PL9fwy3NUQKwZ52Wxrug71SHLnFjqhlVJc/EJlqlJkLb9c.srt

1
00:00:14,160 --> 00:00:19,640
Good morning everybody. Good. Nice to see you

2
00:00:19,640 --> 00:00:26,620
today. How is poetry like with you? Good?

3
00:00:29,010 --> 00:00:31,750
Are you ready with your reports, responses?

4
00:00:34,170 --> 00:00:40,710
Not yet? You are rewriting them again or what? But

5
00:00:40,710 --> 00:00:44,090
I told you from the very beginning, you have to

6
00:00:44,090 --> 00:00:49,170
make them ready all the time. Now imagine I

7
00:00:49,170 --> 00:00:54,230
collect all of them now, what would you do? And I

8
00:00:54,230 --> 00:00:55,530
started marking them.

9
00:00:58,850 --> 00:01:03,170
So those who are ready, bring them here. Those who

10
00:01:03,170 --> 00:01:07,030
are not ready, I don't know, it's up to you. But I

11
00:01:07,030 --> 00:01:15,150
need them today, yes. Your response? Huh? No, I'm

12
00:01:15,150 --> 00:01:17,130
not taking them next time, you know?

13
00:01:23,770 --> 00:01:28,590
Okay. You have to submit them today, but before,

14
00:01:29,630 --> 00:01:37,290
like, here, you submit them here. Okay? Your

15
00:01:37,290 --> 00:01:38,410
reports and your responses.

16
00:01:52,730 --> 00:01:54,970
All the reports, I said.

17
00:02:06,530 --> 00:02:11,050
I told you, like, the reports and the response

18
00:02:11,050 --> 00:02:14,050
should be every day with you. Okay, go ahead.

19
00:02:17,650 --> 00:02:20,950
Okay. As a teacher, I have two coffee mugs. The

20
00:02:20,950 --> 00:02:23,530
other one, I'll bring home. I'll bring the plate.

21
00:02:26,370 --> 00:02:26,810
Okay.

22
00:02:50,190 --> 00:02:50,670
No,

23
00:02:53,650 --> 00:02:57,650
you just give all of them. Okay, good.

24
00:03:10,550 --> 00:03:16,470
Okay, so let's start. I'm going to like to pick

25
00:03:16,470 --> 00:03:17,670
out here.

26
00:03:20,610 --> 00:03:22,230
So she didn't write anything.

27
00:03:28,550 --> 00:03:31,630
This is yours? Okay, come and read it.

28
00:03:38,160 --> 00:03:41,220
The Daffodils. William Wordworth, the sensitive

29
00:03:41,220 --> 00:03:43,840
and romantic poet. At the beginning, he was very

30
00:03:43,840 --> 00:03:46,960
sad and had a deep pain of loneliness there.

31
00:03:47,220 --> 00:03:50,580
However, something changed him from the sorrow to

32
00:03:50,580 --> 00:03:53,240
the pleasure completely. It is the daffodils which

33
00:03:53,240 --> 00:03:55,920
fluttering and dancing in the breeze. The poet is

34
00:03:55,920 --> 00:03:59,940
an emotional man who feels the daffodils which are

35
00:03:59,940 --> 00:04:05,080
ordinary to anyone. Because of the romanticism era

36
00:04:05,080 --> 00:04:08,750
which had those poets who have the eye, the

37
00:04:08,750 --> 00:04:12,710
emotional eye and the musical eye. Is it a report

38
00:04:12,710 --> 00:04:16,430
or response? Yes, no, it's a report about the last

39
00:04:16,430 --> 00:04:19,770
pictures. Yeah, but I don't see any reporting, you

40
00:04:19,770 --> 00:04:23,970
know, it is like, it sounds like a response. Is

41
00:04:23,970 --> 00:04:27,250
that a report or response? Report. But it's not

42
00:04:27,250 --> 00:04:30,450
like, it doesn't have a report in a way. Okay,

43
00:04:30,470 --> 00:04:33,210
thank you. Yes. Yes, you.

44
00:04:38,280 --> 00:04:41,640
I appreciate like some people think that it is

45
00:04:41,640 --> 00:04:45,560
very frightening to stand here. And I understand

46
00:04:45,560 --> 00:04:50,860
her fear, you know, it's not easy. Yesterday when

47
00:04:50,860 --> 00:04:55,650
I was writing my daily report, Write in my daily

48
00:04:55,650 --> 00:04:58,570
report I imagined myself in front of the camera

49
00:04:58,570 --> 00:05:02,110
and I found that it's very frightening situation I

