PL9fwy3NUQKwa0Sd0s-XLQCrtFM4_s2KMt/4uPPRSzjrSY.srt

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Bismillahirrahmanirrahim. Today we are going to 

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continue with explaining the definiteness and 

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indefiniteness system of English and Arabic. Last 

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time we spoke about the articles in English. 

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indefiniteness system represented in a and an and 

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the definiteness system which is represented in 

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the. We spoke about the use of these articles and 

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we terminated on the zero article okay which is 

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used before the names of diseases cardinal 

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numbers and a list of A, B, C, D. These don't have 

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any article, so it is zero. Could you read number 

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one, please? Could you read number one, please? 

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Number one. Okay, it's zero. 

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Heart disease and cancer kill millions every year. 

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heart disease, cancer, diabetes, hypertension, 

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ulcer, constipation, et cetera. These diseases, 

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the names of diseases don't have any article. They 

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are zero, okay? 

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The zero article is also used generically to all 

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members of a class. We spoke about the generic 

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meaning and specific meaning last time. Okay. I 

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mentioned that A and AN plus the have generic 

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meaning and have specific meaning. I read a book 

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in linguistics. I read a book in linguistics. 

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Specific. Okay. I'd like to buy a book in 

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linguistics. Generic. Okay. Dogs are domestic 

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animals. What do you say about this? Dogs is 

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plural. It's preceded by zero article. Do we mean 

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specific dogs? Specific category or species of 

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dog? All dogs. So it is zero as you see and it 

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refers to generic meaning. 

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Once you distinguish one class from another, use 

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zero article. She likes cats, not dogs. But don't 

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say she likes the cats, not the dogs. Or a cat, 

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not a dog. No, she likes cats, not dogs. But now 

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if you look to the translation, dogs are domestic 

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animals. Once you translate to Arabic, do you find 

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the two languages are of the same system of zero 

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articles or of definiteness and indefiniteness 

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here could you translate dogs and domestic animals 

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I 

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say الكلاب حيوانات أليفة but if you look to the 

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noun الكلاب it is of definite article أل التعريف 

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but in English once you translate it it comes out 

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with zero article I like cats I like cats. أنا أحب 

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القطط. Okay. So again, it is ال التعريف, the 

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definite article, which is translated here by the 

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zero article. 

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Cats, sorry, she likes cats, not dogs. 

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So we have definite article for both nouns, but in 

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English Yes It is zero in English now The 

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modifiers the noun phrase which which comes as a 

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modifier of a preposition mostly is of a zero 

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article I say, for example, at 

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war, and once you translate it into Arabic, the 

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modifier in Arabic has التعريف at war في الحرب in 

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danger في خطر أو في الخطر في الخطر both at peace 

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في سلام أو في السلام in needon fire addressed 

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In tears, on time, at sea, in love, on sail, at 

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lunch, in difficulty, on love. Okay? So you have 

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these modifiers of preposition phrases are 

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altogether of zero article. However, in Arabic, it 

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may be optional. It can be التعريف or can be also 

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zero article. 

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The zero article mostly comes with plural nouns. 

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Okay? After B. Most of my friends are teachers. 

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Most of my friends are teachers. Most of the 

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Islamic university students are women students. 

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Once you have where to be, the auxiliary B, then 

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the noun following it is of zero article. 

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Now, in headlines of magazines, newspapers, books, 

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labels, etc. We have functional morphemes omitted 

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because these are titles, the titles of papers, I 

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mean of papers or dailies or say magazines or etc. 

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We just want to write or writing the title of any 

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article or any news item We try to omit all 

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functional morphemes as much as we can. So the A 

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and the R are functional morphemes. Okay, so they 

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are omitted. I say captives freed last week. 

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Captives freed last week. The Palestinian captives 

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were freed last week. I say captives freed, 

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captives freed only. Okay. So try to sum up the 

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title as much as you can. Okay. Beware of dog. 

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Okay. Beware of dog. I don't say beware of dogs. 

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The S is plural. Dysfunctional morpheme. Okay. It 

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is inflectional morphine. So we omit it. Okay. 

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Entrance to parking. I can't say this is the 

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entrance for parking or of parking. Okay. It's 

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entrance to parking. as much as I can. I omit all 

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functional morphemes as much as I can, including 

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the preposition if necessary. But here the 

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preposition in this title is obligatory. 

