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ุณู†ุชุญุฏุซ ุงู„ูŠูˆู… ุนู† ุงู„ู‚ุตุฉ ุงู„ุฎุงู…ุณุฉ
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ุงู„ุฎุงู…ุณุฉ the distances between the holes
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can be shown as running dimensions or as chain
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dimensions ุงู„ุขู† ุงุญู†ุง ุฅูŠุด ุจู†ุชูƒู„ู… ุนู†ุŸ ุชุนุฑููˆุง ููŠ
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ุงู„ุนู„ู… ุงู„ู‚ุฏูŠู… ูŠู…ูƒู† ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู…ุงุญุฏุด ููŠูƒู… ุจุดูˆู ุงู„
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American sport ููŠ ุนู†ุฏู‡ู… chain ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุฅูŠุด ุฒูŠ ู…ู‚ูŠุงุณ
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ุฃู†ุชูˆุง ุงู„ุขู† ุงู„ meter ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุนู†ุฏู†ุง ููŠ ุงู„ุจูŠุช ุฃูƒุจุฑ ุฅูŠุดุŸ
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ู‚ุฏุงุดุŸุฎู…ุณุฉ ู…ุชุฑุŒ ู…ุธุจูˆุทุŸ ู„ูˆ ุนู†ุฏูŠ ุญุงุฌุฉ ุทูˆู„ู‡ุง ุนุดุฑูŠู†
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ู…ุชุฑุŒ ุฅูŠุด ุจุฏู‡ ุฃุนู…ู„ ููŠู‡ุŸ ุจุฏู‡ ุฃุฌูŠุณ ุงู„ุฎู…ุณุฉ ู…ุชุฑุŒ ุฎู…ุณุฉ
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ู…ุชุฑุŒ ุฎู…ุณุฉ ู…ุชุฑุŒ ุฎู…ุณุฉ ู…ุชุฑุŒ ุฎู…ุณุฉ ู…ุชุฑุŒ ุฎู…ุณุฉ ู…ุชุฑุŒ ุฎู…ุณุฉ
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ู…ุชุฑุŒ ุฎู…ุณุฉ ู…ุชุฑุŒ ุฎู…ุณุฉ ู…ุชุฑุŒ ุฎู…ุณุฉ ู…ุชุฑุŒ ุฎู…ุณุฉ ู…ุชุฑุŒ ุฎู…ุณุฉ
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ู…ุชุฑุŒ ุฎู…ุณุฉ ู…ุชุฑุŒ ุฎู…ุณุฉ ู…ุชุฑุŒ ุฎู…ุณุฉ ู…ุชุฑุŒ ุฎู…ุณุฉ ู…ุชุฑุŒ ุฎู…ุณุฉ
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ู…ุชุฑุŒ ุฎู…ุณุฉ ู…ุชุฑุŒ ุฎู…ุณุฉ ู…ุชุฑุŒ ุฎู…ุณุฉ ู…ุชุฑุŒ ุฎู…ุณุฉ ู…ุชุฑุŒ ุฎู…ุณุฉ
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ู…ุชุฑุŒ ุฎู…ุณุฉ ู…ุชุฑุŒ ุฎู…ุณุฉ ู…ุชุฑุŒ ุฎู…ุณุฉ ู…ุชุฑุŒ ุฎู…ุณุฉูƒูˆูŠุณ ุงู„
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chain ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุฅูŠุด ู‡ูˆ ุฒูŠ ุงู„ chain ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุนุจุงุฑุฉ ุนู†
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ุณู„ูƒ ุฃูˆ ุญุจู„ ุจุณ ุงู„ chain ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุฅูŠุด ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ุจุชุจู‚ู‰
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ุจุชุดูˆู ุงู„ุณู„ุณู„ุฉ ุงู„ุณู„ุณู„ุฉ ุฒูŠ ุงู„ุนู‚ุฏ ุฅูŠุด ู‡ุฐุง ุณู„ุณู„ุฉ ู‡ุฐุง
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ุจูŠุณู…ูˆู‡ chain ูู‡ูˆ ุจูŠุจู‚ู‰ ู‚ูŠุงุณ ู…ุซู„ุง ููŠ ุงู„ American
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sport ููŠ chain ุนุดุฑุฉ ู…ุชุฑ ุนุดุฑุฉ yardูุจูŠุฌุฑุณูˆุง ููŠู‡ ูƒู„
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ุนุดุฑุฉ ูŠุงุฑุฏ ุจูŠุญุทูˆุง ู…ู† ู†ู‚ุทุฉ ุงู„ุจุฏุงูŠุฉ ู„ู†ู‚ุทุฉ ุงู„ู†ู‡ุงูŠุฉ ู‡ุงูŠ
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ุงู„ุนุดุฑุฉ ูŠุงุฑุฏ ูˆ ุจูŠุณุญุจูˆุง ู‡ุงูŠ ุงู„ุงู† ุงู„ chain ู„ูˆ ุงู†ู‡
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plastic ู…ู…ูƒู† ูŠู…ุฏ ุตุญ ุงูˆ ูŠู†ูƒู…ุด ุจุณ ู„ู…ุง ุงู†ู‡ ุจู†ู‚ูˆู„
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chain ุญุฏูŠุฏ ุงู„ุญุฏูŠุฏ ุจูŠู…ุฏุด ุตุญ ูู‡ู†ุง ุจุชูƒู„ู… ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ chain
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dimensions or running dimension ุงู„ running
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dimension ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุจูŠุธู„ู‡ ุณุงุญุจ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ู…ู‚ูŠุงุณ ุทูˆูŠู„ In
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both cases, the center line aligned through the
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center of the holes is measured is marked down and
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the distances between the center lines are given
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ุนุงุฏุฉ ู„ู…ุง ุชู‚ูŠุณ ู…ุณุงูุฉ ุจูŠู† ุงู„ hole ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุฅูŠุด
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ุญูุฑุฉ ุงู„ุญูุฑุฉ ุนุงุฏุฉ ุดูƒู„ู‡ุง ุฅูŠุด ุจูŠุจู‚ู‰ ุฏุงุฆุฑุฉ ุฃูˆ ู„ูˆ ูƒุงู†ุช
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ู…ุฑุจุนุฉ ุจุฏูŠ ุฃุฌุณู…ู‡ุง ููŠ ุงู„ู†ุต ููŠ ู†ู‚ุทุฉ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูŠ ู…ู†ุชุตู
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ุงู„ุญูุฑุฉ ุจุฌูŠุณ ู…ู† ู…ู†ุชุตู ุงู„ุญูุฑุฉ ู‡ุฐุง ุจุณู…ูŠู‡ุง ุงู„ center
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of the hole ู„ู…ู†ุชุตู ุงู„ุญูุฑุฉ ุงู„ุชุงู†ูŠุฉ ุนุดุงู† ุฃุฌูŠุณ
