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+CMIavYzj_WQ-00000-00000109-00001411 [Music]
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00001-00001412-00001882 hello everyone Welcome to the
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00002-00001884-00002309 class engineering statistics again
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00003-00002310-00002639 so in the previous lectures we talked
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00004-00002640-00002891 about confidence intervals
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00005-00002892-00003166 and in particular we focused on how to
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00006-00003167-00003436 construct confidence intervals using
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00007-00003438-00003640 hypothesis test
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00008-00003642-00003985 and then we talked about
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00009-00003986-00004433 various tests based on p-values so in
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00010-00004434-00004781 particular we talked about P values P
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00011-00004782-00005170 test t-test add f-test
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00012-00005171-00005459 now in this
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00013-00005460-00005615 lecture
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00014-00005616-00005897 we are going to continue our discussion
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00015-00005898-00006052 of test
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00016-00006053-00006359 of a hypothesis
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00017-00006360-00006545 but now
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00018-00006545-00006827 we will focus on something called non
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00019-00006828-00007019 parametric estimation that means the one
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00020-00007020-00007234 which does not
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00021-00007236-00007505 need to make any assumption about the
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00022-00007506-00007792 statistics we are going to use to make
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00023-00007793-00007903 our
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00024-00007904-00008237 decision either to accept or reject our
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00025-00008238-00008453 null hypothesis
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00026-00008454-00008710 and then we will talk about various
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00027-00008711-00008987 goodness of fit test for this
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00028-00008988-00009233 non-parametric estimation in particular
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00029-00009234-00009419 we are going to talk about three
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00030-00009420-00009689 goodness of a test first one is
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00031-00009690-00009892 chi-square distribution chart square
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00032-00009893-00010181 test then kolmogrow spin now test and
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00033-00010182-00010433 then daily force test
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00034-00010434-00010655 OK let us get started with
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00035-00010656-00010846 what we mean by this non-parametric
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00036-00010847-00011028 estimation
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00037-00011029-00011441 so the statistical methods we use so far
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00038-00011442-00011614 assume the knowledge of the populations
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00039-00011615-00011855 distributions
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00040-00011856-00012137 and that too we assume there are
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00041-00012138-00012377 parameterized for example we assume that
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00042-00012378-00012706 the sample
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00043-00012707-00013157 we have we assume that this is where X
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00044-00013158-00013325 i's are going to come from a certain
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00045-00013326-00013691 distribution with a parameter Theta
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00046-00013691-00013925 and then
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00047-00013926-00014380 we set up our test stress whether
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00048-00014381-00014753 this Theta
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00049-00014754-00015022 a certain
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00050-00015023-00015275 particular value like is this Theta
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00051-00015276-00015557 corresponds to 2030 and particular Theta
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00052-00015558-00015779 naught or or not
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00053-00015780-00016043 okay and we did that using hypothesis
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00054-00016044-00016241 testing
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00055-00016241-00016522 and in hypothesis testing if you recall
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00056-00016523-00016739 we defined
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00057-00016740-00017015 something called power function which
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00058-00017016-00017369 was like a beta of a Theta that is
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00059-00017370-00017821 defined as probability that my sample
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00060-00017822-00018227 belongs to ah
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00061-00018228-00018472 by rejection region so where R is the
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00062-00018473-00018863 rejection region for example R could
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00063-00018864-00019264 come from your log likelihood ratio test
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00064-00019265-00019547 which defined
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00065-00019548-00019757 it like this
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00066-00019758-00019991 but notice that
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00067-00019992-00020141 to compute
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00068-00020142-00020471 this probabilities
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00069-00020472-00020755 we explicitly needed
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00070-00020756-00021143 no this particular
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00071-00021144-00021341 distribution
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00072-00021342-00021653 and this probability was calculated
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00073-00021654-00021994 under the parameter Theta and when we
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00074-00021995-00022477 try to give Alpha level test
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00075-00022478-00022835 we try to find something like
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00076-00022836-00023105 this belongs to null hypothesis right if
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00077-00023106-00023363 you I'm I hope you people all uh recall
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00078-00023364-00023664 this discussions we had so in Computing
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00079-00023665-00023969 all this
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00080-00023970-00024197 the kind of explicitly needed to know
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00081-00024198-00024286 the
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00082-00024287-00024664 underlying distribution and this
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00083-00024665-00024971 the probability of something falling
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00084-00024972-00025325 under this region R we calculated using
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00085-00025326-00025469 the knowledge of this particular
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00086-00025470-00025684 distribution
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00087-00025685-00025877 and we also looked into various
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00088-00025877-00026027 statistics
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00089-00026027-00026290 like for example we used
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00090-00026291-00026795 statistics to do t-test and F test but
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00091-00026795-00027017 in doing test test for example if you
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00092-00027018-00027289 recall the T Test we had something like
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00093-00027289-00027562 X bar sorry
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00094-00027563-00027929 uh yeah I think we had something like XX
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00095-00027930-00028151 bar and
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00096-00028152-00028451 Sigma square and
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00097-00028452-00028835 this is we assumed it to be gaussian
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00098-00028836-00028967 distributed
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00099-00028968-00029201 right which was the case when it was
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00100-00029202-00029399 when the samples are already coming from
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00101-00029400-00029627 the gaussian distribution but we assume
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00102-00029627-00030245 that this statistic
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00103-00030245-00030414 is
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00104-00030416-00030814 gaussian distributed
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00105-00030816-00031355 right or or when the sigma square is not
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00106-00031356-00031552 known we looked into the case when this
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00107-00031554-00031985 Statistics is student
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00108-00031986-00032243 D distributed
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00109-00032244-00032502 okay so we kind of
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00110-00032503-00032674 enforced
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00111-00032675-00032902 some Distribution on the statistic
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00112-00032903-00033118 itself
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00113-00033119-00033383 which we used to make our a decision
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00114-00033384-00033539 right
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00115-00033540-00033833 but now the question is
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00116-00033834-00034223 what if
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00117-00034224-00034535 we don't want to enforce any
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00118-00034536-00034751 Distribution on the statistics
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00119-00034752-00034967 beforehand
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00120-00034968-00035183 that is what if my underlying
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00121-00035184-00035531 distributions are not gaussian
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00122-00035532-00035807 okay and do I still need to make this
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00123-00035808-00036143 just make this assumption always to
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00124-00036144-00036401 apply this test
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00125-00036402-00036743 or put alternatively if I want to do
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00126-00036744-00036887 certain
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00127-00036888-00037193 this of this test I am invariably making
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00128-00037194-00037396 this assumption that the underlying
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00129-00037397-00037523 samples are coming from gaussian
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00130-00037524-00037727 distribution but then how to check that
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00131-00037728-00037871 indeed the samples are coming from
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00132-00037872-00038099 question distributions for that itself
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00133-00038100-00038411 we need a test right so thinking all of
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00134-00038412-00038729 this we need a method where to know the
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00135-00038730-00038902 distribution of the statistics we don't
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00136-00038903-00039262 need to know the underlying distribution
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00137-00039263-00039724 of the samples itself
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00138-00039725-00039839 okay
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00139-00039840-00040067 so keeping this in mind what we have so
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00140-00040068-00040265 far discussed is all this hypothesis
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00141-00040266-00040493 testing T Test F test these are called
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00142-00040494-00040685 parametric method because they
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00143-00040686-00040985 explicitly made use of the properties of
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00144-00040986-00041135 the underlying distribution or the
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00145-00041136-00041243 parameters of the underlying
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00146-00041244-00041399 distribution
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00147-00041400-00041705 and in this at least in the T Test and F
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00148-00041706-00042029 test they kind of assume that ah
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00149-00042030-00042395 normality assumption work holds but this
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00150-00042396-00042545 is true only when we have large number
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00151-00042546-00042802 of samples and in in that case my
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00152-00042803-00043115 statistics which was of the form X bar
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00153-00043116-00043415 which could be think of following
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00154-00043416-00043661 gaussian distribution using our Center
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00155-00043662-00043943 limit theorem but however this is not
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00156-00043944-00044129 the case when we have small number of
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00157-00044130-00044458 samples and that is why
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00158-00044459-00044662 before we are going to apply any of the
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00159-00044663-00045052 hypothesis testing F test or t-test that
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00160-00045053-00045383 we used before we need to validate that
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00161-00045384-00045658 the assumptions we are making on the
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00162-00045659-00045874 underlying distributions of the sample
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00163-00045875-00046055 is correct
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00164-00046056-00046174 so
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00165-00046175-00046402 to do that itself we need to have some
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00166-00046403-00046655 statistics
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00167-00046656-00046871 whose distribution itself does not
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00168-00046872-00047165 depend on the distribution of the sample
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00169-00047166-00047530 if that is the case then we are going to
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00170-00047531-00047639 call them
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00171-00047640-00047890 as
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00172-00047891-00048430 non parametric method
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00173-00048431-00048635 or
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00174-00048636-00049679 distribution free methods
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00175-00049680-00049973 okay distribution sorry I want to I
