PL9fwy3NUQKwa0Sd0s-XLQCrtFM4_s2KMt/5NUdGHEpQn4_raw.srt

1
00:00:13,960 --> 00:00:16,440
Bismillahirrahmanirrahim. Today inshallah we are

2
00:00:16,440 --> 00:00:19,860
going to discuss just a new subject that is

3
00:00:19,860 --> 00:00:24,300
adjectives in English and Arabic. We are going to

4
00:00:24,300 --> 00:00:27,760
see the different types of adjectives in English

5
00:00:29,870 --> 00:00:35,890
the attributive and the predicative adjectives and

6
00:00:35,890 --> 00:00:40,430
their types in English, their order in English.

7
00:00:41,550 --> 00:00:44,610
You know, we have a specific order for the

8
00:00:44,610 --> 00:00:49,220
adjectives in English. you have to follow it once

9
00:00:49,220 --> 00:00:53,320
you translate it from Arabic to English or when

10
00:00:53,320 --> 00:00:57,240
you

11
00:00:57,240 --> 00:01:00,800
just write English. You have to follow a specific

12
00:01:00,800 --> 00:01:05,440
system just in using the adjectives. Sometimes the

13
00:01:05,440 --> 00:01:13,910
adjective can modify one noun which is always, you

14
00:01:13,910 --> 00:01:17,850
know, the adjectives modify a noun or pronoun, but

15
00:01:17,850 --> 00:01:21,070
you have one adjective modifying a noun, sometimes

16
00:01:21,070 --> 00:01:24,670
you have two adjectives modifying a noun, or more

17
00:01:24,670 --> 00:01:27,830
than two adjectives. How could you deal with these

18
00:01:27,830 --> 00:01:31,310
adjectives? How could you order them in the

19
00:01:31,310 --> 00:01:33,950
sentence? Okay, this is what we are going to

20
00:01:33,950 --> 00:01:37,260
discuss today. And we are going to see Arabic. Do

21
00:01:37,260 --> 00:01:40,840
we have a specific system for ordering the

22
00:01:40,840 --> 00:01:45,240
adjectives in Arabic? Is there a specific system

23
00:01:45,240 --> 00:01:49,720
or not? There's no specific system in Arabic. The

24
00:01:49,720 --> 00:01:55,660
specific system is available in English. Arabic is

25
00:01:55,660 --> 00:01:59,200
more liberal in the order of adjectives than

26
00:01:59,200 --> 00:02:02,740
English. So this causes what's called negative

27
00:02:02,740 --> 00:02:06,200
interference. Once you translate from Arabic to

28
00:02:06,200 --> 00:02:09,820
English, you commit serious errors in the order of

29
00:02:09,820 --> 00:02:14,140
the adjectives. These may be interlingual errors

30
00:02:14,140 --> 00:02:17,120
or interlingual errors. We are going to see the

31
00:02:17,120 --> 00:02:22,360
subject today in detail to come out with the

32
00:02:22,360 --> 00:02:25,760
results and to clarify the areas of difficulties

33
00:02:25,760 --> 00:02:27,440
in using adjectives.

34
00:02:30,980 --> 00:02:33,880
First of all, let's see the definition of

35
00:02:33,880 --> 00:02:34,700
adjectives.

36
00:02:38,160 --> 00:02:40,720
It can be modified. I mean, the adjective can be

37
00:02:40,720 --> 00:02:44,100
modified as a word that modifies or qualifies a

38
00:02:44,100 --> 00:02:45,520
noun or pronoun.

39
00:02:49,440 --> 00:02:52,840
In one of three forms, either comparative degree,

40
00:02:55,780 --> 00:03:02,210
positive degree, or superlative degree. We have

41
00:03:02,210 --> 00:03:05,710
three types of comparison in English. The positive

42
00:03:05,710 --> 00:03:10,810
degree as strong as comparative degree stronger

43
00:03:10,810 --> 00:03:14,010
than the superlative degree the strongest.

44
00:03:19,330 --> 00:03:24,090
So the main syntactic rule of adjectives is to

45
00:03:24,090 --> 00:03:27,210
modify a noun or pronoun.

46
00:03:37,650 --> 00:03:42,190
Here we see the

47
00:03:42,190 --> 00:03:48,050
adjectives and the modifying objects, I mean the

48
00:03:48,050 --> 00:03:52,090
nouns. Large towers could be seen from long

49
00:03:52,090 --> 00:03:57,470
distance. Long distance. Long is an adjective.

50
00:03:58,990 --> 00:04:02,970
Remodifies the noun distance. This is called

51
00:04:02,970 --> 00:04:06,570
attributive adjective. Once the adjective precedes

52
00:04:06,570 --> 00:04:10,450
the noun or the pronoun, it is called attributive

53
00:04:10,450 --> 00:04:14,810
adjective. And once it follows or post modifies

54
00:04:14,810 --> 00:04:19,830
the noun, it is called predicative adjective.

55
00:04:23,190 --> 00:04:29,250
The fish shape balloon floated over the treetops.