50
00:05:02,110 --> 00:05:04,710
decided that I wanted to read my report in the

51
00:05:04,710 --> 00:05:07,530
next lecture to break this frightening and I

52
00:05:07,530 --> 00:05:11,330
really will do that That's why she decided you

53
00:05:11,330 --> 00:05:14,670
know Now when I stand up in front of the camera

54
00:05:14,670 --> 00:05:18,110
it's more bitter of my imagination Anyway last

55
00:05:18,110 --> 00:05:21,070
lecture I was absent because I was very ill but I

56
00:05:21,070 --> 00:05:25,340
watched it on my computer Last lecture was a nice

57
00:05:25,340 --> 00:05:28,600
one. At the first, Dr. Akram asked about our

58
00:05:28,600 --> 00:05:33,060
report and chose some students randomly. Then he

59
00:05:33,060 --> 00:05:36,560
explained what was explained in the previous

60
00:05:36,560 --> 00:05:40,360
lecture by some students. There was an atmosphere

61
00:05:40,360 --> 00:05:43,320
of activity and participation. The time of lecture

62
00:05:43,320 --> 00:05:45,920
passed very quickly and the doctor asked us if we

63
00:05:45,920 --> 00:05:49,460
have any questions about this poem. Then he left

64
00:05:49,460 --> 00:05:54,960
the class. Okay. Yes. Yes.

65
00:06:09,120 --> 00:06:12,080
Saturday's class was a memorable day for me, since

66
00:06:12,080 --> 00:06:14,480
Dr. Akram started his lecture choosing randomly

67
00:06:14,480 --> 00:06:17,400
students to report. And this was my turn to do.

68
00:06:17,880 --> 00:06:19,820
Really, I don't remember anything except myself

69
00:06:19,820 --> 00:06:22,820
reporting. After the class finished... Did I

70
00:06:22,820 --> 00:06:28,000
choose you last time? Many students asked me the

71
00:06:28,000 --> 00:06:30,840
same question that Dr. Akram asked, why I was

72
00:06:30,840 --> 00:06:33,500
shivering. The truth that I had to change some

73
00:06:33,500 --> 00:06:36,880
words in the middle of my report. Therefore, in

74
00:06:36,880 --> 00:06:39,860
the middle, I reported orally. I was afraid not to

75
00:06:39,860 --> 00:06:42,980
find the appropriate words. I learned from that

76
00:06:42,980 --> 00:06:45,140
situation that I have to do what I have to do

77
00:06:45,140 --> 00:06:49,240
without any change. Why didn't you submit it

78
00:06:49,240 --> 00:06:54,760
quickly? Because I... Where is that?

79
00:07:00,120 --> 00:07:03,520
Okay, do not submit any now, you know, that's it.

80
00:07:04,960 --> 00:07:13,280
Good. So today we're going like to see, huh? No,

81
00:07:13,600 --> 00:07:18,860
realize them at home, you know. Okay, today we're

82
00:07:18,860 --> 00:07:21,400
going to see the Victorian poetry. When we're

83
00:07:21,400 --> 00:07:24,560
talking about Victorian age or Victorian poetry,

84
00:07:25,880 --> 00:07:28,340
like, why do we call it Victorian?

85
00:07:31,960 --> 00:07:34,780
Yeah, Queen Victoria, like,

86
00:07:37,440 --> 00:07:46,040
took over. Queen Victoria took over in 1837.

87
00:07:47,270 --> 00:07:55,450
And she died 1901. So she ruled England for a very

88
00:07:55,450 --> 00:08:02,390
long time. Now, the Victorian Age was a different

89
00:08:02,390 --> 00:08:10,390
age. It witnessed many revolutions. It witnessed

90
00:08:10,390 --> 00:08:12,390
like the scientific revolution, the industrial

91
00:08:12,390 --> 00:08:16,620
revolution, Like many revolutions in that age, and

92
00:08:16,620 --> 00:08:20,740
even religious revolution, it was characterized by

93
00:08:20,740 --> 00:08:26,400
a great deal of skepticism and uncertainty.

94
00:08:29,840 --> 00:08:34,400
Why? Why do you think, you know, what was

95
00:08:34,400 --> 00:08:37,960
happening in the Victorian Age? As we saw in the

96
00:08:37,960 --> 00:08:38,900
Romantic period,

97
00:08:41,660 --> 00:08:45,100
I mean, the Industrial Revolution started to

98
00:08:45,100 --> 00:08:51,600
change the nature of life. So this continued. This

99
00:08:51,600 --> 00:08:58,040
case continued in the Victorian Age. Yes? In the

100
00:08:58,040 --> 00:09:00,200
Victorian Age, just like you said, it continued,

101
00:09:00,340 --> 00:09:03,550
but it was even more complicated. It was worse?