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00176-00049974-00050380 meant here distribution free methods
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00177-00050381-00050567 okay
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00178-00050568-00050986 okay now
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00179-00050987-00051124 suppose
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00180-00051125-00051311 we want to check
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00181-00051312-00051454 whether
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00182-00051455-00051685 uh
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00183-00051686-00051946 observed samples are going to follow
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00184-00051947-00052102 certain distributions
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00185-00052103-00052319 then we need to have
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00186-00052320-00052571 certain tests
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00187-00052572-00052823 to check whether they follow the given
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00188-00052824-00053057 hypothesis
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00189-00053058-00053344 our distribution which is taken as null
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00190-00053345-00053626 hypothesis and those tests we are going
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00191-00053627-00053782 to now call it as goodness of test
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00192-00053783-00054035 basically we are going to say that the
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00193-00054036-00054263 samples we are going to observe are they
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00194-00054264-00054611 going to follow
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00195-00054612-00054904 given distribution and we want to check
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00196-00054905-00055457 the goodness of that fit
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00197-00055458-00055900 now in that regard
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00198-00055901-00056147 like assume that
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00199-00056148-00056363 are like let's say your underlying
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00200-00056364-00056603 population distribution and on
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00201-00056604-00056830 and we want to check if the data follows
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00202-00056832-00057047 a hypothesized distribution which I am
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00203-00057048-00057341 going to denote as F naught
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00204-00057341-00057599 so now the goal itself is like earlier
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00205-00057600-00058007 when I have this samples
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00206-00058008-00058271 I kind of assumed FIS are going to
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00207-00058272-00058816 follow certain PD PDF or let's say some
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00208-00058817-00059069 parametric CDF now I am going to assume
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00209-00059070-00059303 that this itself is not known I want to
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00210-00059304-00059465 check this itself
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00211-00059466-00059842 and that I am going to denote it as F of
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00212-00059844-00060166 0 here
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00213-00060167-00060479 now then what is my hypothesis now now
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00214-00060479-00060773 my hypothesis test my test can be now
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00215-00060774-00061054 posed as
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00216-00061055-00061313 that my CDF
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00217-00061314-00061553 is that
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00218-00061554-00061876 of f naught which I am hypothesizing it
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00219-00061877-00062026 to be
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00220-00062027-00062297 and this holds for all possible values
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00221-00062298-00062411 of x
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00222-00062412-00062663 and the alternator hypothesis is at
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00223-00062664-00063011 least it differs at one point that is my
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00224-00063012-00063292 distribution of the data points is not
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00225-00063294-00063521 same as the null hypo null hypothesis
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00226-00063522-00063766 distribution at least one point
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00227-00063767-00063892 now
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00228-00063894-00064397 this hypothesis distribution now
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00229-00064398-00064913 can be this hypothesis distribution
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00230-00064914-00065104 can be either completely self-specified
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00231-00065105-00065326 with all the parameters
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00232-00065327-00065650 for example this F naught
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00233-00065651-00065921 could be associated with the probability
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00234-00065922-00066094 density function which is gaussian with
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00235-00066095-00066281 parameter mu and sigma Square here the
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00236-00066282-00066425 parameters of the distributions are
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00237-00066426-00066743 completely specified or it could be told
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00238-00066744-00067013 that like our null hypothesis is a
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00239-00067014-00067217 poisson distribution with a parameter
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00240-00067218-00067361 Lambda
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00241-00067362-00067576 or it may happen that this hypothesis
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00242-00067577-00067811 distribution is only specified in terms
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00243-00067812-00067937 of its shape
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00244-00067938-00068171 for example we only know that this is
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00245-00068172-00068399 the null hypothesis is a gaussian
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00246-00068400-00068626 distribution that's it we don't know
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00247-00068627-00068776 what are the parameters or we may be
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00248-00068777-00068891 just told that it is poisson
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00249-00068892-00069047 distribution without specifying what's
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00250-00069048-00069400 the parameter is
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00251-00069401-00069799 now how to Cooper that how to go about
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00252-00069800-00070211 checking whether my samples follow this
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00253-00070212-00070505 null hypothesis for that we are going to
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00254-00070506-00070956 see
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00255-00070957-00071303 majorly two tests one for discrete
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00256-00071304-00071494 random variables and another for the
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00257-00071495-00071675 continuous random variables in the
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00258-00071676-00071813 discrete random variables we are going
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00259-00071814-00072005 to use something called Chi Square test
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00260-00072006-00072282 which is proposed by one of the famous
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00261-00072283-00072575 mathematician called PSL
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00262-00072576-00072899 in I think only 800s
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00263-00072900-00073117 so in this
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00264-00073118-00073426 what we are going to do is compare the
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00265-00073427-00073697 observed frequencies with that of the
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00266-00073698-00073919 expected frequencies under null
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00267-00073920-00074081 hypothesis
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00268-00074082-00074279 and as I said this will be used mostly
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00269-00074280-00074567 for the discrete populations
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00270-00074568-00074969 OK and another test again
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00271-00074970-00075031 um
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00272-00075032-00075253 introduced by famous mathematics
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00273-00075254-00075479 mathematicians are and also
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00274-00075480-00075829 statisticians kormogram and Smith now
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00275-00075830-00076361 and uh variant of that by a lily Force
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00276-00076362-00076679 so here we are going to compare observed
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00277-00076680-00076871 cumulative
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00278-00076872-00077159 relative frequencies with that expected
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00279-00077160-00077411 under the null hypothesis
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00280-00077412-00077609 so notice that here we are trying to
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00281-00077610-00077819 compare the frequencies
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00282-00077820-00078053 of the
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00283-00078054-00078425 ah classes I will make it a bit clear
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00284-00078426-00078659 and here we are going to
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00285-00078660-00078815 compare
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00286-00078816-00079156 the cumulative relative frequencies of
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00287-00079157-00079438 of the distributions
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00288-00079439-00079699 okay so we are going to compare
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00289-00079700-00079985 cumulated relative frequencies
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00290-00079986-00080069 okay
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00291-00080070-00080338 and this comograph split now and nearly
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00292-00080339-00080579 force test usually is going to apply it
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00293-00080580-00080861 for continuous population density and
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00294-00080862-00081065 more specifically force will be applied
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00295-00081066-00081229 to check whether the underlying
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00296-00081230-00081773 population is gaussian distributed
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00297-00081774-00081941 okay now let's
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00298-00081942-00082175 focus on the chi Square test
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00299-00082176-00082379 now our
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00300-00082380-00082655 we want to test whether
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00301-00082656-00082805 my
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00302-00082806-00083159 observed data follows a given discrete
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00303-00083160-00083315 population
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00304-00083316-00083597 which I do not as F naught and we are
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00305-00083598-00083741 going to assume that that is completely
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00306-00083742-00084041 specified for example if it is a
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00307-00084042-00084185 gaussian
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00308-00084186-00084503 sorry we are talking about ah
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00309-00084504-00084881 a discrete here may be this F naught my
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00310-00084882-00085175 distributions can be poisson with Lambda
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00311-00085176-00085426 so here I am specifying the parameter or
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00312-00085427-00085571 it could be
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00313-00085572-00085912 let us say binomial with parameter nnp
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00314-00085913-00086338 where both and NPR specified
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00315-00086339-00086753 now in this case
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00316-00086754-00087100 if I am given a data
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00317-00087101-00087323 I want to check whether it follows this
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00318-00087324-00087526 CDF
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00319-00087527-00087725 how I am going to do that
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00320-00087726-00088061 to do this
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00321-00088062-00088385 I am going to group my data into K
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00322-00088386-00088487 classes
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00323-00088488-00088673 what are these K classes
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00324-00088674-00088888 for example let's say that my random
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00325-00088889-00089075 variable X is there which is going to
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00326-00089076-00089644 take values 1 2 up to K
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00327-00089645-00089921 okay so then there are K classes are my
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00328-00089922-00090071 random variables is that it may just
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00329-00090072-00090503 take value like head or tail
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00330-00090504-00090779 head or tell so in this case my K is
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00331-00090780-00090953 going to be 2 these are the two classes
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00332-00090954-00091356 and similarly if it is let's say dice
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00333-00091357-00091817 you have obviously Six Faces in which my
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00334-00091818-00091961 K is going to be
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00335-00091962-00092188 6 like that
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00336-00092189-00092411 now
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00337-00092412-00092782 I'll be interested
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00338-00092783-00093203 the expected frequency of the class I
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00339-00093204-00093359 suppose
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00340-00093360-00093538 I have this
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00341-00093539-00093881 poisson distribution let us take
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00342-00093882-00094103 poisson distribution
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00343-00094104-00094318 let's say my X is poisson distributed
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00344-00094319-00094505 now I know that X is going to take the
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00345-00094506-00094673 value uh
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00346-00094674-00095182 X is going to take the value
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00347-00095183-00095725 0 1 2 3 like this
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00348-00095726-00096082 instead of poison let's take a maybe at
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00349-00096083-00096250 this point it's easier to work with
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00350-00096251-00096671 binomial let's say my X is binomial
