1 00:00:13,160 --> 00:00:14,560 Bismillahirrahmanirrahim 2 00:00:16,740 --> 00:00:19,340 Today we are going to continue with infinitive and 3 00:00:19,340 --> 00:00:22,360 gerund in English plus covert and overt derived 4 00:00:22,360 --> 00:00:26,860 nominal in Arabic. Regarding the gerund and 5 00:00:26,860 --> 00:00:31,340 infinitive in English, we see that the gerund can 6 00:00:31,340 --> 00:00:35,620 stand as a subject in the sentence. So you have 7 00:00:35,620 --> 00:00:39,640 these two sentences, eating too much food is not 8 00:00:39,640 --> 00:00:43,580 good for your health. Playing basketball is very 9 00:00:43,580 --> 00:00:50,910 fun. Eating, playing, they stand as subjects. If you 10 00:00:50,910 --> 00:00:54,350 we use also infinitive after noun, in this, after 11 00:00:54,350 --> 00:00:56,550 the noun in the sentence. It's not good for your 12 00:00:56,550 --> 00:01:02,610 health to eat too much fast food. So we have the 13 00:01:02,610 --> 00:01:06,930 infinitive directly follows the noun in the 14 00:01:06,930 --> 00:01:10,450 sentence. As it appears in this sentence, it's not 15 00:01:10,450 --> 00:01:13,670 good for your health to eat too much fast food. 16 00:01:14,350 --> 00:01:18,310 It's very fun to play basketball. So we have fun, 17 00:01:18,430 --> 00:01:21,790 we have health. They are followed by infinitive as 18 00:01:21,790 --> 00:01:25,730 you see. We use gerund directly after the 19 00:01:25,730 --> 00:01:29,730 preposition. I'm tired of doing the same thing 20 00:01:29,730 --> 00:01:33,470 over and over again every day. They are excited 21 00:01:33,470 --> 00:01:37,490 about attending the meeting tomorrow. So we have 22 00:01:39,040 --> 00:01:45,700 of doing, about attending. I'm looking forward to 23 00:01:45,700 --> 00:01:50,840 hearing from you soon. She's used to driving at 24 00:01:50,840 --> 00:01:57,120 night. Is Mr used to plus the verb plus ing, and 25 00:01:57,120 --> 00:02:02,140 this means gerund. It means يعتاد على, present 26 00:02:02,140 --> 00:02:08,020 custom, however having used plus infinitive, this 27 00:02:08,020 --> 00:02:13,300 refers to habit in the past, يعتاد على. So if you 28 00:02:13,300 --> 00:02:16,440 have the verb to be plus used to, it is directly 29 00:02:16,440 --> 00:02:22,480 followed by gerund, we 30 00:02:22,480 --> 00:02:26,380 have infinitive which is directly used after the 31 00:02:26,380 --> 00:02:30,280 adjective. I was surprised to see her at the party 32 00:02:30,280 --> 00:02:33,740 yesterday. They were anxious to meet with 33 00:02:33,740 --> 00:02:38,480 President this weekend. I'm glad to meet you. So 34 00:02:38,480 --> 00:02:43,620 we have surprised, anxious, glad. They are 35 00:02:43,620 --> 00:02:47,980 directly followed by infinitives. We also have the 36 00:02:47,980 --> 00:02:51,740 infinitive used after certain nouns. I still have 37 00:02:51,740 --> 00:02:55,160 a little time to talk with you tonight. They have 38 00:02:55,160 --> 00:03:00,310 a lot of books to read for the reading class. He 39 00:03:00,310 --> 00:03:03,150 doesn't have permission to use the lab computers. 40 00:03:03,890 --> 00:03:07,170 So we have time, books, permissions that are 41 00:03:07,170 --> 00:03:09,710 followed by infinitive, as you see. 42 00:03:12,810 --> 00:03:17,110 The infinitive expresses purpose. Okay, so if 43 00:03:17,110 --> 00:03:19,950 there'd be a purpose in the sentence, clause of 44 00:03:19,950 --> 00:03:25,030 purpose, then we use the infinitive. I came here 45 00:03:25,030 --> 00:03:29,130 in order to study, or to study English. 46 00:03:35,110 --> 00:03:39,190 We use the particle, the negative particle not 47 00:03:39,190 --> 00:03:43,510 before the gerund, or even before the infinitive to 48 00:03:43,510 --> 00:03:47,550 come out with negative sentence. Not doing your 49 00:03:47,550 --> 00:03:51,230 homework is a big mistake. She was angry about not 50 00:03:51,230 --> 00:03:54,750 being invited to the reception. I decided not to 51 00:03:54,750 --> 00:03:59,380 go there tomorrow. Try not to be late. So as you 52 00:03:59,380 --> 00:04:02,180 see, the particle, the negative particle not 53 00:04:02,180 --> 00:04:05,360 precedes the gerund, and also the infinitive. 