PL9fwy3NUQKwa0Sd0s-XLQCrtFM4_s2KMt/6UTJs0i7Qvc_raw.srt

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Bismillahirrahmanirrahim Today, inshallah, we are

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going to continue with definiteness and

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indefiniteness in English and Arabic. Last time,

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we spoke about definiteness and indefiniteness in

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English, and we just touched Arabic a little bit.

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Today, we are going to go deeply on Arabic

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definiteness and indefiniteness. And we are going

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to start with the use of indefinite article in

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standard Arabic.

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The indefinite article or the definite article

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precedes the nouns in Arabic completely like

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English, okay?

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The indefinite article, first of all, is zero in

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Arabic according to some grammarians. Still some

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others believe that the nonation is indefinite

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article. رأيت ولدًا يمشي في الشارع I saw a boy

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walking at the street okay a boy ولدًا so the

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notation n is considered as indefinite article in

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Arabic according to some grammarians still some

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others believe that the indefiniteness in Arabic

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is zero anyway

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To introduce indefinite nouns which refer to

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objects mentioned for the first time in this

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course The object in the sentence which are

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mentioned which is mentioned for the first time in

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the sentence Must be preceded by the indefinite

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article كان هناك ملك يدعى شهريار Okay

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Malikun. It is indefinite because it is mentioned

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for the first time. Once upon a time there was a

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king called Shahrayar. A king. It is the same like

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English.

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Now the indefinite noun Standing as a predicate in

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the sentence must be preceded by also by

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indefinite article البيت كبير كبير is a noun okay

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it's a predicate and

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is preceded by the indefinite article

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The nouns here are mainly verbal nouns used as

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adjectives It

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is

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predicate عالم comes from يعلم this is verb okay

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and works here as a predicate it is preceded by

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the indefinite article it's preceded by the

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indefinite article a which is zero or you can

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consider it the donation on names of

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professions as we mentioned previously okay I say,

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for example, once I translate the sentence, the

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previous sentence, البيت كبير. How could I

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translate it into English? The house is big. Okay.

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It's different from English. البيت كبير. Okay. Big

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is an adjective in English. كبير is a predicate in

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Arabic preceded by the indefinite article or it

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has the indefinite article. Zayd is a scientist

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because this is a profession. I told you that

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professions and handicrafts are preceded by the

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indefinite article in English. It is the same in

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Arabic.

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We mentioned that in English, we have the

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professions, the handicrafts and religions are

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preceded by A or N. In Arabic, we have the same

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thing. We have zero indefinite article or the

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nonation on. Zaydun najjarun. Hindun tabibatun.

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Hind is a lady doctor. Zayd is a junior. A joiner,

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sorry. Zaid is a joiner.

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Now, you have the nouns preceded directly by a

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particle A, the question particle A or A, okay?

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And the negative particle Ma. The noun following

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them is always Indefinite أي كتاب قرأت؟ What book

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did you study? What book did you study? We can't

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say What a book did you study? What book did you

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study? This is English however in Arabic أي or أ

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أقرأت؟

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Okay Or

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ما these question particles are followed by nouns

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if followed by nouns they must these nouns must be

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indefinite أي كتاب قرأت؟ now

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once you have nouns expressing wishes they must be

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indefinite

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Iqamatun jameelatun Okay, I say in English have a

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nice day Have a nice day. We mentioned that we

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have the indefiniteness A or N preceding Wishing

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or greeting have a nice day. Have a good day. Have

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a good quiz Okay It is the same in Arabic Iqamatun

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jameelatun

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We have also adverbs of circumstances الحال in

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Arabic and cognate objects المفعول لأجله which are

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always assigned accusative case along with noun

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specification تميز الحال

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and المفعول لأجله in Arabic have indefiniteness

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جاء الرجل مبتسمًا مبتسما The man came smiling ضرب

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المعلم الولد ضرب مبرح ضرب

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مبرح ضرب المعلم الولد ضرب

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Okay.

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The teacher hit the boy severely. So you have

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three

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elements, adverbs of circumstances, الحال, cognate

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object, مفعول لأجله and

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Tamiz, nouns of specification, are always preceded

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by the indefinite article which is either zero or

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nonational.

