Vikhrmodels/programming_books_eng · Datasets at Hugging Face

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your app. Use this chapter as a starting point for possible technologies to explore. For a full overview of the
technologies available in iOS, see iOS Technology Overview .

User Interface
iOS has many frameworks and technologies for creating and enhancing your app’s user interface.

UIKit. The UIKit framework provides classes to create a touch-based user interface. Because all iOS apps are
based on UIKit, you can’t ship an app without this framework. UIKit provides the infrastructure for drawing to
the screen, handling events, and creating common user interface elements. UIKit also organizes a complex
app by managing the content that’s displayed onscreen. For more information, see UIKit Framework Reference .

Core Graphics. Core Graphics—a low-level, C-based framework—is the workhorse for handling high-quality
vector graphics, path-based drawing, transformations, images, data management, and more. Of course, the
simplest and most efficient way to create graphics in iOS is to use prerendered images with the standard views
and controls of the UIKit framework, letting iOS do the drawing. Because UIKit, a higher-level framework, also

2013-10-22 \| Copyright © 2013 Apple Inc. All Rights Reserved.

113

iOS Technologies
Games

provides classes for custom drawing—including paths, colors, patterns, gradients, images, text, and
transformations—use it instead of Core Graphics whenever possible. For more information, see Core Graphics
Framework Reference .

Core Animation. Core Animation is a technology that allows you to make advanced animations and visual
effects. UIKit provides animations that are built on top of the Core Animation technology. If you need advanced
animations beyond the capabilities of UIKit, you can use Core Animation directly. The Core Animation interfaces
are contained in the Quartz Core framework. Using Core Animation, you create a hierarchy of layer objects
that you manipulate, rotate, scale, transform, and so forth. By using Core Animation’s familiar view-like
abstraction, you can create dynamic user interfaces without having to use low-level graphics APIs such as
OpenGL ES. For more information, see Core Animation Programming Guide .

Games
You have a number of different technologies to explore when developing games for iOS.

Game Kit. The Game Kit framework provides leaderboards, achievements, and other features to add to your
iOS game. For more information, see Game Kit Framework Reference .

Sprite Kit. The Sprite Kit framework provides graphics support for animating arbitrary textured images, or
sprites . In addition to being a graphics engine, it also includes physics support to bring objects to life. Sprite
Kit is a good choice for games and other apps that require complex animation chains. (For other kinds of user
interface animation, use Core Animation instead.) For more information, see Sprite Kit Programming Guide .

OpenGL ES. OpenGL ES is a low-level framework that provides tools to support hardware-accelerated 2D and
3D drawing. Apple’s implementation of the OpenGL ES standard works closely with the device hardware to
provide high frame rates for full-screen, game-style apps. Because OpenGL ES is a low-level, hardware-focused
API, it has a steep learning curve and a significant effect on the overall design of your app. (For apps that
require high-performance graphics for more specialized uses, consider using Sprite Kit or Core Animation.) For
more information, see OpenGL ES Programming Guide for iOS .

Game Controller. The Game Controller framework makes it easy to find controllers connected to a Mac or iOS
device. When a controller is discovered on your device, your game reads control inputs as part of its normal
gameplay. These controllers provide new ways for players to control your game. Apple has designed
specifications for hardware controllers to ensure that all of the controllers have consistent sets of control
elements that both players and game designers can rely on. For more information, see Game Controller
Framework Reference .

2013-10-22 \| Copyright © 2013 Apple Inc. All Rights Reserved.

114

iOS Technologies
Data

Data
When working with your app’s data, consider what capabilities are available to you in existing frameworks.

Core Data. The Core Data framework manages an app’s data model. With Core Data, you create model objects,
known as managed objects. You manage relationships between those objects and make changes to the data
through the framework. Core Data takes advantage of the built-in SQLite technology to store and manage
data efficiently. For more information, see Core Data Framework Reference .

Foundation. You worked with Foundation earlier in this guide. The Foundation framework defines a base layer
of Objective-C classes. In addition to providing a set of useful primitive object classes, this framework introduces
several paradigms that define behaviors not covered by the Objective-C language. Among other things, this
framework includes classes representing basic data types, such as strings and numbers, and collection classes
for storing other objects. For more information, see Foundation Framework Reference .

Media
Media frameworks provide a number of capabilities for working with audio and video in your app.

AV Foundation. AV Foundation is one of several frameworks that you can use to play and create time-based
audiovisual media. For example, you can use AV Foundation to examine, create, edit, or reencode media files.
You can also use it to get input streams from devices and manipulate video during real-time capture and
playback. For more information, see AV Foundation Framework Reference .

2013-10-22 \| Copyright © 2013 Apple Inc. All Rights Reserved.

115

Finding Information

As you develop your app, you’ll want the information you’ve learned—and more—at your fingertips. You can
get all the information you need without leaving Xcode.