56
00:04:31,300 --> 00:04:36,120
Fish-shaped balloon. Fish-shaped is an adjective

57
00:04:36,120 --> 00:04:40,500
modifying or demodifying balloon. Okay, in this

58
00:04:40,500 --> 00:04:44,080
sentence. The back room was filled with large

59
00:04:44,080 --> 00:04:49,100
yellow rain boats. We have two adjectives

60
00:04:49,100 --> 00:04:55,500
describing one noun or demodifying one noun, rain

61
00:04:55,500 --> 00:04:58,270
boats. Two adjectives. Once you have two

62
00:04:58,270 --> 00:05:01,310
adjectives, you separate between them by using a

63
00:05:01,310 --> 00:05:05,530
comma. Okay? Large yellow. These are called also

64
00:05:05,530 --> 00:05:10,530
attributive adjectives. The cool minds are dark

65
00:05:10,530 --> 00:05:19,350
and dunk. The girls are happy. Okay? We have here

66
00:05:19,350 --> 00:05:26,500
the cool minds, which is the noun. to be modified

67
00:05:26,500 --> 00:05:30,100
in the sentence as you see the cool minds are dark

68
00:05:30,100 --> 00:05:34,060
and dank the girls are happy now all the

69
00:05:34,060 --> 00:05:38,700
adjectives dark dank happy are attribute are

70
00:05:38,700 --> 00:05:41,860
predicative adjectives because they post modify

71
00:05:41,860 --> 00:05:46,940
the noun okay so once the adjective comes after

72
00:05:46,940 --> 00:05:51,290
the noun it is called predicative adjective and

73
00:05:51,290 --> 00:05:55,270
once it precedes the noun it is called attributive

74
00:05:55,270 --> 00:05:55,910
adjective.

75
00:06:01,650 --> 00:06:07,130
Now we have also another type of adjective this is

76
00:06:07,130 --> 00:06:12,130
morphological type I mean The adjective which can

77
00:06:12,130 --> 00:06:15,870
be formed of two or more words combined by the use

78
00:06:15,870 --> 00:06:19,830
of hyphens. Once we explained compounding to you

79
00:06:19,830 --> 00:06:24,810
previously, we spoke about hyphenated compounding,

80
00:06:24,990 --> 00:06:28,590
space compounding, and solid compounding. You

81
00:06:28,590 --> 00:06:33,450
still recall that? Okay. The three-year-old child.

82
00:06:35,210 --> 00:06:41,270
Three-year-old, this is an adjective. Remodifying

83
00:06:41,270 --> 00:06:45,470
a noun, which is, where is the noun here? Child.

84
00:06:45,990 --> 00:06:49,270
Is it called redicative or attributive?

85
00:06:50,030 --> 00:06:55,510
Attributive. Okay. A $60 sweater.

86
00:06:56,970 --> 00:07:02,430
Okay. So we have a $60 as attributive adjective,

87
00:07:02,790 --> 00:07:07,300
remodifying the noun sweater. a two-week journey.

88
00:07:07,600 --> 00:07:11,400
We have journey remodified by the adjective two

89
00:07:11,400 --> 00:07:15,860
-week. These are called attributive adjectives.

90
00:07:16,040 --> 00:07:21,520
Yes, here once you have a number preceding noun

91
00:07:21,520 --> 00:07:25,760
this noun remains in its base generated position

92
00:07:25,760 --> 00:07:29,340
in its sorry in its base position in its stem

93
00:07:29,340 --> 00:07:33,300
position cannot accept any inflection so you can't

94
00:07:33,300 --> 00:07:37,520
for example say sixty dollars sweeter it's wrong

95
00:07:37,520 --> 00:07:41,700
three years old child it's wrong you have to say

96
00:07:41,700 --> 00:07:46,500
three three year sixty dollar two week okay

97
00:07:49,160 --> 00:07:53,380
once the noun is preceded by a number written

98
00:07:53,380 --> 00:07:59,300
number as you see then there must be no plural at

99
00:07:59,300 --> 00:08:05,960
all the noun remains in its singular status it

100
00:08:05,960 --> 00:08:12,140
stands as an adjective as

101
00:08:12,140 --> 00:08:16,790
we mentioned we have the adjectives appear in two

102
00:08:16,790 --> 00:08:21,070
main types either attributive remodifying a noun

103
00:08:21,070 --> 00:08:27,410
or predicative post modifying the noun you see

104
00:08:27,410 --> 00:08:34,430
okay the new secretary is a bsc holder the new

105
00:08:34,430 --> 00:08:39,530
secretary new It's an adjective. Is it attributive

106
00:08:39,530 --> 00:08:44,030
or predicative? Attributive. The tall men are

107
00:08:44,030 --> 00:08:46,730
basketball players.

108
00:08:49,130 --> 00:08:53,150
Basketball players. So we have tall men. What do

109
00:08:53,150 --> 00:08:57,450
you call tall? Attributive adjective. We have

110
00:08:57,450 --> 00:09:03,300
predicative adjectives. When the adjective Post

111
00:09:03,300 --> 00:09:06,640
modifies the noun which when it comes after the

112
00:09:06,640 --> 00:09:12,440
noun okay this is when an adjective used after the

113
00:09:12,440 --> 00:09:16,920
verbs be seen look become and other link verbs and

114
00:09:16,920 --> 00:09:20,600
is a part of the predicate it's it's said to be

115
00:09:20,600 --> 00:09:25,680
predicative adjective she is afraid of ghosts what

116
00:09:25,680 --> 00:09:31,430
does afraid as an adjective modify it modifies He,

117
00:09:31,550 --> 00:09:34,790
this is the pronoun. Does it come after or before?

118
00:09:35,070 --> 00:09:38,950
After. So this is called predicative adjective.

