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ุจุณู… ุงู„ู„ู‡ ุงู„ุฑุญู…ู† ุงู„ุฑุญูŠู… ุงู„ุณู„ุงู… ุนู„ูŠูƒู… ูˆุฑุญู…ุฉ ุงู„ู„ู‡ 

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ูˆุจุฑูƒุงุชู‡ ู…ุญุงุถุฑุฉ ุงู„ุฃุณุจูˆุน ุงู„ุซุงู„ุซ ุนุดุฑ ุฑุญ ุชูƒูˆู† ุนู„ู‰

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anatomy and physiology of the motor system 

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ุงู„ motor system ู…ู‡ู… ู„ูƒู… ุฌุฏุง ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ุฑุญ ูŠุชู… ุดุฑุญู‡ ููŠ

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ุฃุณุจูˆุนูŠู† ุฌุฒุก ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ ููŠ ุฃุณุจูˆุน ุงู„ุซุงู„ุซ ุนุดุฑ ูˆุฌุฒุก ุงู„ุซุงู†ูŠ

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ููŠ ุฃุณุจูˆุน ุงู„ุฑุงุจุน ุนุดุฑ ู†ุจุฏุฃ ุจุงู„ู…ุญุงุถุฑุฉ ุงู„ู€ motor system

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what's the components of the motor systemุŸ ู…ู† ุงูŠุด 

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ุจุชูƒูˆู† ุงู„ู€ motor systemุŸ ุฃูˆู„ ุดูŠุก ุจุชูƒูˆู† ู…ู† cortical 

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motor area cortical motor area ูŠุนู†ูŠ primary

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cortical motor area ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุฉ ูˆูŠู†ุŸ pre central

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gyrus area 4 ูˆ secondary motor areaุŒ area ุฑู‚ู… 6

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ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุฉ ููŠ frontal loop anterior to the precentral

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gyrus and cortical association area  ุฏู„ูˆู‚ุชู ุดุฆ ุจู†ุชูƒู„ู…

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ุนู† ุงู„ู€ cortical motor area ุงุซู†ูŠู† Basal nuclei ุงู„ู„ูŠ

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ู‡ูˆ ุฌุฒุก ู…ู† ุงู„ู€ extrapyramidal nervous system ู…ุซู„ ุงู„

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caudate, putamen, globus pallidus,  ูƒู„ูˆุฏูŠุชุŒ ุฃู…ูŠุฌุฏุงู„ูˆูŠุฏ ู†ูˆูƒู„ูŠุงุณ

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ูˆ ูƒู„ูˆุงุณุชุฑูˆู…ุŒ CerebellumุŒ brain

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stemุŒ ุฌุฐุน ุงู„ุฏู…ุงุบุŒ spinal cordุŒ ุฃู†ุง ุจุชูƒู„ู… ุนู† ุงู„ุฃุฌุฒุงุก

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ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ู‚ูˆู„ู‡ุง ู‚ุจู„ ุงู„ู€ motor ู„ูŠุงู„ูŠ ุงู„ู€ brain stem ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ููŠ

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ูู‚ุท ุงู„ู€ motor ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ููŠ ุงู„ู€ sensorุŒ ุฃู†ุง ุจุชูƒู„ู… ุนู† ุงู„ุฃุฌุฒุงุก

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ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจุชุฎุต ุงู„ู€ motorุŒ spinal cordุŒ peripheral motor fibers

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peripheral motor nerve fibersุŒ ู„ุฃู† ุงู„ู€ nerve ููŠู‡ sensory

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fibers ูˆ ููŠู‡ autonomic fibersุŒ ุฃู†ุง ุจุชูƒู„ู… ุนู† ุงู„ู€

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motor fibersุŒ ุงู„ู€ neuromuscular junctionุŒ ุงู„ู€

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neuromuscular junction and muscle and muscle

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what's

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the components of the extrapyramidal motor system

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extrapyramidal motor system ุจุฏุฎู„ ููŠู‡ุง ุจูŠุฒุงู„

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ู†ูˆูƒู„ูŠุงูŠุŒ ูƒูˆุฏูŠุช ู†ูˆูƒู„ูŠุงุณุŒ ุจูŠูˆุชุงู…ูŠู†ุŒ ุฌู„ูˆุจุงุณ ุจุงู„ูŠุฏุงุณ 

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ูƒู„ูˆุงุณุชุฑูˆู…ุŒ ุฃู…ูŠุฌุฏุงู„ูˆูŠุฏ ู†ูˆูƒู„ูŠุงุณ ูƒู„ู‡ ูŠุนุชุจุฑ ุจูŠุฒุงู„

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ู†ูˆูƒู„ูŠุงูŠุŒ subthalamus ุณูŠุนุชุจุฑ ุฌุฒุก ู…ู† ูˆูŠู†ุŸ ู…ู† ุฏูŠุงู†

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ุณูŠูุฑูˆู†ุŒ ู…ุชุฐูƒุฑูŠู† ุฏูŠุงู† ุณูŠูุฑูˆู†ุŸ ุซู„ุงู…ุณุŒ ู‡ูŠุจูˆุซู„ุงู…ุณุŒ

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ุณุจุซู„ุงู…ุณุŒ ู…ูŠุชุงุซู„ุงู…ุณุŒ ุฅูŠุจูŠุซุงู„ุงู…ุณุŒ ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ุงู„ู€

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subthalamus ุณูŠุนุชุจุฑ ุฌุฒุก ู…ู† ูˆูŠู†ุŸ ู…ู† ุฏูŠุงู† ุณูŠูุฑูˆู†ุŒ ูˆ

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ุงู„ู€ thalamus ู†ูุณ ุงู„ุดูŠุก ุฌุฒุก ู…ู† ุงูŠู‡ุŸ ู…ู† ุฏูŠุงู† ุณูŠูุฑูˆู†

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Substantia nigra ู‡ูŠ ุฌุฒุก ู…ู† ุงู„ู€ Extra Pyramidal

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Nervous System ูˆู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ู€ midbrain

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Substantia

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nigra ุชูุฑุฒ ู…ุงุฏุฉ ุงู„ุฏูˆุจุงู…ูŠู†ุŒ ููŠ ุญุงู„ ุญุฏุซ ู†ู‚ุต ููŠ ู…ุงุฏุฉ 

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ุงู„ุฏูˆุจุงู…ูŠู†ุŒ ุงู„ู…ุฑูŠุถ ุจูŠู†ุชุฌ ุนู†ุฏู‡ ู…ุฑุถ ุงุณู…ู‡ Parkinson

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disease ุฃูˆ shaking palsy ู…ุฑุถ ุดู„ู„ ุงู„ุฑุนุงุด ุฃูˆ ู…ุฑุถ 

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ParkinsonุŒ Red nucleus ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ูƒู…ุงู† ููŠ ุงู„ู€ midbrain

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ูˆ ู„ูŠู‡ุง ุฏูˆุฑ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ูˆุถูˆุน ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ู€ extrapyramidal

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nervous systemุŒ clinical correlation of the

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extrapyramidal nervous system ู„ูŠู‡ ู„ู‡ู… ุนู„ุงู‚ุฉ ุจุจุนุถ 

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ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑุงุถ ุงู„ู€ Parkinson disease ู‡ูˆ ูŠุนุชุจุฑ degeneration

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and depigmentation of neurons in the substantia

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nigra ู…ุฑุถ ุงู„ุจุฑูƒู†ุณูˆู† ุฑุงุญ ู†ุงุฎุฏู‡ ููŠ ุณู†ุฉ ุฑุงุจุนุฉ ููŠ

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ุงู„ู…ุญุงุถุฑุฉุŒ ุจูŠุญุฏุซ neurodegenerative changes in the

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substantia nigra ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจุชูุฑุฒ ู…ุงุฏุฉ ุงูŠู‡ุŸ ุงู„ุฏูˆุจุงู…ูŠู†

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ูŠุฌุจ ุฃู† ูŠูƒูˆู† Parkinson disease ูŠุนุชุจุฑ it chronic

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slowly progressive neurodegenerative disorder

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characterized by loss of pigmented neurons in the

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substantia nigra ูŠู‚ูˆู„ ู‡ูˆ ุจูŠุญุฏุซ ุงูŠู‡ loss of

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pigmented neurons in substantia negra ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ุฑุถ

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ูŠุคุฏูŠ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงูŠู‡ุŸ ุจุฑุงุฏูŠูƒูŠู†ูŠุฒูŠุง ุฃูˆ ู‡ูŠุจูˆูƒูŠู†ูŠุฒูŠุงุŒ ุจุชู‚ู

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ุงู„ุญุฑูƒุฉุŒ muscle rigidityุŒ breast tremor ุจุณ ุดุบู„

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instabilityุŒ ูƒู„ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุฃุนุฑุงุถ ู„ุฅูŠู‡ุŸ ุฃุนุฑุงุถ ู„ู…ูˆุถูˆุน ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ

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Parkinson diseaseุŒ ุงุซู†ูŠู† Huntington's disease ุฃูˆ

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ูƒูˆุฑูŠุฉุŒ ุชุนุชุจุฑ autosomal dominant ุฃูˆ ุฏุงุฆุฑ ุฑู‚ุต ุจูŠูƒูˆู†

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ุงู„ู…ุฑูŠุถ ู…ุงุดูŠ ู…ุซู„ ุจุฑู‚ุตุŒ ุฏุงุฆุฑ ุฑู‚ุตุŒ autosomal dominant

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movement disorder associated with severe

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degeneration of the cholinergic and GABAergic

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neurons ุชู…ุงู…ุŸ ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ุฅู† ู‡ูˆ ุงุนุชุจุฑ ุงู„ุนู„ุงู‚ุฉ ุจุงู„ู€ GABA ู‡ูˆ

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ุจุงู„ู€ ูƒูˆู„ูŠู†ูŠุฑุฌูŠูƒ ุชู…ุงู…ุŒ which are located in the

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caudate nucleus and putamenุŒ ูŠู‚ูˆู„ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ุฑุถ ุจูŠูƒูˆู†

