1 00:00:16,960 --> 00:00:22,380 Today we are going to see just a new chapter and 2 00:00:22,380 --> 00:00:25,760 this is about definiteness and indefiniteness in 3 00:00:25,760 --> 00:00:30,100 English and Arabic. we are going to see the 4 00:00:30,100 --> 00:00:36,660 definiteness system how nouns are defined in 5 00:00:36,660 --> 00:00:42,300 English and Arabic definiteness is available in 6 00:00:42,300 --> 00:00:47,120 all languages but some languages have overt system 7 00:00:47,120 --> 00:00:50,820 and some other languages have covert system 8 00:00:50,820 --> 00:00:57,540 Chinese for example does not have any overt system 9 00:01:00,170 --> 00:01:06,930 there are no equivalence for a or n or the or any 10 00:01:06,930 --> 00:01:12,150 article of definiteness or indefiniteness in any 11 00:01:12,150 --> 00:01:16,430 in a language like English. So Chinese does not 12 00:01:16,430 --> 00:01:25,310 have articles. It has only zero articles, covert 13 00:01:25,310 --> 00:01:32,470 articles. Arabic has no articles no indefinite 14 00:01:32,470 --> 00:01:37,990 articles but it has the definite article l however 15 00:01:37,990 --> 00:01:42,130 in English we have the overt system the 16 00:01:42,130 --> 00:01:48,590 indefiniteness and definiteness system a n this is 17 00:01:48,590 --> 00:01:52,650 the indefinite article and the plus the zero 18 00:01:52,650 --> 00:01:59,970 article Today we are going to navigate on the 19 00:01:59,970 --> 00:02:03,470 definiteness and indefiniteness systems to 20 00:02:03,470 --> 00:02:09,470 discover its secret, how definiteness and 21 00:02:09,470 --> 00:02:14,470 indefiniteness are constructed in English and 22 00:02:14,470 --> 00:02:18,930 Arabic. So we need to touch the indefiniteness 23 00:02:18,930 --> 00:02:26,740 system first. We mean, the morpheme AN. This is 24 00:02:26,740 --> 00:02:31,160 one article. A and N are one article. It is 25 00:02:31,160 --> 00:02:36,400 indefinite article. However, A and N are 26 00:02:36,400 --> 00:02:40,840 allomorphs of the same morpheme, the indefinite 27 00:02:40,840 --> 00:02:50,770 article. Okay? This is used in English to single 28 00:02:50,770 --> 00:02:54,250 the ideas expressed by the noun directly following 29 00:02:54,250 --> 00:03:00,350 it. Once upon a time, there was a king. Once upon 30 00:03:00,350 --> 00:03:05,030 a time, once upon a time, there was a king. A king 31 00:03:05,030 --> 00:03:10,790 here is preceded by the indefinite article A 32 00:03:10,790 --> 00:03:15,970 because it refers to a single idea. Okay, once 33 00:03:15,970 --> 00:03:19,410 upon a time there was a king, the king was named 34 00:03:19,410 --> 00:03:26,030 Shahrayar. So once you repeat the same thing, it 35 00:03:26,030 --> 00:03:28,530 must be preceded by the definite article, the. 36 00:03:29,350 --> 00:03:36,590 Okay? The indefinite a and n article semantically 37 00:03:36,590 --> 00:03:41,690 holds the sense of any. The earth is like a ball. 38 00:03:42,690 --> 00:03:44,610 The room is like a sequoia. 39 00:03:47,470 --> 00:03:50,610 Any square, any ball. 40 00:03:56,910 --> 00:04:07,910 So, A and N are used to express a 41 00:04:07,910 --> 00:04:13,870 single idea that refers to one noun And 42 00:04:13,870 --> 00:04:17,750 semantically, it holds the sense of any as well. 43 00:04:18,530 --> 00:04:23,670 So the room is like a square, which square? Any 44 00:04:23,670 --> 00:04:23,990 square. 45 00:04:30,570 --> 00:04:35,690 Semantically, the indefinite article A and N has 46 00:04:35,690 --> 00:04:43,210 specific meaning and generic meaning. So we have 47 00:04:43,210 --> 00:04:51,830 generic or specific meaning. Once it refers to a 48 00:04:51,830 --> 00:04:57,490 certain idea or object, then it is specific. 49 00:04:58,410 --> 00:05:02,190 However, if you speak generically about 50 00:05:05,150 --> 00:05:09,350 Anything, any idea, this means that you refer or 51 00:05:09,350 --> 00:05:15,250 you have or A and N have the function, the generic 52 00:05:15,250 --> 00:05:18,750 function. I'm looking for a book on computer 53 00:05:18,750 --> 00:05:23,470 technology. I'm looking for a book on computer 54 00:05:23,470 --> 00:05:28,710 technology. Which book? Any book. So it is 55 00:05:28,710 --> 00:05:35,330 generic. I need to read a story. Which story? Any 56 00:05:35,330 --> 00:05:43,790 story. Okay. It's generic. Okay. I need to buy a 57 00:05:43,790 --> 00:05:49,590 book in linguistics. Which book? Any book. So it 58 00:05:49,590 --> 00:05:56,230 is of generic meaning. Now, I bought a book in 59 00:05:56,230 --> 00:06:02,650 linguistics. I bought a book in linguistics. This 60 00:06:02,650 --> 00:06:09,490 is specific. A certain book. Okay. For example, it 61 00:06:09,490 --> 00:06:12,390 is the minimalist program for Noam Chomsky, for 62 00:06:12,390 --> 00:06:17,470 example. So one book. I know it. It is specific. 