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1
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ุจุณู… ุงู„ู„ู‡ ุงู„ุฑุญู…ู† ุงู„ุฑุญูŠู… ุฃุนุฒุงุก ุงู„ุทู„ุงุจ ุงู„ุณู„ุงู… ุนู„ูŠูƒู…
2
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ูˆุฑุญู…ุฉ ุงู„ู„ู‡ ูˆุจุฑูƒุงุชู‡ ููŠ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู€ section ุณู†ุจุฏุฃ ุฅู† ุดุงุก
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ุงู„ู„ู‡ ููŠ chapter ุงุซู†ูŠู† ุฃูˆู„ section ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ู†ูุชุญู‡ ู‡ูˆ
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section 2-2 ูŠุชูƒู„ู… ุนู† ุงู„ู†ู‡ุงูŠุงุช ูˆู‚ูˆุงู†ูŠู† ุงู„ู†ู‡ุงูŠุงุช
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ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ limit of a function and limit to ู†ู‡ุงูŠุงุช
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ุงู„ุฏุงู„ุฉ ูˆู‚ูˆุงู†ูŠู† ุงู„ู†ู‡ุงูŠุงุช ู‡ู†ู‚ุณู… ุงู„ู€ section ุฅู„ู‰ ุฌุฒุกูŠู†
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ู‡ู†ุจุฏุฃ ููŠ ุงู„ุฌุฒุก ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ุŒ ู‡ู†ุนุฑู ุฅูŠุด ุงู„ู…ู‚ุตูˆุฏ ููŠ ุงู„ู†ู‡ุงูŠุฉ
8
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ูˆู‚ูˆุงู†ูŠู† ุงู„ู†ู‡ุงูŠุงุช ูˆุงู„ุญุงู„ุงุช ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชูƒูˆู† ููŠู‡ุง ุงู„ู†ู‡ุงูŠุฉ
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ุบูŠุฑ ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุฉ ุนู†ุฏ ู†ู‚ุทุฉุŒ ู†ูˆุถุญ ุฅู† ู‡ูˆ ู…ูˆุถูˆุน ุงู„ู†ู‡ุงูŠุฉ
10
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ุจุงู„ู…ุซุงู„ ู„ูˆ ูƒุงู† ุนู†ุฏ ุงู„ู€ function f of x ุชุณุงูˆูŠ x-1 ุนู„ู‰ x-1 ู‡ุฐุง ุฏู‡ ุงู„ู€ rational
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functionุŒ domain ูƒู„ R ู…ุนุฏุง ุงู„ูˆุงุญุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ู‚ุงู… ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูŠ
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ูˆุงุญุฏ ูู‡ูŠ ุบูŠุฑ ู…ุนุฑูุฉ ุนู†ุฏ ุงู„ูˆุงุญุฏุŒ ูู‡ู†ุจู‡ู…ู†ุง ูƒูŠู ุชุตุฑู
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ุงู„ุฏุงู„ุฉ ุจุฌูˆุงุฑ ุงู„ูˆุงุญุฏุŒ ู„ูˆ ุฃุฎุฐุช ุฏุงู„ุฉ ุญู„ู„ ุงู„ู€ x ู†ู‚ุต ูˆุงุญุฏ ุนุดุงู† x ุฒุงุฏ ูˆุงุญุฏ ุนุดุงู† x ู†ู‚ุต ูˆุงุญุฏ ุนุดุงู†
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ุงุฎุชุตุงุฑ ุนุดุงู† ุจูŠุตูŠุฑ x ุฒุงุฏ ูˆุงุญุฏุŒ ูู€ f of x ุฏุงู„ุฉ ุฎุทูŠุฉ
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ู„ูƒู† domainู‡ุง R ู…ุนุฏุง ุงู„ูˆุงุญุฏุŒ ู„ูˆ ุฑุณู…ู†ุงู‡ุง ู‡ูŠ ุฑุณู…ุชู‡ุง
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ู„ูƒู† domainู‡ุง R ู…ุนุฏุง ุงู„ูˆุงุญุฏุŒ ู„ูˆ ุฑุณู…ู†ุงู‡ุง ู‡ูŠ ุฑุณู…ุชู‡ุง
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ูู‡ุฐู‡ ุฑุณู…ุฉ ุฏุงู„ุฉ f of x ุชู„ุงุญุธูˆุง ุนู†ุฏ ุงู„ูˆุงุญุฏ ุบูŠุฑ ู…ุนุฑูุฉ
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ู„ูƒู† ูƒู„ ู…ุง ู†ู‚ุชุฑุจ ู…ู† ุงู„ูˆุงุญุฏ ุณูˆุงุก ู…ู† ุงู„ูŠู…ูŠู† ุฃูˆ ุงู„ูŠุณุงุฑ
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ูู‡ูŠ ู†ู‚ุชุฑุจ ู…ู† ุงู„ูˆุงุญุฏุŒ ูู…ู† ุญุงู„ุฉ ุฏุงู„ุฉ ุงู‚ุชุฑุจ ู…ู† ุงู„ุงุซู†ูŠู†
