag iarraidh ar do leanbh cur síos a dhéanamh ar na téacsanna, na dathanna, agus na boladh a bhíonn ag baint leis an mbia.
- Cabhair le H-Ais Lig do leanbh na comhábhair a thabhairt duit agus tú ag cócaireacht. Iarr ar do leanbh an féidir leo na bianna éagsúla a ainmniú agus iad á thabhairt duit. Má tá tú ag iarraidh ar do leanbh níos mó ná rud amháin den rud céanna a thabhairt duit, bíodh a fhios aige an líon earraí a thugann sé duit.
- Measú Is bealach iontach é comhábhair a thomhas chun leanaí a theagasc faoi mhatamaitic agus faoi uimhreacha. Cabhair leo na huirlisí tomhais méid ceart a fháil agus lig dóibh na comhábhair a dhoirteadh isteach sna codanna méid ceart. Labhair le páistí níos óige faoi chomhaireamh agus le páistí níos sine faoi bhristeanna agus tú ag tomhas.
- Meascáil Tar éis na comhábhair riachtanacha go léir a bheith i mbosca measctha, spreag do leanbh chun cabhrú leis na comhábhair a mheascadh le chéile. Is gníomhaíocht mótarnach fíneáil iontach é seo do leanaí. Labhair leo faoi na huirlisí éagsúla a mheallann siad, amhail spúnóg, whisk, agus spatulas.
- Uirlisí agus Uirlisí a Úsáid Tabhair uirlisí agus uirlisí dá gcuid féin do do leanbh a úsáidfidh sé agus é ag ullmhú bia. Má tharlaíonn go bhfuil sean-sraith nó sraith breise agat, is bealach iontach é seo chun cabhrú le páistí mothú neamhspleách. Bí cinnte go bhfuil na huirlisí seo cairdiúil do leanaí ar ndóigh. Fan amach ó rudaí géara. Déan iarracht uirlisí a thabhairt do do leanbh, mar shampla a chuid féin de chúntóir, spúnóg measctha, nó cupán tomhais.
- An Tábla a chur le chéile Spreag do leanbh chun cabhrú leis an tábla a chur le chéile sula suífidh do theaghlach síos le haghaidh béile. Múin do leanaí níos sine an treoir cheart maidir le cur síos ar an mbord, ag míniú cá háit a dtéann gach píosa airgid ar an mbord.
- Glanadh suas Tar éis duit do bhéile a ullmhú agus taitneamh a bhaint as, bíodh do leanbh ag cabhrú leat leis an bpróiseas glanadh suas. Ní hamháin gur scileanna cistin é seo, ach scileanna saoil!
Recipes is Fearr le Caitheamh le do Chloinne
Ag Acadamh New Horizon, cuirimid oideas éagsúla ar fáil a thaitníonn le do theaghlach ar fad. Seo cuid de na hairíonna is fearr leat sa teaghlach ar féidir leat a dhéanamh le do leanbh:
- Sunny Sushi Roll Snack
- Craicéirí Pizza Uibheacha
- No-Bake Muffin Blueberry Oatmeal Bóilíní Fuinnimh
- Bánánán Iogart Glasaithe
Recipes Lunch & Dinner
*Is féidir na h-oidis go léir a fháil faoin gcatagóir Kid's Cuisine ar ár mblag.
Tá súil againn go mbainfidh tú féin agus do theaghlach taitneamh as Lá Náisiúnta na gCúige a ghlacann an Cistin. Mar sin féin, is cuma cén lá, is féidir le tabhairt isteach ar do leanbh ar chócaireacht a bheith ina eispéireas foghlama spraíúil don teaghlach ar fad. Féach ar chócaireacht mar dheis chun scileanna nua a fhoghlaim, chun oidis nua a thriail, agus chun taitneamh a bhaint as roinnt cairde iontach! Tá Lá na gCúise ag na Leanaí Náisiúnta Sásta! |
Industrial hemp and alfalfa have been added to the annual crop health survey funded by the farmer-driven Northern New York Agricultural Development Program (NNYADP). Cornell Cooperative Extension (CCE) field crops specialists scouted fields on 30 regional farms in 2019 for early detection of disease in corn, soybean, alfalfa, and hemp crops. The results of crop surveys from 2013 through 2019 are posted on the NNYADP website at www.nnyagdev.org.
“This regional survey is a proactive and systematic way to alert growers to respond quickly to limit emerging and re-emerging plant diseases, to document trends, and to develop strategies to maintain crop health, sustainability, and the profit margin that is so narrow for growers,” says project leader and CCE Regional Field Crops Specialist Michael E. Hunter.
This NNYADP field crops survey, restarted in 2013, has traditionally focused on corn and soybean as foundational crops, grown as both livestock feed and cash crops, for the regional farming industry. Hunter says, “Alfalfa has been added to the survey as another essential dairy industry crop, and, with grower interest increasing in industrial hemp, we began scouting those plantings in 2019.”
Hunter and CCE Regional Field Crops and Soils Specialist Kitty O’Neil scout fields and send samples of plant tissue for diagnosis at the Bergstrom Pathology Lab at Cornell University in Ithaca, N.Y.
In 2019, the NNYADP crop health survey identified 13 crop diseases: 2 in corn, 7 in soybean, 2 in alfalfa, and 2 in industrial hemp.
Northern stem canker was identified in soybean but was not problematic in NNY in 2019. Hunter notes, “While there have been significant yield losses reported to this disease in Midwestern states, to date, no yield loss has yet been documented in New York State crops to northern stem canker.”|
Warm, wet weather conditions during podfill in 2019 fostered development of Cercospora leaf blight, non-yield limiting disease in soybean. Levels did not result in any rejection of loads shipped to market. Other soybean diseases identified in NNY in 2019 were downy mildew, white mold, frogeye leaf spot, anthracnose, and Septoria brown spot.
The cool, wet spring of 2019 favored growth of Leptosphaerulina leaf spot and Stemphylium leaf spot in alfalfa crops; however, incidences were not severe nor widespread, and neither disease negatively impacted forage quality or overall crop yield.
White mold and Botrytis gray mold, common molds that can cause serious damage in industrial hemp grown in the field and in greenhouses, were seen in plantings of industrial hemp, an emerging crop in Northern New York.
FIrst-time confirmations of emerging diseases are added to state and national crop pathogen databases with field samples archived in the Cornell University Field Crop Pathogen Culture Collection. DNA sequences of any confirmed new pathogens are submitted to the National Institutes of Health Gen Bank genetic sequence database.
“This yearly scouting and diagnosis survey project adds data, distribution mapping, and trending to help growers adapt their strategies for maintaining crop health, preventing disease, and efficiently and cost-effectively treating issues locally, regionally, and statewide,” Hunter adds.
Funding for the Northern New York Agricultural Development Program is supported by the New York State Legislature and administered by the New York State Department of Agriculture and Markets. | <urn:uuid:5b898e0a-9290-4d22-9ee2-7cd94f1f9e41> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | http://blogs.cornell.edu/ccefieldcropnews/2020/05/07/hemp-added-to-nny-field-crops-health-survey-nnyadp-posts-results/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655878519.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20200702045758-20200702075758-00511.warc.gz | en | 0.932681 | 743 | 2.578125 | 3 | Cuireadh cnáib thionsclaíoch agus alfalfa leis an suirbhé bliantúil ar shláinte na dtorthaí a mhaoiníonn Clár Forbartha Talmhaíochta Thuaisceart Nua Eabhrac (NNYADP) atá á stiúradh ag feirmeoirí. Rinne speisialtóirí ar chothú feirmeacha réimse de chuid Cornell Cooperative Extension (CCE) scrúdú ar fheirmeacha ar 30 fheirm réigiúnach in 2019 chun galar a bhrath go luath i gcothú arbhar, soibíní, alfalfa, agus ceapaire. Tá torthaí na suirbhéanna ar thorthaí ó 2013 go dtí 2019 foilsithe ar shuíomh Gréasáin NNYADP ag www.nnyagdev.org.
"Is bealach réamhghníomhach agus córais é an suirbhé réigiúnach seo chun a chur in iúl do thalmhaitheoirí freagairt go tapa chun galair plandaí atá ag teacht chun cinn agus athfhás a theorannú, chun treochtaí a dhoiciméadú, agus straitéisí a fhorbairt chun sláinte, inbhuanaitheacht agus an tairseach brabúis atá chomh caol do thalmhaitheoirí a choinneáil", a deir ceannaire an tionscadail agus Speisialtóir CCE Réigiúnach na gCeantair Réigiúnacha Michael E. Hunter.
Tá an suirbhé seo ar chultúir feirme NNYADP, a cuireadh ar bun arís in 2013, dírithe go traidisiúnta ar choróin agus ar bhónn sóia mar chultúir bhunúsacha, a fhásann mar bheatha agus mar chultúir airgid, don tionscal feirmeoireachta réigiúnach. Deir Hunter, "Cuireadh Alfalfa leis an suirbhé mar chultúr eile riachtanach d' tionscal na déiríochta, agus, le spéis níos mó ag fásóirí i ngnáib thionsclaíoch, thosaigh muid ag scouting na plandálacha sin i 2019. "
Hunter agus CCE Speisialtóir Réigiúnach Field Crops agus ithir Kitty ONeil réimsí scout agus samplaí de fíochán plandaí a sheoladh le haghaidh diagnóis ag an Bergstrom Pathology Lab in Ollscoil Cornell in Ithaca, NY.
Sa bhliain 2019, d'aithin suirbhé sláinte na dtorthaí NNYADP 13 ghalair ar thorthaí: 2 i arbhar, 7 i soibín, 2 i alfalfa, agus 2 i seang.
Aithníodh cnag craicinn an tuaiscirt ó thuaidh i mbonn sóia ach ní raibh sé fadhbanna i NY in 2019. Tugann Hunter faoi deara, Cé go ndearnadh caillteanais thráthúlacha a thuairisciú don ghalair seo i stáit an Mheán-iarthair, go dtí seo, níor cáineadh aon chaillteanas thráthúlacha i gcultúr Stáit Nua Eabhrac go cancraí bun an tuaiscirt.
D'fhás galar neamhtháirgiúil Cercospora le linn na tréimhse líonta a bhí te agus fliuch i 2019 agus ní raibh sé ag teorainn leis an dtorthaí i mbonn sóise. Ní raibh aon diúltú ag na leibhéil do mhuirir a lochtadh go dtí an margadh. Ba iad galair soighe eile a aithníodh i NNY in 2019 mildew downy, múnla bán, spota duille frogeye, anthracnose, agus spota donn Septoria.
Bhí fás spóta duille Leptosphaerulina agus spóta duille Stemphylium i gcultúir alfalfa ag an earrach fuar, fliuch de 2019; áfach, ní raibh na hiontrálacha tromchúiseacha ná forleathan, agus ní raibh tionchar diúltach ag an ngalar ar cháilíocht na fóire nó ar thorthaí foriomlán na dtorthaí.
Bhí mould bán agus mould liath Botrytis, moulds coitianta a d'fhéadfadh damáiste tromchúiseach a dhéanamh i mbanc tionsclaíoch a fhásadh sa réimse agus i dteachlanní glas, le feiceáil i mbunaíochtaí mbanc tionsclaíoch, barra atá ag teacht chun cinn i dTuaisceart Nua-Eabhrac.
Cuirtear deimhniúcháin den chéad uair ar ghalair atá ag teacht chun cinn le bunachair sonraí paiteogain chultúir stáit agus náisiúnta le samplaí réimse a stóráiltear i gCóiliúchán Cultúir Paiteogain Chultúir Chultúir Ollscoil Cornell. Cuirtear seicheamh DNA de phaitogéin nua a deimhnítear isteach i mbunachar sonraí seicheamh géiniteach an National Institutes of Health Gen Bank.
'Cuireann an tionscadal suirbhé scouting agus diagnóis bhliantúil seo sonraí, léarscáileanna dáileadh agus treochtaí le cuidiú le feirmeoirí a gcuid straitéisí a oiriúnú chun sláinte na dtorthaí a chothabháil, galar a chosc, agus fadhbanna a chóireáil go héifeachtach agus go costéifeachtach go háitiúil, go réigiúnach, agus ar fud na stáit,' a deir Hunter.
Tá maoiniú do Chlár Forbartha Talmhaíochta Thuaisceart Nua Eabhrac á thacú ag reachtaíocht Stáit Nua Eabhrac agus á riaradh ag Roinn Talmhaíochta agus Margaí Stáit Nua Eabhrac. |
What is TMJ?
You’ve probably heard someone say “I have TMJ.” Well, so do I. And you do, too. In fact, without TMJ, you wouldn’t be able to open your mouth to smile, talk, or move it around to chew. The acronym TMJ actually refers to the temporomandibular joint, the joint that controls your jaw and allows it to move. A TMJ Disorder, however, is not something everyone has. And for those of us who do, we know how unpleasant and disruptive it can be.
So what’s the proper way to refer to a disorder relating to the TMJ? According to Dr. Marianna Kovitch, TMJD (the Temporomandibular Joint Disorder), or the umbrella term TMD (Temporomandibular Disorder), covers pain and dysfunction associated with the TMJ and muscles of mastication. It can be very painful, and when left alone, extremely damaging to your teeth, head and way of life.
Side Effects of a TMJ Disorder
A disorder of the jaw or TMJ can cause daily disruptions to your life including difficulty sleeping, sore teeth and jaw, and chronic headaches or migraines. TMJD is commonly attributed to bruxism, involuntary or habitual clenching or grinding of your teeth (usually while you sleep), which can also lead to unnecessary wear and tear on the premolars and molars and eventually even causing holes. When left untreated, a jaw disorder can be extremely detrimental to your dental health and overall wellbeing.
If you have a disorder of the jaw or joint, don’t despair. There are several treatment options available depending on the diagnosis, including splint therapy, occlusal adjustments, guards and medication. Only your dentist can help determine which option may be best for you.
These treatments may are successful in protecting your teeth and minimizing the other side effects; however, the pain and discomfort is not always erased completely. In these cases, there are additional treatment options available that some people have found helpful. Some of these include chiropractic adjustments to the jaw, head and neck, massage therapy inside the mouth that helps to ease the muscle tension from clenching and grinding, and Botox© injections to the specific areas of facial tension to relax the muscles.
If none of the above completely eliminates the issues caused by the TMJD or TMD, then at times, it may be necessary to obtain a referral to an oral and maxillofacial surgeon (OMS) for analysis. Types of surgery an OMS may suggest to treat a jaw disorder include Arthrocentesis, Arthroscopy or Arthrotomy, according to the American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons (www.AAOMS.org). During Arthrocentesis, fluid is flushed from the joint and the joint is then gently stretched. Arthroscopy involves the use of a miniature telescoping tool inserted near the bottom of the ear to repair the joint. And Arthrotomy is an open joint surgery used to reset the joint for the most complex issues. However, as with most forms of surgery, it should never be entered into lightly as it cannot guarantee to fix the problem and could possibly even present additional issues.
Get Help Today
As with any other daily concern that causes chronic pain or discomfort, the sooner you obtain a diagnosis, the sooner you can find relief. Do you clench or grind your teeth? If you have frequent headaches and tooth or jaw pain, there’s a good chance you might have some form of TMJD/TMD. But the good news is that surgery is rarely necessary, since so many other attractive and successful treatment options are available today. Mention it to us at your next cleaning appointment to discuss your questions and concerns in more detail with your dentist. Chances are, she can tell just by looking at your bite and grinding patterns which option will be best for you. | <urn:uuid:7349c26b-325c-4480-839d-c8174234617a> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | http://www.atlantasmiles.com/we-all-have-tmj/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187823282.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20171019103222-20171019123222-00898.warc.gz | en | 0.947711 | 819 | 2.734375 | 3 | Cad é TMJ?
Is dócha gur chuala tú duine ag rá "Tá TMJ agam". Bhuel, tá mé chomh maith. Agus tú a dhéanamh, freisin. Go deimhin, gan TMJ, ní bheadh tú in ann do bhéal a oscailt chun gáire a dhéanamh, labhairt, nó é a bhogadh timpeall chun greim a fháil. Tagraíonn an t-acrainm TMJ i ndáiríre don chomhéadan temporomandibular, an comhéadan a rialaíonn do bhéal agus a ligeann dó bogadh. Ní rud é go bhfuil neamhoird TMJ ag gach duine, áfach. Agus dóibh siúd againn a bhfuil, tá a fhios againn cé chomh míshásta agus suaite is féidir é a bheith.
Mar sin, cad é an bealach ceart chun tagairt a dhéanamh do neamhoird a bhaineann leis an TMJ? De réir an Dr. Marianna Kovitch, is é TMJD (an Tarraingt Comhpháirteach Temporomandibular), nó an téarma uachtar TMD (Tarraingt Temporomandibular), ná pian agus mífheidhm a bhaineann leis an TMJ agus leis na matáin mastication. Is féidir é a bheith an-dochar, agus nuair a fhágtar ina n-aonar, damáiste an-mhór do do fiacla, ceann agus ar do bhealach maireachtála.
Fo-iarsmaí a bhaineann le Folláine TMJ
D'fhéadfadh neamhoird an fhál nó an TMJ cur isteach ar do shaol laethúil lena n-áirítear deacracht codlata, fiacla agus fhál tinn, agus tinneas cinn nó migraine ainsealach. Is minic a thugtar TMJD ar bruxism, clenching nó grinding do chuid fiacla gan iarraidh nó de ghnáth (de ghnáth agus tú ag codladh), rud a d'fhéadfadh a bheith ina chúis le caitheamh agus scrios neamhriachtanach ar na premolars agus molars agus sa deireadh fiú ag cruthú poill. Má fhágtar gan chóireáil, is féidir le neamhord béal a bheith thar a bheith díobhálach do shláinte fiacla agus do folláine i gcoitinne.
Má tá neamhoird agat ar an bhfáinne nó ar an gcomhpháirte, ná bíodh díomá ort. Tá roinnt roghanna cóireála ar fáil ag brath ar an diagnóis, lena n-áirítear teiripe spléinte, coigeartuithe oclusal, caomhnóirí agus cógais. Is é an dochtúir fiacla amháin a bheidh in ann cabhrú leat a chinneadh cén rogha is fearr duitse.
D'fhéadfadh go mbeadh na cóireálacha seo rathúil i do chuid fiacla a chosaint agus na fo-iarsmaí eile a íoslaghdú; áfach, ní dhéantar an pian agus an míchompord a scriosadh go hiomlán i gcónaí. I gcásanna den sórt sin, tá roghanna cóireála breise ar fáil a bhfuil cuid de dhaoine tar éis a fháil cabhrach. I measc cuid de na modhanna seo tá coigeartuithe chiropractic ar an mbéal, ar an gceann agus ar an muineál, teiripe massage taobh istigh den bhéal a chabhraíonn leis an teannas muscle a mhaolú ó chló agus greim, agus instealltaí Botox© chuig na limistéir shonracha de teannas aghaidh chun na matáin a scíth a ligean.
Mura ndéanann aon cheann de na rudaí thuasluaite na saincheisteanna a bhaineann le TMJD nó TMD a dhíchur go hiomlán, ansin uaireanta, d'fhéadfadh sé a bheith riachtanach atreorú a fháil chuig máinliachtí béil agus maxillofacial (OMS) le haghaidh anailíse. I measc na gcineálacha máinliachta a d'fhéadfadh OMS a mholadh chun neamhoird máine a chóireáil tá Arthrocentesis, Arthroscopy nó Arthrotomy, de réir Chumann Mheiriceá Máinliachta Oral agus Maxillofacial (www.AAOMS.org). Le linn Arthrocentesis, cuirtear sreabhach amach as an gcomhpháirteach agus déantar an comhpháirteach a shíneadh go réidh ansin. Baineann an t-athroscóp le huirlis teilifíse beag a chuirtear in aice le bun an chluas chun an comhpháirt a dheisiú. Agus Arthrotomy is é an máinliacht comhpháirteach oscailte a úsáidtear chun an comhpháirteach a athshocrú le haghaidh na saincheisteanna is casta. Mar sin féin, mar a tharlaíonn le formhór na gcineálacha máinliachta, níor cheart é a chur isteach go héasca mar nach féidir leis a ráthú go réiteoidh sé an fhadhb agus d'fhéadfadh sé go bhféadfadh sé fadhbanna breise a chur i láthair.
Faigh Cabhair Inniu
Mar aon le haon imní laethúil eile a chuireann pian nó míchompord ainsealach ort, is é an luath is a fhaigheann tú diagnóis, is é an luath is féidir leat faoiseamh a fháil. An ndéanann tú do chuid fiacla a shín nó a chrócaireacht? Má bhíonn tinneas cinn agus pian fiacla nó máguaird agat go minic, tá seans maith ann go bhfuil cineál éigin de TMJD/TMD agat. Ach is é an dea-scéal ná go bhfuil gá le máinliacht go seasta, ós rud é go bhfuil go leor roghanna cóireála tarraingteach agus rathúla eile ar fáil inniu. Tabhair faoi deara dúinn é ag do chéad chomóradh eile le haghaidh glantacháin chun do chuid ceisteanna agus imní a phlé níos mionsonraithe le do dhochtúir fiacla. Tá seans ann go dtuigfidh sí, ach féachaint ar do phéinteanna greim agus greim, cén rogha is fearr duit. |
Exposure to lead can happen from breathing workplace air or dust, eating contaminated foods, or drinking contaminated water. Children can be exposed from eating lead-based paint chips or playing in contaminated soil. Lead can damage the nervous system, kidneys, and reproductive system. Lead has been found in at least 1,272 of the 1,684 National Priority List sites identified by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).
Lead is a naturally occurring bluish-gray metal found in small amounts in the earth's crust. Lead can be found in all parts of our environment. Much of it comes from human activities including burning fossil fuels, mining, and manufacturing.
Lead has many different uses. It is used in the production of batteries, ammunition, metal products (solder and pipes), and devices to shield X-rays. Because of health concerns, lead from paints and ceramic products, caulking, and pipe solder has been dramatically reduced in recent years. The use of lead as an additive to gasoline was banned in 1996 in the United States.
Lead itself does not break down, but lead compounds are changed by sunlight, air, and water.
When lead is released to the air, it may travel long distances before settling to the ground.
Once lead falls onto soil, it usually sticks to soil particles.
Movement of lead from soil into groundwater will depend on the type of lead compound and the characteristics of the soil.
Eating food or drinking water that contains lead. Water pipes in some older homes may contain lead solder. Lead can leach out into the water.
Spending time in areas where lead-based paints have been used and are deteriorating. Deteriorating lead paint can contribute to lead dust.
Working in a job where lead is used or engaging in certain hobbies in which lead is used, such as making stained glass.
Using health-care products or folk remedies that contain lead.
The effects of lead are the same whether it enters the body through breathing or swallowing. Lead can affect almost every organ and system in your body. The main target for lead toxicity is the nervous system, both in adults and children. Long-term exposure of adults can result in decreased performance in some tests that measure functions of the nervous system. It may also cause weakness in fingers, wrists, or ankles. Lead exposure also causes small increases in blood pressure, particularly in middle-aged and older people and can cause anemia. Exposure to high lead levels can severely damage the brain and kidneys in adults or children and ultimately cause death. In pregnant women, high levels of exposure to lead may cause miscarriage. Highlevel exposure in men can damage the organs responsible for sperm production.
We have no conclusive proof that lead causes cancer in humans. Kidney tumors have developed in rats and mice that had been given large doses of some kind of lead compounds. The Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) has determined that lead and lead compounds are reasonably anticipated to be human carcinogens and the EPA has determined that lead is a probable human carcinogen. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has determined that inorganic lead is probably carcinogenic to humans and that there is insufficient information to determine whether organic lead compounds will cause cancer in humans.
Small children can be exposed by eating lead-based paint chips, chewing on objects painted with lead-based paint, or swallowing house dust or soil that contains lead.
Children are more vulnerable to lead poisoning than adults. A child who swallows large amounts of lead may develop blood anemia, severe stomachache, muscle weakness, and brain damage. If a child swallows smaller amounts of lead, much less severe effects on blood and brain function may occur. Even at much lower levels of exposure, lead can affect a child's mental and physical growth.
Exposure to lead is more dangerous for young and unborn children. Unborn children can be exposed to lead through their mothers. Harmful effects include premature births, smaller babies, decreased mental ability in the infant, learning difficulties, and reduced growth in young children. These effects are more common if the mother or baby was exposed to high levels of lead. Some of these effects may persist beyond childhood.
Avoid exposure to sources of lead.
Do not allow children to chew or mouth surfaces that may have been painted with lead-based paint.
If you have a water lead problem, run or flush water that has been standing overnight before drinking or cooking with it.
Some types of paints and pigments that are used as make-up or hair coloring contain lead. Keep these kinds of products away from children.
If your home contains lead-based paint or you live in an area contaminated with lead, wash children's hands and faces often to remove lead dusts and soil, and regularly clean the house of dust and tracked in soil.
A blood test is available to measure the amount of lead in your blood and to estimate the amount of your recent exposure to lead. Blood tests are commonly used to screen children for lead poisoning. Lead in teeth or bones can be measured by X-ray techniques, but these methods are not widely available. Exposure to lead also can be evaluated by measuring erythrocyte protoporphyrin (EP) in blood samples. EP is a part of red blood cells known to increase when the amount of lead in the blood is high. However, the EP level is not sensitive enough to identify children with elevated blood lead levels below about 25 micrograms per deciliter (�g/dL). These tests usually require special analytical equipment that is not available in a doctor's office. However, your doctor can draw blood samples and send them to appropriate laboratories for analysis.
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends that states test children at ages 1 and 2 years. Children should be tested at ages 3�6 years if they have never been tested for lead, if they receive services from public assistance programs for the poor such as Medicaid or the Supplemental Food Program for Women, Infants, and Children, if they live in a building or frequently visit a house built before 1950; if they visit a home (house or apartment) built before 1978 that has been recently remodeled; and/or if they have a brother, sister, or playmate who has had lead poisoning. CDC considers a blood lead level of 10 dL to be a level of concern for children.
EPA limits lead in drinking water to 15g per liter.
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR). 2007. Toxicological Profile for Lead (Update). Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service.
If you have questions or concerns, please contact your community or state health or environmental quality department or:
For more information, contact:
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry
Division of Toxicology and Human Health Sciences
1600 Clifton Road NE, Mailstop F-57
Phone: 1-800-CDC-INFO · 888-232-6348 (TTY)
ATSDR can also tell you the location of occupational and environmental health clinics. These clinics specialize in recognizing, evaluating, and treating illnesses resulting from exposure to hazardous substances.
Information line and technical assistance:
To order toxicological profiles, contact:
National Technical Information Service
5285 Port Royal Road
Phone: 800-553-6847 or 703-605-6000 | <urn:uuid:715e89df-1c8e-464b-9387-97a532bc35ba> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://veterans-for-change.org/mfaqs/all-mfaqs/lead | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510284.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20230927071345-20230927101345-00154.warc.gz | en | 0.953485 | 1,568 | 3.90625 | 4 | Is féidir le plumb a bheith i láthair trí aer nó deannach san áit oibre a anailís, bia truaillithe a ithe, nó uisce truaillithe a ól. Is féidir le leanaí a bheith nochtaithe trí chips péint atá bunaithe ar luaidhe a ithe nó ag imirt i dtalamh truaillithe. Is féidir leis an luaidhe dochar a dhéanamh don chóras néaróg, do na duáin, agus don chóras atáirgthe. Fuarthas luaidhe i 1,272 ar a laghad de na 1,684 suíomh ar Liosta Prioráide Náisiúnta a shainaithin an Ghníomhaireacht um Chosaint Comhshaoil (EPA).
Is miotail gorm-ghrá é luaidhe a bhíonn i láthair go nádúrtha agus a fhaightear i gcainníochtaí beaga i gcoróin na talún. Is féidir luaidhe a fháil i ngach cuid dár dtimpeallacht. Tagann cuid mhór de na gníomhaíochtaí daonna lena n-áirítear breoslaí iontaise a dhó, mianadóireacht, agus déantúsaíocht.
Tá go leor úsáidí éagsúla ag luaidhe. Úsáidtear é i dtáirgeadh cadhnraí, lámhaigh, táirgí miotail (solder agus píopaí), agus feistí chun scátháin X a chosaint. Mar gheall ar imní sláinte, tá laghdú mór tagtha ar an luaidhe ó pheanta agus ó tháirgí ceirmeacha, ó cháláil agus ó shodaire píopa le blianta beaga anuas. I 1996, cuireadh cosc ar chló mar bhreiseán do pheitine sna Stáit Aontaithe.
Ní bhriseann luaidhe í féin, ach athraíonn solas na gréine, aer, agus uisce comhdhúile luaidhe.
Nuair a scaoiltear luaidhe san aer, d'fhéadfadh sé taisteal ar shiúl fada sula socraíonn sé ar an talamh.
Nuair a thiteann luaidhe ar an ithir, de ghnáth greamaíonn sé le cáithníní ithir.
Braitheann gluaiseacht luaidhe ón ithir isteach i dtuiscí grinn ar chineál na comhdhéanta luaidhe agus ar shaintréithe an ithir.
Bia nó uisce óil a ithe a bhfuil luaidhe iontu. D'fhéadfadh solder luaidhe a bheith i bpíopaí uisce i roinnt tí níos sine. Is féidir leis an luaidhe a bheith ag leachtú amach san uisce.
Am a chaitheamh i limistéir ina ndearnadh péinteanna luaidhe-bhunaithe a úsáid agus ina bhfuil siad ag dul in olcas. Is féidir le péint luaidhe atá ag meath cur le deannach luaidhe.
Ag obair i post ina n-úsáidtear luaidhe nó ag gabháil le hoibrithe áirithe ina n-úsáidtear luaidhe, mar shampla gloine staite a dhéanamh.
Úsáid táirgí cúraim sláinte nó leigheasanna tíre a bhfuil luaidhe iontu.
Tá na héifeachtaí atá ag luaidhe mar an gcéanna cibé an dtéann sé isteach sa chorp trí anailís nó trí shéaltú. Is féidir le luaidhe difear a dhéanamh do beagnach gach orgán agus córas i do chorp. Is é an príomhchuspóir le haghaidh tocsaineacht luaidhe an córas néarógach, i ndaoine fásta agus i leanaí araon. D'fhéadfadh go mbeadh laghdú ar fheidhmíocht i roinnt tástálacha a dhéanann feidhmeanna an chórais néarógach a thomhas i ndiaidh nochtadh fadtéarmach d'aosaigh. D'fhéadfadh sé freisin lagú a chur ar mhéar, ar bhéal nó ar an gcroí. Bíonn méadú beag ar an bhrú fola mar thoradh ar nochtadh luaidhe, go háirithe i ndaoine meánaosta agus níos sine agus d'fhéadfadh sé anaimia a chur faoi deara. Is féidir le hionchais do leibhéil arda luaidhe damáiste mór a dhéanamh don inchinn agus do na duáin i ndaoine fásta nó i leanaí agus sa deireadh bás a chur ina gcúis. I measc mná torracha, d'fhéadfadh leibhéil arda nochtaithe faoi thiomáint cur le mí-úsáid. D'fhéadfadh an leibhéal ard a nochtadh i bhfear damáiste a dhéanamh do na horgáin atá freagrach as táirgeadh sperm.
Níl aon fhianaise chinnte againn go gcuireann luaidhe ailse ar dhaoine. Tá tuamóirí duáin forbartha i ngráin agus i luch a tugadh dáileoga móra de chineál éigin comhdhúile luaidhe dóibh. Tá sé de chinneadh ag an Roinn Sláinte agus Seirbhísí Daonna (DHHS) go bhfuil súil réasúnta ann go bhfuil luaidhe agus comhdhúile luaidhe ina gcansaigíní daonna agus tá sé de chinneadh ag an EPA go bhfuil luaidhe ina gcansaigíní daonna dóchúil. Tá sé de chinneadh ag an nGníomhaireacht Idirnáisiúnta um Thaighde ar Ailse (IARC) go bhfuil luaidhe neamhorgánach carcanaigineach dóchúil do dhaoine agus nach bhfuil go leor faisnéise ann chun a chinneadh an mbeidh comhdhúile luaidhe orgánacha ina gcúis le hailse i ndaoine.
Is féidir le páistí beaga a bheith nochtaithe trí sceallóga péinte atá bunaithe ar luaidhe a ithe, ag caitheamh ar rudaí a bhfuil péint bunaithe ar luaidhe orthu, nó ag gloineadh deannaigh nó ithir ina bhfuil luaidhe.
Tá leanaí níos leochailí do phláirseáil luaidhe ná daoine fásta. D'fhéadfadh an leanbh a shlogann méideanna móra luaidhe anaimia fola, pian mhór boilg, lagú matáin, agus damáiste inchinne a fháil. Má inghlaíonn leanbh méideanna níos lú luaidhe, d'fhéadfadh go mbeadh éifeachtaí i bhfad níos lú tromchúiseacha ar fheidhm na fola agus na hinchinne. Fiú amháin ag leibhéil i bhfad níos ísle nochtadh, is féidir leis an luaidhe tionchar a imirt ar fhás meabhrach agus fisiceach an linbh.
Tá nochtadh do luaidhe níos contúirteacha do leanaí óga agus do leanaí nach bhfuil rugadh. Is féidir le leanaí nach bhfuil rugadh a bheith nochtaithe chun pláta trína máithreacha. I measc na n-éifeachtaí díobhálacha tá breith roimh am, leanaí níos lú, laghdú ar chumas meabhrach an linbh, deacrachtaí foghlama, agus laghdú ar fhás leanaí óga. Tá na héifeachtaí seo níos coitianta má bhí an mháthair nó an leanbh nochtaithe do leibhéil arda luaidhe. D'fhéadfadh go leanfadh cuid de na héifeachtaí seo ar aghaidh tar éis na linbh.
Seachain go mbeidh tú i láthair foinsí luaidhe.
Ná lig do leanaí dromchlaí a chaitheadh nó a bhéal a bheith péinteáilte le péint luaidhe-bhunaithe.
Má tá fadhb le pláta uisce agat, rith nó sruthlaigh uisce a bhí ina sheasamh thar oíche sula n-ólann nó a chócaireacht leis.
Tá luaidhe i roinnt cineálacha péinte agus péigimint a úsáidtear mar ghruaig nó mar dhia. Coinnigh na cineálacha táirgí seo ar shiúl ó leanaí.
Má tá péint luaidhe i do theach nó má tá cónaí ort i gceantar atá truaillithe le luaidhe, nigh lámha agus aghaidhe leanaí go minic chun duscaí luaidhe agus salachar a bhaint, agus glan an teach go rialta as duslach agus as salachar sa salach.
Tá tástáil fola ar fáil chun méid na luaidhe i do fhuil a thomhas agus chun meastachán a dhéanamh ar an méid a bhí tú nochtaithe le luaidhe le déanaí. Úsáidtear tástálacha fola go coitianta chun scagadh a dhéanamh ar leanaí le haghaidh nimhiú luaidhe. Is féidir luaidhe i fiacla nó i gcnámha a thomhas trí theicnící X-ghathanna, ach níl na modhanna seo ar fáil go forleathan. Is féidir nochtadh do luaidhe a mheas freisin trí protoporphyrin (EP) erythrocyte a thomhas i samplaí fola. Is cuid de na cealla dearga fola é EP a bhfuil a fhios go méadaíonn sé nuair a bhíonn méid luaidhe sa fhuil ard. Mar sin féin, níl an leibhéal EP íogair go leor chun leanaí a aithint a bhfuil leibhéil luaidhe fola ard acu faoi bhun thart ar 25 microgram in aghaidh an deciliter (μg/dL). De ghnáth, ní mór trealamh anailíse speisialta a bheith ar fáil i gclár dochtúir chun na tástálacha seo a dhéanamh. Mar sin féin, féadfaidh do dhochtúir samplaí fola a thógáil agus iad a sheoladh chuig saotharlanna iomchuí chun anailís a dhéanamh orthu.
Molann na hIonaid um Rialú agus Cosc ar Ghalair (CDC) go ndéanann stáit tástáil ar leanaí ag aois 1 agus 2 bliana. Ba chóir tástáil a dhéanamh ar leanaí ag aois 3 1⁄2 26 bliain má níor tástáladh iad riamh ar chló, má fhaigheann siad seirbhísí ó chláir chúnamh poiblí do na bochta mar Medicaid nó an Clár Bia Forlíontach do Mhná, Naíonáin agus Leanaí, má tá siad ina gcónaí i bhfoirgneamh nó má thugann siad cuairt go minic ar theach a tógadh roimh 1950; má thugann siad cuairt ar theach (theach nó árasán) a tógadh roimh 1978 a athchóiríodh le déanaí; agus / nó má tá deartháir, deirfiúr nó comhpháirtí cluiche acu a raibh nimhiú chló aige. Measann CDC go bhfuil leibhéal luaidhe fola 10 dL ina leibhéal imní do leanaí.
Tá teorainn luaidhe ag an EPA i uisce óil go 15g in aghaidh an litre.
Gníomhaireacht um Shubstaintí Tocsaineacha agus Clár na gCothabhála (ATSDR). 2007. Próifíl tocsaineolaíoch le haghaidh luaidhe (Uasdátú). Atlanta, GA: Roinn Sláinte agus Seirbhísí Daonna na Stát Aontaithe, Seirbhís Sláinte Poiblí.
Má tá ceisteanna nó imní agat, déan teagmháil le do phobal nó le do roinn sláinte nó cáilíochta comhshaoil stáit nó:
Chun tuilleadh eolais a fháil, déan teagmháil le:
Gníomhaireacht um Shubstaintí Tocsaineacha agus Clár na gCothabhála
Rannán na nEolaíochtaí Toxicology agus Sláinte an Duine
1600 Clifton Road NE, Mailstop F-57
Teilifón: 1-800-CDC-INFO · 888-232-6348 (TTY)
Is féidir leis an ATSDR a chur in iúl duit freisin cá bhfuil clinicí sláinte ceirde agus sláinte an chomhshaoil suite. Tá na clinicí seo speisialaithe i ndíolachán, meastóireacht agus cóireáil galair a thagann as nochtadh do shonraí contúirteacha.
Líon faisnéise agus cúnamh teicniúil:
Chun próifílí tocsaineolaíocha a ordú, déan teagmháil le:
Seirbhís Náisiúnta Faisnéise Teicniúil
5285 Bhóthar Phort Ríoga
Teilifón: 800-553-6847 nó 703-605-6000 |
That's why researchers have begun using waist size -- more specifically, the ratio of your waist size to your hip size -- to determine health risk. Here's why it's more useful than BMI:
Fat that pushes your waist out in front is the most dangerous kind of fat you can have in your body. Exercise attacks abdominal fat, so the more you have, the less likely it is that you get a healthy amount of exercise.
- To figure your waist-hip ratio, measure your waist at the narrowest point and your hips at the widest (around your buttocks). Divide waist by hips. Your goal is to fall under 0.92.
- To calculate BMI, go to our BMI calculator (see "Related Articles on right.) | <urn:uuid:c6682c9f-b1f3-412b-a286-893a05890771> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | https://www.menshealth.com/health/a19553311/diet-strategies-bmi-and-obesity/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655900335.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20200709131554-20200709161554-00599.warc.gz | en | 0.939814 | 150 | 3.015625 | 3 | Sin an fáth gur thosaigh taighdeoirí ag úsáid méid do chlé -- go sonrach, an cóimheas idir do mhéid chlé agus do mhéid cnámh -- chun riosca sláinte a chinneadh. Seo an fáth go bhfuil sé níos úsáideach ná BMI:
Is é an saill a chuireann do chlé amach an ceann is contúirteacha is féidir a bheith agat i do chorp. Bíonn cleachtadh ag ionsaí saille boilg, mar sin, an níos mó atá agat, is lú an seans go bhfaighidh tú méid sláintiúil de chleachtadh.
- Chun do chion-chinn-mheas a fháil amach, tomhais do chion ag an bpointe is caol agus do chinn ag an bpointe is leathan (thart ar do ghualainn). Roinn cnámh le hips. Is é do sprioc a titim faoi bhun 0.92.
- Chun BMI a ríomh, téigh chuig ár ríomhleictreach BMI (féach "Articlí gaolmhara ar dheis.) |
Presentation on theme: "Author and Background Notes"— Presentation transcript:
1 Author and Background Notes A Raisin in the SunbyLorraine Hansberry
2 Lorraine HansberryParents were prominent African-American intellectualsLived on Chicago’s south side
3 Carl Hansberry, fatherChallenged the Chicago housing authority for its segregated housing pattern in Chicago when he bought a house in an all white neighborhood. The family was threatened by a mob and forced to leave by court order. He took the case all the way to the Supreme Court and won.
4 A Raisin in the SunFirst play written by an African-American women that ended up on BroadwayDepicted the dreams and disappointments of African AmericansDepicted an ordinary family whose struggles, conflicts, and triumphs all people could recognize.
5 Plot and SettingChicago’s south side during the 1950s
6 Major Characters Lena Younger (Mama): recent widow Walter Lee Younger: Mama’s 35 year-old son, who dreams of owning his own businessRuth Younger: Walter’s wife and mother to their son, TravisBeneatha Younger: Mama’s college-aged daughter who dreams of being a doctor
7 ThemesThe American Dream: differs for all types of Americans, can be accomplished with hard workThe power of prejudice: under current of racial tensionFrom defeat to victory
8 Conflict is created by the following: Financial troubles create conflictsParent/child relationshipsMale/female strugglesQuest to find personal fulfillment
9 Act I Scene: ii Narrator: Mackenzie Travis: Taylor Mama: Kevin Beneatha: MoriahAsagai: BondRuth: HaleyWalter: Alex
10 Act II scene i Ruth: Hayden Beneatha: Larisa Walter: Potty Mouth McGee George Murchison: BrennanMama: CJTravis: TaylorNarrator: Lauren
11 Act II scene ii Narrator: JD George: Josh Beneatha: Rachel Mama: AnikeshRuth: AlexWalter: MoriahTravis: HaydenMs. Johnson: Larisa
12 Act II Scene iii Narrator: Thomas Ruth: Sam Beneatha: Brennan Walter: SeanMan/Mr. Lindner: KevinTravis: KarleeBobo: RachelMama: Mackenzie | <urn:uuid:24f27381-4b49-4592-b04c-75015e2c1b26> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | http://slideplayer.com/slide/260140/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934807044.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20171123233821-20171124013821-00021.warc.gz | en | 0.887267 | 466 | 2.59375 | 3 | Taispeántas ar théama: "Nótaí Údair agus Cúlra" Tras-scríbhinn an Taispeántais:
1 Údair agus Nótaí Cúlra Raisin sa GhrianbyLorraine Hansberry
2 Lorraine HansberryBa léirithe ar an taobh dheas de Chicago a bhí ina dtuismitheoirí
3 Carl Hansberry, athairChallenged an údarás tithíochta Chicago as a patrúin tithíochta leithdháilte i Chicago nuair a cheannaigh sé teach i gcomharsanacht uile-bhia. Chuir slua mór bagairt ar an teaghlach agus cuireadh iallach orthu imeacht de réir ordú cúirte. Thug sé an cás go dtí an Chúirt Uachtarach agus bhuaigh sé.
4 A Raisin in the SunAn chéad dráma a scríobh bean Afracach-Mheiriceánach a tháinig chun cinn ar BroadwayD'imir sé aislingí agus díomá Mheiriceánaigh na hAfraiceD'imir sé teaghlach gnáth a raibh a streachailtí, a choimhlintí agus a bua ag gach duine in ann a aithint.
5 Plot agus SuíomhChicago's south side during the 1950s
6 Príomh-Aireanna Lena Younger (Mama): banfiúr nua Walter Lee Younger: Mac 35 bliain d'aois Mama, a bhfuil sé ina aisling a ghnó féin a bheith aigeRuth Younger: Bean Walter agus máthair dá mac, TravisBeneatha Younger: Mac léinn coláiste-aois Mama a bhfuil sé ina aisling a bheith ina dhochtúir
7 TéamaíAn Dream Mheiriceá: difriúil do gach cineál Meiriceánach, is féidir é a bhaint amach le hobair chruaCumhacht an phreasúnais: faoi threo teannas ciníochÓ throid go bua
8 Cruthaíonn an méid seo a leanas coinbhleacht: Cruthaíonn trioblóidí airgeadais coinbhleachtaíCaidreamh tuismitheoir/clann caidreamh fireann/baineannIarracht chun comhlíonadh pearsanta a fháil
9 Acht I Scéna: ii Aistriúchán: Mackenzie Travis: Taylor Mama: Kevin Beneatha: Moriah Asagai: BondRuth: HaleyWalter: Alex
10 Acht II radharc i Ruth: Hayden Beneatha: Larisa Walter: Potty Mouth McGee George Murchison: BrennanMama: CJTravis: Taylor
11 Acht II radharc ii Insintóir: JD George: Josh Beneatha: Rachel Mama: AnikeshRuth: AlexWalter: MoriahTravis: HaydenMs. Johnson: Larisa
12 Acht II Scéna III Aistriúchán: Thomas Ruth: Sam Beneatha: Brennan Walter: SeanMan/Mr. Tá sé ag cur an-taitneamh as an gcluiche seo. |
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In modern attacks, the attacker's goal often entails illegal gathering of user credentials such as passwords or browser cookies from a compromised web browser. An attacker first compromises the computer via some kind of attack, and then uses the control over the system to steal interesting data that she can utilize for other kinds of attacks (e. g., impersonation attacks). Protecting user credentials from such attacks is a challenging task, especially if the authors assume to not have trustworthy computer systems. While users may be inclined to trust their personal computers and Smartphone's, they might not invest the same confidence in the external machines of others, although they sometimes have no choice but to rely on them, e.g., in their co-workers' offices.
- Format: PDF
- Size: 224.98 KB | <urn:uuid:ebb124bb-cc56-42a1-91eb-7636384703a0> | CC-MAIN-2014-35 | http://www.techrepublic.com/resource-library/whitepapers/smartproxy-secure-smartphone-assisted-login-on-compromised-machines/?scname=security-management | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1408500830834.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20140820021350-00014-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.9235 | 165 | 2.6875 | 3 | Íoslódáil Anois Ní mór clárú saor in aisce
I n-ionsaithe nua-aimseartha, is minic a bhíonn sé mar aidhm ag an ionsaí bailiú neamhdhleathach creidmheasa úsáideora mar phasfhocail nó fianáin brabhsálaí ó bhrabhsálaí gréasáin a bhfuil cuma dhochracha orthu. Cuireann ionsaitheoir an ríomhaire i mbaol ar dtús trí chineál éigin ionsaithe, agus ansin úsáideann sé an rialú ar an gcóras chun sonraí suimiúla a ghoid a fhéadfaidh sí a úsáid le haghaidh cineálacha eile ionsaithe (m.sh., ionsaithe impersonation). Is tasc dúshlánach é creidmheasa úsáideoirí a chosaint ó ionsaithe den sórt sin, go háirithe má cheapann na húdair nach bhfuil córais ríomhaireachta iontaofa acu. Cé go bhféadfadh go mbeadh úsáideoirí claonta chun muinín a bheith acu as a gcuid ríomhairí pearsanta agus Smartphone, b'fhéidir nach gcuirfeadh siad an muinín céanna i bhfeistí seachtracha daoine eile, cé nach bhfuil aon rogha acu uaireanta ach brath orthu, mar shampla, in oifigí a gcomhghleacaithe.
- Formáid: PDF
- Méid: 224.98 KB |
Chemistry can be described many ways, because it plays a part in our understanding the natural world from any perspective. Scientists in all fields use chemistry and the physical principles taught in chemistry courses even if they do not know they are using them. Material experienced by such a wide variety of individuals will be described in a very diverse manner.
In a more formal sense, chemistry is traditionally divided into five major subdisciplines: organic chemistry, biochemistry, inorganic chemistry, analytical chemistry, and physical chemistry. The types of problems studied in each subdiscipline are different, and the skills needed to be a practicing chemist in each discipline are different. At the heart of each, however, is a fundamental desire to understand the Universe on a molecular level.
Below are some descriptions of each of the subdisciplines of chemistry. The faculty hope they help you approach an understanding of the diversity of problems chemists investigate.
Organic chemistry is the study of carbon and its compounds, particularly carbon in combination with hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and often the halogens. There are three major topics of interest to the average organic chemist: Synthesis, whereby the chemist tries to come up with methods to prepare specific compounds of interest, such as novel drug candidates; Mechanism, which is the study of the detailed flow of electrons within and between molecules, leading to a particular outcome for a reaction; Spectroscopy, wherein the chemist studies the interaction of a material with electromagnetic radiation of various wavelengths in order to determine its properties, and ultimately its structure.
The field of chemistry is diverse. At any one time around the world, people called chemists are making new molecules, ensuring compliance with environmental laws, probing the secrets of stars and the origins of life, and teaching computers to predict the behavior of matter. The reason all these pursuits can be called chemistry is two fold. First, all chemists have an interest in molecules, the basic building blocks of everything. Second, all chemical pursuits share a set of common underlying principles. These are the principles of quantum mechanics, thermodynamics, kinetics, and statistical mechanics. These principles unify our understanding of the natural world and make diverse phenomena part of the same whole. These unifying principles are the subject of physical chemistry.
Organic chemistry has often been defined as the chemistry of the living, and inorganic chemistry defined as nonliving chemistry. Those broad generalizations have provided limitless areas for investigation, but are not entirely accurate.
Inorganic chemistry arose from the arts and sciences of dealing with minerals and ores. Such questions as how to convert naturally occurring substances such as flint or chert into tools or how to convert metal ores (many of them metal oxides, carbonates or sulfides) into free metals were investigated during the middle Pleistocene age.
Modern inorganic chemistry has grown to encompass such areas as new high-temperature superconductors, metal cluster catalysis and metalloenzyme processes. No single definition can possibly portray the many, varied aspects of inorganic chemistry which leads to endless possibilities for learning.
Biochemistry is the study of the chemistry of living systems. In a very real sense, biochemistry involves the use of principles of general chemistry, organic chemistry, inorganic chemistry, analytical chemistry, and physical chemistry applied to the understanding of biological systems. We examine how living organisms function at the molecular level by looking at the basic molecular structures, systems, reactions, and other chemical and physical processes which occur with those systems. But in order to understand a living system, we must then examine how those molecules, systems, and processes are inextricably interrelated in a complex web of interactions. To do this, we study the structures of the various classes of biomolecules (such as proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids), how their activity is affected by their structures, and how they interact with one another in an incredibly complex and dynamic array of metabolic processes which transfer, store, and release energy to meet the needs of the organism. | <urn:uuid:022a6130-01f5-4ee6-ad51-8058727bd8d3> | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | https://www.owu.edu/academics/departments-programs/department-of-chemistry/what-is-chemistry/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439739134.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20200814011517-20200814041517-00107.warc.gz | en | 0.941316 | 815 | 3.71875 | 4 | Is féidir ceimic a chur in iúl ar go leor bealaí, toisc go bhfuil ról aige inár dtuiscint ar an saol nádúrtha ó aon pheirspictíocht. Baineann eolaithe i ngach réimse úsáid as ceimic agus as na prionsabail fhisiceacha a mhúintear i gcúrsaí ceimic fiú mura bhfuil a fhios acu go bhfuil siad á n-úsáid. Déantar cur síos ar ábhar a bhfuil taithí ag an oiread sin daoine éagsúla ar bhealach an-éagsúil.
I bhfocail níos foirmiúla, roinntear ceimic go traidisiúnta ina chúig fho-dhisciplín mhór: ceimic orgánach, bithcheimic, ceimic neamhorgánach, ceimic anailíseach, agus ceimic fhisiciúil. Tá na cineálacha fadhbanna a staidéartear i ngach fo-dhisciplín difriúil, agus tá na scileanna a theastaíonn chun a bheith ina cheimiste cleachtóir i ngach disciplín difriúil. I gcroílár gach ceann acu, áfach, tá an fonn bunúsach chun an Cruinne a thuiscint ar leibhéal móilíneach.
Seo thíos roinnt cur síos ar gach ceann de fho-aighneachtaí na ceimice. Tá súil ag an bhfoireann go gcabhróidh siad leat tuiscint a fháil ar éagsúlacht na gcúiseanna a ndéanann ceimic a fhiosrú.
Is é an ceimic orgánach staidéar a dhéanamh ar charbóin agus a chomhdhúile, go háirithe carbóin i gcomhcheangal le hidrigin, ocsaigin, nítrigin agus go minic na halogáin. Tá trí phríomhábhar spéise ag an meán ceimiste orgánach: Sintéis, trína ndéanann an ceimiste iarracht modhanna a fháil chun comhdhúile spéise sonracha a ullmhú, mar shampla iarrthóirí drugaí nua; Meicníocht, is é sin staidéar ar shreabhadh mionsonraithe leictreon laistigh agus idir móilíní, rud a fhágann gur toradh ar leith é le haghaidh imoibrithe; Speictroscóip, ina ndéanann an ceimiste staidéar ar idirghníomhaíocht ábhar le radaíocht leictreamaighnéadach de fhaid tonn éagsúla d'fhonn a airíonna a chinneadh, agus ar deireadh a struchtúr.
Tá réimse na ceimice éagsúil. Ag am ar bith ar fud an domhain, tá daoine ar a dtugtar ceimic ag déanamh móilíní nua, ag cinntiú go gcomhlíonfar dlíthe comhshaoil, ag déanamh suirbhé ar rúndachtaí na réaltaí agus ar bhunús na beatha, agus ag múineadh ríomhairí chun iompar ábhar a thuar. Is é an chúis go bhfuil na hiarrachtaí go léir a d'fhéadfaí a ghlaoch ceimic dhá fold. Ar dtús, tá suim ag gach ceimic i móilíní, na bunchloic tógála gach rud. Ar an dara dul síos, tá sraith prionsabail bhunúsacha coiteann ag gach saothar ceimiceach. Is iad seo prionsabail mheicnic chuanma, teirmodinimice, cineitic, agus meicnic staidrimh. Déanann na prionsabail seo ár dtuiscint ar an saol nádúrtha a chomhcheangal agus déanann siad feiniméin éagsúla mar chuid den iomlán céanna. Is ábhar ceimiceacht fhisiceach na prionsabail aontaitheacha seo.
Is minic a shainmhínítear ceimic orgánach mar cheimic na mbeo, agus sainmhínítear ceimic neamhorgánach mar cheimic neamhbheo. Tá na ginearáltaithe leathan sin tar éis réimsí gan teorainn a sholáthar le haghaidh taighde, ach níl siad cruinn go hiomlán.
Tháinig ceimic neamhorgánach chun cinn ó na healaíona agus na heolaíochtaí a bhaineann le mianraí agus mianta. Rinneadh taighde ar cheisteanna mar an gcaoi a n-athraíonn substaintí nádúrtha mar chlé nó chert go huirlisí nó conas miotail miotail (ócsaidí miotail, carbónáití nó sulfaidí) a thiontú go miotail saor in aisce le linn aois lár Pleistocene.
Tá ceimic neamhorgánach nua-aimseartha tar éis fás chun réimsí mar superconductors ardteochta nua, catalysis cluster miotail agus próisis metalloenzyme a chuimsiú. Ní féidir le haon sainmhíniú amháin na gnéithe iomadúla, éagsúla de cheimic neamhorgánach a léiriú a thugann féidearthachtaí gan deireadh le haghaidh foghlama.
Is é an bithcheimic staidéar ar cheimic na gcóras beo. I bhfíor-scéal, baineann bithcheimic le prionsabail na ceimic ghinearálta, na ceimic orgánacha, na ceimic neamhorgánacha, na ceimic anailíseacha, agus na ceimic fhisiceacha a úsáidtear chun tuiscint a fháil ar chórais bitheolaíocha. Déanaimid scrúdú ar an gcaoi a n-oibríonn orgánaigh bheo ar an leibhéal móilíneach trí breathnú ar na bunstruchtúir móilíneacha, na córais, na imoibrithe, agus na próisis cheimiceacha agus fisiceacha eile a tharlaíonn leis na córais sin. Ach chun córas beo a thuiscint, ní mór dúinn scrúdú a dhéanamh ar an gcaoi a bhfuil na móilíní, na córais agus na próisis sin nasctha go neamhspleách le chéile i ngréasán casta idirghníomhaíochtaí. Chun é seo a dhéanamh, déanaimid staidéar ar struchtúir na gclasanna éagsúla de bithmhóilíneach (mar shampla próitéiní, carbaihiodráití, lipidí, agus aigéid núicléacha), ar an gcaoi a mbíonn tionchar ag a struchtúir ar a gcuid gníomhaíochta, agus ar an gcaoi a n-idirghníomhaíonn siad lena chéile i sraith dochreidte casta agus dinimiciúil próisis meitibileach a aistríonn, a stórálann, agus a scaoileann fuinneamh chun freastal ar riachtanais an ainmhí. |
Comparison/Analysis of themes in early American LiteratureDiscuss how a theme in early American Literature (colonial days through the mid-19th century) is still extant in American life today, as...
Discuss how a theme in early American Literature (colonial days through the mid-19th century) is still extant in American life today, as evidenced by a newspaper article published during the last 2 years.
This is a comparison/analysis of THEME, not of the circumstances/events in the literature/article.
I was thinking on focusing on the theme of "the American Dream". Also, I like the idea of comparing Emerson's themes of self-reliance and individuality, but have a very difficult time staying on topic when considering the element of theme. As an anthropology major, i cannot help but focus on the cultural context of my subject, and I am afraid that I will not be able to analyze theme without analyzing the circumstances surrounding the theme.
I am not sure if I should be looking for a newspaper article which carries the theme of individuality/self-reliance. Wouldn't that be comparing circumstances? I have such difficulty staying on point when doing an analysis. Any advice or suggestions would be appreciated. Thank you!
I would also suggest that the strongest themes in the earlier writings in American literature are all faith-based: who is God, how do we find Him, what are we supposed to do here on earth if we want to get to heaven. This last point is a particularly applicable theme, it seems to me, foran anthropologist who has been studying human behavior: How are we to treat our fellow man? William Bradford's History of Plymouth Plantation which recounts the story of the settlers who stood on the Mayflower at the funeral of a man who mocked and scorned them, praying for his soul. We have literary voices for years who are standing up for the rights of slaves to be free, for women to have equal rights, and for all kinds of other causes focusing on how we're to treat our fellow man. That theme crosses time and social climates, it seems to me; and there should be plenty of current work to support that theme.
You could look at the poetry of Anne Bradstreet and see many of the same themes in present day life. One of her most famous poems, "To my dear and loving husband" is a hearfelt commentary on her close bond she shares with him and the value she puts on their relationship. She also writes several poems about motherhood and the relationships she has with her children. She writes about having a strong will and determination to live the best life possible. I suspect that if you read just a few of her poems, you would find connections that could be then connected to current news/events.
Below is a link to the texts of a few of her more famous poems.
When I think of early American literature, I mostly think of religiously influenced living and writing. It seemed one of the most prominent themes of that time was knowing the difference between right and wrong, and who controls everything. I think this search for a higher power and moral compass is definitely still alive today. Granted, the ideas have expanded even further than Puritan, Enlightenment, Romantic, etc. ideals, but humans always seem to be in search of truth.
I also think it would be interesting to weave the idea of hypocrisy into such an article. From scorn of women in the world of Hester Prynn, to the scorn of women in the world of Scout Finch, to today, it seems things haven't changed much. | <urn:uuid:61e47c5b-53e2-408a-9b98-6f30a86c2770> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | https://www.enotes.com/homework-help/comparison-analysis-themes-early-american-395387 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934809392.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20171125032456-20171125052456-00314.warc.gz | en | 0.9777 | 725 | 3.046875 | 3 | Comparáid/Anailís ar théamaí i Litríocht Mheiriceá LuathDéanaigí plé ar an gcaoi a bhfuil téama i Litríocht Mheiriceá Luath (laethanta coilíneach trí lár an 19ú haois) fós i saol Mheiriceá inniu, mar...
Déan plé ar an gcaoi a bhfuil téama i Litríocht Mheiriceá luath (laethanta coilíneach go dtí lár an 19ú haois) fós ann i saol Mheiriceá inniu, mar a léirítear le hairteagal nuachtáin a foilsíodh le 2 bhliain anuas.
Is comparáid/anailís ar THÉIMÍÍ é seo, ní ar na cúinsí/imeachtaí sa litríocht/ san alt.
Bhí mé ag smaoineamh ar díriú ar an téama "an aisling Mheiriceá". Chomh maith leis sin, is maith liom an smaoineamh a bhaineann le téamaí Emerson féin-iontaobhas agus indibhidiúlacht a chur i gcomparáid, ach tá sé an-deacair fanacht ar an ábhar nuair a mheasann tú an ghné téama. Mar antropoloige mór, ní féidir liom cabhrú ach díriú ar an gcomhthéacs cultúrtha de mo ábhar, agus tá eagla orm nach mbeidh mé in ann a anailísiú téama gan anailísiú na cúinsí a bhaineann leis an téama.
Níl mé cinnte an chóir dom a bheith ag lorg alt nuachtáin a bhfuil téama an indibhidiúlachta/fhuascailte aige. Nach mbeadh sé sin ag comparáid imthosca? Tá sé chomh deacair dom fanacht ar an bpointe nuair a dhéanann mé anailís. Bheadh meas ar aon chomhairle nó moltaí. Go raibh maith agat!
Ba mhaith liom a mholadh freisin go bhfuil na téamaí is láidre sna scríbhinní níos luaithe i litríocht Mheiriceá go léir bunaithe ar chreideamh: cé hé Dia, conas a fhaighimid é, cad ba chóir dúinn a dhéanamh anseo ar an talamh más mian linn dul ar neamh. Is téama atá oiriúnach go háirithe don phointe deireanach seo, dar liomsa, do na heintireolaithe a bhí ag déanamh staidéir ar iompar an duine: Conas a dhéileálfaimid lenár gcomhghleacaithe? 'Sé stair phlandaíocht Plymouth' William Bradford a thugann an scéal ar na lonnaitheoirí a sheas ar an Mayflower ag adhlacadh fear a rinne magadh agus a scrios orthu, ag guí ar a anam. Tá guthanna liteartha againn le blianta atá ag seasamh suas ar son chearta na sclábhaithe a bheith saor, do mhná a bheith acu cearta comhionanna, agus do gach cineál cúiseanna eile ag díriú ar conas a dhéileálfaimid lenár gcomhghleacaithe. Is cosúil liomsa go bhfuil an téama sin trasna ama agus aeráid shóisialta; agus ba cheart go mbeadh go leor oibre reatha ann chun tacú leis an téama sin.
D'fhéadfá breathnú ar bhéal Anne Bradstreet agus go leor de na téamaí céanna a fheiceáil sa saol lá atá inniu ann. Ceann de na dánta is cáiliúla aici, "To my dear and loving husband" (Dá m'fhear céile grámhar agus grámhar) is trácht ó chroí é ar a nasc dlúth a roinneann sí leis agus an luach a chuireann sí ar a gcaidreamh. Scríobhann sí roinnt dánta freisin faoi mháithreacht agus na caidrimh a bhíonn aici lena leanaí. Scríobhann sí faoi bheith ag toil láidir agus cinneadh a dhéanamh an saol is fearr is féidir a chaitheamh. Creidim má léann tú cúpla ceann dá chuid filíochta, go bhfaighidh tú naisc a d'fhéadfadh a bheith nasctha le nuacht/imeachtaí reatha.
Seo thíos nasc chuig téacsanna cuid de na dánta is cáiliúla a rinne sí.
Nuair a smaoiním ar litríocht Mheiriceá luath, smaoiním go príomha ar shaol agus scríbhneoireacht a raibh tionchar reiligiúnach acu. Bhí sé cosúil go raibh ceann de na téamaí is suntasaí ag an am sin a bheith ag an eolas ar an difríocht idir ceart agus mícheart, agus a rialaíonn gach rud. Sílim go bhfuil an cuardach seo le haghaidh cumhacht níos airde agus compás morálta beo go cinnte fós inniu. De réir mar a thugtar, tá na smaointe leathnaithe níos faide ná an Púrtanas, an Soilse, an Rómhánach, etc. idéalach, ach is cosúil go bhfuil daoine i gcónaí ag cuardach an fhírinne.
Sílim freisin go mbeadh sé suimiúil smaoineamh an hypocrisice a threorú isteach in alt den sórt sin. Ó dhúshlán na mban i saol Hester Prynn, go dúshlán na mban i saol Scout Finch, go dtí an lá atá inniu ann, is cosúil nach bhfuil mórán athraithe ann. |
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By Mike Baldyga
American College of Emergency Physicians
Special to The SUN
With the West Nile Virus outbreak set to be the worst in U.S. history, the nation’s emergency physicians urge the public to take precautions now to protect from being infected.
“Right now, the CDC is seeing cases in practically every state in the country,” said Dr. David Seaberg, president of the American College of Emergency Physicians. “This is a problem that affects everyone, everywhere. But simple steps can stand in the way of a person being infected with West Nile.”
West Nile Virus, a disease spread by mosquitos, causes only mild, flu-like symptoms in 20 percent of cases, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Most people (about four out of five) who are infected show no symptoms at all. But, in rare cases, some will develop severe symptoms that can include high fever, disorientation, coma, tremors, convulsions, vision loss, along with several others. It can cause permanent neurological damage and even death.
So far in 2012, 47 states have reported more than 1,100 West Nile cases, including 41 deaths, according to the CDC, with 75 percent of the cases reported in Texas, Mississippi, Louisiana, South Dakota and Oklahoma.
The easiest and most effective way to avoid West Nile is to prevent mosquito bites.
• When you are outside, use insect repellent that contains an EPA-registered active ingredient, such as DEET. Never use DEET on infants under 2 months old. Young children should not apply DEET on themselves, and do not apply to their hand, eye or mouth areas or on any wounds. Use caution and use lower concentrations of DEET (such as 10 percent) especially on young children.
• Mosquitos are most active when it is darker such as during dawn or dusk. Wear long sleeves and pants during that time or consider staying indoors during those hours.
• Put screens on any windows or sliding doors to keep mosquitos out.
• Get rid of standing water near your house or in your lawn, such as puddles, flower pots, buckets, barrels and child wading pools when they’re not in use. These are mosquito breeding sites. Keep fountain waters flowing if possible and maintain clean gutters around your property.
• Don’t handle dead birds. Mosquitos become infected when they feed on infected birds. Contact your local health department for instructions on reporting and disposing of the body.
“Always take precautions and go to your doctor or the nearest emergency department to get checked out if you feel you have some of the symptoms associated with West Nile,” said Seaberg. “It’s always better to be cautious.”
ACEP is the national medical specialty society representing emergency medicine. ACEP is committed to advancing emergency care through continuing education, research and public education. Headquartered in Dallas, Texas, ACEP has 53 chapters representing each state, as well as Puerto Rico and the District of Columbia. A Government Services Chapter represents emergency physicians employed by military branches and other government agencies. | <urn:uuid:3e784ff4-1790-4177-ac2b-fbaf67b096cd> | CC-MAIN-2014-41 | http://www.pagosasun.com/west-nile-outbreak-could-be-worst-in-u-s-history/?poll_archive_page_no=1 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1410657137145.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20140914011217-00034-ip-10-234-18-248.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.934106 | 690 | 3.140625 | 3 | - Ealaíon agus Siamsaíocht
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Téigh go Riaraitheoir Breathnú Leideanna agus bog Gabfire Leideanna: Sóisialta isteach sa limistéar MastheadOverlay sin
Le Mike Baldyga
Coláiste Mheiriceá na Dochtúirí Éigeandála
Speisialta don ghrian
Agus é ag rá go bhfuil an ráig Vírus an Nile Thiar ar an gceann is measa i stair na Stát Aontaithe, tá dochtúirí éigeandála na tíre ag iarraidh ar an bpobal réamhchúraimí a dhéanamh anois chun iad a chosaint ó ionfhabhtaithe.
I láthair na huaire, tá cásanna á fheiceáil ag an CDC i mbeagnach gach stát sa tír, a dúirt an Dr. David Seaberg, uachtarán Choláiste Meiriceánach na nDochtúirí Éigeandála. Is fadhb é seo a théann i bhfeidhm ar gach duine, i ngach áit. Ach is féidir le céimeanna simplí cosc a chur ar dhuine a bheith ionfhabhtaithe le West Nile.
De réir na hIonaid um Rialú agus Cosc ar Ghalair (CDC), ní bhíonn ach comharthaí éadrom cosúil le flú ag VEID an Nile Thiar, galar a scaipeann mosquitos, i 20 faoin gcéad de na cásanna. Ní bhíonn aon chomharthaí ar bith ag an gcuid is mó de na daoine (thart ar cheithre as gach cúig) a bhfuil an galar orthu. Ach, i gcásanna neamhchoitianta, beidh comharthaí tromchúiseacha ag cuid acu a fhéadfaidh teas ard, dícheapadh, coma, tremors, convulsions, caillteanas fís, chomh maith le roinnt eile. Is féidir leo damáiste neirbhólach buan a chur ina gcúis agus bás a chur ina gcúis fiú.
Go dtí seo in 2012, tá 47 stáit tar éis tuairisciú níos mó ná 1,100 cás West Nile, lena n-áirítear 41 bás, de réir an CDC, le 75 faoin gcéad de na cásanna a tuairiscíodh i Texas, Mississippi, Louisiana, Dakota Theas agus Oklahoma.
Is é an bealach is éasca agus is éifeachtaí chun West Nile a sheachaint ná cosc a chur ar chnagadh mosquito.
• Nuair a bhíonn tú amuigh, bain úsáid as insctheascán ina bhfuil comhábhar gníomhach atá cláraithe ag EPA, mar shampla DEET. Ná bain úsáid as DEET ar naíonáin faoi bhun 2 mhí d'aois. Níor chóir do leanaí óga DEET a chur orthu féin, agus ná cuir isteach ar a gcuid lámha, súile nó béal nó ar aon ghortú. Bí cúramach agus bain úsáid as tiúchan níos ísle DEET (mar shampla 10 faoin gcéad) go háirithe ar leanaí óga.
• Tá mosquitoes an-ghníomhach nuair a bhíonn sé níos dorcha mar shampla le linn na maidine nó an tráthnóna. Cuir sleeves fada agus pants fada ar do bhall le linn na huaire sin nó smaoinigh ar fanacht taobh istigh de thuras na huaire sin.
• Cuir scáileáin ar aon fhuinneoga nó ar dhoras sleamhnáin chun mosquitos a choinneáil amach.
• Déan fáil réidh le huisce sheasamh in aice le do theach nó i do ghruaim, mar shampla poodles, potaí bláthanna, buicéid, buidéil agus poill a bhfuil páistí ag dul i mbéal nuair nach bhfuil siad in úsáid. Is áiteanna éadaigh mosquito iad seo. Coinnigh uisce foinse ag sreabhadh más féidir agus coinnigh greannáin glan timpeall do mhaoin.
• Ná bí ag déileáil le héin mhara. Faigheann mosquitoes ionfhabhtaithe nuair a itheann siad ar éin atá ionfhabhtaithe. Déan teagmháil le do chuid sláinte áitiúil le haghaidh treoracha maidir le tuairisc a thabhairt agus an corp a dhiúscairt.
Tóg réamhchúraimí i gcónaí agus téigh chuig do dhochtúir nó chuig an roinn éigeandála is gaire chun seiceáil a dhéanamh ort má bhraitheann tú go bhfuil cuid de na hairíonna a bhaineann le West Nile agat, a dúirt Seaberg. Is fearr a bheith cúramach i gcónaí.
Is é ACEP an tsochaí speisialtachta leighis náisiúnta a dhéanann ionadaíocht ar leigheas éigeandála. Tá ACEP tiomanta do chúram éigeandála a chur chun cinn trí oideachas leanúnach, taighde agus oideachas poiblí. Tá ceanncheathrú ag ACEP i Dallas, Texas, agus tá 53 chaibidil aige a léiríonn gach stát, chomh maith le Puerto Rico agus Dúiche Columbia. Léiríonn Caibidil Seirbhísí Rialtais dochtúirí éigeandála a fhostaíonn brainsí míleata agus gníomhaireachtaí rialtais eile. |
2020: A World Renewed
Science & Technology
To Edit a Planet
- What would a perfect Earth look like?
- What is the ideal climate for the Earth?
- Do we have a responsibility to restore the Earth to what it was like before humans began to change it?
- Many philosophers have distinguished between the natural and the good. When it comes to the Earth, should we make such a distinction?
- When, if ever, is it okay for humans to change the weather?
- When, if ever, is it okay for humans to change the physical landscape?
- If technology is used to preserve something natural, is it still natural?
- Do we owe future generations an Earth similar to the one we live in today? Or does every generation need to make the best of the planet it inherits?
- Is changing the climate equally bad if it is done by accident or on purpose? Is it necessarily bad in the first place?
- If we discover a planet just like the Earth but with no people on it, would it be all right to colonize it?
- If we discover a planet that is not Earth-like but we can use technology to terraform it so that we can live there, would it be all right to do so?
- Do your answers to the above questions depend on whether these planets have life on them? If so, does it matter whether that life is intelligent?
- Suppose we were to discover a vast new empty island on the Earth. Would your answers be the same for the island as they were for another planet?
- Would the world be better with more technology or with less?
If It's Broke, Fix It: Geoengineering
- The Earth is warming rapidly; human activity is responsible. Consequences will include rising sea levels, extreme weather phenomena, and mass extinctions.
- As it becomes clear that we can't stop global climate change in time to prevent all of these consequences–at best we can slow it down–the idea that we need to take active measures to mitigate (or even reverse) climate change has grown more mainstream
- This podcast is a good introduction to the scientific principles and controversies related to this new field of geoengineering. There are many other sources available to research online, though nearly all reflect significant bias for or against geoengineering, in part or in full. Discuss with your team: do scientists have a responsibility to remain unbiased? How about policymakers?
- One main branch of geoengineering focuses on removing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. Consider this overview of different CO2-removal strategies in the context of who will “govern” their implementation. Discuss with your team: who should be in charge of such geoengineering efforts? If a country independently begins building facilities to remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, should it be stopped—and, if so, by whom?
- Be sure to research the following terms and concepts related to carbon dioxide removal:
- carbon sequestration | land use management | biochar | biomass
- enhanced weathering | carbon dioxide capture | ocean fertilization
- ocean upwelling | removal of other GHGs
- If the less controversial approach to geoengineering focuses on removing carbon from the atmosphere, the other focuses on reducing the amount of sunlight that reaches the Earth. Explore these six geoengineering strategies for reducing the warming impact of solar radiation. Discuss with your team: if you had to invest in one of them, which would you select?
- Be sure to research the following terms and concepts related to sunlight management:
- solar radiation | albedo | ice-albedo feedback | radiative forcing
- marine cloud brightening | desert reflectors | cool roof | sunshield
- stratospheric aerosols | Mt. Pinatubo | Arctic methane release
- When exploring methods of geoengineering, be sure to consider:
- effectiveness | time scale | externalities | costs
- trade-offs | termination effect | reversibility | encapsulation
- One common criticism of geoengineering is that, if people believe new technologies could “solve” climate change, they will lose the political will to reduce carbon emissions and take other preventative measures. Some refer to this problem as “moral hazard”. Discuss with your team: do you think people would react in this way? If so, should we stop research into geoengineering, or would the solution be for governments to implement it secretly?
- Suppose a geoengineer came to you with the perfect technology for adjusting the climate of the Earth: it could create any climate desired with zero side effects. Discuss with your team: what would you do with this power? Would you look to restore the climate from a certain point in the past—and, if so, what point?
- Will Antarctica become habitable in the near future? If so, who should decide who lives there? Discuss with your team: should nations threatened by rising sea levels be given Antarctic territory for relocation?
- While geoengineering aims to tackle issues that impact the world on a large scale, there are other technologies that also aim to affect the environment, but on a smaller level. If you had the power to change one thing about the climate of your city, what would you change to make it more comfortable or habitable? Are there changes you would make to the landscape?
- Explore the following techniques used to manipulate, take advantage of, or otherwise utilize elements of the environment in a “non-natural” way. How well do these methods work? What are the arguments against using them more often?
- cloud seeding (glaciogenic and hygroscopic) | fog harps
- bioprecipitation | cloudbuster | hail cannon
- The ability to modify the weather isn’t just coveted by climatologists and policy-makers—it has also found military applications. Look into the tenets of the UN’s Environmental Modification Convention and discuss with your team: why was this treaty written in the first place? What risk (if any) is posed by countries not signing it?
House Hunters 3000: A User's Guide to Settling the Stars
- You can’t get there from here. One argument against colonizing other planets is that it would be very difficult for humans to reach them. Look into the following forms of faster-than-light (FTL) travel found in science fiction. Are any of them at all plausible in the real world?
- hyperspace | warp speed | wormholes
- Given that faster-than-light travel is more likely to be science fantasy than science fiction, colonization of other solar systems would likely require traveling to them very slowly. It might take decades or centuries. Look into the idea of generation ships, in which those setting off to the stars would do so knowing they’d never reach their destinations. The hope would be for their children or grandchildren to complete the journey. Discuss with your team: would you sign up for such a mission? Would it be fair to the children of the original travelers to find themselves born in space?
- In lieu of generation ships, one could imagine people on missions to other planets somehow frozen or suspended for a period of time, then revived at the end—spending the actual travel time in a condition NASA calls “human stasis”. Discuss with your team: if human stasis were possible, should we also implement it on Earth to reduce resource usage?
- Sunlight can be used to propel objects; solar energy can be harnessed and converted into kinetic energy. Are solar sails the solution to interstellar travel?
- Even if we could travel through space, where would we go? Look into the efforts to find Earth-like planets around other stars, and be sure to explore the following terms:
- Goldilocks zone | exoplanets | exomoons
- Kepler-186f | super-habitable & super-Earth
- Just because we’re a bit short on being even a Type I civilization on the Kardashev scale doesn’t mean we can’t look into off-Earth living arrangements. Consider this strategy for terraforming the moon. Assuming we could maneuver comets into action as described, would there be any strong arguments against it? Do we prefer the moon to be in its natural state, even if that means it is inhospitable to life?
- Comets are not the only way to radically alter a planet or moon. How likely is it that the following proposed approaches could be used in our own lifetimes, and what sorts of celestial bodies would be best suited for each?
- Consider these finalists in a competition to design 3D-printed habitats for Mars. Learn the fundamental engineering principles behind each of them. Then, discuss with your team: would you want to live in such a habitat? Does the American origin of all these designs hint at a future in which certain countries try to dominate outer space?
- Space colonization and transformation: Additional terms to explore
- Outer Space Treaty | MarsOne | Lagrange point | biocentrism
- planetary protection | Artemis Project | space tourism | Dyson sphere
What Would Noah Do? Coping Mechanisms as the Waters Rise
- Over the next century, rising sea levels will gradually flood coastal communities around the world, displacing millions of people and posing an existential danger for many island nations. Consider this forecast and others like it. Discuss with your team: should policymakers be doing more to spread awareness of this looming crisis, or is it too early to panic?
- The Netherlands is investing in a dike meant to help protect its people from the rising ocean. What approaches are Dutch engineers taking to make it an effective long-term solution? Should Venice and other low-lying cities—including the Alaskan village of Kivalina—be following their lead, or are they merely staving off the inevitable?
- Over the last century and longer, many cities have radically transformed the environment around them in order to survive and grow. Check out these images of how American cities have evolved even in just the last ten years. Discuss with your team: are these cities, and more famous examples—such as Singapore and more recently Penang—already terraforming the Earth?
- Does the world need to invest in wildlife connectivity corridors to allow species to migrate in the face of climate change—or do we need to take more drastic measures to preserve biodiversity?
- Consider Dubai’s efforts to become a “green” city. Discuss with your team: are they effective models for the rest of the world, or do they require levels of investment unrealistic in most nations?
- Is the solution underwater cities? Interest in such settlements has sunk over the last several decades, even as the seas themselves have risen; can you identify reasons why? Discuss with your team: would you rather live underwater or on another planet—or underwater on another planet?
- Rising sea levels are a slow-moving crisis; though some scientists speculate that there could be possible tipping points leading to abrupt accelerations, by and large they are expected to increase slowly but steadily. Discuss with your team: would it be better if this crisis were unfolding more quickly?
- It never rains on Vulcan. Endor contains only forests and fan service. In science fiction, planets often have very uniform climates; an entire planet is a desert, or a jungle, or a frozen wasteland. If the entire Earth had to be a single biome, what would you want that biome to be?
- If you were designing a new planet from scratch, what kind of climate would you want it to have? How varied would it be from place to place, and would all parts of this planet be equally comfortable for habitation? If not, how would you decide who lives where?
- How many people do you think should live on the Earth, in an ideal world? And would this number be the same as its “carrying capacity”? If you think population should be reduced or further growth limited, how would your team go about controlling the population? Would any of these methods be ethical and/or feasible enough to implement in real life today?
- Harvard professor E.O. Wilson has said “the constraints of the biosphere are fixed”. Are they? Will we be able to renew our supply of resources on Earth by mining asteroids? In what other ways might we be able to expand the constraints of the biosphere, and are any of them realistic?
- Consider the manifesto of the eco-modernist movement, whose leaders believe economic growth, technological progress, and environmental preservation can all coexist. Are these writers too optimistic?
- Discuss with your team: would you agree to build an emissions-generating power plant in an impoverished community, if the alternative is lack of access for that population to reliable electricity?
- Read about the Kim Stanley Robinson novel New York 2140. Does the author’s description of how he went about “flooding” New York City offer any insights into how people in general should think about the impacts of climate change on future living situations?
- Consider this author's eloquent declaration of "The Concession to Climate Change [He] Won't Make." Discuss with your team: in a time when the Earth seems burdened by every person on it and every choice they make—including the choice to make more people—should children be protected from learning about the climate change crisis until they are older? Should new children’s literature be written to protect them from the truth—or to motivate the next generation to action?
- As a radical solution to a warming climate, some futurists have suggested moving the Earth to a new orbit further away from the sun. Discuss with your team: is it worth even imagining such dramatic measures? What extreme solutions would you propose if you had the power to ignore the laws of physics?
Last updated: January 10 | <urn:uuid:a83c3875-a53d-4075-95ff-f0def493e982> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://scholarscup.org/subjects/2020/science-technology/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100172.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20231130062948-20231130092948-00615.warc.gz | en | 0.947092 | 2,878 | 3.078125 | 3 | 2020: Domhan Athnuaite
Eolaíocht & Teicneolaíocht
Chun Pleanáid a Eagarthú
- Cad a bheadh an Domhan foirfe cosúil?
- Cad é an aeráid idéalach don Domhan?
- An bhfuil freagracht againn an Domhan a athbhunú mar a bhí sé sula d'fhoscail daoine é a athrú?
- Tá idirdhealú déanta ag go leor fealsúnaigh idir an nádúrtha agus an mhaith. Nuair a thagann sé chun na Talún, ba chóir dúinn a dhéanamh den sórt sin idirdhealú?
- Nuair, má tá riamh, tá sé ceart go leor do dhaoine a athrú ar an aimsir?
- Nuair, má tá riamh, tá sé ceart go leor do dhaoine a athrú ar an tírdhreach fisiciúil?
- Má úsáidtear teicneolaíocht chun rud nádúrtha a chaomhnú, an bhfuil sé nádúrtha fós?
- An bhfuil an Dún céanna atá againn inniu againn le Domhan a thabhairt do na glúine atá le teacht? Nó an gá do gach glúin an rud is fearr a dhéanamh den phláinéid a oireann di?
- An bhfuil athrú aeráide chomh dona céanna má dhéantar é de thaisme nó de thoil? An bhfuil sé i gcónaí dona ar an gcéad dul síos?
- Má fhaighimid pláinéad díreach cosúil leis an Domhan ach gan daoine air, an mbeadh sé ceart go leor é a choilíneáil?
- Má fhaighimid pláinéad nach bhfuil cosúil leis an Domhan ach is féidir linn teicneolaíocht a úsáid chun é a terraform ionas gur féidir linn maireachtáil ann, an mbeadh sé ceart go leor é sin a dhéanamh?
- An bhfuil do fhreagraí ar na ceisteanna thuas ag brath ar cibé an bhfuil saol ar na pláinéid seo? Má tá, an bhfuil sé tábhachtach an bhfuil an saol sin cliste?
- Measann muid a bhí a fháil amach go mór nua oileán folamh ar an Domhan. An mbeadh do chuid freagraí mar an gcéanna don oileán mar a bhí siad le haghaidh pláinéad eile?
- An mbeadh an domhan níos fearr le níos mó teicneolaíochta nó le níos lú?
Má Tá sé Broken, a shocrú: Geoengineering
- Tá an Domhan ag téamh go tapa; tá gníomhaíocht an duine freagrach. I measc na n-iarmhairtí a bheidh ann, beidh méadú ar leibhéal na farraige, feiniméin aimsire iomarcacha, agus géar-éagmhais.
- De réir mar a bhíonn sé soiléir nach féidir linn athrú aeráide domhanda a stopadh in am chun na hiarmhairtí seo go léir a chosc - is féidir linn é a luamhadh ar a laghad - tá an smaoineamh go gcaithfimid bearta gníomhacha a ghlacadh chun athrú aeráide a mhaolú (nó fiú a aisiompú) tar éis éirí níos mó
- Is é an podchraoladh seo an t-amhrán maith ar na prionsabail eolaíochta agus conspóidí a bhaineann leis an réimse nua seo geoengineering. Tá go leor foinsí eile ar fáil chun taighde a dhéanamh ar líne, cé go léiríonn beagnach gach ceann díobh claontacht shuntasach i gcomhair nó i gcoinne geo-innealtóireacht, go páirteach nó go hiomlán. Déan plé le do fhoireann: an bhfuil freagracht ar eolaithe fanacht neamhchlaonta? Cad faoi lucht déanta beartais?
- Tá ceann de phríomhghréim na geo-innealtóireachta dírithe ar dhia-ocsaíd charbóin a bhaint as an atmaisféar. Smaoinigh ar an léargas seo ar straitéisí éagsúla a bhaineann le CO2 a bhaint i gcomhthéacs an duine a "riailfidh" a gcur chun feidhme. Déan plé le do fhoireann: cé ba cheart a bheith i gceannas ar iarrachtaí geo-innealtóireachta den sórt sin? Má thosaíonn tír ar a chéile ag tógáil áiseanna chun dé-ocsaíd charbóin a bhaint as an atmaisféar, an chóir stop a chur leis? Agus má tá, cé?
- Bí cinnte go ndéanfaidh tú taighde ar na téarmaí agus na coincheapa seo a leanas a bhaineann le dé-ocsaíd charbóin a bhaint:
- coigilt charbóin; bainistíocht úsáide talún; bith-charbóin; bithmhas
- feabhas a chur ar aeráid, gaisce dé-ocsaíd charbóin, feirmeoireacht aigéin
- an t-uisce a chur ar ais.
- Má tá an cur chuige níos conspóideacha a geoengineering dírithe ar carbóin a bhaint as an atmaisféar, an ceann eile dírithe ar laghdú ar an méid na gréine a shroicheann an Domhan. Léigh na sé straitéis geoinnealtóireachta seo chun tionchar téimh radaíochta na gréine a laghdú. Déan plé le do fhoireann: dá mbeadh ort infheistíocht a dhéanamh i gceann acu, cén ceann a roghnófá?
- Bí cinnte go ndéanfaidh tú taighde ar na téarmaí agus na coincheapa seo a leanas a bhaineann le bainistiú solas na gréine:
- radaíocht ghrian albedo ais-albedo aiseolas forchur radaíochta
- clúdach farraige brightening reflectors Desert, díon fionnuar, sunshield
- aeróisíní stratospheric Mt. Pinatubo. Scaoileadh meitéin na hArtaice
- Nuair a bheidh modhanna geo-innealtóireachta á dtaighde agat, bí cinnte go gcuirfidh tú san áireamh:
- éifeachtacht - scála ama - seachtrachtaí - costais
- comhaontaithe. éifeacht chríochnaithe. aisghabhálacht.
- Is é ceann de na cáineadh coitianta a dhéantar ar ghéar-eitneolaíocht ná má chreideann daoine go bhféadfadh teicneolaíochtaí nua "réitigh" a thabhairt ar athrú aeráide, caillfidh siad an toil pholaitiúil chun astaíochtaí carbóin a laghdú agus bearta coisctheacha eile a ghlacadh. Tagraíonn cuid acu don fhadhb seo mar 'threascairt mhóraí'. Déan plé le do fhoireann: an gceapann tú go ndéanfadh daoine freagairt ar an mbealach seo? Más amhlaidh, ba cheart dúinn stop a chur le taighde ar gheoininnealtóireacht, nó an mbeadh an réiteach ar na rialtais é a chur i bhfeidhm go rúnda?
- Má thagann geoengineer chugat leis an teicneolaíocht foirfe chun aeráid an Domhain a choigeartú: d'fhéadfadh sé aon aeráid a theastaíonn a chruthú gan aon fo-iarsmaí. Déan plé le do fhoireann: cad a dhéanfá leis an chumhacht seo? An mbeadh tú ag iarraidh an aeráid a athbhunú ó phointe áirithe san am atá caite? Agus más amhlaidh, cén pointe?
- An mbeidh an tAntartach in áit inláimhsithe go luath? Más amhlaidh, cé ba cheart a chinneadh cé a chónaíonn ann? Déan plé le do fhoireann: ba cheart go dtabharfaí críoch Antartach do náisiúin a bhfuil leibhéil na farraige ag ardú dóibh chun a athlonnú?
- Cé go bhfuil sé mar aidhm ag geoinnealtóireacht dul i ngleic le saincheisteanna a mbíonn tionchar acu ar an domhan ar scála mór, tá teicneolaíochtaí eile ann a bhfuil sé mar aidhm acu tionchar a imirt ar an gcomhshaol freisin, ach ar leibhéal níos lú. Dá mbeadh sé de chumhacht agat rud amháin a athrú faoi aeráid do bhaile, cad a d'athródh tú chun é a dhéanamh níos compordaí nó in áit chónaithe? An bhfuil aon athruithe a dhéanfá ar an tírdhreach?
- Na teicnící seo a leanas a iniúchadh a úsáidtear chun gnéithe den chomhshaol a ionramháil, leas a bhaint astu, nó a úsáid ar bhealach eile ar bhealach "neamh-nádúrtha". Cé chomh maith is a oibríonn na modhanna seo? Cad iad na argóintí i gcoinne iad a úsáid níos minice?
- síol nuálach (glaciogánach agus hiograscópach)
- Bioprecipitation. Cloudbuster. Cannon hail
- Ní hamháin go bhfuil an cumas chun an aimsir a mhodhnú á éileamh ag aeráid-eolaithe agus lucht déanta beartas, tá feidhmíocht mhíleata aige freisin. Féach ar bhunriachtanais Choinbhinsiún um Mhodhnú Comhshaoil na Náisiún Aontaithe agus pléigh le do fhoireann: cén fáth a scríobhadh an conradh seo ar an gcéad dul síos? Cén riosca (más ann) a bhíonn i gceist le tíortha nach síneálann é?
House Hunters 3000: Treoir úsáideora chun na réaltaí a shocrú
- Ní féidir leat a fháil ann ó anseo. Ar argóint amháin i gcoinne plandaí eile a choilíneáil ná go mbeadh sé an-deacair do dhaoine teacht orthu. Féach ar na cineálacha seo a leanas de thuras níos tapúla ná solas (FTL) a fhaightear i bhfíor-eagna eolaíochta. An bhfuil aon cheann acu inchreidte ar chor ar bith sa saol fíor?
- Hipreaspáis. luas warp. wormholes
- Ós rud é go bhfuil níos mó seans go bhfuil taisteal níos tapúla ná solas is fantasíocht eolaíochta ná ficsean eolaíochta, colonisation córais gréine eile is dócha go mbeadh gá le taisteal go dtí iad an-mhaith go mall. D'fhéadfadh sé go dtógfadh sé blianta nó céadta bliain. Féach ar an smaoineamh ar longanna glúin, ina ndéanfaidh na daoine a théann ar an réaltaí é sin a fhios go dtiocfadh siad riamh ar a gceann scríbe. Bhí an dóchas ann go gcuirfeadh a leanaí nó a n-iníon an turas sin i gcrích. Déan plé le do fhoireann: an síneodh tú le haghaidh misean den sórt sin? An mbeadh sé cóir do leanaí na taistealaithe bunaidh a fháil iad féin a rugadh sa spás?
- In ionad long gineadála, d'fhéadfadh duine a shamhlú daoine ar mhisin chuig pláinéid eile ar bhealach reoite nó ar fionraí ar feadh tréimhse ama, ansin athbheochan ag an deireadh - ag caitheamh an t-am taistil iarbhír i riocht a ghlaonn NASA "stasis daonna". Déan plé le do fhoireann: má bhí stasis daonna indéanta, ba cheart dúinn é a chur i bhfeidhm ar an Domhan freisin chun úsáid acmhainní a laghdú?
- Is féidir solas na gréine a úsáid chun rudaí a thiomáint; is féidir fuinneamh na gréine a bhainistiú agus a thiontú ina fhuinneamh cinneasach. An bhfuil seileanna gréine mar réiteach ar thuras idirréalta?
- Fiú má d'fhéadfaimis taisteal tríd an spás, cá rachadh muid? Féach ar na hiarrachtaí chun pláinéid cosúil leis an Domhan a aimsiú timpeall réaltaí eile, agus bí cinnte na téarmaí seo a leanas a iniúchadh:
- Crios Goldilocks. Exoplanets. Exomoons
- Kepler-186f: Super-inchónaí & Super-Earth
- Just toisc go bhfuil muid beagán gearr ar a bheith fiú cineál mé sibhialtacht ar Kardashev scála ní chiallaíonn nach féidir linn a fheiceáil i fora-Earth socruithe maireachtála. Smaoinigh ar an straitéis seo chun an ghealach a terraform. Má ghlacann muid gur féidir linn comets a chur i ngníomh mar a thuairiscítear, an mbeadh aon argóintí láidre ina choinne? An fearr linn go mbeadh an ghealach ina staid nádúrtha, fiú má chiallaíonn sé sin nach bhfuil sé in-chóiteann don saol?
- Ní hiad na coimhéadaí an t-aon bhealach chun pláinéad nó gealach a athrú go radacach. Cé chomh dóchúil is a d'fhéadfaí na cur chuige molta seo a leanas a úsáid inár saol féin, agus cén cineál comhlachtaí ceoil a bheadh is oiriúnaí do gach ceann acu?
- Smaoinigh ar na ceannairí seo i gcomórtas chun gnáthóga 3D-phriontáilte a dhearadh do Mars. Foghlaim na prionsabail bhunaidh innealtóireachta atá taobh thiar de gach ceann acu. Ansin, pléigh le do fhoireann: an mbeadh tú ag iarraidh maireachtáil i gnáthóg den sórt sin? An léiríonn bunús na Meiriceánach na ndearaí seo go léir go mbeidh tíortha áirithe ag iarraidh an spás a rialú?
- Coilíneacht agus athrú spáis: Téarmaí breise le iniúchadh
- Conradh Spáis Eachtrach. MarsOne. Lagrange point. biocentrism.
- cosaint phláinéid - tionscadal Artemis - turasóireacht spáis - sphere Dyson
Cad a Dhéanfadh Noah? Meicníochtaí chun Dul i Ngleic leis an Uisce ag Éirí
- Le linn na chéad bliain eile, beidh leibhéil na farraige ag ardú go mall ag tuilte cois cósta ar fud an domhain, ag cur na milliúin daoine ar imirce agus ag cur contúirtí ar go leor náisiúin oileáin. Smaoinigh ar an réamhaisnéis seo agus ar réamhaisnéisí eile dá samhail. Déan plé le do fhoireann: ba cheart do lucht déanta beartais níos mó a dhéanamh chun feasacht a scaipeadh faoin ngéarchéim atá ag teacht, nó an bhfuil sé ró-luath le páirc a dhéanamh?
- Tá an Ísiltír ag infheistiú i damh a bhí i gceist chun cabhrú lena mhuintir a chosaint ó na farraige ag ardú. Cad iad na cur chuige atá á nglacadh ag innealtóirí na hÍsiltíre chun go mbeidh sé ina réiteach éifeachtach fadtéarmach? An chóir do na Veinéisí agus do chathracha eile atá suite ar bhonn íseal - lena n-áirítear sráidbhaile Kivalina in Alasca - a bheith ag leanúint a n-eispéireas, nó an bhfuil siad ach ag cur cosc ar an rud dosheachanta?
- Le linn na céadta bliain anuas agus níos faide, tá go leor cathracha tar éis an timpeallacht timpeall orthu a athrú go bunúsach chun maireachtáil agus fás. Féach ar na pictiúir seo de conas a d'fhorbair cathracha Mheiriceá fiú le deich mbliana anuas. Déan plé le do fhoireann: an bhfuil na cathracha seo, agus samplaí níos cáiliúla - mar shampla Singeapór agus níos déanaí Penang - ag athchóiriú na Talún cheana féin?
- An gá don domhan infheistíocht a dhéanamh i gcoróin nascachta fiadhúlra chun go bhféadfaí speicis a imirce i bhfianaise an athraithe aeráide? Nó an gá dúinn bearta níos géire a dhéanamh chun an bithéagsúlacht a chaomhnú?
- Smaoinigh ar iarrachtaí Dubai a bheith ina chathair "ghluaiste". Déan plé le do fhoireann: an bhfuil siad ina samhlacha éifeachtacha don chuid eile den domhan, nó an éilíonn siad leibhéil infheistíochta nach bhfuil réalaíoch i bhformhór na náisiún?
- An bhfuil na cathracha faoi uisce an réiteach? Tá an spéis i lonnaíochtaí den sórt sin tar éis titim le blianta beaga anuas, fiú nuair a tháinig méadú ar na farraigí féin; an féidir leat na cúiseanna a aithint? Déan plé le do fhoireann: an b'fhearr leat maireachtáil faoi uisce nó ar phláinéid eile? nó faoi uisce ar phláinéid eile?
- Is géarchéim é ardú leibhéil na farraige a théann i moill; cé go ndéanann roinnt eolaithe tuairimíocht go bhféadfadh pointí tipping a bheith ann a d'fhéadfadh luathaithe tobann a bheith mar thoradh orthu, táthar ag súil go méadóidh siad go mall ach go seasta. Déan plé le do fhoireann: an mbeadh sé níos fearr dá mbeadh an ghéarchéim seo ag teacht chun cinn níos tapúla?
- Ní rains sé riamh ar Vulcan. Níl ach foraoisí agus seirbhís lucht leanúna i Endor. I ficsean eolaíochta, is minic a bhíonn aeráid an-choiteann ag pláinéid; is é an phláinéid iomlán fásach, nó i dhlúthchríocha, nó i bhfásach reoite. Dá mbeadh an Domhan ar fad le bheith ina bith-éileamh amháin, cad ba mhaith leat a bheith ina bith-éileamh sin?
- Má bhí tú a dhearadh pláinéad nua ó scratch, cén cineál aeráide ba mhaith leat go mbeadh sé? Cé chomh éagsúil a bheadh sé ó áit go háit, agus an mbeadh gach cuid den phláinéid seo chomh compordach le maireachtáil? Mura bhfuil, conas a shocróidh tú cé a chónaíonn áit?
- Cé mhéad daoine a cheapann tú ba chóir a bheith ina gcónaí ar an Domhan, i saol idéalach? Agus an mbeadh an uimhir céanna lena "cumas iompair"? Má cheapann tú gur chóir an daonra a laghdú nó fás breise a theorannú, conas a dhéanfadh do fhoireann rialú ar an daonra? An mbeadh aon cheann de na modhanna seo eiticiúil agus/nó indéanta go leor chun iad a chur i bhfeidhm sa saol fíor inniu?
- Harvard ollamh E.O. Dúirt Wilson "tá srianta na bpiosféire socraithe". An bhfuil siad? An mbeidh muid in ann ár soláthar acmhainní ar an Domhan a athnuachan trí astaróidí mianadóireachta? Cé na bealaí eile a d'fhéadfadh a bheith againn chun na srianta a leathnú ar an bpiosféar, agus an bhfuil aon cheann acu réalaíoch?
- Smaoinigh ar an manifesto den ghluaiseacht éiceo-mhódernachta, a gcreideann a cheannairí go bhféadfadh fás eacnamaíoch, dul chun cinn teicneolaíoch, agus caomhnú comhshaoil a bheith ann le chéile. An bhfuil na scríbhneoirí seo ró-mheasúil?
- Déan plé le do fhoireann: an nglacfá le gléasra cumhachta a ghineann astaíochtaí a thógáil i bpobal bochta, má tá an rogha eile ná go bhfuil rochtain ag an bpobal sin ar leictreachas iontaofa?
- Léigh faoi an Kim Stanley Robinson úrscéal Nua-Eabhrac 2140. An dtugann cur síos an údair ar an gcaoi ar chuaigh sé ar aghaidh le "tuilte" Nua-Eabhrac aon léargas ar an gcaoi ar chóir do dhaoine i gcoitinne smaoineamh ar thionchar an athraithe aeráide ar chásanna maireachtála sa todhchaí?
- Smaoinigh ar dhearbhú béalmhar an údar seo ar "An Togra le hathrú aeráide [Ní dhéanfaidh sé] a dhéanamh". Déan plé le do fhoireann: in am a bhfuil an Domhan ag éirí ina ualach ag gach duine ar an Domhan agus gach rogha a dhéanann siad - lena n-áirítear an rogha níos mó daoine a dhéanamh - ba cheart leanaí a chosaint ó fhoghlaim faoi ghéarchéim an athraithe aeráide go dtí go mbeidh siad níos sine? An chóir go ndéanfaí litríocht nua do leanaí a scríobh chun iad a chosaint ón bhfírinne nó chun an chéad ghlúin eile a spreagadh chun gníomhú?