63 00:06:19,050 --> 00:06:24,350 Fine. I rented a flat. I rented a flat. 64 00:06:27,450 --> 00:06:33,230 Which flat? One flat. So is this specific or 65 00:06:33,230 --> 00:06:38,610 generic? It is specific. A guest came to visit us 66 00:06:38,610 --> 00:06:45,070 last night. What do you say? A guest. Specific 67 00:06:45,070 --> 00:06:47,710 guest. I know him. Okay. 68 00:06:56,810 --> 00:06:57,490 Okay. 69 00:07:00,090 --> 00:07:05,010 The indefinite article A and N It's also used with 70 00:07:05,010 --> 00:07:10,230 singular countable nouns to refer to countable 71 00:07:10,230 --> 00:07:13,730 nouns that have neither been mentioned in this 72 00:07:13,730 --> 00:07:18,830 course before nor 73 00:07:18,830 --> 00:07:21,270 situationally identified. 74 00:07:23,130 --> 00:07:28,790 There was a queen named Elizabeth. There was a 75 00:07:28,790 --> 00:07:34,780 queen named Elizabeth. Okay. A queen. Is it 76 00:07:34,780 --> 00:07:39,520 countable or uncountable? Countable. Okay. It 77 00:07:39,520 --> 00:07:44,040 refers to a certain person. Does it work here 78 00:07:44,040 --> 00:07:50,000 specifically or generically? Specifically. So it 79 00:07:50,000 --> 00:07:53,720 is of specific function semantically. 80 00:07:57,980 --> 00:08:01,990 Now in the sentence, there was a queen. Is the 81 00:08:01,990 --> 00:08:06,430 noun mentioned before? No, this is the first time 82 00:08:06,430 --> 00:08:11,230 you hear it, okay? So any noun, any concrete or 83 00:08:11,230 --> 00:08:14,890 any countable noun mentioned for the first time 84 00:08:14,890 --> 00:08:21,710 must be preceded by a or n, okay? But if it is 85 00:08:21,710 --> 00:08:25,610 heard before, if it is mentioned before, then a 86 00:08:25,610 --> 00:08:31,330 and n must be repeated by the. Okay. I have a son 87 00:08:31,330 --> 00:08:38,590 and a daughter. I have a son and a daughter. And 88 00:08:38,590 --> 00:08:41,850 the son and the daughter are students at the 89 00:08:41,850 --> 00:08:46,270 Islamic University of Gaza. Okay. For the first 90 00:08:46,270 --> 00:08:50,670 time, it is a, a. However, for the second time, it 91 00:08:50,670 --> 00:08:59,810 is the, the. Okay. We have a cat and a dog. A cat 92 00:08:59,810 --> 00:09:06,290 and a dog. The first time, the cat and the dog are 93 00:09:06,290 --> 00:09:12,410 very beautiful. Okay. Once I repeat, I replace the 94 00:09:12,410 --> 00:09:15,390 indefinite article with a definite article there. 95 00:09:15,810 --> 00:09:20,650 Okay. I'm reading a good book. I'm reading a good 96 00:09:20,650 --> 00:09:27,530 book. The book is on linguistics. So for the first 97 00:09:27,530 --> 00:09:31,030 time, a book for the second time, the book. 98 00:09:40,630 --> 00:09:43,930 Now, the indefinite article indicates a class 99 00:09:43,930 --> 00:09:49,470 relationship. Therefore, it precedes singular 100 00:09:49,470 --> 00:09:53,650 countable nouns used as representative members of 101 00:09:53,650 --> 00:09:57,510 the class. A cat can be beautiful, which cat? 102 00:10:00,190 --> 00:10:05,330 Any cat so here is it specific or generic? It's 103 00:10:05,330 --> 00:10:13,110 generic Okay, now a cat is a representative It 104 00:10:13,110 --> 00:10:20,850 is a representative Member of Hair class, all cats 105 00:10:20,850 --> 00:10:29,050 Plants are beautiful I say for example A tree is 106 00:10:29,050 --> 00:10:44,390 beautiful. Which tree? Any tree Okay Now 107 00:10:44,390 --> 00:10:48,170 once the noun is preceded or modified by 108 00:10:48,170 --> 00:10:53,660 attributive adjective preceded by adjective it 109 00:10:53,660 --> 00:10:58,600 must be or it can be preceded by a or n I say 110 00:10:58,600 --> 00:11:05,000 Christine is becoming a nice girl I 111 00:11:05,000 --> 00:11:08,860 can't say Christine is becoming nice girl a nice 112 00:11:08,860 --> 00:11:12,620 girl because this is adjectival adjectival now 113 00:11:12,620 --> 00:11:20,880 okay Hoda is becoming a clever girl is becoming 114 00:11:20,880 --> 00:11:24,480 clever gear, a clever gear. So we have here an 115 00:11:24,480 --> 00:11:30,400 adjectival noun. Any adjectival noun accepts A or 116 00:11:30,400 --> 00:11:33,740 N according to its morphological construction. 