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00351-00096672-00096850 distributed
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00352-00096851-00097150 and uh
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00353-00097151-00097468 and I have let us say the samples n
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00354-00097469-00097756 samples
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00355-00097757-00097955 and I know that
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00356-00097956-00098261 probability that X going to take value
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00357-00098262-00098585 some I is going to be n choose I
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00358-00098586-00098903 uh P to the power I minus
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00359-00098904-00099491 I and 1 minus P to the power n minus I
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00360-00099492-00099773 let's call this as Theta
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00361-00099774-00099971 so this is the probability of observing
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00362-00099972-00100282 value I and then
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00363-00100283-00100588 my samples the expected frequency of
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00364-00100589-00100799 observing class I
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00365-00100800-00100943 is
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00366-00100944-00101135 in this case is going to be n of theta
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00367-00101136-00101453 that is if I have n samples
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00368-00101454-00101759 the expected frequency of observing the
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00369-00101760-00101962 class I is going to be nine in this case
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00370-00101963-00102323 right so that is what I mean by e i here
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00371-00102324-00102586 and now
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00372-00102588-00102910 F Phi is the observed frequency
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00373-00102911-00103336 what is this observed frequency like now
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00374-00103338-00103547 let me write this absurd frequency here
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00375-00103548-00103799 this f i
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00376-00103800-00104140 is basically how many times
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00377-00104141-00104356 you have
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00378-00104357-00104573 observed
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00379-00104574-00104842 maybe I will write it as J
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00380-00104843-00105454 uh or maybe it's okay to write I but uh
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00381-00105455-00105899 maybe f i is equal to basically J equals
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00382-00105900-00106366 to 1 to observe J indicator that your x
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00383-00106367-00106583 j is equals to one
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00384-00106583-00106852 so it is basically accounting
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00385-00106853-00107201 how many times you have observed ah
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00386-00107202-00107458 sorry this is I here
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00387-00107459-00107704 now observe your random variable as
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00388-00107705-00108052 taken value I out of your n samples
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00389-00108053-00108299 so this is your observed frequency of
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00390-00108300-00108521 class I and this is the expected
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00391-00108522-00108658 frequency
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00392-00108659-00109025 of your class I under your null
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00393-00109026-00109283 hypothesis so notice that under null
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00394-00109283-00109516 hypothesis because my null hypothesis is
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00395-00109517-00109715 completely specified I know what are
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00396-00109716-00109913 this Theta
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00397-00109914-00110183 now comes the statistic
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00398-00110183-00110471 now what we are going to do is
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00399-00110472-00110734 we are going to check how far this f i
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00400-00110735-00110952 and
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00401-00110953-00111125 eisr
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00402-00111126-00111323 so we are going to look into the
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00403-00111324-00111628 different the difference and take the
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00404-00111629-00111797 square of that that is basically the
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00405-00111798-00112019 square difference of that and normalize
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00406-00112020-00112427 them by their expected frequency and
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00407-00112428-00112571 then Summit over all the possible
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00408-00112572-00112745 classes
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00409-00112746-00113051 so this is way in a way this Matrix is
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00410-00113052-00113213 going to capture
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00411-00113214-00113536 how different the expected frequencies
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00412-00113538-00113843 and The observed frequencies are
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00413-00113844-00114263 now naturally once we have this
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00414-00114264-00114515 if this difference is too large
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00415-00114516-00114863 it is kind of indication that maybe ah
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00416-00114864-00115181 this what is my observed sample is not
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00417-00115182-00115415 following the null hypothesis on the
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00418-00115416-00115678 other hand if this difference is small
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00419-00115679-00115984 or this summed difference is small then
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00420-00115985-00116315 it is a kind of indication that s may be
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00421-00116316-00116407 um
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00422-00116408-00116663 it is like it's a kind of indication
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00423-00116664-00116849 that my observed samples are following
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00424-00116850-00117221 my ah null hypothesis distribution
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00425-00117222-00117478 So based on this distribution one can
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00426-00117479-00117827 compute or make a decision whether to
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00427-00117828-00118181 accept or reject the null hypothesis
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00428-00118182-00118427 so as we did earlier again we can set up
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00429-00118428-00118697 a threshold and let's say for a given
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00430-00118698-00118907 threshold z alpha
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00431-00118908-00119134 we are going to accept
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00432-00119135-00119452 the null hypothesis if this statistic is
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00433-00119453-00119639 going to be less than or equals to z
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00434-00119640-00119963 alpha and we are going to reject this at
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00435-00119964-00120169 0 if
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00436-00120170-00120484 it is larger than certain
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00437-00120485-00120731 this threshold z alpha now the question
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00438-00120732-00120839 is
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00439-00120840-00121151 can we quantify like how good or bad is
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00440-00121152-00121402 our acceptance decision so now we may
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00441-00121403-00121660 want to compute what is the probability
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00442-00121661-00121834 that I
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00443-00121835-00122045 reject
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00444-00122046-00122357 my
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00445-00122358-00122584 sample
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00446-00122585-00123197 okay can we compute this probability
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00447-00123198-00123533 okay and that under a null hypothesis so
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00448-00123533-00123934 this is uh we want to quantize and if
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00449-00123935-00124127 you are able to say that this is like
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00450-00124128-00124408 less than or equals to some number then
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00451-00124409-00124673 that is going to give me ah
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00452-00124674-00125015 the significance of this test with that
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00453-00125016-00125116 number
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00454-00125117-00125333 now then the question is how to compute
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00455-00125333-00125560 this probabilities do we know about this
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00456-00125561-00125854 distribution earlier when we talked
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00457-00125855-00125928 about
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00458-00125929-00125969 [Music]
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00459-00125970-00126143 um
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00460-00126144-00126460 hypothesis testing we kind of assume
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00461-00126461-00126689 this this Statistics we assumed it in
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00462-00126690-00126797 distribution
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00463-00126798-00127078 right we we enforced
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00464-00127079-00127295 it's a distributions to follow gaussian
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00465-00127296-00127565 distribution R to compute its
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00466-00127566-00127708 distribution we needed to know the
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00467-00127709-00127954 distribution of the underlying
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00468-00127955-00128128 ah samples
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00469-00128129-00128393 but now in this case
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00470-00128394-00128645 I am only looking into the empirical
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00471-00128646-00128933 values of f i see here Q is still a
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00472-00128933-00129214 random quantity because this FIS are
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00473-00129215-00129425 random here
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00474-00129426-00129778 okay now will I be do I need to know the
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00475-00129779-00130036 underlying distribution
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00476-00130038-00130247 of my samples to compute a distribution
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00477-00130248-00130757 or I can say without knowing that
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00478-00130758-00131051 it so happens that
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00479-00131052-00131393 in this case they don't need to know the
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00480-00131394-00131549 distribution of the underlying samples
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00481-00131550-00131914 and in fact one can argue that
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00482-00131915-00132190 this queue is roughly distributed as Chi
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00483-00132191-00132490 Squared it has this queue has Chi Square
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00484-00132491-00132743 distribution with K minus degrees of
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00485-00132744-00132928 freedom
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00486-00132929-00133114 right so we will we will discuss more
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00487-00133115-00133471 about that why this is the case but
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00488-00133472-00133747 notice that without
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00489-00133748-00133978 requiring what is the underlying
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00490-00133979-00134339 distribution of my samples I can argue
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00491-00134340-00134687 that this Q is going to
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00492-00134688-00134975 satisfy PSI Square distribution with K
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00493-00134976-00135287 minus of decryption now once I have this
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00494-00135288-00135559 I should be able to
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00495-00135560-00136013 quantify the significance
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00496-00136014-00136283 or the level of my test
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00497-00136284-00136487 by setting
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00498-00136488-00136745 my threshold
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00499-00136746-00137075 appropriately particularly an
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00500-00137076-00137261 approximate Alpha level test is
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00501-00137262-00137471 obstained by rejecting your null
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00502-00137472-00137801 hypothesis when your Q is larger than 1
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00503-00137802-00137999 minus Alpha quartile point of the chi
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00504-00138000-00138178 Square distribution
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00505-00138179-00138497 are like if you are if you want this
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00506-00138498-00138845 Alpha test we need to set z alpha stars
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00507-00138846-00139216 that you are P of x
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00508-00139217-00139709 ah is greater than z alpha is Alpha
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00509-00139710-00140002 where your X is chi Square distribution
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00510-00140003-00140219 with K minus degrees of freedom and
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00511-00140220-00140399 since we know this Chi Square
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00512-00140400-00140885 distributions well we can compute
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00513-00140886-00141185 it's a tail probabilities and tabulate
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00514-00141186-00141557 them and for a given value of alpha we
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00515-00141558-00141731 already know how we should be selecting
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00516-00141732-00142102 z alpha so that my test is has Alpha
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00517-00142103-00142445 level significance or it my my test is
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00518-00142446-00143249 uh is the alpha level test
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00519-00143250-00143399 knowing
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00520-00143400-00143614 notion of the underlying samples we are
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00521-00143615-00143890 able to
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00522-00143891-00144119 say that my statistic has chi-square
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00523-00144120-00144443 distribution and we can use readily
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00524-00144444-00144677 available table to compute the
