1
00:00:13,280 --> 00:00:16,540
Bismillah ar-Rahman ar-Rahim Last time we spoke

2
00:00:16,540 --> 00:00:20,360
about the adverbs and we mentioned that the

3
00:00:20,360 --> 00:00:26,320
adverbs as usually modify three elements in

4
00:00:26,320 --> 00:00:28,460
language they modify

5
00:00:32,830 --> 00:00:38,290
Verb, adjective and another adverb as we said most

6
00:00:38,290 --> 00:00:42,970
of the adverbs end in ly except we have some

7
00:00:42,970 --> 00:00:47,550
exceptions like I mean adjectives ending in ly

8
00:00:47,550 --> 00:00:51,870
like what lovely, lowly, motherly, friendly,

9
00:00:52,470 --> 00:00:58,900
neighborly, etc okay the adverbials can be

10
00:00:58,900 --> 00:01:02,680
preposition phrases, can be infinitive phrases,

11
00:01:03,420 --> 00:01:07,580
okay, and can be also noun phrases. He went to the

12
00:01:07,580 --> 00:01:11,040
movies. To the movies is an adverbial phrase

13
00:01:11,040 --> 00:01:16,260
consisting of preposition phrase. They lived in

14
00:01:16,260 --> 00:01:18,440
Canada during the war. The same thing.

15
00:01:26,630 --> 00:01:29,250
For the comparisons of adverbs, as we mentioned

16
00:01:29,250 --> 00:01:32,170
last time, we have the same system like

17
00:01:32,170 --> 00:01:34,910
adjectives. So you have three degrees. What are

18
00:01:34,910 --> 00:01:37,310
they? What are they?

19
00:01:40,370 --> 00:01:43,790
Positive degree,

20
00:01:44,290 --> 00:01:51,230
comparative degree, superlative degree. Okay. So

21
00:01:51,230 --> 00:01:55,440
we have wukfa, astardices. Comparative. Fastest.

22
00:01:56,460 --> 00:02:01,280
Superlative. As fast as... Equality. Positive

23
00:02:01,280 --> 00:02:06,480
degree. Okay? Now, the position of the adverb can

24
00:02:06,480 --> 00:02:10,700
be sentenced finally, or can come initially, and

25
00:02:10,700 --> 00:02:13,780
in that sense, the meaning changes. He arrived

26
00:02:13,780 --> 00:02:17,140
late. Lately, he could not seem to be on time for

27
00:02:17,140 --> 00:02:20,620
anything. Okay? So, the meaning differs between

28
00:02:20,620 --> 00:02:24,250
the two sentences. Okay? I mean the meaning of the

29
00:02:24,250 --> 00:02:25,090
adverb late.

30
00:02:27,830 --> 00:02:30,930
We mentioned that we have different types of

31
00:02:30,930 --> 00:02:34,870
adverbs. We have three main types. They are the

32
00:02:34,870 --> 00:02:40,530
adjuncts, disjuncts, and conjuncts. Adjuncts,

33
00:02:40,830 --> 00:02:44,710
disjuncts, and conjuncts. Okay? The adjuncts are

34
00:02:44,710 --> 00:02:46,790
of different types. We have the intensifiers,

35
00:02:47,270 --> 00:02:51,380
which are of three types. They are Emphasizers

36
00:02:51,380 --> 00:02:56,780
amplifiers and downtrodes Okay, this is what

37
00:02:56,780 --> 00:02:59,160
explained last time, okay?

38
00:03:02,580 --> 00:03:07,940
The adverb can post modify and pre modify another

39
00:03:07,940 --> 00:03:13,100
adverb or adjective Okay

40
00:03:13,100 --> 00:03:18,410
for the adverbs Semantically, we have different

41
00:03:18,410 --> 00:03:20,810
types for the adverbs. We have adverbs of manner,

42
00:03:21,590 --> 00:03:25,410
adverbs of place, of frequency, of time, and

43
00:03:25,410 --> 00:03:30,030
purpose as well. And these were already explained

44
00:03:30,030 --> 00:03:33,050
also last time. For the position of the adverb, I