102
00:09:03,950 --> 00:09:07,830
Yeah, it was more like deep in the society. So it

103
00:09:07,830 --> 00:09:10,730
created a lot of problems. It became even worse

104
00:09:10,730 --> 00:09:13,310
and there were a lot of things to deal with. So

105
00:09:13,310 --> 00:09:16,630
the poets or the literary writers, they felt like

106
00:09:16,630 --> 00:09:18,790
they need to tackle these problems. They need to

107
00:09:18,790 --> 00:09:22,050
bring them to light and to find something. Okay,

108
00:09:22,150 --> 00:09:24,630
what are these problems? You know, thank you for

109
00:09:24,630 --> 00:09:26,770
mentioning problems, yes?

110
00:09:29,880 --> 00:09:33,860
and the government treated the country as if it

111
00:09:33,860 --> 00:09:37,760
was their own property. And they didn't allow the

112
00:09:37,760 --> 00:09:39,940
new generation and young generation, especially

113
00:09:39,940 --> 00:09:43,640
the educated people, to make their way through the

114
00:09:43,640 --> 00:09:47,560
government. They made like. So they monopolized.

115
00:09:47,960 --> 00:09:51,500
They made a lot of educational institutions, but

116
00:09:51,500 --> 00:09:54,740
they didn't use the educated people in the

117
00:09:54,740 --> 00:09:56,860
government. So they created a problem for

118
00:09:56,860 --> 00:09:59,840
themselves. So there was class division, you know.

119
00:10:00,460 --> 00:10:04,120
You know, there was hierarchy and social

120
00:10:04,120 --> 00:10:07,320
hierarchy. We're talking about high class, the

121
00:10:07,320 --> 00:10:11,120
aristocratic. We are talking about an emerging

122
00:10:11,120 --> 00:10:13,860
class, which is called, you know, the middle

123
00:10:13,860 --> 00:10:17,780
class, the Philistines or the Philistines, you

124
00:10:17,780 --> 00:10:21,100
know, those materialistic people and the other,

125
00:10:21,400 --> 00:10:25,530
the lay people, you know, the other people. Okay,

126
00:10:25,530 --> 00:10:28,590
so you're talking about the ills, the problems,

127
00:10:28,790 --> 00:10:32,390
the abuses. Do you have anything like in mind

128
00:10:32,390 --> 00:10:36,850
about the abuses? You know, who was abused? Women

129
00:10:36,850 --> 00:10:41,150
were abused. Children were abused in factories.

130
00:10:42,770 --> 00:10:48,190
What else? But what was like the radical or the

131
00:10:48,190 --> 00:10:51,850
element which changed, you know, the whole life of

132
00:10:51,850 --> 00:10:55,610
the people? Religion, what happened to religion?

133
00:10:58,370 --> 00:11:02,490
Yeah, the church was corrupted and we saw that

134
00:11:02,490 --> 00:11:04,050
corruption in the Victorian Age.

135
00:11:14,790 --> 00:11:18,770
What do you mean secularism? Like people became

136
00:11:18,770 --> 00:11:22,410
very secular? Okay, what made them become very

137
00:11:22,410 --> 00:11:27,110
secular? After Darwin, okay, Darwin, who was

138
00:11:27,110 --> 00:11:30,630
Darwin? Now, if you remember, like the 18th

139
00:11:30,630 --> 00:11:34,910
century was, I mean, all the changes came from

140
00:11:34,910 --> 00:11:38,590
physics and mathematics, but now the changes in

141
00:11:38,590 --> 00:11:45,250
life came from biology. Darwin, who came up with

142
00:11:45,250 --> 00:11:50,030
his theory, which is the evolution of species, the

143
00:11:50,030 --> 00:11:54,250
development of species. And in this theory, he

144
00:11:54,250 --> 00:11:57,730
speculated that the origin of man was a descending

145
00:11:57,730 --> 00:12:03,450
monkey. So this changed. This was a fatal blow to

146
00:12:03,450 --> 00:12:10,460
a creed which presupposed that God was a man. If

147
00:12:10,460 --> 00:12:13,360
you are saying that God was a man, here you see

148
00:12:13,360 --> 00:12:19,980
the result. Man, man's image, this image which was

149
00:12:19,980 --> 00:12:24,020
maintained by the Elizabethan, man was seen by the

150
00:12:24,020 --> 00:12:28,640
Elizabethan as a paragon of animals. Man was the

151
00:12:28,640 --> 00:12:34,250
best, the most balanced. Now man is Like only an

152
00:12:34,250 --> 00:12:37,290
animal, it is, you know, like a descendant,

153
00:12:37,550 --> 00:12:41,290
developed species. A developed species. So this

154
00:12:41,290 --> 00:12:46,950
made people feel like what? They are uncertain

155
00:12:46,950 --> 00:12:49,610
about what will happen to them. About what will

156
00:12:49,610 --> 00:12:52,530
happen to them. And there were many theories like

157
00:12:52,530 --> 00:12:56,000
man, there is no... You know, this means like

158
00:12:56,000 --> 00:13:00,940
there is no life thereafter. You know, there is no

159
00:13:00,940 --> 00:13:05,620
doomsday. So all of this created a kind of

160
00:13:05,620 --> 00:13:10,760
uncertainty. And people were like very suspicious.