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ุนู†ุฏู‡ู… ูƒูˆุฑูŠุฉ and dementia and dementia ูˆ ู†ุชุฌ ุนู† ุงูŠู‡ุŸ

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degeneration ููŠ ุงู„ูƒูˆู„ูŠู†ูŠุฑุฌูŠูƒ ูˆ ุงู„ู€ GABA ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู€ GABA 

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gamma-aminobutyric acid

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ุจุงู„ูŠุฒู…ุณ ุฃูˆ ู‡ูŠุจูˆ ุจุงู„ูŠุฒู…ุณ ู‡ุฐุง ุฃูƒุซุฑ ุดูŠุก ู…ู…ูƒู† ุชุดูˆูู‡ ููŠ

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ุญุงู„ุงุช ischemic infarctionุŒ ู„ู…ุง ูŠุญุฏุซ ischemic

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infarction ููŠ ุดูŠุก ุงุณู…ู‡ Lewy body nucleus ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุฉ

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ููŠ ุงู„ู€ subthalamus ุชุคุฏูŠ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงูŠู‡ุŸ ุจุงู„ูŠุฒู…ุณ ุฃูˆ

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hemibalism involuntary movement ููŠ ู…ูˆุงุถุน ุขุฎุฑ

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Hepatolenticular Degeneration ุฃูˆ ุจู†ุณู…ูŠู‡ ูˆูŠู„ุณูˆู†

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ุฏูŠุฒูŠุฒุŒ ู…ุฑุถ ูˆูŠู„ุณูˆู†ุŒ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ุฑุถ ุณู…ูˆู‡ Hepatolenticular

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Degeneration ู„ุฅู†ู‡ ุจูŠุตูŠุจ ุงู„ูƒุจุฏ ูˆ ุจูŠุตูŠุจ ุงู„ู€ Basal

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ุงู„ู†ูˆูƒู„ูŠุงูŠ ู„ูŠู†ุชูŠููˆุฑุŒ ุงู„ู†ูˆูƒู„ูŠุงุณุŒ ุจูŠุญุฏุซ accumulation of

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copperุŒ ูˆุงู„ู…ุดูƒู„ุฉุŒ ุงู„ู…ุดูƒู„ุฉ ููŠ ุงู†ุฒูŠู… ุงุณู…ู‡

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ุงู„ู€ ceruloplasminุŒ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู€ ceruloplasmin ุจูŠุญุฏุซ ููŠู‡

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mutation ุฃูˆ ุชุณู…ู‰ ุงู„ู€ recessive diseaseุŒ ูˆ

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ceruloplasmin ูˆุธูŠูุชู‡ ู‡ูŠ ุนู…ู„ binding ู…ุน ุงู„ู†ุญุงุณุŒ ุชุชุญุฏ

83
00:07:15,080 --> 00:07:18,380
ู…ุน ุงู„ู†ุญุงุณ ูˆ ุจูŠุฎุฑุฌูˆุง ู…ุนู‡ุŒ ุงู„ุจุนูˆุถ ุจูŠุฎุฑุฌูˆุง ู…ุนู‡ ุนุตุงุฑุฉ

84
00:07:18,380 --> 00:07:25,280
ุงู„ู…ุฑุงุฑุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ูƒุจุฏุŒ ู„ูƒู† ููŠ ุญุงู„ ุฅู† ููŠ mutation ููŠ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู€

85
00:07:25,280 --> 00:07:32,560
enzyme ุจูŠุญุฏุซ block ูˆ ุนุฏู… ู…ู‚ุฏุฑุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ุงุชุญุงุฏ ู…ุน ุงู„ู†ุญุงุณ

86
00:07:32,560 --> 00:07:36,900
ูˆ ุจูŠุญุฏุซ accumulation ู„ู„ู†ุญุงุณ ููŠ ุงู„ู€ bodyุŒ ูˆ ุงู„ู†ุญุงุณ ุฑุงุญ

87
00:07:36,900 --> 00:07:40,560
ูŠูƒูˆู† ููŠ ุงู„ู€ liver ูˆ ุงู„ู€ Basal ุงู„ู†ูˆูƒู„ูŠุงูŠ ูˆ ุงู„ู€ other

88
00:07:40,560 --> 00:07:45,660
organsุŒ type

89
00:07:45,660 --> 00:07:50,490
of body movementsุŒ ุงู„ุขู† ุงูŠุด ุงู„ู€ body movements ููŠ 

90
00:07:50,490 --> 00:07:56,190
autonomous ุฃูˆ reflex movementุŒ ุฃู†ุง ุจุนู…ู„ ุญุฑูƒุงุช

91
00:07:56,190 --> 00:07:59,370
reflex ุจุฏูˆู† ุฅุฑุงุฏุฉุŒ ุจุฏูˆู† ุฅุฑุงุฏุฉ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ู‡ุฐุง ุจูŠุณู…ูŠู‡ 

92
00:07:59,370 --> 00:08:05,410
involuntary movement ุฃูˆ postural without ุฃูˆ ุฃูˆ

93
00:08:05,410 --> 00:08:08,970
ุจูŠุณู…ูŠู‡ withdrawal reflexุŒ withdrawal reflex ูŠุนู†ูŠ

94
00:08:08,970 --> 00:08:14,890
ุฃู†ุง ุจุนู…ู„ู‡ุง ุจุฏูˆู† ู…ุง ุฃููƒุฑุŒ ุชู…ุงู…ุŸ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุญุฑูƒุงุช ู„ุง ุฅุฑุงุฏูŠุฉ

95
00:08:14,890 --> 00:08:21,730
ุญุฑูƒุงุช ู„ุง ุฅุฑุงุฏูŠุฉุŒ ูˆ ููŠ rhythmic voluntary movement ู…ุซู„

96
00:08:21,730 --> 00:08:25,730
ุงู„ู€ chewing ูˆ walking ู‡ุฐู‡ ุญุฑูƒุงุช ุฅุฑุงุฏูŠุฉุŒ ุฃู†ุง ุจุฏุฃุช 

97
00:08:25,730 --> 00:08:30,490
ุฃุชุญุฑูƒุŒ ุฃุชุญุฑูƒุŒ ู…ุดูŠุชุŒ ูˆู‚ูุชุŒ ุฎู„ุงุต ูŠู‚ูˆู„ ู‡ุฐู‡ voluntary

98
00:08:30,490 --> 00:08:39,290
movement ุฃู†ุง ุจุชุญูƒู… ููŠู‡ุงุŒ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุญุฑูƒุงุชุŒ ุงู„ู€

99
00:08:39,290 --> 00:08:43,990
anterior horn cells ููŠ ุงู„ู€ spinal cord ููŠ ุงู„ู€ anterior

100
00:08:43,990 --> 00:08:48,820
horn cells ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู€ anterior horn cells ุงู„ู€ main

101
00:08:48,820 --> 00:08:53,940
function ุจุชุงุนุชู‡ุง motorุŒ main function ู„ู‡ุง motorุŒ ุงู„ู€

102
00:08:53,940 --> 00:08:57,900
anterior horn cells consist of motor cells ูŠุจู‚ู‰

103
00:08:57,900 --> 00:09:02,360
ููŠู‡ุง ุงูŠู‡ุŸ motor cellsุŒ ุงู„ู€ anterior horn cells

104
00:09:02,360 --> 00:09:09,840
ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ููŠู‡ุง medial group nucleiุŒ central group

105
00:09:09,840 --> 00:09:16,670
nucleiุŒ and lateral group nucleiุŒ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุงู„ู€ anterior

106
00:09:16,670 --> 00:09:21,370
horn cells ููŠู‡ุง ูƒุงู… ู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุฉุŸ ุชู„ุงุชุฉุŒ medially group

107
00:09:21,370 --> 00:09:29,390
central group and lateral groupุŒ ู†ุจุฏุฃ ุจุงู„ู€ medially

108
00:09:29,390 --> 00:09:35,890
groupุŒ ุงู„ู€ medially group ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏูŠู† ููŠ ูƒู„ ุงู„ู€ spinal cord ุฃุถุงุก

109
00:09:35,890 --> 00:09:39,630
ุงู„ู€ medially group ููŠ ุงู„ู€ thoracic segment ุจู†ุณู…ูŠู‡

110
00:09:39,630 --> 00:09:45,150
ู„ู€ ventromedial and dorsomedialุŒ ู…ุณุคูˆู„ูŠู† ุนู† ู…ูŠู†ุŸ ุนู† 

111
00:09:45,150 --> 00:09:51,630
ุนุถู„ุงุช ุงู„ู€ trunkุŒ supply the muscle of trunkุŒ ุนู„ุงู‚ุฉ ููŠ

112
00:09:51,630 --> 00:09:57,010
ุนุถู„ุงุช ุงูŠู‡ ู„ู„ู€ trunkุŸ central group ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏูŠู† ู…ูŠู†ุŸ ููŠ 

113
00:09:57,010 --> 00:10:04,330
ุงู„ู€ upper cervical part ููŠ C1 ูˆ C4 ู…ุณุคูˆู„ูŠู† ุนู† ู…ูŠู†ุŸ

114
00:10:04,330 --> 00:10:10,090
ุจูŠุนุทูˆุง fibers ู„ู€ pharynx nerve ูˆ spinal accessory

115
00:10:10,090 --> 00:10:14,010
nerve ูŠูƒูˆู† ู‡ุฐูŠู† ุงู„ู…ุณุคูˆู„ูŠู† ุนู† ู…ูŠู†ุŸ ุนู† pharynx nerve

116
00:10:14,010 --> 00:10:18,870
ู„ู€ ุฃูุฑุงุฏ ูˆ spinal accessory nerve ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจูŠุบุฐูŠ 

117
00:10:18,870 --> 00:10:24,070
trapezius muscle and sternocleidomastoid muscle

118
00:10:24,070 --> 00:10:30,320
lateral group ู…ู† ุฌุณู… ุงู„ู€ ventral lateral ูˆ dorsal

119
00:10:30,320 --> 00:10:33,940
lateral ู‡ุฐูŠู† ุงู„ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏูŠู† ููŠ lower cervical ููŠ ุงู„ู€