117 00:11:35,740 --> 00:11:39,560 Either preceded by beginning with vowel or 118 00:11:39,560 --> 00:11:44,000 consonant. In case of vowel, it is N. In case of 119 00:11:44,000 --> 00:11:48,780 consonant, it's A. For example, I say university. 120 00:11:50,130 --> 00:11:51,130 Is it A or N? 121 00:11:54,110 --> 00:11:59,550 It is A, a university I say. It's a university. 122 00:11:59,770 --> 00:12:03,270 This is Ya consonant. Ah. 123 00:12:06,330 --> 00:12:13,530 Okay. However, ice cream, an ice cream. Engineer? 124 00:12:14,930 --> 00:12:15,650 Okay. 125 00:12:18,620 --> 00:12:22,640 Now, all professions and adjectives denoting 126 00:12:22,640 --> 00:12:29,040 religions are preceded by A or N. I say I am a 127 00:12:29,040 --> 00:12:35,220 professor. I am a professor. I am a professor. So 128 00:12:35,220 --> 00:12:38,720 this is my profession. You are a student. 129 00:12:41,260 --> 00:12:46,940 He is a mason. He is a windscatter. 130 00:12:52,330 --> 00:12:57,590 He's a doctor. Okay. So all professions and 131 00:12:57,590 --> 00:13:06,450 handicrafts are preceded by A or N. My father is a 132 00:13:06,450 --> 00:13:12,350 teacher. Your father is an engineer, for example. 133 00:13:13,050 --> 00:13:22,760 Your dad is a doctor. your dad accountant okay he 134 00:13:22,760 --> 00:13:28,580 is an accountant okay he's an accountant okay your 135 00:13:28,580 --> 00:13:39,600 dad okay he's also an accountant your dad a lawyer 136 00:13:39,600 --> 00:13:45,960 okay he's a lawyer he is an advocate Okay, so we 137 00:13:45,960 --> 00:13:50,640 have all professions and handcrafts are preceded 138 00:13:50,640 --> 00:13:57,640 by the indefinite article A or N Okay adjectives 139 00:13:57,640 --> 00:14:01,980 of religions I say أنا مسلم how could you 140 00:14:01,980 --> 00:14:08,240 translate it? I am a Muslim She is she is a 141 00:14:08,240 --> 00:14:14,580 Christian He is a Jew So religions are preceded by 142 00:14:14,580 --> 00:14:22,440 A or N. Okay? Now all expressions or some 143 00:14:22,440 --> 00:14:25,820 expressions of quantity and measurements are also 144 00:14:25,820 --> 00:14:29,480 preceded by A or N. For example, a pair of shoes. 145 00:14:30,380 --> 00:14:38,460 A pair. A. A little. We have little and a little. 146 00:14:39,460 --> 00:14:42,160 Which is larger than the other? Little or a 147 00:14:42,160 --> 00:14:48,180 little? No, no. A little is larger than little. A 148 00:14:48,180 --> 00:14:55,860 few, a few, few, few. A few is larger than few. 149 00:14:56,640 --> 00:15:03,460 Okay. A couple of minutes, a few, a hundred, a 150 00:15:03,460 --> 00:15:09,250 thousand, three tablets a day. Now we speak about 151 00:15:09,250 --> 00:15:13,790 the duration. Three tablets a day. I drove 80 152 00:15:13,790 --> 00:15:21,510 miles an hour. So day, hour, minute are preceded 153 00:15:21,510 --> 00:15:27,710 by the indefinite article A or N. So three tablets 154 00:15:27,710 --> 00:15:35,910 a day. The child has to have the medicine by 155 00:15:35,910 --> 00:15:45,830 taking three teaspoonfuls a day. Okay. Three 156 00:15:45,830 --> 00:15:51,430 tablets a day, 80 kilometers an hour. The material 157 00:15:51,430 --> 00:16:03,310 is $10 a meter. $10 a meter. Okay. The apples 158 00:16:06,890 --> 00:16:16,090 cost two dollars a kilo okay a pound so all means 159 00:16:16,090 --> 00:16:22,210 of quantity okay or measurements units of 160 00:16:22,210 --> 00:16:32,730 measurements are perceived by a or n type 161 00:16:32,730 --> 00:16:38,440 now the proper nouns which are Used as adjectives 162 00:16:38,440 --> 00:16:42,260 in the sentence in the singular proper noun used 163 00:16:42,260 --> 00:16:48,400 as an adjective Must be preceded by a or n He's a 164 00:16:48,400 --> 00:16:55,400 Napoleon He's a Napoleon She's 165 00:16:55,400 --> 00:16:59,980 a Shakespeare And she is like Shakespeare he and 166 00:16:59,980 --> 00:17:06,050 his courage is like Napoleon Okay So if you use a 167 00:17:06,050 --> 00:17:13,170 noun in place or if you have a noun functioning as 168 00:17:13,170 --> 00:17:17,770 an adjective, then it must be preceded by A or N 169 00:17:17,770 --> 00:17:18,690 if it is singular. 170 00:17:23,950 --> 00:17:27,290 Now, the adverbial expressions of time must be 171 00:17:27,290 --> 00:17:33,370 preceded by A or N. He sat for a while. He sat for 172 00:17:33,370 --> 00:17:38,990 an hour. He sat for a day. He stayed for a month. 