161
00:13:11,600 --> 00:13:15,580
If you don't have religion, because religion is

162
00:13:15,580 --> 00:13:18,380
like a walking stick. So if you don't have

163
00:13:18,380 --> 00:13:24,100
religion, you mean you lose balance in life. And

164
00:13:24,100 --> 00:13:31,580
this state of uncertainty was caught by the poets,

165
00:13:31,720 --> 00:13:35,860
the Victorian poets. Tennyson was a main Victorian

166
00:13:35,860 --> 00:13:40,780
poet. In his poem Immemoriam, it's a famous poem,

167
00:13:41,660 --> 00:13:47,160
he said, I'm an infant crying in the night, crying

168
00:13:47,160 --> 00:13:53,330
for the light. See what I mean? The light was

169
00:13:53,330 --> 00:13:58,330
religion. So people's lives were governed by

170
00:13:58,330 --> 00:14:02,170
materialistic forces. Everything. People were

171
00:14:02,170 --> 00:14:06,650
exploited. There was a great deal of exploitation.

172
00:14:08,750 --> 00:14:15,610
So that was the case. Poets like Tennyson wrote

173
00:14:15,610 --> 00:14:20,690
poetry of entrapment, poetry of being imprisoned.

174
00:14:21,790 --> 00:14:24,130
So they were highly philosophical. They were

175
00:14:24,130 --> 00:14:27,950
looking for a solution. Matthew Arnold thought

176
00:14:27,950 --> 00:14:31,410
that culture was a solution because there was no

177
00:14:31,410 --> 00:14:36,430
religion. So he tried

178
00:14:36,430 --> 00:14:40,250
to call people, to call poets, to write poetry of

179
00:14:40,250 --> 00:14:43,390
culture, to write poetry of aesthetics. And he

180
00:14:43,390 --> 00:14:45,890
thought that poetry was the religion of the

181
00:14:45,890 --> 00:14:48,970
future. This is what he thought. So as an

182
00:14:48,970 --> 00:14:53,190
introduction, today we're going to see two poems

183
00:14:53,190 --> 00:14:59,190
as an introduction to Victorian poetry, a poem

184
00:14:59,190 --> 00:15:02,870
which you are familiar with called The Eagle, it's

185
00:15:02,870 --> 00:15:09,350
here, and Dover Beach. So I'm giving these as

186
00:15:09,350 --> 00:15:12,930
introduction because we are studying in this

187
00:15:12,930 --> 00:15:16,410
course, Hardy, the oxen. You see? This is like the

188
00:15:16,410 --> 00:15:20,090
Victorian. So this is today, these two poems are

189
00:15:20,090 --> 00:15:23,610
like introduction to the age. Who can read this

190
00:15:23,610 --> 00:15:23,850
poem?

191
00:15:27,590 --> 00:15:28,190
Yes?

192
00:15:36,450 --> 00:15:37,050
Yes?

193
00:15:39,550 --> 00:15:46,370
He clasps the crag with crocked hands, close to

194
00:15:46,370 --> 00:15:50,050
the sun in lonely lands. Ringed with the azure

195
00:15:50,050 --> 00:15:53,790
word, he stands. The wrinkled sea beneath him

196
00:15:53,790 --> 00:15:57,990
crawls. He watches from his

223
00:17:55,060 --> 00:17:59,220
One of admiration. He's personifying the eagle. He

224
00:17:59,220 --> 00:18:03,390
clasps. What does it mean, clasp? Look at the, you

225
00:18:03,390 --> 00:18:07,610
know, the letters here. He clasps the crag. Look

226
00:18:07,610 --> 00:18:10,290
at the alliteration. So all the alliteration has

227
00:18:10,290 --> 00:18:15,430
to do with power. Power, you know, the powerful

228
00:18:15,430 --> 00:18:18,710
clutch. He clasped the crag with crooked hands.

229
00:18:19,370 --> 00:18:24,480
Crooked hands like this. Crooked hands. close to

230
00:18:24,480 --> 00:18:27,520
the sun in lonely lands, and then he goes up

231
00:18:27,520 --> 00:18:31,280
there, close to the, you know, up, up, ring with

232
00:18:31,280 --> 00:18:35,300
the azure world, like the highest, you know, in

233
00:18:35,300 --> 00:18:40,740
the highest atmosphere. The sea beneath him, you

234
00:18:40,740 --> 00:18:44,880
know, is crawling. The sea beneath him is like a

235
00:18:44,880 --> 00:18:49,880
child which is crawling, is weak, very feeble. So

236
00:18:49,880 --> 00:18:52,720
look here, the power of the eagle is stressed.

