--- annotations_creators: - no-annotation language_creators: - found languages: - en licenses: - apache-2-0 multilinguality: - monolingual size_categories: - 100K. The work at Stanford University was supported by the DARPA DEFT ProgramAFRL contract no. FA8750-13-2-0040. ### Who are the language producers (who wrote the text / created the base content)? The text was written by journalists at CNN and the Daily Mail. ### Who are the annotators? No annotation was provided with the dataset. ## Data characteristics The data consists of news articles and highlight sentences. In the question answering setting of the data, the articles are used as the context and entities are hidden one at a time in the highlight sentences, producing Cloze style questions where the goal of the model is to correctly guess which entity in the context has been hidden in the highlight. In the summarization setting, the highlight sentences are concatenated to form a summary of the article. The CNN articles were written between April 2007 and April 2015. The Daily Mail articles were written between June 2010 and April 2015. ### How was the data collected? The code for the original data collection is available at . The articles were downloaded using archives of and on the Wayback Machine. Articles were not included in the Version 1.0.0 collection if they exceeded 2000 tokens. Due to accessibility issues with the Wayback Machine, Kyunghyun Cho has made the datasets available at . An updated version of the code that does not anonymize the data is available at . ### Normalization information Hermann et al provided their own tokenization script. The script provided by See uses the PTBTokenizer. It also lowercases the text and adds periods to lines missing them. ### Annotation process No annotation was provided with the dataset. ## Dataset Structure ### Splits, features, and labels The CNN/DailyMail dataset has 3 splits: _train_, _validation_, and _test_. Below are the statistics for Version 3.0.0 of the dataset. Dataset Split | Number of Instances in Split --------------|-------------------------------------------- Train | 287,113 Validation | 13,368 Test | 11,490 Each data instance contains the following features: _article_, _highlights_, _id_. Feature | Mean Token Count --------|----------------- Article | 781 Highlights | 56 ### Span indices No span indices are included in this dataset. ### Example ID An example ID is '0001d1afc246a7964130f43ae940af6bc6c57f01'. These are heximal formated SHA1 hashes of the urls where the stories were retrieved from. ### Free text description for context (e.g. describe difference between title / selftext / body in Reddit data) and example For each ID, there is a string for the article, a string for the highlights, and a string for the id. See the [CNN / Daily Mail dataset viewer](https://huggingface.co/datasets/viewer/?dataset=cnn_dailymail&config=3.0.0) to explore more examples. ID | Article | Hightlights ---|---------|------------ 0054d6d30dbcad772e20b22771153a2a9cbeaf62 | (CNN) -- An American woman died aboard a cruise ship that docked at Rio de Janeiro on Tuesday, the same ship on which 86 passengers previously fell ill, according to the state-run Brazilian news agency, Agencia Brasil. The American tourist died aboard the MS Veendam, owned by cruise operator Holland America. Federal Police told Agencia Brasil that forensic doctors were investigating her death. The ship's doctors told police that the woman was elderly and suffered from diabetes and hypertension, according the agency. The other passengers came down with diarrhea prior to her death during an earlier part of the trip, the ship's doctors said. The Veendam left New York 36 days ago for a South America tour. | The elderly woman suffered from diabetes and hypertension, ship's doctors say .\nPreviously, 86 passengers had fallen ill on the ship, Agencia Brasil says . ### Suggested metrics / models: [Zhong et al (2020)](https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.acl-main.552.pdf) report a ROUGE-1 score of 44.41. See the [Papers With Code leaderboard](https://paperswithcode.com/sota/document-summarization-on-cnn-daily-mail) for more models. ## Known Limitations ### Known social biases [Bordia and Bowman (2019)](https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-3002.pdf) explore measuring gender bias and debiasing techniques in the CNN / Dailymail dataset, the Penn Treebank, and WikiText-2. They find the CNN / Dailymail dataset to have a slightly lower gender bias based on their metric compared to the other datasets, but still show evidence of gender bias when looking at words such as 'fragile'. ### Other known limitations News articles have been shown to conform to writing conventions in which important information is primarily presented in the first third of the article [(Kryściński et al, 2019)](https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D19-1051.pdf). [Chen et al (2016)](https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-1223.pdf) conducted a manual study of 100 random instances of the first version of the dataset and found 25% of the samples to be difficult even for humans to answer correctly due to ambiguity and coreference errors. ## Licensing information The CNN / Daily Mail dataset version 1.0.0 is released under the [Apache-2.0 License](http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0). ### Contributions Thanks to [@thomwolf](https://github.com/thomwolf), [@lewtun](https://github.com/lewtun), [@jplu](https://github.com/jplu), [@jbragg](https://github.com/jbragg), [@patrickvonplaten](https://github.com/patrickvonplaten) for adding this dataset.