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ุงู„ู…ุณุงูุฉ ุจูŠู†ู‡ู…ูƒูˆูŠุณ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ู„ู…ุง ููŠ ุญูุฑุชูŠู† ุจุฏูŠ ุงุฌูŠุณ
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ู…ุณุงูุฉ ุงู„ู…ุณุงูุฉ ุจูŠู† ุงู„ุญูุฑุชูŠู† ู„ุงุฒู… ุงุฌูŠุณ ู…ู† ู†ุต ุงู„ุญูุฑุฉ
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ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูŠ ู…ุฑูƒุฒ ุงู„ุญูุฑุฉ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ center ู„ู…ุฑูƒุฒ ุงู„ุญูุฑุฉ
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ุงู„ุชุงู†ูŠุฉ ุงู„ center ุงู„ุชุงู†ูŠุฉ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุจุณู…ูŠู‡ุง ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุนู†ุฏู‰ ุงู„
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distance ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจุฏุงุด ุงุญุชู„ู‡ุง ุงู„ center line ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ
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ุงู„ุฎุท ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจู…ุฑ ููŠู‡ ููŠ ู…ุฑูƒุฒ ุงู„ุญูุฑุฉ ุงู„ center ุงู„ู„ูŠ
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ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏ distances between center lines are called
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center to centerThe holes below are at 100mm
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centers ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุทู„ุน ุนู†ุฏู‰ ุดุงูŠู ุงู„ู…ุณุงูุฉ ู‡ุงู†ุŸ ุงูŠุด ู‡ุงู†
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ุงุฎุฏุชุŸ ู‡ู‰ ู…ู† ุงู„ center ุงู„ center ู‡ุงู† ู‡ู‰ 100 200 300
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ู‡ุฏู‰ running dimension ู„ุฅู†ู‡ ุฎุฏุช ุฃู†ุง ู…ุณุงูุฉ ูƒู„ูŠุฉ
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ุจูŠู†ู…ุง ู‡ุงู† ุงูŠุด ู‚ู„ุช ุนู†ู‡ุงุŸ it's chain dimension ุงูŠุด
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ุงุฎุฏุชุŸู†ูุณ ุงู„ุดูŠุก ูˆู„ูƒู† ู‡ู†ุง 100 ู…ู„ูŠู…ุชุฑ 100 ู…ู„ูŠู…ุชุฑ 100
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ู…ู„ูŠู…ุชุฑ 100 ู…ู„ูŠู…ุชุฑ 100 ู…ู„ูŠู…ุชุฑ 100 ู…ู„ูŠู…ุชุฑ 100 ู…ู„ูŠู…ุชุฑ
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100 ู…ู„ูŠู…ุชุฑ 100 ู…ู„ูŠู…ุชุฑ 100 ู…ู„ูŠู…ุชุฑ 100 ู…ู„ูŠู…ุชุฑ 100
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ู…ู„ูŠู…ุชุฑ 100 ู…ู„ูŠู…ุชุฑ 100 ู…ู„ูŠู…ุชุฑ 100 ู…ู„ูŠู…ุชุฑ 100
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ู…ู„ูŠู…ุชุฑ 100 ู…ู„ูŠู…ุชุฑ 100 ู…ู„ูŠู…ุชุฑ 100 ู…ู„ูŠู…ุชุฑ 100
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ู…ู„ูŠู…ุชุฑ 100 ู…ู„ูŠู…ุชุฑ 100 ู…ู„ูŠู…ุชุฑ 100 ู…ู„ูŠู…ุชุฑ 100
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ู…ู„ูŠู…ุชุฑ 100 ู…ู„ูŠู…ุชุฑ 100 ู…ู„ูŠู…ุชุฑ 100 ู…ู„ูŠู…ุชุฑ 100
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ู…ู„ูŠู…ุชุฑ 100 ู…ู„ูŠู…ุชุฑ 100 ู…ู„ูŠู…ุชุฑ 100 ู…ู„ูŠู…ุชุฑ 100
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ู…ู„ูŠู…ุชุฑ 100 ู…ู„ูŠู…ุชุฑู…ุชุณุงูˆูŠุฉ ุงู„ุงู† ุงู„ note ุงู„
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written note ุงูŠุด ุจุชู‚ูˆู„ูŠ ุนู†ุฏูŠุŸ CC from center to
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center ุงู„ู…ุณุงูุฉ ูƒุงู…ุŸ one hundred millimeter center
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lines are often used as reference pointsุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูŠ
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ู…ุฑุฌุนูŠุฉ ู†ู‚ุงุท ู…ุฑุฌุนูŠุฉ these can be measured from in
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order to locate that is give the position of
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points on components ุนุงุฏุฉ ุจุญุทู‡ุง ุนุดุงู† ุงุนุฑู ู…ูƒุงู†
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locate ุชุญุฏุฏ ุงู„ู…ูˆู‚ุน give the position the
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measurement are offset from the center lines ุงูŠุด
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ูŠุนู†ูŠ offsetุŸ ู„ุฃุงู„ุงู† ุงู†ุง ุจุงุฒุงุญุฉ ุชู†ุฒุงุญ ุดูˆูŠุฉ ุงูˆ
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shifted ููŠ ุงู„ุงู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠ shifted ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูŠ ุงูŠุด ูŠุนู†ูŠ ู‡ูŠ
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offset from the center line each is at a certain
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distance from it and the offsets are measured at a
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right angle to the center lines at 90 degrees to
