1 00:00:18,580 --> 00:00:22,460 Today we are going to continue with explaining 2 00:00:22,460 --> 00:00:26,840 compounding in English and Arabic. Last time we 3 00:00:26,840 --> 00:00:32,190 spoke about compounding in English. We explained the 4 00:00:32,190 --> 00:00:37,270 different types of compounding morphologically and 5 00:00:37,270 --> 00:00:37,930 semantically. 6 00:00:42,790 --> 00:00:46,430 Today we are going to speak about these types in 7 00:00:46,430 --> 00:00:46,830 Arabic. 8 00:00:53,930 --> 00:00:57,890 Morphologically, we refer to what is called solid 9 00:00:57,890 --> 00:00:59,210 compounds, 10 00:01:01,180 --> 00:01:07,240 hyphenated compounds and spaced or open compounds. 11 00:01:07,900 --> 00:01:13,440 This is for the morphological side. However, 12 00:01:14,060 --> 00:01:17,400 semantically, we have only three types. We have 13 00:01:17,400 --> 00:01:22,540 endocentric compounds, exocentric compounds, and 14 00:01:22,540 --> 00:01:27,180 general compounds. Do we have the same system in 15 00:01:27,180 --> 00:01:30,280 Arabic? This is what we are going to see just now. 16 00:01:36,170 --> 00:01:42,830 Compounding in Arabic. We have three main 17 00:01:42,830 --> 00:01:46,890 categories of compounding in Arabic. First of all, 18 00:01:47,410 --> 00:01:54,450 the constructed state. المضاف إليه أو المركب الإضافي. 19 00:01:55,890 --> 00:01:58,110 This is the 20 00:02:02,600 --> 00:02:06,780 possessor, sorry, the possessor in English. When I 21 00:02:06,780 --> 00:02:10,740 say قصر الملكي, الملكي is a constructed state. 22 00:02:11,900 --> 00:02:18,200 دودة الأرض. الأرض, constructed state. يوم الحساب. 23 00:02:18,880 --> 00:02:24,400 Al-hisab, constructed state. Okay? So you have all 24 00:02:24,400 --> 00:02:28,520 compounds in Arabic are open or spaced. We don't 25 00:02:28,520 --> 00:02:34,080 have hyphenation in Arabic at all. Okay? We have 26 00:02:34,080 --> 00:02:37,860 fusional compounds. This is al-murakkab al-masji. 27 00:02:39,520 --> 00:02:44,900 Once I say for example, bayt ul-ahm. New York. 28 00:02:51,260 --> 00:02:54,420 We cannot know about the source or the 29 00:02:54,420 --> 00:02:58,900 constituents of these compounds. We don't have any 30 00:02:58,900 --> 00:03:07,400 relation between bait and lahm. New York, okay, in 31 00:03:07,400 --> 00:03:12,860 Arabic. So, the compound in Arabic here is one 32 00:03:12,860 --> 00:03:19,740 unit. It's a fusional unit, okay? We have what is 33 00:03:19,740 --> 00:03:21,320 called predicative compound. 34 00:03:23,760 --> 00:03:29,180 The relation 35 00:03:29,180 --> 00:03:33,280 here is based on predication. 36 00:03:36,900 --> 00:03:38,700 The predicate. 37 00:03:41,960 --> 00:03:47,030 We have other categories of compound nouns. These 38 00:03:47,030 --> 00:03:51,870 are represented in compound numbers. Number 11 to 39 00:03:51,870 --> 00:03:52,450 19. 40 00:03:55,270 --> 00:04:00,530 Al-hadi ashar. Al-tasa ashar. Okay? 41 00:04:03,750 --> 00:04:12,250 Numbers from 21 to 99. Al-wahid wal-ashrun. Al 42 00:04:12,250 --> 00:04:13,370 -tasa wal-tisrun. 