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- ---
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- license: cc-by-4.0
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- ---
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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+ ---
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+ license: cc-by-4.0
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+ language:
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+ - en
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+ pretty_name: 'AMMeBa: Annotated Misinformation, Media-Based'
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+ ---
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+ # Dataset Card for Dataset Name
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+
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+ <!-- Provide a quick summary of the dataset. -->
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+ This dataset card aims to be a base template for new datasets. It has been generated using [this raw template](https://github.com/huggingface/huggingface_hub/blob/main/src/huggingface_hub/templates/datasetcard_template.md?plain=1).
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+ ## Dataset Details
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+ > The prevalence and harms of online misinformation is a perennial concern for internet platforms, institutions and society at large. Over time, information shared online has become more media-heavy and misinformation has readily adapted to these new modalities. The rise of generative AI-based tools, which provide widely-accessible methods for synthesizing realistic audio, images, video and human-like text, have amplified these concerns. Despite intense interest on the part of the public and significant press coverage, quantitative information on the prevalence and modality of media-based misinformation remains scarce. Here, we present the results of a two-year study using human raters to annotate online media-based misinformation, mostly focusing on images, based on claims assessed in a large sample of publicly-accessible fact checks with the ClaimReview markup. We present an image typology, designed to capture aspects of the image and manipulation relevant to the image's role in the misinformation claim. We visualize the distribution of these types over time. We show the the rise of generative AI-based content in misinformation claims, and that it's commonality is a relatively recent phenomenon, occurring significantly after heavy press coverage. We also show "simple" methods dominated historically, particularly context manipulations, and continued to hold a majority as of the end of data collection in November 2023. The dataset, Annotated Misinformation, Media-Based (AMMeBa), is publicly-available, and we hope that these data will serve as both a means of evaluating mitigation methods in a realistic setting and as a first-of-its-kind census of the types and modalities of online misinformation.
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+ ### Dataset Description
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+ <!-- Provide a longer summary of what this dataset is. -->
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+
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+ - **Curated by:** [More Information Needed]
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+ - **Funded by [optional]:** [More Information Needed]
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+ - **Shared by [optional]:** [More Information Needed]
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+ - **Language(s) (NLP):** [More Information Needed]
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+ - **License:** [More Information Needed]
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+
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+ ### Dataset Sources [optional]
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+
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+ <!-- Provide the basic links for the dataset. -->
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+ - **Repository:** [More Information Needed]
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+ - **Paper [optional]:** [More Information Needed]
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+ - **Demo [optional]:** [More Information Needed]
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+
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+ ## Uses
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+
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+ <!-- Address questions around how the dataset is intended to be used. -->
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+
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+ ### Direct Use
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+ <!-- This section describes suitable use cases for the dataset. -->
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+ [More Information Needed]
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+
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+ ### Out-of-Scope Use
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+
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+ <!-- This section addresses misuse, malicious use, and uses that the dataset will not work well for. -->
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+ [More Information Needed]
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+
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+ ## Dataset Structure
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+
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+ <!-- This section provides a description of the dataset fields, and additional information about the dataset structure such as criteria used to create the splits, relationships between data points, etc. -->
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+ [More Information Needed]
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+
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+ ## Dataset Creation
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+
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+ ### Curation Rationale
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+
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+ <!-- Motivation for the creation of this dataset. -->
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+ [More Information Needed]
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+
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+ ### Source Data
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+ <!-- This section describes the source data (e.g. news text and headlines, social media posts, translated sentences, ...). -->
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+
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+ #### Data Collection and Processing
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+ <!-- This section describes the data collection and processing process such as data selection criteria, filtering and normalization methods, tools and libraries used, etc. -->
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+ [More Information Needed]
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+
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+ #### Who are the source data producers?
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+ <!-- This section describes the people or systems who originally created the data. It should also include self-reported demographic or identity information for the source data creators if this information is available. -->
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+ [More Information Needed]
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+ ### Annotations [optional]
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+ <!-- If the dataset contains annotations which are not part of the initial data collection, use this section to describe them. -->
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+
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+ #### Annotation process
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+ <!-- This section describes the annotation process such as annotation tools used in the process, the amount of data annotated, annotation guidelines provided to the annotators, interannotator statistics, annotation validation, etc. -->
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+ [More Information Needed]
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+
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+ #### Who are the annotators?
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+ <!-- This section describes the people or systems who created the annotations. -->
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+ [More Information Needed]
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+ #### Personal and Sensitive Information
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+ <!-- State whether the dataset contains data that might be considered personal, sensitive, or private (e.g., data that reveals addresses, uniquely identifiable names or aliases, racial or ethnic origins, sexual orientations, religious beliefs, political opinions, financial or health data, etc.). If efforts were made to anonymize the data, describe the anonymization process. -->
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+ [More Information Needed]
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+ ## Bias, Risks, and Limitations
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+ <!-- This section is meant to convey both technical and sociotechnical limitations. -->
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+ [More Information Needed]
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+ ### Recommendations
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+ <!-- This section is meant to convey recommendations with respect to the bias, risk, and technical limitations. -->
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+ Users should be made aware of the risks, biases and limitations of the dataset. More information needed for further recommendations.
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+ ## Citation
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+ **BibTeX:**
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+ ```bibtex
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+ @misc{dufour2024ammeba,
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+ title={AMMeBa: A Large-Scale Survey and Dataset of Media-Based Misinformation In-The-Wild},
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+ author={Nicholas Dufour and Arkanath Pathak and Pouya Samangouei and Nikki Hariri and Shashi Deshetti and Andrew Dudfield and Christopher Guess and Pablo Hernández Escayola and Bobby Tran and Mevan Babakar and Christoph Bregler},
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+ year={2024},
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+ eprint={2405.11697},
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+ archivePrefix={arXiv},
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+ primaryClass={cs.CY}
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+ }
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+ ```