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00525-00144678-00145078 significance or the level of my my test
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00526-00145079-00145414 or how should I set up my threshold so
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00527-00145415-00145577 that my test I choose a given
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00528-00145578-00145769 significance level
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00529-00145770-00146051 now this test works well
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00530-00146052-00146213 when
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00531-00146214-00146543 are like this approximation that your Q
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00532-00146544-00146704 is going to follow
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00533-00146705-00146909 Chi Square distribution with K minus of
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00534-00146910-00147257 degrees Freedom well when the expected
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00535-00147258-00147527 frequencies are more than Phi that is
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00536-00147528-00147851 when your AI is greater than 1 for all
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00537-00147852-00147983 the classes
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00538-00147984-00148349 okay this need not be the case all
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00539-00148350-00148643 all the time but this is a kind of thumb
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00540-00148644-00148864 rule which will
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00541-00148865-00149135 ah
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00542-00149136-00149285 thank you
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00543-00149286-00149627 can be used when you have when you want
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00544-00149628-00149837 your approximation to be good like for
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00545-00149838-00150089 example we said that the I is going to
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00546-00150090-00150425 be n into probability that your random
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00547-00150426-00150611 variable takes value I equals to n right
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00548-00150612-00151145 so whatever this this is like Theta I
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00549-00151146-00151414 this is known under your null hypothesis
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00550-00151415-00151649 if you are n is such that you are it
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00551-00151650-00151931 makes your AI larger than Phi then this
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00552-00151932-00152333 is a very good approximation
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00553-00152334-00152764 now composite distribution as I said
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00554-00152765-00152945 every time
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00555-00152946-00153076 the
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00556-00153077-00153299 null hypothesis may not be completely
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00557-00153300-00153604 specified only the shape may be given in
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00558-00153605-00153814 that case we call the distribution is
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00559-00153815-00154049 composite
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00560-00154050-00154414 and now how to cope out in this case
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00561-00154415-00154823 now in this case let Theta i's are the
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00562-00154824-00155009 probabilities of the class
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00563-00155010-00155176 now
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00564-00155177-00155485 because the underlying parameters
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00565-00155486-00155759 of the distribution is known we don't
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00566-00155760-00155969 know this Theta exactly
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00567-00155970-00156154 so what I mean by this suppose for
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00568-00156155-00156545 example if x is poisson distributed
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00569-00156546-00156814 we know that probability that x equals
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00570-00156815-00157204 to I in this case Theta I is equals to e
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00571-00157205-00157390 to the power minus Lambda
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00572-00157391-00157649 I hope I am going to make it correct and
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00573-00157650-00158014 this is I Lambda but so to compute this
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00574-00158015-00158266 Theta I I need the knowledge of Lambda
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00575-00158267-00159335 but what if I don't know this
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00576-00159336-00159604 so in this case
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00577-00159605-00159754 you may
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00578-00159755-00159971 estimate this Lambda itself from the
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00579-00159972-00160499 data that is if you have your samples
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00580-00160500-00160847 you can estimate your Lambda to be the
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00581-00160848-00161128 empirical mean of this data and we know
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00582-00161129-00161233 that
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00583-00161234-00161531 this is a good estimator it is an
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00584-00161532-00161854 unbiased asymptotically it is consistent
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00585-00161855-00162173 and all
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00586-00162174-00162407 and then once we have this we can plug
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00587-00162408-00162535 in this
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00588-00162536-00162923 Lambda I's in this expression here and
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00589-00162924-00163252 then you may get Lambda hat Lambda hat I
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00590-00163253-00163516 and I fat and that is what I am going to
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00591-00163517-00163787 call it as a Theta I here based on that
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00592-00163788-00164069 estimate now once I have this now I can
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00593-00164070-00164297 also get an estimated frequencies which
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00594-00164298-00164476 is now Theta I
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00595-00164477-00164663 hat
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00596-00164664-00164902 now all I need to do is
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00597-00164903-00165221 for my given
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00598-00165222-00165281 um
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00599-00165282-00165576 EI values now I need to compute my
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00600-00165577-00165847 statistic which is same
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00601-00165848-00166343 maybe I had to write this as F I think
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00602-00166344-00166637 earlier I wrote this as small F5 and I
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00603-00166638-00166793 have this value only thing is I have
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00604-00166794-00167014 replaced this e
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00605-00167015-00167423 by n Theta hat 0 subscript I here
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00606-00167424-00167776 now what about the distribution of k q
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00607-00167777-00167951 does it follow the same distribution
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00608-00167952-00168190 like we had earlier like which is a chi
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00609-00168191-00168335 Square distribution with K minus 1
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00610-00168336-00168551 degrees of freedom
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00611-00168552-00168797 it so happens that when the parameters
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00612-00168798-00169151 that you are going to estimate are based
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00613-00169152-00169385 on macly maximum likelihood estimator
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00614-00169386-00169733 that indeed one can argue that
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00615-00169734-00170057 Q Still Remains chi-squarely has a
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00616-00170058-00170243 maintenance Chi Square distribution the
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00617-00170244-00170423 only thing is now the degrees of freedom
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00618-00170424-00170825 is now K minus 1 minus s
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00619-00170826-00171107 okay now what is this s here earlier it
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00620-00171108-00171281 was K minus one now you are saying it is
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00621-00171282-00171628 K minus 1 minus s now here s is the
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00622-00171629-00171826 number of distributions parameter that
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00623-00171827-00172157 we estimated for example here right in
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00624-00172158-00172649 the poisson we estimated one parameter
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00625-00172650-00172945 right in this case if you have to
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00626-00172946-00173273 apply this method
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00627-00173274-00173411 um
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00628-00173412-00173801 okay so then let us say uh we we have
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00629-00173802-00174095 observed only some uh K like even though
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00630-00174096-00174395 there are infinitely many classes in
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00631-00174396-00174628 this poisson distribution because okay
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00632-00174629-00174887 the X can take value from 0 to Infinity
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00633-00174888-00175163 let's say you have in the samples that
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00634-00175164-00175445 we have observed in this I only see
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00635-00175446-00175709 certain K number of possible classes
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00636-00175710-00176038 they belongs to let us say only a k
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00637-00176039-00176351 classes
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00638-00176352-00176890 so in that case my K minus 1 and minus
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00639-00176891-00177113 one more term one is going to come
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00640-00177114-00177401 because I have estimated one more
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00641-00177402-00177623 parameter so this is going to be
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00642-00177624-00177875 K minus 2 in this case
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00643-00177876-00178175 okay so um
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00644-00178176-00178745 let us stop here and then let's continue
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00645-00178746-00178997 how is
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00646-00178998-00179243 K is indeed Chi Square distribution with
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00647-00179244-00180093 a rough row sketch foreign
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00648-00180094-00180425 [Applause]
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00649-00180426-00180578 [Music]
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00650-00180579-00181538 [Applause]
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00651-00181539-00182107 [Applause]
+CMIavYzj_WQ-00652-00182108-00182632 [Music]
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00000-00000000-00000167 hey friends ash here with jensen's hope
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00001-00000168-00000335 you guys are doing well it's time for
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00002-00000336-00000511 another fragrance guide today we're
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00003-00000512-00000663 tackling one of the best-selling
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00004-00000664-00000911 fragrance lines on the market today eve
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00005-00000911-00001039 saint laurent
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00006-00001040-00001174 why
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00007-00001175-00001358 so we got five fragrances to go over
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00008-00001359-00001543 here we got the eau de toilette the eau
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00009-00001544-00001902 de parfum oh fresh lay parfum and why
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00010-00001903-00002207 live live why live i'm gonna break down
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00011-00002208-00002375 the fragrances a little bit for you guys
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00012-00002376-00002558 let you know which ones are better for
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00013-00002559-00002775 which things and maybe at the end of
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00014-00002776-00002958 this video if you don't know about any
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00015-00002959-00003095 of these fragrances you'll have a better
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00016-00003096-00003263 idea of which ones you may want to check
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00017-00003264-00003463 out and which ones you may not so let's
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00018-00003464-00004231 jump into it
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00019-00004232-00004367 hey guys i will have each one of these
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00020-00004368-00004502 fragrances linked in the description
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00021-00004503-00004663 below in case you want to check them out
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00022-00004664-00004859 down there and if you ever do shop at
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00023-00004860-00005183 jomashop.com use the code gents8 to save
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00024-00005184-00005367 yourself eight dollars off any order
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00025-00005368-00005583 over a hundred and ten dollars in case
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00026-00005584-00005735 you're unaware of jumbo shop it is a
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00027-00005736-00005934 fragrance discounter actually it's a lot
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00028-00005935-00006183 of things discounter and one other thing
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00029-00006184-00006351 before we get started why eau de
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00030-00006352-00006591 toilette this little beauty right here
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00031-00006592-00006855 why odin's wallet is reformulated and
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00032-00006856-00007175 new for 2022 the original version of
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00033-00007176-00007463 wyoda toilette is discontinued now so
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00034-00007464-00007751 basically if you buy y edt now you want
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00035-00007752-00008046 to be going for this one y eau de
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00036-00008047-00008367 toilette 2022 if possible because it
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00037-00008368-00008599 does in my opinion smell better than the
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00038-00008600-00008999 original y edt so why eau de toilette
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00039-00009000-00009255 2022 this one what is it good for how
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00040-00009256-00009487 does it smell well it's probably
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00041-00009488-00009703 actually the most versatile one of the