43 00:04:16,190 --> 00:04:20,150 Okay, these are compounds in Arabic. We have also 44 00:04:20,150 --> 00:04:24,770 compound particles like innama, robbama, 45 00:04:28,930 --> 00:04:37,190 haythuma, kaythama, mahma, 46 00:04:37,970 --> 00:04:45,360 lasiyama, raythama. Also, we have defective verb 47 00:04:45,360 --> 00:04:54,860 compounds like ما برحى ما دامى ما زالى ما فاتقى. We 48 00:04:54,860 --> 00:05:01,440 have also interrogative pronouns like ما ذى ما ذا. 49 00:05:01,440 --> 00:05:06,240 Okay. And 50 00:05:06,240 --> 00:05:11,740 we have proper compounds such as القاموس المحيط 51 00:05:19,360 --> 00:05:29,300 So these are proper nouns. We 52 00:05:29,300 --> 00:05:32,520 have compounds consisting of a noun and adjective in 53 00:05:32,520 --> 00:05:38,860 Arabic like البحر الأحمر, red sea, البحر الأحمر. You 54 00:05:38,860 --> 00:05:43,260 have a noun plus an adjective. You have Arabic 55 00:05:43,260 --> 00:05:48,420 possessive or genitive structure like طلوع النهاري. 56 00:05:48,420 --> 00:05:57,140 عابر سبيلًا. We 57 00:05:57,140 --> 00:06:01,780 have compound adjectives. You know, two adjectives 58 00:06:01,780 --> 00:06:09,660 together. أزرق غامق, أزرق غامق. So, two adjectives 59 00:06:13,270 --> 00:06:14,190 more beautiful. 60 00:06:19,310 --> 00:06:22,750 Okay? But it is not necessarily to have every 61 00:06:22,750 --> 00:06:28,690 compound in English to be a compound in Arabic. We 62 00:06:28,690 --> 00:06:31,490 don't have the equivalence of compounds in English 63 00:06:31,490 --> 00:06:35,770 always be compounds in Arabic. So, for example, 64 00:06:35,910 --> 00:06:39,070 trustworthy in English, it is trustworthy. 65 00:06:39,310 --> 00:06:42,280 Trustworthy is not a compound. Okay? Because the 66 00:06:42,280 --> 00:06:46,080 two languages morphologically are different from 67 00:06:46,080 --> 00:06:46,620 each other. 68 00:06:49,440 --> 00:06:56,520 We have compounds consisting of similes. I say... 69 00:06:56,520 --> 00:07:00,400 So 70 00:07:00,400 --> 00:07:04,200 we have here a simile. We have compounds consisting 71 00:07:04,200 --> 00:07:06,640 of a noun, adjective and adjective. 72 00:07:10,360 --> 00:07:16,280 مصاب بدوران البحر, sea sick, متعطش 73 00:07:16,280 --> 00:07:20,180 للدماء. Okay. 74 00:07:20,180 --> 00:07:27,440 Blood thirsty. We have an adverb adjective, زائد الخضرة, 75 00:07:27,440 --> 00:07:37,820 دائم الخضرة, evergreen, ever ripe etc. So if you look 76 00:07:37,820 --> 00:07:42,900 to these types in Arabic, you find them different 77 00:07:42,900 --> 00:07:47,600 completely from English. So this represents an 78 00:07:47,600 --> 00:07:52,360 area of difficulty. We find that our students 79 00:07:52,360 --> 00:07:57,860 cannot have the quality for making what's called 80 00:07:57,860 --> 00:08:02,880 compounding in English very easily. So this makes 81 00:08:02,880 --> 00:08:10,400 them commit serious errors, okay? As we've seen, 82 00:08:10,720 --> 00:08:15,460 lots of derivations by using prefixes, suffixes, 83 00:08:16,040 --> 00:08:19,580 and infixes, but we don't have estimate rules. 84 00:08:19,700 --> 00:08:24,320 We've seen suffixes of Greek origin, of Latin 85 00:08:24,320 --> 00:08:31,920 origin, okay, of various origins. But having 86 00:08:31,920 --> 00:08:35,060 specific rules or what is called a rule-based system 87 00:08:36,490 --> 00:08:40,570 is not available in English, but maybe available 88 00:08:40,570 --> 00:08:46,350 in Arabic. Okay? So this makes the quality or the 89 00:08:46,350 --> 00:08:51,530 proficiency of constructing compounds or being 90 00:08:51,530 --> 00:08:54,490 