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S2214782915000251

Generate Highlights for following text:Investigations of cyberbullying are beginning to emerge in the scientific literature because of their implications for child and adolescent development. In particular, cyberbullying victimisation has been associated with similar negative consequences to traditional or face-to-face bullying such as lower academic achievement, anxiety, and sometimes even suicide. Research has also started to emerge investigating the impact of such incidences on the life of adults. The literature in this area has been steadily growing over the last decade and this review highlights the current situation in terms of relevant features and the psychological impact on victims. The selection process consisted of a comprehensive search that was conducted in January 2015 in the following databases: PsychInfo, ERIC, Web of Science and Medline. A total of 19 papers were included. We conclude with suggestions for online psychological treatment for victims and bullies as a means of coping with the distress caused from cyberbullying experiences.

@highlight The definition of cyberbullying is discussed in light of current research @highlight The psychological impact of cyberbullying on victims, bullies and bully/victims is highlighted @highlight Current intervention and prevention strategies for cyberbullying are described @highlight Online psychological therapy is discussed as an intervention for cyberbullying experiences

S174680941300089X

Generate Highlights for following text:Automatic analysis of biomedical time series such as electroencephalogram (EEG) and electrocardiographic (ECG) signals has attracted great interest in the community of biomedical engineering due to its important applications in medicine. In this work, a simple yet effective bag-of-words representation that is originally developed for text document analysis is extended for biomedical time series representation. In particular, similar to the bag-of-words model used in text document domain, the proposed method treats a time series as a text document and extracts local segments from the time series as words. The biomedical time series is then represented as a histogram of codewords, each entry of which is the count of a codeword appeared in the time series. Although the temporal order of the local segments is ignored, the bag-of-words representation is able to capture high-level structural information because both local and global structural information are well utilized. The performance of the bag-of-words model is validated on three datasets extracted from real EEG and ECG signals. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method is not only insensitive to parameters of the bag-of-words model such as local segment length and codebook size, but also robust to noise.

@highlight A novel feature representation is proposed for biomedical time series classification. @highlight The representation is extended from the bag-of-words model in text document analysis. @highlight The proposed bag-of-words representation is effective and discriminative. @highlight The representation is able to capture both global and local structural information.

S0022407319304248

Generate Highlights for following text:Phenomenological radiative transfer models commonly assume that particles in media reside in each others far zone and thus are defined by their single scattering properties . This so called far field assumption becomes questionable for dense particulate snow layers since the location of the snow grains inside is close and in each others near zone . Electromagnetic interactions among the particles can occur which potentially change their single scattering properties . In this paper the near field effects in radiative transfer simulations of the snow surface bidirectional reflectance factor and the albedo of a snow layer in the wavelength range of 300 2500nm are investigated using the phenomenological radiative transfer model SCIATRAN . The snow layer is composed of densely packed snow grains of droxtal shape with a maximum dimension of 60m . The snow grain shape assumption is justified by the good agreement of the simulated top of atmosphere BRF with satellite measurements over a pure snow surface in Greenland . To evaluate the error of the far field assumption the single scattering properties of the dense particulate snow layer has been modified according to the dense medium light scattering theory . By applying the far field approximation the BRF is overestimated by less than 0.039 at forward scattering angles and underestimated by less than 0.006 at backscattering angles respectively . The albedo of the dense particulate snow layer is overestimated by less than 0.012 . In the considered case the near field effects on the snow surface BRF and the albedo of radiative transfer simulations appear negligibly small . Consequently the simulation of snow surface BRF and albedo in the wavelength range of 300 2500nm by phenomenological radiative transfer models under the far field assumption is well justified .

@highlight The far field assumption is evaluated for a dense particulate snow layer. @highlight The impact of near field effects on simulated snow BRF and albedo is estimated. @highlight Droxtals satisfactorily describe the reflection properties of a natural snow layer. @highlight The near field effects in snow are negligibly small. @highlight The simulation of snow BRF and albedo under the far field assumption is justified.

S0142941819323554

Generate Highlights for following text:The resiliency of advanced laminated nanocomposite materials to mitigate impact load is an essential characteristic for material selection and product design . This paper investigates the effect of nanofillers and its effect on the damage resistance performance of a newly developed woven Kevlar fabric . Three types of nanofillers were investigated Silicon carbide aluminum oxide Al

@highlight The effect of different nanofiller on the damage resistance of Kevlar KM2plus epoxy nanocomposite was investigated. @highlight Silicon carbide SiC aluminum oxide Al @highlight and multiwalled carbon nanotube MWCNT were used as nanofillers. @highlight Flexural drop weight SEM and X ray tests were performed to evaluate the mechanical integrity of the nanocomposites. @highlight The optimum nanofiller content is 0.5wt MWCNTs.

S0161813X20301807

Generate Highlights for following text:Polystyrene and chemically modified compounds in the PS family have long been used in commercial and industrial fields . However it is poorly understood whether nanoscale PS microplastic or PS nanoplastic exposure leads to perturbations in fundamental cellular functions such as proliferation differentiation and apoptosis . Herein we cultured three types of primary cells including mouse embryonic fibroblasts mixed neuronal cells isolated from embryonic cortex and cortical astrocytes and investigated the effects of their exposure to PS nanoplastics with a 100 nm diameter . Although PS nanoplastic exposure did not affect the viability of MEFs or astrocytes it significantly reduced the viability of mixed neuronal cells . Consistent with the observed effect on cellular viability levels of the apoptosis marker cleaved caspase 3 were elevated exclusively in mixed neuronal cells . To investigate whether cells uptake PS nanoplastics into the cytoplasm we exposed MEFs and neurons to fluorescent PS latex beads and monitored fluorescence over time . We found that PS nanoplastics were deposited and accumulated in the cytoplasm in a concentration dependent manner . Although astrocytes were not apoptotic upon exposure to PS nanoplastics they underwent reactive astrocytosis with increased levels of lipocalin 2 and proinflammatory cytokines . Therefore our findings suggested that the vulnerability of cells to the deposition and accumulation of PS nanoplastics in the cytoplasm was dependent on cell type . Furthermore based on our data from primary cells originating from mouse brains we suggest that reactive astrocytosis may contribute to the neuronal apoptosis seen in defective neurons with PS nanoplastics accumulated in the cell body .

@highlight Three different cell types were tested for the effect upon PS nanoplastic exposure. @highlight PS nanoplastic exposure reduced the viability of mixed neuronal cells. @highlight Cells uptake PS nanoplastics into the cytoplasm for intracellular accumulation. @highlight Intracellular uptake of PS nanoplastics occurs in a concentration dependent manner. @highlight Cellular vulnerability to accumulated PS nanoplastics depends on cell types.

S2288430015000342

Generate Highlights for following text:This paper proposes a novel method for shape design of a Bézier surface with given boundary curves. The surface is defined as the minimizer of an extended membrane functional or an extended thin plate functional under the guidance of a specified normal field together with an initial prescribed surface. For given boundary curves and the guiding normal field, the free coefficients of a Bézier surface are obtained by solving a linear system. Unlike previous PDE based surface modeling techniques which construct surfaces just from boundaries, our proposed method can be used to generate smooth and fair surfaces that even follow a specified normal field. Several interesting examples are given to demonstrate the applications of the proposed method in geometric modeling.

@highlight Two extended energy functionals are proposed for variational surface modeling. @highlight The guiding normal field can be used to control the shapes of the variational surfaces efficiently. @highlight The proposed technique can be used for various modeling purposes like editing, hole filling or transition surface design.

S0278691520307262

Generate Highlights for following text:Nuclear factor erythroid 2 related factor 1 belongs to the CNC bZIP family and is a master regulator of cellular adaptive responses to various stresses in many cells and tissues . Rosiglitazone a thiazolidinedione agonist of PPAR is widely used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus by stimulating genes which favor storage of triglycerides . Our previous studies demonstrated that loss of

@highlight RGZ treatment deteriorates the aberrant fat distribution in @highlight f KO mice. @highlight RGZ treatment aggravates adipocyte hypertrophy in @highlight f KO mice. @highlight RGZ treatment exacerbates WAT inflammation in @highlight f KO mice.

S136655452030613X

Generate Highlights for following text:Given the importance of the relationship between oil and liner shipping markets this paper examines the volatility spillover and connectedness between oil and liner shipping markets . We employ dynamic conditional equicorrelations and spillover index approach to know volatility co movement and spillover between oil prices and returns of liner shipping stocks respectively . The volatility co movement between oil and liner shipping companies stock returns increased during the 200709 global financial crisis and 201012 Eurozone debt crisis . We extend our analysis by considering portfolio diversification strategies and utility gains across pre crisis crisis and post crisis periods . Our findings are useful to policymakers and investors .

@highlight We examine the volatility spillover and connectedness. @highlight We employ dynamic conditional equicorrelations and spillover index. @highlight Volatility comovement between oil and liner shipping increased during crisis period. @highlight We estimate portfolio diversification strategies and utility gains.