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ูุชู„ุงุญุธูˆุง ุฅู† ุฏุง ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุนู†ุฏ ุงู„ูˆุงุญุฏ ุบูŠุฑ ู…ุนุฑูุฉ ู„ูƒู† ุฅู„ู‡ุง
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ู†ู‡ุงูŠุฉ ูˆู†ู‡ูŠุชู‡ุง ุนู†ุฏ ู…ู† X ุชู‚ุชุฑุจ ู…ู† ุงู„ูˆุงุญุฏ ุณูˆุงุก ู…ู†
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ุงู„ูŠู…ูŠู† ุฃูˆ ู…ู† ุงู„ูŠุณุงุฑ ู‡ูŠ ุงู‚ุชุฑุจ ู…ู† ุงู„ุงุซู†ูŠู† ูุนู†ุฏู†ุง
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ุงู„ู…ู‚ุตูˆุฏ .. ู†ูƒุชุจ ููŠ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ูˆุถูˆุน ุงู„ู†ู‡ุงุฆูŠ ููŠ ู‡ุฐู‡
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ุงู„ุตูˆุฑุฉ limit f of X ู…ู† X approaches X0 equal ุงู„ู€
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ูู‡ุฐุง ู…ุนู†ุงู‡ ู…ู‚ุตูˆุฏ ููŠ ุฅู† ุฏุง ู„ู€ f of X ุชุตุฑูู‡ุง ูƒู„ ู…ุง
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x ุงู‚ุชุฑุจุช ู…ู† x ู†ูˆุช ู†ู‚ุทุฉ ู…ุนูŠู†ุฉ ูŠูุณุชุฎุฏู… ุฃูุถู„ x
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00:02:01,260 --> 00:02:07,260
ุชู‚ุชุฑุจ ู…ู† ุงู„ู€L ููƒู„ ู…ุง ุงู‚ุชุฑุจู†ุง ุจุฒูŠุงุฏุฉ ุนู† x ู†ูˆุช
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ูุฃูุถู„ x ุชู‚ุชุฑุจ ู…ู† ุงู„ู€L ู‡ู†ุง ุงู„ู„ู…ุฉ ู‡ูŠ ุงุฎุชุตุงุฑ ูƒู„ู…ุฉ
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limit ู†ู‡ุงูŠุฉุŒ ูุงู„ู†ู‚ุทุฉ x ู†ูˆุช ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ู†ู‚ุทุฉ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจู†ุญุณุจ
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00:02:16,980 --> 00:02:21,540
ุงู„ู†ู‡ุงูŠุฉ ููŠ ุฌูˆุงุฑู‡ุง ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ุชู‚ุชุฑุจ x ู…ู† x ู†ูˆุช ูˆL ู‡ูˆ
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ู†ุชูŠุฌุฉ ุงู„ู†ู‡ุงูŠุฉุŒ ู„ูˆ ุฃุฎุฏู†ุง ู†ูุณ ุงู„ู…ุซุงู„ ุงู„ุณุงุจู‚ ู„ุชูู‡ูŠู… ุฏูŠ
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00:02:27,270 --> 00:02:33,650
ุนู†ุฏ ุงู„ุญุงู„ุงุช ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ู‰ ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจุฏู†ุง ููŠู‡ุง ุงู‚ุชุฑุจ ู…ู† x ุฃูˆ
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00:02:33,650 --> 00:02:36,290
ุงู‚ุชุฑุจ ุจูŠู† ุงู‚ุชุฑุจ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุนุดู†ุงู‡ ุงู„ูˆุงุญุฏ ุฒูŠ ู…ุง ุดูˆูู†ุง
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00:02:36,290 --> 00:02:39,730
ุนู†ุฏ ุงู„ูˆุงุญุฏ ุงู„ุฏุงู„ุฉ ุบูŠุฑ ู…ุนุฑูุฉ ู„ูƒู† ุฅู„ู‡ุง ู†ู‡ุงูŠุฉ ูˆุชุณุงูˆูŠ
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00:02:39,730 --> 00:02:43,870
ุงุซู†ูŠู†ุŒ ุชู„ุงุญุธูˆุง ุฅู† ุงู„ุฏุงู„ุฉ ู…ู…ูƒู† ุชูƒูˆู† ุฅู„ู‡ุง ู†ู‡ุงูŠุฉ ุนู†ุฏ
36
00:02:43,870 --> 00:02:47,170
ุงู‚ุชุฑุจ ุชู‚ุนูุฏ ู…ู†ู‡ุง ุงู„ูˆุงุญุฏ ู„ู† ูŠู‚ุนูุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฏุงู„ุฉ ู„ุฃู†
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ุงู„ุฏุงู„ุฉ ุชุณุฑูŠุฏ ู…ู†ูƒ ุงู„ุฃุฑู…ุถ ุงุตูุฑ ุงู„ู…ู‚ุงู… ู„ูƒู† ุฅู„ู‡ุง ู†ู‡ุงูŠุฉ