120
00:10:33,940 --> 00:10:39,560
lumber ููŠ ุงู„ู€ upper segment of sacral ู…ุณุคูˆู„ูŠู† ุนู†

121
00:10:39,560 --> 00:10:46,720
ุงูŠู‡ุŸ ุนู† ุงู„ู€ upper ูˆ lower limb muscle ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ู€ medial 

122
00:10:46,720 --> 00:10:50,200
group muscle ู…ุณุฆูˆู„ุฉ ุนู† ุงู„ู€ trunk ูˆ ุงู„ู€ abdominal

123
00:10:50,200 --> 00:10:55,630
muscleุŒ central group ู…ุณุฆูˆู„ุฉ ุนู† pharynx ุฃูˆ

124
00:10:55,630 --> 00:10:59,010
phrenic nerve ูˆ spinal accessory nerve

125
00:10:59,010 --> 00:11:03,010
ุจูŠุบุฐูˆุง ุงู„ู€ diaphragm ูˆ trapezius muscle ูˆ

126
00:11:03,010 --> 00:11:08,870
sternocleidomastoid muscle ูˆ lateral group ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู…ู†

127
00:11:08,870 --> 00:11:13,910
ุฌุณู…ู‡ ู„ูŠู‡ ุฌุณู…ูŠู† dorsolateral ูˆ ventrolateral ู‡ุฐูˆู„

128
00:11:13,910 --> 00:11:17,270
ุจูŠุบุฐูˆู†ุŒ ู…ุณุคูˆู„ูŠู† ุนู† ุงู„ู€ upper ูˆ lower limb muscles

129
00:11:19,990 --> 00:11:24,530
rule the spinal cord in motor functionุŒ ุงูŠุด ูˆุธูŠูุฉ

130
00:11:24,530 --> 00:11:27,530
ุงู„ู€ spinal cordุŸ ุงูŠุด ูˆุธูŠูุฉ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู€ anterior horn

131
00:11:27,530 --> 00:11:35,090
cellsุŸ ุงุชูู‚ู†ุง ููŠ ุงู„ู€ spinal cord ููŠ motor neurons

132
00:11:35,090 --> 00:11:38,970
ูˆูŠู† ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏูŠู† ุงู„ู€ motor neuronsุŸ ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏูŠู† ููŠ ุงู„ู€

133
00:11:38,970 --> 00:11:44,250
anterior horn cellsุŒ ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ุงู„ู€ main function of the

134
00:11:44,250 --> 00:11:52,040
anterior horn cells is motor functionุŒ ููŠ ู†ูˆุนูŠู† ู…ู†

135
00:11:52,040 --> 00:11:58,460
ุงู„ู€ neurons ููŠ Alpha Motoneuron ูˆููŠ Gamma

136
00:11:58,460 --> 00:12:05,510
MotoneuronุŒ Alpha MotoneuronุŒ it is large type ูŠุนู†ูŠ 

137
00:12:05,510 --> 00:12:10,190
give rise to large type a alpha motoneuron fibers

138
00:12:10,190 --> 00:12:15,330
ู…ุณุคูˆู„ ุนู† ู…ูŠู†ุŸ ุนู† stimulation of the muscle fibers

139
00:12:15,330 --> 00:12:20,430
ูŠุจุฏุฃ ุงู„ู†ูˆุน ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ Alpha Motoneuron ู…ุณุคูˆู„ ุนู† ุงู„ู€

140
00:12:20,430 --> 00:12:25,110
large type a alpha ูˆุจูŠุบุฐูŠู†ุง ูˆู…ุณุคูˆู„ ุนู† ุงูŠู‡ุŸ ุนู† 

141
00:12:25,110 --> 00:12:30,380
stimulation of muscle fibersุŒ ุงู„ู†ูˆุน ุงู„ุซุงู†ูŠ Gamma

142
00:12:30,380 --> 00:12:35,820
MotoneuronุŒ Gamma Motoneuron ู‡ุฏูˆู„ ุจูŠุฑูˆุญูˆุง ู…ุน ู…ูŠู†ุŸ ู…ุน

143
00:12:35,820 --> 00:12:43,040
small of type A GammaุŒ ูˆุธูŠูุชู‡ู… control the muscle

144
00:12:43,040 --> 00:12:46,040
toneุŒ ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ุงู„ู€ small fibers ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู…ู„ุงู‚ุฉ ุจุงู„ู€

145
00:12:46,040 --> 00:12:51,240
regulation of muscle toneุŒ ุฃู…ุง ุงู„ู€ large fibers ุงู„ู„ูŠ

146
00:12:51,240 --> 00:12:56,300
ุจูŠุฌูˆุง ู…ู† Alpha Motoneuron ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู…ู„ุงู‚ุฉ ุจู€ stimulation

147
00:12:56,300 --> 00:13:01,660
of muscle fibersุŒ ูŠูƒูˆู† ุฃูˆู„ ู†ูˆุน ู…ูˆุชูˆ ู†ูŠุฑูˆู†ุฒ ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏูŠู†

148
00:13:01,660 --> 00:13:08,660
ููŠ anterior horn cellsุŒ ุงู„ู„ุบุฉ ุงู„ุซุงู†ูŠุฉ Interneurons

149
00:13:08,660 --> 00:13:15,400
Interneurons ุฃูˆ ุจู†ุณู…ูŠู‡ู… IntermediateุŒ Intermediate

150
00:13:15,400 --> 00:13:19,480
neuronsุŒ ู‡ุฏูˆู„ ุงู„ู€ Interneurons ุฃูˆ ุงู„ู€ Intermediate

151
00:13:19,480 --> 00:13:24,520
neurons ูˆู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏูŠู† ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏูŠู† ุจูŠู† ุงู„ู€ sensory

152
00:13:24,520 --> 00:13:28,740
neurons and motor ุจูŠู† ุงู„ู€ sensory ูˆ ุงู„ู€ motor ูŠุนู†ูŠ 

153
00:13:28,740 --> 00:13:36,220
ุจู„ุบุฉ ุซุงู†ูŠุฉ ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏูŠู† ุจูŠู† posterior horn cells ูˆ anterior

154
00:13:36,220 --> 00:13:40,940
horn cellsุŒ ู…ุงู‡ูŠ ุงู„ู…ุดูƒู„ุฉ ุงู„ุฑุฆูŠุณูŠุฉ ู„ู‡ู…ุŸ ุงู„ู…ุดูƒู„ุฉ 

155
00:13:40,940 --> 00:13:45,820
ุงู„ุฑุฆูŠุณูŠุฉ reflex center ู…ุซู„ ู…ุง ุงุชูู‚ู†ุง Intermediates

156
00:13:45,820 --> 00:13:49,640
area ูˆูŠู† ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏูŠู†ุŸ ุจูŠู† ุงู„ู€ ventral ูˆ ุงู„ู€ dorsal horns ุฃูˆ

157
00:13:49,640 --> 00:13:54,400
ุจูŠู† ุงู„ู€ anterior posterior hornุŒ ุงู„ู…ุดูƒู„ุฉ ุงู„ุฑุฆูŠุณูŠุฉ ู‡ูŠ

158
00:13:55,560 --> 00:13:59,920
Excitatory for Integrative Function of the Spinal

159
00:13:59,920 --> 00:14:05,380
Cord ูŠุนุชุจุฑู‡ Integrative Function ุฃูˆ Reflex Center

160
00:14:05,380 --> 00:14:07,480
ูˆุธูŠูุชู‡ู… Reflex Center

161
00:14:26,330 --> 00:14:29,810
ุจุงู„ู€ motor fibers ุชุนู…ู„ contraction of the muscle

162
00:14:29,810 --> 00:14:34,750
ูˆ ุจูŠุญุตู„ ุนู†ู‡ุง reflex ู„ุงุฒู…

163
00:14:34,750 --> 00:14:39,630
ู†ุชูƒู„ู… ุนู„ู‰ ุดูŠุก ุงุณู…ู‡ pyramidal tract ุงูŠุด ู‡ูˆ

164
00:14:39,630 --> 00:14:44,930
pyramidal tractุŸ pyramidal tract contains

165
00:14:44,930 --> 00:14:50,710
about one million nerve fibers ููŠ one million

166
00:14:50,710 --> 00:14:57,430
nerve fibersุŒ it is the longest nerve fibers in the

167
00:14:57,430 --> 00:15:02,750
body ูˆ ุฃุทูˆู„ nerve fibers ุฃูˆ ุฃุทูˆู„ tract ููŠ ุงู„ุฌุณู… ู‡ูˆ 

168
00:15:02,750 --> 00:15:07,490
ู…ูŠู†ุŸ ุจูŠุฑุงู…ูŠุฏุงู„ tractุŒ ู…ู† ูˆูŠู† ุจุจุฏุฃุŸ ุงู„ู€ origin

169
00:15:07,490 --> 00:15:12,560
ุจุชุงุนู‡ ุจุจุฏุฃ ู…ู† ุญุงุฌุฉ ุงุณู…ู‡ุง Betz cells ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ู€

170
00:15:12,560 --> 00:15:17,160
internal pyramidal layer ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุฃูŠ ุทุจู‚ุฉุŸ ููŠ ุงู„ุทุจู‚ุฉ

171
00:15:17,160 --> 00:15:21,420
ุงู„ุฎุงู…ุณุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ู€ cortex ููŠ ุงู„ู€ internal pyramidal

172
00:15:21,420 --> 00:15:25,240
layer ู…ู† ุงูŠุด ุจุชูƒูˆู† ุงู„ู€ cortex ููŠ ุงู„ู€ histology ุจุชูƒูˆู†

173
00:15:25,240 --> 00:15:31,300
ู…ู† six layersุŒ ุฃูˆู„ layer molecular layer ุซุงู†ูŠ layer

174
00:15:31,300 --> 00:15:38,020
external granular layer ุซุงู„ุซ external pyramidal

175
00:15:38,020 --> 00:15:44,240
layer ุฑุงุจุน internal granular layer ุฎุงู…ุณ ganglionic