S0034425720301279

Generate Highlights for following text:The area distribution and temporal dynamics of anthropogenic impervious surface at large scale are significant for environmental ecological and socio economic studies . Remote sensing has become an important tool for monitoring large scale AIS while it remains challenging for accurate extraction of AIS using optical datasets alone due to the high diversity of land covers over large scale . Previous studies indicated the complementary use of synthetic aperture radar to improve the AIS estimation while most of them were limited to local and small scales . The potential of SAR for large scale AIS mapping is still uncertain and underexplored . In this study first a machine learning framework incorporating both optical and SAR data based on Google Earth Engine platform was developed for mapping and analyzing the annual dynamics of AIS in China . Feature level fusion for SAR and optical data across large scale was tested applicable considering the backscattering coefficients texture measures and spectral characteristics . Improved accuracy and better delineation between the bright impervious surface and bare land was observed comparing with using optical data alone . Second comprehensive assessment was conducted using high resolution samples from Google Earth census data from China Statistic Yearbook and benchmark datasets from the GlobeLand30 and GHSL demonstrating the feasibility and reliability of the proposed method and results . Last but not the least we analyzed the spatial and temporal patterns of AIS in China from national regional and provincial levels .

@highlight We incorporated SAR and optical images for large scale impervious surfaces mapping. @highlight Results were validated with high resolution samples census and benchmark data. @highlight SAR generally improved the overall accuracy by 2 . @highlight SAR better delineated the impervious surface from bare land.

S0973082620303148

Generate Highlights for following text:The transport sector has become an important source of urban greenhouse gas and air pollutant emissions with the continuous growth of transportation demand . The co benefits of reducing GHG and air pollutant emissions in the transport sector are receiving more and more attention . Taking Guangzhou as the case study city this study quantitatively analyzed the co benefits of reducing CO

@highlight The entire urban transport sector is taken as the research object. @highlight The co benefits of reducing CO @highlight and pollutant emissions are quantitatively analyzed. @highlight Adjusting transport modes and electrification have significant co benefits. @highlight Increasing the application of bio fuel and hydrogen energy also has good co benefits. @highlight Promoting the utilization of LNG vehicles and ships has poor co benefits.

S0021992420300927

Generate Highlights for following text:Prosodic impairments occur in many clinical populations including those with autism and motor speech disorders . These impairments can negatively impact intelligibility as well as an individuals ability to signal and understand linguistic contrasts and emotions . For this study we surveyed 245 Speech Language Pathologists to assess their clinical practices with regards to prosody and to identify potential barriers to addressing prosody in the clinic . While a majority of respondents agreed that prosody was within their scope of practice they reported that they rarely assessed or treated prosody when they suspected that a client had a prosodic impairment . Overall respondents felt they were lacking in knowledge of the nature of prosody experience with clients who have prosodic impairments and knowledge of assessment and treatment methods for prosody . Recommendations include increasing training opportunities encouraging collaboration between researchers and SLPs with expertise in prosody and the development of a clinically feasible prosody assessment .

@highlight Speech language pathologists were surveyed on practices related to prosody. @highlight Prosody is rarely assessed or treated even when a prosodic disorder is suspected. @highlight Respondents feel they lack knowledge related to prosody and its treatment. @highlight Recommendations include increased training and development of clinical tools.

S1618866719302079

Generate Highlights for following text:The decline of industrial manufacturing left large areas of vacant land in the peri urban belts of many European cities becoming an economic social and environmental concern . In the meantime available fertile soils are being over used to produce energy crops and municipal organic wastes are accumulating in landfills actions that hamper the development of wealth creating and sustainable societies . Phytomanagement has emerged as a valuable

@highlight Phytoremediation assisted by bio stabilised material increases the agro economic potential of vacant urban soils. @highlight Bio stabilised material is a useful amendment for sustainable plant production as it increased leaf area of @highlight Application of bio stabilised material increased microbial activity of peri urban soils. @highlight The lower application rate of bio stabilised material 50t ha @highlight resulted in high improvements in plant and soil parameters. @highlight It is possible to redevelop peri urban vacant soils by using energy crops and properly treated urban solid wastes.

S014829632030391X

Generate Highlights for following text:Service firms are now interacting with customers through a multitude of channels or touchpoints . This progression into the digital realm is leading to an explosion of data and warranting advanced analytic methods to manage service systems . Known as big data analytics these methods harness insights to deliver serve and enhance the customer experience in the digital marketplace . Although global economies are becoming service oriented little attention is paid to the role of analytics in service systems . As such drawing on a systematic literature review and thematic analysis of 30 in depth interviews this study aims to understand the nature of service analytics to identify its capability dimensions . Integrating the diverse areas of research on service systems big data and dynamic capability theories we propose a dynamic service analytics capabilities framework consisting of management technology talent data governance model development and service innovation capability . We also propose a future research agenda to advance DSAC research for the emerging service systems in the digital marketplace .

@highlight We propose a service analytics capabilities model for the digital marketplace @highlight We show the distinct roles of various service analytics capabilities @highlight Our model consists of management technology talent data governance model development and innovation capabilities.

S0968090X19312252

Generate Highlights for following text:Modern traffic control and management systems in urban networks require real time estimation of the traffic states . In this paper a novel approach for modeling traffic flow in urban networks that is especially suitable for state estimation is proposed . The complexity of the urban traffic model is reduced by assuming availability of connected vehicle data . We first investigate the observability issue in urban traffic networks using a graphical approach . Then the proposed model for the evolution of the traffic flow in urban traffic networks is developed and used in two layers i.e . link layer and network layer to estimate in high resolution the traffic states in the whole network . Traffic states in the link layer include queue tail location and the number of vehicles in the queue while in the network layer estimation of the total number of vehicles per link and turning rates at the intersections is carried out . In a first step it is shown that the estimation approach only requires the detectors at the borders of the network . We further demonstrate that in the proposed scheme one may reduce or drop the need for spot detectors for the price of reduced but still reasonable estimation accuracy . The validation of the approach has been undertaken by comparing the produced estimates with realistic micro simulation results as ground truth and the achieved simulation results are promising .

@highlight A methodology developed for traffic states estimation in urban traffic network. @highlight Observability analysis of the two layer network. @highlight Estimation of vehicle accumulation and turning ratios. @highlight Accurate second by second estimation even with the presence of measurement noise. @highlight Application of the algorithm in networks even without and spot measuring tools.

S004520681931346X

Generate Highlights for following text:Novel benzothiazole based compounds were designed and synthesized as potential antimicrobial agents with dual DNA gyrase topoisomerase IV inhibitory activity . The structures of the newly synthesized compounds were established on the basis of spectral and elemental analyses . Most of the studied compounds possessed significant antimicrobial activity against tested bacteria and fungi . Compounds

@highlight Novel benzothiazoles were synthesized as potential antimicrobial agents with dual DNA gyrase Topo IV inhibition. @highlight Target compounds were screened for their @highlight antimicrobial activity. @highlight Efficacy of target compounds against MRSA and a MDR bacterial strain was evaluated. @highlight DNA gyrase topo IV inhibitory potential and cytotoxicity were assessed. @highlight Molecular modeling studies were conducted.

S0920548913000640

Generate Highlights for following text:OPC UA is the evolution of the well known OPC COM and XML specifications. OPC UA adopts a very complex software infrastructure to realise the communication among industrial applications; furthermore it features many mechanisms realising data exchanges, whose tuning depends on several parameters. The aim of this paper is to deal with the performance evaluation of OPC UA. The main data exchange mechanisms which may influence performance of the client/server communications will be pointed out; then, the analysis of the overhead they introduce will be presented and discussed. Finally, some guidelines about the setting of OPC UA mechanisms will be given on the basis of the results achieved.

@highlight Analysis of overheads introduced by OPC UA in the client/server data exchange @highlight Results point out that some OPC UA mechanisms strongly influence OPC UA performance. @highlight Guidelines about setting of critical OPC UA mechanisms are given in the paper. @highlight Current literature presents very few papers dealing with this subject.

S0965856420305784

Generate Highlights for following text:The impact of app based e hailing or ridesourcing services on various transport metrics is an area of active research and research so far have focused on the car based services only . In many cities in the developing and emerging countries motorcycle based passenger e hailing services have become very popular in the last few years but the implications of these have not been studied before . This study investigates the effects of motorcycle hailing apps in Dhaka a megacity in Bangladesh on the size of its motorcycle fleet . We employ segmented multiple regression on timeseries data to show that there was a statistically significant increase in motorcycle ownership in Dhaka as a result of the motorcycle hailing services . The findings were also supported by a visual intervention analysis . By the end of 2018 there were 7.45 more motorcycles in Dhaka than there would have been if these app based e hailing services were not available . We conclude with potential implications of these increases in motorcycle numbers and future research directions .

