PL9fwy3NUQKwa0Sd0s-XLQCrtFM4_s2KMt/H5hSvmaprtU.srt

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Bismillah ar-Rahman ar-Rahim Last time we spoke

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about the adverbs and we mentioned that the

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adverbs as usually modify three elements in

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language they modify

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Verb, adjective and another adverb as we said most

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of the adverbs end in ly except we have some

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exceptions like I mean adjectives ending in ly

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like what lovely, lowly, motherly, friendly,

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neighborly, etc okay the adverbials can be

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preposition phrases, can be infinitive phrases,

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okay, and can be also noun phrases. He went to the

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movies. To the movies is an adverbial phrase

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consisting of preposition phrase. They lived in

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Canada during the war. The same thing.

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For the comparisons of adverbs, as we mentioned

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last time, we have the same system like

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adjectives. So you have three degrees. What are

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they? What are they?

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Positive degree,

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comparative degree, superlative degree. Okay. So

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we have wukfa, astardices. Comparative. Fastest.

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Superlative. As fast as... Equality. Positive

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degree. Okay? Now, the position of the adverb can

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be sentenced finally, or can come initially, and

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in that sense, the meaning changes. He arrived

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late. Lately, he could not seem to be on time for

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anything. Okay? So, the meaning differs between

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the two sentences. Okay? I mean the meaning of the

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adverb late.

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We mentioned that we have different types of

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adverbs. We have three main types. They are the

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adjuncts, disjuncts, and conjuncts. Adjuncts,

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disjuncts, and conjuncts. Okay? The adjuncts are

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of different types. We have the intensifiers,

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which are of three types. They are Emphasizers

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amplifiers and downtrodes Okay, this is what

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explained last time, okay?

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The adverb can post modify and pre modify another

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adverb or adjective Okay

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for the adverbs Semantically, we have different

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types for the adverbs. We have adverbs of manner,

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adverbs of place, of frequency, of time, and

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purpose as well. And these were already explained

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also last time. For the position of the adverb, I

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told you that it is floating. mainly the adverbs

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of manner, can be in the beginning of the

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sentence, in the middle of the sentence, or at the

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end of the sentence. Okay? Solemnly, the minister

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addressed her congregation. The minister solemnly

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addressed her congregation. The minister addressed

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her congregation solemnly. So, at the beginning,

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in the middle, at the end. Okay? Now, the position

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of the adverb. it directly precedes the lexical

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verb in the sentence. Okay? Or it can come between

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the auxiliary verb and the lexical verb.

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For the order of adverbs, we mentioned that the

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most consistent order of adverbs in the sentence

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begins with manner, place, frequency, time, and

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purpose. okay and we cited lots of examples last

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time okay we have what's called focus where the

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adverb can moves to the beginning of the sentence

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okay we have if we have two adverbs at that sense

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we can start with a shorter one As we cited the

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examples last time, dad takes a brisk walk before

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breakfast every day of his life. So before

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breakfast comes initially or comes first, as you

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see, because shorter than the second adverb

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morphologically. Okay? This is what is called

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focus. Slowly, ever so carefully, Jesse filled the

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coffee cup up to the brim, even above the brim.

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Okay? Here you have the sentence, the adverb comes

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sentence initially for purpose of focus or

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emphasis. Occasionally, but only occasionally, one

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of these lemons will get by the inspectors. Okay?

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As we mentioned syntactically at the beginning of

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the class last time, we have syntactically three

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types of adverbials, adjuncts, disjuncts, and

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conjuncts. And we mentioned that the adjunct is

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one of the main parts of the body of the sentence.

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It's not separated from the sentence even by a

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comma. Okay? Still, the disjunct is directly

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followed by a comma and begins in the beginning of

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the sentence okay so it starts sentence initially

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However, the conjunct means the conjunction. Okay?

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The connector, the coordinator. Okay? That

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connects between the parts of the sentence.

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Frankly, Martha, I don't give a hoot. Fortunately,

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no one was hurt. So frankly, fortunately, these

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are disjuncts.

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Okay? Once we speak about them, nevertheless,

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however, yet, these are conjuncts. Strictly

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speaking. The prisoners or our captors released

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yesterday was very, very nice. So, strictly

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speaking. Disjunct. Geographically speaking.

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Disjunct. Okay?

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Now, we have what is called a viewpoint adjunct.

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Okay? The viewpoint adjunct is an adverb. It's

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part of the sentence and it comes finally. It

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normally locates finally in the sentence. A

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successful athletic team is often a good team

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scholastically. Okay? Investing all our money in

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snowmobiles was probably not a sound idea

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financially. So financially, scholastically, our

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viewpoint adverse. Okay? That come sentence

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finally, and they are considered part of the

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sentence as well. Okay? And they consist a crucial

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part of the body of the sentence. So they are not

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separated by any command. Okay, we explained that

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last time, I think.

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We explained that, and I think we terminated on

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this. Title, focus, and negative adverbs. Okay?

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Semantically, we have negative adverbs that do not

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need the particle not. Like seldom, hardly,

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rarely, okay? Never. He has never been much help

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to his mother. So it is equal to the sentence that

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he has not helped her mother at all, for example.

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Okay? She has not helped her mother. So the never

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adverb, never adverb equals the particle not. So

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there is no need for having double negative in the

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sentence. We cannot say he hasn't never been.

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Okay? Double negative is not available in English.

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Yes.

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No, no. Double negative. It may be available in

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some English

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dialects, okay? Like Arabic. For standard Arabic,

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we don't have double negative. لا يدرس، لا يأتي،

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لا يريد. But in Palestinian Arabic, we have double

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negative. ما بدّيش، ما ش. Okay? Double negative.

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ما بدّيش. Okay? So we have this double negative

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available in dialects of Arabic and may available

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in some dialects of English, but not necessarily

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in received English or standard English or even

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standard Arabic. He's never been much help to his

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mother. He seldom visits. She hardly eats anything

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since the accident. After his long and tedious

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lectures, rarely was anyone awake.

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Okay? So, for Arabic, we have adverbs which are

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called hal. They are represented in Arabic

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syntactically by using the preposition phrase and

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the derived nominal okay ذهبت إلى الجامعة بسرعة

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ذهبت إلى الجامعة مصريا بسرعة is had consisting of

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preposition phrase جار و مجروروشبه الجملة في محال

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نصب حال مصلى عن حال منصوب بالفتحة So we have this

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however the construction the syntactic function is

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the same but I mean the syntactic rules of adverbs

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in Arabic differ from their syntactic rules in

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English you have systematic order for the adverbs

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in English, okay? We have systematic position or

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strict position of the adverb in English.

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However, in Arabic, the situation is very simple,

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very clear. It comes generally at sentence final

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position. The structure of Arabic adverbs differs

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from English, okay? So this causes what was called

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interlingual errors and some interlingual errors

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that come as a result of the difficulty of the

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structure of English adverbs. So we have

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interlingual errors resulting from the difference

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in the syntax of adverbs. and the semantics of

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adverbs, the meaning of the adverb, and the

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movement. Once we speak about the syntax and the

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position of the adverb, the movement of the adverb

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in the sentence, the order of the adverbs within

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the same sentence. Okay? Now, the meaning can

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differ according to the position of the adverb. So

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if it locates sentence finally, it gives a meaning

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that is different from being sentenced initially,

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like the adverb late, which we explained. You see?

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So this is what I have about adverbs. And now we

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come to another subject. Or it is about

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causativity in English and Arabic. But before

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that, we need to have this quiz. So we need to

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terminate here just for having the chance for the

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quiz. Thank you.