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it ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุนุงุฏุฉ ู„ู…ุง ูŠู‚ูˆู„ right at right angle ุงู„
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right angle ุงู„ุฒุงูˆูŠุฉ ุงู„ู‚ุงุฆู…ุฉ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูŠ ูƒุงู… ุชุณุนูŠู† ุฏุฑุฌุฉ
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ู‡ุฐุง ุงู†ุชูˆุง ุฎุจุฑุฉ ููŠู‡ุง ู†ุชูƒู„ู… ุงู„ุขู† ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ grades ุงูŠุด
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ุงู„ gradesุŸ ุดุจูƒุฉ ุงู„ุงู† ุฏูุชุฑ ุงู„ุฑุณู… ุงู„ู‡ู†ุฏุณูŠ ุนุจุงุฑุฉ ุนู†
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ุงู„ grid page ุตุญุŸู…ู‚ุณู… ู„ุฎุทูˆุท ุทูˆู„ ูˆ ุนุฑุถ ุงู„ุจูŠุงู†ูŠ
81
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ุงู„ุฑุณู… ุงู„ุจูŠุงู†ูŠ ู…ุธุจูˆุท ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุฑุณู… ุงู„ุจูŠุงู†ูŠ ุงู„ุงู† in
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large designs notably those of structure grids are
83
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used for horizontal positioning ุงู„ุงู† ุนู†ุฏู‰ ุนุงุฏุฉ ุงู„
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grid ู„ู„ุชุตู…ูŠู…ุงุช ุงู„ูƒุจูŠุฑุฉ ุจุชุจู‚ู‰ ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุฉ ุนุดุงู† ูŠุญุฏุฏ
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ุงู„ู…ูˆุงู‚ุน ุงู„ุฃูู‚ูŠุฉ ุงู„ grid lines have numbers and
86
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lettersุงู„ grid lines ููŠ ุนู†ุฏู‰ ุนู…ูˆุฏูŠ ูˆ ููŠ ุนู†ุฏู‰ ุงูŠุด
87
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ุงู„ู‚ูู‚ูŠ ูˆ ุงู„ุนู…ูˆุฏูŠ ูˆุงุญุฏ ุจุนุทูŠู‡ ุงุฑู‚ุงู… grid line 123 ูˆ
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ุงู„ุชุงู†ูŠ ุจุนุทูŠู‡ ุงูŠุด a,b,c,d ูˆ ู‡ูƒุฐุง alphabetically All
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grid lines are parallel with one another that is
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they are straight lines and are at regular
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distances apart ูƒู„ ุงู„ grid lines ู‡ุฏูˆู„ ุณูˆุงุก
92
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ุงู„ู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุฉ ุงู„ุนู…ูˆุฏูŠุฉ ุฃูˆ ุงู„ุฃูู‚ูŠุฉ ู…ุชูˆุงุฒูŠุฉ ุงูŠุด ูŠุนู†ูŠ
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ู…ุชูˆุงุฒูŠุฉ ุนุจุงุฑุฉ ุนู† ุฎุทูˆุท ู…ุณุชู‚ูŠู…ุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ู…ุณุงูุงุช ู…ุชุณุงูˆูŠุฉ
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ู…ุด ู‡ูŠูƒ ุงุญู†ุง ุชุนุฑูŠู ุงู„ุชูˆุงุฒูŠ ุฎุทูŠู† ุงู„ู…ุชูˆุงุฒูŠู† ุงูŠุด ุฎุทูŠู†
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ู…ุณุชู‚ูŠู…ูŠู† ุนู„ู‰ ู…ุณุงูุงุชู…ุชุณุงูˆูŠุฉ ููŠ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ุฌุงู„ ุทูŠุจ ..
96
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ุงู„ุขู† ุจุงู„ู†ุณุจุฉ ุฅู„ูŠู†ุง .. ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุฅุฐุง ุจู†ุทู„ุน ุนู„ูŠู‡ุง ุงู„
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parallel ุนุฑูู†ุงู‡ุง ุทุจ ุงู„ perpendicular ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูŠ ุงู„
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ุฅูŠุดุŸ ุงู„ุนู…ูˆุฏูŠุฉ ู‡ุฐุง ุจุดุชุบู„ ู„ุญุงู„ู‡ ู‚ู„ู†ุงู‡ ุทูŠุจ ุงู„
99
00:07:34,510 --> 00:07:38,410
perpendicular ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ุนู…ูˆุฏูŠูŠู† ู‡ุฏูˆู„ุฉ ุจุชู‚ุงุทุนูˆุง at
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a right angle ุตุญุŸ ุจูŠุนู…ู„ูˆุง ุงุชู†ูŠู† right angle
101
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ุทูŠุจ letter lines are run parallel with one another
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and are perpendicular to the numbered lines ูŠุนู†ูŠ
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00:07:55,130 --> 00:08:00,710
ุฒูŠ ู…ุง ุญูƒูŠุช ุนู†ุฏู‰ ููŠู‡ ุงุชุฌุงู‡ ุนู…ูˆุฏูŠ ูˆููŠู‡ ุงุชุฌุงู‡ ุฃูู‚ูŠ
104
00:08:00,710 --> 00:08:05,750
ุงู„ุนู…ูˆุฏูŠ ุงูŠุด ู…ุน ุงู„ุฃูู‚ ุงูŠุด ุจูŠุนู…ู„ูˆุง ุฒูˆุงูŠุง ู‚ุงุฆู…ุฉ right
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angle ูุจู†ู‚ูˆู„ ุนู†ู‡ู… ู…ุชุนุงู…ุฏูŠู† ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูŠ perpendicular
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ุงูˆ ุจู†ู‚ูˆู„ they joined at right angle or right angles
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at right angles the plan ุจู„ุบู‡ ู‡ุฐุง ู‡ู†ุดูˆู show part
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of the floor of an office building ูŠุนู†ูŠ ููŠ ู…ู‚ุทุน