119
00:09:39,590 --> 00:09:45,270
The address is new, isn't it? Okay, new is an

120
00:09:45,270 --> 00:09:51,890
adjective. Post modifying the address. Okay, so it

121
00:09:51,890 --> 00:09:56,410
is predicative adjective. She looks rich. I feel

122
00:09:56,410 --> 00:10:00,510
unhappy. What about rich and unhappy? They are

123
00:10:00,510 --> 00:10:05,750
adjectives. The first one, rich, post-modifies the

124
00:10:05,750 --> 00:10:09,590
pronoun she. It is called predicative. And unhappy

125
00:10:09,590 --> 00:10:15,390
also is predicative. It post-modifies the pronoun

126
00:10:15,390 --> 00:10:15,870
I.

127
00:10:20,650 --> 00:10:26,410
We have some fixed phrases where the adjective

128
00:10:26,410 --> 00:10:30,760
comes after the noun. We say, for example,

129
00:10:31,940 --> 00:10:39,120
secretary-general. The United Nations secretary

130
00:10:39,120 --> 00:10:39,720
-general.

131
00:10:43,440 --> 00:10:45,240
Attorney-general.

132
00:10:50,600 --> 00:10:54,900
President-elect. Court martial.

133
00:10:59,000 --> 00:11:05,020
God Almighty, poet laureate, attorney general. So

134
00:11:05,020 --> 00:11:10,720
you have these nouns are always post modified by

135
00:11:10,720 --> 00:11:14,840
predicative adjective. Okay, we say for example,

136
00:11:15,720 --> 00:11:18,040
Mudir Aam. How could we translate it?

137
00:11:23,000 --> 00:11:26,640
General director? It's wrong. Director general.

138
00:11:27,460 --> 00:11:28,060
Okay.

139
00:11:30,510 --> 00:11:33,050
Yes, it is the same as secretary general. Yeah.

140
00:11:40,850 --> 00:11:45,950
Most of the adjectives ending in A-P-L-E or I-P-L

141
00:11:45,950 --> 00:11:50,610
-E come after the noun. They post modify the noun.

142
00:11:50,730 --> 00:11:54,830
Most of them appear as a form of predicative

143
00:11:54,830 --> 00:12:00,340
adjectives. Okay? send all the tickets available

144
00:12:00,340 --> 00:12:03,780
we

145
00:12:03,780 --> 00:12:07,620
say available tickets but here tickets available

146
00:12:07,620 --> 00:12:11,700
both and they alternate either pre-modifying or

147
00:12:11,700 --> 00:12:16,620
post-modifying once they end with ABLE or IBLE

148
00:12:16,620 --> 00:12:21,360
it's the only solution possible or possible

149
00:12:21,360 --> 00:12:23,740
solution okay

150
00:12:27,900 --> 00:12:31,480
Now we have adjectives come directly after the

151
00:12:31,480 --> 00:12:35,260
universal and partitive pronouns, something,

152
00:12:35,780 --> 00:12:40,580
everything, anything, nothing, somebody, anywhere,

153
00:12:41,400 --> 00:12:46,040
and similar words. You have, once we say everyone,

154
00:12:46,980 --> 00:12:52,860
anyone, everybody, these are called universal

155
00:12:52,860 --> 00:12:57,620
pronouns. Somebody, someone, these are called

156
00:12:57,620 --> 00:13:03,740
partitive pronouns, okay? Anywhere, etc. So once

157
00:13:03,740 --> 00:13:06,420
you have these pronouns,

158
00:13:07,840 --> 00:13:14,200
we have the adjectives come after them. Have you

159
00:13:14,200 --> 00:13:17,920
read anything interesting? We cannot say, have you

160
00:13:17,920 --> 00:13:22,300
read interesting things? Anything interesting

161
00:13:22,300 --> 00:13:27,160
lately? Let's go somewhere quiet. Let's go

162
00:13:27,160 --> 00:13:30,060
somewhere quiet. We cannot say let's go some

163
00:13:30,060 --> 00:13:34,700
quiet, okay? Somewhere quiet somewhere. It's

164
00:13:34,700 --> 00:13:37,180
wrong. Let's go somewhere quiet.

165
00:13:48,410 --> 00:13:51,910
Okay, once you have we have another sentence. Have

166
00:13:51,910 --> 00:13:55,690
you ever read anything interesting lately? So we

167
00:13:55,690 --> 00:13:59,270
have interesting as an adjective. What do you call

168
00:13:59,270 --> 00:14:02,990
it predicative or attributive? Predicative why?

169
00:14:03,990 --> 00:14:07,250
Because it is preceded by the pronoun anything

170
00:14:07,250 --> 00:14:14,110
Let's go somewhere quiet as you see Okay we have

171
00:14:14,110 --> 00:14:16,930
Adjectives

172
00:14:17,770 --> 00:14:20,250
called present proper.

173
00:14:23,290 --> 00:14:30,390
Which they refer to, which refer to time. They

174
00:14:30,390 --> 00:14:32,170
mean here or there.

175
00:14:35,730 --> 00:14:38,710
The present members, when I say the present

176
00:14:38,710 --> 00:14:44,530
members, those who are members now. Those who are

177
00:14:44,530 --> 00:14:49,600
actually members now. The members present,

178
00:14:54,640 --> 00:14:59,440
the students present, the students who are present

179
00:14:59,440 --> 00:15:03,820
now a moment in the class. The present students,

180
00:15:03,980 --> 00:15:07,760
okay, we speak about the students registered in

181
00:15:07,760 --> 00:15:08,260
the course.