- Mar réiteach radacach do ghéarchéim téimh, mhol roinnt futurists bogadh na Talún go dtí órbita nua níos faide ón ghrian. Déan plé le do fhoireann: an fiú fiú fiú a shamhlú go bhfuil bearta drámatúla den sórt sin ann? Cad iad na réitigh mhór a mholfá dá mbeadh an chumhacht agat neamhaird a dhéanamh ar dhlíthe na fisice?
Nuashonrú deireanach: 10 Eanáir |
This online crane rigging safety training course teaches employees the safe way to handle crane rigging and all the hazards associated with using cranes while at work. Cranes are used at many workplaces, across all major industries, to lift and move materials. Crane operators are generally trained and often certified in safe crane operations and inspection. However, many accidents involving cranes are caused by failures of crane rigging and rigging hardware.
Why “Crane Rigging Safety Training” Matters:
Because crane operations can be hazardous, and complicated, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) has adopted rules about safe crane regulations, including proper rigging.
If not probably balanced, cranes can topple over when lifting a load, and if a load is too heavy, the load line or crane hook can snap, dropping the load on anything, or anyone, below.
The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) in conjunction with the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) have issued a series of standards for crane operations that are often used in construction and other industries.
Other professional organizations have issued standards governing crane organizations in certain industries. For instance, the American Petroleum Institute (API) lists their crane standards for the energy industry, in API Recommended Practice 2D.
Without effective rigging, no load can be lifted safely, and an improperly rigged load can slip from its sling, or break the sling, and fall, killing or seriously injuring workers or members of the public.
- There is certainly a lot to learn about rigging a crane; that’s why crane rigging is often referred to as an art, and it takes years of practice to be a true expert.
- Because lifts often present new situations that require thought and sound decisions, you should never be bored at work!
- It is important that you continue to learn and find out all you can about the practice of rigging cranes.
- As you learn, keep in mind that you need to be cautious at all times, and think safety. It is up to you to never allow a lift that you even suspect could be unsafe.
- Finally, while unusual lifts may require special thought, even routine lifts can be deadly if a sling fails or if the rigger forgets to fasten the crane hook. That’s why it is essential that you follow all procedures every time, and think safety. | <urn:uuid:b0864cb6-668b-463f-ac5b-4512ca70d7a1> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | http://trainingtoday.blr.com/course/crane-rigging-safety-training/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934805894.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20171120013853-20171120033853-00648.warc.gz | en | 0.945099 | 482 | 2.640625 | 3 | Tugann an cúrsa oiliúna sábháilteachta ar líne seo ar mhaithe le crann-riggáil treoir do fhostaithe ar an mbealach sábháilte chun crann-riggáil a láimhseáil agus ar na contúirtí go léir a bhaineann le cranna a úsáid agus iad ag obair. Úsáidtear cranna i go leor áiteanna oibre, ar fud na mbonn mór, chun ábhair a ardú agus a bhogadh. Go ginearálta, tá oibreoirí cranna oilte agus de ghnáth deimhnithe i ngníomhaíochtaí agus cigireachtaí sábháilte cranna. Mar sin féin, is é an chúis le go leor timpistí a bhaineann le cranna ná easpa crua-earraí agus trealaimh cranna.
Cén fáth go bhfuil tábhacht le oiliúint sábháilteachta i dtaca le ríogáil crann:
Toisc gur féidir le hoibríochtaí crann a bheith contúirteach, agus casta, ghlac an Riarachán Sábháilteachta agus Sláinte Oibre (OSHA) rialacha maidir le rialacháin sábháilte crann, lena n-áirítear rigging ceart.
Mura bhfuil sé cothrom, d'fhéadfadh cranna a thit nuair a thógann siad ualach, agus má tá ualach ró-throm, d'fhéadfadh an líne ualach nó an cnag cranna a bhriseadh, ag titim an ualach ar rud ar bith, nó ar dhuine ar bith, thíos.
Tá sraith caighdeáin eisithe ag Institiúid Náisiúnta Caighdeáin Mheiriceá (ANSI) i gcomhar le Cumann Meicniúla Innealtóirí Mheiriceá (ASME) le haghaidh oibríochtaí cranna a úsáidtear go minic i dtionscal tógála agus i dtionscail eile.
Tá caighdeáin eisithe ag eagraíochtaí gairmiúla eile a rialaíonn eagraíochtaí crann i dtionscail áirithe. Mar shampla, liostaíonn Institiúid Peitriliam Mheiriceá (API) a gcaighdeáin cranna don tionscal fuinnimh, i gcleachtas molta API 2D.
Gan rigging éifeachtach, ní féidir aon ualach a ardú go sábháilte, agus d'fhéadfadh ualach a bhí neamh-riogtha a bheith ag sleamhnú as a chuid sling, nó an sling a bhriseadh, agus titim, ag marú nó ag gortaithe go tromchúiseach oibrithe nó baill den phobal.
- Is cinnte go bhfuil go leor le foghlaim faoi chriptiú cran; sin an fáth go dtugtar ealaín ar chriptiú cran go minic, agus tógann sé blianta cleachtais chun a bheith ina fhíor-ealaíontóir.
- Toisc go mbíonn cásanna nua ag gabháil le lifteacha a éilíonn smaoineamh agus cinntí fónta, níor cheart duit a bheith buartha ag an obair!
- Tá sé tábhachtach go leanfaidh tú ag foghlaim agus go bhfaighidh tú amach gach rud is féidir leat faoi chleachtas na ngréin rigála.
- De réir mar a fhoghlaimíonn tú, coinnigh i gcuimhne go gcaithfidh tú a bheith cúramach i gcónaí, agus smaoineamh ar shábháilteacht. Tá sé de dhualgas ort gan cead a thabhairt do charr a bheith neamhshábháilte fiú má tá amhras ort.
- Ar deireadh, cé go bhféadfadh go mbeadh gá le smaoineamh speisialta maidir le liftáil neamhghnách, d'fhéadfadh liftáil rialta a bheith marfach má theipeann ar sling nó má dhéanann an rigger dearmad an cnag crann a cheangal. Sin é an fáth go bhfuil sé riachtanach go leanfaidh tú na nósanna imeachta go léir gach uair, agus go gcuimhneoidh tú ar an tsábháilteacht. |
Standard 9 of the Common Core State Standards underscores the importance of students reading and writing about complex literary and informational texts, skills critical for "college and career readiness in a twenty-first-century, globally competitive society."
Using Abraham Lincoln's Gettysburg Address, my last blog toured several text-dependent strategies for teaching complex literary nonfiction. After grumbling about the CCSS's unfathomable vernation of cold reading as rigor transcendent, I argued that the assessment industrial complex conflates comprehension with test-taking literacies. Moving past these objections, today's post observes ways in which multiple strategies and contemporary texts of different genres -- even nonverbal ones -- satisfy Standard 9 (impatient readers may be forgiven for skipping down to the section titled Strategies for Reading Nonverbal Texts to find examples of nonverbal texts and analysis strategies).
No Silver Bullet
Teaching students, or anyone, to analyze a complex text is not easy. There is no silver bullet. No elaborate interpretive procedure exists that best helps students analyze all texts, because text uniqueness is comprised of an endless combination of interactions between:
- Reader's gender, age, culture and life experience
- The text style
- The author's purpose and intended audience
- The reader's purpose for reading
- The context of the text's development
- The teacher's instructional approach
- Whether the entire class ate bad tuna for lunch . . . etc.
To learn more about the role that communities play in interpretation, read Stanley Fish's Is There a Text in this Class?
Ultimately, a workbook filled with random passages and questions may keep students occupied, but does not foster the disposition most important to thinking critically through a text: caring about the material. Therefore, skilled instructors -- expert in the art and science of knowing how specific readers might profitably approach a text -- remain indispensable.
Students are motivated to engage with nonverbal forms of communication every day. Although we privilege traditional texts, consider that each of the following genres involve complex stuff, a communication process from a sender through a genre-channel to a receiver who interprets a message: human gestures, music, clothing, web sites, dance, memes, non-verbal advertisements, flash mobs, photographs, videos, paintings, sounds, diagrams, collage, remixed multimedia, etc.
Not all, but many, nonverbal artifacts align with six characteristics of text complexity defined by the ACT:
- Relationships among ideas or characters
- Sophisticated information "conveyed through data or literary devices"
- Elaborate and/or unconventional structure
- Intricate style
- Demanding and context-dependent vocabulary
- Implicit and/or ambiguous purpose
"Gone are the days when a text was judged as difficult solely on the basis of sentence length and syllable count," write Timothy Shanahan, Douglas Fisher and Nancy Frey in Educational Leadership. "We now know that many factors affect text complexity."
Strategies for Reading Nonverbal Texts
Complex nonverbal texts and strategies for interpreting them are abundant. I've often used parts of Jim Burke's prompts for reading images with The Guardian's ongoing 24 Hours in Pictures. But rich photos are widely available across the web, such as one depicting a Woolworth sit-in and another focusing on school integration.
Memes -- images, videos, etc., that are shared electronically -- are great springboards into discussions about culture. And analysis can feel like play. "The last decade," writes Aaron Saenz, "has seen the arrival of lolcats, fails, trolling and dozens of other phenomena whose sophomoric exteriors bely subtle tones of social complexity and etiquette." "Binders full of women," the phrase uttered by Mitt Romney in a presidential debate, illuminates the social-political attitudes of viewers as much, or more, than those of the candidate who made the gaffe.
The Google Art Project affords students the opportunity to work through the grammar of art criticism. Norman Rockwell's best paintings include interpersonal tension, allowing students to make inferences about the narrative being depicted. Even doodling is worthy of study. Diversified Art features a handy protocol for describing, analyzing, interpreting and judging art pieces, and The J. Paul Getty Museum provides a handout for formally analyzing elements of art.
Students will enjoy learning How to Read Gestures and Body Language to interpret cues and send appropriate signals.
- The Quadrant
- Physical: What do you observe, touch, taste and hear?
- Emotional: What do you feel?
- Intellectual: What do you think it means?
- Spiritual/Philosophical: What do you believe to be true about the art?
- Perspective Taking
Edward de Bono recommends having students take the perspective of different professionals when analyzing an artifact: artist, banker, professor, environmentalist, journalist, etc.
- One-Word Essay
Have students compose a one-word essay (that they later support) about the subject.
Analyzing complex nonfiction texts need not feature interminable exegesis on the Magna Carta. | <urn:uuid:9bf5ce10-b081-40fb-af4e-038793d3f6af> | CC-MAIN-2014-41 | http://www.edutopia.org/blog/CCSS-analyzing-complex-nonverbal-texts-todd-finley?page=4 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1410657121288.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20140914011201-00275-ip-10-196-40-205.us-west-1.compute.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.879615 | 1,048 | 3.5625 | 4 | Leagann caighdeán 9 de na Caighdeáin Chroí Choitinn Stáit béim ar an tábhacht a bhaineann le mic léinn léamh agus scríobh faoi theacsanna litríochta agus faisnéise casta, scileanna atá ríthábhachtach le haghaidh "toilteanas coláiste agus gairme i sochaí iomaíoch domhanda an chéad fichead".
Ag baint úsáide as Aerach Lincoln's Gettysburg Address, rinne mo bhlag deireanach turas ar roinnt straitéisí atá ag brath ar théacs chun neamhfhicsean liteartha casta a mhúineadh. Tar éis dom a bheith ag gearán faoi na tuairimí neamh-in-fhiosracha a bhaineann le léamh fuar a bhí ag an CCSS mar rigóir trascendent, d'áitigh mé go ndéanann an comhfhillteacht tionsclaíoch measúnaithe tuiscint a mheascadh le litearthachtaí tástála. Ag bogadh thar na hachomair seo, breathnaíonn post an lae inniu ar na bealaí ina gcomhlíonann straitéisí iomadúla agus téacsanna comhaimseartha de ghineálacha éagsúla - fiú iad siúd neamhfhocal - Caighdeán 9 (is féidir le léitheoirí neamhfhoighneach a bheith maitheanta as scipeáil síos go dtí an rannán dar teideal Straitéisí le haghaidh Téacsanna Neamhfhocal a léamh chun samplaí de theacsanna neamhfhocal agus straitéisí anailíse a fháil).
Níl aon Phlean Airgid ann
Níl sé éasca múineadh do mhic léinn, nó do dhuine ar bith, téacs casta a anailísiú. Níl aon bhuille airgid ann. Níl aon nós imeachta léirmhínitheach forleathan ann a chabhraíonn is fearr le mic léinn anailís a dhéanamh ar na téacsanna go léir, toisc go bhfuil uathúlacht téacs comhdhéanta de chomhcheangal gan deireadh idirghníomhaíochtaí idir:
- Gnéas, aois, cultúr agus taithí saoil an léitheora
- An stíl téacs
- cuspóir an údair agus lucht féachana atá beartaithe
- An cuspóir atá ag an léitheoir le léamh
- Comhthéacs forbartha an téacs
- Cur chuige teagaisc an mhúinteora
- An raibh an rang ar fad ag ithe tuna olc le haghaidh lóin . . . go deo . . . go deo . etc.
Chun tuilleadh a fhoghlaim faoin ról a imríonn pobail i léirmhíniú, léigh leabhar Stanley Fish Is There a Text in this Class?
Sa deireadh, d'fhéadfadh leabhar oibre atá líonta le hailt agus ceisteanna randamacha daltaí a choinneáil gnóthach, ach ní chothaíonn sé an dearcadh is tábhachtaí chun smaoineamh go criticiúil trí théacs: cúram a thabhairt don ábhar. Dá bhrí sin, tá múinteoirí sgile - saineolaithe san ealaín agus san eolaíocht a fhios conas a d'fhéadfadh léitheoirí ar leith dul i dteagmháil le téacs go brabúsach - fós riachtanach.
Spreagtar mic léinn chun dul i ngleic le foirmeacha neamhbhriathartha cumarsáide gach lá. Cé go dtugann muid tosaíocht do théacsanna traidisiúnta, déanaimis a mheas go bhfuil rudaí casta i gceist le gach ceann de na seánraí seo a leanas, próiseas cumarsáide ó shoicéir trí chainéal seánra chuig glacadóir a léirmhíníonn teachtaireacht: greamhacha daonna, ceol, éadaí, suíomhanna gréasáin, damhsa, meamaí, fógraí neamhfhocail, móbaí flash, grianghraif, físeáin, péinteálacha, fuaimeanna, diagramaí, cólaíocht, meáin mhéadaimlídeach athscríofa, etc.
Ní gach, ach go leor, earraí neamhfhocail a ailíniú le sé saintréithe an chastacht téacs a shainmhínítear ag an ACT:
- Caidreamh idir smaointe nó carachtair
- Faisnéis shoifigiúil "a chuirtear ar fáil trí shonraí nó trí fheistí liteartha"
- Struchtúr forleathan agus/nó neamhchoitianta
- Stíl intricate
- Foclóir éilitheach agus ag brath ar an gcomhthéacs
- Cinn intuigthe agus/nó éagothórach
"Tá na laethanta imithe nuair a mheasadh go raibh téacs deacair ar bhonn fad abairt agus líon na siollacha amháin", a scríobh Timothy Shanahan, Douglas Fisher agus Nancy Frey in Educational Leadership. "Tá a fhios againn anois go mbíonn tionchar ag go leor fachtóirí ar chastacht téacs".
Straitéisí le haghaidh Téacsanna Neamhfhocail a Léamh
Tá téacsanna neamhbhriathra casta agus straitéisí chun iad a léirmhíniú go leor. Is minic a d'úsáid mé codanna de na treoracha Jim Burke chun íomhánna a léamh le 24 uair an chloig i bPictiúir The Guardian atá ar siúl. Ach tá grianghraif saibhre ar fáil go forleathan ar fud an ghréasáin, mar shampla grianghraf a léiríonn suí-i-Woolworth agus grianghraf eile a dhíríonn ar chomhtháthú scoile.
Is troscán iontach iad memes -- íomhánna, físeáin, etc., a roinntear go leictreonach -- chun plé a dhéanamh ar chultúr. Agus is féidir le anailís a bheith cosúil le spraoi. "Tá an deich mbliana anuas", a scríobhann Aaron Saenz, "ag teacht le lolcats, fail, trolling agus mórán feiniméin eile a bhfuil a n-eispéiris sophomoric ag cur tonna subtle castachta sóisialta agus etiquette". "Binders full of women", an frása a labhair Mitt Romney i ndíospóireacht uachtaránachta, léiríonn sé dearcadh sóisialta-pholaitiúil lucht féachana chomh mór, nó níos mó, ná an t-iarrthóir a rinne an gaffe.
Tugann Tionscadal Ealaíne Google deis do mhic léinn oibriú trí ghramadach na critice ealaíne. I measc na bpictiúir is fearr a rinne Norman Rockwell tá teannas idirphearsanta, rud a ligeann do mhic léinn tuairimí a dhéanamh faoin scéal atá á léiriú. Fiú is fiú staidéar a dhéanamh ar scratching. Tá prótacal áisiúil ag Ealaín Éagsúil chun píosaí ealaíne a thuairisciú, a anailísiú, a léirmhíniú agus a bhreithiúnas, agus soláthraíonn an J. Paul Getty Museum lámhleabhar chun eilimintí ealaíne a anailísiú go foirmiúil.
Beidh sé ag an mac léinn taitneamh a bhaint as foghlaim conas comharthaí agus teanga choirp a léamh chun léargas a dhéanamh ar threoirlínte agus comharthaí cuí a sheoladh.
- An Ceathrú
- Físeach: Cad a bhreathnaíonn tú, a dhéanann tú teagmháil leis, a bhlaiseadh agus a chloiseann tú?
- mothúchánach: cad a bhraitheann tú?
- Intleachtúil: cad a cheapann tú go ciallaíonn sé?
- Spioradúil/Philosophical: Cad a chreideann tú a bheith fíor faoin ealaín?
- Ag cur i bpeirspictíocht
Molann Edward de Bono go nglacfaidh mic léinn le dearcadh gairmithe éagsúla nuair a dhéantar anailís ar shaothar: ealaíontóir, baincéir, ollamh, comhshaoil, iriseoir, srl.
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Cuir ar na mic léinn aiste a scríobh (a thacaíonn leo ina dhiaidh sin) faoin ábhar.
Ní gá go mbeadh exegesis gan deireadh ar an Magna Carta i anailís ar théacsanna neamhfhíor-fhicsean casta. |
Dec 08, 2023
NATRS 385 - Forest Protection and Disease Management Credits: 5
Teaches students about the various biotic and abiotic disturbance agents that affect forest ecosystems. Students identify important forest insects and diseases of North America, especially the Pacific Northwest, as well as their effects on forest ecology. Students learn predisposing factors that increase susceptibility as well as propose effective management strategies to reduce impacts.
Enrollment Requirement: ENGL 128 with a grade of 2.0 or higher; and instructor consent.
Course Fee: $50.00
Students who successfully complete this class will be able to:
- Correctly identify common insects and diseases that impact forest health and values in North America with focus on the Pacific Northwest.
- Assess a forest for current and potential health issues from biotic and abiotic agents.
- Prepare a management plan to deal with forest health issues.
- Demonstrate knowledge of the importance and impact of various disturbance agents on forest ecosystems.
- Attain a job in the Natural Resources field.
- Manage Forestland and Resources to attain positive outcomes.
- Demonstrate effective written and verbal communications between industry partners and cooperators.
- Critical Thinking - Critical thinking finds expression in all disciplines and everyday life. It is characterized by an ability to reflect upon thinking patterns, including the role of emotions on thoughts, and to rigorously assess the quality of thought through its work products. Critical thinkers routinely evaluate thinking processes and alter them, as necessary, to facilitate an improvement in their thinking and potentially foster certain dispositions or intellectual traits over time.
- Responsibility - Responsibility encompasses those behaviors and dispositions necessary for students to be effective members of a community. This outcome is designed to help students recognize the value of a commitment to those responsibilities which will enable them to work successfully individually and with others.
- Quantitative and Symbolic Reasoning - Quantitative Reasoning encompasses abilities necessary for a student to become literate in today’s technological world. Quantitative reasoning begins with basic skills and extends to problem solving.
- Written Communication - Written Communication encompasses all the abilities necessary for effective expression of thoughts, feelings, and ideas in written form.
Add to Portfolio (opens a new window) | <urn:uuid:4bafecf5-4f22-4ac4-b599-8bcad8a84d9d> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://catalog.greenriver.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=7&coid=15149 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100779.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20231208212357-20231209002357-00083.warc.gz | en | 0.918099 | 455 | 2.78125 | 3 | Dé Céadaoin, 2023
NATRS 385 - Creidmheasanna um Chosaint Foraoise agus um Bhainistíocht Galar: 5
Múineann sé do mhic léinn faoi na gníomhairí éagsúla biotacha agus abiotacha a dhéanann difear do éiceachórais foraoise. Aithníonn mic léinn feithidí agus galair foraoise tábhachtacha Mheiriceá Thuaidh, go háirithe an Iarthuaisceart an Aigéin Chiúin, chomh maith lena n-éifeachtaí ar éiceolaíocht an fhoraoise. Foghlaimíonn mic léinn fachtóirí réamhchothaitheacha a mhéadaíonn an ingne chomh maith le straitéisí bainistíochta éifeachtacha a mholadh chun tionchair a laghdú.
Iarratais ar Chláraithe: ENGL 128 le grád de 2.0 nó níos airde; agus toiliú an teagaisc.
Costas an chúrsa: $50.00
Beidh na mic léinn a chríochnóidh an rang seo go rathúil in ann:
- Inseactaí agus galair choitianta a shainaithint go ceart a dhéanann tionchar ar shláinte agus ar luachanna foraoise i Meiriceá Thuaidh agus fócas ar an Iarthuaisceart an Aigéin Chiúin.
- Measúnú a dhéanamh ar fhoraois maidir le saincheisteanna sláinte reatha agus féideartha ó ghníomhairí bithéacha agus neamh-bhiotúla.
- Plean bainistíochta a ullmhú chun déileáil le saincheisteanna sláinte foraoise.
- Aithne a léiriú ar thábhacht agus ar thionchar gníomhairí éagsúla truflaíochta ar éiceachórais foraoise.
- Fós post sa réimse Acmhainní Nádúrtha.
- Foraois agus Acmhainní a bhainistiú chun torthaí dearfacha a bhaint amach.
- Cumarsáid éifeachtach i scríbhinn agus ó bhéal a léiriú idir comhpháirtithe tionscail agus comhoibritheoirí.
- Smaointeacht Chríciúil - Léirítear smaointeoireacht chríiteach i ngach disciplín agus sa saol laethúil. Tá sé tréitheithe ag cumas chun machnamh a dhéanamh ar patrún smaointeoireachta, lena n-áirítear ról na mothúchán ar smaointe, agus chun cáilíocht na smaointe a mheas go dian trína tháirgí oibre. Déanann smaointeoirí criticiúla próisis smaointeoireachta a mheas go rialta agus iad a athrú, de réir mar is gá, chun feabhas a chur ar a gcuid smaointeoireachta agus go bhféadfadh siad claonadh nó tréithe intleachtúla áirithe a chothú le himeacht ama.
- Freagracht - Cuimsíonn Freagracht na hiompar agus na treochtaí sin atá riachtanach do mhic léinn a bheith ina mbaill éifeachtacha de phobal. Tá an toradh seo deartha chun cabhrú le mic léinn luach tiomantas a aithint do na freagrachtaí sin a chuirfidh ar a gcumas oibriú go rathúil go aonair agus le daoine eile.
- Réasúnaíocht Chuaintiúil agus Siombalach - Cuimsíonn Réasúnaíocht Chuaintiúil na cumais is gá d'fhoghlaimeoir a bheith liteartha i saol teicneolaíochta an lae inniu. Tosaíonn réasúnaíocht chainníochtúil le scileanna bunúsacha agus cuireann sé le réiteach fadhbanna.
- Cumarsáid i scríbhinn - Cuimsíonn Cumarsáid i scríbhinn na cumais go léir is gá chun smaointe, mothúcháin agus smaointe a chur in iúl go héifeachtach i bhfoirm scríofa.
Cuir le Cuntas (osclaíonn fuinneog nua) |
If you were to describe an octopus to someone who knew nothing about them, they’d probably think you were talking about a bizarre mythical creature. Surely nothing can have eight squiggly tentacles lined with hundreds of suction cups as well as the ability to blast out ink when threatened, right?
While octopuses are surely bizarre in more ways than one, those “mythical creatures” are equally as fascinating. Brush up on these octo-facts so the next time you’re attending Octopus Trivia Night at your local tavern, you can dazzle people with your eight-tentacled knowledge.
1. Octopuses are highly intelligent; they’ve been seen unscrewing lids and removing plugs to reach prey. This intelligence causes captive octopuses to become easily bored if they’re not stimulated, so researchers often give them complex toys to play with.
2. When female octopuses lay eggs, they lay them in massive quantities; they can lay up to 400,000 of them at a time! They work tirelessly to protect them, but once the eggs hatch, it’s every fish for him or herself!
3. Octopuses have the amazing ability to regrow their tentacles in case they’re ever severed. Nearly all animals on Earth would be greatly inhibited after losing a limb, but octopuses produce an influx of a certain protein that makes complete regrowth possible.
4. This sounds strange since octopuses are much smaller than humans, but they actually have two more hearts than we do. Two of them help move blood through the body, and the third keeps circulation flowing to the organs.
5. Because two-thirds of octopuses neurons are located in their tentacles, they have an extraordinary ability to use each arm effectively and efficiently for entirely different tasks at once.
6. Female octopuses are very attentive to their young. In 2018, scientists discovered a massive nursery of octopuses nestling in the rocks. There were thousands of females, which led researchers to believe these octopus “nurseries” are actually quite common.
7. Believe it or not, scientists have found that many octopuses create garden-like displays around their lairs. They’ll collect brightly-colored shells, stones, and pieces of coral and scatter them in a small area.
8. Human blood is red because it’s iron-based, but octopuses have developed copper-based blood, which allows them to thrive in the deep parts of the ocean. This unique blood has a chemical called hemocyanin, which gives it a blue color.
9. Because two-thirds of an octopus’s neurons are located in its tentacles, even if one arm is severed, it still has the ability to move around. During some experiments, severed tentacles made a jerking motion when scientists pinched them.
10. Octopuses are able to transform their entire body color in three-tenths of a second for camouflage. However, scientists believe this change isn’t conscious. Their bodies automatically matches the colors of whatever surface they’re resting on.
11. The third right arm of every male octopus is its reproductive organ, and during the fertilization process, the male will often remove the arm entirely and give it to the female, who stores it in her mantle until she lays eggs.
12. What happens to octopus parents after mating is unfortunate: the males wander off and die within a few months, and the females expel so much energy guarding their eggs before they hatch that they too die soon afterward.
13. If an octopus senses a predator nearby, it will shoot out a cloud of thick black ink to distract its hunter. This ink not only blocks a predator’s view, but it also causes blinding irritation and messes with their sense of taste and smell.
14. Every species of octopus has a certain level of venom protein in their bodies that’s delivered to prey through their beaks. The only species that actually poses a risk to humans is the blue-ring octopus, which has venom strong enough to kill 10 adult humans.
15. Although most octopuses mate with a partner at some point in their lives, they actually prefer to be alone. Even the ones in captivity are kept in separate tanks due to their feisty and competitive nature.
16. Amazingly, there are over 300 species of octopuses throughout the world. The tiniest has arms less than four inches long; the biggest species can reach lengths of 11 feet and weigh 165 pounds!
17. Every octopus has around 240 suckers, and some of the bigger suckers can actually hold up to 35 pounds! People who care for octopuses in captivity have to be careful they don’t allow the tentacles anywhere near their faces in case a sucker finds its way onto an eyeball.
18. Not only do all those tentacle suckers help octopuses grab hold of objects, but the cups also help with their senses of smell. They’ll frequently swim with their tentacles face down over the ocean floor trying to detect food.
19. Octopuses lack both internal and external skeletons, which gives them the incredible ability to squeeze through the tiniest spaces. The only size constraint they have is the diameter of their eyeballs.
20. Most of the octopuses humans eat are imported from Africa. The 1980s saw the booming demand for their meat, and fisheries in Africa started targeting them. Koreans consume the largest amount of octopus yearly.
21. Look, but don’t touch! The blue-ringed octopus has a venomous bite that makes it one of Earth’s deadliest animals. Scientists estimate that this fish carries enough poison to kill 26 humans within minutes. Native to Australia, it’s just one of many creepy creatures that rule the Land Down Under.
22. These boutique owners calmly removed a huge python from their store. Maybe it was shoplifting? Either way, they probably didn’t have anything in stock that was size extra-extra-extra long.
23. Nice try, Edward Cullen, but these critters have officially made vampires scary again. Known as flying foxes, they are among the largest bats in the world. Fortunately, they don’t hunt anything larger than insects!
24. These rare bugs are known as ‘tree lobsters,’ but you probably wouldn’t want to eat one for dinner. Hey, at least they’re friendly enough to shake hands! Trying that with regular lobsters tends to be much more painful.
25. This slimy spider must be going through its goth phase. Even without the skull perched in front of it, we sure wouldn’t want to walk face-first into this spider web! That would be far from a g’day.
26. Even the sheep in Australia are wild! One farmer had a ball staging this photo, though who can say how much his ovine friend enjoyed it. But where there’s a wool, there’s a way.
27. Australia is filled to the brim with crocodiles, but you likely already knew that, thanks to Steve Irwin. These folks had the good sense to not leave their protective tank when swimming with this monster!
28. Yes, that is a full-sized garbage can. Our friend hanging off the side is a coconut crab, the largest species of crab in the world. They’re so large, in fact, that they even hunt birds on occasion.
29. Australia is famous for its ostriches, but who knew they were so photogenic? Maybe those giant birds should spend less time with their heads buried in the sand.
30. You could catch some serious fish with that bait! If you can find a big enough hook, that is. These giant earthworms live for years and can reach up to nine feet in length.
31. This marbled cone snail is bad news. Not only does it look like it’s smoking a tiny cigarette, but its sting also causes fatal respiratory muscle paralysis. Protect your lungs!
32. Floods are nasty on their own, but this deluge in Australia brought in a bull shark to this neighborhood! We can only assume that later this afternoon this shark swam off to fight some jets.
33. Move over, Tiger. The new golf superstar is a snake! It’s a fair bet that not too many golfers were eager to hit hole-in-ones once they knew this guy was waiting for them.
34. What’s so scary about a shiny puddle? Well, that just happens to be a giant jellyfish that washed up on a rocky beach. You sure wouldn’t want to go swimming in that water!
35. We’d like to extend a hearty congratulations to the electrician who didn’t check on this meter and quit on the spot. This spider nest would be enough to make a lot of people renounce technology altogether!
36. Why does it always have to be snakes? This diver who found a giant anaconda should count himself fortunate that he didn’t wind up as an appetizer in that monster’s belly.
37. This looks like the before-and-after in a weight loss infomercial. In reality, these are two Australian ticks, except the one on the right is filled to capacity. To really rub salt in the wound, this species also injects toxins into their host as they feed.
38. Anybody home? Eric Holland nearly lost it when he found this giant lizard climbing up the walls of his New South Wales home. Rather than trying to slay this dragon, Mr. Holland wisely ran away.
39. This bad boy is as dangerous as it is ugly. The stonefish is one of the most venomous sea creatures in the world, and they blend in perfectly with the ocean floor. Many Australians wear shoes in the water just to avoid their poisonous barbs.
40. They’re gonna need a bigger boat! This swarm of soldier beetles has invaded the pole of this ship. That’s one prize that these fishermen certainly weren’t hoping to catch. | <urn:uuid:76c2ba53-6096-4345-8f62-861f757f403b> | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | https://honesttopaws.com/details-octopus/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439739370.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20200814190500-20200814220500-00264.warc.gz | en | 0.965533 | 2,143 | 3.25 | 3 | Má bhí tú a chur síos ar octopus le duine a raibh a fhios rud ar bith mar gheall orthu, bheadh siad dócha smaoineamh go raibh tú ag caint faoi créatúr mythical aisteach. Is cinnte nach féidir le rud ar bith ocht tentacles squiggly líonadh le na céadta de cupáin suction chomh maith leis an cumas chun pléascadh amach inc nuair a bhagairt, ceart?
Cé go bhfuil octopuses cinnte aisteach ar níos mó ná bealach amháin, tá na "cruthaithe miotaseacha" chomh suimiúil céanna. Brush suas ar na octo-fáitis ionas go mbeidh an chéad uair eile a bhfuil tú ag freastal Octopus Trivia Oíche i do taverna áitiúil, is féidir leat dazzle daoine le do chuid eolais ocht tentacled.
1. an t-am a bhí ann. Tá octapus an-chliste; feictear iad ag dí-screabhadh clócaí agus ag cur plóga chun teacht ar an gcabhair. Tá an-spéis ag an gcineál seo de octapusí i bpríosún, agus is minic a thugann taighdeoirí bréagáin chasta dóibh le himirt.
2. Seachadadh. Nuair a bhíonn uibheacha ag na octapusí baineann, cuireann siad uibheacha i gcainníochtaí ollmhóra; is féidir leo suas le 400,000 uibheacha a chur ag an am! Oibríonn siad gan staonadh chun iad a chosaint, ach nuair a bhíonn na huibheacha ag luí, tá gach iasc aige nó aici!
3. Tá an t-am ann. Tá an cumas iontach ag octopuses a tentakles a athfhás i gcás go bhfuil siad ever severed. Bheadh cosc mór ar beagnach gach ainmhí ar an Domhan tar éis a mbéal a chailleadh, ach táirgeann octopuses iontráil próitéine áirithe a fhágann go bhféadfadh athfhás iomlán a bheith ann.
4. Tá an t-am Fuaimeann sé seo aisteach ós rud é go bhfuil octopuses i bhfad níos lú ná daoine, ach tá dhá chroí acu i ndáiríre ná mar atá againn. Cuidíonn beirt acu le fuil a chur ar aghaidh tríd an gcomhlacht, agus cuireann an tríú cuid an scaipeadh fola ar aghaidh chuig na horgáin.
5. Tá an t-am ann. Toisc go bhfuil dhá thrian de na néaróin octopus suite ina tentáclaí, tá cumas neamhghnách acu gach lámh a úsáid go héifeachtach agus go héifeachtach le haghaidh tascanna go hiomlán éagsúla ag an am céanna.
6. Ceacht. Tá octopuses baineann an-chúramach dá gcuid óga. Sa bhliain 2018, d'aimsigh eolaithe seomraí ollmhór octopuses ag neadaíocht sna carraigeacha. Bhí na mílte baineann ann, rud a thug ar thaighdeoirí a chreidiúint go bhfuil na "nurseries" octopus seo coitianta go leor i ndáiríre.
7. Ceacht. Creid é nó ná creid, tá eolaithe tar éis a fháil amach go ndéanann go leor octopus taispeántais cosúil le gairdín timpeall a n-a n-aird. Ba mhaith leo cnámha, clocha agus píosaí corail a bhailiú agus iad a scaipeadh i limistéar beag.
8. Ceacht. Tá fuil an duine dearg toisc go bhfuil sé bunaithe ar iarann, ach tá fuil bunaithe ar copar forbartha ag octopuses, rud a ligeann dóibh rathú i gcodanna domhain an aigéin. Tá ceimiceán ar a dtugtar hemocyanin sa fhuil uathúil seo, rud a thugann dath gorm dó.
9. Naoi. Toisc go bhfuil dhá thrian de na néaróin ag octopus ina tentacles, fiú má tá lámh amháin scoite, tá sé fós in ann bogadh timpeall. Le linn roinnt turgnaimh, rinne tentacles gearradh gluaiseacht jerking nuair a pinched eolaithe iad.
10. Tá sé seo fíor? Is féidir le octapus a gcorp iomlán a athrú i dtrí deichiú den dara cuid de thuras chun iad a mhaisiú. Mar sin féin, creideann eolaithe nach bhfuil an t-athrú seo comhfhiosach. Tá a gcorp ag teacht go huathoibríoch le dathanna an dromchla ar bith a bhfuil siad ag cur síos air.
11. Céard a tharla? Is é an tríú lámh dheis de gach octopus fireann a orgán atáirgthe, agus le linn an phróisis fhrithghiniúna, is minic a gheobhaidh an fear an lámh go hiomlán agus a thugann sé don mhná é, a stórálann sé ina chatha go dtí go gcuireann sí uibheacha.
12. Tá sé seo fíor? Is trua an rud a tharlaíonn do thuismitheoirí octopus tar éis páirte: téann na fir ar shiúl agus bás laistigh de chúpla mí, agus cuireann na mná an oiread sin fuinnimh amach ag coinneáil a n-uibheacha sula n-éireoidh siad go bhfaigheann siad bás go luath ina dhiaidh sin.
13. Céard a tharla? Má bhraitheann octopus go bhfuil dílseoir in aice láimhe, scaoilfidh sé scamall de chló dubh tiubh chun a chasadóir a chur ar ceal. Ní amháin go gcuireann an dúch seo cosc ar radharc na n-imreoirí, ach cuireann sé iontas dall orthu agus cuireann sé isteach ar a n-intinn blas agus boladh.
14. Céard a tharla? Tá leibhéal áirithe próitéine nimhe i gcorp gach speiceas octopus a sheachadtar chuig an gcladach trína mbéac. Is é an t-aon speiceas a chuireann riosca i ndáiríre do dhaoine an octapus fáinne gorm, a bhfuil nimh láidir go leor aige chun 10 duine fásta a mharú.
15. Ceacht. Cé go bhfuil an chuid is mó de na octopuses páirteach le comhpháirtí ag pointe éigin ina saol, is fearr leo a bheith ina n-aonar. Fiú amháin iad siúd i ngéibheann a choinnítear i tancanna ar leith mar gheall ar a nádúr feisty agus iomaíoch.
16. Céard a tharla? Go hiontach, tá níos mó ná 300 speiceas octopus ar fud an domhain. Tá na lámha níos lú ná ceithre orlach ar fad ag an gceann is lú; is féidir leis an speiceas is mó a bheith 11 troigh ar fhad agus 165 punt a mheá!
17. Tá sé seo fíor. Tá thart ar 240 suckers ag gach octopus, agus is féidir le cuid de na suckers níos mó suas le 35 punt a shealbhú i ndáiríre! Ní mór do dhaoine a thugann aire do octopuses i ngábhas a bheith cúramach nach gceadaíonn siad na tentacles in aice lena n-aghaidh ar chor ar bith má fhaigheann sucker a bhealach ar shúil.
18. Céard é? Ní hamháin go gcuireann na suckers tentacle sin go léir le octopuses rudaí a ghabháil, ach cuireann na cupáin lena gcuid ciall boladh freisin. Is minic a shéid siad lena gcuid tentacles os a chomhair síos os cionn bun na farraige ag iarraidh bia a bhrath.
19. Céard a tharla? Níl cnámha taobh istigh agus taobh amuigh ag octapus, rud a thugann cumas dochreidte dóibh dul tríd na spásanna is lú. Is é an t-aon srianta méide atá acu ná trastomhas a mball súl.
20. Tá sé seo go maith. Tugtar an chuid is mó de na octopuses a itheann daoine isteach ón Afraic. Sna 1980idí, bhí éileamh ard ar a gcuid feola, agus thosaigh iascaigh san Afraic ag díriú orthu. Is iad na Cóiréigh a itheann an méid is mó octopus in aghaidh na bliana.
21. Ceachtar. Féach, ach ná bí ag teagmháil! Tá greim nimhiúil ag an octopus fáinne gorm a fhágann go bhfuil sé ar cheann de na hainmhithe is marbhúla ar domhan. Measann eolaithe go bhfuil toiscín go leor ag an iasc seo chun 26 duine a mharú laistigh de nóiméad. De thús na hAstráile, níl ann ach ceann amháin de na créatúir creepy go leor a rialaíonn an Land Down Under.
22. Tá sé seo fíor. Thug na úinéirí siopaí seo píotón ollmhór as a siopa go socair. B'fhéidir go raibh sé ag fiach siopa? Cibé bealach, ní dócha go raibh siad rud ar bith i stoc go raibh méid breise-i bhfad-i bhfad-i bhfad.
23. Ceithre. Bain triail mhaith, Edward Cullen, ach tá na critters déanta go hoifigiúil vampires scanrúil arís. Tá na focail foxes eitilte ar a dtugtar, agus tá siad i measc na mbratanna is mó ar domhan. Ar an dea-uair, ní bhíonn siad ag fiach ar rud ar bith níos mó ná feithidí!
24. Tá sé seo go maith. Tá na beacáin neamhchoitianta ar a dtugtar "Lobsters crann", ach is dócha nach mbeadh tú ag iarraidh a ithe ar cheann le haghaidh dinnéar. Hey, ar a laghad tá siad cairdiúil go leor chun lámh a chur! Is minic a bhíonn sé i bhfad níos pianmhara é sin a thriail le gnáth-bhratóg.
25. Tá sé seo go maith. Caithfidh go bhfuil an spider slimeach seo ag dul trí a chéim gotic. Fiú gan an crápa perched os a chomhair, ní bheadh muid cinnte ag iarraidh siúl aghaidh-an chéad isteach sa ghréasán spider! Bheadh sé sin i bhfad ó lá iontach.
26. Ceart go leor. Fiú amháin na caorach san Astráil atá fiáine! Bhí ball ag feirmeoir amháin ag cur an grianghraf seo ar bun, cé a d'fhéadfadh a rá cé chomh mór a bhain a chara caorach taitneamh as. Ach nuair a bhíonn uachtar ann, tá bealach ann.
27. Ceoltóirí Tá an Astráil lán go dtí an imeall le crocodilies, ach is dócha go raibh a fhios agat cheana féin, a bhuíochas le Steve Irwin. Bhí an dea-scéal ag na daoine seo gan a gcuid tanc cosanta a fhágáil agus iad ag snámh leis an rónta seo!
28. Ceoltóirí Sea, is é sin canastaí dramhaíola full-mhéide. Is é an cara atá ag crochadh ón taobh ná crab cócó, an speiceas crab is mó ar domhan. Tá siad chomh mór, i ndáiríre, go bhfuil siad fiú éan a chasadh ar ócáid.
29. Táim ag obair. Tá an Astráil cáiliúil as a strutches, ach cé a bhí a fhios acu go raibh siad chomh fotho-gineasach? B'fhéidir go gcaithfeadh na héin ollmhóra sin níos lú ama a chaitheamh lena gcinn curtha sa ghaineamh.
30. - Tá sé. D'fhéadfá roinnt iasc tromchúiseach a ghabháil leis an mbéile sin! Má fhaigheann tú greim mhór go leor, is é sin. Tá na féar mór-chrutha seo beo ar feadh blianta agus is féidir leo a bheith suas le naoi troigh ar fhad.
31. an t-am. Is drochscéal é an snail chón marbled seo. Ní amháin go bhfuil sé cosúil go bhfuil sé ag caitheamh toitíní beagáinín, ach cuireann a sting pailís mhíchumas respiratory básúil freisin. Cosc a chur ar do scamhóga!
32. - Tá sé. Tá tuile olc ar a gcuid féin, ach an tuile seo san Astráil thug sé siorc bull isteach sa chomharsanacht seo! Ní féidir linn ach a mheas go níos déanaí an tráthnóna seo shrimp swam amach chun troid roinnt scaird.
33. Táim ag dul. Bog thar, Tiger. Is é an superstar gailf nua nathair! Tá sé geall cothrom nach raibh ró-a lán gailfóirí ag iarraidh a bhuail poll-i-aon uair amháin a bhí a fhios acu go raibh an Guy ag fanacht leo.
34. Tá mé ag dul. Cad é chomh scary faoi puddle shiny? Bhuel, go bhfuil ach tharlaíonn a bheith ina jellyfish ollmhór a shínigh suas ar trá carraig. Is cinnte nach mbeadh tú ag iarraidh dul ag snámh sa uisce sin!
35. - Tá sé. Ba mhaith linn comhghairdeas ó chroí a chur leis an leictreoir nár sheiceáil an méadar seo agus a d'fhág an post ar an láthair. Bheadh an nead spider seo go leor chun go leor daoine a dhéanamh teicneolaíocht a dhiúltú go hiomlán!
36. Tá sé. Cén fáth go bhfuil sé i gcónaí a bheith snaics? Ba chóir an tumadóir a fuair anaconda ollmhór a mheas féin fortune nach raibh sé winded suas mar appetizer i bholg an monster's.
37. - Tá sé. Breathnaíonn sé seo mar an roimh-agus-tar éis i infomercial meáchain caillteanas. I ndáiríre, is dhá chraobh Éireannach iad seo, ach tá an ceann ar dheis líonta go hiomlán. Chun salann a chur ar an gcroí, cuireann an speiceas seo tocsainí isteach ina hóstach chomh maith agus iad ag ithe.
38. - Tá sé. An bhfuil duine ar bith sa bhaile? Chaill Eric Holland beagnach é nuair a fuair sé an lizard ollmhór seo ag dul suas na ballaí a bhaile New South Wales. In ionad iarracht a dhéanamh an dráma seo a mharú, d'eitil an tUasal Holland go ciallmhar.
39. Ceol Tá an bad boy chomh contúirteach agus is bríomhar. Tá an t-iasc cloiche ar cheann de na créatúir mara is measa ar domhan, agus déanann siad comhcheangal go foirfe le bun na farraige. Tá go leor Astrálaigh ag caitheamh bróga san uisce ach amháin chun a gcuid barbs nimhiúla a sheachaint.
40 bliain. Beidh siad ag teastáil long níos mó! Tá an sráide seo de beetles saighdiúir ionsaí an póil an long seo. Is é sin duais amháin nach raibh na hiascairí seo ag súil go cinnte a ghabháil. |
Water and Electrolyte Balance Help
Distribution of Water in the Body
Water is the most abundant substance in the human body, ranging from 40 percent–80 percent of total body weight (BW). All metabolic reactions require water. Body water is distributed between two major compartments: the intracellular fluid compartment (within the cells, 35 percent–40 percent BW) and the extracellular fluid compartment (outside the cells, 15 percent–20 percent BW). Extracellular fluid is distributed throughout the body.
Water functions in regulating body temperature, participating in hydrolysis reations, lubricating organs, providing cellular turgidity, and maintaining body homeostasis.
Two measures are used to describe solute concentration:
Percent solution = (grams of solute) / (100 ml of solution)
- = (grams of solute / (dl of solution)
Molarity (molar concentration): MW is the molecular weight of the solute. One mole of solute weighs MW grams, from which
Fluid balance in the extracellular compartment is maintained by regulation of fluid osmolarity. Osmolarity of a body fluid is a measure of the concentration of individual solute particles dissolved in it. The osmolarities of extracellular and intracellular fluids are normally the same.
Under normal conditions, fluid intake equals fluid output, so that the body maintains a constant volume. When water intake is greater than water output, a positive balance exists (hydration). Conversely, when output exceeds intake, a negative balance exists (dehydration). The amount of water consumed and the amount of urine formed are the two major mechanisms by which body water content is regulated.
Water is unconsciously regulated through the action of osmoreceptors located in the hypothalamus. These receptors sense the osmolality of the blood and determine whether more or less water is needed to maintain the correct osmolality. If blood is too concentrated, thirst is stimulated and we drink. ADH is released from the posterior pituitiary, which leads to conservation of body fluid in the collecting ducts of the kidneys, and decreased urine output. If blood is too dilute, thirst is suppressed and ADH release is inhibited, causing large volumes of dilute urine to be excreted.
A person may eliminate up to a liter of water over a 24-hour period without being aware of the loss. This is termed insensible loss. The loss occurs from the lungs and nonsweating skin.
When there is a loss of free water in the extracellular compartment, the fluid becomes too concentrated (increased osmolarity) and is referred to as being hypertonic. When there is a gain in free water, the fluid becomes too dilute and is referred to as being hypotonic.
Electrolytes are chemicals formed by ionic bonding that dissociate into electrically charged ions (cations and anions) when they dissolve in the body fluids. Examples of electrolytes are acids, bases, and salts. Nonelectrolytes are formed by covalent bonding. Most organic molecules are nonelectrolytes.
Practice problems for these concepts can be found at:
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- Theories of Learning | <urn:uuid:5d7679a3-8e44-419f-b382-3e46d91ff572> | CC-MAIN-2014-41 | http://www.education.com/study-help/article/water-electrolyte-balance/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1410657128337.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20140914011208-00313-ip-10-196-40-205.us-west-1.compute.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.923154 | 745 | 3.875 | 4 | Cabhair le cothromaíocht uisce agus leictrealaithe
Dáileadh Uisce sa Choirp
Is é an t-uisce an tsubstaint is iomarcaí i gcorp an duine, ag dul ó 40 faoin gcéad go 80 faoin gcéad de mheáchan iomlán an choirp (BW). Éilíonn gach imoibriú meitibileach uisce. Déantar uisce an choirp a dháileadh idir dhá phríomh-chomhpháirt: an chomhpháirt sreabhach intracilléadach (laistigh de na cealla, 35 faoin gcéad 40 faoin gcéad BW) agus an chomhpháirt sreabhach extracellular (taobh amuigh de na cealla, 15 faoin gcéad 20 faoin gcéad BW). Déantar sreabhach seachchillíneach a dháileadh ar fud an chomhlachta.
Feidhmíonn uisce le teocht an choirp a rialáil, rannpháirteach i ngníomhartha hidróilíse, orgáin a lubricating, turgidity ceallach a sholáthar, agus homeostasis an choirp a chothabháil.
Úsáidtear dhá bheart chun tiúchan tuaslagtha a thuairisciú:
Réiteach faoin gcéad = (gram de dhruid) / (100 ml de réiteach)
- = (gram de dhíscaoilte / (dl de réiteach)
Molarity (dlús molár): is é MW meáchan móilíneach an tuaslagáin. Meáchan 1 mol de mhóil leighis MW, as a bhfuil
Coinnítear cothromaíocht sreabhach sa chomairín seachchillíneach trí rialú osmolarity sreabhach. Is é osmolarity sreabhach coirp tomhas ar thiúchan na gcáithníní tuaslagtha aonair atá tuaslagtha ann. De ghnáth, is ionann osmolarities na sreabhán seachcheallach agus na sreabhán intracéalach.
Faoi choinníollacha gnáth, tá an t-uisce a ionsú comhionann le fuinneamh a aschur, ionas go gcoinníonn an corp toirte coibhneasta. Nuair a bhíonn an t-uisce a iontógtar níos mó ná an toradh uisce, tá cothromaíocht dhearfach ann (hiodráitiú). Ar a mhalairt, nuair a bhíonn an toradh níos mó ná an t-iontógáil, tá cothromú diúltach ann (dihydráitiú). Is iad an méid uisce a chaitear agus an méid fual a cruthaítear an dá mheicníocht mhóra trína rialaítear cion uisce an choirp.
Déantar uisce a rialáil gan fhios trí ghníomhaíocht osmoreceptors atá lonnaithe sa hypothalamus. Déanann na gabhdóirí seo osmolality an fhuil a bhrath agus a chinneadh an bhfuil níos mó nó níos lú uisce ag teastáil chun an osmolality ceart a choinneáil. Má tá an fhuil ró-chruinnithe, spreagtar tart agus ólann muid. Scaoileann ADH ón pituitary posterior, rud a fhágann go gcoimeádtar sreabhach an choirp i dtucs bhailiúcháin na duáin, agus go laghdaítear táirgeadh fuála. Má tá an fhuil ró-dhealúite, cuirtear bac ar an tart agus cuirtear bac ar scaoileadh ADH, rud a fhágann go scaoiltear méideanna móra fionnuar fionnuar.
D'fhéadfadh duine suas le lítear uisce a dhíothú thar thréimhse 24 uair gan a bheith ar an eolas faoi an caillteanas. Tugtar caillteanas neamh-éagsúil air seo. Tarlaíonn an caillteanas ó na scamhóga agus ó chraiceann neamh-suaite.
Nuair a chailleann uisce saor in aisce sa chomaoin extracellular, bíonn an sreabhán ró-chruinnithe (osmolarity méadaithe) agus tugtar hypertonic air. Nuair a bhíonn gnóthachan ann i uisce saor, bíonn an sreabhán ró-dhealú agus tugtar hypotonic air.
Is ceimiceáin iad leictrealaithe a fhoirmítear trí cheangal iainíochta a dhíscaoileann go iainí leictreacha (caitíúin agus aniúin) nuair a dhíscaoileann siad i sreabhach an choirp. Is samplaí de leictrealaithe aigéid, bonn, agus salainn. Déantar neamh-ileictrolítí a fhoirmiú trí cheangal comhchlaonta. Is neamh-ileictríotáin iad an chuid is mó de mhóilíní orgánacha.
Is féidir fadhbanna praiticiúla a fháil do na coincheapa seo ag:
- Liosta Focail Amharc na Kindergarten
- Liosta Focail Breathnú Chéad Ghrád
- 10 Gníomhaíocht Spéisiúil do Leanaí le hOitism
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- Teoraí um Fhorbairt Leanaí
- Comharthaí D'fhéadfadh Síndróm Asperger a bheith ag do leanbh
- Conas Litir agus Ainm a Scríobh roimh an Scoil a Phracticeáil
- Teoiric Chognitive Sóisialta
- Teoraí Foghlama |
Elimination of diseases that are associated with improper liver function (for example, cirrhosis, hepatitis or cholecystitis) requires not only the use of various medications. To combat such problems, you need to follow a special diet for the human liver. This diet for the liver is called table number five.
What is the peculiarity of the diet
A similar diet in cases of liver disease is necessary to reduce the burden on the liver of harmful substances. At the same time, this diet is designed to preserve a balanced and nutritious diet for a person suffering from liver disease. The restrictions that diet entails contribute to the normal functioning of the liver, as well as the improvement of bile secretion, the normal functioning of the biliary tract.
Table number five obliges to eat only those foods that contain normal carbohydrate levels and normal protein levels. At the same time, refractory fats, cholesterol, nitrogenous extractives should be limited in products. People who suffer from liver disease should eat boiled or steamed.
Foods included in the diet
Doctors advise eating foods such as diet borscht, soups, and cabbage soup cooked in broths (either vegetable or cereal). In addition, milk soups are allowed. Speaking of meat, it should be noted that patients who have liver problems should only eat lean fish, poultry, or meat. It is also good to eat vegetables, a variety of fruits, berries. Bread can also be mentioned among the products permitted for consumption. It can be any bread, but it should not be too fresh, preferably yesterday’s. It is also allowed to use dairy products for food, but only if they contain little fat, as well as various cereals.
It should also be mentioned that for a person with liver hepatosis, an excellent choice in food will be those products that contain a sufficient amount of fiber, pectins, and liquid. You should not eat foods that are too cold – they are harmful to the liver. Food must always be well reheated. If you suffer from liver problems, in no case eat fresh bread and meat broths, exclude spices, onions, garlic.
To date, the diet for the liver is very widely used even if various viral diseases have been transferred. For example, one of these diseases is mononucleosis – a disease that causes immunity to suffer and the spleen and liver enlarge. Such a diet is the first way to recover from an illness. Children especially often get sick. If you have any problems related to the liver, be sure to pay attention to this food system. | <urn:uuid:3e74f2eb-85e2-443a-b38b-1b21101e0c2d> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://stop-sleepiness-meds.com/blog/diet-for-the-liver/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100575.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20231206000253-20231206030253-00153.warc.gz | en | 0.951853 | 530 | 2.90625 | 3 | Ní gá úsáid drugaí éagsúla amháin chun galair a bhaineann le mífheidhm fhíorúil an ae (mar shampla, sioróis, heipitíteas nó cholecystitis) a dhíchur. Chun fadhbanna den sórt sin a chomhrac, ní mór duit aiste bia speisialta a leanúint don ae daonna. Tugtar an aiste bia seo don ae mar tábla uimhir a cúig.
Cad é an peculiarity an aiste bia
Tá gá le réim bia den chineál céanna i gcásanna galair ae chun an t-ualach ar an ae a laghdú substaintí díobhálacha. Ag an am céanna, tá an aiste bia seo deartha chun aiste bia cothrom agus cothaitheach a chaomhnú do dhuine atá ag fulaingt ó ghalair ae. Cuidíonn na srianta a bhaineann le aiste bia le gnáthfheidhmiú an ae, chomh maith le feabhas a chur ar secretion bile, gnáthfheidhmiú an chonair bileach.
Tá an tábla uimhir a cúig ag éileamh nach n-itheann ach na bianna sin a bhfuil leibhéil gnáth carbaihiodráití agus leibhéil gnáth próitéine iontu. Ag an am céanna, ba cheart saillte reifreactacha, colesterol, eisiataí nítrigineacha a theorannú sna táirgí. Ba chóir do dhaoine a bhfuil galar ae acu bia bruite nó steamed a ithe.
Bia a chuimsítear sa réim bia
Molann dochtúirí bianna a ithe mar bhorscht aiste bia, súp, agus súp caibléid a chócaráiltear i broth (fille nó gráin). Ina theannta sin, ceadaítear súp bainne. Ag labhairt dó de fheoil, ba chóir a thabhairt faoi deara nach chóir do othair a bhfuil fadhbanna ae acu ach iasc lean, éanlaith nó feoil a ithe. Tá sé go maith freisin glasraí, torthaí éagsúla, berries a ithe. Is féidir an t-arán a lua freisin i measc na dtáirgí a cheadaítear a ithe. Is féidir é a bheith ina aon bharán, ach níor cheart go mbeadh sé ró-sásta, b'fhearr é a bheith ó lá atá inniu ann. Tá sé ceadaithe freisin táirgí déiríochta a úsáid mar bhia, ach amháin má tá saille beag iontu, chomh maith le gráin éagsúla.
Ba chóir a lua freisin go mbeidh rogha den scoth i mbianna do dhuine a bhfuil heipitóis a ghalar ann na táirgí sin ina bhfuil méid leordhóthanach snáithín, pectiní, agus leacht. Níor chóir duit bianna atá ró-fhuar a ithe - tá siad díobhálach don ae. Ní mór an bia a ath-theacht go maith i gcónaí. Má tá fadhbanna leat le héadaí, ná ithe ar aon chuma arán úr agus broth feola, cuir spíosraí, onions, garlic ar an áireamh.
Go dtí seo, úsáidtear an aiste bia don ae go forleathan fiú má tá galair víreasacha éagsúla tar éis a aistriú. Mar shampla, is é mononucleosis ná galar a chuireann lagú ar an imdhíonacht agus a chuireann an spleen agus an ae a mhéadú ar cheann de na galair seo. Is é an aiste bia sin an chéad bhealach chun leigheas a fháil ó ghalar. Bíonn leanaí tinn go minic. Má tá aon fhadhbanna agat a bhaineann leis an ae, bí cinnte aird a thabhairt ar an gcóras bia seo. |
Not all computer viruses immediately crash your device in a dramatic display. A virus can run in the background, quietly creeping around on its tip-toes, stealing things and messing things up along the way. If your computer has a virus, here’s what may happen: Windows suddenly shuts down. Programs automatically start up. Some programs won’t start at your command. The hard disk can be heard constantly working. Things are running awfully slow. Spontaneous occurrence of messages. The activity light on the external modem, instead of flickering, is always lit. Your mouse moves all on its own. Applications in your task manager are running that you don’t recognize. If any of these things are happening, this doesn’t automatically mean a virus, but it does mean to be on the alert. If you have antivirus software (and if you don’t, why not?) it should scan your computer on a pre-programmed routine basis and automatically download updates. Antivirus software truly works at keeping the bugs out or quarantining one that gets in. We will never eradicate the computer virus (a.k.a. malware) as it is always evolving to be one step ahead of antivirus software. This is why you must not sit back and let the antivirus software do 100 percent of the work. You should play a part, too. Every day without fail, run a scan of your computer. This would be a quick scan, but every week you should run a deep scan. These scans can be programmed to run automatically, or you can run them manually. You can have the best antivirus software in the world that runs scans every day, but it’s worthless if you shut it down and then open those iron gates and let a virus in. This will happen if you click on a malicious attachment in an e-mail from a sender posing as someone you know or posing as your bank, employer, etc. Never open attachments unless you’re expecting something from someone you know. If you open a malware laced attachment it will download a virus. And by the way, hackers are very skilled at making an e-mail appear like it’s from someone you know. Never click on links inside e-mails unless it’s from someone you know who regularly sends you links, and even then, be alert to any anomalies, such as, for example, this person always includes a subject line, but one day, it’s blank. Should you open the attachment? Contact this person in a new e-mail chain to see if they just sent you something. And never click on links that are allegedly sent from your bank, a retailer, the IRS, etc. A malicious link could download a virus or lure you to a site that, once you’re there, downloads a virus. Set your e-mail program to display text only, so that it will alert you before any links or graphics are loaded. Robert Siciliano is a Security and Identity Theft Expert. He is the founder of Safr.me a cybersecurity speaking and consulting firm based in Massachussets. See him discussing internet and wireless security on Good Morning America . | <urn:uuid:54fda184-38d1-4237-ae13-8910e0ea365e> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://itspecialist.com/Tech-Insights/signs-you-have-malware-and-what-you-can-do | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400188049.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20200918155203-20200918185203-00126.warc.gz | en | 0.928236 | 654 | 3.078125 | 3 | Ní gach víreas ríomhaire a crash láithreach do ghléas i taispeáint drámatúil. Is féidir le víreas rith sa chúlra, ag creep timpeall go ciúin ar a tip-toes, rud a ghoid agus rudaí a mess suas ar an mbealach. Má tá víreas i do ríomhaire, seo an rud a d'fhéadfadh tarlú: Windows a dhúnadh go tobann. Tosaíonn cláir go huathoibríoch. Ní thosóidh roinnt cláir ar do ordú. Is féidir an diosca crua a chloisteáil ag obair i gcónaí. Tá rudaí ag rith go han-mhaith mall. Teachtaireachtaí a tharlaíonn go neamhghnách. Tá an solas gníomhaíochta ar an modem seachtrach, in ionad flirting, ar siúl i gcónaí. Tá do luch ag bogadh go léir ar a chuid féin. Tá feidhmchláir i do bhainisteoir tasc ag rith nach bhfuil ar eolas agat. Má tá aon cheann de na rudaí seo ag tarlú, ní chiallaíonn sé seo go huathoibríoch go bhfuil víreas ann, ach ciallaíonn sé go bhfuil tú ar an airdeall. Má tá bogearraí frith-ionfhabhtaithe agat (agus mura bhfuil, cén fáth nach bhfuil?) Ba cheart go scanadh sé do ríomhaire ar bhonn gnáthchláir réamhphrogramáilte agus nuashonruithe a íoslódáil go huathoibríoch. Oibríonn bogearraí frithvíreas i ndáiríre chun na buganna a choinneáil amach nó ceann a fhaigheann isteach a chur i gclárú. Ní bheidh muid a eradicate an víreas ríomhaire (a.k.a. Tá an t-ardán seo ar fáil i ngach áit, agus tá sé ar fáil i ngach áit. Sin é an fáth nach mór duit suí ar ais agus lig an bogearraí antivirus a dhéanamh 100 faoin gcéad den obair. Ba chóir duit páirt a ghlacadh, freisin. Gach lá gan mhainneachtain, scanadh a dhéanamh ar do ríomhaire. Ba scanadh tapa é seo, ach ba cheart duit scanadh domhain a dhéanamh gach seachtain. Is féidir na scannaíochtaí seo a chlárú chun rith go huathoibríoch, nó is féidir leat iad a reáchtáil de láimh. Is féidir leat an bogearraí frithvíreas is fearr ar domhan a bheith agat a reáchtálann scanadh gach lá, ach ní bheidh aon luach air má dhúnann tú é agus ansin osclaíonn tú na geataí iarainn sin agus ligfidh tú víreas isteach. Tarlaíonn sé seo má chliceálann tú ar chomhlántaire ilbhliantúil i r-phost ó shoicéir a dhéanann é féin a bheith ina dhuine a bhfuil aithne agat air nó a dhéanann é féin a bheith ina bhanc, ina fhostóir, etc. Ná osclaigh aon chomhlánú mura bhfuil tú ag súil le rud éigin ó dhuine a bhfuil aithne agat air. Má osclaíonn tú iompraíocht malware laced beidh sé a íoslódáil víreas. Agus ar an mbealach, tá hackers an-sásta ag déanamh ríomhphost a thaispeáint cosúil go bhfuil sé ó dhuine a bhfuil aithne agat air. Ná cliceáil riamh ar naisc atá taobh istigh de ríomhphoist mura rud é go bhfuil sé ó dhuine a bhfuil aithne agat air a chuireann naisc chugat go rialta, agus fiú ansin, bí cúramach le haon neamhghnáchas, mar shampla, cuimsíonn an duine seo líne ábhair i gcónaí, ach lá amháin, tá sé folamh. Ar cheart duit an ceangaltán a oscailt? Déan teagmháil leis an duine seo i slabhra nua ríomhphoist chun a fháil amach an bhfuil rud éigin curtha chucu. Agus ná cliceáil riamh ar naisc a thugtar go ndearnadh iad a sheoladh ó do bhanc, ó mhiondíoltóir, ón IRS, etc. D'fhéadfadh nasc olc víreas a íoslódáil nó tú a mhealladh chuig suíomh a íoslódálann víreas nuair a bhíonn tú ann. Cuir do chlár ríomhphoist ar bun chun téacs a thaispeáint ach amháin, ionas go gcuirfidh sé rabhadh ort sula n-uaslódálfar aon nasc nó grafaicí. Is saineolaí slándála agus goid aitheantais é Robert Siciliano. Is é bunaitheoir Safr.me, cuideachta chomhairliúcháin agus cainte cibearshlándála atá lonnaithe i Massachusetts. Féach air ag plé slándála idirlín agus gan sreang ar Good Morning America . |
Credit: P. Abelson
Though full of helpful information, oil analysis results are best used to indicate what to look for, not absolute indicators of, problems.
I went to the doctor recently for my annual checkup. Before the office visit, I had blood work done to see if my medications were effective, if there were any interactions, and if I had any ailments that were starting to make their presence felt. As I waited to be tested, I realized that modern medicine had caught up with vehicle technology.
Or is it the other way around?
For more than 25 years, fleet managers have looked at used fluids to determine the health of a component and to project future wear. Just as blood analysis indicates how your organs are functioning, used oil and coolant analysis indicates how an engine’s doing. Analysis indicates how much life remains in the oil by measuring reserve alkalinity: the total base number (TBN) or acidity expressed as total acid number (TAN). As long as TBN exceeds TAN, the oil is useable. The difference between TBN and TAN indicates roughly how much longer the oil can be used.
Viscosity also determines remaining useful life. As oil is used, polymer viscosity improvers undergo mechanical shear. When oil loses viscosity to the point that film strength is diminished, oil must be changed.
Dirt and contaminants affect oil performance. Changes in the amount of silicon in oil could indicate if dirt is present. This is especially important when vehicles operate off paved roads, but silicon also comes from other sources, such as RTV gasket material.
Soot in oil is a product of improper or incomplete combustion or leaking exhaust gas recirculation devices and also contributes to component wear. Essentially incompletely burned hydrocarbon fuel, it can be an abrasive. As such, it acts like a lapping compound carried by the oil, wearing all moving parts.
Identifying worn parts
Oil analysis also identifies parts that are starting to wear. After checking for viscosity, soot, dirt, and TBN/TAN, check metal levels. Alone or in combination, they indicate which parts are wearing out.
Iron and chromium in a diesel engine could indicate piston ring or turbocharger shaft wear. High iron but normal chromium levels could indicate cylinder liner, valve train, or crankshaft wear. Lead, tin, and copper often indicate bearing wear. Or they could be from oil coolers or turbocharger bearings. See American Trucking Associations Technology & Maintenance Council Recommended Practice 1420.
Interpreting analysis results
There are two ways to analyze and interpret fluid analysis results: set limits and trend analysis. When an oil supplier or independent laboratory reports that oil is good to use or is out of specification, they use set limits. For every element or property they examine, they have set limits for warnings and alert values. For example, if the warning level for iron is 100 parts per million (ppm), 99 or less indicates the oil is good; 100 or more generates a warning message.
Trend analysis also uses set limits, but once trend lines are established, deviations from those trends generate alerts. Let’s say iron, measured at 15,000-mile intervals, reads 52 ppm, 48 ppm, 55 ppm, and 88 ppm. The last reading wouldn’t affect a set limit report, but because it deviates sharply from the trend the deviation would trigger an alert to further investigate.
For many years, the City of Madison, Wis., didn’t analyze oil because most manufacturers didn’t encourage extended oil drains and the process didn’t fit the city’s operations. “That’s all changed,” says Fleet Service Superintendent Bill Vanden Brook, CEM. “Manufacturers allow and even encourage them, so we do it. We sample engines at every oil drain, transmissions twice a year, and hydraulics annually. We’ve caught problems early and saved quite a bit in repairs. It’s also a lot cheaper today. Analysis costs less than a gallon of oil, sometimes less than a quart.”
— Paul Abelson (email@example.com) is a former director of the Technology and Maintenance Council (TMC) of the American Trucking Associations, a board member of Truck Writers of North America, and active in the Society of Automotive Engineers. | <urn:uuid:e19e33b1-43ea-4689-805c-17c0520455c5> | CC-MAIN-2014-42 | http://www.pwmag.com/lifecycle-assessment/say-ahhh.aspx?dfpzone=general | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1414637900397.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20141030025820-00005-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.947972 | 918 | 2.65625 | 3 | Creidiúint: P. Abelson
Cé go bhfuil go leor faisnéise cabhrach ann, is fearr torthaí anailíse ola a úsáid chun a thaispeáint cad atá le lorg, ní táscairí iomlán fadhbanna.
Chuaigh mé chuig an dochtúir le déanaí le haghaidh mo sheiceála bliantúil. Sula ndeachaigh mé chuig an oifig, rinne mé tástáil fola chun a fháil amach an raibh mo chógais éifeachtach, an raibh aon idirghníomhaíochtaí ann, agus an raibh aon ailse agam a bhí ag tosú ag cur a láithreacht in iúl. Agus mé ag fanacht le tástáil a dhéanamh orm, thuig mé go raibh an leigheas nua-aimseartha tar éis teacht ar theicneolaíocht na bhfeithiclí.
Nó an bhfuil sé ar an mbealach eile timpeall?
Le breis agus 25 bliain, tá bainisteoirí carraigí ag féachaint ar shrutháin úsáide chun sláinte chomhpháirt a chinneadh agus caitheamh sa todhchaí a dhearadh. Díreach mar a léiríonn anailís fola conas a bhíonn do chuid orgáin ag feidhmiú, léiríonn anailís ola agus fuaraithe úsáide conas a bhíonn inneall ag feidhmiú. Léiríonn an anailís cé mhéad saoil atá fágtha san ola trí alcaileacht cúlchiste a thomhas: an líon iomlán bonn (TBN) nó aigéadacht arna léiriú mar líon iomlán aigéadachta (TAN). Chomh fada agus a bhíonn TBN níos mó ná TAN, is féidir an ola a úsáid. Léiríonn an difríocht idir TBN agus TAN go garbh cé chomh fada is féidir an ola a úsáid.
Cinntíonn an greannmhartacht an saol úsáideach atá fágtha freisin. De réir mar a úsáidtear ola, bíonn sciath meicniúil ar fheabhsaithe greannmhar polaiméir. Nuair a chailleann ola an greannmhartacht go dtí an pointe go laghdaítear neart an scannáin, ní mór ola a athrú.
Bíonn tionchar ag salachar agus ar thruailliú ar fheidhmíocht an ola. D'fhéadfadh athruithe ar an méid síleacin san ola a léiriú má tá salachar i láthair. Tá sé seo tábhachtach go háirithe nuair a oibríonn feithiclí ar bhóithre asfaltaithe, ach tagann síleacan ó fhoinsí eile freisin, mar shampla ábhar gasket RTV.
Tá an t-eitil i ola mar thoradh ar ghléasanna athchúrsála gáis scamhóide a dhó go míchuí nó go neamhiomlána nó a sceitheadh agus cuireann sé le caitheamh comhpháirteanna freisin. Go bunúsach, is breosla hiodráitcharbóin nach bhfuil dóite go hiomlán é, is féidir é a bheith ina abrasive. Mar sin, oibríonn sé mar chomhdhúil lapping a iompróidh an ola, ag caitheamh na codanna bogta go léir.
Cuid throm a aithint
Léiríonn anailís ola na codanna atá ag tosú ag caitheamh. Tar éis an greannmhartacht, an soot, an salainn agus an TBN/TAN a sheiceáil, seiceáil leibhéil miotail. Léiríonn siad, ar leithligh nó i gcomhcheangal, cé na codanna atá ag caitheamh.
D'fhéadfadh iarann agus cróimiam i inneall díosail a léiriú go bhfuil caitheamh ar fáinne an phiston nó ar shaft turbócharger. D'fhéadfadh leibhéil iarann ard ach cóiméadar gnáth a léiriú go bhfuil cló cló, treen comhla, nó crankshaft caite. Is minic a léiríonn luaidhe, stáin agus copar caitheamh na luí. Nó d'fhéadfadh siad a bheith ó chilléir ola nó turbocharger lagart. Féach an cleachtas molta ón gComhairle um Theicneolaíocht agus Cothabháil Chumann Trucking Mheiriceá 1420.
Tuarascáil ar an bhFóram
Tá dhá bhealach ann chun torthaí anailíse sreabhach a anailísiú agus a léirmhíniú: teorainneacha socraithe agus anailís treochta. Nuair a thuairiscíonn soláthróir ola nó saotharlann neamhspleách go bhfuil ola maith le húsáid nó nach bhfuil sé ar an sonraíocht, úsáideann siad teorainneacha socraithe. I gcás gach eilimint nó réadmhaoin a scrúdaíonn siad, tá teorainneacha le haghaidh rabhaidh agus luachanna rabhaidh leagtha síos acu. Mar shampla, má tá an leibhéal rabhaidh le haghaidh iarann 100 cuid in aghaidh na milliún (ppm), 99 nó níos lú a léiríonn go bhfuil an ola maith; 100 nó níos mó a ghiniúint teachtaireacht rabhaidh.
Baineann anailís treochta úsáid as teorainneacha socraithe freisin, ach a luaithe a bhunaítear línte treochta, cruthaítear rabhaidh nuair a bhíonn siad ag imeacht ó na treochtaí sin. A ligean ar a rá go bhfuil iarann, a thomhas ag eatraimh 15,000 míle, léann 52 ppm, 48 ppm, 55 ppm, agus 88 ppm. Ní dhéanfadh an léamh deireanach difear do thuairisc teorann socraithe, ach toisc go ndeachaíonn sé go mór ón treocht, d'fhéadfadh an t-athrú a chur faoi deara rabhadh chun tuilleadh imscrúdaithe a dhéanamh.
Le blianta fada, ní raibh an Chathair Madison, Wis., anailís a dhéanamh ar ola toisc nach raibh an chuid is mó déantúsóirí a spreagadh draenáil ola leathnaithe agus an próiseas nach raibh oiriúnach d'oibríochtaí na cathrach. "Tá sé sin ar fad athraithe", a deir an tUas-Ionad Seirbhísí an Fhlít Bill Vanden Brook, CEM. Ligeann monaróirí agus spreagann siad iad fiú, mar sin déanaimid é. Déanaimid samplaí inneall ag gach draen ola, tarchuir dhá uair sa bhliain, agus hiodrálacha gach bliain. Tá fadhbanna faighte againn go luath agus tá go leor sábhála déanta againn i ndeisiú. Tá sé i bhfad níos saoire inniu freisin. Cosnaíonn anailís níos lú ná galún ola, uaireanta níos lú ná liotár.
Is iar-stiúrthóir é Paul Abelson (email@example.com) ar Chomhairle Teicneolaíochta agus Cothabhála (TMC) de Chumann Trucking Mheiriceá, ball boird de Scríbhneoirí Tráic Mheiriceá Thuaidh, agus gníomhach i gCumann na nInnealtóirí Automotive. |
A benefit–risk analysis of health benefits versus excess risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection
For each excess COVID-19 death due to infections acquired during routine vaccination clinic visits, 84 deaths in children could be prevented by continuing routine childhood vaccination in Africa, according to a scenario modeled by the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine.
Findings were published in The Lancet Global Health.
Childhood immunisation programmes around the world face substantial disruptions because of pandemic resource constraints and distancing policies.
“We considered a high-impact scenario and a low-impact scenario to approximate the child deaths that could be caused by immunisation coverage reductions during COVID-19 outbreaks,” authors wrote.
In the high-impact scenario, the team examined how much childhood immunisation is estimated to have reduced mortality from diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, hepatitis B, Haemophilus influenzae type b, Streptococcus pneumoniae, rotavirus, measles, meningitis A, rubella, and yellow fever.
This allowed the team to approximate deaths averted before 5 years of age by routine childhood vaccination during a 6-month COVID-19 risk interval, without catch-up campaigns. In the low-impact scenario, the approximated the health benefits of sustaining routine childhood immunisation on only the child deaths averted from measles outbreaks during the COVID-19 risk period.
The team relied on several assumptions for the sake of modeling: the continued use of some mitigation efforts during the COVID-19 risk period, a 60% population infection rate by the end of the modeling period period, that children can be infected either by medical personnel at vaccine sites or during travel, and that upon child infection the whole household is at risk of infection.
In both high and low impact scenarios, deaths averted by continuing routine childhood immunisation in Africa outweigh the excess risk of COVID-19 deaths associated with clinic visits, especially for vaccinated children themselves.
“Routine childhood immunisation should be sustained in Africa as much as possible, while considering other factors such as logistical constraints, staff shortages, and reallocation of resources during the COVID-19 pandemic,” authors concluded. | <urn:uuid:8416d1e1-0c59-4290-9510-3ba3df585584> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.contagionlive.com/view/benefits-routine-childhood-vaccination-versus-risk-coronavirus-infection | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100427.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20231202140407-20231202170407-00824.warc.gz | en | 0.945144 | 459 | 3.140625 | 3 | Anailís ar thairbhe agus riosca na tairbhí sláinte i gcoinne riosca iomarcach ionfhabhtaithe SARS-CoV-2
I gcás gach bás COVID-19 breise de bharr ionfhabhtuithe a fuarthas le linn cuairteanna gnáthchlinic vacsaínithe, d'fhéadfaí 84 bás i leanaí a chosc trí leanúint le vacsaíníocht gnáthchaighdeánach leanaí san Afraic, de réir cás a mhodháil Scoil Ghlisteachais & Leigheas Trópaiceach Londain.
Foilsíodh na torthaí sa The Lancet Global Health.
Tá fadhbanna suntasacha ag cláir imdhíonaithe leanaí ar fud an domhain mar gheall ar shrianta acmhainní agus beartais scaradh ó dhaoine mar gheall ar an bpaindéim.
"Chomhaigh muid cás ard-ionsaithe agus cás íseal-ionsaithe chun na básanna leanaí a d'fhéadfadh a bheith mar thoradh ar laghdú ar chlúdach imdhíonachta le linn ráigí COVID-19 a mhealladh", a scríobh na húdair.
Sa chás ard-éifeachta, scrúdaigh an fhoireann cé mhéad a mheastar go bhfuil imdhíonacht óige tar éis básmhaireacht ó difter, tetanus, pertussis, heipitíteas B, Haemophilus influenzae cineál b, Streptococcus pneumoniae, rotavíreas, measles, meningitis A, rubella, agus fiabhras buí a laghdú.
Thug sé seo deis don fhoireann na báis a sheachaint roimh 5 bliana d'aois trí vacsaíníocht ghnáthamh leanaí le linn idirthréimhse riosca COVID-19 6-mhíosa, gan feachtais ghabháil suas. Sa chás íseal-ionscairt, tá na buntáistí sláinte a bhaineann le cothú rialta leanaí a chothabháil ar na básanna leanaí a sheachtraíodh ó ráigí measles le linn thréimhse riosca COVID-19 amháin.
D'fhéach an fhoireann ar roinnt tuairimí chun cruthú: úsáid leanúnach roinnt iarrachtaí maolúcháin le linn thréimhse riosca COVID-19, ráta ionfhabhtaithe 60% den daonra faoi dheireadh thréimhse mhodhnúcháin, gur féidir le páistí a bheith ionfhabhtaithe ag pearsanra leighis ag suíomhanna vacsaín nó le linn taistil, agus má ionfhabhtaítear leanbh tá an teaghlach ar fad i mbaol ionfhabhtaithe.
I gcásanna tionchar ard agus íseal araon, tá básanna a sheachnadh trí imdhíonacht rialta leanaí a leanúint san Afraic níos mó ná an riosca iomarcach básanna COVID-19 a bhaineann le cuairteanna clinice, go háirithe do leanaí vacsaínithe iad féin.
Ba cheart imdhíonacht rialta leanaí a chothú san Afraic a oiread agus is féidir, agus tosca eile mar shrianta lóistíochta, easpa foirne, agus athdháileadh acmhainní le linn paindéime COVID-19 á n-athdháileadh, a dúirt na húdair. |
In some cases, the body language mentioned in the Bible is similar or identical to that found in many modern cultures. For example, the act of bowing before important individuals or before God mentioned so often in the Bible is perfectly understandable to us today, and even more subtle gesture expressions make sense to us, as when the book of Proverbs tells us that “Whoever winks with their eye is plotting perversity; whoever purses their lips is bent on evil” (Proverbs 16:30).
The Bible draws attention to many of these non-verbal forms of expression – especially those involving the hands or feet. For example, the book of Ezekiel records God commanding the prophet Ezekiel to gesture by clapping his hands and stomping his feet regarding sinful Israel (Ezekiel 6:11). Such gestures were commonly used in both ancient Israel and the nations surrounding it. The book of Job mentions pagan worshipers of the sun and moon gesturing by kissing their hands to bless their gods (Job 31:26-28), and in both the Old and New Testaments we see that in blessing a group of people it was common to lift the hands toward them as the blessing was spoken (Leviticus 9:22; Luke 24:50).
But there are some things we should remember in understanding the body language mentioned in the Bible. First, we sometimes find different body gestures being used with the same meaning. The book of Genesis gives several examples of oaths being sworn by a person placing his hand under another’s thigh or hip – as Abraham’s steward is said to have done in promising that he would get a wife for Isaac from among Abraham’s relatives (Genesis 24:2, 9), and as Joseph did in swearing not to bury his father Jacob in Egypt (Genesis 47:29-31). But later in the Old Testament references to taking an oath usually show individuals doing so by raising a hand toward heaven (Deuteronomy 32:40; Daniel 12:7; etc.), and in the book of Ezekiel God himself is said to take an oath by raising his hand in this way (Ezekiel 20:5, 15, 23).
Another factor to keep in mind is that many societies assign unique meanings to gestures and postures, and we cannot always assume that a body language “signal” meant the same thing to those in other places or times that it does to us. The gesture of clapping is a good example of this. We usually understand clapping the hands together positively - to signify applause. But in biblical times we see not only that same meaning of this gesture as applause (2 Kings 11:12) and praise (Psalm 47:1), but also clapping was used to signify negative reactions such as anger (Numbers 24:10), revulsion (Ezekiel 22:13), and even contempt or derision (Job 27:23). So when we read of people clapping in a Bible verse (compare for example, Ezekiel 6:11 and 25:6), we should realize that we need to look at the different possible meanings of this gesture to see which best fits the context.
In a similar way, removing one’s shoes was often a gesture of reverence or respect, just as Moses was commanded to do this at the burning bush (Exodus 3:5) and Joshua in the presence of the angel of the Lord (Joshua 5:15). But removing shoes could also be a sign of grief (2 Samuel 15:30), of disrespect (Deuteronomy 25:6-10), or even of sealing an agreement (Ruth 4:7-8).
In fact, most gestures mentioned in the Bible have multiple meanings and need to be understood in context. The gesture of throwing dust in the air onto oneself or others was used by those who were grieving (Joshua 7:6, etc.), but also as a gesture indicating scorn or anger – as when the man Shimei did this against David along with cursing him (2 Samuel 16:13). The same gesture is seen in the New Testament when an angry mob responded to Paul’s defense by crying out and tossing dust into the air (Acts 22:22-23).
In the New Testament, bodily gestures and expressions are frequently noted in the Gospels and this is especially true – as we might perhaps expect – in the Gospel of Luke the physician. But body language appears in some form or other in most books of the Bible, and looking out for it and learning to “read” it correctly can often help us to better understand what is happening in the narrative or to notice points that the biblical writers especially wanted to stress. | <urn:uuid:c29f289f-e5db-42e4-84a3-36d1f03c8fd7> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | http://www.tacticalchristianity.org/blog/biblical-body-language | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600402132335.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20201001210429-20201002000429-00544.warc.gz | en | 0.962128 | 960 | 3.25 | 3 | I gcásanna áirithe, tá an teanga choirp a luaitear sa Bhíobla cosúil nó comhionann leis an teanga choirp a fhaightear i go leor cultúr nua-aimseartha. Mar shampla, tá an gníomh a bhaineann le boladh os comhair daoine tábhachtacha nó os comhair Dé a luaitear go minic sa Bhíobla tuisceanach dúinn inniu, agus tá léargas níos subtle ar ghnéas ciallmhar dúinn, mar a deir leabhar na Seanfhocail dúinn go bhfuil "Cé a shíníonn a shúil ag ceapadh perversity; cé a shíneann a liopaí tá sé dírithe ar olc" (Prov 16:30).
Tugann an Bíobla aird ar go leor de na foirmeacha neamhbhriathartha seo go háirithe iad siúd a bhaineann leis na lámha nó na cosa. Mar shampla, taifeadann leabhar Eizceil go n-ordaíonn Dia don fáidh Eizceil comhartha a dhéanamh trína lámha a phléasc agus a chosa a stompáil i leith Iosrael pheacach (Eizceil 6:11). Bhí comharthaí den sórt sin coitianta in Iosrael ársa agus sna náisiúin a bhí timpeall air. Leabhar Iob luaitear go raibh adhradhóirí pagánacha an ghrian agus na gealaí ag déanamh comharthaí trína lámha a phógadh chun a n-dibh a bheannacht (Iob 31:26-28), agus sa Sean-Tiomna agus sa Nua-Tiomna araon feicimid go raibh sé coitianta chun beannacht a thabhairt do ghrúpa daoine a ardú na lámha i dtreo iad agus an beannacht á labhairt (Leibhitic 9:22; Lucais 24:50).
Ach tá roinnt rudaí ann ba cheart dúinn a choinneáil i gcuimhne chun an teanga choirp a luaitear sa Bhíobla a thuiscint. Ar dtús, is féidir le comharthaí éagsúla a úsáid leis an gciall céanna. Tugann leabhar Genesis roinnt samplaí de mhionna a mhionnaíonn duine ag cur a láimhe faoi thigh nó cnámh duine eile mar a deir go ndearna stiúideo Abraham ag gealladh go bhfaighidh sé bean d'Íosác as gaolta Abraham (Genesis 24: 2, 9), agus mar a rinne Joseph ag mionn gan a athair Jacob a adhlacadh san Éigipt (Genesis 47: 29-31). Ach níos déanaí sa Sean-Tiomna léiríonn tagairtí do mhionn a ghlacadh de ghnáth daoine aonair ag déanamh amhlaidh trí lámh a ardú i dtreo na bhflaitheas (Deuteronomi 32:40; Daniel 12:7; srl. ), agus sa leabhar de Ezekiel deir sé go ndéanann Dia féin mionn trína lámh a ardú ar an mbealach seo (Ezequiel 20: 5, 15, 23).
Factor eile a choinneáil i gcuimhne go bhfuil go leor sochaithe a shannadh bríonna uathúla do ghnéithe agus postures, agus ní féidir linn a ghlacadh i gcónaí go bhfuil teanga comhlacht comhartha ciall an rud céanna dóibh siúd i áiteanna eile nó amanna go bhfuil sé dúinn. Is sampla maith é an ghné clapsála. De ghnáth tuigimid clapsáil na lámha le chéile go dearfach - chun a léiriú clapsáil. Ach in amanna bíobla feicimid ní amháin an bhrí chéanna atá ag an ngníomh seo mar phléasadh (2 Rí 11:12) agus moladh (Salm 47:1), ach baineadh úsáid as clapsáil freisin chun imoibrithe diúltacha a léiriú mar ghá (Uimhreacha 24:10), díghalú (Ezequiel 22:13), agus fiú mí-mheas nó díom (Iob 27:23). Mar sin, nuair a léimid daoine ag claonadh i véarsa de chuid na Bíobla (comparáid, mar shampla, le hIeseicéil 6:11 agus 25:6), ba cheart dúinn a thuiscint go gcaithfimid féachaint ar na bríonna éagsúla a d'fhéadfadh a bheith ag an ngníomh seo chun a fheiceáil cé acu a oireann is fearr don chomhthéacs.
Ar bhealach den chineál céanna, ba ghné de urraim nó de urram é bróga a bhaint as duine, díreach mar a d'ordaíodh do Mhaois é seo a dhéanamh ag an bhruslach dóite (Ecsodus 3:5) agus Joshua i láthair aingeal an Tiarna (Iosué 5:15). Ach d'fhéadfadh sé a bheith ina chomhartha freisin go raibh brón ar dhuine (2 Samúéil 15:30), go raibh sé mí-urraim (Deuteronomi 25:6-10), nó fiú go raibh sé ag séaladh comhaontú (Ruth 4:7-8).
Go deimhin, tá go leor bríanna ag formhór na ngníomhartha a luaitear sa Bhíobla agus ní mór iad a thuiscint i gcomhthéacs na n-athruithe sin. Ba é an ghné a bhí ag na daoine a bhí ag caoineadh ná an deannach a chaitheamh san aer ar iad féin nó ar dhaoine eile (Iósua 7: 6, srl. ), ach freisin mar ghné a léiríonn mearbhall nó fearg mar nuair a rinne an fear Shimei é seo i gcoinne David chomh maith le curse air (2 Samúéil 16:13). Feictear an ghné chéanna sa Tiomna Nua nuair a d'fhreagair slua feargach cosaint Pól trí ghlaoch a dhéanamh agus deora a chaitheamh san aer (Achtanna 22:22-23).
Sa Tiomna Nua, tá comharthaí agus focail choirp le feiceáil go minic sna Soiscéil agus tá sé seo fíor go háirithe mar a d'fhéadfaimis a bheith ag súil i Soiscéal Lucais an liachta. Ach tá teanga na gcorp i bhfoirm éigin nó i bhfoirm eile i bhformhór na leabhair sa Bhíobla, agus is minic a chabhróidh sé linn a bheith ag féachaint amach di agus ag foghlaim é a 'léigh' i gceart chun tuiscint níos fearr a fháil ar a bhfuil ag tarlú sa scéal nó chun aird a thabhairt ar phointí a theastaigh ó scríbhneoirí na Bíobla a chur i bhfios go háirithe. |
Alternative auditory pathways to the brain
John Michael Williams
jwill at AstraGate.net
Fri Apr 25 20:34:15 EST 2003
Very interesting post!
Some comment below.
"Allen L. Barker" <alb at datafilter.com> wrote in message news:<b8bq67$hu8$1 at slb3.atl.mindspring.net>...
> Alternative auditory pathways to the brain
> The page below describes some experiments conducted by Colin Keay, a
> pioneer in geophysical electrophonics (defined as "the production of
> audible noises of various kinds through direct conversion by
> transduction of very low frequency electromagnetic energy generated by
> a number of geophysical phenomena").
Keay seems mostly to be concerned with the ionizing trail left by
a meteor (bolide) as possible source of the auditory sensations
claimed by witnesses. It would be interesting if these objects were
metallic iron in composition: They might concentrate lines of force
from the Earth's magnetic field; then, there might be density
(=conductivity) modulations as the meteoroid penetrated different
layers (features) of atmosphere, causing kHz RF in turn detected
auditorally. I think these objects arrive at speeds around 40,000
> Dr. Lenhardt further states that audio perceptual threshold tests
> run on young, elderly and profoundly deaf people show that bone
> conduction ultrasonic perception thresholds are essentially the
> same in all three groups. This leads researchers to conclude that
> there is an alternate hearing mechanism for receiving direct
> contact ultrasonic signals. This study shows that profoundly deaf
> people, can apparently hear sounds in the ultrasonic frequency
> range when the sound is conducted directly into the body by
> vibratory means. Up until this discovery, only dolphins, bats and
> some other animals were known to be capable of hearing in the
> ultrasonic frequency band.
Include dogs: dog-whistles emit mostly ultrasonic sound. I think up
to around 30 kHz.
> Finally, the sorts of acoustic pulses believed to be responsible for
> microwave hearing can be induced by mechanisms other than microwaves.
> (And what about ultrasonic thermoacoustic waves?) Below is a quote
> from a survey article, "Human Auditory Perception of Pulsed
> Radiofrequency Energy," J.A. Elder and C. K. Chou, Motorola Florida
> Research Laboratories. Do note the source, though, and phrases like,
> "Human perception of pulses of RF radiation is a well-established
> phenomenon that is not an adverse effect."
Right: Tinnitus is the perception of
hissing, buzzing, or sizzling because of cochlear damage. It
is a debilitating disease symptom requiring therapy in
many cases. Anything causing similar sensations would be similarly
debilitating, especially if the cause was not identified so
that the victim had to bear it without knowing how to
> The hypothesis of Foster and Finch (1974) predicts that the RF
> hearing effect is related to thermoelastically induced mechanical
> vibrations in the head. Vibrations of this type can be produced
> by other means, such as by a laser pulse or by a pulsed
> piezoelectric crystal in contact with the skull (Chou et al.,
This hypothesis can be shown wrong, or at least seriously inconsistent
with the known mammalian sensitivity to RF. Some of the criticism may be
found in my posting at http://arXiv.org/pdf/physics/0102007
I am working on a more thorough study of microwave hearing, but
it is not published or posted yet. The microwave hearing
effect in the literature almost certainly is a direct EM effect
on the cochlea. My guess is the hair cells themselves; in any
case some anatomical feature common to all mammals, because the
threshold for microwave hearing is the same in all species
within about a factor of two. Thermoelastic effects depend
linearly on the size of the skull (and the thermal expansion
coefficient(s) of the skull and head tissues). If it were
the only correct effect, the threshold would be much higher for
rats than humans--it is about the same.
> ... We're not just talking random electropollution here.
> See this _US News_ article by Douglas Pasternak, for example,
The Marines here complain about having to shoot people rather than
blind them with lasers. But, that's the way the law works:
Poison gas is forbidden, as well as tear gas (by military, not
by police), because it is gas. Blinding is forbidden, because it
is blinding, regardless of the alternatives (bullets).
Poisoning and infection with disease is forbidden, even if
the victim would be expected to recover. This prevents
greater abuse by forbidding all abuse.
> By using very low frequency electromagnetic radiation -- the
> waves way below radio frequencies on the electromagnetic spectrum
> -- he [Eldon Byrd] found he could induce the brain to release
> behavior-regulating chemicals. ...
I agree that such effects are possible; I am not sure
how selective, though. It takes a relatively low frequency to
penetrate the human skull or other part of the body; high
frequencies, say over 10 GHz, won't penetrate much, although they
would for a small animal such as a rat. Low frequencies mean long
wavelengths, which can't be concentrated very well in small areas.
Thus, selectivity for different parts of the brain I think would have
to be by resonance, not spatial focussing of a beam.
RF causes rotation of dipoles in cell membranes, creating
a time-averaged depolarization and thus interfering with
normal function of nerves and muscles, at least, if
not also glands.
More information about the Neur-sci | <urn:uuid:8e378b38-3c7c-46d9-b29a-4795625090bb> | CC-MAIN-2014-42 | http://www.bio.net/bionet/mm/neur-sci/2003-April/054190.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1413507443869.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20141017005723-00331-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.903551 | 1,265 | 2.828125 | 3 | Bealaí éisteachta malartacha chuig an inchinn
John Michael Williams
jwill ag AstraGate.net
Fri 25 Apr 20:34:15 EST 2003
Post an-spéisiúil!
Tabhair roinnt tuairimí thíos.
Scríobh "Allen L. Barker" <alb at datafilter.com> i nuacht teachtaireachta:<b8bq67$hu8$1 at slb3.atl.mindspring.net>...
> Bealaí eile éisteachta chuig an inchinn
> Déantar cur síos ar roinnt turgnaimh a rinne Colin Keay,
> ceannródaí i leictreafóinigh gheofisicí (a shainmhínítear mar "táirgeadh
> fuaimeanna inchloiste de chineálacha éagsúla trí thiontú díreach trí
> traschuidiú fuinnimh leictreamaighnéadach minicíochta an-íseal a ghintear ag
> roinnt feiniméin gheofisicí").
Keay cosúil go bhfuil an chuid is mó a bhaineann leis an rian ionizing fágtha ag
meteor (bolide) mar fhoinse féideartha na n-imní cluasacha
éileamh ag finnéithe. Bheadh sé suimiúil má bhí na rudaí seo
miotalach i gcomhdhéanamh: D'fhéadfadh siad línte fórsa a thiomáint
ó réimse maighnéadach na Talún; ansin, d'fhéadfadh go mbeadh dlús
(= seoltacht) modúlacha mar a shroich an meteoroid éagsúla
na sraitheanna (na gnéithe) den atmaisféar, rud a fhágann go ndéantar RF kHz a bhrath
go cluasúil. Sílim go dtagann na rudaí seo ag luasanna thart ar 40,000
> Dúirt an Dr. Lenhardt freisin go bhfuil tástálacha tairseach perceptional fuaime
> ag daoine óga, daoine scothaosta agus daoine atá go mór bodhar
> tá tairseacha braite ultrafhuaime seolta go bunúsach
> mar an gcéanna sna trí ghrúpa. Tugann sé seo le taighdeoirí a thabhairt chun críche go
> tá meicníocht éisteachta malartach ann chun
> comharthaí ultrafhuaime teagmhála. Léiríonn an staidéar seo go bhfuil daoine
> daoine, is cosúil go gcloiseann siad fuaimeanna sa mhéarshruth
> raon nuair a chuirtear an fhuaim go díreach isteach sa chorp trí
> Meáin thriomach. Suas go dtí an fionnachtana seo, ach amháin daltaí,
> bhí a fhios ag roinnt ainmhithe eile go raibh siad in ann éisteacht sa
> bainne minicíochta ultrafhuaime.
Cuimsíonn sé madraí: scaipeann síolta madraí fuaim ultrafhuaime den chuid is mó. Smaoinigh mé suas
go thart ar 30 kHz.
> Ar deireadh, na cineálacha phollus fuaime a chreidtear a bheith freagrach as
> Is féidir éisteacht mhicreathonn a spreagadh le meicníochtaí seachas micreathonn.
> (Agus cad faoi tonnta tearma-aicmeach ultrafhónta?) Seo thíos a lua
> ó alt suirbhé, "Perception Auditive Human of Pulsed
> Fuinneamh Raidió-mhinicíochta, J.A. Elder agus C. K. Chou, Motorola Florida
> Saotharlanna Taighde. Tabhair faoi deara an fhoinse, áfach, agus frásaí cosúil le,
> "Is é an tuiscint atá ag an duine ar phollsaí radaíochta RF
> feiniméan nach bhfuil ina éifeacht dhiúltach".
Ceart: Is é tinnitus an tuiscint
ag síobadh, ag buzzing, nó ag sizzling mar gheall ar damáiste cochlear. Tá sé
Is comhartha lagúcháin é seo a éilíonn cóireáil i
go leor cásanna. Aon rud a bhfuil cúis le sensations den chineál céanna a bheadh ar an gcaoi chéanna
go raibh an t-ábhar ag cur báis ar an duine, go háirithe mura raibh an chúis aithnithe
go raibh an íospartach a iompar gan a fhios conas
> Tá hipoteis Foster agus Finch (1974) ag rá go bhfuil an RF
> tá an éifeacht éisteachta bainteach le meicniúil a spreagtar go teirmeolaistic
> vibrations in the head. Is féidir le cith den chineál seo a tháirgeadh
> ar mhodhanna eile, mar shampla trí pholl léasair nó trí pholl
> criostail phéiseolaitríce i dteagmháil leis an gclaigeann (Chou et al.,
Is féidir an hipitéis seo a thaispeáint go bhfuil sí mícheart, nó ar a laghad go bhfuil sí go mór míchuí
leis an íogaireacht aithnithe mamaigh do RF. D'fhéadfadh cuid de na cáineadh a bheith
a fhaightear i mo phostáil ag http://arXiv.org/pdf/physics/0102007
Tá mé ag obair ar staidéar níos críochnúil ar éisteacht micreathonn, ach
ní foilsíodh nó ní cuireadh ar an bhfód é go fóill. An éisteacht mhicreathonn
Tá an éifeacht i litríocht beagnach cinnte go bhfuil éifeacht EM díreach
ar an cochlea. Mo guess is é na cealla gruaige iad féin; i aon
cás roinnt gné anatamaíoch coitianta do gach mamaigh, toisc go bhfuil an
tá an tairseach éisteachta micreathonn mar an gcéanna i ngach speiceas
laistigh de thart ar fachtóir de dhá. Braitheann éifeachtaí teirmeolaisticí
go líneach ar mhéid an chréaga (agus an leathnú teirmeach
comhéifeacht (s) na scalp agus na fíocháin cheann). Dá mbeadh sé
an t-aon éifeacht cheart, bheadh an tairseach i bhfad níos airde do
na lucha ná daoine - tá sé thart ar an gcéanna.