45
00:03:33,050 --> 00:03:36,160
told you that it is floating. mainly the adverbs

46
00:03:36,160 --> 00:03:38,460
of manner, can be in the beginning of the

47
00:03:38,460 --> 00:03:42,660
sentence, in the middle of the sentence, or at the

48
00:03:42,660 --> 00:03:46,020
end of the sentence. Okay? Solemnly, the minister

49
00:03:46,020 --> 00:03:49,200
addressed her congregation. The minister solemnly

50
00:03:49,200 --> 00:03:52,220
addressed her congregation. The minister addressed

51
00:03:52,220 --> 00:03:54,940
her congregation solemnly. So, at the beginning,

52
00:03:55,580 --> 00:04:02,060
in the middle, at the end. Okay? Now, the position

53
00:04:02,060 --> 00:04:06,320
of the adverb. it directly precedes the lexical

54
00:04:06,320 --> 00:04:12,340
verb in the sentence. Okay? Or it can come between

55
00:04:12,340 --> 00:04:15,720
the auxiliary verb and the lexical verb.

56
00:04:19,660 --> 00:04:23,060
For the order of adverbs, we mentioned that the

57
00:04:23,060 --> 00:04:26,160
most consistent order of adverbs in the sentence

58
00:04:26,160 --> 00:04:32,380
begins with manner, place, frequency, time, and

59
00:04:32,380 --> 00:04:37,050
purpose. okay and we cited lots of examples last

60
00:04:37,050 --> 00:04:44,810
time okay we have what's called focus where the

61
00:04:44,810 --> 00:04:47,530
adverb can moves to the beginning of the sentence

62
00:04:47,530 --> 00:04:53,790
okay we have if we have two adverbs at that sense

63
00:04:53,790 --> 00:04:58,210
we can start with a shorter one As we cited the

64
00:04:58,210 --> 00:05:02,290
examples last time, dad takes a brisk walk before

65
00:05:02,290 --> 00:05:05,950
breakfast every day of his life. So before

66
00:05:05,950 --> 00:05:12,150
breakfast comes initially or comes first, as you

67
00:05:12,150 --> 00:05:16,230
see, because shorter than the second adverb

68
00:05:16,230 --> 00:05:20,200
morphologically. Okay? This is what is called

69
00:05:20,200 --> 00:05:24,780
focus. Slowly, ever so carefully, Jesse filled the

70
00:05:24,780 --> 00:05:28,220
coffee cup up to the brim, even above the brim.

71
00:05:28,840 --> 00:05:33,000
Okay? Here you have the sentence, the adverb comes

72
00:05:33,000 --> 00:05:39,420
sentence initially for purpose of focus or

73
00:05:39,420 --> 00:05:45,120
emphasis. Occasionally, but only occasionally, one

74
00:05:45,120 --> 00:05:49,700
of these lemons will get by the inspectors. Okay?

75
00:05:51,920 --> 00:05:54,740
As we mentioned syntactically at the beginning of

76
00:05:54,740 --> 00:05:57,760
the class last time, we have syntactically three

77
00:05:57,760 --> 00:06:02,260
types of adverbials, adjuncts, disjuncts, and

78
00:06:02,260 --> 00:06:05,420
conjuncts. And we mentioned that the adjunct is

79
00:06:05,420 --> 00:06:09,280
one of the main parts of the body of the sentence.

80
00:06:09,940 --> 00:06:13,580
It's not separated from the sentence even by a

81
00:06:13,580 --> 00:06:18,280
comma. Okay? Still, the disjunct is directly

82
00:06:18,280 --> 00:06:22,380
followed by a comma and begins in the beginning of

83
00:06:22,380 --> 00:06:25,980
the sentence okay so it starts sentence initially

84
00:06:27,180 --> 00:06:31,240
However, the conjunct means the conjunction. Okay?

85
00:06:31,560 --> 00:06:34,400
The connector, the coordinator. Okay? That

86
00:06:34,400 --> 00:06:37,220
connects between the parts of the sentence.