@highlight Motorcycle based ride hailing apps are becoming increasingly popular in developing and emerging countries. @highlight The impacts of motorcycle ride hailing services on ownership of motorcycle is investigated. @highlight Study area is Dhaka Bangladesh a megacity in an emerging country. @highlight Segmented regression method is applied on timeseries data of motorcycle ownership. @highlight Motorcycle ownership has grown by 7.45 due to the introduction of the motorcycle hailing apps.

S0378382020308523

Generate Highlights for following text:The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of kraft lignin on the physicomechanical qualities of briquettes produced with sugarcane bagasse and on the chemical characteristics of the bio oil obtained at different temperatures via slow pyrolysis . The ratios of kraft lignin to the sugarcane bagasse mass were 0 10 25 and 50 . The briquetting was performed at 140C temperature and at a pressure of 17MPa for 8min . The physicomechanical characteristics such as bulk density longitudinal expansion and compressive strength were determined . The combustibility of the briquettes was tested and the briquette slow pyrolysis was performed in 300C 400C and 500C for 1h . The results showed the influence of kraft lignin on the bulk density and on the mechanical strength for compression . In the combustibility test was obtained higher temperatures and more uniform burning in the briquettes with addition of lignin . In the bio oil composition obtained via pyrolysis at 500C the highest yields of phenolic compounds were obtained . The kraft lignin is a raw material with the potential to be used as both a binder in compressed products and an additive for the production of bio oil with valuable phenolic compounds .

@highlight The sugarcane bagasse with kraft lignin resulted in high quality briquettes. @highlight Kraft lignin increase the physicomechanical and energy quality of the briquettes. @highlight The increase of lignin in briquettes promoted more uniform combustion. @highlight The addition of lignina resulted in increased functional groups of bio oil.

S014381661931365X

Generate Highlights for following text:With the development of aerospace and fusion engineering understanding the mechanical behavior of materials under high temperature conditions has become increasingly important . However few studies are devoted to the ultra high temperature range of 20003000 C. In this study with the aim of developing non contact measuring techniques of mechanical deformation under ultra high temperature a high heat flux comprehensive experimental platform is established which includes a vacuum chamber a three dimensional digital image correlation system infrared radiation thermometers and an electron beam heating system . Using the electron beam heating technique the tungsten specimen can be heated to over 3000 C. Owing to the use of a vacuum chamber the thermally induced airflow disturbance at high temperature can be completely removed . Tantalum carbide powder is chosen as the speckle material and speckle fabrication technology is developed to adapt ultra high temperatures under vacuum conditions . In order to suppress the blackbody radiation at high temperature three schemes based on blue light sources self radiating light sources and a dual wavelength optical filter technique are designed for three temperature ranges from room temperature to 3067 C. Afterwards full field thermal deformation of the tungsten specimen above 3000 C was determined based on the above strategies using the 3D DIC technique . The feasibility and accuracy of the proposed methods are verified by comparing the measurement results with the thermal expansion strain data and model from available databases and literature . The standard deviations in different temperature intervals are 50 for 251200 C 100200 for 12001800 C and less than 500 for 18003067 C. The proposed methods and technologies are expected to lay a foundation for further developments in strain field measurements at ultra high temperature .

@highlight Speckles based on TaC powders and alcohol is robust and stable at ultra high temperature. @highlight Three experimental schemes are designed for different temperature ranges to suppress blackbody radiation at ultra high temperature. @highlight The full field strain of tungsten block is obtained from 250 to 3067 C.

S0142941820302051

Generate Highlights for following text:In recent decades the basic technology of pressure sensitive adhesive acrylics has developed into a sophisticated science . The main properties of acrylic PSAs such as tack peel adhesion and shear strength are determined to a large extent by the kind and quantity of crosslinking agents added to the synthesized PSAs . In order to improve their adhesive and cohesive properties a wide range of amino resin thermal crosslinkers are tested . An acrylic PSA based on 2 ethylhexylacrylate n butyl acrylate and acrylic acid was synthesized by performing a radical polymerization in ethyl acetate . After the addition of amino resins to the acrylic PSA and carrying out thermally initiated crosslinking processes to prepare one sided self adhesive tapes their properties were assessed .

@highlight The type and amount of crosslinking agent has a significant impact on the properties of the pressure sensitive adhesives. @highlight Selected amino resins were evaluated as thermal reactive crosslinking agents for acrylic pressure sensitive adhesives. @highlight A wide range of amino resins was tested from the group of derivatives of melamine benzoguanamine glycoluril and urea. @highlight Samples of crosslinked PSAs were evaluated to determine their properties such as tack peel adhesion and shear strength. @highlight Optimal balance between mentioned properties has been achieved for one benzoguanamine resin and for two melamine resins.

S1568494614004505

Generate Highlights for following text:The present paper proposes systematic designs of stable adaptive fuzzy logic controllers (AFLCs), employing hybridizations of Lyapunov strategy based approach (LSBA) and a contemporary stochastic optimization technique, for controlling the temperature of a thermal process in an air-heater system with transport-delay and in the presence of disturbances. Harmony search (HS) algorithm has been considered here as a candidate stochastic optimization technique utilized in conjunction with the Lyapunov theory to develop the hybrid models in this work. The objective of this work is to design stable adaptive fuzzy controllers which can provide high degree of automation, guarantee asymptotic stability and also achieve satisfactory transient performance by simultaneous adaptations of both the fuzzy controller structure and its free parameters. The results obtained from real-life experiments aptly demonstrate the usefulness of the proposed approach.

@highlight Hybrid stable adaptive fuzzy controllers based on the Lyapunov theory and HS algorithm are implemented. @highlight Real-life controls of the temperature of an air heater process at different cross sections of air flow duct are implemented. @highlight Heat transfer dynamics of the process in the presence of fixed and randomly variable disturbances are tested. @highlight The same controllers designed for “no transportation delay” case are also utilized to control the temperature with the incorporation of transportation delay in the process.

S1366554519302005

Generate Highlights for following text:This study investigates a supply chain financing system with one supplier and one emission dependent and capital constrained manufacturer . Unlike the traditional SCF the manufacturer borrows two loans to execute the ordering decision and make a low carbon investment respectively . We derive the equilibrium strategies of the supply chain members under partial credit guarantee and a combination of trade credit and PCG and compare with that under a benchmark . There exists a unique coefficient of credit guarantee for the supplier to decide whether to provide a trade credit . Numerical studies and extension are discussed to obtain more managerial implications .

@highlight Investigate an emission dependent supply chain with capital constraint. @highlight Consider partial credit guarantee PCG and TPCG combine trade credit with PCG . @highlight Derive equilibrium strategies under a benchmark and the two financing schemes. @highlight Find that supplier prefers to provide trade credit when credit guarantee is higher.

S1366554520307742

Generate Highlights for following text:We investigate a variant of the standard Capacitated Vehicle Routing Problem where each vehicle is powered exclusively by electricity stored in its rechargeable battery . Consequently each vehicle should visit not only customer nodes but also some charging stations before the battery got depleted . The importance of this problem stems from the fact that logistics companies are increasingly relying on electric vehicles in urban distribution . We propose three exact approaches . The first one requires solving a compact polynomial sized formulation . The second approach is a branch and cut algorithm . An original feature of this algorithm is that it embeds the first exact separation of the well known rounded capacity constraints . Finally the third approach is a hybrid algorithm that requires solving an augmented variant of the compact formulation . We report the results of a computational study that was carried out on a set of 125 instances providing evidence that the polynomial sized formulation can consistently solve instances having up to 30 customer nodes and 21 charging stations and that the hybrid algorithm solves some instances having up to 100 customer nodes and 21 charging stations while requiring moderate CPU times . Furthermore the proposed approach was shown to exhibit limitations in solving some large scale tightly constrained instances .

@highlight We investigate a variant of the standard Capacitated Vehicle Routing Problem CVRP where each vehicle is powered exclusively by electricity. @highlight We propose three exact approaches a compact formulation that is directly solved by a general MIP solver a branch and cut and a hybrid approach. @highlight We propose a first exact separation algorithm of the rounded capacity constraints. @highlight We report the results of an extensive computational study that attest to the efficacy of the proposed approaches.

S0965997813001610

Generate Highlights for following text:In this paper, an automatic grid generator based on STL models is proposed. The staircase boundary treatment is implemented to handle irregular geometries and the computation domain is discretized using a regular Cartesian grid. Using the grid generator, staircase grids that are suitable for fast and accurate finite difference analysis could be generated. Employing the slicing algorithm in RP technologies , the STL models are sliced with a set of parallel planes to generate 2D slices after the STL files obtained from a CAD system undergo topology reconstruction. To decrease the staircase error (increase accuracy) and enhance working efficiency, the cross-section at the middle of the layer is taken to represent the cross-section of whole layer. The scan line filling technique of computer graphics is used to achieve grid generation after slicing. Finally, we demonstrate an application of the introduced method to generate staircase grids, which allows successful FDM simulation in the field of explosion. The example shows that the automatic grid generator based on STL models is fast and gives simulation results that are in agreement with practical observations.