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00042-00009704-00010014 entire bunch of y fragrances but for
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00043-00010015-00010223 most people it's not going to be their
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00044-00010224-00010487 first choice when it comes to the y line
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00045-00010488-00010646 this one is going to be a really nice
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00046-00010647-00010823 office fragrance but it has more
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00047-00010824-00011038 versatility than just being an office
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00048-00011039-00011278 scent it's great for casual use it's
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00049-00011279-00011478 also a potential evening fragrance
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00050-00011479-00011687 though it definitely leans more toward
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00051-00011688-00012031 daytime use it's very fresh and clean
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00052-00012032-00012246 it's not as sweet as most of the other
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00053-00012247-00012487 fragrances in the line you have this
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00054-00012488-00012767 zingy opening with bergamot and ginger
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00055-00012768-00013030 very again fresh like i said and an
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00056-00013031-00013327 ozonic quality to it as it dries down it
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00057-00013328-00013527 does sweeten up a little bit as compared
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00058-00013528-00013847 to the original wyotoilet due to an
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00059-00013847-00014063 extra infusion of vanilla in the new
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00060-00014063-00014238 version of y edt
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00061-00014240-00014422 this one you can wear just about year
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00062-00014423-00014622 round it's going to be better suited for
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00063-00014623-00014911 spring summer and fall than winter but
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00064-00014912-00015071 because of the versatility that this
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00065-00015072-00015247 fragrance has you can pull it off in
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00066-00015247-00015415 winter as well just spray it on maybe a
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00067-00015416-00015599 little bit more than you would during
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00068-00015600-00015799 the hotter months wilderness while that
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00069-00015800-00015966 doesn't get talked about all that often
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00070-00015968-00016158 from this line of fragrances but this
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00071-00016159-00016407 stuff you can wear just about anywhere
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00072-00016408-00016607 and i actually think that this new one y
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00073-00016608-00016950 edt 2022 smells really nice i like this
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00074-00016951-00017143 one a lot i don't think it leans too far
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00075-00017144-00017367 youthful just about any age range can
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00076-00017368-00017679 pull the fragrance off why edt is a
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00077-00017680-00017871 really nice jumping off point and the
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00078-00017872-00018039 dna of this fragrance you're going to
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00079-00018040-00018271 find across all the other fragrances in
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00080-00018272-00018471 the line so if you smell this fragrance
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00081-00018472-00018607 you get used to it you can pick it out
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00082-00018608-00018791 from the crowd then any other y
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00083-00018792-00018927 fragrance when you smell that you'll be
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00084-00018928-00019150 able to smell this fragrance in there
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00085-00019151-00019367 why eau de toilette i think is better
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00086-00019368-00019607 than it gets credit for really solid
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00087-00019608-00019775 fragrance and the versatility there
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00088-00019776-00020022 unmatched across the entire line in my
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00089-00020023-00020191 opinion now we're going to start going
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00090-00020192-00020414 in chronological order like i said why
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00091-00020415-00020671 other was reformulated so technically
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00092-00020672-00020894 this is the newest release as of this
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00093-00020895-00021150 video but the original why eau de
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00094-00021151-00021343 toilette was the first release which is
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00095-00021344-00021511 why we covered this one first so after
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00096-00021512-00021814 that we've got y o de parfum now why oto
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00097-00021815-00022055 parfum is the most hyped the most talked
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00098-00022056-00022222 about fragrance in the line the most
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00099-00022223-00022439 worn the most popular this one you can
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00100-00022440-00022735 absolutely also wear year-round but this
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00101-00022736-00022967 is not going to be as nice in the summer
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00102-00022968-00023214 as why oda choilette though it will be a
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00103-00023215-00023375 little bit better in the winter than
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00104-00023376-00023622 wyotoilette this one has an opening of
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00105-00023623-00023894 apple ginger and bergamot it's also got
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00106-00023895-00024103 a decent amount of sage in the fragrance
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00107-00024104-00024294 as it dries down you have an amber woody
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00108-00024295-00024519 base that comes out you also have tonka
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00109-00024520-00024727 in here and additional woody notes in
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00110-00024728-00024919 the base as well so that's gonna lend a
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00111-00024920-00025063 little bit more sweetness a little bit
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00112-00025064-00025327 more depth and masculinity to the scent
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00113-00025328-00025542 now this one is sweeter than white eau
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00114-00025543-00025758 de toilette overall and the sweetness is
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00115-00025760-00025927 a bit different as well in wilder's
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00116-00025927-00026190 wallet the sweetness is more this fresh
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00117-00026191-00026407 and uplifting sweetness like i said with
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00118-00026408-00026655 an ozonic tinge to it and why eau de
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00119-00026656-00026895 toilette it's a little bit of a richer
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00120-00026895-00027143 more syrupy sweetness and it's the type
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00121-00027144-00027327 of sweetness that in the summer if you
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00122-00027327-00027511 spray too much of this on it can come
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00123-00027512-00027727 across a little bit overwhelming and not
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00124-00027727-00027902 smell as pleasant so do keep that in
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00125-00027904-00028055 mind if you decide to wear this in the
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00126-00028056-00028279 summer maybe dial back the sprays a
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00127-00028280-00028439 little bit over the years there have
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00128-00028439-00028599 been a lot of people that have commented
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00129-00028600-00028783 about this fragrance and how it didn't
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00130-00028783-00029062 work all that well in the heat and a lot
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00131-00029063-00029302 of that can be because if you spray it
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00132-00029304-00029487 as much when it's very hot out as you
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00133-00029488-00029718 would when it's very cold out it's gonna
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00134-00029719-00029799 be
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00135-00029800-00029983 a little bit too heavy a little bit too
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00136-00029983-00030174 much now as far as when you'd wear this
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00137-00030175-00030318 it's a little bit of an opposite as
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00138-00030319-00030479 compared to the auto toilet it's gonna
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00139-00030480-00030639 be a little bit better suited for
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00140-00030639-00030814 evening wear than daytime wear but
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00141-00030816-00031014 because it has that y dna it has that
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00142-00031016-00031190 versatility you can pull it off during
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00143-00031191-00031407 either and one of the big driving
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00144-00031408-00031646 factors that makes why oto parfum so
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00145-00031647-00031895 popular is the complement factor that
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00146-00031895-00032158 the fragrance has if all you're after is
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00147-00032160-00032407 compliments as far as fragrances in this
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00148-00032408-00032670 line then why eau de parfum is probably
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00149-00032672-00032862 the place that you should start another
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00150-00032863-00033007 thing a lot of people like with white
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00151-00033008-00033327 edp is the performance it's better than
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00152-00033328-00033479 why i owed a toilet as far as the
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00153-00033480-00033695 longevity goes as far as the projection
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00154-00033696-00033951 goes this fragrance is an above average
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00155-00033952-00034135 performer so you're going to get good
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00156-00034136-00034295 longevity out of it you're going to get
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00157-00034296-00034479 eight plus hours potentially off your
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00158-00034480-00034639 skin and the fragrance is going to
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00159-00034640-00034807 project out far enough to get other
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00160-00034808-00035055 people's attention much more so than why
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00161-00035056-00035279 eau de toilette but going back to why
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00162-00035280-00035431 eau de toilette that is one of the
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00163-00035432-00035687 things that makes this one probably a
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00164-00035688-00035895 better office fragrance for the vast
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00165-00035896-00036111 majority of you out there than this one
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00166-00036112-00036335 because this one has decent performance
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00167-00036336-00036639 but not overly aggressive and in the
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00168-00036640-00036823 office a lot of times you don't want
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00169-00036824-00037015 something that's going to project really
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00170-00037016-00037230 heavily like this one does so that's why
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00171-00037231-00037511 eau de parfum most popular of the line
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00172-00037512-00037702 for sure and from there we're going on
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00173-00037703-00038039 to why oh fresh so this is pretty much
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00174-00038040-00038230 exactly what you would think it would be
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00175-00038231-00038518 this is taking the y dna specifically
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00176-00038519-00038790 from y eau de toilette and freshening it
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00177-00038791-00039007 up and turning it into more of a summer
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00178-00039008-00039239 centric fragrance so you'll find a lot
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00179-00039240-00039423 of similarities between the original and
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00180-00039424-00039695 this one differences as well of course
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00181-00039696-00039830 so with this you're going to get a big
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00182-00039831-00040062 blast of lemon in the opening mixing
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00183-00040063-00040287 together with a fresh ginger and then a
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00184-00040288-00040535 minty undertone you also have geranium
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00185-00040536-00040743 in here a very fresh clean lavender and
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00186-00040744-00040967 then woods in the base of the fragrance
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00187-00040968-00041151 so to some people this is going to be
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00188-00041152-00041351 maybe a little bit more basic than the
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00189-00041352-00041543 other fragrances in the y line as far as
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00190-00041544-00041790 how it comes across it's not maybe as
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00191-00041791-00041990 complex but it is definitely the
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00192-00041991-00042215 briskest the freshest of the entire
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00193-00042216-00042383 bunch and it's going to compete with
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00194-00042384-00042679 fragrances like chanel alarm sport or a
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00195-00042680-00042990 lorem sport cologne and your own cologne
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00196-00042991-00043223 from those other fragrance houses it's
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00197-00043224-00043423 the sportiest fragrance from the entire
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00198-00043424-00043646 line it's probably the best gym
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00199-00043647-00043846 fragrance from the line as well and it's
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00200-00043847-00044015 the best fragrance if you're looking to
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00201-00044016-00044151 do something in a really high heat
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00202-00044152-00044302 situation where you just want a