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ุงู„ุญุงู„ุฉ ุงู„ุซุงู†ูŠุฉุŒ ุงู„ูˆุงุญุฏ ูŠู‚ุน ููŠู‡ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฏุงู„ุฉ ู„ูƒู† ู‚ูŠู…ุฉ
39
00:02:55,950 --> 00:02:59,890
ุงู„ุฏุงู„ุฉ ุนู†ุฏ ุงู„ูˆุงุญุฏ ุชุณุงูˆูŠ ูˆุงุญุฏ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูŠ ู‡ู†ุง ูˆ
40
00:02:59,890 --> 00:03:03,050
ุงู„ู†ู‡ุงูŠุฉ ุนู†ุฏ ุงู„ูˆุงุญุฏ ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุฉ ูˆู‚ูŠู…ุชู‡ุง ุงุซู†ูŠู† ูุชู„ุงุญุธูˆุง
41
00:03:03,050 --> 00:03:05,510
ุฅู† ุงู„ุฏุงู„ุฉ ู…ุนุฑูุฉ ุนู†ุฏ ุงู„ูˆุงุญุฏ ูˆุฅู†ู‡ุง ู†ู‡ุงูŠุฉ ุนู†ุฏ
42
00:03:05,510 --> 00:03:09,370
ุงู„ูˆุงุญุฏ ู„ูƒู† ู‚ูŠู…ุฉ ุงู„ู†ู‡ุงูŠุฉ ุชุณุงูˆูŠ ุงุซู†ูŠู† ูˆู‚ูŠู…ุฉ ุงู„ุฏุงู„ุฉ
43
00:03:09,370 --> 00:03:12,430
ุนู†ุฏ ุงู„ูˆุงุญุฏ ุชุณุงูˆูŠ ูˆุงุญุฏ ูู‚ูŠู…ุฉ ุงู„ุฏุงู„ุฉ ู„ุงุชุณุงูˆูŠ ู‚ูŠู…ุฉ
44
00:03:12,430 --> 00:03:16,240
ุงู„ู†ู‡ุงูŠุฉุŒ ูˆุงุชู„ุงุญุธ ููŠ ุงู„ุญุงู„ุฉ ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ู‰ ูˆุงู„ุซุงู†ูŠุฉ ุฅู†ู‡ ุฃู†ุง
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00:03:16,240 --> 00:03:18,720
ุนู†ุฏ ุงู„ูˆุงุญุฏ ู‡ู†ุง ููŠ hole ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุฃู†ุง ููŠ ุซู‚ูˆุจ ุฃู†ุง ููŠ
46
00:03:18,720 --> 00:03:22,640
ุซู‚ูˆุจ ุฃู†ุง ุฃู‚ูˆู„ ุฅู†ู‡ ุนุงู„ู… ุงุชุตุงู„ ู‡ู†ุงุฎุฏ ุงู„ู€ expression
47
00:03:22,640 --> 00:03:27,900
ุงู„ู‚ุงุฏู…ุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ุญุงู„ุฉ ุงู„ุซุงู„ุซุฉ ูˆุฏุงู„ุฉ ุฎุทูŠุฉ ุฏูŠ ู‡ูŠ domain
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of all R ูˆู‡ูŠ ู…ุนุฑูุฉ ุนู†ุฏ ุงู„ูˆุงุญุฏ ูƒู„ู‡ุง ุงุซู†ูŠู† ูˆู†ู‡ุงูŠุฉ
49
00:03:31,220 --> 00:03:34,540
ุนู†ุฏ ุงู„ูˆุงุญุฏ ุชุณุงูˆูŠ ุงุซู†ูŠู†ุŒ ุงุชู„ุงุญุธ ุงู„ุญุงู„ุฉ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุซุงู„ุซุฉ
50
00:03:34,540 --> 00:03:39,280
ุงู„ุฏุงู„ุฉ ู…ุนุฑูุฉ ุนู†ุฏ ุงู„ูˆุงุญุฏ ูˆ streamingู‡ุง ุนู†ุฏ ุงู„ูˆุงุญุฏ ู‡ูŠ
51
00:03:39,280 --> 00:03:41,180
ู†ูุณู‡ุง ุชู‚ุฑูŠุจุง ุงู„ู†ู‡ุงูŠุฉ ูˆุงุชู„ุงุญุธ ุฅู† ุฃู†ุง ููŠ ุงู„ู€ city
52
00:03:41,180 --> 00:03:45,110
hall ูุดูŠุก ูู‚ุท ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ ููŠ ุงุชุตุงู„ ุนู†ุฏูŠู‡ุฐุง ุณู†ุฏุฑุณ ููŠ
53
00:03:45,110 --> 00:03:50,170
ุงู„ุชูุงุตูŠู„ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ูˆุถูˆุน ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจุชุตุญู‰ ู†ุจุฏุฃ
54
00:03:50,170 --> 00:03:53,510
ููŠ ุจุนุถ ุงู„ุฏูˆุงู„ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุฎุงุตุฉ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุฃูˆู„ ุญุงุฌุฉ ุงู„ู€
55
00:03:53,510 --> 00:03:56,490
identity function ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุตูˆุฑุฉ ุฃูŠ ุนู†ุตุฑ ู‡ูˆ ู†ูุณู‡ ุฃูุถู„ ุณูˆุงุก
56
00:03:56,490 --> 00:04:00,350
x ูู‡ุฐู‡ ู†ู‡ุงูŠุชู‡ุง ุนู†ุฏ ุฃูŠ ู…ู† x ุฃูˆ ุฃูˆ ู„ุฃูŠ ู†ู‚ุทุฉ x
57
00:04:00,350 --> 00:04:07,200
ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุฉ ููŠ ู‚ุณู… ุงู„ุฏุงู„ุฉ ูlimit f of x ู…ู† x ุฃูˆูˆ x0 ู‡ูˆ
58
00:04:07,200 --> 00:04:12,120