familiarized with compounds in English by our 91 00:08:54,490 --> 00:08:59,390 students quite difficult. Okay? Now, if you look 92 00:08:59,390 --> 00:09:03,890 to spelling, the spelling of English is also 93 00:09:03,890 --> 00:09:07,290 difficult because we don't have productive rules 94 00:09:07,290 --> 00:09:11,010 or rule-based system for making or for writing 95 00:09:11,010 --> 00:09:17,390 English. But still we have some specific rules 96 00:09:17,390 --> 00:09:22,410 that may near the situation. Like for example, the 97 00:09:22,410 --> 00:09:29,870 letters CK or KE. When to write CK, when to write 98 00:09:29,870 --> 00:09:37,090 KE. I say for example, cake. It ends with ke. Okay, 99 00:09:37,090 --> 00:09:41,470 this is because it is preceded by a vowel or 100 00:09:41,470 --> 00:09:46,250 preceded by a consonant, okay. 101 00:09:46,250 --> 00:09:51,890 However, if there be a short vowel, if the k sound 102 00:09:51,890 --> 00:09:54,950 is preceded by a short vowel, then it is translated 103 00:09:54,950 --> 00:10:02,130 in writing by using ck. I say for example clock. It 104 00:10:02,130 --> 00:10:02,710 is ck. 105 00:10:08,410 --> 00:10:12,990 So once preceded by a short vowel, it is ck. Once 106 00:10:12,990 --> 00:10:22,410 preceded by a long vowel or consonant, it is ke. We 107 00:10:22,410 --> 00:10:31,450 have sometimes ch as like church. Church, church. 108 00:10:31,450 --> 00:10:35,770 Okay, church here we have 109 00:10:39,270 --> 00:10:41,270 The ch preceded by what? 110 00:10:44,890 --> 00:10:51,810 It is preceded by a long vowel. Church. طيب. We 111 00:10:51,810 --> 00:10:59,510 have ch and we have tch. Match. Match. It is short 112 00:10:59,510 --> 00:11:04,590 vowel. Okay? Once preceded by a short vowel, it is 113 00:11:04,590 --> 00:11:10,510 tch. Match. However, once preceded by a long vowel 114 00:11:10,510 --> 00:11:22,990 it is ch, church or consonant, okay. I 115 00:11:22,990 --> 00:11:31,710 say for example shake, check, shake. 116 00:11:31,710 --> 00:11:36,290 Here, we have ke, check. You have ck. 117 00:11:38,270 --> 00:11:42,810 We have words 118 00:11:42,810 --> 00:11:49,030 ending in double L, doubling, double S, or double 119 00:11:49,030 --> 00:11:56,990 F. These if preceded by short vowels. Okay? So, I 120 00:11:56,990 --> 00:12:03,710 say for example, staff, double F. Will, double L. 121 00:12:04,670 --> 00:12:11,610 Miss, double S, okay, otherwise it is not doubled. 122 00:12:11,790 --> 00:12:16,970 The final letter cannot be doubled if preceded by 123 00:12:16,970 --> 00:12:27,170 a long vowel or consonant or consonant. Okay, we 124 00:12:27,170 --> 00:12:35,900 have dge or ge in case of having dge, you find the 125 00:12:35,900 --> 00:12:42,260 sound preceded by a short vowel. I say judge, judge. 126 00:12:42,260 --> 00:12:54,620 Judge, okay. J u d g e. It is d g e, however, I say 127 00:12:54,620 --> 00:13:01,560 cage. What's the difference? It is g e only. So, g e 128 00:13:01,560 --> 00:13:08,920 is preceded by a long vowel or consonant. I say range 129 00:13:08,920 --> 00:13:22,560 range. It is g e. I say George, g e, however, judge, it 130 00:13:22,560 --> 00:13:29,640 is d g e. We have exceptions for that. If you say 131 00:13:29,640 --> 00:13:33,950 college for example, college. It ends with GE, 132 00:13:33,950 --> 00:13:38,550 preceded by a short vowel. So, these are only 133 00:13:38,550 --> 00:13:43,930 estimate rules. Okay? So, you can teach your 134 00:13:43,930 --> 00:13:46,970 students or inform your students about these 135 00:13:46,970 --> 00:13:51,750 specific rules, just to facilitate the process of 136 00:13:51,750 --> 00:13:57,710 spelling and writing. Okay? However, you know, 137 00:13:58,710 --> 00:14:03,230 compounding is a solid subject. Quite difficult. 