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00203-00044303-00044511 fragrance that's going to be very clean
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00204-00044512-00044855 and fresh and refreshing so wyofresh is
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00205-00044856-00045102 more of a fragrance made for a specific
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00206-00045103-00045318 niche it's not trying to be as versatile
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00207-00045319-00045471 as some of the other fragrances in the
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00208-00045472-00045711 line not that you couldn't wear wyofresh
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00209-00045712-00045927 during the fall or the spring or
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00210-00045928-00046111 anything like that you absolutely could
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00211-00046112-00046311 but this is a fragrance made more for
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00212-00046312-00046655 summer time high heat situations the gym
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00213-00046656-00046895 and daytime use after that we have yves
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00214-00046896-00047079 saint laurent why
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00215-00047080-00047407 live which is a really bad name because
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00216-00047408-00047551 as i kind of joked about at the
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00217-00047552-00047679 beginning of the video you could also
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00218-00047680-00048039 pronounce it why live so why live is
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00219-00048040-00048215 going to be a little bit of a more
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00220-00048216-00048502 youthful take on the y dna in my opinion
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00221-00048503-00048751 it has more of a bubble gummy sweetness
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00222-00048752-00048967 off the top which reminds me a little
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00223-00048968-00049207 bit of taking something like paco
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00224-00049208-00049446 robon's invictus and taking little parts
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00225-00049447-00049646 of that fragrance and then injecting
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00226-00049647-00049943 that into the y dna so like a little bit
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00227-00049944-00050207 of jurassic park action going here you
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00228-00050208-00050399 know taking things and splicing them
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00229-00050400-00050711 together in an unholy fashion this is
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00230-00050712-00050935 another one a little bit like y eau de
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00231-00050936-00051151 parfum where you can absolutely pull it
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00232-00051152-00051326 off during the summer but during the
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00233-00051327-00051494 summer you want to be aware you want to
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00234-00051495-00051687 be cognizant of where you're going what
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00235-00051688-00051799 you're doing and how much of the
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00236-00051800-00051982 fragrance you sprayed on because the
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00237-00051983-00052158 sweetness in here having that bubble
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00238-00052159-00052487 gummy edge and and really being quite
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00239-00052488-00052647 forward in the fragrance when you first
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00240-00052648-00052830 spray it on having that sweetness right
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00241-00052832-00052999 there in your face if you spray it on
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00242-00053000-00053254 too heavily it can again come across not
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00243-00053255-00053430 as pleasant as you'd like the
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00244-00053432-00053782 performance of y live is good but not as
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00245-00053783-00054030 good as why eau de parfum so it's not
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00246-00054032-00054294 quite on that level i would say y live
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00247-00054295-00054591 outperforms ophresh outperforms the eau
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00248-00054591-00054791 de toilette but it's just not on that
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00249-00054791-00054991 same level as far as projection goes and
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00250-00054991-00055223 longevity goes as the eau de parfum and
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00251-00055224-00055407 this one i'd say is equally split
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00252-00055408-00055623 between daytime or nighttime use because
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00253-00055624-00055863 the sweetness in here makes this one
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00254-00055864-00056191 also a huge compliment pulling fragrance
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00255-00056191-00056342 when i first got this in when the
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00256-00056344-00056550 fragrance was brand new i was a little
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00257-00056551-00056726 iffy on it because i'm not the biggest
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00258-00056727-00056919 fan of paco robons invictus and having
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00259-00056920-00057094 that little bit of an invictus style in
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00260-00057095-00057294 this fragrance made me hesitant to wear
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00261-00057295-00057519 it as i wore it more i did grow to like
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00262-00057520-00057703 it a lot more and one of the things that
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00263-00057704-00057959 did help me like it so much is the
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00264-00057960-00058135 compliment factor this is one of those
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00265-00058136-00058335 fragrances that's actually surprisingly
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00266-00058336-00058511 great at pulling positive attention
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00267-00058512-00058750 especially from people that you know why
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00268-00058751-00058975 live is one of my most consistently
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00269-00058976-00059142 complimented fragrances pretty much
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00270-00059144-00059350 right up there with why eau de parfum so
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00271-00059351-00059503 if you're looking for a more youthful
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00272-00059504-00059687 fragrance in the y line that's really
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00273-00059688-00059830 good on a night out whether we're
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00274-00059832-00060054 talking clubbing or going on a date that
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00275-00060055-00060342 has solid versatility overall maybe not
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00276-00060344-00060606 as much versatility as why other or why
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00277-00060607-00060750 oto parfum but still has solid
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00278-00060751-00060919 versatility i would check this one out
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00279-00060920-00061175 wide live and then last but not least we
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00280-00061176-00061303 have why
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00281-00061304-00061535 le parfum this is kind of hard for me to
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00282-00061536-00061791 to button down because depending on my
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00283-00061791-00062223 mood i may go for y edt or edp or y live
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00284-00062224-00062406 or something like that but if i could
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00285-00062407-00062726 keep only one from the line it would
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00286-00062727-00063023 probably be this one les parfum with
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00287-00063024-00063191 this fragrance you'll find a strong
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00288-00063191-00063454 similarity to why eau de parfum are
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00289-00063455-00063735 quite similar so if you own one you may
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00290-00063736-00063966 find it redundant to own the other one
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00291-00063967-00064206 so why eau de parfum comes across
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00292-00064207-00064494 a little bit as a fresher sweet
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00293-00064495-00064806 fragrance and then white lip parfum also
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00294-00064807-00065094 quite sweet but in a different way a
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00295-00065095-00065319 little bit deeper more of an emphasis on
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00296-00065320-00065535 the tonka here not as much emphasis on
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00297-00065536-00065711 the fruitiness and the opening in le
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00298-00065712-00065959 parfum as compared to the eau de parfum
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00299-00065960-00066191 also the lavender pops out a little bit
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00300-00066192-00066463 more in white lip parfum as compared to
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00301-00066464-00066775 why eau de parfum why le parfum is a
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00302-00066776-00067071 little bit more classy but again the two
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00303-00067072-00067335 fragrances are quite similar so with why
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00304-00067336-00067535 oto parfum and wildlife park farm as i
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00305-00067536-00067719 said it can be pretty redundant to own
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00306-00067720-00067879 both of these it just depends on what
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00307-00067880-00068079 you're going for overall if you're just
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00308-00068080-00068231 looking for straight up compliments why
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00309-00068232-00068431 oto parfum usually works better if you
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00310-00068432-00068743 want to take on the y line that is ever
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00311-00068744-00068991 so slightly more grown up than you could
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00312-00068992-00069231 go wide led parfum that being said this
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00313-00069232-00069406 doesn't come across at all as a mature
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00314-00069407-00069599 fragrance so keep that in mind overall
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00315-00069600-00069879 the y line is really solid for somebody
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00316-00069880-00069999 looking for something that's very
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00317-00070000-00070303 versatile and people and easy-going and
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00318-00070304-00070535 modern as well it's a line of fragrances
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00319-00070536-00070703 that competes with things like dior
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00320-00070704-00070911 sauvage blue to chanel
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00321-00070912-00071150 armani's aqua dijo line and i guess you
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00322-00071151-00071350 could also say the lunarosa line from
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00323-00071351-00071606 prada and the guilty line from gucci for
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00324-00071607-00071847 me i put the y line up toward the top
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00325-00071848-00072150 right there with dior and chanel i think
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00326-00072151-00072367 as far as the quality goes and the ease
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00327-00072368-00072559 of use of these fragrances it's right
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00328-00072560-00072775 there with savage and blue chanel and it
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00329-00072776-00073031 ultimately just comes down to what dna
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00330-00073032-00073231 what scent profile from those three that
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00331-00073232-00073438 you like the most all right guys that
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00332-00073439-00073599 will do it for me thank you for hanging
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00333-00073600-00073775 with me here and hearing me talk about
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00334-00073776-00074015 why i'll try to do some more guides as
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00335-00074016-00074223 time goes on thank you guys for hanging
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00336-00074224-00074367 with me stay safe out there and i'll see
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00337-00074368-00074462 you tomorrow with another fragrance
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00338-00074463-00076094 video see you guys later
+Cpen1B6Blr8-00339-00076095-00076304 you
+COOD90AKaB0-00000-00000008-00000214 don't you think skiing though is just uh
+COOD90AKaB0-00001-00000215-00000359 dancing with the mountain
+COOD90AKaB0-00002-00000360-00000686 a bit still on the hips
+COOD90AKaB0-00003-00000687-00000839 i think here that's a pretty good roll
+COOD90AKaB0-00004-00000840-00001023 right the skiing is kind of like this
+COOD90AKaB0-00005-00001024-00001250 just grooving kind of like doing the
+COOD90AKaB0-00006-00001251-00001551 worm
+COcO_t7SWYY-00000-00001082-00002012 [Music]
+COcO_t7SWYY-00002-00009884-00010384 this
+COcO_t7SWYY-00004-00014084-00014235 so
+COcO_t7SWYY-00005-00014236-00016311 [Music]
+COcO_t7SWYY-00006-00016312-00017513 [Music]
+COcO_t7SWYY-00007-00017514-00018283 [Music]
+COcO_t7SWYY-00008-00018284-00018437 music
+COcO_t7SWYY-00009-00018438-00019683 [Music]
+COcO_t7SWYY-00010-00019684-00020127 so
+COcO_t7SWYY-00012-00029483-00029738 so
+COcO_t7SWYY-00013-00029739-00032736 [Music]
+COcO_t7SWYY-00014-00032737-00035083 [Music]
+COcO_t7SWYY-00015-00035084-00035626 so
+COcO_t7SWYY-00017-00039384-00039591 you
+CS3QMdTgnw8-00000-00000071-00000383 yes and I'll need to share my screen oh
+CS3QMdTgnw8-00001-00000384-00000563 no worries I've already made you co-host
+CS3QMdTgnw8-00002-00000564-00000808 okay good
+CS3QMdTgnw8-00003-00000809-00001157 um I like to wish everybody
+CS3QMdTgnw8-00004-00001158-00001415 um a happy
+CS3QMdTgnw8-00005-00001416-00001667 Library workers day that's today Tuesday
+CS3QMdTgnw8-00006-00001668-00002147 this is National Library week so I asked
+CS3QMdTgnw8-00007-00002148-00002363 the staff to wear books or Library
+CS3QMdTgnw8-00008-00002364-00002584 related materials so I mean Library
+CS3QMdTgnw8-00009-00002585-00002807 related attire so I'm sort of in my
+CS3QMdTgnw8-00010-00002808-00003071 brown Daniel attire but I wanted to wish
+CS3QMdTgnw8-00011-00003072-00003269 everybody especially the Librarians a
+CS3QMdTgnw8-00012-00003270-00003497 happy Library workers day
+CS3QMdTgnw8-00013-00003497-00003725 I'm Glenda Alvin I'm the interim
+CS3QMdTgnw8-00014-00003726-00003917 executive director of libraries and
+CS3QMdTgnw8-00015-00003918-00004204 media centers I wear two hats I'm also
+CS3QMdTgnw8-00016-00004205-00004349 the assistant director for collection
+CS3QMdTgnw8-00017-00004350-00004613 management I'll be sharing two sources
+CS3QMdTgnw8-00018-00004614-00004793 that we have here at the brown Daniel
+CS3QMdTgnw8-00019-00004794-00005056 library and of course we do have a lib
+CS3QMdTgnw8-00020-00005057-00005381 guy we call those our research guys and
+CS3QMdTgnw8-00021-00005382-00005686 ours is done by Julia Huskey who is the
+CS3QMdTgnw8-00022-00005687-00005909 head of cataloging also the Leia sign
+CS3QMdTgnw8-00023-00005910-00006172 for history political science geography