87
00:06:37,700 --> 00:06:42,080
Frankly, Martha, I don't give a hoot. Fortunately,

88
00:06:42,240 --> 00:06:45,660
no one was hurt. So frankly, fortunately, these

89
00:06:45,660 --> 00:06:47,640
are disjuncts.

90
00:06:49,060 --> 00:06:54,140
Okay? Once we speak about them, nevertheless,

91
00:06:54,440 --> 00:06:58,280
however, yet, these are conjuncts. Strictly

92
00:06:58,280 --> 00:07:03,440
speaking. The prisoners or our captors released

93
00:07:03,440 --> 00:07:07,780
yesterday was very, very nice. So, strictly

94
00:07:07,780 --> 00:07:12,800
speaking. Disjunct. Geographically speaking.

95
00:07:14,640 --> 00:07:16,400
Disjunct. Okay?

96
00:07:21,750 --> 00:07:26,870
Now, we have what is called a viewpoint adjunct.

97
00:07:27,970 --> 00:07:33,130
Okay? The viewpoint adjunct is an adverb. It's

98
00:07:33,130 --> 00:07:38,450
part of the sentence and it comes finally. It

99
00:07:38,450 --> 00:07:42,670
normally locates finally in the sentence. A

100
00:07:42,670 --> 00:07:45,910
successful athletic team is often a good team

101
00:07:45,910 --> 00:07:51,570
scholastically. Okay? Investing all our money in

102
00:07:51,570 --> 00:07:56,110
snowmobiles was probably not a sound idea

103
00:07:56,110 --> 00:08:00,770
financially. So financially, scholastically, our

104
00:08:00,770 --> 00:08:04,370
viewpoint adverse. Okay? That come sentence

105
00:08:04,370 --> 00:08:07,210
finally, and they are considered part of the

106
00:08:07,210 --> 00:08:10,850
sentence as well. Okay? And they consist a crucial

107
00:08:10,850 --> 00:08:13,870
part of the body of the sentence. So they are not

108
00:08:13,870 --> 00:08:16,680
separated by any command. Okay, we explained that

109
00:08:16,680 --> 00:08:17,540
last time, I think.

110
00:08:22,880 --> 00:08:25,940
We explained that, and I think we terminated on

111
00:08:25,940 --> 00:08:33,100
this. Title, focus, and negative adverbs. Okay?

112
00:08:34,860 --> 00:08:37,440
Semantically, we have negative adverbs that do not

113
00:08:37,440 --> 00:08:42,120
need the particle not. Like seldom, hardly,

114
00:08:42,780 --> 00:08:49,040
rarely, okay? Never. He has never been much help

115
00:08:49,040 --> 00:08:54,260
to his mother. So it is equal to the sentence that

116
00:08:54,260 --> 00:09:00,860
he has not helped her mother at all, for example.

117
00:09:01,620 --> 00:09:07,640
Okay? She has not helped her mother. So the never

118
00:09:07,640 --> 00:09:12,600
adverb, never adverb equals the particle not. So

119
00:09:12,600 --> 00:09:16,200
there is no need for having double negative in the

120
00:09:16,200 --> 00:09:19,100
sentence. We cannot say he hasn't never been.

121
00:09:21,140 --> 00:09:24,860
Okay? Double negative is not available in English.

122
00:09:27,740 --> 00:09:28,500
Yes.

123
00:09:31,880 --> 00:09:36,080
No, no. Double negative. It may be available in

124
00:09:36,080 --> 00:09:39,760
some English

125
00:09:39,760 --> 00:09:44,420
dialects, okay? Like Arabic. For standard Arabic,

126
00:09:44,580 --> 00:09:50,560
we don't have double negative. لا يدرس، لا يأتي،

127
00:09:50,560 --> 00:09:54,540
لا يريد. But in Palestinian Arabic, we have double

128
00:09:54,540 --> 00:10:00,600
negative. ما بدّيش، ما ش. Okay? Double negative.