138 00:14:03,710 --> 00:14:07,890 Okay, because it relies on practice and 139 00:14:07,890 --> 00:14:11,390 memorization. You have to introduce this very 140 00:14:11,390 --> 00:14:15,810 simply to your students by using activities or 141 00:14:15,810 --> 00:14:19,410 techniques that can be familiar to them according 142 00:14:19,410 --> 00:14:24,910 to their levels, either junior or intermediate or 143 00:14:24,910 --> 00:14:30,400 advanced. Okay. So we have specific activities for 144 00:14:30,400 --> 00:14:33,720 teaching compounding and for teaching other types 145 00:14:33,720 --> 00:14:38,240 of morphological aspects of English to our 146 00:14:38,240 --> 00:14:42,680 students. You have to be highly selective and 147 00:14:42,680 --> 00:14:46,680 highly accurate in choosing the activity that 148 00:14:46,680 --> 00:14:51,940 suits your students. Okay. Now, we need to touch 149 00:14:51,940 --> 00:14:59,830 this area to see how we could teach word formation 150 00:14:59,830 --> 00:15:04,230 systems to our students. And the derivation 151 00:15:04,230 --> 00:15:08,530 system, the inflection system, and the compounding 152 00:15:08,530 --> 00:15:13,730 system. Okay? I don't know whether you're prepared 153 00:15:13,730 --> 00:15:18,530 or you just have any activity to be presented just 154 00:15:18,530 --> 00:15:24,710 now. Who would like to volunteer just speaking 155 00:15:24,710 --> 00:15:27,950 about some activities for teaching word formation? 156 00:15:38,400 --> 00:15:41,340 Good morning, sisters. How are you? My name is 157 00:15:41,340 --> 00:15:43,360 Fatima Boufaida. I'm going to teach you activities 158 00:15:43,360 --> 00:15:48,300 for teaching compounds, with, I have taught it or I 159 00:15:48,300 --> 00:15:50,840 want to show you how to teach it through games. I 160 00:15:50,840 --> 00:15:54,680 prepared three games for your students. The first 161 00:15:54,680 --> 00:15:57,960 game is grouping students. How can we do this 162 00:15:57,960 --> 00:16:01,200 game? We know that we have a very large class. 163 00:16:01,640 --> 00:16:03,560 Divide the class into three groups or four 164 00:16:03,560 --> 00:16:07,720 groups. Name each group as a type of compounded 165 00:16:07,720 --> 00:16:11,080 words. For example, student group, hybrid group, 166 00:16:11,360 --> 00:16:15,840 and spaced group. And give them a sheet of paper, 167 00:16:16,360 --> 00:16:19,500 have many words, compounded words, and each group 168 00:16:19,500 --> 00:16:22,160 selects the word that belongs to them. Student 169 00:16:22,160 --> 00:16:24,200 group just collect the word as a single compound, 170 00:16:24,960 --> 00:16:28,250 and like that. This is the first game that can be 171 00:16:28,250 --> 00:16:32,950 used. The second one, which is Moon, Sun, and 172 00:16:32,950 --> 00:16:34,850 Play. Moon, Sun, and Play is a very famous in 173 00:16:34,850 --> 00:16:36,810 schools. We know that Moon, Sun, and Play, which 174 00:16:36,810 --> 00:16:40,450 is a game. We can also use it by asking students to 175 00:16:40,450 --> 00:16:43,970 make Moon write some compound words. Just the 176 00:16:43,970 --> 00:16:48,870 first part, like black space, orange space, and 177 00:16:48,870 --> 00:16:52,790 they continue it, and they ask them to be sons 178 00:16:53,260 --> 00:16:56,460 and complete it on a sheet of paper. What does it 179 00:16:56,460 --> 00:17:00,180 mean, moon, sun, here? Just to ask your students. 180 00:17:00,400 --> 00:17:02,920 Once you say moon, your students will sleep, 181 00:17:02,980 --> 00:17:06,180 sleep, yeah. And then you can hide whatever you 182 00:17:06,180 --> 00:17:09,560 like from the parts of the compounds. Yeah. Then 183 00:17:09,560 --> 00:17:13,660 you say sun, your students raise their heads and 184 00:17:13,660 --> 00:17:19,330 then they can guess what is missing. Yeah, this is 185 00:17:19,330 --> 00:17:21,830 the whole game, yeah, because it's very famous. Most 186 00:17:21,830 --> 00:17:25,730 games, it's very famous in the schools. The last one 187 00:17:25,730 --> 00:17:30,030 is a very exciting one, you know, this place which 188 00:17:30,030 --> 00:17:33,970 is to try to find similar words, like number one, 189 00:17:33,970 --> 00:17:36,350 flower, number two, piano, number three, flowers. Oh, 190 00:17:36,350 --> 00:17:39,870 one and three are the flowers, you know it, yeah. We 191 00:17:39,870 --> 00:17:44,090 can use it in school like that, for example, this 192 00:17:44,090 --> 00:17:51,770 number one, it's arm, okay. Number two, paper. Number 193 00:17:51,770 --> 00:17:57,450 three, chair. Okay. Number one, arm. Number three, 194 00:17:57,810 --> 00:18:00,790 chair. This is a compound word. Arm, chair. You 195 00:18:00,790 --> 0 223 00:20:43,990 --> 00:20:50,130 them, okay? So they can completely like, yes? 224 00:20:53,890 --> 00:20:59,370 Play the 225 00:20:59,370 --> 00:20:59,570 doctor. 226 00:21:08,370 --> 00:21:13,930 or a lady doctor, I show them the card to women, 227 00:21:14,250 --> 00:21:18,070 ask them the part of speech, if it is noun or 228 00:21:18,070 --> 00:21:21,390 adjective or verb, then the other part of the 229 00:21:21,390 --> 00:21:25,230 word, after that I can bound them and show them 230 00:21:25,230 --> 00:21:31,520 and... You mean the flash card? Yes, flashcard is 231 00:21:31,520 --> 00:21:35,820 very, very important, and it's very easy means for 232 00:21:35,820 --> 00:21:39,420 just transferring or conveying the message of 233 00:21:39,420 --> 00:21:42,700 compounding to your students. So if you have, for 234 00:21:42,700 --> 00:21:46,700 example, the compound noun, lady, doctor, then you 235 00:21:46,700 --> 00:21:51,280 can split it, lady, then doctor, and two 236 00:21:51,280 --> 00:21:55,740 flashcards. You can mention the syntactic type of 237 00:21:55,740 --> 00:21:59,240 the compound saying it is noun, noun. Lady is 238 00:21:59,240 --> 00:22:03,720 noun. doctor's noun, then you ask them to guess 239 00:22:03,720 --> 00:22:10,500 how to combine these two parts for making a 240 00:22:10,500 --> 00:22:14,950 compound noun, okay? You can have lady, you can 241 00:22:14,950 --> 00:22:22,330 have other parts like man, like woman, okay? Then 242 00:22:22,330 --> 00:22:27,590 you ask them to select which one can fit with the 243 00:22:27,590 --> 00:22:32,030 meaning of doctora in Arabic. So, they can guess 244 00:22:32,030 --> 00:22:34,850 either lady, doctor, or whatever. And then you 245 00:22:34,850 --> 00:22:36,790 have to correct them, okay? 246 00:22:54,150 --> 00:23:01,750 This is This activity fits with all types of 247 00:23:01,750 --> 00:23:05,390 compounds, either verb-verb compound, adjective 248 00:23:05,390 --> 00:23:07,630 -adjective compound. When I say for example, 249 00:23:07,710 --> 00:23:16,510 green, white, shirt. Green, white, shirt. Smash 250 00:23:16,510 --> 00:23:21,270 and grip. This is two verbs. Green, white, this is 251 00:23:21,270 --> 00:23:27,410 two adjectives hyphenated. Okay? Lady doctor, two 252 00:23:27,410 --> 00:23:33,490 nouns. Blackboard. Adjective noun. Okay. 253 00:23:37,010 --> 00:23:44,370 Overall. It is preposition or adverb then pronoun. 254 00:23:45,790 --> 00:23:54,950 He got. Pronoun hyphen got. She get. She pronoun 255 00:23:54,950 --> 00:23:59,950 hyphen then get. Okay? So you can use the 256 00:23:59,950 --> 00:24:05,810 flashcards for making these compounds. Okay? And 257 00:24:05,810 --> 00:24:08,510 the most important thing is just to create 258 00:24:08,510 --> 00:24:12,470 motivation and competition inside the class. You 259 00:24:12,470 --> 00:24:16,690 need to divide the class into groups and then run 260 00:24:16,690 --> 00:24:20,730 a competition among these groups. Okay? By writing 261 00:24:20,730 --> 00:24:26,510 the marks on board. Okay? On the blackboard. So 262 00:24:26,510 --> 00:24:32,360 the winning group can have a club from the whole 263 00:24:32,360 --> 00:24:32,880 class. 264 00:24:36,680 --> 00:24:40,940 Because teaching is fun. So don't be very stiff 265 00:24:40,940 --> 00:24:44,800 just introducing and introducing your subject. Try 266 00:24:44,800 --> 00:24:49,120 to communicate with your students. Try to let your 267 00:24:49,120 --> 00:24:52,400 students use the material you explain practically 268 00:24:52,400 --> 00:24:56,080 in the class. Communication is very, very 269 00:24:56,080 --> 00:25:00,280 important. This is done by letting, by giving your 270 00:25:00,280 --> 00:25:04,900 students the chance to speak. to use English okay 271 00:25:04,900 --> 00:25:09,420 so don't have the chance limited to you or don't 272 00:25:09,420 --> 00:25:14,060 explain the whole period long you have to divide 273 00:25:14,060 --> 00:25:20,940 your class into different parts okay and then you 274 00:25:20,940 --> 00:25:27,580 have to leave specific space for activities okay 275 00:25:27,580 --> 00:25:32,020 made by the students in explaining the lesson 276 00:25:32,770 --> 00:25:37,030 Okay. You ask them or you can do that for yourself 277 00:25:37,030 --> 00:25:40,410 and then you let your students have the chance to 278 00:25:40,410 --> 00:25:44,390 answer to practice English. Okay. 279 00:25:48,130 --> 00:25:54,360 We have other activities for teaching. The most 280 00:25:54,360 --> 00:26:01,680 important ones are those which the students use 281 00:26:01,680 --> 00:26:07,340 their own eyes and ears, meaning visible 282 00:26:07,340 --> 00:26:13,060 activities. The more the students use their 283 00:26:13,060 --> 00:26:17,220 senses, the more they understand. So you have