Xcode comes with a large documentation suite containing a number of different types of documents, including
general and conceptual guides, framework and class references, and focused help articles. You can access this

your app. Use this chapter as a starting point for possible technologies to explore. For a full overview of the

technologies available in iOS, see iOS Technology Overview .

User Interface

iOS has many frameworks and technologies for creating and enhancing your app’s user interface.

UIKit. The UIKit framework provides classes to create a touch-based user interface. Because all iOS apps are

based on UIKit, you can’t ship an app without this framework. UIKit provides the infrastructure for drawing to

the screen, handling events, and creating common user interface elements. UIKit also organizes a complex

app by managing the content that’s displayed onscreen. For more information, see UIKit Framework Reference .

Core Graphics. Core Graphics—a low-level, C-based framework—is the workhorse for handling high-quality

vector graphics, path-based drawing, transformations, images, data management, and more. Of course, the

simplest and most efficient way to create graphics in iOS is to use prerendered images with the standard views

and controls of the UIKit framework, letting iOS do the drawing. Because UIKit, a higher-level framework, also

113

iOS Technologies

Games

provides classes for custom drawing—including paths, colors, patterns, gradients, images, text, and

transformations—use it instead of Core Graphics whenever possible. For more information, see Core Graphics

Framework Reference .

Core Animation. Core Animation is a technology that allows you to make advanced animations and visual

effects. UIKit provides animations that are built on top of the Core Animation technology. If you need advanced

animations beyond the capabilities of UIKit, you can use Core Animation directly. The Core Animation interfaces

are contained in the Quartz Core framework. Using Core Animation, you create a hierarchy of layer objects

that you manipulate, rotate, scale, transform, and so forth. By using Core Animation’s familiar view-like

abstraction, you can create dynamic user interfaces without having to use low-level graphics APIs such as

OpenGL ES. For more information, see Core Animation Programming Guide .

Games

You have a number of different technologies to explore when developing games for iOS.

Game Kit. The Game Kit framework provides leaderboards, achievements, and other features to add to your

iOS game. For more information, see Game Kit Framework Reference .

Sprite Kit. The Sprite Kit framework provides graphics support for animating arbitrary textured images, or

sprites . In addition to being a graphics engine, it also includes physics support to bring objects to life. Sprite

Kit is a good choice for games and other apps that require complex animation chains. (For other kinds of user

interface animation, use Core Animation instead.) For more information, see Sprite Kit Programming Guide .

OpenGL ES. OpenGL ES is a low-level framework that provides tools to support hardware-accelerated 2D and

3D drawing. Apple’s implementation of the OpenGL ES standard works closely with the device hardware to

provide high frame rates for full-screen, game-style apps. Because OpenGL ES is a low-level, hardware-focused

API, it has a steep learning curve and a significant effect on the overall design of your app. (For apps that

require high-performance graphics for more specialized uses, consider using Sprite Kit or Core Animation.) For

more information, see OpenGL ES Programming Guide for iOS .

Game Controller. The Game Controller framework makes it easy to find controllers connected to a Mac or iOS

device. When a controller is discovered on your device, your game reads control inputs as part of its normal

gameplay. These controllers provide new ways for players to control your game. Apple has designed

specifications for hardware controllers to ensure that all of the controllers have consistent sets of control

elements that both players and game designers can rely on. For more information, see Game Controller

Framework Reference .

114

iOS Technologies

Data

When working with your app’s data, consider what capabilities are available to you in existing frameworks.

Core Data. The Core Data framework manages an app’s data model. With Core Data, you create model objects,

known as managed objects. You manage relationships between those objects and make changes to the data

through the framework. Core Data takes advantage of the built-in SQLite technology to store and manage

data efficiently. For more information, see Core Data Framework Reference .

Foundation. You worked with Foundation earlier in this guide. The Foundation framework defines a base layer

of Objective-C classes. In addition to providing a set of useful primitive object classes, this framework introduces

several paradigms that define behaviors not covered by the Objective-C language. Among other things, this

framework includes classes representing basic data types, such as strings and numbers, and collection classes

for storing other objects. For more information, see Foundation Framework Reference .

Media

Media frameworks provide a number of capabilities for working with audio and video in your app.

AV Foundation. AV Foundation is one of several frameworks that you can use to play and create time-based

audiovisual media. For example, you can use AV Foundation to examine, create, edit, or reencode media files.

You can also use it to get input streams from devices and manipulate video during real-time capture and

playback. For more information, see AV Foundation Framework Reference .

115

Finding Information

As you develop your app, you’ll want the information you’ve learned—and more—at your fingertips. You can

get all the information you need without leaving Xcode.

Xcode comes with a large documentation suite containing a number of different types of documents, including

general and conceptual guides, framework and class references, and focused help articles. You can access this