> ... Nílimid ag caint ach faoi leictreach-scéaláil randamach anseo.
> Féach an t-alt seo _US News_ le Douglas Pasternak, mar shampla,
Na Maraí anseo gearán faoi a bheith ag shoot daoine seachas
blind iad le léasair. Ach, sin an bealach a oibríonn an dlí:
Tá gáis nimhiúla toirmiscthe, chomh maith le gáis déagóir (ag míleata, ní
ag póilíní), toisc go bhfuil sé gáis. Tá cosc ar shúileáil, toisc go
Is é an t-amhrán a bhí ag an gcluiche, is é an t-amhrán a bhí ag an gcluiche, is é an t-amhrán a bhí ag an gcluiche.
Tá cosc ar thiteann agus ar ionfhabhtú le galar, fiú má
go mbeifeá ag súil go mbainfeadh an t-íospartach slán. Cuireann sé seo cosc ar
mí-úsáid níos mó trí gach mí-úsáid a thoirmeasc.
> Trí radaíocht leictreamaighnéadach a úsáid a bhíonn ar thriall an-íseal -- an
> tonnta atá i bhfad níos ísle ná minicíochtaí raidió ar an speictream leictreamaighnéadach
> -- fuair sé [Eldon Byrd] go bhféadfadh sé a spreagadh an inchinn a scaoileadh
> ceimiceáin a rialaíonn iompar. ... a bheith
Aontaím go bhfuil éifeachtaí den sórt sin indéanta; níl mé cinnte
cé chomh roghnach, áfach. Tógann sé minicíocht réasúnta íseal chun
go bhfuil siad in ann dul isteach i gclaigeann an duine nó i gcuid eile den chorp; ard
Ní bheidh minicíochtaí, a rá os cionn 10 GHz, a shroichfidh go leor, cé go bhfuil siad
bheadh do ainmhí beag mar a rata. Ciallaíonn minicíochtaí íseal go bhfuil
tonnfhad, nach féidir a bheith tiubhaithe go han-mhaith i limistéir bheaga.
Dá bhrí sin, roghnaíocht do chuid éagsúla den inchinn Sílim go mbeadh
a bheith ag resonance, ní fócasáil spáis de bhraon.
Déantar RF a chur i bhfeidhm chun rothlú dípol i mbramáin chealla, ag cruthú
dé-polarisation ama-meán agus dá bhrí sin cur isteach ar
feidhmiú gnáth na néaróg agus na matáin, ar a laghad, má
ní freisin glúine.
Tuilleadh eolais faoi Neur-sci |
Layered Elaboration: A New Technique for Co-design with Children
Links to Files
Citation of Original Publication
Walsh, G., Druin, A., Guha, M. L., Foss, E., Golub, E., Hatley, L., ... & Franckel, S. (2010). Layered elaboration: a new technique for co-design with children. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (pp. 1237-1240). ACM.
As technology for children becomes more mobile, social, and distributed, our design methods and techniques must evolve to better explore these new directions. This paper reports on “Layered Elaboration,” a co-design technique developed over the past year. Layered Elaboration allows design teams to generate ideas through an iterative process in which each version leaves prior ideas intact while extending concepts. Layered Elaboration is a useful technique as it enables co-design to take place asynchronously and does not require much space or many resources. Our intergenerational team used the technique to design a prototype of an instructional game about energy conservation | <urn:uuid:0a26ed16-6516-478b-9541-82970aa66e02> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://mdsoar.org/handle/11603/7264 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679103810.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20231211080606-20231211110606-00401.warc.gz | en | 0.877844 | 239 | 2.75 | 3 | Ealabhú Scairte: Teicníc Nua le haghaidh Comhdhearadh le Leanaí
Nasc chuig Comhaid
Seoladh an fhoilseacháin bunaidh
Walsh, G., Druin, A., Guha, M. L., Foss, E., Golub, E., Hatley, L., ... & Franckel, S. (2010). Déantúsaíocht shraithithe: teicníc nua le haghaidh comhdhearadh le leanaí. I Gníomhartha Comhdhála SIGCHI ar fhachtóirí daonna i gcórais ríomhaireachta (pp. 1237-1240). ACM.
De réir mar a bhíonn teicneolaíocht do leanaí níos soghluaiste, níos sóisialta, agus níos dáileadh, ní mór dúinn ár modhanna agus teicnící dearaidh a fhorbairt chun na treoracha nua seo a iniúchadh níos fearr. Tuairiscíonn an páipéar seo ar Ealabhú Scaipthe, teicníc comhdhearadh a forbraíodh le bliain anuas. Ligeann Ealabhú Ciseal do thím dearaidh smaointe a ghiniúint trí phróiseas athfhillteach ina fhágann gach leagan smaointe roimhe seo gan aon bhac agus coincheapa á leathnú. Is teicníc úsáideach é Ealabhú Cathach mar go gcuireann sé ar chumas comhdhearadh a bheith ann asynchronously agus ní éilíonn sé go leor spáis ná go leor acmhainní. D'úsáid ár bhfoireann idirghinealach an teicníc chun próta-imreoir teagaisc a dhearadh faoi chaomhnú fuinnimh |
This past month I had the pleasure to present to the class of the Women’s Studies class WS101 at Montgomery College Takoma Park/Silver Spring Campus. We discussed the prevalence of food insecurity in Montgomery County and focused on how disparities among women in Montgomery County in turn negatively impacts their health.
In addition to the presentation, the students also supported Manna in packing Smart Sacks bags for JoAnn Leleck at Broad Acres Elementary School. WS101 students also wrote Valentine’s Day cards and put in little treat bags for students as a surprise. Afterwards, students wrote reflections on the presentation and Smart Sacks packing project. One student, Henry Obioma Ukeje, provided us his very powerful words on poverty and the cycles of hunger. Please read his reflections on our Manna blog online.
Poverty and the Cycle of Hunger Locally, Nationally, and/or Globally
By: Henry Obioma Ukeje
Across the many societies in the globe, women experience issues that vary greatly in scope. It does not require one to be female to take a Women’s Studies course; an in-depth understanding of what it takes to be a woman living in times of great economic strife and hardships is important. This course has opened my eyes to the severity of the many issues that accost women, especially poverty. The architects of this course engineered its relevance to address issues that face women from all backgrounds and their daily struggles to overcome these challenges, even in the midst of widespread gender inequalities.
Poverty and hunger are cyclical in nature. This can be best illustrated by the sad fact that a child born out of poverty is more likely to spend his/her entire life in poverty, and worse still, will probably raise his/her children in poverty. Politicians do so little to alleviate this, but instead uses poverty to propagate their selfish agendas. Education, which has become a basic need, is the only effective tool to end this vicious cycle of poverty and hunger, but it is still a luxury to many people. Though women and girls make up more than half of the world’s population, men are typically more educated than women, which shows how lack of access to education is tool to discriminate against and disempower women.
If women and girls were given equal opportunities as their male counterparts to access education, perhaps then, the cycle of poverty would end. Michele Sullivan, a women’s rights activist, states that, “If you help a girl, you help the family and the village and the society.” This is because unlike men, women spend a huge fraction of their income buying food and other necessities; for them, the priority is often caring for their families and communities. More published research also shows that the higher a woman rises in her level of education, the more likely she will be to feed her child better, thus the education of women has a direct impact on malnutrition and child mortality rates. (Sue-Lynn Moses)
Local food banks are of great importance to our societies. We live in societies that are in constant ignorance of the people living around us. People imagine, “If I am okay, then everybody else is,” but in reality, the neighbor living in the next block might be going without food for days. Manna Food Center plays a very important role in ensuring that those underprivileged and neglected persons can also get food and not suffer in hunger.
Women and Gender studies instills the spirit of helping within our level of ability and fighting against gender-based discrimination and other inequalities that women face. We should be our own activists, so that we can help raise each other’s standards and perpetuate a society where no one drowns in the cycle of hunger due to their economic status. Helping others in the society creates a sense of satisfaction and fulfillment, especially when you see the joy on faces of those who have received food donations that will help to sustain them.
The relationship between women and food, symbolically illustrated by the stuffing of pantry sacks (a “care”-type role typically performed by women), helps us understand how group-based marginalization has been propagated in the society, as well as the stigma associated with the experience of poverty. This act clearly demonstrates the themes our course has been studying: the historical production of sexual difference and the intersection of gender with other social forces. This course has inspired in me the role of being a social actor, so that that I can help to uphold the rights of women and girls. Together, we can end the cycle of hunger in society.
Ayu Saraswati, Barbara Shaw, and Heather Relihann. Introduction to Women’s, Gender, and Sexuality Studies.
Joe McCarthy. Educating Girls is the Key to Ending Poverty. Aug 7, 2017. Retrieved from:
*Special thanks to the class of WS101 at Montgomery College Takoma Park/Silver Spring, Professor Esther Schwartz-Mckinzie, and Lucy Vitaliti, Coordinator of the Office of Volunteerism and Service Learning, in providing Manna this opportunity to share our knowledge and engage our community to end hunger.
-Karena Kuo, Program Manager, Smart Sacks | <urn:uuid:64602230-243e-4ed8-830f-6ad31e206916> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://www.mannafood.org/poverty-and-the-cycle-of-hunger-locally-nationally-and-or-globally/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600401614309.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20200928202758-20200928232758-00782.warc.gz | en | 0.957318 | 1,067 | 2.765625 | 3 | An mhí seo caite bhí sé de phlé agam a chur i láthair do rang na mBan's Staidéar rang WS101 ag Montgomery Coláiste Tacoma Park / Silver Spring Campus. Phléamar an líon mór daoine a bhfuil éagmais bia acu i gContae Montgomery agus dírigh muid ar an gcaoi a mbíonn tionchar diúltach ag an éagmais idir mná i gContae Montgomery ar a sláinte.
Chomh maith leis an láthair, chabhraigh na mic léinn le Manna baganna Smart Sacks a phacáil do JoAnn Leleck ag Scoil Bunscoile Broad Acres. Scríobh mic léinn WS101 cártaí Lá Vailintín freisin agus chuir siad málaí beag le haghaidh cuairteanna ar mhic léinn mar iontas. Ina dhiaidh sin, scríobh na mic léinn smaointe ar an gcur i láthair agus ar thionscadal pacáistithe Smart Sacks. Thug mic léinn amháin, Henry Obioma Ukeje, a chuid focal an-chumhachtach dúinn maidir le bochtaineacht agus timthriallta an ocrais. Léigh a chuid smaointe ar ár mblag Manna ar líne.
An Bhróthar agus an Timthriall Bothachta go Líneach, go Náisiúnta, agus/nó go Domhanda
Arna óstáil ag: Henry Obioma Ukeje
Ar fud na sochaí ar fud an domhain, bíonn fadhbanna ag mná a bhfuil raon feidhme éagsúil acu. Ní gá go mbeadh bean ann chun cúrsa Staidéar na mBan a ghlacadh; tá sé tábhachtach tuiscint dhomhain a fháil ar cad a thógann sé chun bheith i mbean ag maireachtáil in amanna stróic agus deacrachtaí eacnamaíocha móra. D'oscail an cúrsa seo mo shúile chun an tromchúis a bhaineann le go leor saincheisteanna a bhaineann le mná, go háirithe bochtaineacht. Rinne na hailtire an chúrsa seo a ábharthacht a dhearadh chun aghaidh a thabhairt ar shaincheisteanna a bhíonn ag mná ó gach cúlra agus a gcuid streachailtí laethúla chun na dúshláin seo a shárú, fiú i measc neamhionannais inscne forleathan.
Tá bochtaineacht agus ocras timthriallta de réir a nádúr. Is féidir é seo a léiriú is fearr leis an bhfíric brónach go bhfuil leanbh a rugadh as bochtaineacht níos mó seans go gcaithfidh sé / sí a shaol ar fad i mbochtaineacht, agus níos measa fós, is dócha go dtógfaidh sé / sí a leanaí i mbochtaineacht. Ní dhéanann polaiteoirí mórán chun é seo a mhaolú, ach ina ionad sin úsáideann siad an bochtaineacht chun a n-aignéidí féinbhéasach a chur chun cinn. Is é an t-oideachas, a tháinig chun bheith ina riachtanas bunúsach, an t-aon uirlis éifeachtach chun deireadh a chur leis an timthriall fíochmhar seo na bochtaineachta agus na ocrais, ach tá sé fós ina só le go leor daoine. Cé go bhfuil mná agus cailíní níos mó ná leath de dhaonra an domhain, tá fir níos oideachasúla de ghnáth ná mná, rud a léiríonn conas is uirlis é an easpa rochtana ar oideachas chun idirdhealú a dhéanamh ar mhná agus iad a dhí-chumhachtú.
Má thugtar deiseanna comhionanna do mhná agus do chailíní mar a gcomhghleacaithe fireannacha chun rochtain a fháil ar oideachas, b'fhéidir ansin, go gcuirfí deireadh leis an timthriall bochtaineachta. Deir Michele Sullivan, gníomhaí dílse na mban, "Má chabhraíonn tú le cailín, cabhraíonn tú leis an teaghlach agus leis an sráidbhaile agus leis an tsochaí. Léiríonn taighde níos mó foilsithe freisin go bhfuil an leibhéal oideachais níos airde a bhíonn ag bean, is dóichí go mbeidh sí ag a leanbh a chothú níos fearr, dá bhrí sin tá tionchar díreach ag oideachas na mban ar mhíbhia agus ar rátaí báis leanaí. (Sue-Lynn Moses)
Tá bainc bhia áitiúla an-tábhachtach dár sochaithe. Tá muid i sochaithe atá i dtuiscint leanúnach ar na daoine atá timpeall orainn. Is féidir le daoine a shamhlú, "Má tá mé go maith, ansin tá gach duine eile go maith", ach i ndáiríre, d'fhéadfadh an comharsa a chónaíonn sa bhloc eile a bheith gan bia ar feadh laethanta. Tá ról an-tábhachtach ag Ionad Bia Manna chun a chinntiú gur féidir le daoine faoi mhíbhuntáiste agus neamhaird a fháil ar bhia agus gan fulaingt ó ghéarchéim.
Cuireann staidéar ar mhná agus inscne an spiorad a bhaineann le cuidiú laistigh dár leibhéal cumas agus troid i gcoinne idirdhealú inscne agus neamhionannas eile a bhíonn ag mná. Ba cheart dúinn a bheith inár ngníomhaithe féin, ionas gur féidir linn cabhrú le caighdeáin a chéile a ardú agus sochaí a shaothú nach n-uisceann aon duine sa timthriall ocrais mar gheall ar a stádas eacnamaíoch. Is mothú sásúil agus comhlíonta é cabhrú le daoine eile sa tsochaí, go háirithe nuair a fheiceann tú an áthas ar aghaidh na ndaoine a fuair tabhartas bia a chabhróidh leo iad a chothú.
Cuidíonn an caidreamh idir mná agus bia, a léirítear go siombalach trí bhacanna pantry a líonadh (róil den chineál "cothabháil" a dhéanann mná de ghnáth), linn a thuiscint conas a scaipeadh imeallú grúpa bunaithe sa tsochaí, chomh maith leis an stiogma a bhaineann le taithí na bochtaineachta. Léiríonn an gníomh seo go soiléir na téamaí a bhí á staidéar againn sa chúrsa: táirgeadh stairiúil na difríochta gnéis agus an t-idirghabháil inscne le fórsaí sóisialta eile. Chuir an cúrsa seo spreagadh orm mar ghníomhaire sóisialta, ionas gur féidir liom cabhrú le cearta na mban agus na mban óg a chosaint. Le chéile, is féidir linn deireadh a chur leis an timthriall ocrais sa tsochaí.
Ayu Saraswati, Barbara Shaw, agus Heather Relihann. Tús le Staidéar ar Mná, ar Inscne agus ar Gnéasacht.
Joe McCarthy. Is é oideachas do chailíní an eochair chun deireadh a chur le bochtaineacht. 7 Lúnasa, 2017. Fágann an t-alt seo:
* Buíochas speisialta do rang WS101 i Montgomery College Takoma Park/Silver Spring, an tOllamh Esther Schwartz-Mckinzie, agus Lucy Vitaliti, Comhordaitheoir na hOifige um Dheonach agus Oideachas Seirbhíse, as an deis seo a chur ar fáil do Manna ár n-eolas a roinnt agus ár bpobal a chur i mbun na heagla a chur ar deireadh.
- Karena Kuo, Bainisteoir Clár, Sacks Cliste |
Science Fair Project Display: Putting it All Together (page 3)
The display is an essential part of your project. Although it alone will not save a bad project, it can enhance the success of a good one. There is nothing more disappointing than to have a judge or viewer overlook a meritorious project purely on the basis of its illegible or disorganized display. Therefore, it is worth spending some extra time making an attractive display.
Due to the guidelines established by the Intel ISEF, most state and regional fairs have put the emphasis on a “poster session” approach, where the backboard is the focal point of the display accompanied by a report and abstract. In general, your display should consist of a great-looking backboard and report both containing text, tables, graphs, charts, photographs, and diagrams to fully illustrate and explain your project.
Your exhibit should show all aspects of your project. There are many ways to do this, but you must remember that all information on the backboard should be clearly and concisely summarized to allow the viewer to grasp the essence of the project quickly. Lengthy discussions should be confined to the report. Only certain items from your project can be displayed. See “Display Restrictions” in this chapter for a general list of what can and cannot be displayed at the science fair.
The backboard is usually the most important part of your display. It should include all the major parts of your project. The backboard is essentially an upright, self-supporting board with organized highlights of your project. It is usually three-sided, although it does not necessarily have to be. The backboard should meet the spacing standards of the Intel ISEF if you plan to enter your project in a state or regional fair that is affiliated with the ISEF. The dimensions of your display must not be more than 108 inches (274 centimeters) high, including the table; 30 inches (76 centimeters) deep, and 48 inches (122 centimeters) wide. If these dimensions are exceeded, you may be disqualified.
When constructing your backboard, stay away from thin posterboard or cardboard. Backboards made of these materials will bend and do not look very professional. Instead, purchase a firm, self-supporting material such as a reinforced paperboard or corkboard. In the long run, you will find these types of materials easier to work with and more attractive. Alternatively, you may choose to purchase a premade backboard. In recent years this has become a popular choice among students. Two companies that specialize in the sale of premade backboards are Showboard and Science Fair Supply. Both offer backboards in a variety of sizes and materials and even offer other project display accessories. You can reach Showboard at 1-800-323-9189 or visit their Web site: www.showboard.com. Science Fair Supply can be reached at 1-800-556-3247 or online at: www.sciencefairsupply.com.
Select appropriate lettering for your backboard. Use your computer’s word processor or purchase graphic design software that allows you to make a neat, attractive presentation on your backboard. If you do not have software that will allow you to do this, you might want to purchase self-sticking letters or make use of the services of a professional printer. In recent years, almost all science fair project backboards (at the state and international level) have typeface styles and background patterns that have been rendered in one of many terrific graphic design software programs. If you do not have such a program on your home computer, your school probably has one. Whichever program you choose, keep in mind that because so many options are available, it is simply unacceptable to handprint your backboard, especially if you are aiming for a top-notch project.
Now that you know how to construct a backboard, you need to know what information you should put on it and where to place it. There is no standard way of making a backboard; however, all the information displayed on it should be well organized. The project title, for example, should stand out in the middle section in bold print. The rest of your information should be placed in an orderly fashion from left to right under organized headings that follow the scientific method. You can also apply headings that relate more specifically to your subject. Whatever headings you choose, make sure they are explicit so that a viewer can grasp each element of your project quickly and efficiently.
The information that you place under each heading is crucial. It must be concise and inclusive. Do not fill up your backboard with excess information. Try to summarize the facts under each heading in no more than 300 words. Additional backboard space can be filled with additional visual information on your subject.
It is also important that your report be of good quality. This means that you must organize a portfolio of clearly stated, factual information. It is important to keep this in mind because the report is essentially your spokesperson when you are not with your project (for example, during preliminary judging).
An organized report contains the historical background on your subject, an introduction that states your purpose, a procedure that explains your means of acquiring information, your plan for organizing an experiment, and all the recorded data, diagrams, flow charts, photos, conclusions, and other details that fully explain your project. You might even want to include detailed descriptions about different phases in your experiment in the form of a diary. It is a good idea to include the names and places you have visited, together with any related correspondence.
Your report may be easier to complete if you create a journal when you begin to work on your project. If you record everything in your journal as you go along, all you will need to do later is organize your notes, since your journal is essentially the foundation of your report.
In organizing your report, you will have to distinguish between primary and secondary sources of information. Primary sources of information consist of surveys, observations, and experimentation that you have done either alone or through a mentor. Secondary sources are outside sources, such as the library, media organizations, government agencies, companies, laboratories, and so on. If you have used secondary sources for information either quoted directly or used indirectly, you must acknowledge these sources in footnotes and in a bibliography. Also, if you have worked under the guidance of a mentor or adviser be sure to give credit to this person and those who have assisted you in a references section in the report.
As with your backboard, make sure you prepare the report with word not be able to explain your project as well as you can, but it is reassuring to know that an organized report can work well for you in your absence.
If you write a thorough report that encompasses all of the items mentioned here, you may be eligible to submit it to another type of science competition, such as the Intel Science Talent Search, a local Junior Science and Humanities Symposium, or another similar competition.
An abstract is a brief summary of your project that is 250–300 words long. The abstract briefly explains the project’s purpose and procedural plan and presents generalized data and a short discussion of your conclusions. There is no standard way to write an abstract, but it should always be concise and clear. Many state and regional fairs have made the abstract a mandatory part of science fair project competition and specify that it must be completed and submitted to the science fair’s Scientific Review Committee with an application for admission to the science fair. Many science fairs review the abstract to make sure that the project you have been working on meets the standards proscribed by the fair’s Scientific Review Committee and the rules and regulations established by that science fair. The abstract further helps to categorize your project into the correct scientific category of competition, and it helps the judges to quickly grasp the summary of your project. It may even suggest to the judges that they should consider your work for other awards that are sponsored by outside special awards presenters.
Is Synthetic Motor Oil Spillage Environmentally Safer than Petroleum Motor Oil Spillage?
The impact of oil spillage is a great concern for the environment whether it be due to its regulated disposal or by accident. The purpose of this project is to determine, in the event of spillage, which form of motor oil, namely, regular petroleum motor oil or synthetic motor oil, would have the least negative impact on the environment. It was hypothesized that the regular petroleum motor oil would have the least negative impact since the synthetic motor oil contains manmade polymers. In order to test this theory, the growth rate of bean plants grown in soil containing traces of unused synthetic motor oil that was administered in various amounts and the growth rate of bean plants grown in the same soil containing traces of unused regular petroleum motor oil that was administered in the same amounts were compared against bean plants that were grown in the same soil where no traces of either type of oil were administered. The results indicated that every bean plant exposed to traces of oil was negatively impacted compared to the control group of bean plants. However, between the two types of oils studied herein, it was evident that the synthetic oil had more of a negative impact upon the plants as evidenced by retarded root length and the ability of the plants to sprout beans which were measured and recorded at various intervals and at the conclusion of the experiment. Therefore, my hypothesis was correct, the spillage of regular petroleum motor oil appears to have the least negative impact.
The above example contains a simple abstract of a recent award-winning science fair project to give you an idea of how an abstract is written.
You read in Chapter 3 about the project limitation guidelines established by the Intel ISEF. The Intel ISEF also has strict regulations involving the exhibition of certain articles in conjunction with the rest of your exhibit. The following is a summary of the Intel ISEF display and safety rules. If you have any questions, contact your science fair administrator or Science Service, the organization that administers the Intel ISEF, for more information about what is acceptable for display.
A rule of thumb is to avoid anything that could be potentially hazardous to display in public. The intent of the rule is to protect other students and the public. You can usually uphold such regulations by using photographs, drawings, graphs, charts, and model simulations (where permissible) to show the results of your investigation and research.
If you have any doubts about displaying any part of your project, be sure to first check with officials from your local science fair or contact the Intel ISEF. The following is a summary of items that cannot be displayed.
Items That Cannot Be Displayed
- Live animals, living organisms, preserved vertebrate/invertebrate animals, taxidermy specimens, or parts including embryos
- All live materials, including plants and microbes
- Human or animal parts or body fluids (i.e., blood or urine) except teeth, hair, nails, histological dry mount sections, and wet mount tissue slides properly acquired
- All soil and waste samples and related materials
- All chemicals including water and their containers
- Poisons, drugs, controlled substances, or hazardous substances or devices (e.g., firearms, weapons, ammunition)
- Food, human or animal
- Syringes, pipettes, and similar devices and sharp objects
- Dry ice or other sublimating solids (e.g., solids that can vaporize into a gas without first becoming a liquid)
- Any flame, open or concealed
- Highly flammable display materials
- Tanks that have contained combustible gases or liquids, unless purged with carbon dioxide
- Batteries with open top cells
- Photographs and other visual presentations of surgical techniques, dissection, necropsies, and/or laboratory techniques depicting vertebrate animals in other-than-normal conditions
- Operation of a Class III or IV laser
The following is a summary of items that can be displayed with certain restrictions:
Items That Can Be Displayed with Restrictions
(Check with your local science fair officials to determine how you can make these items suitable for display.)
- Projects with unshielded belts, pulleys, chains and moving parts with tension or pinch points
- Any device requiring voltage over 110 volts
- Soil or waste samples if permanently encased
- Empty tanks that previously contained combustible liquids or gases must be certified as having been purged with carbon dioxide
- Class III and Class IV lasers (but may not be operated)
- Class II lasers containing a sign that reads “Laser Radiation Do Not Stare into Beam,” with a protective housing that prevents access to the beam, operated only during display, safety inspection, and judging
- Large vacuum tubes or dangerous ray–generating devices must be properly shielded
- Pressurized tanks that contained noncombustibles may be allowed if properly secured
- Any apparatus producing temperatures that will cause physical burns must be adequately shielded
- Your science project display is very important and should be presented in an organized and attractive manner.
- The display should consist of a backboard containing summary information about your project under organized headings that are based on the scientific method, tables, graphs, charts, photographs and diagrams, a report, and an abstract.
- Backboards must meet the standard space requirements established by the Intel ISEF, which are 108 inches (274 centimeters) high including table, 30 inches (76 centimeters) deep, and 48 inches (122 centimeters) wide.
- The report can be created primarily from your project journal. It contains all the details about each step in your project along with flow charts and photographs that may be too cumbersome or inappropriate to display on your backboard.
- An abstract is a short essay that summarizes the goals, methods, and conclusions of your project.
- The Intel ISEF has established regulations for the restriction and modification of potentially hazardous items for display. | <urn:uuid:8a80ce11-3bee-4dcc-9e33-acc2d3a4439a> | CC-MAIN-2014-42 | http://www.education.com/reference/article/science-fair-project-display/?page=3 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1413558065752.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20141017150105-00351-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.937798 | 2,857 | 3.03125 | 3 | Taispeántas Tionscadal an Fhéile Eolaíochta: An t-Uile Chéile a chur le chéile (leathanach 3)
Tá an taispeáint mar chuid riachtanach de do thionscadal. Cé nach ndéanfaidh sé féin tionscadal dona a shábháil, is féidir leis rath a bhaint as ceann maith. Níl aon rud níos díomá ná go ndéanann breitheamh nó lucht féachana dearmad ar thionscadal luachmhar ar bhonn a thaispeántais neamh-léite nó neamh-eagraithe amháin. Dá bhrí sin, is fiú roinnt ama breise a chaitheamh ag déanamh taispeántas tarraingteach.
Mar gheall ar na treoirlínte a bhunaigh Intel ISEF, chuir an chuid is mó de na fiontair stáit agus réigiúnacha béim ar chur chuige "seisiún póstaer", áit a bhfuil an backboard mar phointe fócasach an taispeántais in éineacht le tuarascáil agus achoimre. Go ginearálta, ba cheart go mbeadh tairseach iontach ar do thairseach agus tuarascáil ar an dá cheann ina bhfuil téacs, táblaí, grafaí, cairteacha, grianghraif agus léaráidí chun do thionscadal a léiriú agus a mhíniú go hiomlán.
Ba cheart go léireodh do thaispeántas gach gné de do thionscadal. Tá go leor bealaí ann chun é seo a dhéanamh, ach ní mór duit cuimhneamh gur chóir go mbeadh achoimre soiléir agus gonta ar an bhfaisnéis ar an mbordchúl chun ligean don lucht féachana croílár an tionscadail a thuiscint go tapa. Ba cheart go mbeadh plé fada teoranta don tuarascáil. Ní féidir ach míreanna áirithe ó do thionscadal a thaispeáint. Féach 'Sriananna Taispeánta' sa chaibidil seo le haghaidh liosta ginearálta de na rudaí is féidir agus nach féidir a thaispeáint ag an bhféile eolaíochta.
Is é an backboard de ghnáth an chuid is tábhachtaí de do taispeáint. Ba cheart go mbeadh na príomhchomhpháirteanna go léir de do thionscadal ann. Is bord dhíreach, féin-tacaíochta é an backboard le buaicphointí eagraithe de do thionscadal. De ghnáth bíonn trí thaobh air, cé nach gá go mbeadh. Ba cheart go gcomhlíonfadh an backboard caighdeáin spásála Intel ISEF má tá sé ar intinn agat do thionscadal a chur isteach i bhfóram stáit nó réigiúnach atá cleamhnaithe leis an ISEF. Ní féidir le méideanna do thaispeántais a bheith níos mó ná 274 ciliméadar ar airde, an tábla san áireamh; 30 ciliméadar (76 ciliméadar) ar doimhneacht, agus 48 ciliméadar (122 ciliméadar) ar leithead. Má sháraítear na méideanna seo, d'fhéadfaí tú a dhícháiliú.
Nuair a bheidh tú ag tógáil do chúlchlár, bí ar shiúl ó phostachard nó cártaín tanaí. Beidh backboards déanta as na hábhair seo a phlé agus ní breathnú an-professional. Ina áit sin, ceannach ábhar daingean, féin-tacaíochta mar chárta-chárta cruaithe nó chárta-chárta. Ar deireadh thiar, is éasca leat oibriú leis na cineálacha ábhair seo agus is tarraingteach iad. Ina ionad sin, is féidir leat backboard réamhdhéanta a cheannach. Le blianta beaga anuas tá sé seo ina rogha tóir i measc na mac léinn. Dhá chuideachta a speisialaíonn i ndíol backboards réamhdhéanta is ea Showboard agus Science Fair Supply. Cuireann an dá cheann backboards i méideanna agus ábhair éagsúla ar fáil agus cuireann siad gabhálais taispeána tionscadail eile ar fáil fiú. Is féidir leat teagmháil a dhéanamh le Showboard ag 1-800-323-9189 nó tabhair cuairt ar a láithreán gréasáin: www.showboard.com. Is féidir teacht ar Science Fair Supply ag 1-800-556-3247 nó ar líne ag: www.sciencefairsupply.com.
Roghnaigh litreacha oiriúnacha do do chúlchlár. Úsáid próiseálaí focal do ríomhaire nó ceannach bogearraí dearadh grafaicí a ligeann duit cur i láthair glan, tarraingteach a dhéanamh ar do chúlchlár. Mura bhfuil bogearraí agat a ligfidh duit é seo a dhéanamh, b'fhéidir gur mhaith leat litreacha féin-gléasta a cheannach nó úsáid a bhaint as seirbhísí printéir gairmiúil. Le blianta beaga anuas, tá stíleanna cló agus patrún cúlra ag beagnach gach backboards tionscadail scileanna (ar leibhéal stáit agus idirnáisiúnta) a rinneadh i gceann de na cláir bogearraí dearaidh grafacha iontach. Mura bhfuil clár den sórt sin agat ar do ríomhaire sa bhaile, is dócha go bhfuil ceann agat ar do scoil. Cibé clár a roghnaíonn tú, coinnigh i gcuimhne go bhfuil an oiread sin roghanna ar fáil, nach bhfuil sé inghlactha go simplí do chúlchlár a chur ar láimh, go háirithe má tá tú ag díriú ar thionscadal den scoth.
Anois go bhfuil a fhios agat conas backboard a thógáil, ní mór duit a fhios a bheith agat cén fhaisnéis ba chóir duit a chur air agus cá háit a chuirfidh tú é. Níl aon bhealach caighdeánach ann chun backboard a dhéanamh; áfach, ba cheart go mbeadh an fhaisnéis go léir a thaispeántar air eagraithe go maith. Ba cheart go mbeadh teideal an tionscadail, mar shampla, le feiceáil sa rannán lár i mbrionglóid. Ba chóir an chuid eile de do chuid faisnéise a chur ar bhealach ordúil ó chlé go ceart faoi cheannteidil eagraithe a leanann an modh eolaíoch. Is féidir leat ceannteidil a bhaineann go sonrach le do ábhar a chur i bhfeidhm freisin. Cibé ceannteidil a roghnaíonn tú, déan cinnte go bhfuil siad soiléir ionas gur féidir le lucht féachana gach gné de do thionscadal a thuiscint go tapa agus go héifeachtach.
Tá an fhaisnéis a chuireann tú faoi gach ceannteideal ríthábhachtach. Ní mór dó a bheith concise agus cuimsitheach. Ná líonadh do backboard le faisnéis iomarcach. Déan iarracht achoimre a dhéanamh ar na fíricí faoi gach ceannteideal i 300 focal ar a laghad. Is féidir spás breise ar an mbarr a líonadh le faisnéis bhreise amhairc ar do ábhar.
Tá sé tábhachtach freisin go mbeidh do thuairisc ar ardchaighdeán. Ciallaíonn sé seo go gcaithfidh tú punann faisnéise fíorais a chur in ord go soiléir. Tá sé tábhachtach é seo a choinneáil i gcuimhne toisc go bhfuil an tuarascáil i ndáiríre mar do labhraí nuair nach bhfuil tú i do thionscadal (mar shampla, le linn réamhbhreithe).
Tá an t-eolas a chuimsíonn an tuarascáil eagraithe ina bhfuil an cúlra stairiúil ar do ábhar, an t-aistriúchán a deir do chuspóir, an nós imeachta a mhíníonn do mhodhanna chun faisnéis a fháil, do phlean chun turgnamh a eagrú, agus na sonraí taifeadta go léir, léaráidí, cairteacha sreabhadh, grianghraif, conclúidí, agus sonraí eile a mhíníonn go hiomlán do thionscadal. B'fhéidir gur mhaith leat cur síos mionsonraithe ar chéimeanna éagsúla i d'eispéireas a chur san áireamh i bhfoirm diallóireachta. Is smaoineamh maith é na hainmneacha agus na háiteanna a thug tú cuairt orthu a chur leis, mar aon le haon chomhfhreagras a bhaineann leo.
D'fhéadfadh sé a bheith níos éasca do thuairisc a chomhlánú má chruthaíonn tú leabharlainne nuair a thosaíonn tú ag obair ar do thionscadal. Má dhéanann tú taifead ar gach rud i do dhántair de réir mar a théann tú ar aghaidh, ní gá duit ach do nótaí a eagrú ina dhiaidh sin, ós rud é go bhfuil do dhántair mar bhunús do thuairisc.
Agus do thuairisc á eagrú agat, beidh ort idirdhealú a dhéanamh idir foinsí príomhúla agus foinsí daracha faisnéise. Is iad na príomhfhoinsí faisnéise suirbhéanna, breathnuithe agus turgnamh a rinne tú féin nó trí mheantóir. Is foinsí seachtracha iad foinsí daracha, mar shampla an leabharlann, eagraíochtaí meán, gníomhaireachtaí rialtais, cuideachtaí, saotharlanna, agus mar sin de. Má d'úsáid tú foinsí tánaisteach le haghaidh faisnéise a luaitear go díreach nó a úsáidtear go hindíreach, ní mór duit na foinsí sin a aithint i mbunaí agus i mbrioblóraíocht. Chomh maith leis sin, má d'oibrigh tú faoi threoir mheantóra nó comhairleoir, bí cinnte go dtabharfaidh tú creidmheas don duine sin agus dóibh siúd a chabhraigh leat i rannóg tagairtí sa tuarascáil.
Mar a tharla le do chúlchlár, déan cinnte go ndéanann tú an tuarascáil a ullmhú le focail nach féidir leat do thionscadal a mhíniú chomh maith agus is féidir leat, ach tá sé suaimhneach a fhios go bhféadfadh tuarascáil eagraithe a bheith ag obair go maith duitse i do easpa.
Má scríobhann tú tuarascáil chuimsitheach a chuimsíonn na míreanna go léir a luaitear anseo, d'fhéadfadh go mbeadh tú incháilithe chun é a chur isteach i gcineál eile comórtais eolaíochta, mar shampla an Intel Science Talent Search, Symposium Sains agus Daonnachta Óige áitiúil, nó comórtas eile den chineál céanna.
Is éard atá i briathra achoimre ghearr ar do thionscadal atá 250300 focal ar fhad. Míníonn an achoimre go hachomair cuspóir agus plean nós imeachta an tionscadail agus cuireann sé sonraí ginearálta agus plé gairid ar do chonclúidí i láthair. Níl aon bhealach caighdeánach ann chun achoimre a scríobh, ach ba cheart go mbeadh sé concise agus soiléir i gcónaí. Tá go leor fhairsín stáit agus réigiúnacha tar éis an t-aistriúchán a dhéanamh mar chuid éigeantach de chomórtas tionscadail an fhairsín eolaíochta agus a shonrú go gcaithfear é a chomhlánú agus a chur faoi bhráid Choiste Athbhreithnithe Eolaíochta an fhairsín eolaíochta le hiarratas ar ligean isteach sa fhairsín eolaíochta. Déantar athbhreithniú ar an gclár ar go leor féilte eolaíochta chun a chinntiú go gcomhlíonann an tionscadal a bhí á obair agat na caighdeáin a fhorordaigh Coiste Athbhreithnithe Eolaíochta an fhéile agus na rialacha agus na rialacháin a bhunaigh an fhéile eolaíochta sin. Cuidíonn an achoimre freisin le do thionscadal a chatagóiríocht sa chatagóir eolaíoch ceart den chomórtas, agus cuireann sé ar chumas na mbreithiúna achoimre do thionscadail a thuiscint go tapa. D'fhéadfadh sé fiú a mholadh do na breithiúna gur chóir dóibh smaoineamh ar do chuid oibre le haghaidh duaiseanna eile a thacaíonn lucht cur i láthair duaiseanna speisialta taobh amuigh.
An bhfuil an t-Ol Cothaitheach Sínteasach a Leá níos sábháilte don chomhshaol ná an t-Ol Cothaitheach Peitriliam?
Tá tionchar na sceitheadh ola ina ábhar imní mór don chomhshaol cibé acu a bhfuil sé mar gheall ar a dhiúscairt rialaithe nó ar thimpiste. Is é is cuspóir leis an tionscadal seo a chinneadh, i gcás sceitheadh, cén cineál ola mótair, eadhon ola mótair peitriliam rialta nó ola mótair sintéiseach, a bheadh an tionchar is lú diúltach aige ar an gcomhshaol. Bhí an tuairim go mbeadh an tionchar diúltach is lú ag ola gluaisteán peitriliam rialta ós rud é go bhfuil polaiméir dhéantúsacha sa ola gluaisteán sintéiseach. Chun an teoiric seo a thástáil, rinneadh comparáid idir ráta fáis plandaí bean a d'fhás i dtalamh ina raibh rianta ola mótarchinne sintéiseach neamhúsáidte a tugadh i gcainníochtaí éagsúla agus ráta fáis plandaí bean a d'fhás sa talamh céanna ina raibh rianta ola mótarchinne peitriliam neamhúsáidte a tugadh i gcainníochtaí céanna i gcoinne plandaí bean a d'fhás sa talamh céanna gan rianta de chineál ar bith ola a tugadh. Léiríodh sna torthaí go raibh tionchar diúltach ag gach planda bean a bhí nochtaithe do rianta ola i gcomparáid le grúpa rialú na bplandaí bean. Mar sin féin, idir an dá chineál ola a ndearnadh staidéar orthu anseo, bhí sé soiléir go raibh tionchar níos diúltacha ag an ola sintéiseach ar na plandaí mar a léirítear le fad fréamhacha a bhí i moill agus cumas na plandaí chun pónairí a fhás a thomhas agus a thaifeadadh ag eatraimh éagsúla agus ag deireadh an turgnaimh. Dá bhrí sin, bhí mo thuairim ceart, is cosúil go bhfuil an tionchar is lú diúltach ag scaipeadh ola gluaisteán peitriliam rialta.
Tá achoimre simplí de thionscadal fionnuar eolaíochta a bhuaigh duaiseanna le déanaí san sampla thuas chun smaoineamh a thabhairt duit ar conas a scríobhtar achoimre.
Léigh tú i gCaibidil 3 faoi na treoirlínte maidir le teorannú tionscadail a bhunaigh Intel ISEF. Tá rialacháin dhlúth ag Intel ISEF freisin maidir le taispeáint earraí áirithe i gcomhar le hionann do chuid eile den taispeántas. Seo thíos achoimre ar na rialacha taispeána agus sábháilteachta Intel ISEF. Má tá aon cheist agat, déan teagmháil le do riarthóir fionnachtana eolaíochta nó le Seirbhís Eolaíochta, an eagraíocht a riarann Intel ISEF, le haghaidh tuilleadh faisnéise faoi na rudaí is inghlactha le taispeáint.
Is riail mhóra é aon rud a d'fhéadfadh a bheith contúirteach a thaispeáint go poiblí a sheachaint. Is é intinn an riail ná mic léinn eile agus an pobal a chosaint. Is féidir leat na rialacháin sin a chur i bhfeidhm de ghnáth trí ghrianghraif, líníochtaí, grafaí, cairteacha, agus samhlacha samhlacha (nuair a cheadaítear) a úsáid chun torthaí do chuid imscrúdaithe agus do chuid taighde a thaispeáint.
Má tá aon amhras agat faoi aon chuid de do thionscadal a thaispeáint, déan cinnte go ndéanfaidh tú seiceáil ar dtús le hoifigigh ó do fhéile eolaíochta áitiúil nó déan teagmháil le Intel ISEF. Seo thíos achoimre ar na míreanna nach féidir a thaispeáint.
Rudaí nach Féidir a thaispeáint
- Ainmhithe beo, orgánaigh bheo, ainmhithe vertebrata/invertebrata coimeádta, speiceas tacsaideirmí, nó codanna lena n-áirítear embrioí
- Gach ábhar beo, lena n-áirítear plandaí agus miocróibí
- Páirteanna daonna nó ainmhithe nó sreabhach comhlacht (i.e., fuil nó fual) seachas fiacla, gruaig, ingne, rannáin tiontaithe tiubh histolaíocha, agus sleamhnáin fíocháin tiontaithe fliuch a fuarthas i gceart
- Gach samplaí talún agus dramhaíola agus ábhair gaolmhara
- Gach ceimiceán lena n-áirítear uisce agus a n-uisceadáin
- Toiscíní, drugaí, substaintí rialaithe, nó substaintí nó feistí contúirteacha (e.g., gunnaí tine, airm, lámhaigh)
- Bia, daonna nó ainmhí
- Sníoga, pipéidí agus feistí comhchosúla agus rudaí géara
- Oighear tirim nó soladach sublimating eile (e.g., soladach is féidir a vaporize i gáis gan a bheith ina leacht ar dtús)
- aon lasair, oscailte nó i bhfolach
- Ábhair taispeána atá an-toilteanach dóite
- Táillí a raibh gáis nó leachtacha dóchúlacha iontu, mura ndearnadh iad a ghlanadh le dé-ocsaíd charbóin
- cadhnraí le cillí oscailte
- Grianghraif agus cur i láthair amhairc eile ar theicnící máinliachta, ar dhísheictiú, ar néacróipsi, agus/nó ar theicnící saotharlainne a léiríonn ainmhithe vertebratacha i gcoinníollacha nach gnáthchoinníollacha iad
- Oibriú léasair de Chlas III nó IV
Seo thíos achoimre ar earraí is féidir a thaispeáint le srianta áirithe:
Rudaí is Féidir a thaispeáint le Teoranta
(Déanaigh seiceáil le hoifigigh an aonaigh eolaíochta áitiúil chun a fháil amach conas is féidir leat na míreanna seo a dhéanamh oiriúnach le taispeáint.)
- Tionscadail le criosanna, pulleys, slabhraí agus páirteanna gluaiseachta gan scáth le pointí teannas nó pinch
- Aon fheiste a éilíonn voltas os cionn 110 voltais
- Samhlacha ithreach nó dramhaíola má tá siad clúdaithe go buan
- Ní mór tancanna folamh a raibh leachtacha nó gáis dóchúlacha iontu roimhe sin a dheimhniú mar a ndearnadh iad a ghlanadh le dé-ocsaíd charbóin
- Léasairí de Chatagóir III agus de Chatagóir IV (ach ní fhéadfar iad a oibriú)
- léasairí de Chatagóir II a bhfuil comhartha acu lena léitear "Laser Radiation Do Not Stare into Beam", le háis chosanta a chosnaíonn rochtain ar an bhraon, a oibrítear ach amháin le linn taispeána, cigireachta sábháilteachta agus breithiúnais
- Ní mór feadáin mhóra folúis nó feistí a ghineann ghathanna contúirteacha a scriosadh go cuí
- Is féidir tancanna brú a bhí ann nach raibh le dóthain iontu a cheadú má tá siad slán go cuí
- Ní mór aon fheiste a tháirgeann teochtaí a d'fhéadfadh dóiteáin fhisiciúla a chur faoi deara a scriosadh go leordhóthanach
- Tá an taispeáint do thionscadal eolaíochta an-tábhachtach agus ba cheart é a chur i láthair ar bhealach eagraithe agus tarraingteach.
- Ba cheart go mbeadh an taispeántas ina chúlchlár ina bhfuil achoimre ar fhaisnéis faoi do thionscadal faoi cheannteidil eagraithe atá bunaithe ar an modh eolaíoch, táblaí, grafaí, cairteacha, grianghraif agus léaráidí, tuarascáil agus achoimre.
- Ní mór do chúlchlár na ceanglais spáis chaighdeánacha a leagtar síos ag Intel ISEF a chomhlíonadh, atá 108 orlach (274 ceintiméadar) ar airde lena n-áirítear an tábla, 30 orlach (76 ceintiméadar) ar dhomhain, agus 48 orlach (122 ceintiméadar) ar leithead.
- Is féidir an tuarascáil a chruthú go príomha ó do chlár tionscadail. Tá na sonraí go léir maidir le gach céim i do thionscadal ann chomh maith le cairteacha sreabhadh agus grianghraif a d'fhéadfadh a bheith ró-chomhthrom nó neamhábhartha le taispeáint ar do chúlchlár.
- Is aiste gearr é a thugann achoimre ar chuspóirí, modhanna agus conclúidí do thionscadail.
- Tá rialacháin bunaithe ag Intel ISEF maidir le srian agus modhnú earraí a d'fhéadfadh a bheith contúirteach le taispeáint. |
A common name for a device that is used to take pictures is camera. A camera can be considered as an instrument that optically takes the recording in the form of a video, or a picture. This data is either stored locally in the memory or transferred to another storage (in case of digital cameras). The data can be magnetically stored onto films, in case of film cameras.
Almost all cameras have the same basic design in which light enters a converging or a convex lens, and then illuminates the inner chamber. Cameras are considered as one of the most spectacular inventions ever. | <urn:uuid:d2424929-ce0d-4003-aefc-d3f4276c23f8> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.proprofsdiscuss.com/q/725998/what-is-the-common-name-for-device-used-to-take-pictures | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947476452.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20240304133241-20240304163241-00287.warc.gz | en | 0.938243 | 121 | 3.296875 | 3 | Is é an t-ainm coitianta ar fheiste a úsáidtear chun grianghraf a thógáil ná ceamara. Is féidir ceamara a mheas mar ionstraim a ghlacann an taifeadadh go optúil i bhfoirm físe, nó pictiúr. Tá na sonraí seo stóráilte go háitiúil sa chuimhne nó aistrithe go stóráil eile (i gcás ceamaraí digiteacha). Is féidir na sonraí a stóráil go maighnéadach ar scannáin, i gcás ceamaraí scannáin.
Tá an dearadh bunúsach céanna ag beagnach gach ceamara ina dtéann solas isteach i léinse comhtharraingthe nó convex, agus ansin léiríonn sé an seomra istigh. Meastar go bhfuil ceamaraí ar cheann de na aireagáin is iontach riamh. |
Anorexia and Self-Harm: Symptoms and Treatment
Anorexia is a well-known eating disorder that has been extensively researched. But did you know that some people with anorexia also self-harm? The combination of these two complex problems creates a challenge for mental health professionals who are trying to treat their patients.
Most people have heard of anorexia, but did you know that about a quarter of patients with anorexia also deliberately self-harm?
People who are suffering from this disease tend to lose so much weight that they become weak and their bodies are seriously damaged. They often have very low self-esteem and feel like they have no control over their surroundings. As a result, they focus all their energy on the one thing they think they can control: their diet.
These days, the media plays an important role in transmitting messages about values and appropriate behavior. It overestimates the importance of physical attractiveness. This is the context that we all live in, and this culture has triggered the first cases of anorexia with self-harm.
Many people (mostly women) take great health risks just to conform to conventional beauty standards. Fashion shows and the modeling world are full of surgeries, extreme diets, etc. This public exposition is only the tip of the iceberg when it comes to what really happens under the surface.
Anorexia, Self-Harm, and Other Eating Disorders
Eating disorders are characterized by serious changes in eating patterns and behavior. There are two classic disorders: anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa.
Anorexia is characterized by a distorted self-image or a very restricted diet. Bulimia, on the other hand, works very differently. People with bulimia experience binging and purging periods. In both cases, however, the person’s negative self-image leads them to hate their body.
In this article, we’re going to focus on anorexia because it’s the one that is more often related to self-harm. The most common symptoms of anorexia nervosa are:
- Obsessive ideas about weighing less than the “ideal” body weight.
- Distorted view of your own body, you feel “fat” when you’re objectively thin.
- Amenorrhea (no menstruation).
- Eating progressively less, especially foods you consider “dangerous” (fats, sweets, etc.)
- A decrease in sexual activity and desire.
- Poor physical health: respiratory infections, digestion problems, headaches, and backaches.
- Feeling cold all the time, dry skin, hair loss, the appearance of fine hair all over the body, significant weight loss.
From a psychological point of view, these disorders happen to people who define themselves by what they look like. People with anorexia often say things like “I’m better when I’m skinny”.
At the same time, anorexia with self-harm feeds off of negative self-worth. When you’re feeling this way, you’ll probably feel sad or melancholic. In this framework, you might find it extremely difficult (or impossible) to enjoy pleasant situations, make other people feel good, and feel accepted. You might also suffer from isolation, relationship problems, anxiety, nervousness, irritability, etc.
How to Diagnose Anorexia and Self-Harm
Anorexia with self-harm is considered a second-generation eating disorder. It consists of anorexic behavior along with bodily abuse and the use of masochistic tactics to get thinner by inflicting pain on yourself to get rid of your appetite. This triggers rapid and permanent weight loss.
People with this disorder are obsessed with being thin, but their efforts are only appreciated by other people. Anorexic patients become extremely thin, but they still feel fat when they look in the mirror or feel terrified that they’ll gain the weight back.
Thus, some anorexia patients resort to self-harm in order to lose as much weight as possible. There are three types of self-harm or self-injury:
- Mutilation or permanent disfiguration. In other words, complete amputation of a limb.
- Stereotypic mutilation: hitting yourself, biting yourself, cutting yourself deeply.
- Superficial mutilation: cuts, burns, breaking a bone, etc.
People sometimes use self-injury as a way to escape from their emotions and feelings. They think that physical pain will help them avoid the emotional pain that their illness causes. That leads them to hurt themselves.
Is There an Effective Treatment for Anorexia and Self-Harm?
Because this type of anorexia is so new, there have been very few studies about it. These days, information is disseminated at lightning speed on the Internet and social media, so new diagnoses appear almost daily.
Consequently, it’s very hard for science to respond to things at the same speed. In any case, this lack of research makes it hard to talk about a specific and effective intervention. The best option we have right now is to use methods that health care professionals already know are effective for treating body image and self-esteem issues. | <urn:uuid:bc076b28-c746-42d5-8f40-bf56c10441a6> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://exploringyourmind.com/anorexia-and-self-harm-symptoms-and-treatment/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400201699.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20200921112601-20200921142601-00039.warc.gz | en | 0.956009 | 1,101 | 2.9375 | 3 | Anorexia agus féin-gortú: Síomptóim agus Cóireáil
Is neamhoird itheacháin aitheanta é anorexia a ndearnadh taighde go forleathan air. Ach an raibh a fhios agat go ndéanann daoine áirithe a bhfuil anorexia orthu féin-gortú freisin? Cruthaíonn an teaglaim de na dhá fhadhb chasta seo dúshlán do ghairmithe sláinte meabhrach atá ag iarraidh a n-othair a chóireáil.
Tá an chuid is mó daoine tar éis éisteacht le anorexia, ach an raibh a fhios agat go ndéanann thart ar cheathrú cuid de na daoine a bhfuil anorexia orthu féin-dhó a dhéanamh go ciallmhar?
Is gnách go gcaillfidh daoine atá ag fulaingt ón ghalair seo an oiread sin meáchain go mbíonn siad lag agus go ndéantar damáiste tromchúiseach dá gcorp. Is minic a bhíonn an-íseal meas féin acu agus is cosúil nach bhfuil smacht acu ar a dtimpeallacht. Mar thoradh air sin, déanann siad a gcuid fuinnimh go léir a dhíriú ar an rud amháin a cheapann siad gur féidir leo a rialú: a n-aiste bia.
Sa lá atá inniu ann, tá ról tábhachtach ag na meáin maidir le teachtaireachtaí a tharchur faoi luachanna agus iompar cuí. Tá an t-eolas seo ag cur an tábhacht a bhaineann le tarraingtheacht fhisiciúil thar a bheith tábhachtach. Is é seo an comhthéacs ina mairimid go léir, agus tá an cultúr seo tar éis na chéad chásanna d'anorexia a spreagadh le féin-dhó.
Tá go leor daoine (na mná den chuid is mó) ag cur sláinte i mbaol mór ach amháin chun cloí le caighdeáin áilleachta traidisiúnta. Tá seónna faisin agus an domhan samhail lán de mháinliúcháin, de aiste bia iomarcach, srl. Níl an nochtadh poiblí seo ach barr an chléibhte oighir nuair a thagann sé chun na rudaí a tharlaíonn go fírinneach faoin dromchla.
Anorexia, Féin-Gortú, agus Truailliúí Eitithe Eile
Is é is saintréithe le neamhoird ithe ná athruithe tromchúiseacha i bpatrúin ithe agus i ngníomhartha. Tá dhá neamhoird clasaiceach ann: anorexia nervosa agus bulimia nervosa.
Is é is saintréithe le anorexia ná íomhá féin-dhorbaithe nó aiste bia an-shrianta. Ar an láimh eile, oibríonn bulimia go hiomlán difriúil. Bíonn daoine a bhfuil bulimia acu ag dul i ngleic le tréimhsí bingeing agus purging. Sa dá chás, áfach, tugann an t-amhrán diúltach féin-mharaíonn an duine iad chun fuath a chur ar a gcorp.
Sa t-alt seo, táimid chun díriú ar anorexia toisc gurb é an ceann is minice a bhaineann le féin-gortú. Is iad na comharthaí is coitianta de anorexia nervosa:
- Smaointe obsessive faoi bheith níos lú ná an "mhian" a bheith acu.
- Breathnú mícheart ar do chorp féin, bhraitheann tú "saill" nuair a bhíonn tú "aisteach" go hoibríoch.
- Amenorrhea (gan menstruation).
- Ag ithe níos lú de réir a chéile, go háirithe bianna a mheasann tú pearsanta (saill, milseoga, srl.)
- Laghdú ar ghníomhaíocht ghnéasach agus ar mhian.
- Sláinte fhisiceach lag: ionfhabhtuithe respiratory, fadhbanna díleá, tinneas cinn, agus tinneas cúl.
- Fuar fuar an t-am ar fad, craiceann tirim, cailliúint gruaige, cuma gruaige fíneáil ar fud an choirp, meáchain caillteanas suntasach.
Ó thaobh na síceolaíochta de, bíonn na neamhoird seo ag daoine a shainmhíníonn iad féin de réir mar a bhfuil cuma orthu. Is minic a deir daoine a bhfuil anorexia orthu rudaí mar "Tá mé níos fearr nuair a bhíonn mé tanaí".
Ag an am céanna, tá anorexia le féin-dhrochmharaithe ag feidhmiú ar neamhmheas diúltach. Nuair a bhíonn tú ag mothú mar seo, is dócha go mbraitheann tú brónach nó melancholic. Sa chreat seo, d'fhéadfadh sé a bheith an-deacair (nó dodhéanta) taitneamh a bhaint as cásanna taitneamhacha, daoine eile a dhéanamh a bhraitheann go maith, agus a bhraitheann go nglacfar leat. D'fhéadfadh go mbeadh tú ag fulaingt ó eisiacht, fadhbanna caidrimh, imní, nervousness, irritability, etc.
Conas anorexia agus féin-gortú a dhiagnóisiú
Meastar go bhfuil anorexia le féin-dhrochmhianta mar neamhoird ithe de dara glúin. Is éard atá ann ná iompar anorexic mar aon le mí-úsáid choirp agus úsáid tacticí masochistic chun a bheith níos caol trí pian a chur ort féin chun fáil réidh le do mhianta. Tosaíonn sé seo le meáchain caillteanas tapa agus buan.
Tá daoine leis an neamhoird seo dírithe ar bheith tanaí, ach ní mheasaíonn ach daoine eile a n-iarrachtaí. Bíonn othair anorexic an-tinn, ach bíonn siad fós ag mothú saille nuair a fhéachann siad sa scáthán nó bíonn eagla orthu go bhfaighidh siad an meáchan ar ais.
Dá bhrí sin, bíonn roinnt daoine a bhfuil anorexia orthu ag déanamh díobhála dóibh féin chun an oiread meáchain a chailleadh agus is féidir. Tá trí chineál féin-dhórtála nó féin-dhórtála ann:
- Mutilation nó míchomhartha buan. I bhfocail eile, amputation iomlán de chomhalta.
- Mutilation stereotypic: bhuail tú féin, biting tú féin, a ghearradh tú féin go domhain.
- Mutilation superficial: cuts, burns, breaking a bone, etc.
Uaireanta úsáideann daoine féin-gortú mar bhealach chun éalú óna mothúcháin agus óna mothúcháin. Smaoiníonn siad go gcabhróidh pian fisiciúil leo an pian mothúchánach a bhíonn ag a breoiteacht a sheachaint. Mar thoradh air sin, déanann siad díobháil dóibh féin.
An bhfuil Cóireáil Éifeachtach ann le haghaidh Anorexia agus Féin-Dhéanamh Gorta?
Toisc go bhfuil an cineál seo anorexia chomh nua, níl mórán staidéir déanta air. Sa lá atá inniu ann, scaiptear faisnéis ag luas na lochta ar an Idirlíon agus ar na meáin shóisialta, agus mar sin tá diagnóis nua ag teacht chun cinn beagnach gach lá.
Dá bhrí sin, tá sé an-deacair don eolaíocht freagairt do rudaí ag an luas céanna. Ar aon chuma, tá an easpa taighde seo ag déanamh go bhfuil sé deacair labhairt faoi idirghabháil shonracha agus éifeachtach. Is é an rogha is fearr atá againn anois ná modhanna a úsáid a bhfuil a fhios ag gairmithe cúraim sláinte cheana féin go bhfuil siad éifeachtach chun fadhbanna íomhá coirp agus féinmheas a chóireáil. |
Transitions happen every day in your child’s world. Waking up in the morning, coming to meals, getting ready for bed, leaving for an activity, saying goodbye to a friend are all examples of transitions that can cause your child angst, or worse!
And of course, there are much bigger transitions, too. Starting a new school or day care, moving to a new house or losing a loved one can really take a toll on a child’s emotions.
Often times children respond to the stress of transitions by whining, getting mad or defying a parent. Parents often respond by whining, cajoling, giving in or getting angry.
Since transitions happen so frequently, it can be helpful to use different strategies. Parents who provide empathy and support, help the child gain a sense of control, create rituals that provide predictability and teach their child ways to cope with change will find far greater success. Listed below are strategies that will help make transitions easier for your child.
Ways to Show Empathy:
A.) Listen - Become an “empathic listener” by listening for feelings.
· Listen for the unspoken feelings that are behind the words that are said.
· Look at your child’s body language and try to gain helpful information.
· Listen with your heart.
· Don’t be critical.
· Give your child your full attention by sitting down, looking him/her in the eye.
· Try to reflect back the feeling that you believe your child is conveying.
B.) Ask open-ended questions. What will you miss about preschool? What do you like about your new teacher? What’s the hardest part of your day?
C.) Share a story from your childhood. Share a struggle that you had and the different feelings that you experienced. If you found a process that helped you overcome the struggle, share that, too.
Another helpful tip is to understand that transitions involve a sense of loss: A loss of fun. A loss of spontaneity. Or a loss of my house.
Generally, when a child feels a sense of loss s/he feels a loss of control. A beneficial strategy is to help the child gain a sense of control. So how do you do that?
Tools for Empowering Your Child:
A.) Involve your child in the decision. Ask your child, “What might help you feel more comfortable?”
B.) Walk your child through the process, explaining how it will go. Knowledge is power.
C.) Show visual aids such as reading books on the subject.
D.) Explain the benefits so the child can learn the positive outcomes, too.
E.) Slow down the pace. Give your child a chance to wind down or to say goodbye.
F.) Learn to read your child’s cues and help him/her learn to identify them, too.
Another helpful strategy for reducing the stress of changes is to create a ritual. Family rituals help your child adjust to change. A ritual can be simple or elaborate, used daily, weekly, or once a year. The reason that rituals are important is that rituals help make the world predictable and the repetition helps kids feel more secure when transitions are occurring.
Rituals that Help with Transitions:
A.) Develop a goodbye ritual. Develop a secret handshake with your child that’s used only when s/he leaves you.
B.) Develop an after-school ritual. Let your child have a snack and play outside for 30 minutes before starting homework.
C.) Develop a “chit-chat” time at bedtime. Ask your child about the happy, sad, scary and frustrating parts to his/her day.
D.) Develop an end-of-the-week ritual. Have a family night every Friday night to reconnect and unwind after a busy week.
Change also increases a child’s anxiety level because there is a loss of the familiar and the uncertainty of the future so finding safe, healthy outlets for a child’s anxiety is important, as well. Teaching your child how to soothe him/herself and providing calming activities will be a great help.
Ways to De-Stress:
A.) Increase Physical Touch. Make a conscious effort to hug and kiss more often, snuggle more, or provide massage to your child.
B.) Teach a Deep Breathing Method. (Pretend that there’s a balloon in his/her tummy that s/he has to blow up. Actually use a balloon to illustrate. Have the child breathe in through the nose and breathe out through the mouth, actually moving the diaphragm while pretending to blow up the balloon with big, deep breaths.)
C.) Consider Dramatics. Ask your child how a fairy godmother would solve a problem s/he faces. Create a movie, play or story about the problem. Play “school” to see what issues your child may be facing.
D.) Spend Time Alone with the Child. Let the child pick what the activity will be and focus on your child’s needs.
E.) Laugh. Find ways to be silly, have a kids’ joke book on hand, do something unexpected, watch your favorite family movie.
F.) Give Your Child a Journal. Writing about a problem can release pent-up feelings in a healthy way.
G.) Create a Scrapbook. Have your child participate in the creation of the book and reminisce at the child’s convenience.
In summary, there are many useful strategies that you can use when your child is faced with a transition, large or small:
· Respond with empathy recognizing that your child may feel a sense of loss.
· Help your child gain a sense of control by involving him/her in decision-making.
· Create a ritual to create predictability.
· Offer soothing and calming activities.
Toni Schutta, Parent Coach, M.A., L.P.
Visit getparentinghelpnow.com to receive the free mini-course “The 7 Worst Mistakes Parents Make (and How to Avoid Them!)
Additional Resources covering Parenting can be found at: | <urn:uuid:82ae73c2-1bd0-48b1-937a-e78155844928> | CC-MAIN-2014-49 | http://www.selfgrowth.com/articles/Helping_Your_Child_with_Transitions.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-49/segments/1416931004246.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20141125155644-00032-ip-10-235-23-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.907776 | 1,291 | 3.515625 | 4 | Tarlaíonn trasdul gach lá i saol do pháiste. Is samplaí iad seo de na hidirthréimhseanna a d'fhéadfadh imní a chur ar do leanbh, nó níos measa ná sin, nuair a dhúisíonn sé ar maidin, nuair a thagann sé le haghaidh béilí, nuair a bhíonn sé ag ullmhú le dul a chodladh, nuair a théann sé ar imeacht, agus nuair a deir sé ar shiúl le cara!
Agus ar ndóigh, tá aistriúcháin i bhfad níos mó ann freisin. Is féidir le scoil nó cúram laethúil nua a thosú, bogadh go teach nua nó duine grá a chailleadh a bheith ina thorthaí ar mhothúcháin an linbh.
Go minic, freagraíonn leanaí ar an strus a bhaineann le haistrithe trí gheanáil, trí bheith buartha nó trí dhiúltú do thuismitheoir. Is minic a fhreagraíonn tuismitheoirí trí ghearán, ag caoineadh, ag tabhairt isteach nó ag éirí feargach.
Ó tharla go dtarlaíonn aistriú go minic, d'fhéadfadh sé a bheith cabhrach straitéisí éagsúla a úsáid. Beidh rath i bhfad níos mó ag tuismitheoirí a chuireann comhbhá agus tacaíocht ar fáil, a chabhraíonn leis an leanbh mothú smachta a fháil, a chruthaíonn deasghnátha a sholáthraíonn intuarthacht agus a mhúineann bealaí a leanaí chun déileáil le hathrú. Seo thíos roinnt straitéisí a chabhróidh le hidirthréimhse a dhéanamh níos éasca do do leanbh.
Bealaí chun Comhbhá a thaispeáint:
A.) Éist - Bí i do 'éisteoir comhbháúil' trí éisteacht le mothúcháin.
· Éist leis na mothúcháin neamhfhocail atá taobh thiar de na focail a labhraítear.
· Féach ar theanga chorp do pháiste agus déan iarracht faisnéis úsáideach a fháil.
· Éist le do chroí.
· Ná bíodh tú criticiúil.
· Tabhair do aird iomlán do do leanbh trí shuí síos, ag féachaint ina shúile.
· Déan iarracht an mothúchán a chreideann tú go bhfuil do leanbh ag cur in iúl a léiriú.
B.) Cuir ceisteanna oscailte. Cad a chaillfidh tú faoi réamhscoile? Cad is maith leat faoi do mhúinteoir nua? Cad é an chuid is deacra de do lá?
C.) Cuir scéal ó do óige in iúl. Inis dó faoi streachailt a bhí agat agus faoi na mothúcháin éagsúla a bhí agat. Má fuair tú próiseas a chabhraigh leat an streachailt a shárú, roinn é sin freisin.
Is é an leideanna cabhrach eile ná go dtuigeann tú go bhfuil mothú caillteanas ag baint le haistrithe: Caillteanas spraoi. Caillteanas spontáineachta. Nó caillteanas mo theach.
De ghnáth, nuair a bhíonn mothú caillteanas ag leanbh, bíonn sé/sí ag mothú caillteanas rialaithe. Is straitéis tairbheach é cabhrú leis an leanbh mothú smachta a fháil. Mar sin, conas a dhéanann tú é sin?
Uirlisí chun Cumhacht a thabhairt do Do leanbh:
A.) Cuir do leanbh i gceist sa chinneadh. Iarr ar do leanbh, Cad a d'fhéadfadh cabhrú leat a bheith níos compordaí?
B.) Téigh i dteagmháil le do leanbh tríd an bpróiseas, ag míniú conas a rachaidh sé. Is cumhacht é eolas.
C.) Taispeáin cabhracha amhairc amhail leabhair a léamh ar an ábhar.
D.) Mínigh na buntáistí ionas gur féidir leis an leanbh na torthaí dearfacha a fhoghlaim freisin.
E.) Lán an luas. Lig do leanbh seans a fháil chun é féin a scíth a ligean nó chun é féin a chur ar shiúl.
F.) Foghlaim le cuimhní cinn do pháiste a léamh agus cuidiú leis/léi iad a aithint freisin.
Bealach cabhrach eile chun strus na n-athruithe a laghdú ná deasghnátha a chruthú. Cabhraíonn sé le seandálaithe teaghlaigh do pháiste dul i dtaithí ar an athrú. Is féidir le deasghnátha a bheith simplí nó forleathan, a úsáidtear go laethúil, go seachtainiúil, nó uair sa bhliain. Is é an chúis go bhfuil deasghnátha tábhachtach ná go gcuireann deasghnátha leis an domhan a bheith intuartha agus cuireann an athdhéanamh ar na páistí mothú níos sábháilte nuair a bhíonn aistriúcháin ag tarlú.
Ríthe a Chabhraíonn le hIontrálacha:
A.) Cruthaigh deasghnátha éadaí. Tóg greim láimhe rúnda le do leanbh nach n-úsáidtear ach amháin nuair a fhágann sé/sí tú.
B.) Forbraigh deasghnátha i ndiaidh na scoile. Lig do leanbh greim a ithe agus imirt lasmuigh ar feadh 30 nóiméad sula dtosaíonn sé le hábhar baile.
C.) Tóg am chun 'chat-chat' a dhéanamh roimh an leaba. Iarr ar do leanbh faoi na codanna sona, brónach, scanrúil agus frustrach dá lá.
D.) Rith a fhorbairt ag deireadh na seachtaine. Bíodh oíche teaghlaigh agat gach oíche Aoine chun athcheangal a dhéanamh agus scíth a ligean tar éis seachtaine gnóthach.
Méadaíonn athrú leibhéal imní an linbh freisin toisc go gcailltear an rud is coitianta agus go bhfuil éiginnteacht an todhchaí ann, mar sin tá sé tábhachtach freisin teacht ar bhealach sábháilte agus sláintiúil chun imní an linbh a chur ar fáil. Beidh sé ina chabhair mhór do leanbh a mhúineadh conas é féin a mhaolú agus gníomhaíochtaí suaimhneacha a chur ar fáil dó.
Bealaí chun strus a laghdú:
A.) Cuir i bhfad níos mó teagmháil fhisiciúil. Déan iarracht go comhfhiosach do leanbh a chlúdach agus a phógadh níos minice, a chur i ngrá níos mó, nó a chur i massage dó.
B.) Múineann sé modh anailís dhomhain. (Déan leis go bhfuil balún ina bholg/iona a chaithfidh sé a phléasc. I ndáiríre úsáid a bhaint as bolg chun a léiriú. Lig don leanbh an diaphragm a bhogadh i ndáiríre agus é ag déanamh cosúil go bhfuil sé ag cur an balún suas le breatheanna móra, domhain.)
C.) Smaoinigh ar Dramatics. Iarr ar do leanbh conas a réitíonn an t-eagla-mháthair fhadhb a bhíonn os a chomhair. Cruthaigh scannán, dráma nó scéal faoin bhfadhb. Seinn an cluiche 'scoil' chun a fháil amach cad iad na fadhbanna a d'fhéadfadh a bheith ag do leanbh.
D.) Am a chaitheamh ina n-aonar leis an leanbh. Lig don leanbh an ghníomhaíocht a roghnú agus dírigh ar riachtanais do pháiste.
E.) gáire. Faigh bealaí chun a bheith amaideach, a bheith ar leabhar greann leanaí ar láimh, rud éigin gan choinne a dhéanamh, féachaint ar do scannán teaghlaigh is fearr leat.
F.) Tabhair Leabharlann Do Do Chloinne. Is féidir le scríobh faoi fhadhb mothúcháin a bhí faoi chois a scaoileadh ar bhealach sláintiúil.
G.) Cruthaigh Scrapbook. Cuir do leanbh i mbun an leabhair agus cuimhnigh ar a chuid ama.
Go hachomair, tá go leor straitéisí úsáideacha ann ar féidir leat a úsáid nuair a bhíonn athrú mór nó beag ag do leanbh:
· Freagraigh le comhbhá agus aithníonn tú go bhféadfadh do leanbh mothú caillteanas.
· Cabhair le do leanbh mothú na smachta a fháil trína chur san áireamh i gcinntí a dhéanamh.
· Rith a chruthú chun intuarthacht a chruthú.
· Iarr ar dhaoine gníomhaíochtaí suaimhneacha agus suaimhneacha a dhéanamh.
Toni Schutta, Coiste tuismitheoirí, MA, L.P.
Tabhair cuairt ar getparentinghelpnow.com chun an mion-chúrsa saor in aisce a fháil Na 7 Mícheart is Measa a Dhéanann tuismitheoirí (agus Conas iad a Sheachaint!)
Is féidir acmhainní breise a bhaineann le tuismitheoireacht a fháil ar: |
Most of the country doesn’t realize that Florida has a large, wild green iguana population. Iguanas are not native to the state but originate from Central America, parts of South America, and certain islands in the Caribbean.
They have been seen around the state of Florida since the 1960s. But over the last few decades, their numbers have grown exponentially.
While many people appreciate iguanas as pets, they are considered a nuisance in Florida. They can do considerable damage to homes and property. And the green iguana diet can also wreak havoc on the natural environment.
Looking for some green iguana facts to learn more about these creatures? If you live in South Florida where the iguana population is on the rise, you are very likely to see them near your home. Here are 8 interesting facts about green iguanas, including what you can do if they overrun your property.
1. They Hate the Cold
Take a look at the habitats that green iguanas thrive in: Central America, South America, Caribbean islands, and now South Florida. What do these places have in common?
They are very, very warm and enjoy sunny days year-round. Iguanas need high temperatures to survive. That’s why iguana populations are not very large in central and northern Florida. It just doesn’t get hot enough.
In the Miami area, as well as in the Keys, the weather is perfect for iguanas. They also need direct sunlight in order to survive. That is why you often find them out basking in the sun.
2. They Can Swim
Iguanas are reptiles which means they do very well in water. They are excellent swimmers.
They can swim in both saltwater and freshwater. And if the water temperature is right, they can hold their breath for up to 15 minutes.
3. Iguanas Have a Long Life Span
Green iguanas can live quite a long time. In the wild, they average about 9 years. Kept in captivity and taken care of properly, iguanas can live up to 20 years of age.
Not only do they have a long lifespan, but their bodies can get very long as well. Male iguanas can grow to 6 feet long, while females are generally a bit smaller.
4. They Can Shed Their Tails and Skin
Iguanas have the ability to release their tail from their body when needed. This could be when picked up by their tail, or when they get stuck or stepped on.
This is a survival mechanism allowing iguanas the chance to escape predators. Tails usually break off cleanly at the vertebrae.
If this happens, and the iguana is still young and growing, its tail will probably grow back. However, if the tail is removed poorly, or if the iguana is too old, it might never regrow its tail.
Not only are their tails removable, but they also shed their skin at least once a year. Younger species may shed multiple times per year. When the skin is ready to fall off, iguanas often rub up against rocks or trees to get the skin off faster.
5. Green Iguanas Have Three Eyes
It’s true, iguanas have a third eye on the top of their heads. It’s not a normal eye, but it does carry some anatomical characteristics of their normal eyes.
This third eye is called the pineal gland or parietal eye. While it doesn’t help them see images, it can sense movement, alerting iguanas of predators who may be lurking above. Other lizards, and even some fish, have a similar feature.
6. Iguanas Communicate with Each Other
Iguanas can communicate with each other nonverbally. Rather than making noises, iguanas bob their heads. They also move the flap of skin under their necks called a dewlap.
Slow up and down head bobbing is usually a sign of iguanas acknowledging and greeting each other. Faster head bobbing is usually a sign of agitation and aggression. They may be putting on a territorial display.
Aggressive head bobbing or tail whipping is a sign that iguanas are upset and you shouldn’t approach them.
Extending their dewlap can be a sign of greeting. Males will also flap their dewlap when courting females. While they generally don’t make sounds, iguanas use their body language to communicate.
7. They Fall Out of Trees
In 2020, Florida made national news during its coldest night of the decade. Sub-40 degree temperatures effectively stunned the iguanas to the point where they couldn’t function.
In the cold, their metabolism slows down and they enter a comatose-like state. When this happens, they can’t grip branches and thus fall from their tree, laying on sidewalks, lawns, and streets.
They are still alive and are able to move again once the temperatures rise enough for the iguana’s body. This can happen anytime temperatures dip below 45 degrees.
The problem, experts are saying, is that iguanas may be adapting to the cold. This poses a threat to the rest of Florida, where iguanas do not multiply currently. As iguanas adapt to lower temperatures, they may be able to expand to establish populations throughout the state.
8. Green Iguanas in Florida: Not a Protected Species
While iguanas are fascinating creatures and serve important roles in their native habitat, Florida is not their home. Green Iguanas were only introduced into Florida about 60 years ago.
They can cause frustration to property owners, as iguanas can destroy landscaping, vegetation, and damage fences and sidewalks. They also pose a threat to many native species as they eat plants and snails that are important members of Florida’s natural ecosystem.
As such, green iguanas are considered a nuisance. They are not protected by law, except under animal cruelty laws. Residents can humanely kill iguanas on private property at any time throughout the year.
Be advised, you cannot capture iguanas from your property and release them elsewhere. They must be killed in order to be removed.
If you have an extensive iguana population at your home or business, you can have Iguana Control evaluate your property and effectively remove iguanas.
Green Iguana Facts for Florida Residents
Green iguanas are very fascinating and make for excellent pets if you can provide adequate conditions. There are many more interesting green iguana facts for those interested in keeping them.
However, they are not meant to roam our state of Florida, threatening our native species. If you are looking for green iguana pest control to take back your property, you can contact us today for a free estimate on humane iguana removal. | <urn:uuid:352fb282-0acb-40f3-9ba1-7324a81a1c95> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://iguanacontrol.com/green-iguana-facts/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474569.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20240224212113-20240225002113-00110.warc.gz | en | 0.949937 | 1,431 | 2.8125 | 3 | Ní thuigeann an chuid is mó den tír go bhfuil daonra mór, fiáin, glas-igúana i Florida. Ní hé an stát a bhfuil iguanas dúchasacha ann ach is as Meiriceá Láir, codanna de Mheiriceá Theas, agus oileáin áirithe sa Mhuir Chairib a thagann siad.
Tá siad le feiceáil timpeall stát Florida ó na 1960idí. Ach le cúpla bliain anuas, tá a líon méadaithe go hionraic.
Cé go bhfuil meas ag go leor daoine ar iguanas mar pheataí, meastar gur suaitheadh iad i Florida. Is féidir leo damáiste suntasach a dhéanamh do theachanna agus do mhaoin. Agus is féidir leis an aiste bia iguana glas an scrios a chur ar an gcomhshaol nádúrtha freisin.
Ag lorg roinnt fíricí iguana glas chun níos mó a fhoghlaim faoi na créatúir seo? Má tá cónaí ort i ndeisceart Florida, áit a bhfuil an daonra iguana ag méadú, is dócha go bhfeicfidh tú iad in aice le do theach. Seo 8 fíricí suimiúla faoi iguanas glas, lena n-áirítear cad is féidir leat a dhéanamh má théann siad thar do mhaoin.
1. an t-am a bhí ann. Is fuath leo an Fuar
Féach ar na háiteanna ina bhfuil an iguana glas ag fás: Meiriceá Láir, Meiriceá Theas, oileáin na Cairibe, agus anois i ndeisceart Florida. Cad atá i gcoiteann ag na háiteanna seo?
Tá siad an-te, an-te agus taitneamh a bhaint as laethanta ghrinn ar feadh na bliana. Teastaíonn teochtaí ard ó iguanas chun maireachtáil. Sin an fáth nach bhfuil daonra iguana an-mhór i lár agus i dtuaisceart Florida. Ní bhíonn sé te go leor.
I limistéar Miami, chomh maith leis na Keys, tá an aimsir foirfe do iguanas. Tá solas díreach na gréine riachtanach dóibh freisin chun maireachtáil. Sin an fáth go bhfaigheann tú iad go minic ag cócaireacht sa ghrian.
2. Seachadadh. Is Féidir Leat Dul
Is éard atá i léigí ná éanlaithíní, rud a chiallaíonn go ndéanann siad go maith san uisce. Is snámhóirí den scoth iad.
Is féidir leo snámh in uisce salainn agus i uisce milis araon. Agus má tá an teocht uisce ceart, is féidir leo a n-anáil a choinneáil ar feadh suas le 15 nóiméad.
3. Tá an t-am ann. Tá Slí Bheaga ag Iguanas
Is féidir le iguanas glas maireachtáil go leor ama. Sa fhiáin, bíonn siad thart ar 9 bliana ar an meán. Má choinnítear iad i bpríosún agus má thugtar aire dóibh i gceart, is féidir leo maireachtáil suas le 20 bliain d'aois.
Ní hamháin go bhfuil saolré fada acu, ach is féidir a gcorp a bheith an-fhada freisin. Is féidir le iguanas fireann fás go dtí 6 troigh ar fhad, agus tá mná beagán níos lú de ghnáth.
4. Tá an t-am Is Féidir Leat a n-Eireaball agus a gcraiceann a Thógáil
Tá an cumas ag iguanas a gcuid eireaball a scaoileadh as a gcorp nuair is gá. D'fhéadfadh sé seo a bheith nuair a thógtar suas ag a scuaba, nó nuair a bhíonn siad gafa nó ag dul ar aghaidh.
Is meicníocht maireachtála é seo a ligeann do iguanas an deis a bheith ag teitheadh ó ghalar. De ghnáth, scoireann na scuaba go glan ag na vertebrae.
Má tharlaíonn sé seo, agus an iguana fós óg agus ag fás, is dócha go dtiocfaidh a eireaball ar ais. Mar sin féin, má tá an eireaball a bhaint go dona, nó má tá an iguana ró-aois, d'fhéadfadh sé a eireaball a athlonnú riamh.
Ní hamháin gur féidir a n-eireaball a bhaint, ach caitheann siad a gcraiceann uair sa bhliain ar a laghad. D'fhéadfadh speiceas níos óige a bheith ag caitheamh go leor uaireanta sa bhliain. Nuair a bhíonn an craiceann réidh le titim, is minic a bhíonn iguanas ag scuabadh i gcoinne carraigeacha nó crainn chun an craiceann a bhaint níos gasta.
5. Tá an t-am ann. Tá Trí Súil ag Iguanas Glas
Tá sé fíor, tá an tríú súl ag iguanas ar bharr a gcinn. Ní súile gnáth iad, ach tá roinnt saintréithe anatamacha de na súile gnáth acu ann.
Tugtar an tríú súl seo ar an gland pineal nó ar an tsúil parietal. Cé nach gcuireann sé le pictiúir a fheiceáil, is féidir leis gluaiseacht a bhrath, ag tabhairt foláirimh do iguanas faoi ghalar a d'fhéadfadh a bheith ag luí os cionn. Tá gné den chineál céanna ag siorcanna eile, agus ag roinnt éisc fiú.
6. Ceacht. Labhraíonn Iguanas le chéile
Is féidir le iguanas cumarsáid a dhéanamh lena chéile gan bhriathra. In ionad fuaimeanna a dhéanamh, cuireann na iguanas a gcinn. Déanann siad an craiceann atá faoi na muineál a bhogadh ar a dtugtar craiceann an bhéala.
De ghnáth is comhartha é go bhfuil iguanas ag cur a cheann suas agus síos go mall agus go bhfuil siad ag cur aitheantais agus ag cur fáilte roimh a chéile. Is gnách gur comhartha é go bhfuil sé ag éirí agóideach agus ionsaitheach an ceann a chur ag bogadh níos tapúla. B'fhéidir go bhfuil siad ag cur ar taispeáint críochach.
Is comhartha é go bhfuil an ceann ag bogadh go hionraic nó go bhfuil an eireaball ag bualadh go géar go bhfuil an iguana ag cur isteach air agus níor cheart duit dul i dteagmháil leo.
Is féidir a gcuid dewlap a leathnú mar chomhartha beannachta. Beidh fir a flapping freisin a dewlap nuair a courting mná. Cé nach ndéanann siad fuaimeanna de ghnáth, úsáideann iguanas a dteanga choirp chun cumarsáid a dhéanamh.
7. Ceacht. Titeann siad as crainn
Sa bhliain 2020, rinne Florida nuacht náisiúnta le linn na hoíche is fuar sa deich mbliana. Chuir teochtaí faoi bhun -40 céim na iguanas go héifeachtach go dtí an pointe nach bhféadfadh siad feidhmiú.
Sa gheimhreadh, laghdaíonn a meitibileacht agus téann siad isteach i riocht coma-chosúil. Nuair a tharlaíonn sé seo, ní féidir leo greim a fháil ar ghrainm agus dá bhrí sin titim as a gcrann, ag cur ar thráideanna, ar fhásaigh, agus ar shráideanna.
Tá siad fós beo agus tá siad in ann bogadh arís nuair a thagann an teocht suas go leor do chorp an iguana. Is féidir é seo a tharlaíonn aon uair a thitim teocht faoi bhun 45 céim.
Is é an fhadhb, a deir saineolaithe, go bhféadfadh go mbeadh iguanas ag oiriúnú don fuar. Cuireann sé seo bagairt ar an gcuid eile de Florida, áit nach bhfuil iguanas ag iomadú faoi láthair. De réir mar a oiriúnaíonn iguanas le teochtaí níos ísle, d'fhéadfadh siad a bheith in ann a leathnú chun daonra a bhunú ar fud an stáit.
8. Ceacht. Iguanas Glas i Florida: Ní Speiceas Cosanta é
Cé gur créatúir suimiúla iad na iguanas agus go bhfuil ról tábhachtach acu ina gnátháit dhúchais, ní Florida a mbaile. Níor tugadh Iguanas Glas isteach i Florida ach thart ar 60 bliain ó shin.
Is féidir leo frustrachas a chur ar úinéirí maoine, toisc gur féidir le iguanas tírdhreachú, plandaíocht a scriosadh, agus feansaí agus cosáin a mhilleadh. Cuireann siad bagairt ar go leor speiceas dúchasach freisin toisc go n-itheann siad plandaí agus snail atá ina mbaill thábhachtacha d'éiceachóras nádúrtha Florida.
Mar sin, meastar go bhfuil iguanas glas ina bhrú. Níl siad faoi chosaint ag an dlí, ach amháin faoi dhlíthe cruálachta ainmhithe. Is féidir le cónaitheoirí iguanas a mharú go daonna ar mhaoin phríobháideach ag am ar bith i rith na bliana.
Bíodh a fhios agat, ní féidir leat iguanas a ghabháil ó do mhaoin agus iad a scaoileadh in áit eile. Ní mór iad a mharú chun iad a bhaint.
Má tá daonra mór iguana agat i do theach nó i do ghnó, is féidir leat a bheith ag Rialú Iguana meastóireacht a dhéanamh ar do mhaoin agus iguanas a bhaint go héifeachtach.
Fíricí maidir leis an Iguana Glas do Thithis Florida
Tá iguanas glas an-suimiúil agus is peataí den scoth iad má tá na coinníollacha cuí agat. Tá go leor fíricí níos suimiúla eile faoi iguanas glas ann dóibh siúd a bhfuil suim acu iad a choinneáil.
Mar sin féin, ní raibh siad ceaptha chun roam ár stát Florida, bagairt ár speiceas dúchasach. Má tá tú ag lorg cosc pláistí iguana glas a ghlacadh ar ais do mhaoin, is féidir leat teagmháil a dhéanamh linn inniu le haghaidh meastachán saor in aisce ar an éadáil iguana daonna. |
How much radioactive gas are you and your family breathing in your home? The answer probably isn’t “none”; in fact, in many parts of the Inland Northwest, the answer could be “quite a lot.”
The gas is radon — a naturally occurring radioactive gas created when atoms of the element radium go through radioactive decay. If there is radium in the ground, as there is throughout much of the Inland Northwest, radon may rise up into the air. Outdoors, this isn’t a problem. But if there’s a building on the ground, the radon can concentrate inside the building. Because radon is odorless and colorless, it can’t be detected by sight or smell. The only way to know the radon level in your house is to test for it.
Scientific studies and models agree that exposure to radon can increase a person’s chances of developing lung cancer. The Office of the Surgeon General, the American Lung Association, and many other national and international health organizations all agree on that, and the Environmental Protection Agency says that radon is responsible for about 22,000 lung cancer deaths in the United States every year. It’s the second-leading cause of lung cancer overall — and the leading cause among nonsmokers.
In the past, people often ignored radon because, as they say, “It’s natural.” But when a cell is hit by radiation, it doesn’t really care if the radiation came from a natural or artificial source. Most people are exposed to tens or even hundreds of times more radiation from radon than radiation from man-made sources such as X-rays. Because radon is floating in the air, the radiation it produces mostly affects the lungs, where the cells are particularly vulnerable.
Testing for radon is easy and fairly inexpensive. Do-it-yourself test kits are available online (search on “radon test kit”) and at most hardware and home improvement stores. And there are professionals who can test your home for you. Two organizations certify people to do radon work: the National Radon Safety Board (http://www.nrsb.org/) and the National Environmental Health Association (http://radongas.org/). Washington does not require that people be certified in order to do radon work professionally, but we do recommend using certified professionals when possible.
If your test shows that your home has elevated levels of radon, it’s usually pretty easy to have a system installed that will bring the levels down below the EPA action level (4 pico-Curies per liter, or 4 pCi/l). The system makes it harder for radon to get into your house and easier for it to get to the outside air. Both of the organizations above have listings of certified professional radon mitigation specialists. Again, certification is not required, but it is recommended.
If you’re buying a new home, you should make a radon test part of the inspection process. Testing then will assure you that the radon levels are acceptable — or if they’re not, a test will allow time for the house to be fixed before you move in. If you’re selling a house, consider having your home tested. A test showing that radon levels are acceptable can be a selling point.
New houses built in Spokane, Ferry, Okanogan, Pend Oreille and Stevens counties, as well as Clark and Skamania counties in southwest Washington, are required to include features that make it harder for radon to concentrate in them. Even with these features, or with an existing radon system, you have to test to make sure they’re working and that the radon levels are low.
Mike Brennan is a Radiation Health Physicist at the Washington State Department of Health’sOffice of Radiation Protection. The Department of Health has more information about radon (www.doh.wa.gov/ehp/rp/environmental/radon.htm) on its Website; or, for more details, contact Mike Brennan at (360) 236-3253 or email@example.com. | <urn:uuid:d405070c-3ac1-4bc8-8536-7afab9187c66> | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | https://www.inlander.com/spokane/radon-worries/Content?oid=2185757 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107884322.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20201024164841-20201024194841-00035.warc.gz | en | 0.933341 | 885 | 3.28125 | 3 | Cé mhéad gáis radaighníomhach atá tú féin agus do theaghlach ag anailís ina dteach? Is dócha nach é an freagra aon duine ; i ndáiríre, i go leor codanna den Iarthuaisceart Intíre, d'fhéadfadh an freagra a bheith go leor.
Is é an gáis radón gáis radaighníomhach a tharlaíonn go nádúrtha a cruthaítear nuair a théann adamh an eilimintí raidiam trí díghrádú radaighníomhach. Má tá raidiam sa talamh, mar atá i bhformhór den Iarthuaisceart Intíre, d'fhéadfadh radón dul suas san aer. Sa lasmuigh, ní fadhb é seo. Ach má tá foirgneamh ar an talamh, is féidir an radón a thiomáint taobh istigh den fhoirgneamh. Toisc go bhfuil radon gan boladh agus gan dath, ní féidir é a bhrath le radharc ná le boladh. Is é an t-aon bhealach chun an leibhéal radón i do theach a fháil amach ná tástáil a dhéanamh air.
Aontaíonn staidéir eolaíocha agus samhlacha go bhféadfadh nochtadh do radón seansanna duine a mhéadú a bheith ag forbairt ailse scamhóg. Aontaíonn Oifig an Ard-Mheandálaí, Cumann na Sléibhe Mheiriceá, agus go leor eagraíochtaí sláinte náisiúnta agus idirnáisiúnta eile leis sin, agus deir an Ghníomhaireacht um Chosaint Comhshaoil go bhfuil radón freagrach as thart ar 22,000 bás ó ailse scamhóige sna Stáit Aontaithe gach bliain. Is é an dara cúis is mó de ghalar scamhóige i gcoitinne é agus is é an príomhchúis i measc neamhtobacóirí.
San am atá caite, ní raibh aird ag daoine ar radón go minic toisc, mar a deir siad, "Tá sé nádúrtha". Ach nuair a bhuaileann radaíocht cill, ní chuireann sé i ndáiríre aird ar an radaíocht a tháinig ó fhoinse nádúrtha nó saorga. Tá an chuid is mó daoine nochtaithe do dhéag nó fiú na céadta uair níos mó radaíochta ó radain ná radaíocht ó fhoinsí de dhéantús an duine mar r-ghathanna. Toisc go bhfuil radón ag snámh san aer, bíonn tionchar ag an radaíocht a tháirgeann sé den chuid is mó ar na scamhóga, áit a bhfuil na cealla leochaileach go háirithe.
Tá tástáil ar radain éasca agus go leor saor. Tá trealamh tástála a dhéanamh leat féin ar fáil ar líne (cuardach ar trealamh tástála radón) agus ag an chuid is mó de na siopaí crua-earraí agus feabhsaithe tí. Agus tá gairmithe ann a d'fhéadfadh tástáil a dhéanamh ar do theach ar do shon. Deimhníonn dhá eagraíocht daoine chun obair radón a dhéanamh: an Bord Náisiúnta Sábháilteachta Radon (http://www.nrsb.org/) agus an Cumann Náisiúnta Sláinte Comhshaoil (http://radongas.org/). Ní éilíonn Washington go bhfuil daoine deimhnithe chun obair radón a dhéanamh go gairmiúil, ach molann muid go n-úsáidfí gairmithe deimhnithe nuair is féidir.
Má léiríonn do thástáil go bhfuil leibhéil ard radóin i do theach, is gnách go bhfuil sé an-éasca córas a shuiteáil a chuirfidh na leibhéil síos faoi bhun leibhéal gníomhaíochta EPA (4 pico-Curies in aghaidh an litre, nó 4 pCi/l). Déanann an córas é a dhéanamh níos deacra do radón dul isteach i do theach agus níos éasca dó dul isteach san aer lasmuigh. Tá liostaí de shaineolaithe gairmiúla deimhniúithe maidir le maolú radón ag an dá eagraíocht thuas. Arís, ní gá deimhniú a fháil, ach moltar é.
Má tá tú ag ceannach teach nua, ba cheart duit tástáil radón a dhéanamh mar chuid den phróiseas cigireachta. Déanfaidh an tástáil ansin a chinntiú duit go bhfuil na leibhéil radain inghlactha nó mura bhfuil siad , tabharfaidh tástáil am don teach a shocrú sula dtéann tú isteach ann. Má tá tú ag díol teach, smaoinigh ar do theach a thástáil. Is féidir le tástáil a thaispeánann go bhfuil leibhéil radón inghlactha a bheith ina phointe díolacháin.
Ní mór do thithe nua a tógadh i gcontaeanna Spokane, Ferry, Okanogan, Pend Oreille agus Stevens, chomh maith le gcontaeanna Clark agus Skamania i ndeisceart Washington, gnéithe a chur san áireamh a fhágann go bhfuil sé níos deacra radón a thiomáint iontu. Fiú amháin leis na gnéithe seo, nó le córas radain atá ann cheana, ní mór duit tástáil a dhéanamh chun a chinntiú go bhfuil siad ag obair agus go bhfuil na leibhéil radain íseal.
Is Físeoir Sláinte Radálaíochta é Mike Brennan ag Oifig Chosaint Radálaíochta Roinn Sláinte Stáit Washington. Tá tuilleadh faisnéise faoin rádan ag an Roinn Sláinte (www.doh.wa.gov/ehp/rp/environmental/radon.htm) ar a Suíomh Gréasáin; nó, le haghaidh tuilleadh sonraí, déan teagmháil le Mike Brennan ag (360) 236-3253 nó email@example.com. |
Famous New York Signs: Broadway
Another of New York Cities famously iconic signs, the “Broadway” street sign stands watch over an avenue that is far more than just another busy Manhattan thoroughfare. Indeed, Broadway, sometimes referred to as “The Great White Way”, has become a primary symbol of American culture and a modern Mecca of the performing arts, and occupies a central place in the history of the perhaps the greatest city of the modern era.
It is the oldest north–south main thoroughfare in New York City, dating to the first New Amsterdam settlement. The name Broadway is the English literal translation of the Dutch name, Breede weg. Broadway is known worldwide as the heart of the American theatre industry
Additionally, Broadway marks the boundary between Greenwich Village to the west and the East Village to the east.
One famous stretch near Times Square, where Broadway crosses Seventh Avenue in midtown Manhattan, is the home of many Broadway theatres, housing an ever-changing array of commercial, large-scale plays, particularly musicals. This area of Manhattan is often called the Theater District or the Great White Way, a nickname originating in the headline “Found on the Great White Way” in the February 3, 1902 edition of the New York Evening Telegram. The journalistic nickname was inspired by the millions of lights on theater marquees and commercial billboard advertisements that illuminate the area. | <urn:uuid:e17e3ca1-59d1-4d0e-9d60-d645ca967301> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | http://blog.eaglemastersigns.com/famous-new-york-signs-broadway/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084886860.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20180117082758-20180117102758-00283.warc.gz | en | 0.932387 | 285 | 2.53125 | 3 | Comharthaí cáiliúla Nua-Eabhrac: Broadway
Tá comhartha eile de na Siopaí Nua-Eabhrac a bhfuil cáil air, an comhartha sráide Broadway ag faire thar bhóthar atá i bhfad níos mó ná ach bealach gnóthach eile i Manhattan. Go deimhin, tá Broadway, a dtugtar The Great White Way air uaireanta, ina phríomh-siombail de chultúr Mheiriceá agus ina Mecca nua-aimseartha ar na healaíona taibhiúla, agus tá áit lárnach aige i stair an chathair is mó a d'fhéadfadh a bheith ann san ré nua-aimseartha.
Is é an príomhbhóthar is sine ó thuaidh go deisceart i gCathair Nua Eabhrac, a théann siar go dtí an chéad lonnaíocht Nua Amsterdam. Is é an t-ainm Broadway an t-aistriúchán litriúil Béarla den ainm Ollainnis, Breede weg. Tá an Broadway ar eolas ar fud an domhain mar chroí tionscail theatre Mheiriceá
Ina theannta sin, marcálann Broadway an teorainn idir Greenwich Village chun an iarthair agus an East Village chun an ear.
Tá leath mór-chláir in aice le Times Square, áit a thrasnaíonn Broadway Seventh Avenue i lár Manhattan, ina bhaile do go leor amharclainne Broadway, ina bhfuil sraith de drámaí tráchtála, ar scála mór, go háirithe ceoil, atá ag athrú i gcónaí. Is minic a thugtar an Ceantar Amharclainne nó an Great White Way ar an gceantar seo de Manhattan, a bhfuil a leasainm tagtha ón gceann scríbe Found on the Great White Way in eagrán 3 Feabhra, 1902 den New York Evening Telegram . Bhí an leasainm iriseolaíoch spreagtha ag na milliúin soilse ar mhártaí amharclainne agus fógraí bilbhóird tráchtála a shoilsíonn an ceantar. |
The Amazon River system in South America is home to a dazzling variety of small, colorful, schooling fish known as Tetras. They are justly popular aquarium fish with their glittering colors and synchronized schooling behavior. However, few fish keepers keep them properly and in sympathetic surroundings that shows them at their best. In this post, I’ll show you how to keep these beautiful little fish beautifully.
First, the origin of the common name; Tetra. When explorers brought back fish from the Amazon region in the teens, 20’s and 30’s, science lumped them all, big and small, into the Genus Tetragonopterus based on the number and shape of their teeth; which all Tetras have, from little Neon Tetras to the fearsome Piranha. That Genus is now almost totally vacated, and applies to only two fish I know of; T. argentus and T. chalceus, both ovoid, silvery Tetras.
The vast majority of Tetras available in the hobby do best in moderately soft, pH 6.8 water at 75 to 78 degrees, though nearly all are adaptable to a point. They are rarely as colorful in hard water and at high pH, and are more prone to disease in such conditions. What they like are well-planted tanks with driftwood and stones. They don’t like very bright tanks, so floating plants should be provided over the main viewing area so the light is filtered. I primarily use Amazon Frogbit (Limnobium laevigatum) for this purpose, though any floating species would do. Tetras look most attractive and colorful swimming through the shadows and light. Dark-colored substrates intensifies their colors.
Tetras are all long-lived, especially for little fish. You should expect at least five years with your charges, though with some species, you could enjoy them for more than 10 years.
One item that many overlook is that Tetras are very much schooling fish, thus for their continued health, one is obligated to keep them so. How many? In a well planted, established and filtered 20 gallon, 48 neon-sized Tetras easily. In a larger tank, say a 75 for example, it’s not at all difficult to keep 10 dozen.
Why? Because the neon-sized Tetras impinge so very little on water quality.