182
00:15:16,670 --> 00:15:22,490
So once you have the word present followed by a

183
00:15:22,490 --> 00:15:26,590
noun, it can be attributive, it can be

184
00:15:26,590 --> 00:15:31,090
predicative, but the meaning differs. Once you

185
00:15:31,090 --> 00:15:34,450
translate, the meaning must be different. You have

186
00:15:34,450 --> 00:15:37,290
to take care of that. Absent.

187
00:15:41,270 --> 00:15:42,430
As I mentioned,

188
00:15:45,170 --> 00:15:51,790
the present members and members present. We have

189
00:15:51,790 --> 00:15:57,930
adjectives preceding the noun, such as proper,

190
00:15:58,650 --> 00:16:05,190
means real or genuine. Once it comes after the

191
00:16:05,190 --> 00:16:08,470
noun, it refers to the central or main part of

192
00:16:08,470 --> 00:16:13,840
something. Olive mountain, جبل الزيتون is a proper

193
00:16:13,840 --> 00:16:19,820
mountain, not a hill. Proper comes before. This is

194
00:16:19,820 --> 00:16:25,740
an attributive adjective. Olive Mountain is a

195
00:16:25,740 --> 00:16:30,060
proper mountain, not a hill. After two days

196
00:16:30,060 --> 00:16:35,260
crossing the foothills, they reached the mountain

197
00:16:35,260 --> 00:16:41,500
proper. So we have proper preceding the noun and

198
00:16:41,500 --> 00:16:44,640
proper following the noun. And the two sentences

199
00:16:44,640 --> 00:16:48,940
are completely different in meaning. Okay? Olive

200
00:16:48,940 --> 00:16:55,260
Mountain is a proper mountain, not a hill. After

201
00:16:55,260 --> 00:16:58,980
two days crossing the foothills, they reached the

202
00:16:58,980 --> 00:17:00,040
mountain proper.

203
00:17:03,150 --> 00:17:06,170
Mountain proper. So in the second sentence, we

204
00:17:06,170 --> 00:17:10,830
have proper standing as predicative adjective. And

205
00:17:10,830 --> 00:17:13,230
in the first sentence, Olive Mountain is a proper

206
00:17:13,230 --> 00:17:17,190
mountain. Here we have proper standing as

207
00:17:17,190 --> 00:17:19,450
attributive adjective.

208
00:17:26,150 --> 00:17:29,730
Now, linguistically, we have the adjectives appear

209
00:17:29,730 --> 00:17:34,550
in different types. Number one, proper adjectives.

210
00:17:34,870 --> 00:17:40,010
The adjectives derived from a proper noun, such as

211
00:17:40,010 --> 00:17:45,050
Palestinian, from Palestine. Norwegian, from

212
00:17:45,050 --> 00:17:47,890
Norway. Islamic, from Islam.

213
00:17:50,650 --> 00:17:52,990
Jerusalem is the Palestinian capital.

214
00:17:55,770 --> 00:17:58,610
Jerusalem, the Palestinian capital, has an

215
00:17:58,610 --> 00:18:04,060
interesting history. Palestinian. What type this

216
00:18:04,060 --> 00:18:07,900
adjective is? It's a proper adjective. Why?

217
00:18:08,860 --> 00:18:14,600
Because it is derived from a noun, Palestine. Many

218
00:18:14,600 --> 00:18:18,840
of my friends are Norwegians. It's proper because

219
00:18:18,840 --> 00:18:24,140
it is derived from Norway. The house is a fine

220
00:18:24,140 --> 00:18:28,880
example of Islamic architecture. Islamic is

221
00:18:28,880 --> 00:18:33,040
derived from Islam. It is a noun. Here it is an

222
00:18:33,040 --> 00:18:36,520
adjective called proper adjective because it is

223
00:18:36,520 --> 00:18:40,580
derived originally from a noun. We have what is

224
00:18:40,580 --> 00:18:44,320
called attributive adjectives. We agree that the

225
00:18:44,320 --> 00:18:46,740
attributive adjectives precede or follow the noun.

226
00:18:47,500 --> 00:18:53,200
Precede the noun. Heavy rain is expected in the

227
00:18:53,200 --> 00:18:57,710
island. Heavy. What do you call heavy? Attributive

228
00:18:57,710 --> 00:19:02,330
adjective, mainly because it precedes the noun. We

229
00:19:02,330 --> 00:19:07,690
saw savage animals on the zoo. Savage. Again,

230
00:19:07,810 --> 00:19:11,630
attributive because it precedes and pre-modifies

231
00:19:11,630 --> 00:19:12,770
the noun animals.

232
00:19:15,370 --> 00:19:18,110
Now, we have different types of attributive

233
00:19:18,110 --> 00:19:23,950
adjectives. We have adjectives of quality. They

234
00:19:23,950 --> 00:19:27,860
refer to a quality of the subject. Once we say,

235
00:19:27,940 --> 00:19:31,820
for example, Egypt is a beautiful country. Where's

236
00:19:31,820 --> 00:19:36,220
the adjective? It's beautiful. Does it post-modify

237
00:19:36,220 --> 00:19:39,640
or pre-modify the noun? Pre-modify the noun. This

238
00:19:39,640 --> 00:19:45,520
is why it is called attributive. She's a tall

239
00:19:45,520 --> 00:19:52,980
girl. Tall. The same. So we have adjectives of

240
00:19:52,980 --> 00:19:58,650
quality. which they qualify or they refer to the

241
00:19:58,650 --> 00:20:03,030
quality of the subject. We have adjectives of

242
00:20:03,030 --> 00:20:06,350
quantity or quantitative adjectives.