+CS3QMdTgnw8-00024-00006173-00006413 and Africana studies and she has gone
+CS3QMdTgnw8-00025-00006414-00006587 through and pulled
+CS3QMdTgnw8-00026-00006588-00006701 um
+CS3QMdTgnw8-00027-00006702-00006983 open education sources as they're
+CS3QMdTgnw8-00028-00006984-00007145 related to different academic
+CS3QMdTgnw8-00029-00007145-00007528 disciplines she's also linked it to the
+CS3QMdTgnw8-00030-00007529-00007984 uh oer site here at TSU and she has all
+CS3QMdTgnw8-00031-00007986-00008327 kinds of information and resources
+CS3QMdTgnw8-00032-00008328-00008477 about
+CS3QMdTgnw8-00033-00008478-00008777 open education resources that our
+CS3QMdTgnw8-00034-00008778-00008999 faculty can use
+CS3QMdTgnw8-00035-00009000-00009377 One Source that we have here at TSU is
+CS3QMdTgnw8-00036-00009378-00009617 we have a subscription to faculty select
+CS3QMdTgnw8-00037-00009618-00009985 which is an oer database that is
+CS3QMdTgnw8-00038-00009986-00010403 produced by ebsco and it contains
+CS3QMdTgnw8-00039-00010404-00010792 digital Rights Management DRM free books
+CS3QMdTgnw8-00040-00010793-00011027 it also contains books that are open
+CS3QMdTgnw8-00041-00011028-00011333 education resources ones that can be
+CS3QMdTgnw8-00042-00011334-00011549 purchased and ones that are also free
+CS3QMdTgnw8-00043-00011550-00011777 the faculty member just has to go to the
+CS3QMdTgnw8-00044-00011778-00012160 website and sign up so they can type in
+CS3QMdTgnw8-00045-00012161-00012371 their particular discipline in this case
+CS3QMdTgnw8-00046-00012372-00012737 we'll go with microbiology
+CS3QMdTgnw8-00047-00012738-00012935 and do a search
+CS3QMdTgnw8-00048-00012936-00013216 it has your typical ebsco display if
+CS3QMdTgnw8-00049-00013218-00013463 you're a ebsco customer and you'll see
+CS3QMdTgnw8-00050-00013463-00013630 here where it says request to purchase
+CS3QMdTgnw8-00051-00013631-00014008 of this item from your library and what
+CS3QMdTgnw8-00052-00014009-00014303 that does is it brings up this slip
+CS3QMdTgnw8-00053-00014304-00014530 and they fill in their name and their
+CS3QMdTgnw8-00054-00014531-00014825 information and when they hit submit it
+CS3QMdTgnw8-00055-00014826-00015179 comes directly to my email and what I do
+CS3QMdTgnw8-00056-00015180-00015335 is
+CS3QMdTgnw8-00057-00015336-00015569 I look to see if this is a book that
+CS3QMdTgnw8-00058-00015569-00015838 needs to be purchased and if it is I go
+CS3QMdTgnw8-00059-00015840-00015997 to the ebsco
+CS3QMdTgnw8-00060-00015997-00016366 website for ebooks and I find the book
+CS3QMdTgnw8-00061-00016368-00016721 and I look to see whether or not it has
+CS3QMdTgnw8-00062-00016722-00016936 um unlimited users which means that they
+CS3QMdTgnw8-00063-00016937-00017111 can put it in their course shell and use
+CS3QMdTgnw8-00064-00017112-00017344 it for multiple sections or whether it's
+CS3QMdTgnw8-00065-00017345-00017549 limited sometimes they will only allow
+CS3QMdTgnw8-00066-00017550-00017903 three concurrent users I try to get the
+CS3QMdTgnw8-00067-00017904-00018155 maximum number of users because the
+CS3QMdTgnw8-00068-00018156-00018371 faculty member wants this book so they
+CS3QMdTgnw8-00069-00018372-00018605 can allow the students to use the books
+CS3QMdTgnw8-00070-00018606-00018779 and not have to worry about cost
+CS3QMdTgnw8-00071-00018780-00019036 therefore the library takes up that cost
+CS3QMdTgnw8-00072-00019037-00019211 by paying for the book and whatever
+CS3QMdTgnw8-00073-00019212-00019439 users we can get
+CS3QMdTgnw8-00074-00019440-00019721 this is the source that we are using and
+CS3QMdTgnw8-00075-00019722-00019894 I think this is the third year that
+CS3QMdTgnw8-00076-00019895-00020158 we've had it and we've been successful
+CS3QMdTgnw8-00077-00020159-00020483 in having faculty across the disciplines
+CS3QMdTgnw8-00078-00020484-00020621 users sometimes our public
+CS3QMdTgnw8-00079-00020622-00020819 administration people use it and
+CS3QMdTgnw8-00080-00020820-00021017 sometimes our faculty members and uh
+CS3QMdTgnw8-00081-00021018-00021257 education leadership or so forth they
+CS3QMdTgnw8-00082-00021258-00021461 will use it and other times they would
+CS3QMdTgnw8-00083-00021462-00021629 just call you know just send me an email
+CS3QMdTgnw8-00084-00021630-00021755 and say where can I get an open
+CS3QMdTgnw8-00085-00021756-00022139 education source for my class and I can
+CS3QMdTgnw8-00086-00022140-00022385 send them this link and then they will
+CS3QMdTgnw8-00087-00022386-00022564 fill out the form and send me the book
+CS3QMdTgnw8-00088-00022565-00022703 to order
+CS3QMdTgnw8-00089-00022704-00023005 this is a link that cannot be shared
+CS3QMdTgnw8-00090-00023006-00023357 publicly so we have to do
+CS3QMdTgnw8-00091-00023358-00023419 um
+CS3QMdTgnw8-00092-00023420-00023722 contacts via each faculty member so I
+CS3QMdTgnw8-00093-00023723-00023950 asked the library Liaisons each semester
+CS3QMdTgnw8-00094-00023951-00024191 to send out the link to the faculty
+CS3QMdTgnw8-00095-00024192-00024425 members so that we can capture the new
+CS3QMdTgnw8-00096-00024426-00024664 ones to tell them that we do have the
+CS3QMdTgnw8-00097-00024665-00024857 source and here's the link that you can
+CS3QMdTgnw8-00098-00024858-00025061 use to order books that are open
+CS3QMdTgnw8-00099-00025062-00025336 education
+CS3QMdTgnw8-00100-00025337-00025612 that is our main source for ordering
+CS3QMdTgnw8-00101-00025613-00025858 books other than that
+CS3QMdTgnw8-00102-00025860-00026056 um if they're like I said if there is a
+CS3QMdTgnw8-00103-00026057-00026339 book that is not
+CS3QMdTgnw8-00104-00026339-00026639 um one that we have to purchase but it's
+CS3QMdTgnw8-00105-00026639-00026890 one that's on an open education website
+CS3QMdTgnw8-00106-00026891-00027124 and they need help then the library
+CS3QMdTgnw8-00107-00027125-00027323 assists them with going to that website
+CS3QMdTgnw8-00108-00027324-00027496 and letting them know how they can get
+CS3QMdTgnw8-00109-00027497-00027658 that book whether they have to sign up
+CS3QMdTgnw8-00110-00027660-00027887 for it or they have to fill in
+CS3QMdTgnw8-00111-00027888-00028037 information and send it off to the
+CS3QMdTgnw8-00112-00028038-00028301 publisher so we do lend assistance to
+CS3QMdTgnw8-00113-00028302-00028618 our faculty members in regards to
+CS3QMdTgnw8-00114-00028619-00028823 um trying to get books that are open
+CS3QMdTgnw8-00115-00028824-00029002 education whether we have to purchase
+CS3QMdTgnw8-00116-00029004-00029273 them or not
+CS3QMdTgnw8-00117-00029274-00029507 and that is the end of my presentation
+CS3QMdTgnw8-00118-00029508-00029767 thank you
+CS3QMdTgnw8-00119-00029768-00030118 wow thank you so much you all have done
+CS3QMdTgnw8-00120-00030119-00030395 such an incredible job so many amazing
+CS3QMdTgnw8-00121-00030395-00030605 resources that are out there that are
+CS3QMdTgnw8-00122-00030606-00030839 really readily available for our faculty
+CS3QMdTgnw8-00123-00030839-00031082 members
+CS-K71w6mWI-00000-00000063-00000463 [Music]
+CS-K71w6mWI-00001-00000463-00000559 what's up internet
+CS-K71w6mWI-00002-00000560-00000751 buying pc parts can be expensive but
+CS-K71w6mWI-00003-00000752-00001007 here are some rules of thumb
+CS-K71w6mWI-00004-00001008-00001174 so you don't have to think too much when
+CS-K71w6mWI-00005-00001175-00002223 trying to save on pc parts
+CS-K71w6mWI-00006-00002224-00002502 apps activation codes for windows 10
+CS-K71w6mWI-00007-00002503-00002742 check out our video on cdk offers in the
+CS-K71w6mWI-00008-00002743-00002847 video description
+CS-K71w6mWI-00009-00002848-00003383 mabilis
+CS-K71w6mWI-00010-00003384-00003583 search for the software you need add to
+CS-K71w6mWI-00011-00003584-00003767 cart check out
+CS-K71w6mWI-00012-00003768-00004143 dan casa payment options
+CS-K71w6mWI-00013-00004144-00005695 finished legit
+CS-K71w6mWI-00014-00005696-00006022 check out cdkoffers.com
+CS-K71w6mWI-00015-00006023-00006270 number one is color is expensive or
+CS-K71w6mWI-00016-00006271-00006399 rather lack of color
+CS-K71w6mWI-00017-00006400-00006575 regardless the component whether it's
+CS-K71w6mWI-00018-00006576-00006710 mice cases
+CS-K71w6mWI-00019-00006711-00007023 case fans gpus motherboards usually
+CS-K71w6mWI-00020-00007023-00007239 they're more expensive if in white
+CS-K71w6mWI-00021-00007240-00007423 why because manufacturers know that
+CS-K71w6mWI-00022-00007423-00007646 you'll pay more if something is in white
+CS-K71w6mWI-00023-00007647-00007791 they're in demand if you've seen the
+CS-K71w6mWI-00024-00007792-00007991 gigabyte vision series they look
+CS-K71w6mWI-00025-00007992-00008191 great they have a very singular design
+CS-K71w6mWI-00026-00008192-00008431 aesthetic but they do come at a price
+CS-K71w6mWI-00027-00008432-00008510 premium
+CS-K71w6mWI-00028-00008511-00008655 because they're white does set them
+CS-K71w6mWI-00029-00008656-00008823 apart from the usual run-of-the-mill
+CS-K71w6mWI-00030-00008824-00009031 black which is common in the industry so
+CS-K71w6mWI-00031-00009032-00009159 if you see a case or some other
+CS-K71w6mWI-00032-00009160-00009231 component
+CS-K71w6mWI-00033-00009232-00009455 that looks good in white but you're okay
+CS-K71w6mWI-00034-00009456-00009567 with it in black
+CS-K71w6mWI-00035-00009568-00009710 you should check the price of the black
+CS-K71w6mWI-00036-00009711-00009871 version it might be cheaper
+CS-K71w6mWI-00037-00009872-00010023 the exception which proves the rule is
+CS-K71w6mWI-00038-00010024-00010214 noctua which comes in its signature
+CS-K71w6mWI-00039-00010215-00010319 nokwa brown
+CS-K71w6mWI-00040-00010320-00010478 and people have been gagging for an
+CS-K71w6mWI-00041-00010479-00010687 alternative to dr brown for so long
+CS-K71w6mWI-00042-00010688-00010863 that finally when nokwa decided to
+CS-K71w6mWI-00043-00010864-00011078 release its pro-max line usually in
+CS-K71w6mWI-00044-00011079-00011255 black it's usually the chromax black
+CS-K71w6mWI-00045-00011256-00011383 which is more expensive than the
+CS-K71w6mWI-00046-00011384-00011591 standard nokwa brand version
+CS-K71w6mWI-00047-00011592-00011823 and finally on color rjb is usually
+CS-K71w6mWI-00048-00011824-00012006 always more expensive than
+CS-K71w6mWI-00049-00012007-00012255 non-rgb so do check your components and
+CS-K71w6mWI-00050-00012256-00012391 if you're okay with them in a different
+CS-K71w6mWI-00051-00012392-00012574 color you might be able to find one
+CS-K71w6mWI-00052-00012575-00012663 which is cheaper
+CS-K71w6mWI-00053-00012664-00012910 with exactly the same performance and
+CS-K71w6mWI-00054-00012911-00012966 specs
+CS-K71w6mWI-00055-00012967-00013175 and everything is the same except for
+CS-K71w6mWI-00056-00013176-00013351 the caller and you might be able to save
+CS-K71w6mWI-00057-00013352-00013455 some money that way
+CS-K71w6mWI-00058-00013456-00013686 number two stick to the plan a lot of
+CS-K71w6mWI-00059-00013687-00013830 work and planning goes into the
+CS-K71w6mWI-00060-00013831-00013991 preparation for construction
+CS-K71w6mWI-00061-00013991-00014351 and the same is true for a pc build
+CS-K71w6mWI-00062-00014352-00014591 the pc build so a lot of planning is
+CS-K71w6mWI-00063-00014591-00014751 done beforehand to make sure that all of
+CS-K71w6mWI-00064-00014752-00014983 the parts and components are compatible
+CS-K71w6mWI-00065-00014984-00015222 and mesh well together but you need to
+CS-K71w6mWI-00066-00015223-00015719 stick to the plan
+CS-K71w6mWI-00067-00015719-00015991 but i want my rgb stay on target we can
+CS-K71w6mWI-00068-00015991-00016358 make it work stay on target
+CS-K71w6mWI-00069-00016359-00017207 loosen up
+CS-K71w6mWI-00070-00017208-00017399 for example and we get this a lot a
+CS-K71w6mWI-00071-00017400-00017567 customer comes into the shop asking for
+CS-K71w6mWI-00072-00017568-00017758 a build and it's very specific that
+CS-K71w6mWI-00073-00017759-00017999 no rgb should be used so we select the
+CS-K71w6mWI-00074-00018000-00018127 parts and we're halfway through the
+CS-K71w6mWI-00075-00018128-00018191 build
+CS-K71w6mWI-00076-00018192-00018350 and suddenly the customer comes back to
+CS-K71w6mWI-00077-00018351-00018535 us and suddenly the customer has changed
+CS-K71w6mWI-00078-00018536-00018607 his mind
+CS-K71w6mWI-00079-00018608-00018855 suddenly he wants rgb perhaps he's seen
+CS-K71w6mWI-00080-00018856-00019039 all of the rgb goodness here at the shop
+CS-K71w6mWI-00081-00019040-00019230 but it's very difficult to change it now
+CS-K71w6mWI-00082-00019231-00019407 because we chose a motherboard without
+CS-K71w6mWI-00083-00019408-00019694 any rgb header or arg beheader
+CS-K71w6mWI-00084-00019695-00019886 because the customer said he wanted no
+CS-K71w6mWI-00085-00019887-00020127 rgb and we wanted to save him some money
+CS-K71w6mWI-00086-00020128-00020230 by choosing
+CS-K71w6mWI-00087-00020231-00020511 a mobile with no rgb control and yes now
+CS-K71w6mWI-00088-00020512-00020663 we can still have rgb
+CS-K71w6mWI-00089-00020664-00020903 in the build but it's not as nice
+CS-K71w6mWI-00090-00020904-00020975 because
+CS-K71w6mWI-00091-00020976-00021150 without the headers on the motherboard
+CS-K71w6mWI-00092-00021151-00021294 then you won't be able to control the
+CS-K71w6mWI-00093-00021295-00021383 rgb
+CS-K71w6mWI-00094-00021384-00021622 through software or you can if you use
+CS-K71w6mWI-00095-00021623-00021903 something expensive like corsair or nzxt
+CS-K71w6mWI-00096-00021904-00022055 which connect via internal
+CS-K71w6mWI-00097-00022056-00022263 usb but either way the customer will
+CS-K71w6mWI-00098-00022264-00022422 have to spend more money now
+CS-K71w6mWI-00099-00022423-00022591 instead of he had just decided in the
+CS-K71w6mWI-00100-00022592-00022775 beginning that he wanted rgb
+CS-K71w6mWI-00101-00022776-00022903 and that was the plan that we were
+CS-K71w6mWI-00102-00022904-00023119 executing on or a customer decides that
+CS-K71w6mWI-00103-00023120-00023191 he wants
+CS-K71w6mWI-00104-00023192-00023391 air cooling so fine we're doing the
+CS-K71w6mWI-00105-00023392-00023558 build and then again halfway through the
+CS-K71w6mWI-00106-00023559-00023758 build the customer decides that you know
+CS-K71w6mWI-00107-00023759-00024007 these aio sound fancy and you know i
+CS-K71w6mWI-00108-00024008-00024230 love the kraken z63
+CS-K71w6mWI-00109-00024231-00024478 let's put that in the problem now is the
+CS-K71w6mWI-00110-00024479-00024583 case we chose
+CS-K71w6mWI-00111-00024584-00024830 was chosen for air cooling so not for
+CS-K71w6mWI-00112-00024831-00025047 the size of the radiator that can fit
+CS-K71w6mWI-00113-00025048-00025158 into that case
+CS-K71w6mWI-00114-00025159-00025335 so now we might need to change the case
+CS-K71w6mWI-00115-00025336-00025558 or find some other aio which is smaller
+CS-K71w6mWI-00116-00025559-00025734 which will fit into the case
+CS-K71w6mWI-00117-00025735-00025870 the whole point of having a plan is
+CS-K71w6mWI-00118-00025872-00026039 cutting down options and then
+CS-K71w6mWI-00119-00026039-00026287 optimizing the remaining options on the
+CS-K71w6mWI-00120-00026288-00026374 table
+CS-K71w6mWI-00121-00026375-00026535 but if midway through you change the
+CS-K71w6mWI-00122-00026536-00026758 plan then that can really lead to a lot
+CS-K71w6mWI-00123-00026760-00026862 of expense
+CS-K71w6mWI-00124-00026863-00027151 because now we need to recompute or
+CS-K71w6mWI-00125-00027152-00027390 recalibrate the raid to adapt to the new
+CS-K71w6mWI-00126-00027391-00027439 plan
+CS-K71w6mWI-00127-00027439-00027702 so to save money come up with a plan
+CS-K71w6mWI-00128-00027704-00027870 decide that that's what you want and
+CS-K71w6mWI-00129-00027872-00027967 then stick with it
+CS-K71w6mWI-00130-00027968-00028231 tip 3 get the non-wi-fi version of your
+CS-K71w6mWI-00131-00028232-00028414 motherboard personally i still like
+CS-K71w6mWI-00132-00028416-00028590 using lan cables over wi-fi
+CS-K71w6mWI-00133-00028591-00028783 because i find them to be more reliable
+CS-K71w6mWI-00134-00028783-00029007 and the non-wi-fi version of a mobile is
+CS-K71w6mWI-00135-00029008-00029190 usually cheaper than its wi-fi
+CS-K71w6mWI-00136-00029191-00029470 counterpart for example these two b550
+CS-K71w6mWI-00137-00029472-00029646 motherboards from gigabyte basically the
+CS-K71w6mWI-00138-00029647-00029831 only difference between them is one has
+CS-K71w6mWI-00139-00029832-00030046 onboard wi-fi and the price difference
+CS-K71w6mWI-00140-00030047-00030183 is around 25
+CS-K71w6mWI-00141-00030183-00030567 or 1250 pesos that's around a 15
+CS-K71w6mWI-00142-00030568-00030831 difference so you can look at it as the
+CS-K71w6mWI-00143-00030832-00031055 non-wi-fi version being
+CS-K71w6mWI-00144-00031056-00031374 on a 15 discount from its more expensive
+CS-K71w6mWI-00145-00031375-00031583 wi-fi custom and that's great for people
+CS-K71w6mWI-00146-00031583-00031870 like me who don't need the onboard wi-fi
+CS-K71w6mWI-00147-00031872-00032055 and maybe that fits your requirements as
+CS-K71w6mWI-00148-00032056-00032239 well the price savings are even greater
+CS-K71w6mWI-00149-00032239-00032358 if you compare across
+CS-K71w6mWI-00150-00032360-00032583 different models of motherboards for
+CS-K71w6mWI-00151-00032583-00032667 example the
+CS-K71w6mWI-00152-00032668-00033071 x578 pro of msi is around 170
+CS-K71w6mWI-00153-00033072-00033343 whereas the wi-fi models are around 250
+CS-K71w6mWI-00154-00033344-00033502 to 300 plus dollars
+CS-K71w6mWI-00155-00033503-00033727 and yes it's a bit unfair to compare
+CS-K71w6mWI-00156-00033728-00033935 across different models because
+CS-K71w6mWI-00157-00033936-00034183 apples and oranges some models have
+CS-K71w6mWI-00158-00034184-00034287 different features
+CS-K71w6mWI-00159-00034288-00034487 and are configured differently to the
+CS-K71w6mWI-00160-00034488-00034718 maybe cheaper 6578 pro
+CS-K71w6mWI-00161-00034719-00034967 but they are all using the same x570
+CS-K71w6mWI-00162-00034968-00035111 chipset and it's not like
+CS-K71w6mWI-00163-00035112-00035423 the more expensive models of msi
+CS-K71w6mWI-00164-00035424-00035623 have a particularly good reputation for
+CS-K71w6mWI-00165-00035624-00035823 vmr thermal performance
+CS-K71w6mWI-00166-00035824-00036007 so again you do save some money if you