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ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ู‡ูŠูุฑุฌูŠู†ุง ุงู„ู…ุณุชูˆู‰ ุงู„ุฃุฑุถูŠ ู„ุจู†ุงูŠุฉ ุจู†ุงูŠุฉ ุฎุงุตุฉ
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ุจุงู„ู…ูƒุงุชุจ the perpendicular grid line intersect at
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ูŠุนู†ูŠ intersect at ุฅูŠุด ู‡ูŠ ู…ุนู†ุงุชู‡ุŸ ุชู‚ุงุทุน cross at
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the centers of the columns ุชุนุฑู ุงู„ column ุฅูŠุด
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ุจู†ุณู…ูŠู‡ุŸ ุงู„ุนู…ูˆุฏ ุงู„ุขู† ุฃุญู†ุง ููŠ ุงู„ุจูŠุช ููŠ ุนู†ุฏู†ุง ุญุฒุงู…ุงุช
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ูˆ ููŠู†ุง ุฃุนู…ุฏุฉ ู„ุชุจุนูŠู† ุงู„ู…ุฏู†ูŠ ุจูƒุฑุง ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจุชุฎุตุตู‡ ุงู„ุจูŠุช
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ููŠ ุนู†ุฏู†ุง ุงู„ุญุฒุงู… ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุฃูู‚ูŠ ุงู„ุนู…ูˆุฏ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุฑุฃุณูŠ
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ูููŠ ุนู†ุฏู†ุง ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจุชุญูƒู… ููŠ ุงู„ุจูŠุชุงู„ุฅุญุฒุงู…ุงุช ูˆุงู„ุฃุนู…ุฏุฉ
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ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุงู„ุจูŠุช ู…ู…ูƒู† ูŠู‚ูˆู… ุนู„ู‰ ุจุณ ุงู„ุฅุญุฒุงู…ุงุช ูˆุงู„ุฃุนู…ุฏุฉุŒ
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ูƒูˆูŠุณุŸ ูู‡ู†ุง ู„ู…ุง ู†ู‚ูˆู„ columns ุฃุนู…ุฏุฉ an opening hole
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in the floor is shown using coordinate dimension
120
00:09:30,630 --> 00:09:32,470
ุฃูŠุด ูŠุนู†ูŠ coordinate dimensionุŸ
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ุงู„ุฅุญุฏุงุซูŠุงุช ูƒู„ู…ุฉ ุฅุญุฏุงุซูŠุงุช ู‡ูŠ ุชุณุชุฎุฏู… ุงู„ technical
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word ูƒูˆูŠุณ these allow the site engineers to sit
123
00:09:45,880 --> 00:09:50,480
out ุฅูŠุด ูŠุนู†ูŠ sit out mark the position of ูŠุนู†ูŠ
124
00:09:50,480 --> 00:09:54,960
ูŠุญุฏุฏ ุงู„ู…ูˆู‚ุน sit out mark the position of the
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opening by squaring of the grid line making the
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00:09:58,520 --> 00:10:02,160
lines that run at right angles to them ูŠุนู†ูŠ ู‡ู†ุง
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square off making ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุจูŠุนู…ู„/ุจูŠุญุฏุฏ ุงู„ุฒูˆุงูŠุง ุงู„ู‚ุงุฆู…ุฉ
128
00:10:08,400 --> 00:10:12,520
ุงู„ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุฉ then measuring along these lines using a
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00:10:12,520 --> 00:10:18,340
tape measure ุฅูŠุด ุงู„ู€ tape measure ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ู€ ู…ุชุฑ
130
00:10:18,340 --> 00:10:24,340
ุณู…ุนูŠู†ู‡ุŸ ุงู‡ ุงูŠูˆู‡ุŸ
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00:10:24,340 --> 00:10:30,440
ุงู„ุขู† ููŠ ุนู†ุฏูŠ ุนุฏุฉ ู…ูุฑุฏุงุช ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุฉ ู‡ู†ุง ุฏูŠ ุฃูˆุถูˆ ู„ุงูŠุช
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00:10:30,440 --> 00:10:35,700
ุฅูŠุด ู‡ูŠ ุฏูŠ ุฃูˆุถูˆ ู„ุงูŠุช is an optical device used for
133
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measuring angles can be used to square off grid
134
00:10:40,040 --> 00:10:44,100
lines accurately ุงู„ุขู† ู‡ุฐุง ุฌู‡ุงุฒ ุจูŠู‚ูŠุณ ุงู„ุฒูˆุงูŠุง ุงุญู†ุง
135
00:10:44,100 --> 00:10:48,720
ุนุงุฏุฉ ุฅูŠุด .. ู‡ู†ู‚ูˆู„ูƒูˆุง ูƒูŠู ู†ู‚ูŠุณ ุงู„ุฒูˆุงูŠุง ูŠู…ูƒู† ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„
136
00:10:48,720 --> 00:10:51,200
.. ู‚ู„ูŠู„ ููŠูƒู… ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจูŠุณุชุทูŠุนูˆุง ูŠุทู„ุนูˆุง ุนู„ูŠู‡ู… ุจูŠุณุชุทูŠุนูˆุง
137
00:10:51,200 --> 00:10:52,920
ูŠุทู„ุนูˆุง ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู…ุฌุงูˆู„ูŠู† ุฅูŠุด ุจูŠุณุชุฎุฏู…ูˆู‡
138
00:10:55,630 --> 00:10:59,950
ู‡ุฐุง ุนู†ุฏ ุงู„ู…ุณุงุญุฉุŒ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู…ุง ุนู†ุฏู‡ ู…ุณุงุญุฉ ุฅูŠุด ุจูŠุนู…ู„ุŸ
139
00:10:59,950 --> 00:11:04,430
ุชุนุฑููˆุง ุฃู†ุชู… ู†ุธุฑูŠุฉ ููŠุซุงุบูˆุฑุณุŒ ู…ุธุจูˆุทุŸ ุฅูŠุด ุจุชู‚ูˆู„ุŸ
140
00:11:04,430 --> 00:11:09,430
ู‡ุง ู‡ูŠ ู‡ุฐุงุŒ ุฏู‡ ุจู†ุชูƒู„ู… ุนู„ูŠู‡ุง ุฅูŠุด usingุŸ Pythagoras
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theorem ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูŠ ููŠุซุงุบูˆุฑุณ ุฅูŠุด ุจุชุนู…ู„ ู‡ุงุชุŸ ุจู†ู‚ูŠุณ
142
00:11:14,060 --> 00:11:18,520
ู…ุซู„ู‹ุง ุฃู†ุง ุจุนุฑู ู„ูˆ ุฌุจุช ุณุชุฉ ู…ุชุฑ ู…ู† ู‡ู†ุง ู…ุน ุซู…ุงู†ูŠุฉ ู…ุชุฑ
143