173 00:17:40,230 --> 00:17:47,810 He stayed with us for a year. Do you get that? Do 174 00:17:47,810 --> 00:17:54,990 you understand? Hold on for a minute. Hold on for 175 00:17:54,990 --> 00:18:02,750 a minute. Okay. Hold on for a moment. Hold on for 176 00:18:02,750 --> 00:18:05,650 a second. So you have A. 177 00:18:08,470 --> 00:18:13,850 Now greetings must be preceded by, must be 178 00:18:13,850 --> 00:18:18,410 preceded by A or N. I say have nice time or have a 179 00:18:18,410 --> 00:18:24,450 nice time? Have a nice time. Have a nice day. Have 180 00:18:24,450 --> 00:18:29,070 a nice stay with us in Gaza. Have a nice weekend. 181 00:18:30,730 --> 00:18:38,360 Okay. Have a nice exam. Have a good exam Once 182 00:18:38,360 --> 00:18:41,400 you have greeting expressions, they are preceded 183 00:18:41,400 --> 00:18:49,440 by A or N Okay Now 184 00:18:49,440 --> 00:18:52,480 a 185 00:18:52,480 --> 00:18:57,680 Merry Christmas to you and a Happy New Year It's 186 00:18:57,680 --> 00:19:01,960 greeting Merry Christmas. It's preceded by A Happy 187 00:19:01,960 --> 00:19:06,000 New Year It's also preceded by A because this is 188 00:19:06,000 --> 00:19:11,360 part of greeting. أتمنى لك عيدا سعيدا. Is this 189 00:19:11,360 --> 00:19:16,540 available in Arabic? We don't have A or N in 190 00:19:16,540 --> 00:19:20,100 Arabic or equivalence of A and N. Okay, we only 191 00:19:20,100 --> 00:19:25,760 have the definite article. We have covert system 192 00:19:25,760 --> 00:19:31,180 of indefiniteness and the nonation ولدا رأيت ولدا 193 00:19:31,180 --> 00:19:36,330 يمشي في الشارع Waladan here with the nonation is 194 00:19:36,330 --> 00:19:40,710 for emphasis is not for indefiniteness. So the 195 00:19:40,710 --> 00:19:44,270 nonation Tanween in Arabic is not used for 196 00:19:44,270 --> 00:19:47,530 indefiniteness. It is only for emphasis. 197 00:19:50,890 --> 00:19:58,230 Okay. في يوم من الأيام كان هناك ملكا هذا 198 00:19:58,230 --> 00:20:03,990 الملك يدعى شهريار ملك is not preceded by anything. 199 00:20:04,270 --> 00:20:09,990 It is zero. Once I repeat, I use ال التعريف. هذا 200 00:20:09,990 --> 00:20:17,350 الملك يدعى. Okay. So English is not like Arabic. 201 00:20:18,430 --> 00:20:22,030 This must be taken very seriously once you 202 00:20:22,030 --> 00:20:26,130 translate from English to Arabic or from Arabic to 203 00:20:26,130 --> 00:20:28,550 English. Otherwise, you commit serious errors. 204 00:20:30,250 --> 00:20:30,570 Okay. 205 00:20:34,910 --> 00:20:41,790 Because the definiteness or indefiniteness have 206 00:20:41,790 --> 00:20:45,730 semantic meaning, which is very, very important. 207 00:20:46,110 --> 00:20:48,430 It changes the meaning of the whole sentence. 208 00:20:52,210 --> 00:21:02,070 This is 209 00:21:02,070 --> 00:21:06,540 what we understood. But the original decision, the 210 00:21:06,540 --> 00:21:11,020 original solution, okay, issued by the Security 211 00:21:11,020 --> 00:21:14,080 Council was like so. 212 00:21:17,660 --> 00:21:26,960 Which Arab 213 00:21:26,960 --> 00:21:32,650 territories does it mean? okay so the whole 214 00:21:32,650 --> 00:21:38,410 sentence changed completely okay this is why we 215 00:21:38,410 --> 00:21:45,350 reject it okay anyway the 216 00:21:45,350 --> 00:21:49,170 definite article the has very important semantic 217 00:21:49,170 --> 00:21:54,750 rule in English and قل التعريف in Arabic has the 218 00:21:54,750 --> 00:21:59,010 same rule however the translation of قل التعريف 219 00:22:00,670 --> 00:22:04,010 does not necessarily mean that in all situations 220 00:22:04,010 --> 00:22:09,150 and that cannot be translated with Arabic in all 221 00:22:09,150 --> 00:22:13,070 situations it depends on the structure of the 222 00:22:13,070 --> 00:22:15,310 sentence so you have to take care about the 223 00:22:15,310 --> 00:22:21,230 context of the sentence or the context where these 224 00:22:21,230 --> 00:22:29,090 indefinite or definite articles used okay I 225 00:22:29,090 --> 00:22:37,100 say For expressions of time I sat for a while It 226 00:22:37,100 --> 00:22:41,400 is zero in Arabic while in English must be 227 00:22:41,400 --> 00:22:44,980 preceded by the indefinite article A Hold on for a 228 00:22:44,980 --> 00:22:51,580 minute A minute 229 00:22:51,580 --> 00:22:56,320 Okay 230 00:22:58,550 --> 00:23:00,710 Hold on for a moment. 