243
00:20:08,170 --> 00:20:12,250
They answer the question, how much? He's a little

244
00:20:12,250 --> 00:20:17,670
stupid. I had some tea. So they answer the

245
00:20:17,670 --> 00:20:19,110
question, how much?

246
00:20:24,090 --> 00:20:28,070
We've seen the adjectives of quality, the

247
00:20:28,070 --> 00:20:31,310
adjectives of quantity, and now the adjectives of

248
00:20:31,310 --> 00:20:31,670
number.

249
00:20:34,470 --> 00:20:38,150
The adjectives of number are attributive and they

250
00:20:38,150 --> 00:20:42,830
always denote numbers. They can be definitive

251
00:20:42,830 --> 00:20:47,710
numeral adjectives, which they denote exact

252
00:20:47,710 --> 00:20:53,720
number. Give me five pencils. Five pencils. Five

253
00:20:53,720 --> 00:20:56,720
is an adjective. This is a numerical adjective

254
00:20:56,720 --> 00:21:00,820
standing as attributive adjectives. Five pencils.

255
00:21:01,240 --> 00:21:07,180
I have one pencil with me. One. Okay? So it is

256
00:21:07,180 --> 00:21:11,160
definite because it is known. We have still

257
00:21:11,160 --> 00:21:13,240
indefinite numeral adjectives.

258
00:21:15,900 --> 00:21:20,200
They do not denote specific number. Give me some

259
00:21:20,200 --> 00:21:25,820
pins. Where's the adjective? Some. Okay. Several

260
00:21:25,820 --> 00:21:28,340
students attended the meeting. Where's the

261
00:21:28,340 --> 00:21:32,160
adjective? Several. So they are generic. They do

262
00:21:32,160 --> 00:21:36,340
not refer to a specific number. We have what is

263
00:21:36,340 --> 00:21:39,880
called distributive adjective. Distributive

264
00:21:39,880 --> 00:21:41,160
numeral adjectives.

265
00:21:43,590 --> 00:21:48,790
These refer to each one of a number. Words like

266
00:21:48,790 --> 00:21:53,490
each, every, either, neither fall in this

267
00:21:53,490 --> 00:21:57,390
category. Okay? So distributive numeral adjectives

268
00:21:57,390 --> 00:22:02,570
refer to words like each, every, either, neither.

269
00:22:04,910 --> 00:22:11,240
Each of the students is to pay a fine. Each of the

270
00:22:11,240 --> 00:22:15,080
students. Where's the adjective? Each. It is still

271
00:22:15,080 --> 00:22:18,920
attributive. Our country expects every man to do

272
00:22:18,920 --> 00:22:23,800
his duty. Where's the adjective? Every. Each

273
00:22:23,800 --> 00:22:28,580
student must take his turn. Each. Every boy, girl,

274
00:22:28,780 --> 00:22:32,600
man and woman was enjoying the fun with him.

275
00:22:33,480 --> 00:22:38,930
Every. Neither side was secured. Muhammad wanted

276
00:22:38,930 --> 00:22:42,970
everyone to do his duty honestly and efficiently.

277
00:22:43,090 --> 00:22:47,150
Everyone. Either reference will meet my need.

278
00:22:47,290 --> 00:22:47,730
Either.

279
00:22:50,590 --> 00:22:55,650
We still have demonstrative adjectives which they

280
00:22:55,650 --> 00:22:59,890
refer to attributive adjectives. This boy is my

281
00:22:59,890 --> 00:23:06,390
brother. This, that. Those, these. Okay, these

282
00:23:06,390 --> 00:23:12,010
fruits are spoiled. So this boy, what is the

283
00:23:12,010 --> 00:23:16,710
adjective here? The demonstrative pronoun stands

284
00:23:16,710 --> 00:23:21,190
as an adjective, attributive adjective. This,

285
00:23:21,990 --> 00:23:26,010
these fruits, these. Originally it is

286
00:23:26,010 --> 00:23:30,030
demonstrative adjective, it's a determiner, but it

287
00:23:30,030 --> 00:23:33,920
stands as an adjective. We have what is called

288
00:23:33,920 --> 00:23:35,620
interrogative adjectives.

289
00:23:38,860 --> 00:23:39,580
Okay?

290
00:23:42,640 --> 00:23:48,880
These refer to words like what, which, whose, etc.

291
00:23:49,940 --> 00:23:54,020
They are used with nouns to ask questions. Whose

292
00:23:54,020 --> 00:23:58,920
car is this? Where's the adjective here? Whose car

293
00:23:58,920 --> 00:24:02,780
is this? Whose is an adjective. What do you call

294
00:24:02,780 --> 00:24:06,960
it? Attributive or predicative? Attributive

295
00:24:06,960 --> 00:24:11,320
because it remodifies the noun car okay it is

296
00:24:11,320 --> 00:24:14,440
called demonstrative adjectives because it is

297
00:24:14,440 --> 00:24:18,960
originally a demonstrative pronoun. We have

298
00:24:18,960 --> 00:24:24,460
possessive adjectives like myself, my, your, his,

299
00:24:24,620 --> 00:24:30,060
her, it our it's our their okay possessive

300
00:24:30,060 --> 00:24:34,520
pronouns i mean possessive pronouns okay what's

301
00:24:34,520 --> 00:24:37,280
your aim where's the adjective here in the

302
00:24:37,280 --> 00:24:41,360
sentence your okay it stands as possessive

303
00:24:41,360 --> 00:24:41,860
adjective

304
00:24:44,540 --> 00:24:47,060
This means that the possessive pronouns are called

305
00:24:47,060 --> 00:24:49,700
possessive adjectives. They are always

306
00:24:49,700 --> 00:24:53,220
attributive, as you see. The interrogative

307
00:24:53,220 --> 00:24:56,060
adjectives, I mean the pronoun, the interrogative,

308
00:24:56,140 --> 00:25:00,780
the which questions, which, whose, what, etc.