Feeding is another matter. Tetras have teeth, meaning their diet should contain meaty items primarily, with vegetative foods a smaller percentage. ALL of them do better and are more active, colorful and vivacious if fed live foods two or three times a week. Daphnia pulex is a favorite, though they do like wingless Dropsilia species fruit flies. The small Tetras can choke on things like white worms, so they should be cut into halves or thirds before feeding. A good pelleted food should be the staple, with vegetative foods, like Spirolina flakes, a couple times a week. Live food (if available and clean) as a substitute for a meal two or three times a week.
Feeding should be small meals given often, rather than one large meal a day, as Tetras are nibblers, not gorgers. As they are fast eaters, no more than they can finish in a minute three to five times a day.
So, give them the sympathetic surrounding of a soft, slightly acid well planted tank coupled with a good diet, and your Tetra tank will be the envy of all who view it.
Now some species
A little fish dropped a nuclear bomb on the aquarium world in 1933. Now ubiquitous when the word Tetra is used, Paracheriodon innesi, the Neon Tetra, leads off our list.
A diminutive one and a quarter inches, its almost surreal colors were hard to believe when it debuted. A brilliant, electric-blue band runs from the nose to tail dividing an olive back and a bright white stomach accented by a blood-red mark on its posterior half. As a large school in a properly set up planted tank, the Neon Tetra has few equals.
Neon tetras are as beautiful as they are difficult to breed. Hailing from the dark, tea colored waters of the Amazon basin, their eggs will dissolve when exposed to light. A 15 to 20 gallon tank filled with water dosed with a commercial black water extract and mild filtration, furnished with dead leaves on the bottom, driftwood and small, rounded stones should be the setup for breeding. When I bred these fish, I painted the outside of the tank with black acrylic save for a small window low in front, covered with cardboard. A blanket topped the tank. One must use real ingenuity in breeding this family of fishes, but of all of them, Neons and their close cousins Cardinals (P. axelrodi) are perhaps the most challenging.
My personal favorite of the family is the Flag Tetra, Hyphessobrycon heterorhabdus. Seen in a bare pet store tank they are less than impressive, but given proper surroundings and some time to settle in, they are one of the most attractive glittering gems of the smaller Tetras. No book or internet photo can do this little fish justice. A dark background and substrate, floating plants in a well planted aquarium will reward the keeper with a 1 3/4 inch showpiece. A brilliant band of red, gold and black culminates in a fiery red upper eye. A silvery tummy and an light olive back have a translucent quality which is difficult to describe. When caught in the right light, a little white hook is visible on the tip of the anal fin and white tail tips of the males. The females lack the white marks, and are just a hair bulkier and perhaps not quite as translucent as the males. The fish are egg scatterers that prefer to breed over fine-leaved plants. The parents are very good at eating them as they fall, so the keeper must intervene and remove the breeders promptly when breeding is complete. To distract them from the eggs until you can remove the parents, its a good idea to introduce several Daphnia to the tank while the fish are breeding. Their colors are truly stellar when fed Daphnia and Dropsilia a few times a week.
Appearing to be carrying a neon-red light from within, the Glowlight Tetra, Hemmigrammus erthrozonus is a great schooler for the new Tetra keeper. An electric-red line at the middle of the fish terminates in a red upper eye. In mature fish, the dorsal fin can have the same red on the first few rays. The fish is partially translucent, save for the silvery sack containing the organs. Glowlights top out at 1 3/4 inches. In a dark bottomed tank with a deep green or blue-black background, Glowlights winding through the plants en masse is a sight few will forget. Quite hardy when well cared for, Glowlights show best as the single Tetra species in the tank. Very free breeders over fine-leaved plants, Glowlights are a prime candidate for a first Tetra bred. Rather than the normal scatters, Glowlight pairs lock fins side by side and do a funky little barrel roll as the eggs and milt are expelled. This is repeated until there are roughly 100 eggs in the plants.
As glittery as their namesake, Diamond Tetras, Moenkhausia pitteri, are a larger tetra species for the larger tank. Seen in the store they are often washed out and unimpressive, but sympathetic surroundings and time will reward the keep with a ‘fish of distinction’ according to Innes (William T. Innes, Exotic Aquarium Fishes, 1953). The fish are a glistening sliver, with each scale tipped with green sparkles. When the fish mature, the dorsal and anal fins of both sexes elongate, and exceptional specimens can be flushed in a deep violet with blue and green sparkles. Upper eye is a fiery red. Males have larger and more pointed fins than females. Diamond Tetras reach 2.5 inches, and they are stately, passive fish. For people who like their fish calming, Diamond Tetras fit the bill. Photos are insufficient to the gorgeous living fish. They are egg scatterers like most tetras, but are rarely bred by hobbyists.
Hailing from Panama is the Platinum Tetra, Gephyrocharax atracaudatus. Though simply a glistening silvery fish and fairly difficult to find in stores, a group of these fish is usually used as a complementary species to a smaller, more colorful and numerous species in the planted tank. Unusual, a school of these fish always brings questions and complements as they stand out so in a planted tank. What makes Platinum Tetras special are a pair of bright silvery satiny spots at the base of the tail. The spots are bordered on the outside of the spots by a pair of black lines. The silvery spots reflect all sorts of blues and greens, and at times its difficult to nail down what color they actually are. Platinum Tetras prefer a level in the lower middle, and like to stay in groups of a dozen or more. They reach three inches, but are harmless to fish too large to eat. A lively, graceful, lovely fish. Very striking in a well planted tank with their glistening bodies. I use them to complement a large school of heterorhabdus. I haven’t bred them, but I assume they are standard egg scatterers.
An immediate hit and saddled with a catchy name, Head and Tail Lights (Hemmigrammus ocellifer) is our next schooling fish. A luminous, electric red-gold mark at the top of the base of the tail and a bright red upper eye caused an inventive keeper to give them that common name. Reaching 1 3/4 inches, Head and Tail lights are a gregarious, happy looking little fish, as the fins are always smartly spread. They are hardy little guys and girls, thus excellent for the newer keeper. Males are slimmer, their dorsal fin is more pointed, and a little white spot (egg spot) is in the lower middle of the anal fin. Otherwise, the sexes are colored the same. Native to Guiana and the Amazon, Head and Tail Lights are probably the easiest tetra to breed. A good-sized school spawns almost constantly. Fine leaved plants should be used in a spawning tank if you want to try your hand at spawning this fish.
A delicate, glass-like body and a blush of red in the fins typify the Glass Bloodfin of the Amazon basin. Not as tender as they look, Glass Bloodfins (Prinobrama filigera) have a reflective quality like oil on wet glass, and thus bounce colors (mainly blues) back at the keeper. The first ray of the anal fin is bright white. Partially translucent, the spinal column running along the lateral line (the line that divides the top half of the fish from the bottom) is yellowish. The eye is a slivery yellow. They grow to 2 inches. Glass Bloodfins like to be in large groups, and rather prefer hang in space together. They are surprisingly quick to food. For people who like their fish restful and beautiful, Glass Bloodfins are perfect. A lovely fish; I highly recommend them for a planted tank. They are quite hardy despite their appearance.
They spawn over plants, but don’t spawn very often. In 35 years I’ve bred them exactly twice after many, many tries.
Named for Margaret Carnegie of the famous family, Carnegiella strigata, the Marbled Hatchetfish is a Tetra for the upper realms of your planted tank. In realty a sort of flying fish, Marbled Hatchets have long pectoral fins and a narrow body like an ax head or keel of a boat. The color is golden and glistening. Brownish, parallel strips run diagonally from the sharp, ax-like belly to the top. The very top of the fish is olive. The mouth points upwards as they are surface feeders. They absolutely love live, wingless fruit flies. I dust the flies with a powdered substance containing asthaxin (NaturRose is a brand) as it intensifies their colors. They will also attack and consume a freshly-swatted, stunned housefly or any small, flying insect. They are very, very quick to the food. They grow to 1 3/4 inches. Needless to say the tank must be covered with a glass or plastic top, as while breeding or just because they want to, they can sail right out of the tank. They do best in the upper 70’s, but for breeding, the temperature should be slowly be raised to the mid-80’s (say, 83 to 85) over a few weeks in Spring. The pair spawn differently than the previous species. The male courts her by circling her rapidly. If she accepts him they jump out of the water together several times before getting side by side over fine-leaved plants. Several eggs are expelled and fertilized as they fall. Mine don’t touch their eggs, but I remove the parents to be safe. It takes about a month for the fry to resemble their parents.
One of the very few tetras that prefer slightly harder water, the Bloodfin, Aphycharax anisitsi of Argentina, has been an aquarium favorite for many decades. A silvery fish, Bloodfins have deep crimson markings on the tail, dorsal, ventral and anal fins. The pectoral fins are transparent. Bloodfins reach 1 3/4 inches. They are adaptable, but to breed they need neutral, bright water that is moderately hard, say gH 10 ppm or so. A very, very peaceful fish in groups. You can keep them in your soft, slightly acid water as they resist disease better in it, but to breed them, you’ll need to harden the water a bit. If kept in a large group, the school often stays relatively tightly together. They will scatter, however, when food is added to the tank, and they pursue live Daphnia with gusto. After the food is consumed, they spend considerable time looking around to see if they missed any.
Looking like a stretched-out tetra, the aptly-named three-lined pencilfish, Nannostomus trifacitus, winds up our list. Mature and in health, trifacitus is one of the most colorful of the smaller tetras. A golden body is marked by a deep black stripe down the middle of the fish, bisecting the eye, with thinner stripes at the top and bottom. The red on the dorsal, pectoral and anal fins is nothing short of striking; a deep, blood red. Mature males often have little red dots between the middle and upper stripes. Males are more narrow than females, which lack the red dots but their fins are just as red as the males. One must exercise patience with these fish, as they must mature to display full colors. They do best in tanks planted with tall, tape-like plants like Vallisneria. They are a stunning picture in groups and are very passive (unless you’re a Daphnia). They do not do well with busy, active fish save for Corydoras. They like to spawn on/in Riccia, and it doesn’t seem to matter if its floating or attached to driftwood or stones. The eggs are very sticky and in the breeding fever, they can be on any plant, and even on the tank glass. The parents don’t touch them normally unless they are very hungry. They should be removed, regardless. The fry look like tiny glass splinters. If fed and housed properly, they become adults in about six months. Mine bred at 76 degrees.
There are literally hundreds of species of tetras; dozens of them are available in fish stores, and more can be found with a little searching. Thus, this list is necessarily short and is limited to what came to mind as I was writing it. I’ve kept many dozens of species over the years, and still do. They are peaceful, beautiful little fish.
I encourage you to do further research on the species I’ve listed, and hope that you, too, fall under the spell of Tetras.
References: Dr. Axlerod’s Atlas of Freshwater Aquarium Fishes (Dr. Herbet R. Axelrod, et. al.), 10th Edition, TFH Publishing, 2004
Encyclopedia of Exotic Tropical Fishes for Freshwater Aquariums (Glen S. Axelrod, Brian M. Scott), First Edition, TFH Publishing, 2005
Exotic Aquarium Fishes (William T. Innes), 15th Edition, Innes Publishing Company, 1953 | <urn:uuid:12721750-6cf8-462e-a978-38013a6df8e1> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.aquaticcommunity.com/tetrafish/tetracare.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947476180.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20240303011622-20240303041622-00686.warc.gz | en | 0.945457 | 3,551 | 2.890625 | 3 | Tá an córas Abhainn Amazon i Meiriceá Theas ina bhaile do chineáil daite de iasc beag, dathach, scoláireachta ar a dtugtar Tetras. Is iasc uiscí é an t-iasc seo, agus is fíréanta é, mar gheall ar a dathanna gleoite agus a iompar scoile comhthreomhar. Mar sin féin, ní bhíonn ach cúpla sealbhóir iasc ag coimeád iad i gceart agus i dtimpeallacht chomhbháúil a léiríonn a gcuid is fearr. Sa phost seo, taispeánfaidh mé duit conas na hiasc álainn seo a choinneáil go hálainn.
Ar dtús, bunús an ainm coitianta; Tetra. Nuair a thug taiscéalaithe iasc ar ais ó réigiún na hAmaisíne i mblianta déag, 20 agus 30 , chuir an eolaíocht iad go léir, mór agus beag, isteach sa Gineas Tetragonopterus bunaithe ar líon agus cruth a gcuid fiacla; a bhfuil ag gach Tetras, ó Neon Tetras beag go Piranha uafásach. Tá an Gineas sin beagnach folamh go hiomlán anois, agus ní bhaineann sé ach le dhá éisc a bhfuil a fhios agam; T. argentus agus T. chalceus, an dá oídeach, Tetras airgid.
Is fearr an chuid is mó de Tetras atá ar fáil sa shaotharlann i uisce measartha bog, pH 6.8 ag 75 go 78 céim, cé go bhfuil beagnach gach ceann acu in oiriúint go pointe. Is annamh a bhíonn siad chomh dathach san uisce crua agus ag pH ard, agus tá siad níos so-ghabhálach do ghalair i gcoinníollacha den sórt sin. Is maith leo tancanna dea-phlannta le crainn agus clocha. Ní maith leo tancanna an-soiléir, mar sin ba cheart plandaí snámha a chur ar fáil thar an bpríomh-chomhraic féachana ionas go scagfar an solas. Bainim úsáid as Amazon Frogbit (Limnobium laevigatum) den chéad uair chun na críche seo, cé go mbeadh aon speiceas snámha ag obair. Tetras breathnú is tarraingtí agus datha a shwimming trí na scáthanna agus solas. Déantar substaintí dorcha a gcló a neartú.
Tá Tetras go léir fad-bheatha, go háirithe le haghaidh iasc beag. Ba chóir duit a bheith ag súil le cúig bliana ar a laghad le do mhuirir, cé le roinnt speiceas, d'fhéadfá taitneamh a bhaint as iad ar feadh níos mó ná 10 mbliana.
Rud amháin a dhéanann go leor dearmad air ná go bhfuil Tetras iasc a bhíonn ag déanamh scoileanna go mór, agus dá bhrí sin, chun a sláinte a choinneáil, tá sé de dhualgas ar dhuine iad a choinneáil mar sin. Cé mhéad? I 20 galún, socraithe go maith agus scagadh, 48 Tetras neon-mhéid go héasca. I tanc níos mó, a rá 75 mar shampla, ní deacair ar chor ar bith 10 dosaen a choinneáil.
Cén fáth? Toisc go bhfuil an Tetras neon-mhéide chomh beag go bhfuil tionchar acu ar cháilíocht an uisce.
Tá bia a thabhairt ina ábhar eile. Tá fiacla ag Tetras, rud a chiallaíonn gur chóir go mbeadh earraí feola ina dtáirgí a d'fhéadfadh a bheith ina dtáirgí a d'fhéadfadh a bheith ina dtáirgí a d'fhéadfadh a bheith ina dtáirgí a d'fhéadfadh a bheith ina dtáirgí a d'fhéadfadh a bheith ina dtáirgí a d'fhéadfadh a bheith ina dtáirgí a d'fhéadfadh a bheith ina dtáirgí. Tá siad níos fearr agus níos gníomhaí, níos dathúla agus níos beoga má tá bia beo á thabhairt dóibh dhá nó trí huaire sa tseachtain. Is é an ceann is fearr leo ná Daphnia pulex, cé go bhfuil siad cosúil le speiceas torthaí Dropsilia gan sciatháin. Is féidir leis na Tetras beaga a chlogadh ar rudaí cosúil le worms bán, mar sin ba chóir iad a ghearradh ina leath nó i dtríú cuid sula n-itheann siad. Ba chóir go mbeadh bia maith peilte mar phríomh-aiste, le bianna plandacha, cosúil le scamaill Spirolina, cúpla uair sa tseachtain. Bia beo (más ann agus glan é) mar ionad béile dhá nó trí huaire sa tseachtain.
Ba chóir go mbeadh bia beag ag na Tetras go minic, seachas bia mór amháin sa lá, mar go bhfuil siad ag nibble, ní gorgers. Toisc go bhfuil siad ag ithe go tapa, ní féidir leo níos mó ná trí nó cúig huaire sa lá a ithe i nóiméad.
Mar sin, a thabhairt dóibh an timpeallacht comhbhrónta de, tanc bog, beagán aigéad plandaithe go maith chomh maith le aiste bia maith, agus beidh do tanc Tetra a bheith ar an envy de gach duine a fheiceáil é.
Anois roinnt speiceas
Thit iasc beag buama núicléach ar domhan an acharóim i 1933. Anois, tá sé i ngach áit nuair a úsáidtear an focal Tetra, Paracheriodon innesi, an Tetra Neon, ag tosaigh ar ár liosta.
Bhí sé deacair a chreidiúint go raibh a dathanna beagnach surreal nuair a tháinig sé ar an margadh. Téann banda geal-ghlan, leictreach-ghlan ó na srón go dtí an eireaball ag scaradh cúl olóige agus bolg bán geal a bhfuil marc dearg fola ag cur i bhfolach ar a leath chúl. Mar scoil mhór i tanc atá suite go cuí, níl mórán comhionanna ag an Neon Tetra.
Tá tetras néon chomh álainn agus is deacair iad a chothú. Ón uisce dorcha tae-dathúil abhcóide na hAmaisíne, scriosfaidh a n-uibheacha nuair a bheidh siad nochtaithe don solas. Ba cheart go mbeadh tanc 15 go 20 galain a líonadh le huisce a dhéantar a dhosú le sliocht uisce dubh tráchtála agus le scagaireadh éadrom, arna chur ar fáil le duilleoga marbh ar an mbun, adhmad dromchla agus clocha beaga cruinn a bheith ar bun le haghaidh an chothú. Nuair a bhí mé ag tógáil na n-iasc seo, rinne mé péint taobh amuigh den tanc le acrailice dubh ach amháin le haghaidh fuinneog beag íseal ar aghaidh, clúdaithe le cárta. Bhí cóta ar bharr an tanca. Ní mór a úsáid fíor-innillíocht i gcothú an teaghlaigh seo de iasc, ach de gach ceann acu, is dócha gurb iad Neons agus a gcúinsí gar Cardinals (P. axelrodi) an dúshlán is mó.
Is é an ceann is fearr liom sa teaghlach ná an Tetra Cláir, Hyphessobrycon heterorhabdus. Nuair a fheictear iad i tanc siopa peataí, níl siad chomh mór sin, ach má fhaightear timpeallacht chuí agus roinnt ama chun socrú isteach, tá siad ar cheann de na giollaí gleamhacha is tarraingtí de na Tetras níos lú. Ní féidir le leabhar ná grianghraf ar an idirlíon an giúmar beag seo a dhéanamh. Cuirfidh cúlra dorcha agus substrát, plandaí snámha i n-aicéim phlandaithe go maith duais ar an gcothaitheoir le taispeántas 1 3/4 orlach. Tá banda geal dearg, órga agus dubh ag teacht chun cinn i súl uachtarach dearg dóchasach. Tá cáilíocht tras-réiteach ag bolg airgid agus cúl-óiléir éadrom atá deacair a thuairisciú. Nuair a ghearrtar é sa solas ceart, tá greim bán beag le feiceáil ar cheann an fin anal agus ar cheann na dromchla bán na bhfear. Níl na marcanna bána ag na mná, agus níl ach gruaig níos mó agus b'fhéidir nach bhfuil siad chomh tráthaolaíoch leis na fir. Is scaiptheoirí uibheacha iad na hiasc a roghnaíonn breeding thar phlandaí fíneáil-leafed. Tá na tuismitheoirí an-mhaith ag ithe iad agus iad ag titim, mar sin ní mór don choimeádtóir idirghabháil a dhéanamh agus na breeders a bhaint go pras nuair a bheidh an t-aistriúchán críochnaithe. Chun iad a dhíspreagadh ó na huibheacha go dtí go bhféadfaidh tú na tuismitheoirí a bhaint, is smaoineamh maith é roinnt Daphnia a thabhairt isteach sa t-aigéan agus na hiasc ag briodáil. Tá a gcuid dathanna fíor réalta nuair a thugtar Daphnia agus Dropsilia cúpla uair sa tseachtain.
Ag breathnú cosúil le solas neon-dearg a iompar ón taobh istigh, an Tetra Glowlight, tá Hemmigrammus erthrozonus ina scoil mhór don chaomhnóir nua Tetra. Tá líne leictreach-dearg i lár an iasc ag críochnú i súl uachtarach dearg. I dtrácht, is féidir leis an sciath dorsail a bheith an dearg céanna ar na chéad cúpla rae. Tá an t-iasc trasluchtach go páirteach, ach amháin don sác airgid ina bhfuil na horgáin. Glowlights barr amach ag 1 3/4 orlach. I tanc dorcha le bun le cúlra glas nó gorm-dubh domhain, is radharc nach ndéanfaidh mórán dearmad ar Glowlights ag snámh trí na plandaí i ngrúpa. Go leor hardy nuair a dhéantar cúram go maith, léiríonn Glowlights is fearr mar speiceas Tetra aonair sa tanc. Breeders an-saor in aisce thar plandaí fíneáil-leafed, Glowlights is é an t-iarrthóir is fearr le haghaidh an chéad Tetra breeded. Seachas na scaipeadh gnáth, glacann péirí Glowlight sciatháin taobh le taobh agus déanann siad rolladh bairille beag funky agus na huibheacha agus na milte á n-eisiúint. Déantar é seo a athdhéanamh go dtí go mbeidh thart ar 100 ubh sna plandaí.
Chomh gleoite agus a n-ainmní, is speiceas tetra níos mó iad Tetras Diamond, Moenkhausia pitteri, don tanc níos mó. Nuair a fheictear iad sa siopa bíonn siad ag glanadh agus gan a bheith suntasach, ach beidh timpeallacht agus am comhfhabhrach ag an gcúlra le "iasc idirdhealaithe" de réir Innes (William T. Innes, Exotic Aquarium Fishes, 1953). Is é an t-iasc sliver gleistéir, le gach scála tipped le sparkles glas. Nuair a bhíonn na hiasc ag fás, tá na fins dorsalacha agus análacha ag an dá ghnéas ag dul i bhfad, agus is féidir le samplaí eisceachtúla a bheith ag sruthú i bhfíor-bhéarla le spárthaí gorma agus glas. Tá an tsúil uachtarach dearg tineach. Tá sciatháin níos mó agus níos mó ag na fir ná na mban. Téann Tetras Diamond suas le 2.5 orlach, agus is éisc mhóra, éagmhaine iad. I gcás daoine a bhfuil a gcuid iasc calming, Diamond Tetras oiriúnach an bille. Tá grianghraif neamhleor do na hiasc maireachtála álainn. Tá siad ag scaipeadh uibheacha cosúil leis an chuid is mó tetras, ach is annamh a bhíonn ceoltóirí ag ceoltóirí.
Ó Panama tá an Tetra Platinum, Gephyrocharax atracaudatus. Cé nach bhfuil ach iasc airgid gleoite agus go leor deacair a fháil i siopaí, is gnách go n-úsáidtear grúpa de na hiasc seo mar speiceas comhlántach le speiceas níos lú, níos datha agus níos mó sa t-aigéan phlandaithe. Gan ionadh, tugann sé seo ceisteanna agus comhlántaí i gcónaí do cholá na n-iasc seo de réir mar a bhíonn siad chomh suntasach i tanc phlandaithe. Is é an rud a dhéanann Platinum Tetras speisialta péire spotaí satiní geal airgid ag bun an eireaball. Tá na spotaí teoranta ar thaobh amuigh na spotaí trí péire línte dubha. Léiríonn na spotaí airgid gach cineál gorm agus glas, agus uaireanta tá sé deacair a phéinteáil amach cad é an dath atá acu i ndáiríre. Is fearr le Tetras Platinum leibhéal sa lár íseal, agus is maith leo fanacht i ngrúpaí de dhosaen nó níos mó. Fágann siad trí orlach, ach tá siad neamhdhíobhálach do iasc ró-mhór le hithe. An t-iasc beoga, grásta, álainn. An-chló i tanc curtha go maith lena gcorp gleoite. Bainim úsáid as iad chun scoláire mór heterorhabdus a chomhlánú. Ní raibh mé ar bith iad, ach is dócha go bhfuil siad scatterers uibheacha caighdeánach.
Is é an t-iasc scoile eile atá againn ná Head and Tail Lights (Hemmigrammus ocellifer), a bhuail go díreach agus a bhfuil ainm tarraingteach air. Mar gheall ar shíntiús dearg-ór leictreach atá ag an mbonn an eireaball agus ar shúil uachtarach dearg geal, thug coimeádtóir cruthaitheach an t-ainm coitianta sin dóibh. Ag teacht ar 1 3/4 orlach, tá solas Head agus Tail ina iasc beag greannmhar, sásta, mar go bhfuil na fins scaipthe go cliste i gcónaí. Is fir agus cailíní beaga crua iad, agus mar sin is fearr iad don choimeádtóir níos nuaí. Tá na fir níos caol, tá a gcuid sciath dorsail níos mó, agus tá spota beag bán (spóta uibhe) i lár íseal an sciath anal. Seachas sin, tá na gnéithe an dath céanna. Is dócha gurb iad na solas cinn agus na solas coil, a bhfuil dúchas acu i Ghuíana agus san Amazon, an tetra is éasca a chothú. Is minic a bhíonn scoileanna de mhéid maith ag cruthú. Ba chóir plandaí fíneáil leafed a úsáid i tanc spawn má theastaíonn uait do lámh a thriail ag spawn an t-iasc seo.
Is cineál den Glass Bloodfin atá i mbéascán na hAmaisíneach é a chorp íogair, cosúil le gloine agus blush dearg sna fins. Ní chomh tairisceana is a fheiceann siad, tá cáilíocht mhalartach ag na Glas Bloodfins (Prinobrama filigera) cosúil le ola ar ghloine fliuch, agus dá bhrí sin léiríonn siad dathanna (blue den chuid is mó) ar ais ar an gcustaiméir. Tá an chéad ghrian den sciath anal bán geal. Tá an colún spinal go páirteach trasluchtach, ag rith feadh an líne taobh (an líne a roinnte an leath uachtarach an iasc ó bhun) is buí. Tá an tsúil buí sliocht. Fásann siad go 2 orlach. Is maith le Bloodfins Glainne a bheith i ngrúpaí móra, agus is fearr leo a bheith ag crochadh san spás le chéile. Tá siad go hiontach tapa chun bia. Do dhaoine ar mian leo a gcuid iasc a bheith suaimhneach agus álainn, tá Bloodfins Glainne foirfe. Iasc álainn; molaim go mór iad le haghaidh tanca plandáilte. Tá siad an-diana in ainneoin a gcuma.
Tá siad ag tarlú thar phlandaí, ach ní bhíonn siad ag tarlú go minic. I 35 bliain tá mé a breeding iad díreach dhá uair tar éis go leor, go leor iarracht.
Ainmníodh é i ndiaidh Margaret Carnegie den teaghlach cáiliúil, Carnegiella strigata, is é an t-iasc marble Hatchet Tetra do réaltaí uachtaracha do thanc plandáilte. I ndáiríre cineál iasc eitilte, tá sciatháin peitriúla fada ag na hachtáin marmair agus corp caol cosúil le ceann hais nó keel báid. Tá an dath órga agus gleoite. Tá stiallacha comhthreomhar donn-bhlá ag rith go diagonally ón bolg géar cosúil le hais go dtí an barr. Tá an barr an iasc go hiomlán olóige. Tá an béal ag pointeáil suas mar go bhfuil siad ag ithe ar an dromchla. Is breá leo go hiomlán eitiltí torthaí beo gan sciath. Tá an t-amhrán seo á chur ar fáil ag an mbord, agus tá an t-amhrán seo á chur ar fáil ag an mbord. Beidh siad ag ionsaí agus ag ithe eitiltí tí atá díreach tar éis a bheith ag dul i ngleic le chéile nó aon insect eitilte beag. Tá siad an-, an-tapa chun an bia. Fásann siad go dtí 1 3/4 orlach. Ní gá a rá go gcaithfear an tanc a chlúdach le barr gloine nó plaisteacha, mar nuair a bhíonn siad ag breeding nó díreach mar is mian leo, is féidir leo seol díreach amach as an tanc. Is fearr iad sna 70í uachtaracha, ach chun a bheith ag breeding, ba chóir an teocht a ardú go mall go lár na 80í (deirim, 83 go 85) thar cúpla seachtain san Earrach. Tá an péire ag cruthú go difriúil ná na speicis roimhe seo. Tá an fear ag cur cúirte uirthi trí chuairte a dhéanamh uirthi go tapa. Má ghlacann sí leis léim siad as an uisce le chéile arís agus arís eile sula dtéann siad taobh le taobh thar phlandaí fíneáil-leafed. Tá roinnt uibheacha a scaoileadh agus a fhéilleadh mar a thiteann siad. Ní dhéanann mo teagmháil a n-uibheacha, ach mé a bhaint as na tuismitheoirí a bheith sábháilte. Tógann sé thart ar mhí don bhrat a bheith cosúil lena dtuismitheoirí.
Ceann de na tetras an-bheag a bhfuil níos fearr le huisce beagán níos deacra, an Bloodfin, Aphycharax anisitsi na hArgintine, bhí an t-aicme uiscedhíolaithe le blianta fada. Iasc airgid, tá marcanna doimhne purpúrtha ag Bloodfins ar an eireaball, ar an gcúl, ar an gcúl agus ar an gcúl. Tá na sciatháin peitriúla trédhearcach. Fágann na feanna fola 1 3/4 orlach. Tá siad in oiriúnacht, ach chun breed gá acu neodrach, uisce geal atá measartha crua, a rá gH 10 ppm nó mar sin. Iasc an-, an-chomhshíocháin i ngrúpaí. Is féidir leat iad a choinneáil i do uisce bog, beagán aigéadach mar go bhfuil siad resisting galar níos fearr ann, ach chun iad a chothú, beidh ort a harden an t-uisce a beagán. Má choinnítear i ngrúpa mór é, is minic a bhíonn an scoil ag fanacht go coibhneasta le chéile. Beidh siad scaipthe, áfach, nuair a chuirtear bia leis an tanc, agus leanann siad Daphnia beo le díograis. Tar éis don bhia a ithe, caitheann siad tamall suntasach ag breathnú timpeall chun a fheiceáil an bhfuil aon cheann caillte acu.
Ag breathnú cosúil le tetra sracadh amach, an-ainm-cháil ar an trí-líne pencilfish, Nannostomus trifacitus, winds suas ár liosta. Tá trifacitus, atá aibí agus sláintiúil, ar cheann de na tetras is dathúla de na tetras níos lú. Tá corp órga marcáilte le stiall dubh domhain síos lár an iasc, ag leathnú an tsúil, le stiallacha níos tanaí ag an mbarr agus ag an mbarr. Níl an dearg ar na fins dorso, pectoral agus anal ach buailte; dearg domhain fola. Is minic a bhíonn poncanna beaga dearga ag fir aibí idir na snáitheanna lárnacha agus uachtacha. Tá na fir níos caol ná na mná, nach bhfuil na poncanna dearga acu ach tá a gcuid fins chomh dearg leis na fir. Ní mór foighne a bheith ag duine leis na hiasc seo, mar ní mór dóibh a bheith aibí chun a gcuid dathanna a thaispeáint go hiomlán. Tá siad is fearr i tancanna a phlandaítear le plandaí arda cosúil le téip cosúil le Vallisneria. Tá pictiúr iontach acu i ngrúpaí agus tá siad an-ghníomhach (mura bhfuil tú i do Daphnia). Ní dhéanann siad go maith le iasc gnóthach, gníomhach ach amháin do Corydoras. Is maith leo a bheith ag cruthú ar/i Riccia, agus is cosúil nach bhfuil sé tábhachtach má tá sé ag snámh nó ceangailte le tréith nó clocha. Tá na huibheacha an-ghlúbtha agus sa teas atáirgthe, is féidir leo a bheith ar aon phlanda, agus fiú ar an ghloine tanca. Ní dhéanann na tuismitheoirí teagmháil leo de ghnáth mura bhfuil siad an- ocrach. Ba chóir iad a bhaint, is cuma. Tá na friochtaí cosúil le splinters gloine beag. Má tá siad á n-ithe agus á n-áit chónaithe go cuí, déantar iad a bheith ina ndaoine fásta i thart ar sé mhí. M'iníon a bhraitheadh ag 76 céim.
Tá literally na céadta speiceas tetras; tá na hochtad acu ar fáil i siopaí iasc, agus is féidir níos mó a fháil le beagán cuardaigh. Dá bhrí sin, tá an liosta seo go héigeantach gearr agus tá sé teoranta do na rudaí a tháinig chun cuimhne agam agus mé á scríobh. Tá mórán speiceas á gcur agam thar na blianta, agus táim fós ag déanamh amhlaidh. Tá siad síochánta, iasc beag álainn.
Molaim duit tuilleadh taighde a dhéanamh ar na speicis a liostáil mé, agus tá súil agam go dtiocfaidh tú féin faoi bhrú Tetras.
Tagraíochtaí: Dr. Axlerrod's Atlas of Freshwater Aquarium Fishes (Dr. Herbet R. Axelrod, et. al. ), 10ú hIonstraim, TFH Publishing, 2004
Eacnamaíocht na nIascaigh Trópaiceacha Exotic do Aquariums Uisce Uisce (Glen S. Axelrod, Brian M. Scott), An Chéad Eisiúint, TFH Foilsitheoireacht, 2005
Exotic Aquarium Fishes (William T. Innes), 15ú hIontráil, Cuideachta Foilsitheoireachta Innes, 1953 |
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HistoryModern Indian History from about the middle of the eighteenth
century until the present - significant events, personalities, Issues.
The Freedom Struggle - its various stages and important
contributors / contributions from different parts of the country.
Indian SocietySalient features of Indian Society, Diversity of India.
Role of women & women’s organization, population and associated
issues, poverty and developmental issues, urbanization,
their problems and their remedies.
GeographySalient features of world’s physical geography.(Climatology)
Important Geophysical phenomena such as earthquakes, Tsunami,
Volcanic activity, cyclone etc. geographical features and their location -
changes in critical geographical features (including water-bodies and
ice-caps) and in flora and fauna and the effects of such changes.
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Indian Polity:Indian Constitution - historical underpinnings, evolution,features,
amendments, significant provisions and basic structure.
Functions & responsibilities of the Union and the States,issues
and challenges pertaining to the federal structure, devolution
of powers and finances up to local levels and challenges therein.
GovernanceGovernment policies and interventions for development in
various sectors and issues arising out of their design
Development processes and the development industry - the
role of NGOs, SHGs, various groups and associations, donors,
charities, institutional and other stakeholders.
Role of civil services in a democracy.
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Economic Development:Indian Economy and issues relating to planning, mobilization
of resources, growth, development and employment.
Inclusive growth and issues arising from it.
Agriculture:Major crops - cropping patterns in various parts of the country,
different types of irrigation and irrigation systems storage, transport
and marketing of agricultural produce and issues and related
constraints; e-technology is the aid of farmers.
Internal Security:Linkages between development and spread of extremism.
Role of external state and non-state actors in creating challenges
to internal security.
Security challenges and their management in border areas;
linkages of organized crime with terrorism.
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Indian History:Post-independence consolidation and reorganization within
World HistoryHistory of the world will include events from 18th century
such as industrial revolution, world wars, re- drawal of national
boundaries, colonization, decolonization, political philosophies like
communism capitalism, socialism etc. -their forms and
effect on the society.
Geography:Salient features of world's physical geography.
(Geomorphology, Oceanography + Others)
Distribution of key natural resources across the world
(including South Asia and the Indian sub-continent) factors
responsible for the location of primary, secondary and tertiary
sector industries in various parts of the world (including India).
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Indian PolityParliament and State Legislatures - structure, functioning, conduct
of business, powers & privileges and issues arising out of these.
Structure, organization and functioning of the Executive and the
Judiciary - Ministries and Departments of the Government,
pressure groups and formal / informal associations and their
role in the Polity.
International RelationsIndia and its neighbourhood - relations.
Effect of policies and politics of developed and developing
countries on India's interests, Indian Diaspora.
Indian SocietyEffects of globalization on Indian Society.
Social empowerment, communalism, regionalism & secularism.
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Indian EconomyLand reforms in India.
Effects of liberalization on the economy, charges in industrial
policy and their effects on industrial growth.
Infrastructure: Energy, Ports, Roads, Airports, Railways etc.
AgricultureIssues related to direct and indirect farm subsides and minimum
support prices; Public Distribution System objectives,functioning,
limitations, revamping, issues of buffer stocks and food security;
Technology missions; economics of animal - rearing.
Internal SecurityChallenges to internal security through communication networks,
role of media and social networking sites in internal security
challenges, basics of cyber security, money- money-laundering
and its prevention.
Various Security forces and agencies and their mandate
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EthicsAttitude: content, structure, function; its influence and relation
with thought and behaviour; moral and political attitudes; social
influence and persuasion.
Aptitude and foundational values for Civil Service, integrity,
impartiality and non-partisanship, objectivity, dedication to
public service, empathy, tolerance & Compassion towards
the weaker sections.
Emotional intelligence - concepts & their utilities and
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Contributions of moral thinkers and philosophers
from India and world.
Case studies on above issues.
Art & CultureIndian culture will cover the salient aspects of Art Forms,
Literature & Architecture from ancient to modern times.
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Indian PolityAppointment to various Constitutional posts, powers, functions
& responsibilities of various Constitutional Bodies.
Statutory, regulatory and various quasi-judicial bodies.
Separation of powers between various organs dispute redressal
mechanisms & institutions.
Comparison of the Indian constitutional scheme with that
of other countries.
GovernanceWelfare schemes for vulnerable sections of the population
by the Centre and States and the performance of these schemes;
mechanisms, laws, institutions and Bodies constituted for the
protection and betterment of these vulnerable sections.
Issues relating to development & management of Social
Sector/Services relating to Health, Education, Human Resources.
Issues relating to poverty and hunger.
Important aspects of governance, transparency and accountability,
e-governance - applications, models, successes, limitations, and
potential; citizens charters, transparency & accountability and
institutional and other measures.
International RelationsBilateral, regional and global grouping and agreements
involving India and / or affecting India's interests.
Important international institutions, agencies and for a
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EthicsPublic/Civil Service values & Ethics in Public administration;
status and problems; ethical concerns & dilemmas in
government and private institutions; laws, rules, regulations
and conscience as sources of ethical guidance; accountability
and ethical governance; strengthening of ethical and moral
values in governance; ethical issues in international relations
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Probity in Governance; Concept of public service; Philosophical
basis of governance and probity; information sharing and
transparency in government, Right to information, codes of Ethics,
Codes of Conduct, Citizens Charters, Work culture, Quality of
service delivery, Utilization of public funds, challenges of
Case studies on above issues.
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AgricultureFood processing and related industries in India - scope
and significance, location, upstream and downstream requirements,
supply chain management.
Science and TechnologyScience and Technology developments and their applications
and effects in everyday life.
Achievements of Indians in science & technology;
indigenization of technology and issues relating to intellectual
Awareness in the fields of IT, Space, Computers, robotics,
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intellectual property right.
EnvironmentConservation, environmental pollution & degradation,
environmental impact assessment.
Disaster and disaster management.
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Stair Indiach Nua-aimseartha ó thart ar lár an ochtú haois déag
séú haois go dtí an lá atá inniu ann - imeachtaí suntasacha, pearsantachtaí, saincheisteanna.
An Troid Saoirse - a chéimeanna éagsúla agus tábhachtaí
rannchuiditheoirí / ranníocaíochtaí ó áiteanna éagsúla sa tír.
Sochaí na hIndiaTréithe suntasacha na sochaí na hIndia, éagsúlacht na hIndia.
Ról na mban & eagraíochtaí na mban, daonra agus comhlachtaí
saincheisteanna, an bhochtaineacht agus saincheisteanna forbartha, uirbhinithe,
a gcuid fadhbanna agus a leigheasanna.
GeografaíochtTréithe suntasacha de gheografaíocht fhisiceach an domhain. (Climatology)
Tá feiniméin thábhachtacha Geophysical mar threascairt, Tsunami,
Gníomhaíocht bholcánacha, cioclóin etc. gnéithe geografacha agus a suíomh -
athruithe ar shaintréithe ríthábhachtacha geografacha (lena n-áirítear comhlachtaí uisce agus
Tá an t-athrú seo ag dul i bhfeidhm ar an saol nádúrtha agus ar an saol nádúrtha.
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An Pholaitíocht Indiach: Bunreacht na hIndia - bunús stairiúil, éabhlóid, gnéithe,
leasuithe, forálacha suntasacha agus struchtúr bunúsach.
Feidhmeanna & freagrachtaí an Aontais agus na Stát, saincheisteanna
agus dúshláin a bhaineann leis an struchtúr cónaidhme, dí-
Tá sé tábhachtach go mbeadh an t-eolas ar fáil do dhaoine a bhfuil an-tóir acu ar an gcumas agus ar an gcistiú a bhaineann leis an leibhéal áitiúil agus leis na dúshláin atá ann.
RialachasBeartais agus idirghabhálacha rialtais chun forbairt a chur chun cinn i
earnálacha éagsúla agus saincheisteanna a eascraíonn as a n-dearadh
Próisis forbartha agus tionscal forbartha - an
ról eagraíochtaí neamhrialtasacha, grúpaí féin-chabhrach, grúpaí agus comhlachais éagsúla, deontóirí,
charthanais, institiúidí agus geallsealbhóirí eile.
Ról na seirbhísí sibhialta i ndaonlathas.
Test - 5
Forbairt Eacnamaíoch:Eacnamaíocht na hIndia agus saincheisteanna a bhaineann le pleanáil, soghluaisteacht
acmhainní, fás, forbairt agus fostaíocht.
Fás cuimsitheach agus saincheisteanna a eascraíonn as.
Talmhaíocht:Forthaí móra - patrúin chothúcháin i gcodanna éagsúla den tír,
cineálacha éagsúla uisceuisce agus córais uisceuisceuisce a stóráil, a iompar
agus margaíocht táirgí talmhaíochta agus saincheisteanna agus
Is é an teicneolaíocht leictreonaí cabhair do fheirmeoirí.
Slándáil Inmheánach:Naisc idir forbairt agus scaipeadh na foirceanntachta.
Ról gníomhaithe seachtracha stáit agus neamhstáit i gcruthú na ndúshláin
chun slándála inmheánach.
dúshláin slándála agus a mbainistíocht i limistéir theorann;
nasc idir an choireacht eagraithe agus an sceimhlitheoireacht.
Test - 6
Stair na hIndia: Comhdhlúthú agus athchóiriú tar éis na neamhspleáchais laistigh de
Saol an Domhain: Beidh imeachtaí ón 18ú haois san áireamh sa stair an domhain
Tá an-chuid de na daoine a bhfuil an-tóir orthu ag an saol seo, mar shampla réabhlóid thionsclaíoch, cogaí domhanda, ath-
teorainneacha, coilíneacht, díchoilíneacht, fealsúnachtaí polaitiúla cosúil le
communism caipitleachas, sóisialachas etc. - a bhfoirmeacha agus
éifeacht ar an tsochaí.
Geografaíocht:Tréithe suntasacha de gheografaíocht fhisiceach an domhain.
(Geomorphology, Oceanography + Eile)
Dáileadh na príomshreddheacmhainní nádúrtha ar fud an domhain
(lena n-áirítear an Áise Theas agus an fho-chananacha Indiach)
freagrach as suíomh na bunscoile, na dara agus na tríú
tionscail earnála i gcodanna éagsúla den domhan (an India san áireamh).
Test - 7 Cad a DhéanfadhEssay Cad a DhéanfadhActive Cad a DhéanfadhTake Test Cad a Dhéanfadh
Test - 8
Polaitíocht na hIndiaParlaimint agus reachtóirí stáit - struchtúr, feidhmiú, iompar
gnóthaí, cumhachtaí agus pribhléidí agus saincheisteanna a eascraíonn as na nithe sin.
Struchtúr, eagraíocht agus feidhmiú an Feidhmeannais agus an Choiste
Breithiúnais - Aireacht agus Rannóg an Rialtais,
grúpaí brú agus comhlachais foirmiúla / neamhfhoirmiúla agus a gcuid
ról sa Pholaitíocht.
Caidreamh Idirnáisiúnta - India agus a chomharsanacht - caidreamh.
Éifeacht bheartais agus beartas na dtíortha forbartha agus na dtíortha i mbéal forbartha
tíortha ar leasanna na hIndia, an Diaspora Indiach.
Sochaí na hIndiaEifeachtaí domhandaithe ar an tsochaí Indiach.
Cumhachtú sóisialta, coimhlintíocht, réigiúnachas agus seicleoireacht.
Test - 9
Geilleagar na hIndiaAthchóirithe talún san India.
Éifeachtaí an léirscaoilte ar an ngeilleagar, muirir i dtionscal
an bheartas tionsclaíoch agus a n-éifeachtaí ar fhás tionsclaíoch.
Bonneagar: Fuinneamh, Calafoirt, Bóithre, Aerfoirt, Iarnróid, etc.
TalmhaíochtCasanna a bhaineann le fóirdheontais dhíreacha agus indíreacha feirme agus le híosmhéideanna
praghsanna tacaíochta; cuspóirí, feidhmiú,
teorainneacha, athshlánú, saincheisteanna stoic bhais agus slándáil bhia;
Misean teicneolaíochta; eacnamaíocht na beathaíochta.
Slándáil inmheánachDéileálacha leis an tslándáil inmheánach trí líonraí cumarsáide,
ról na meán agus láithreáin líonraithe sóisialta i ndáil le slándáil inmheánach
dúshláin, bunleibhéil na cibearshlándála, airgead-
agus a chosc.
Na fórsaí agus na gníomhaireachtaí slándála éagsúla agus a sainordú
Test - 10 Cad a DhéanfasEssay Cad a DhéanfasActive Cad a DhéanfasTake Test Cad a Dhéanfas
Test - 11
EiticChomhsheasamh: ábhar, struchtúr, feidhm; a thionchar agus a chaidreamh
smaointe agus iompair; dearcadh morálta agus polaitiúil; dearcadh sóisialta agus polaitiúil;
tionchar agus mealladh.
Oiriúnachta agus luachanna bunúsacha don tSeirbhís Phoiblí, ionracas,
neamhchlaontacht agus neamhphóirtheachas, oibiachtúlacht, díograis do
seirbhís phoiblí, comhbhá, fhulaingt & Compassion i leith
na codanna is laige.
Inneall mothúchánach - coincheapa agus a n-úsáideanna agus
feidhmíocht i riar agus i rialachas.
Ranníocaíochtaí smaointeoirí agus fealsúna moralacha
ó India agus an domhan.
Staidéar cás ar na saincheisteanna thuasluaite.
Ealaín agus CultúrCúlra na hIndia clúdóidh sé na gnéithe is suntasaí de Shaoráidí Ealaíne,
Litríocht & Ealaín ó amanna ársa go nua-aimseartha.
│Test - 12 │ │ General Studies - 1 / Full Test: Full Portion │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │
Test - 13 Cad a DhéanfadhEssay Cad a DhéanfadhActive Cad a DhéanfadhTake Test Cad a Dhéanfadh
Test - 14
Polity Indiach Ceapadh go postanna, cumhachtaí, feidhmeanna éagsúla Bunreachtúla
& freagrachtaí na gcomhlachtaí bunreachtúla éagsúla.
Comhlachtaí reachtúla, rialála agus comhlachtaí cosúla-bhreithiúnacha éagsúla.
Deighilt cumhachtaí idir na comhlachtaí éagsúla
meicníochtaí agus institiúidí.
Comparáid idir scéim bhunreachtúil na hIndia agus an scéim bhunreachtúil sin
na dtíortha eile.
RialachasScéimeanna leasa do chuid íogair den daonra
an tIonad agus na Stáit agus feidhmíocht na scéimeanna sin;
Meicníochtaí, dlíthe, institiúidí agus Comhlachtaí a bunaíodh chun an
cosaint agus feabhas a chur ar na codanna leochaileacha seo.
Ceisteanna a bhaineann le forbairt agus bainistiú na
Seicteoir/Seirbhísí a bhaineann le Sláinte, Oideachas, Acmhainní Daonna.
Ceisteanna a bhaineann le bochtaineacht agus le haigneas.
gnéithe tábhachtacha den rialachas, den trédhearcacht agus den fhreagracht,
e-rialachas - iarratais, samhlacha, rath, teorainneacha, agus
an acmhainn; cairteanna saoránach, trédhearcacht & cuntasacht agus
bearta institiúideacha agus bearta eile.
Caidrimh IdirnáisiúntaGrúpaí agus comhaontuithe déthaobhacha, réigiúnacha agus domhanda
a bhaineann leis an India agus / nó a dhéanann difear do leasanna na hIndia.
Inniu, tá an tAontas Eorpach ag tabhairt aghaidh ar an ngéarchéim seo.
│Test - 15 RinneadhStuidéir Ghinearálta - 2 / Full Test │ Full Portion RinneadhActive RinneadhTóg RinneadhRinneadh
Test - 16
Eitic: Luachanna na Seirbhíse Poiblí/Civil agus Eitic i Riarachán Poiblí;
stádas agus fadhbanna; imní eiticiúla & dilemaí i
institiúidí rialtais agus príobháideacha; dlíthe, rialacha, rialacháin
agus an comhfhios mar fhoinsí treoracha eitice; cuntasacht
rialachas eiticiúil; neartú na
luachanna i rialachas; saincheisteanna eitice i gcaidreamh idirnáisiúnta
agus maoiniú; rialachas corparáideach.
Probháid i Rialáil; Coincheap na Seirbhíse Poiblí; Físeolaíoch
an t-eolas a roinnt agus a chur ar fáil do dhaoine eile.
trédhearcacht sa rialtas, an ceart chun faisnéise, cóid Eitic,
An tAontas Eorpach, tionscal, tionscal na Gaeilge
soláthar seirbhíse, Úsáide cistí poiblí, dúshláin na
Staidéar cás ar na saincheisteanna thuasluaite.
Test - 17 Cad a Thógann Essay Cad a ThógannActive Cad a Thógann Test Cad a Thógann
Test - 18
TalmhaíochtPróiseáil bia agus tionscail ghaolmhara san India - raon feidhme
agus tábhacht, suíomh, ceanglais shuntasacha agus shuntasacha,
bainistiú slabhra soláthair.
Eolaíocht agus TeicneolaíochtFhorbairtí eolaíochta agus teicneolaíochta agus a n-iarratais
agus éifeachtaí sa saol laethúil.
Éachtaí na hIndiaigh i eolaíocht agus teicneolaíocht;
tionscal agus saincheisteanna a bhaineann le heintleachtúil
Tá an t-eolas i réimsí na TF, na Spáis, Ríomhairí, róbataic,
Tá sé tábhachtach go mbeadh an tAontas Eorpach ag obair go dian ar an mbóthar.
ceart maoine intleachtúla.
ComhshaolConservation, truailliú & díghrádú an chomhshaoil,
measúnú ar thionchar ar an gcomhshaol.
Gníomhaíochtaí um Chosaint agus um Rialú na dTrioblóidí
Test - 19 RinneadhStuidéir Ghinearálta - 3/Test: RinneadhStuidéirLíonra iomlánRinneadhStuidéirGníomhachRinneadhStuidéirTógRinneadhStuidéirRéalta
Test - 20 Cad a DhéanfadhEssay Cad a DhéanfadhActive Cad a DhéanfadhTake Test Cad a Dhéanfadh
Test - 21 adad General Studies - 4 adadActive adadTake adad Test
│Test - 22 │ │ General Studies - 1/Test: Full Portion │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │
│Test - 23 RinneadhStuidéir Ghinearálta - 2 / Full Test │ Full Portion RinneadhStuidéirGníomhach RinneadhStuidéirTóg RinneadhStuidéir
Test - 24 RinneadhStuidéir Ghinearálta - 3/Test: RinneadhStuidéirLíonra iomlánRinneadhStuidéirGníomhachRinneadhStuidéirTógRinneadhStuidéirRéalta
│Test - 25 │ │ General Studies - 4 │ │ Test: Full Portion │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ |
Oiled wildlife response and preparedness is increasingly recognised as a key issue that needs to be fully integrated into existing response plans and preparedness programmes for marine pollution incidents. In Europe, Regional Conventions have started encouraging their Contracting Parties to develop oiled wildlife response plans and have agreed instruments that allow international cooperation in the case of incidents. The number of countries that have agreed oiled wildlife response plans is growing.
Response to wildlife affected by Hazardous and Noxious Substances (HNS) is less clearly regulated and HNS spills are not often subject to the large scale cleanup processes that massive oil spills engender, however the SOLAS and MarPol Conventions do address whether discharge of such substances is permitted and on what level. While these Conventions largely speak to the issue of prevention, not allowing potentially dangerous substances to be discharged into the marine environment,it does open the door to discussions regarding response and compensation in the future.
As knowledge of the effects of anthropogenic sound on wildlife increases some countries, most notably the UK and US, have begun to regulate how and when sound can be used during oil and gas exploration. Military exercises are beginning to take into account movement of marine animals in areas where exercises are being planned. But much more remains to be done in these two important areas.
The various international key players listed here have used their influence to actively enhance the process of acceptance of the importance of oiled wildlife response and increasingly the effects of those efforts become visible. These key players often work together in sharing experiences and developing guidelines for good practice. | <urn:uuid:1652251b-3a27-45ba-b5b8-c659ecebf215> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | http://www.oiledwildlife.eu/background-information/International%20conventions%20and%20key%20players | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891817523.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20180225225657-20180226005657-00426.warc.gz | en | 0.96299 | 314 | 3.328125 | 3 | Tá aitheantas ag éirí níos mó ar fhreagra agus ar ullmhacht i leith fiadhúlra olaithe mar phríomhcheist nach mór a chomhtháthú go hiomlán i bpleananna freagartha agus i gclár ullmhachta atá ann cheana i leith eachtraí truaillithe mara. I mBeirlín, tá Conarthaí Réigiúnacha ag spreagadh a bPáirtithe Conarthacha chun pleananna freagartha i leith fiadhúlra olaithe a fhorbairt agus tá ionstraimí comhaontaithe acu a cheadaíonn comhar idirnáisiúnta i gcás teagmhas. Tá líon na dtíortha a bhfuil pleananna freagartha fiadhúlra olaithe acu ag fás.
Tá an fhreagairt ar fhiadhúlra a bhfuil tionchar ag Substaintí contúirteacha agus díobhálacha (HNS) orthu níos lú rialaithe go soiléir agus ní bhíonn sceitheadh HNS faoi réir go minic do phróisis ghlanadh ar scála mór a chruthaíonn sceitheadh ola ollmhór, ach déanann Coinbhinsiúin SOLAS agus MarPol plé leis an gcead a bhfuil sceitheadh substaintí den sórt sin agus ar cén leibhéal. Cé go bhfuil na Coinbhinsiúin seo ag caint go mór ar an gceist maidir le cosc, gan ligean do substaintí a d'fhéadfadh a bheith contúirteach a scaoileadh isteach sa timpeallacht mhuirí, osclaíonn sé an doras do phlé maidir le freagairt agus cúiteamh sa todhchaí.
De réir mar a mhéadaíonn an t-eolas faoi éifeachtaí fuaime anthrópaigineach ar bheatha fiáine, tá roinnt tíortha, go háirithe an Ríocht Aontaithe agus na Stáit Aontaithe, tar éis tosú ag rialáil conas agus cathain is féidir fuaim a úsáid le linn iniúchadh ola agus gáis. Tá cleachtaí míleata ag tosú ag cur gluaiseacht ainmhithe mara san áireamh i limistéir ina bhfuil cleachtaí á phleanáil. Ach tá go leor eile le déanamh sna dhá réimse tábhachtacha seo.
Tá na príomhghníomhaithe idirnáisiúnta éagsúla atá liostaithe anseo tar éis a n-ionchur a úsáid chun an próiseas glacadh le tábhacht an fhreagra ar fhiadhúlra olaithe a fheabhsú go gníomhach agus tá éifeachtaí na n-iarrachtaí sin le feiceáil i gcónaí. Is minic a oibríonn na príomhghníomhaithe seo le chéile chun taithí a roinnt agus treoirlínte a fhorbairt le haghaidh dea-chleachtas. |
President Barack Obama confirmed Malaysia Airlines MH17 was likely shot down over eastern Ukraine by Russian-supported separatists using a surface-to-air missile. Obama and military experts speaking to mainstream media aren't discussing much reasoning behind how they know - but it's plausible a Department of Defense military satellite saw a heat signature when the missile hit.
The U.S. government uses space-based technology to defend against intercontinental ballistic missiles, serving as an early warning system. Newer satellites ushered in the Space Based Infrared Systems (SBIRS) network that can identify missiles quicker so they can be intercepted.
Federal governments won't provide detailed images of the crash site, which spans several square miles, but commercial satellite owners could release further details. Some Earth-watching satellites have started to take a closer look at the airspace above eastern Ukraine. However, cloudy weather has hampered such efforts, but it could still be possible to identify how much the scene has been tampered with by rebels. | <urn:uuid:162c96de-ce05-49e8-88f8-9e67fd7fd5a4> | CC-MAIN-2014-52 | http://www.tweaktown.com/news/39183/satellites-likely-captured-image-of-mh17-hit-by-missile-over-ukraine/index.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1418802774899.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20141217075254-00133-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.954064 | 197 | 2.75 | 3 | Dheimhnigh an tUachtarán Barack Obama go raibh MH17 de chuid Malaysia Airlines ar dóigh go raibh sé ar tí ag scaradhóirí a raibh tacaíocht ó na Rúise acu a lámhaigh thar oirthear na hÚcráine ag baint úsáide as mionscal talún-ar-aer. Ní bhíonn Obama agus saineolaithe míleata ag caint leis na meáin phríomhshrutha ag plé go leor réasúnaithe taobh thiar de conas a bhfuil a fhios acu - ach is dócha gur chonaic satailíte míleata na Roinne Cosanta síntiús teasa nuair a bhuail an mionscal.
Úsáideann rialtas na Stát Aontaithe teicneolaíocht spáis chun cosaint a dhéanamh i gcoinne mionsclaí ballaíocha idir-chríochach, ag feidhmiú mar chóras rabhaidh luath. Tá satailítí níos nuaí curtha isteach sa líonra Córais Infridhearg Spáis (SBIRS) a d'fhéadfadh mionsonraí a aithint níos gasta ionas gur féidir iad a chur i gcéin.
Ní chuirfidh rialtais cónaidhme íomhánna mionsonraithe ar fáil den suíomh tubaiste, a shíneann roinnt míle cearnach, ach d'fhéadfadh úinéirí satailíte tráchtála breis sonraí a scaoileadh. Tá roinnt satailíte faire talún tar éis tús a chur le breathnú níos dlúithe ar an spás aeir os cionn oirthear na hÚcráine. Mar sin féin, tá aimsir chnuasach tar éis cur isteach ar iarrachtaí den sórt sin, ach d'fhéadfadh sé a bheith fós indéanta a aithint cé mhéad an radharc a bhí tampolated ag na reibiliúnaithe. |
Here are some suggestions to try:
1/ If you feel angry/down or frustrated, count to 10 and distract yourself. Pause to notice your thoughts and emotions non-judgmentally.
2/ Do a body scan. Scan your body from toes to the crown of your head, imagining that you are breathing into each part in turn. Helps with the fixation of sad or anxious thoughts.
3/ Practise ‘noting’ meditation. Label each thought or sensation that arises (such as worry, tiredness etc). The act of labelling can remind you that fear and you are not one of the same.
4/ Close your eyes and relax, focussing on breathing. Breathe in, visualising a colour you feel is peaceful and breathe out a colour that reflects your anxiety. Then visualise a hot air balloon and imagine that you are putting all of your negative thoughts/stresses/feelings into that hot air balloon and watch it gently float away into the distance with the ‘problems’ getting smaller as it floats away.
Scroll down below the image for more strategies for coping with stress.
Strategies For Coping With Stress
Caring for someone with an eating disorder can be very stressful and often a carer can feel emotionally drained and vulnerable.
Here are a few ways to help ‘ease’ you through the day.
1. When you feel an increase in how distressed or anxious you feel, make a conscious decision to try a distraction activity of your choice. This could be a crossword puzzle, reading a book, whatever you like to do. Practice your activity for 10 minutes every other day.
2. Do one thing at a time. When you are walking, just walk, when eating, just eat (try not to let your thoughts take over.)
3. Close your eyes and pay attention to the physical sensations that you feel in different parts of your body. Work gradually from head to toe, being mindful as you do. Alternatively, you can work from your toes through every body part, right through to your head, then imagine the top of your head releasing all tension and negative thoughts, just as a valve releases pressure. If you feel your mind wandering, try to bring it back to the task.
4. Try the Five Senses technique - Think of five things that you can hear (maybe a bird singing, a car outside), then think of five things that you can see and then five things that you can feel (maybe the texture of clothing, your hand on a cold table etc.) Follow the same sense awareness, counting down four things, three things until you reach one thing. This technique can be used almost any time and any where and can really help to calm and relieve stress.
5. Imagine writing your thoughts and stresses into sand on a beautiful beach. Then when you are ready, imagine waves gently rolling up over them and washing them away into the sea. | <urn:uuid:cb56d238-d656-473a-b5de-1b3627997648> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.eas-ed.co.uk/relaxing.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947476442.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20240304101406-20240304131406-00041.warc.gz | en | 0.946117 | 606 | 2.875 | 3 | Seo roinnt moltaí le triail a bhaint as:
1/ Má bhraitheann tú feargach/brón nó frustrach, comhaireamh go dtí 10 agus díriú ort féin. Stop le do chuid smaointe agus mothúchán a thabhairt faoi deara gan breithniú.
2/ Déan scanadh coirp. Scrúdaigh do chorp ó thonn do chosa go dtí crown do cheann, agus samhlaigh go bhfuil tú ag anailís isteach i ngach cuid de réir a chéile. Cabhraíonn sé le smaointe brónach nó imní a shocrú.
3/ Léim a dhéanamh ar mheabhrúchán. Déan lipéad ar gach smaoineamh nó mothúchán a thagann chun cinn (mar shampla imní, tuirse etc.). Is féidir leis an ngníomh lipéadúcháin a mheabhrú duit nach bhfuil eagla agus tú ar cheann den gcéanna.
4/ Dún do shúile agus scíth a ligean, ag díriú ar an anailís. Breathe isteach, ag samhlú dath a bhraitheann tú síochánta agus a anailís amach dath a léiríonn do imní. Ansin samhlaigh balún aer te agus samhlaigh go bhfuil tú ag cur do chuid smaointe/stress/fhaireachtaí diúltacha go léir isteach sa balún aer te sin agus féachaint air ag snámh go ciúin ar shiúl sa chiall agus na 'problemaí' ag éirí níos lú agus é ag snámh ar shiúl.
Scrollaigh síos faoin íomhá le haghaidh níos mó straitéisí chun déileáil le strus.
Bealaí chun déileáil le strus
Is féidir le cúram a thabhairt do dhuine a bhfuil neamhoird itheacháin aige a bheith an-strusach agus is minic a mhothaíonn cúramóir go bhfuil sé díghalraithe go mothúchánach agus leochaileach.
Seo cúpla bealach chun cabhrú leat "a dhéanamh níos éasca" tríd an lá.
1. an t-am a bhí ann. Nuair a bhraitheann tú go bhfuil méadú tagtha ar an méid a bhraitheann tú buartha nó imní, déan cinneadh ciallmhar iarracht a dhéanamh gníomhaíocht dí-ghabháil a roghnaíonn tú. D'fhéadfadh sé seo a bheith ina crosfhocal, ag léamh leabhar, cibé rud is maith leat a dhéanamh. Déan do ghníomhaíocht a chleachtadh ar feadh 10 nóiméad gach lá eile.
2. Seachadadh. Déan rud amháin ag an am. Nuair a bhíonn tú ag siúl, ní gá duit ach siúl, agus nuair a bhíonn tú ag ithe, ní mór duit ach ithe (níl ag iarraidh ligean do chuid smaointe a bheith i gceannas ort.)
3. Tá an t-am ann. Dún do shúile agus tabhair aird ar na mothúcháin fhisiciúla a bhraitheann tú i gcodanna éagsúla de do chorp. Oibrigh de réir a chéile ó cheann go dtí an t-aodach, agus bí aireach mar a dhéanann tú. Nó, is féidir leat oibriú ó do thriomáin tríd gach cuid den chorp, go díreach go dtí do cheann, ansin samhlaigh go bhfuil barr do chinn ag scaoileadh gach teannas agus smaointe diúltacha, díreach mar a scaoileann comhla brú. Má bhraitheann tú go bhfuil do chuid smaointe ag dul ar shiúl, déan iarracht iad a thabhairt ar ais chuig an tasc.
4. Tá an t-am Bain triail as an teicníc Cúig Chinn - Smaoinigh ar chúig rud is féidir leat a chloisteáil (b'fhéidir éan ag canadh, carr amuigh), ansin smaoinigh ar chúig rud is féidir leat a fheiceáil agus ansin cúig rud is féidir leat a mhothachadh (b'fhéidir an struchtúr éadaí, do lámh ar bhord fuar srl.) Lean an feasacht chéanna, ag cuntáil siar ceithre rud, trí rud go dtí go sroichfidh tú rud amháin. Is féidir an teicníc seo a úsáid beagnach am ar bith agus áit ar bith agus is féidir leis cabhrú go fírinneach le suaimhneas agus le strus a mhaolú.
5. Tá an t-am ann. Samhlaigh go bhfuil do chuid smaointe agus strus á scríobh i sáinn ar thrá álainn. Ansin, nuair a bheidh tú réidh, samhlaigh go bhfuil tonnta ag dul suas go ciúin thar na páistí agus iad ag snámh ar shiúl isteach sa bhfarraige. |
If you’re looking for an art that is truly enjoyable and very relaxing, then you have found it with woodworking. So where do you begin? Well, this article is here to help you find out what you can do to get started with woodworking. There is a lot to learn, but the great thing about woodworking is you only need to know a few things to get started. The rest you can learn along the way.
When sanding a piece of lumber, a lot of sawdust and debris is produced. To help remove those bits of dust and debris from your project vacuum the area. Then, remove the remaining debris using a tack cloth. Wipe both sides of the lumber to remove all traces of debris for best results.
Always put your safety first when it comes to using tools, stains and paints. The more variety you use, the more specifics there are about applications, tool use, times for drying, and more. Put your safety first by reading the instructions, wearing any necessary protective gear, and working in areas with good ventilation whenever using oil-based products or anything that produces air pollutants.
If you are bored using power tools for your woodworking project, try your hand at using classic manual tools. For hundreds of years people used no power in their woodworking. Everything was done by hand. It is a challenging way to add some excitement and pride to your next woodworking project.
Always use the safety equiptment that came with any of your woodworking tools. You may feel that a sheild is getting in your way when you are sawing, but its purpose is to protect you from serious injury. If you feel tempted just think of what it would be like to lose a finger or worse.
If you have a high skill level when it comes to woodworking you may want to think about taking some time to share your knowledge with others. You can keep it simple by recording what you do step-by-step or you could take it to a higher level and teach a class.
Look for free wood sources. A lot of companies have pallets out back collecting dust, and they will probably give them to you when you have a way to take them. Rather than break down the pallet, though, search the Internet to see what can be done with it.
Always check your tools before you begin using them. Woodworking with a faulty or overused tool can easily lead to a serious injury or destruction of your materials. To make sure that this does not happen to you take the time to thoroughly inspect your tools from top to bottom.
Keep your work area as clean as possible. Woodworking creates a lot of mess, especially dust. This dust can get into your home and eventually into your lungs. This can cause real health problems down the road for you and your family. So take a few minutes after a job, and sweep up your space.
Always clean and sharpen your woodworking tools after you use them. If you do not, the materials and debris left on your tools can make this a less effective cutting tool for your next project. Keeping them cleaned will also extend the life of your tools, saving you money in the long run.
It is time to put what you have read to the test. Use this advice so that you can get yourself going with the art of woodworking. As you continue along, understand that practice will see you getting better. Just enjoy yourself, and think about all the wonderful things you can make. | <urn:uuid:62e8d5b1-158b-40ae-82d6-7cbbd595e9e7> | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | https://www.mywoodworkingsite.com/want-to-learn-about-woodworking-nows-your-chance-22/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107878662.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20201021235030-20201022025030-00459.warc.gz | en | 0.961039 | 713 | 2.984375 | 3 | Má tá tú ag lorg ealaíne atá fíor-chúramach agus an-sásta, ansin tá sé le déanamh agat le saothar adhmaid. Mar sin, cá bhfuil tú ag tosú? Bhuel, tá an t-alt seo anseo chun cabhrú leat a fháil amach cad is féidir leat a dhéanamh chun tosú le ceardaíocht adhmaid. Tá go leor le foghlaim, ach is é an rud iontach faoi obair adhmaid nach gá duit ach cúpla rud a fhios a bheith agat chun tosú. Is féidir leat an chuid eile a fhoghlaim ar an mbealach.
Nuair a bhíonn píosa fiodh á scriosadh, déantar go leor sciathán agus scriosanna a tháirgeadh. Chun cabhrú leis na píosaí deannaigh agus scriosanna sin a bhaint as do thionscadal, bíodh spraoi ag an limistéar. Ansin, bain an chuid eile den scraobthacht le clúdach tac. Glan an dá thaobh den fhigiúr chun gach rian de scrios a bhaint chun na torthaí is fearr a fháil.
Cuir do shábháilteacht ar dtús i gcónaí nuair a bhaineann sé le huirlisí, le stains agus le péinteanna a úsáid. An níos mó éagsúlacht a úsáideann tú, is mó na sonraíochtaí atá ann maidir le feidhmchláir, úsáid uirlisí, amanna triomú, agus níos mó. Cuir do shábháilteacht ar dtús trí na treoracha a léamh, aon trealamh cosanta riachtanach a chaitheamh, agus ag obair i limistéir a bhfuil dea-aereáil orthu aon uair a úsáideann tú táirgí olabhunaithe nó aon rud a tháirgeann truailleoirí aeir.
Má tá tú tuirseach de uirlisí leictreacha a úsáid le haghaidh do thionscadail oibre adhmaid, déan iarracht do lámh a úsáid ar uirlisí láimhe clasaiceacha. Le céadta bliain níor úsáid daoine aon chumhacht ina gcuid oibre adhmaid. Rinneadh gach rud de láimh. Is bealach dúshlánach é chun spreagadh agus bród a chur ar do chéad tionscadal oibre adhmaid eile.
Úsáid an trealamh sábháilteachta a tháinig le haon cheann de do uirlisí oibre adhmaid i gcónaí. B'fhéidir go mbraitheann tú go bhfuil sciath ag dul i do bhealach nuair a bhíonn tú ag píolótaíocht, ach is é a chuspóir tú a chosaint ó ghortú tromchúiseach. Má bhraitheann tú tempted ach smaoineamh ar cad a bheadh sé cosúil le méarloirg a chailleadh nó níos measa.
Má tá leibhéal ard scileanna agat maidir le saotharlann adhmaid, b'fhéidir gur mhaith leat smaoineamh ar roinnt ama a chur ar fáil chun do chuid eolais a roinnt le daoine eile. Is féidir leat é a choinneáil simplí trí thaifeadadh cad a dhéanann tú céim ar chéim nó d'fhéadfá é a chur go leibhéal níos airde agus a mhúineadh rang.
Féach ar fhoinsí adhmaid saor in aisce. Tá go leor cuideachtaí pailéid taobh thiar ag bailiú deannaigh, agus is dócha go dtabharfaidh siad iad duit nuair a bheidh bealach agat iad a thógáil. Seachas an pailéad a bhriseadh síos, áfach, déan cuardach ar an Idirlíon chun a fheiceáil cad is féidir a dhéanamh leis.
Seiceáil do chuid uirlisí i gcónaí sula dtosaíonn tú ag úsáid iad. Is féidir le huirlis lochtach nó ró-úsáidte a bheith ag obair le crann go héasca le do chuid ábhair a ghortú nó a mhilleadh go tromchúiseach. Chun a chinntiú nach dtarlóidh sé seo leat féin, tabhair am chun do chuid uirlisí a iniúchadh go cúramach ó thús go deireadh.
Coinnigh do limistéar oibre chomh glan agus is féidir. Cruthaíonn obair adhmaid go leor fuinneamh, go háirithe deannaigh. Is féidir leis an deannach seo dul isteach i do theach agus go dtí do shléibhte sa deireadh. D'fhéadfadh sé seo fadhbanna sláinte dáiríre a chur ort féin agus do do theaghlach ar an mbóthar. Mar sin, tar éis obair a dhéanamh, tóg cúpla nóiméad chun do spás a scriosadh.
Déan do chuid uirlisí oibre adhmaid a ghlanadh agus a ghéarú i gcónaí tar éis duit iad a úsáid. Mura ndéanann tú amhlaidh, d'fhéadfadh na hábhair agus na scriosanna a fhágann ar do chuid uirlisí é seo a dhéanamh ina uirlis gearrtha níos lú éifeachtach le haghaidh do chéad tionscadail eile. Má choinníonn tú glan iad, molfaidh sé freisin go mairfidh do chuid uirlisí, rud a shábhálfaidh airgead duit ar feadh i bhfad.
Tá sé in am an méid a léigh tú a chur ar an tástáil. Bain úsáid as an chomhairle seo ionas gur féidir leat tú féin a chur ar bun leis an ealaín oibre adhmaid. Agus tú ag leanúint ar aghaidh, tuig go bhfeicfidh tú go bhfeabhsóidh tú trí chleachtadh. Just taitneamh a bhaint as féin, agus smaoineamh ar na rudaí iontach is féidir leat a dhéanamh. |
When tracks were laid for the new Southern Pacific Railroad, two teams raced to join each other, one moving south through the Central Valley and the other heading north from Los Angeles. Many geological obstacles along the route required innovative solutions, such as the circling Tehachapi Loop seen here.
After 1860, the railroad was a persistent subject in Carleton Watkins's photographs. As a close friend of Collis P. Huntington, one of the executives of the Central Pacific Railroad and its extension, the Southern Pacific, Watkins traveled along the railways for many years with complementary annual passes. He essentially functioned as an unofficial photographer of the railroads, often taking images on or near the new tracks. | <urn:uuid:61a8fbc4-6013-4da9-9dc0-956174859f16> | CC-MAIN-2014-52 | http://www.getty.edu/art/gettyguide/artObjectDetails?artobj=107691 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1419447550218.103/warc/CC-MAIN-20141224185910-00094-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.965021 | 138 | 2.921875 | 3 | Nuair a leagadh rianta don Iarnród Nua an Aigéin Chiúin Theas, bhí dhá fhoireann ag dul chun a chéile, ceann ag bogadh ó dheas tríd an Central Valley agus an ceann eile ag dul ó thuaidh ó Los Angeles. D'éileodh le réitigh nuálacha ar go leor constaicí géolaíocha ar an mbóthar, mar shampla an Tehachapi Loop a fheictear anseo.
Tar éis 1860, bhí an iarnród ina ábhar leanúnach i ngrianghrafadóirí Carleton Watkins. Mar chara gar do Collis P. Huntington, ceann de na feidhmiúcháin ar an Iarnród an Aigéin Chiúin Láir agus a leathnú, an Aigéin Chiúin Theas, thaistil Watkins ar feadh na iarnróid ar feadh blianta fada le pasanna bliantúla comhlántach. Bhí sé ag feidhmiú go bunúsach mar ghrianghrafadóir neamhoifigiúil na dtruail, ag glacadh pictiúir go minic ar na rianta nua nó in aice leo. |
The GMB union has revealed that the emergence of a new pathogen called Fusarium Wilt Tropical Race 4 (TR4) has been affecting crop production in many parts of the world.
TR4 is a variation of the plant pathogen known as Panama disease that, during the 1950s, wiped out most commercial production of Gros Michel bananas, at that time the dominant cultivar of bananas.
News of the new pathogen was unveiled as trade unions and small producers met at the third World Banana Forum in Geneva this week.
According to Banana Link, the not-for-profit co-operative based in Norwich, Britons alone eat over five billion bananas every year.
The pathogen has already affected crops of Cavendish bananas across Asia, including the Philippines and Indonesia, and in Jordan, Pakistan and Lebanon. It is on the rise in Africa and Australia.
Speaking from the World Banana Forum in Geneva, GMB's international officer Bert Schouwenburg said it was only a matter of time before the disease takes hold elsewhere, with “devastating consequences for exports to Britain and Europe”.
“The system for the production and trade of dessert bananas is little more than a house of cards built on the shaky foundations of monoculture and genetic uniformity. This house of cards threatens to collapse at any moment,” he said.
However, a spokeswoman from the Fresh Produce Consortium said the spread was not rapid and that a lot of work was taking place to slow down its advance.
“In the short term there will be no problem with supply of bananas to the UK as all areas from which we import are unaffected,” she said.
“Prices for bananas are highly competitive and at some time will have to increase, however that will depend over time on other market forces and not the current spread of this disease. If the disease becomes established in Central and South America, then this would become a concern for UK supplies.” | <urn:uuid:ed7a7ff3-79e6-4aeb-b4ea-0deff19afbdf> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | https://www.morningadvertiser.co.uk/Article/2017/11/09/Could-this-be-the-end-of-the-banana-split | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891812913.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20180220070423-20180220090423-00163.warc.gz | en | 0.969298 | 406 | 2.953125 | 3 | Nocht an ceardchumainn GMB go bhfuil an teacht chun cinn de phaitóigin nua ar a dtugtar Fusarium Wilt Tropical Race 4 (TR4) ag dul i bhfeidhm ar tháirgeadh barra i go leor áiteanna ar fud an domhain.
Is athrú é TR4 ar phaitógán plandaí ar a dtugtar galar Panama a scrios, le linn na 1950idí, an chuid is mó de tháirgeadh tráchtála bananaí Gros Michel, an cothú bananaí is mó a bhí ann ag an am sin.
Nochtadh an nuacht faoin bpatógán nua nuair a bhuail ceardchumainn agus táirgeoirí beaga ag an tríú Fóram Domhanda Bananaí i Ginéive an tseachtain seo.
De réir Banana Link, an chomhlacht neamhbhrabúis atá lonnaithe i Norwich, itheann na Breataine amháin níos mó ná cúig billiún banana gach bliain.
Tá an paiteagáin tar éis tionchar a imirt cheana féin ar chultúr bananaí Cavendish ar fud na hÁise, lena n-áirítear na hOileáin Fhilipíneacha agus an Indinéis, agus sa Iordáin, sa Phacastáin agus sa Liobáin. Tá sé ag méadú san Afraic agus san Astráil.
Ag labhairt dó ó Fóram Domhanda Bananaí i Ginéive, dúirt oifigeach idirnáisiúnta GMB Bert Schouwenburg nach raibh sé ach ceist ama sula ndéanfaidh an galar a bheith i bhfeidhm in áiteanna eile, le "conarthaí tubaisteacha ar onnmhairí go dtí an Bhreatain agus an Eoraip".
Ní bhíonn an córas chun bananaí milse a tháirgeadh agus a thrádáil ach beagáinín níos mó ná teach cártaí a tógadh ar bhunaíochtaí shakeacha aonchultúr agus aonfhoirmeacht géiniteach. Tá an teach cártaí seo i mbaol titim in aon nóiméad, a dúirt sé.
Mar sin féin, dúirt urlabhraí ó Chonsórsaíocht Táirgí Uisce nach raibh an scaipeadh go tapa agus go raibh go leor oibre á dhéanamh chun a dhul chun cinn a mhoilliú.
'Ar an gearrthéarma, ní bheidh aon fhadhb le soláthar banana don RA mar nach mbeidh tionchar ag na ceantair go léir as a n-allmhairímid,' a dúirt sí.
Tá praghsanna banana an-iomaíoch agus beidh orthu méadú a dhéanamh ag am éigin, ach beidh sé sin ag brath thar am ar fhórsaí eile margaidh agus ní ar leathadh reatha na galair seo. Má thagann an galar chun cinn i Meiriceá Láir agus i Meiriceá Theas, ansin bheadh sé seo ina ábhar imní do sholáthar na Ríochta Aontaithe. |
Penguins are perhaps some of the most popular and best-loved of all birds. They appear throughout human culture, and are featured in children’s books, in magazines, cartoons, and in the movies; indeed, March of the Penguins was one of the highest-grossing documentary films of all time. When people think of penguins, they think of the Antarctic, and imagine a pristine wilderness occupied by numerous sleek, fat, well-fed penguins.
When encountered in the wild, penguins can seem querulous, angry, and argumentative. After breeding penguins moult their feathers they are anything but sleek. In fact, they cannot enter the water again until they have grown new feathers.
There are 18 species of penguins and they do not all live in the Antarctic. Many species are classified as Endangered or Vulnerable by the International Union for Conservation of Nature. These at-risk populations live mainly in South America, Africa, New Zealand, or in the sub-Antarctic.
Seven species of penguins are found in the Antarctic: Adélies (Pygoscelis adeliae), chinstraps (Pygoscelis antarctica), gentoos (Pygoscelis papua), king (Aptenodytes patagonicus), emperors (Aptenodytes forsteri), macaronis (Eudyptes chrysolophus), and southern rockhoppers (Eudyptes chrysocome).
Penguins spend the majority of their life at sea, diving for small fish, squid, and crustaceans, such as Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba), on which they feed. They return to land to reproduce and breed in colonies. The largest known penguin colony is on Zavadovski in the South Sandwich Islands where a million pairs of chinstraps breed annually. Feeding so many penguins requires enormous amounts of marine prey.
In the Antarctic and sub-Antarctic, Adélie, chinstrap, gentoo, macaroni, and emperor penguins depend upon Antarctic krill, particularly during the breeding season. Understanding how penguins find their food and how they compete with seals, whales, and other seabirds, as well as how fishing activities impact their prey sources, is vitally important if penguin populations are to thrive. | <urn:uuid:d5302759-4357-414f-afcd-11f15aee8fa9> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | http://www.antarcticfund.org/penguins | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891815500.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20180224073111-20180224093111-00128.warc.gz | en | 0.930434 | 497 | 3.765625 | 4 | B'fhéidir gurb iad na pinginí cuid de na héin is mó a bhfuil tóir orthu agus is mó grá acu. Tá siad le feiceáil ar fud chultúr an duine, agus tá siad le feiceáil i leabhair do leanaí, i irisí, i gcartaí, agus i scannáin; go deimhin, bhí Márta na Penguins ar cheann de na scannáin dhoiciméadacha is mó a thuill riamh. Nuair a smaoiníonn daoine ar phinginí, smaoiníonn siad ar an Antartach, agus samhlaíonn siad fásach neamhchlaonta a bhfuil go leor phinginí sleamhain, saille, dea-chothaithe ann.
Nuair a bhíonn siad i ndán dóibh féin, is féidir leo a bheith cosúil le pinginí gearántach, feargach, agus argóideach. Tar éis a gcuid plúdaí a moulting, tá na pingíní tar éis a gcuid plúdaí a moultadh, ach níl siad go sleamtha. Go deimhin, ní féidir leo dul isteach san uisce arís go dtí go bhfásfaidh plúir nua orthu.
Tá 18 speiceas de phingin agus ní bhíonn siad go léir ina gcónaí san Antartach. Tá go leor speiceas aicmithe mar Speiceas i mbaol nó Éagcothaithe ag an Aontas Idirnáisiúnta um Chaomhnú an Dúlra. Tá na daonra atá i mbaol seo ina gcónaí go príomha i Meiriceá Theas, san Afraic, sa Nua-Shéalainn, nó i bhfo-Antartach.
Tá seacht speiceas de phinginí le fáil san Antartach: Adélies (Pygoscelis adeliae), chinstraps (Pygoscelis antarctica), gentoos (Pygoscelis papua), rí (Aptenodytes patagonicus), impirí (Aptenodytes forsteri), macaronis (Eudyptes chrysolophus), agus rockhoppers theas (Eudyptes chrysocome).
Caitheann pinginí an chuid is mó dá saol ar muir, ag tumadh le haghaidh iasc beag, squid, agus crustaceans, mar shampla krill Antartach (Euphausia superba), ar a n-itheann siad. Téann siad ar ais go talamh chun atáirgeadh agus breeding i gcolóidí. Tá an coilíneacht pingvin is mó ar eolas ar Zavadovski in Oileáin Sandwich Theas áit a bhfuil milliún péire de chinstraps ag briodáil gach bliain. Éilíonn a lán de na preas mara a bheith ag teastáil chun an oiread sin pingíní a chothú.
Sa Antartach agus i bhfo-Antartach, tá Adélie, chinstrap, gentoo, macaroni, agus pingíní impire ag brath ar krill Antartach, go háirithe le linn an tséasúir atáirgthe. Tá sé ríthábhachtach tuiscint a fháil ar an gcaoi a bhfaigheann pincíní a gcuid bia agus ar an gcaoi a ndéanann siad iomaíocht le séalta, baill, agus éin mhuirí eile, chomh maith le conas a théann gníomhaíochtaí iascaireachta i bhfeidhm ar a bhfoinsí díola, má tá daonra pincíní le rathú. |
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Sharks have lived in the Earth's oceans for as many as 450 million years -- long before dinosaurs roamed on land. These ancient creatures have adapted to survive five mass extinctions. The earliest sharks probably didn't look much like modern sharks, and they stayed close to shore in search of prey. Over the ages they evolved into fast and stealthy off-shore predators, giving rise to the first known species of modern sharks around 100 million years ago.
Modified scales found in the mouths of ancient sharks, known as dermal denticles, provide evidence of some of the oldest known shark species. In 2012, paleontologists working in central Australia found dermal denticles resulting in a new genus and species of shark being named -- evidence of the oldest named shark on record. Scales an estimated 455 million years old were found in Colorado, but paleontologists don't agree on whether these are scales of a shark species or a similar sharklike fish. Dermal denticles dating back 420 million years have also been found in Siberia and Mongolia.
Because shark bones are made up mostly of cartilage, they tend to decompose before they can become fossilized, so few intact skeletons of the oldest sharks remain. The most complete fossilized shark remains date back some 380 million years, including a whole brain case found in Australia. Full skeletons of sharks from 318 million years ago also exist in North American limestone beds. Fossilized vertebrae contain isotopes that scientists study to learn the diet of prehistoric sharks and better understand the evolution of various shark species.
Shark teeth are actually even more modified denticles. The most ancient shark didn't have teeth and may not have even had jaws. Fossilized shark teeth don't appear until the Devonian period, which began about 418 million years ago. While the rest of a shark's bones don't fossilize well, the shark's teeth do, and a shark grows thousands of teeth in its lifetime. Paleontologists found some of the oldest shark teeth in Europe, and these are believed to be around 400 million years old. By analyzing fossilized teeth, paleontologists discover details about shark species, size and behavior.
Dating Archeological Finds
When archaeologists uncover fossilized remains, they take samples of the soil, volcanic ash and other bone fragments from the geological sediment layer where the fossil they want to date was found. Using geochemical processes to date things surrounding the fossil they arrive at an approximate age of the fossil itself. One method focuses on rare earth elements that occur naturally in ground water in different amounts at different times in the Earth's history. These elements leave chemical signatures in fossilized bones that help scientists determine when that creature lived.
- Ethan Miller/Getty Images News/Getty Images | <urn:uuid:4c201e33-3a6b-4d28-bbc0-721aa5609c3c> | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | https://animals.mom.com/evidence-long-sharks-around-5768.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141177566.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20201124195123-20201124225123-00177.warc.gz | en | 0.949729 | 562 | 4.34375 | 4 | Físeán an Lae
Tá cáraí ina gcónaí i n-aigéin an Domhain ar feadh suas le 450 milliún bliain - fada sular tháinig na dineasáir ar an talamh. Tá na créatúir ársa seo oiriúnaithe chun maireachtáil cúig extinction mais. Ní dócha go raibh cuma na n-aicmeacha is luaithe cosúil le haicmeacha nua-aimseartha, agus d'fhan siad gar don chósta ag cuardach dí. Thar na haois d'fhorbair siad ina rabhadóirí tapa agus stealthy amach ón gcósta, ag tabhairt tús leis na chéad speiceas ar a dtugtar de na haicíní nua-aimseartha thart ar 100 milliún bliain ó shin.
Tugann scamaill mhodhnaithe a fuarthas i mbéal na siorcanna ársa, ar a dtugtar denticles dermal, fianaise ar chuid de na speicis siorcanna is sine ar a dtugtar. In 2012, fuair paleontologists ag obair i lár na hAstráile dental denticles a d'fhág go raibh gnáthghineas agus speiceas nua cáiré ainmnithe - fianaise ar an cáiré ainmnithe is sine ar taifead. Fuarthas scamaill a mheastar a bheith 455 milliún bliain d'aois i Colorado, ach ní aontaíonn paleontologists an bhfuil scamaill speiceas siorc nó iasc cosúil le siorc den chineál céanna. Fuarthas dentíceal craiceann a bhí 420 milliún bliain d'aois sa tSibéir agus sa Mhongóil freisin.
Toisc go bhfuil cnámha siorc déanta suas den chuid is mó de chardlón, bíonn claonadh acu a bheith ag dilliú sula bhféadann siad a bheith foslaithe, mar sin níl ach cúpla cnámh intíre de na siorcanna is sine fós. Tá na fáinní siorc foslaithe is iomláine thart ar 380 milliún bliain d'aois, lena n-áirítear cás inchinn iomlán a fuarthas san Astráil. Tá cnámha iomlán siorcanna ó 318 milliún bliain ó shin ann freisin i leabaí carraigí-chill Mheiriceá Thuaidh. Tá isotópí i gcúlra na bhfóislí a dhéanann eolaithe staidéar orthu chun a fháil amach cad a bhí i ndán do na hiascairí réamhstairiúla agus chun tuiscint níos fearr a fháil ar éabhlóid speiceas éagsúla hiascairí.
Tá fiacla siorc i ndáiríre níos mó denticles modhnaithe. Ní raibh fiacla ag an hiomarca is ársa agus b'fhéidir nach raibh cneasaigh acu fiú. Ní thagann fiacla cáiré fosaithe le feiceáil go dtí an tréimhse Devonian, a thosaigh thart ar 418 milliún bliain ó shin. Cé nach ndéanann an chuid eile de chnámha na hiascaigh fossilize go maith, déanann fiacla an hiascaigh é, agus fásann hiascaigh na mílte fiacla ina shaolré. Fuair paleontologists cuid de na fiacla mara is sine san Eoraip, agus creidtear go bhfuil siad thart ar 400 milliún bliain d'aois. Trí anailís a dhéanamh ar fiacla iontaise, faigheann paleontologists sonraí faoi speicis, méid agus iompar na siorc.
Faigheann Seandálaithe Dátaí
Nuair a bhíonn fáinní fóslaithe le fáil ag seandálaithe, tógann siad samplaí den ithir, de dhraíocht bholcánaigh agus de chuid eile cnámh ón sraith taiscéalaíochta geolaíochta ina bhfuarthas an fhóisín ar mian leo dáta a chur air. Ag baint úsáide as próisis gheochimiceacha chun rudaí a d'fhás timpeall an fhóisíní a dhátú, tagann siad ar aois chuí an fhóisíní féin. Díríonn modh amháin ar eilimintí neamhchoitianta talún a tharlaíonn go nádúrtha i bhfolús uisce i méideanna éagsúla ag amanna éagsúla i stair an Domhain. Fágann na heilimintí seo sínithe ceimiceacha i gcnámha fóslaithe a chabhraíonn le heolaithe a chinneadh cathain a bhí an créatúr sin.
- Ethan Miller/Getty Images Nuacht/Getty Images |
Research is creating new knowledge.-Neil Armstrong
We have been studying the rainforest. Kids love animals and the plethora of exotic animals in the rainforest creates instant interest and curiosity. One day the wonderment and inquiry had reached fever pitch. “Does the poison arrow frog have any predators?” ” How big is a giant anteater anyway?” “Are howler monkeys nocturnal or diurnal?” And my personal favorite question that was asked, “How does chocolate come from the rainforest?” I started writing down all of our questions so that we could figure out how we would solve them. Before I finished, someone said, “I think we should look on Safari on our iPads.” Someone else immediately asked if they could “research” rainforest to find some answers. Do you see the rich vocabulary here? These questions and statements are not being paraphrased. This is what happens when children feel empowered to take charge of their own learning. I barely had nodded yes to the research question when my room looked like the start line at the Boston Marathon. Someone found a website on Safari that had several rainforest animals. Peer sharing began immediately. The students started finding images and information about animals that interested them. They helped each other and they were engaged, focused and excited. Without me giving any directions…on their own they started saving images and importing them into Pages. They debated font size, picture size and word choice. I facilitated, checked-in with groups, answered a few questions and mostly just let them have at it. Their conversation was rich with the language of inquiry. They worked on this for over an hour before we had to stop. After lunch they came back to it and worked until they finished. Here is one student’s work that is finished. Keep in mind these children are 5 years old and have no keyboarding skills other than “hunt and peck”.
This lesson was completely student-driven. It all started with me reading a non-fiction book on the rainforest. My plan was to go in a different direction but once the questions started, I knew my plan was out the window and we were headed down a different path. But…isn’t that how it’s supposed to be? Inquiry-based learning teaches problem solving and critical thinking skills. It develops student ownership of their learning and builds student interest in the subject matter. Inquiry allows students to create their own knowledge. The iPads give the accessibility needed for each student to do the research. With only 4 computers in our class just 2 years ago, this would have never been possible.
I’ve been asked what happens when the children become bored with the iPads. They say, “Oh, it’s a source of fascination now, but what happens when it no longer is?” My answer to that is two fold. First, if it is being used as a toy and not a learning tool, then it will gather dust on a shelf somewhere. However, if it is integrated into the curriculum properly, it will be as valuable to students as our own laptops, smartphones, and computers are to us as adults. When was the last time you used a phone book to look up a phone number or address?
My friends, knowledge is power. Our students are overflowing with wonder and an urgency to learn. We need to equip them with all the tools necessary to be successful.
I’d love for you to leave a comment, subscribe to my blog, and/or share this post with a friend. | <urn:uuid:5e1ec51b-9467-45cb-bf71-f0847d223b24> | CC-MAIN-2015-06 | http://iteachwithipads.net/2012/04/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-06/segments/1422122122092.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20150124175522-00171-ip-10-180-212-252.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.979185 | 738 | 3.25 | 3 | Tá taighde ag cruthú eolais nua. - Neil Armstrong
Bhíomar ag staidéar ar an bhforaois thirim. Is breá le páistí ainmhithe agus cruthaíonn an iliomad ainmhithe coimhthíocha sa bhóthar báistí spéis agus fiosracht láithreach. Lá amháin bhí an wonderment agus fiosrúcháin a bhaint amach pioc fiabhras. An bhfuil aon dílseoirí ag an mbróg saibhir-bhreac? Cé mhéad atá ag an mbróg mhóra? An bhfuil na maoine uiléir oíche nó laethúil? Agus an cheist is fearr liomsa a cuireadh, Conas a thagann seacláid ón bhforaois thirim? Thosaigh mé ag scríobh síos ár gcuid ceisteanna go léir ionas gur féidir linn a fháil amach conas a réiteach iad. Sula raibh mé críochnaithe, dúirt duine éigin, "Sílim gur chóir dúinn féachaint ar Safari ar ár iPadanna". D'iarr duine eile láithreach an bhféadfaimis "rannscrúdú" a dhéanamh ar an bhForaois Thirim chun roinnt freagraí a fháil. An bhfeiceann tú an foclóir shaibhir anseo? Ní dhéantar na ceisteanna agus na ráitis seo a athfhocail. Is é seo a tharlaíonn nuair a bhraitheann leanaí go bhfuil cumhacht acu a gcuid foghlama féin a ghlacadh ar a láimh. Ní raibh mé ach ag ceapadh go raibh an cheist taighde nuair a bhí mo sheomra cosúil leis an líne tosaigh ag an Maraitéin Boston. Fuair duine éigin suíomh Gréasáin ar Safari a raibh roinnt ainmhithe foraoise báistí ann. Thosaigh an comhroinnt idir páistí láithreach. Thosaigh na mic léinn ag teacht ar íomhánna agus ar fhaisnéis faoi ainmhithe a raibh suim acu iontu. Chabhraigh siad lena chéile agus bhí siad ag plé, dírithe agus spreagúil. Gan aon treoracha a thabhairt dom...ag a gcuid féin thosaigh siad ag sábháil íomhánna agus iad a allmhairiú isteach i leathanaigh. Bhí díospóireacht ar mhéid na cló, ar mhéid na pictiúr agus ar rogha na bhfocal. D'fhág mé, rinne mé seiceáil isteach le grúpaí, d'fhreagair mé cúpla ceist agus den chuid is mó d'fhág mé iad a bheith ag déanamh. Bhí a gcuid comhrá saibhir leis an teanga fiosrúcháin. D'oibrigh siad ar seo ar feadh níos mó ná uair an chloig sula raibh orainn stopadh. Tar éis an lóin tháinig siad ar ais chun é agus d'oibrigh go dtí go raibh siad críochnaithe. Seo obair mhic léinn amháin atá críochnaithe. Coinnigh i gcuimhne go bhfuil na páistí seo 5 bliana d'aois agus nach bhfuil aon scileanna clasaiceach eile seachas "hunt agus peck".
Bhí an ceacht seo tiomáinte go hiomlán ag mic léinn. Thosaigh sé go léir nuair a léigh mé leabhar neamh-fhicsean ar an bhforaois thirim. Bhí sé i gceist agam dul i dtreo difriúil ach nuair a thosaigh na ceisteanna, bhí a fhios agam go raibh mo phlean amach as an fhuinneog agus go raibh muid ag dul síos ar shlí éagsúla. Ach... nach bhfuil sé mar sin is é a cheaptar go bhfuil sé? Múineann foghlaim bunaithe ar fhiosrúchán scileanna réiteach fadhbanna agus smaointeoireachta criticiúla. Forbraíonn sé úinéireacht na mac léinn ar a gcuid foghlama agus tógann sé spéis na mac léinn sa ábhar. Ligeann fiosrúchán do mhic léinn a gcuid eolais féin a chruthú. Tugann na iPads an rochtain is gá do gach mac léinn chun an taighde a dhéanamh. Le 4 ríomhaire amháin inár rang díreach 2 bhliain ó shin, ní bheadh sé seo indéanta.
D'fhiafraigh daoine díom cad a tharlaíonn nuair a bhíonn na páistí ag cur náire ar na iPads. Deir siad, "Ó, tá sé ina fhoinse spleáchas anois, ach cad a tharlaíonn nuair nach bhfuil sé níos mó?" Is é mo fhreagra ar an dá oiread sin. Ar dtús, má tá sé á úsáid mar chluiche agus ní mar uirlis foghlama, ansin beidh sé ag bailiú deannaigh ar shelf áit éigin. Mar sin féin, má chuirtear isteach go cuí sa chúrsa, beidh sé chomh luachmhar do mhic léinn agus atá ár n-ardáin, ár bhfón cliste, agus ár n-uirlisí féin dúinn mar dhaoine fásta. Cén uair is déanaí a d'úsáid tú leabhar teileafóin chun uimhir teileafóin nó seoladh a chuardach?
Mo chairde, is cumhacht é eolas. Tá ár mic léinn ag dul thar fóir le iongnadh agus le práinn foghlaim. Ní mór dúinn a chur ar fáil dóibh leis na huirlisí go léir is gá chun a bheith rathúil.
Ba mhaith liom go mbeadh tú in ann trácht a fhágáil, síntiús a chur le mo bhlag, agus/nó an post seo a roinnt le cara. |
Tuesday, August 31, 2010
One of the better indicators of our human “ability” to not only wipe out valuable interlinked ecosystems, but incredible animals and the keystone link they have on species living within their realm, is the salmon. Salmon are emblematic of white dominant culture destroying a species that provided for many hundreds of tribes and millions of people. Salmon represent ancient cultures and incredible forces of our still little known world – oceans. Salmon represent urban and suburban sprawl’s knife edge into our hearts. Salmon represent our Dr. Frankenstein dark side, as if replacing the magnificent wild species with farmed freaks of DNA manipulation will somehow cover up our failure as the “top species” to solve the problems we have created for them.
Overfishing and surmounting changes to rivers and the oceans have given the brother salmon an inhospitable world. King of Fish: The Thousand Year Run of Salmon by David R. Montgomery is a great staring point to understand the salmon’s historical context throughout the centuries. Montgomery gives us an historical look at how first in the United Kingdom, then New England and now the Pacific Northwest the salmon have become imperiled (extinct wild species in the UK and New England). He’s a geologist who sees the evolution of salmon determined by a changing and dynamic landscape. More than 16 Pacific salmon runs have been listed under the Endangered Species Act as in crisis. Two general genera of salmon exist, in the family Salmonidae – Atlantic genus is Salmon ad Pacific salmon belong to Oncorhynchus. There’s an Asian species of Pacific salmon, O. masou. Samo salar is distributed across Europe and eastern North America.
They all begin their lives as fertilized eggs buried in streambed gravel, where they incubate, hatch, and develop until they emerge as small fry. Juvenile salmon stay in freshwater for several years, depending on the species. They migrate downstream, and spend one to four years in the ocean getting bigger. Once fully grown, the return to freshwater streams and rivers, where they pair up, spawn, and die. It’s called anadromy, from freshwater to saltwater back to freshwater. Pacific salmon die upon returning to spawn, whereas Atlantic salmon, 1 in 10, survives spawning, returns to sea and then returns to spawn again.