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We have the indefinite article in Arabic is used

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directly after ربّة

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These here are assigned genitive case because you

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know we have three cases in Arabic Nominative

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accusative and genitive and the nomination can be

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nominative can be accusative can be genitive ولد

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ولد ولد okay رب ضارة نافع رب ضارة نافع ربّة the

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noun following it is indefinite here ضارة okay

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perhaps a disaster is useful also the

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indefiniteness is used with some idiomatic terms

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in Arabic now

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we have the definite article in standard Arabic it

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refers to part Whole relationship.

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Part-whole relationship. When a part of entity

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becomes definite in the speaker's mind due to the

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effect of situational setting. Okay, an example

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for convenience is represented below. Look, افتح

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الراديو من فضلك. Radio here is part, whole

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relationship. It represents an entity. It is seen,

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it is known by the speaker and the listener. So it

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is preceded by the indefinite article. Okay? Open

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the radio please. It is the same like English. We

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don't say open radio please. Open the radio

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because you see it is visible. Okay? افتح الراديو

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من فضلك.

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Any noun previously mentioned in the paragraph or

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in this course must be preceded by the definite

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article Okay,

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first of all, it is indefinite now once I repeat

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it becomes الفلم كان الفيلم شيقا جدا I watched a

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film in the TV. The film was very interesting It's

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like English a film then the film The

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noun preceding the relative pronoun or adjectival

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clauses are always definite in Arabic عاد

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الرجل الذي سافر إلى لندن I can't say عاد الرجل عاد

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الرجل الذي الذي is complementizer is relative

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clause it is like English the man who traveled to

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London came back the

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physical stimulus cases have the definite article

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هذا

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الرجل جاء لزيارة يعني if you have the

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demonstrative pronoun هذا الرجل جاء لزيارة this is

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physical stimulus يعني you see a رجل it is seen I

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mean the object is seen here هذا الرجل any seen

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object must have the definite article هذا الرجل

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جاء لزيارتي. The man came to visit us. This man

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came to visit us and we have a difference here

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between Arabic and English هذا الرجل what do you

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call about what do you call هذا this that these

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those what do you call this demonstrative pronoun

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okay it is followed by the definite article how

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could you translate it into Arabic into English

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this the man or this man so this means that in

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English we have a determiner phrase this man this

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is a determiner demonstrative pronoun however in

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Arabic we have هذا الرجل هذا is determiner

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demonstrative pronoun الرجل is another phrase okay

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we call it article phrase So in Arabic, we have

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the DB or the terminal phrase followed by an

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article phrase. Okay, once you have the sentence

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beginning with a demonstrative pronoun. However,

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in English, once you translate, you only have the

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terminal phrase, this man, I can't say this, the

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man, this man. Okay.

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So we have here an article, a phrase that is not

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available in English. It is called article phrase.

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However, in English, we have what is called

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determinal phrases, which include the definite and

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indefinite articles a and the. Okay.

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So this

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is

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the indefinite and definite articles in Arabic.

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They are the same or nearly similar to English

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except the zero article which is translated, which

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is, so any sentence is zero in English must be,

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any zero article in English is translated to

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mostly the التعريف in Arabic, okay? We speak about

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diseases. They are zero. Days. Months. Sports.

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They are zero in English. Meals. The three times

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of the day. Morning. Noon. Sunset. Night. I say at

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night. So these are translated into Alit Ta'rif in

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Arabic. Now how could you teach articles to your

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students? They are tricky. And you can see that

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they are very tricky for the Arab learners because

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we have differences that may cause negative

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interference resulting into interlingual errors or

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interlingual errors.

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Interlingual errors.

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Now we

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come to teaching articles. Okay.