231 00:23:03,510 --> 00:23:08,410 With greetings and good wishes. I say have a nice 232 00:23:08,410 --> 00:23:09,190 time. 233 00:23:12,070 --> 00:23:16,590 It is zero. However, in English, it must be 234 00:23:16,590 --> 00:23:19,750 translated by using the indefinite article the. 235 00:23:20,350 --> 00:23:24,010 Have a nice time. Have a nice day. Have a good 236 00:23:24,010 --> 00:23:28,020 exam. Have a nice stay here with us in Gaza. Have 237 00:23:28,020 --> 00:23:33,540 a nice return journey to your country. Okay? 238 00:23:38,040 --> 00:23:47,960 Now similes take A or N mainly after the particle 239 00:23:47,960 --> 00:23:53,800 as or like. He fought like a lion. He fought like 240 00:23:53,800 --> 00:24:00,700 a lion. I don't say he fought like a lion He 241 00:24:00,700 --> 00:24:10,560 vanished like a ghost So 242 00:24:10,560 --> 00:24:17,540 I translate 243 00:24:17,540 --> 00:24:23,060 it using the definite article I 244 00:24:23,060 --> 00:24:28,440 can say اختفى كشبح So it is not necessarily to 245 00:24:28,440 --> 00:24:33,320 translate A and N with what is called zero article 246 00:24:33,320 --> 00:24:34,640 in Arabic. 247 00:24:37,020 --> 00:24:37,320 Okay. 248 00:24:44,920 --> 00:24:51,420 But in English, you have to say, you can't say he 249 00:24:51,420 --> 00:24:59,190 fought fiercely like the lion like a lion okay so 250 00:24:59,190 --> 00:25:01,690 you have to take care about this once you 251 00:25:01,690 --> 00:25:08,750 translate okay the cardinal numbers or the 252 00:25:08,750 --> 00:25:12,990 cardinal number one replaces the indefinite 253 00:25:12,990 --> 00:25:21,590 article a or n for emphasis i can cross out a or n 254 00:25:21,590 --> 00:25:26,960 and replace one instead just for emphasis He 255 00:25:26,960 --> 00:25:31,540 bought one suit and two shirts. One suit. I can't 256 00:25:31,540 --> 00:25:35,200 say a suit. I emphasize that he bought only one 257 00:25:35,200 --> 00:25:40,940 suit. One suit. Okay. He bought one suit. Okay. 258 00:25:41,040 --> 00:25:43,540 One here is for indefiniteness. 259 00:25:45,800 --> 00:25:53,610 These, now, اشترى بدلة واحدة و قميصين but it is 260 00:25:53,610 --> 00:25:59,730 zero okay so now we have overt indefiniteness 261 00:25:59,730 --> 00:26:03,410 system in English represented or translated in a 262 00:26:03,410 --> 00:26:07,510 or n while in Arabic we have zero indefiniteness 263 00:26:07,510 --> 00:26:15,210 however for translating I cannot be bound to have 264 00:26:15,210 --> 00:26:19,050 equivalence okay because in Arabic we don't have 265 00:26:20,100 --> 00:26:24,020 indefiniteness system. It is covert. Some 266 00:26:24,020 --> 00:26:30,420 sentences, mainly in similes, in some sentences, 267 00:26:30,540 --> 00:26:38,360 we translate the A and N into in Arabic. So if you 268 00:26:38,360 --> 00:26:40,480 have this sentence to be translated into English, 269 00:26:40,600 --> 00:26:45,040 you have to say, he fought like a lion. We don't 270 00:26:45,040 --> 00:26:48,580 say he fought like the lion. it's not accepted 271 00:26:48,580 --> 00:26:52,080 okay so as you see Arabic is different from 272 00:26:52,080 --> 00:26:56,400 English the two languages are semantically and 273 00:26:56,400 --> 00:27:04,800 grammatically different from each other okay now 274 00:27:04,800 --> 00:27:08,800 the definite article we have the definite article 275 00:27:08,800 --> 00:27:14,440 the in English it's equivalent to التعريف in 276 00:27:14,440 --> 00:27:20,070 Arabic but semantically they are not the same. You 277 00:27:20,070 --> 00:27:23,470 can't translate the ال التعريف by the in all the 278 00:27:23,470 --> 00:27:28,510 times. You can't translate the into ال التعريف in 279 00:27:28,510 --> 00:27:32,850 all times mainly because the function of each one 280 00:27:32,850 --> 00:27:35,690 of these definite articles in the two languages 281 00:27:35,690 --> 00:27:41,930 differ from each other. Let's see the function of 282 00:27:41,930 --> 00:27:46,880 the in English. Okay. First, you know that that 283 00:27:46,880 --> 00:27:52,320 precedes the nouns like A and N. Okay. The noun 284 00:27:52,320 --> 00:27:52,700 phrase. 