ู†ูุณ ุงู„ู†ู‚ุทุฉ ุงู„ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุฉ ููŠู‡ุง x0 ูู…ุซู„ุง limit of x ู…ู† x ุทูˆูŠู„ุฉ 5 ูŠุณุงูˆูŠ 5 limit x ู…ู† x ุทูˆูŠู„ุฉ 3 ูŠุณุงูˆูŠ
59
00:04:12,120 --> 00:04:15,680
3 ู†ูˆุน ุซุงู†ูŠ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฏูˆุงู„ุงุช ุฏู‡ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุฏูˆุงู„ุงุช
60
00:04:15,680 --> 00:04:18,860
ุงู„ุซุงุจุชุฉุŒ f of x ูŠุณุงูˆูŠ k limit f of x ู…ู† x ุทูˆูŠู„ุฉ x not
61
00:04:18,860 --> 00:04:22,940
ูŠุณุงูˆูŠ limit k ู…ู† x ุทูˆูŠู„ุฉ x not ูŠุณุงูˆูŠ k ูŠุณุงูˆูŠ ุซุงุจุช
62
00:04:22,940 --> 00:04:27,680
limit 3 ู…ู† x ุทูˆูŠู„ุฉ x not ูŠุณุงูˆูŠ 3 limit
63
00:04:27,680 --> 00:04:31,720
10 ู…ู† x ุทูˆูŠู„ุฉ 4 ูŠุณุงูˆูŠ 4 ู‡ุฐุง ู…ุง ุฃุซุจุช ุฅู†ู‡
64
00:04:31,720 --> 00:04:37,910
ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ู„ุฒู…ู‡ูŠุฉ ู…ุชุธู‡ุฑุฉ ู‡ู†ุงุฎุฏ
65
00:04:37,910 --> 00:04:43,530
ู…ุซุงู„ ูŠุณู…ู‰ ุงู„ู€ unit step ูุนู†ุฏู†ุง ุงู„ู€ function ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ู€
66
00:04:43,530 --> 00:04:51,110
unit step function U of X ู…ุนุฑูˆูุฉ ููŠ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุตูˆุฑุฉ ู‡ูŠ
67
00:04:51,110 --> 00:04:57,690
piecewise ุชู‚ูˆู… ุฌุฒุฆูŠู†ุŒ ุชุจูŠู† ุฅู† x ุฃู‚ู„ ู…ู† 0 ู‚ูŠู…ุฉ 0 ุฅูŠู‡
68
00:04:57,690 --> 00:05:02,570
ุนู„ู‰ ู‚ุทุฉ ุฃู†ุง ุฃู‚ู„ ู…ู† 0 ุฅุฐุง x ุฃูƒุจุฑ ู…ู† 1 ู‚ูŠู…ุฉ 1
69
00:05:02,570 --> 00:05:07,290
ุชู„ุงุญุธูˆุง ุนู†ุฏ ุงู„ุตูุฑ ุงู„ุฏุงู„ุฉ ู„ู‡ุง ุชุนุฑูŠู ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ูŠู…ูŠู† ุบูŠุฑ
70
00:05:07,290 --> 00:05:12,830
ุงู„ุดู…ุงู„ุŒ ู„ูˆ ุฃู†ุง ุงู‚ุชุฑุจู†ุง ู…ู† ุงู„ุตูุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ูŠู…ูŠู† ู‡ุชูƒูˆู†
71
00:05:12,830 --> 00:05:15,990
ู‚ูŠู…ุฉ ุงู„ู†ู‡ุงูŠุฉ 1 ู„ูˆ ุงู‚ุชุฑุจู†ุง ู…ู† ุงู„ุตูุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ูŠุณุงุฑ ู‡ุชูƒูˆู†
72
00:05:15,990 --> 00:05:20,270
ุตูุฑ ูุงู„ุฏุงู„ุฉ ุนู†ุฏ ุงู„ุตูุฑ ู…ุนุฑูุฉ ูˆู‚ูŠู…ุชู‡ ุชุณุงูˆูŠ 1 ู„ูƒู†
73
00:05:20,270 --> 00:05:26,760
ุงู„ู†ู‡ุงูŠุฉ ุบูŠุฑ ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุฉ ู„ุฅู† ุฃู†ุง ุนู†ุฏูŠ ู…ู† ุงู„ูŠู…ูŠู† ู‚ู…ุช
74
00:05:26,760 --> 00:05:30,240
ู†ู‡ุงูŠุฉ ุบูŠุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ูŠุณุงุฑ ู„ูˆ
75
00:05:30,240 --> 00:05:36,560
ุฃุฎุฏู†ุง ุงู„ุญุงู„ุฉ ุงู„ุซุงู†ูŠุฉ ุฃุฎุฏู†ุง f of x ูŠุณุงูˆูŠ ูˆุงุญุฏ ุนู„ู‰ x ูˆ x ุชุณุงูˆูŠ ุตูุฑ ูˆ f of x ุชุณุงูˆูŠ ุตูุฑ ู…ู† x
76
00:05:36,560 --> 00:05:41,740
ุชุณุงูˆูŠ ุตูุฑ ุฃู†ุง ู…ุนุฑูุฉ ุนู†ุฏ ุงู„ุตูุฑ ุงู„ุฏุงู„ุฉ ู…ุนุฑูุฉ ุนู†ุฏ
77
00:05:41,740 --> 00:05:45,120
ุงู„ุตูุฑ ุจุงู„ุตูุฑ ู„ูƒู† ุฃู†ุง ูƒู„ ู…ุง ุงู‚ุชุฑุจ ู…ู† ุงู„ุตูุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ูŠู…ูŠู†
78
00:05:45,120 --> 00:05:48,440
ุงู„ู…ู„ุญุงู†ุฉ ุงู„ุฏุงู„ุฉ ุชูุชูุน ุฅู„ู‰ ู…ุง ู„ุง ู†ู‡ุงูŠุฉ ูˆู…ู† ุงู„ูŠุณุงุฑ
79
00:05:48,440 --> 00:05:51,300
ู„ุณุงู„ุจ ู…ุง ู„ุง ู†ู‡ุงูŠุฉ ูุฃุชู„ุงุญุธ ุงู„ู†ู‡ุงูŠุฉ ุบูŠุฑ ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุฉ ู„ุฃู† ูƒู„
80
00:05:51,300 --> 00:05:55,040