00:11:18,520 --> 00:11:23,720
ุงู„ู‚ุทุฑ ุชุจุนู‡ู… ุจูŠูƒูˆู† ูƒุงู…ุŸ ุนุดุฑุฉ ูุจูŠุนู…ู„ูˆุง ุฒูŠ ู‡ูŠูƒ ู‡ู†ุงูƒ
144
00:11:23,720 --> 00:11:28,600
ุงู„ู€ ุจู†ุงุก ู…ุง ุนู†ุฏู‡ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุฌู‡ุงุฒ ุฅูŠุด ุจูŠุนู…ู„ุŸ ุจูŠู‚ูŠุณ ุฒูŠ ู‡ูŠูƒ ูˆ
145
00:11:28,600 --> 00:11:33,320
ุจูŠุญุฏุฏ ุจูŠู‚ูˆู„ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฒุงูˆูŠุฉ ุจุฏู‡ุง ู…ูุชูˆุญุฉ ุฃูˆ ู…ุณูƒุฑุฉ ู…ูุชูˆุญุฉ
146
00:11:33,320 --> 00:11:38,940
ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุฅูŠุดุŸ ู…ู†ูุฑุฌุฉ ุตุงุฑุช ู…ุด .. ู…ุณูƒุฑุฉ ุฅูŠุด ุตุงุฑุชุŸ ุตุงุฑุช
147
00:11:38,940 --> 00:11:44,260
ุถูŠู‚ุฉ ุฅู†ู‡ุง ุฃู‚ู„ ู…ู† ุชุณุนูŠู† ุฏุฑุฌุฉ ุงู„ุขู† to double check
148
00:11:44,260 --> 00:11:48,620
the dimension ุฅูŠุด double check ุฃู†ุง ุจู‚ูŠุณ ุจุณ ู„ุงุฒู…
149
00:11:48,620 --> 00:11:54,220
ุฃุชุฃูƒุฏ ู…ู† .. ููŠ ุงู„ู…ู‚ุงุณุงุช double check double check
150
00:11:54,220 --> 00:11:58,820
ู„ู„ุชุฃูƒุฏ okay dimension that is carry out an extra
151
00:11:58,820 --> 00:12:04,160
check diagonal measurement can be used as in
152
00:12:04,160 --> 00:12:09,030
engineers sketch ุงู„ู€ ุฏุงูŠุงุฌูˆู†ุงู„ ู‡ุฐู‡ ู†ุณุชุฎุฏู…ู‡ุง ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูŠ
153
00:12:09,030 --> 00:12:12,810
ุงู„ู‚ุทุฑ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุญูƒูŠุช ุนู†ู‡ ุงู„ู€ length of the diagonals
154
00:12:12,810 --> 00:12:17,770
can be calculated using Pythagoras theorem ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูŠ
155
00:12:17,770 --> 00:12:22,390
ู†ุธุฑูŠุฉ ููŠุซุงุบูˆุฑุณ ูˆู‡ูŠ ุนู†ุฏูŠ ุงู„ุดูƒู„ ุทู„ุน ุนู†ุฏูŠ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู„ูŠ
156
00:12:22,390 --> 00:12:27,550
ุจุชุนู…ู„ ู„ูŠ ู‡ุงูŠ ู‡ุฐุง ูˆู‡ุฐุง parallel ู‡ุฐุง ูˆู‡ุฐุง parallel
157
00:12:27,550 --> 00:12:31,550
ุงู„ุขู† ู‡ุฐุง ูˆู‡ุฐุง perpendicular ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุนู†ุฏูŠ
158
00:12:34,400 --> 00:12:37,980
ู‡ูŠ ู‡ู†ุง ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจู†ุชูƒู„ู… ุนู„ูŠู‡ ุงู„ู€ ุฅูŠุด ุงู„ู€ diagonal ุงู„ู„ูŠ
159
00:12:37,980 --> 00:12:42,580
ุจู†ุญุณุจ ุงู„ู…ุณุงูุฉ ุจู†ู‚ูˆู„ ุงู„ุฌุฐุฑ ุงู„ุชุฑุจูŠุนูŠ ู„ู„ู‚ุทุฑ ุฅูŠู‡ุŸ
160
00:12:42,580 --> 00:12:47,020
ุงู„ู‚ุทุฑ ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ ุชุฑุจูŠุน ูˆุงู„ุชุงู†ูŠ ุชุฑุจูŠุน ุจูŠุนุทูŠู†ุง ุงู„ู…ุณุงูุฉ
161
00:12:47,020 --> 00:12:53,750
ุงู„ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุฉ ุงู„ู€ right angle ุงู„ุขู† exercise 5.1 ุจุฏู†ุง ู†ุจุฏู„
162
00:12:53,750 --> 00:12:57,370
ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ูƒู„ู…ุงุช look at these sentences about the
163
00:12:57,370 --> 00:13:03,030
design of ship replace the underlying words and
164
00:13:03,030 --> 00:13:06,250
expressions with alternative words and expressions
165
00:13:06,250 --> 00:13:09,570
ูŠุนู†ูŠ ู‡ุฐุง ุจุฏู†ุง ู†ุจุฏู„ู‡ู… ุจุฅูŠุดุŸ ุจุงู„ูƒู„ู…ุงุช ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุงุญู†ุง
166
00:13:09,570 --> 00:13:15,170
ุบุทูŠู†ุงู‡ุง ููŠ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุนู†ุฏูƒ ุงู„ู€ handrail is fixed by 115
167
00:13:15,170 --> 00:13:20,750
brackets ุฅูŠุด ุงู„ู€ handrailุŸ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุฏุฑุงุจุฒูŠู†
168
00:13:20,750 --> 00:13:25,050
ุงู„ุขู† ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุนู†ุฏู‡ ู…ุด ุจูŠุฌูŠุจ ู„ุนุจ ู„ู„ุตุบุงุฑ ุงู„ุขู† ู‡ุฐุง ุจูŠุนู…ู„
169
00:13:25,050 --> 00:13:29,890
ุณูƒุฉ ุญุฏูŠุฏ ู‡ุฐุง ุจูŠุณู…ูˆู‡ ุงู„ู€ hand is fixed by brackets
170
00:13:29,890 --> 00:13:33,870
which are one one seventy five millimeter apart
171
00:13:33,870 --> 00:13:38,190
between their centers ุฅูŠุด ุงู„ูƒู„ู…ุฉ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจูŠุณู…ูˆู‡ุง at
172
00:13:38,190 --> 00:13:43,310
ู„ุฃ ุจู†ู‚ูˆู„ at one seventy five millimeter centers
173
00:13:43,310 --> 00:13:48,850
ู‡ุฐุง ุจุฏู„ุชู†ุง ูƒู„ ุงู„ูƒู„ู…ุฉ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุฉ ุนู†ุฏู‡ุง the
174
00:13:48,850 --> 00:13:52,150
dimensions are measured from the line down the
175
00:13:52,150 --> 00:13:55,010
middle of the ship ุฅูŠุด ุงู„ู€ line down the middleุŸ
176
00:13:55,010 --> 00:14:01,270
ุฅูŠุด ุณู…ูŠู†ุงู‡ุงุŸ ุงู„ู€ center line how far is the widest
177
00:14:01,270 --> 00:14:05,990
point of the ship located away from the center
178
00:14:05,990 --> 00:14:10,930
line ุฅูŠุด ู‡ุฐู‡ ุณู…ูŠู†ุงู‡ุงุŸ ุฅูŠุด ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุงุญู†ุง ู„ู…ุง ู†ู‚ูˆู„ู‡ุง ู„ู…ุง
179
00:14:10,930 --> 00:14:16,250
ุจุฏูŠ ู‡ุงูŠ ุงู„ู…ูƒุงู† ูˆุฒุญุช ุนู†ู‡ ุฅูŠุด ุณู…ูŠู†ุงู‡ุŸ offset ู…ุธุจูˆุท
180
00:14:17,770 --> 00:14:21,810