@highlight An automatic grid generator based on STL models is proposed. @highlight The staircase boundary treatment is implemented to handle irregular geometries. @highlight Slicing algorithm and scan line filling technique are used to generate grids. @highlight The example shows that the grid generator can provide practical grids for the simulation of explosions with complicated entries.

S2211973620300337

Generate Highlights for following text:Tranquillity is considered a preferred travel experience for people . Despite there are many researches on the measurement and evaluation of tranquillity little has explored the perception of tranquillity during the tour . Through the study of Chinese tourists we try to cover the gap by exploring how tourists perceive tranquillity in different tranquil areas . This study expounds the Chinese understanding of tranquillity and adopts the grounded theory to systematically analyse the real experience of tourists . The study summarizes 3 major categories and 20 types of tranquil areas . The environmental characteristics of tranquil areas are classified into 4 dimensions quietness stable society natural scenery and local culture . We propose a geographical process of perceiving tranquillity in tourist destinations which includes the relationship between tourists and motivation environment behaviour emotion and psychological activities . These relations are helpful to provide a new perspective on tranquillity outside the post positivist research paradigm .

@highlight The geographical process of tourists perception of tranquillity is clarified. @highlight The article makes a comparison between Chinese and western understanding of tranquillity. @highlight Landscape and soundscape spectrums covering 20 types of tranquil areas are collected. @highlight The relationship between tranquillity and tourists behavior and emotion are proposed.

S1567173920300936

Generate Highlights for following text:Among the conventional metallic inks used in the printing process silver exhibits high conductivity and thermal stability . Nevertheless due to the high cost of silver it can not be extensively used for the fabrication of inks . As a competitive alternative copper can be considered as a substitute for silver however copper ink oxidizes under certain atmospheric conditions . To meet these shortcomings a cost effective highly conductive and oxidation free copper based ink has been synthesized in this study wherein oxidation of the copper particles in the copper based ink was prevented by using copper complexes . The copper ink thus fabricated was printed on chemically treated Si SiO

@highlight The cost effective highly conductive and oxidation free copper based ink was synthesized and characterized. @highlight The prepared copper ink was printed on Si SiO @highlight substrates by using inkjet printing process. @highlight The printed patterns on the substrates were characterized in terms of experimental conditions.

S0167839614000995

Generate Highlights for following text:A swept surface is generated from a profile curve and a sweep curve by employing the latter to define a continuous family of transformations of the former. By using polynomial or rational curves, and specifying the homogeneous coordinates of the swept surface as bilinear forms in the profile and sweep curve homogeneous coordinates, the outcome is guaranteed to be a rational surface compatible with the prevailing data types of CAD systems. However, this approach does not accommodate many geometrically intuitive sweep operations based on differential or integral properties of the sweep curve — such as the parametric speed, tangent, normal, curvature, arc length, and offset curves — since they do not ordinarily have a rational dependence on the curve parameter. The use of Pythagorean-hodograph (PH) sweep curves surmounts this limitation, and thus makes possible a much richer spectrum of rational swept surface types. A number of representative examples are used to illustrate the diversity of these novel swept surface forms — including the oriented-translation sweep, offset-translation sweep, generalized conical sweep, and oriented-involute sweep. In many cases of practical interest, these forms also have rational offset surfaces. Considerations related to the automated CNC machining of these surfaces, using only their high-level procedural definitions, are also briefly discussed.

@highlight A novel family of swept surfaces, based on differential/integral sweep curve properties, is introduced. @highlight For Pythagorean-hodograph (PH) sweep curves, the swept surfaces admit exact rational representations. @highlight Several examples, involving the sweep curve parametric speed, arc length, tangent, normal, curvature, and offsets are presented. @highlight Preliminary requirements for automated machining of these surfaces, using only their high-level procedural definitions, are addressed.

S0378377419315045

Generate Highlights for following text:In order to explore the application value of the stable carbon isotope discrimination method in improving water use efficiency and productivity of kiwifruit under deficit drip irrigation five water deficit levels with thirteen treatments were established at three growth stages in field grown kiwifruit . The leaf stable carbon isotope discrimination

@highlight Low water deficit treatment at fruit maturation stage increased kiwifruit yield and WUE @highlight by 14.75 and 23.74 respectively. @highlight None @highlight showed a high response to ET over the whole growth period. @highlight None @highlight can be used as a useful evaluation index of WUE @highlight and @highlight is an important indicator of quantifying Y and ET of kiwifruit under deficit drip irrigation.

S0038012119300072

Generate Highlights for following text:Based on primary data of 453 drinkers in Thailand this study investigates the impact of pre commitment on alcohol consumption . It exploits the quasi experimental nature of a social marketing campaign in Thailand implemented in 2014 where all drinkers were able to publicly pledge temporary alcohol abstention and some but not all drinkers were provided with community based health promotion interventions conducted by local residents . This study argues that the campaign had a pre commitment device implicitly integrated into it failures to follow through with the commitment were associated with mental costs of social embarrassment and weaker relationships with one s local social networks . Using a joint estimation method where the decision to pre commit is explicitly endogenized this study suggests that pre commitment is effective in increasing the probabilities of temporary alcohol abstention and reduction .

@highlight We study the impact of pre commitment on alcohol consumption. @highlight We exploit the quasi experimental nature of a Thai alcohol control campaign. @highlight The campaign encourages drinkers to pre commit to temporary alcohol abstention. @highlight The pre commitment increases the probability of alcohol abstention by 27.6 . @highlight Pre commitment is most effective when combined with community interventions.

S108387912030152X

Generate Highlights for following text:Pulmonary complications are fatal adverse events after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation . On the other hand smoking is a well known risk factor for various pulmonary diseases and also increases the incidence of pulmonary complications and overall mortality in allo HCT recipients . In this study we retrospectively assessed the impact of smoking intensity on survival outcomes . This study included consecutive allo HCT recipients at our center between June 2007 and May 2019 whose smoking profiles were available they were divided into high and low pack years groups . In univariate analyses nonrelapse mortality and overall survival were significantly inferior in the high pack years group 1 year NRM 26.6 versus 13.9

@highlight High pack years were associated with inferior survival especially in males. @highlight High pack years were related to a high incidence of death due to pulmonary events. @highlight Total body irradiation dose did not affect survival in the high pack years recipients. @highlight Current and ex smokers showed equivalent survival outcomes.

S0045206819313859

Generate Highlights for following text:Apart from its hypoglycaemic properties metformin also offers beneficial effects for the cardiovascular system resulting in significant reduction of diabetes related death and all cause mortality . The aim of this study was to synthesize nine new benzenesulfonamide derivatives of metformin with a halogen substituent and estimate their influence on selected parameters of plasma and vascular hemostasis .

@highlight Nine benzenesulfonamide biguanides with @highlight @highlight and @highlight chloro bromo and fluoro substituents we synthesized. @highlight derivatives chloro bromo and fluoro significantly prolong PT and APTT. @highlight None of the synthesized compounds exert an unfavourable effect on erythrocyte integrity. @highlight Synthesized compounds do not decrease HUVEC and AoSMC cells viability up to 1.5mol mL. @highlight halogenated benzenesulfonamides are potential agents with stronger anti coagulant properties than parent drug metformin.

S0148296319306162

Generate Highlights for following text:Intellectual capital is among the most long lived topics in managerial literature . More recently the emergence of the open innovation paradigm has encouraged the understanding that firms should collaborate with other organizations to leverage their own R D capabilities . We propose that these two streams of managerial literature should join forces since the OI paradigm could be considered an approach to innovation with foundations in relational capital facilitated by an appropriate level of human and structural capital . Surprisingly only a few researchers have put IC and OI into relation . Therefore this paper has two main goals providing a theoretical model that synoptically presents how IC and OI overlap and testing the theoretical model by analyzing how firms IC affects OI related performance . We analyze a sample of 3744 Spanish firms . We find that the three IC constructs positively affect OI performance with relational and human capital subject to diminishing returns .

@highlight The open innovation OI paradigm has developed a large epistemic community. @highlight We contend that OI has its foundations in the Intellectual Capital IC theory. @highlight An OI IC integrative framework is proposed. @highlight An analysis of data from 3744 manufacturing Spanish firms supports the framework.