237
00:18:53,610 --> 00:18:58,050
Now, he watches from his mountain walls, and he

238
00:18:58,050 --> 00:19:02,490
watches, and like a thunderbolt, he falls. So why

239
00:19:02,490 --> 00:19:03,850
is he envious of the eagle?

240
00:19:08,470 --> 00:19:12,430
Yes? Because he lacks what the eagle has, freedom,

241
00:19:12,690 --> 00:19:15,450
the ability to catch and do things. And all of

242
00:19:15,450 --> 00:19:19,510
this, yes, he lacks the freedom. So this is a

243
00:19:19,510 --> 00:19:25,530
metaphoric expression of man's ability in the

244
00:19:25,530 --> 00:19:29,310
Victorian Age to leave this sense of entrapment,

245
00:19:29,690 --> 00:19:32,910
sense of imprisonment. They were psychologically

246
00:19:32,910 --> 00:19:36,580
imprisoned. As you said, the intellectuals were

247
00:19:36,580 --> 00:19:40,720
not given the chance. The intellectuals felt that

248
00:19:40,720 --> 00:19:46,560
they were imprisoned by the emergent philosophies,

249
00:19:46,740 --> 00:19:51,740
the emergent values, the church, the corruption,

250
00:19:52,620 --> 00:19:55,640
the evil forces. Because when we are talking about

251
00:19:55,640 --> 00:19:59,600
materialism, we are talking about the evil forces

252
00:19:59,600 --> 00:20:04,600
that clash at night. you know, monopoly,

253
00:20:05,440 --> 00:20:11,260
exploitation. Okay? So this is just... In this

254
00:20:11,260 --> 00:20:16,640
short poem, Tennyson was trying to show that, you

255
00:20:16,640 --> 00:20:20,610
know, the Victorian mind was crippled. You know,

256
00:20:21,390 --> 00:20:24,330
you are not like the eagle. The eagle has the

257
00:20:24,330 --> 00:20:27,690
freedom to go up, to come down, but you are

258
00:20:27,690 --> 00:20:31,610
entrapped. You are psychologically entrapped. And

259
00:20:31,610 --> 00:20:33,970
this shows how, you know, the people were

260
00:20:33,970 --> 00:20:39,070
suffering. Matthew Arnold, in his poem, Dover

261
00:20:39,070 --> 00:20:42,630
Beach, was looking for an answer. You know,

262
00:20:42,730 --> 00:20:47,650
Matthew Arnold was looking for an answer. He

263
00:20:47,650 --> 00:20:48,110
wanted

264
00:20:51,900 --> 00:20:57,040
like people to change. So at the end of the poem,

265
00:20:57,100 --> 00:21:00,340
he was crying. What was he crying? Matthew Arnold.

266
00:21:04,860 --> 00:21:11,340
No, no. Have you ever read Dover Beach? Do you

267
00:21:11,340 --> 00:21:15,340
know Dover Beach? Have you ever read Dover Beach?

268
00:21:22,140 --> 00:21:27,300
Now, he cried, ah, love, let us be true to one

269
00:21:27,300 --> 00:21:33,600
another for the world. I mean, in his poem, he

270
00:21:33,600 --> 00:21:38,300
depicts, you know, clearly, an image of what was

271
00:21:38,300 --> 00:21:45,680
the Victorian Age like. It was an age of richness

272
00:21:45,680 --> 00:21:54,990
and misery. It was an age of many theories, but a

273
00:21:54,990 --> 00:22:01,990
great deal of skepticism,

274
00:22:02,570 --> 00:22:02,830
doubt.

275
00:22:05,770 --> 00:22:09,510
So this is here, as you see in this poem.

276
00:22:12,650 --> 00:22:17,310
He represents the Victorian Age. This is the past.

277
00:22:19,060 --> 00:22:23,920
was okay. The past of the Victorian Age was okay.

278
00:22:25,140 --> 00:22:28,060
I mean, the early Victorian Age was okay, but the

279
00:22:28,060 --> 00:22:33,180
late Victorian Age was full of suffering, agony.

280
00:22:34,380 --> 00:22:39,480
Here, the word he portrays is a deceptive word. A

281
00:22:39,480 --> 00:22:45,800
word which was rich from the outside, but, you

282
00:22:45,800 --> 00:22:50,590
know, impoverished from the inside.a world which

283
00:22:50,590 --> 00:22:55,790
was beautiful, rich, like buildings, factories,

284
00:22:56,850 --> 00:22:59,530
roads, the railway,

285
00:23:02,210 --> 00:23:07,850
a lot of commercial transactions. So England

286
00:23:07,850 --> 00:23:11,450
became the richest country in the world. Even

287
00:23:11,450 --> 00:23:16,150
England became the empire because they became the

288
00:23:16,150 --> 00:23:23,030
largest empire. It was at the expense of the

289
00:23:23,030 --> 00:23:27,890
people themselves. The sea is calm tonight. The

290
00:23:27,890 --> 00:23:28,590
tide is full.