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Teaching must be contextual. Okay. Because giving

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your students such a subject with its very overt

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name, very clear name, definiteness and

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indefiniteness is very difficult for the junior

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classes or intermediate or even advanced. Okay. if

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you teach them in a formal way becomes very

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complicated however you have to teach them

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contextually okay connecting between the context

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and the discourse so teaching pay attention please

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teaching must be inductive or deductive must be

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inductive so you have to teach inductively instead

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of deductively making use of the situation and the

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cultural use of articles. One of the most

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important contextual activities for teaching

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articles is called defining pairs and brothers

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activity. Here students are required to write

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sentences describing the common characteristics of

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say pairs or brothers. Okay? So you can ask your

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colleague to come here to the floor and the other

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students can describe here or describe a bird. And

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once they do that, they must use either the

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definite or the indefinite article, A or M. Okay?

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You remember the example, John hit Mary in the

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eye. Okay?

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Each sentence must start with the brother or the

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sister or say the bear, the bears, for example,

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etc.

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We have another activity for teaching the semantic

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use of definiteness or definite article and

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indefinite article. This is called frame switching

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activity. The teacher can introduce pairs of

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sentences reflecting the generic and specific

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reference of articles. I bought a book in

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linguistics. A book. Is this specific or generic?

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Specific. I'd like to read a book in linguistics.

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Generic. Okay. We have Language Log Activity Test.

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The Language Log Activity Test. Here, you have to

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give homework, and you are not to give everything

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to your students in the class. You have to let

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them deduce the rules of articles, either A or M

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or whatever. Okay? Here, you can introduce the

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language log this language log exercise is given

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as assignment to your students it is to be given

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at home as homework you introduce wrong sentences

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either the wrong sentences which the students

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commit during the class, or you can just write

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sentences with wrong articles, for example. Okay?

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Then you ask your students to discover the error.

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Okay? Say, the research, for example. Research is

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without the. Okay, so they underline that this is

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the error then the rule Okay, why does research?

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Cannot cannot take article Okay, so because it is

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uncountable now Okay Here we have it with zero

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article. Now you have another space for

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correction. You say research. Okay. Then you write

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the sentence, the correct sentence, the correct

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sentence. I have a son and the daughter. Okay. I

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have to say, so the mistake is in the. You give

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the rule. The noun mentioned for the first time is

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always indefinite. Okay? Once repeated, it is

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preceded by the. Okay? So I have a son and a

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daughter. This is done at home. So your students

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can rely on their parents at home, can rely on

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anyone. Okay? The family to help them or even

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their friends. So they can pay sufficient efforts

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at home for understanding the rules because you

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are not allowed to give rules in the class. Okay?

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Because you teach communicatively and the focus is

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on address rather than giving rules. Okay? So you

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ask your student to deduce rules at home.

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Okay. Fine.

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So we have the

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articles. Now I'd like to introduce some sentences

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for you to answer to check your understanding.

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Can you pass sugar, please? The sugar. Why?

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Because this is visible. Okay? He's sailing up

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Nile for holidays. Nile. He's sailing up Nile for

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holidays. The Nile. Why? Because we told you that

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seas, oceans, and rivers are preceded by the

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definite article, the. My favorite sea is

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Mediterranean Sea. The Mediterranean Sea.

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I'd love to visit Jerusalem. Jerusalem. Country,

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country. So proper nouns, proper nouns,

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geographical names are always zero except, except

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we say the Sudan or any compound noun.

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He is man who lives next door. He is the man who

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lives next door. okay because he is known yes we

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have the relative clause who then we have a man

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preceding it so we have either the it can be a or

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n but mostly the okay i have been looking for work

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for a long time i have been looking for work Or a

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work or the work. A work. Or work or the work.

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Work. It is zero.

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I say work.

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This is uncountable. This is abstract now. Okay?

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It is generic. I am looking for any work. Okay. I

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say London Zoo. Do they say the London Zoo or

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London Zoo? London Zoo. It is zero. Lake Victoria.

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The lake Victoria. Lake is very large. The lake is

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very large. I say London Zoo. It is zero. British

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Museum. The British Museum. The British Museum,

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why?

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Because it is very famous and known for both the

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speaker and the listener. Like once I say, for

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example, the Parliament. The White House. The

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White House. The Prime Minister. The Prime

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Minister. Okay. Professor is absent today. The

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professor is absent today because it is known for

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both the speaker and the listener.

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Okay.

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I need you to answer the following quiz.