176
00:15:44,240 --> 00:15:48,400
layers ุฃูˆ internal pyramidal layer ู…ู† ุงู„ู€ internal

177
00:15:48,400 --> 00:15:53,260
pyramidal layer ุจูŠุจุฏุฃ ุจู€ Betz cells ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ู… ู…ุณุคูˆู„ูŠู† ุนู† ุฃูˆ 

178
00:15:53,260 --> 00:15:57,660
ู‡ู… ูŠุนุชุจุฑูˆุง ุจุฏุงูŠุฉ ุงูŠู‡ุŸ Pyramidal tract ูˆ ุขุฎุฑ ุดูŠุก

179
00:15:57,660 --> 00:16:02,920
multiform layers ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู€ layers ู‡ู… layers of

180
00:16:02,920 --> 00:16:04,560
cerebral cortex

181
00:16:07,390 --> 00:16:11,550
ุงู„ุดูŠุก ุงู„ุซุงู†ูŠ ู„ู…ุง ุงุชูƒู„ู…ู†ุง ุนู† ุงู„ู€ cortex ุณุฑุงุญุชู„ูƒู… 

182
00:16:11,550 --> 00:16:20,590
ุงู„ุฅู†ุณุงู† ุจูŠูƒูˆู† ุนู†ุฏู‡ ููŠ

183
00:16:20,590 --> 00:16:32,450
ุงู„ุฏู…ุงุบ ุฃูˆ ุจูŠูƒูˆู† ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ููŠ ุงู„ุฏู…ุงุบ ูƒุฐุงุŒ ุงู„ุฑุฃุณ ุชุญุช ุงู„ู€

184
00:16:32,450 --> 00:16:38,360
upper limbs ููŠ ุงู„ูˆุณุท ูˆ lower limbs ููˆู‚ุŒ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ููŠ ุงู„ู€

185
00:16:38,360 --> 00:16:42,440
upper one third ุจูŠูƒูˆู† ุงู„ู€ lower limbs ููŠ ุงู„

201
00:17:56,560 --> 00:18:05,220
ุงู„ุจูŠุฑุงู…ูŠุฏุงู„

202
00:18:05,220 --> 00:18:12,260
ุฏู‡ ุงู„ู€ Pyramidal tract ุฏู‡ ุงู„ู€ tract ู†ุฑุณู…ู‡ ู‡ู†ุง ู†ุฎุทุทู‡ ู…ุน

203
00:18:12,260 --> 00:18:12,620
ุจุนุถ

204
00:18:19,940 --> 00:18:28,040
ู‡ูŠ ุนู†ุฏูŠ ุจูŠุฑุงู…ูŠุฏุงู„

205
00:18:28,040 --> 00:18:31,680
tract

206
00:18:31,680 --> 00:18:35,480
ุจูŠุฑุงู…ูŠุฏุงู„

207
00:18:35,480 --> 00:18:43,440
tract ู…ู† ุงู„ู‚ุณู… ู„ู‚ุณู…ูŠู† ุงู„ู‚ุณู… ู„ู‚ุณู…ูŠู† ุฃูˆู„

208
00:18:43,440 --> 00:18:49,180
ู‚ุณู… ุจู†ุณู…ูŠู‡ Corticospinal

209
00:18:52,560 --> 00:19:00,180
ุงู„ู‚ุณู… ุงู„ุซุงู†ูŠ ูƒูˆุฑุชูŠูƒูˆ

210
00:19:00,180 --> 00:19:09,200
ู†ูˆูƒู„ูŠุงุฑ ุชุฑุงูƒุช ุฃูˆ ูƒูˆุฑุชูŠูƒูˆ ุจู„ุจุฑ

211
00:19:17,420 --> 00:19:21,860
ุงู„ุฌุฒุก ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ Corticospinal tract ูˆุงู„ุฌุฒุก ุงู„ุซุงู†ูŠ

212
00:19:21,860 --> 00:19:24,200
ูƒูˆุฑุชูŠูƒูˆ ู†ูˆูƒู„ูŠุงุฑ ุฃูˆ ูƒูˆุฑุชูŠูƒูˆ ุจู„ุจุฑ

213
00:19:35,420 --> 00:19:41,380
ุงู„ู€ Corticonuclear tract ู‚ุณู…ูŠู† ูˆ Corticospinal

214
00:19:41,380 --> 00:19:47,400
tract ู‚ุณู…ูŠู† ู…ู† ุงุณู…ู‡ Corticonuclear tract

215
00:19:47,400 --> 00:19:51,420
Corticonuclear tract ุฅูŠู‡ ุฑุงุญ ูŠูƒูˆู† ุฅูŠู‡ ุญุงู„ุฉ

216
00:19:51,420 --> 00:20:01,180
Corticonuclear tractุŸ ุจูŠุนุทูŠู†ุง fibers ู„ู…ู†ุŸ ู„ู„ุงู†ุชุฑู†ูŠูˆุฑูˆู†

217
00:20:02,580 --> 00:20:11,160
ู‡ูˆ cells in the spinal cord ู…ู† ู‡ู†ุง ู†ุณู…ูˆ Cortico-spinal

218
00:20:11,160 --> 00:20:14,820
ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุจูŠุจุฏุฃ ู…ู† ุงู„ู€ cortex ูˆ ุจู†ุชู‡ูŠ ูˆูŠู† ููŠ ุงู„ู€

219
00:20:14,820 --> 00:20:21,840
spinal ุทุจ ูˆ Cortico ู†ูˆูƒู„ูŠุงุฑ ุจูŠุนุทูŠู†ุง fibers ู„ู…ู†ุŸ

220
00:20:21,840 --> 00:20:28,040
to motor nuclei

221
00:20:28,040 --> 00:20:31,760
in the brain stem

222
00:20:35,500 --> 00:20:47,520
ู…ูˆุชูˆุฑ ู†ูŠูˆูƒู„ูŠุงูŠ of cranial nerve of cranial

223
00:20:47,520 --> 00:20:52,340
nerve in

224
00:20:52,340 --> 00:21:00,060
the brain stem ุชู…ุงู…

225
00:21:04,430 --> 00:21:14,250
Corticospinal tract ุชู†ู‚ุณู… ู„ู‚ุณู…ูŠู† Lateral

226
00:21:14,250 --> 00:21:17,970
Corticospinal

227
00:21:17,970 --> 00:21:25,810
tract ูˆ Ventral Corticospinal

228
00:21:25,810 --> 00:21:26,470
tract

229
00:21:30,280 --> 00:21:34,280
ุทุจุนุง ุงู„ู‚ุณู… ุงู„ู‚ุณู…ูŠู† Lateral Corticospinal tract and

230
00:21:34,280 --> 00:21:37,540
Ventral Corticospinal tract Lateral Corticospinal

231
00:21:37,540 --> 00:21:43,300
tract supply supply

232
00:21:43,300 --> 00:21:52,420
the upper limbs and lower limbs ุฃู…ุง ุงู„ู€ Ventral

233
00:21:52,420 --> 00:21:57,500
Corticospinal tract supply ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ

234
00:22:04,260 --> 00:22:09,520
trunk and abdominal

235
00:22:09,520 --> 00:22:14,980
muscles ูŠุจู‚ู‰

236
00:22:14,980 --> 00:22:19,620
ููŠ ุนู†ุฏูŠ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ู€ Ventral tract ุฃูˆ Ventral

237
00:22:19,620 --> 00:22:21,880
Corticospinal tract ู‡ูŠูƒูˆู† ู…ุณุคูˆู„ุฉ ุนู† ุงู„ู€ respiratory

238
00:22:21,880 --> 00:22:25,640
ุนู† ุฅูŠู‡ respiratory muscles ู‚ุงู„ Cortico

239
00:22:28,610 --> 00:22:31,350
Bulbar tract ุฑุงุญ ูŠู†ู‚ุณู… ู„ู€ .. ุฃูˆ Corticonuclear

240
00:22:31,350 --> 00:22:36,590
tract ุฑุงุญ ูŠู†ู‚ุณู… ู„ู‚ุณู…ูŠู† ุงู„ู‚ุณู…

241
00:22:36,590 --> 00:22:43,930
ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ ุงุณู…ู‡ Lateral ู†ูุณ ุงู„ุดูŠุก Corticonuclear tract

242
00:22:43,930 --> 00:22:50,030
ูˆุงู„ุซุงู†ูŠ Medial Corticonuclear

243
00:22:50,030 --> 00:22:56,630
tract ุงู„ู€ Medial Corticonuclear tract ุณู‡ู„ supply

244
00:22:59,180 --> 00:23:07,700
ุฃูˆ give fibers to

245
00:23:07,700 --> 00:23:20,300
Oculomotor nuclei ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ู… ุงู„ุนุตุจ ุงู„ุซุงู„ุซ ูˆุงู„ุฑุงุจุน ูˆุงู„ุณุงุฏุณ

246
00:23:20,300 --> 00:23:22,560
from

247
00:23:26,510 --> 00:23:31,150
both cerebral hemispheres ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุงู„ู€ Medial ุงู„ูƒูˆุฑุชูŠูƒูˆ

248
00:23:31,150 --> 00:23:33,990
ู†ูˆูƒู„ูŠุงุฑ ุชุฑุงูƒุช ุจูŠุนุทูŠ ุงู„ู€ ู†ูˆูƒู„ูŠุงุฑ ุจุชุงุนุฉ ุงู„ู€ Oculomotor

249
00:23:33,990 --> 00:23:37,310
ูˆ Trochlear ูˆ ุงู„ู€ Abducens ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู€ both sides ุจูŠุจู‚ู‰ ุนู„ู‰

250
00:23:37,310 --> 00:23:39,450
ุงู„ู€ right ูˆ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู€ left ูˆ ุงู„ู€ left ุจูŠุนุทูŠ right left

251
00:23:39,450 --> 00:23:42,630
ูˆ ู‡ูƒุฐุง ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุงู„ู€ Nuclei of Oculomotor Trochlear ูˆ