129
00:10:00,840 --> 00:10:08,300
ما بدّيش. Okay? So we have this double negative

130
00:10:08,300 --> 00:10:12,300
available in dialects of Arabic and may available

131
00:10:12,300 --> 00:10:15,780
in some dialects of English, but not necessarily

132
00:10:15,780 --> 00:10:19,160
in received English or standard English or even

133
00:10:19,160 --> 00:10:24,200
standard Arabic. He's never been much help to his

134
00:10:24,200 --> 00:10:28,840
mother. He seldom visits. She hardly eats anything

135
00:10:28,840 --> 00:10:32,040
since the accident. After his long and tedious

136
00:10:32,040 --> 00:10:35,300
lectures, rarely was anyone awake.

137
00:10:38,180 --> 00:10:48,760
Okay? So, for Arabic, we have adverbs which are

138
00:10:48,760 --> 00:10:52,500
called hal. They are represented in Arabic

139
00:10:52,500 --> 00:10:56,220
syntactically by using the preposition phrase and

140
00:10:56,220 --> 00:11:03,660
the derived nominal okay ذهبت إلى الجامعة بسرعة

141
00:11:03,660 --> 00:11:14,000
ذهبت إلى الجامعة مصريا بسرعة is had consisting of

142
00:11:14,000 --> 00:11:19,570
preposition phrase جار و مجروروشبه الجملة في محال

143
00:11:19,570 --> 00:11:26,290
نصب حال مصلى عن حال منصوب بالفتحة So we have this

144
00:11:26,290 --> 00:11:34,150
however the construction the syntactic function is

145
00:11:34,150 --> 00:11:39,850
the same but I mean the syntactic rules of adverbs

146
00:11:39,850 --> 00:11:43,630
in Arabic differ from their syntactic rules in

147
00:11:43,630 --> 00:11:46,970
English you have systematic order for the adverbs

148
00:11:48,630 --> 00:11:53,230
in English, okay? We have systematic position or

149
00:11:53,230 --> 00:11:56,150
strict position of the adverb in English.

150
00:11:58,730 --> 00:12:02,770
However, in Arabic, the situation is very simple,

151
00:12:03,630 --> 00:12:08,170
very clear. It comes generally at sentence final

152
00:12:08,170 --> 00:12:14,250
position. The structure of Arabic adverbs differs

153
00:12:14,250 --> 00:12:21,390
from English, okay? So this causes what was called

154
00:12:21,390 --> 00:12:25,530
interlingual errors and some interlingual errors

155
00:12:25,530 --> 00:12:28,830
that come as a result of the difficulty of the

156
00:12:28,830 --> 00:12:33,430
structure of English adverbs. So we have

157
00:12:33,430 --> 00:12:37,130
interlingual errors resulting from the difference

158
00:12:37,130 --> 00:12:42,120
in the syntax of adverbs. and the semantics of

159
00:12:42,120 --> 00:12:45,400
adverbs, the meaning of the adverb, and the

160
00:12:45,400 --> 00:12:48,680
movement. Once we speak about the syntax and the

161
00:12:48,680 --> 00:12:52,380
position of the adverb, the movement of the adverb

162
00:12:52,380 --> 00:12:55,400
in the sentence, the order of the adverbs within

163
00:12:55,400 --> 00:13:01,380
the same sentence. Okay? Now, the meaning can

164
00:13:01,380 --> 00:13:06,310
differ according to the position of the adverb. So

165
00:13:06,310 --> 00:13:11,210
if it locates sentence finally, it gives a meaning

166
00:13:11,210 --> 00:13:14,670
that is different from being sentenced initially,

167
00:13:14,910 --> 00:13:20,590
like the adverb late, which we explained. You see?

168
00:13:21,110 --> 00:13:25,790
So this is what I have about adverbs. And now we

169
00:13:25,790 --> 00:13:32,040
come to another subject. Or it is about

170
00:13:32,040 --> 00:13:38,380
causativity in English and Arabic. But before

171
00:13:38,380 --> 00:13:42,620
that, we need to have this quiz. So we need to

172
00:13:42,620 --> 00:13:45,400
terminate here just for having the chance for the

173
00:13:45,400 --> 00:13:46,380
quiz. Thank you.