291
00:23:31,570 --> 00:23:36,170
Everything was beautiful. It's very romantic. The

292
00:23:36,170 --> 00:23:38,970
sea is calm tonight. The tide is full. The moon

293
00:23:38,970 --> 00:23:42,070
lights fair upon the straits on the French coast.

294
00:23:43,150 --> 00:23:45,890
The light gleams on his gun, the cliffs of

295
00:23:45,890 --> 00:23:49,390
England. So I think this reminds us of Wordsworth.

296
00:23:50,270 --> 00:23:53,290
It's an image of harmony where everything is

297
00:23:53,290 --> 00:23:59,290
glowing. And like, in fact, in this poem, he was

298
00:23:59,290 --> 00:24:03,850
with his wife in a hotel near Dover Beach. And

299
00:24:03,850 --> 00:24:07,490
suddenly he tells her, come, come. Come. Sweet is

300
00:24:07,490 --> 00:24:12,240
the night air. Sweet is the night air. But

301
00:24:12,240 --> 00:24:18,300
suddenly he heard a voice. Only from the line of

302
00:24:18,300 --> 00:24:23,360
spray where the sea meets the moon, blanched land.

303
00:24:23,680 --> 00:24:29,240
Listen, you hear the grating roar. What is the

304
00:24:29,240 --> 00:24:33,680
grating roar? Of the pebbles. You know, because

305
00:24:33,680 --> 00:24:36,480
the waves are throwing the pebbles, the stones.

306
00:24:36,980 --> 00:24:43,510
And what does this make? Grating roar. You know?

307
00:24:44,030 --> 00:24:49,230
And this contradicts with what? Contradicts with

308
00:24:49,230 --> 00:24:53,370
the serenity, the tranquility of the sea is gone.

309
00:24:54,470 --> 00:25:01,750
So metaphorically, he wanted to show how the

310
00:25:01,750 --> 00:25:04,230
Victorian Age was from the outside lovely,

311
00:25:04,990 --> 00:25:10,140
beautiful, but from the inside, It was terrible,

312
00:25:10,720 --> 00:25:17,480
you know? So the Great Engrower is a

313
00:25:17,480 --> 00:25:22,500
metaphor of the withdrawal of religion, the

314
00:25:22,500 --> 00:25:28,640
withdrawal of the moral values, and the advent of

315
00:25:28,640 --> 00:25:36,100
selfishness, hypocrisy, abuses, you know? So he

316
00:25:36,100 --> 00:25:37,940
did that in a very good way.

317
00:25:43,410 --> 00:25:46,730
And this begins and ceases. It is monotonous. It

318
00:25:46,730 --> 00:25:50,670
begins and ceases. You know, it is persistent. It

319
00:25:50,670 --> 00:25:54,510
is not just one time. It is persistent. It keeps

320
00:25:54,510 --> 00:25:58,590
revisiting. Begins and ceases and then begins

321
00:25:58,590 --> 00:26:01,530
again with tremulous cadence. It is not

322
00:26:01,530 --> 00:26:05,570
systematic. So when something is not systematic,

323
00:26:05,890 --> 00:26:10,060
it is not unexpected. It is abrupt. And then it

324
00:26:10,060 --> 00:26:14,180
brings the eternal note of sadness. This makes me

325
00:26:14,180 --> 00:26:19,700
sad. It reminds me. So the sound of the waves

326
00:26:19,700 --> 00:26:25,320
throwing the pebbles reminds him of what? It made

327
00:26:25,320 --> 00:26:31,060
him sad. Why? What did this sound remind him of?

328
00:26:31,200 --> 00:26:34,320
It reminded him of the problems of the Victorian

329
00:26:34,320 --> 00:26:38,150
Age. It made him sad. Because sometimes when you

330
00:26:38,150 --> 00:26:45,290
see something lovely, okay? Okay. You forget your

331
00:26:45,290 --> 00:26:48,450
trouble, like what happened to Wordsworth, and my

332
00:26:48,450 --> 00:26:50,970
heart dances with the devils. But here, when he

333
00:26:50,970 --> 00:26:56,130
heard this roaring sound, he remembered the

334
00:26:56,130 --> 00:27:00,010
problems, the corruption, the problems of his age,

335
00:27:00,310 --> 00:27:03,690
and he started complaining. He became very sad.