Are the adjacent adjacent linked of the handrail
181
00:14:21,810 --> 00:14:26,950
at 90 degree to each otherุŸ ุฅูŠุด ุงู„ู€ adjacentุŸ ุฅูŠุด
182
00:14:26,950 --> 00:14:32,830
ู…ุนู†ุงู‡ adjacentุŸ ุทูŠุจ ุจุณ ุฅูŠุด adjacent ุงู„ุณุคุงู„ ู‚ุจู„
183
00:14:32,830 --> 00:14:39,910
adjacent ุงู„ู‚ุฑูŠุจ ุงู„ู‚ุฑุจ ู…ู† ุฃูŠูˆู‡
184
00:14:39,910 --> 00:14:43,730
ุงู„ุขู† ู„ู…ุง ุงู„ุญุงุฌุฉ ุฌู†ุจ ุจุนุถ ุจู†ุณู…ูŠู‡ุง adjacent to each
185
00:14:43,730 --> 00:14:47,810
other ุงู„ุญูŠู† ู„ู…ุง ุฃู‚ูˆู„ ุฃู†ุช ู…ูŠู† ูˆ who is adjacent to
186
00:14:47,810 --> 00:14:53,190
you ุจุฏูƒ ุชู‚ูˆู„ ุฒู…ูŠู„ุชูƒ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุฌู†ุจูƒ ุงู„ู‚ุฑูŠุจุฉ ู…ู†ูƒ ูู‡ู†ุง at
187
00:14:53,190 --> 00:14:57,170
ninety degree at a ninety degree ุฃูˆ at ninety
188
00:14:57,170 --> 00:15:01,510
degrees these dimensions allow you to establish
189
00:15:01,510 --> 00:15:03,930
the position of the whole ุฅูŠุด establish the
190
00:15:03,930 --> 00:15:09,030
position ู‚ูˆู„ู†ุง locate ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ูƒู„ู…ุงุช ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจุชูŠุฌูŠ ุนู†ุฏูƒ
191
00:15:09,030 --> 00:15:11,010
locate establish position
192
00:15:14,470 --> 00:15:22,010
ููŠ ุฅูŠู‡ุŸ ููŠ ุงู„ุบุงู„ุจ ุจุงู„ุงู…ุชุญุงู† ุงู‡ ู„ุฃ ุจุณ ู‡ุฐุง ุฃู†ุช ู„ุณุงุชูƒ
193
00:15:22,010 --> 00:15:26,550
ุงู„ุญูŠู† ู…ุฎู„ุตุฉ ุชู…ุฑ ุนู„ูŠู‡ู… ุนุดุงู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู‡ ูˆุจุนุฏูŠู† ู‡ุฐุง
194
00:15:26,550 --> 00:15:32,110
ุจูŠู‚ูˆู„ูƒ look at ุงู„ู€ .. ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุนู†ุฏูŠ a and b ูˆ replace
195
00:15:32,110 --> 00:15:36,190
these words ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุจุชุญุทูŠู‡ู… ู‚ุฏุงู…ูƒ ูˆู…ู†ู‡ุง ุชุฎุชุงุฑูŠ ุจุณ
196
00:15:36,190 --> 00:15:41,130
ุงุญู†ุง ุจู†ุญุท ู„ูƒ ู‚ุงุฆู…ุฉ ุฒูŠ .. ุจุงู„ู†ุณุจุฉ ู„ู†ุง ุฒูŠ ุงู„ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ู‡ู†ุง
197
00:15:46,420 --> 00:15:53,680
of a handrail at each other ู…ู…ูƒู† ุชู‚ูˆู„ hand are
198
00:15:53,680 --> 00:16:00,440
adjacent linked ู…ู…ูƒู† ุชู‚ูˆู„ perpendicular to each
199
00:16:00,440 --> 00:16:05,200
other ุจู†ูุน ู‡ูŠ perpendicular ู„ุฃู† ู‡ูŠ at right angle
200
00:16:05,200 --> 00:16:08,220
ุทูŠุจ
201
00:16:09,430 --> 00:16:12,690
ุงู„ุขู† ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุนู†ุฏูŠ ุงู„ุชุงู†ูŠ five two look at these
202
00:16:12,690 --> 00:16:17,950
extracts from technical discussion on construction
203
00:16:17,950 --> 00:16:21,570
complete these sentences using the words in the
204
00:16:21,570 --> 00:16:29,630
box what they mean by extracts extracts
205
00:16:29,630 --> 00:16:35,950
ู‡ูŠ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุจุชูŠุฌูŠ ุญุงุฌุงุช ุจุงู„ุทุฑูŠู‚ look at extract from
206
00:16:35,950 --> 00:16:38,590
technical discussion ุงู„ู€ extract
207
00:16:41,310 --> 00:16:48,730
ุชุณู…ุนูˆุง ู…ู† ู…ู‚ุชุทูุงุชุŸ ู‡ูŠ ู…ู‚ุชุทูุงุช ุงู„ู€ extract ููŠ ุงู„ุนุฑุจูŠุฉ
208
00:16:48,730 --> 00:16:53,770
ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุฅูŠุดุŸ ู„ู…ุง ุฃู†ุช ุชุงุฎุฏ ููŠ ู…ุญุงุฏุซุฉ ุชู‚ู†ูŠุฉ ูˆุชุงุฎุฏ
209
00:16:53,770 --> 00:17:00,150
ุฃุฌุฒุงุก ู…ู†ู‡ุง ุจู†ุณู…ูŠู‡ุง ุฅูŠุดุŸ ู…ู‚ุชุทูุงุช according to this
210
00:17:00,150 --> 00:17:05,690
drawing ุฅูŠุดุŸ it runs along the external wall of
211
00:17:05,690 --> 00:17:11,320
this structure ุฃูŠ ูˆุงุญุฏุฉ ุจู†ู‚ูˆู„ According to this
212
00:17:11,320 --> 00:17:14,100
drawing ุจู†ูุน grid lines ูˆู„ุง intersections
213
00:17:14,100 --> 00:17:20,020
parallel perpendicular set out or square upุŸ ูŠุนู†ูŠ
214
00:17:20,020 --> 00:17:24,080
ู‡ุฐุง ุจุฏูƒ ุฅูŠุงู‡ุง ุฅูŠุดุŸ ุจุฏูƒ ุฅูŠุด ุฅูŠุงู‡ุง verbุŒ ู…ุธุจูˆุทุŸ ุฅูŠุด
215
00:17:24,080 --> 00:17:30,800
ู…ู† ู‡ุฏูˆู„ุŸ ุงู„ู€ grid line according to this drawing
216
00:17:30,800 --> 00:17:36,240
grid line ุทูŠุจ the positions were marked accurately
217
00:17:36,240 --> 00:17:39,800
they were ุฅูŠุดุŸ by our site engineer
218
00:17:42,280 --> 00:17:47,740
ุฅูŠุด ู‡ูŠ set out ู…ุธุจูˆุท ุฅูŠุด ู‚ูˆู„ู†ุง set out checked
219
00:17:47,740 --> 00:17:55,440
ู…ุธุจูˆุท ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุงู†ูุญุตุช ููŠ ู‡ุฐุง the external wall runs
220
00:17:55,440 --> 00:18:03,060
along grid lines one and the internal corridor
221
00:18:03,060 --> 00:18:07,520
wall runs along grid line two so the walls are
222
00:18:07,520 --> 00:18:13,510
with each other ุงู„ุขู† ู‡ุฐุง ุฅูŠุด ุงู„ุชุฑู‚ูŠู…ุŸ ุฃุฑู‚ุงู… ุฃุฎุฏุช ุงู„ู€
223
00:18:13,510 --> 00:18:16,690
grid lines ุฃุฎุฏุช ูˆุงุญุฏ ุงุชู†ูŠู† ูˆุงุญุฏ ุงุชู†ูŠู† ุฅูŠุด ุจูŠูƒูˆู†ูˆุง
224