309
00:25:01,160 --> 00:25:04,520
These are called attributive adjectives. The

310
00:25:04,520 --> 00:25:06,420
demonstrative adjectives are originally

311
00:25:06,420 --> 00:25:10,260
demonstrative pronouns. This, that, these, those,

312
00:25:10,400 --> 00:25:10,720
etc.

313
00:25:16,490 --> 00:25:20,070
Still, we have the types of attributive

314
00:25:20,070 --> 00:25:20,830
adjectives.

315
00:25:23,650 --> 00:25:29,330
Now, once you have multiple adjectives which they

316
00:25:29,330 --> 00:25:34,150
modify only one subject, we use commas to separate

317
00:25:34,150 --> 00:25:39,370
between these adjectives. The white hangry cat ate

318
00:25:39,370 --> 00:25:42,770
the cheese. The white hangry. We have two

319
00:25:42,770 --> 00:25:47,130
adjectives. They are separated by A comma. The

320
00:25:47,130 --> 00:25:53,730
bike is red, slow and very old. Bike is red, slow.

321
00:25:54,570 --> 00:25:57,910
The third one is simulated by or connected by and.

322
00:25:59,210 --> 00:25:59,510
Okay?

323
00:26:04,070 --> 00:26:07,630
If you have... Second example. The bike is red,

324
00:26:07,790 --> 00:26:11,230
slow and very old. This is attributable. The bike

325
00:26:11,230 --> 00:26:16,070
is red, slow and very old. It is not attributive,

326
00:26:16,690 --> 00:26:20,090
it's predicative. We mentioned that once the

327
00:26:20,090 --> 00:26:23,890
adjective follows the noun, it is predicative.

328
00:26:24,950 --> 00:26:30,200
Once it follows, but once it precedes the noun, it

329
00:26:30,200 --> 00:26:34,660
is attributive so we have post modification and

330
00:26:34,660 --> 00:26:38,700
pre modification post modification is related to

331
00:26:38,700 --> 00:26:42,380
predicative adjectives and pre modification is

332
00:26:42,380 --> 00:26:49,360
related to attributive adjectives now

333
00:26:49,360 --> 00:26:52,140
if you have two adjectives we speak about the

334
00:26:52,140 --> 00:26:55,050
predicative If you have two adjectives both

335
00:26:55,050 --> 00:26:58,610
modifying the noun, then they are connected to

336
00:26:58,610 --> 00:27:02,450
each other by using and without a comma. Mary is

337
00:27:02,450 --> 00:27:03,730
silly and annoying.

338
00:27:06,530 --> 00:27:11,670
Alistair is cool, funny, intelligent, and smart.

339
00:27:12,510 --> 00:27:17,050
Okay, so you have the first two adjectives

340
00:27:17,050 --> 00:27:21,270
separated by a comma, okay? And the last two

341
00:27:21,270 --> 00:27:26,950
adjectives are joined by N without comma, okay? If

342
00:27:26,950 --> 00:27:30,330
you have two adjectives post modifying a noun,

343
00:27:30,690 --> 00:27:35,190
they are connected with and without commas.

344
00:27:37,530 --> 00:27:42,750
We have what is called participial adjective. The

345
00:27:42,750 --> 00:27:47,550
one which has the form of a participle. An amusing

346
00:27:47,550 --> 00:27:54,010
story. What do you call this? Amusing. Adjective,

347
00:27:54,090 --> 00:27:57,330
yes. But what do you call it? Redicutive or

348
00:27:57,330 --> 00:28:00,850
attributive? Attributive. Attributive. A lying

349
00:28:00,850 --> 00:28:08,270
divination. A lying still attributive. We have

350
00:28:08,270 --> 00:28:09,630
compound adjectives.

351
00:28:11,850 --> 00:28:16,650
Okay? I mean, the one that consists of two or more

352
00:28:16,650 --> 00:28:20,740
words joined together. either by a hyphen or

353
00:28:20,740 --> 00:28:30,320
solid, okay, like not brown, laughter-loving, four

354
00:28:30,320 --> 00:28:36,840
-footed, threefold, lord-like, lovesick, okay. We

355
00:28:36,840 --> 00:28:40,300
have here hyphenated adjectives and we have solid

356
00:28:40,300 --> 00:28:44,040
adjectives. Still, all of them are compound

357
00:28:44,040 --> 00:28:46,740
adjectives, okay.

358
00:28:56,080 --> 00:29:01,140
We come to the most tricky area of adjectives now.

359
00:29:02,200 --> 00:29:04,740
The order of these adjectives.