252
00:23:42,630 --> 00:23:46,110
ุงู„ู€ Abducens ุจูŠุงุฎุฏู‡ ู…ู† ุงู„ู€ both cerebral hemispheres ุทุจ

253
00:23:46,110 --> 00:23:52,590
ุงู„ู€ Lateral ูƒูˆุฑุชูŠูƒูˆ ู†ูˆูƒู„ูŠุงุฑ ุชุฑุงูƒุช ุจูŠุนุทูŠ

254
00:23:52,590 --> 00:23:53,750
ู„ู„ู…ูˆุชูˆุฑ

255
00:23:55,610 --> 00:24:04,570
Nuclei of Trigeminal

256
00:24:04,570 --> 00:24:09,750
nerve Dorsal

257
00:24:09,750 --> 00:24:17,170
Facial nerve Glossopharyngeal,

258
00:24:17,770 --> 00:24:22,490
Vagus ูˆ Cranial accessory ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู„ู‡ ุนู„ุงู‚ุฉ ุจู€ Ambiguous

259
00:24:22,490 --> 00:24:23,010
ู†ูˆูƒู„ูŠุงุณ

260
00:24:29,020 --> 00:24:36,020
Cranial accessory from both cerebral hemispheres

261
00:24:36,020 --> 00:24:46,500
and ูˆุจูŠุนุทูŠ ูƒู…ุงู† two ventral nuclei

262
00:24:46,500 --> 00:24:55,440
of Facial nerve ูุงุตู„ุฉ ูˆHypoglossal nerve

263
00:24:55,440 --> 00:24:57,680
Hypoglossal nucleus

264
00:25:01,760 --> 00:25:07,360
only from opposite side

265
00:25:12,120 --> 00:25:17,500
ูŠุนู†ูŠ ู‡ู†ุง ุดุฑุญู†ุง ู„ูƒู… ู…ุฎุทุท ุจุชุงุน ุจูŠุฑุงู…ูŠุฏุงู„ ุชุฑุงูƒุช ุดุฑุญู†ุง

266
00:25:17,500 --> 00:25:21,220
ู„ูƒู… ู…ุฎุทุท ุจุชุงุน ุจูŠุฑุงู…ูŠุฏุงู„ ุชุฑุงูƒุช ู‡ู†ุง ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ุจุณ ู…ุด ูˆุงุถุญ

267
00:25:21,220 --> 00:25:24,900
ูƒุซูŠุฑ ููŠ ุงู„ูˆุฑู‚ุฉ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุฃู†ุง ุตูˆุฑุชู„ูƒูˆุง ุฅูŠุงู‡ุง ู‡ู†ุง ุฑุณู…ู†ุง

268
00:25:24,900 --> 00:25:28,620
ู„ูƒู… ุฅูŠุงู‡ุง ูˆุฎุทุทุชูˆุง ู„ูƒู… ุงู„ู€ ุจูŠุฑุงู…ูŠุฏุงู„ ุชุฑุงูƒุช ุจู†ู‚ุณู…

269
00:25:28,620 --> 00:25:34,140
ู„ุฌุฒุฆูŠู† ุงู„ุฌุฒุก ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ Corticospinal tract ูˆุฌุฒุก ุซุงู†ูŠ

270
00:25:34,140 --> 00:25:36,600
Corticobulbar ุฃูˆ Corticonuclear tract

271
00:25:36,600 --> 00:25:39,740
Corticospinal tract ูŠุจุฏุฃ ู…ู† ุงู„ู€ cortex ูˆูŠู†ุชู‡ูŠ ููŠ

272
00:25:39,740 --> 00:25:44,060
spinal cord ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุจูŠุนุทูŠ fibers ู„ู„ุงู†ุชุฑู†ูŠูˆุฑูˆู† ูˆุญุตู„ ููŠ

273
00:25:44,060 --> 00:25:49,540
spinal cord ูˆ Corticobulbar tract ุจูŠุนุทูŠ fibers to

274
00:25:49,540 --> 00:25:53,760
motor nuclei of the cranial nerves in the brain

275
00:25:53,760 --> 00:25:58,860
stem in the brain stem okay Corticospinal tract

276
00:25:58,860 --> 00:26:05,610
ุจู†ู‚ุณู… ู„ู‚ุณู…ูŠู† Lateral Corticospinal tract ุจูŠู…ุฑ ููŠ ุงู„ู€

277
00:26:05,610 --> 00:26:11,190
lateral column of spinal cord ูˆ ุจูŠุบุฐูŠ ุงู„ู€ upper ูˆ

278
00:26:11,190 --> 00:26:16,070
lower limbs ูˆ Ventral Corticospinal tract supply

279
00:26:16,070 --> 00:26:21,730
trunk and abdominal muscles ุจูŠู…ุฑ ูˆูŠู† ููŠ ุงู„ู€ Ventral

280
00:26:21,730 --> 00:26:25,870
column of spinal cord ู†ูŠุฌูŠ ู„ู€ Corticobulbar tract

281
00:26:25,870 --> 00:26:31,490
ุจู†ู‚ุณู… ู„ู‚ุณู…ูŠู† Lateral Corticonuclear tract and

282
00:26:31,490 --> 00:26:36,270
Medial Corticonuclear tract ุงู„ู€ Medial

283
00:26:36,270 --> 00:26:37,810
Corticonuclear tract

284
00:26:47,600 --> 00:26:50,800
ุงู„ู†ูŠูˆูƒู„ูŠุงุฑุงุช ุจุชุงุนุชู‡ู… ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุฉ ููŠ ุจุฑูŠู† stem ู†ูŠูˆูƒู„ูŠุงุณ

285
00:26:50,800 --> 00:26:53,640
ุฃูˆ Oculomotor Nuclei ุฃูˆ Oculomotor Nuclei ุฃูˆ Oculomotor

286
00:26:53,640 --> 00:26:55,860
Nuclei ุฃูˆ Oculomotor Nuclei ุฃูˆ Oculomotor Nuclei ุฃูˆ

287
00:26:55,860 --> 00:26:57,280
Oculomotor Nuclei ุฃูˆ Oculomotor Nuclei ุฃูˆ Oculomotor Nuclei

288
00:26:57,280 --> 00:26:58,920
ุฃูˆ Oculomotor Nuclei ุฃูˆ Oculomotor Nuclei Nuclei Nuclei

289
00:26:58,920 --> 00:27:04,480
Nuclei Nuclei Nuclei Nuclei Nuclei Nuclei Nuclei

290
00:27:04,480 --> 00:27:05,610
Nuclei Nuclei Nuclei Nuclei Nuclei Nuclei Nuclei

291
00:27:05,610 --> 00:27:09,190
left ุจูŠุบุฐู‘ูŠ left ูˆ ุจูŠุบุฐู‘ูŠ right ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุงู„ู€ nucleus

292
00:27:09,190 --> 00:27:14,030
ุจุชุงุนุฉ ุงู„ู€ Motor Nuclei of the Ocular Nerve receive

293
00:27:14,030 --> 00:27:17,950
fibers from the Corticonuclear tract ุฅูŠู‡ ูˆุงุญุฏ

294
00:27:17,950 --> 00:27:22,530
ููŠู‡ู…ุŸ from the Medial Corticonuclear tract from

295
00:27:22,530 --> 00:27:27,020
both cerebral hemispheres ู†ูŠุฌูŠ ู„ู€ Lateral

296
00:27:27,020 --> 00:27:31,700
Corticonuclear tract give motor fibers ู„ู…ู†ุŸ

297
00:27:31,700 --> 00:27:37,140
ู„ู„ู…ูˆุชูˆุฑ ู†ูŠูˆูƒู„ูŠุงูŠ of the cranial nerves ู…ู† ู‡ู…ุง ู…ูˆุชูˆุฑ

298
00:27:37,140 --> 00:27:41,140
ู†ูŠูˆูƒู„ูŠุงุณ ุงู„ู€ Trigeminal nerve ู…ูˆุชูˆุฑ ู†ูŠูˆูƒู„ูŠุงุณ ุงู„ู€

299
00:27:41,140 --> 00:27:45,820
Dorsal nucleus ุจุชุงุนุฉ ุงู„ู€ Facial nerve Ambiguous

300
00:27:45,820 --> 00:27:49,040
ู†ูŠูˆูƒู„ูŠุงุณ ุงู„ู…ุณุฆูˆู„ ุนู† ุงู„ู€ Glossopharyngeal ูˆ Vagus ูˆ

301
00:27:49,040 --> 00:27:53,000
Cranial accessory from both cerebral and cerebral

302
00:27:53,000 --> 00:27:56,220
ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุงู„ู€ right Lateral ุจูŠุนุทูŠ right left right left

303
00:27:56,220 --> 00:28:02,260
ุทูŠุจ ุฒุงุฆุฏ ุฅู†ู‡ ุจูŠุนุทูŠ ูƒู…ุงู† Ventral nucleus of Facial

304
00:28:02,260 --> 00:28:07,300
nerve ุงู„ู…ุณุฆูˆู„ ุนู† ุงู„ู€ lower quadrant of the face

305
00:28:08,160 --> 00:28:10,640
ูˆุจูŠุบุฐู‘ูŠู‡ุง ุงู„ู€ Hypoglossal nucleus ุงู„ู…ุณุฆูˆู„ ุนู† ุงู„ู€

306
00:28:10,640 --> 00:28:15,880
Hypoglossal nerve only from opposite side ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุงู„ู€

307
00:28:15,880 --> 00:28:19,740
Ventral nucleus ุจุชุงุนุฉ ุงู„ู€ Facial nerve ุงู„ุดู…ุงู„

308
00:28:19,740 --> 00:28:24,810
ุงู„ูŠู…ูŠู† ูˆุงู„ู€ Hypoglossal nucleus ุจุชุงุนุช ุงู„ุนุตุจ ุงู„ุซุงู†ูŠ

309
00:28:24,810 --> 00:28:31,030
ุนุดุฑ ุงู„ูŠู…ูŠู† ุจุณ ุชุงุฎุฏ ุฅุดุงุฑุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ู€ left Lateral