S1364682620300936

Generate Highlights for following text:Sudan low pressure is considered as one of the most effective systems during the rainy season in Iran . Various dry and wet periods are closely associated with the activity of this system during the rainy season as well . The present study evaluated the changes in Sudan low area during four decades which were classified based on solar cycles . The data obtained from the Meteorological Organization of Iran included daily precipitation daily rainfall from the ECMWF dataset with 1 1 spatial resolution sea level pressure and geopotential height at 1000 hPa pressure level from NCEP NCAR dataset with 2.5 2.5 spatial resolution starting and ending in March 1976 and December 2017 respectively . In addition Sudan low pressure systems were selected by navigating the route and the location trajectory of low pressure systems in SLP and the 1000 hPa pressure level maps of the rainfall days . Accordingly 160 Sudan systems were selected using the internal self assessment method . Further the impact of the rainfall system in Iran was studied utilizing the rainfall maps of ECMWF dataset . The results revealed that the sphere of the influence of the Sudan low increased during the rainy season over time . Within this period changes in the areas of influence of the Sudan system remained constant only in February compared to the last two decades while the solar cycles added to the Sudan systems in the other months of the cold spell . This result could be due to a climate change in the direction of the solar activity in the climate of Iran .

@highlight Frontal rainfalls had a significant role in the rainfall rate of other parts of the Iran. @highlight The survey of 313 synoptic stations in Iran in four solar cycles 1976 2017 revealed that the influence domain of this system on Iran is increasing while Sudan rainfall territory remained constant only in February.

S0950705120303130

Generate Highlights for following text:Despite advances in Machine Learning algorithms the clinical viability of ML based decision support systems to predict the prognosis of hepatitis remains limited . However an appropriate feature selection could improve its reliability . Differently from conventional feature reduction methods we hypothesised that applying feature reduction first and then augmenting the reduced feature space could improve classification performance further . Thus a novel two stage Genetic Algorithm based feature transformation method which involves both feature reduction and augmentation was developed tested and validated . This 2 Tra GA was later coupled to ML based classifiers for a prognostic prediction . Clinical data with nineteen features on 320 patients with hepatitis obtained from the University of California Irvine ML repository were utilised . When tested on these data the GA based feature reduction resulted in a reduced set with fifteen features that led to the highest classification accuracy and reliability . Augmenting the reduced set by adding transformed features via an interpolation method further improved the classification performance . Additionally the performance of this novel hybrid algorithm was evaluated against classifiers alike and published studies . Applying feature reduction then augmenting only such relevant features improved classification performance and computational efficiency also over conventional wrapper based feature selection methods . Thus a novel hybrid DSS to improve the reliability of the prediction of prognosis for hepatitis is proposed . Findings also support the application of the proposed hybrid method to improve clinical decision making .

@highlight Our novel feature selection can improve prognosis of hepatitis. @highlight We used an evolutionary method for feature augmentation. @highlight We assessed its performance with state of the art classifiers. @highlight Our feature selection method improves prediction of survival.

S0003687015301071

Generate Highlights for following text:Occupational fatigue in hospital nurses is associated with increased nurse turnover, and decreased nurse health and patient safety. The goal of this study was to explore the factors contributing to or preventing fatigue, and barriers and facilitators to individual nurse coping in hospital work systems. Interviews were conducted and analyzed using a directed qualitative content analysis approach guided by the Systems Engineering Initiative for Patient Safety (SEIPS) model. Themes related to sources of fatigue within each of the five primary components of the SEIPS work system were identified, along with barriers and facilitators to nurses' experiences and strategies for coping with fatigue. Findings from this study provide guidance on what nurses perceive as contributing to fatigue and factors that are helpful and harmful to coping with fatigue within their work system. Implications for fatigue risk management systems (FRMS) are also discussed, in particular the importance of maintaining nurse autonomy in decision-making when implementing fatigue interventions or countermeasures.

@highlight We explore hospital registered nurses' perceptions of fatigue and coping at work. @highlight We apply the SEIPS model to find barriers and facilitators to fatigue and coping. @highlight Factors that contribute to or prevent fatigue span work system components. @highlight Barriers and facilitators to coping also span all work system components. @highlight Fatigue risk management in hospital nursing should apply a macroergonomic approach.

S0306457313000459

Generate Highlights for following text:In our paper we present an experimental study which investigated the possibility to project the need for information specialists serving knowledge workers in knowledge industries on the basis of an average university library serving their counterparts at a university. Information management functions, i.e. functions and processes related to information evaluation, acquisition, metadata creation, etc., performed in an average university library are the starting point of this investigation. The fundamental assumption is that these functions do not only occur in libraries but also in other contexts like, for instance, in knowledge industries. As a consequence, we try to estimate the need for information professionals in knowledge industries by means of quantitative methods from library and information science (Library Planning Model) and economics (input output analysis, occupational analysis). Our study confirms the validity of our assumption. Accordingly, the number of information specialists projected on the basis of university libraries is consistent with their actual number reported in national statistics. However, in order to attain a close fit, we had to revise the original research model by dismissing the split-up of information specialists into reader services and technical services staff.

@highlight Knowledge industries (KI) are the largest segment of the Austrian information sector. @highlight University libraries can serve as basis for estimating the need of info specialists in KI. @highlight The ratio information specialists to knowledge workers is 1–130 in KI in Austria.

S0738059320304454

Generate Highlights for following text:This study utilises a unique school based survey of public private and Public Partnership Programme schools in Punjab Pakistan to identify the correlates of teacher behaviour in the classroom teacher content knowledge mastery and teacher pay . The study finds that private school teachers are associated with lower classroom observation scores than public school teachers and both private and PPP school teachers are less likely to exhibit content knowledge mastery in Urdu than public school teachers . Public school teachers recruited after the introduction of test based teacher recruitment are 30 percentage points more likely to demonstrate math content knowledge mastery than teachers recruited prior to test based recruitment . The study also finds evidence of a pay gap between male and female teachers in both public and PPP schools after controlling for other characteristics . Teachers math content knowledge scores were found to be statistically significant correlates of teacher pay for private school teachers but not for PPP or public school teachers . For female PPP school teachers having higher academic qualifications is associated with higher wages however this is not the case for male teachers in these schools .

@highlight Teachers in private school exhibit less effective teaching practices than teachers in public school. @highlight Private and PPP school teachers have lower content knowledge in Urdu than public school teachers. @highlight Test based teacher recruits have greater content knowledge than older recruits. @highlight Teacher math scores correlated with pay in private schools but not PPP schools.

S1077314213002002

Generate Highlights for following text:Despite many alternatives to feature tracking problem, iterative least squares solution solving the optical flow constraint has been the most popular approach used by many in the field. This paper attempts to leverage the former efforts to enhance feature tracking methods by introducing a view geometric constraint to the tracking problem. In contrast to alternative geometry based methods, the proposed approach provides a closed form solution to optical flow estimation from image appearance and view geometry constraints. We particularly use invariants in the projective coordinates generated from tracked features that results in a new optical flow equation. This treatment provides persistent tracking of features even when they are occluded. At the end of each tracking loop the quality of the tracked features is judged using both appearance similarity and geometric consistency. Our experiments demonstrate robust tracking performance even when the features are occluded or they undergo appearance changes due to projective deformation of the template.

@highlight We introduce a view geometric constraint to the tracking problem. @highlight We provide a closed form solution from appearance and geometry. @highlight This paper provides persistent tracking of features even when they are occluded. @highlight Bayesian-based selection of the best features. @highlight Our experiments demonstrate robust tracking performance.

S0885230815000364

Generate Highlights for following text:This paper investigates some conditions under which polarized user appraisals gathered throughout the course of a vocal interaction between a machine and a human can be integrated in a reinforcement learning-based dialogue manager. More specifically, we discuss how this information can be cast into socially-inspired rewards for speeding up the policy optimisation for both efficient task completion and user adaptation in an online learning setting. For this purpose a potential-based reward shaping method is combined with a sample efficient reinforcement learning algorithm to offer a principled framework to cope with these potentially noisy interim rewards. The proposed scheme will greatly facilitate the system's development by allowing the designer to teach his system through explicit positive/negative feedbacks given as hints about task progress, in the early stage of training. At a later stage, the approach will be used as a way to ease the adaptation of the dialogue policy to specific user profiles. Experiments carried out using a state-of-the-art goal-oriented dialogue management framework, the Hidden Information State (HIS), support our claims in two configurations: firstly, with a user simulator in the tourist information domain (and thus simulated appraisals), and secondly, in the context of man–robot dialogue with real user trials.

@highlight We integrate user appraisals in a POMDP-based dialogue manager procedure. @highlight We employ additional socially-inspired rewards in a RL setup to guide the learning. @highlight A unified framework for speeding up the policy optimisation and user adaptation. @highlight We consider a potential-based reward shaping with a sample efficient RL algorithm. @highlight Evaluated using both user simulator (information retrieval) and user trials (HRI).