336
00:27:04,540 --> 00:27:08,100
And he started to generalize that by saying,

337
00:27:08,600 --> 00:27:14,580
Sophocles, long ago, heard it. This eternal

338
00:27:14,580 --> 00:27:19,060
sadness, this note, this sadness is there. As if

339
00:27:19,060 --> 00:27:22,040
he wants to say, this sadness, the corruption, the

340
00:27:22,040 --> 00:27:25,520
abuses have been there since the dawn of history.

341
00:27:26,520 --> 00:27:29,560
See? And Sophocles, do you know anything about

342
00:27:29,560 --> 00:27:35,480
Sophocles? Sophocles. He was a Greek, playwright,

343
00:27:35,940 --> 00:27:42,720
philosopher. What did he write? Oedipus? Antigone?

344
00:27:44,020 --> 00:27:47,040
Have you heard of Antigone? I'll be telling you

345
00:27:47,040 --> 00:27:53,020
later because I think here we have an illusion of

346
00:27:53,020 --> 00:28:02,750
Antigone who was a lady who was engaged to her

347
00:28:02,750 --> 00:28:06,670
cousin, but her cousin, I mean, Phyllis, I think,

348
00:28:07,390 --> 00:28:10,710
wanted to protest against his uncle, the king, I

349
00:28:10,710 --> 00:28:15,930
mean, the father of Antigone. So he, the king

350
00:28:15,930 --> 00:28:21,490
sentenced him to death and ordered that his body

351
00:28:21,490 --> 00:28:26,120
should not be buried. So Antigone was in a moral

352
00:28:26,120 --> 00:28:31,580
conflict whether to obey her father, you see the

353
00:28:31,580 --> 00:28:36,200
orders of her uncle, father, you know, it is

354
00:28:36,200 --> 00:28:41,980
uncle, sorry, not father, or to bury her, you

355
00:28:41,980 --> 00:28:47,140
know, the body of her brother. And finally, she

356
00:28:47,140 --> 00:28:50,520
decided to bury. She was herself, you know,

357
00:28:50,580 --> 00:28:54,690
executed. She was the fiancé of you know, the

358
00:28:54,690 --> 00:28:57,870
king's son. So the king was in a moral conflict

359
00:28:57,870 --> 00:29:01,630
also. You know what's been a moral conflict? It's

360
00:29:01,630 --> 00:29:05,230
a conflict between two rights, whether to respect,

361
00:29:05,490 --> 00:29:10,750
you know, the law of his country or to respect his

362
00:29:10,750 --> 00:29:14,110
own feelings and passion. But finally, so it is a

363
00:29:14,110 --> 00:29:20,350
story of death, sadness. This is the allusion in

364
00:29:20,350 --> 00:29:21,090
this poem.

365
00:29:24,180 --> 00:29:27,600
And he said, we also find, we here in England, we

366
00:29:27,600 --> 00:29:32,660
find this note of human misery. The sea of faith,

367
00:29:32,860 --> 00:29:35,420
and here, this is very essential, the sea of

368
00:29:35,420 --> 00:29:40,160
faith. The sea of faith. What does he mean by the

369
00:29:40,160 --> 00:29:44,160
sea of faith? Because here, we're talking about a

370
00:29:44,160 --> 00:29:49,260
metaphoric sea. The sea of faith should what?

371
00:29:49,320 --> 00:29:53,340
Should have fish? Fish and chips? What is the sea

372
00:29:53,340 --> 00:29:58,160
of faith? What do you think? If we assume that we

373
00:29:58,160 --> 00:30:02,740
have a sea of faith, what would it be like? The

374
00:30:02,740 --> 00:30:08,660
sea of faith religion? Morality? Values? So let's

375
00:30:08,660 --> 00:30:12,460
say if we have the sea of faith as full, so it

376
00:30:12,460 --> 00:30:18,580
means we have love? Respect, piety, passion,

377
00:30:19,340 --> 00:30:24,260
compassion. Okay, we have all this. Now when the

378
00:30:24,260 --> 00:30:27,120
sea of faith is full, it means people, we have a

379
00:30:27,120 --> 00:30:30,000
good society. But when the sea of faith is

380
00:30:30,000 --> 00:30:33,600
retreating, it's a problem. So how was the sea of

381
00:30:33,600 --> 00:30:37,360
faith in England during the late Victorian period?

382
00:30:38,580 --> 00:30:42,260
How was it? It was like there was no sea of faith.