285 00:27:57,220 --> 00:28:01,440 It refers to the noun which refers to an entity 286 00:28:01,440 --> 00:28:05,620 known by the speaker and the listener, meaning the 287 00:28:05,620 --> 00:28:09,540 addresser and the addressee. If you too speak 288 00:28:09,540 --> 00:28:14,900 about a certain entity or a certain thing known by 289 00:28:14,900 --> 00:28:20,260 you all, then you must precede this noun by using 290 00:28:20,260 --> 00:28:27,370 the. Okay? The professor is absent today. The 291 00:28:27,370 --> 00:28:31,190 professor is absent today. You know, what do I 292 00:28:31,190 --> 00:28:35,750 mean? Okay. I mean your professor whom you are 293 00:28:35,750 --> 00:28:39,750 familiar with. So I say the professor. Okay. 294 00:28:44,850 --> 00:28:49,650 The prime minister greeted 295 00:28:49,650 --> 00:28:56,630 the released prisoners yesterday. You know him. 296 00:28:57,360 --> 00:29:01,920 Okay. So you say the prime minister. Okay. I say 297 00:29:01,920 --> 00:29:06,720 the legislative council. You know what I, what do 298 00:29:06,720 --> 00:29:11,680 I mean? Okay. You know what I mean? The 299 00:29:11,680 --> 00:29:15,880 legislative council. How many legislative councils 300 00:29:15,880 --> 00:29:20,320 are there in Gaza? One. So it is proceeded by 301 00:29:20,320 --> 00:29:22,480 them. Okay. 302 00:29:25,280 --> 00:29:27,940 So I say the prime minister, the legislative 303 00:29:27,940 --> 00:29:35,600 council, the parliament. Okay. The university. 304 00:29:38,820 --> 00:29:44,100 You know, you know it. Okay. So once you speak 305 00:29:44,100 --> 00:29:46,760 about an entity or a noun phrase known by the 306 00:29:46,760 --> 00:29:51,340 speaker and the listener, then you use the. Okay. 307 00:29:54,670 --> 00:30:01,930 Now, if you have a noun preceded by, or the 308 00:30:01,930 --> 00:30:07,850 noun is followed by relative clause, relative 309 00:30:07,850 --> 00:30:13,890 particle, complementizer, like who, whom, whose, 310 00:30:14,410 --> 00:30:19,810 which, that, then this noun, which precedes the 311 00:30:19,810 --> 00:30:29,050 complementizer has the. I say, for example, the 312 00:30:29,050 --> 00:30:33,670 man who was standing there is my uncle. The man 313 00:30:33,670 --> 00:30:39,750 who was. I can say man who was. Since you have who 314 00:30:39,750 --> 00:30:43,370 as a complementizer or as a relative pronoun as 315 00:30:43,370 --> 00:30:47,630 you name it, then it is preceded by the definite 316 00:30:47,630 --> 00:30:49,030 article, the. 317 00:30:52,570 --> 00:30:55,610 The car which I bought yesterday was very 318 00:30:55,610 --> 00:30:56,250 expensive. 319 00:30:59,470 --> 00:31:05,070 The car. I don't say car which was. Since you have 320 00:31:05,070 --> 00:31:07,990 which, then the noun preceding it must be preceded 321 00:31:07,990 --> 00:31:13,150 by the definite article there. Okay? Now, if you 322 00:31:13,150 --> 00:31:18,430 have also a noun followed by preposition phrase 323 00:31:19,430 --> 00:31:22,250 Then it must be preceded by the definite article 324 00:31:22,250 --> 00:31:27,170 that I say the 10th of April of April preposition 325 00:31:27,170 --> 00:31:31,910 phrase. The 10th of April. 10th is a noun. So it 326 00:31:31,910 --> 00:31:35,270 must be preceded by main that. Okay. 327 00:31:42,510 --> 00:31:43,170 Okay. 328 00:31:50,130 --> 00:31:54,850 Most of the food was consumed. Why do we have the 329 00:31:54,850 --> 00:31:56,890 here before the noun food? 330 00:32:00,950 --> 00:32:07,790 Why does the noun food have the? 331 00:32:10,150 --> 00:32:13,890 Most of 332 00:32:13,890 --> 00:32:16,410 the food was consumed. Now you enter your kitchen, 333 00:32:17,790 --> 00:32:22,650 And you find, you open the fridge, okay? And you 334 00:32:22,650 --> 00:32:25,710 say to your mom, most of the food was consumed. 335 00:32:27,570 --> 00:32:31,170 The food. The food is an entity known by the 336 00:32:31,170 --> 00:32:33,850 speaker and the listener. So it is there. 337 00:32:40,150 --> 00:32:45,110 Now proper names usually don't have any article. 338 00:32:46,410 --> 00:32:51,090 Ahmed, Mohammed, John, Mary, Chris, don't have any 339 00:32:51,090 --> 00:32:54,410 article, okay? However, some names of countries, 340 00:32:54,990 --> 00:32:58,390 cities or localities are preceded by the definite 341 00:32:58,390 --> 00:33:02,810 article the. I say the Sudan, the United States, 342 00:33:03,870 --> 00:33:08,390 the Congo, I say the West Bank, the Gaza Strip. 343 00:33:09,140 --> 00:33:14,400 The United Nations. The compound nouns are 344 00:33:14,400 --> 00:33:18,460 preceded by the definite article there. We cannot 345 00:33:18,460 --> 00:33:22,920 say Gaza Strip. The Gaza Strip. I can't say West 346 00:33:22,920 --> 00:33:30,200 Bank. The West Bank. Okay. The Arab, the United 347 00:33:30,200 --> 00:33:38,550 Arab Emirates. Okay. Now, names of oceans, seas, 348 00:33:39,330 --> 00:33:42,850 rivers, deserts are always preceded by the 349 00:33:42,850 --> 00:33:47,470 definite article, the. Okay? I say the Atlantic, 350 00:33:48,770 --> 00:33:53,690 the Pacific, the Nile, the Red Sea, the Euphrates. 