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Entrance to parking. 

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I say for example, the university 

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prevents smoking in the university campus. I can 

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write a notice stating no smoking, no parking. 

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Okay, no parking. Instead of writing cars are not 

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allowed to park here, for example. So the language 

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of notices, language of titles of dailies, 

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newspapers and magazines are always very very 

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short. To have it like so, we omit most or all 

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functional morphemes. You see? 

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Now the 

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title 

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Okay, which refers to the rank. I say He was 

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appointed prime minister It is zero. I can't say 

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he was appointed a prime minister Or the prime 

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minister. He was appointed prime minister. He was 

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elected As president not a president Okay, he was 

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appointed king Okay, she was appointed queen. He 

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became prime minister. She was proclaimed queen 

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Okay Come brother, let's go home Brother 

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here is considered as a title. Okay The 

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zero article is used generically with proper 

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nouns, days, months, years, seasons, games, 

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abstract nouns and materials. John attended the 

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meeting last Monday. I say all weeks, all days of 

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week are zero. Sunday, Saturday, Sunday, Monday, 

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Tuesday, Wednesday, these are zero. Names of 

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months, January, February, March, April, May, 

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June, July, it is also zero. Zero article. Seasons 

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are also zero. Autumn, summer, winter, fall. Okay, 

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it is spring, it is zero. 

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Okay, I like to watch rugby and football matches 

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if you look to the Games here Names of games. They 

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are also zero. Okay, so all games of sports are of 

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zero article Meals 

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I say lunch Breakfast dinner It's zero 

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Materials, wood, iron, copper, zinc, tin, 

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these are also zero. All materials are zero. 

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Colors, black, white, metallic, pink, green, it is 

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zero. However, the adjectives of these altogethers 

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are with articles either a and it's that he she 

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bought a golden ring a golden ring gold golden 

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golden he 

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made a wooden door a wooden door wood without 

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wooden adjective Okay Paper is made of wood paper 

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Generic الورق كل الورق is made of wood خشب كل 

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الخشب Okay But here if you look to English and you 

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see the function of the zero article you find that 

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Zero article appears in these forms in English 

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while in Arabic it is mostly translated with 

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التعريف I like to watch rugby and football match 

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Paper 

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is made of wood يصنع الورق من الخشب الورق الخشب 

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He's a man of principles He's a man. 

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He's a man. 

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He's a man. He's a man. He's a man. He's a man. 

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He's a man. He's a man. He's a man. He's a man. 

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He's a man. He's a man. He's a man. He's a man. 

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He's a man. He's a man. He's a man. He's a man. 

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He's a man. He's a man. He's a man. He's a man. 

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He's a man. He's a man. He's a man. He's a man. 

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He's a man. He's a man. He's a man. He's a man. 

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He's a man. He's a man. He's a man Okay, these 

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abstract nouns are always of zero article Okay We 

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have also zero article before plural and 

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uncountable nouns when talking about things in 

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general I like tomato I like tomato Any type of 

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tomato is okay. So it is zero because tomato here 

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refers to generic meaning or specific meaning? It 

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refers to generic meaning. Okay. I like cakes. 

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Which cakes? It is generic. Okay. Milk is good for 

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you. Which type of milk? So it is generic. Okay. 

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In this case, it is zero article. 

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Now names of countries, towns, streets, languages, 

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magazines, airports, stations, and meals are of 

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zero article. I had lunch with John. But in Arabic 

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I say, تناولت طعام الغداء الغداء مع John. طعام 

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الغداء. Okay, construct a statement. I had lunch 

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with John. So lunch. I ate biscuits at King Cross 

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station. This is railway station in London. Okay, 

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I ate biscuits at King Cross station. I cannot say 

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at the King Cross station. Okay. 

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I ate biscuits at Cancro station while waiting the 

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10 o'clock train to Colchester. She speaks Arabic. 

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He lives at Duke Street. The name of street is 

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zero. Language is zero. Now Arabic, English, 

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Turkish. Russian Spanish it is zero. What's the 

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difference between English and the English? 

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English Yes, the two are nouns English and the 

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English but here what's the meaning? 

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Nationality English is a language while the 

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English is nationality. I say the British Okay. 