ู…ุง ู†ู‚ุชุฑุจ ุงู„ู†ู‚ุทุฉ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจู†ุญุณุจู‡ุง ุนู†ุฏ ุงู„ู†ู‡ุงูŠุฉ ุตูุฑ ู…ุซู„ุง
81
00:05:55,040 --> 00:05:59,100
ููŠ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุญุงู„ุฉ ู‡ูŠ ู‚ูŠู…ุฉ 3 ุฃูˆู„ ุฅู„ู‰ ู…ุง ู„ุง ู†ู‡ุงูŠุฉ ุฃูˆ ุณุงู„ุจ
82
00:05:59,100 --> 00:06:01,960
ู…ุง ู„ุง ู†ู‡ุงูŠุฉ ูู‡ุฐู‡ ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ุญุงู„ุฉ ุงู„ุซุงู†ูŠุฉ ูููŠ ุงู„ุญุงู„ุฉ ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ู‰
83
00:06:01,960 --> 00:06:05,220
ุงู„ู†ู‡ุงูŠุฉ ู…ุด ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุฉ ุนู†ุฏ ุงู„ุตูุฑ ู„ุฃู†ู‡ ู‚ูŠู…ุฉ ู†ู‡ุงูŠุฉ ู…ู†
84
00:06:05,220 --> 00:06:09,140
ุงู„ูŠู…ูŠู† ุบูŠุฑู‡ุง ู…ู† ุงู„ูŠุณุงุฑ ู„ุฃู†ู‡ ุฏุงู„ุฉ ุฅู„ู‰ ุชุนุฑูŠู ู…ู†
85
00:06:09,140 --> 00:06:12,300
ุงู„ูŠู…ูŠู† ุบูŠุฑ ุงู„ูŠุณุงุฑ ูู…ู† ุงู„ูŠู…ูŠู† ูˆุงุญุฏ ู†ู‡ุงูŠุฉ ูˆู…ู† ุงู„ูŠุณุงุฑ
86
00:06:12,300 --> 00:06:15,340
ุตูุฑ ูุงู„ู†ู‡ุงูŠุฉ ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ูŠู…ูŠู† ุฃูˆ ู…ู† ุงู„ูŠุณุงุฑ ู„ูƒู†
87
00:06:15,340 --> 00:06:19,280
ู…ุฎุชู„ูุชูŠู† ุงู„ู†ู‡ุงูŠุฉ ุบูŠุฑ ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุฉ ู…ุซู„ู‹ุงุŒ ูƒู„ ู…ุง ู†ู‚ุชุฑุจ ู…ู†
88
00:06:19,280 --> 00:06:23,160
ุงู„ู†ู‚ุทุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุญุณุจ ุนู†ุฏ ุงู„ู†ู‡ุงูŠุฉ ููŠ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุญุงู„ุฉ ุตูุฑ
89
00:06:23,160 --> 00:06:28,880
ูุงู„ุฏุงู„ุฉ ู…ู†ู‡ุง ุชู‚ูˆู„ ุฅู„ู‰ ู…ุง ู„ุง ู†ู‡ุงูŠุฉ ุฃูˆ ุณุงู„ุจ ู…ุง ู„ุง ู†ู‡ุงูŠุฉ
90
00:06:28,880 --> 00:06:31,160
ุงู„ุญุงู„ุฉ ุงู„ุซุงู„ุซุฉ ู„ูˆ ุฃุดูˆูู‡ุง ู„ู„ุฏุงู„ุฉ ุฃู‚ุตุฏ ุตูˆุฑุฉ ุตูุฑ
91
00:06:31,160 --> 00:06:34,880
ู…ู‚ุตุฏ ุฃู‚ู„ ู…ู† ุตูˆุฑุฉ ุตูุฑ ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ุฏุงู„ุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ุตูุฑ ุตูุฑ ู„ูƒู†
92
00:06:34,880 --> 00:06:39,220
ุนู„ู‰ ูŠู…ูŠู† ุงู„ุตูŠู† ูˆุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู€ x ุฑุบู… ู…ุง ู†ู‚ุชุฑุจ ู…ู† ุงู„ูŠู…ูŠู†
93
00:06:39,220 --> 00:06:43,880
ุงู„ู†ู‡ุงูŠุฉ ุบูŠุฑ ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุฉ ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุฉ ู„ุฃู† ุงู„ุฏุงู„ุฉ ู…ุชุฑุฏุฏุฉ ุจุณุฑุนุฉ
94
00:06:43,880 --> 00:06:47,880
ูƒู„ ุฏู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ ุจุชุงุฎุฏ ุฃู…ุง ู…ู† ุณุงู„ุจ ูˆุงุญุฏ ู„ูˆุงุญุฏ ูƒู„ ุฏู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ
95
00:06:47,880 --> 00:06:51,580
ุจุชุงุฎุฏ ููŠ ุงู„ูุชุฑุฉ ู…ู† ุณุงู„ุจ ูˆุงุญุฏ ู„ูˆุงุญุฏ ูุบูŠุฑ ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุฉ
96
00:06:51,580 --> 00:06:54,100
ุงู„ู†ู‡ุงูŠุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ู†ู‡ุงูŠุฉ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุตุงุฑุช ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุฉ ุงู„ู†ู‡ุงูŠุฉ ุงู„ู„ูŠ
97
00:06:54,100 --> 00:06:57,680
ุตุงุฑุช ุตูุฑ ูุจุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠ ุจุณุฑุนุฉ ุนุงู…ุฉ ู…ู† ุงุชุฌุงู‡ูŠู† ู…ู† ุงู„ูŠู…ูŠู†
98
00:06:57,680 --> 00:07:00,720