Montgomery’s book, or others, on salmon –
Salmon Without Rivers: A History Of The Pacific Salmon Crisis by Jim Lichatowich
Salmon Nation: People, Fish, and Our Common Home by Elizabeth Woody
Making Salmon: An Environmental History of the Northwest Fisheries Crisis (Weyerhaeuser Environmental Books) by Joseph E. Taylor
Mountain in the Clouds: A Search for the Wild Salmon by Bruce Brown
The Organic Machine: The Remaking of the Columbia River (Critical Issue Book) by Richard White
A River Lost: The Life and Death of the Columbia by Blaine Harden
Crossing the Next Meridian: Land, Water, and the Future of the West by Charles F. Wilkinson
What the River Reveals: Understanding and Restoring Healthy Watersheds by Valerie Rapp
The Columbia River Salmon and Steelhead Trout, Their Fight for Survival by Anthony Netboy
These authors give us plenty on the species, the politics, the sustainability, and the nuanced approach to recovery and all the wrong-headedness involved in the developers, cities and farmers and others fighting to keep dams and destroy habit through expansion of their unsustainable practices.
Here’s what Alternet.org says about Salmon Month. For Spokane, salmon represent culture, science, hope, despair and a reawakening of our potential to heal the land.
September 2010 has been designated as “Salmon Month” by the Aquarium of the Bay in San Francisco. To celebrate salmon month, SalmonAid (http://www.salmonaid.org) will be sponsoring a month-long series of exciting events, creating an opportunity to educate the public about what has gone so terribly wrong with California’s once bountiful salmon runs.
“Salmon Water Now could not let Salmon Month start without adding our two-cents to the educational process,” said Bruce Tokars, the relentless producer of Salmon Water Now videos. “So we have a new video, actually, two new videos.”
“Bullies of Westlands” is Salmon Water Now’s answer to the reason that wild salmon in such dire shape. The video runs 20:44 minutes and is available on Vimeo uninterrupted and in two parts on YouTube.
“You knows a bully when you see one,” said Tokars in introducing his latest video. “They use their strength and power to get their way or to influence an outcome.”
Tokars said a bully can be a person, or an organization. “In California’s on-going struggle over water, the biggest bully of them all is the Westlands Water District on the west side of the San Joaquin Valley. We believe that in the last couple of years, the once mighty runs of wild salmon have been decimated by the self-righteous bulling tactics of the Westlands Water District,” he stated.
This Salmon Water Now video looks at the words and deeds of Westlands, the “Darth Vader” of California water politics, as they push for more and more water to be shipped south of the Delta to irrigate subsidized crops on selenium-laden soil that should have never been irrigated.
“We see and hear the voices of Westlands and the politicians and media that have been carrying their messages – demanding that their need for water trumps all others,” said Tokars.
Along the way, Tokars documents the struggle of fishery managers trying to determine how many salmon are in the ocean (not many!).
He puts the lie to the Westlands claims that reduced water deliveries have put America’s agricultural output in jeopardy. “We contrast the record, surplus crops of tomatoes, and almonds shipped to China, against the low numbers of salmon that are sold domestically for $20 a pound,” noted Tokars.
“Something is not right,” said Tokars. “The Westlands Water District’s bullying tactics. Their unwillingness to be reasonable in the face of sound science regarding the health of the Delta and the need for balance is not right.”
However, Tokars emphasized, “It is not too late for Westlands to become good citizens. To accept their role in the tragic reality of wild salmon forced to the edge of extinction. It is not too late for Westlands to actually encourage balance and sharing of water. Will it happen? The odds are against the survival of salmon as long as the bullies of Westlands have their way.”
I encourage you to watch this superb video and see for yourself. “It is time to make what is wrong, right again. It is time for bullies to be dismissed for what they are. It is time for salmon water, now!” concluded Tokars.
“Bullies of Westlands” link:
In addition to “Bullies of Westlands,” Tokars has released “Jenna’s Salmon,” a short video about a little girl who caught two very large salmon recently. It is a fish tale that explains the angst over the current salmon season – and what is wrong and what is right, too.
“Jenna’s Salmon” link:
Recreational and commercial fishing for Chinook salmon on the ocean off California and Southern Oregon was closed in 2008 and 2009, due to the unprecedented collapse of Central Valley salmon populations. While multiple factors have lead to the demise of Central Valley salmon, none is more significant than massive water exports from the California Delta to corporate agribusiness and Southern California.
Yet the response of Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger and his collaborators to this unprecedented disaster is to call for the construction of a peripheral canal and new dams to facilitate increased water exports to subsidized agribusiness and Southern California water agencies.
As usual, sharing and embedding of these videos is encouraged.
For more information, contact:
Bruce Tokars, http://www.salmonwaternow.org.
For more information about SalmonAid, go to: http://www.salmonaid.org.
Saturday, August 28, 2010
Planning Profession Faces Sustainability, Climate Change and Ignorance -- How BP's Oil Crime Confronts Us All
The August issue of Planning magazine covers sustainability, the BP oil spill, how communities and governments are dealing with climate change in planning, how cities are dealing with food waste and plastic garbage, even how Pennsylvania communities are stopping sewage "sludge" from being spread on farmland, waste to energy tools, some of the new "environmentally preferable purchasing" efforts of many communities, and, finally, a story on ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE.
Ahh, the planning community . . . . In many ways, environmental and social justice are far from the planner's toolbox when it comes to how cities and counties are going to be dealing with climate change, environmental challenges and the very idea of growth, their futures, and dealing with populations -- human populations.
Economic development seems to be one conduit to some sort of social justice, but in so many ways, planners and public officials and especially politicians see their jobs tied to industry, businesses and corporations -- developers being one large swath of influencers on not only a city's future but our own social justice well being.
Sustainability HAS to have the 5 e's in a synergistic and holistic fashion determining our decisions -- Education, Equity, Environment, Energy and Economy. For too many centuries, one E ruled over all others -- Economy. That form of business as usual has created the corrupt and out of balance economic engines pushing more and more people out of work, into low paying jobs, and into spiralling insecurity with part-time jobs. We have 17 percent unemployment, and for many, that fact is telling -- speaks to social injustice. Planners rarely work on that problem.
The point here is that sustainability and climate change as we see it applied in the USA now leave out Social Justice -- where that stuff comes from, who benefits, how communities actually can protect their human and non-human populations with the 5 e's fully engaged.
We sort of get it that places like Chicago and the state of Illinois are corrupt -- aldermen allowing for zoning variances for a few hundred bucks; governors indicted for higher levels of corruption; and up and down the political and government scales, any form of corruption and malfeasance is game and affects our profession, the planning profession, because we are at the whim of politicians and administrations and politics, even though our duty in our code of ethics is to the public -- for the well being, health and safety of the public. In fact, planners need to start seeing themselves as the public, in the communities they work in. Do the people of Illinois tolerate so much corruption because they still get their garbage picked up and potholes filled? Maybe. . . or maybe that relationship is much more complex, and citizens feel trapped by the political systems as we have allowed it to be co-modified and distorted.
So while the Planning Magazine for August 2010 shows some mettle in exposing the great journey we have to take to be sustainable and to move cities toward resiliency and sanity when it comes to energy and the environment and global warming, we must work hard to develop stronger tools to look at human and social justice and the very idea of the rights of nature. That issue is accessed through member sign-up. However, below is a perspective printed in it -- not too off the mark considering it's coming from a planner in a conservative field.
We still have people not understanding wind turbines -- questioning all the diesel expended on mining and smelting and milling the metals, moving the pieces, cementing in the support and projecting the lifespan of the actual turbine at 25 years as somehow more dirty, more CO2 intensive than current electric generation, i.e., fossil fuels (even hydro). More than a hundred studies have looked at the life cycle and carbon footprint and intensity of turbines. In six months of churning out electricity, the turbine more than makes up for its carbon and economic expense. Those ideas and facts, again, looking at the 5 e's of Sustainability, are important to move people beyond reluctance, fear and doubt and into acceptance and action -- the BIG E for me is, as an educator and recent graduate of a planning graduate program, is, EDUCATION. Too much out there in the minds of Fox News and tea party backers is plain rotten information, untruths and propaganda. Education is it seems key to the other four E's of sustainability. Without smart and informed people, everything else is toast.
Planning — August/September 2010
Perspectives from the Desk of APA Executive Director and CEO Paul Farmer, FAICP
Complexity, Uncertainty, Risk: Lessons from BP
BP has been trying for several years to position itself as a "sustainable" company. But even before the latest disaster in the Gulf of Mexico, the company made headlines for releasing heavy metals into Lake Michigan from its Indiana refineries, and for its safety and environmental lapses in Texas and Alaska. Being a "green" oil company is tough.
While saddened by the loss of life and enormous, lasting environmental impact, I couldn't help but be amused by BP's initial public relations response to the oil spill: full-page newspaper ads without the cheery yellow and green logo that had been a prominent part of its "green" advertising display. The ads in May displayed a shrunken logo in shades of gray. Today, the cheery logo is back as BP assures the world that it will "make it right." Of course, the company has done little right, and the damage to the environment is so substantial that it will never be made right. Claiming to be a green oil company is easy.
On the eve of the fifth anniversary of Hurricane Katrina, the world must live with another global environmental disaster. New York Times columnist David Brooks wrote thoughtfully recently about the inherent risks of intervening in complex systems. "There must be ways to improve the choice architecture," he said, rather than always trying "to match complicated technical systems with complicated governing structures." Try drilling at 5,000 feet below sea level and then "making it right" when something goes terribly wrong.
Faced both with nature's endless complexity and the complexity of power relationships in a democracy, planners would do well to turn to the incremental approach of economist Charles Lindblom, beginning with his seminal work, "The Science of 'Muddling Through,'" published in the Public Administration Review in 1959. He revisited the topic 20 years later in "Still Muddling, Not Yet Through." His 1977 book, Politics and Markets, is also relevant today; its publication provoked another oil company, the Mobil Corporation, to take out a full-page ad in the Times to denounce it.
Three major disasters — the Exxon Valdez, Chernobyl, and BP's Deepwater Horizon — all resulted from a collision of science, engineering, business, and governance, demonstrating our inability to contain all risks and prevent all disasters, whether caused by honest mistakes, cutting corners, outright fraud, or failing to understand some aspect of a complex system. But they also resulted from our insatiable appetite for the energy that has fueled so much global progress. That appetite has led not only to singular disasters but to the well-documented, ongoing, global challenge of climate change.
In fact, climate change is one of four issues — the others are clean energy, sustainability, and regionalism — that are high priorities both for planners and for our current administration in Washington. How can planners contribute to a global dialogue in these areas? By getting smarter, promoting clean energy, defining sustainability, and advancing regionalism.
How can we get smarter and translate our expertise into leadership? Getting smarter means carefully reviewing reports and studies of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Princeton's Stephen Pacala, and others. It means ignoring polemics and focusing on the hard sciences and on policy sciences. Then it's up to practitioners to apply that knowledge to their private- and public-sector responsibilities, and to educators to integrate it into the curriculum — perhaps even requiring planning students to take advanced-level science and engineering courses.
Further, planners should integrate climate action plans into comprehensive plans. Sitting by and watching the proliferation of separate climate action plans seems to me to be part of a short-term political agenda rather than a long-term solution. Political leadership is good, but let's keep it where it belongs.
How do we advance a clean energy agenda on a scale that matters, while still addressing other legitimate concerns? Energy is moving up rapidly as both a private- and public-sector priority and should be part of the comprehensive plan as we take leadership in the movement toward a green economy. Earlier this year, APA President Bruce Knight, FAICP, announced a new Sustaining Places Task Force to examine the role of the comp plan in sustainability and to ensure that this key policy document provides a vision of a sustainable community and outlines steps toward implementing it, including capital spending and the broad regulatory regime. The plan should tackle the important planning issues related to solar installations, biomass, and wind farms.
Do we really know what we mean by "sustainability"? We have all seen too much BP-like "greenwashing" in plans for a "sustainable..." (you fill in the place name). "Sustainability: Planning's Search for the Holy Grail?" was the title of a talk I gave to a world planning conference in Vancouver in 2006. In it, I challenged my colleagues to think about the meaning of the word and how we as planners can change our practices in meaningful ways to establish ourselves as leaders. Four years later, I've seen more BP-like public relations and fewer actual changes in the profession. The challenge stands.
Will regional planning in the U.S. help us move toward sustainability? The weakness of decision making on a regional level is arguably a weak link in the chain of planning from local to federal. The fault does not lie with those who labor at the regional level. Rather, it is the result of a U.S. Constitution that establishes only two levels of government — federal and state — coupled with the lack of identity of metropolitan "regions" worldwide.
In the 1970s, while teaching a course on the topic, I asked eight leading regional planning directors the same question: Who are the constituents for regional planning? Six said "the federal government." Two had different answers. Doug Carroll, from the New York area, said "the media." He explained that his region encompassed 1,400 local governments and the only way to reach them was through the media. John Boland of the recently formed Twin Cities Metropolitan Council had yet another answer. He cited "local government" as the key constituent. In fact, successful regional planning pays attention to local concerns while knitting together a regional vision.
Soon thereafter, Ronald Reagan was elected president and removed much of the funding for regional planning. The loss of funding shows what happens when your constituency is the federal government and the federal leadership changes.
The same thing is happening today in Britain, where the newly elected coalition government has gutted the Regional Spatial Strategies, a key planning approach for over a decade. "Localism, localism, localism" are the three new priorities, as Eric Pickles, Secretary of State for Communities and Local Government, reminded planners at a June reception in the Houses of Parliament, sponsored by the Royal Town Planning Institute. "But we reserve the right to change the order," he added with a chuckle.
Most U.S. planners would agree that getting regional problem solving right is no laughing matter. Most would agree as well that tossing new money at our existing regional institutions also won't solve the problem. We have seldom developed lasting constituencies for regional solutions or effective regional institutions and, apparently, neither have our friends across the pond.
Where does this leave planners and planning? The latest BP disaster has once again reminded planners that the private and public sectors are in this together. Global treaties, national standards, state actions, and local decisions are intertwined in the complex ways mentioned by David Brooks. Moving to a post-carbon world won't happen overnight, but still planners must persevere — learning the science, adapting old tools, and adding new ones. It's our obligation. In our ever more complex world, being a well-educated, ethical, and effective planner isn't easy, either.
Images: Dead shark on a Biloxi, Mississippi, beach. Photo Craig Gulliot.
Thursday, August 26, 2010
It's not a matter of wanting to find the dirty deeds of BP's, the government's and the media's cover-up of the 4 to 18 million barrels of oil leaked (get the picture yet -- that's a huge range, from conservative to reality, the number of gallons of oil dumped into the sea because BP is an illegitimate operator -- fined hundreds of millions in the past and unprepared to deal with reality, this tragedy, and un-policed by MMA -- minerals management administration -- come on!!).
No rosey scenario here. Scientists just projected all the wrong stuff, those working with NOAA. 1000 then 5000 or 50000 barrels a day?
How much gas was released? In 5,000 feet of water. 100 days of discharge. This has never happened before. 3,000 cubic feet of methane gas per barrel of oil is what BP is teling us. Oil plus the gas is 6 million barrels, if you go for the 4 million barrels of oil alone figure.
The reality is science is science, and here are the facts --
-- A deepwater plume of oil in the Gulf, measuring 22 miles long, 1.2 miles wide and 650 feet high
A Florida State University oceanography professor is questioning government estimates that the vast majority of the oil from the Deepwater Horizon spill is already gone from the Gulf or is being rapidly broken down by bacteria.
“I think the imprint of the BP release, the discharge, will be detectable in the Gulf of Mexico for the rest of my life,’ Ian MacDonald told a congressional hearing on the spill. He was quoted in an Aug. 20 Wall Street Journal article that also referred to the findings of other scientists who had observed a vast underwater plume of hydrocarbons the size of Manhattan near the site of the Deepwater Horizon disaster.
Ian's been on Democracy Now, quoted in the UK's Guardian newspaper and the Fall-Street Journal, a Murdoch scam of a newspaper in many people's minds.
Here are a few pull-outs from:
• Suzanne Goldenberg, US environment correspondent for the Guardian --
"These results indicate that efforts to book-keep where the oil went must now include this plume," said Christopher Reddy one of the members of the team from Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute.
The report, which is published in the journal Science, also said the plume was very slow to break down by natural forces, increasing the likelihood that oil could have travelled long distances in the Gulf before it was degraded.
"Many people speculated that subsurface oil droplets were being easily degraded," said Richard Camilli, the lead author of the paper. "Well we didn't find that. We found it was still there."
At the heart of the debate is the rate at which naturally occurring microbes have consumed the oil from the runaway well. Even by the White House estimates, about one quarter of the oil was siphoned away from the well, skimmed off the surface, or burned. But the White House, in a high-profile briefing, earlier this month suggested that microbes had eaten as much as 50% of the remaining oil.
Hey, I just finished my master's in urban and regional planning. Tomorrow's blog will cover some of the planning profession's take on BP and oil lies and what we as practitioners of planning and strategic community development need to start doing to get a handle on this corporate take-over of everything, now including truth and education.
Climate change plans, energy development, and sustainability on all levels need to be part of comprehensive plans, part of community dialogue, part of curriculum for both planners and K-12 students.
For now, listen to Ian McDonald on You Tube. Or better yet, Democracy Now --
Monday, August 23, 2010
Some news on the Haitian front where millions were displaced, turned into enviornmental refugees, and where 300,000 lost their lives as a direct result of the earthquake.
Smithsonian has a great piece on Haitian "Earthquake Art." See --
But there is more on the Haitian front, including a call to France to pay $40 billion for a forced rip-off of the country in 1825. Read the various blurbs and continue onto the longer versions, the stories on this:
"Haiti's claim is not really for reparations for slavery," said Ira Kurzban, Miami immigration attorney and Haiti's chief counsel in the U.S., "but for restitution specifically that happened in 1825. It is based on the French government's efforts to extract 150 million French francs (which is equal to $21 billion today) from an economy the French knew couldn't afford it, through the use of force. This is impermissible under international law."
Christian Science Monitor
France dismissed a call by left-leaning politicians and others for it to pay the modern equivalent of 90 million gold francs – about $17 billion – to Haiti as reparations for a 200-year-old injustice.
A petition signed by 100 artists, scholars, and EU politicians that was released Monday called on France to give Haiti $17 billion for earthquake reconstruction. The money would essentially reimburse a fee French King Charles X charged Haiti after a revolt that ended slavery there. King Charles justified the fee as compensation for the loss of slaves and other property.
Such requests are not new, authorities say, arguing that France has given substantial aid and debt relief to its former colony, and plans more.
The British Guardian and French Liberation dailies yesterday ran the open letter to French president Nicolas Sarkozy signed by the likes of US academics Cornel West and Noam Chomsky, EU political figures Daniel Cohn-Bendit and Eva Joly, columnist Naomi Klein, and a host of US and French academics, rappers, and public figures.
Why Haiti's Earthquake Is France's Problem
by Tunku Varadarajan
January 14, 2010
When it came to Haiti, France was first a brutal colonizer, and then a usurious bully. Tunku Varadarajan on why it’s time for reparations.
As Haitians lurch destitute in the rubble, and as governments, churches, and NGOs do the best they can to bring succor to Haiti's hell, a vivid solution to the country's needs presents itself, one so obvious and irrefutable—so resonantly just—that it must be advocated with the greatest of energy: France must repay its colonialist debt to Haiti by paying for much of the island country’s reconstruction.
Haiti's chronic impoverishment began at its birth in 1804, when, having overthrown its French rulers in a bloody, 12-year slave revolt, the newborn nation was subjected to crippling blockades and embargoes. This economic strangulation continued until 1825, when France offered to lift embargoes and recognize the Haitian Republic if the latter would pay restitution to France—for loss of property in Haiti, including slaves—of 150 million gold francs. The sum, about five times Haiti's export revenue for 1825, was brutal, but Haiti had no choice: Pay up or perish over many more years of economic embargo, not to mention face French threats of invasion and reconquest. To pay, Haiti borrowed money at usurious rates from France, and did not finish paying off its debt until 1947, by which time its fate as the Western Hemisphere's poorest country had been well and truly sealed.
In this era of multibillion-dollar bailouts of private banking institutions,
$22 billion should scarcely raise a Gallic eyebrow. But to Haiti, the sum would be a godsend.
France must now return every last cent of this money to Haiti. In 2004, at the time of the 200th anniversary of Haiti's independence, the Haitian government put together a legal brief in support of a formal demand for "restitution" from France.
The sum sought was nearly $22 billion, a number arrived at by calculations that included a notionally equitable annual interest rate. (For a full account of the calculation, read Jose de Cordoba's excellent news story in The Wall Street Journal, published on Jan. 2, 2004.) The demand was made by President Jean-Bertrand Aristide, a firebrand ex-preacher who was forced out of office by a violent uprising that February. His successors, Boniface Alexandre and Gerard Latortue, controversially chose to renounce Haiti's claim for restitution/reparations. (There was, of course, much pressure exerted on them by France, which had found Aristide's demand politically disconcerting.)
for more, read:
France Urged to Pay $40 Billion to Haiti in Reparations for "Independence Debt"
According to the UN-sponsored Haiti Reconstruction Fund, only two countries—Brazil and Estonia—have fully paid the pledged amount. The United States, France, Canada and many others have failed to send their pledged aid. A recent review by CNN found that just two percent of total pledges have been delivered to Haiti. Calls are now growing for another form of payment to Haiti: reparations. This week, a group of prominent academics and activists published an open letter calling on France to repay an "independence debt" it imposed nearly 200 years ago after Haiti successfully won independence from France. Haiti was forced to pay France around 90 million gold francs up until World War II, which after interest and inflation is valued today at up to $40 billion.
Saturday, August 21, 2010
Then, as part of Sustainable September, Sept, 7, at the Garland Theater, Gulf Coast Blues starts a five-day film festival. Marc Gauthier will be there, and Down to Earth will host that event.
The story is just unfolding -- that is, the ramifications of the BP blow-out and the cover-up. I have plenty to say about the entire mess. I've interviewed Gulf Coast residents for my radio show, Tipping Points: Voices from the Edge -- http://www.kyrs.org/. I've had photographers on -- Matthew White -- http://www.matthewwhitestudio.com/. I've had a birder on, Drew Wheelan, who was standing by dead terns on beaches the media and BP declared free of oil, free of death, while being interviewed by me live. Some of these images and voices will be in Marc's film, which he is still editing and doing last minute content additions.
For now, though, the best clear story covering the lies and the media manipulation and the scientific truths is from September/October 2010 issue of Mother Jones -- By Julia Whitty, "BP's Deep Secrets."
Below are some break-out passages from her story. Mother Jones had more reporters there than most of America's newspapers and TV networks. BP is all about protecting shareholders' interests, not upholding the law of the land or doing right by the environment and people. Millions of gallons of toxic dispersants were pumped into the ocean to cover up the hundreds of millions of gallons of crude pumped into the ocean; millions of tons of methane gushing out were treated by BP with methanol, another toxin.
Scientists were hired on at $250 an hour with the caveat to keep their reseach secret. Prohibiting CBS and ProPublica and other press groups and individuals from being there was part of the US Coast Guard's collusion with BP profit spinners.
In any case, future PacifiCAD blogs will cover many aspects of this story. For now, the Mother Jones article and the breakout passages below:
And no one is ready for it. Not the Minerals Management Service, catering submissively to BP's laughable Gulf oil-spill "plan," a document featuring wildly inaccurate wildlife assessments (including walruses and other species nonexistent in the Gulf) and an on-call expert who's been dead for years. Not the scientists whose research is paid for by the oil cowboys. Not the environmental groups, who did not foresee the stupendous potential for cataclysm on oil's farthest frontier. Not the media, who almost entirely ignored the sneak preview offered last year by the blowout of the West Atlas rig drilling in the Timor Sea off Australia—a disaster that required five attempts at a relief well and 74 days to stanch.
"Oil is toxic to most life. And Corexit is toxic to most life. But the most toxic of all is oil that's been treated with Corexit."
Rick Steiner, a conservation specialist from the University of Alaska who's studied the effects of the Exxon Valdez spill for the past 21 years, discusses these possibilities as we look on helplessly. "The dolphins aspirate oily fumes through their blowholes," he says. "They're eating fish exposed to oil. They're getting oil in all their orifices. They're bathed in a continual soup of oil. There's nowhere to go to get away from it. We know from the Exxon Valdez that even those animals not killed outright suffer lesions in their organs, including the brain. They go blind. They experience reproductive failures, changes in their blood chemistry, and possibly multigenerational changes passed down to offspring never even exposed to the oil."
"Even though this concoction may have exploded from the well a month ago and has been wending its way ashore ever since, it's still full of volatile compounds like benzene," says Steiner. "Benzene's a known carcinogen, dangerous to human life, too."
They have to pay these guys to work or else they'll riot," says Carl Safina, marine conservationist and cofounder of the Blue Ocean Institute. "As it is, they're angry, drinking, griping in the bars. By paying them, BP is deflecting their anger. Plus some of them feel like they're really helping, even though BP's two prime cleanup methods—setting out boom and using dispersant—completely undermine each other."
Along with oil, methane, methanol, and Corexit, drilling fluids add their own frightening recipe to the disaster: arsenic, lead, mercury, cadmium, barite, fluoride, chrome lignosulfonate, vanadium, copper, aluminum, chromium, zinc, radionuclides, and other heavy metals. Relief wells require pumping thousands more barrels of drilling fluid into the reservoir, with all the same risks of explosion attending the original well. The EPA estimates these drilling fluids will pose a threat to the seafloor and surrounding waters for up to 40 years.
Never before in human history has the vast food web of the ocean—rooted in the dark, and flowering at the surface—come under so many assaults from below, above, and within the water column: marine warfare masquerading as a cleanup.
An estimated 1,665 sperm whales inhabit (and perhaps never leave) the northern waters of the Gulf. A recent National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) assessment calculated that even three additional deaths (by other than natural causes) could endanger the entire sperm whale population, since the whales breed infrequently and only in midlife.
"We lack even a good picture of life in the deep Gulf," says Ed Chesney. "Now we may never know what's been done to it." It's the classic iceberg equation: a nine-tenths submerged hazard, lurking unseen in the darkness. The big question: Will it wreck the Gulf of Mexico? "The best thing that might happen now," says Chesney, a battle-scarred veteran of Hurricanes Katrina, Rita, Gustav, and Ike, "is for one, two, three, or four hurricanes to blow through and bury all this pollution under layers of sediment."
"We know that the deep scattering layer in the Gulf of Mexico—like the DSL everywhere—supports huge numbers and biomass of life," says Benoit-Bird, who has spent time studying the Gulf's sperm whales. "We know the DSL is super important to the life of those waters. We know it's constantly on the move, not only up and down, but inshore and offshore, back and forth, every day and every night. This greatly increases the likelihood that any given animal or layers of life will be exposed to the pollutants at some point in the course of their travels. And each of these exposures will cascade up and down through the food web."
Some early observations of the effects of the Gulf catastrophe suggest the daily vertical migrations of the animals of the deep scattering layer may be blocked when they encounter plumes of oil and contaminants. If so, then trapped below a plume, the DSL fish and invertebrates would be unable to access their prey. Trapped above, they would be unable to escape their predators. Trapped within, they would probably die—and in their deaths, poison those who eat them. For the ocean, any loss of productivity in the deep scattering layer would be the biggest cataclysm of all—impoverishing the surface waters, depleting the coasts, cascading across the boundaries between ocean and land to denude both natural and human economies.
On the shores of the Gulf of Mexico, as black doom wells up from the seafloor a mile down, I find oil on beaches repeatedly cleaned by hazmat crews. All I have to do is lean down and scratch an inch into the sand to find goop. It occurs to me that a new stratum is being written in the geological logbook of the Gulf of Mexico, perhaps someday to be known as the BP dark layer. Will history record it as the oily seam marking the end of an untenable energy era and the beginning of a better one?
This is in response to the comment below. Thanks for those comments, folk!
Pretty cynical. The corporation in question has been given billions in government aid -- taxpayer aid. We give the oil industry hundreds of millions of dollars a year in tax credits. We give the BP's of the world cart blanc when it comes to skirting regulations. That oil, that territory, it's USA property, the people's property. So, lying corporations, and their lying lawyers are ALWAYS working against the America people, AGAINST the laws we've expected to be followed. So, yes, corporations are in many cases like drug dealers -- they have to cover their tracks with the help of college-educated scientists and lawyers and economists.
The corporation's bottom line? Some cool stuff on corporations in Raj Patel's The Value of Nothing.
Or the movie, The Corporation --
"The corporation is compared to a sociopath. The sociopathic personality is irresponsible, manipulating, grandiose, lacking in empathy, has antisocial tendencies, refuses to accept responsibility for its actions, and cannot feel remorse....Many of the attitudes people adopt and the actions they execute when acting as corporate operatives can be characterized as sociopathic.
Moreover, by the legal way a corporation is set up, its only motive is profit. Every action taken, no matter how altruistic it looks, has to ultimately be a search for profits. Otherwise, the corporation is subject to litigation by the shareholders. The corporation is deliberately programmed and legally compelled to externalize (dump) costs (pollution, for example) without regard for the harm it may cause. Every cost it can unload onto the general public is a benefit to stockholders - a direct route to profit.
Many major corporations habitually engage in criminal behavior with records worse than even the most prolific human criminals. GE collected 42 heavy fines over 11 years - akin to a hardened repeat criminal receiving occasional hand slaps while on perpetual parole. Corporations don't mind chalking these fines up as a cost of doing business - then delegating a committee to figure out how to cover their tracks better in the future. Sounds a lot like a sociopath.
Within the past 20 years, corporations have really gotten in bed with government in the United States. Billions in PAC money is spent every year for lobbying and political contributions. A grateful politician must find it difficult to turn someone down who has given a hundred thousand dollars to his campaign. How can virtually unfunded (by comparison) watchdog groups compete with this machine aimed toward sugar-coating their industries and de-regulation?"
Or this perspective --
"I know what a thug corporation looks like," says lawyer and radio host Mike Papantonio, who is busy building a RICO case against BP for the oil devastation in the Gulf. "These people are sociopaths and the GOP are apologizing for them." Papantonio discusses the ongoing case against BP, noting that the company bragged back in 2008 of being able to better track its oil movements only to claim now that it had no idea how much oil was gushing into the water. He also discusses the studies that found brain damage and genetic mutations in people exposed to oil in previous spills--and why drilling in Alaska is going forward anyway. "We're tired of just going out in the streets and demonstrating or listening to other people speak to us," says organizer Rocio Valerio of her hopes for the U.S. Social Forum. "We're actually going to come up with alternatives, to really come up with a plan." The Social Forum, this week in Detroit, provides space for organizers like Rocio to come together and work for a better U.S.--and Laura will be reporting from the Forum this weekend. Stay tuned for more!A Congressional investigation has confirmed what Aram Roston reported last November in The Nation: US tax dollars go into the pockets of Afghan warlords in "a massive protection racket" which may lead back to Taliban hands.
Roston discusses the web of connections, payoffs, and private armies of what he calls "irregulars" who are accountable only to themselves and their own military power. Nine years in, Afghanistan is the US's longest-running conflict--and we still don't know where the money is going? And just what's going on with General McChrystal, anyway? Finally, BP's Tony Hayward "got his life back" going yachting. Millionaires around the world are spending more on boats. But one Gulf fisherman has a better idea of where they can spend those spare millions.
Thursday, August 5, 2010
*This is part two of a two-part DTE analysis of the trailer for local filmmaker Marc Gauthier’s upcoming oil spill documentary titled “Gulf Coast Blues: Oil in Our Veins” Today is DTE blogger Paul’s take on the trailer. DTE blogger Bart’s take appeared here on DTE over the weekend. The trailer is embedded below as our weekly Tuesday Video: (Warning — foul/coarse/mature language at 4:05, 5:50 and 8:10)
"So, a guy from Spokane spends two weeks in Louisiana poking his nose around and filming, and if he knows more than the President of the United States about what’s really happening down here on the beaches, in the marshes, if the administration doesn’t have what I have learned in two weeks, then we are in big trouble. We are screwed.” - Marc Gauthier to Paul Haeder
That quote from the frontlines might sound familiar. If you followed Dispatches From A Disaster as voraciously as we did, it didn’t take long to realize it was one of the most real and unfiltered reports from the Gulf. Now comes Gulf Coast Blues: Oil In Our Veins, a documentary from that project by Spokane filmmaker Marc Gauthier. This is as real as it gets with up close and personal of coverage of Louisiana Governor Bobby Jindahl, his sleeves rolled up - the sign a politician is serious - spouting empty doublespeak from the lectern. You suffer the embarrassing boxed-in bureaucracy when Gauthier volunteers to help with the clean-up. And there are the sublime and hypnotic shots of pelicans soaring above waves on the gorgeous coast line before the oil hits the beaches - fast-forward a month and witness the harrowing juxtaposition of death as an economy is destroyed and dead shrimp wash up on the beach, covered in blackspotted goop. “How can we fly to the moon in the 60’s and we can’t stop an oil leak?” a fishermen asks Gauthier. “It doesn’t make sense.”
Wednesday, August 4, 2010
I think far too many people put stock in President’s Obama’s emotional gauge in the days, weeks and months that have followed since the Deepwater Horizon explosion that killed 11 people in the Gulf of Mexico. An event that created the worst environmental disaster our nation has ever seen. Do we really care about our president’s emotional state? Or would we be better served to demand our president roll up his sleeves, shut his mouth and start doing dirty work?
Since everyone wants to compare his reactions to that of former President Bush, consider this: After 9/11, President Bush went to Ground Zero and stood on the rubble in what many remember as the defining moment of the last quarter century. But remember who he was surrounded by: emergency response personal who for the most part were devoid of emotion due to years of trauma experiences and emotional earthquakes. Not to discredit those brave men and women or sound shallow, but it’s true. It’s easy for the film“Funny People” to look like a Lifetime movie at a horror film marathon. Plus, we’re talking about two different kinds of events - one where the enemy is easy to identify and direct anger at, and the other where the enemy is a culture we’ve all fostered.
But I digress… .
Lost in the psychoanalysis of Obama’s cuss words, his attire in the Gulf, or his facial expressions was the sadder fact the rest of America was mostly detached as well. To me it’s far more problematic to think of my fellow citizens as having a hard time harnessing the anger and frustration felt about this tragedy and directing that towards the culpable and the enablers. And in this case the enablers are who you see when you look in the mirror. But back to my point about feeling “a disconnect.”
Maybe I’m immune to react to television images and video. Maybe our media fails us more than we realize. Whatever the case, it took seeing something like the trailer to Gulf Coast Blues: Oil in Our Veins a documentary by Spokane filmmaker Marc Gauthier to create that connection. Marc’s approach to filmmaking is more than an art. Marc uses a foundation of trust and honesty to get to the real heart of the matter. And that’s what sets this film apart.
Monday, August 2, 2010
Paul K. Haeder
It seems like a lifetime away and 50 cultures removed from the bubbling oil, but the editing and digital tweaking by filmmaker Marc Gauthier are turning an eye-opening trip to the Gulf in May into a vision for change. Plus, when you watch him shuttle through scenes and drop in music on the Mac, you come away with his invigorating passion and vision.
For weeks, he’s been in the Saranac, in the cubby hole on the fourth floor. At Community Minded TV, Gauthier has been wrangling for tips on how to piece together audio, film and graphics, and the outcome, which can now be seen on this site as a 10-minute trailer to the larger film, is amazing.
“Gulf Coast Blues – Oil in Our Veins” isn’t about all the technical crap the British Petroleum blowout has forced down the American viewers’ throats. It isn’t about the manipulation of science and the bungling of the various agencies, before, during and now 90 days after Deepwater Horizon blew up and killed 11 humans and destroyed an entire Gulf’s life. It isn’t about the posturing of suited politicians and fake Coast Guard warriors.
This project is about one man’s narrative intersecting with an entire region’s collective story. Marc’s film shows the frustration of trying to help and being turned away. His film shows the initial reaction of oil seeping onto the beaches of Grand Isle.
But it’s through his lens, as he paddles his sea kayak around booms and barrier islands, how we witness what compels a human to ditch his security (in Spokane) to find out how all his years working for the environment, learning how to “message” for the environment, all of that translates into getting down with the natives. And then turning it into the magic of filmic narrative.
What Spokane and the world get is a story of confrontation. Marc is at press conferences, asking questions of officials, listening to National Guardsmen voice frustration, hanging out with musicians, living a few weeks inside the grit and sweat that is the Gulf.
He comes back with a story of raw decay and rampant admonition. “Gulf Coast Blues – Oil in Our Veins” is spot-on when it comes to people, wildlife and a system of dirty energy extraction and exploitation crashing head-first into each other.
The back story he couldn’t get – the multi-millionaire effete class and faux cowboys in boardrooms or inside engineering centers making flippant remarks about the natives. They do it to the Cajuns and Gulf Coast natives. They do it to Nigerians. They do it to us, the ones with the addiction.
The story is about us, the protagonists, being stepped on, being fed the narcotic that is oil.
Gulf Coast Blues – the full-length film – will be showing here in Spokane. Soon. We’re talking about having it be part of Sustainable September. At the Spokane Falls Community College as part of their year-long theme. Maybe a Gulf Coast Blues Bash – the film, the food, the fret boarding of musicians, and the force of our own community opening up the dialogue.
Stay tuned for other news about “Gulf Coast Blues – Oil in Our Veins.” And if you haven’t read them the first time around, check out the “Dispatches from a Disaster” here, where Marc describes what he saw, heard, smelled, and felt, all for the first time. Take a look at photographs from Matthew White, New Orleans photographer. Listen to the KYRS interviews and hour-long shows on the oil disaster.
For now, watch the trailer to compel you to attend the premiere, to commit to watch the film, to support local artists and activists, and to help spread the word. BP as a multinational company operating around the world and what the oil extraction and oil defamation represent will be more of a feature of our time than we might even imagine 90 days after the oil bled into our memory.
Comments are highly regarded – so please post them here. Really, we want feedback. Use Marc’s trailer as a stepping stone to your own view on what Oil in Our Veins represents, as a trailer and an analogy to our futures.
- ► 2011 (77)
- Salmon Runs -- National Salmon Month
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Links of Interest
- Architects with Out Borderers -- Seattle
- Architects without Borders
- Architecture 2030
- Architecture Sans Frontieres
- Auto Desk Sustainable Design
- Autodesk - Guide to Sustainable Design
- Cascadia Region Green Building Council
- Center for Biological Diversity
- City of Spokane--Sustainability
- Climate Central
- Climate Impacts Group
- Climate Progress
- Climate Solutions -- Olympia
- Climate Watch, California
- Committee on the Environment - AIA
- Dirty Cajuns
- Down to Earth Northwest
- Earth Charter
- Earth Day National
- Engineers without Borders-USA
- Fuse Washington
- Futurewise of Washington
- Gulf Coast Photography
- Inhabitat -- (design will save the world)
- Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
- Local Governments for Sustainability
- Low Power Community Radio -- Spokane
- Model Forest Policy Program
- New Urbanism
- Northwest Climate Change Center
- On Earth
- Planners' News
- Project for Public Spaces
- Real Climate
- Save Our Wild Salmon
- Smart Growth On Line
- Spokane Based Conservation -- Lands Council
- Sustainable Architecture, Building, Culture
- Sustainable Spokane
- The Green Architect
- Tree Hugger
- Western Climate Initiative
- Yale 360 | <urn:uuid:6aa99256-5237-4d3e-bb66-99d3c5703d87> | CC-MAIN-2015-06 | http://ecosustaingreen.blogspot.com/2010_08_01_archive.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-06/segments/1422118108509.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20150124164828-00156-ip-10-180-212-252.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.947499 | 11,181 | 2.546875 | 3 | Dé Máirt, 31 Lúnasa, 2010
Ceann de na táscairí is fearr ar ár "cumas" daonna ní hamháin éiceachórais luachmhara idirnasctha a scriosadh, ach ainmhithe dochreidte agus an nasc lárnach atá acu ar speicis a chónaíonn ina réimse, is é an salmón. Is siombail iad an salmón den chultúr ceannasach bán ag scriosadh speiceas a thug soláthar do na céadta treibheanna agus do na milliúin daoine. Léiríonn an salmón cultúir ársa agus fórsaí dochreidte ár n-aigéan domhanda nach bhfuil mórán eolais againn fós. Léiríonn an salmón an sciathán a bhí ag an bhfás uirbeach agus forbhaile i ár gcroí. Léiríonn an salmón ár taobh dorcha Dr. Frankenstein, amhail is dá mba rud é go n-athródh na speicis fiáin iontach le freaks feirme de mhinicíocht DNA ar bhealach ar bith ár bhfás mar "speiceas barr" chun na fadhbanna a chruthaigh muid dóibh a réiteach.
Tá ró-iascaireacht agus athruithe móra ar aibhneacha agus ar aigéin tar éis saol neamhchónaitheach a thabhairt don chailín saill. Is pointe iontach é King of Fish: The Thousand Year Run of Salmon le David R. Montgomery chun comhthéacs stairiúil an salmóin a thuiscint ar feadh na gcéadta bliain. Tugann Montgomery léargas stairiúil dúinn ar an gcaoi ar tháinig an salmón i mbaol ar dtús sa Ríocht Aontaithe, ansin i Nua-Eabhrac agus anois i dTuaisceart an Aigéin Chiúin (speiceas fiáine atá imithe as an ngéarchéim sa Ríocht Aontaithe agus i Nua-Eabhrac). Is geolaí é a fheiceann go bhfuil éabhlóid na salmóine de réir tírdhreach athraitheach agus dinimiciúil. Tá níos mó ná 16 rith salmón an Aigéin Chiúin liostaithe faoin Acht Speiceas i mbaol mar atá i ngéarchéim. Tá dhá ghinearál ginearálta de shalmon ann, sa teaghlach Salmonidae Is é an ghinear an Atlantaigh an salmón agus is é an salmón an Aigéin Chiúin an salmón a bhaineann le Oncorhynchus. Tá speiceas na hÁise de salmón an Aigéin Chiúin, O. masou. Tá salar Samo scaipthe ar fud na hEorpa agus ar fud oirthear Mheiriceá Thuaidh.
Tosaíonn siad go léir ina saol mar uibheacha feithilte curtha i gcraobh le linn an srutháin, áit a ndéanann siad incubate, eicc, agus a fhorbairt go dtí go dtagann siad amach mar fhrithbhean beag. Fanann salmón óg san uisce milis ar feadh roinnt blianta, ag brath ar an speiceas. Téann siad síos an sruth, agus caitheann siad bliain go ceithre bliana san aigéan ag fás níos mó. Nuair a bhíonn siad lánfhásta, téann siad ar ais go sruthanna agus ar abhainní uisce úr, áit a ndéanann siad péire, a n-éadaí, agus a bháis. Tugtar anadromy air, ó uisce milis go uisce salach ar ais go uisce milis. Faigheann sé bás nuair a thagann sé ar ais chun spawn, ach maireann 1 as gach 10 saillín san Atlantaigh, ar ais go dtí an fharraige agus ansin ar ais go dtí spawn arís.
Leabhar Montgomery, nó leabhair eile, ar shalmáin
Sailmín Gan Abhainní: Stair ar Chríos Sailmín an Aigéin Chiúin le Jim Lichatowich
Náisiún an tSalm: Daoine, Iasc, agus Ár Teach Coiteann le Elizabeth Woody
Ag déanamh Sailmón: Stair Chomhshaoil ar Chríos na nIascaigh Thuaidh (Leabhair Comhshaoil Weyerhaeuser) le Joseph E. Taylor
Beinn sna Scuaba: Ag Cuardach an Sailme Fiáine le Bruce Brown
An Máistir Eorgaíoch: Athchruthú Abhainn Columbia (Leabhar Eisiúint Chríocha) le Richard White
Abhainn Chaillte: Beatha agus Bás an Columbia le Blaine Harden
Ag trasnú an chéad mheirídeán eile: Talamh, Uisce, agus Todhchaí an Iarthair le Charles F. Wilkinson
Cad a nochtann an Abhainn: Tuiscint agus Athshlánú na n-Uisceacháin Sláintiúla le Valerie Rapp
An tSalamón Abhainn Columbia agus an Tráigh Steelhead, a nDraíocht chun Maireachtáil ag Anthony Netboy
Tugann na húdair seo go leor dúinn ar na speicis, ar an pholaitíocht, ar an inbhuanaitheacht, agus ar an gcur chuige nuanced chun an aisghabháil agus ar an mí-chinntiú go léir a bhaineann leis na forbróirí, na cathracha agus na feirmeoirí agus daoine eile a bhíonn ag streachailt chun damha a choinneáil agus cleachtas a scriosadh trí leathnú a gcuid cleachtais neamhinbhuanaithe.
Seo a deir Alternet.org faoi mhí na Sailmón. Maidir le Spokane, léiríonn an salmón cultúr, eolaíocht, dóchas, díomá agus athbheochan ar ár gcumas an talamh a leigheas.
Ceapadh Meán Fómhair 2010 mar Mí Sailmeon ag Uisceadán an Bhaile i San Francisco. Chun mí na salmóine a cheiliúradh, beidh SalmonAid (http://www.salmonaid.org) ag urraithe sraith imeachtaí spreagúla míosa fada, ag cruthú deis chun an pobal a oideachas faoi na rudaí a chuaigh chomh dona le rith salmóin California a bhí go hiontach.
"Ní fhéadfaí Uisce Salmón Anois a ligean do mhí na Salmón tosú gan ár dhá shean a chur leis an bpróiseas oideachais", a dúirt Bruce Tokars, táirgeoir gan staonadh físeáin Uisce Salmón Anois. Mar sin tá físeán nua againn, i ndáiríre, dhá físeán nua.
'Bullies of Westlands' is é Salmon Water Now an freagra ar an gcúis go bhfuil an salmón fiáine i riocht chomh mór sin. Tá an físeán 20:44 nóiméad agus tá sé ar fáil ar Vimeo gan bhriseadh agus i dhá chuid ar YouTube.
"Tá a fhios agat go bhfuil duine ag cur báis ort nuair a fheiceann tú ceann", a dúirt Tokars ag cur a fhíseán is déanaí ar fáil. Baineann siad úsáid as a gcuid neart agus cumhachta chun a gcuid mian a bhaint amach nó tionchar a imirt ar thoradh.
Dúirt Tokars gur féidir le bully a bheith ina dhuine, nó ina eagraíocht. In California's on-going struggle over water, is é an bully is mó acu go léir an Westlands Water District ar an taobh thiar de Ghleann San Joaquin. Creidimid go bhfuil na haiscéimeanna cumhachtach a bhí ag an salmón fiáine le cúpla bliain anuas dícheadaithe ag beart féin-dhíreach na dTríocha Uisce Westlands, "a dúirt sé.
Breathnaíonn an físeán seo ar an uisce sialmóin anois ar bhriathra agus ar ghníomhartha Westlands, an "Darth Vader" de pholaitíocht uisce California, agus iad ag brú go gcuirfí níos mó agus níos mó uisce go dtí an Deisceart den Delta chun barraí fóirdheontais a iascach ar ithir a bhfuil séiléiniam i gceist nach raibh le hualach riamh.
"Tá muid ag féachaint agus ag éisteacht le guthanna Westlands agus na polaiteoirí agus na meán a bhí ag iompar a gcuid teachtaireachtaí ag éileamh go bhfuil a gcuid riachtanas uisce níos mó ná gach duine eile", a dúirt Tokars.
Ar an mbealach, déanann Tokars doiciméid ar an streachailt a bhíonn ag bainisteoirí iascaigh ag iarraidh a chinneadh cé mhéad salmón atá san aigéan (ní go leor! )
Cuireann sé an bréag ar éileamh Westlands go bhfuil soláthairtí uisce laghdaithe ag cur táirgeadh talmhaíochta na Meiriceánach i mbaol. "Déanaimid comparáid idir an taifead, barra breise de thomaitéid, agus almóidí a seoltar go dtí an tSín, i gcoinne na huimhreacha íseal de shalmon a dhíoltar go baile ar $ 20 an punt", a dúirt Tokars.
"Níl rud éigin ceart", a dúirt Tokars. Táicticí bullying Áras Uisce Westlands. Níl a n-éileamh a bheith réasúnta i bhfianaise eolaíochta fónta maidir le sláinte an Delt agus an gá le cothromaíocht ceart.
Mar sin féin, leag Tokars béim, "Ní ró-dhéanach do Westlands a bheith ina saoránaigh maithe. Chun glacadh lena ról i réaltacht tragóideach na salmón fiáine a éigeanta go dtí an imeacht. Níl sé ró-dhéanach do Westlands cothromaíocht agus roinn uisce a spreagadh i ndáiríre. An dtarlóidh sé? Tá na seansanna i gcoinne maireachtáil na salmóine chomh fada agus a bhíonn na bullies Westlands ar a mbealach.
Molaim duit féachaint ar an bhfíseán iontach seo agus a fháil amach duit féin. Tá sé in am an rud atá mícheart a dhéanamh ceart arís. Tá sé in am go gcuirfí na bullies ar ceal mar a bhfuil siad. Tá sé in am uisce salmón a fháil anois!' a dúirt Tokars.
Bhuillies of Westlands nasc:
Chomh maith le Bullies of Westlands, Tá Tokars tar éis Jennas Salmon, físeán gearr a scaoileadh faoi chailín beag a ghabháil dhá salmon an-mhór le déanaí. Is scéal éisc é a mhíníonn an t-eagla ar shéasúr reatha an tsalmón agus cad atá cearr agus cad atá ceart, freisin.
Salmón Jennas nasc:
Dúnadh iascaireacht áineasa agus tráchtála ar shalmon Chinook ar an aigéan amach ó California agus ó Dheas Oregon in 2008 agus 2009, mar gheall ar an titim gan fasach de phobail shalmon Central Valley. Cé go bhfuil go leor fachtóirí tar éis locht na Sailmí Central Valley a bheith ag titim, níl aon cheann níos suntasaí ná onnmhairí uisce ollmhór ó Delt California go dtí an ghnóthais talmhaíochta corparáideach agus i ndeisceart California.
Ach is é freagra an Gobharnóra Arnold Schwarzenegger agus a chomhoibrithe ar an tubaiste gan fasach seo ná glaoch ar thógáil cainéal imeallach agus damáistí nua chun onnmhairí uisce méadaithe a éascú do ghnóthais talmhaíochta fóirdheontaithe agus do ghníomhaireachtaí uisce i ndeisceart California.
Mar is gnách, spreagtar roinnt agus cur isteach na bhfíseáin seo.
Chun tuilleadh eolais a fháil, déan teagmháil le:
Bruce Tokars, http://www.salmonwaternow.org.
Chun tuilleadh eolais a fháil faoi SalmonAid, téigh chuig: http://www.salmonaid.org.
Dé Sathairn, 28 Lúnasa, 2010
Tá an ghairm pleanála ag tabhairt aghaidh ar inbhuanaitheacht, athrú aeráide agus aineolas - Conas a bhíonn coireacht ola BP os ár gcomhair go léir
Clúdaíonn an uimhir Lúnasa den iris Pleanáil inbhuanaitheacht, an sceitheadh ola BP, conas a bhíonn pobail agus rialtais ag déileáil le hathrú aeráide i bpleanáil, conas a bhíonn cathracha ag déileáil le dramhaíl bia agus dramhaíl plaisteach, fiú conas a bhíonn pobail Pennsylvania ag stopadh "slam" fuíolluisce ó scaipeadh ar thalamh feirme, dramhaíl go huirlisí fuinnimh, cuid de na hiarrachtaí nua "ceannach is fearr ó thaobh an chomhshaoil" de chuid go leor pobail, agus, ar deireadh, scéal ar ISCÍOLLA AMHÁIRTE.
Ahh, an pobal pleanála. . . go deo . . . go deo . . . go deo . I go leor bealaí, tá ceartais chomhshaoil agus shóisialta i bhfad ó bhosca uirlisí an phleanóra nuair a thagann sé chun conas a bheidh cathracha agus contae ag déileáil le hathrú aeráide, dúshláin chomhshaoil agus an smaoineamh féin ar fhás, a dtodhchaí, agus ag déileáil le daonra -- daonra daonna.
Is cosúil go bhfuil forbairt eacnamaíoch ar cheann de na bealaí chun cineál éigin de cheartas sóisialta, ach ar an oiread sin bealaí, feiceann pleanálaithe agus oifigigh phoiblí agus go háirithe polaiteoirí go bhfuil a gcuid post ceangailte le tionscal, gnólachtaí agus corparáidí - is é forbairtí ceann de na daoine is mó a bhfuil tionchar acu, ní hamháin ar thodhchaí na cathrach ach ar ár bhfolláine féin maidir le ceartas sóisialta.
Ní mór go mbeadh na 5 Eanna i ndath comhghníomhach agus iomlánach ag cinneadh ár gcinntí - Oideachas, Cothromaíocht, Comhshaol, Fuinneamh agus Eacnamaíocht. Le haghaidh an iomarca céadta bliain, ceann amháin E rialaigh thar gach eile - Eacnamaíocht. Tá an cineál gnó sin mar is gnách cruthaithe ag innill eacnamaíocha éilliúnacha agus neamhchothrom a chuireann níos mó agus níos mó daoine as obair, i bpoist ísealphá, agus i neamhshlándáil spíreála le poist páirtaimseartha. Tá 17 faoin gcéad dífhostaíochta againn, agus do go leor, tá an fíric sin ag rá -- ag labhairt le míchompord sóisialta. Is annamh a oibríonn pleanálaithe ar an bhfadhb sin.
Is é an pointe anseo ná go bhfuil inbhuanaitheacht agus athrú aeráide mar a fheicimid é a chur i bhfeidhm sna Stáit Aontaithe anois a fhágáil amach Ceartas Sóisialta - áit a dtagann na rudaí sin ó, a tairbhí, conas pobail i ndáiríre is féidir a chosaint a n-daonra daonna agus neamh-dhaonna leis an 5 eanna go hiomlán a rannpháirtíocht.
Tá sé ar eolas againn go bhfuil áiteanna cosúil le Chicago agus stát Illinois éilliú - déanann comhairleoirí difríochtaí sa cheantar a cheadú ar chúpla céad dollar; déantar cúis le gobharnóirí le haghaidh leibhéil níos airde éilliú; agus suas agus síos ar na scálaí polaitiúla agus rialtais, tá aon chineál éilliú agus mí-úsáid ag dul i bhfeidhm ar ár ngnó, an ghairm pleanála, toisc go bhfuilimid ag an mbréagán polaiteoirí agus riaracháin agus polaitíochta, cé go bhfuil ár ndualgas inár gcód eitice don phobal - do leas, sláinte agus sábháilteacht an phobail. Go deimhin, ní mór do phleanálaithe tosú ag féachaint orthu féin mar phobal, sna pobail ina n-oibríonn siad. An bhfuil na daoine de Illinois fhulaingt an oiread sin éilliú toisc go bhfuil siad fós a gcuid dramhaíola a bhailiú agus poill líonadh? B'fhéidir. . . go deo . . . go deo . nó b'fhéidir go bhfuil an caidreamh i bhfad níos casta, agus go mbraitheann saoránaigh go bhfuil siad gafa ag na córais pholaitiúla mar gur cheadaigh muid go ndéanfaí é a chomh-athrú agus a chlaonadh.
Mar sin cé go léiríonn iris Pleanála i mí Lúnasa 2010 roinnt misneach ag nochtadh an turas mór a chaithfimid a dhéanamh chun a bheith inbhuanaithe agus chun cathracha a chur i dtreo athléimneachta agus ciallmhar nuair a thagann sé le fuinneamh agus an comhshaol agus téamh domhanda, ní mór dúinn oibriú go crua chun uirlisí níos láidre a fhorbairt chun breathnú ar cheartas daonna agus sóisialta agus an smaoineamh féin ar chearta na dúlra. Tá rochtain ar an eisiúint sin trí chlárú ball. Mar sin féin, tá an t-amharc thíos i gcló - nach bhfuil ró-eagla leis an marc ag smaoineamh go bhfuil sé ag teacht ó phleanálaí i réimse coimeádach.
Tá daoine ann nach dtuigeann tarbanna gaoithe fós -- ag ceistiú an díosail go léir a chaitear ar mianadóireacht agus leá agus miondealú na miotail, ag bogadh na píosaí, ag ceimiontáil sa thacaíocht agus ag réamh-mheas saolré an turbáin bhfíor ag 25 bliain mar bhealach níos salach, níos déine CO2 ná gineadh leictreachais reatha, ie, breoslaí iontaise (fiú hidreaclaí). D'fhéach níos mó ná céad staidéar ar timthriall saoil agus ar shlándáil charbóin agus ar neart turbíní. I sé mhí de leictreachas a chur ar fáil, déanann an turbín níos mó ná a charbóin agus a chostas eacnamaíoch a mhaolú. Tá na smaointe agus na fíricí sin, arís, ag féachaint ar na 5 Eanna Dhlúthanachta, tábhachtach chun daoine a chur thar diúltú, eagla agus amhras agus i nglacadh agus gníomhú - is é an MÓR E domsa, mar oideachasóir agus céimí le déanaí de chlár céimithe pleanála, Oideachas. Tá an iomarca ann i gcuimhne Fox News agus lucht tacaíochta na páirtí tae faisnéis thromlach, mífhírinne agus propaganda. Is cosúil go bhfuil oideachas mar phríomh-ábhar do na ceithre E eile inbhuanaitheachta. Gan daoine cliste agus eolaithe, tá gach rud eile ar an tósta.
Pleanáil Lúnasa/Meán Fómhair 2010
Táthar ag súil go mbeidh an t-eagraíocht seo ar bun ag an am céanna le foireann na n-eagraíochta.
Comhfhillteacht, Neamhchinnteacht, Riosca: Léargas ó BP
Tá BP ag iarraidh le roinnt blianta é féin a chur in áit mar chuideachta "inbhuanaithe". Ach fiú roimh an tubaiste is déanaí i Murascaill Mheicsiceo, rinne an chuideachta cinnlínte as miotail throm a scaoileadh isteach i Loch Michigan óna raifíní Indiana, agus as a shábháilteacht agus a chaillteacha comhshaoil i Texas agus in Alaska. Tá sé deacair a bheith i do chuideachta ola "ghluaiste".
Cé go raibh brón orm faoin gcaillteanas beatha agus an tionchar ollmhór, buan ar an gcomhshaol, ní raibh mé in ann cabhrú ach a bheith ag spraoi ag freagairt tosaigh caidrimh phoiblí BP ar an sceitheadh ola: fógraí nuachtáin lánleathanach gan an lógó buí agus glas aoibhinn a bhí mar chuid shuntasach dá taispeáint fógraíochta "glas". Bhí lógó laghdaithe i scáthanna liath ar na fógraí i mí na Bealtaine. Sa lá atá inniu ann, tá an lógó cheerful ar ais mar BP a chinntíonn an domhan go mbeidh sé "a dhéanamh ceart". Ar ndóigh, ní dhearna an chuideachta mórán ceart, agus tá an damáiste don chomhshaol chomh suntasach nach ndéantar é a cheartú riamh. Tá sé éasca a éileamh a bheith i do chuideachta ola glas.
Ar an oíche roimh an cúigiú bliain de Hurricane Katrina, ní mór don domhan maireachtáil le tubaiste comhshaoil domhanda eile. Scríobh an colúnóir New York Times David Brooks go meabhrach le déanaí faoi na rioscaí atá i gceist le cur isteach ar chórais chasta. "Ní mór go mbeadh bealaí ann chun an t-ailtireacht rogha a fheabhsú", a dúirt sé, seachas iarracht a dhéanamh i gcónaí "córais theicniúla casta a chur i gcomhar le struchtúir rialaithe casta". Déan iarracht tochailt ag 5,000 troigh faoi bhun leibhéal na farraige agus ansin "a dhéanamh ceart" nuair a théann rud éigin go dona.
Agus iad ag tabhairt aghaidh ar chastacht gan deireadh an nádúr agus ar chastacht na gcaidrimh chumhachta i ndaonlathas, bheadh sé go maith ag pleanálaithe dul i dtreo cur chuige méadaithe an eacnamaí Charles Lindblom, ag tosú lena chuid oibre seimineála, "The Science of 'Muddling Through,'" a foilsíodh sa Athbhreithniú ar Riarachán Poiblí i 1959. D'athraigh sé an t-ábhar 20 bliain ina dhiaidh sin i "Still Muddling, Not Yet Through". Tá a leabhar, Politics and Markets, ó 1977, ábhartha inniu freisin; spreag a fhoilsiú cuideachta ola eile, an Mobil Corporation, chun fógra iomlán a thabhairt amach sa Times chun é a dhíbirt.
Bhí trí mhór-threabhann an Exxon Valdez, Chernobyl, agus Deepwater Horizon BP mar thoradh ar chollóid eolaíochta, innealtóireachta, gnó agus rialachais, ag léiriú ár n-éagmais chun gach riosca a chuimsiú agus gach tubaiste a chosc, cibé acu a tharla trí mheabhlachtaí macánta, gearradh coirnéil, calaois iomlán, nó é a bheith ag teip ar ghné éigin de chóras casta. Ach bhí siad mar thoradh ar ár ngá gan bhrón don fhuinneamh a chuir an oiread sin dul chun cinn domhanda ar bun. Ní hamháin go bhfuil tubaistí aonair mar thoradh ar an ngá sin ach freisin ar dhúshlán domhanda, leanúnach, atá dea-dhoiciméadaithe, an t-athrú aeráide.
Go deimhin, is é athrú aeráide ceann de cheithre cheist - is iad na cinn eile fuinneamh glan, inbhuanaitheacht, agus réigiúnachas - is tosaíochtaí ard iad do phleanálaithe agus don rialtas reatha i Washington araon. Conas is féidir le pleanálaithe cur le díospóireacht dhomhanda sna réimsí seo? Trí bheith níos cliste, trí fhuinneamh glan a chur chun cinn, trí inbhuanaitheacht a shainiú, agus trí réigiúnachas a chur chun cinn.
Conas is féidir linn a bheith níos cliste agus ár saineolas a aistriú go ceannaireacht? Ciallaíonn a bheith níos cliste athbhreithniú cúramach a dhéanamh ar thuairiscí agus staidéir an Pháinéil Idir-Rialtasach ar Athrú Aeráide, Stephen Pacala ó Princeton, agus daoine eile. Ciallaíonn sé neamhaird a dhéanamh ar phléimeic agus díriú ar na heolaíochtaí crua agus ar na heolaíochtaí polaitiúla. Ansin is ar na cleachtóirí an t-eolas sin a chur i bhfeidhm ar a gcuid freagrachtaí san earnáil phríobháideach agus san earnáil phoiblí, agus ar mhúinteoirí é a chomhtháthú sa churaclam - b'fhéidir fiú é a cheangal ar mhic léinn pleanála cúrsaí eolaíochta agus innealtóireachta ardleibhéil a ghlacadh.
Ba cheart do phleanálaithe pleananna gníomhaíochta aeráide a chomhtháthú i bpleananna cuimsitheacha. Is cosúil liomsa gur cuid de chlár oibre polaitiúil gearrthéarmach é suí agus féachaint ar an méadú ar phleananna gníomhaíochta aeráide ar leithligh seachas réiteach fadtéarmach. Tá ceannaireacht pholaitiúil go maith, ach lig dúinn é a choinneáil áit a bhfuil sé.
Conas a dhéanaimid clár oibre fuinnimh glan a chur chun cinn ar scála atá tábhachtach, agus muid ag tabhairt aghaidh ar imní dlisteanacha eile? Tá fuinneamh ag dul chun cinn go tapa mar thosaíocht san earnáil phríobháideach agus san earnáil phoiblí araon agus ba cheart go mbeadh sé mar chuid den phlean cuimsitheach agus muid ag glacadh ceannaireachta sa ghluaiseacht i dtreo geilleagar glas. Níos luaithe i mbliana, d'fhógair Uachtarán APA Bruce Knight, FAICP, Tascfhórsa Áiteanna Inbhuanaithe nua chun ról an phlean comhchoiteann a scrúdú i inbhuanaitheacht agus chun a chinntiú go soláthraíonn an doiciméad príomhrialasaigh seo fís de phobal inbhuanaithe agus go ndéantar léargas ar chéimeanna chun é a chur i bhfeidhm, lena n-áirítear caiteachas caipitil agus an réimeas rialaithe forleathan. Ba cheart go ndéanfaí aghaidh a thabhairt sa phlean ar na saincheisteanna pleanála tábhachtacha a bhaineann le suiteálacha gréine, le bithmhás agus le páirceanna gaoithe.
An bhfuil a fhios againn i ndáiríre cad a chiallaíonn muid le "inbhuanaitheacht"? Tá an iomarca "greenwashing" cosúil le BP feicthe againn go léir i bpleananna le haghaidh "inbhuanaithe"... (tá an t-ainm áite á líonadh agat). "Inbhuanaitheacht: An Pleanáil ag Cuardach an Chroí Naofa?" "Is é an teideal a bhí ar mo chuid cainte ag comhdháil phleanála domhanda i Vancouver i 2006. Ina dhiaidh sin, chuir mé dúshlán ar mo chomhghleacaithe smaoineamh ar bhrí an fhocail agus ar an gcaoi ar féidir linn mar phleanálaithe ár gcleachtas a athrú ar bhealaí bríomhar chun muid féin a bhunú mar cheannairí. Ceithre bliana ina dhiaidh sin, chonaic mé níos mó caidrimh phoiblí cosúil le BP agus níos lú athruithe iarbhír sa ghairm. Tá an dúshlán ann.
An cuideoidh pleanáil réigiúnach sna Stáit Aontaithe linn dul i dtreo inbhuanaitheacht? Is féidir a rá go bhfuil an lagú atá ag an gcinnteoireacht ar leibhéal réigiúnach ina nasc lag sa slabhra pleanála ó thír áitiúil go dtí an choinbhinsiún. Ní hé an t-eagrán atá ag na daoine a oibríonn ar an leibhéal réigiúnach. Ina áit sin, is toradh é ar Bhunreacht na Stát Aontaithe nach mbunóidh ach dhá leibhéal rialtais cónaidhme agus stáit in éineacht le easpa féiniúlacht "réigiún" mórthrópail ar fud an domhain.
Sna 1970idí, agus mé ag múineadh cúrsa faoin ábhar, d'iarr mé ar ochtar stiúrthóirí pleanála réigiúnaí an cheist chéanna: Cé hiad na comhpháirteanna don phleanáil réigiúnach? Dúirt sé "an rialtas cónaidhme". Bhí freagraí éagsúla ag beirt. Dúirt Doug Carroll, ó cheantar Nua-Eabhrac, "na meáin". Mhínigh sé go raibh 1,400 rialtas áitiúil sa réigiún aige agus gurb é an t-aon bhealach chun iad a bhaint amach ná trí na meáin. Bhí freagra eile ag John Boland ó Chomhairle Cathrach na gCathracha Dualach a bunaíodh le déanaí. Thug sé "rialtas áitiúil" mar phríomh-bhuntáiste. Go deimhin, tugann pleanáil réigiúnach rathúil aird ar na hábhair imní áitiúla agus fís réigiúnach á craicinn le chéile.
Go gairid ina dhiaidh sin, toghadh Ronald Reagan mar uachtarán agus d'éirigh sé le cuid mhór den mhaoiniú le haghaidh pleanála réigiúnaí. Léiríonn an caillteanas maoinithe cad a tharlaíonn nuair a bhíonn do thoghghghrúpa an rialtas cónaidhme agus athruithe ceannaireachta cónaidhme.
Tá an rud céanna ag tarlú inniu sa Bhreatain, áit a bhfuil an rialtas comhghuaillíochta nua-tofa tar éis na Straitéisí Spáis Réigiúnacha a chur ar ceal, príomh-chomhbheart pleanála le breis agus deich mbliana. Is iad "Localism, localism, localism" na trí thosaíocht nua, mar a mheabhraigh Eric Pickles, Rúnaí Stáit na gComhphobal agus Rialtais Áitiúil, do phleanálaithe ag fáiltiú i mí an Mheithimh i dTeach na Parlaiminte, arna urraithe ag an Institiúid Ríoga Pleanála Cathrach. "Ach tá an ceart againn an t-ordú a athrú", a dúirt sé le grinn.
Aontaíonn formhór na bpleanálaithe sna Stáit Aontaithe nach ábhar gáire é réiteach ceart fadhbanna réigiúnacha a fháil. Aontaíonn an chuid is mó freisin nach réitíonn sé an fhadhb airgead nua a chaitheamh ar ár n-institiúidí réigiúnacha atá ann cheana. Is annamh a d'fhorbair muid vótaí buan le haghaidh réitigh réigiúnacha nó institiúidí réigiúnacha éifeachtacha agus, is cosúil, ní raibh ár gcairde ar an taobh eile den loch.
Cá háit a fhágann sé seo pleanálaithe agus pleanáil? Chuir tubaiste BP le déanaí i gcuimhne do phleanálaithe arís go bhfuil na hearnálacha príobháideacha agus poiblí i gcomhpháirt leis seo. Tá conarthaí domhanda, caighdeáin náisiúnta, gníomhartha stáit, agus cinntí áitiúla idirghabhálaithe ar na bealaí casta a luaigh David Brooks. Ní tharlóidh aistriú go saol iar-charbóin thar oíche, ach ní mór do phleanálaithe fós a bheith buan ag foghlaim na heolaíochta, ag oiriúnú sean-uirlisí, agus ag cur cinn nua leis. Is é ár oibleagáid. In ár saol atá ag éirí níos casta, ní bhíonn sé éasca a bheith ina phleanálaí dea-oideachas, eiticiúil, agus éifeachtach, freisin.
Grianghraif: Earraigh marbh ar trá i Biloxi, Mississippi. Grianghraf Craig Gulliot.
Déardaoin, 26 Lúnasa, 2010
Ní ceist é a bheith ag iarraidh a fháil ar na gníomhartha salach BP, an rialtas agus na meáin a chlúdach ar an 4 go 18 milliún barr ola a scaoileadh (a fháil ar an pictiúr fós - tá raon ollmhór, ó choimeádach go réaltacht, líon na galún ola dumped isteach sa mhuir toisc go bhfuil BP oibreoir neamhdhleathach - fíneáil na céadta milliún sa am atá thart agus gan ullmhú chun déileáil leis an réaltacht, an tragóid seo, agus neamh-póilíní ag MMA - riarachán bainistíochta mianraí - a ligean ar!! )
Níl aon scéal rósaigh anseo. Bhí na heolaithe ag déanamh na rudaí mícheart go léir, iad siúd a bhí ag obair le NOAA. 1000 ansin 5000 nó 50,000 bairille in aghaidh an lae?
Cé mhéad gáis a scaoileadh? I 5,000 troigh d'uisce. 100 lá de dhíol. Níor tharla sé seo riamh roimhe seo. 3,000 troigh chiúbacha gáis mheitéin in aghaidh an bairille ola is é BP ag téling dúinn. Is é an ola móide an ghás 6 milliún bairille, má théann tú ar an 4 milliún bairille de ola amháin figiúr.
Is é an réaltacht ná go bhfuil eolaíocht eolaíocht, agus seo na fíricí -
-- A plume uisce domhain de ola sa Ghleann, ag tomhas 22 míle ar fhad, 1.2 míle ar leithead agus 650 troigh ar airde
Tá amhras ag ollamh aigéin-eolaíochta Ollscoil Stáit Florida ar mheastacháin an rialtais go bhfuil an chuid is mó den ola ó leá Deepwater Horizon imithe cheana féin ón Mhullach nó go bhfuil baictéir ag briseadh síos go tapa.
"Sílim go mbeidh an léarscáil a scaoileadh BP, an scaoileadh, le fáil i Mhullach Mheicsiceo don chuid eile de mo shaol", a dúirt Ian MacDonald ag éisteacht sa Choinchead ar an sceitheadh. Cuireadh a luaitear i n-alt Wall Street Journal an 20 Lúnasa a thug tagairt freisin do thorthaí eolaithe eile a bhí ag breathnú ar pluma mór faoi uisce d'hiodrocarbóin ar mhéid Manhattan in aice le háit na tubaiste Deepwater Horizon.
Bhí Ian ar Democracy Now, a luaitear i nuachtán na Ríochta Aontaithe Guardian agus an Fall-Street Journal, scam Murdoch de nuachtán i gcuimhneanna go leor daoine.
Seo cúpla tarraingt amach ó:
• Suzanne Goldenberg, comhfhreagraí comhshaoil na Stát Aontaithe don Guardian --
"Léiríonn na torthaí seo go gcaithfidh na hiarrachtaí chun an t-ola a bhí ag dul a choinneáil ar an leabhar anois an pluma seo a áireamh", a dúirt Christopher Reddy, duine de bhaill an fhoireann ó Institiúid Uisceanaigh Woods Hole.
Dúirt an tuarascáil, a foilsíodh sa iris Science, freisin go raibh an pluma an-fhada le briseadh síos ag fórsaí nádúrtha, ag méadú an dóchúlacht go bhféadfadh ola a bheith ag taisteal ar fad i gCúl sula ndearnadh é a dhíscaoileadh.
"D'amharc go leor daoine go raibh na titim ola faoi thalamh á ndéanamh go héasca", a dúirt Richard Camilli, príomh-údar an pháipéir. "Bhuel ní raibh muid a fháil go. Fuair muid go raibh sé fós ann. "
Is é croílár an díospóireachta an ráta a bhfuil micribí a tharlaíonn go nádúrtha ag ithe an ola ón tobar neamh-thréimhseach. Fiú ag meastacháin an Tithe Bán, bhí thart ar an ceathrú cuid den ola siphoned amach as an tobar, scimmed as an dromchla, nó dóite. Ach an Teach Bán, i seoladh ard-phróifíle, níos luaithe an mhí seo mhol go raibh micribí ithe chomh mór le 50% den ola atá fágtha.
Hey, tá mé díreach críochnaithe mo máistir i bpleanáil uirbeach agus réigiúnach. Clúdóidh blag amárach cuid de na gairmeacha pleanála ar BP agus ar bhréaga ola agus cad is gá dúinn mar chleachtóirí pleanála agus forbartha straitéiseach pobail a thosú ag déanamh chun láimhseáil a fháil ar an nglacadh corparáideach seo ar gach rud, anois lena n-áirítear fírinne agus oideachas.
Ní mór do phleananna athraithe aeráide, forbairt fuinnimh, agus inbhuanaitheacht ar gach leibhéal a bheith mar chuid de phleananna cuimsitheacha, mar chuid de dhiailiú pobail, mar chuid de chúrsa teagaisc do phleanálaithe agus do mhic léinn K-12.
Go dtí seo, éist le Ian McDonald ar YouTube. Nó níos fearr fós, Democracy Now --
Dé Luain, 23 Lúnasa, 2010
Tá roinnt nuachta ar an bhfronta Haití áit a raibh na milliúin díláithrithe, a thiontú i dídeanaithe comhshaoil, agus áit a chaill 300,000 a saol mar thoradh díreach ar an crith talún.
Tá píosa iontach ag an Smithsonian ar "Earthquake Art" na Háité. Féach --
Ach tá níos mó ar an bhfronta Haití, lena n-áirítear glao ar an bhFrainc $ 40 billiún a íoc as robáil éigeantach den tír i 1825. Léigh na blurbs éagsúla agus lean ar aghaidh chuig na leaganacha níos faide, na scéalta ar seo:
"Ní é an t-éileamh atá ag Haití i ndáiríre le haghaidh athdháileadh ar sclábhaíocht", a dúirt Ira Kurzban, dlíodóir inimirce Miami agus príomh-dhlítheach na Haití sna Stáit Aontaithe, "ach le haghaidh athdháileadh go sonrach a tharla i 1825. Tá sé bunaithe ar iarrachtaí an rialtais na Fraince 150 milliún francs na Fraince (a bhfuil comhionann le $ 21 billiún inniu) a bhaint as geilleagar a raibh a fhios ag na Fraince nach bhféadfadh sé a íoc, trí úsáid a bhaint as fórsa. Tá sé seo neamh-incheadaithe faoin dlí idirnáisiúnta".
Monitor Eolaíochta Críostaí
D'fhág an Fhrainc glao polaiteoirí ar chlé agus daoine eile air chun an comhionannas nua-aimseartha de 90 milliún franc óir thart ar $ 17 billiún a íoc le Haití mar chúiteamh as éagóir 200 bliain d'aois.
D'iarr achainí arna shíniú ag 100 ealaíontóir, scoláirí, agus polaiteoirí AE a scaoileadh ar an Luan ar an Fhrainc $ 17 billiún a thabhairt do Haiti le haghaidh athchóirithe crith talún. Ba é an t-airgead a d'íoc go bunúsach táille a ghearr Rí na Fraince Charles X ar Aití tar éis éirí amach a chuir deireadh leis an sclábhaíocht ann. D'fhógair an Rí Charles go raibh an táille mar chúiteamh as caillteanas sclábhaithe agus maoine eile.
Ní iarratais nua iad na hiarratais sin, a deir na húdaráis, ag argóint go bhfuil cabhair shuntasach agus faoiseamh fiachais tugtha ag an bhFrainc dá iar-choilíneacht, agus tá sé beartaithe níos mó.
D'fhoilsigh an Guardian na Breataine agus an liberation French an litir oscailte chuig uachtarán na Fraince Nicolas Sarkozy a shínigh acadúlaigh Mheiriceá Cornel West agus Noam Chomsky, figiúirí polaitiúla AE Daniel Cohn-Bendit agus Eva Joly, an colúnóir Naomi Klein, agus a lán acadúlaithe, rappers, agus figiúirí poiblí Mheiriceá agus na Fraince.
Cén Fáth go bhfuil Tréimhsí na Háití i dTreo na Fraince
le Tunku Varadarajan
14 Eanáir, 2010
Nuair a tháinig sé go dtí an tHaití, bhí an Fhrainc ar dtús colónóir brutal, agus ansin an t-údarú usurious. Tunku Varadarajan ar cén fáth go bhfuil sé in am athdháileadh a dhéanamh.
De réir mar a bhíonn Haitians ag dul i ngleic le haerbhall, agus de réir mar a dhéanann rialtais, eaglaisí agus Eagraíochtaí neamhrialtasacha an chuid is fearr is féidir leo chun cabhair a thabhairt do gheimhreadh na Háití, tugann réiteach beoga ar riachtanais na tíre é féin, ceann chomh soiléir agus chomh neamhchinnte - chomh resonantly díreach - go gcaithfear é a abhcóideacht leis an bhfuinneamh is mó: caithfidh an Fhrainc a fiach choilíneach a aisíoc do Haiti trí íoc as cuid mhór de athchóiriú na tíre oileáin.
Thosaigh bochtaineacht ainsealach na Háití ag a bhreith i 1804, nuair a thit a rialóirí Fraince i réabhlóid sclábhaí 12 bliana folach, bhí an náisiún nuabheirthe faoi réir blocálacha agus embargoes criptithe. Lean an strangulation eacnamaíoch seo go dtí 1825, nuair a thairg an Fhrainc embargoes a ardú agus Poblacht na Háité a aithint má íocann an dara ceann athdháileadh don Fhrainc - as caillteanas maoine san Háití, lena n-áirítear sclábhaithe - de 150 milliún franc óir. Bhí an t-airgead, thart ar chúig huaire ioncam onnmhairiú Haiti do 1825, brutal, ach ní raibh aon rogha ag Haiti: Íoc nó bás a fháil le blianta fada eile de bhagairt eacnamaíoch, gan trácht ar bhagairtí na Fraince a bhaineann le ionradh agus athghabháil. Chun íoc, d'iasaigh Haiti airgead ag rátaí úiséir ó Fhrainc, agus níor chríochnaigh sé a dhliteanas a íoc go dtí 1947, ag an am a bhí a chinniúint mar an tír is boichte san Iarthair an Iarthair socraithe go maith agus go fírinneach.
Sa ré seo de bailouts multibillion dollar d'institiúidí baincéireachta príobháideacha,
Ní dócha go gcuirfeadh $22 billiún brón Gaelach ar bun. Ach do Haiti, bheadh an t-airgead mar bhronntanas ó neamh.
Ní mór don Fhrainc gach cent de na cistí seo a thabhairt ar ais go dtí an Háití. I 2004, ag am 200ú bliain neamhspleáchas na Háití, chuir rialtas na Háití briathar dlíthiúil le chéile chun tacú le héilimh foirmiúil ar "aisíocaíocht" ó Fhrainc.
Ba é an t-airgead a bhí á lorg ná beagnach $22 billiún, uimhir a tháinig trí ríomhanna a chuimsigh ráta úis bliantúil nochtúil cothrom. (Le haghaidh cuntas iomlán ar an ríomh, léigh scéal nuachta den scoth Jose de Cordoba in The Wall Street Journal, a foilsíodh ar 2 Eanáir, 2004.) Rinne an tUachtarán Jean-Bertrand Aristide, sean-sheanmóir fiáin, a cuireadh iallach air as oifig ag éirí as oifig foréigneach i mí Feabhra, an éileamh sin. Roghnaigh a chomharbaí, Boniface Alexandre agus Gerard Latortue, go conspóideach éileamh na Háití ar aisíocaíocht / athchúrsáil a thréigean. (Bhí, ar ndóigh, go leor brú déanta orthu ag an bhFrainc, a fuair éileamh Aristide míshásta go polaitiúil.)
le haghaidh níos mó, léigh:
Iarrtar ar an bhFrainc $40 Billiún a Íoc le Haiti mar Dhíolú ar "Dol Neamhspleáchas"
De réir Chiste Athchóiriú Haiti, a thacaíonn na Náisiúin Aontaithe leis, níor íoc ach dhá thír - an Bhrasaíl agus an Eastóin - an méid geallta go hiomlán. Níor chuir na Stáit Aontaithe, an Fhrainc, Ceanada agus go leor eile a gcuid cabhrach geallta. Fuair athbhreithniú le déanaí ag CNN nach ndearnadh ach dhá faoin gcéad de na gealltanas iomlána a sheachadadh go hÉití. Tá glaonna ag fás anois ar fhoirm eile íocaíochta le Haiti: athdháileadh. An tseachtain seo, d'fhoilsigh grúpa acadúla agus gníomhaithe suntasacha litir oscailte ag iarraidh ar an Fhrainc "fhiacha neamhspleáchais" a íoc a chuir sé ar fáil beagnach 200 bliain ó shin tar éis do Haiti neamhspleáchas a fháil ó Fhrainc. Bhí gá le Haití thart ar 90 milliún franc óir a íoc leis an bhFrainc go dtí an Dara Cogadh Domhanda, a bhfuil luach suas le $ 40 billiún inniu tar éis ús agus boilsciú.
Dé Sathairn, 21 Lúnasa, 2010
Ansin, mar chuid de Mheán Fómhair Inbhuanaithe, Meán Fómhair, 7, ag an Garland Theatre, Tosaíonn Costas an Mhuirigh Blues féile scannáin cúig lá. Beidh Marc Gauthier ann, agus beidh Down to Earth ina óstach ar an ócáid sin.
Tá an scéal ag teacht chun cinn - is é sin, iarmhairtí an BP blow-out agus an cover-up. Tá go leor le rá agam faoin gcaoi ar fad. Rinne mé agallamh le cónaitheoirí an Chósta Mhuir Chairib le haghaidh mo seó raidió, Tipping Points: Voices from the Edge -- http://www.kyrs.org/. Bhí grianghrafadóirí agam ar -- Matthew White -- http://www.matthewwhitestudio.com/. Bhí mé a birder ar, Drew Wheelan, a bhí ag seasamh ag tarns marbh ar trá na meáin agus BP dhearbhaigh saor ó ola, saor ó bhás, agus a bheith agallaimh dom beo. Beidh cuid de na híomhánna agus na guthanna seo i scannán Marc, atá á eisiúint aige fós agus ag cur leis an ábhar ar an nóiméad deireanach.
Faoi láthair, áfach, is é an scéal is fearr a chlúdaíonn na bréaga agus an ionramháil sna meáin agus na fírinneanna eolaíochta ó eagrán Meán Fómhair/Deireadh Fómhair 2010 de Mother Jones -- le Julia Whitty, "Rinntí Deep BP".
Seo thíos roinnt sliocht de na hailt a rinne sí a scaoileadh. Bhí níos mó tuairisceoirí ag Mother Jones ann ná an chuid is mó de na nuachtáin agus na líonraí teilifíse Mheiriceá. BP go léir faoi leasanna scairshealbhóirí a chosaint, ní a chur i bhfeidhm ar an dlí na talún nó ag déanamh ceart leis an gcomhshaol agus daoine. Pumped milliúin galún de scaipeoirí tocsaineach isteach san aigéan a chlúdach na céadta milliún galún de cruda pumped isteach san aigéan; na milliúin tonna de mheitine gushing amach a chóireáil ag BP le meithanól, tocsaine eile.
Fuarthas eolaithe ar 250 dollar san uair le foráil a dhéanamh go gcoimeádfaí a gcuid taighde faoi rún. Bhí cosc a chur ar CBS agus ProPublica agus grúpaí agus daoine aonair eile na preasa a bheith ann mar chuid de chomhlánú Gharda Cósta na Stát Aontaithe le spinners brabús BP.
Ar aon chuma, beidh go leor gnéithe den scéal seo á gcur san áireamh i mbloganna PacifiCAD amach anseo. Faoi láthair, an t-alt Mother Jones agus na hailt briseadh amach thíos:
Agus níl aon duine réidh leis. Ní an tSeirbhís Bainistíochta Mionraí, ag freastal go submissive ar "plean" tuilte ola Ghleann BP, doiciméad a bhfuil measúnuithe fiadhúlra neamhchruinn go forleathan (lena n-áirítear walruses agus speicis eile nach bhfuil ann sa Ghleann) agus saineolaí ar an bhfón atá marbh le blianta. Ní na heolaithe a bhfuil a gcuid taighde á íoc ag na cowboys ola. Ní raibh na grúpaí comhshaoil, nach raibh a réamhamharc an cumas stupendous do cataclysm ar an teorainn is faide ola. Ní na meáin, a rinne neamhaird go hiomlán ar an réamhscéal sneak a thairg an bhliain seo caite ag an bhrú de bhrúigh rig West Atlas i Muir Timor ó Astráil - tubaiste a theastaigh uaidh cúig iarracht a dhéanamh ar bhúr faoisimh agus 74 lá a chur i bhfeidhm.
"Tá ola tocsaineach don chuid is mó den saol. Agus tá Corexit tocsaineach don chuid is mó den saol. Ach is é an t-ola is tocsaineacha ná an ola a ndearnadh Corexit air".
Pléann Rick Steiner, speisialtóir caomhnaithe ó Ollscoil Alasca a rinne staidéar ar éifeachtaí scaipeadh Exxon Valdez le 21 bliain anuas, na féidearthachtaí seo agus muid ag breathnú go neamhchosaitheach. "Suaiteann na dalfíin gaile olach trína bhéal", a deir sé. "Tá siad ag ithe iasc atá nochtaithe do ola. Tá ola ag teacht isteach ina n-oireadáin go léir. Tá siad i mbainéal ola leanúnach. Níl aon áit le dul chun é a fháil amach as. Tá a fhios againn ón Exxon Valdez go bhfuil fiú na hainmhithe nach bhfuil maraíodh go díreach a fhulaingt leoin ina n-orgáin, lena n-áirítear an inchinn. Téann siad dall. Bíonn deacrachtaí atáirgthe orthu, athruithe ina gceimic fola, agus d'fhéadfadh go mbeadh athruithe ilghinealach a tharchur chuig na h-iníonacha nach raibh nochtaithe leis an ola riamh".
"Cé go bhféadfadh an t-eagrán seo a bheith ag pléasc ón tobar mí ó shin agus go bhfuil sé ag dul ar a bhealach go dtí an trá ó shin, tá sé fós lán de chomhdhúile luaithleacha cosúil le binsín", a deir Steiner. "Tá a fhios go bhfuil Benzene carcanaigineach, contúirteach do shaol an duine, freisin".
Caithfidh siad na daoine seo a íoc chun obair a dhéanamh nó go ndéanfaidh siad corrucht", a deir Carl Safina, caomhnóir mhuirí agus comhbhunaitheoir Institiúid an Aigéin Gorm. "Mar atá sé, tá siad feargach, ag ól, ag grianghrafadh sna barraí. Trí íoc leo, tá BP ag díriú ar a n-fhuath. Ina theannta sin, is dóigh le cuid acu go bhfuil siad ag cabhrú i ndáiríre, cé go ndéanann dhá phríomhmhodh ghlanadh BP - boum a chur amach agus scaiptheoir a úsáid - a chéile a chur faoi dhroch-chontúirt go hiomlán. "
Chomh maith le ola, meitéin, meitanól, agus Corexit, cuireann sreabháin tochailteach a n-oidis féin scanrúil leis an tubaiste: arsenaic, luaidhe, meirge, cadmium, barít, fluairíd, lignosulfonate cróime, vanadium, copar, alúmanam, cróimiam, sinc, radaicneuclaidí, agus miotail throm eile. Éilíonn tobar faoiseamh na mílte buidéil níos mó de sreabhach tobar a phumpáil isteach sa stór, agus na rioscaí céanna le pléascadh ag freastal ar an tobar bunaidh. Measann an EPA go mbeidh na sreabháin toilteanacha seo ina bhagairt ar bhun na farraige agus ar na huiscí timpeall air ar feadh suas le 40 bliain.
Ní raibh an gréasán bia ollmhór san aigéan riamh roimhe seo i stair an duine - a bhí fréamhaithe sa dorchadas, agus a bhí ag bláthú ar an dromchla - faoi chomh mór ionsaí ó thíos, thuas, agus laistigh den cholún uisce: cogadh muirí a bhí mascáilte mar ghlanadh.
Meastar go bhfuil 1,665 sperm whales ina gcónaí (agus b'fhéidir nach bhfágann siad riamh) uiscí thuaidh an Ghleann. Measúnú a rinne an Riarachán Náisiúnta um Aigéin agus Atmaisféar (NOAA) le déanaí, tá sé de mheas go bhféadfadh fiú trí bhás breise (gan cúiseanna nádúrtha) a bheith i mbaol do phobal iomlán na bhfíor-bhfíor-bhfíor-bhfíor-bhfíor, ós rud é nach mbíonn na fíor-bhfíor-bhfíoranna ag breeding go minic agus ní bhíonn siad ach i lár na beatha.
"Níor féidir linn fiú pictiúr maith a fháil den saol i bhfolach na Murascaille", a deir Ed Chesney. "Nuair a d'fhéadfadh muid a fhios riamh cad a rinneadh leis". Is é an chothromóid clasaiceach íosbhrú: riosca faoi uisce a bhfuil naoi n-deagmhór ann, ag cothú gan a bheith le feiceáil sa dorchadas. An cheist mhór: An scriosfaidh sé Mhuir Mheicsiceo? "Is é an rud is fearr a d'fhéadfadh tarlú anois", a deir Chesney, sean-fhear a bhí ag troid i bhFuairéagan Katrina, Rita, Gustav, agus Ike, "go dtubailtfeadh hurricane amháin, dhá, trí, nó ceithre hurricane tríd agus go gcuirfí an truailliú seo go léir faoi shraithí díleá".
"Tá a fhios againn go bhfuil an ciseal scaipthe domhain i Mhullach Mheicsiceo - cosúil leis an DSL i ngach áit - ag tacú le líon mór agus le bithmhaise na beatha", a deir Benoit-Bird, a chaith am ag staidéar ar bhaláin sperm an Mhullaigh. "Tá a fhios againn go bhfuil an DSL an-tábhachtach do shaol na n-uiscí sin. Tá a fhios againn go bhfuil sé i gcónaí ag bogadh, ní hamháin suas agus síos, ach ar an gcósta agus amach ón gcósta, ar ais agus amach, gach lá agus gach oíche. Méadaíonn sé seo go mór an dóchúlacht go mbeidh aon ainmhí nó sraitheanna áirithe saoil nochtaithe do na truailleoirí ag pointe éigin le linn a gcuid taistil. Agus beidh gach ceann de na nochtadh cascade suas agus síos tríd an ngréasán bia. "
Tugann roinnt breathnóireachtaí luath ar éifeachtaí tubaiste na Murascaille le tuiscint go bhféadfadh imirce ingearach laethúil ainmhithe na sraithe scaipthe domhain a bheith blocáilte nuair a bhíonn siad i dteagmháil le plumaí ola agus truailleán. Má tá, ansin faoi cheangal faoi bhun plum, ní bheadh an t-iasc DSL agus invertebrates in ann rochtain a fháil ar a n-íobairt. Ar an mbarr, ní bheadh siad in ann a n-ionsaitheoirí a éalú. I bhfolach taobh istigh, b'fhéidir go bhfaigheadh siad bás agus ina mbás, d'ith siad na daoine a itheann iad. Maidir leis an aigéan, bheadh aon chailliúint táirgiúlachta sa chiseal scaipeadh domhain mar an cathaclysm is mó de gach rud - na huiscí dromchla a éagú, na cóstaí a ídiú, ag cascading thar na teorainneacha idir aigéan agus talamh chun geilleagar nádúrtha agus daonna araon a dhíothú.
Ar chóstaí Mhuir Mheicsiceo, mar a thiteann an tubaiste dubh suas ó bhéal na farraige míle síos, mé ola a fháil ar thrá na trá a ghlanadh arís agus arís eile ag foirne Hazmat. Níl le déanamh agam ach léim síos agus greamaigh orlach sa ghaineamh chun goop a fháil. Tá sé tar éis teacht chun cuimhne dom go bhfuil sraith nua á scríobh i leabhar lógó geolaíochta Murascaill Mheicsiceo, b'fhéidir lá éigin a bheith ar a dtugtar an BP sraith dorcha. An dtabharfaidh an stair taifead air mar an seam olach a chuir deireadh le ré fuinnimh nach féidir a choimeád agus tús le ceann níos fearr?
Tá sé seo mar fhreagra ar an tuairim thíos. Go raibh maith agat as na tuairimí sin, folks!
Go leor ciníoch. Tá na billiúin leighis curtha ar fáil don chorparáid atá i gceist ó thaobh na stát de - cabhair ó na cáiníocóirí. Tugann muid an tionscal ola na céadta milliún dollar in aghaidh na bliana i gcreidmheasanna cánach. Tugann muid an BP ar fud an domhain cart blanc nuair a thagann sé chun forálacha a shéideadh. An ola, an chríoch sin, is maoin na Stát Aontaithe é, maoin na ndaoine. Mar sin, tá corparáidí bréagach, agus a n-dlíodóirí bréagach ag obair i gcónaí i gcoinne mhuintir na Meiriceánach, i gcoinne na ndlíthe a bhfuil súil againn a leanúint. Mar sin, tá, tá corparáidí i go leor cásanna cosúil le díolaithe drugaí - caithfidh siad a gcuid rianta a chlúdach le cabhair ó eolaithe, dlíodóirí agus eacnamaithe a bhfuil oideachas coláiste acu.
An líne bhun an chorparáide? Tá roinnt rudaí fionnuar ar chorparáidí i Raj Patel's The Value of Nothing.
Nó an scannán, An Corparáid -
"Déantar an corparáid a chur i gcomparáid le socheapóid. Tá an phearsantacht sociopathic neamhfhreagrach, ionramhálach, mór, gan aon chomhbhá, tá claonadh frithshóisialta aige, diúltaíonn sé freagracht a ghlacadh as a ghníomhartha, agus ní féidir leis aithreachas a bhraitheann....Is féidir go leor de na dearcadh a ghlacann daoine agus na gníomhartha a fheidhmíonn siad agus iad ag gníomhú mar oibrithe corparáideacha a shainaithint mar sociopathic.
Ina theannta sin, de réir an tslí dlí a bhunaítear corparáid, is é an brabús an t-aon chúis atá leis. Gach gníomh a dhéantar, is cuma cé chomh neamhthrócaireach is a fhéachann sé, ní mór dó a bheith ina chuardach ar bhrabús sa deireadh. Seachas sin, tá an chorparáid faoi réir d'iomaíocht ó na scairshealbhóirí. Tá an corparáid cláraithe go stuama agus éigeantach go dlíthiúil costais (dump) a sheachadadh (dump) (sniotáil, mar shampla) gan aird a thabhairt ar an dochar a d'fhéadfadh sé a chur faoi deara. Gach costas is féidir leis a dhíghlasáil ar an bpobal i gcoitinne is tairbhe do scairshealbhóirí - bealach díreach chun brabús.
Tá go leor corparáidí móra i mbun iompar coiriúil de ghnáth le taifid níos measa ná fiú na coiriúla daonna is mó a bhfuil go leor acu. Ghlac GE 42 fíneáil throm thar 11 bliana - cosúil le coiriúil athfhillte crua a fhaigheann slaps láimhe ó am go ham agus é ar phároll buan. Ní chuireann corparáidí a mind chalk na fíneálacha suas mar chostas a dhéanamh ar ghnó - ansin a tharmligean ar choiste chun a fháil amach conas a chlúdach a rianta níos fearr sa todhchaí. Fuaimeann sé go leor cosúil le socheapath.
Laistigh de 20 bliain anuas, tá corparáidí i ndáiríre a fháil i leaba leis an rialtas sna Stáit Aontaithe. Caitear billiúin i gcistí PAC gach bliain ar phléasáil agus ar thacaíochtaí polaitiúla. Ní mór go mbeadh sé deacair ar pholaiteoir buíoch duine a dhiúltú a thug céad míle dollar dá fheachtas. Conas is féidir le grúpaí faireacha nach bhfuil maoiniú acu (i gcomparáid) dul san iomaíocht leis an meaisín seo a bhfuil sé mar aidhm acu a gcuid tionscail a shúiseáil agus a n-riailsiú a dhí-riailsiú?"
Nó an dearcadh seo -
"Tá a fhios agam cad is cosúil le corparáid thug", a deir dlíodóir agus óstáil raidió Mike Papantonio, atá gnóthach ag tógáil cás RICO i gcoinne BP as an scrios ola sa Ghleann. "Is socheopaths iad na daoine seo agus tá an GOP ag iarraidh leithscéal a fháil dóibh". Pléann Papantonio an cás leanúnach i gcoinne BP, ag tabhairt faoi deara go raibh an chuideachta ag bródú ar ais i 2008 as a bheith in ann a ghluaiseachtaí ola a rianú níos fearr ach a éileamh anois nach raibh aon smaoineamh aige cé mhéad ola a bhí ag titim isteach san uisce. Pléann sé freisin na staidéir a fuair damáiste inchinn agus mutations géiniteach i ndaoine nochtaithe do ola i leithead roimhe seo - agus cén fáth go bhfuil tochailt in Alaska ag dul ar aghaidh ar aon nós. "Táimid tuirseach de bheith ag dul amach ar na sráideanna agus ag taispeáint nó ag éisteacht le daoine eile ag labhairt linn", a deir an t-eagraí Rocio Valerio faoina dóchas maidir le Fóram Sóisialta na Stát Aontaithe. "Táimid ag dul i ndáiríre a teacht suas le roghanna eile, a teacht i ndáiríre suas le plean". Soláthraíonn an Fóram Sóisialta, an tseachtain seo i Detroit, spás d'eagraithe cosúil le Rocio teacht le chéile agus oibriú ar son Stáit Aontaithe níos fearr - agus beidh Laura ag tuairisciú ón Fóram an deireadh seachtaine seo. Fan ar an eolas le haghaidh tuilleadh!Leas-imscrúdú ar an gCongres dhearbhaigh Aram Roston a thuairiscigh i mí na Samhna anuraidh in The Nation: téann dollar cánach na Stát Aontaithe isteach i bpócaí na bhfear-chathaoirleach Afganastáin i "raicéad cosanta ollmhór" a d'fhéadfadh a bheith ina threoir ar ais go lámha na Talibán.
Pléann Roston an líonra nasc, íocaíochtaí, agus arm phríobháideach de na "eagraíochtaí neamhrialta" a ghlaonn sé nach bhfuil freagrach ach dóibh féin agus dá gcumhacht mhíleata féin. Naoi mbliana i, Afganastáin Is é na Stáit Aontaithe is faide ag rith coimhlint - agus nach bhfuil a fhios againn fós cá bhfuil an t-airgead ag dul? Agus díreach cad atá ar siúl leis an Ginearálta McChrystal, ar aon nós? Faoi dheireadh, BP Tony Hayward "a fuair a shaol ar ais" ag dul yachting. Tá na milliúnaithe ar fud an domhain ag caitheamh níos mó ar bhád. Ach tá smaoineamh níos fearr ag iascaire amháin sa Ghleann ar an áit ar féidir leo na milliúin breise sin a chaitheamh.