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The Portuguese, the Portuguese, this is the 

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Portuguese people nationality, Portuguese 

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language. Okay. The French, French language. Okay. 

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So you have to take care about the translation. 

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Now the use of that changed the whole meaning. 

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streets are of zero articles, railway stations,

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airports, I say Heathrow Airport. Names of lakes,

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when I say Tabaria Lake, Victoria Lake, okay? But

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you can say the lake. The lake here can be either

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generic or specific. Okay? But if you name it,

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then it is zero. Okay? Before some places with

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some forms of transport, I say at home, in bed or

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to bed, at work, to work, at school, to school, by

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bus, by plane, by car, by train, on foot. She goes

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to work by bus. Okay, I can't say by the bus. All

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means of transports preceded by the preposition by

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or mostly in or on, they are mostly with zero

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article. I was at home yesterday evening. Okay, I

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was at home. I can say in Arabic I say كنت في

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البيت. So once you translate using

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the system of literal translation, you may commit

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an error saying that أنا I am at the home. Okay. I

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was at the home. What do you call this error?

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Interlingual error or intralingual error?

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Interlingual because it is derived from Arabic. I

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say, what a beautiful class. What a beautiful

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class. Could I say what a beautiful weather? Why?

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Because weather is uncountable. Oh, what a

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beautiful day. Okay, but I can't say what a

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beautiful weather. What beautiful weather. Okay.

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I say have a nice day. A nice day. One day, two

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days, etc. It is countable. But have nice weather.

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Okay.

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So what beautiful weather. It is zero. Comes

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always with uncountable nouns. What loud music.

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Music is non-countable. Okay. What loud music. You

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can't say what a loud music.

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Yes.

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Now, we'd like to touch Arabic. You see that

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Arabic differs from English.

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The indefiniteness system is overt. However, it is

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covert in Arabic. We have an in English, but we

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don't have equivalence for either a or n it is

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zero okay it is not necessarily to have the same

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translation okay how

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could

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you translate it into English

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a kilo of apple okay I drove a

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yes

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it is 80 miles an hour 80 miles an hour But 80

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miles per hour it is definite in Arabic while it

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is indefinite I say 80 miles an hour an hour a

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minute a day Okay I say I'm a teacher

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I am a teacher. Okay. هو مهندس. So what is zero

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for the professions and handicrafts, they are zero

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in Arabic while indefinite in English. They are

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preceded by the indefinite article. I say أنا

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مسلم. I'm a Muslim. So you have to take care.

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about this. Otherwise, you commit interlingual

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errors. So if your students say, I am Muslim, what

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do you say? Where's the error? I am Muslim.

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There is an error in the noun Muslim. I have to

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say I am a Muslim. Okay, so this mistake is

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derived from Arabic. Okay. So what do you call it?

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Interlingual or intralingual? Interlingual error.

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Okay. I am a Muslim. So it can wrongly be

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translated into this. I'm a Muslim or I am Muslim.

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Sorry, I am Muslim. This is zero. This is zero,

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which is wrong. English has overt indefinite

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article with adjectives of religions and

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professions and handicrafts. My dad is

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a windscutter. Is a windscutter. Not windscatter.

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Okay, I say Topargy in Arabic or Banna. Okay.

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Mason then. Okay. So my dad is a Mason. In Arabic,

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it is zero. In English, it is indefinite. Okay.

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You know, this is because Arabic indefiniteness is

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covert. The Arabic indefiniteness is zero. Okay.

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The nonation which we have in Arabic refers mostly

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to what is called emphasis, not indefiniteness.

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Okay.

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Now we've

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seen that Once you express about any any any sense

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or any meaning which refers to the sense of any

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Okay, or the name mentioned for the first time It

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is zero in English. It is sorry indefinite in

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English A or N However in Arabic it is zero في يوم

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من الأيام كان هناك ملك كان

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هناك ملك Okay so now once you translate this into

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English you say once upon a time there was a king

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you add the overt indefinite article a this comes

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out with positive interference or negative

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interference negative interference because your

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students mostly omit The indefinite article a they

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say they say once upon a time there was king Okay,

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so this derives from arabic it is Interlingual

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error interlingual error. Okay The earth is like

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It's like a bone. This is english Okay, the room

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is like a square

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Okay, so assequire in English While in Arabic

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المربع. So we don't have Because the two languages

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are different Arabic as you know is semantic

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language While English is Indo-European So we

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don't have parallel system Okay, what is

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indefinite here must be indefinite in the other

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language. No الغرفة

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The Rome is like a square. Okay. It is indefinite

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in English while definite in Arabic. So we don't

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have productive rules for translation here. You

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have to understand the structure of English and to

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be very, very aware of the structure of your

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Arabic. The translator must be aware of grammar,

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the grammar of the two languages which he or she

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translates to. Okay? It is not limited to a number

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of vocabulary you have in your mental dictionary.