ุฃูˆ ุงู„ูŠุณุงุฑ ุงู„ู†ู‡ุงูŠุชูŠู† ุบูŠุฑ ู…ุชุณุงูˆูŠุชูŠู† ู„ุฃู†ู‡ู… ุงู„ูŠู…ูŠู† ุบูŠุฑ
99
00:07:00,720 --> 00:07:04,280
ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุฉ ุจุนุฏ ุฅู† ุงู„ุญุงู„ุฉ ุจุชูƒูˆู† ุงู„ู†ู‡ุงูŠุฉ ุบูŠุฑ ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุฉ ูุฅุฐุง
100
00:07:04,280 --> 00:07:07,420
ู‡ู†ุง ุฏุฑุณู†ุง ููŠ ุซู„ุงุซ ุญุงู„ุงุช ุชูƒูˆู† ุงู„ู†ู‡ุงูŠุฉ ู…ุด ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุฉ ุนู„ู‰
101
00:07:07,420 --> 00:07:11,720
ุงู„ู†ู‚ุทุฉ
102
00:07:11,720 --> 00:07:15,520
ุงู„ุญุงู„ุฉ ุงู„ุซุงู„ุซุฉ ุจุชูƒูˆู†
103
00:07:15,520 --> 00:07:15,940
ู…ุชุฑุฏุฏุฉ ุงู„ุทุฑุญ ูุชุงุฎุฏู‡ุง ู…ู† ุณุงู„ุจ ูˆุงุญุฏ ู„ูˆุงุญุฏ ููŠ ู‡ุฐู‡
104
00:07:26,570 --> 00:07:35,070
ุงู„ุญุงู„ุฉ ู‚ูˆุงู†ูŠู† ู†ู‡ุงูŠุงุช ู…ุด ุฃุฐูŠ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู…ุฑุฏ ุนู„ูŠูƒู… ู‡ุฐุง ู…ุง
105
00:07:35,070 --> 00:07:38,470
ูƒุงู† ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุฑุญู„ุฉ ุงู„ุซุงู†ูˆูŠุฉ ุฅู† ุฃู†ุง ู„ูˆ ุนู†ุฏูŠ ุฏุงู„ุชูŠู† f of
106
00:07:38,470 --> 00:07:43,960
x ูˆ g of x ูˆุฃู†ุง ุจุฏุฃุช ุงู„ู†ู‡ุงูŠุฉ f of x ู…ู† x ุชู‚ูˆู„ ุงู„ู€ c
107
00:07:43,960 --> 00:07:48,680
ุนุฏุฏ ุงู„ุญู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ c ูŠุณุงูˆูŠ l limit g of x ู…ู† x ุชู‚ูˆู„ ุงู„ู€ c
108
00:07:48,680 --> 00:07:52,400
ูŠุนู†ูŠ ู†ูุณ ุงู„ู†ู‡ุงูŠุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ู†ู‚ุทุฉ ุงู„ู†ู‡ุงุฆูŠุฉ ุนู† ู†ู‚ุทุฉ ู†ู‚ุทุฉ
109
00:07:52,400 --> 00:07:56,320
ู†ู‚ุทุฉ ู†ู‡ุงุฆูŠุฉ ูŠุณุงูˆูŠ m ูุฃูˆู„ ุญุงุฌุฉ limit ู…ุฌู…ูˆุน
110
00:07:56,320 --> 00:07:59,900
ุฏุงู„ุชูŠู† ู…ู† x ุชู‚ูˆู„ ุงู„ู€ c ูŠุณุงูˆูŠ limit ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ู‰ ุฒุงุฆุฏ limit
111
00:07:59,900 --> 00:08:04,740
ุงู„ุซุงู†ูŠุฉ ูŠุณุงูˆูŠ l ุฒุงุฆุฏ m Limit ุงู„ูุฑู‚ ูŠุณุงูˆูŠ l ู†ุงู‚ุต m Limit
112
00:08:04,740 --> 00:08:07,160
ุญุตู„ ุถุฑุจุŒ ุชุงุจุณ ุจุถุฑุจ ุชุงุจุณ ู†ูุณู‡ Limit ุญุตู„ ุถุฑุจ ุฏุงู„ุชูŠู†
113
00:08:07,160 --> 00:08:11,980
ูŠุณุงูˆูŠ Limit ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ู‰ ููŠ Limit ุงู„ุซุงู†ูŠุฉ Limit ุงู„ู‚ุณู…ุฉ
114
00:08:11,980 --> 00:08:17,900
ูŠุณุงูˆูŠ Limit ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ู‰ ุนู„ู‰ Limit ุงู„ุซุงู†ูŠุฉ
115
00:08:17,900 --> 00:08:20,660
ูŠุณุงูˆูŠ Limit ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ู‰ ููŠ Limit
116
00:08:20,660 --> 00:08:23,160
ุงู„ุชุงู†ูŠุฉ ุชุณู…ู‰ Limit ุงู„ู„ูŠ ููŠ ุงู„ุจุณุท ุชู‚ุณูŠู… Limit ููŠ
117
00:08:23,160 --> 00:08:24,180
.. ุงู„ .. ุงู„ .. ุงู„ .. ุงู„ .. ุงู„ .. ุงู„ .. ุงู„
118
00:08:24,180 --> 00:08:24,900
ุงู„ .. ุงู„ .. ุงู„ .. ุงู„ .. ุงู„ .. ุงู„ .. ุงู„
119
00:08:24,900 --> 00:08:25,360
.. ุงู„ .. ุงู„ .. ุงู„ .. ุงู„ .. ุงู„ .. ุงู„
120
00:08:25,360 --> 00:08:26,860
ุงู„ .. ุงู„ .. ุงู„ .. ุงู„ .. ุงู„ .. ุงู„ .. ุงู„
121
00:08:26,860 --> 00:08:27,500
ุงู„ .. ุงู„ .. ุงู„ .. ุงู„ .. ุงู„ .. ุงู„ .. ุงู„
122
00:08:27,500 --> 00:08:35,040
.. ุงู„ .. ุงู„ .. ุงู„ .. ุงู„ .. ุงู„ .. ุงู„ .. ุงู„ .. ุงู„ ..