Déardaoin, 5 Lúnasa, 2010
*Is é seo an dara cuid de anailís DTE dhá chuid ar an trealaiméir do scannánóir áitiúil Marc Gauthier's a d'eascair ó dhoiciméadach ola atá le teacht dar teideal Gulf Coast Blues: Ola inár Veins Inniu tá an blagálaí DTE Paul ag glacadh leis an trealaiméir. Bhí an t-alt seo le feiceáil ag an mblogálaí DTE Bart ar DTE le linn na seachtaine. Tá an treiler leabaithe thíos mar ár Vídeó seachtainiúil Dé Máirt: (Táirgeadh foul / garbh / teanga aibí ag 4:05, 5:50 agus 8:10)
"Mar sin, guy ó Spokane a chaitheamh dhá sheachtain i Louisiana poking a noses timpeall agus scannánú, agus má tá a fhios aige níos mó ná an tUachtarán na Stát Aontaithe faoi cad is fíor ag tarlú anseo síos ar na tránna, sna marshes, má tá an riarachán nach bhfuil cad tá mé d'fhoghlaim i dhá sheachtain, ansin tá muid i dtrioblóid mhór. Tá muid fucked. - Marc Gauthier go Paul Haeder
D'fhéadfadh go mbeadh an luachan sin ó na línte tosaigh cliste. Má lean tú Dispatches From A Disaster chomh voracious mar a rinneamar, ní thóg sé fada chun a thuiscint go raibh sé ar cheann de na tuairiscí is fíor agus unfiltered ón Murascaill. Anois tá "Gulf Coast Blues: Oil In Our Veins", clár faisnéise ón tionscadal sin ag an scannánóir Spokane Marc Gauthier. Tá sé seo chomh fíor agus a fhaigheann sé le clúdach dlúth agus pearsanta ar Gobharnóir Louisiana Bobby Jindahl, a chuid sleeves rolladh suas - an comhartha go bhfuil polaiteoir tromchúiseach - spouting doublespeak folamh ón léachtóir. Tá tú ag fulaingt an bureaucracy bocsa-in náire nuair Gauthier deonacha chun cabhrú leis an glan-up. Agus tá na lámhaigh sublime agus hypnotic pelicans ag eitilt os cionn tonnta ar an líne chósta iontach sula dtagann an ola ar na tránna - tapa ar aghaidh mí agus a bheith i láthair an juxtaposition harrowing an bháis mar eacnamaíocht a scriosadh agus creimíní marbh a ghlanadh suas ar an trá, clúdaithe i goop blackspotted. Conas is féidir linn eitilt go dtí an ghealach sna 60idí agus ní féidir linn stop a chur le sceitheadh ola? a deir iascairí le Gauthier. Níl sé ag déanamh ciall.
Dé Céadaoin, 4 Lúnasa, 2010
Sílim go bhfuil an iomarca daoine a chur stoc i an tUachtarán Obama's gauge mothúchánach sna laethanta, seachtainí agus míonna a lean tar éis an Deepwater Horizon pléasc a maraíodh 11 duine i Murascaill Mheicsiceo. Imeacht a chruthaigh an tubaiste comhshaoil is measa a chonaic ár náisiún riamh. An bhfuil cúram againn i ndáiríre faoi staid mhothúchánach ár n-uachtarán? Nó an mbeadh sé níos fearr linn éileamh ar ár n-uachtarán a chuid sleeves a rolladh suas, a bhéal a dhúnadh agus tosú ag déanamh obair salach?
Ós rud é go bhfuil gach duine ag iarraidh a chuid imoibrithe a chur i gcomparáid le imoibrithe an iar-Uachtarán Bush, smaoinigh ar seo: Tar éis 9/11, chuaigh an tUachtarán Bush go dtí Ground Zero agus sheas sé ar an mbróg i rud a chuimhneoidh go leor mar an nóiméad sainithe den cheathrú céad bliain anuas. Ach cuimhnigh cé a bhí timpeall air: foirne freagartha éigeandála a raibh an chuid is mó acu gan mothúchán mar gheall ar bhlianta de thaithí trauma agus crith talún mothúchánach. Ní chun na fir agus na mná cróga sin a mhí-mheas nó a bheith glan, ach tá sé fíor. Tá sé éasca don scannán Funny People a bheith cosúil le scannán Lifetime ag maraitéin scannáin uafáis. Ina theannta sin, táimid ag caint faoi dhá chineál imeachtaí éagsúla - ceann ina bhfuil an namhaid éasca a aithint agus fearg a dhíriú air, agus an ceann eile ina bhfuil an namhaid ina chultúr a chothú againn go léir.
Ach tá mé digress... .
Caillte sa síceanailís ar fhocail curse Obama, a éadaí sa Ghleann, nó a chuid focail aghaidh bhí an fíric níos brónach go raibh an chuid eile den Mheiriceá go príomha dícheallach freisin. Maidir liom féin, is i bhfad níos deacra a cheapadh go bhfuil sé deacair ar mo chomhshaoránaigh an fearg agus an frustrachas a bhraitheann siad faoin tragóid seo a shaothrú agus a dhíriú ar na ciontóirí agus na lucht cumasaithe. Agus sa chás seo is iad na daoine a chuireann ar chumas é a fheiceann tú nuair a fhéachann tú sa scáthán. Ach ar ais go dtí mo phointe faoi mothú
B'fhéidir go bhfuil mé imdhíonach chun freagairt do íomhánna teilifíse agus físeáin. B'fhéidir go bhfuil na meáin ag cur isteach orainn níos mó ná mar a thuigeann muid. Cibé cás a bhí ann, thóg sé rud éigin a fheiceáil cosúil leis an treiler do Gulf Coast Blues: Ola inár Veins clár faisnéise ag scannánóir Spokane Marc Gauthier chun an nasc sin a chruthú. Tá cur chuige Marc i leith scannánú níos mó ná ealaín. Baineann Marc úsáid as bunús iontaofa agus macántachta chun croílár an tsaoil a fháil. Agus sin an rud a chuireann an scannán seo ar leith.
Dé Luain, 2 Lúnasa, 2010
Paul K. Haeder
Is cosúil go bhfuil saol fada ar shiúl agus 50 cultúr a tógadh ón ola bubbling, ach tá an t-eagarthóireacht agus an tweaking digiteach ag an scannánóir Marc Gauthier ag cur turas oscailte súl go dtí an Ghleann i mí na Bealtaine ina fhís le haghaidh athraithe. Ina theannta sin, nuair a fheiceann tú é ag dul trí radharcanna agus ag cur ceoil ar an Mac, téann tú ar shiúl lena shaothar agus a fhís a spreagann.
Le seachtainí, tá sé sa Saranac, sa poll cubby ar an gceathrú hurlár. Ag Community Minded TV, tá Gauthier ag iarraidh leideanna a fháil ar conas fuaim, scannán agus grafaicí a chur le chéile, agus tá an toradh, ar féidir a fheiceáil anois ar an suíomh seo mar thrailer 10 nóiméad don scannán níos mó, iontach.
Ní bhaineann 'Gulf Coast Blues' 'Oil in Our Veins' leis an mbréagán teicniúil go léir a chuir an British Petroleum ar lucht féachana Mheiriceá. Ní bhaineann sé le meabhrú na heolaíochta agus le mí-úsáid na ngníomhaireachtaí éagsúla, roimh, le linn agus anois 90 lá tar éis do Deepwater Horizon a throid agus 11 duine a mharú agus saol iomlán na Murascaille a scriosadh. Ní bhaineann sé le polaiteoirí oiriúnach agus le cogaí bréagacha na Garda Cósta a chur i láthair.
Baineann an tionscadal seo le scéal fear amháin a thrasnaíonn le scéal comhchoiteann réigiúin ar fad. Taispeánann scannán Marc an frustrachas a bhaineann le cuidiú agus a bheith ar shiúl. Taispeánann a scannán an chéad imoibriú de ola leapadh ar na tránna Grand Isle.
Ach is trína lionsa é, agus é ag dul ar a chuid caiacs farraige timpeall booms agus oileáin bhac, conas a fheicimid cad a chuireann ar dhuine a shábháilteacht a dhiúscairt (i Spokane) chun a fháil amach conas a oibríonn a chuid blianta go léir don chomhshaol, ag foghlaim conas "teachtaireacht" a chur ar fáil don chomhshaol, aistríonn sé sin go léir i gcaidreamh leis na dúchasaigh. Agus ansin é a thiontú go dtí an draíocht de scéal filmic.
Is é an rud a fhaigheann Spokane agus an domhan ná scéal comhchéime. Tá Marc ag preasagallamh, ag cur ceisteanna ar oifigigh, ag éisteacht le guth frustrachas na nGarda Náisiúnta, ag crochadh amach le ceoltóirí, ag maireachtáil cúpla seachtain taobh istigh den ghruaig agus an t-suaite atá sa Ghleann.
Tagann sé ar ais le scéal na dí-fhorbairt amh agus admonition rampant. Is é "Gulf Coast Blues" "Oil in Our Veins" an-spéisiúil nuair a thagann sé le daoine, fiadhúlra agus córas eastóscadh agus saothrú fuinnimh salach a thit ceann ar cheann le chéile.
An cúlchiste nach raibh sé in ann a fháil an rang effete il-mhilliúnóir agus cowboys faux i seomraí boird nó laistigh ionaid innealtóireachta a dhéanamh ráitis flippant faoi na dúchasaigh. Déanann siad é leis na Cajuns agus na dúchasaigh Cósta na Murascaille. Déanann siad é sin le Nigerians. Déanann siad é dúinn, na cinn leis an andúil.
Tá an scéal faoi dúinn, na príomhcharachtair, ag dul ar, ag a bheith ag ithe an narcótach go bhfuil ola.
Beidh an scannán iomlán Gulf Coast Blues á thaispeáint anseo i Spokane. Go luath. Tá muid ag caint faoi bheith mar chuid de Mheán Fómhair Inbhuanaithe. Ag an gColáiste Pobail Spokane Falls mar chuid dá théama ar feadh na bliana. B'fhéidir go mbeadh an Gulf Coast Blues Bash - an scannán, an bia, an t-ardú fret de cheoltóirí, agus an chumhacht atá ag ár bpobal féin ag oscailt an idirphlé.
Fan ar an eolas faoi nuacht eile faoi Gulf Coast Blues Oil in Our Veins. Agus mura bhfuil tú ag léamh iad an chéad uair, féach ar an Dispatches from a Disaster anseo, áit a ndéanann Marc cur síos ar a chonaic sé, a chuala, a mhothaigh, agus a mhothaigh, go léir den chéad uair. Féach ar ghrianghraif ó Matthew White, grianghrafadóir ó New Orleans. Éist leis na hiontrálacha KYRS agus na seónna uair an chloig ar thráth na ola.
Go dtí seo, féach ar an treiler chun tú a chur iallach chun freastal ar an chéad taibhiú, chun tiomantas a dhéanamh chun an scannán a fheiceáil, chun tacú le healaíontóirí agus gníomhaithe áitiúla, agus chun cabhrú leis an focal a scaipeadh. BP mar chuideachta ilnáisiúnta ag feidhmiú ar fud an domhain agus cad a dhéanann an eastóscadh ola agus mí-aird ola a léiriú beidh níos mó de ghné de ár n-am ná a d'fhéadfadh muid fiú a shamhlú 90 lá tar éis an ola bleed isteach inár gcuimhne.
Tá meas mór ag daoine ar thuairimí mar sin cuir isteach iad anseo le do thoil. Go deimhin, ba mhaith linn aiseolas. Úsáid trealaimh Marc mar charraig chéim chun do thuairim féin ar cad a léiríonn Ola inár Veins, mar trealaimh agus mar analógach dár dtodhchaí.
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Ceangail spéise
- Ailtirí le Out Borderers -- Seattle
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- Réitigh Aeráide - Olympia
- Climate Watch, California - Tá sé ar an mbord.
- Coiste Comhshaoil - AIA
- Cajuns Dirty
- Suas go dtí an Domhan Thuaidh
- Cairt na Talún
- Lá Náisiúnta na Talún
- Innealtóirí Gan Teorainneacha-SA
- Washington Fuse
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- Grianghrafadóireacht Chósta an Mhuir Chairib
- Inhabitat -- (déanfaidh dearadh an domhan a shábháil)
- Painéal Idir-Rialtasach ar Athrú Aeráide
- Rialtais Áitiúla le haghaidh Inbhuanaitheachta
- Raidió Pobail Leas-chumhachta -- Spokane
- Clár um Bheartas Foraoiseamhail
- An t-Urbannú Nua
- Ionad Athrú Aeráide an Iarthair Thuaidh
- Ar an Domhan
- Nuacht na Pleanálaithe
- Tionscadal le haghaidh Spáis Phoiblí
- Aeráid Fíorúil
- Sábháil Ár Sailmí Fiáine
- Fás Cliste ar Líne
- Spokane Based Conservation -- Comhairle na dTír
- Ailtireacht Inbhuanaithe, Foirgneamh, Cultúr
- Spokane Inbhuanaithe
- An tArdaitheoir Glas
- Crainn Hugger
- Tionscnamh Aeráide an Iarthair
- Yale 360 |
- Seventy-nine percent of juveniles with life sentences experienced high levels of violence in their homes with 54% witnessing weekly violence in their neighborhoods.
- Nearly half of juveniles sentenced to life experienced physical abuse, increasing to more than three-quarters (79.5%) for girls in 2012.
- One-third of juveniles serving life sentences were raised in public housing.
- More than half of juveniles serving life sentences did not attend school when they committed a crime.
- More than 80% of juveniles serving life sentences had been expelled or suspended at some point during their schooling.
- Race plays a large role in determining which juveniles are sentenced to life without parole.
- Most juveniles with life sentences are not able to participate in in-prison programming due to state or prison policies.
- Many juveniles with life sentences change constructively during their incarceration when given the opportunity.
View full research
In the article, “The Lives of Juvenile Lifers: Findings from a National Survey,” Nellis looks into the history of juvenile life sentences. In 2012, there was a record high of juveniles serving life sentences, which most likely meant they would die in prison. Nellis collected survey data on 1,579 juvenile’s life experiences as well as details on life in prison from across the United States. The background of these juveniles showed high rates of socioeconomic disadvantage, extreme racial disparities and sentencing that does not attempt rehabilitation. | <urn:uuid:82f1de8b-98b1-42ae-8b25-0b73829fa7a8> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | http://crimeandjusticeresearchalliance.org/research/national-analysis-juveniles-serving-life-sentences/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257645613.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20180318110736-20180318130736-00251.warc.gz | en | 0.965416 | 295 | 3 | 3 | - Tá 79% de na mionaoisigh a bhfuil pianbhreith saoil acu ag fulaingt ó dhroch-dhlúth ina dteachanna agus tá 54% acu ag fulaingt ó dhroch-dhlúth gach seachtain ina gcomharsanacht.
- Bhí droch-úsáid choirp ag beagnach leath de na daoine óga a cuireadh pianbhreith orthu ar feadh an tsaoil, ag méadú go níos mó ná trí cheathrú (79.5%) do chailíní in 2012.
- Bhí an tríú cuid de na mionaoisigh a bhí ag fágáil pionóis saoil tógtha i dtithe poiblí.
- Ní raibh níos mó ná leath na n-óige a bhí ag freastal ar phríosúnacht saoil ag freastal ar scoil nuair a rinne siad coir.
- Bhí níos mó ná 80% de na mionaoisigh a bhí ag fhanadh pionóis saoil curtha as scoile nó ar fionraí ag pointe éigin le linn a gcuid scoile.
- Tá ról mór ag ciníochas i gcinntiú cé na hóige a ghearrtar chun saoil gan paróil.
- Ní féidir le formhór na ndaoine óga a bhfuil pianbhreith saoil acu páirt a ghlacadh i gclárú i bpríosún mar gheall ar bheartais stáit nó príosúin.
- Tá go leor daoine óga a bhfuil pianbhreith saoil acu ag athrú go dearfach le linn a n-inchinntiú nuair a thugtar an deis dóibh.
Féach taighde iomlán
Sa t-alt, The Lives of Juvenile Lifers: Findings from a National Survey, Nellis, féachann sé ar stair na bpríosúnachtaí saoil óige. In 2012, bhí líon mór fionnuar ag freastal ar phríosúin saoil, rud a chiallaigh go mór go bhfaigheadh siad bás sa phríosún. Ba é Nellis a bhailiú sonraí suirbhé ar 1,579 óige's taithí saoil chomh maith le sonraí ar shaol sa phríosún ó ar fud na Stát Aontaithe. Léirigh cúlra na n-ógánaigh seo rátaí arda de mhíbhuntáiste socheacnamaíoch, neamhionannas rásúil mhór agus pianbhreith nach ndéanann iarracht athshlánú a dhéanamh. |
Five per cent of UK adults don’t believe the Holocaust – the intentional murder of six million Jews by the Nazis and their collaborators – really happened and one in 12 (8%) say the scale of the Holocaust has been exaggerated, according to research released on Holocaust Memorial Day (Sunday 27 January 2019).
5% of UK adults don't believe the Holocaust actually happened
64% do not know how many Jews were murdered, or grossly underestimate the number
8% say the scale of the Holocaust has been exaggerated
The survey of over 2,000 people (carried out by Opinion Matters and weighted to be a representative sample of UK adults) was commissioned by the Holocaust Memorial Day Trust - the charity set up by Government to mark Holocaust Memorial Day. It shows that 64% of people polled either do not know how many Jews were murdered or grossly underestimate the number: 45% of those polled said they did not know how many people were killed, while one in five (19%) believe fewer than two million Jews were murdered.
Despite the figures, the vast majority (83%) of respondents say it’s important to know about the Holocaust and that we can all learn lessons for today from the past (84%), while over three quarters (76%) believe more needs to be done to educate people about what happened.
Olivia Marks-Woldman, Chief Executive of the Holocaust Memorial Day Trust, says:
“The Holocaust threatened the fabric of civilisation and has implications for us all. Such widespread ignorance and even denial is shocking. Without a basic understanding of this recent history, we are in danger of failing to learn where a lack of respect for difference and hostility to others can ultimately lead. With a rise in reported hate crime in the UK and ongoing international conflicts with a risk of genocide, our world can feel fragile and vulnerable. We cannot be complacent.
“Despite many respondents (25%) telling us that events like those in the Holocaust could never happen again, genocides have been carried out across the world in the last 70 years. Each of us has a responsibility to know what happened, and the need for Holocaust Memorial Day has never been so pressing. Thankfully, more people than ever before are taking part in our annual commemorations to learn lessons from genocide and help create a better future.”
Dr Joe Mulhall, Senior Researcher at anti-racism organisation Hope Not Hate and Trustee of the Holocaust Memorial Day Trust, says:
“As time passes we have fewer and fewer people who witnessed the horrors of the Holocaust first-hand. That’s why it’s vital we keep the memory of the Holocaust alive, especially among younger generations. The best way to fight back against Holocaust denial wherever it rears its head is awareness and education, and Holocaust Memorial Day is an important part of that, especially as we approach the 75th anniversary of the liberation of Auschwitz-Birkenau next year.”
Steven Frank BEM (aged 84) is a survivor of the Holocaust and was sent to three concentration camps. He and his brothers are three of only 93 children who survived the Theresienstadt camp. He says:
“I find these figures terribly worrying. In my experience, people don’t have a solid understanding of what happened during the Holocaust and that’s one of the reasons I am so committed to sharing what happened to me.
“At one of my talks, I met someone who said the Holocaust didn’t happen. The only way to fight this kind of denial and antisemitism is with the truth – I tell people what happened, what I saw and what I experienced. Education is so important. If we ignore the past, I fear history will repeat itself.”
About our research
The Holocaust Memorial Day research was conducted by market research agency Opinion Matters and commissioned by The Holocaust Memorial Day Trust.
Using an online methodology, we surveyed 2,006 nationally representative UK adults aged 16+. The respondents were randomly selected from an online market research access panel. Quotas were set to ensure the overall responses are representative of ONS UK population data based on age, gender and region.
The research found that 5.4% of respondents either agreed or strongly agreed with the statement ‘The Holocaust never really happened’ and were provided with the following options when making their decision: ‘strongly agree’, ‘agree’, ‘neither agree nor disagree’, ‘disagree’, ‘strongly disagree’, ‘I don’t know’, ‘I have never heard of the Holocaust’.
Given the sample size and the percentage of respondents who expressed this view, the Confidence Interval is +/-0.95% for a Confidence Level of 95%.
Opinion Matters abide by the Market Research Society code of conduct and are members ESOMAR, the association for market research globally. | <urn:uuid:f41b47e4-6c36-42a7-bbe6-88e70af91018> | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | https://www.hmd.org.uk/news/we-release-research-to-mark-holocaust-memorial-day-2019/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141733120.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20201204010410-20201204040410-00468.warc.gz | en | 0.953515 | 1,016 | 2.765625 | 3 | Ní chreideann cúig faoin gcéad d'aosaigh na Ríochta Aontaithe go ndeachaigh na Naitsithe agus a gcomhpháirtithe i ndáiríre ar mhurt d'aon ghnó sé mhilliún Giúdaigh agus deir duine as gach 12 (8%) go bhfuil scála an t-Ionraic curtha i bhfad ró-mhór, de réir taighde a scaoileadh ar Lá Cuimhneacháin an Ionraic (Dé Domhnaigh 27 Eanáir 2019).
Ní chreideann 5% d'aosaigh na Ríochta Aontaithe gur tharla an t-Iolchoiste i ndáiríre
Níl a fhios ag 64% cé mhéad Giúdaigh a maraíodh, nó tá an líon á mhí-mheas go mór
Deir 8% go bhfuil scála an t-Iolchoisc curtha i bhfad ró-mhór
An suirbhé ar níos mó ná 2,000 duine (a rinneadh ag Opinion Matters agus a mheastar a bheith ina sampla ionadaíoch d'aosaigh na Ríochta Aontaithe) a bhí ar an Holocaust Memorial Day Trust - an charthanas a bhunaigh an Rialtas chun Lá Cuimhneacháin Holocaust a cheiliúradh. Léiríonn sé nach bhfuil a fhios ag 64% de na daoine a ndearnadh suirbhé orthu cé mhéad Giúdaigh a maraíodh nó go bhfuil siad ag cur an líon i mbeagán ama: dúirt 45% de na daoine a ndearnadh suirbhé orthu nach raibh a fhios acu cé mhéad duine a maraíodh, agus creideann duine as gach cúigear (19%) gur maraíodh níos lú ná dhá mhilliún Giúdaigh.
In ainneoin na figiúirí, deir an tromlach mór (83%) de na freagróirí go bhfuil sé tábhachtach eolas a bheith againn faoin Olócaist agus gur féidir linn go léir ceachtanna a fhoghlaim ón am atá caite (84%), agus creideann níos mó ná trí cheathrú (76%) go gcaithfear níos mó a dhéanamh chun daoine a oideachasú faoin méid a tharla.
Deir Olivia Marks-Woldman, Príomhfheidhmeannach an Holocaust Memorial Day Trust:
Chuir an t-Ionrac bagairt ar an gcodarsnacht agus tá impleachtaí aige dúinn go léir. Tá an t-eignignignamh agus an diúltú chomh forleathan sin ag cur iontas orainn. Gan tuiscint bhunúsach ar an stair seo le déanaí, tá muid i mbaol a bheith ag teip ar fhoghlaim cá háit is féidir le easpa meas ar dhifríocht agus naimhdeacht do dhaoine eile a bheith ina threoir sa deireadh. Le méadú ar choireanna fuath a thuairiscítear sa Ríocht Aontaithe agus coinbhleachtaí idirnáisiúnta leanúnacha le baol géiniseachta, is féidir lenár saol a bheith frithsheasmhach agus leochaileach. Ní féidir linn a bheith compordach.
In ainneoin go bhfuil go leor freagróirí (25%) ag rá linn nach bhféadfadh imeachtaí cosúil leis na cinn sa Holocaust a bheith arís, rinneadh géinistí ar fud an domhain le 70 bliain anuas. Tá freagracht ar gach duine againn a fháil amach cad a tharla, agus ní raibh an gá le Lá Cuimhneacháin an Holocaust chomh práinneach riamh. Go raibh maith agat, tá níos mó daoine ná riamh ag glacadh páirt inár gcuimhneacháin bhliantúla chun ceachtanna a fhoghlaim ó ghineolaí agus chun cabhrú le todhchaí níos fearr a chruthú.
Deir an Dr Joe Mulhall, Ollamh Taighde ag eagraíocht frith-cineálachais Hope Not Hate agus Cothaobhaí an Holocaust Memorial Day Trust:
De réir mar a théann an t-am, tá níos lú agus níos lú daoine againn a chonaic uafás na hOlcaiste ar dtús. Sin é an fáth go bhfuil sé ríthábhachtach go gcoinnímid cuimhne an tSaothraithe beo, go háirithe i measc na glúine óga. Is é an bealach is fearr chun dul i ngleic leis an dílseacht ar an Holocaust cibé áit a dtógann sé a cheann ná feasacht agus oideachas, agus is cuid thábhachtach de sin é Lá Cuimhneacháin an Holocaust, go háirithe agus muid ag druidim le 75ú bliain ó shaoradh Auschwitz-Birkenau an bhliain seo chugainn.
Steven Frank BEM (aois 84) is é a chaill an Holocaust agus a cuireadh chuig trí champa coiriúil. Tá sé féin agus a dheartháireacha ar thrí cinn de na 93 leanbh amháin a mhair i gcampa Theresienstadt. Deir sé:
Féachann mé go bhfuil na figiúirí seo an-imní. De réir mo thaithí, níl tuiscint shoiléir ag daoine ar an méid a tharla le linn an Holocaust agus sin ceann de na cúiseanna a bhfuil mé tiomanta go mór a roinnt leis an méid a tharla dom.
I gceann de mo chuid cainteanna, bhuail mé le duine a dúirt nach ndearnadh an t-Iolchoiste. Is é an t-aon bhealach chun dul i ngleic leis an gcineál seo diúltú agus frith-Shéimíteacht leis an bhfírinne Insím do dhaoine cad a tharla, cad a chonaic mé agus cad a d'fhulaing mé. Tá oideachas chomh tábhachtach. Má dhéanann muid neamhaird ar an am atá caite, tá eagla orm go ndéanfaidh an stair í féin a athdhéanamh.
Maidir lenár dtaighde
Rinneadh an taighde ar Lá Cuimhneacháin na hIolchoiste ag gníomhaireacht taighde margaidh Opinion Matters agus d'ordaigh The Holocaust Memorial Day Trust é.
Ag baint úsáide as modheolaíocht ar líne, rinneamar suirbhé ar 2,006 duine fásta ionadaíoch náisiúnta sa RA atá 16+ d'aois. Roghnaíodh na freagróirí go randamach ó phainéal rochtain ar thaighde margaidh ar líne. Socraíodh cuótaí chun a chinntiú go bhfuil na freagraí foriomlán ionadaíoch do shonraí daonra ONS na Ríochta Aontaithe bunaithe ar aois, inscne agus réigiún.
Fuair an taighde amach go raibh 5.4% de na freagróirí ag aontacht nó ag aontacht go láidir leis an ráiteas "Ní tharla an t-Iolchoiste i ndáiríre" agus tugadh na roghanna seo a leanas dóibh nuair a bhí siad ag déanamh a gcinneadh: "aontú go láidir", "aontú", "ní aontaím ná a dhíchontú", "a dhíchontú", "a dhíchontú go láidir", "níl a fhios agam", "ní chuala mé riamh faoin Iolchoiste".
Ag féachaint do mhéid an sampla agus don chéatadán de na freagróirí a chuir an tuairim seo in iúl, is é an t-Eireaball Iontaofachta +/- 0.95% le haghaidh Leibhéal Iontaofachta 95%.
Comhlíonann Opinion Matters cód iompair Shochaí Taighde Margaidh agus tá siad ina mbaill de ESOMAR, an comhlachas um thaighde margaidh ar fud an domhain. |
Simple Data Science of Global Warming
You don't have to be a climatologist to empirically confirm global warming. It is enough to have a computer, a reliable data set of historical temperatures, and software like R to do simple calculations.
Global warming is real. Winters come later and milder and summers come sooner and hotter. Many people and many species are being affected by the climate change. Scientists have made it clear that human activity is the main cause of this change and warn that damages caused so far (rise of sea levels, acidification of the oceans, melting of glaciers) will remain for centuries if governments don't take drastic measures to counteract global warming.
The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is the leading international body for the assessment of climate change. It was established by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) in 1988 to provide the world with a clear scientific view on the current state of knowledge in climate change and its potential environmental and socio-economic impacts. These are some of their last forecasts (1):
- Continued emission of greenhouse gases will cause further warming and long-lasting changes in all components of the climate system, increasing the likelihood of severe, pervasive and irreversible impacts for people and ecosystems. Limiting climate change would require substantial and sustained reductions in greenhouse gas emissions which, together with adaptation, can limit climate change risks.
- Cumulative emissions of CO2 largely determine global mean surface warming by the late 21st century and beyond. Projections of greenhouse gas emissions vary over a wide range, depending on both socio-economic development and climate policy.
- Surface temperature is projected to rise over the 21st century under all assessed emission scenarios. It is very likely that heat waves will occur more often and last longer, and that extreme precipitation events will become more intense and frequent in many regions. The ocean will continue to warm and acidify, and global mean sea level to rise.
- Each of the last three decades has been successively warmer at the Earth’s surface than any preceding decade since 1850. The period from 1983 to 2012 was likely the warmest 30-year period of the last 1400 years in the Northern Hemisphere, where such assessment is possible (medium confidence). The globally averaged combined land and ocean surface temperature data as calculated by a linear trend, show a warming of 0.85 °C over the period 1880 to 2012, when multiple independently produced datasets exists.
- Anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions have increased since the pre-industrial era, driven largely by economic and population growth, and are now higher than ever. This has led to atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide that are unprecedented in at least the last 800,000 years. Their effects, together with those of other anthropogenic drivers, have been detected throughout the climate system and are extremely likely to have been the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-20th century.
It is easy to obtain a rough idea of the evolution of global temperature measuring the linear trend of the average temperature recorded by each station. This is the distribution of the meteorological stations according to this historical trend:
The distribution is significantly centered above zero: here we have the effect of global warming. Since ECA dataset provides geographical coordinates for every station, is also easy to locate in a map those with the highest trends. To do it I use the amazing googleVis R package:
Click on the image above to open interactive data visualization
One of these stations is located in In Amenas (Algeria). These are the temperatures registered by this station from 1958 to 1998:
The rise, although very gradual, is palpable.
Some days ago I read an interview with Bjorn Stevens, director at the Max-Planck-Institute for Meteorology where he leads the Atmosphere in the Earth System Department. He says, the big challenge is to require our politicians to learn from the best available knowledge: there is understandable information available to whoever wants to know.
Let’s hope they do.
(1) IPCC Climate Change 2014 Synthesis Report
Here is the R code for this post.
Bio: Antonio Sánchez Chinchón is mathematician and works as data scientist at Telefónica. He is the creator of Ripples, an unclassifiable blog of mathematical experiments and R programming. You can follow him in @aschinchon
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Top Stories Past 30 Days | <urn:uuid:1366ea1f-3e36-49c6-92af-a862d081509d> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://www.kdnuggets.com/2015/01/data-science-global-warming.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703506640.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20210116104719-20210116134719-00634.warc.gz | en | 0.930581 | 949 | 4.125 | 4 | Eolaíocht Sonraí Simplí ar Thosú Domhanda
Ní gá duit a bheith i do shaineolaí aeráide chun an téamh domhanda a dhearbhú go heimpiriciúil. Is leor ríomhaire a bheith agat, tacar sonraí iontaofa de thimpeallachtaí stairiúla, agus bogearraí cosúil le R chun ríomhanna simplí a dhéanamh.
Tá téamh domhanda fíor. Tagann an gheimhreadh níos déanaí agus níos socair agus tagann an samhradh níos luaithe agus níos te. Tá tionchar ag an athrú aeráide ar go leor daoine agus ar go leor speiceas. Tá eolaithe tar éis a rá go soiléir gurb é gníomhaíocht an duine an príomhchúis leis an athrú seo agus rabhadh a thabhairt go bhfanfaidh na damáistí a tharla go dtí seo (ardú ar leibhéil na farraige, aigéadú na n-aigéan, leá na ngléasanna) ar feadh na gcéadta bliain mura nglacfaidh rialtais bearta géar chun dul i ngleic le téamh domhanda.
Is é an Painéal Idir-Rialtasach ar Athrú Aeráide (IPCC) an príomhchorp idirnáisiúnta chun measúnú a dhéanamh ar athrú aeráide. Bhunaigh Clár Comhshaoil na Náisiún Aontaithe (UNEP) agus an Eagraíocht Meitéareolaíochta Domhanda (WMO) é i 1988 chun dearcadh eolaíoch soiléir a chur ar fáil don domhan maidir leis an staid eolais reatha maidir le hathrú aeráide agus a thionchair chomhshaoil agus socheacnamaíocha féideartha. Seo cuid dá réamhaisnéisí is déanaí (1):
- Beidh astaíochtaí leanúnacha gás ceaptha teasa ina gcúis le téamh breise agus le hathruithe fadtéarmacha i ngach comhpháirt den chóras aeráide, ag méadú dóchúlacht tionchair thromchúiseacha, forleathan agus neamh-in-athraitheacha do dhaoine agus d'éiceachórais. Ba cheart go mbeadh na bearta sin i bhfeidhm go héifeachtach ar an leibhéal náisiúnta agus ar an leibhéal náisiúnta, lena n-áirítear ar leibhéal na mBallstát.
- Is é astaíochtaí carntha CO2 a chinnfidh an t-athrú meánréimseach domhanda faoi dheireadh an 21ú haois agus ina dhiaidh sin. Tá difríochtaí ar leith ag baint le réamhaisnéisí maidir le hastaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa, ag brath ar fhorbairt socheacnamaíoch agus ar bheartas aeráide araon.
- Tátear ag súil go dtiocfaidh méadú ar theochlaíocht an dromchla i rith an 21ú haois faoi gach cás astaíochta a mheasadh. Tá sé an-dóchúil go dtarlóidh tonnta teasa níos minice agus go mairfidh siad níos faide, agus go mbeidh imeachtaí báistí iomarcacha níos déine agus níos minice i go leor réigiún. Leanfaidh an farraige ag téamh agus ag aigéadú, agus méadóidh meánleibhéal na farraige ar fud an domhain.
- Tá gach ceann de na trí scór bliain anuas níos teo ar dhromchla na Talún ná aon scór bliain roimhe sin ó 1850. Is dócha gurb é an tréimhse ó 1983 go 2012 an tréimhse 30-bliain is teo de na 1400 bliain anuas sa leathsféar thuaidh, i gcás ina bhfuil measúnú den sórt sin indéanta (suim iontaofa meánach). Taispeánann na sonraí meán-leathanta comhcheangailte ar fud an domhain maidir le teocht dromchla talún agus farraige mar a ríomhtar trí threocht líneach, téamh de 0.85 °C thar an tréimhse 1880 go 2012, nuair a bhíonn tacar sonraí éagsúla a tháirgtear go neamhspleách ann.
- Tá astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa ó dhaoine tar éis méadú ó ré ré réamh-thimpeolaíochta, a thiomáint go mór ag fás eacnamaíoch agus daonra, agus tá siad níos airde anois ná riamh. Mar thoradh air sin tá tiúchan aeráide de dhia-ocsaíde carbóin, meitéin agus ocsaíde nítreach nach bhfacthas riamh roimhe seo le 800,000 bliain anuas ar a laghad. Tá a n-éifeachtaí, mar aon le héifeachtaí tiománaithe antropoigineacha eile, curtha le feiceáil ar fud an chórais aeráide agus is dócha go mór gurb iad an chúis is mó a bhí leis an téamh a breathnaíodh ó lár an 20ú haois.
Tá sé éasca smaoineamh garbh a fháil ar éabhlóid an teocht domhanda ag tomhas treocht líneach an mheánteocht a thaifeadann gach stáisiún. Seo é an dáileadh ar na stáisiúin meitéareolaíocha de réir an treochta stairiúil seo:
Tá an dáileadh dírithe go suntasach os cionn an nialas: anseo tá éifeacht an téimh domhanda againn. Ós rud é go soláthraíonn tacar sonraí ECA comhordanáidí geografacha do gach stáisiún, tá sé éasca freisin na cinn a bhfuil na treochtaí is airde acu a aimsiú i léarscáil. Chun é a dhéanamh bainim úsáid as an pacáiste iontach googleVis R:
Cliceáil ar an íomhá thuas chun amharc idirghníomhach sonraí a oscailt
Tá ceann de na stáisiúin seo lonnaithe in In Amenas (Algáin). Seo na teochtaí a thaifead an stáisiún seo ó 1958 go 1998:
Tá an méadú, cé go bhfuil sé an-deas, inléite.
Cúpla lá ó shin léigh mé agallamh le Bjorn Stevens, stiúrthóir ag Institiúid Max-Planck le haghaidh Meitéareolaíochta áit a bhfuil sé ina cheannasaí ar an Roinn Atmaisféar i Roinn an Chórais Talún. Deir sé, is é an dúshlán mór ná go n-éileoidh ár bpolitheoirí foghlaim ón eolas is fearr atá ar fáil: tá faisnéis intuigthe ar fáil do dhuine ar bith atá ag iarraidh a fháil amach.
Tá súil againn go ndéanfaidh siad.
(1) Tuarascáil Sínitheacha IPCC ar Athrú Aeráide 2014
Seo an cód R don phost seo.
Tá Antonio Sánchez Chinchón ina matamaiticeoir agus ag obair mar eolaí sonraí ag Telefónica. Is é an cruthaitheoir é de Ripples, blag neamh-aicmiú de thrialacha matamaiticiúla agus cláir R. Is féidir leat é a leanúint in @aschinchon
- Nate Silver FiveThirtyEight tackles Athrú Aeráide, fail ar Eolaíocht Sonraí
- Na scileanna eolaíochta sonraí agus mianadóireachta sonraí is mó a éilítear
- R agus Hadoop a dhéanamh ar Inneall Foghlaim is féidir do gach duine
Na Scéalta is Fearr le 30 Lá anuas |
In order to achieve wealth, humankind invented the concept of performance. Charles Darwin’s theory on survival of the fittest is confirmed in everyday life when winners are loved, losers forgotten. Despite all this, with each omission of performance, we have the chance to discover what is truly important for us.
The other side of performance
The Merriam-Webster dictionary says that failure is “omission of occurrence or performance.”. Already in kindergarten, we are introduced to the world of performance, when we recite poetry, dance and sing in front of the audience of parents.
Our taste for performance develops as we go through school. Yet, in school we are not taught how to cope with failure.
We are motivated with grades and praises to be successful. The top students are the favourites of teachers.
When we start our working life, the mere presence of our boss is a reminder that we are hired there to perform.
Choose any profession and you’ll have a set of performance measures assigned to it. For example, doctors can be assessed based on the number of patients. Researchers can be evaluated based on the number of publications and the quality of journals where they publish their work.
What happens if we fail to perform?
Whether we are fired or penalised for bad performance, we have the opportunity to look at life from a deeper perspective. Even those of us who perceive themselves as performers are not defined by performance.
Our identity does not need to be based on profession. We may need to reassess what we are good at, what motivates us, what makes us tick.
Performance may play its role in the evaluation of progress in economy but it should not be confused with Life.
We are human beings with amazing potential to express ourselves freely and creatively. For that, we need to get out of the way the obsession with performance.
In my personal dictionary, failure is the opportunity to get in touch with our intuition and start acting based on it. | <urn:uuid:54b8e0b5-c72d-43f5-a317-097a3d4359b2> | CC-MAIN-2015-06 | http://www.flyingthoughts.net/?p=670 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-06/segments/1422115862141.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20150124161102-00117-ip-10-180-212-252.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.954424 | 407 | 2.796875 | 3 | D'fhonn saibhreas a bhaint amach, chruthaigh an chine daonna an coincheap feidhmíochta. Deimhnítear teoiric Charles Darwin ar mhaireachtáil an duine is oiriúnaí i saol laethúil nuair a bhíonn grá ag buaiteoirí, agus go ndéantar dearmad ar chaillteoirí. In ainneoin seo go léir, le gach eisiamh ó fheidhmíocht, tá deis againn a fháil amach cad atá fíor-tábhachtach dúinn.
An taobh eile den fheidhmíocht
Deir an foclóir Merriam-Webster go bhfuil teip ar neamhghnáchacht ar tharla nó ar fheidhmíocht.. Tá muid i mbun an tsaoil na hionchais sa pháirc óige cheana féin, nuair a léann muid filíocht, nuair a damhsaimid agus nuair a chanfaimid os comhair lucht féachana na dtuismitheoirí.
Forbraíonn ár nglacadh le hionstraimí de réir mar a théann muid tríd an scoil. Ach, ní múintear dúinn ar scoil conas dul i ngleic le teip.
Tá grád agus moladh mar spreagadh dúinn chun a bheith rathúil. Is iad na mic léinn is fearr ná na múinteoirí.
Nuair a thosaímid ar ár saol oibre, is é an t-aon láithreacht atá ag ár mboss cuimhneamh go bhfuilimid fostaithe ann chun feidhm a thabhairt.
Roghnaigh aon ghairm agus beidh sraith de bhearta feidhmíochta agat a shanntar dó. Mar shampla, is féidir dochtúirí a mheas bunaithe ar líon na n-othar. Is féidir taighdeoirí a mheas bunaithe ar líon na bhfoilseachán agus ar cháilíocht na mbreiseán ina bhfoilsíonn siad a gcuid oibre.
Cad a tharlaíonn má theipeann orainn a fheidhmiú?
Cibé an bhfuil muid ag éirí as oifig nó pionós a ghearradh orainn as droch-fheidhmíocht, tá an deis againn féachaint ar an saol ó pheirspictíocht níos doimhne. Fiú amháin iad siúd againn a mheasann iad féin mar lucht taibhiú, ní shainmhínítear iad le taibhiú.
Ní gá go mbeadh ár n-aitheantas bunaithe ar ghairm. B'fhéidir go gcaithfimid athmheasúnú a dhéanamh ar na rudaí a bhfuil muid go maith iontu, ar na rudaí a spreagann sinn, ar na rudaí a chuireann orainn ag obair.
D'fhéadfadh feidhmíocht a ról a imirt i meastóireacht ar dhul chun cinn san eacnamaíocht ach níor cheart é a mheascadh le Saol.
Is daoine muid a bhfuil cumas iontach againn chun muid féin a chur in iúl go saor agus go cruthaitheach. Chun sin a dhéanamh, ní mór dúinn an t-aigneacht ar fheidhmíocht a chur as an mbealach.
I mo fhoclóir phearsanta, is é an teip an deis chun teagmháil a dhéanamh lenár intuition agus tosú ag gníomhú bunaithe air. |
AI is becoming increasingly relevant in the modern world where the ecosystem is driven by technology and data. AI is used extensively across many fields such as robotics, computer vision, finance, and so on. We will explore various real-world scenarios in this book and you'll learn about various AI algorithms that can be used to build various applications.
During the course of this book, you will find out how to make informed decisions about what algorithms to use in a given context. Starting from the basics of the AI concepts, you will learn how to develop the various building blocks of AI using different data mining techniques. You will see how to implement different algorithms to get the best possible results, and will understand how to apply them to real-world scenarios. If you want to add an intelligence layer to any application based on images, text, stock market, or some other form of data, this exciting book on AI will definitely guide you all the way! | <urn:uuid:0fb1684f-5562-4365-9b25-7abd3b757f9c> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | https://pythonbooks.org/artificial-intelligence-with-python/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257648226.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20180323122312-20180323142312-00418.warc.gz | en | 0.935114 | 189 | 2.828125 | 3 | Tá AI ag éirí níos ábhartha i saol an lae inniu ina bhfuil an éiceachóras tiomanta ag teicneolaíocht agus sonraí. Úsáidtear AI go forleathan ar fud réimsí éagsúla amhail róbataic, fís ríomhaireachta, airgeadas, agus mar sin de. Déanaimid iniúchadh ar chásanna éagsúla sa saol fíor sa leabhar seo agus foghlaimfidh tú faoi algartam AI éagsúla ar féidir iad a úsáid chun feidhmchláir éagsúla a thógáil.
Le linn an leabhair seo, gheobhaidh tú amach conas cinntí eolasacha a dhéanamh faoi na halgartaim a úsáid i gcomhthéacs áirithe. Ag tosú ó bhunúsacha coincheapa AI, foghlaimfidh tú conas na bloic thógála éagsúla AI a fhorbairt ag baint úsáide as teicnící éagsúla mianadóireachta sonraí. Feicfidh tú conas a algartamí éagsúla a chur i bhfeidhm chun na torthaí is fearr is féidir a fháil, agus tuigfidh tú conas iad a chur i bhfeidhm ar chásanna fíor-domhanda. Más mian leat sraith intleacht a chur le haon iarratas atá bunaithe ar íomhánna, téacs, stocmhargadh, nó ar chineál eile sonraí, beidh an leabhar spreagúil seo ar AI treoir cinnte duit ar an mbealach go léir! |
Celiac disease, also referred to as nontropical sprue, gluten-sensitive enteropathy, or celiac sprue, is distinguished by symptoms that fluctuates in severity, from very gentle gastrointestinal discomfort to severe malabsorption (i.e. diarrhea, foul-smelling flatulence, bloating of the abdomen, and elevated amount of fat and undigested food particles in the bowels).
It is also distinguished by abnormalities in small intestine structure that go back to normal with elimination of gluten and more particularly its smaller derivative, gliadin, discovered mainly in wheat, barley, and rye grains. Side effects usually appear during the first couple years of life, after foods that contains gluten are brought into the diet. Nevertheless, a second peak occurrence comes during early adulthood. While celiac disease is frequently considered a disease diagnosed early in life, more diagnosis are made in adulthood than childhood.
The predominance of celiac disease has elevated dramatically, and this is not simply due to more detection. Until recently, celiac disease was thought to be relatively rare (it used to be 1 case in 5,000 in the U.S.), but celiac disease is now believed to influence as many as 1% of all Americans, however it remains mostly undiagnosed. Celiac disease, not detected, bears an increased risk of morbidity (disease) and early fatality, so extensive screening may be economically condoned.
Before, the actual diagnosis of celiac disease consisted of taking a small sample of the small intestine. Today there are blood tests that scope specific antibodies to gluten parts. These tests contain endomysial antibodies, anti-gliadin antibodies, and anti-tissue transglutaminase antibodies. In patients who have celiac disease, anti-gliadin antibody is an antibody created against gliadin in the diet, and endomysial and anti-tissue transglutaminase antibodies are antibodies created against the body’s own tissue as adverse side effect of the immune system’s response to gliadin.
It appears that celiac disease has a strong genetic constituent. There is an elevated recurrence of celiac disease in people with distinguishing genetic markers known as HLA-B8 and DRw3 that appear on top of cells, much the same as the genetic markers of blood type. For example, the HLA-B8 marker has been discovered in about 90 percent people with celiac disease, as compared with 25 percent of those who doesn’t have the disease.
There is a low frequency of HLA-B8 inside farming populations, as in Asia, while the frequency in northern in central Europe and the northwest part of the Indian subcontinent is much higher. Wheat farming in these high HLA-B8 areas is a relatively recent development. The predominance of celiac disease is higher in those areas than in other parts of the world. In the U.S., with its various genetic background, the prevalence rate is now 1 in 100. The previous introduction of cow’s milk and cereal grains are the basic precautionary steps that can greatly decrease the risk of developing celiac disease.
Celiac disease many times leads to the growth of multiple food allergies, lactose intolerance, and increased intestinal absorbance. Changing and improving your diet appears to produce compelling improvement in quality of life in people with celiac disease. Even something as simple as taking a B-complex supplement produces major benefits. In a double-blind study, 60 people with celiac disease who went on a strict gluten-free diet for several years were at random assigned to either a daily dose of 800 microgram folic acid, 500 microgram vitamin B12, and 3 milligram vitamin B6 or a placebo for seven months. Following vitamin supplementation, the levels of homocysteine decreased an average of 35 percent, and this decrease led to serious improvement in feelings of well-being, decreased anxiety, and elevated mood.
Once the diagnosis has been established, a gluten-free diet is pointed out. The diet excludes any wheat, rye, barley, triticale, or oats products. Buckwheat and millet are many times left out as well; even though buckwheat is not in the grass family and millet appears to be more closely associated with rice and corn, buckwheat and millet consist of compounds referred to as prolamins with antigenic activity very much alike that of gliadin.
Many gluten-free products are found in wholefood stores and online catalogs, but it’s crucial to read labels cautiously, because some “wheat free” products add gluten—the origin of gliadin—to improve the quality of baked goods. Grains that can be used in place of gluten-containing grains contain amaranth, quinoa, and assorted types of rice (brown, red, black, and wild). Moreover, recent evidence advises that eliminating gluten-related compounds such as hordeins and secalins may not be essential for many patients. This is also especially true of oats.
Precise studies of celiac disease patients who consumed oats have shown no evidence of immune activation. For example, in one study, 110 children who were just diagnosed with celiac disease were at random assigned to one of two groups: one group was given a typical gluten-free diet (GFD-std) while the other group was given a GFD in addition to wheat-free oat products (GFD-oats). After a year passed, there was no major difference in blood markers for celiac disease between the GFD-oats and GFD-std groups.
One thing to point out, however, is that while oat consumption may not stimulate the disease, it may increase gastrointestinal symptoms. In one study, 40 celiac disease victims were at random assigned to take either 50 gram oats-containing gluten-free products per day or to go on without oats for one year. Those taking oats suffered greatly from diarrhea, but there was a simultaneously trend towards a more extreme average constipation score. The lining of the intestine was not disrupted, but more signs of inflammation and allergy were noticed in the oats group. It appears that oats supply a substitute in the gluten-free diet, but those with celiac disease should be aware of the possible increase in intestinal symptoms. If symptoms appear or become aggravating, oats can be excluded. In the end, it depends on the sensitivity of each individual. While some people with celiac disease can eat rice and oats, others cannot.
Additionally, other food should be exchanged, and milk and milk products should be wiped out from the diet until the patient redevelops an intestinal structure and function returns to normal. For the most part with eliminating gluten, clinical improvement will be apparent within a few days or weeks. Nevertheless, 15 percent of patients respond only after two to three years of gluten avoidance. If a patient does not respond to the gluten-free diet, either he/she was misdiagnosed or there may be some obstacle to a cure such as zinc deficiency. The seriousness of a multivitamin and mineral supplement in celiac disease cannot be stressed enough. In addition to treating any underlying deficiency, supplementation supplies the essential cofactors for growth and repair. | <urn:uuid:399e2a16-f72b-42d6-a0a4-291acb02c782> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://healamed.com/health/212-celiac-disease-cause-and-treatments.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610704820894.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20210127024104-20210127054104-00091.warc.gz | en | 0.959809 | 1,495 | 3.59375 | 4 | Tá galar celiac, ar a dtugtar freisin sprue neamh-trópaiceach, enteropathy atá íogair do ghlútan, nó sprue celiac, ar leith le hairíonna a bhíonn ag athrú i dtromchúis, ó neamhchomhréireacht gastrointestinal an-éadrom go malabsorption tromchúiseach (i. e. (mar shampla, diarrhea, flatulence foul- smelling, bloating an boilg, agus méid ard saille agus deighiltí bia neamhdhíolta sna intestines).
Tá sé idirdhealaithe freisin trí neamhghnácha i struchtúr an intestine beag a théann ar ais go gnáth le deireadh a chur le glútan agus go háirithe a díorthaigh níos lú, gliadin, a fuarthas go príomha i ngloine, arbhair, agus gráin rye. De ghnáth, bíonn fo-iarsmaí ag teacht le linn na chéad chúpla bliain den saol, tar éis do bhia ina bhfuil glútan a chur isteach sa réim bia. Mar sin féin, tagann an dara buaicphointe le linn luath-aosach. Cé go meastar go minic gur galar a dhiagnóisiú go luath sa saol é galar celiac, déantar níos mó diagnóis san aois fásta ná sa pháiste.
Tá méadú suntasach tagtha ar an gnáthamh a bhaineann le galar celiac, agus ní amháin go bhfuil níos mó daoine ag fáil amach é. Go dtí le déanaí, meastar go raibh galar celiac réasúnta annamh (ba ghnách go raibh 1 cás as 5,000 sna Stáit Aontaithe), ach creidtear anois go mbíonn tionchar ag galar celiac ar chomh mór le 1% de na Meiriceánaigh go léir, áfach, go bhfuil sé fós gan diagnóis go príomha. Tá riosca méadaithe de thorthaí (dhochlainne) agus de bhás go luath ag galar celiac, nach bhfuil le feiceáil, agus dá bhrí sin d'fhéadfadh scagadh fairsing a bheith incheadaithe ó thaobh eacnamaíochta de.
Roimhe sin, ba é an diagnóis iarbhír ar ghalair celiac ná sampla beag a thógáil den intestine beag. Sa lá atá inniu ann tá tástálacha fola ann a scóipann frith-chomhlachtaí sonracha do chuid glútan. Tá frith-chorparáidí endomysial, frith-chorparáidí anti-gliadin, agus frith-chorparáidí anti-tissue transglutaminase sna tástálacha seo. I dtimpeallachtaí a bhfuil galar celiac orthu, is ionann an t-ionchas frith- gliadin agus an t-ionchas frith- gliadin a cruthaítear i gcoinne gliadin sa réim bia, agus is ionann an t-ionchas frith- endomysial agus frith- fíochán transglutaminase agus an t-ionchas frith- glútamineach a cruthaítear i gcoinne fíochán an chomhlachta féin mar iarmhairt dhátheangach ar fhreagra an chórais imdhíonachta ar gliadin.
Is cosúil go bhfuil comhpháirt láidir géiniteach ag galar celiac. Tá athfhilleadh ard galar celiac i ndaoine a bhfuil marcóirí géiniteacha idirdhealaithe ar a dtugtar HLA-B8 agus DRw3 a thagann ar bharr na gcealla, an oiread céanna le marcóirí géiniteacha an ghrúpa fola. Mar shampla, fuarthas an marcóir HLA-B8 i thart ar 90 faoin gcéad de dhaoine a bhfuil galar celiac orthu, i gcomparáid le 25 faoin gcéad de na daoine nach bhfuil an galar acu.
Tá minicíocht íseal HLA-B8 laistigh de phobail feirmeoireachta, mar atá san Áise, agus tá minicíocht i dtuaisceart i lár na hEorpa agus i dtuaisceart an fho-chríoch Indiach i bhfad níos airde. Is forbairt réasúnta nua é feirmeoireacht fíon sna ceantair ard HLA-B8 seo. Tá an galar celiac níos mó i gceantair sin ná i gcodanna eile den domhan. Sna Stáit Aontaithe, lena gcúlra géiniteach éagsúil, is é an ráta forleithneachta anois 1 as 100. Is iad na céimeanna réamhchúraim bhunúsacha a bhaineann le bainne bó agus gráin ghreamha a thabhairt isteach roimhe seo a d'fhéadfadh an baol go mór go dtiocfadh galar celiac orthu a laghdú.
Is minic a bhíonn galar celiac mar thoradh ar éiginnteacht bia iomadúla, neamh-inchothaitheacht lachtós, agus ionsú intestinal méadaithe. Is cosúil go dtáirgeann athrú agus feabhsú ar do aiste bia feabhas mór ar cháilíocht na beatha i ndaoine le galar celiac. Tá buntáistí móra ag baint le rud chomh simplí le forlíonadh B-chomplex a ghlacadh. I staidéar dúbailte-dall, cuireadh 60 duine le galar celiac a chuaigh ar aiste bia dian saor ó ghlútan ar feadh roinnt blianta ar leithligh chun dáileog laethúil de 800 microgram d' aigéad fólach, 500 microgram vitimín B12 agus 3 milligram de vitimín B6 nó placebo a shannadh ar feadh seacht míosa. Tar éis dóibh a gcuid vitimíní a fhorlíonadh, thit leibhéil an homocysteine ar an meán 35 faoin gcéad, agus thug an laghdú seo feabhas mór ar mhothúcháin folláine, laghdú ar imní, agus ar mhothúchas.
Nuair a bheidh an diagnóis bunaithe, cuirtear béim ar aiste bia gan glútan. Ní chuimsíonn an aiste bia aon táirgí arbhair, ruga, arbhair, triticale, nó oats. Is minic a fhágtar an gráin agus an milse amach freisin; cé nach bhfuil an gráin agus an milse sa teaghlach féirín agus is cosúil go bhfuil baint níos dlúithe ag an milse le rís agus arbhar, tá comhdhúile ar a dtugtar prolamins agus gníomhaíocht antigenic an-chosúil le gliadin i gráin agus i milse.
Tá go leor táirgí gan glútan le fáil i siopaí bia iomlán agus i gcatalóga ar líne, ach tá sé ríthábhachtach lipéid a léamh go cúramach, toisc go gcuirtear glútan - bunús gliadin - le roinnt táirgí "gan cruithneacht" chun cáilíocht earraí bácáilte a fheabhsú. Tá amaranth, quinoa, agus cineálacha éagsúla rís (brún, dearg, dubh, agus fiáine) i gcoróin is féidir a úsáid in ionad chorn glútan. Ina theannta sin, tugann fianaise le déanaí le fios nach bhféadfadh sé a bheith riachtanach do go leor othair comhdhúile glútan-bhainteacha amhail hordeins agus secalins a dhíchur. Tá sé seo fíor go háirithe maidir le oats.
Níor léirigh staidéir chruinn ar othair le galar celiac a d' ithe oigheann aon fhianaise ar ghníomhachtú imdhíonachta. Mar shampla, i staidéar amháin, cuireadh 110 leanbh a ndearnadh diagnóis orthu le galar celiac go randamach i gceann de dhá ghrúpa: tugadh aiste bia tipiciúil gan glútan do ghrúpa amháin (GFD-std) agus tugadh GFD don ghrúpa eile chomh maith le táirgí oat gan cruithneacht (GFD-oats). Tar éis bliana a bheith caite, ní raibh aon difríocht mhór i marcóirí fola le haghaidh galar celiac idir na grúpaí GFD-oats agus GFD-std.
Is é an rud amháin atá le rá, áfach, cé nach spreagann tomhaltas oat an galar, d'fhéadfadh sé comharthaí gastrointestinal a mhéadú. I staidéar amháin, cuireadh 40 duine a raibh galar celiac orthu a shannadh go randamach chun 50 gram de tháirgí gan glútan a bhí i measc oisín a ithe in aghaidh an lae nó gan oisín ar feadh bliana. Bhí diarrhea ag na daoine a ghlac oisín go mór, ach bhí treocht ag an am céanna i dtreo scór constipation meán níos iomarcaí. Níor chuir sé isteach ar chló na n- intestine, ach tugadh faoi deara níos mó comharthaí athlastaithe agus ailléirge sa ghrúpa oats. Is cosúil go soláthraíonn oats ionad sa réim bia saor ó ghlútan, ach ba cheart do dhaoine a bhfuil galar celiac orthu a bheith ar an eolas go bhféadfadh sé comharthaí intestinal a mhéadú. Má thagann na hairíonna chun cinn nó má éiríonn siad níos measa, d'fhéadfaí oats a eisiamh. Sa deireadh, braitheann sé ar íogaireacht gach duine. Cé gur féidir le daoine áirithe a bhfuil galar celiac orthu rís agus oisín a ithe, ní féidir le daoine eile.
Ina theannta sin, ba cheart bia eile a mhalartú, agus ba cheart bainne agus táirgí bainne a scriosadh as an aiste bia go dtí go ndéanfaidh an t-othar struchtúr intestinal a athfhorbairt agus go dtiocfaidh a fheidhm ar ais go gnáth. I bhformhór na gcásanna, nuair a dhéantar glútan a dhíchur, beidh feabhas cliniciúil le feiceáil laistigh de chúpla lá nó seachtain. Mar sin féin, ní thagann freagairt ar 15 faoin gcéad de na hothair ach tar éis dhá nó trí bliana de sheachaint glútan. Mura bhfreagraíonn othair ar an aiste bia saor ó ghlútan, bhí diagnóis mhícheart air nó d'fhéadfadh go mbeadh bac ar leigheas mar easpa sinc. Ní féidir an tromchúis a bhaineann le forlíonadh il-vitimín agus mianraí i ndroch-chlaon a chur i bhfios go leor. Chomh maith le cóireáil a dhéanamh ar aon easnamh bunúsach, soláthraíonn forlíonadh na comhfhachtóirí riachtanacha le haghaidh fáis agus deisiúcháin. |
Every day, enormous quantities of nutritious food are wasted in landfills across the globe. Agriculture and food production use intensive amounts of water, chemicals, and land, rendering food waste as a major environmental and economic concern. New York State is currently considering legislation that would ban landfill disposal of food waste produced by large institutional generators, such as universities, hospitals, sports venues, restaurants, grocery stores, etc. Institutions have concentrated populations which generate predictable volumes of food waste and waste cooking oil. At the same time, these populations need heat, electricity, vehicle fuel, and soap. Developing a biorefinery system offers great potential to institutions and provides viable and sustainable utilization of various waste streams to generate energy via anaerobic digestion and biodiesel production process while simultaneously solving a waste disposal issue. However, the implementation of biorefinery systems at institutional food waste generators is just beginning, and data required to design the system and relevant case studies are very limited. Recognizing the urgent need to find alternatives for the diversion of food waste from landfills, this dissertation has provided the technical and economic viability of decentralized, onsite biorefinery systems at institutional generators with a specific focus on large institutions generating, on average, more than 1.8 metric tons of food waste per week (~91 t/year, equivalent to 100 short tons/year). The challenges and opportunities of these alternatives have also been considered in this dissertation.
First, development of sustainable food waste management requires an integrated, interdisciplinary management structure which includes a good understanding of regional variations in food waste resources, waste treatment facilities and processing capacity in a specific geographic region. Currently, poor quality and unreliable data on food waste prohibits proceeding to efficient waste management. These scarcities of data have led to a call for further research. To identify the research gaps, Chapter 2 begins with an assessment of reliable data on the quantity and types of food waste produced, transport of waste to treatment facilities, location of existing waste treatment facilities, and the amount of wastes that could potentially be treated at these facilities. Regions 3 and 8, as defined by the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation (DEC), were chosen as case studies to the underlying challenges and potential opportunities. The information provided in this chapter can be an important resource for implementing future waste diversion strategies, and further indicate which policy attributes should be considered.
In Chapter 3, an assessment was conducted of the technical challenges, economic feasibility and policy opportunities to adopt low-volume anaerobic digester (LVAD) systems, designated for deployment at the scale of an individual food waste generation site. Food waste generators often have much lower volumes of organic material available for conversion than dairy farms or public-owned treatment works (POTW). Small anaerobic digestion systems are not a new technology but have historically been implemented primarily in treating animal waste in developing countries. In the U.S., anaerobic digestion of food waste is usually achieved by co-digestion with dairy manure in centralized facilities, while food waste-only anaerobic digestion is still emerging and public data or case studies necessary to establish this as a potential food waste management pathway are lacking. Rochester Institute of Technology (RIT) was chosen as a case study to assess the viability of implementing an LVAD system utilizing campus organic waste. It was demonstrated that the LVAD approach is economically feasible only if several conditions are met: biogas is utilized directly for thermal energy applications, thereby eliminating the capital/operation/maintenance costs associated with electricity production; system capital cost is reduced to $500,000 or less; and available feedstock is increased to at least 900 t/year by importing food waste from neighboring generators and collecting associated tipping fees.
Chapter 4 documents an investigation of various solution pathways available to utilize another important institutional food waste material: waste cooking oil (WCO). Institutions such as universities usually generate large amounts of waste cooking oil that can be suitable for production of biodiesel via the process of transesterification. The free fatty acid (FFA) content of waste cooking oil from institutional cafeterias is often lower than many other establishments (i.e., fast food restaurants), and thus has a greater value as a biodiesel feedstock, because the cooking oil replacement rate is often higher. The development of a closed-loop biodiesel production system, including utilization of crude glycerol as an ingredient for soap production, is compelling especially in a constrained system because the locations of WCO feedstock supply and biodiesel demand are in close proximity and controlled by a single entity. Biodiesel can be utilized by the RIT community in vehicles and other applications. Crude glycerol can be refined and used to produce soap of varying quality and has potential as a value-added product. Potentially, the soap could be used in cafeterias and bathrooms across campus and dining services. This study indicated that using waste cooking oil for biodiesel production at the institutional scale could only be viable by generating the revenue from the sale of biodiesel and offsetting the cost of high quality liquid soap at retail price.
In Chapter 5, it was demonstrated that black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) could potentially reduce the amount of food waste needing to be landfilled in areas of concentrated generation, such as urban areas and institutions like universities and hospitals. BSFL have previously been used by home gardeners and large agricultural enterprises to transform food wastes and animal manures into feed for chickens or fish, while significantly reducing waste volumes. Bioconversion of food waste biomass with BSFL results in useful products such as protein rich insect biomass. This study demonstrated that bio-methane potentials (BMP) of BSFL were higher than the potential of food waste and manures and 1.5 to 2 times higher than other representative feedstocks, including energy crops and algae. In addition, the yield of biomass per hectare of land used is much higher. BSFL could therefore be a viable feedstock for biogas production or as part of an integrated biorefinery system, and as an effective bioresource solution for the global problem of food waste management.
Finally, it is uncertain that an on-site low volume anaerobic digestion system at institutional generators is most economically and environmentally beneficial. Therefore, a model was developed to compare different potential food waste treatment scenarios: centralized anaerobic digestors (AD) at large confined animal feeding operations (CAFOs), centralized AD at landfills, centralized AD at waste water treatments plants, and low volume anaerobic digesters (LVADs) at individual food waste generation sites. Chapter 6 presents an assessment of the optimal food waste conversion options for particular spatial distributions of food waste materials in two geographical regions of New York State. The assessment was based on three economic indicators, including net present value (NPV), internal rate of return (IRR), and payback period (PP), to enable food system stakeholders to determine the most cost-effective food waste utilization strategy. The decision process considered was based on the availability of existing facilities (e.g., stand-alone AD, wastewater treatment plants with AD, and composting), available capacity of selected facilities, and available quantity of animal waste in each region. This assessment demonstrated that capital cost plays a significant role in achieving economic viability, and tipping fees are often the major sources of revenues for these treatment facilities. Without offset of the capital investment from government entities in the form of grants, the economic viability of new facilities is challenging. Therefore, diverting food waste to WWTPs with excess capacity was identified as an important option that showed the most profitable scenario without considering environmental incentives and renewable energy credits.
This dissertation focused on economic implications of alternative food waste conversion options for institutional generators, through the integration of conversion technologies using different waste feedstocks in a decentralized, on-site biorefinery architecture. In this sense, the biorefinery model was presented as a potential alternative to centralized large scale-systems that utilize wastes from multiple sources, often including transport of waste over large distances. This concept aimed at maximizing the utilization of food waste in a manner that enables institutional generators to benefit from organic material they generate during normal operation. The findings from this dissertation provide valuable information to small-scale food processors and institutions that currently send their solid waste to landfills or incinerators, paying disposal charges or sending it to anaerobic digestion, usually involving transport costs and tipping fees. The method developed in this dissertation can be readily adapted by other institutions, and the information provided would assist entrepreneurs in achieving successful commercialization of small-scale food waste utilization systems.
Library of Congress Subject Headings
Food waste--Management; Food waste--Environmental aspects; Biomass energy--Materials; Anaerobic bacteria; Waste products as fuel
Department, Program, or Center
Nabil Z. Nasr
Win, Shwe Sin, "Biorefinery Pathways for Institutional Food Waste" (2019). Thesis. Rochester Institute of Technology. Accessed from
RIT – Main Campus | <urn:uuid:fad12234-3d88-4046-9a24-326716885536> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://scholarworks.rit.edu/theses/10087/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703497681.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20210115224908-20210116014908-00210.warc.gz | en | 0.931977 | 1,833 | 2.796875 | 3 | Gach lá, caitear méideanna ollmhóra bia cothaitheach i dtimpistí talún ar fud an domhain. Úsáideann an talmhaíocht agus táirgeadh bia méideanna dian uisce, ceimiceáin agus talún, rud a fhágann go bhfuil dramhaíl bia mar mhórchúis imní comhshaoil agus eacnamaíoch. Tá stáit Nua-Eabhrac ag smaoineamh faoi láthair ar reachtaíocht a chuirfeadh cosc ar dhiúscairt dramhaíola bia a tháirgtear ag gineadóirí mór institiúideacha, mar ollscoileanna, ospidéil, áiteanna spóirt, bialanna, siopaí grósaera, srl. Tá daonra tiubhaithe ag institiúidí a ghineann méideanna intuartha dramhaíola bia agus ola cócaireachta dramhaíola. Ag an am céanna, tá teas, leictreachas, breosla feithiclí agus gallúnach ag teastáil ó na daonra seo. Tá acmhainneacht mhór ag forbairt córas bith-chóirithe do na hinstitiúidí agus soláthraíonn sé úsáid inmharthana agus inbhuanaithe de shreabhadh dramhaíola éagsúla chun fuinneamh a ghiniúint trí phróiseas díleá anaeróbach agus táirgeadh bithdiosail agus ag an am céanna ag réiteach saincheist maidir le diúscairt dramhaíola. Tá an córas seo á chur i bhfeidhm ag an gCoimisiún i gcomhréir le prionsabal na hoibre a rinneadh ag an gCoimisiún i dtaca le córais bith-athshíolacháin a chur i bhfeidhm ag na monaróirí dramhaíola bia institiúideacha. Ag aithint an ghá práinneach le roghanna eile a aimsiú chun dramhaíl bia a atreorú ó líonta talún, chuir an dírscéal seo in iúl go bhfuil feidhmiúlacht theicniúil agus eacnamaíoch córais dé-lárnaithe bith-chruthú ar an láthair ag gineadóirí institiúideacha le fócas ar leith ar institiúidí móra a ghineann, ar an meán, níos mó ná 1.8 tonna méadracha dramhaíola bia in aghaidh na seachtaine (~ 91 t / bliain, comhionann le 100 tonna gearr / bliain). Tá na dúshláin agus na deiseanna a bhaineann leis na roghanna malartacha seo á gcur san áireamh sa dírscéal seo freisin.
Ar an gcéad dul síos, ní mór struchtúr bainistíochta comhtháite, idirdhisciplíneach a bheith ann chun bainistíocht inbhuanaithe dramhaíola bia a fhorbairt, lena n-áirítear tuiscint mhaith ar na héagsúlachtaí réigiúnacha i mbonn dramhaíola bia, i saoráidí cóireála dramhaíola agus i gcumas próiseála i réigiún geografach ar leith. Faoi láthair, ní féidir dul ar aghaidh le bainistíocht éifeachtach dramhaíola mar gheall ar dhátaí neamhcháilíochta agus neamhdhíobhálacha maidir le dramhaíl bia. Mar gheall ar an easpa sonraí seo, tá glaoch ar thaighde breise. Chun na bearnaí taighde a shainaithint, tosaíonn Caibidil 2 le measúnú ar shonraí iontaofa maidir le cainníocht agus cineálacha dramhaíola bia a tháirgtear, iompar dramhaíola chuig áiseanna cóireála, suíomh áiseanna cóireála dramhaíola atá ann cheana féin, agus méid na dramhaíola a d'fhéadfaí a chóireáil sna háiseanna sin. Roghnaíodh Réigiún 3 agus Réigiún 8, mar a shainmhínigh Roinn Chosaint Comhshaoil Stáit Nua Eabhrac (DEC), mar chás-staidéir ar na dúshláin agus na deiseanna féideartha atá bunús acu. Is féidir leis an bhfaisnéis a chuirtear ar fáil sa chaibidil seo acmhainn thábhachtach a bheith ann chun straitéisí athshruthaithe dramhaíola a chur chun feidhme sa todhchaí, agus léiríonn sé freisin cé na tréithe beartais ba cheart a mheas.
I gCaibidil 3, rinneadh measúnú ar na dúshláin theicniúla, an indéantacht eacnamaíoch agus na deiseanna beartais chun córais díghalraithe anaeróbach ísealchaipéis (LVAD) a ghlacadh, atá ceaptha le húsáid ar scála láithreán táirgeachta dramhaíola bia aonair. Is minic a bhíonn i dtáirgeoirí dramhaíola bia méideanna i bhfad níos ísle ábhar orgánach atá ar fáil le hathrú ná feirmeacha déiríochta nó oibríochtaí cóireála faoi úinéireacht phoiblí (POTW). Ní teicneolaíocht nua iad córais díleá anaeróbach bheaga ach tá siad curtha i bhfeidhm go stairiúil go príomha i gcóireáil dramhaíola ainmhithe i dtíortha atá i mbéal forbartha. Sna Stáit Aontaithe, is gnách go mbaintear amach díleá anaeróbach dramhaíola bia trí chomh-díleá le boilg déiríochta i saoráidí láirithe, agus tá díleá anaeróbach dramhaíola bia amháin fós ag teacht chun cinn agus níl sonraí poiblí nó cás-staidéir riachtanach chun é seo a bhunú mar bhealach féideartha bainistíochta dramhaíola bia. Roghnaíodh Institiúid Teicneolaíochta Rochester (RIT) mar chás-staidéar chun feidhmiúlacht chóras LVAD a chur i bhfeidhm ag baint úsáide as dramhaíl orgánach an champais a mheas. Léiríodh go bhfuil cur chuige LVAD indéanta ó thaobh na heacnamaíochta de ach amháin má chomhlíontar roinnt coinníollacha: baintear úsáid as bithghás go díreach le haghaidh iarratais fuinnimh teirmeacha, rud a fhágann go ndéantar na costais chaipitil/oibríochta/choimeádta a bhaineann le táirgeadh leictreachais a dhíothú; laghdaítear costas chaipitil an chórais go $500,000 nó níos lú; agus méadaítear an t-ábhar amh atá ar fáil go 900 t / bliain ar a laghad trí dramhaíl bia a allmhairiú ó ghinearóirí comharsanacha agus táillí tipping gaolmhara a bhailiú.
I gCaibidil 4 déantar imscrúdú ar bhealaí éagsúla réitigh atá ar fáil chun ábhar eile dramhaíola bia institiúideach tábhachtach a úsáid: ola cócaireachta dramhaíola (WCO). De ghnáth, déantar méid mór ola cócaireachta dramhaíola a ghiniúint ag institiúidí amhail ollscoileanna a d'fhéadfadh a bheith oiriúnach le haghaidh táirgeadh bithdhiosail trí phróiseas tras-eistearúcháin. Is minic go bhfuil cion aigéid shailleacha saor (FFA) in ola cócaireachta dramhaíola ó chaiféiteáin institiúideacha níos ísle ná go leor bunaíochtaí eile (i.e. bialanna bia tapa), agus dá bhrí sin tá luach níos mó aige mar amhábhar bithdhíosail, toisc go bhfuil an ráta athsholáthair ola cócaireachta níos airde go minic. Tá sé ina cheart go mbeadh córas táirgeachta bithdhíosail dúnta, lena n-áirítear úsáid gliosarail amh mar chomhábhar le haghaidh táirgeadh gallúnach, á fhorbairt go háirithe i gcóras teoranta toisc go bhfuil soláthar amhábhar WCO agus éileamh ar bithdhíosail in aice le chéile agus go bhfuil aon eintiteas amháin á rialú acu. Is féidir le pobail RIT bithdhiosail a úsáid i bhfeithiclí agus i bhfeidhmchlár eile. Is féidir gliosaról amh a scagadh agus a úsáid chun gallúnach de chaighdeán éagsúil a tháirgeadh agus tá acmhainn aige mar tháirge a bhfuil breisluach air. D'fhéadfadh an gallúnach a úsáid i gcáiféirí agus i seomraí folctha ar fud an champais agus i seirbhísí bia. Léiríodh sa staidéar sin nach bhféadfadh úsáid a bhaint as ola cócaireachta scart chun bithdhiosail a tháirgeadh ar scála institiúideach a bheith inmharthana ach amháin trí ioncam a ghiniúint ó dhíol bithdhiosail agus trí chostas an tsáipíní leachtacha ardchaighdeáin a chúiteamh ar phraghas miondíola.
I gCaibidil 5, léiríodh go bhféadfadh larbhaí eitilt saighdiúir dubh (BSFL) méid dramhaíola bia a theastaíonn a líonadh i limistéir a bhfuil táirgeadh tiubhaithe acu, amhail limistéir uirbeacha agus institiúidí cosúil le hollscoileanna agus ospidéil. Baineann na garraíodóirí sa bhaile agus gnóthais mhór talmhaíochta úsáid as BSFL roimhe seo chun dramhaíl bia agus boilg ainmhithe a athrú ina bheathú do choirp nó iasc, agus méideanna dramhaíola a laghdú go suntasach. Tá an t-ábhar a úsáidtear chun an t-ábhar a athsholáthar, a chur ar fáil, a chur ar fáil agus a chur ar fáil ar an margadh. Léirigh an staidéar seo go raibh acmhainneacht bith-meatáin (BMP) BSFL níos airde ná acmhainneacht dramhaíola bia agus boinn agus 1.5 go 2 huaire níos airde ná amhábhair ionadaíocha eile, lena n-áirítear barra fuinnimh agus algaí. Ina theannta sin, tá an toradh bithmhaise in aghaidh an heicteár talún a úsáidtear i bhfad níos airde. Dá bhrí sin, d'fhéadfadh BSFL a bheith ina amhábhar inmharthana le haghaidh táirgeadh bithgháis nó mar chuid de chóras comhtháite bith-chóiritheora, agus mar réiteach éifeachtach bith-acmhainní ar an bhfadhb dhomhanda maidir le bainistíocht dramhaíola bia.
Ar deireadh, níl sé cinnte go bhfuil an córas díleá anaeróbach ísealchaipéis ag na gineadóirí institiúideacha ar an suíomh is tairbheach ó thaobh na heacnamaíochta agus na comhshaoil de. Dá bhrí sin, forbraíodh samhail chun cásanna éagsúla cóireála dramhaíola bia a chur i gcomparáid: díghaltóirí anaeróbach lárnaithe (AD) ag oibríochtaí móra beathaithe ainmhithe teoranta (CAFOanna), AD lárnaithe ag líonta talún, AD lárnaithe ag gléasraí cóireála fuíolluisce, agus díghaltóirí anaeróbach ísealchaipte (LVADanna) ag suíomhanna aonair giniúna dramhaíola bia. I gCaibidil 6 cuirtear measúnú ar na roghanna is fearr le haghaidh athshruthú dramhaíola bia do dháileadh spásúil áirithe ábhair dramhaíola bia i dhá réigiún geografach i Stát Nua Eabhrac. Bhí an measúnú bunaithe ar thrí tháscaire eacnamaíoch, lena n-áirítear glanluach reatha (NPV), ráta inmheánach toradh (IRR), agus tréimhse aisíocaíochta (PP), chun a chur ar chumas geallsealbhóirí an chórais bia an straitéis úsáide dramhaíola bia is costéifeachtúla a chinneadh. Bhí an próiseas cinneadh a ndearnadh breithniú air bunaithe ar na saoráidí atá ar fáil (e.g. AD neamhspleách, gléasanna cóireála fuíolluisce le AD, agus compostaíocht), ar chumas atá ar fáil na saoráidí roghnaithe, agus ar chainníocht atá ar fáil dramhaíola ainmhithe i ngach réigiún. Léirigh an measúnú seo go bhfuil ról suntasach ag costas caipitil maidir le hinfheidhmitheacht eacnamaíoch a bhaint amach, agus is iad táillí tipping go minic na príomhfhoinsí ioncaim do na háiseanna cóireála seo. I gcás ina bhfuil an t-airgead a thairgeann an t-ionad sin ag an údarás inniúil, ní bheidh sé in ann an t-ionad a thairgeann an t-ionad a chur ar fáil don phobal. Is é an toradh ar an bhfíric go bhfuil an t-airgead a bhailítear ó na táirgí a úsáidtear i dtáirgí a bhfuil an chumhacht iomarcach acu a úsáid, agus go bhfuil an t-airgead sin á úsáid i dtáirgí a bhfuil an cumas iomarcach acu a úsáid.
Díríodh an dírscéal seo ar na himpleachtaí eacnamaíocha a bhaineann le roghanna malartacha um thiontú dramhaíola bia do ghineadóirí institiúideacha, trí theicneolaíochtaí tiontú a chomhtháthú ag baint úsáide as amhábhair dramhaíola éagsúla i ailtireacht dé-ionaid, biorefinery ar an láthair. Sa chiall seo, cuireadh an tsamhail bith-chóirithe i láthair mar rogha eile féideartha do chórais ar scála mór lárnaithe a úsáideann dramhaíola ó fhoinsí éagsúla, go minic lena n-áirítear iompar dramhaíola thar achar mór. Ba é aidhm an choincheapa seo úsáid a bhaint as dramhaíl bia a uasmhéadú ar bhealach a chuireann ar chumas gineadóirí institiúideacha leas a bhaint as an ábhar orgánach a ghineann siad le linn gnáthfheidhmiú. Soláthraíonn torthaí an dírscéala seo faisnéis luachmhar do phróiseálaithe bia ar scála beag agus d'institiúidí a chuireann a dramhaíl soladach chuig líonta talún nó incineratorí faoi láthair, ag íoc táillí diúscairt nó ag seoladh chuig díleá anaeróbach, a chuimsíonn costais iompair agus táillí tipping de ghnáth. Is féidir leis na hinstitiúidí eile an modh a forbraíodh sa dírscéal seo a oiriúnú go héasca, agus cabhródh an t-eolas a chuirtear ar fáil le fiontraithe chun córais úsáide dramhaíola bia ar scála beag a thrádáil go rathúil.
Leabharlann na Comhdhála Teideal Ábhar
Díothú bia - Bainistíocht; Díothú bia - Gnéithe comhshaoil; Fuinneamh bithmhaise - Ábhair; Baictéir anaeróbach; Díothú táirgí mar bhreosla
Roinn, Clár nó Ionad
Nabil Z. Nasr
Win, Shwe Sin, "Beoir-chomhshíolacháin Pathways for Institutional Food Waste" (2019). Teis. Institiúid Teicneolaíochta Rochester. Rochtain ó
RIT Príomhchampas |
The Stormtroopers (in German Stoßtruppen, "shock troops") were specialist military troops which were formed in the last years of World War I as the German Army developed new methods of attacking enemy trenches, called "infiltration tactics". Men trained in these methods were known in Germany as Sturmmann (literally "assault man" but usually translated as Stormtrooper), formed into companies of Sturmtruppen ("assault troops", more often and less exactly Storm Troops). The infiltration tactics developed by the stormtroopers are still in use today, in one form or another. Other armies have also used the term "assault troops", "shock troops" or fireteams for specialist soldiers who perform the infiltration tasks of stormtroopers.
The concept of "Stormtroopers" developed from its beginning in March 1915, when a unit known as Sturmabteilung Calsow (Calsow's Assault Detachment) under Major Calsow was formed by the Eighth Army, by orders from the War Ministry, consisting of headquarters, two pioneer companies and a 37mm gun (Sturmkanone) battery. The unit was to use heavy shields and body armor as protection in attacks.
This unit was however never employed in its intended role, instead used to defend against attacks in France. In June, this improper use of the unit had already cost the unit half its manpower, and for this, Major Calsow was relieved, against his protests that it was not his fault that the unit was not used as intended.
The new commander of the Assault Detachment from 8 September 1915 was a Hauptmann Rohr, previously commander of the Guard Rifle Battalion. The detachment was reinforced with a machine gun platoon, and a flamethrower platoon. The old infantry support guns had been shown to be too difficult to move across the battlefield, and a new model was developed based on captured Russian 76.2mm fortress guns and issued to the Assault Detachment.
Captain Rohr at first experimented with using the body armor and shields already in the Detachment's inventory, but realized that speed was better protection than armor. The only piece of armor kept was the stahlhelm, a new model of steel helmet that later became the standard in all German units at the end of World War I, and throughout the Second World War.
The new tactics developed by Captain Rohr, building much on his own previous experiences from the front, was based on the use of squad sized stormtroops ("Sturmtruppen" or "Stoßtruppen"), supported by a number of heavy support weapons and field artillery that was to be coordinated at the lowest level possible, and rolling up enemy trenches using troops armed with hand grenades. These tactics were tested the first time in October 1915 in a successful assault on a French position in the Vosges Mountains.
In December 1915, the Assault Detachment started giving courses to officers and soldiers of other German units, training them in the new assault tactics. Around this time the unit also changed some of its equipment to better fit its new requirements. Lighter footwear was issued, and uniforms reinforced with leather patches on knees and elbows to protect them when crawling. Special bags designed to carry grenades replaced the old belts and ammunition pouches, and the standard Gewehr 98 rifle was replaced with the lighter Karabiner 98a previously used by cavalrymen. While continuing to educate other units, the Detachment also participated in many small trench raids and attacks with limited objectives.
The first major offensive led by the new Assault Detachment was during the first days of the Battle of Verdun in February 1916. Stormtroops from the Assault Detachment was used in the first wave leading some units into the French trenches, attacking seconds after the barrage had lifted. This generally worked very well, even though it worked much better against the first trenchline than against the less well-known enemy rear-area.
On 1 April 1916, the Assault Detachment was redesignated "Assault Battalion Rohr". Around this time it also increased its size from two to four pioneer companies. At the same time, work began on transforming several Jäger battalions into new Assault Battalions.
At a larger scale, the storm tactics was first used by the Russians in June 1916 during the Brusilov Offensive with great success. But, due to the February Revolution in Russia, no further development of the tactics was carried out on the Russian side. With the withdrawal of Russia from World War I, the Germans were able to reinforce the Western Front with troops from the Eastern Front. This allowed them to take units out of the line and train in Hutier tactics (after Oskar von Hutier) to infiltrate and take trenches.
In February 1917, the British Army manual SS 143 advocated more sophisticated infiltration tactics than the Germans created. Using them throughout 1917 the British perfected all-arms battle. The British used rifles, rather than grenades as they were more effective. They were also supported by sophisticated sound-ranging, something the German Army never perfected.
On 21 March 1918, Germany launched a major offensive, "Operation Michael", against Allied forces, using the new methods and tactics. Four successive German offensives followed, that of 27 May and for the first time in four years the stalemate of trench warfare was broken. However, poor posture inflicted heavy casualties on attacking troops. German units often moved around in tightly-packed clouds and suffered appalling losses. The German advance had stalled by July and the Allies began their Hundred Days Offensive..
The methods developed to assault trenches during World War I before 1918 usually started with a lengthy artillery barrage all along the line followed by an assault from massed lines of infantry. Hutier suggested an alternate approach which consisted of these basic steps, combining some previous and some new attacks in a complex strategy:
The new assault methods involved men rushing forward in small groups using whatever cover was available and laying down suppressive fire for other groups in the same unit as they moved forward. The new tactics, which were intended to achieve tactical surprise, were to attack the weakest parts of an enemy's line, bypass his strongpoints and to abandon the futile attempt to have a grand and detailed plan of operations controlled from afar. Instead, junior leaders could exercise initiative on the spot. Any enemy strong points which had not been over-run by stormtroopers could be attacked by second echelon troops following the stormtroopers. | <urn:uuid:bf56fbed-118b-4953-b565-05489782b865> | CC-MAIN-2015-11 | http://www.thefullwiki.org/Stosstruppen | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-11/segments/1424936463475.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20150226074103-00071-ip-10-28-5-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.978861 | 1,317 | 3.03125 | 3 | Ba thrúpaí speisialaithe míleata iad na Stormtroopers (sa Ghearmáinis Stoßtruppen, "trúpaí turraing") a bunaíodh sna blianta deireanach den Chéad Chogadh Domhanda mar a d'fhorbair Arm na Gearmáine modhanna nua chun ionsaí a dhéanamh ar thráinsí naimhde, ar a dtugtar "taicticí ionsaithe". Bhí fir a bhí oiliúnaithe sna modhanna seo ar a dtugtar sa Ghearmáin mar Sturmmann (go liteartha "fear ionsaí" ach aistrítear de ghnáth mar Stormtrooper), a bhí déanta i ghrúpaí Sturmtruppen ("trúpaí ionsaí", níos minice agus níos lú go díreach Trúpaí Storm). Tá na tacticí infiltration a d'fhorbair na stormtroopers in úsáid fós inniu, i bhfoirm amháin nó eile. D'úsáid arm eile an téarma "trúpaí ionsaithe", "trúpaí turraing" nó foirne dóiteáin do shaighdiúirí speisialaithe a dhéanann tascanna infiltration na stoirm-trúpaí.
D'fhorbair coincheap na "Stormtroopers" óna thús i Márta 1915, nuair a bunaíodh aonad ar a dtugtar Sturmabteilung Calsow (Dathrú Ionsaí Calsow) faoi Mhór Calsow ag an Ochtú Arm, le horduithe ón Aireacht Chogaidh, ina raibh ceanncheathrú, dhá chuideachta pionóireachta agus gunna 37mm (Sturmkanone). Ba cheart don aonad sciathanna troma agus armúr coirp a úsáid mar chosaint i n-ionsaithe.
Níor cuireadh an t-aonad seo i bhfeidhm riamh ina ról beartaithe, áfach, a úsáidtear ina ionad sin chun cosaint a dhéanamh i gcoinne ionsaithe sa Fhrainc. I mí an Mheithimh, bhí an úsáid mhíchuí seo den aonad ag costas leath a lucht oibre cheana féin, agus as seo, bhí maor Calsow faoiseamh, in aghaidh a agóidí nach raibh sé de dhualgas air nár úsáideadh an t-aonad mar a bhí beartaithe.
Ba é Hauptmann Rohr, a bhí ina cheannasaí ar Bhataillín na nGairdí Rifle roimhe seo, an ceannasaí nua ar an Dtarrtháil Chéimigh ón 8 Meán Fómhair 1915. Cuireadh plátoon gunna meaisín agus plátoon flamethrower leis an dífhilleadh. Bhí sé léirithe go raibh na sean-gunnaí tacaíochta coisithe ró-deacair a bhogadh ar fud an champ cath, agus forbraíodh samhail nua bunaithe ar gunnaí daingne 76.2mm na Rúise a gabhadh agus a eisíodh don Díolúine Ionsaí.
Rinne an Captaen Rohr triail ar dtús as an armóir coirp agus na sciathanna a bhí cheana féin i réadlann an Díorthaigh a úsáid, ach thuig sé go raibh luas níos fearr ná cosc ná armúr. Ba é an t-aon phíosa armúr a choinníodh ná an stahlhelm, samhail nua de chlogán cruach a tháinig chun bheith ina chaighdeán ina dhiaidh sin i ngach aonad Gearmánach ag deireadh an Chéad Chogaidh Domhanda, agus i rith an Dara Cogadh Domhanda.
Bhí an tactic nua a d'fhorbair an Captaen Rohr, ag tógáil go mór ar a chuid taithí roimhe sin ón tosaigh, bunaithe ar úsáid trúpaí stoirme de mhéid scáide ("Sturmtruppen" nó "Stoßtruppen"), le tacaíocht ó roinnt arm tacaíochta trom agus artillery réimse a bhí le comhordaithe ar an leibhéal is ísle is féidir, agus ag rolladh suas tránna naimhde ag baint úsáide as trúpaí armtha le grenades láimhe. Rinne na tacticí seo tástáil den chéad uair i mí Dheireadh Fómhair 1915 i ionsaí rathúil ar sheasamh na Fraince i Sléibhte Vosges.
I mí na Nollag 1915, thosaigh an t-Eagrán Ionsaí ag tabhairt cúrsaí do oifigeach agus do shaighdiúirí de aonaid Ghearmáinis eile, ag oiliúint iad sna tacticí ionsaithe nua. Ag an am céanna, athraigh an t-aonad cuid dá threalamh chun a riachtanais nua a oiriúnú níos fearr. Bhí bróga níos éadroime ar fáil, agus bhí aonáin athneartaithe le paistí leathair ar na glúine agus ar na cúlchonna chun iad a chosaint nuair a bhí siad ag crawling. Cuireadh málaí speisialta a ceapadh chun gráinéid a iompar in ionad na sean-chreasaí agus na málaí allamuigh, agus cuireadh an riffle Gewehr 98 caighdeánach in ionad an Karabiner 98a níos éadroime a d'úsáid cavallrymen roimhe seo. Cé go leanfadh sé ag oideachas aonad eile, ghlac an Díoscadh páirt i go leor ráidí agus ionsaithe troscán beaga le cuspóirí teoranta.
Ba é an chéad ionsaí mór a bhí faoi stiúir an Díosrúcháin Ionsaí nua le linn na chéad lá de Bhathail Verdun i mí Feabhra 1916. Baineadh úsáid as Stormtroops ón Assault Detachment sa chéad tonn ag tabhairt faoi roinnt aonad isteach sna troscáin na Fraince, ag ionsaí soicind tar éis an barrage a ardú. D'oibrigh sé seo go maith, cé gur oibrigh sé i bhfad níos fearr i gcoinne an chéad líne troscán ná i gcoinne an limistéir chúl-neimhde nach raibh chomh maith leis.
Ar an 1 Aibreán 1916, ath-ainmníodh an Dífhilleadh Ionsaí "Bataillín Ionsaí Rohr". Timpeall an ama seo méadaigh sé a mhéid ó dhá chuideachta tosaigh go ceithre chuideachta. Ag an am céanna, thosaigh an obair ar roinnt bataillíní Jäger a athrú go Bataillíní Ionsaí nua.
Ar scála níos mó, d'úsáid na Rúiseoirí an tactic stoirme den chéad uair i mí an Mheithimh 1916 le linn na Brúisilov Offensive le rath mór. Ach, mar gheall ar Réabhlóid Feabhra sa Rúis, níor forbraíodh tuilleadh na tacticí ar thaobh na Rúise. Le tarraingt siar na Rúise ón gCéad Chogadh Domhanda, bhí na Gearmánaigh in ann an Chéad Chéad Iarthar a neartú le trúpaí ón Chéad Chéad Thoir. Thug sé seo deis dóibh aonad a thógáil as an líne agus oiliúint a fháil i gcúrsaí Hutier (tar éis Oskar von Hutier) chun infiltrate agus tránna a ghlacadh.
I mí Feabhra 1917, mhol lámhleabhar SS 143 Arm na Breataine tacticí ionsaithe níos sofaisticiúla ná mar a chruthaigh na Gearmánaigh. Ag baint úsáide as iad i rith 1917 rinne na Breataine comhrac uile-arm a fheabhas. D'úsáid na Breataine rifíní, seachas gráinéid mar go raibh siad níos éifeachtaí. Bhí siad freisin tacaíocht ag sofisticized fuaime-réim, rud éigin an t-Earmáid Ghearmáinis riamh foirfe.
Ar 21 Márta 1918, sheol an Ghearmáin ionsaí mór, "Operation Michael", i gcoinne fórsaí na gComhghuaillithe, ag baint úsáide as na modhanna agus na tacticí nua. Lean ceithre ionsaí Gearmánacha as a chéile, an ceann ar 27 Bealtaine agus den chéad uair le ceithre bliana, bristeadh an stailc i gcogadh troscán. Mar sin féin, thug droch-stán caillteanais throm ar thromanna ionsaithe. Go minic, bhí na haonaid Ghearmáinise ag gluaiseacht i bhfolach agus bhí caillteanais uafásacha acu. Bhí an dul chun cinn Gearmánach stad ag Iúil agus thosaigh na Comhghuaillithe a n-Oifigse céad lá ..
De ghnáth, thosaigh na modhanna a forbraíodh chun ionsaí a dhéanamh ar thréithe le linn an Chéad Chogaidh Domhanda roimh 1918 le barrage fada ardaithe ar feadh an líne ina dhiaidh sin ionsaí ó línte sluacha a bhailiú. Mhol Hutier cur chuige malartach a bhí comhdhéanta de na céimeanna bunúsacha seo, ag comhcheangal roinnt ionsaithe roimhe seo agus roinnt ionsaithe nua i straitéis chasta:
Ba éard a bhí i gceist leis na modhanna ionsaithe nua ná fir ag rushing ar aghaidh i ngrúpaí beaga ag baint úsáide as aon chlúdach a bhí ar fáil agus ag cur tine cosanta ar ghrúpaí eile sa aonad céanna agus iad ag bogadh ar aghaidh. Ba é an tactic nua, a bhí beartaithe chun ionadh tactach a bhaint amach, ná ionsaí a dhéanamh ar na codanna is laige de líne na namhaid, a phointí láidre a sheachaint agus an iarracht gan bhuntáiste a dhéanamh plean mór agus mionsonraithe oibríochtaí a rialú ó chúl. Ina áit sin, d'fhéadfadh ceannairí óga tionscnamh a fheidhmiú ar an láthair. D'fhéadfadh trúpaí dara echelon tar éis na stormtroopers ionsaí a dhéanamh ar aon phointí láidir naimhde nach raibh troopers stoirm thar a bheith ag rith. |
There are few successful bodies that operate as a total hierarchy – with one single leader. We lead with others, in partnerships or managing teams, and these dynamics affect the way we lead, for better or for worse.
As shared leadership gains a bigger role in institutions, the need for improved co-leadership skills becomes greater for both businesses and individuals. As Michael D. Kokolowski explains in his study of the emergence of shared leadership in the present day, more and more, businesses are operating with teams of interactive minds who influence one another in their decision-making. He highlights three components of shared leadership that form a team environment: shared purpose, social support, and voice.
Sharing a vision is always the first step toward building a successful, cohesive team. A stampede of wild animals is powerful; a school of fish is beautiful. A collective of individuals running toward different targets is just chaos. Shared purpose is the magnet that helps groups maintain strength and direction when day-to-day operations take their toll on team togetherness. By sharing a vision and dividing roles and responsibilities among leaders, goals become less obscure and more obtainable. Fewer toes are stepped on, and more eyes are set on a single prize. When individual roles and a common purpose are clear, personal achievements become group successes.
A culture of support in the workplace is a crucial dimension of successful shared leadership. Empowering team players to act, to work together, to lead together – must be paired with a support system that fosters trust and teamwork. Social support is the safety net that gives team players the courage to act upon the empowerment that shared leadership creates, allowing for a sustainable shared leadership dynamic.
Praise and Taking Responsibility
Leaders can foster such social support in the workplace by allocating praise to team players and taking responsibility for failures, offering support to fellow leaders in addressing problems and solutions. Working together to identify opportunities for growth—and supporting one another in developing strategies to take advantage of such opportunities—develops mutual trust among team members and empowers co-leaders to reach higher potentials.
Voice might be the single-most important dimension of a successful team. Shared leadership is useless if in practice, one leader’s perspective drowns out the rest. For businesses to reap the benefits of co-leadership, each leader must be encouraged to speak, and provided with a platform of listeners. Such a platform can only be built by a group of co-leaders who value the voice as a tool for individual contribution and self-expression. The voice, as a translator of inner qualities and dedication, should be understood as such and treated with support and respect.
Organisational partnerships have great potential to forge products and outcomes that are innovative, unique and lasting. By investing in these partnerships through business leadership training sessions that value shared leadership as an effective means for group progress, co-leaders can take their teams to new heights, both personally and collectively. | <urn:uuid:d9906389-8768-47e8-99a8-9e8b12ca4f02> | CC-MAIN-2018-17 | http://www.smallbusinesscan.com/shared-leadership-personal-collective-growth/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125947968.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20180425213156-20180425233156-00203.warc.gz | en | 0.958783 | 598 | 2.546875 | 3 | Tá cúpla comhlacht rathúil ann a oibríonn mar ordlathas iomlán le ceann amháin amháin. Tá muid ag stiúradh le daoine eile, i gcomhpháirtíochtaí nó i mbainistíocht foirne, agus bíonn tionchar ag na dinimice seo ar an mbealach a stiúrann muid, go maith nó go dona.
De réir mar a fhaigheann ceannaireacht chomhroinnte ról níos mó sna hinstitiúidí, bíonn an gá le scileanna comh-cheannaireachta feabhsaithe níos mó do ghnólachtaí agus do dhaoine aonair araon. Mar a mhíníonn Michael D. Kokolowski ina staidéar ar an teacht chun cinn a bhaineann le ceannaireacht chomhroinnte sa lá atá inniu ann, tá níos mó agus níos mó gnólachtaí ag feidhmiú le foirne de mheabhracha idirghníomhacha a mbíonn tionchar acu ar a chéile ina gcinnteoireacht. Cuireann sé béim ar thrí chomhpháirt de cheannaireacht chomhroinnte a chruthaíonn timpeallacht foirne: cuspóir chomhroinnte, tacaíocht shóisialta, agus guth.
Is é an chéad chéim i gcónaí chun foireann rathúil, comhtháite a thógáil ná fís a roinnt. Tá an-chumhacht ag streachailt ainmhithe fiáine; tá sé álainn ag an gcuach éisc. Is é an comhchoiste de dhaoine aonair ag rith i dtreo spriocanna éagsúla ach chaois. Is é cuspóir chomhroinnte an maighnéad a chabhraíonn le grúpaí neart agus treo a choinneáil nuair a bhíonn a gcuid muirir ó lá go lá ag cur isteach ar chomhghuaillíocht na foirne. Trí fhís a roinnt agus róil agus freagrachtaí a roinnt i measc ceannairí, ní bhíonn na spriocanna chomh doiléir agus is féidir iad a bhaint amach. Ní bhíonn níos mó cosa ag dul ar aghaidh, agus bíonn níos mó súile ar duais amháin. Nuair a bhíonn róil aonair agus cuspóir coiteann soiléir, bíonn rath ar an ngrúpa as éachtaí pearsanta.
Is gné ríthábhachtach de cheannaireacht chomhroinnte rathúil í cultúr tacaíochta san ionad oibre. Ní mór d'imreoirí foirne a chumasú chun gníomhú, oibriú le chéile, a bheith i gceannas le chéile a lánúineáil le córas tacaíochta a chothóidh muinín agus obair foirne. Is é an tacaíocht shóisialta an líonra sábháilteachta a thugann misneach do imreoirí foirne gníomhú ar an gcumhachtú a chruthaíonn ceannaireacht chomhroinnte, rud a cheadaíonn dinimic ceannaireachta chomhroinnte inbhuanaithe.