360
00:29:07,880 --> 00:29:13,980
In most languages, adjectives are controlled or

361
00:29:13,980 --> 00:29:17,760
bound by a specific order. Still, some other

362
00:29:17,760 --> 00:29:22,380
languages like Arabic is very free, is liberal,

363
00:29:23,390 --> 00:29:27,030
The order of adjectives is highly dynamic. There

364
00:29:27,030 --> 00:29:30,130
is no rule for governing the adjectives in Arabic

365
00:29:30,130 --> 00:29:35,110
except their importance. We classify the

366
00:29:35,110 --> 00:29:38,350
adjectives in the Arabic sentence according to its

367
00:29:38,350 --> 00:29:42,650
importance. The most important one, then the

368
00:29:42,650 --> 00:29:45,870
important one, then the least important one, as we

369
00:29:45,870 --> 00:29:48,590
are going to explain later. However, this is not

370
00:29:48,590 --> 00:29:54,300
available in English. English has a specific and

371
00:29:54,300 --> 00:29:58,120
very strict rule for ordering the adjective in the

372
00:29:58,120 --> 00:30:03,820
sentence. This is very problematic for the Arab

373
00:30:03,820 --> 00:30:06,920
learners of English because once they translate

374
00:30:06,920 --> 00:30:09,440
from Arabic into English, they commit serious

375
00:30:09,440 --> 00:30:14,240
errors. They just write the adjectives or

376
00:30:14,240 --> 00:30:18,750
translate the adjectives very spontaneously. Okay,

377
00:30:19,290 --> 00:30:21,550
completely like Arabic by this they commit

378
00:30:21,550 --> 00:30:32,770
interlingual errors, you know Interlingual yes So

379
00:30:32,770 --> 00:30:35,750
adjective pertaining size for example generally

380
00:30:35,750 --> 00:30:40,670
precede adjective pertaining the age size Precedes

381
00:30:40,670 --> 00:30:46,590
age. So we say for example little old Little old

382
00:30:49,310 --> 00:30:56,170
Boy or child. Not old, little. Okay? So, size

383
00:30:56,170 --> 00:30:58,290
precedes age.

384
00:31:04,030 --> 00:31:08,790
These two precedes what is called color. We say,

385
00:31:08,890 --> 00:31:15,310
for example, old, green. Not green, old. The age

386
00:31:15,310 --> 00:31:18,070
precedes color.

387
00:31:21,900 --> 00:31:29,300
So this order, I mean size, all, age, then color

388
00:31:29,300 --> 00:31:36,240
is very systematic in English. However, it is not

389
00:31:36,240 --> 00:31:39,900
like so in Arabic or other languages. So it is

390
00:31:39,900 --> 00:31:44,700
more rigid. This means that the order is not like

391
00:31:44,700 --> 00:31:49,450
so. The order of adjectives in Arabic is quite

392
00:31:49,450 --> 00:31:54,130
elastic, quite free, liberal. It depends on their

393
00:31:54,130 --> 00:31:55,690
importance in the sentence.

394
00:32:03,170 --> 00:32:05,910
Now, the attributive adjectives and the

395
00:32:05,910 --> 00:32:10,210
predicative adjectives may have the same order in

396
00:32:10,210 --> 00:32:13,870
the sentence. This is in English. The package is

397
00:32:13,870 --> 00:32:18,510
small and light. The weather is clear, cold, and

398
00:32:18,510 --> 00:32:18,890
dry.

399
00:32:21,750 --> 00:32:25,990
Okay, this is English. We cannot say the weather

400
00:32:25,990 --> 00:32:33,170
is cold, clear, and dry. Or cold, dry, clear. It's

401
00:32:33,170 --> 00:32:37,250
wrong. You have to start with clear, then cold,

402
00:32:37,590 --> 00:32:43,410
then dry. We're going to give the exact rule for

403
00:32:43,410 --> 00:32:47,350
that. The photo stool is round and black.

404
00:32:51,230 --> 00:32:55,070
Now, in the first example, the adjective small

405
00:32:55,070 --> 00:33:00,910
indicates size. It precedes the adjective light,

406
00:33:01,670 --> 00:33:06,130
indicating weight. Light, the opposite is heavy.

407
00:33:06,950 --> 00:33:10,250
Okay? In the second example, the general

408
00:33:10,250 --> 00:33:13,550
descriptive adjective clear precedes the adjective

409
00:33:13,550 --> 00:33:18,750
cold indicating temperature cold temperature clear

410
00:33:18,750 --> 00:33:23,310
which precedes the adjective dry which indicating

411
00:33:23,310 --> 00:33:29,850
humidity in the

412
00:33:29,850 --> 00:33:32,050
third example, the adjective round indicating

413
00:33:32,050 --> 00:33:36,430
shape precedes the adjective black indicating

414
00:33:36,430 --> 00:33:40,640
color Okay? So shape precedes color.

415
00:33:45,580 --> 00:33:52,420
Okay? Now, if you have, as I mentioned, if you

416
00:33:52,420 --> 00:33:55,880
have more than one adjective, then you have to use

417
00:33:55,880 --> 00:34:00,120
punctuations. Okay? You have to use punctuations.