S0255270120303846

Generate Highlights for following text:The present study reports the experimental investigation on the effects of the plunging of continuous liquid jets to produce fine droplets by entrainment of the other immiscible liquids . The phenomenon of liquid entrainment is explained in this work based on the experiment using kerosene water 1 decanol water paraffin water and soybean oil water in the mixing column . Effect of different operating variables such as continuous liquid jet length of the liquid jet the density of the mixture the viscosity of the mixture and volume fractions of different dispersed liquids on penetration heights of the immiscible liquid are enunciated . A mechanistic model is derived and it is validated with the present experimental data . A general correlation is also developed for prediction of the penetration of jet for intense dispersion based on different operating variables . This current study on liquidliquid entrainment in the mixing column may be useful for further insight into the modeling of the two phase system in industrial applications especially for the liquidliquid extraction for process intensification .

@highlight The study on liquidliquid dispersion in a jet driven mixing column. @highlight Minimum liquid entrainment and energy dissipation rate. @highlight Effect of operating variables on penetration depth to disperse the liquid. @highlight Assessment of penetration based on momentum change of penetrated jet. @highlight Mechanistic model development to assess the entrainment characteristic.

S0377221713004712

Generate Highlights for following text:To generate insights into how production of new items and remanufacturing and disposal of returned products can be effectively coordinated, we develop a model of a hybrid manufacturing–remanufacturing system. Formulating the model as a Markov decision process, we investigate the structure of the optimal policy that jointly controls production, remanufacturing, and disposal decisions. Considering the average profit maximization criterion, we show that the joint optimal policy can be characterized by three monotone switching curves. Moreover, we show that there exist serviceable (i.e., as-new) and remanufacturing (i.e., returned) inventory thresholds beyond which production cannot be optimal but disposal is always optimal. We also identify conditions under which idling and disposal actions are always optimal when the system is empty. Using numerical comparisons between models with and without remanufacturing and disposal options, we generate insights into the benefit of utilizing these options. To effectively coordinate production, remanufacturing, and disposal activities, we propose a simple, implementable, and yet effective heuristic policy. Our extensive numerical results suggest that the proposed heuristic can greatly help firms to effectively coordinate their production, remanufacturing, and disposal activities and thereby reduce their operational costs.

@highlight We study a hybrid system with manufacturing, remanufacturing, and disposal controls. @highlight The joint optimal policy is characterized in a continuous inventory review. @highlight A simple, implementable, and yet effective heuristic policy is proposed. @highlight We provide insights into the value of remanufacturing and disposal options.

S0301420719309432

Generate Highlights for following text:Mineral resources are vital for economic growth and maintaining quality of life . In order to maintain a steady adequate and sustainable supply of minerals it is important that appropriate policies exist at all levels of government . Sufficient information must be available to inform the land use planning process and the development of minerals supply strategies . An important first stage for improving the security of supply of minerals is to identify the locations of a country s mineral resources and estimate the quantities that may be present . Whilst the existence of resources does not mean that they will be extracted knowing what minerals can be found within a jurisdiction can facilitate the development of strategies for their sustainable management and to inform the negotiation of trade relationships .

@highlight Mineral resources are vital for economic growth and maintaining quality of life. @highlight Current and legacy datasets can be used to compile mineral resource inventories. @highlight Data gaps for resource quantities can be filled using spatial data and assumptions. @highlight Resource figures calculated with different standards are not comparable. @highlight This methodology is applicable for other countries in a similar position to the UK.

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Generate Highlights for following text:Dynamic rating of power transmission devices is a technology that allows better equipment utilization through real time monitoring of the weather conditions and the load . Dynamic rating of transformers is a fairly new technology if compared to the dynamic rating of power lines and has a high potential for significantly improving component utilization while lowering investment costs on installing new transformers .

@highlight Fast and cheap expansion of existing wind park by utilization of existing power transformer. @highlight Alternative method for using good wind sites to their full potential. @highlight More sustainable way of utilizing components in power transmission and distribution. @highlight Several transformers connected to wind parks have been analyzed and shown to have hidden excess capacity. @highlight Studied wind farms can be expanded by 30 to 50 of their original capacity while utilizing the same transformer. @highlight After connecting additional capacity transformers in question would not exceed their projected lifetime.

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Generate Highlights for following text:This paper develops primal and dual versions of the dynamic Luenberger productivity growth measures that are based on the dynamic directional distance function and intertemporal cost minimization, respectively. The empirical application focuses on panel data of Dutch dairy farms over the period 1995–2005. Primal dynamic Luenberger productivity growth averages 1.5 percent annually in the period under investigation, with technical change being the main driver of annual change. Dual dynamic Luenberger productivity growth is −0.1 percent in the same period. Improvements in technical inefficiency and technical change are partly counteracted by deteriorations of allocative inefficiency, with large dairy farms presenting a slightly higher productivity growth than small dairy farms.

@highlight Dynamic primal and dual Luenberger productivity indicators are developed. @highlight The dynamic indicator accounts for the presence of adjustment costs due to investments in quasi-fixed assets. @highlight Primal dynamic Luenberger productivity growth averages 1.6 percent annually for the sample of Dutch dairy farms. @highlight Dual dynamic Luenberger productivity declines 0.1 percent annually for the same sample.

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Generate Highlights for following text:Walkway codes and standards are often created through consensus by committees based on a number of factors, including historical precedence, common practice, cost, and empirical data. The authors maintain that in the formulation of codes and standards that impact pedestrian safety, the results of pertinent scientific research should be given significant weight. This article examines many elements of common walkway codes and standards related to changes in level, stairways, stair handrails, and slip resistance. It identifies which portions are based on or supported by empirical data; and which could benefit from additional scientific research. This article identifies areas in which additional research, codes, and standards may be beneficial to enhance pedestrian safety.

@highlight Walkway safety standards should be substantially based on scientific research. @highlight We identify portions of such standards that are supported by empirical data. @highlight We identify parts of such standards that could benefit from more empirical data.

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Generate Highlights for following text:This paper investigates factors that significantly contribute to the injury severity of different drivers of different nationality backgrounds . Using the data from Riyadh Saudi Arabia a random parameters multinomial logit model of driver injury severity was estimated to explore the effects of a wide range of variables on driver injury severity outcomes . With three possible outcomes only single vehicle crashes are considered and crashes involving domestic and international drivers were modeled separately . Model estimation results show that a wide range factors significantly affect the injury severity outcomes in single vehicle crashes including driver attributes vehicle characteristics driver actions and other factors and that the influence that these variables have on injury severity probabilities vary considerably between Saudi and non Saudi drivers . While Saudi Arabia is rather unique because of the large numbers of non national drivers the results suggest that different nationalities with their different cultural educational and behavioral backgrounds may affect risk taking behavior and resulting crash injury severities .

@highlight Differences in crash injuries of Saudi and non Saudi drivers are studied. @highlight Using data from Riyadh random parameters logit models are estimated. @highlight Model estimations show that determinants of injury severity vary considerably between Saudi and non Saudi drivers. @highlight Findings show different nationalities may affect risk taking behavior and resulting crash injury severities.

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Generate Highlights for following text:Numerous studies have developed intersection crash prediction models to identify crash hotspots and evaluate safety countermeasures . These studies largely considered only micro level crash contributing factors such as traffic volume traffic signals etc . Some recent studies however have attempted to include macro level crash contributing factors such as population per zone to predict the number of crashes at intersections . As many intersections are located between multiple zones and thus affected by factors from the multiple zones the inclusion of macro level factors requires boundary problems to be resolved . In this study we introduce an advanced multilevel model the multiple membership multilevel model for intersection crash analysis . Our objective was to reduce heterogeneity issues between zones in crash prediction model while avoiding misspecification of the model structure . We used five years of intersection crash data for the City of Regina Saskatchewan Canada and identified micro and macro level factors that most affected intersection crashes . We compared the fitting performance of the MMMM with that of two existing models a traditional single model and a conventional multilevel model . The MMMM outperformed the SM and CMM in terms of fitting capability . We found that the MMMM avoided both the underestimation of macro level variance and the type I statistical error that tend to occur when the crash data are analyzed using a SM or CMM . Statistically significant micro level and macro level crash contributing factors in Regina included major roadway AADT four legs traffic signals speed young drivers and different types of land use .

@highlight This paper developed the Multiple Membership Multilevel Model MMMM to estimate intersection crashes with both micro and macrolevel input factors. @highlight The proposed MMMM can let researchers properly estimate crash frequencies along the boundary of study zones reduced boundary problem . @highlight This paper demonstrated that the Multiple Membership Multilevel Model avoided both the underestimation of macrolevel variance and the type I statistical error that tend to occur when the crash data are analyzed using a Single Level Model or Conventional Multilevel Model.