351 00:33:56,930 --> 00:34:00,530 Okay. So once you speak about water, about seas 352 00:34:00,530 --> 00:34:05,170 and oceans, you must use a definite article. البحر 353 00:34:05,170 --> 00:34:11,730 الأبيض المتوسط. I say the Mediterranean Sea. I 354 00:34:11,730 --> 00:34:13,710 can't say Mediterranean Sea, the Mediterranean 355 00:34:13,710 --> 00:34:15,510 Sea. Okay. 356 00:34:20,970 --> 00:34:29,120 I say بحر الشمال, the North Sea. Okay. 357 00:34:32,780 --> 00:34:36,180 Now the definite article precedes the plural names 358 00:34:36,180 --> 00:34:40,320 and family names followed by a noun. The Johnson's 359 00:34:40,320 --> 00:34:45,220 bought a new house last month. The family of 360 00:34:45,220 --> 00:34:51,020 Johnson's. Username can be preceded by the 361 00:34:51,020 --> 00:34:52,940 definite article there. Okay. 362 00:35:01,210 --> 00:35:05,070 I met the Masturbator family when I visited Japan. 363 00:35:06,450 --> 00:35:10,330 The Masturbator family here, the surname is 364 00:35:10,330 --> 00:35:15,770 preceded by the definite article the. You have 365 00:35:15,770 --> 00:35:23,530 this in the Arab Gulf countries. So instead of 366 00:35:23,530 --> 00:35:28,930 saying Walid Amir, If I teach just in Qatar or in 367 00:35:28,930 --> 00:35:32,210 Saudi Arabia or whatever, they must say Dr. Walid 368 00:35:32,210 --> 00:35:37,430 Al Amir as a sort of respect, it seems. So their 369 00:35:37,430 --> 00:35:42,830 dialects do not accept zero article before the 370 00:35:42,830 --> 00:35:47,890 surname. They accept always the ال التعريف. So 371 00:35:47,890 --> 00:35:52,070 here we have this in English. The family name. 372 00:35:54,720 --> 00:36:08,040 can have the definite article, okay? Once used, 373 00:36:08,340 --> 00:36:10,940 I mean, the plural name, the family name, the 374 00:36:10,940 --> 00:36:14,940 plural name has 375 00:36:14,940 --> 00:36:18,080 the definite article if followed by a noun. The 376 00:36:18,080 --> 00:36:25,000 Johnsons bought a new house. Okay? The Mustapara 377 00:36:25,000 --> 00:36:25,540 family. 378 00:36:29,380 --> 00:36:33,620 Mustapara plus family. A surname plus a noun. 379 00:36:34,600 --> 00:36:34,940 Okay. 380 00:36:39,120 --> 00:36:43,440 The definite article precedes things or entities 381 00:36:43,440 --> 00:36:49,520 which exist in the universe as unique as when I 382 00:36:49,520 --> 00:36:54,670 see the sun. The moon. How many moons are there? 383 00:36:56,350 --> 00:37:02,610 One. How many suns? One. So the sun, the moon, the 384 00:37:02,610 --> 00:37:05,570 Quran, the Holy Quran. 385 00:37:10,530 --> 00:37:16,110 The plural nationalities must be preceded by the 386 00:37:16,110 --> 00:37:20,250 definite article the. I say the Japanese, the 387 00:37:20,250 --> 00:37:26,650 French, The British. So what's the difference 388 00:37:26,650 --> 00:37:32,050 between the English and English? English refers to 389 00:37:32,050 --> 00:37:38,670 language. The English refers to nationality. Okay. 390 00:37:44,490 --> 00:37:48,370 So we as Palestinians, is it available to say 391 00:37:48,370 --> 00:37:52,460 Palestinians or the Palestinians? What's the 392 00:37:52,460 --> 00:37:55,880 difference in translation? Once I say the 393 00:37:55,880 --> 00:37:59,300 Palestinians, we mean that we are people, we are a 394 00:37:59,300 --> 00:38:04,000 nation confessed by all people. However, if we say 395 00:38:04,000 --> 00:38:09,680 Palestinians, like the CNN or our enemies call us, 396 00:38:10,240 --> 00:38:15,620 this means that we refer gangs or groups of people 397 00:38:15,620 --> 00:38:21,350 that cannot be identified as a nation. Okay? So 398 00:38:21,350 --> 00:38:25,230 you as Palestinian translators must say about 399 00:38:25,230 --> 00:38:28,670 yourselves as Palestinians or the Palestinians? 400 00:38:28,970 --> 00:38:31,990 The Palestinians. Okay? 401 00:38:34,630 --> 00:38:37,930 So this is taken once you translate from English 402 00:38:37,930 --> 00:38:41,690 to Arabic from the BBC, you must use what is 403 00:38:41,690 --> 00:38:46,350 called managing in translation. Okay, insert your 404 00:38:46,350 --> 00:38:48,250 own beliefs, your own ideas. 