418
00:34:01,150 --> 00:34:03,430
If you have two adjectives, you separate between

419
00:34:03,430 --> 00:34:06,570
them by using a comma if they are attributive. But

420
00:34:06,570 --> 00:34:09,390
if they are they are predicative, you have to

421
00:34:09,390 --> 00:34:13,520
separate between them by using M. Okay. The

422
00:34:13,520 --> 00:34:17,980
clothes were clean and dry. The dancers were tall,

423
00:34:18,320 --> 00:34:22,680
slender, and graceful. Tall, slender, and

424
00:34:22,680 --> 00:34:25,760
graceful. You have three adjectives. The first two

425
00:34:25,760 --> 00:34:30,720
are separated by comma, and the second and third

426
00:34:30,720 --> 00:34:35,140
are joined by using and. Now, if you have an

427
00:34:35,140 --> 00:34:39,270
attributive adjective, it is the same. If you have

428
00:34:39,270 --> 00:34:42,530
attributive adjectives pre-modifying a noun or

429
00:34:42,530 --> 00:34:45,590
three attributive adjectives pre-modifying one

430
00:34:45,590 --> 00:34:48,250
noun, then you have the first two separated by a

431
00:34:48,250 --> 00:34:52,970
comma and the third one may be connected by using

432
00:34:52,970 --> 00:34:54,730
and. Okay?

433
00:34:59,770 --> 00:35:03,530
We have sometimes, we can have three or more

434
00:35:03,530 --> 00:35:07,570
predicative adjectives. An additional comma is

435
00:35:07,570 --> 00:35:11,050
sometimes placed before the word and. The dancers

436
00:35:11,050 --> 00:35:16,630
were tall, slender and graceful. I mean, the comma

437
00:35:16,630 --> 00:35:22,890
precedes the coordinator and. The conjunction and

438
00:35:22,890 --> 00:35:26,310
itself is preceded by either a comma or without.

439
00:35:29,710 --> 00:35:34,330
This comma is considered as unnecessary. Okay?

440
00:35:37,030 --> 00:35:40,570
Now, we have adjectives which are always

441
00:35:40,570 --> 00:35:47,150
predicative, like afloat, asleep, alone, alive,

442
00:35:47,670 --> 00:35:52,390
afraid, aglow. Okay? They are always predicative.

443
00:35:53,210 --> 00:35:59,210
The boat is afloat. The floating boat. Okay? So we

444
00:35:59,210 --> 00:36:02,190
have difference in meaning. The child is afraid.

445
00:36:02,830 --> 00:36:07,190
The frightened child. The sky is aglow. The

446
00:36:07,190 --> 00:36:12,910
glowing sky. The animal is alive. The live animal.

447
00:36:13,590 --> 00:36:17,330
The boy is asleep. The sleeping boy. Okay?

448
00:36:21,870 --> 00:36:28,310
We have also the demonstrative pronoun stands

449
00:36:29,180 --> 00:36:32,020
as predicative adjective as it stands as

450
00:36:32,020 --> 00:36:34,540
attributive as we mentioned previously the

451
00:36:34,540 --> 00:36:39,160
children are here the records were there I'm ready

452
00:36:39,160 --> 00:36:44,840
ready works as completely like the demonstrative

453
00:36:44,840 --> 00:36:49,180
pronoun in this regard it takes or it comes as

454
00:36:49,180 --> 00:36:58,320
predicative adjective okay now the adjective

455
00:37:00,780 --> 00:37:05,020
either attributive or predicative change the

456
00:37:05,020 --> 00:37:08,940
meaning once the adjective once the adjective

457
00:37:08,940 --> 00:37:13,620
comes after the noun it's predicative it changes

458
00:37:13,620 --> 00:37:17,280
the meaning if it stands before okay so you have

459
00:37:17,280 --> 00:37:20,220
what is called predicative adjectives and

460
00:37:20,220 --> 00:37:23,600
attributive adjectives you have the same the same

461
00:37:23,600 --> 00:37:27,300
adjective can take both Both characteristics,

462
00:37:27,480 --> 00:37:31,780
either predicative or attributive. But here, the

463
00:37:31,780 --> 00:37:36,380
sentence completely changes. Okay? We have, the

464
00:37:36,380 --> 00:37:40,880
treasurer was prisoned. The prison treasurer. I

465
00:37:40,880 --> 00:37:44,280
need you to translate these sentences. Robin

466
00:37:44,280 --> 00:37:49,860
Harris was late. The late Robin Harris. My friend

467
00:37:49,860 --> 00:37:56,000
is poor. My poor friend. So what I need from you

468
00:37:56,000 --> 00:38:00,160
is just to translate these sentences and to come

469
00:38:00,160 --> 00:38:05,780
next time preparing the adjectives and their

470
00:38:05,780 --> 00:38:10,540
punctuations. If you have two adjectives preceding

471
00:38:10,540 --> 00:38:15,890
the noun, how could you order them? I need you to

472
00:38:15,890 --> 00:38:20,470
prepare or to come to me next time understanding

473
00:38:20,470 --> 00:38:24,350
or preparing the order of adjectives. We have

474
00:38:24,350 --> 00:38:29,170
adjectives of descriptive adjectives. We have

475
00:38:29,170 --> 00:38:33,810
size. We have color adjectives. We have

476
00:38:33,810 --> 00:38:38,230
temperature adjectives. We have humidity

477
00:38:38,230 --> 00:38:42,710
adjectives, age adjectives, shape adjectives. How

478
00:38:42,710 --> 00:38:47,100
could you order them in the sentence we need you

479
00:38:47,100 --> 00:38:51,760
to come next time with a timetable or an order of

480
00:38:51,760 --> 00:38:54,180
these sentences systematic order of the sentence

481
00:38:54,180 --> 00:38:59,820
and how to punctuate these adjectives okay next

482
00:38:59,820 --> 00:39:02,100
time we are going to speak about the rest of the

483
00:39:02,100 --> 00:39:05,300
adjectives and we are going to shift to Arabic

484
00:39:05,300 --> 00:39:08,440
adjectives okay that's it for today thank you