310
00:28:31,030 --> 00:28:34,490
Corticonuclear ุชุงุฎุฏุด ู…ู† ุงู„ู€ both cerebral ุงู„ู„ูŠ

311
00:28:34,490 --> 00:28:37,970
ู…ุตูŠุฑู‡ุงุŒ ุจูŠุงุฎุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ู€ one sideุŒ ุจูŠุงุฎุฏ ู…ู† ูˆูŠู†ุŸ one

312
00:28:37,970 --> 00:28:38,610
side

313
00:28:42,830 --> 00:28:46,430
ู‡ูŠูˆ ุงู„ู€ Pyramidal tract ุงู„ุขู† ุฑุงุญ ูŠูƒูˆู† ุฃุณู‡ู„ ู„ูƒู… ุงู„ู€

314
00:28:46,430 --> 00:28:53,150
Pyramidal tract is a bundle of motoneuron fibers it

315
00:28:53,150 --> 00:28:57,370
begins in the cerebral cortex ุจูŠุจุฏุฃ ู…ู† ูˆูŠู†ุŸ ู…ู† ุงู„ู€

316
00:28:57,370 --> 00:29:01,190
cerebral cortex ุนุดุงู† ู‡ูŠูƒ ุณู…ูˆู‡ Corticospinal

317
00:29:01,190 --> 00:29:05,130
Corticobulbar ุฃูˆ Corticonuclear ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุจูŠุจุฏุฃ ู…ู† ูˆูŠู†ุŸ

318
00:29:05,130 --> 00:29:09,810
ู…ู† ุงู„ู€ cortex ุจูŠุจุฏุฃ ู…ู† ูˆูŠู†ุŸ ู…ู† ุงู„ู€ cortex ูˆุจูŠู†ุชู‡ูŠ It

319
00:29:09,810 --> 00:29:19,370
ends in anterior horn cells of spinal cord ูƒูˆุฑุชูŠูƒูˆ

320
00:29:19,370 --> 00:29:22,730
ุณุจุงูŠู†ุงู„ ุชุฑุงูƒุช

321
00:29:25,430 --> 00:29:30,690
ูˆุฎู„ุต ููŠ ุงู„ู€ Motor Nuclei of the Cranial Nerves in

322
00:29:30,690 --> 00:29:35,670
the brainstem ุงุณู…ู‡ Corticonuclear ุฃูˆ Corticobulbar

323
00:29:35,670 --> 00:29:40,670
tract ูŠุจู‚ู‰ Cortico ุฃูˆ ุงู„ุจุฑุงู…ุฌ ุงู„ู€ tract ู†ู‚ุณู… ู„ูƒ

324
00:29:40,670 --> 00:29:46,120
ุงุณู…ูŠู† Corticospinal tract and Corticonuclear tract

325
00:29:46,120 --> 00:29:51,340
Corticospinal tract ุจู†ู‚ุณู…ู‡ ู„ู‚ุณู…ูŠู† ุญุณุจ ูˆูŠู† ู…ุฑ ุฅู„ู‰

326
00:29:51,340 --> 00:29:55,360
Lateral Corticospinal tract ุจูŠู…ุฑ ููŠ ุงู„ู€ Lateral

327
00:29:55,360 --> 00:29:59,500
column of spinal cord and Ventral ุฃูˆ Anterior

328
00:29:59,500 --> 00:30:04,160
Corticospinal tract ุจูŠู…ุฑ ููŠ ุงู„ู€ Ventral column of

329
00:30:04,160 --> 00:30:09,040
spinal cord ุฃู…ุง Corticonuclear tract ุฑุงุญ ูŠู…ุฑ ูˆูŠู†ุŸ

330
00:30:09,760 --> 00:30:16,020
ู„ู„ุจุฑุงูŠู† stem ูˆ ูŠู†ู‚ุณู… ู„ู‚ุณู…ูŠู† ู„ู€ Lateral and Medial

331
00:30:16,020 --> 00:30:22,620
Corticonuclear tract ุงู„ุขู† ู†ุชูƒู„ู… ุนู„ู‰ ุดูŠุก ุงุณู…ู‡ Upper

332
00:30:22,620 --> 00:30:28,020
Motoneuron ุณู…ุนุชูˆุง ููŠู‡ ุงู„ู€ Upper Motoneuron System ุงู„ู€

333
00:30:28,020 --> 00:30:31,700
Upper Motoneuron System ู‡ุฐุง ุฅุญู†ุง ุจู†ุชูƒู„ู… ุนู„ู‰

334
00:30:31,700 --> 00:30:34,380
Corticospinal tract ุฃูˆ Corticonuclear tract ูŠุนู†ูŠ

335
00:30:34,380 --> 00:30:39,000
ุงู„ู€ Corticospinal tract ูˆ Corticonuclear tract ุฅุฐุง

336
00:30:39,000 --> 00:30:42,480
ุญุฏุซ ููŠู‡ู… ู…ุดูƒู„ุฉ ุจูŠุคุฏูŠ ุฅู„ู‰ Upper Motor Neuron Lesion

337
00:30:42,480 --> 00:30:47,400
ูŠุนู†ูŠ Damage of Corticospinal tract or

338
00:30:47,400 --> 00:30:52,940
Corticonuclear tract leads to Upper Motor Neuron

339
00:30:52,940 --> 00:30:56,980
Lesion ูŠุนู†ูŠ ูŠุนุฑูู†ุง ุงู„ู€ damage ุฃูˆ ุฃูŠ ุชุบูŠูŠุฑ ุฃูˆ ุฃูŠ ู…ุฑุถ

340
00:30:56,980 --> 00:31:00,260
ุจูŠุตูŠุจ ุงู„ู€ Corticospinal tract ุฃูˆ Corticonuclear

341
00:31:00,260 --> 00:31:07,530
tract ูŠุคุฏูŠ ุฅู„ู‰ Upper Motor Neuron Lesion ูŠูƒูˆู† ู‡ูˆ

342
00:31:07,530 --> 00:31:11,030
ูŠูุนุชุจุฑ Supraspinal Lesion ุฃูˆ ุฅุฐุง ุจุชูƒู„ู… ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู€

343
00:31:11,030 --> 00:31:15,050
Corticonuclear tract Supranuclear Lesion ุฅูŠุด ุงู„ู€

344
00:31:15,050 --> 00:31:18,030
function ุจุชุงุนุฉ ุงู„ู€ Upper Motor Neuron ุฅู† ูƒุงู†

345
00:31:18,030 --> 00:31:23,070
Corticospinal ุฃูˆ Corticonuclear ุฃูˆู„ ูˆุธูŠูุฉ ุฅู† ู‡ูŠ

346
00:31:23,070 --> 00:31:27,170
Initiation and Control of Voluntary Motor Activity

347
00:31:27,170 --> 00:31:36,820
ููŠ ุญุงู„ ุฅู†ู‡ ููŠ ุญุงู„ ุฅู†ู‡ ุญุฏุซ ุนู†ุฏู†ุง ุงู„ู€ Damage

348
00:31:36,820 --> 00:31:41,540
of Corticospinal tract ุฃูˆ Corticonuclear tract

349
00:31:41,540 --> 00:31:45,760
ุจูŠุญุฏุซ Paralysis ุจูŠุญุฏุซ ุฅูŠุดุŸ Paralysis ุฃูˆ ุดู„ู„

350
00:31:47,650 --> 00:31:51,590
Inhibition of Muscle Tone Inhibition of Muscle

351
00:31:51,590 --> 00:31:55,030
Tone ู‡ูˆ ูˆุธูŠูุชู‡ ูŠุนู…ู„ Inhibition ู„ู„ู€ Muscle Tone ููŠ

352
00:31:55,030 --> 00:31:58,770
ุญุงู„ ุญุฏุซ Damage ู„ู„ู€ other Motor Neuron ุฑุญ ูŠูƒูˆู† ุนู†ุฏู†ุง

353
00:31:58,770 --> 00:32:03,990
Muscle Hypertonia Muscle Hypertonia ุซู„ุงุซุฉ ุจูŠุนู…ู„

354
00:32:03,990 --> 00:32:07,710
Inhibition ู„ู„ู€ Deep Reflex ุนุดุงู† ู‡ูŠูƒ ุฅุญู†ุง ู„ู…ุง ู†ูุญุต

355
00:32:07,710 --> 00:32:11,930
Reflex ู„ู…ุฑูŠุถ ุจู†ู‚ูˆู„ ุงุดุฏ ูŠุฏูƒ ุฃูˆ ุฃู‚ุฏู…ู‡ุง ู„ู„ุนุดุฑุฉ ุนุดุงู†

356
00:32:11,930 --> 00:32:14,150
ุฃู„ู… ุงู„ู€ cortex ุงู„ู€ cortex ูŠุนู…ู„ Inhibition ู„ู„ู€ Reflex

357
00:32:14,150 --> 00:32:18,630
ููŠ ุญุงู„ ุญุฏุซ Upper Motor Neuron Lesion ุฑุงุญ ูŠุชุญูˆู„

358
00:32:18,630 --> 00:32:22,510
ู„ู€ HyperreflexiaุŒ HyperreflexiaุŒ ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ู‡ูŠ ูˆุธูŠูุฉ

359
00:32:22,510 --> 00:32:26,550
ุงู„ู€ Upper Motor Neuron Initiation and Control of Voluntary

360
00:32:26,550 --> 00:32:30,210
Motor Activity ู‡ูŠ ูˆุงุญุฏุŒ ุงุซู†ูŠู†ุŒ Inhibition of

361
00:32:30,210 --> 00:32:35,430
Muscle ToneุŒ ุซู„ุงุซุฉุŒ Inhibition of Deep Reflexes

362
00:32:36,940 --> 00:32:42,420
ู…ุชูƒู„ู… ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู€ Pathway of the Upper Motor Neurons

363
00:32:42,420 --> 00:32:46,460
ุฃูˆ ุงู„ู€ ุจูŠุฑุงู…ูŠุฏุงู„ ุฃูˆ ุงู„ู€ Corticospinal tract ุงู„ุฅุดุงุฑุฉ