to 284 00:26:17,220 --> 00:26:23,850 teach contextually and not to teach formally. You 285 00:26:23,850 --> 00:26:27,950 have to focus on inductive teaching, meaning let 286 00:26:27,950 --> 00:26:30,350 your students deduce, and not to teach 287 00:26:30,350 --> 00:26:34,190 deductively, meaning just giving or delivering 288 00:26:34,190 --> 00:26:38,990 explanations or lecturing inside the class for the 289 00:26:38,990 --> 00:26:43,370 low level or intermediate level or even advanced 290 00:26:43,370 --> 00:26:50,440 level. Okay? So, the teacher is an artist. You 291 00:26:50,440 --> 00:26:56,180 have to be very skillful artists inside the class. 292 00:26:56,960 --> 00:27:01,080 Your target is to convey your message very, very 293 00:27:01,080 --> 00:27:05,430 attentively and smoothly to your students. You 294 00:27:05,430 --> 00:27:09,310 have to be very brilliant in selecting, predicting 295 00:27:09,310 --> 00:27:13,010 activities for conveying your message very 296 00:27:13,010 --> 00:27:16,510 successfully to your students. Just to have them 297 00:27:16,510 --> 00:27:21,770 speaking English competently and very fluently at 298 00:27:21,770 --> 00:27:25,650 the end of the day. That's it. Okay? 299 00:27:30,310 --> 00:27:31,810 Now we have 300 00:27:36,870 --> 00:27:43,550 a certain say quiz or certain questions just to 301 00:27:43,550 --> 00:27:46,490 check your information on compounding. 302 00:27:50,950 --> 00:27:54,930 Anyway, it is answered. They are answered 303 00:27:54,930 --> 00:27:58,310 questions. They are models for you just to let you 304 00:27:58,310 --> 00:28:02,090 completely 305 00:28:04,290 --> 00:28:10,110 understand the word formation or compounding. 306 00:28:33,220 --> 00:28:34,620 Okay. 307 00:28:44,070 --> 00:28:45,510 Okay. Okay. 308 00:29:08,990 --> 00:29:11,970 I don't know whether you could just see that very 309 00:29:11,970 --> 00:29:12,370 clearly. 310 00:29:35,920 --> 00:29:39,980 Tell him how many. Tell him 16, 20. I'm going to 311 00:29:39,980 --> 00:29:42,940 make it all black, okay? No, no, leave it as it 312 00:29:42,940 --> 00:29:44,140 is. Leave it as it is? Yes. 313 00:29:58,280 --> 00:29:58,840 I'm going to make it more. 314 00:30:18,130 --> 00:30:23,850 If you look to this quiz or this passage, this 315 00:30:23,850 --> 00:30:27,330 passage contains lots of compound nouns. 316 00:30:31,170 --> 00:30:35,830 Two and a half years ago, my 52-year-old brother 317 00:30:35,830 --> 00:30:42,170 -in-law. We have 52-year-old brother. Okay? 52 318 00:30:42,170 --> 00:30:46,570 -year-old. It is hyphenated. Why? 319 00:30:51,150 --> 00:30:55,510 Okay? Why is it hyphenated? 320 00:31:01,160 --> 00:31:07,140 If you have number, we have 321 00:31:07,140 --> 00:31:09,200 number then, 322 00:31:11,520 --> 00:31:12,720 you have, 323 00:31:16,500 --> 00:31:22,980 that's true, yes, we have a number here, then 324 00:31:22,980 --> 00:31:29,920 followed by a noun, then it is hyphenated, rather 325 00:31:29,920 --> 00:31:33,510 in law, It's originally hyphenated because you 326 00:31:33,510 --> 00:31:36,610 have here parts of speech, brother as a noun, 327 00:31:37,190 --> 00:31:44,150 preposition, and then you have noun. It is 328 00:31:44,150 --> 00:31:50,110 hyphenated. So 52-year-old brother-in-law, a 329 00:31:50,110 --> 00:31:54,310 highly respected