123
00:08:35,040 --> 00:08:39,690
.. ุงู„ .. ุงู„ .. ุงู„ .. ุงู„ ..Limit ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ู‰ ุถุงุฑุจุฉ Limit
124
00:08:39,690 --> 00:08:42,370
ุงู„ุชุงู†ูŠุฉ ุชุณู…ู‰ Limit ุงู„ู„ูŠ ููŠ ุงู„ุจุณุท ุชู‚ุณูŠู… Limit ููŠ
126
00:08:42,370 --> 00:08:44,830
ุงู„ู…ู‚ุงู… ู„ุฃู† ููŠ ุญุงู„ุฉ ุงู†ุชุจู‡ุช ุฃู† ููŠ ุงู„ู…ู‚ุงู… Limit ู„ุง
127
00:08:44,830 --> 00:08:49,270
ุชุณุงูˆูŠ Zero ูLimit ุงู„ุฏุงู„ุฉ ู…ุฑููˆุนุฉ ู‚ูˆุฉ N ูŠุณุงูˆูŠ Limit
128
00:08:49,270 --> 00:08:54,730
ุงู„ุฏุงู„ุฉ ู†ูุณู‡ุง ุฃุณ N Limit ุงู„ุฌุฐุฑ ุงู„ู†ูˆู†ูŠ ูŠุณุงูˆูŠ ุฌุฐุฑ
129
00:08:54,730 --> 00:08:59,010
ุงู„ู†ูˆู†ูŠ ู„ู€ L ุจุณ ุฃู†ุง ุงู†ุชุจู‡ ุฃู†ู‡ ุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู†ุช ุงู„ุฏุงู„ุฉ ุนู†ุฏู‡ุง
130
00:08:59,010 --> 00:09:04,270
ุงู„ู€ L ู‡ู†ุง ุจุงู„ุณุงู„ุจ ูู‡ุฐุง ู„ุงุฒู… ูŠูƒูˆู† ุบูŠุฑ ุฒูˆุฌูŠ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ู„ูˆ
131
00:09:04,270 --> 00:09:08,590
ูƒุงู†ุช uneven ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุฌุฐุฑ ุฒูˆุฌูŠ ุฒูŠ ุฌุฐุฑ ุชุฑุจูŠุนูŠ ุฌุฐุฑ ุฑุงุจุน
132
00:09:08,590 --> 00:09:12,070
ู„ุงุฒู… ุชูƒูˆู† ุงู„ู†ู‡ุงูŠุฉ ู‡ู†ุง ุนุดุงู† ูŠูƒูˆู† ู…ุนุฑูุฉ ุฃูƒุจุฑ ู…ู† 0
133
00:09:12,070 --> 00:09:15,150
example
134
00:09:15,150 --> 00:09:20,590
5 ู‡ูˆ ุชุทุจูŠู‚ุง ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู‚ูˆุงุนุฏ ุงู„ุณุงุจู‚ุฉ ุฎุฐู†ุง limit x ุชุคูˆู„
135
00:09:20,590 --> 00:09:24,310
ู„ู€ 4x ุชุฑุจูŠุน ู†ุงู‚ุต 3 ู…ู† x ุชุคูˆู„ ู„ู€ C ุจุณุงูˆูŠ limit x
136
00:09:24,310 --> 00:09:27,250
ุชุคูˆู„ ู„ู€ x ุชุคูˆู„ ู„ู€ C ุฒูŠ 4 limit x ุชุฑุจูŠุน ู…ู† x ุชุคูˆู„
137
00:09:27,250 --> 00:09:30,850
ู„ู€ C ู†ุงู‚ุต limit 3 ู…ู† x ุชุคูˆู„ ู„ู€ C ุจุณุงูˆูŠ C ุชุคูˆู„ ู„ู€
138
00:09:30,850 --> 00:09:37,950
4C ุชุฑุจูŠุน ู†ุงู‚ุต 3 ู‡ุฐุง ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุชุจุณูŠุท limit x ุฃุณ 4 ุฒูŠ x
139
00:09:37,950 --> 00:09:41,390
ุชุฑุจูŠุน ู†ุงู‚ุต 1 ุนู„ู‰ x ุชุฑุจูŠุน ุฒูŠ 5 ู…ู† x ุชุคูˆู„ ู„ู€ C
140
00:09:41,390 --> 00:09:45,070
ูุทู„ุนุช ุฃูˆู„ ุญุงุฌุฉ ุงู†ุชุจุงู‡ ู„ู†ุต ุงู„ู…ู‚ุงู… ู„ู…ุง x ุชุคูˆู„ ู„ู€ C
141
00:09:45,070 --> 00:09:49,070
ู‡ุชู„ุงู‚ูŠ C ุชุฑุจูŠุน ุฒูŠ 5 ู†ุงู‚ุต 1 ูŠุณุงูˆูŠ zero ูุจุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠ
142
00:09:49,070 --> 00:09:51,170