364
00:32:46,460 --> 00:32:50,340
ุจุชุจุฏุฃ ู…ู† ุจูŠุช ุงู„ู€ cells ู…ู† ุงู„ู€ Area ุฑู‚ู… ุฃุฑุจุนุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ู€

365
00:32:50,340 --> 00:32:53,720
Upper Two Third of Precentral Gyrus ู„ูŠู‡ ู‡ูˆ ุฅู† ุงู„ู€

366
00:32:53,720 --> 00:32:57,400
Upper Two ThirdุŸ ู„ุฃู† ุงู„ู€ Corticonuclear tract ู…ุชุฌู‡

367
00:32:57,400 --> 00:33:02,640
ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ู€ face ุฑุญ ูŠุจุฏุฃ ู…ู† ุงู„ู€ Lower One Third ุจุนุฏ ูƒุฏู‡ ุงู„ู€

368
00:33:02,640 --> 00:33:07,850
fibers descent ููŠ ุดูŠุก ุงุณู…ู‡ Corona Radiata ุจูŠู…ุฑ ููŠ

369
00:33:07,850 --> 00:33:13,190
ุงู„ู€ Posterior Limb of Internal Capsule ุจุนุฏ ูƒุฏู‡ ููŠ ุงู„ู€

370
00:33:13,190 --> 00:33:19,550
Midbrain, Pons, Medulla OblongataุŒ ููŠ Lower Part

371
00:33:19,550 --> 00:33:25,270
of Medulla Oblongata ุจูŠุญุฏุซ ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ Decussation ุฃูˆ

372
00:33:25,270 --> 00:33:28,390
Crossing ุงู„ู€ Corticospinal tract ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุฌุงูŠ ู…ู†

373
00:33:28,390 --> 00:33:32,210
ุงู„ูŠู…ูŠู† ุจูŠุชุฌู‡ ู„ู„ูŠุณุงุฑ ูˆ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุฌุงูŠ ู…ู† ุงู„ูŠุณุงุฑ ุจูŠุชุฌู‡

374
00:33:32,210 --> 00:33:35,670
ู„ู„ูŠู…ูŠู† ุนู„ุดุงู† ุฃุณุฃู„ูƒ ู„ูˆ ุญุฏุซ ุฌู„ุทุฉ ุฏู…ุงุบูŠุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ูŠู…ูŠู†

375
00:33:35,670 --> 00:33:39,230
ูˆูŠู† ุงู„ู€ Hemoglobin ุจุชูƒูˆู†ุŸ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู€ Opposite Side ู„ูˆ

376
00:33:39,230 --> 00:33:42,330
ุญุฏุซ ุฌู„ุทุฉ ุฏู…ุงุบูŠุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ูŠุณุงุฑ ูˆูŠู† ุงู„ู€ Hemoglobin ุจุชูƒูˆู†ุŸ

377
00:33:42,330 --> 00:33:46,870
ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู€ Right Side ูˆู‡ูƒุฐุง ู‡ุฐู‡ ุจู†ุณู…ูŠู‡ุง Pyramidal

378
00:33:46,870 --> 00:33:50,390
Decussation ู†ุญุงูˆู„

379
00:33:51,260 --> 00:34:05,480
ู†ุฑุณู… ู„ูƒู… ุฅูŠุงู‡ู… ู‡ู†ุง ู‚ุฏุฑ ุงู„ุฅู…ูƒุงู† ู„ู…ุง

380
00:34:05,480 --> 00:34:09,140
ุจุชูƒู„ู… ุนู† ู…ูˆุชูˆุฑ ุฃู†ุง ุจุชูƒู„ู… ุนู„ูŠู‡ ุนู„ู‰ Descending Tract

381
00:34:09,140 --> 00:34:12,320
ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ุงู„ู€ Tract ุฑุงุญ ุฃุจุฏุฃ ู…ู† ูˆูŠู† ู…ู† ุงู„ู€ cortex ูˆ ุฃู†ุฒู„

382
00:34:12,320 --> 00:34:12,880
ู„ู„ู…ุตุฏุฑ

383
00:34:31,900 --> 00:34:39,060
ู‡ู†ุง Area Precentral

384
00:34:39,060 --> 00:34:44,400
Gyrus

385
00:34:44,400 --> 00:34:51,640
ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูŠ Area ุฃุฑุจุนุฉ ุจุนุฏูŠู† ููŠ ู‡ู†ุง

386
00:34:56,400 --> 00:35:10,060
Internal Capsule ุจุนุฏูŠู†

387
00:35:10,060 --> 00:35:10,660
ููŠู‡ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ

388
00:35:25,740 --> 00:35:30,240
Midbrain Pons

389

401
00:37:05,330 --> 00:37:11,950
pre-central area ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูŠ ู…ู† ุงู„ upper ูˆ ุงู„ middle

402
00:37:11,950 --> 00:37:20,710
one third ุฑุงุญ ุงู„ fibers ุชู…ุฑ ููŠ ุงู„ posterior limb

403
00:37:20,710 --> 00:37:30,910
of the internal capsule, midbrain, pons, medulla

404
00:37:30,910 --> 00:37:40,650
oblongata ู‡ุฐุง ุงูŠุด ุงุณู…ู‡ุŸ ุงุณู…ู‡ cortico spinal

405
00:37:40,650 --> 00:37:52,310
tract ุชู…ุงู… ู‡ู†ุง the internal capsule ู‡ุฐุง left internal

406
00:37:52,310 --> 00:38:04,370
capsule, the internal capsule 

407
00:38:04,370 --> 00:38:08,250
internal

408
00:38:08,250 --> 00:38:12,650
capsule

409
00:38:12,650 --> 00:38:20,850
ุงู„ู„ูŠ ููŠ lower part of medulla oblongata ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู„ูŠ

410
00:38:20,850 --> 00:38:26,410
ู‡ูˆ corticospinal tract ุจูŠุนู…ู„ incomplete decussation

411
00:38:26,410 --> 00:38:30,870
ุฃูˆ crossing ุจูŠุนู…ู„ incomplete decussationุŒ ุงู„ main

412
00:38:30,870 --> 00:38:33,890
fibers ุฃูƒุซุฑ ู…ู† ุฎู…ุณุฉ ูˆ ุซู…ุงู†ูŠู†ุŒ ุชุณุนูŠู† ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุฆุฉ

413
00:38:33,890 --> 00:38:39,610
ุจูŠุนู…ู„ูˆุง crossing ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ opposite sideุŒ ุงู„ู†ูŠุฑูˆู†ุช ู…ูŠู† 

414
00:38:39,610 --> 00:38:45,570
ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ left corticospinal tract ูˆ ุจูŠุชุฌู‡ ู„ ุงู„ right

415
00:38:45,570 --> 00:38:55,090
side ูˆ ุจูŠููˆุช ู„ ููŠ ูˆูŠู†ุŸ ููŠ lateral column ููŠ ุงู„

416
00:38:55,090 --> 00:39:03,670
lateral column of spinal cord ูˆุจุฏุฃ

417
00:39:03,670 --> 00:39:11,170
ู†ู†ุฒู„ ู…ุซู„ ุฎุท ุงู„ูƒู‡ุฑุจุง ุงู„ุฑุฆูŠุณูŠ ูˆูŠู† ุจูŠู†ุชู‡ูŠุŸ ุจูŠู†ุชู‡ูŠ at

418
00:39:11,170 --> 00:39:17,370
the level of

419
00:39:19,260 --> 00:39:29,060
S2ุŒ sacral two spinal cord ูŠุนู†ูŠ

420
00:39:29,060 --> 00:39:33,640
ุจู†ุชู‡ูŠ ูˆูŠู† ุนู„ู‰ level sacral twoุŒ S2 segment of spinal

421
00:39:33,640 --> 00:39:37,900
cordุŒ ู‡ุฐุง ุจุดุจู‡ ุฎุท ุงู„ูƒู‡ุฑุจุง ุงู„ุฑุฆูŠุณูŠ ุงู„ู†ุงุฒู„ ููŠ ุงู„ุฏุฑุฌ

422
00:39:37,900 --> 00:39:44,160
ู†ุงุฒู„ ูˆูƒู„ ู…ุง ูŠุตู„ ุทุงุจู‚ ุงู„ุดุฌุฑุฉ ุจูŠุนุทูŠู‡ุง ุณู„ูƒ ุฎุท ู‡ุฐุง

423
00:39:44,160 --> 00:39:52,070
ุงูŠุด ุงุณู…ู‡ ุงู„ left ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจุชุญูˆู„ ุงู„ right ููŠ ุงู„ spinal 

424
00:39:52,070 --> 00:39:57,730
cordุŒ ุงูŠุด ุจูŠุตูŠุฑ ุงุณู…ู‡ุŸ right cortico

425
00:39:57,730 --> 00:40:09,550
ุฃูˆ ุงุณู…ู‡ ุตุญุŸ ู‡ูŠ ุงุณู…ู‡

426
00:40:09,550 --> 00:40:14,450
ุตุญ right lateral

427
00:40:16,840 --> 00:40:21,320
corticospinal tractุŒ right lateral corticospinal

428
00:40:21,320 --> 00:40:25,860
tractุŒ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุฎุท ุงู„ุฑุฆูŠุณูŠ ูƒู„ ู…ุง ูŠุตู„ ุงู„ anterior horn

429
00:40:25,860 --> 00:40:32,360
cells ุจูŠุนุทูŠู‡ู… ุงูŠุดุŸ fibers ุจูŠุนุทูŠู‡ู… ุงูŠู‡ุŸ fibers ุนู„ู‰

430
00:40:32,360 --> 00:40:36,340
ูƒู„ segment ุนู„ู‰ ูƒู„ segmentุŒ ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ู„ูˆ ุญุฏุซ ุฏู…ุฌ ู„ู„

431
00:40:36,340 --> 00:40:39,960
corticospinal tract ููŠ ุงู„ brain ุฃูˆ spinal cord ู‡ุฐุง

432
00:40:39,960 --> 00:40:44,040
ุจูŠุคุฏูŠ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงูŠุดุŸ upper motoneuron lesionุŒ upper