and might I add, well-paid. 330 00:31:58,230 --> 00:32:05,220 Okay? Vice President. of a bank, well-paid vice 331 00:32:05,220 --> 00:32:09,980 president of the bank. Well-paid is open, open 332 00:32:09,980 --> 00:32:15,880 compound. Vice president is hyphenated compound as 333 00:32:15,880 --> 00:32:23,440 you see. Move to the 43rd floor. Again, it is 334 00:32:23,440 --> 00:32:27,320 number, so it is hyphenated. of a high rise 335 00:32:27,320 --> 00:32:31,580 apartment, high rise hyphenated mainly because I 336 00:32:31,580 --> 00:32:34,960 know I told you that we have hyphenation and we 337 00:32:34,960 --> 00:32:38,900 have open systems for the hyphenated compounds 338 00:32:38,900 --> 00:32:42,440 they are mainly new in English So they are 339 00:32:42,440 --> 00:32:46,600 hyphenated according to some references. Still, 340 00:32:47,180 --> 00:32:51,720 the open compounds are deeply rooted in English. 341 00:32:52,100 --> 00:32:55,280 So they are familiar with all English native 342 00:32:55,280 --> 00:32:58,780 speakers. So there is no need for having a hyphen. 343 00:32:59,720 --> 00:33:04,600 We also have difference in the use of hyphens in 344 00:33:04,600 --> 00:33:10,520 American English and received English. So what is 345 00:33:10,520 --> 00:33:15,900 hyphenated? in British 346 00:33:15,900 --> 00:33:19,860 English may not be hyphenated in American English 347 00:33:19,860 --> 00:33:21,100 and vice versa. 348 00:33:35,760 --> 00:33:42,850 So, vice president of a bank, vice president, 43rd 349 00:33:42,850 --> 00:33:46,810 floor number, high-rise apartment, 350 00:33:49,350 --> 00:33:57,050 brand new, unheard of. So you can follow this 351 00:33:57,050 --> 00:34:06,890 page, this passage, and see the red color words 352 00:34:07,760 --> 00:34:11,380 and the blue color words all of them are compounds 353 00:34:11,380 --> 00:34:16,600 all of them are compounds let's try to check why 354 00:34:16,600 --> 00:34:23,360 these are hyphenated or spaced okay this is what 355 00:34:23,360 --> 00:34:27,020 we need okay 356 00:34:35,510 --> 00:34:41,230 I leave you this passage on my page okay try to 357 00:34:41,230 --> 00:34:47,830 analyze it at home and say why this happened you 358 00:34:47,830 --> 00:34:51,850 have some hyphenated compounds and some open 359 00:34:51,850 --> 00:34:58,710 compounds and morphologically as we have mentioned 360 00:34:58,710 --> 00:35:02,730 we have three types the solid ones the hyphenated 361 00:35:02,730 --> 00:35:06,750 ones and the open or spaced one. So now this 362 00:35:06,750 --> 00:35:10,390 passage contains lots of compounds. I need you 363 00:35:10,390 --> 00:35:16,710 just to revise the passage, see the passage, 364 00:35:16,950 --> 00:35:20,390 analyze it and then revise the information which I 365 00:35:20,390 --> 00:35:24,770 explained and then give interpretation about the 366 00:35:24,770 --> 00:35:29,270 different types, okay? This will be next time 367 00:35:29,270 --> 00:35:34,010 among other activities mainly the activities for 368 00:35:34,010 --> 00:35:37,690 teaching word formation. Next time try to come 369 00:35:37,690 --> 00:35:41,670 with presentations for introducing activities for 370 00:35:41,670 --> 00:35:45,470 teaching compounding word formation and 371 00:35:45,470 --> 00:35:48,150 inflections in English. Okay?