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Okay? You have to be familiar with the structure

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of the two languages. Otherwise, you commit

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serious errors. Again, the syntax and the word

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order of language. Once you translate, you have to

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know that Arabic has more than four word orders,

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while in English we only have one word order okay

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subject verb object however in Arabic we use verb

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subject object or subject verb object or I say for

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example verb object subject we have I say كتب

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الولد الدرسة الولد كتب الدرسة الدرسة كتب الولد

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Okay. So we have nearly four word orders or maybe

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five if we add the cliticized system.

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This is a clitic. Okay. So we nearly have five

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word orders in Arabic while in English we have

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only one. Okay. So once you translate, which one

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of these word orders could you use? The one which

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must be used here is the canonical word order of

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Arabic, which is verb, subject, object. Once you

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translate into Arabic, you have to begin with the

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verb. This is more adequate than using the

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subject. Because according to some Arabic

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grammarian schools, they say the subject here is

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called, once I say, زيد كتب الدرسة. زيد كتب

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الدرسة. I say زيد is subject. But you say

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according to traditional Arab grammarians,

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you say that this is a topic. Topic يعني مبتدر.

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The most effective word order is the canonical one

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verb subject object okay, so you see Once you

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speak about the definiteness or indefiniteness

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system, you find differences between the two

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languages. If you look to word order, you find

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differences. If you look to any structure, like

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prepositions for example, like the structure of

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nouns, the plural of nouns, etc, you find the

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differences. Inflection system Arabic is different

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from English as we've seen. So once you translate,

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you have to be very careful and very cautious. in

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your translation because the structure in both

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languages are complete is completely different

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okay so you have to take care of the definite and

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indefinite articles what is available in English

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may not be available in Arabic so this is why your

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students commit serious errors once using the

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articles a or n or the most of the time you find

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them add or put the Okay, the definite article

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there before any noun before abstract nouns

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material nouns meals names of sports names of

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railway stations airports streets countries, why?

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Why is this? Because in Arabic they are definite

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So you find them translated into English using the

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definite article, the. Okay. So you have to be

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very careful. You have, once you teach English to

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the students, you have to let them be familiar

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00:34:50,240 --> 00:34:56,520
with the use of the, using activities. Okay. Or

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00:34:56,520 --> 00:35:04,030
games that are based on fun. You have to teach

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such articles contextually. You have to teach them

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inductively. Don't use formal teaching. Don't

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teach formally or deductively. Try to use games

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that make or that increase what's called

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motivation and competition inside the class. The

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more you develop motivation among your students,

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the more they understand, okay? The more you use

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competitions, the more they understand. The more

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00:35:40,080 --> 00:35:45,140
you let them speak, they will understand in a very

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00:35:45,140 --> 00:35:50,900
shortcut way. However, explaining the articles by

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you yourself without letting your students

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00:35:54,120 --> 00:35:58,060
participate, this means that they may understand

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within the class and once they reach the gate of

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the school, they forget everything, okay? So try

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00:36:05,820 --> 00:36:13,260
to explain such articles or such grammatical items

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00:36:13,260 --> 00:36:18,820
communicatively, contextually, okay? And better to

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00:36:18,820 --> 00:36:22,200
divide the class into groups, either large classes

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00:36:22,200 --> 00:36:25,680
or small classes, just to have what is called

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00:36:25,680 --> 00:36:29,560
competition inside the class. Use the system of

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00:36:29,560 --> 00:36:34,150
rewording as well. Okay, just to encourage them

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00:36:34,150 --> 00:36:39,970
speak, prepare, answer, compete with each other.

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Okay, so take care of that. Thank you. That's it

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for today.