Moladh agus Freagracht a ghlacadh
Is féidir le ceannairí an tacaíocht shóisialta sin a chothú san ionad oibre trí mholadh a leithdháileadh ar imreoirí foirne agus freagracht a ghlacadh as teipeanna, tacaíocht a thairiscint do chomh- cheannairí chun aghaidh a thabhairt ar fhadhbanna agus réitigh. Ag obair le chéile chun deiseanna fáis a shainaithint - agus ag tacú lena chéile i straitéisí a fhorbairt chun leas a bhaint as deiseanna den sórt sin - forbraíonn sé muinín fhrithpháirteach i measc baill an fhoireann agus cumasaíonn sé comh-chinnitheoirí chun acmhainní níos airde a bhaint amach.
B'fhéidir gurb é an guth an gné is tábhachtaí d'fhoireann rathúil. Tá ceannaireacht chomhroinnte gan úsáid má bhíonn dearcadh ceann amháin den cheannaire ag cur na cinn eile ar lár. Chun go mbainfidh gnólachtaí tairbhe as comh-cheannaireacht, ní mór gach ceannasaí a spreagadh chun labhairt, agus ardán éisteoirí a sholáthar. Ní féidir ardán den sórt sin a thógáil ach amháin ag grúpa comh-cheannairí a thugann luach don ghuth mar uirlis le haghaidh ranníocaíochta agus féin-fhoillse. Ba cheart an guth, mar aistritheoir ar cháilíochtaí inmheánacha agus ar thiomantas, a thuiscint mar sin agus é a chóireáil le tacaíocht agus le meas.
Tá acmhainn mhór ag comhpháirtíochtaí eagraíochta táirgí agus torthaí atá nuálach, uathúil agus buan a chruthú. Trí infheistíocht a dhéanamh sna comhpháirtíochtaí seo trí sheisiúin oiliúna ceannaireachta gnó a thugann luach ar cheannaireacht chomhroinnte mar mhodh éifeachtach chun dul chun cinn grúpa, is féidir le comh-chinnitheoirí a gcuid foirne a thógáil go hardáin nua, go pearsanta agus go comhchoiteann. |
With the North rising so united against Kansas-Nebraska, speaking with something approaching a true sectional voice, one might expect the South to have done much the same in favor of the act. They might loathe its popular sovereignty provisions, but it would give them new slave states and wipe away the old loss and sectional indignity of the Missouri Compromise’s slavery ban. In the present political climate, one might even expect that the North’s fury only increased Southern enthusiasm. Alexander Stephens declared something close to that, calling the South unanimously delighted.
If the South included only its congressional delegation, the Southerners that Stephens spent most of his time with, then the observation largely holds. The Southern papers largely paid Kansas-Nebraska little mind. The New Orleans papers expressed general indifference and suggested that if the bill died on the vine, the section would sleep untroubled. New Orleans always stood a bit apart from the rest of the South, but the Nashville Advertiser watched the storm in Washington with disinterest. In Stephens’ own Georgia, the Macon Messenger faced such general indifference that it published a story explaining the fact. The bill would probably bring the section no benefit, so naturally Southerners didn’t much care. What about Charleston, then? Surely the Carolina counter-revolutionaries came out in favor? Instead both Charleston papers reported the same disinterest.
That did not mean the papers came out against the bill, of course. Virtually all of the Democratic papers supported it. The few Whig papers could go the other way, and some did, but by 1854 their opinions meant very little. That did not mean that the Southern people in general really just didn’t care. Rather they had a diversity of opinions. Some followed Bell and Houston in seeing the bill as premature and a needless sectional antagonism. The popular sovereignty language chafed many of more refined sentiment because a population that could vote slavery in could also vote it out. Outside of Missouri, where naturally a substantial population considered the bill relevant to their personal interests, the Kansas-Nebraska struggle involved a far away territory and far away people. Their fate need not intertwine with the fates of slaveholders in the Cotton Kingdom or around the Chesapeake.
Distance and indifference did not translate into hostility, except in novel cases. For most of the South, the fight for Kansas had an abstract tone. It involved high principles and the honor of the section. They had lived with the Missouri Compromise slight that barred slavery from the Great Plains. They could survive more of the same. But Kansas-Nebraska gave them the chance to remove the slight. Why would they exert themselves to oppose it? Precious few did. Instead, it appears the South at large read the bill as a kind of legal luxury, pleasant and welcome but not a matter of life and death.
Except for Missouri, of course. There the bill, in addition to touching directly on the state’s future as a slave state, bound tightly to the ongoing battle between David Rice Atchison and Thomas Hart Benton. Benton, championing almost free St. Louis saw the defeat of the bill as one road or him to regain the Senate seat that had taken from him. Atchison saw himself as the guardian of Missouri’s future as a slave state. He and his proslavery constituents lived far up the Missouri valley, hard against Kansas, and they saw not just their society but their personal fortunes on the line. If Kansas went free, their slaves could easily run away. If it went slave, they could buy new land there and further enrich themselves. | <urn:uuid:202dde7f-b344-47e9-8951-f5059614f398> | CC-MAIN-2018-17 | https://freedmenspatrol.wordpress.com/2013/10/22/the-indifferent-divided-south/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125947693.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20180425041916-20180425061916-00135.warc.gz | en | 0.965459 | 748 | 2.96875 | 3 | Agus an Tuaisceart ag éirí chomh aontaithe i gcoinne Kansas-Nebraska, ag labhairt le rud éigin a d'fhág go raibh guth fíor-roinnte, d'fhéadfadh duine a bheith ag súil go ndearna an Deisceart an rud céanna i bhfabhar an ghnímh. D'fhéadfadh siad a fhorálacha uachtaránachta tóir a bheith uafásach, ach bheadh stáit sclábhaí nua acu agus scriosfadh sé an t-amhras sean agus an míchompordú roinnte de thoirmeasc sclábhaíochta Comhréitigh Missouri. Sa chomhshaol polaitiúil atá ann faoi láthair, d'fhéadfadh duine a bheith ag súil go méadódh fúrscéal an Tuaiscirt ach díograis an Deiscirt. Dúirt Alexander Stephens rud éigin cosúil leis sin, ag glaoch ar an Deisceart go hiomlán sásta.
Mura raibh sa Deisceart ach a thoscaireacht chomhdhála, na Southerners a chaith Stephens an chuid is mó dá chuid ama leo, ansin déanann an breathnóireacht a chuid is mó. Na páipéir Theas i bhfad íoc Kansas-Nebraska aird beag. Léirigh páipéir New Orleans neamhspleáchas ginearálta agus mhol siad go dtabharfadh an roinn codladh gan imní dá dtarlódh go raibh an bille marbh ar an bhfíon. Bhí New Orleans i gcónaí beagán ar shiúl ó chuid eile den Deisceart, ach d'fhéach an Nashville Advertiser ar an stoirm i Washington gan spéis. I Georgia féin Stephens, bhí an Macon Messenger ag tabhairt aghaidh ar neamhchinnteacht chomh ginearálta sin gur fhoilsigh sé scéal ag míniú an bhfíric. Ní dócha go dtabharfadh an bille aon tairbhe don rannóg, agus dá bhrí sin, go nádúrtha, ní raibh mórán cúraim ag na hIodálaigh. Cad faoi Charleston, ansin? Is cinnte gur tháinig na frith-réabhlóideach Carolina i bhfabhar? Ina áit sin, thuairiscigh páipéir Charleston an neamhshuim chéanna.
Ní chiallaigh sin go raibh na páipéir i gcoinne an bhille, ar ndóigh. D'fhormheas beagnach gach páipéar Daonlathach é. D'fhéadfadh na páipéir Whig cúpla dul ar an mbealach eile, agus rinne cuid acu, ach faoi 1854 bhí a gcuid tuairimí an-beag. Ní chiallaigh sé sin nach raibh cúram ar dhaoine na Deiscirt i gcoitinne. Ach bhí éagsúlacht tuairimí acu. Lean cuid acu Bell agus Houston agus iad ag féachaint ar an mbille mar bhille réamh-thráthúil agus mar antagonism rannpháirteach gan ghá. Chuir an teanga uachtaránachta tóir ar go leor mothúchán níos scagtha toisc go bhféadfadh daonra a d'fhéadfadh vóta a chaitheamh ar sclábhaíocht vóta a chaitheamh amach freisin. Lasmuigh de Missouri, áit a mheas go nádúrtha go raibh daonra suntasach an bille ábhartha dá leasanna pearsanta, baineann an streachailt Kansas-Nebraska le críoch i bhfad i gcéin agus le daoine i bhfad i gcéin. Ní gá go mbeadh a n-ádh orthu a bheith i dteagmháil le cinntí úinéirí sclábhaithe i Ríocht an Chotúin nó timpeall Chesapeake.
Ní raibh an fad agus an neamhspleáchas ina gcineál naimhdeachta, ach amháin i gcásanna nua. I gcás an chuid is mó den Deisceart, bhí ton eisiata ag an gcath ar Kansas. Bhí prionsabail arda agus onóir an rannáin i gceist. Bhí cónaí orthu leis an Comhréitigh Missouri a chuir cosc ar sclábhaíocht ó na hIdirlíne Móra. D'fhéadfadh siad maireachtáil níos mó den rud céanna. Ach thug Kansas-Nebraska deis dóibh an t-eagrán a bhaint. Cén fáth a mbeadh siad féin a exert chun cur i gcoinne é? Ní raibh ach cúpla duine luachmhar ann. Ina áit sin, is cosúil gur léigh an Deisceart go ginearálta an bille mar chineál só dlíthiúil, taitneamhach agus fáilte roimh ach ní ceist beatha agus báis.
Seachas Missouri, ar ndóigh. Anseo, sa bhreis ar an mbille, a bhaineann go díreach le todhchaí an stáit mar stát sclábhaí, ceangailte go daingean leis an gcath leanúnach idir David Rice Atchison agus Thomas Hart Benton. Chonaic Benton, a bhí ag tacú le St. Louis beagnach saor, gur bealach amháin é an defeat of the bill nó é chun an suíochán Seanad a bhí tógtha uaidh a fháil ar ais. Chonaic Atchison é féin mar chaomhnóir todhchaí Missouri mar stát sclábhaí. Bhí sé féin agus a chuid toghthóirí pro-slavery i bhfad suas i ghleann Missouri, go crua i gcoinne Kansas, agus chonaic siad ní hamháin a sochaí ach a gcuid fortunes pearsanta ar an líne. Má chuaigh Kansas saor, d'fhéadfadh a sclábhaithe éalú go héasca. Má thit sé ina sclábhaí, d'fhéadfaidís talamh nua a cheannach ann agus iad féin a shaibhriú tuilleadh. |
Published November 2, 2004
by Teacher Created Resources .
Written in English
|The Physical Object|
|Number of Pages||176|
Full-Color Literacy Activities: Rhyming & Sight Words Paperback – November 3, by Kari Sickman (Author) out of 5 stars 2 ratings. See all 4 formats and editions Hide other formats and editions. Price New from Used from 5/5(2). This book has full color pages that I can just laminate and use in my classroom. It also has sentence strips for the pocket chart and black line masters for the children's follow-up and retelling activities. I will use Humpty Dumpty first out of this one. Karen. Read more.4/5(1). About Pre-K Pages. I'm Vanessa, a Pre-K teacher with more than 20 years of classroom teaching experience. Here at Pre-K Pages, I'm committed to helping teachers just like you teach better, save time, and live more by providing you with everything you need to create a fun and engaging learning environment, lesson plans, and activities for your little learners. Reading for Comprehension Readiness, Full-Color Edition is an update of our popular series and uses engaging lessons to help build reading-for-information skills students will need in later grades. Exclusive to this edition. A color-rich design and new articles have been added.
The cards (the white part) came from the Phonemic Awareness book listed below and I glued them on 1/2 of an index card and laminated. These games are pre-made from a book titled, “Full Color Literacy Activities-Sight words and Rhyming Words“. I like these activites because they are simple to create, easy for the children to complete and. This literacy activity packet includes several full color activities to go with The Gingerbread Boy by Paul Galdone. It includes vocabulary word cards, picture and word cards for matching pictures with words, a circle map, a class book,15 sight word. Printable pages (for some of the activities) Book recommendations; Material lists, step-by-step instructions and full color photographs of every activity; Suggestions for modifications and extensions so you can adapt the activities to suit your child; Each unit builds important skills, including: literacy; math; sensory exploration; crafts. Full-color materials help busy teachers present fun-to-do activities. Each standards-based lesson has one or more clearly stated objectives. Topics covered include: beginning, middle & ending sounds, rhyming words, word families, compound words, contractions, parts of speech, capitalization, punctuation, sequencing, and :
Alphabet and Literacy Bundle. contains activities for learners as they color alphabet pictures, sort and find uppercase and lower case letters, explore different fonts, create an alphabet flip book, trace letters, and much more! Secret Spy Alphabet Activities Pack , full-color photos, instructions for assembling each of the crafts. This full-color literacy unit includes activities for three of Eric Carle's books. A House for a Hermit Crab: circle map, class book cover and student page, capital/lowercase letter match, word/picture match Mister Seahorse: circle map for describing words, art/writing activity, beginning sound sort The Very Lonely Firefly: beginning/middle/end graphic organizer, art/writing activity, medial 4/5(26). Contents include black-and-white student book, full-color poster for shared reading, black-and-white copy of poem for student copies, pages for students to draw or write about their favorite part, copies of the nursery rhyme with letters or words missing for students to complete, and full-color pocket chart cards of important words from the. Unite for Literacy provides free digital access to picture books, narrated in many languages. Literacy is at the core of a healthy community, so we unite with partners to enable all families to read with their young children. | <urn:uuid:d678fde4-e761-4c53-9d1b-4cb09373aa55> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://talolanivozet.cyrusofficial.com/full-color-literacy-activities-book-5482mp.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703561996.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20210124235054-20210125025054-00417.warc.gz | en | 0.908924 | 820 | 3.296875 | 3 | Foilsithe an 2 Samhain, 2004
ag Teacher Created Resources .
Scríobhadh i mBéarla
An t-Object Físeach
Líon na leathanaigh atá ag an leabhar
Gníomhaíochtaí Literacy Iomlán-Dath: Rhyming & Sight Words Paperback 3 Samhain, le Kari Sickman (Auteur) as 5 réaltaí 2 rátálacha. Féach na 4 bhformáid agus na heagrán go léir Clúdaigh formáidí agus eagarthóirí eile. Praghas Nua ó Úsáidte ó 5/5 (2). Tá leathanaigh datha iomlán ag an leabhar seo is féidir liom a lamáineáil agus a úsáid i mo sheomra ranga. Tá stiallacha abairtí ann freisin le haghaidh an chairt phóca agus máistreacha línte dubh le haghaidh gníomhaíochtaí leantacha agus athsheinmneacha na leanaí. Bainfidh mé Humpty Dumpty a úsáid ar dtús as an gceann seo. Karen. - Tá sé. Léigh tuilleadh.4/5 Maidir le Pre-K leathanaigh. Is mise Vanessa, múinteoir réamh-K le níos mó ná 20 bliain de thaithí teagaisc sa seomra ranga. Anseo ag Pre-K Pages, táim tiomanta do mhúinteoirí a chabhrú díreach mar a mhúineann tú níos fearr, am a shábháil, agus níos mó a bheith beo trí gach rud a theastaíonn uait a sholáthar chun timpeallacht foghlama spraoi agus tarraingteach a chruthú, pleananna ceachta, agus gníomhaíochtaí do do chuid foghlaimeoirí beaga. Is nuashonrú é Reading for Comprehension Readiness, Full-Color Edition ar ár sraith tóir agus úsáideann sé ceachtanna tarraingteach chun cabhrú le scileanna léitheoireachta le haghaidh faisnéise a fhorbairt a mbeidh gá le mic léinn i gclár níos déanaí. Iarr ar an eagrán seo. Tá dearadh datha agus earraí nua curtha leis.
Tháinig na cártaí (an chuid bán) ón leabhar Feasacht Fhonemic atá liostaithe thíos agus chuir mé iad ar leath de chárta innéacs agus lamínithe. Tá na cluichí seo réamhdhéanta ó leabhar dar teideal, Full Color Literacy Activities-Sight words and Rhyming Words. Is maith liom na gníomhaíochtaí seo mar go bhfuil siad simplí le cruthú, éasca do na páistí a chur i gcrích agus Áirítear sa phacáiste gníomhaíochta litearthachta seo roinnt gníomhaíochtaí lándath chun dul leis An Bhanc Gingerbread le Paul Galdone. Áirítear air cártaí focal focal, cártaí pictiúr agus focal chun pictiúir a mheaitseáil le focail, léarscáil ciorclach, leabhar ranga, 15 focal radharc. Leathanaigh in-phrintáilte (do chuid de na gníomhaíochtaí) Moltaí leabhair; Liostaí ábhair, treoracha céim ar chéim agus grianghraif lándath de gach gníomhaíocht; Tograí le haghaidh modhnú agus síneadh ionas gur féidir leat na gníomhaíochtaí a oiriúnú do do leanbh; Forbraíonn gach aonad scileanna tábhachtacha, lena n-áirítear: litearthacht; matamaitic; taiscéalaíocht shúile; ceardaíocht. Cuidíonn ábhair lándath le múinteoirí gnóthacha gníomhaíochtaí spraíúla a chur i láthair. Tá cuspóir amháin nó níos mó sonraithe go soiléir ag gach ceacht atá bunaithe ar chaighdeáin. Áirítear ar na hábhair a chuimsítear: fuaimeanna tosaigh, lárnacha agus deiridh, focail rím, teaghlaigh focal, focail chomhcheangailte, géarghá, codanna cainte, caipitliú, ponctuaíocht, seicheamh, agus:
Buntáiste Alfabéite agus Literacy. Tá gníomhaíochtaí ann do lucht foghlama chun pictiúir aibítre a dathú, litreacha mhóra agus mionscríbhinní a shocrú agus a aimsiú, scrúdú a dhéanamh ar fhointí éagsúla, leabhar flip aibítre a chruthú, litreacha a rianú, agus go leor eile! Pacáiste Gníomhaíochtaí Alfabéite Spy Rúnda , grianghraif lán-dath, treoracha chun gach ceann de na haerchláir a chur le chéile. Áirítear leis an aonad litearthachta lán-dath seo gníomhaíochtaí do thrí leabhar de chuid Eric Carle. A House for a Hermit Crab: léarscáil chiorclach, clúdach leabhar ranga agus leathanach mac léinn, comhfhreagras litreacha caipitil / mionsonraithe, comhfhreagras focal / pictiúr Mister Seahorse: léarscáil chiorclach chun focail a thuairisciú, gníomhaíocht ealaíne / scríbhneoireachta, seoladh fuaime tús The Very Lonely Firefly: eagraitheoir grafach tús / lár / deireadh, gníomhaíocht ealaíne / scríbhneoireachta, meánach 4/5 ((26). Áirítear ar an ábhar leabhar mac léinn dubh-agus-béar, póstaer lán-dath le haghaidh léamh comhroinnte, cóip d'fhéile dubh-agus-béar do chóipeanna mac léinn, leathanaigh do mhic léinn a tharraingt nó a scríobh faoina gcuid is fearr leo, cóipeanna den rímí ranna le litreacha nó focail atá ar iarraidh do mhic léinn a chomhlánú, agus cártaí cairte pocket chart lán-dath de fhocail thábhachtacha ón leabhar. Soláthraíonn Unite for Literacy rochtain digiteach saor in aisce ar leabhair pictiúr, a bhfuil scéalta acu i go leor teangacha. Tá litearthacht ag croílár phobal sláintiúil, mar sin déanaimid aontacht le comhpháirtithe chun a chur ar chumas gach teaghlaigh léamh lena gcuid páistí óga. |
With advances in computer software making it easier and easier to alter photographs, researchers have devised a way to encode digital images to detect frauds.
The new technique embeds a computer generated hologram (CGH) into an image. Usually a simple word or picture, the hologram hides in the "noise" – the random pixel-to-pixel variations that your eye usually glosses over.
To see the CGH, a numerical code is needed to reconstruct it from the image file. In this way, the CGH acts like an invisible "watermark" – even the slightest change to the original picture will destroy the hologram.
This watermark could be used by defense agencies wanting to protect satellite images from manipulation or by media organizations wanting to verify a picture's authenticity.
"A newspaper buying a photo from a freelancer could then check for a watermark to confirm that it hasn't been tampered with to make it more newsworthy," said Lorenzo Cozella from the University of Roma Tre in Italy.
To prevent someone from doctoring an image and then correcting the CGH, Cozella and his colleagues have a way to encrypt the watermark. Therefore, only those who have the secret "key" can actually extract the hologram from the image to see it.
Besides authenticating photos, the system could protect fingerprint records and medical scans, facilitating the storage and transfer of this information for court cases and other legal proceedings.
The watermarking method is described in the latest issue of the Journal of Optics A, from the Institute of Physics.
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- Survey: 43 Percent of Adults Get 'Phished' | <urn:uuid:034c45ea-b707-4966-8530-3a81816c800b> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://www.livescience.com/3869-invisible-watermark-prevent-fake-photos.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703515235.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20210118185230-20210118215230-00152.warc.gz | en | 0.888812 | 370 | 3.328125 | 3 | De bharr na dul chun cinn i bogearraí ríomhaireachta a fhágann go bhfuil sé níos éasca agus níos éasca grianghraif a athrú, tá bealach cruthaithe ag taighdeoirí chun íomhánna digiteacha a chódú chun calaois a bhrath.
Cuirtear hologram a ghineann an ríomhaire (CGH) isteach i íomhá leis an teicníc nua. De ghnáth focal nó pictiúr simplí, cuireann an t-olgram i bhfolach sa "suain" na hathruithe randamacha pixel-to-pixel a bhíonn do shúil ag dul thar.
Chun an CGH a fheiceáil, teastaíonn cód uimhriúil chun é a athchruthú ón gcomhad íomhá. Ar an mbealach seo, oibríonn an CGH mar "siombail uisce" dofheicthe ní dhéanfaidh an t-athrú is lú ar an bpictiúr bunaidh an hologram a scriosadh.
D'fhéadfadh gníomhaireachtaí cosanta an t-uiscechlip seo a úsáid chun íomhánna satailíte a chosaint ó ionramháil nó ag eagraíochtaí meán a theastaíonn uathu barántúlacht pictiúr a fhíorú.
"D'fhéadfadh nuachtán a cheannaíonn grianghraf ó shaor-shaothair a sheiceáil ansin ar son watermark a dheimhniú nach bhfuil sé curtha isteach chun é a dhéanamh níos nuachtúla", a dúirt Lorenzo Cozella ó Ollscoil Roma Tre san Iodáil.
Chun cosc a chur ar dhuine íomhá a mhúnlú agus an CGH a cheartú ansin, tá bealach ag Cozella agus a chomhghleacaithe an marc uisce a chriptiú. Dá bhrí sin, ní féidir ach dóibh siúd a bhfuil an " eochair " rúnda acu an t-hologram a bhaint as an íomhá chun é a fheiceáil.
Chomh maith le grianghraif a fhíorú, d'fhéadfadh an córas taifid fingerprint agus scannaíochtaí leighis a chosaint, ag éascaíocht stórála agus aistrithe na faisnéise seo le haghaidh cásanna cúirte agus imeachtaí dlíthiúla eile.
Tá cur síos ar an modh uisce-mharcála sa uimhir is déanaí de Journal of Optics A, ón Institiúid Fhisice.
- Íomhánna iontach: Cool Eolaíocht & Nádúr Pictiúir
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- Cuidíonn Matamaiticeoirí le hIarbhú na hIaráine
- Suirbhé: 43 faoin gcéad d'Oibrithe Dhéagóirí a 'Phishing' |
In a world where changing climate conditions are seeing the rise of sea levels and increased rainfall, disadvantaged waterfront communities are bearing the brunt of consequent flooding and land loss. Makoko, the largest informal settlement in Lagos, Nigeria, is one such community. Teetering atop Lagos Lagoon, its wooden structures balanced on stilts stretch out several kilometers over the oily water. The only means of transport are the canoes that bustle along the waterways in between buildings.
In Makoko, major flooding occurs three or four times per year lasting up to four days at a time and causing widespread destruction and displacement. The residents of Makoko lack effective coping strategies for the flooding beyond raising their houses on stilts. But as stilts are static they provide limited protection against the surging waters.
When Nigerian-born architect Kunlé Adeyemi visited Makoko he found that the local school was not only too small but was also a victim of the regular floods. Inspired by community need and the unique challenges of an informal above-water settlement, Adeyemi and his firm NLE Architects devised the Makoko Floating School.
When researching how to construct and design the building NLE had to not only consider the immediate community that faced regular flooding events but also the poor quality of existing structures, the status of land titles (a large proportion of residents are renting or squatting), housing shortages, energy and waste management issues, the rapid rate of urbanization and the impact of future climate change. According to the architects their goal was to create a ‘building that’s self-sustainable and adaptable for other building typologies – homes, community centers, playgrounds – to gradually cultivate an improved quality of architecture, urbanism and living on water’.
It was decided that a floating building would prove the most adaptable to the rising and falling tides as well as the loose soil conditions of the Makoko area. Adeyemi used hundreds of empty plastic barrels stacked into an aluminium and hardwood frame to create the floating platform. The school is anchored to the lagoon floor with metal poles attached to its sides allowing for vertical movement as the water swells.
The building itself is a three-storied triangular structure. A flat, wide base provides stability on the water and the A-framed roof is ideal for water drainage and collection. The top two floors house the classrooms; the top floor being open-air and the second floor naturally ventilated by the louvered bamboo walls. The bottom floor is a playground with green space. The structure as a whole is constructed from locally available materials such as hardwood, bamboo and aluminium.
Despite living above a lagoon the residents of Makoko do not have ready access to fresh water. Most people buy jerry cans of fresh water from hawkers and many have to re-use polluted lagoon water for washing and bathing. Supplying the floating school with the estimated 150 litres of fresh water it needed every day proved to have a surprisingly easy solution. With year-round rainfall, rainwater harvesting from the sloping roof was remarkably efficient and five of the plastic floatation barrels are used for the required 3000 litres of water storage.
Access to electricity is also very limited. About 5% have electricity from the grid, 19% use generators while everyone else uses candles and lanterns. The floating school provides its own electricity with PV panels attached to the roof. NLE had also considered wind turbines but solar panels were found to be most appropriate as they are light enough, have no moving parts, require very little maintenance, work even in cloudy weather and are quick to install.
As a slum lacking modern infrastructure and built over water many buildings in Makoko do not have a toilet which means the lagoon is often used. NLE found that composting toilets were an effective and cost efficient solution for the floating school as they not only reduce the volume of waste but also reduce the contamination of the lagoon. Additionally, there is no need for fresh water to operate a compost toilet which is particularly important in an area like Makoko where fresh water is at a premium. In the school, the waste from the composting toilet is stored in one of the floatation barrels and will only need to be emptied once every second year. The resulting compost can be used to improve the soil quality of the green space.
The floating school is a flexible, multi-use space that can be used outside school hours by the rest of the community. It is intended to be the first phase of three with the next phase encompassing the construction of floating housing and the third phase being the eventual creation of an entire floating community. At this stage the final phase is scheduled for completion by the end of 2014. It is hoped the floating community of Makoko will provide a prototype of a possible global solution for poor waterfront communities in a changing world. | <urn:uuid:69be275a-4213-4ac4-a054-286b9341223a> | CC-MAIN-2015-14 | http://www.dhub.org/the-makoko-floating-school-project/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-14/segments/1427131298660.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20150323172138-00205-ip-10-168-14-71.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.963404 | 986 | 2.828125 | 3 | I saol ina bhfuil coinníollacha aeráide atá ag athrú ag ardú leibhéal na farraige agus ag méadú báistí, tá pobail bhruachmhara faoi mhíbhuntáiste ag fulaingt as tuilte agus caillteanas talún dá bharr. Is é Makoko, an lonnaíocht neamhfhoirmiúil is mó i Lagos, an Nigéir, ceann de na pobail sin. Ag titim ar bharr Lagún Lagos, tá a struchtúir adhmaid cothrom ar stiallacha ag síneadh amach ar feadh roinnt ciliméadar thar an uisce olach. Is iad na canoes a bhíonn ag gluaiseacht ar feadh na n-uiscebhealaí idir na foirgnimh an t-aon mhodh iompair.
I Makoko, bíonn tuile mór ann trí nó ceithre huaire sa bhliain a mhaireann suas le ceithre lá ag an am agus a dhéanann scrios agus díláithriú forleathan. Níl straitéisí éifeachtacha ag cónaitheoirí Makoko chun dul i ngleic leis an tuile seachas a dtithe a ardú ar stiallacha. Ach toisc go bhfuil na stiallacha seasmhach soláthraíonn siad cosaint theoranta i gcoinne na n-uiscí ag cur suas.
Nuair a thug an t-ailtire Nigéir-bhunaithe Kunlé Adeyemi cuairt ar Makoko fuair sé amach nach raibh an scoil áitiúil ró-bheag ach bhí sé ina íospartach de na tuilte rialta freisin. Spreagtha ag riachtanais an phobail agus na dúshláin uathúla a bhaineann le lonnaíocht neamhfhoirmiúil os cionn uisce, cheap Adeyemi agus a ghnólacht NLE Architects Scoil Floating Makoko.
Agus taighde á dhéanamh ar an gcaoi a dtógfaí agus a dhearfaí an foirgneamh, ní raibh ar NLE ach an pobal láithreach a bhí ag tabhairt aghaidh ar imeachtaí tuile rialta a mheas ach freisin drochchaighdeán na struchtúr atá ann cheana féin, stádas na dteidil talún (tá cion mór de na cónaitheoirí ag cíos nó ag squatting), easpa tithíochta, saincheisteanna bainistíochta fuinnimh agus dramhaíola, an ráta tapa uirbhinithe agus tionchar na hathraithe aeráide sa todhchaí. De réir na n-ailtireacha ba é a sprioc toirgnimh a chruthú atá féin-inbhuanaithe agus in oiriúnacht le cineálacha eile tógála tithe, ionaid pobail, iardáin chluiche chun cáilíocht feabhsaithe ailtireachta, uirbeachas agus maireachtála ar uisce a chothú de réir a chéile .
Chinntear go mbeadh foirgneamh snámha an-oiriúnaithe le hairíonna agus le titim na dtuiscí chomh maith le coinníollacha talún scaoilte i gceantar Makoko. D'úsáid Adeyemi na céadta buidéil plaisteach folamh a bhí curtha i gcodarsnacht alúmanaim agus adhmaid chrua chun an t-ardán snámha a chruthú. Tá an scoil ag anonnú ar urlár an lagún le póilíní miotail ceangailte lena thaobh a cheadaíonn gluaiseacht ingearach de réir mar a bhíonn an t-uisce ag dul suas.
Is struchtúr triantúil trí urlár é an foirgneamh féin. Soláthraíonn bonn cothrom, leathan cobhsaíocht ar an uisce agus tá an díon A-frameáilte oiriúnach le haghaidh draenála agus bailithe uisce. Tá na seomraí ranga sna dhá urlár is airde; tá an urlár is airde ar oscailt agus tá an dara urlár aeráilte go nádúrtha ag na ballaí bambú louvered. Is é an urlár is ísle páirc súgartha le spás glas. Tá an struchtúr ina iomláine tógtha as ábhair atá ar fáil go háitiúil mar adhmad crua, bambú agus alúmanam.
In ainneoin go bhfuil cónaí orthu os cionn lagún, níl rochtain réidh ag cónaitheoirí Makoko ar uisce úr. Ceannaíonn an chuid is mó daoine canastaí jerry d'uisce úr ó dhíoltóirí troda agus caithfidh go leor acu uisce truaillithe an lagún a athúsáid chun é a ní agus a nigh. D'éirigh le réiteach an-éasca a bheith ag soláthar an scoile snámha leis an 150 lítear uisce úr a bhí de dhíth air gach lá. Le báistí ar feadh na bliana, bhí an bailiú uisce báistí ón díon íseal go hiontach éifeachtach agus úsáidtear cúig cheann de na bairillí snámha plaisteacha chun na 3000 lítear stórála uisce a theastaíonn a úsáid.
Tá rochtain ar leictreachas an-teoranta freisin. Tá thart ar 5% de na daoine a bhfuil leictreachas acu ó ghréasán, 19% de na daoine a úsáideann gineadóirí agus gach duine eile ag úsáid coinnle agus lanterns. Soláthraíonn an scoil snámha a leictreachas féin le painéil PV ceangailte leis an díon. Bhí NLE tar éis smaoineamh freisin ar thurbinaí gaoithe ach fuarthas go raibh painéil ghrian is oiriúnaí mar go bhfuil siad éadrom go leor, gan aon chuid ghluaiseachta, nach dteastaíonn an-bheagán cothabhála uathu, go n-oibríonn siad fiú i aimsir chlúdach agus go bhfuil siad tapa le suiteáil.
Mar slum gan bonneagar nua-aimseartha agus tógtha thar uisce níl seomra folctha ag go leor foirgnimh i Makoko rud a chiallaíonn go n-úsáidtear an loch go minic. Fuair NLE gur réiteach éifeachtach agus costéifeachtach a bhí i leith na n-uisceáiliam compostaithe don scoil snámha toisc nach bhfuil siad ag laghdú méid na dramhaíola ach freisin ag laghdú truailliú an lagún. Ina theannta sin, níl gá le huisce milis chun toileat compost a oibriú, rud atá tábhachtach go háirithe i gceantar mar Makoko ina bhfuil uisce milis ag préimhe. Sa scoil, stóráiltear dramhaíl ón leithreas compostaithe i gceann de na bairillí snámha agus ní gá é a dhíolú ach uair amháin gach dara bliain. Is féidir an compost a thagann as an táirge a úsáid chun cáilíocht ithreach na spás glas a fheabhsú.
Is spás solúbtha ilúsáid é an scoil snámha a fhéadfaidh an chuid eile den phobal a úsáid lasmuigh de uaireanta scoile. Tá sé beartaithe gurb é an chéad chéim de thrí é agus an chéad chéim eile ina gcuimsítear tógáil tithíochta snámha agus an tríú chéim ina gcruthófar pobal snámha ar fad sa deireadh. Ag an gcéim seo tá an chéim dheireanach sceidealta le bheith críochnaithe faoi dheireadh 2014. Tá súil againn go soláthróidh pobal snámha Makoko prototaip de réiteach domhanda féideartha do phobail bhochta ar bhruach na farraige i saol atá ag athrú. |
British military uniforms may soon be made out of yarn that can transfer electricity and data, eliminating the need for toting around additional batteries and cabling.
The intelligent fabric was recently shown-off by Intelligent Textiles in the form of a lightweight military uniform. In the demo, the fabric was integrated into the uniform's vest, shirt, helmet, and backpack, as well as into the glove and weapons platform. The tech would have soldiers charge one single battery, and then have the power from that battery sent through clothing to where it needs to be.
The fabric is not only capable of transmitting electricity, it can also transmit data. Clothing made out of the fabric could ultimately become a “wearable computer.” Intelligent Textiles is currently working on a machine with a fabric keyboard to be used alongside the clothing in order to add that functionality.
Along with lessening the load soldiers have to carry around, ultimately the tech could help eliminate some of the power and data issues they face out in the field.
"One of the problems with conventional cables is that breakages can be catastrophic. Asha Thompson, director of Intelligent Textiles, said in an interview with BBC News. “What we do here is build in redundancy, so that if the fabric gets cut, damaged or torn, we still have a way of re-routing the data."
The company has plans to field test the fabric in May. Limited use could come by the end of the year, and ultimately widespread use of the fabric might happen by 2014 or 2015.
What do you think about the use of e-textiles? Would you be interested in an outfit that could conduct power? | <urn:uuid:9941479a-1b97-4a34-b05b-a0d333fbced3> | CC-MAIN-2018-22 | https://mashable.com/2012/04/02/soldier-uniforms/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794871918.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20180528044215-20180528064215-00060.warc.gz | en | 0.970451 | 340 | 2.765625 | 3 | D'fhéadfadh go ndéanfaí éide míleata na Breataine go luath as snáthaid a d'fhéadfadh leictreachas agus sonraí a aistriú, rud a chuirfeadh deireadh leis an ngá le ceallraí agus cáblacha breise a iompar.
Taispeánadh an fabraic chliste le déanaí ag Intelligent Textiles i bhfoirm aonad míleata éadrom. Sa taispeántas, cuireadh an fabraic i gceart isteach i bhéiste, i léine, i helmet, agus i mbabhla an uimhreacha, chomh maith le pláta glúine agus arm. Ba cheart do na saighdiúirí ceallraí amháin a mhuirearú, agus ansin an chumhacht ón ceallraí sin a sheoladh trí éadaí go dtí an áit a bhfuil gá leis.
Ní amháin go bhfuil an fabraic in ann leictreachas a tharchur, is féidir leis sonraí a tharchur freisin. D'fhéadfadh éadaí a dhéantar as an éadach a bheith ina ríomhaire "in-leá". Tá Intelligent Textiles ag obair faoi láthair ar mheaisín le méarchlár éadaí le húsáid in éadaí chun an fheidhmiúlacht sin a chur leis.
Chomh maith le laghdú a dhéanamh ar an ualach a chaithfidh saighdiúirí a iompar, sa deireadh d'fhéadfadh an teicneolaíocht cabhrú le cuid de na fadhbanna cumhachta agus sonraí a bhíonn acu sa réimse a dhíchur.
"Is é ceann de na fadhbanna a bhaineann le cáblaí traidisiúnta ná go bhféadfadh briseadh a bheith tubaisteach. Dúirt Asha Thompson, stiúrthóir Intelligent Textiles, in agallamh le BBC News. Is é an rud a dhéanaimid anseo ná redundancy a thógáil, ionas go mbeidh bealach againn chun na sonraí a ath-chúrsaí má ghearrtar, má dhéantar damáiste nó má scriosfar an fabraic".
Tá sé beartaithe ag an gcuideachta an fabraic a thástáil i réimse i mí na Bealtaine. D'fhéadfadh úsáid theoranta a bheith ann faoi dheireadh na bliana, agus d'fhéadfadh úsáid forleathan an fhabraic a bheith ann faoi 2014 nó 2015.
Cad a cheapann tú faoi úsáid e-theicstílí? An mbeadh suim agat i gúna a d'fhéadfadh cumhachta a sheoladh? |
Adapted from an article by Ben Evans and Mark Chapman
The jet intake in BLOODHOUND SSC delivers the flow of air from the 'freestream' ahead of the Car to the first stage of the Eurojet EJ200 jet engine in a way that means the engine will perform well and at maximum efficiency.
The design of the intake duct is important because its size and central positioning is one of the main reasons that the rest of the Car looks like it does.
This page describes how the BLOODHOUND Team worked out what size and shape the intake duct should be, and where it should be in the Car to make the EJ200 jet engine work as efficiently as possible.
The key aspect is the ‘quality’ of the airflow delivered to the jet engine via its intake duct, which can be measured in terms of a simple set of variables. These include:
- 'Total pressure distortion' – How big are the variations in the total pressure (or total energy)? This is measured across a plane slightly upstream of the engine compressor face.
- 'Swirl' – What is the mean deviation from a purely axial flow upstream from the compressor face?
- 'Flow stability' – How much will the flow in the duct fluctuate?
All of these quantities vary with 'mass flow rate' through the duct – or, strictly speaking, a 'mass flow function' (controlled by Andy using the throttle in the cockpit) which varies according to the mass flow rate, pressure and temperature. Analysing how all of these variables change as the Car travels at different speeds is complex, but is possible using a technique called 'computational fluid dynamics' (CFD).
Initial intake design
Initially, the concept developed by chief aerodynamicist Ron Ayers and Glynne Bowsher was that BLOODHOUND would have a twin intake ‘bifurcated’ duct (figure 1).
However, it quickly became apparent that achieving a stable, smooth flow through this arrangement was not straightforward, as shown in the highly turbulent flow pattern through the bifurcated duct modelled in figure 2.
As a consequence, the design was changed to a single intake duct configuration, with the intake positioned above the cockpit canopy (figure 3). CFD showed this would massively improve the quality of airflow arriving at the engine compressor face (figure 4).
Matching the intake with the rest of the Car
Ultimately, the overall shape of the Car has been determined by the need to et the correct flow of air to the engine, both in terms of speed and steady flow. That's because the external air flow around the vehicle and the internal duct flow are closely coupled. The geometry of the nose and cockpit canopy are vitally important in terms of delivering the air supply efficiently to the EJ200 jet engine.
In simple terms, the trick is to expand the airflow quickly (to slow down the velocity) and then turn it late with the slower flow.
But in practical terms, what does this mean?
Firstly, to slow down the airflow, the shape of the cockpit canopy and intake have been designed so that at supersonic speeds a two-shock system is set up ahead of the duct. This decelerates the flow to the subsonic speeds necessary for the jet engine's intake duct, while minimising losses in total energy and maximising engine performance (figure 5).
Then, the simplest way to steady the flow is to make it turn more gradually. Our engineers worked out that this could be done in three ways:
- Push the engine further back in the Car, which in turn will increase the length of the duct and therefore make the bend shallower. This could be done up to a point, but moving a tonne of engine further back in the Car is bad for weight distribution, and would need to be matched by an increase in the wheelbase.
- Raise the engine in the Car to straighten the duct. However, this would reduce the Car's stability as the engine would now sit higher and make the Car more top heavy.
- Lower the driver. The original seating position in BLOODHOUND was based on the design of Thrust SSC, but by sitting Andy lower in the Car the duct height could be reduced, which has the same effect as raising the engine but without the impact on stability.
Where should Andy sit?
To test its effectiveness, the last option was taken to its most extreme in the Team's designs. This showed greatly improved flow to the engine, but at the expense of Andy's comfort and visibility –infact, he would have been sitting so low that the front body would need a deep scallop for him to see between the front wheels (figure 6).
In order to let Andy have a more upright seating position, a 'parametric' study looked at different combinations of intake aspect ratios, offsets and ways of controlling the expansion of the flow, and this led to the inside of the duct being reshaped.
Intake shape and size
All of this work was based on a rectangular duct, as this simplified the analysis. The next stage was to use a duct whose shape matched that of the intake canopy. This more triangular shape (figure 7) actually helps the flow around the bend of the intake and from an external aerodynamics perspective it looks much neater.
The final stage was to match the intake size to the engine design. The engine can only gobble up the air at a certain rate, so if the intake is too large, then at higher speeds excess air will spill around the outside of the intake causing drag. However, if you match the intake size solely for high speed operation, then at low speeds the engine will be starved of air, and won't be able to operate at full power.
In the final design, the intake has been optimised for Mach 1.1.
The duct shape not only influences the engine performance and external aerodynamics, but also how other components are packaged within the Car. The area under the duct is the only space available to put the auxiliary power unit and the HTP and jet fuel tanks. In the end, compromises were made in the duct shape and the flanks of the Car have were enlarged slightly to maintain the volumes required. | <urn:uuid:1cc8bf4d-7b55-4961-90ed-80aeb2808a61> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | http://bloodhound1.efar.co.uk/project/car/engines/jet-engine/jet-intake | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178385389.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20210308174330-20210308204330-00143.warc.gz | en | 0.964094 | 1,288 | 2.640625 | 3 | Ó alt de chuid Ben Evans agus Mark Chapman
Cuireann an t-aschur sreabhach i BLOODHOUND SSC sreabhadh aer ón 'saorshrutha' os comhair an Charr chuig an gcéad chéim den inneall sreabhach Eurojet EJ200 ar bhealach a chiallaíonn go ndéanfaidh an t-inneall feidhmiú maith agus ar an éifeachtúlacht is mó.
Tá dearadh an chanail ionchuir tábhachtach toisc go bhfuil a mhéid agus a shuíomh lárnach ar cheann de na príomhchúiseanna go bhfuil an chuid eile den Charr cosúil leis.
Déanann an leathanach seo cur síos ar an gcaoi ar oibrigh Foireann BLOODHOUND amach cén méid agus cruth ba chóir don chanail ionchuir a bheith, agus cá háit ba chóir é a bheith sa Charr chun an t-inneall sreabhach EJ200 a oibriú chomh héifeachtach agus is féidir.
Is é an príomhghné ná "chaighdeán" an sruth aeir a chuirtear chuig an inneall eitilte trína chanail ionchuir, ar féidir é a thomhas i dtéarmaí sraith simplí athróg. I measc na n-ábhar sin tá:
- 'Díobháil brú iomlán' Cé chomh mór is atá na hathruithe sa brú iomlán (nó sa fhuinneamh iomlán)? Déantar é seo a thomhas ar fud pláinéad atá beagán thuas staire ar aghaidh an choimdhéantaire inneall.
- 'Swirl' Cad é an t-aistriú mheán ó shreabhadh achomhar go hiomlán suas an sruth ó thaobh an choimhlóra?
- 'Cobhsaíocht sreabhadh' Cé chomh mór a bheidh an sreabhadh sa chanail ag athrú?
Athraíonn na méideanna seo go léir le 'ráta sruth mais' tríd an gcanáil nó, go díreach, 'feidhm sruth mais' (a rialaíonn Andy ag baint úsáide as an gcos i gcapit) a athraíonn de réir ráta sruth mais, brú agus teocht. Tá sé casta anailís a dhéanamh ar an gcaoi a n-athraíonn na hathróga seo go léir de réir mar a bhíonn an carr ag taisteal ag luasanna éagsúla, ach is féidir é a dhéanamh trí theicníc ar a dtugtar 'dinamaic sreabhach ríomhaireachta' (CFD) a úsáid.
Dearadh tosaigh an ionsú
Ar dtús, ba é an coincheap a d'fhorbair an príomh-aerodinamic Ron Ayers agus Glynne Bowsher ná go mbeadh duct bifurcated ionchuir dhúbailte ag BLOODHOUND (figiúr 1).
Mar sin féin, tháinig sé chun solais go tapa nach raibh sé simplí sreabhadh cobhsaí, réidh a bhaint amach tríd an socrú seo, mar a léirítear sa patrún sreabhadh an-turbúil tríd an gcanáil dhá-bhéite a múnlaíodh i bhfigiúr 2.
Mar thoradh air sin, athraíodh an dearadh go cumraíocht aon-duct ionchuir, agus an t-ionchur suite os cionn canopy an chábla cócaireachta (figiúr 3). Léirigh CFD go bhfeabhsódh sé seo go mór cáilíocht an sreabhadh aeir a thagann chuig aghaidh an choimdhéantaire inneall (figiúr 4).
Ag comhoiriúnú an ionchuir leis an gcuid eile den charr
Sa deireadh, is é an riachtanas a bhí ann an sreabhadh ceart aer a chur chuig an inneall a chinneadh cruth foriomlán an Charr, ó thaobh luas agus sreabhadh seasmhach araon de. Tá sé sin toisc go bhfuil an sreabhadh aer seachtrach timpeall an fheithiclí agus an sreabhadh caidéal inmheánach láncheangailte go dlúth. Tá geoiméide an chonair agus an chocábta ríthábhachtach ó thaobh an tsoláthair aeir a sholáthar go héifeachtach do inneall scaird an EJ200.
Go simplí, is é an cleas an sruth aer a leathnú go tapa (chun luas a mhaolú) agus ansin é a chasadh go déanach leis an sruth níos moille.
Ach i dtéarmaí praiticiúla, cad a chiallaíonn sé seo?
Ar an gcéad dul síos, chun an sreabhadh aeir a mhoilliú, ceapadh cruth na canopy agus an ionchuir cockpit ionas go mbeidh córas dhá-shock suiteáilte i dtreo na cainéil ag luasanna supersonic. Déantar é seo chun an sreabhadh a mhaolú go dtí na luasanna fo-shóin is gá do chanail ionchuir an innill scaird, agus caillteanais fuinnimh iomlána á laghdú agus feidhmíocht an innill á uasmhéadú (figiúr 5).
Ansin, is é an bealach is simplí chun an sreabhadh a chobhsú ná é a dhéanamh níos de réir a chéile. D'oibrigh ár n-innealtóirí amach go bhféadfaí é seo a dhéanamh ar thrí bhealach:
- Push an t-inneall níos faide ar ais sa charr, a i ndiaidh a chéile a mhéadú ar fad an cainéal agus dá bhrí sin a dhéanamh ar an gcúlú níos lú. D'fhéadfaí é seo a dhéanamh go pointe, ach tá sé dona do dháileadh meáchain tonna inneall a bhogadh níos faide siar sa Charr, agus ba cheart go mbeadh méadú ar an idirfhál roth ag teacht leis.
- Ardaigh an t-inneall sa charr chun an caidéal a dhíreadh. Mar sin féin, laghdódh sé seo cobhsaíocht an Charr mar go mbeadh an t-inneall níos airde anois agus go mbeadh an Charr níos trom ar bharr.
- Tóg an tiománaí. Bhí an suíomh suíochán bunaidh i BLOODHOUND bunaithe ar dhearadh SSC Thrust, ach trí Andy a shuí níos ísle sa Charr d'fhéadfaí airde an duct a laghdú, a bhfuil an éifeacht chéanna aige le haistriú an innill ach gan an tionchar ar chobhsaíocht.
Cá háit ba cheart do Andy suí?
Chun a éifeachtacht a thástáil, tugadh an rogha deireanach go dtí an ceann is airde i ndearadh an Chéime. Léirigh sé seo sruth feabhsaithe go mór chuig an inneall, ach ar chostas compord agus infheictheacht Andy - i ndáiríre, bheadh sé ina shuí chomh íseal go mbeadh scallop domhain ag teastáil ón gcorp tosaigh dó a fheiceáil idir na rothaí tosaigh (figiúr 6).
D'fhonn go mbeadh seasamh suíocháin níos airde ag Andy, d'fhéach staidéar 'paraméadach' ar chomhcheangail éagsúla de rátaí aspéid ionchuir, deisiúcháin agus bealaí chun leathnú an sreabháin a rialú, agus mar thoradh air seo athmhúnlaíodh taobh istigh an chanail.
Cruth agus méid an ionsú
Bhí an obair seo go léir bunaithe ar chanail cheathrúchruinneach, mar go simplíodh sé seo an anailís. Ba é an chéad chéim eile ná cainéal a úsáid a raibh a fhoirm ag teacht le ceann an channaigh ionchuir. Cuidíonn an cruth níos triantúla seo (figiúr 7) i ndáiríre leis an sruth timpeall an chúlra ionchuir agus ó thaobh aerdainéimic sheachtrach de tá sé i bhfad níos clutha.
Ba é an chéim dheireanach ná an méid ionchuir a mheaitseáil le dearadh an innill. Ní féidir leis an inneall ach an t-aer a shlógáil ag ráta áirithe, mar sin má tá an t-iontráil ró-mhór, ansin ag luasanna níos airde scaipfidh aer iomarcach timpeall taobh amuigh den iontráil ag cruthú drag. Mar sin féin, má chomhoireann tú méid an ionchuir go heisiach le haghaidh oibriú ardluais, ansin ag luasanna ísle beidh an t-inneall ag fulaingt aer, agus ní bheidh sé in ann oibriú ag cumhacht iomlán.
Sa dearadh deiridh, tá an t-ionchur optamáilte do Mach 1.1.
Ní amháin go mbíonn tionchar ag cruth an chanail ar fheidhmíocht an innill agus aerdainéimic seachtrach, ach freisin ar an gcaoi a pacáistítear comhpháirteanna eile sa Charr. Is é an limistéar faoin gcainéal an t-aon spás atá ar fáil chun an t-aonad cumhachta cúnta agus na tancanna breosla eitilte agus HTP a chur. Sa deireadh, rinneadh comhréitigh i gcruth an chanail agus méadaíodh cnámha an Charr beagán chun na toirteanna is gá a choinneáil. |
3 Ways To Build Creative Confidence In Students
One of the most frequently repeated quotes on failure and resilience comes from Thomas Edison. While talking about his experiments in designing a new kind of a storage battery, he said, “I have not failed. I have discovered 10,000 ways that don’t work!”
No one doubts the impact Edison’s innovations have played in shaping society. From batteries and light bulbs to phonographs and cameras, Edison is credited with more than a thousand inventions over his lifetime. It’s clear from his many accomplishments that Edison was a rare creative genius. But where did his ability to persevere despite repeated failures come from? Why did he succeed when others didn’t?
Edison was a voracious learner, and had the intellectual capacity to apply his knowledge toward solving practical problems. But he was likely also confident in his ability to innovate, which helped him persevere through long stretches of failures. This creative self-efficacy might have been a key factor in his success. As psychologist Albert Bandura explains, “Innovativeness requires an unshakable sense of efficacy to persist in creative endeavors when they demand prolonged investment of time and effort, progress is discouragingly slow, the outcome is highly uncertain, and creations are socially devalued when they are too incongruent with pre-existing ways.’’
Creative self-efficacy, or creative confidence, is the belief that one has the ability to produce creative outputs. Creative self-efficacy has been found to be a significant predictor in students’ initiation of independent projects and also helps students persevere when they are faced with setbacks and failures.
Given its crucial role in creative accomplishments, building creative confidence in your students is extremely valuable. Here are three ways to do it:
Build Skills for Creative Thinking
It’s not possible to be confident in an area without mastering the skills for that domain. Bandura identified the experience of mastery as the most important factor in building self-efficacy, in general. From a creative confidence perspective, that implies building creative thinking skills, like associative or analogical thinking, that can be used in problem solving.
In a study on creative self-efficacy, researchers gave participants a one-day or a five-day training on creativity, along with a control group that got training in statistics and mathematics. The results showed that creative self-efficacy was increased for both the one-day and five-day groups, with a larger gain for the five-day group. In addition, participants who were convinced that they have the skills and knowledge to be creative persevered in difficult tasks and recovered better from setbacks.
The researchers concluded that “…creativity training based on a cognitive modeling perspective seems to be a fruitful approach for schools and organizations that aspire to enhance creativity levels in their students or employees.”
Set the Right Expectations
Creativity involves failures along the way, so students will often second-guess their abilities. An encouraging environment where teachers provide validation of their students’ ability to be creative, and one where failures are part of the process, is an important factor in developing creativity. When a student sees that despite their mistakes, their teacher and peers think they can improve their idea or find a different way to solve the problem, they are more likely to believe in their own creative abilities.
In a study conducted over a six-month period, researchers observed employees in a child welfare organization to determine how creative self-efficacy develops in a real work environment. They found that when employees came to believe that their supervisors expected them to be creative, it increased their creative self-efficacy over time.
This expectation maps to the social persuasion in Bandura’s self-efficacy model. In an encouraging environment with positive expectations, a student might conclude, “If others think I am creative, then I must be creative.”
Give Opportunities to Practice
Finally, having lots of opportunities to work the creative muscles can do wonders in building creative confidence. Starting with smaller creativity challenges is better than starting with something big, which can be intimidating for students. As students tackle simpler problems, the small wins build up confidence to tackle more challenging ones, and solving those leads to even larger confidence gains.
Creativity research distinguishes between the type of creative output, with little-c creativity on one end and Big-C creativity on the other. Little-c creativity refers to the simple, everyday creative experiences like coming up with a fun way to teach a topic, or a student making a connection between condensation and foggy windshields. The key for little-c creativity is that they be original to the creator, even if the idea or insight is known to others. This is in contrast to Big-C creativity, which refers to the eminent levels of creative achievements like those of Einstein or Mozart.
However, no one can reach Big-C levels without high levels of both creative abilities and creative confidence to sustain long and frustrating periods of failure. These everyday little-c experiences build creative confidence that can eventually pave the way for big-C creative accomplishments.
As we move deeper into the 21st century, skills like creativity and confidence are becoming critical. Jobs that require creativity tend to be more challenging, more valuable, and are deemed more interesting than jobs that don’t. Building creative thinking abilities, setting a positive environment and expectations as students practice problem solving, can build students’ creative confidence and set them up for success as they enter the workforce.
- edCircuit – Why Creativity Should Be Taught In Schools
- edCircuit – Why Group Brainstorming Is Only One Part of Creative Ideation
- The Journal – How Creativity Boosts Student Success | <urn:uuid:c95dd5fc-62a8-4783-a5d1-0d9f4b5dcbba> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://www.edcircuit.com/3-ways-to-build-creative-confidence-in-students/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178361723.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20210228175250-20210228205250-00335.warc.gz | en | 0.965218 | 1,187 | 3.40625 | 3 | 3 Bealaí chun muinín cruthaitheach a thógáil i mic léinn
Ceann de na luachan is minice a dhéantar a athdhéanamh ar theip agus ar fhadhb a thagann ó Thomas Edison. Agus é ag caint faoina thrialacha maidir le cineál nua ceallraí stórála a dhearadh, dúirt sé, "Níor theip orm. Tá 10,000 bealach ann nach n-oibríonn!
Níl aon amhras ar bith faoi thionchar na nuálaíochtaí a rinne Edison ar shaolú an tsochaí. Ó charr agus bolg solais go gramaifóin agus ceamaraí, creidtear go ndearna Edison níos mó ná míle aireagán le linn a shaoil. Tá sé soiléir óna chuid éachtaí go leor go raibh Edison genius cruthaitheach annamh. Ach cá as a tháinig a chumas chun seasamh in ainneoin na n-éagmais athfhillte? Cén fáth a raibh rath air nuair nach raibh daoine eile?
Bhí Edison ina fhoghlaimeoir voracious, agus bhí an cumas intleachtúil a chuid eolais a chur i bhfeidhm i dtreo fadhbanna praiticiúla a réiteach. Ach is dócha go raibh muinín aige freisin as a chumas nuálaíochta, rud a chabhraigh leis a bheith buan trí thréimhse fhada teipeanna. D'fhéadfadh go raibh an féin-éifeachtúlacht chruthaitheach seo ina phríomhfhachtóir ar a rath. Mar a mhíníonn an síceolaí Albert Bandura, "Ionann nuálaíocht mothú neamhshrianta éifeachtachta chun leanúint ar aghaidh i iarrachtaí cruthaitheacha nuair a éilíonn siad infheistíocht fhada ama agus iarrachta, tá dul chun cinn mall go díspreagúil, tá an toradh an-neamhchinnte, agus déileálann cruthaitheacha go sóisialta nuair a bhíonn siad ró-neamhchomhchuí le bealaí a bhí ann cheana. "
Is é féin-éifeachtúlacht chruthaitheach, nó muinín cruthaitheach, an creideamh go bhfuil an cumas ag duine aschur cruthaitheach a tháirgeadh. Tá sé fuarthas go bhfuil féin-éifeachtúlacht chruthaitheach ina réamhtheachtaire suntasach i dtionscnamh tionscadal neamhspleách ó na mic léinn agus cuireann sé seo le mic léinn a bheith ag seasamh nuair a bhíonn siad i ngleic le stróic agus le teip.
Ós rud é go bhfuil ról ríthábhachtach aige i n-éachtaí cruthaitheacha, tá sé thar a bheith luachmhar muinín cruthaitheach a thógáil i do mhic léinn. Seo trí bhealach chun é a dhéanamh:
Scileanna le haghaidh Smaointeoireachta Cruthaitheach a Fhorbairt
Ní féidir a bheith muiníneach i réimse gan na scileanna don réimse sin a bheith agat. Thug Bandura amach gurbh é an taithí a bhaineann le máistreacht an fachtóir is tábhachtaí chun féin-éifeachtúlacht a thógáil, go ginearálta. Ó thaobh muinín cruthaitheach de, ciallaíonn sé sin scileanna smaointeoireachta cruthaitheacha a fhorbairt, cosúil le smaointeoireacht chomhcheangailteach nó analógach, is féidir a úsáid chun fadhbanna a réiteach.
I staidéar ar féin-éifeachtúlacht chruthaitheach, thug taighdeoirí oiliúint lá amháin nó cúig lá ar chruthaitheacht do rannpháirtithe, mar aon le grúpa rialaithe a fuair oiliúint i staitisticí agus i matamaitic. Léirigh na torthaí go raibh méadú ar an féin-éifeachtúlacht chruthaitheach don dá ghrúpa lá amháin agus cúig lá, agus go raibh gnóthachan níos mó ag an ghrúpa cúig lá. Ina theannta sin, d'fhan rannpháirtithe a bhí cinnte go raibh na scileanna agus an t-eolas acu chun a bheith cruthaitheach ag seasamh le tascanna deacra agus ag teacht ar ais níos fearr ó chúlchistí.
Tháinig na taighdeoirí ar an gconclúid go bhfuil sé cosúil go bhfuil oiliúint cruthaitheachta bunaithe ar dhearadh cognaíoch ina chur chuige torthaí do scoileanna agus d'eagraíochtaí a bhfuil sé mar aidhm acu leibhéil cruthaitheachta a fheabhsú ina gcuid mac léinn nó fostaithe.
Socraigh na Feidhmeanna Iarratais
I measc na cruthaitheachta tá teip ar fad ar an mbealach, mar sin is minic a dhéanfaidh mic léinn a gcumas a athmheas. Tá timpeallacht spreagúil ina dtugann múinteoirí barántú ar chumas a gcuid mac léinn a bheith cruthaitheach, agus ina bhfuil teip mar chuid den phróiseas, ina fhachtóir tábhachtach chun cruthaitheacht a fhorbairt. Nuair a fheiceann mac léinn, in ainneoin a gcuid botúin, go gceapann a múinteoir agus a gcairde gur féidir leo a gcuid smaointe a fheabhsú nó bealach difriúil a aimsiú chun an fhadhb a réiteach, is dóichí go gcreideann siad ina gcumas cruthaitheacha féin.
I staidéar a rinneadh thar thréimhse sé mhí, rinne taighdeoirí breathnóireacht ar fhostaithe in eagraíocht leasa leanaí chun a fháil amach conas a fhorbraíonn féinéifeachtúlacht chruthaitheach i dtimpeallacht oibre fíor. Fuair siad amach nuair a chreid fostaithe go raibh a gcuid maoirseoirí ag súil leo a bheith cruthaitheach, go méadaigh sé a n-eagraíocht féin-éifeachtach le himeacht ama.
Tá an t-ionchas seo i dteannta leis an gcumhachtú sóisialta i samhail féin-éifeachtachta Bandura. I dtimpeallacht spreagúil le hionchais dearfacha, d'fhéadfadh mac léinn a thabhairt i gcrích, Má cheapann daoine eile go bhfuil mé cruthaitheach, ansin caithfidh mé a bheith cruthaitheach.
Deiseanna a thabhairt dóibh chun cleachtadh a dhéanamh
Ar deireadh, is féidir le go leor deiseanna a bheith agat chun na matáin chruthaitheacha a oibriú a dhéanamh iontach chun muinín cruthaitheach a thógáil. Is fearr tosú le dúshláin chruthaitheachta níos lú ná tosú le rud éigin mór, rud a d'fhéadfadh a bheith scanrúil do dhaltaí. De réir mar a bhíonn na mic léinn ag dul i ngleic le fadhbanna níos simplí, na buaiteacha beaga tógann siad muinín chun dul i ngleic le fadhbanna níos dúshlánacha, agus mar thoradh ar na fadhbanna sin a réiteach, faigheann siad níos mó muinín.
Déanann taighde ar chruthaitheacht idirdhealú idir an cineál aschuir chruthaitheach, le cruthaitheacht beag-c ar cheann amháin agus cruthaitheacht Big-C ar an taobh eile. Tagraíonn cruthaitheacht beag-c do thaithí chruthaitheacha simplí, laethúla cosúil le teacht suas le bealach spraíúil chun ábhar a mhúineadh, nó mac léinn ag déanamh nasc idir tiúchan agus windshields foggy. Is é an eochair do chruthaitheacht beag-c go bhfuil siad bunaidh don chruthaitheoir, fiú má tá an smaoineamh nó an léargas ar eolas ag daoine eile. Tá sé seo i gcodarsnacht le cruthaitheacht Big-C, a thagraíonn do leibhéil suntasacha éachtaí cruthaitheacha cosúil le cinn Einstein nó Mozart.
Mar sin féin, ní féidir le duine ar bith leibhéil Big-C a bhaint amach gan leibhéil arda de chumas cruthaitheach agus de mhuinín cruthaitheach chun tréimhsí fada frustracha teip a chothú. Déantar na taithí laethúla seo ar an gcúig bheag a chur ar muinín cruthaitheach a d'fhéadfadh an bealach a oscailt go deireanach le haghaidh éachtaí cruthaitheacha ar an gcúig mhór.
De réir mar a théann muid níos doimhne isteach sa 21ú haois, tá scileanna cosúil le cruthaitheacht agus muinín ag éirí ríthábhachtach. Is gnách go mbíonn poist a éilíonn cruthaitheacht níos dúshlánaí, níos luachmhara, agus meastar go bhfuil siad níos suimiúla ná poist nach bhfuil. Is féidir le cumas smaointeoireachta cruthaitheach a fhorbairt, timpeallacht dhearfach a bhunú agus ionchais a chur ar bun agus na mic léinn ag cleachtadh réiteach fadhbanna, muinín cruthaitheach a thógáil i measc na mic léinn agus iad a chur ar bun chun rath a bhaint amach agus iad ag dul isteach sa lucht saothair.
- edCircuit Cén fáth ar chóir cruthaitheacht a theagasc sna scoileanna
- edCircuit Cén fáth nach bhfuil brainstorming grúpa ach cuid amháin den smaointeoireacht chruthaitheach
- An Iris Conas a chuireann cruthaitheacht le rath na mac léinn |
Small wetlands in this large area have hosted migratory birds for a long time, but with changes in agricultural practice and regional climate those habitats may not remain hospitable to the wild populations.
Locations for nine species of large constrictors, from published sources, along with monthly precipitation and average monthly temperature for those locations. Shapefiles for each snake species studied.
Constructed farm ponds represent significant breeding, rearing, and overwintering habitat for amphibians in the Driftless Area Ecoregion of Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Iowa. Links to fact sheet, brochure, annual reports, field manual, and final report.
Consistent, historic, and up-to-date ground-water data, such as water levels collected at wells and springs, are available from the USGS National Water Information System as graphs, tables, or files to download. | <urn:uuid:bb56c910-c06c-4884-8b32-584abb5ff087> | CC-MAIN-2015-14 | http://www.usgs.gov/science/science.php?thcode=1&term=fUS19&b=0&n=10&order=alpha | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-14/segments/1427131298464.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20150323172138-00155-ip-10-168-14-71.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.90457 | 174 | 3.0625 | 3 | Tá clóis bheaga sa limistéar mór seo ina hóstach d'eolaithe imirceacha ar feadh i bhfad, ach le hathruithe i gcleachtas talmhaíochta agus aeráid réigiúnach d'fhéadfadh nach fhanfadh na háiteanna sin ina hóstach do na daonra fiáine.
Suímh do naoi speiceas de shrianta móra, ó fhoinsí foilsithe, mar aon le báisteach míosúil agus meánteochta míosúil na suímh sin. Tá an t-ábhar seo leagtha amach i bpointe (a) de mhír 1 de mhír 2 de Threoir 2008/57/CE.
Léiríonn poill feirme tógtha hábáid thábhachtach breeding, rearing, agus overwintering d'amphibians in Ecoregion Limistéar Driftless Minnesota, Wisconsin, agus Iowa. Nasc chuig bileog eolais, ar bhróicéir, ar thuairiscí bliantúla, ar lámhleabhar sa réimse, agus ar thuairiscí deiridh.
Tá sonraí comhsheasmhacha, stairiúla agus cothrom le dáta faoi uisce talún, mar shampla leibhéil uisce a bhailítear ag tobar agus earrach, ar fáil ó Chóras Faisnéise Uisce Náisiúnta USGS mar ghraf, táblaí, nó comhaid le híoslódáil. |
Liverpool was probably the most important wartime mercantile port, the destination of many convoys from America. It was also easy to locate by air, with the lights of Dublin burning across the Irish Sea. It had already received much attention from the Luftwaffe. On the night of the 28th November one direct hit on a shelter at During Street had killed at least 166 people, see Liverpool Remembrance. There were intense raids on Liverpool on the nights of the 21st and 22nd December, killing an estimated 345 people. The Home Security Situation report for the week recorded: The Liverpool area was strongly attacked on the night of the 20th-21st December, and an even more severe attack followed the next night, when a concentration appears to have been made on the Docks area. On the night 22nd-23rd, some bombs were again dropped in Liverpool, Bootle and Birkenhead. Liverpool (a) Docks.—Damage to warehouses and storage sheds at the Docks has been serious, with considerable losses—the latest estimate of which has not as yet been made—of tobacco, cotton and timber. Substantial damage to shipping has also been reported, two ships being sunk and ten others damaged. Although nine docks suffered various degrees of damage and seventeen berths are stated to be out of commission, it is reported that, generally speaking, the working of the Port has not been seriously affected. (b) Industry.—Serious damage was done to food-factories, production being stopped at Spiller’s Flour Mills and Paul Bros. Flour Mills, both at Birkenhead, while Hutehinson’s Flour Mills were also damaged. Considerable damage was also done at Tate and Lyle’s sugar refinery. Seven other key points, including the Wallasey Gas Works, were hit, but no serious damage resulted. (c) Public Services.—Damage to main services was considerable, electricity in particular suffering by a fire at the Highfield Street sub-station. (d) Communications.—Altogether 15 hits were registered in the railway system, the cumulative effect of which reacted seriously on the working of the lines, while tranrvray services and road traffic were badly dislocated, particularly in the centre of the city. Pic: one more church suffers at the hands of the Nazi night bomber. The ruined interior of St. Nicholas, parish church of Liverpool, known as the Seamen's church because of its proximity to Pierhead. | <urn:uuid:ab2076be-ba16-48f8-aedd-52088f35bae5> | CC-MAIN-2018-22 | https://www.forces-war-records.co.uk/blog/2012/12/21/history-highlights-on-this-day-21st-dec-1940-liverpool-is-blitzed | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794866276.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20180524112244-20180524132244-00153.warc.gz | en | 0.982364 | 507 | 2.546875 | 3 | Is dócha gurb é Liverpool an calafort trádála is tábhachtaí le linn an chogaidh, ceann scríbe go leor conóil ó Mheiriceá. Bhí sé éasca é a aimsiú freisin ar an aer, le soilse Bhaile Átha Cliath ag lasadh thar Mhuir na hÉireann. Bhí an-aire tugtha aige cheana féin ag an Luftwaffe. Ar an oíche an 28 Samhain, maraíodh 166 duine ar a laghad de bharr buaicphointe dhíreach ar thearmann in During Street, féach Cuimhneachán Liverpool. Bhí raids dian ar Liverpool ar na hoícheanta an 21 agus an 22 Nollaig, ag maraíodh thart ar 345 duine. Tuairiscíodh sa tuarascáil ar an staid slándála intíre don tseachtain: Bhí ionsaí láidir ar cheantar Liverpool ar an oíche den 20-21ú Nollaig, agus lean ionsaí níos déine an oíche ina dhiaidh sin, nuair a léirítear go raibh tiúchan déanta ar cheantar na Docks. Ar an oíche 22-23ú, thit roinnt buamaí arís i Liverpool, Bootle agus Birkenhead. Liverpool (a) Docks. Bhí damáiste tromchúiseach do stórálacha agus do sheaibí stórála ag na Docks, le caillteanais shuntasacha nach bhfuil a mheastachán is déanaí déanta fós de thobac, cadás agus adhmad. Tuairiscíodh damáiste suntasach don loingseoireacht freisin, dhá long a bhí tugtha faoi bhrón agus deichnear eile a ndearnadh damáiste dóibh. Cé go raibh damáiste de chéimeanna éagsúla ag naoi gciorcal agus go bhfuil seacht gcúig cnoc a luaite nach bhfuil siad in úsáid, tuairiscítear nach ndearnadh difear mór, go ginearálta, do oibriú an Chalafoirt. (b) Tionscal. Thiocadh damáiste tromchúiseach do mhonarcha bia, agus stopadh táirgeadh ag Mhonarcha Bhrúite Spiller agus Mhonarcha Bhrúite Paul Bros., araon ag Birkenhead, agus damáiste a rinneadh do Mhonarcha Bhrúite Hutehinson freisin. Bhí damáiste suntasach déanta freisin ag mhianlann siúcra Tate agus Lyle. Bhuail seacht bpríomhphointe eile, lena n-áirítear Gníomhaíochtaí Gáis Wallasey, ach níor tharla aon damáiste tromchúiseach. (c) Seirbhísí poiblí. Bhí damáiste suntasach do phríomhsheirbhísí, go háirithe leictreachas a d'fhulaing tine ag an bhfo-stáisiún Highfield Street. (d) Cumarsáid. 'Thugadh 15 bhuaic san iomlán sa chóras iarnróid, a raibh tionchar mór ag a n-éifeacht carnach ar oibriú na línte, agus bhí seirbhísí trántrae agus tráchta bóthair go dona dífhostaithe, go háirithe i lár na cathrach. Pic: Eaglais amháin eile ag fulaingt ag lámha an buamaí oíche Naitsithe. An taobh istigh scriosadh de Naomh Niocálas, eaglais paistí Liverpool, ar a dtugtar eaglais na Seamen mar gheall ar a gar don Pierhead. |
In the field of public health, terms like “eradication” and “elimination” are commonplace. Yet to the average reader, the two words may seem identical.
So, what’s the difference in vocabulary? And what do the phrases actually mean?
As you may have guessed, disease elimination and disease eradication both involve getting rid of a disease. But, one term applies at a local level while the other is on a global scale:
- If a disease is eliminated, its transmission is no longer active in a certain area, such as a country. If asked, the WHO can make an official ruling on whether a nation is free of the disease.
- A country wishing to get this recognition must voluntarily request it through a formal submission process. After a request, it’s up to the WHO director-general to make the final ruling. They grant certification of elimination if a nation proves beyond reasonable doubt that their interruption of disease transmission has lasted for at least three consecutive years.
- If a disease is eradicated, worldwide transmission of it is over with no remaining cases. This renders further intervention measures unnecessary.
- So far we have only achieved eradication with smallpox. The WHO announced an end to smallpox infection in 1980. The CDC marked the event as “the biggest achievement in international public health.”
How are Diseases Eliminated and Eradicated?
Disease control in a local setting is generally the first step. This means that experts use deliberate and continued efforts to lower the rates of new infections, deaths and current infections in one region. This area could be a town, state or even country.
If the experts can control a disease to the point of no further transmission in the area, it is eliminated. After several years of elimination, countries would likely contact the WHO for certification.
While this is something to celebrate, its continuance is not guaranteed.
In late-September it seemed like the United States would lose its measles elimination status. Luckily, the country narrowly avoided that problem after confirming some recent cases arrived via foreign travel.
That doesn’t mean the U.S. is in the clear from measles. Continued cases in the coming years could cost the country its status as measles-free. This potential event would make eradication of the disease even further away.
Organizations are hopeful that many other diseases will receive eradication certification before long.
For example, polio is endemic in only three countries. That said, many other nations still are experiencing or are at risk for outbreaks. The Philippines recently made headlines after announcing the first new polio patients in two decades.
Unfortunately, it is not always possible to eradicate a disease despite successful efforts.
Dr. Stephen J. Gluckman, the Penn Global Medicine medical director, referenced malaria as a case of this. He said:
Passport Health can help you avoid malaria infection on your travels. For specific advice and supplies for your destination, call us at or book an appointment online and speak to a travel health nurse.
Did this article help you understand the differences between disease control, elimination and eradication? Did you know only one disease has been eradicated so far? Let us know in the comments below, or via Facebook and Twitter.
Written for Passport Health by Katherine Meikle. Katherine is a research writer and proud first-generation British-American living in Florida, where she was born and raised. She has a passion for travel and a love of writing, which go hand-in-hand. | <urn:uuid:0129a51a-0102-4ff1-ba82-b762812fd212> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://www.passporthealthglobal.com/2019/10/whats-the-difference-between-eradication-and-elimination/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178385378.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20210308143535-20210308173535-00306.warc.gz | en | 0.952054 | 728 | 3.609375 | 4 | I réimse na sláinte poiblí, tá téarmaí mar íothú agus íothú coitianta. Ach d'fhéadfadh an dá fhocal a bheith comhionann do ghnáthléitheoir.
Mar sin, cad é an difríocht sa fhocail? Agus cad a chiallaíonn na frásaí i ndáiríre?
Mar a d'fhéadfadh a bheith tugtha agat, baineann deireadh a chur le galar agus deireadh a chur le galar le fáil réidh le galar. Ach, tá téarma amháin infheidhme ar leibhéal áitiúil agus tá an ceann eile ar scála domhanda:
- Má dhéantar galar a dhíchur, ní bhíonn a tharchur gníomhach a thuilleadh i limistéar áirithe, mar shampla i dtír. Má iarrtar air, is féidir leis an WHO rialú oifigiúil a dhéanamh ar an tír a bheith saor ón ghalair.
- Ní mór do thír ar mian léi an t-aitheantas seo a fháil é a iarraidh go deonach trí phróiseas foilsithe foirmiúil. Tar éis iarraidh, is é Ard-Stiúrthóir an WHO a dhéanfaidh an cinneadh deiridh. Deonaíonn siad deimhniú ar dhíothú má chruthaíonn náisiún thar aon amhras réasúnta go bhfuil a bhriseadh ar tharchur galair tar éis maireachtáil ar feadh trí bliana as a chéile ar a laghad.
- Má scriostar galar, tá a tharchur ar fud an domhain críochnaithe gan aon chásanna fágtha. Ní gá bearta breise idirghabhála a dhéanamh mar sin.
- Go dtí seo ní raibh ach scriosadh a bhaint amach againn le poillín. D'fhógair an WHO deireadh a chur le heinsí poilce i 1980. Chuir an CDC an ócáid seo i láthair mar an t-éacht is mó i sláinte poiblí idirnáisiúnta.
Conas a dhéantar galair a dhíothú agus a dhíothú?
Is é an chéad chéim de ghnáth rialú galar i suíomh áitiúil. Ciallaíonn sé seo go n-úsáideann saineolaithe iarrachtaí déanach agus leanúnacha chun rátaí ionfhabhtuithe nua, báis agus ionfhabhtuithe reatha i réigiún amháin a ísliú. D'fhéadfadh an limistéar seo a bheith ina bhaile, stát nó fiú tír.
Má éiríonn leis na saineolaithe galar a rialú go dtí nach bhfuil aon ghalar eile ar fáil sa cheantar, scriosfar é. Tar éis roinnt blianta de dhíothú, is dócha go gcuirfeadh tíortha teagmháil leis an WHO chun deimhniú a fháil.
Cé gur rud é seo a cheiliúradh, níl a leanúnachas ráthaithe.
Ag deireadh mhí Mheán Fómhair bhí an chuma ar na Stáit Aontaithe go gcaillfí a stádas díothú an chíche. Ar an dea-uair, sheachain an tír an fhadhb sin go géar tar éis dó roinnt cásanna le déanaí a tháinig trí thuras thar lear a dhearbhú.
Ní chiallaíonn sé sin go bhfuil na Stáit Aontaithe saor ó mhara. D'fhéadfadh cásanna leanúnacha sna blianta amach romhainn a bheith ina gcostas don tír a stádas mar saor ó mhara. D'fhéadfadh an t-imeacht féideartha seo deireadh a chur leis an ghalair níos faide i gcéin.
Tá eagraíochtaí dóchasach go bhfaighidh go leor galair eile deimhniú díothú go luath.
Mar shampla, níl ach i dtrí thír amháin a bhfuil an póilíneo ina chónaí. Mar sin féin, tá go leor náisiúin eile fós ag fulaingt nó i mbaol ráigí. Bhí na hOileáin Fhilipíneacha i gceannlínte na nuachtán le déanaí tar éis dóibh a fhógairt go raibh na chéad othair nua póilíneo ann le dhá scór bliain.
Ar an drochuair, ní féidir galar a dhíothú i gcónaí in ainneoin iarrachtaí rathúla.
Thug an Dr. Stephen J. Gluckman, stiúrthóir leighis Penn Global Medicine, an malarta mar chás de seo. Dúirt sé:
Is féidir le Passport Health cabhrú leat ionfhabhtú malaria a sheachaint le linn do thurais. Chun comhairle agus soláthairtí sonracha a fháil do do cheann scríbe, glaoigh orainn ag an teideal seo nó déan coinneáil ar líne agus labhair le hoifigí sláinte taistil.
An raibh an t-alt seo ina chabhair duit an difríocht idir rialú, deireadh a chur le galar agus a dhíothú? An raibh a fhios agat nach raibh ach galar amháin curtha ar ceal go dtí seo? Cuir in iúl dúinn sna tuairimí thíos, nó trí Facebook agus Twitter.
Scríobh Katherine Meikle é do Passport Health. Is scríbhneoir taighde í Katherine agus is bródúil as a chéad ghlúin Mheiriceánach na Breataine a chónaíonn i Florida, áit a rugadh agus a tógadh í. Tá paisean aici don taisteal agus don scríbhneoireacht, rud a théann lámh ar láimh. |
“Consider a solid material with properties and role about as distant from bone as a supportive, compression-resisting material can be. The body wall of a sea anemone–which can be quite substantial in size–consists of inner and outer surface layers separated by the thick mesoglea. One doesn’t go far wrong viewing the system as a tall can of seawater whose walls are mostly made of jelly…A typical anemone has a rare facility for changing shape, ranging from a low barrel to a tall cylinder with a few flourishes in between, over times ranging from seconds to hours…Obviously its mesogleal stuffing must participate in the process. Muscle drives some of the shape changes, in particular the sudden expulsion of water in the central cavity from its single apical opening. But tracts of cilia drive other changes, such as reinflation by pumping water back in. You may recall that…ciliary pumps produce exceedingly low pressures, and here we’re asking that they pump up creatures that may reach half a meter in height and live in moving water.
Alexander (1962) showed the crucial role of mesogleal viscoelasticity for anemones. In creep tests on samples, strain increased from an initial value of about 0.2 to a final level ten times that, achieved after around 10 hours. That means the mesoglea has a lot of viscosity relative to its elasticity–it’s hard to make it do anything fast but fairly easy to make it change shape slowly. It has a retardation time (calculated by Biggs; see Vincent ) of a little under an hour. How nice! The pulsating or reversing flows of waves passing above won’t sweep it about very much, but after it has hunkered down, the low-pressure ciliary pump will be adequate to pump it back up again, albeit slowly. It can stand up to a single wave but deflect in a tidal current that imposes the same drag. Furthermore, the anemone’s body wall can resist the stresses of its own short-term muscle contractions, so it can bend or straighten without getting an aneurysm whenever its muscles aren’t active.” (Vogel 2003:360-361) | <urn:uuid:9d94c1fc-aa28-4b84-bb0d-e9aaa0283c3c> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://asknature.org/strategy/supportive-gel-enables-extreme-shape-change/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178369512.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20210304174506-20210304204506-00037.warc.gz | en | 0.936575 | 470 | 3.40625 | 3 | Cuir ábhar soladach le hairíonna agus ról chomh fada ó chnámh agus is féidir le ábhar tacaíochta, frith-chompais a bheith. Is éard atá i mballa an choirp an anemone farraige - a d'fhéadfadh a bheith an-mhór i méid - sraitheanna dromchla inmheánacha agus seachtracha a scarann an mesoglea tiubh. Ní dhéanfadh duine aon mhícheart an córas a fheiceáil mar dhonnán ard uisce farraige a bhfuil a ballaí déanta den chuid is mó de jelly...Tá saoráid neamhchoitianta ag an anemone tipiciúil chun cruth a athrú, ó bharaille íseal go siolandair ard le cúpla bláthanna idir, thar amanna ó soicind go uaireanta...Ar ndóigh ní mór a stuffing mesogleal páirt a ghlacadh sa phróiseas. Tá na matáin ag tiomáint cuid de na hathruithe cruth, go háirithe an t-eisiúint tobann uisce sa chúlra lárnach óna oscailt apical aonair. Ach déanann na ceiliach athruithe eile, mar shampla athfhála trí uisce a phumpáil isteach. B'fhéidir go gcuimhneoidh tú go... déanann caidéil ciliary brú an-íseal, agus anseo táimid ag iarraidh go gcaithfeadh siad créatúir a bhaint amach a d'fhéadfadh leath méadar a bhaint amach ar airde agus a chónaíonn in uisce ag gluaiseacht.
Léirigh Alexander (1962) an ról ríthábhachtach a bhí ag viscoelasticity mesogleal do anemone. I dtástálacha creep ar shamplaí, tháinig méadú ar an straen ó luach tosaigh de thart ar 0.2 go leibhéal deiridh deich n-uaire an méid sin, a baineadh amach tar éis thart ar 10 uair an chloig. Ciallaíonn sé sin go bhfuil an mesoglea a lán de viscosity i ndáil lena elasticity-it's deacair a dhéanamh ar rud ar bith a dhéanamh go tapa ach go leor éasca a dhéanamh ar athrú cruth go mall. Tá am moill aige (a ríomhtar ag Biggs; féach Vincent) de bheagnach uair an chloig. Cé chomh deas! Ní bheidh na sreabha pulsating nó aistrithe de tonnta ag dul os a chionn sweep ar fud an-mhór, ach tar éis dó a hunked síos, beidh an caidéal ciliary íseal-bhrú a bheith leordhóthanach chun caidéil sé ar ais arís, cé go mall. Is féidir leis seasamh le tonn amháin ach a dhíbirt i sruth na tuilte a chuireann an tarraingt chéanna air. Ina theannta sin, is féidir le balla an choirp an anemone seasamh in aghaidh na strus a bhaineann lena shrianadh muscle gearrthéarmach féin, ionas gur féidir leis dul i gcló nó a dhíreadh gan aneurysm a fháil aon uair nach bhfuil a matáin gníomhach. (Vogel 2003: 360-361) |
A very important thing to know about IP is that, by intent, it is not reliable. Assume that ten people on your Ethernet started downloading the latest release of XFree86 from GMU's FTP server. The amount of traffic generated by this might be too much for the gateway to handle, because it's too slow, and it's tight on memory. Now if you happen to send a packet to quark, sophus might just be out of buffer space for a moment and therefore unable to forward it. IP solves this problem by simply discarding it. The packet is irrevocably lost. It is therefore the responsibility of the communicating hosts to check the integrity and completeness of the data, and retransmit it in case of an error.
This is performed by yet another protocol, TCP, or Transmission Control Protocol, which builds a reliable service on top of IP. The essential property of TCP is that it uses IP to give you the illusion of a simple connection between the two processes on your host and the remote machine, so that you don't have to care about how and along which route your data actually travels. A TCP connection works essentially like a two-way pipe that both processes may write to and read from. Think of it as a telephone conversation.
TCP identifies the end points of such a connection by the IP-addresses of the two hosts involved, and the number of a so-called port on each host. Ports may be viewed as attachment points for network connections. If we are to strain the telephone example a little more, one might compare IP-addresses to area codes (numbers map to cities), and port numbers to local codes (numbers map to individual people's telephones).
In the rlogin example, the client application (rlogin) opens a port on erdos, and connects to port 513 on quark, which the rlogind server is known to listen to. This establishes a TCP connection. Using this connection, rlogind performs the authorization procedure, and then spawns the shell. The shell's standard input and output are redirected to the TCP connection, so that anything you type to rlogin on your machine will be passed through the TCP stream and be given to the shell as standard input. | <urn:uuid:9aa1d609-32ee-4021-9fad-864f3f2eaae7> | CC-MAIN-2015-18 | http://tldp.org/LDP/nag/node13.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1430453921765.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20150501041841-00055-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.94949 | 460 | 3.578125 | 4 | Rud an-tábhachtach a fhios faoi IP ná nach bhfuil sé iontaofa, de réir intinn. Glac leis go bhfuil deich daoine ar do Ethernet thosaigh a íoslódáil an scaoileadh is déanaí de XFree86 ó fhóin FTP GMU. D'fhéadfadh an méid tráchta a ghintear ag seo a bheith ró-mhór don gheata a láimhseáil, toisc go bhfuil sé ró-mhall, agus tá sé teann ar chuimhne. Anois má tharlaíonn tú a sheoladh pacáiste chun quark, Sophus d'fhéadfadh a bheith ach as spás buffer ar feadh nóiméad agus dá bhrí sin in ann a chur ar aghaidh é. Réitíonn IP an fhadhb seo trí é a dhiúscairt go simplí. Tá an pacáiste caillte go neamh-in-athchóirithe. Tá sé mar sin de fhreagracht ar na hóstach a dhéanann cumarsáid sláine agus iomláine na sonraí a sheiceáil, agus iad a athsheachadadh i gcás earráide.
Déantar é seo ag prótacal eile, TCP, nó Prótacal Rialaithe Tarchurtha, a thógann seirbhís iontaofa ar bharr IP. Is é an t-oideas riachtanach TCP go n-úsáideann sé IP a thabhairt duit an illusion de nasc simplí idir an dá phróisis ar do óstach agus an meaisín iargúlta, ionas nach bhfuil tú a bheith cúram faoi conas agus ar feadh a bhfuil bealach do shonraí i ndáiríre taisteal. Oibríonn nasc TCP go bunúsach mar phíbín dhá bhealach ar féidir leis an dá phróiseas scríobh agus léamh uaidh. Smaoinigh air mar chaidreamh teileafóin.
Aithníonn TCP pointí deiridh na nasc sin trí sheoladh IP an dá óstach atá i gceist, agus uimhir an phoirt ar a dtugtar ar gach óstach. Is féidir calafoirt a mheas mar phointí cóncaithe le haghaidh nasc líonra. Má tá muid chun strain an sampla teileafóin beagán níos mó, d'fhéadfadh duine comparáid a dhéanamh idir IP-a seoltaí le cóid limistéar (uimhreacha léarscáil chun cathracha), agus uimhreacha calafoirt le cóid áitiúla (uimhreacha léarscáil chun daoine aonair teileafóin).
Sa sampla rlogin, osclaíonn an t-iarratas cliant (rlogin) calafort ar erdos, agus nascadh le calafort 513 ar quark, a bhfuil a fhios ag an bhfreastalaí rlogind éisteacht leis. Bunaíonn sé seo nasc TCP. Ag baint úsáide as an nasc seo, déanann rlogind an nós imeachta údarúcháin, agus ansin cuireann sé an craiceann ar bun. Déantar ionchur agus aschur caighdeánach an chraiceann a atreorú chuig an nasc TCP, ionas go rachaidh aon rud a théacsálann tú chun logáil isteach ar do mheaisín tríd an sruth TCP agus go dtabharfar é don chraiceann mar ionchur caighdeánach. |
Contemporary Druidry often presents itself as the native spirituality of the British Isles. However, there is not one form of Druidry and there are also significant numbers of Christian and atheist Druids as well as those that combine Druidry with Wiccan or other perspectives and practices. From international organisations to local ‘groves’, there are diverse types of Druid groups, as well as lone practitioners. Chris and David are joined this week by Dr Suzanne Owen to talk in-depth about this fascinating subject, and its implications for wider understandings of the category ‘religion’.
You can also download this interview, and subscribe to receive our weekly podcast, on iTunes. And if you enjoyed it, please take a moment to rate us [bottom left corner of the screen]. Our colleague, Essi Mäkelä, has also written a response to this podcast, entitled Redefinition of the eclectic group identity.
The modern roots of Druidry, detailed in Ronald Hutton’s Blood and Mistletoe: the History of the Druids in Britain (Yale UP, 2009), began largely with the seventeenth and eighteenth century antiquarians who formed various societies and fraternities, some of which still exist. Many features of contemporary Druidry originated with Edward Williams (1747-1826), who took the bardic name Iolo Morganwg and founded the Gorsedd (gathering of Bards). It is difficult to determine a common element between the various groups, though many contemporary Druids recognise awen, the ‘inspiration’ of bards and Druids, and have an interest in trees and tree lore. To find out more, have a listen to the podcast and/or check out some of Suzanne’s publications.
Suzanne Owen lectures at Leeds Trinity University College, UK, in all aspects of Religious Studies (especially method and theory and south Asian traditions) and researches indigeneity and contemporary indigenous traditions, particularly in North America. She is currently co-chair of the Indigenous Religious Traditions Group for the American Academy of Religion. Her PhD from the University of Edinburgh focussed on the sharing of Native American ceremonies and included fieldwork among Mi’kmaq in Newfoundland. More recently, she has been researching Druidry and has given papers on this topic in relation to indigeneity or religion at several international conferences, and written the following piece for the Bulletin for the Study of Religion, which listeners should be interested in: Religion / Not Religion – A Discourse Analysis.
This interview was recorded at the University of Edinburgh in April 2012, and we are very grateful for Suzanne’s help in compiling this post and, of course, for a great interview. | <urn:uuid:2e7b2601-4054-41af-a121-bbf41dc036a3> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | https://religiousstudiesproject.com/podcast/podcast-suzanne-owen-on-druidry-and-defining-religion-in-the-uk/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267861899.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20180619041206-20180619061206-00108.warc.gz | en | 0.945368 | 559 | 2.609375 | 3 | Is minic a léiríonn Druidry comhaimseartha é féin mar spioradáltacht dhúchasach na hOileáin Bhreataine. Mar sin féin, níl aon fhoirm amháin de Druidry ann agus tá líon suntasach Druids Críostaí agus ateiste ann chomh maith leis na daoine a chomhcheanglaíonn Druidry le Wiccan nó le dearcadh agus cleachtais eile. Ó eagraíochtaí idirnáisiúnta go "grúpaí" áitiúla, tá cineálacha éagsúla grúpaí Druid, chomh maith le cleachtóirí aonair. Tá an Dr Suzanne Owen ag teacht le Chris agus David an tseachtain seo chun labhairt go domhain faoin ábhar suimiúil seo, agus a impleachtaí maidir le tuiscint níos leithne ar an gcatagóir "reiligiún".
Is féidir leat an t-agallamh seo a íoslódáil freisin, agus síntiús a dhéanamh chun ár podchraoladh seachtainiúil a fháil, ar iTunes. Agus má thaitin sé leat, tabhair nóiméad dúinn [an cearnóg chlé thíos den scáileán]. Tá freagra scríofa ag ár gcomhghleacaí, Essi Mäkelä, ar an bpodcast seo freisin, dar teideal Athmhíniú ar féiniúlacht an ghrúpa eicléicteach.
Thosaigh fréamhacha nua-aimseartha Druidry, a thuairiscítear i Ronald Hutton's Blood and Mistletoe: the History of the Druids in Britain (Yale UP, 2009), go mór leis na sean-ealaíontóirí an seachtú haois déag agus an ochtú haois déag a bhunaigh sochaí agus bráithreachtaí éagsúla, a bhfuil cuid acu fós ann. Tosaigh go leor gnéithe den Druidry comhaimseartha le Edward Williams (1747-1826), a ghlac an t-ainm bardic Iolo Morganwg agus a bhunaigh an Gorsedd (bailiúchán Bards). Tá sé deacair gné choiteann a chinneadh idir na grúpaí éagsúla, cé go n-aithníonn go leor Druids comhaimseartha awen, inspiration na bardaí agus na Druids, agus go bhfuil suim acu in crainn agus i léirsí crainn. Chun tuilleadh a fháil amach, éisteacht leis an bpodcast agus/nó seiceáil cuid de fhoilseacháin Suzanne.
Léiríonn Suzanne Owen léachtaí i gColáiste Ollscoil Leeds Trinity, an Ríocht Aontaithe, i ngach gné de Staidéar Reiligiúnach (go háirithe modh agus teoiric agus traidisiúin na hÁise Theas) agus taighdeann sí dúchasacht agus traidisiúin dúchasacha comhaimseartha, go háirithe i Meiriceá Thuaidh. Tá sí faoi láthair mar chomhchathaoirleach ar an Ghrúpa Trádálacha Reiligiúnacha Dúchasacha don Acadamh Reiligiúnach Mheiriceá. D'fhócas a PhD ó Ollscoil Dhún Éideann ar roinnt searmanais Mheiriceá Thuaidh agus chuimsigh sí obair réimse i measc Mikmaq i dTuaisceart Nua-Fhionnlainn. Níos déanaí, tá sí ag déanamh taighde ar Druidry agus tá páipéir curtha ar fáil ar an ábhar seo i ndáil le dúchasacht nó reiligiún ag roinnt comhdhálacha idirnáisiúnta, agus scríobh sí an píosa seo a leanas don Bhulletin le haghaidh Staidéar Reiligiúin, ar chóir go mbeadh suim ag lucht éisteachta ann: Reiligiún / Ní Reiligiún Anailís ar an gCúrsaí.
Taifeadadh an t-agallamh seo in Ollscoil Dhún Éideann i mí Aibreáin 2012, agus táimid an-bhuíoch as cabhair Suzanne sa phost seo a thiomsú agus, ar ndóigh, as an agallamh iontach. |
A background report for the project on coastal societies and demography.
The initial focus of this working paper is on the challenges for the West Nordic area in meeting the on-going demographic changes. These challenges are not special for the West Nordic area. During much of the analysis the focus will thus be just as much on Norden as a whole, and with references to Europe, the Arctic and globally.
This working paper is part of Nordregio’s contribution to the project Coastal Societies and Demographic Challenges in the North Atlantic.
- Väestönmuutosten kohtaaminen
- Scenarios for 2015-2080: The impact of migration on population and ageing
- Nordic ways of dealing with depopulation and ageing in rural and peripheral areas
- Nordic-Baltic Demographic Vulnerability Assessment at municipal level
- Nordregio News Issue 3 2013: Nordic Population Ageing – Challenge and Opportunity?
- How To Meet Demographic Changes
- Local and regional approaches to demographic change
- Addressing the issue of demographic vulnerability
- Adapting to, or mitigating demographic change?
- Demography in the Nordic countries – A synthesis report | <urn:uuid:943dcb3c-ced2-4512-9749-73f247322598> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://nordregio.org/publications/nordic-perspectives-on-demography/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618039490226.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20210420183658-20210420213658-00335.warc.gz | en | 0.855675 | 244 | 2.53125 | 3 | Tuarascáil chúlra don tionscadal ar shochaithe cósta agus ar dhaonlathach.
Tá an páipéar oibre seo dírithe ar na dúshláin atá ag limistéar an Tuaiscirt Thiar chun dul i ngleic leis na hathruithe déimeagrafacha atá ar siúl. Ní hamháin na hÁiteanna an Oirthuaiscirt atá faoi na dúshláin seo. Le linn cuid mhór den anailís, beidh an fócas chomh mór sin ar Norden ina iomláine, agus le tagairtí don Eoraip, don Artach agus go domhanda.
Tá an páipéar oibre seo mar chuid de ranníocaíocht Nordregio leis an tionscadal Coastal Societies and Demographic Challenges in the North Atlantic.
- Väestönmuutosten kohtaaminen
- Scéimeanna don tréimhse 2015-2080: Tionchar na himirce ar an daonra agus ar an aosú
- Modhanna na Scandinave chun déileáil le dí-dhaonra agus le dul in aois i gceantair thuaithe agus imeallacha
- Measúnú ar an Éagmais-Bhaltach ar an Éagmais-Bhaltach ar an Éagmais ar leibhéal na mball
- Nordregio News Issue 3 2013: Daonra na hIorua ag dul in aois Dúshlán agus Deis?
- Conas dul i ngleic le hathruithe déimeagrafacha
- Cur chuige áitiúla agus réigiúnacha i leith athraithe déimeagrafaigh
- aghaidh a thabhairt ar cheist na leochaileachta déimeagrafacha
- Oiriúnú do, nó laghdú ar athrú déimeagrafach?
- Daonlathas sna tíortha Nordiúla Tuarascáil shínithe |
Savanna Biome is the largest Biome in southern Africa, occupying
46% of its area, and over one-third the area of South Africa. It
is well developed over the lowveld and Kalahari region of South
Africa and is also the dominant vegetation in Botswana, Namibia
It is characterized by a grassy ground layer and a distinct upper
layer of woody plants. Where this upper layer is near the ground
the vegetation may be referred to as Shrubveld, where it is dense
as Woodland, and the intermediate stages are locally known as Bushveld.
The environmental factors delimiting the biome are complex: altitude
ranges from sea level to 2 000 m; rainfall varies from 235 to 1
000 mm per year; frost may occur from 0 to 120 days per year; and
almost every major geological and soil type occurs within the biome.
A major factor delimiting the biome is the lack of sufficient rainfall
which prevents the upper layer from dominating, coupled with fires
and grazing, which keep the grass layer dominant. Summer rainfall
is essential for the grass dominance, which, with its fine material,
fuels near-annual fires. In fact, almost all species are adapted
to survive fires, usually with less than 10% of plants, both in
the grass and tree layer, killed by fire. Even with severe burning,
most species can resprout from the stem bases.
The grass layer is dominated by C 4-type grasses, which are at
an advantage where the growing season is hot, but where rainfall
has a stronger winter component, C 3-type grasses dominate.
The shrub-tree layer may vary from 1 to 20 m in height, but in
Bushveld typically varies from 3 to 7 m. The shrub-tree element
may come to dominate the vegetation in areas which are being overgrazed.
Most of the savanna vegetation types are used for grazing, mainly
by cattle or game. In the southernmost savanna types, goats are
the major stock. In some types crops and subtropical fruit are cultivated.
These mainly include the Clay Thorn Bushveld (14), parts of Mixed
Bushveld (18), and Sweet Lowveld Bushveld (21). Urbanization is
not a problem, perhaps because the hot, moist climate and diseases
(sleeping sickness, malaria) hindered urban development.