383
00:30:42,580 --> 00:30:46,500
It was retreating. It was evaporating. And this is

384
00:30:46,500 --> 00:30:50,880
what happened here. The sea of faith was once two

385
00:30:50,880 --> 00:30:56,080
at the full round earth shore, lay like the folds

386
00:30:56,080 --> 00:30:59,840
of bright girded fern. It was full. At the

387
00:30:59,840 --> 00:31:02,980
beginning of the Victorian Age, the sea of faith

388
00:31:02,980 --> 00:31:08,290
was full. But now, this is the problem. Now, I

389
00:31:08,290 --> 00:31:13,030
hear its melancholy, long-withdrawing roar,

390
00:31:14,970 --> 00:31:20,730
retreating to the breath. It is retreating, like

391
00:31:20,730 --> 00:31:28,290
evaporating of the night down the vast, you know,

392
00:31:28,410 --> 00:31:33,450
edges. It is evaporating and naked shingles of the

393
00:31:33,450 --> 00:31:37,700
world and it leaves us like Uncovered,

394
00:31:37,760 --> 00:31:38,380
unprotected.

395
00:31:41,240 --> 00:31:45,040
Then this is what he's calling, how can we

396
00:31:45,040 --> 00:31:50,960
overcome this problem or dilemma? He's calling a

397
00:31:50,960 --> 00:31:55,860
love. A love, people, friends, you know, let us be

398
00:31:55,860 --> 00:32:01,490
true. to one another. Let us be true. For the

399
00:32:01,490 --> 00:32:04,570
world, this is the Victorian Age. This is how the

400
00:32:04,570 --> 00:32:08,470
Victorian Age was. For the world, which seems to

401
00:32:08,470 --> 00:32:13,830
lie before us like a land with dreams. That was

402
00:32:13,830 --> 00:32:17,650
the, exactly, that was, you know, a perfect

403
00:32:17,650 --> 00:32:21,210
expression of the Victorian Age. It was like the

404
00:32:21,210 --> 00:32:23,610
land of dreams. What is like the land of dreams?

405
00:32:26,260 --> 00:32:32,480
So what distinguishes the land of dream? It's

406
00:32:32,480 --> 00:32:37,380
beautiful? It's beautiful. It's attractive, but it

407
00:32:37,380 --> 00:32:44,220
is unreal. It is deceptive. It is illusive. That

408
00:32:44,220 --> 00:32:47,680
was the Victorian Age. He was referring to the

409
00:32:47,680 --> 00:32:53,820
beauty, to the richness of the age, but It was,

410
00:32:55,120 --> 00:32:58,840
you know, from the inside, it was hollow. People

411
00:32:58,840 --> 00:33:01,880
didn't have the faith. It was hollow.

412
00:33:05,080 --> 00:33:08,160
And Allah let us be true to one another for the

413
00:33:08

445
00:35:23,790 --> 00:35:26,530
wrote poetry to capture the spirit of the age.

446
00:35:27,650 --> 00:35:31,030
Now, I hope that today's lecture is only an 

447
00:35:31,030 --> 00:35:34,310
introduction to Hardy because Hardy was a 

448
00:35:34,310 --> 00:35:36,690
Victorian poet, 

449
00:35:37,810 --> 00:35:42,240
you know, who wrote who started his career by

450
00:35:42,240 --> 00:35:46,000
writing novels, but he ended his career by writing

451
00:35:46,000 --> 00:35:49,820
poetry because he thought poetry gives the 

452
00:35:49,820 --> 00:35:52,420
messages quickly. So next time, we're going to 

453
00:35:52,420 --> 00:35:55,920
study Hardy, The Oxen. But this time, we're going 

454
00:35:55,920 --> 00:36:01,300
to conduct stylistic analysis. Okay? If you look 

455
00:36:01,300 --> 00:36:06,760
at Hardy, there is stylistic analysis. Okay? It 

456
00:36:06,760 --> 00:36:10,600
will be your presentation. Good. So thank you very 

457
00:36:10,600 --> 00:36:14,620
much. Do you have any question? Okay, get ready 

458
00:36:14,620 --> 00:36:18,880
for the quiz. So I'm giving the quiz at any time

459
00:36:18,880 --> 00:36:25,900
starting from, you know, the quiz I told you, I'm

460
00:36:25,900 --> 00:36:28,820
going to give you a line or two from the tiger and

461
00:36:28,820 --> 00:36:31,320
you have to, you know, make a sketch into them.

462
00:36:33,960 --> 00:36:40,510
You know, I told you. Okay, so I'm telling you I

463
00:36:40,510 --> 00:36:45,250
might give you any line, you know, to scan it to 

464
00:36:45,250 --> 00:36:52,430
make, you know, the scansion of the line. You have 

465
00:36:52,430 --> 00:36:55,650
to study. I know I didn't tell you anything. You

466
00:36:55,650 --> 00:36:57,750
have to research. You have to learn yourself,

467
00:36:58,330 --> 00:37:01,870
okay, about the meter. And then here I'll give you 

468
00:37:01,870 --> 00:37:06,450
five minutes, two lines, you know, just to show 

469
00:37:06,450 --> 00:37:10,930
the meter, and that's it. Okay, yes. Thank you 

470
00:37:10,930 --> 00:37:12,170
very much and take care.