00:18:16,690 --> 00:18:21,130
parallel ู„ูˆ ู‚ู„ุช one and a ุฅูŠุด ุจูŠูƒูˆู†ูˆุง
225
00:18:21,130 --> 00:18:26,550
perpendicular ุจุณ one and two ู…ุนู†ุงุชู‡ ุฅูŠุด ุจุฏู‡ู…
226
00:18:26,550 --> 00:18:31,830
ูŠูƒูˆู†ูˆุง parallel ุฎู„ูŠูƒู… ู…ุนุงูŠุง ููŠ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุฅุฐุง ุฃุนุทูŠุชูƒูˆุง ุงู„ู€
227
00:18:31,830 --> 00:18:36,350
grid lines ู…ุฑู‚ู…ูŠู† ุฃูˆ alphabetically ูŠุนู†ูŠ ูŠุง ุฅู…ุง
228
00:18:36,350 --> 00:18:40,070
ู…ุฑู‚ู…ูŠู† ูŠุง ุฅู…ุง in alphabetical order ู‡ุฏูˆู„ ุจูŠูƒูˆู†ูˆุง
229
00:18:40,070 --> 00:18:46,230
ุฅูŠุดุŸ parallel ู„ูˆ ุฃุฎุฏุช ูˆุงุญุฏ numbered ูˆุงู„ุชุงู†ูŠ alphabetic
230
00:18:46,230 --> 00:18:56,030
ุฅูŠุด ุจูŠูƒูˆู†ูˆุงุŸ perpendicular ูˆุงุถุญุฉ ุทูŠุจ I've
231
00:18:56,030 --> 00:19:00,350
marked a cross on the concrete floor showing where
232
00:19:00,350 --> 00:19:06,830
the two grid lines ุงู„ู€ cross ุจูŠุฌูŠ ูˆูŠู† where ุฏูŠ ุฅูŠุด
233
00:19:06,830 --> 00:19:10,990
ุจูŠุณูˆูŠ two grid lines ุฅูŠุด ุจูŠุตูŠุฑ ููŠู‡ู…ุŸ intersect ููŠ
234
00:19:10,990 --> 00:19:14,890
ุงู„ุชู‚ุงุทุน ุนุงุฏุฉ ู„ู…ุง ุจุญุท x ุจุญุท ุนู„ู‰ ู†ู‚ุทุฉ ุฅูŠู‡ุŸ ุชู‚ุงุทุน
235
00:19:14,890 --> 00:19:20,990
ูƒู‡ู†ุฏุณุฉ ุทูŠุจ we need to show the position of the
236
00:19:20,990 --> 00:19:27,550
corner of the staircase with coordinate dimensions
237
00:19:27,550 --> 00:19:34,530
they should be taken from two grid lines ุงู„ุขู† ุงู„ู€
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staircase ุฅูŠุด ู‡ูˆุŸ ุชุนุฑู ุงู„ุฏุฑุฌุŸ ุฃูŠูˆู‡ ุงู„ุณู„ุงู„ู… ุงู„ุฃู‡ุฏุฃ
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ุจูŠู‚ูˆู„ we need to show the position of the corner
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ุงู„ู€ position ุชุจุน ุงู„ู€ corner ุฅูŠุด ุจูŠูƒูˆู†ุŸ ููŠ ุนู†ุฏ ุงู„ู€ two
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grid lines ุฅูŠุด ู…ุนู†ุงุชู‡ู…ุŸ ุจุชู‚ุงุทุน ู…ุชุนู…ุฏูŠู†ุŒ ู…ุธุจูˆุทุŒ ููŠ
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hyperpendicular we will use the tidal light to
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edge the grid lines and mark a ninety degree
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offset ุฅูŠุด ุงู„ู€ optical light ู„ูŠุด ุจูŠุณุชุฎุฏู… ุงู„ู€ optical
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light square off ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูŠ ุชุทุจุทุจ ุงู„ุฒูˆุงูŠุง
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ุทูŠุจ ุงู„ุขู† ุงู„ู€ match .. match the two parts of the
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sentences to complete the extract .. extract from
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a training manual in civil engineering the follow
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.. the following precautions can help to prevent
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costly setting out mistakes ุฅูŠุด ุงู„ู€ precautionุŸ
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ุงู„ุงุญุชูŠุงุทุงุช ุฃูˆ ุฏูŠ ุจุฏูƒ ุชู‚ูˆู„ูŠ ุงู„ .. ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุงู„ุญุงุฌุงุช ุงู„ู„ูŠ
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ุจุฏูƒ ุชุชุฌู†ุจูŠู‡ุง ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุงู„ุชุนู„ูŠู…ุงุช ุงู„ .. ุงู„ .. ุงู„ุฃุณุงุณูŠุฉ
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ู„ุชุฌู†ุจ ุงู„ู…ุดุงูƒู„ prevent costly setting out mistakes
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ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ุฃุฎุทุงุก ุงู„ู„ูŠ .. ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ุฃุฎุทุงุก ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจุชูƒู„ู
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.. ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจุชูƒู„ู ูƒุซูŠุฑ always use a steel tape measure
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never a plastic one ู„ูŠุดุŸ ุงูŠุด ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ุงูŠ ุจูŠู‚ูˆู„ูƒ ุฏุงูŠู…ุง
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ูŠุณุชุฎุฏู…ูŠ ู…ุชุฑ ู…ุนุฏู†ูŠ ู…ุด ู…ุชุฑ plastic to ensure it
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doesn't stretch under tension ุฃูŠูˆุฉ to ensure it
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doesn't stretch under tension ู„ูˆ ุงุณุชุฎุฏู…ุช plastic
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ู…ู…ูƒู† ู„ู…ุง ุฃุดุฏู‡ ูŠุนู…ู„ stretch ูŠู…ุท ู…ุนุงู‡ ู…ุธุจูˆุท ูุฏุงูŠู…ุง
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ุจุชู„ุงู‚ูŠ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุฃู…ุทุงุฑููŠุด ู„ู„ุฎูŠุงุทูŠู† ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจูŠุณุชุฎุฏู…ูˆุง ุงูŠุด