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Generate Highlights for following text:This paper proposes the use of neutral reference models to detect local emotional prominence in the fundamental frequency. A novel approach based on functional data analysis (FDA) is presented, which aims to capture the intrinsic variability of F0 contours. The neutral models are represented by a basis of functions and the testing F0 contour is characterized by the projections onto that basis. For a given F0 contour, we estimate the functional principal component analysis (PCA) projections, which are used as features for emotion detection. The approach is evaluated with lexicon-dependent (i.e., one functional PCA basis per sentence) and lexicon-independent (i.e., a single functional PCA basis across sentences) models. The experimental results show that the proposed system can lead to accuracies as high as 75.8% in binary emotion classification, which is 6.2% higher than the accuracy achieved by a benchmark system trained with global F0 statistics. The approach can be implemented at sub-sentence level (e.g., 0.5s segments), facilitating the detection of localized emotional information conveyed within the sentence. The approach is validated with the SEMAINE database, which is a spontaneous corpus. The results indicate that the proposed scheme can be effectively employed in real applications to detect emotional speech.

@highlight We propose neutral reference models to detect emotions in the fundamental frequency. @highlight A novel scheme based on functional data analysis is presented. @highlight The proposed approach achieves higher accuracies than the state-of-the-art method. @highlight The scheme is also employed to the to detect the most emotionally salient segments. @highlight The approach is validated at the sub-sentence level by employing a natural database.

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Generate Highlights for following text:The detection of change-points in heterogeneous sequences is a statistical challenge with applications across a wide variety of fields. In bioinformatics, a vast amount of methodology exists to identify an ideal set of change-points for detecting Copy Number Variation (CNV). While considerable efficient algorithms are currently available for finding the best segmentation of the data in CNV, relatively few approaches consider the important problem of assessing the uncertainty of the change-point location. Asymptotic and stochastic approaches exist but often require additional model assumptions to speed up the computations, while exact methods generally have quadratic complexity which may be intractable for large data sets of tens of thousands points or more. A hidden Markov model, with constraints specifically chosen to correspond to a segment-based change-point model, provides an exact method for obtaining the posterior distribution of change-points with linear complexity. The methods are implemented in the R package postCP, which uses the results of a given change-point detection algorithm to estimate the probability that each observation is a change-point. The results include an implementation of postCP on a publicly available CNV data set 120 . Due to its frequentist framework, postCP obtains less conservative confidence intervals than previously published Bayesian methods, but with linear complexity instead of quadratic. Simulations showed that postCP provided comparable loss to a Bayesian MCMC method when estimating posterior means, specifically when assessing larger scale changes, while being more computationally efficient. On another high-resolution CNV data set 14 241 , the implementation processed information in less than one second on a mid-range laptop computer.

@highlight We describe a method to assess uncertainty in a set of prespecified change-points. @highlight It obtains exact estimates of posterior probability of locations without resampling. @highlight A constrained hidden Markov model estimates probabilities in linear time. @highlight Methods are implemented in the R package postCP, available on CRAN. @highlight Simulations showed comparable loss to Bayesian implementation in estimating means.

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Generate Highlights for following text:Do states manage to build education systems that produce students with political values they uphold We test the indoctrination hypothesis using World Value Survey data spanning 96 countries . We devise an empirical strategy that can identify the effects of education on political values by using information about the political regime under which individuals live and regimes under which they got educated . Our results suggest that state indoctrination is at work . For example we find that higher education increases voting behavior by at least 45 percent more for cohorts that have studied in a democratic rather than an autocratic country .

@highlight We measure lower and upper bounds of the differential effect of education in democracy and autocracy on political beliefs and behaviors taking into account possible biases related to fear of state sanctions and or reverse causality. @highlight Using World Value Survey data we find that the political values held by individuals that were educated under an autocratic regime but live in a democracy are more conservative than those held by individuals that were both educated and live in a democracy. @highlight The effect of education on political values is found to be on average relatively small but the differences across political regimes of these effects are large and highly significant. @highlight For individuals educated in a democracy the political return to higher education in terms of the value Respect for Authority is estimated to be 0.70 to 0.77 times lower or between 0.06 and 0.18 standard deviations than for those educated under autocracy. @highlight Higher education increases Civic Action for individuals educated under a democratic regime by between 27 percent and 65 percent more than for individuals educated under an autocratic regime which represent respectively 0.18 and 0.59 standard deviations . @highlight For voting the return to education is 45 lower for university students in autocracies relative to democracies.

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Generate Highlights for following text:Cellular therapy with mesenchymal stem cells is emerging as an effective option to treat optic neuropathies . In models of retinal degeneration MSC injected in the vitreous body protects injured retinal ganglion cells and stimulate their regeneration however the mechanism is still unknown . Considering the immunomodulating proprieties of MSC and the controversial role of microglial contribution on retinal regeneration we developed an We used whole adult rat retinal explants in co culture with human Wharton s jelly mesenchymal stem cells separated by a transwell membrane and analyzed hMSC effect on both retinal ganglion cells and retinal microglia . hMSC in co culture protected RGCs after 3 days Using a co culture model we demonstrated the paracrine effect of hMSC on RGC survival after injury concomitant with a reduction of microglial population . Paracrine signaling of hMSC also changed microglia phenotype and the expression of antiinflammatory factors in the retina . Our results are consistent with a detrimental effect of microglia on RGC survival and regeneration after injury .

@highlight MSC protect retinal ganglion cells by paracrine signaling. @highlight Microglial degeneration is potentiated by MSC. @highlight Paracrine signaling by MSC shifts microglia to an anti inflammatory phenotype.

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Generate Highlights for following text:Wastewater reuse in agriculture can be a viable option to solve future freshwater shortages but may need an additional treatment process to become a safe option . As wastewater reuse interacts with many facets of coupled human and water systems the introduction of Stage II treatment systems in wastewater reuse in agriculture must be understood in terms of socio hydrology . This paper builds on a place based socio hydrological model of a wastewater reused watershed in South Korea and uses it to identify key parameters in human and water systems that have a significant impact on wastewater reuse in agriculture explore the impacts of changing agricultural environments by altering the key parameters and develop the possibility space of future changes from current decision making . Key parameters concern the characteristics of urbanization domestic water use and greenhouse cultivation . Urbanization can reduce the demand for Stage II irrigation within an urbanizing watershed by reducing irrigation areas and increasing water availability . Domestic water use has a large impact on the economics of indirect wastewater reuse . Greenhouse cultivation influences the demand for Stage II irrigation mainly by reducing water availability . Moreover it could further affect the demand if the communities evolved to have a greater concern for the use of groundwater resources . The possibility space shows that wastewater reuse has a strong influence on groundwater and could relieve agricultural water deficits through the diversification of irrigation sources and could be a more economical irrigation practice than groundwater irrigation under changing agricultural environments .

@highlight Key parameters in wastewater reuse in agriculture WWRA were identified. @highlight Urbanization may reduce the demand for WWRA in urbanized watersheds. @highlight Domestic water use has a significant impact on the economics of WWRA. @highlight Possibility spaces from current decision making for WWRA were explored.

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Generate Highlights for following text:Chloramphenicol is a veterinary antibiotic that has been banned due to its severe side effects but it is still illegally used in animal husbandry . In this work the fabrication of simple fast response and highly selective ratiometric probe for sensitive visual detection of CLP antibiotic at trace levels in both indoor and outdoor is reported . For the construction of the ratiometric fluorescence probe

@highlight Green source carbon dots with different emission colors were synthesized. @highlight A novel molecular imprinting ratiometric fluorescence sensor was developed. @highlight The detection limit of the probe can achieve 0.035 gL @highlight with high selectively. @highlight Ratiometric fluorescence technique was adopted to achieve visual signal output.

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Generate Highlights for following text:We compare different algorithms for computing eigenvalues and eigenvectors of a symmetric band matrix across a wide range of synthetic test problems. Of particular interest is a comparison of state-of-the-art tridiagonalization-based methods as implemented in Lapack or Plasma on the one hand, and the block divide-and-conquer (BD&C) algorithm as well as the block twisted factorization (BTF) method on the other hand. The BD&C algorithm does not require tridiagonalization of the original band matrix at all, and the current version of the BTF method tridiagonalizes the original band matrix only for computing the eigenvalues. Avoiding the tridiagonalization process sidesteps the cost of backtransformation of the eigenvectors. Beyond that, we discovered another disadvantage of the backtransformation process for band matrices: In several scenarios, a lot of gradual underflow is observed in the (optional) accumulation of the transformation matrix and in the (obligatory) backtransformation step. According to the IEEE 754 standard for floating-point arithmetic, this implies many operations with subnormal (denormalized) numbers, which causes severe slowdowns compared to the other algorithms without backtransformation of the eigenvectors. We illustrate that in these cases the performance of existing methods from Lapack and Plasma reaches a competitive level only if subnormal numbers are disabled (and thus the IEEE standard is violated). Overall, our performance studies illustrate that if the problem size is large enough relative to the bandwidth, BD&C tends to achieve the highest performance of all methods if the spectrum to be computed is clustered. For test problems with well separated eigenvalues, the BTF method tends to become the fastest algorithm with growing problem size.