54 00:04:09,020 --> 00:04:14,160 We spoke about hypothetical verbs, verbs to happen 55 00:04:14,160 --> 00:04:19,620 in future. This is followed by the infinitive as 56 00:04:19,620 --> 00:04:24,210 you know. This is forward-oriented verbs. He told 57 00:04:24,210 --> 00:04:28,490 us to stay home. I want you to be the best student 58 00:04:28,490 --> 00:04:31,970 in the class. She advised me not to take such a 59 00:04:31,970 --> 00:04:35,050 risk. So all the actions in these sentences refer 60 00:04:35,050 --> 00:04:42,080 to future actions. The verbs are forward, oriented 61 00:04:42,080 --> 00:04:45,580 verbs. This is the fourth category of the four 62 00:04:45,580 --> 00:04:49,420 categories of the verbs which accept gerund and 63 00:04:49,420 --> 00:04:52,680 infinitive. We spoke about the emotive verbs, the 64 00:04:52,680 --> 00:04:56,400 aspectual verbs, the reactive verbs, and the 65 00:04:56,400 --> 00:04:57,940 forward-oriented verbs. 66 00:05:01,200 --> 00:05:06,340 Also, use the gerund after the possessive pronouns. 67 00:05:06,720 --> 00:05:10,580 I appreciate your inviting me to the party. We are 68 00:05:10,580 --> 00:05:14,280 proud of Mary's winning the first place in the 69 00:05:14,280 --> 00:05:14,580 race. 70 00:05:18,220 --> 00:05:18,760 Okay. 71 00:05:22,440 --> 00:05:27,860 So this is the complete explanation of the use of 72 00:05:27,860 --> 00:05:32,280 infinitive and gerund in English. In Arabic, we 73 00:05:32,280 --> 00:05:37,900 spoke about the modified derived nominal, and overt 74 00:05:37,900 --> 00:05:43,940 derived nominal. وحب أن أشرب الشاي وحب شرب الشاي 75 00:05:43,940 --> 00:05:48,840 This is covert derived nominal. وحب شرب الشاي This 76 00:05:48,840 --> 00:05:52,980 is overt derived nominal. We've seen that we have 77 00:05:52,980 --> 00:05:57,440 big difference between these constructions in 78 00:05:57,440 --> 00:06:01,410 English and Arabic. So the reactive verbs of 79 00:06:01,410 --> 00:06:05,970 Arabic, the emotive verbs of Arabic, are the same 80 00:06:05,970 --> 00:06:09,890 like English. They accept both overt and covert 81 00:06:09,890 --> 00:06:12,810 derived nominal. However, the aspectual verbs, 82 00:06:15,850 --> 00:06:20,870 this is in English, in English. What about Arabic? 83 00:06:29,020 --> 00:06:32,520 They accept only modified derived nominal or 84 00:06:32,520 --> 00:06:35,360 covert derived nominal. What about reactive verbs 85 00:06:35,360 --> 00:06:39,640 in English? They accept only gerund. However, in 86 00:06:39,640 --> 00:06:43,540 Arabic, both. The forward-oriented verbs. 87 00:06:48,080 --> 00:06:51,000 In English, they accept only infinitive. However, 88 00:06:51,160 --> 00:06:55,120 in Arabic, they accept both. So you have to take 89 00:06:55,120 --> 00:06:59,150 care once you translate. Once you translate, it is 90 00:06:59,150 --> 00:07:02,590 not necessarily to translate literally every 91 00:07:02,590 --> 00:07:05,710 single word. You have to consider the structure of 92 00:07:05,710 --> 00:07:09,890 infinitive and to see the difference. This means 93 00:07:09,890 --> 00:07:13,090 that you have to consider the meaning or the 94 00:07:13,090 --> 00:07:16,610 meaning of the verb itself and its syntactic 95 00:07:16,610 --> 00:07:21,030 capacity, whether it accepts infinitive or gerund. 96 00:07:22,670 --> 00:07:27,340 Return to the verbs, in Arabic, whether the 97 00:07:27,340 --> 00:07:31,380 translated verb accepts overt derived nominal or 98 00:07:31,380 --> 00:07:36,220 covert derived nominal, okay. I need to terminate 99 00:07:36,220 --> 00:07:39,900 here in order to give you a quiz just now, about or 100 00:07:39,900 --> 00:07:44,260 on the use of infinitive and gerund in English. 101 00:07:44,260 --> 00:07:47,900 Okay. That's it. Thank you.