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ู…ุชุฑ ุฌู„ุฏูŠ ู„ุฃู† ุงู„ู…ุณุงูุฉ ู…ุด ูƒุจูŠุฑุฉ ุญุฏูŠุฏ
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ุจุณ ุทูˆูŠู„ ู‡ูˆ ู†ูุณู‡ ุจุณ ุงู„ุญุฌู… ุจุฏู„ ู…ุง ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุฌู„ุฏ ุจูŠุจู‚ู‰
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ู‡ุงู„ุฌู„ุฏ ุญุฌู…ู‡ ูˆ ุจูŠุณุญุจ ููŠู‡ ู‡ุฏูˆู„ ุงู„ู…ุณุงุญุฉ ุฏุงูŠู…ุง ู…ุนู‡ู… ุดูˆ
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ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุนู†ุฏู†ุง ุจู‚ู‰ุŸ ู„ุฃ ู„ุฃ ุตุบูŠุฑ ู‡ุฐุง .. ู‡ุฐุง .. ู‡ุฐุง ุตุบูŠุฑ
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ุฎู…ุณุฉ ู…ุชุฑ ุญุฏู‡ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ูƒุจูŠุฑ ููŠู‡ ุซู„ุงุซุฉ ู…ุชุฑ ูˆ ููŠู‡ ุฎู…ุณุฉ
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ู…ุชุฑ ุจุณ ุงู„ car car ุจูŠูˆุตู„ ู„ู…ุงุฆุฉ ู…ุชุฑ ูุฃู†ุช ู„ู…ุง ุจุฏูƒ ุชู‚ูŠุณ
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ุฃุฑุงุถูŠ ุจูŠู‚ูŠุณุด ุฎู…ุณุฉ ู…ุชุฑ ุฎู…ุณุฉ ุจูŠุณุญุจ ูˆ ุจูŠู…ุดูŠ ู…ุธุจูˆุทุŸ ูˆ
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ู„ูˆ ุทู„ุนุชู‡ ูˆ ุฃู†ุช ู…ุงุดูŠูŠู† ููŠ ุงู„ุณูŠุงุฑุงุช ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจุชู„ุงู‚ูŠู‡ู…
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ุจูŠู‚ูŠุณูˆุง ุจุชู„ุงู‚ูŠ ู…ุนุงู‡ ู…ุชุฑ ูˆ ู…ุนุงู‡ ุนุฏุฉ ุงู„ู…ุณุงุญุฉ ุงู„
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car car ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุนู†ุฏู‡ ู‡ุฐุง ู‡ูˆ ูƒุจูŠุฑ .. ู…ุชุฑ ูƒุจูŠุฑ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุฒูŠ
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ู…ุง ุจูŠู‚ูˆู„ูˆู‡ check that both diagonals of the
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rectangular shape are equal ุงู„ุขู† ู„ูˆ ุฌุจุช ุฃู†ุง
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ุงู„ู…ุณุชุทูŠู„ ุงู„ู…ุณุชุทูŠู„ ุงูŠุด ุจูŠู…ูŠุฒู‡ ุงู„ู…ุญุงูˆุฑ ุชุจุนุชู‡ ุงูŠุด
275
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ู…ุชุณุงูˆูŠุฉ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู…ุญุงูˆุฑ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุฎู„ูŠู†ุง ู†ู‚ูˆู„ ูƒู„ ุถู„ุนูŠู† ู…ุชู‚ุงุจู„ูŠู†
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ู…ุชุณุงูˆูŠูŠู† ูˆุงู„ู…ุญุงูˆุฑ ู…ุชุณุงูˆูŠุฉ ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ุงู„ุฒูˆุงูŠุง ุชุจุนุชู‡ ุงูŠุด
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00:22:53,380 --> 00:22:57,720
ุจุชูƒูˆู† ู‚ุงุฆู…ุฉ ู‚ุงุฆู…ุฉ ู„ูˆ ู…ุง ูƒุงู† ุฒูŠ ู‡ูŠูƒ ุจุชุจู‚ู‰ ุงู„ุฒูˆุงูŠุง
278
00:22:57,720 --> 00:23:02,370
ุชุจุนุชู‡ ู…ุด ู‚ุงุฆู…ุฉ ุงู„ู…ุณุงุญ ู„ู…ุง ุจุฏูŠู‡ ูŠูุฑุฒ ุฃุฑุถ ุจูŠู‚ูŠุณ
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ุงู„ู…ุณุงูุงุช ูˆุจุนุฏู‡ ุจูŠู‚ูŠุณ ุงู„ู…ุญุงูˆุฑ ุงู„ู…ุญูˆุฑ ู‡ุฐุง ูˆุงู„ู…ุญูˆุฑ
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ุงู„ุงุซู†ูŠู† ู„ุงุฒู… ูŠูƒูˆู†ูˆุง ู…ุชุณุงูˆูŠู† ุนุดุงู† ุชุฃุฎุฐ ู…ุณุงุญุฉ
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00:23:10,250 --> 00:23:16,350
ู…ุณุชุทูŠู„ุฉ ุฃูŠ ูˆุงุญุฏุฉ ุจู†ู‚ูˆู„ ููŠู‡ู… ู‡ู†ุง ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ู‰ to check
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the corners are at right angles ู„ู…ุง ู†ู‚ูˆู„ ู†ุญู†
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diagonalุŒ diagonal to check the angles measure
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dimensions in two directions from parallel grid
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lines
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to double check measurement ุฅุฐุง ุฌุฆุช ุนู†ุฏูƒ ุฎุทูŠู†
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00:23:37,000 --> 00:23:40,540
ู…ุชุณุงูˆูŠูŠู† ูˆู‚ุณุช ุงู„ู…ุณุงูุฉ ู…ู† ู‡ู†ุง ูˆุงู„ู…ุณุงูุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ุทุฑู
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00:23:40,540 --> 00:23:48,380
ุงู„ุซุงู†ูŠ ุงูŠุด ู…ุถู…ู† ุฃู†ู‡ ู‡ุฏูˆู„ ู…ุง ุจูŠุตูŠุฑุด ุฃุฎุทุงุก add
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00:23:48,380 --> 00:23:54,740
up chains dimensions give running dimensionsto
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prevent slight errors being multiplied ุนุดุงู† ุงู„
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00:23:58,720 --> 00:24:03,440
error ู…ุง ูŠุฒูŠุฏุด ุนู†ุฏู†ุง ู„ุฃู†ู‡ ุจูŠุณุชุฎุฏู… ุงู„ running meter
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ู„ูŠุคูƒุฏ ู…ู†ู‡ู… ุทูŠุจ ู‡ูŠ ูƒู…ุง ู†ู†ูˆูŠ ู†ุญู† ุฌุงู‡ุฒูŠู† ู„ู„ quiz
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ุชุจุนูƒู