433
00:40:44,040 --> 00:40:51,860
motoneuron lesionุŒ ุงู„ุฌุฒุก

434
00:40:51,860 --> 00:40:57,560
ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจู‚ู‰ุŒ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู…ุง ุนู…ู„ุด crossing ู‡ุฐุง

435
00:40:57,560 --> 00:41:05,640
ุจู†ุฒู„ ููŠ ุงู„ anterior horn cells ุจู†ุฒู„ ููŠ ุงู„ anterior

436
00:41:05,640 --> 00:41:11,100
column of spinal cord ูˆ ุจูƒู…ู„ ุทุฑูŠู‚ู‡ ูˆูŠู† ุจูŠู†ุชู‡ูŠุŸ

437
00:41:19,510 --> 00:41:23,630
ends at lower

438
00:41:23,630 --> 00:41:30,590
thoracic level ููŠ

439
00:41:30,590 --> 00:41:34,010
ู†ุงุณ ุจูŠู‚ูˆู„ูˆุง ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ middle thoracic levelุŒ ุงู„ุซุงู†ูŠู†

440
00:41:34,010 --> 00:41:40,530
ุตุญ middle ุฃูˆ lower thoracic ู‡ุฐุง ุงูŠุด ุจูŠุนุทูŠุŸ ุจูŠุนุทูŠ ู„

441
00:41:40,530 --> 00:41:48,250
ุงูŠุดุŸ ู„ุงุŒ ู‡ูˆ ุงู†ุชู‡ู‰ ู‡ู†ุงุŒ ุฃูƒุซุฑ ู…ุง ุฑุงุญ ูŠุตู„ ุงู„ number

442
00:41:51,940 --> 00:42:11,700
ุนุดุงู† ุชูƒูˆู† ุตุญ ูˆูŠู†ุŸ

443
00:42:11,700 --> 00:42:14,980
ุจูŠู†ุชู‡ูŠ end at

444
00:42:21,190 --> 00:42:26,490
the lower thoracic

445
00:42:26,490 --> 00:42:33,110
level ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ .. ุงูŠุด ุจู†ุณู…ูŠู‡ุŸ ุจู†ุณู…ูŠู‡ ventral

446
00:42:37,550 --> 00:42:42,630
ูˆุงุถุงูุชู‡ ุงูŠุด ูŠุง ุบุฏู‰ุŸ ูˆุงุถูŠูุชู‡ ู„ุบุฏู‰ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ chest

447
00:42:42,630 --> 00:42:46,790
muscle ุฃูˆ thoracic muscle ุฃูˆ respiratory muscle

448
00:42:46,790 --> 00:42:49,570
ู‡ุฐุง ุจูŠุนุทูŠ ุงู„ anterior horn cells ุนู„ู‰ ู†ูุณ ุงู„ุฌู‡ุฉ

449
00:42:49,570 --> 00:42:52,290
ูˆุจูŠุนุทูŠ ุงู„ anterior horn cells ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฌู‡ุฉ ุงู„ุซุงู†ูŠุฉ

450
00:42:52,290 --> 00:42:56,990
ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุจูŠุนุทูŠ ุงู„ both anterior horn cells for

451
00:42:56,990 --> 00:43:03,820
respiratory muscleุŒ ุทูŠุจ ู‡ุฐุง ูŠุนุชุจุฑ ุงูŠุดุŸ corticospinal

452
00:43:03,820 --> 00:43:09,240
tractุŒ ู‡ู†ุง ู…ุฑุณูˆู…ูŠู† ููŠ slide ูˆุงุถุญ ู‡ู†ุง ุนู†ุฏูŠ ูŠู‚ูˆู„ ู‡ู†ุง

453
00:43:09,240 --> 00:43:14,400
ุนู†ุฏูŠ pyramidal decussationุŒ ู‡ุงุฏ ุงู„ pyramids ุจุชุญูˆู„ ู„

454
00:43:14,400 --> 00:43:18,040
decussation ูŠุนู†ูŠ ู„ูˆ ุงู„ู…ุฑูŠุถ ุญุฏุซ ู…ุน ุฌู„ุทุฉ ุฏู…ุงุบูŠุฉ ููŠ

455
00:43:18,040 --> 00:43:20,580
ุงู„ left cerebral hemisphere ูˆู„ูŠ ุงู„ hemiplegia

456
00:43:20,580 --> 00:43:23,800
ูŠุชูƒูˆู† ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ rightุŒ ุทูŠุจ ู„ูˆ ุฌูŠู†ุง ููŠ ุงู„ spinal cord

457
00:43:23,800 --> 00:43:28,300
ู„ุฃุฎู„ุต ุงู„ crossing ุตุงุฑ ุฏู…ุฌ ููŠ ุงู„ spinal cordุŒ ุนู„ู‰

458
00:43:28,300 --> 00:43:31,500
ู†ูุณ ุงู„ุฌู‡ุฉ ุจุฏูŠ ูŠูƒูˆู† ููŠู‡ motorุŒ ุนู„ู‰ ู†ูุณ ุงู„ุฌู‡ุฉ ู„ุฃู† ุงู„

459
00:43:31,500 --> 00:43:34,840
crossing ุฎู„ุต ูˆูŠู† ุจุชุชู… ุงู„ crossingุŸ ุจุชุชู… ุงู„

460
00:43:34,840 --> 00:43:41,440
crossing ูˆูŠู†ุŸ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ lower part

461
00:43:41,440 --> 00:43:50,030
of medulla oblongataุŒ ุจุงู„ู†ุณุจุฉ ู„ู„ู…ุฏุงู„ุฉ ุงู„ุฃุณูู„ 80% ู„

462
00:43:50,030 --> 00:43:57,710
85% ู…ู† ุงู„ููŠุจูŠุฑุฒ ูŠู‚ูˆู…ูˆู† ุจู€ crossings ูˆ ูŠุฑูˆุญูˆุง ุนู„ู‰

463
00:43:57,710 --> 00:44:02,660
ุงู„ opposite side ููŠ ุงู„ lateral columnุŒ ูˆุงู„ุฌุฒุก ุงู„ู„ูŠ

464
00:44:02,660 --> 00:44:05,840
ุจูŠุธู„ูˆุง .. ุจู†ุณู…ูŠู‡ู… ุงูŠุดุŸ indirectุŒ ู„ูŠุด ุจู†ุณู…ูŠู‡ู…

465
00:44:05,840 --> 00:44:09,200
indirectุŸ ู„ุฃู†ู‡ู… ู…ุง ุนู…ู„ูˆุง crossing ูˆุงุชุฌู‡ูˆุง ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„

466
00:44:09,200 --> 00:44:13,500
opposite side ุจู†ุณู…ูŠู‡ู… crossed corticospinal tract

467
00:44:13,500 --> 00:44:18,300
ูˆุจูŠู†ู‡ู… ูŠุฎู„ุตูˆุง ูƒู„ fibers ุฃูˆ ูƒู„ ู…ุง ูŠู†ุณู‰ ุงู„ segment

468
00:44:18,300 --> 00:44:22,780
ุจูŠุทู„ุนูˆุง fibers ู„ู…ูŠู†ุŸ ู„ู„ anterior horn cellsุŒ ูƒู„ ู…ุง

469
00:44:22,780 --> 00:44:25,800
ูŠู†ุณู‰ ุงู„ segment ุจูŠุทู„ุนูˆุง fibers ู„ู„ anterior horn

470
00:44:25,800 --> 00:44:30,620
cellsุŒ ุทูŠุจ ุงู„ 15 ู„ 20% ู…ู† ุงู„ fibers ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุถุงู„ู‡ู… ู‚ุฏุฑ

471
00:44:31,510 --> 00:44:36,350
ูˆู…ุง ุนู…ู„ูˆุด crossing ุจู†ุณู…ูŠู‡ู… direct anterior ุฃูˆ 

472
00:44:36,350 --> 00:44:40,430
ventral corticospinal tractุŒ ุจูŠุนุทูˆู†ุง fibers ู„ู„

473
00:44:40,430 --> 00:44:44,430
anterior horn cells ุนู„ู‰ ู†ูุณ ุงู„ segment ุจุณ ู„ูˆูŠู†ุŸ ู„ู„

474
00:44:44,430 --> 00:44:49,790
both cerebral hemisphere ูˆูŠู† ุจูŠู†ุชู‡ูˆุงุŸ ุจูŠู†ุชู‡ูˆุง ููŠ

475
00:44:49,790 --> 00:44:53,450
ุงู„ mid thoracicุŒ ู…ู…ูƒู† ููŠ ู…ุฑุงุฌุน ูŠู‚ูˆู„ูˆุง ูŠูƒูˆู†ูˆุง ููŠ ุงู„

476
00:44:53,450 --> 00:44:56,290
lower thoracicุŒ ุงุนุชุจุฑู‡ู… mid thoracic ุนุดุงู† ู…ุง

477
00:44:56,290 --> 00:44:59,490
ุชุชุฎุฑุจุทูˆุดุŒ ู†ุนุชู…ุฏู‡ู… mid thoracicุŒ ููŠ ู…ุฑุงุฌุน ูŠู‚ูˆู„ูˆุง

478
00:44:59,490 --> 00:45:06,100
lower thoracic made thoracicุŒ ู†ุนุชู…ุฏู‡ู… ู„ู„ูƒู„ level

479
00:45:06,100 --> 00:45:11,540
ุงู„ุขู† ุฃู†ุง ุจูƒุชูุฑ ุงู„ุฌุฒุก ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุญุงุถุฑุฉุŒ ุงู„ุฌุฒุก

480
00:45:11,540 --> 00:45:17,800
ุงู„ุซุงู†ูŠ ุฑุงุญ ุฃูƒู…ู„ู‡ ููŠ ุฌุฒุก ุงุซู†ูŠู† ู„ู…ุญุงุถุฑุฉ ุงู„ุฃุณุจูˆุน

481
00:45:17,800 --> 00:45:19,500
ุงู„ุซุงู„ุซุŒ ุนุดุงู† ูŠุนุทูŠูƒู… ุงู„ุนุงููŠุฉ