@highlight Single core performance of symmetric band eigensolvers is compared experimentally. @highlight Tridiagonalizing a band matrix produces subnormal numbers and degrades performance. @highlight Methods without tridiagonalizing the full band matrix have performance advantages. @highlight For clustered eigenvalues the block divide-and-conquer (BD&C) method is fastest. @highlight For separated eigenvalues and narrow bands the BTF method is fastest.

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Generate Highlights for following text:Currently, open source software (OSS) products have started to become popular in the market as an alternative to traditional proprietary or closed source software. Governments and organizations are beginning to adopt OSS on a large scale and several governmental initiatives have encouraged the use of OSS in the private sector. One major issue for the government and private sector is the selection of appropriate OSS. This paper uses new internal quality characteristics for selecting OSS that can be added to the dimensions of DeLone and McLean information systems’ model. Through this study, the quality characteristics are organized in a two level hierarchy, which list characteristics and sub-characteristics that are interconnected with three main dimensions: system quality, information quality and service quality. These characteristic dimensions are tailored to the criteria having been built from literature study and standard for software quality and guidelines. This paper presents case study results of applying the proposed quality characteristic on eight different open source software that are divided between open source network tools and learning management systems.

@highlight We use a new model of internal quality characteristics for selecting OSS. @highlight The model quality characteristics are system, information, service qualities. @highlight The proposed model is applied on eight different OSS systems. @highlight Open source learning management systems (Moodle, Sakai, ATutor and ALIAS). @highlight Open source network tools (ns-2, ns-3, Wireshark and FileZilla).

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Generate Highlights for following text:Of the approximately 93 million children with moderate or severe disabilities around the world large numbers do not have access to quality education . Inclusive education systems have been advocated as a solution to this problem . In this paper we examine whether legislation to advance inclusive education can increase the likelihood of children with disabilities attending school in a low income country . Using a difference in difference methodology we find that children with visual hearing and physical disabilities who began school at a time when inclusive education was guaranteed in Uganda had a significantly higher likelihood of going to school than children with disabilities in comparator countries in Sub Saharan Africa as well as children with disabilities in Uganda who became of school age prior to the passage of legislation . However this was no longer true when considering only the sample of children reported to have no ability to see hear or engage in physical activities . While our findings are promising comparable data on more countries are needed to comprehensively examine the impact of similar legislation across multiple settings .

@highlight We examine whether inclusive education legislation can increase the likelihood of children with disabilities attending school. @highlight We use difference in difference estimation with Uganda as the treatment country and Chad and Ghana as the control countries. @highlight The sample comprises of children aged 5 9 with visual hearing and physical disabilities. @highlight We find that Ugandan children with disabilities are associated with a greater likelihood of attending school relative to the control group. @highlight This is a first step towards understanding the influence of inclusive education laws that operate at scale especially in lower income settings.

S0378382020308018

Generate Highlights for following text:Coal spontaneous combustion in the goaf usually occurs in the multi component gases environment . In this work the multi component gases competitive adsorption properties and its effects on the coal oxidations were investigated by gas adsorption analyzer and in situ FTIR . Results show that the order of gases adsorption selectivity on coal surface based on IAST is that CO

@highlight Competitive adsorption hindering the initiation of coal spontaneous combustion. @highlight The adsorption selectivity of different gases on coal surface CO @highlight CH @highlight O @highlight N @highlight Irreversible chemical adsorption of O @highlight is dominant as the temperature increased. @highlight Oxidation reaction between O @highlight and CH @highlight at 220C accelerates coal spontaneous combustion. @highlight The most unstable aliphatic CH @highlight CH @highlight preferentially reacts with O

S1568494614000155

Generate Highlights for following text:This paper first proposes a type-2 neural fuzzy system (NFS) learned through its type-1 counterpart (T2NFS-T1) and then implements the built IT2NFS-T1 in a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) chip. The antecedent part of each fuzzy rule in the T2NFS-T1 uses interval type-2 fuzzy sets, while the consequent part uses a Takagi-Sugeno-Kang (TSK) type with interval combination weights. The T2NFS-T1 uses a simplified type-reduction operation to reduce system training time and hardware implementation cost. Given a training data set, a TSK type-1 NFS is first learned through structure and parameter learning. The built type-1 fuzzy logic system (FLS) is then extended to a type-2 FLS, where highly overlapped type-1 fuzzy sets are merged into interval type-2 fuzzy sets to reduce the total number of fuzzy sets. Finally, the rule consequent and antecedent parameters in the T2NFS-T1 are tuned using a hybrid of the gradient descent and rule-ordered recursive least square (RLS) algorithms. Simulation results and comparisons with various type-1 and type-2 FLSs verify the effectiveness and efficiency of the T2NFS-T1 for system modeling and prediction problems. A new hardware circuit using both parallel-processing and pipeline techniques is proposed to implement the learned T2NFS-T1 in an FPGA chip. The T2NFS-T1 chip reduces the hardware implementation cost in comparison to other type-2 fuzzy chips.

@highlight We propose a new type-2 neural fuzzy system (FS) learned through structure and parameter learning. @highlight A type-1 FS is converted to a type-2 FS by merging highly overlapped type-1 fuzzy sets. @highlight A new hardware circuit is proposed to implement an interval type-2 FS with TSK-type consequents.

S1746809414000354

Generate Highlights for following text:Gait analysis is an important aspect of Biomedical Engineering. In the recent past, researchers have applied several signal processing methods for the analysis of gait activities. Sensors such as accelerometers, gyroscopes and pressure sensors are more commonly used to identify gait activities remotely. Most of the applications have multiple sensors placed on a single board which is used for gait assessment. However, the problem with multiple sensors is the cross talk introduced by one sensor due to another sensor. Some of the applications use a single sensor such as accelerometer with dual axis measuring the gait activity in horizontal and vertical planes. Depending on the orientation of the accelerometer, the two axial outputs could have overlapping spectra which is very difficult to observe. Spectral and temporal filtering is not suitable for this because of overlapping spectra due to simultaneous movements of the foot in the horizontal and vertical planes. To reliably identify the gait activities, there is a need to decompose and separate the two vertical and horizontal acceleration signals. The earlier research has described a novel method which can be used remotely to identify the gait in ITW children. This paper discusses a lab based automated classification method using Blind Source Separation (BSS) technique to identify toe walking gait from normal gait in Idiopathic Toe Walkers (ITW) children. The outcome of the research study reveals that the BSS techniques in association with K-means classifier can suitably distinguish toe-walking gait from normal gait in ITW children with 97.9±0.2% accuracy.

@highlight This paper discusses a lab based automated classification method using Blind Source Separation (BSS) technique. @highlight We identify toe walking gait from normal gait in Idiopathic Toe Walkers (ITW) children. @highlight We use BSS methods separate simultaneous movements of the foot in the horizontal and vertical planes. @highlight BSS technique and K-means method classify various gait patterns in normal and ITW children with 98% accuracy.

S0168192320301866

Generate Highlights for following text:The influence of landscape features on the occurrence and size of forest fires in Northern Europe has not been well studied . In this paper we analyzed the impact of human related landscape properties biotic features and fire weather indices on the occurrence and size of forest fires in Sweden from 1998 to 2017 . To analyze the environmental controls of fire occurrence and fire size under different levels of climatological fire hazard we divided the data into two subsets large fire years defined as the years with the total amount of burned area being higher than the dataset wide average and the remaining years . Our analytical approach was based on spatial models using Integrated Nested Laplace Approximations . Models built on both LFY and nLFY subsets suggested a strong human influence on fire occurrence road density the number of firebreaks and population density all were positively associated with fire occurrence suggesting an important role of human related ignitions . The southernmost vegetation zones in Sweden exhibited the highest fire occurrence a pattern potentially related to a higher population density in combination with weather more conducive for fires in this part of the country . The patterns that emerged from the fire size models pointed to the climate as the main factor controlling fire size irrespective of the type of years analyzed . Road density number of firebreaks and population density showed a negative association with fire size possibly indicating higher efficiency of fire suppression in the areas with higher human presence . Vegetation zones were selected as an informative predictor indicating that the fire activity varies across the zones with those in mid Sweden being the most prone to large events . The ISI correlated strongly and positively with fire size in both subsets pointing to the role of weather conditions favorable for fire spread primarily that of surface fires . The BUI showed a weak negative correlation to fire size indicating that dryness of organic horizon specifically its deeper layers is less relevant for predicting fire size . Contemporary fire activity in Sweden is driven by a combination of human related ignitions and weather conditions controlling fire spread with a moderate effect of vegetation composition and generally efficient fire suppression . Human related landscape features play a major role in shaping ignition patterns whereas climate and vegetation properties appear informative as predictors of fire size even under a modern fire suppression effort .

@highlight We analyzed the impact of climate and landscape properties on fire occurrence and size in Sweden. @highlight We used a Bayesian approach to build statistical models. @highlight Human related landscape features shape ignition patterns whereas climate and vegetation predict fire size.