ู…ู…ูƒู† ุฃูˆุฒุน ุงู„ู†ู‡ุงูŠุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู€ bus ูˆุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู…ู‚ุงู…
143
00:09:59,150 --> 00:10:02,010
ุงู„ู€ Limit ู„ู„ุฌุฐุฑ ุงู„ุชุฑุจูŠุนูŠ ู„ู„ุฃุฑุจุนุฉ ูŠุณุชุฑุจูŠู‡ ู†ุงู‚ุต ุซู„ุงุซุฉ
144
00:10:02,010 --> 00:10:05,010
ู…ู„ูŠูˆู† ุชู‚ูˆู„ูŠ ุณุงู„ุจ ุงุซู†ูŠู† ุงู†ุชุจู‡ ุฃู†ู‡ ุฃู†ุง ู…ุง ุงู†ุฏูุน ุจูŠุตูŠุฑ
145
00:10:05,010 --> 00:10:09,050
ู„ุนู†ุฏูŠ Limit ุงู„ุฌุฐุฑ ู„ู„ู€ Limit ูˆุฃู†ุง ู‚ุฏุฑุช ุฃุฏุฎู„ Limit
146
00:10:09,050 --> 00:10:14,050
ู„ุฃู†ู‡ ู‚ูŠู…ุฉ Limit ุชุญุช ุงู„ุฌุฐุฑ ุฃู†ุง ุณูˆูŠุชู‡ุง ุชู„ุงุชุฉ ุชูƒูˆู† ุณูุฑ
147
00:10:14,050 --> 00:10:17,170
ู„ูƒู† ู„ูˆ ูƒุงู† ุจุงู„ุณุงู„ุจ ู…ุง ุจู†ูุน ุฃู† ุฃุฏุฎู„ Limit ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุฃู†ุง
148
00:10:17,170 --> 00:10:23,210
ุฃุฏุฎู„ุช ุชุฑุจูŠุนูŠู‡ู†ุง ูŠูˆุฌุฏ ุตูˆุฑุฉ ุนุงู…ุฉ ู†ุธุฑูŠุชูŠู† ู‡ู…ุง ู‡ุฐุง
149
00:10:23,210 --> 00:10:25,750
ุงู„ุฌุฒุก ู…ู† ุงู„ู€ section ุฃู†ู‡ ููŠ ุญุงู„ุฉ ุงู„ุจูˆู„ูŠู†ูˆู…ูŠ ูŠุนู†ูŠ
150
00:10:25,750 --> 00:10:29,170
ูƒุซูŠุฑุงุช ุงู„ุญุฏูˆุฏ ู„ูˆ ูƒุงู†ุช B ููŠ X ุจูˆู„ูŠู†ูˆู…ูŠ ุฏุฑุฌุฉ N A N ููŠ
151
00:10:29,170 --> 00:10:33,290
X ุฃุณ N Z A N ู†ุงู‚ุต 1 X ุฃุณ N ู†ุงู‚ุต 1 Z A ู†ู‚ุทุฉ
152
00:10:33,290 --> 00:10:33,990
ู†ู‚ุทุฉ ู†ู‚ุทุฉ ู†ู‚ุทุฉ ู†ู‚ุทุฉ ู†ู‚ุทุฉ ู†ู‚ุทุฉ ู†ู‚ุทุฉ ู†ู‚ุทุฉ ู†ู‚ุทุฉ
153
00:10:33,990 --> 00:10:34,510
ู†ู‚ุทุฉ ู†ู‚ุทุฉ ู†ู‚ุทุฉ ู†ู‚ุทุฉ ู†ู‚ุทุฉ ู†ู‚ุทุฉ ู†ู‚ุทุฉ ู†ู‚ุทุฉ ู†ู‚ุทุฉ
154
00:10:34,510 --> 00:10:34,670
ู†ู‚ุทุฉ ู†ู‚ุทุฉ ู†ู‚ุทุฉ ู†ู‚ุทุฉ ู†ู‚ุทุฉ ู†ู‚ุทุฉ ู†ู‚ุทุฉ ู†ู‚ุทุฉ ู†ู‚ุทุฉ
155
00:10:34,670 --> 00:10:43,130
ู†ู‚ุทุฉ ู†ู‚ุทุฉ ู†ู‚ุทุฉ ู†ู‚ุทุฉ ู†ุฑุฌุน ุงู„ู€ x ุจุงู„ู†ู‡ุงูŠุฉ ู†ูุณ
156
00:10:43,130 --> 00:10:47,170
ุงู„ุดูŠุก ููŠ ุงู„ู€ rational function ู†ูุณ ุงู„ุดูŠุก ููŠ ุงู„ู€ bus
157
00:10:47,170 --> 00:10:51,790
ู†ูุณ ุงู„ุดูŠุก ููŠ ุงู„ู…ู‚ุงู… ู†ูุณ
158
00:10:51,790 --> 00:10:54,470
ุงู„ุดูŠุก ููŠ ุงู„ู…ู‚ุงู… ู…ู† ุฃู‡ู… ู‚ูˆุงู†ูŠู† ุงู„ู†ุธุฑูŠุงุช
159
00:11:00,760 --> 00:11:08,420
ุณุงุนุฏู†ุง ููŠ ุญู„ ุงู„ูˆุงุฌู‡ุงุช ุงู„ู†ู‡ุงุฆูŠุฉ ูุฅู† ุดุงุก ุงู„ู„ู‡ ู„ูƒู…
160
00:11:08,420 --> 00:11:12,780
ุงู„ุตุญุฉ ูˆุงู„ุนุงููŠุฉ ูˆุฅู† ุดุงุก ุงู„ู„ู‡ ุณู†ุณุชุฎุฏู… ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู€ section
161
00:11:12,780 --> 00:11:16,300
ููŠ ุงู„ููŠุฏูŠูˆ ุงู„ู‚ุงุฏู… ุงู„ุณู„ุงู… ุนู„ูŠูƒู… ูˆุฑุญู…ุฉ ุงู„ู„ู‡ ูˆุจุฑูƒุงุชู‡