Conservation of savanna is good in principle, mainly due to the
presence of the Kruger and Kalahari Gemsbok National Parks within
the biome. Similarly, in neighbouring countries, large reserves
occur, such as Etosha, Gemsbok, Chobe and Hwange National Parks
and the Central Kalahari Game Reserve. However, this high area conserved
in South Africa, belies the fact that half of savanna vegetation
types are inadequately conserved, in having less than 5% of their
area in reserves. However, much of the area is used for game-farming
and can thus be considered effectively preserved, provided that
sustainable stocking levels are maintained. The importance of tourism
and big game hunting in the conservation of the area must not be | <urn:uuid:e54854dc-5aed-4c38-8807-cdfedb749784> | CC-MAIN-2015-22 | http://plantzafrica.com/vegetation/savanna.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-22/segments/1432207929272.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20150521113209-00196-ip-10-180-206-219.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.9344 | 680 | 3.9375 | 4 | Is é Savanna Biome an Biome is mó i ndeisceart na hAfraice, ag glacadh
46% dá limistéar, agus os cionn aon trian de limistéar na hAfraice Theas. Tá sé
Tá an t-eitleán seo ar fáil i réigiún an Kalahari i nDúchas na hAfraice Theas.
Tá an t-eitleán i bhfolach i bhfolach i bhfolach i bhfolach i bhfolach i bhfolach i bhfolach i bhfolach i bhfolach i bhfolach i bhfolach
Tá sé tréitheithe ag sraith talún féirín agus le barr
sraith plandaí fiodhúil. Nuair a bhíonn an ciseal uachtarach seo gar don talamh
Is féidir an fhás a chur in iúl mar Shrubveld, nuair a bhíonn sé dlúth
Woodland, agus is é an t-ainm a thugtar ar na céimeanna idirmheánacha go háitiúil Bushveld.
Tá na tosca comhshaoil a chiallaíonn teorainn na bitheoma casta: airde
Tá an t-uisce ag teacht ó leibhéal na farraige go dtí 2 000 m; tá an t-uisce ag athrú ó 235 go 1
000 mm in aghaidh na bliana; d'fhéadfadh sé go mbeadh an t-am fáis idir 0 agus 120 lá in aghaidh na bliana; agus
Tá beagnach gach cineál mór geolaíochta agus ithreach le feiceáil laistigh den bhiaim.
Is é an príomhfhachtóir a chuireann teorainn leis an mbiaim ná easpa báistí leordhóthanach
a chuireann cosc ar an ciseal uachtarach ó dominant, chomh maith le tine
agus féara, a choinníonn an ciseal féara domhanda. Titimí báistí samhraidh
tá sé riachtanach don uachtar talún, a bhfuil, lena ábhar fíneáil,
breoslaí tine beagnach bliantúil. Go deimhin, tá beagnach gach speiceas oiriúnaithe
chun éirí as dóiteáin, de ghnáth le níos lú ná 10% de phlandaí, an dá i
an liathróid agus an tsraith crann, maraíodh ag tine. Fiú le dóiteáin tromchúiseacha,
is féidir leis an gcuid is mó de na speicis athfhás ó bhun na gcodanna.
Tá an tsraith féirín á rialú ag féirín den chineál C4, atá ag
buntáiste nuair a bhíonn an séasúr fáis te, ach nuair a bhíonn báistí
Tá comhpháirt gheimhridh níos láidre ag an gcineál C3 de ghráis.
Is féidir leis an sraith crann-shrutha a bheith éagsúil ó 1 go 20 m ar airde, ach i
Tá an Bushveld de ghnáth idir 3 agus 7 m.
d'fhéadfadh sé a bheith ina cheannródaí ar na plandaí i limistéir a bhfuil ró-fheirmeoireacht á dhéanamh orthu.
Úsáidtear an chuid is mó de na cineálacha plandaíochta savanna le haghaidh féara, go príomha
le beithid nó le fiáine. I gcineálacha an tsabháin is ó dheas, tá geacha
an stoc is mó. I roinnt cineálacha tá barra agus torthaí subtrópaiceacha á gcultú.
Áirítear ar na háiteanna seo go príomha an Clay Thorn Bushveld (14), codanna de
Bushveld (18), agus Sweet Lowveld Bushveld (21). Tá uirbeachas
ní fadhb, b'fhéidir toisc go bhfuil an t-aeráid te, taise agus galair
(breoiteacht codlata, malarta) a chuir bac ar fhorbairt uirbeach.
Tá caomhnú maith ar an savanna i bprionsabal, go príomha mar gheall ar an
Tá na páirceanna náisiúnta Kruger agus Kalahari Gemsbok i láthair laistigh de na háiteanna is fearr le haghaidh
an bith-éileamh. Ar an gcaoi chéanna, i dtíortha comharsanacha, tá cúlchistí móra
Tá na páirceanna náisiúnta seo ar fad i gceantar na n-ealaíon, mar shampla Páirc Náisiúnta Etosha, Gemsbok, Chobe agus Hwange.
agus an Central Kalahari Game Reserve. Mar sin féin, tá an limistéar ard seo a chaomhnaítear
i dTuaisceart na hAfraice, bréagann an bhfíric go bhfuil leath de na plandaíocht savanna
Tá na cineálacha seo a leanas i gcoimeád go míchuí, agus is lú ná 5% dá gcuid
limistéar i gcriosanna. Mar sin féin, úsáidtear cuid mhór den limistéar chun fichille a chothú
agus dá bhrí sin is féidir a mheas go bhfuil sé caomhnaithe go héifeachtach, ar choinníoll go bhfuil:
go gcoinnítear leibhéil inbhuanaithe stoic. An tábhacht a bhaineann le turasóireacht
agus ní mór a bheith ag fiach mór sa limistéar caomhnaithe |
I think that you are confused. When you rotate something by 360 degrees, you won't change the direction in space of anything. You will only change the wave function to minus itself - if there is an odd number of fermions in the object (which is usually hard to count for large objects).
If you have electrons with spins pointing up and you rotate them around the vertical axis by any angle, whether it's 360 degrees or anything else, you will still get electrons with spin pointing up. This is about common sense - many spins with spin up give you a totally normal, "classical" angular momentum that can be seen and measured in many ways.
The flip of the sign of the wave function can't be observed by itself because it is a change of phase and all observable probabilities only depend on the density matrix $\rho=|\psi\rangle \langle\psi|$ in which the phase (or minus sign) cancels. The phase - or minus sign - has nothing to do with directions in space. It is just a number. In particular, it is incorrect to imagine that complex numbers are "vectors", especially if it leads you to think that they're related to directions in spacetime. They're not.
You would have to prepare an interference experiment of an object that hasn't rotated with the "same" object rotated by 360 degrees - and it's hard for macroscopic objects because the "same" object quickly decoheres and you must know whether it has rotated or not, so no superpositions can be produced. ;-)
However, all detailed measurements of the spin with respect to any axis indirectly prove that the fermions transform as the fundamental representation of $SU(2)$. In particular, if you create a spin-up electron and measure whether it's spin is up with respect to another axis tilted by angle $\alpha$, the probability will be $\cos^2(\alpha/2)$. The only sensible way to obtain it from the amplitude is that the amplitude goes like $\cos(\alpha/2)$ and indeed, this function equals $-1$ for $\alpha$ equal to 360 degrees. | <urn:uuid:7701cf87-93d2-435f-ab4b-d6e5e46ea298> | CC-MAIN-2015-22 | http://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/3333/basic-spin-or-double-cover-experiment | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-22/segments/1432207929272.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20150521113209-00315-ip-10-180-206-219.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.942648 | 445 | 2.703125 | 3 | Sílim go bhfuil tú mearbhall. Nuair a rothlóidh tú rud éigin 360 céim, ní athraíonn tú treo spás ar rud ar bith. Ní dhéanfaidh tú an fheidhm tonn a athrú go mínus é féin - má tá líon gan ghnéas de fhéirmíonna sa réad (ar a mbíonn sé deacair a chomhaireamh de ghnáth d'ábhar mór).
Má tá leictreon agat a bhfuil a spín ag pointeáil suas agus má rothlann tú iad timpeall an oisigh ingearaigh ag aon uillinn, cibé acu 360 céim nó aon rud eile, gheobhaidh tú leictreon a bhfuil a spín ag pointeáil suas fós. Baineann sé seo le ciall coiteann - tugann go leor spins le spin suas mothúchán uillinn "clasach" go hiomlán gnáth duit is féidir é a fheiceáil agus a thomhas ar go leor bealaí.
Ní féidir flip an chomhartha an fheidhm tonn a bhreathnú leis féin toisc gur athrú chéim é agus níl gach dóchúlacht inbhraite ag brath ach ar an mátrix dlús $ \rho = \psI \rangle \langle \psi $ ina gcuirtear an chéim (nó an comhartha mínus) ar ceal. Níl aon bhaint ag an chéim - nó an comhartha mínas - le treoracha sa spás. Níl ann ach uimhir. Go háirithe, tá sé mícheart a shamhlú go bhfuil uimhreacha casta "veicteoirí", go háirithe má thugann sé duit smaoineamh go bhfuil siad bainteach le treoracha sa spás-am. Níl siad.
Ba cheart duit turgnamh idirghabhála a ullmhú d'aonad nach bhfuil rotáilte leis an "aon" réad a rothaíodh 360 céim - agus tá sé deacair ar rudaí macraiscópúla toisc go ndéanann an "aon" réad decoheres go tapa agus ní mór duit a fháil amach an bhfuil sé rotáilte nó nach bhfuil, mar sin ní féidir aon superpositions a tháirgeadh. ;-)
Mar sin féin, léiríonn gach tomhas mionsonraithe den spín i ndáil le haon oisean go hindíreach go ndéanann na fermions athrú mar an léiriú bunúsach ar $ SU ((2) $ . Go háirithe, má chruthaíonn tú leictreon spín-suas agus má thomhas tú an bhfuil a spín suas i ndáil le hais eile a bhfuil an t-uillinn $\alpha$ air, is é $\cos^2(\alpha/2) $ an dóchúlacht. Is é an t-aon bhealach réasúnta chun é a fháil ón amhlacht go bhfuil an amhlacht dul cosúil $ cos{\alpha/2) $ agus go deimhin, tá an fheidhm seo comhionann $ - 1 $ le haghaidh $ \alpha $ comhionann le 360 céim. |
Anaphylaxis is a life-threatening type of allergic reaction.
Anaphylactic reaction; Anaphylactic shock; Shock - anaphylactic
Anaphylaxis is an severe, whole-body allergic reaction. After an initial exposure to a substance like bee sting toxin, the person's immune system becomes sensitized to that allergen. On a subsequent exposure, an allergic reaction occurs. This reaction is sudden, severe, and involves the whole body.
Tissues in different parts of the body release histamine and other substances. This causes constriction of the airways, resulting in wheezing, difficulty breathing, and gastrointestinal symptoms such as abdominal pain, cramps, vomiting, and diarrhea.
Histamine causes the blood vessels to dilate (which lowers blood pressure) and fluid to leak from the bloodstream into the tissues (which lowers the blood volume). These effects result in shock. Fluid can leak into the alveoli (air sacs) of the lungs, causing pulmonary edema.
Hives and angioedema (hives on the lips, eyelids, throat, and/or tongue) often occur. Angioedema may be severe enough to block the airway. Prolonged anaphylaxis can cause heart arrhythmias.
Some drugs (polymyxin, morphine, x-ray dye, and others) may cause an anaphylactoid reaction (anaphylactic-like reaction) on the first exposure. This is usually due to a toxic reaction, rather than the immune system mechanism that occurs with "true" anaphylaxis. The symptoms, risk for complications without treatment, and treatment are the same, however, for both types of reactions.
Anaphylaxis can occur in response to any allergen. Common causes include insect bites/stings, horse serum (used in some vaccines), food allergies, and drug allergies. Pollens and other inhaled allergens rarely cause anaphylaxis. Some people have an anaphylactic reaction with no identifiable cause.
Anaphylaxis occurs infrequently. However, it is life-threatening and can occur at any time. Risks include prior history of any type of allergic reaction.
Symptoms develop rapidly, often within seconds or minutes. They may include the following:
- Difficulty breathing
- Abnormal (high-pitched) breathing sounds
- Slurred speech
- Rapid or weak pulse
- Blueness of the skin (cyanosis), including the lips or nail beds
- Fainting, light-headedness, dizziness
- Hives and generalized itching
- Sensation of feeling the heart beat (palpitations)
- Nausea, vomiting
- Abdominal pain or cramping
- Skin redness
- Nasal congestion
Exams and Tests
Examination of the skin may show hives and swelling of the eyes or face. The skin may be blue from lack of oxygen or may be pale from shock. Angioedema in the throat may be severe enough to block the airway.
Listening to the lungs with a stethoscope may reveal wheezing or indicate fluid (pulmonary edema). The pulse is rapid, and blood pressure may be low. Weakness, pale skin, heart arrhythmias, mental confusion, and other signs may indicate shock.
Testing for the specific allergen that caused anaphylaxis (if the cause is not obvious) is postponed until after treatment.
Anaphylaxis is an emergency condition requiring immediate professional medical attention. Assessment of the ABC's (airway, breathing, and circulation from Basic Life Support) should be done in all suspected anaphylactic reactions.
CPR should be initiated if needed. People with known severe allergic reactions may carry an Epi-Pen or other allergy kit, and should be assisted if necessary. Emergency interventions by paramedics or physicians may include placing a tube through the nose or mouth into the airway (endotracheal intubation) or emergency surgery to place a tube directly into the trachea (tracheostomy or cricothyrotomy).
Epinephrine should be given by injection without delay. This opens the airways and raises the blood pressure by constricting blood vessels.
Treatment for shock includes intravenous fluids and medications that support the actions of the heart and circulatory system.
Antihistamines, such as diphenhydramine; and corticosteroids, such as prednisone may be given to further reduce symptoms (after lifesaving measures and epinephrine are administered).
Anaphylaxis is a severe disorder which has a poor prognosis without prompt treatment. Symptoms, however, usually resolve with appropriate therapy, underscoring the importance of action.
- Cardiac arrest (no effective heartbeat)
- Respiratory arrest (absence of breathing)
- Airway obstruction
When to Contact a Medical Professional
Go to the emergency room or call the local emergency number (such as 911) if severe symptoms of anaphylaxis develop.
Avoid known allergens. Any person experiencing an allergic reaction should be monitored, although monitoring may be done at home in mild cases.
Occasionally, people who have a history of drug allergies may safely be given the offending medication after pretreatment with corticosteroids (prednisone) and antihistamines (diphenhydramine).
People who have a history of allergy to insect bites/stings should be instructed to carry (and use) an emergency kit consisting of injectable epinephrine and chewable antihistamine. They should also wear a Medic-Alert or similar bracelet/necklace stating their allergy.
The diagnosis and management of anaphylaxis: an updated practice parameter. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2005 Mar;115(3 Suppl):S483-523.
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More about Anaphylactic reaction - Drugs.com | <urn:uuid:5f6d3e69-693a-4929-840c-df56041f6d8c> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | http://diseasereference.net/info/anaphylaxis/206965.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267864943.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20180623054721-20180623074721-00009.warc.gz | en | 0.894275 | 1,236 | 3.984375 | 4 | Is cineál frithghníomh ailléirgeach é anafilacsis a chuireann beatha i mbaol.
Athghníomh anafilachtach; Stoic anafilachtach; Stoic - anafilachtach
Is frithghníomh ailléirgeach tromchúiseach, ar an gcomhlacht ar fad é anafilacsis. Tar éis dó a bheith nochtaithe le substaint cosúil le tocsain sting beacha, bíonn córas imdhíonachta an duine íogair don ailléirgin sin. Nuair a bhíonn sé nochtaithe ina dhiaidh sin, tagann imoibriú ailléirgeach i bhfeidhm. Tá an t-imoibriú seo tobann, tromchúiseach, agus baineann sé leis an gcomhlacht ar fad.
Scaoileann fíocháin i gcodanna éagsúla den chorp histamine agus substaintí eile. Tá sé seo ina chúis le comhthreomú na n-airíonna aeir, rud a fhágann go bhfuil wheezing, deacracht a bheith ag anailís, agus comharthaí gastrointestinal mar pian boilg, cramps, vomiting, agus diarrhea.
Déantar histamine na soithigh fola a leathnú (a laghdaíonn brú fola) agus sreabhán a sceitheadh ón sruth fola isteach sna fíocháin (a laghdaíonn toirte an fhuil). Mar thoradh ar na héifeachtaí seo bíonn turraing ann. Is féidir le leacht dul isteach i alveoli (sacs aeir) na scamhóg, rud a fhágann go bhfuil eitem scamhóige ann.
Is minic a tharlaíonn hives agus angioedema (hives ar na liopaí, ar na súile, ar an throat, agus/ nó ar an teanga). D'fhéadfadh go mbeadh angioedema trom go leor chun an bealach aeir a dhúnadh. Is féidir le anafilacsis fada a bheith ina chúis le arrhythmias croí.
D'fhéadfadh go mbeadh frithghníomh anafilachtach (frithghníomh cosúil le anafilachtach) ag roinnt drugaí (polymyxin, morphine, dath röntgen, agus eile) ar an gcéad nochtadh. De ghnáth bíonn sé seo mar gheall ar imoibriú tocsaineach, seachas an mheicníocht chórais imdhíonachta a tharlaíonn le anafilacsis "fíor". Tá na hairíonna, an baol go dtarlódh deacrachtaí gan cóireáil, agus an cóireáil mar an gcéanna, áfach, do na cineálacha frithghníomhartha seo.
Is féidir anafilaxis a bheith ann mar fhreagra ar aon ailléirgin. I measc na gcúiseanna is coitianta tá bites / sting insect, serum capall (a úsáidtear i roinnt vacsaíní), ailléirgí bia, agus ailléirgí drugaí. Ní bhíonn anafilacsis mar thoradh ar pholláin agus ailléirgíní eile a bhíonn á n-insint. Bíonn frithghníomh anafilachtach ag daoine áirithe gan chúis aitheanta.
Ní bhíonn anafilasic ann go minic. Mar sin féin, tá sé ina bhagairt ar shaol agus d'fhéadfadh sé tarlú ag am ar bith. I measc na rioscaí tá aon chineál imoibrithe ailléirgeach a bhí ann roimhe seo.
Déantar na hairíonna a fhorbairt go tapa, go minic laistigh de shéacnamh nó nóiméad. Féadfaidh siad na nithe seo a leanas a áireamh:
- Díchumas a chaitheamh
- Fuaimeanna anaithnid neamhghnácha (ard)
- Labhair go mí-ádh
- Puls tapa nó lag
- Blaineacht an chraiceann (cyanosis), lena n-áirítear liopaí nó leabaí ingne
- Fainting, light-headedness, dizziness
- Hives agus itching ginearálta
- Aithne a bheith ag mothú an croí ag bualadh (palpitations)
- Nausea, vomiting
- Píobáil nó crampáil abdominála
- Redness craiceann
- Coiscthe na srón
Scrúduithe agus tástálacha
D'fhéadfadh scrúdú ar an gcraiceann hives agus tuirse na súl nó na aghaidhe a thaispeáint. D'fhéadfadh an craiceann a bheith gorm ó easpa ocsaigine nó d'fhéadfadh sé a bheith páirteach ó shóic. D'fhéadfadh go mbeadh angioedema sa throat trom go leor chun an bealach aeir a dhúnadh.
D'fhéadfadh go nochtfadh éisteacht leis na scamhóga le stethoscope wheezing nó leachtacht leachta (odma scamhóga). Tá an pulse tapa, agus d'fhéadfadh go mbeadh brú fola íseal. D'fhéadfadh lagú, craiceann geal, arrhythmias croí, mearbhall meabhrach, agus comharthaí eile a bheith ina léargas ar shóc.
Déanfar tástáil ar an ailléirgin shonrach a d'fhág anafilacsis (mura bhfuil an chúis soiléir) a chur siar go dtí tar éis cóireála.
Is é anafilacsis staid éigeandála a éilíonn cúram leighis ghairmiúil láithreach. Ba cheart measúnú a dhéanamh ar na ABCanna (airdbhealach, anailís agus scaipeadh ó Chothabháil Bhunúsach Beatha) i ngach frithghníomh anafilachtach a bhfuil amhras ann.
Ba cheart CPR a thosú más gá. Is féidir le daoine a bhfuil a fhios acu go bhfuil frithghníomhartha ailléirgeacha tromchúiseacha acu Epi-Pen nó trealamh eile ailléirge a iompar, agus ba cheart cúnamh a thabhairt dóibh más gá. D'fhéadfadh go n-áireofaí le hiarmhairtí éigeandála ag páistí nó dochtúirí feadán a chur isteach san aerbhealach tríd an srón nó an béal (intubation endotracheal) nó máinliacht éigeandála chun feadán a chur isteach go díreach san trachea (tracheostomy nó cricothyrotomy).
Ba chóir epinephrine a thabhairt trí instealladh gan mhoill. Osclaíonn sé seo na bealaí aeir agus ardóidh sé an brú fola trí na soithigh fola a shrianadh.
I measc na gcóireála a bhaineann le suaitheadh intravenous tá leachtacha agus cógais a thacaíonn le gníomhartha an chroí agus an chórais imshruthaithe.
Is féidir le frith-histamíní, mar shampla diphenhydramine; agus corticosteroids, mar shampla prednisone a thabhairt chun na hairíonna a laghdú tuilleadh (tar éis bearta a shábháil agus epinephrine a riaradh).
Is neamhoird thromchúiseach é anafilacsis a bhfuil prognóis dhroch aige gan cóireáil láithreach. De ghnáth, áfach, téann na hairíonna ar aghaidh le cóireáil chuí, rud a léiríonn an tábhacht a bhaineann le gníomhú.
- Stop croí (gan buille croí éifeachtach)
- Stop anailíse (fáras anailíse)
- Cúlchiste na n-aistriú
Nuair a Tharraingíonn tú le Proifisiúnta Leighis
Téigh go dtí an seomra éigeandála nó glaoigh ar an uimhir éigeandála áitiúil (mar shampla 911) má thagann comharthaí tromchúiseacha anafilacsis chun cinn.
Seachain ailléirgí a bhfuil a fhios agat. Ba cheart monatóireacht a dhéanamh ar aon duine a bhíonn ag mothú frithghníomhaíochta, cé gur féidir monatóireacht a dhéanamh sa bhaile i gcásanna éadrom.
Uaireanta, d'fhéadfadh daoine a bhfuil ailléirgí drugaí acu i stair a bheith á thabhairt dóibh go sábháilte tar éis cóireáil roimh ré le corticosteroids (prednisone) agus frith-histamíní (diphenhydramine).
Ba cheart treoir a thabhairt do dhaoine a bhfuil ailléirge acu ar bhiteanna/ stealladh inseicte sa stair chun trealamh éigeandála a bheith acu (agus a úsáid) ina bhfuil epinephrine in-insteallta agus frith-histamine in-chew. Ba cheart dóibh bracelet/ coláiste Medic-Alert nó cosúil leis a chaitheamh freisin ina luaitear a n-ailléirgí.
Diagnóis agus bainistiú anafilaicse: paraiméadar cleachtais nuashonraithe. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2005 Mar;115{3 Suppl):S483-523.
Ríomhphost chuig Cara
Tuilleadh faoi Athbhliain anafilachtach - Drugs.com |
|Visitors watching "Liberty to Go to See" at Cliveden. | Credit: National Trust for Historic Preservation
Fifteen years ago, Susan Schrieber, who was then the National Trust’s director of interpretation and education for its historic sites, wrote an article entitled “Interpreting Slavery at National Trust Historic Sites: A Case Study in Interpreting Difficult Topics,” which was published in Cultural Resources Management
. The article documented work at six National Trust Historic Sites to discuss and coordinate their interpretations of slavery through a series of five workshops held over the course of a year.
Since the article’s publication, much has changed in how slavery is interpreted at National Trust Historic Sites and at historic sites around the country. And much has changed in the world in general. So it seems appropriate and instructive that we take this opportunity to survey our portfolio of now 27 historic sites to see how they are interpreting slavery right now.
As broader context for the work now underway at our sites, the scholarship on interpreting slavery has also increased exponentially since 2000. Public historians, women’s historians, geographers, archaeologists, architectural historians, architects, and landscape architects are all now engaged in examining how we tell the stories of enslavement from their disciplinary perspectives. The internet yields interpretive plans, case studies, and other resources on addressing slavery at historic sites. A couple of new collections of essays that focus on this topic have come out over the past year, including Interpreting Slavery at Museums and Historic Sites
and Interpreting African American History and Culture at Museums and Historic Sites.
So where are National Trust Historic Sites today in interpreting slavery and why does it matter?
The strength of the National Trust’s portfolio of historic sites lies in its diversity, offering a range of settings—rural, suburban and urban—in the Deep South, the mid-Atlantic, and well north of the Mason-Dixon Line. Our sites also represent a range of budgets, staffing, audience demographics, size and extant physical evidence of slavery—all factors that have played a role in their interpretations of slavery. Since 2000 the National Trust’s portfolio has expanded to include sites that broaden the story beyond a plantation setting to include the Museum of African American History in Boston and in Nantucket, both powerful loci for free black communities and abolitionist sentiment and action, and President Lincoln’s Cottage, where the president contemplated and drafted the Emancipation Proclamation.
|"House and Field" by Lynda Frese for Art and Shadows at Shadows-on-the-Teche. | Credit: National Trust for Historic Preservation
The tools and methodologies that are used to interpret slavery at National Trust Historic Sites have diversified. We have archaeological digs underway at Montpelier and Belle Grove to help us understand the buildings where enslaved people lived and worked. As a part of the “Telling All of Our Stories” project at Oatlands, a new online database allows people to search through references to enslaved people in the primary sources related to the property. At the Shadows-on-the-Teche, two artists-in-residence, a fiddler and a visual artist, have created new works of art that are inspired by the lives of people who lived at the site—both enslaver and enslaved—and their interactions and the evidence of them that remains among the archives and objects in the site’s collection. We engage our visitors with not only the stories of enslaved people, but also in discussions about the ideas of bondage, liberty and emancipation at places like President Lincoln’s Cottage and Cliveden.
Our interpretations of the architecture of enslavement include planning for the reconstruction of buildings in the South Yard at Montpelier and revealing the evidence of both construction and demolition in the rare example of an urban slave quarters at Decatur House. Within our historic landscapes, we now actively interpret the cemeteries where enslaved people are buried, and we continue to search for archaeological evidence of slavery. In our object and archival collections, we continue to make significant discoveries, such as a branding iron within the collection at Drayton Hall, believed to have been used on enslaved people, or the extensive slave holdings revealed in the papers of the Chew family at Cliveden.
Telling the stories of resistance to slavery is also part of the interpretations that our sites offer today. The story of Charlotte Dupuy, a slave who served Henry Clay when he rented the Decatur House and who sued for her freedom in 1829, is now a central part of the White House Historical Association’s K-12 programming at the David M. Rubenstein Center for White House History at Decatur House. At the African Meeting House in Boston, the current exhibition “Freedom Rising: Reading, Writing and Publishing Black Books” and complementary programming examines “the historical and cultural implications of forbidding enslaved Africans to read or write, and traces the evolution and majestic recovery of their written voices.”
A commitment to interpreting slavery has also created new partnerships that have expanded exponentially to support this work. We have been successful in raising financial support from individuals, private foundations, and public sources, and state and local governments. At places like Drayton Hall, Montpelier and Oatlands, we are engaged in building relationships with the descendants of those who were enslaved at these places and working with them to interpret this history. Our sites are also at the leading edge of connecting the interpretation of slavery to contemporary issues. At President Lincoln’s Cottage, the site’s programming is explicitly and powerfully connected to human trafficking in the 21st century. At Woodlawn, our partnership with the Arcadia Center for Sustainable Food & Agriculture offers an opportunity to explore the history of Quakers who leased land at the site to free black farmers on the eve of the Civil War and connect it to current work in addressing inequalities within the food system.
|Arcadia Farms at Woodlawn Plantation. | Credit: Jason Clement/National Trust for Historic Preservation
Looking back at the article written 15 years ago, I am also struck by the fact that the staff at our sites continue to express concern about how to speak with visitors about difficult subjects such as slavery. Today, however, most of the sites offer specific training on how to address the controversial subjects and staff share insights and materials with each other. As I have said in many of these trainings and gatherings, our concerns about saying the right thing are valid and important, but they should never stop us from talking about slavery.
I suppose if there is any accomplishment of the past 15 years, it is that staff members don’t question whether or not they should interpret slavery. Today, for all of those sites whose history touches the subject of slavery, it has become a theme in their broader story. And the interpretations of African American history at our sites have expanded to examine the broader journey from slavery to freedom—characterized by both absolute and incremental change—and how it is manifested in our buildings, landscapes and object collections. At some sites, the interpretation of African American history is more prominent than others. At every site, it takes different and evolving forms.
So, why does this matter? It matters because a million visitors will come through National Trust Historic Sites this year, and we have the opportunity to help them understand the terrible institution of slavery and how it manifested itself in the lives of people. Over the last 15 years (and before that), our historic sites and others in this country have been engaged in a steady, thoughtful and ultimately constructive dialogue about slavery and race. To be sure, this conversation isn’t always comfortable or easy, but it happens consistently and it happens with the authenticity and veracity that can only happen in an old place, in a place where history happened and history is preserved and history is connected to the present. As our president Stephanie K. Meeks said in a recent speech at the King Center in Atlanta,
we are committed “to keep exploring how to best commemorate the more complex and difficult chapters of our story.”
Our work to interpret slavery at National Trust Historic Sites is far from over, and we have even more work to do to better tell the stories of other marginalized groups at our sites. Where will we be in 15 years in respect to telling LGBTQ stories? Will we have made this much progress in battling through misappropriations and misconceptions of facts associated with LGBTQ history at our sites? I hope so.
Over the next ten months, we will be bringing that discussion to Preservation Leadership Forum as we hear from different National Trust Historic Sites in individual blog posts about their different interpretations of slavery. And in 2016, we look forward to convening another gathering of staff from our sites to discuss interpreting slavery—where we go from here and how we help each other along the way. There is much to be learned here, much to be discussed, and much to be built upon. Please join us in this conversation.
Katherine Malone-France is the vice president for historic sites at the National Trust for Historic Preservation.#HistoricSites #AfricanAmerican #Interpretation #Woodlawn #Diversity | <urn:uuid:fa0d0967-cb4f-4084-a6ae-6e2c04e73aec> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | https://forum.savingplaces.org/blogs/forum-online/2015/04/07/interpreting-slavery-at-national-trust-historic-sites | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676591216.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20180719183926-20180719203926-00045.warc.gz | en | 0.947958 | 1,890 | 3.28125 | 3 | ☐ Cuairteoirí ag féachaint ar "Liberty to Go to See" i Cliveden. Creidmheas: Iontaobhas Náisiúnta um Chaomhnú Stairiúil
Cúige bliain ó shin, scríobh Susan Schrieber, a bhí ina stiúrthóir léirmhíniúcháin agus oideachais ag an gCumann Náisiúnta ar a shuíomhanna stairiúla, alt dar teideal "Interpreting Slavery at National Trust Historic Sites: A Case Study in Interpreting Difficult Topics", a foilsíodh i Cultural Resources Management
. . go deo . D'fhoilsigh an t-alt obair ag sé Áit Stairiúil iontaobhais náisiúnta chun a n-aistriúcháin ar sclábhaíocht a phlé agus a chomhordú trí shraith de chúig cheardlann a tionóladh le linn bliana.
Ó foilsíodh an t-alt, tá go leor athraithe ar an gcaoi a ndéantar sclábhaíocht a léirmhíniú ag Áiteanna Stairiúla an Chontae Náisiúnta agus ag áiteanna stairiúla ar fud na tíre. Agus tá go leor athraithe ar fud an domhain i gcoitinne. Mar sin is cosúil go bhfuil sé oiriúnach agus teagaisc go nglacfaimid leis an deis seo chun ár bportfólió de 27 suíomh stairiúil a suirbhé a dhéanamh chun a fheiceáil conas a dhéanann siad léiriú ar an sclábhaíocht faoi láthair.
Mar chomhthéacs níos leithne don obair atá ar siúl anois ag ár suíomhanna, tá an scoláireacht maidir le sclábhaíocht a léiriú tar éis méadú go hionraic ó 2000. Tá stairóirí poiblí, stairóirí mná, geografaithe, seandálaithe, stairóirí ailtireachta, ailtirí, agus ailtirí tírdhreacha ag déanamh scrúdú ar an gcaoi a insímid scéalta faoi sclábhaíocht óna bpeirspictíochtaí smachtbhannacha. Tugann an t-idirlíon pleananna léirmhínitheacha, cás-staidéir, agus acmhainní eile maidir le dul i ngleic le sclábhaíocht ag suíomhanna stairiúla. Tá cúpla bailiúchán nua aiste a dhíríonn ar an ábhar seo tagtha amach le bliain anuas, lena n-áirítear Interpreting Slavery at Museums and Historic Sites
agus Ealaín agus Cultúr Mheiriceá Afracach a Aistriú ag Amhairc agus Áiteanna Stairiúla.
Mar sin cá bhfuil Suímh Stairiúla an Chreidmheasa Náisiúnta inniu maidir le sclábhaíocht a léiriú agus cén fáth go bhfuil sé tábhachtach?
Is é an neart atá ag an bportfóil de shuíomhanna stairiúla atá ag an Urraitheacht Náisiúnta ná a éagsúlacht, ag tairiscint raon suíomhanna - tuaithe, forbhaile agus uirbeacha - sa Deep South, i lár an Atlantaigh, agus go maith ó thuaidh de Líne Mason-Dixon. Léiríonn ár suíomhanna raon buiséid, foireann, déimeagrafaíocht lucht féachana, méid agus fianaise fisiceach atá ann faoi sclábhaíocht - na tosca go léir a bhí i gceist lena n-ailt faoi sclábhaíocht. Ó 2000 i leith tá an t-iasacht náisiúnta a leathnú chun áiteanna a chur san áireamh a leathnaíonn an scéal thar suíomh plandaí a chur san áireamh an Músaem Stair Mheiriceá Afracach i mBostún agus i Nantucket, an dá loci cumhachtach do phobail dubh saor in aisce agus mothúchán agus gníomh abolitionist, agus Uachtarán Lincoln's Cottage, áit a cheap an t-uachtarán agus dréachtú an Fógra um Eisiúint.
"Taghlach agus Réimse" le Lynda Frese le haghaidh Ealaíne agus Scáthanna ag Scáthanna-ar-an-Teach. Creidmheas: Iontaobhas Náisiúnta um Chaomhnú Stairiúil
Tá na huirlisí agus na modheolaíochtaí a úsáidtear chun sclábhaíocht a léiriú ag Áiteanna Stairiúla an Chreidmheasa Náisiúnta éagsúil. Tá tochailtí seandálaíochta á ndéanamh againn ag Montpelier agus Belle Grove chun cabhrú linn tuiscint a fháil ar na foirgnimh ina raibh daoine sclábhaithe ina gcónaí agus ag obair. Mar chuid den tionscadal "Telling All of Our Stories" ag Oatlands, tugann bunachar sonraí ar líne nua deis do dhaoine cuardach a dhéanamh trí thagairtí do dhaoine a bhí ina sclábhaithe sna príomhfhoinsí a bhaineann leis an maoin. Ag an Shadows-on-the-Teche, chruthaigh beirt ealaíontóirí cónaithe, fiodálaí agus ealaíontóir amhairc, saothair ealaíne nua atá spreagtha ag saol na ndaoine a bhí ina gcónaí sa suíomh - an dá sclábhaí agus an sclábhaithe - agus a n-idirghníomhaíochtaí agus an fhianaise orthu a fhanann i measc na n-archíobhacha agus na n-earraí i mbailiúchán an láithreáin. Ní hamháin go gcuirimid scéalta daoine sclábhaithe i dteagmháil lenár gcuairteoirí, ach freisin plé ar na smaointe faoi sclábhaíocht, saoirse agus éabhlóid in áiteanna cosúil le President Lincoln's Cottage agus Cliveden.
Áirítear ar ár n-aistriúcháin ar ailtireacht na sclábhaíochta pleanáil le haghaidh athchóiriú foirgneamh sa Chúige Theas ag Montpelier agus fianaise a nochtadh ar thógáil agus ar dhíothú sa sampla neamhchoitianta de cheathrú sclábhaíochta uirbeach ag Teach Decatur. Laistigh dár tírdhreacha stairiúla, déanaimid léargas gníomhach anois ar na tuamaí ina bhfuil daoine sclábhaithe curtha, agus leanfaimid orainn ag cuardach fianaise seandálaíochta na sclábhaíochta. I ár mbailiúcháin earraí agus cartlainne, leanann muid ag déanamh fionnachtana suntasacha, mar shampla iarainn brandála laistigh den bhailiúchán i Drayton Hall, a chreidtear a bheith in úsáid ar dhaoine sclábhaithe, nó na seilbh sclábhaithe fairsing a nochtadh i bpáipéir an teaghlaigh Chew i Cliveden.
Tá scéalta a insint faoi fhreasúra i gcoinne sclábhaíochta mar chuid de na léirmhínithe a thairgeann ár suíomhanna inniu. Tá scéal Charlotte Dupuy, sclábhaí a sheirbheáil Henry Clay nuair a d'éirigh sé an Decatur House agus a d'fhiafraigh dá shaoirse i 1829, anois mar chuid lárnach de chlár K-12 an White House Historical Association ag Ionad David M. Rubenstein do Stair an Tí Bán ag Decatur House. Ag an Teach Cruinnithe na hAfraice i mBostún, scrúdaíonn an taispeántas reatha Freedom Rising: Léitheoireacht, Scríbhneoireacht agus Foilsitheoireacht Leabhair Dubha agus clár comhlántach na himpleachtaí stairiúla agus cultúrtha a bhaineann le scaipeadh na nAfraiceach faoi sclábhaíocht a léamh nó a scríobh, agus leanann sé an éabhlóid agus aisghabháil maorga a gcuid guthanna scríofa.
Tá tiomantas chun sclábhaíocht a léiriú cruthaithe freisin comhpháirtíochtaí nua a leathnaigh go hionraic chun tacú leis an obair seo. Tá rath orainn tacaíocht airgeadais a bhailiú ó dhaoine aonair, ó bhunaíochtaí príobháideacha, ó fhoinsí poiblí, ó rialtais stáit agus áitiúla. I gcásanna mar Drayton Hall, Montpelier agus Oatlands, táimid ag tógáil caidrimh le sliocht na ndaoine a bhí ina sclábhaithe sna háiteanna seo agus ag obair leo chun an stair seo a léiriú. Tá ár suíomhanna ar an mbóthar freisin maidir le haistriúchán na sclábhaíochta a nascadh le saincheisteanna comhaimseartha. Ag President Lincoln's Cottage, tá clárú an láithreáin nasctha go sainráite agus go láidir le gáinneáil ar dhaoine sa 21ú haois. Ag Woodlawn, cuireann ár gcomhpháirtíocht le Lárionad Arcadia le haghaidh Bia agus Talmhaíochta Inbhuanaithe deis chun stair na gCuaicéirí a thairiscint a d'éirigh le talamh ar an suíomh chun feirmeoirí dubha a shaoradh ar an oíche roimh an gCogadh Cathartha agus é a nascadh le hobair reatha chun aghaidh a thabhairt ar neamhionannas laistigh den chóras bia.
Feirmeacha Arcadia ag Woodlawn Plantation. ☐ Creidmheas: Jason Clement/ National Trust for Historic Preservation
Ag breathnú siar ar an alt a scríobhadh 15 bliain ó shin, táim iontas freisin ar an bhfíric go bhfuil imní ar fhoireann ár láithreáin fós faoi conas labhairt le cuairteoirí faoi ábhair chasta amhail sclábhaíocht. Sa lá atá inniu ann, áfach, cuireann an chuid is mó de na suíomhanna oiliúint shonracha ar fáil maidir le conas aghaidh a thabhairt ar na hábhair chonspóideacha agus cuireann an fhoireann léargas agus ábhair inrochtana le chéile. Mar a dúirt mé i go leor de na hoiliúintí agus na cruinnithe seo, tá ár n-imní faoi na rudaí ceart a rá bailí agus tábhachtach, ach níor cheart go gcuirfeadh siad bac orainn labhairt faoi sclábhaíocht.
Is dóigh liom má tá aon bhaint amach de na 15 bliana anuas, tá sé go bhfuil na baill foirne t ceist cibé acu ar chóir dóibh a léiriú sclábhaíocht nó nach. Sa lá atá inniu ann, do na suíomhanna sin go léir a bhfuil a stair ag baint leis an ábhar sclábhaíochta, tá sé ina théama ina scéal níos leithne. Agus tá na léirmhínithe ar stair Mheiriceá Afracach ag ár suíomhanna leathnaithe chun an turas níos leithne ó sclábhaíocht go saoirse a scrúdú - a bhfuil athrú iomlán agus méadaitheach araon air - agus conas a léirítear é inár bhfoirgnimh, tírdhreacha agus bailiúcháin rudaí. I roinnt suíomhanna, tá léiriú stair Mheiriceá Afracach níos suntasaí ná a chéile. I ngach suíomh, glacann sé foirmeacha éagsúla agus atá ag teacht chun cinn.
Mar sin, cén fáth go bhfuil sé seo tábhachtach? Tá sé tábhachtach toisc go mbeidh milliún cuairteoir ag teacht trí Shuíomhanna Stairiúla an Chontae Náisiúnta i mbliana, agus tá an deis againn cabhrú leo tuiscint a fháil ar institiúid uafásach na sclábhaíochta agus conas a léirigh sé é féin i saol daoine. Le 15 bliana anuas (agus roimh sin), bhí ár suíomhanna stairiúla agus daoine eile sa tír seo i mbun díospóireachta leanúnach, smaointeoireachta agus tógálach sa deireadh faoi sclábhaíocht agus ciníochas. Chun a bheith cinnte, ní bhíonn an comhrá seo compordach nó éasca i gcónaí, ach tarlaíonn sé go comhsheasmhach agus tarlaíonn sé leis an bhfíor-chinntiú agus an fírinne nach féidir a bheith ann ach amháin i gcás sean, i gcás ina tharla stair agus go bhfuil stair á chaomhnú agus go bhfuil stair nasctha leis an láthair. Mar a dúirt ár n-uachtarán Stephanie K. Meeks i óráid le déanaí ag an Ionad Rí i Atlanta,
Táimid tiomanta a leanúint ag iniúchadh an bealach is fearr chun comóradh a dhéanamh ar na caibidil níos casta agus níos deacra dár scéal.
Níl ár gcuid oibre chun an sclábhaíocht a léiriú ag Áiteanna Stairiúla an Chontae Náisiúnta i bhfad ó dheireadh, agus tá níos mó oibre le déanamh againn chun scéalta grúpaí imeallaithe eile a insint níos fearr ag ár suíomhanna. Cá mbeidh muid i gceann 15 bliana maidir le scéalta LGBTQ a insint? An mbeidh an oiread sin dul chun cinn déanta againn i ngleic le mí-úsáid agus mí-thuigtheanna fíricí a bhaineann le stair LGBTQ ar ár suíomhanna? Tá súil agam.
Le deich mí anuas, beidh muid ag tabhairt an díospóireacht sin chuig Fóram Ceannais Chosaint mar a chloisimid ó shuíomhanna stairiúla éagsúla an Chontae Náisiúnta i bpostanna aonair ar an mblag faoi a léirmhínithe éagsúla ar an sclábhaíocht. Agus in 2016, táimid ag súil le cruinniú eile a thionól ó fhoireann ó ár láithreáin chun plé a dhéanamh ar mhíniú sclábhaíochta - cá háit a dtéann muid ón áit seo agus conas a chabhraímid lena chéile ar an mbealach. Tá go leor le foghlaim anseo, go leor le plé, agus go leor le tógáil air. Bí linn sa chaint seo le do thoil.
Is í Katherine Malone-France an leas-uachtarán le haghaidh láithreáin stairiúla ag an Iontaobhas Náisiúnta um Chaomhnú Stairiúil. #Síthe Stairiúla #Afraice-Mheiriceánach #Interpretation #Woodlawn #Diversity |
An advanced IP scanner can be an advanced tool to scan a range of IP address and it can be theoretic for advanced methods for scanning IPs. In this article, we will try to explain both. The theory of a scanner with a list of IP scanners that you can download and use.
Due to the nature of our discussion on this article, we are going to start with some explanation of common terms in related to IP scans. So, let’s start from the start.
What is IP address?
An IP address is a number, a 32-bit number. It contains 4 fields of 8-bit numbers, from 0 to 255 with dot as a separated. This is true for representing an IP v4. It can also be a 128-bit, alphanumeric string separated by a colon (:) for representing IP v6. You can probably ask yourself, why we have IPv4 and IPv6? This is due to the fact that in 32-bit the unique numbers of possible addresses are limited, and there are lots of devices connected to the internet. The need for more unique addresses developed in the form of IPv6.
If you think of your local address, in the place you are leaving now. An IP address is your virtual address over the internet. Using this address, information can be sent out of your device and the reply can be sent back into your device.
IPv4 – IPv6:
I run the ipconfig command line too on my windows 10 operating system and output of the command can show you the 2 types of IP address
IPv4 Will look like: 10.100.102.3
IPv6 will looks like: fe80::4889:2fb9:2338:bbb4%14
Here is a screen from the ipconfig command output:
The network subnet can refer to the number of IPs in a network. This can be set by a subnet mask. With a subnet mask, you can define the numbers of IP addresses in a network. The subnet mask can be represented in two ways. It can be something like 255.255.255.0 and it can be the IP address with a backslash (/) and a number like 10.100.102.3/24.
The idea is to create a separated network inside the organization more easily. Also, there is a different starting address for the inner IP address, inside the organization or home and Internet IP Address. Most of the inner IP addresses will start with 10.??.??.?? or 192.168.??.??. There is also another special address name APIPA – Automatic Private IP Addressing that assigns an address from 169.254. 0.0 to 169.254. 255.255 to the device if there is no DHCP and there was no manual IP address assign.
A DHCP server is a network server that can be configured to automatically assign IP addresses to every device that connected to that network. DHCP stands for Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol. It manages the IP addresses assigned on the network. From assign IP address to remove and renew them and it has more options.
What are ports?
I also wanted to talk about ports is related to IP address. If an IP address can be comparing to your physical home address, then ports are your house door and windows. Let’s start with a small example. When you open your favorite web browser and surf into one of your favorite websites. The connection using a default port for that. If the site uses a secure connection, HTTPS, the port will be 443 and if it does not use a secure connection, HTTP, the port is 80.
This means that every service that works on the internet needs to have an open port to listen for incoming connections. There are default ports assigned to known services. The IANA – Internet Assigned Numbers Authority is responsible for port number assign. On our front page you can see some default ports that assign to services.
List of Advanced IP scanner tools:
Here is a list of IP scanners and advanced IP scanners that you can find and download from the web. Most of them are free. Some works on one operating system like Windows, Linux, or Mac. Others can work on all of them. You can find this information on the tool website.
- Advanced IP scanner.
- Angry IP scanner.
- Free IP Scanner.
- SolarWinds IP Address Manager.
- Spiceworks IP scanner.
- Lizard System network scanner.
- Lansweeper IP Range Scanner.
- Lwaxx Lan Scan.
- Umit Network Scanner.
How to develop an IP scanner:
So, what is it take to develop an IP scanner? It all depends on how deep you want to go. You can use a socket to build a scanner and you can use a higher library to craft one.
In general, you will have an IP or URL as the starting point. Once you have it you need to extract its subnet mask, to create a list of IP addresses. The next step is to ping each one of them to check if it is up or down. This can also be done by sending an arp command to the network. Now that you have all the answering IP addresses it is time to get information from each one of them. This information can be some, all, or more than the following:
- List of Open ports.
- Service that uses this port.
- Name of the device.
- Device MAC address.
- Web application.
From here, it is up to you where to take this tool. Some tools contain built-in scripts to detect more information, like the operation system. Other have a remote control option using RDP or other protocol.
Where to go next?
You can download one or more of the tools to try them on your local network. One of the benefits of using a tool like that, even on your home network, if the option to find the address of devices that does not belong to you, but using your network line. If you manage to find such. It is time to change your router or switch your password. I would also be recommending changing your PC password. Just in case.
If you are a developer, it can be a nice challenge to actually create an IP scanner tool. With the programing language that you know. Inform us, using the contact page, if you want us to give it a try, and maybe a post on our site with a link to your tool
Check out some other tools guides that we have on this website, like some good to know command-line tools. You can look at our free online and offline tools.
Some last words:
We have here a list of 15 Advanced Ip Scanner tools. Most of them are free to use and can be downloaded from the internet. Please note, that scanning without permission is illegal and can get you in trouble.
If you have another tool that you want to recommend us, please use the contact page to drop us a link and info. We will take a look on the tool and we might add it to the above list.
Hope you enjoy this article and if you have any question please contact us. If you can please share this article on your social network. This can help us. | <urn:uuid:64c02c36-11cf-4525-ae9c-ef076c98ee22> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://openport.net/advanced-ip-scanner/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038088731.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20210416065116-20210416095116-00337.warc.gz | en | 0.924819 | 1,513 | 3.328125 | 3 | Is féidir le scannóir IP chun cinn a bheith ina uirlis chun raon seoltaí IP a scanadh agus is féidir é a bheith teoiriciúil le haghaidh modhanna chun cinn chun IPanna a scanadh. San alt seo, déanfaimid iarracht an dá cheann a mhíniú. Teoiric scánaire le liosta de scánairí IP is féidir leat a íoslódáil agus a úsáid.
Mar gheall ar nádúr ár bplé ar an alt seo, táimid chun tosú le roinnt míniú ar théarmaí coitianta a bhaineann le scanadh IP. Mar sin, a ligean ar tús a chur leis an tús.
Cad é seoladh IP?
Is uimhir é seoladh IP, uimhir 32-giotán. Tá 4 réimse de uimhreacha 8-giotán ann, ó 0 go 255 le ponc mar a scaradh. Tá sé seo fíor le haghaidh ionadaíocht IP v4. Is féidir é a bheith ina shraith alfanúmeric 128-giotán freisin, arna scaradh le colún (:) chun ionadaíocht a dhéanamh ar IP v6. Is dócha go bhféadfá a iarraidh ort féin, cén fáth go bhfuil IPv4 agus IPv6 againn? Tá sé seo mar gheall ar an bhfíric go bhfuil líon uathúil na seoltaí féideartha teoranta i 32-giotán, agus go bhfuil go leor feistí ceangailte leis an idirlíon. Tá an gá le seoltaí níos uathúla a forbraíodh i bhfoirm IPv6.
Má smaoiníonn tú ar do sheoladh áitiúil, sa áit a bhfuil tú ag fágáil anois. Is é seoladh IP do sheoladh fíorúil ar an idirlíon. Ag baint úsáide as an seoladh seo, is féidir faisnéis a sheoladh amach as do ghléas agus is féidir an freagra a sheoladh ar ais isteach i do ghléas.
IPv4 IPv6:
Tá mé ag rith an líne ordaithe ipconfig freisin ar mo chóras oibriúcháin Windows 10 agus is féidir aschur an ordaithe a thaispeáint duit an 2 cineálacha seoltaí IP
Beidh IPv4 cosúil le: 10.100.102.3
Beidh IPv6 cosúil le: fe80::4889:2fb9:2338:bbb4%14
Seo scáileán ón aschur ipconfig:
Is féidir leis an bhfoghréasán líonra tagairt a dhéanamh do líon na n-IPanna i líonra. Is féidir é seo a shocrú le masc foghréasán. Le masc foghréasán, is féidir leat líon na seoltaí IP a shainmhíniú i líonra. Is féidir masc foghréasán a léiriú ar dhá bhealach. Is féidir é a bheith rud éigin cosúil le 255.255.255.0 agus is féidir é a bheith ar an seoladh IP le backslash (/) agus uimhir cosúil le 10.100.102.3/24.
Is é an smaoineamh ná líonra ar leithligh a chruthú laistigh den eagraíocht níos éasca. Chomh maith leis sin, tá seoladh tosaigh difriúil don seoladh IP inmheánach, laistigh den eagraíocht nó den bhaile agus seoladh IP Idirlín. Tosóidh an chuid is mó de na seoltaí IP inmheánacha le 10.??.??.?? nó 192.168.??.??. Tá seoladh speisialta eile ann freisin APIPA Seoladh IP Príobháideach Uathoibríoch a thugann seoladh ó 169.254. 0.0 go 169.254. 255.255 chuig an gléas mura bhfuil DHCP ann agus mura raibh seoladh IP deartha de láimh.
Is freastalaí líonra é freastalaí DHCP ar féidir é a chumrú chun seoltaí IP a shannadh go huathoibríoch do gach feiste a nascadh leis an líonra sin. Is éard atá i DHCP Prótacal Cúntóireachta Óstach Dinimiciúil. Bainistíonn sé na seoltaí IP a shanntar ar an líonra. Ó seoladh IP a shannadh chun iad a bhaint agus a athnuachan agus tá sé níos mó roghanna.
Cad iad calafoirt?
Ba mhaith liom freisin chun labhairt faoi calafoirt a bhaineann le seoladh IP. Má tá seoladh IP in ann comparáid a dhéanamh le do sheoladh baile fisiciúil, ansin is é portanna do dhoirse agus do fhuinneoga tí. Tosaímid le sampla beag. Nuair a osclaíonn tú do bhrabhsálaí gréasáin is fearr leat agus surfáil isteach i gceann de do shuíomhanna Gréasáin is fearr leat. An nasc ag baint úsáide as port réamhshocraithe chun sin. Má úsáideann an suíomh nasc slán, HTTPS, beidh an calafort 443 agus mura n-úsáideann sé nasc slán, HTTP, is é an calafort 80.
Ciallaíonn sé seo go gcaithfidh port oscailte a bheith ag gach seirbhís a oibríonn ar an idirlíon chun éisteacht le haghaidh naisc iontrála. Tá calafoirt réamhshocraithe a shanntar do sheirbhísí ar a dtugtar. Tá an t-údarás um uimhreacha a shanntar ar an Idirlíon (IANA Internet Assigned Numbers Authority) freagrach as uimhreacha calafoirt a shannadh. Ar ár leathanach tosaigh is féidir leat a fheiceáil roinnt calafoirt réamhshocraithe a shannadh do sheirbhísí.
Liosta de uirlisí scánaithe IP Ardteicneolaíochta:
Seo liosta de scanners IP agus scanners IP chun cinn is féidir leat a fháil agus a íoslódáil ón ngréasán. Tá an chuid is mó acu saor in aisce. Oibríonn cuid acu ar chóras oibriúcháin amháin cosúil le Windows, Linux, nó Mac. Is féidir le daoine eile obair ar na cinn go léir. Is féidir an fhaisnéis seo a fháil ar shuíomh gréasáin na huirlisí.
- Scannálaí IP chun cinn.
- Scannálaí IP feargach.
- Scannálaí IP saor in aisce.
- Bainisteoir Seoltaí IP SolarWinds.
- Scannálaí IP Spiceworks.
- Léim líonra an Chórais Lizard.
- Scannálaí Réimse IP Lansweeper.
- Luas-Scanáil Lwaxx Lan.
- Umit Scannálaí Líonra.
Conas scannóir IP a fhorbairt:
Mar sin, cad a thógann sé chun scánaire IP a fhorbairt? Braitheann sé ar fad ar cé chomh domhain is mian leat dul. Is féidir leat soicéad a úsáid chun scannóir a thógáil agus is féidir leat leabharlann níos airde a úsáid chun ceann a dhéanamh.
Go ginearálta, beidh IP nó URL agat mar phointe tosaigh. Nuair a bheidh sé agat ní mór duit a masc fo-líne a bhaint, chun liosta de sheoladh IP a chruthú. Is é an chéad chéim eile chun ping gach ceann acu a sheiceáil má tá sé suas nó síos. Is féidir é seo a dhéanamh freisin trí ordú arp a sheoladh chuig an líonra. Anois go bhfuil na seoltaí IP freagartha go léir agat, tá sé in am faisnéis a fháil ó gach ceann acu. Is féidir leis an bhfaisnéis seo cuid de na nithe seo a leanas, iad uile nó níos mó a bheith ann:
- Liosta de chalafoirt oscailte.
- Seirbhís a úsáideann an calafort seo.
- Ainm an fheiste.
- Seoladh MAC an fheiste.
- Iarratas gréasáin.
Ón áit seo, tá sé suas leat cá háit a thógann tú an uirlis. Tá scripteanna i bhfeidhm i roinnt uirlisí chun tuilleadh faisnéise a bhrath, cosúil leis an gcóras oibriúcháin. Tá rogha rialaithe iargúlta ag daoine eile ag baint úsáide as RDP nó prótacal eile.
Cá háit a théann tú amach romhainn?
Is féidir leat ceann amháin nó níos mó de na huirlisí a íoslódáil chun iad a thriail ar do líonra áitiúil. Ceann de na buntáistí a bhaineann le huirlis mar sin a úsáid, fiú ar do líonra baile, má tá an rogha chun teacht ar an seoladh na bhfeistí nach mbaineann leat, ach ag baint úsáide as do líne líonra. Má éiríonn leat a aimsiú den sórt sin. Tá sé in am do ródaire a athrú nó do phasfhocal a athrú. Ba mhaith liom a mholadh freisin a athrú do phasfhocal ríomhaire. Ach amháin i gcás.
Má tá tú ag forbróir, is féidir go mbeadh sé ina dhúshlán deas uirlis scánaithe IP a chruthú i ndáiríre. Leis an teanga cláir a bhfuil a fhios agat. Cuir in iúl dúinn, ag baint úsáide as an leathanach teagmhála, más mian leat dúinn a thabhairt dó iarracht, agus b'fhéidir post ar ár suíomh le nasc chuig do uirlis
Seiceáil roinnt treoracha uirlisí eile go bhfuil againn ar an suíomh gréasáin seo, cosúil le roinnt maith a fhios uirlisí líne ordaithe. Is féidir leat féachaint ar ár n-uirlisí saor in aisce ar líne agus as líne.
Cúpla focal deireanach:
Tá liosta againn anseo de 15 uirlisí Scannálaí Ip Fheabhsúcháin. Tá an chuid is mó acu saor in aisce le húsáid agus is féidir iad a íoslódáil ón idirlíon. Tabhair faoi deara, le do thoil, go bhfuil scanadh gan chead neamhdhleathach agus go bhféadfadh sé tú a chur i dtrioblóid.
Má tá uirlis eile agat ar mhaith leat a mholadh dúinn, bain úsáid as an leathanach teagmhála le do thoil chun nasc agus faisnéis a tharchur chugainn. Déanaimid breathnú ar an uirlis agus b'fhéidir go gcuirfimid é leis an liosta thuas.
Tá súil agam go mbainfidh tú taitneamh as an alt seo agus má tá aon cheist agat, déan teagmháil linn. Má tá tú in ann, roinn an t-alt seo ar do líonra sóisialta. Is féidir leis seo cabhrú linn. |
Communicating effectively is one of the key steps to performing well in a job interview. Good communication lets an interviewer know you're articulate, educated and personable and it helps you get your important qualifications known. Learn a few methods of how to communicate effectively in a job interview so you make a good impression on potential employers.
1Utilize small talk.
- Communicate effectively in a job interview by using the small talk at the beginning to your advantage. Smile, respond to pleasantries and be sure to shake your interviewer's hand. The small talk exchanged at the beginning of the interview will help the interviewer gain an understanding of your personality and how you communicate with people.
- Effective communication in a job interview should focus on positive or neutral topics, not negative ones. Avoid mentioning any negative news issues or controversial current events that will cause the mood of the interview to shift in a negative direction.
3Answer the questions.
- Communicate clearly in a job interview by answering the questions you're asked succinctly without elaboration or extra examples. Your interviewer will ask for examples if they're needed. Answer questions thoroughly and completely, but don't ramble or stray far from the original questions asked.
- Your interviewer will likely be friendly and might try to make you feel comfortable, but this doesn't mean you should treat the interviewer like your friend. Remember that you're in a business setting interviewing for a professional position and conduct yourself accordingly.
5Skip the slang.
- Speak professionally during your interview with complete sentences and no slang terms or colloquialisms. This doesn't mean using big words outside your normal vocabulary. Just speak in a professional, polished way.
- Avoid using filler words like "um" or "like" in sentences or to fill gaps in the conversation when you're speaking during the interview. This habit will make you sound unpolished and unprofessional. Practice conducting an interview-length conversation with a friend and focus on eliminating these words from your speech if this is something you tend to do when you're nervous or speaking in public.
7Let the interviewer run the interview.
- It's important to let your interviewer steer the interview in the direction he wants or needs it to go. Don't interrupt him or change topics if he's discussing something. Ask for a moment at the end of the interview if you feel you have an important qualification to mention or skill that you would like to highlight.
- Take a few deep breaths to calm down if you feel yourself getting nervous or overwhelmed during the interview. This pause will help you regain focus and maintain your level of confidence.
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In other languages:
Español: comunicarte eficazmente en una entrevista de trabajo, Русский: правильно вести разговор во время собеседования, Italiano: Comunicare in Modo Efficace in un'Intervista di Lavoro, Português: se Comunicar de Maneira Eficaz numa Entrevista de Emprego
Thanks to all authors for creating a page that has been read 49,980 times. | <urn:uuid:5c93531f-aa23-47b9-947a-62c127bbd553> | CC-MAIN-2015-22 | http://www.wikihow.com/Communicate-Effectively-in-a-Job-Interview | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-22/segments/1432207928114.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20150521113208-00338-ip-10-180-206-219.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.894949 | 707 | 2.53125 | 3 | Tá cumarsáid éifeachtach ar cheann de na príomhchéimeanna chun feidhmiú go maith i agallamh poist. Tugann cumarsáid mhaith le fios don agallamh go bhfuil tú in ann do chuid focal a fhocal, go bhfuil oideachas agat agus go bhfuil duine pearsanta agat agus cabhraíonn sé leat do cháilíochtaí tábhachtacha a chur in iúl. Foghlaim cúpla modh chun cumarsáid a dhéanamh go héifeachtach i agallamh fostaíochta ionas go mbeidh dea-iontas ort ar fhostóirí féideartha.
1Bain úsáid as comhrá beag.
- Cumarsáid éifeachtach a dhéanamh i agallamh poist trí úsáid a bhaint as an gcaint bheag ag an tús chun do bhuntáiste. Smioc, freagróigí ar chúrsaí taitneamhach agus bí cinnte lámh a chur le do chomhairleoir. Beidh an t-aistriú beag ag tús an agallaimh ag cabhrú leis an agallaimh tuiscint a fháil ar do phearsantacht agus ar an gcaoi a labhraíonn tú le daoine.
- Ba cheart go mbeadh cumarsáid éifeachtach i agallamh poist dírithe ar ábhair dhearfacha nó neodracha, ní ar ábhair dhiúltacha. Seachain aon ábhar nuachta diúltach nó imeachtaí reatha conspóideacha a lua a chuirfidh stádas an agallaimh i dtreo diúltach.
3freagraí ar na ceisteanna.
- Cumarsáid a dhéanamh go soiléir i agallamh poist trí na ceisteanna a chuirtear ort a fhreagairt go hachomair gan mionsonraíocht nó samplaí breise. Iarrfaidh do agallamh samplaí má tá gá leo. Freagraigh ar cheisteanna go críochnúil agus go hiomlán, ach ná déan ramble nó imeacht i bhfad ón bhfíricí a cuireadh.
- Is dócha go mbeidh do chomhairleoir cairdiúil agus go bhféadfadh sé iarracht a dhéanamh go mbraitheann tú compordach, ach ní chiallaíonn sé seo gur chóir duit déileáil leis an chomhairleoir mar do chara. Cuimhnigh go bhfuil tú i suíomh gnó ag agallamh le haghaidh post gairmiúil agus déan tú féin dá réir sin.
5 Ná bíodh an slang ort.
- Labhair go gairmiúil le linn do agallaimh le habairtí iomlána agus gan aon téarmaí slang ná focal-ealaín. Ní chiallaíonn sé seo go n-úsáideann tú focail mhóra lasmuigh de do ghnáthfhocal. Labhair go gairmiúil, ar bhealach póraithe.
- Seachain focail líonta cosúil le "um" nó "mar" a úsáid i bpreasaí nó chun bearnaí sa chaibidil a líonadh nuair a bhíonn tú ag labhairt le linn an agallaimh. Beidh an cleachtadh a dhéanamh duit fuaim unpolished agus unprofessional. Déan cleachtadh ar chomhrá a dhéanamh le cara agus dírigh ar na focail seo a bhaint as do chaint má tá sé seo rud a bhíonn tú ag déanamh nuair a bhíonn imní ort nó ag labhairt i bpobal.
7Lig don agallaimh an agallaimh a dhéanamh.
- Tá sé tábhachtach go ligfidh tú do agallaimh an agallamh a stiúradh sa treo is mian leis nó is gá dó dul. Ná cuir isteach air nó ná athraigh an téama má tá rud éigin á phlé aige. Iarr ar nóiméad ag deireadh an agallaimh má bhraitheann tú go bhfuil cáilíocht tábhachtach agat le lua nó scileanna ar mhaith leat a chur i bhfios.
- Tóg cúpla anailís domhain chun tú féin a scíth a ligean má bhraitheann tú go bhfuil tú ag éirí néarógach nó faoi bhrú le linn an agallaimh. Cabhróidh an sos seo leat díriú ar ais agus do leibhéal muiníne a choinneáil.
D'fhéadfaimis do chabhair a úsáid i ndáiríre!
Foinsí agus Luathruithe
Catagóirí: Scileanna agallaimh
I dteangacha eile:
Español: comunicarte eficazmente en una entrevista de trabajo, Русский: правильно вести разговор во время собеседования, Italiano: Comunicare in Modo Efficace in un'Intervista di Lavoro, Português: se Comunicar de Maneira Eficaz numa Entrevista de Emprego
Go raibh maith agat do na húdair go léir as leathanach a chruthú a léitear 49,980 uair. |
1. Name two ways in which the Pawnee helped the United States Army.
Pawnee scouts protected the Union Pacific Railroad when it was under construction.
Pawnee scouts fought alongside U.S. Army to defeat Sioux, Cheyenne, and Arapaho tribes.
2. The American Indians lived in several different types of homes. List and describe at least two of these.
3. The pipe in the Nebraska Trailblazer was made of _________ this material was found in ________ in __________. Catlinite, quarries, Southern Minnesota
4. Name three materials used by American Indians to make the spoon in the Nebraska Trailblazer.
bison horn, glass beads, horse hair, metal cones, quills
5. In Oto or Omaha, the word Nebraska means ____ ______. Flat river
6. What was Petalesharo known for? Saving a Comanche girl from being sacrificed by the Pawnees to the Morning Star.
7. Draw the design used by the Sioux on their moccasins.
8. These famous American Indian chiefs were leaders of which tribes?
Spotted Tail - Brule Sioux
Red Cloud - Ogalala Sioux
Ietan - Oto | <urn:uuid:49878c63-2148-495e-92ea-c3160f8dcde5> | CC-MAIN-2015-22 | http://www.nebraskahistory.org/museum/teachers/material/trail/indians/answers.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-22/segments/1432207924991.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20150521113204-00293-ip-10-180-206-219.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.942885 | 260 | 3.53125 | 4 | 1. an t-am a bhí ann. Luaigh dhá bhealach ar chabhraigh na Pawnee le hAeráid na Stát Aontaithe.
Chúnnaigh scouts Pawnee iarnród an Aontais Theas-Chomhachta nuair a bhí sé á thógáil.
Throid scouts Pawnee taobh le hAeráid na Stát Aontaithe chun trioblóidí Sioux, Cheyenne, agus Arapaho a bhuachan.
2. Seachadadh. Bhí na hIndiaigh Mheiriceá ina gcónaí i roinnt cineálacha éagsúla tithe. Liostaigh agus cur síos ar dhá cheann ar a laghad díobh seo.
3. Tá an t-am ann. Baineadh an píopa sa Nebraska Trailblazer as _________ ________ i __________. Catlinite, carraí, Minnesota Theas
4. Tá an t-am Ainmníodh trí ábhar a d'úsáid Indiaigh Mheiriceá chun an spúnóg a dhéanamh sa Nebraska Trailblazer.
corn bison, gránna gloine, gruaig capall, cóna miotail, piollaí
5. Tá an t-am ann. I Oto nó Omaha, ciallaíonn an focal Nebraska ____ ______. Abhainn Flat
6. Ceacht. Cén t-ábhar a raibh aithne ag Petalesharo air? Ag sábháil cailín Comanche ó bheith íobairt ag na Pawnees go dtí an Morning Star.
7. Ceacht. Déan dearadh ar an dearadh a úsáideann na Sioux ar a moccasins.
8. Ceacht. Cé na treibheanna a bhí ina cheannairí ar na ceannairí cáiliúla Indiach Mheiriceá seo?
Scaoil Spotted - Brule Sioux
Red Cloud - Sioux Ogalala
Ietan - Oto |
Reaction rates for energy transfer in floppy complexes calculated from first principles.
- We developed the Divide-to-Conquer (DtC) model for computing internal conversion reaction rates from first principles.
- The model is tailored for energy transfer in weakly-coupled floppy complexes.
- DtC shows that singlet oxygen generation rates are deeply dependent on the O2 – photosensitizer reaction direction.
For decades, photosensitizers (PS) for singlet oxygen (1O2) generation have been developed for applications in chemical synthesis and phototherapy. In the most relevant channel in solution, it takes place through the reaction
1[3PS+3O2] → 1[1PS+1O2], (1)
in which a singlet complex (with each monomer in the triplet state) undergoes internal conversion to another singlet state of the complex (but now with the monomers also in the singlet state).
Computational theoretical chemistry has been quite timid in the treatment of such process due to the difficulties related to the underlying intermolecular energy-transfer problem, the floppy nature of the PS-O2 complex, and the open-shell character of the system.
Shuming Bai and I have been working on a research program to face this challenge. Step by step, we have built the basis to calculate the reaction rates for Reaction (1). Taking thiothymines as a prototypical PS, we started by explaining their absorption spectroscopy and formation of the triplet PS; then, we showed how the triplet PS can be lost before interacting with oxygen. In our most recent work, we address the how to compute reaction rates .
To compute such rates, we developed a model named Divide to Conquer (DtC). The model is an extension of the Marcus theory for the inverted region, from parabolic potential curves to parabolic sheets, as illustrated in the figure below. Such additional dimension D, corresponding to the intermolecular coordinate between PS and O2, should be taken into account due to the fact that, first, the complex does not form rigid structures and, second, D does not contribute to the crossing between the initial and final states. This crossing occurs along the intramolecular coordinates R of PS.
Under the hypothesis that the interaction energy between the monomers mainly depends on D, we showed that the quantities needed to calculate the rate as a function of D—the activation energy, the reorganization energy, and the diabatic coupling—-can all be obtained by a minimum set of routine quantum chemical calculations involving:
- determination of the triplet state minimum for the isolated PS;
- determination of the triplet/singlet crossing point for the isolated PS;
- calculation of the rigid energy profile between these two geometries;
- calculation of a rigid energy profile (and nonadiabatic couplings) along D for the frozen PS-O2 complex.
These quantities are all we need to feed the DtC model, which directly delivers the rates for Reaction (1) as a function of D, as shown in the figure below for two different PS-O2 incidence directions.
Applying the DtC model to study singlet oxygen photosensitized by 6-aza-2-thiothymine, we learned that there is a strong dependence of the reaction rate on the PS-O2 incidence directions and final electronic states. Rates for different directions may differ by a factor 1000. Independently of direction, the singlet oxygen yield in the 1Σg state exceeds that in the 1Δg state by a factor 10. | <urn:uuid:9517b8d7-b149-44a2-ad85-47e5aad02247> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | https://barbatti.org/2017/10/12/a-kinetic-model-for-singlet-oxygen-photogeneration/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676590127.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20180718095959-20180718115959-00402.warc.gz | en | 0.924814 | 755 | 2.71875 | 3 | Tá rátaí imoibrithe le haghaidh aistrithe fuinnimh i gcomhdhúile floppy a ríomhadh ó na chéad phrionsabail.
- Forbraíomar an tsamhail 'Díol-chun-Conquer' (DtC) chun rátaí imoibrithe comhshó inmheánacha a ríomh ó phrionsabail tosaigh.
- Tá an tsamhail oiriúnaithe le haghaidh aistrithe fuinnimh i gcomhdhúile floppy lag-chruinnithe.
- Léiríonn DtC go bhfuil rátaí giniúna ocsaigine singlet ag brath go mór ar threo imoibrithe an O2 photosensitizer.
Le blianta fada anuas, forbraíodh léasairí solais (PS) le haghaidh giniúint ocsaigine singlet (1O2) le haghaidh iarratais i sintéis cheimiceach agus i bhfóthoiripe. Sa chainéal is ábhartha i tuaslagán, déantar é trí na frithghníomhartha
1[3PS+3O2] → 1[1PS+1O2], (1)
ina ndéantar comhdhéanamh singléad (le gach monómar sa stát trí-chomhdhéanta) a thiontú go hinmheánach go stát singléad eile den chomhdhéanta (ach anois leis na monóimirí freisin sa stát singléad).
Bhí ceimic teoiriciúil ríomhaireachta an-chomhfhurta i gcaitheamh próiseas den sórt sin mar gheall ar na deacrachtaí a bhaineann leis an bhfadhb ina bhfuil aistriú fuinnimh idirmholaíoch, nádúr floppy an choimpléisc PS-O2, agus carachtar oscailte an chórais.
Tá mé féin agus Shuming Bai ag obair ar chlár taighde chun aghaidh a thabhairt ar an dúshlán seo. Céim i ndiaidh chéim, tá an bonn curtha ar bun againn chun na rátaí imoibrithe a ríomh do Réamhghníomh (1). Ag glacadh leis na thiothymines mar PS proto-thiománach, thosaigh muid ag míniú a speictroscóp ionsú agus foirmiú an PS tríphlé; ansin, léirigh muid conas is féidir an PS tríphlé a chailleadh sula n-idirghníomhaíonn sé le ocsaigin. I ár n-oibre is déanaí, déileálann muid leis an conas a ríomh ráta imoibrithe .
Chun ráta den sórt sin a ríomh, d'fhorbair muid samhail dar teideal 'Díol chun Conquer' (DtC). Is síneadh den teoiric Marcus don réigiún aistrithe é an tsamhail, ó chúrsaí féidearthachta parabólacha go bileoga parabólacha, mar a léirítear sa phigiúr thíos. Ba cheart an méid breise D sin, a fhreagraíonn don chomhordú idirmhóilíneach idir PS agus O2, a chur san áireamh mar gheall ar an bhfíric, ar an gcéad dul síos, nach gcruthaíonn an coimpléasc struchtúir dhúbailte agus, ar an dara dul síos, nach gcuireann D le trasnú idir na staidí tosaigh agus deiridh. Tarlaíonn an trasnú seo ar feadh comhordanáidí intramolecular R de PS.
Faoin hipitéis go bhfuil fuinneamh idirghníomhaíochta idir na monomers ag brath go príomha ar D, léirigh muid gur féidir na méideanna a theastaíonn chun an ráta a ríomh mar fheidhm de D an fuinneamh gníomhachtaithe, an fuinneamh athchruthú, agus an lánúine diaibéadach a fháil trí shraith íosta de ríomhleithleachtaí ceimiceacha cuanta a bhaineann le:
- an íosmhéid staid triúchlaigh a chinneadh don PS iargúlta;
- an pointe trasnaithe trí-phósta/single a chinneadh don PS iargúlta;
- próifíl fuinnimh daingean a ríomh idir an dá gheoiméide;
- próifíl fuinnimh daingean (agus cóipeálacha neamh-adiabatic) a ríomh ar feadh D don choimpléasc reoite PS-O2.
Is iad na méideanna seo go léir a theastaíonn uainn chun an tsamhail DtC a chothú, a sholáthraíonn na rátaí d'Aireabhlóid (1) go díreach mar fheidhm de D, mar a léirítear sa phictiúr thíos do dhá threo insidine PS-O2 éagsúla.
Ag cur an múnla DtC i bhfeidhm chun ocsaigin singlet a rinne 6-aza-2-thiothymine a fhótas-fhaireachasú a staidéar, d'fhoghlaim muid go bhfuil spleáchas láidir ag an ráta imoibrithe ar threochtaí teagmhála PS-O2 agus ar staidí leictreonacha deiridh. D'fhéadfadh go mbeadh difríocht i rátaí do threochtaí éagsúla de réir fachtóir 1000. Is beag beann ar an treo, tá an toradh ocsaigine singlet i riocht 1Σg níos mó ná an méid sin i riocht 1Δg de réir fachtóir 10. |
By Dr. Ronald S. Federici
While the role of the Developmental Neuropsychologist is to evaluate intellectual-cognitive, memory processing, learning aptitude, and problem-solving strategies, a critical duty may actually be in the evaluation of a child’s emotional integrity and perception of relationships. The interplay between neurocognitive development and emotions encompasses basic neurobiology which suggests that human emotions, reactions, interactions and attachments may be strongly mediated by a combination of genetic, neurochemical, neurocognitive and environmental factors. As there has been a tremendous amount of discussion regarding “attachment disorders” in the post-institutionalized child, the current psychological research focuses almost solely on the effects of deprivation and abandonment and the creation of an “attachment disorder” without a more detailed understanding of the role of innate neurocognitive functioning.
While abandonment and institutionalization most certainly has a profound impact on a child’s ability to develop trust, bonding and security in newly adoptive relationships, an emphasis needs to be placed on the integrity of the post-institutionalized child’s higher-level neurocognitive abilities with a comprehensive assessment regarding the availability of “innate skills” needed for bonding, attachment and the development of appropriate social-interactional and reciprocal behaviors. While many children with post-institutionalized attachment disorders may display a combination of unattached or even indiscriminant behaviors (Ames, 1997), many post-institutionalized children display a very intense pattern of behavioral dyscontrol; aggression and violence; destructiveness to self and others; a lack of cause-and-effect thinking; indiscriminant affections to strangers as evidenced by being inappropriately demanding and clingy; or a pattern of social withdrawal, isolation and maintaining a self-stimulating posture. A principle complaint from parents adopting an older child is that the child may be out of synchrony with their environment resulting in difficulties in providing management, structure and organization.
The concept of a “neuropsychologically-based attachment disorder” seems most appropriate for many post-institutionalized children, particularly the child who shows a history of high risk pre and post-natal factors which may have influenced neurocognitive development. For example, there is a documented interaction between growth parameters and neurologic competence in profoundly deprived institutional children assessed in Romanian institutions (Johnson and Federici et.al., 1999). Children who have shown documented medical and neurological impairments along with extended time in institutional settings typically display very pronounced impairments in the development of appropriate social-interactional skills. Combined with suspected impairments in neuropsychological abilities, behavioral patterns can often be quite aberrant and intense in nature, often overwhelming the newly adoptive family.
Therefore, it seems only appropriate to broaden the horizon when assessing children for bonding, attachment or general psychological dysfunction by including a comprehensive assessment of neurocognitive abilities or deficit patterns. As children from institutional settings are at highest risk for medical, neuropsychological and emotional problems, an assessment of only the psychological or behavioral manifestations provides only a partial understanding of the adjustment issues which often produce tremendous stress on the newly adoptive families and treatment providers attempting to intervene and provide services (Johnson, 1997; Federici, 1999).
Careful differential diagnosis regarding neuropsychological versus psychosocially-based attachment disorder can help provide newly adoptive families with better parameters of understanding the post institutionalized child. Additionally, neuropsychological and neurocognitive rehabilitation approaches should typically supersede solely psychological or psychiatric/pharmacological therapies as providing direct interventions and increasing speech and language, sensory-motor, abstractive logic and reasoning and, of greatest significance, visual-perceptual analytic abilities. These brain behavior interventions strengthen the post-institutionalized child’s ability to adequately “perceive” and process human relationships, emotions, facial expressions, social cues, and the necessary sequential “steps” needed to move towards a more healthy level of bonding and attachment. Too often, children from institutional settings are quickly categorized as having either a “reactive attachment disorder” or modicum of psychiatric syndromes ranging from Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, Bipolar Disorder, Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, varying types of depression and anxiety conditions or, very commonly, oppositional and conduct disorders or even autism/pervasive developmental disorders. While many of these psychiatric patterns may be co-morbid conditions, there needs to be a very aggressive but yet conservative approach in assessing the post-institutionalized child. Rank ordering developmental disabilities of the child as opposed to relying solely on the assessment of families or treatment providers may avoid misleading diagnoses and nonproductive therapeutic interventions. | <urn:uuid:c3c83b02-1dfe-4087-8c97-56d0df97c84c> | CC-MAIN-2021-21 | https://drfederici.com/the-neuropsychology-of-bonding-and-attachment-disorders/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243991557.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20210517023244-20210517053244-00210.warc.gz | en | 0.911581 | 949 | 2.78125 | 3 | Le Dr. Ronald S. Federici
Cé go bhfuil ról an Neuropsychologist Forbartha chun meastóireacht a dhéanamh ar intleachtúil-cognaíoch, próiseáil chuimhne, oilteacht foghlama, agus straitéisí réiteach fadhbanna, d'fhéadfadh dualgas ríthábhachtach a bheith i ndáiríre i meastóireacht ar ionracas mothúchánach leanbh agus tuiscint ar chaidrimh. Cuimsíonn an t-idirghníomhaíocht idir forbairt neurocognitive agus mothúcháin neurobiology bunúsach a thugann le tuiscint go bhféadfadh teaglaim de fhachtóirí géiniteacha, neurochemical, neurocognitive agus comhshaoil idirghabháil a dhéanamh go láidir le mothúcháin, imoibrithe, idirghníomhaíochtaí agus ceanglais an duine. Toisc go bhfuil plé mór déanta maidir le "truailliú ceangail" i measc an linbh iar-institiúideach, díreoidh an taighde síceolaíoch reatha beagnach go heisiach ar éifeachtaí an díothaithe agus an thréigean agus ar chruthú "truailliú ceangail" gan tuiscint níos mionsonraithe ar ról na hoibríochta néarógineachta innidh.
Cé go bhfuil tionchar mór ag tréigthe agus institiúideachas ar chumas páiste muinín, ceangal agus slándáil a fhorbairt i gcaidrimh úd-aontaithe, ní mór béim a chur ar shláine na gcumas neurocognitive níos airde an linbh iar-institiúideach le measúnú cuimsitheach maidir le fáilte a chur ar "oiliúintí dúchasacha" a theastaíonn le haghaidh ceangal, ceangal agus forbairt iompar cuí idirghníomhaíochta sóisialta agus frithpháirteach. Cé go bhféadfadh go leor leanaí a bhfuil neamhoird cheangailteach iar-institiúideach acu meascán de iompar neamhcheangailte nó fiú neamh-idirdhealaitheach a thaispeáint (Ames, 1997), taispeánann go leor leanaí iar-institiúideach patrún an-dian de dhíchontroil iompair; ionsaí agus foréigean; díothú féin agus daoine eile; easpa smaointeoireachta cúis-agus-éifeachta; cairdeas neamh-idirdhealaitheach le strainséirí mar a léirítear trí bheith éilitheach agus clingy go míchuí; nó patrún tarraingt siar sóisialta, inslithe agus seasamh féin-spreagtha a chothabháil. Is é príomh-ghaire ó thuismitheoirí a ghlacann leanbh níos sine ná go bhféadfadh an leanbh a bheith as sioncróin lena dtimpeallacht agus go mbeadh deacrachtaí ann bainistiú, struchtúr agus eagraíocht a sholáthar.
Is cosúil go bhfuil coincheap "truailliú ceangail neuropsychologically-based" is oiriúnaí do go leor leanaí iar-institiúideacha, go háirithe an leanbh a léiríonn stair de fhachtóirí ardriosca réamh- agus iar-bhreithe a d'fhéadfadh tionchar a bheith acu ar fhorbairt neurocognitive. Mar shampla, tá idirghníomhaíocht dhoiciméadaithe idir paraiméadair fáis agus inniúlacht néareolaíoch i leanaí institiúideacha atá faoi dhíth go mór a mheasadh in institiúidí na Rómáine (Johnson and Federici et.al., 1999). Tá na leanaí a bhfuil lagú leighis agus néareolaíoch doiciméadaithe acu chomh maith le tréimhse fada i suíomhanna institiúideacha ag taispeáint lagú an-láidir de ghnáth i bhforbairt scileanna idirghníomhaíochta sóisialta cuí. I dteannta le lagú amhrasta i gcumas néuropsychological, is féidir le patrúin iompair a bheith go minic go leor aberrant agus dian i nádúr, go minic ag cur isteach ar an teaghlach úd-aontaithe.
Is cosúil gur cheart, dá bhrí sin, an t-amharc a leathnú nuair a dhéantar measúnú ar leanaí maidir le dícheangal, cónascadh nó mífheidhmíocht shíceolaíoch ginearálta trí mheasúnú cuimsitheach ar chumas néarachognitive nó ar mhúnlaí easnamh a áireamh. Ós rud é go bhfuil leanaí ó shuíomhanna institiúideacha i mbaol is mó le haghaidh fadhbanna leighis, néuropsychological agus mothúchánach, ní thugann measúnú ar na léirithe síceolaíocha nó iompair ach tuiscint pháirteach ar na saincheisteanna coigeartaithe a tháirgeann go minic strus ollmhór ar na teaghlaigh úd-aontaithe agus ar sholáthraithe cóireála ag iarraidh idirghabháil a dhéanamh agus seirbhísí a sholáthar (Johnson, 1997; Federici, 1999).
Is féidir le diagnóis dhifriúil cúramach maidir le neamhoird cheangailteachta neuropsychological versus psychosocially-based cabhrú le teaghlaigh údacha a ghlacadh le paraiméadair níos fearr a thuiscint ar an leanbh iar-institiúideach. Ina theannta sin, ba cheart go n-ionlacaidís cur chuige athshlánúcháin neuropsychological agus neurocognitive go ginearálta le teiripeanna síceolaíocha nó síceatrácha/fharmaceolaíocha amháin mar go soláthraíonn siad idirghabhálacha díreacha agus go méadaíonn siad cainte agus teanga, mothúchán-nísíoch, loighic agus réasúnaíocht shaincheaptha agus, ar an tábhacht is mó, cumais anailíseach amharc-phearsanta. Cuireann na hiontrálacha iompraíochta inchinne seo le cumas an linbh iar-institiúideach "a thuiscint" agus a phróiseáil go cuí caidrimh dhaonna, mothúcháin, fo-airíonna, leideanna sóisialta, agus na "céimeanna" seicheamhnacha riachtanacha a theastaíonn chun bogadh i dtreo leibhéal níos sláintiúla de cheangal agus greamaithe. Go minic, déantar leanaí ó shuíomhanna institiúideacha a chatagóirithe go tapa mar a bhfuil "truailliú ceangail imoibritheach" acu nó mar a bhfuil siondrómanna síceacha beaga acu ó Truailliú Díthreorach Fadhbais Hiperghníomhaíochta, Truailliú Díbhuailte, Truailliú Straitéis Iar-Trauma, cineálacha éagsúla de dhúlagar agus de dhálaí imní nó, go coitianta, neamhoird choimhdeacha agus iompair nó fiú autism / neamhoird forleathan forbartha. Cé go bhféadfadh go leor de na patrúin síceachta seo a bheith ina riochtaí comhorbáideacha, ní mór cur chuige an-ionsaitheach ach coimeádach a bheith ann chun an leanbh iar-institiúideach a mheas. D'fhéadfadh rangú a dhéanamh ar mhíchumas forbartha an linbh seachas brath go heisiach ar mheasúnú teaghlaigh nó soláthraithe cóireála diagnóis mhealltach agus idirghabhálacha teiripeacha neamhtháirgiúla a sheachaint. |
Lismore’s Mobile Scientists come to your school from the birthplace of Robert Boyle and have almost 20 years of experience in the education sector. Our mobile Science workshops are tailored for junior, transition year and senior cycles. We broadly cover a topic, introducing many ideas and we let your student’s inquisition do the rest. Broadly based on the curriculum we blend all the strands of Science where possible to give students an experience of applying Science to real life in a positive, fun environment. Content is expanded or relaxed depending on the cycle and ability we are dealing with.
Some testimonials from Teachers:
Minimum €180 payment per school.
Explore the new strand of the Junior Certificate Science curriculum “Earth and Space” with Lismore’s Mobile Scientists. Especially tailored for Junior Cycle pupils, this workshop will consist of hands-on, interactive activities which explore Space and how it affects our life here on Earth. The Solar System, motion of planets and moons, Stars, Rockets, Human Space Exploration, day and night and seasons are all introduced to your class and a blast off finale is sure to spark an interest in all things cosmic.
Suspect everyone in this forensic science workshop. Students will deduce, decide and discover the secrets and tricks of real life C.S.I. agents. This workshop concentrates on the practical applications of science and students will piece together the clues they have found to solve the mystery. Using scientific techniques like paper chromatography and D.N.A. extraction, students get hands on and become a detective for the day!
Let us delight and disgust your class all at once as we follow the journey of real food through your digestive system. This workshop explores the functions of the internal organs, nutrient absorption and of course what happens when we are finished with the food! This is a very hands-on, interactive workshop that is sure to make students remember the guts of digestion. | <urn:uuid:0bff0d22-47fb-49e1-993b-6707f05362da> | CC-MAIN-2021-21 | https://www.discoverlismore.com/secondary-school-mobile-science/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243991428.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20210514152803-20210514182803-00599.warc.gz | en | 0.914044 | 394 | 2.59375 | 3 | Tagann Eolaithe Iompair Lismore chuig do scoil ó áit bhreithe Robert Boyle agus tá beagnach 20 bliain taithí acu i earnáil an oideachais. Tá ár n-oifigí eolaíochta soghluaiste deartha go saincheaptha do na céimeanna lú, na céimeanna idirthréimhseacha agus na céimeanna sinsearacha. Clúdaímid ábhar go forleathan, ag tabhairt isteach go leor smaointe agus ligimid do dhaltaí an chuid eile a dhéanamh. Bunaithe go forleathan ar an gcuraclam, déanaimid gach snáithe de chuid na heolaíochta a mheascadh nuair is féidir chun taithí a thabhairt do dhaltaí ar an Eolaíocht a chur i bhfeidhm ar an saol fíor i dtimpeallacht dhearfach spraíúil. Tá an t-ábhar leathnaithe nó suaimhneach ag brath ar an timthriall agus ar an gcumas a bhfuil muid ag déileáil leis.
Cúpla fianaise ó Mhúinteoirí:
Íocaíocht íosta €180 in aghaidh na scoile.
Faigh amach faoin snáithe nua de chúrsa-churaclaim Eolaíochta Teastas Sóisearach Tír agus Spás le Eolaithe Móibíle Lismore. Tá an ceardlann seo oiriúnach go speisialta do dhaltaí na hÓige, agus beidh gníomhaíochtaí idirghníomhacha ann a dhéanfaidh taighde ar an Spás agus ar an gcaoi a mbíonn tionchar aige ar ár saol anseo ar an Domhan. Tá an Córas Sólar, gluaiseacht na bpláinéid agus na míonna, réaltaí, roicéid, Taighde Spáis Daonna, lá agus oíche agus séasúir go léir a thabhairt isteach do do rang agus tá sé cinnte go sparks spléachadh ar spéis i ngach rud cosmaí.
Creidim go bhfuil gach duine sa cheardlann eolaíochta forenseach seo. Beidh mic léinn a deduce, cinneadh a dhéanamh agus a fháil amach na rúin agus cleasanna fíor-saoil C.S.I. gníomhaithe. Díríonn an ceardlann seo ar chur i bhfeidhm phraiticiúil na heolaíochta agus cuirfidh na mic léinn na leideanna a fuair siad le chéile chun an mistéar a réiteach. Ag baint úsáide as teicnící eolaíocha cosúil le crómatagrafaíocht páipéir agus DNA. a bhaint, a fháil ar na mic léinn lámha agus a bheith ina bhfianaise don lá!
Lig dúinn a delight agus disgust do rang go léir ag an am céanna mar a leanann muid an turas bia fíor trí do chóras díleá. Sa cheardlann seo, léirítear na feidhmeanna atá ag na horgáin inmheánacha, an t-ionsú cothaithigh agus ar ndóigh cad a tharlaíonn nuair a bhíonn an bia críochnaithe againn! Is ceardlann idirghníomhach, an-ghníomhach é seo a chuirfidh ar a gcinn go gcuimhneoidh sé ar na mic léinn na boilg díleá. |
Publication: Research - peer-review › Journal article – Annual report year: 2011
The production of fuels from sunlight represents one of the main challenges in the development of a sustainable energy system. Hydrogen is the simplest fuel to produce and although platinum and other noble metals are efficient catalysts for photoelectrochemical hydrogen evolution, earth-abundant alternatives are needed for large-scale use. We show that bioinspired molecular clusters based on molybdenum and sulphur evolve hydrogen at rates comparable to that of platinum. The incomplete cubane-like clusters (Mo3S 4) efficiently catalyse the evolution of hydrogen when coupled to a p-type Si semiconductor that harvests red photons in the solar spectrum. The current densities at the reversible potential match the requirement of a photoelectrochemical hydrogen production system with a solar-to-hydrogen efficiency in excess of 10% (ref. 16). The experimental observations are supported by density functional theory calculations of the Mo3S 4 clusters adsorbed on the hydrogen-terminated Si(100) surface, providing insights into the nature of the active site. © 2011 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved.
|Citations||Web of Science® Times Cited: 197|
- Surface and thin films, Materials for energy | <urn:uuid:944f25f2-7e94-4396-adc9-03b32d3b5428> | CC-MAIN-2015-27 | http://orbit.dtu.dk/en/publications/bioinspired-molecular-cocatalysts-bonded-to-a-silicon-photocathode-for-solar-hydrogen-evolution(17a621b9-77cc-41f6-afb3-e0937069f417).html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-27/segments/1435375093974.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20150627031813-00154-ip-10-179-60-89.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.839515 | 266 | 2.828125 | 3 | Foilseachán: Research - peer-review › Airteagal iris Bliain tuairisc bhliantúil: 2011
Tá táirgeadh breosla ó sholas na gréine ar cheann de na príomhdhúshláin i bhforbairt chóras fuinnimh inbhuanaithe. Is é hidrigine an breosla is simplí le táirgeadh agus cé go bhfuil platanam agus miotail uasal eile ina catalaithe éifeachtacha d'eabhlóid hidrigine fóta-leictreachimiceach, tá roghanna eile atá saibhir sa talamh ag teastáil le haghaidh úsáid ar scála mór. Taispeánann muid go ndéanann cnuasaigh mhóilíneach bith-inspioráilte bunaithe ar molibdín agus sulfair hidrigin a fhorbairt ag rátaí atá inchomparáide le platanam. Catailíonn na cnuasaigh neamhchríochnaithe cosúil le cúbain (Mo3S 4) éabhlóid hidrigine go héifeachtach nuair a bhíonn siad ceangailte le leathsheoltóir Si cineál-p a bhailíonn fotóin dearga sa speictream gréine. Tá an t-ábhar a úsáidtear chun an t-ábhar a tháirgeadh agus a chur ar fáil ar an margadh ag an am céanna. 16) a chur i bhfeidhm. Tacaíonn na breathnóireachtaí turgnamhacha le ríomhanna teoiric fheidhmiúil dlús na ngrúpaí Mo3S 4 adsorbithe ar an dromchla Si ((100) críochnaithe le hidrigin, rud a thugann léargas ar nádúr an láithreáin ghníomhach. © 2011 Macmillan Publishers Limited. Coimeádtar na cearta go léir.
Citations
- Dromchla agus scáileáin tanaí, Ábhair le haghaidh fuinnimh |
Bell peppers are sun loving plants that need a long growing season and well-drained soil. The fruits are mild flavored and can be green, yellow, orange, red or even purplish-brown. Bell peppers can be used in a wide variety of recipes or simply enjoyed fresh and crisp off the plant. Pepper plants fall prey to numerous pests and diseases. In fruit, problems are often caused by fungal diseases.
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Bell peppers can freeze in low temperatures, which causes soft spots, and may get too hot which will burn or "cook" your peppers. You know what happens to peppers when you saute them. They get a little limp, which also happens to fruit on the vine. Ideal temperatures for peppers are between 75 and 85 degrees Fahrenheit. Temperatures that are higher can cause fruit damage and stunting. Temperatures that are lower than 40 degrees will start to affect fruit quality within a day or two.
Blossom End Rot
If your pepper flowers have blossom end rot, it is transmitted to the fruit. The fruit develops soft spots at the blossom end which may mold and sink in. It is a disease that usually occurs at the beginning of the season. It is characterized by a tan lesion at the blossom end that spreads and is soft and rotten. The disease is often mistaken for sun scald which also leaves tan spots on fruit. It is caused by low levels of calcium in the plant. Calcium supports cell growth and tissues break down without it. Liming may be helpful in preventing the symptoms.
Anthracnose is a very common fungus which is also found on ornamental trees, bushes, ferns and just about any other type of plant. In fruits it will gradually cause the interior to break down and become watery. Eventually the walls will collapse. Anthracnose overwinters in soils and is found in seeds as well. Any infected fruit must be removed and destroyed immediately. Dropped plant material also needs to be raked up and destroyed. Copper- or sulfur-based fungicides can be applied every seven days to combat the disease.
Phytophthora and Pythium Rots
Other common causes of rotten fruit are phytophthora and pythium. These are fungi that spread in warm, wet weather. The most obvious signs are a white mold on the affected parts of the fruit. Crop rotation is essential as both fungi will live in old plant material and soils. The fungi also cause root rot, stem canker and leaf blight. Treatments are similar to those recommended for anthracnose, where hygienic practices are crucial and frequent spraying with a good fungicide can help prevent infection and spread of the diseases. | <urn:uuid:cbe3a2b0-04e7-4cc3-8476-c0ecb64a01fc> | CC-MAIN-2018-34 | https://www.ehow.com/info_8421596_bell-peppers-rotting-vine.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221211167.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20180816191550-20180816211550-00288.warc.gz | en | 0.956447 | 556 | 3.71875 | 4 | Tá piobarí an-deas ag na plandáin a bhfuil grá acu don ghrian agus a dteastaíonn séasúr fada fáis agus ithir dea-dhraenáilte uathu. Tá blas éadrom ag na torthaí agus is féidir leo a bheith glas, buí, oráiste, dearg nó fiú purplish-brún. Is féidir piobarí a úsáid i réimse leathan oidis nó taitneamh a bhaint as úr agus crisp as an gléasra. Tá plandaí piobar ina n-íoc do thriománta agus galair. I dtorthaí, is minic a bhíonn fadhbanna mar gheall ar ghalair fungacha.
Físeán an Lae
Is féidir le piobarí gloine reo a dhéanamh i teochtaí íseal, rud a fhágann go mbíonn spotaí bog ann, agus d'fhéadfadh sé a bheith ró-te a dhófaidh nó a "cócócóidh" do phiobarí. Tá a fhios agat cad a tharlaíonn le piobair nuair a sauté tú iad. Faigheann siad beagán limp, a tharlaíonn freisin chun torthaí ar an fíonchaor. Tá teocht idéalach na piobair idir 75 agus 85 céim Fahrenheit. Is féidir le teochtaí níos airde damáiste a dhéanamh do thorthaí agus go dtiocfaidh siad ar ais. Tosaíonn teocht atá níos ísle ná 40 céim ag dul i bhfeidhm ar cháilíocht na dtorthaí laistigh de lá nó dhó.
Blossom End Rot
Má tá rot ag deireadh do bhláthanna piobar, cuirtear an galar ar an bpáirt. Forbraíonn na torthaí spotaí bog ag deireadh an bhláth a d'fhéadfadh mould agus dul isteach. Is galar é a tharlaíonn de ghnáth ag tús na séasúr. Tá sé tréithe ag léas tan ag deireadh an bhláth a scaipeann agus atá bog agus truaillithe. Is minic a dhéantar an galar a mheabhrú le scald gréine a fhágann spotaí tan ar thorthaí freisin. Tá sé de bharr leibhéil íseal cailciam sa phlanda. Tacaíonn cailciam le fás cealla agus déantar fíocháin a bhriseadh síos gan é. D'fhéadfadh sé go mbeadh an líomú cabhrach chun na hairíonna a chosc.
Is fungas an-choitianta é an anthracnose a fhaightear ar chrainn ornáideacha, ar chrainn, ar fhéarnacha agus ar aon chineál plandaí eile. I dtorthaí beidh sé ag cur leis go ndéanfar an taobh istigh a bhriseadh síos go mall agus a bheith uisceach. Sa deireadh, titfidh na ballaí. Bíonn an anthracnose thar an gheimhreadh i dtalamh agus tá sé le fáil i síolta freisin. Ní mór aon toradh atá ionfhabhtaithe a bhaint agus a scrios láithreach. Ní mór ábhar plandaí a thit amach a shíntiú agus a scriosadh freisin. Is féidir fungicides arb éard atá i gcúbair nó i sulfair a chur i bhfeidhm gach seacht lá chun an galar a chomhrac.
Phytophthora agus Pythium Rots
Is iad na cúiseanna coitianta eile atá ag torthaí truaillithe ná phytophthora agus pythium. Is fungais iad seo a scaipeann i aimsir te, fliuch. Is é an comhartha is soiléire ná mould bán ar na codanna atá i gceist den toradh. Tá sé riachtanach an rothlú barra a dhéanamh mar go mairfidh an dá fhonghail i sean-ábhar plandaí agus i dtalamh. Tá an fungais ina chúis le rothlú fréamhacha, le cnagán stéim agus le blight duille. Tá cóireálacha cosúil leis na cóireálacha a mholtar le haghaidh anthracnose, áit a bhfuil cleachtais sláinteachais ríthábhachtach agus is féidir le spraeáil go minic le fungicide maith cabhrú le heinsí agus scaipeadh na ngalar a chosc. |
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