405 00:38:50,950 --> 00:38:56,450 Now, we have also the abstract adjectives used as 406 00:38:56,450 --> 00:39:04,410 nouns. Abstract adjectives. The rich must 407 00:39:12,640 --> 00:39:18,600 Give money or give donations to the poor, to the 408 00:39:18,600 --> 00:39:27,220 needy. You must be highly kind to the aged. 409 00:39:30,400 --> 00:39:36,640 The poor is an adjective. It stands here in place 410 00:39:36,640 --> 00:39:39,360 of a noun. So it must be preceded by the definite 411 00:39:39,360 --> 00:39:40,140 article there. 412 00:39:42,870 --> 00:39:49,170 Okay. So the 413 00:39:49,170 --> 00:39:56,310 poor need the help of the rich. The aged are 414 00:39:56,310 --> 00:40:02,970 subject to more aphasia than others. Language 415 00:40:02,970 --> 00:40:06,250 diseases, aphasia. 416 00:40:09,630 --> 00:40:13,690 Okay. The aged are subject to more aphasia than 417 00:40:13,690 --> 00:40:22,390 others. The aged. Okay. Now that is also precedes 418 00:40:22,390 --> 00:40:30,210 the compass directions. I see the North, the East, 419 00:40:30,950 --> 00:40:35,190 the South, the West. Okay. 420 00:40:40,780 --> 00:40:45,920 So I was born in the Middle East. In the Middle 421 00:40:45,920 --> 00:40:51,040 East. Middle East. It's direction. So it is there. 422 00:40:55,660 --> 00:41:02,740 I say Palestine lies off the Mediterranean Sea to 423 00:41:02,740 --> 00:41:09,860 the West. Sorry, to the West. Yes. And Syria and 424 00:41:09,860 --> 00:41:18,900 Lebanon To the North, Jordan to the East and Egypt 425 00:41:18,900 --> 00:41:26,280 to the South. So I say the North, the South, the 426 00:41:26,280 --> 00:41:32,200 West, the East. Okay. All directions are preceded 427 00:41:32,200 --> 00:41:35,020 by the. Okay. 428 00:41:44,420 --> 00:41:50,140 We have the definite article used for or they are 429 00:41:50,140 --> 00:41:56,000 used for body parts. Okay. John hit Mary in the 430 00:41:56,000 --> 00:42:01,560 eye. Eye is part of the body. Okay. 431 00:42:05,860 --> 00:42:10,760 He captured him from the shoulder, the shoulder. 432 00:42:11,660 --> 00:42:19,700 The policeman took the criminal by the arm and 433 00:42:19,700 --> 00:42:25,840 led him away. So the arm, the shoulder, the eye, 434 00:42:27,260 --> 00:42:31,100 all parts of the body can be perceived by the 435 00:42:31,100 --> 00:42:32,860 definite article, The. 436 00:42:41,530 --> 00:42:43,670 Now, this is similar to Arabic. 437 00:42:47,350 --> 00:42:50,750 But if 438 00:42:50,750 --> 00:42:54,110 you have a clitic, the clitic stands for آل 439 00:42:54,110 --> 00:42:54,570 التعريف. 440 00:43:01,260 --> 00:43:04,720 Refers, it stands as a critic. It refers to the 441 00:43:04,720 --> 00:43:05,900 definite article there. 442 00:43:09,480 --> 00:43:09,540 Okay. 443 00:43:21,060 --> 00:43:21,680 Okay. 444 00:43:25,860 --> 00:43:28,080 So you have this in both languages. 445 00:43:35,340 --> 00:43:38,580 Now that precedes the object in the immediate 446 00:43:38,580 --> 00:43:39,740 situation use. 447 00:43:42,980 --> 00:43:47,560 That precedes the object in the immediate 448 00:43:47,560 --> 00:43:53,360 situation use. Now I need to cover my eyes and you 449 00:43:53,360 --> 00:44:00,200 need to warn me about the steps. Okay. You say 450 00:44:00,200 --> 00:44:06,620 mind the gap or mind the stairs. Mind the steps. 451 00:44:13,060 --> 00:44:22,180 Mind the gap. This is immediate situation use. So 452 00:44:22,180 --> 00:44:26,040 it precedes the object in the immediate situation 453 00:44:26,040 --> 00:44:32,880 use. Who's going to mind? someone you this is a 454 00:44:32,880 --> 00:44:36,560 subject so we speak about the object mind the gap 455 00:44:36,560 --> 00:44:41,100 the gap is an object it is used here the in the 456 00:44:41,100 --> 00:44:44,780 immediate situation mind the gap mind the steps 457 00:44:44,780 --> 00:44:52,060 mind the stairs okay mind the cup okay 458 00:44:52,060 --> 00:44:55,620 mind the cup you see 459 00:45:05,360 --> 00:45:09,640 Now, don't go there. The police are looking for 460 00:45:09,640 --> 00:45:15,040 you. The police. The, because it is immediate 461 00:45:15,040 --> 00:45:20,920 situation. It's plural. You see? So, next time we 462 00:45:20,920 --> 00:45:23,180 are going, we need to terminate here and next time 463 00:45:23,180 --> 00:45:25,960 we are going to complete with a zero article and 464 00:45:25,960 --> 00:45:28,760 need to touch Arabic and make a comparison or 465 00:45:28,760 --> 00:45:32,540 contrast between the two languages. Okay, that's 466 00:45:32,540 --> 00:45:33,580 it for today. Thank you.