+CS-K71w6mWI-00167-00036008-00036239 just stick with the cheaper x570
+CS-K71w6mWI-00168-00036240-00036479 and find a different option for wi-fi
+CS-K71w6mWI-00169-00036480-00036615 instead of having to rely
+CS-K71w6mWI-00170-00036616-00036871 on the on-board integrated version if
+CS-K71w6mWI-00171-00036872-00037039 you really need wi-fi you can get a
+CS-K71w6mWI-00172-00037040-00037255 cheap dongle from the likes of tp-link
+CS-K71w6mWI-00173-00037256-00037495 yes it won't be as fast as the wi-fi six
+CS-K71w6mWI-00174-00037496-00037687 ready on-board wi-fi of the latest
+CS-K71w6mWI-00175-00037688-00037751 mobiles
+CS-K71w6mWI-00176-00037752-00037999 but realistically very few people can
+CS-K71w6mWI-00177-00038000-00038223 use wi-fi six speeds in their current
+CS-K71w6mWI-00178-00038224-00038446 setups we have a long time customer who
+CS-K71w6mWI-00179-00038447-00038599 is quite demanding on his internet
+CS-K71w6mWI-00180-00038600-00038799 connection plays a lot of online games
+CS-K71w6mWI-00181-00038800-00038879 and streams
+CS-K71w6mWI-00182-00038880-00039135 and he swears these dongles are reliable
+CS-K71w6mWI-00183-00039136-00039335 and capable enough for his needs
+CS-K71w6mWI-00184-00039336-00039543 and their added cost is still cheaper
+CS-K71w6mWI-00185-00039544-00039743 than if you got a mobile with on-board
+CS-K71w6mWI-00186-00039744-00039823 wi-fi
+CS-K71w6mWI-00187-00039824-00040030 bonus tip at least just for gigabyte
+CS-K71w6mWI-00188-00040031-00040190 they designate all their mobiles with
+CS-K71w6mWI-00189-00040191-00040246 wi-fi
+CS-K71w6mWI-00190-00040247-00040518 as ac so if you see dash ac in the
+CS-K71w6mWI-00191-00040519-00040615 product name
+CS-K71w6mWI-00192-00040616-00040879 that means that motherboard has wi-fi on
+CS-K71w6mWI-00193-00040880-00040927 board
+CS-K71w6mWI-00194-00040928-00041223 tip four is don't get the gaming version
+CS-K71w6mWI-00195-00041224-00041374 when you think of gaming you think
+CS-K71w6mWI-00196-00041375-00041599 of optimization things have been
+CS-K71w6mWI-00197-00041600-00041743 optimized to run
+CS-K71w6mWI-00198-00041744-00041951 even faster than their stock specs
+CS-K71w6mWI-00199-00041952-00042102 that's also what i think about gaming
+CS-K71w6mWI-00200-00042103-00042246 but when manufacturers think about
+CS-K71w6mWI-00201-00042247-00042607 gaming all they hear is
+CS-K71w6mWI-00202-00042608-00042862 because for manufacturers gaming is just
+CS-K71w6mWI-00203-00042863-00043071 stacked onto any product name
+CS-K71w6mWI-00204-00043072-00043318 to signify speed without actually
+CS-K71w6mWI-00205-00043319-00043446 meaning anything
+CS-K71w6mWI-00206-00043447-00043711 it allows them to charge more because in
+CS-K71w6mWI-00207-00043712-00043879 the mind of the consumer something must
+CS-K71w6mWI-00208-00043880-00043951 be different
+CS-K71w6mWI-00209-00043952-00044158 if they designated this as gaming but
+CS-K71w6mWI-00210-00044159-00044343 again an example for motherboards
+CS-K71w6mWI-00211-00044344-00044639 here we have the msi x570 tomahawk wi-fi
+CS-K71w6mWI-00212-00044640-00044983 versus the x570 gaming pro carbon wi-fi
+CS-K71w6mWI-00213-00044984-00045167 and a quick glance at the specs at least
+CS-K71w6mWI-00214-00045168-00045335 on paper shows that
+CS-K71w6mWI-00215-00045336-00045551 the specs are basically the same and the
+CS-K71w6mWI-00216-00045552-00045783 reviews even tip in favor of the cheaper
+CS-K71w6mWI-00217-00045784-00046055 tomahawk wi-fi because it has better vrm
+CS-K71w6mWI-00218-00046056-00046143 cooling
+CS-K71w6mWI-00219-00046144-00046399 compared to the thermal performance of
+CS-K71w6mWI-00220-00046400-00046479 the vrm
+CS-K71w6mWI-00221-00046480-00046735 on the gaming pro carbon wi-fi so just
+CS-K71w6mWI-00222-00046736-00046918 because it has gaming in the name
+CS-K71w6mWI-00223-00046919-00047071 doesn't mean that anything has really
+CS-K71w6mWI-00224-00047072-00047246 been tweaked it's just a
+CS-K71w6mWI-00225-00047247-00047486 money grab by the manufacturer and again
+CS-K71w6mWI-00226-00047487-00047558 not really
+CS-K71w6mWI-00227-00047559-00047751 fair to compare because apples and
+CS-K71w6mWI-00228-00047752-00047927 oranges the tomahawk wi-fi is a
+CS-K71w6mWI-00229-00047928-00048079 different model from the gaming pro
+CS-K71w6mWI-00230-00048080-00048183 carbon wi-fi
+CS-K71w6mWI-00231-00048184-00048351 but that's exactly what manufacturers
+CS-K71w6mWI-00232-00048352-00048502 want you're confused about all the
+CS-K71w6mWI-00233-00048503-00048671 different models and you see the word
+CS-K71w6mWI-00234-00048672-00048758 gaming
+CS-K71w6mWI-00235-00048759-00048902 and then even though it's more expensive
+CS-K71w6mWI-00236-00048903-00049127 you pick it up because you trust that
+CS-K71w6mWI-00237-00049128-00049430 sigournament has a gaming tour
+CS-K71w6mWI-00238-00049431-00049662 but again it ain't so and you can get
+CS-K71w6mWI-00239-00049663-00049839 cheaper better performance
+CS-K71w6mWI-00240-00049840-00050127 sometimes if you opt for the non-gaming
+CS-K71w6mWI-00241-00050128-00050335 branded product the abuse of the word
+CS-K71w6mWI-00242-00050336-00050607 gaming as marketing pap is very clear in
+CS-K71w6mWI-00243-00050608-00050735 gaming chairs
+CS-K71w6mWI-00244-00050736-00050895 what separates a gaming chair from an
+CS-K71w6mWI-00245-00050896-00051086 office chair from a regular chair from a
+CS-K71w6mWI-00246-00051087-00051190 luxury chair
+CS-K71w6mWI-00247-00051191-00051430 do gaming chairs make you react faster
+CS-K71w6mWI-00248-00051432-00051575 do they cool you down
+CS-K71w6mWI-00249-00051576-00051790 do they make you see in more frames per
+CS-K71w6mWI-00250-00051791-00051975 second than your eyes normally can
+CS-K71w6mWI-00251-00051976-00052214 it's a chair with the word gaming stuck
+CS-K71w6mWI-00252-00052215-00052390 to the front because of that again some
+CS-K71w6mWI-00253-00052391-00052630 manufacturers can get away with
+CS-K71w6mWI-00254-00052632-00052926 large markups on the chair even though
+CS-K71w6mWI-00255-00052927-00053047 it's just a chair
+CS-K71w6mWI-00256-00053048-00053311 whether you call it gaming or not tip 5
+CS-K71w6mWI-00257-00053312-00053479 is sakto lang naram speed
+CS-K71w6mWI-00258-00053479-00053719 motherboards can only run ram at certain
+CS-K71w6mWI-00259-00053720-00053871 speed so for example you're super
+CS-K71w6mWI-00260-00053872-00054071 excited to get ram that runs at 3
+CS-K71w6mWI-00261-00054072-00054311 600 megahertz and you plop it into your
+CS-K71w6mWI-00262-00054312-00054463 machine thinking that of course it'll
+CS-K71w6mWI-00263-00054464-00054566 run a 360
+CS-K71w6mWI-00264-00054567-00054742 but then you check and your motherboard
+CS-K71w6mWI-00265-00054744-00054959 only runs ram up to a maximum of three
+CS-K71w6mWI-00266-00054960-00055071 thousand
+CS-K71w6mWI-00267-00055072-00055238 yes you can still use that ram but it
+CS-K71w6mWI-00268-00055239-00055391 will be throttled
+CS-K71w6mWI-00269-00055391-00055582 at the maximum of the motherboard which
+CS-K71w6mWI-00270-00055583-00055759 is three thousand megahertz
+CS-K71w6mWI-00271-00055760-00055950 so be sure to check before buying ram
+CS-K71w6mWI-00272-00055951-00056126 that your motherboard actually supports
+CS-K71w6mWI-00273-00056127-00056207 the speed
+CS-K71w6mWI-00274-00056208-00056407 of that ram otherwise you're wasting
+CS-K71w6mWI-00275-00056408-00056623 money on a faster component that you'll
+CS-K71w6mWI-00276-00056624-00056766 never feel the speed of
+CS-K71w6mWI-00277-00056767-00056919 fortunately it's easy to check and most
+CS-K71w6mWI-00278-00056920-00057094 of the reputable manufacturers
+CS-K71w6mWI-00279-00057095-00057359 have the supported ram speed in their
+CS-K71w6mWI-00280-00057360-00057623 basic spec sheets for their motherboards
+CS-K71w6mWI-00281-00057624-00057854 and finally bonus tip most likely if
+CS-K71w6mWI-00282-00057855-00057966 you're doing a build you're going to
+CS-K71w6mWI-00283-00057967-00058094 need windows 10
+CS-K71w6mWI-00284-00058095-00058311 and windows 10 is free guys you don't
+CS-K71w6mWI-00285-00058312-00058535 need to pay for it the unactivated
+CS-K71w6mWI-00286-00058536-00058735 meaning free version just has all the
+CS-K71w6mWI-00287-00058736-00059023 features and performance as the paid
+CS-K71w6mWI-00288-00059024-00059182 version i talked about this before in
+CS-K71w6mWI-00289-00059183-00059326 previous videos so you can check that
+CS-K71w6mWI-00290-00059327-00059375 out
+CS-K71w6mWI-00291-00059376-00059599 but basically if you don't want to pay
+CS-K71w6mWI-00292-00059600-00059703 for windows 10
+CS-K71w6mWI-00293-00059704-00059903 you don't need to just download it from
+CS-K71w6mWI-00294-00059904-00060071 microsoft and
+CS-K71w6mWI-00295-00060072-00060271 it has everything you need already there
+CS-K71w6mWI-00296-00060272-00060447 you don't need to pay upon download
+CS-K71w6mWI-00297-00060448-00060623 and you don't need to pay when you're
+CS-K71w6mWI-00298-00060624-00060799 using it so i hope these tips help save
+CS-K71w6mWI-00299-00060800-00060879 you some money
+CS-K71w6mWI-00300-00060879-00061103 when buying pc parts and it can be an
+CS-K71w6mWI-00301-00061104-00061311 expensive hobby but part of the fun
+CS-K71w6mWI-00302-00061312-00061575 is getting the most performance at the
+CS-K71w6mWI-00303-00061576-00061719 best budget possible
+CS-K71w6mWI-00304-00061720-00061854 thanks for watching
+CS-K71w6mWI-00305-00061854-00062054 [Music]
+CS-K71w6mWI-00306-00062055-00062215 and all the thanks in the world to our
+CS-K71w6mWI-00307-00062216-00062447 top fans christian espinoza
+CS-K71w6mWI-00308-00062448-00062750 john rubin ocha itx addict richard
+CS-K71w6mWI-00309-00062751-00062838 unkinko
+CS-K71w6mWI-00310-00062839-00063126 ian meru and liam magnaye your support
+CS-K71w6mWI-00311-00063127-00063311 really goes a long way to helping
+CS-K71w6mWI-00312-00063312-00063519 upgrade the production quality of the
+CS-K71w6mWI-00313-00063520-00063582 channel
+CS-K71w6mWI-00314-00063583-00063782 and we really really appreciate it
+CS-K71w6mWI-00315-00063783-00064079 thanks so much
+CUWCoxXh-ek-00000-00001533-00001826 this is the critical mass to Calais and
+CUWCoxXh-ek-00001-00001827-00002243 the my big motivation for this is just
+CUWCoxXh-ek-00002-00002244-00002442 to try and facilitate as many people as
+CUWCoxXh-ek-00003-00002443-00002730 possible going from England to Calais
+CUWCoxXh-ek-00004-00002731-00003000 and meeting people from Sudan
+CUWCoxXh-ek-00005-00003001-00003207 Afghanistan Syria and exchanging their
+CUWCoxXh-ek-00006-00003208-00003411 stories and really learning from each
+CUWCoxXh-ek-00007-00003411-00003678 other we're just about set off to cycle
+CUWCoxXh-ek-00008-00003679-00003885 down to date burning cross over on the
+CUWCoxXh-ek-00009-00003886-00004107 ferry to Calais and head to the Michael
+CUWCoxXh-ek-00010-00004108-00004359 Cabot's there oh dear is everyone here
+CUWCoxXh-ek-00011-00004360-00004542 is sort of like that they they want any
+CUWCoxXh-ek-00012-00004543-00004656 more like their friends they want me
+CUWCoxXh-ek-00013-00004657-00004871 more we're gonna recycle all the way
+CUWCoxXh-ek-00014-00004872-00005072 down and then donate the bikes to the
+CUWCoxXh-ek-00015-00005073-00005295 camps in Calais the Cape's have been
+CUWCoxXh-ek-00016-00005296-00005536 like slowly pushed further and further
+CUWCoxXh-ek-00017-00005537-00005895 back from like local amenities icon
+CUWCoxXh-ek-00018-00005896-00006045 shops and you really can get food at the
+CUWCoxXh-ek-00019-00006046-00006288 moment people have to walk about an hour
+CUWCoxXh-ek-00020-00006289-00006513 and a half each way just to get like
+CUWCoxXh-ek-00021-00006514-00006765 basic necessities food drink things like
+CUWCoxXh-ek-00022-00006766-00007029 that there's IDP camps in in Afghanistan
+CUWCoxXh-ek-00023-00007030-00007266 in Syria involving everywhere and it
+CUWCoxXh-ek-00024-00007267-00007392 seems to be easy for people to treat
+CUWCoxXh-ek-00025-00007393-00007581 them as victims they're further away
+CUWCoxXh-ek-00026-00007581-00007745 from you people still donating their two
+CUWCoxXh-ek-00027-00007747-00007931 pounds a month to Oxfam or to save the
+CUWCoxXh-ek-00028-00007933-00008097 children to everyone but the second is
+CUWCoxXh-ek-00029-00008098-00008247 on your doorstep it seems to be like all
+CUWCoxXh-ek-00030-00008248-00008397 I don't know that's completely different
+CUWCoxXh-ek-00031-00008398-00008541 situation and people are running away
+CUWCoxXh-ek-00032-00008542-00008775 from that this country is just carrying
+CUWCoxXh-ek-00033-00008776-00009054 on its long tradition of racism and
+CUWCoxXh-ek-00034-00009055-00009231 exploitation and oppression of people
+CUWCoxXh-ek-00035-00009232-00009464 and now there's like a step up in the
+CUWCoxXh-ek-00036-00009465-00009636 border with france but it has a really
+CUWCoxXh-ek-00037-00009637-00009852 real impact on the growing number of
+CUWCoxXh-ek-00038-00009853-00010110 people who are stuck on this border we
+CUWCoxXh-ek-00039-00010111-00010378 have to face a very difficult daddy
+CUWCoxXh-ek-00040-00010379-00010564 and a lot of times Britain has a lot of
+CUWCoxXh-ek-00041-00010565-00010777 complicity and what has happened to
+CUWCoxXh-ek-00042-00010778-00011706 these people and their countries
+CUWCoxXh-ek-00043-00011707-00011996 will do anything
+CUWCoxXh-ek-00044-00011997-00012462 tell fire
+CUWCoxXh-ek-00045-00012463-00014960 boy
+CUWCoxXh-ek-00046-00014961-00015921 hey
+CUWCoxXh-ek-00047-00015922-00016085 and then
+CUWCoxXh-ek-00048-00016086-00016955 it's just beautiful beautiful I've come
+CUWCoxXh-ek-00049-00016956-00017217 to Calais to drop off age mainly
+CUWCoxXh-ek-00050-00017218-00017408 focusing on the health and safety of
+CUWCoxXh-ek-00051-00017409-00017822 people in Calais we are bringing over 60
+CUWCoxXh-ek-00052-00017823-00018075 fire extinguishers and we are bringing
+CUWCoxXh-ek-00053-00018076-00018383 first aid we're coming along with nurses
+CUWCoxXh-ek-00054-00018384-00018722 and doctors and too so we can actually
+CUWCoxXh-ek-00055-00018723-00018936 do a bit first aid whilst we're here
+CUWCoxXh-ek-00056-00018937-00019149 other things that we bring in is tense
+CUWCoxXh-ek-00057-00019150-00019314 we're going to be building a large
+CUWCoxXh-ek-00058-00019315-00019572 bender tent and bring in food and
+CUWCoxXh-ek-00059-00019573-00019761 blankets and also things for our women
+CUWCoxXh-ek-00060-00019762-00022293 and children as well
+CUWCoxXh-ek-00061-00022294-00023305 you
+CUWCoxXh-ek-00062-00023306-00025307 you
+CUWCoxXh-ek-00063-00025308-00025619 this is a small convoy from a Brixton to
+CUWCoxXh-ek-00064-00025620-00025952 Calais by a folkston for van and two
+CUWCoxXh-ek-00065-00025952-00026177 cars but we have taken a lot of stuff
+CUWCoxXh-ek-00066-00026177-00026389 already towards folkston stand up to
+CUWCoxXh-ek-00067-00026391-00026648 racism organised it around Lambeth and
+CUWCoxXh-ek-00068-00026649-00027005 bixton and we have been overwhelmed it's
+CUWCoxXh-ek-00069-00027006-00027230 come from places like Croydon college
+CUWCoxXh-ek-00070-00027231-00027488 roehampton university loads of
+CUWCoxXh-ek-00071-00027489-00027971 individual people
+CUWCoxXh-ek-00072-00027972-00028223 I'm a next member of the local branch of
+CUWCoxXh-ek-00073-00028224-00028433 the use of you at Lambeth college and
+CUWCoxXh-ek-00074-00028434-00028724 we've done 8 150 pounds to this convoy
+CUWCoxXh-ek-00075-00028725-00028958 to go and show solidarity with the
+CUWCoxXh-ek-00076-00028959-00029876 people in the camps ocala we always need
+CUWCoxXh-ek-00077-00029877-00030080 blankets sleeping directs tents and
+CUWCoxXh-ek-00078-00030081-00030332 shoes because they go at a fast rate
+CUWCoxXh-ek-00079-00030333-00030596 raincoats are extremely valuable
+CUWCoxXh-ek-00080-00030597-00030833 Wellington's strangers say they don't
+CUWCoxXh-ek-00081-00030834-00031057 want one even though they live in mud
+CUWCoxXh-ek-00082-00031058-00033713 don't ask me for an explanation
+CUWCoxXh-ek-00083-00033714-00034659 today we're handing over 6,000 pounds we
+CUWCoxXh-ek-00084-00034660-00034800 prefer you to give the cash straight
+CUWCoxXh-ek-00085-00034801-00035109 away now but they also take a bank
+CUWCoxXh-ek-00086-00035110-00035335 transfer because it saves them on the
+CUWCoxXh-ek-00087-00035336-00035529 handling fees this is a drop of the
+CUWCoxXh-ek-00088-00035530-00035817 ocean that they actually need it's also
+CUWCoxXh-ek-00089-00035818-00036048 drop in the ocean which our governments
+CUWCoxXh-ek-00090-00036049-00036324 can actually open in the borders and
+CUWCoxXh-ek-00091-00036325-00036774 taking people in instead
+Cb1UcyGyV-Y-00000-00000000-00000409 foreign
+Cb1UcyGyV-Y-00001-00000411-00002734 [Music]
+Cb1UcyGyV-Y-00002-00002735-00003356 [Music]
+Cb1UcyGyV-Y-00003-00003357-00004554 [Applause]
+Cb1UcyGyV-Y-00004-00004555-00004867 thank you
+Cb1UcyGyV-Y-00005-00004868-00006149 [Music]
+Cb1UcyGyV-Y-00006-00006150-00006297 foreign
+Cb1UcyGyV-Y-00007-00006298-00006684 [Music]
+Cb1UcyGyV-Y-00008-00006686-00006827 [Applause]
+Cb1UcyGyV-Y-00009-00006828-00007248 foreign
+Cb1UcyGyV-Y-00010-00007248-00007502 [Music]
+Cb1UcyGyV-Y-00011-00007503-00007759 [Applause]
+Cb1UcyGyV-Y-00012-00007759-00009341 [Music]
+Cb1UcyGyV-Y-00013-00009342-00009478 foreign
+Cb1UcyGyV-Y-00014-00009479-00009910 [Music]
+Cb1UcyGyV-Y-00015-00009911-00010064 thank you
+Cb1UcyGyV-Y-00016-00010065-00010593 [Music]
+Cb1UcyGyV-Y-00017-00010594-00013301 [Music]
+Cb1UcyGyV-Y-00018-00013302-00014028 foreign
+Cb1UcyGyV-Y-00019-00014029-00014557 [Music]
+Cb1UcyGyV-Y-00020-00014558-00016619 [Music]
+Cb1UcyGyV-Y-00021-00016620-00016962 foreign
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+Cb1UcyGyV-Y-00024-00018616-00020086 [Music]
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+Cb1UcyGyV-Y-00026-00020328-00021873 [Music]
+Cb1UcyGyV-Y-00027-00021874-00022051 [Music]
+Cb1UcyGyV-Y-00028-00022052-00022238 [Applause]
+Cb1UcyGyV-Y-00029-00022239-00024118 [Music]
+Cb1UcyGyV-Y-00030-00024119-00024744 [Music]
+Cb1UcyGyV-Y-00031-00024745-00024860 thank you
+Cb1UcyGyV-Y-00032-00024861-00025919 [Music]
+Cb1UcyGyV-Y-00033-00025920-00026543 [Music]
+Cb1UcyGyV-Y-00034-00026544-00026752 [Applause]
+Cb1UcyGyV-Y-00035-00026754-00027668 foreign
+Cb1UcyGyV-Y-00036-00027669-00029435 [Music]
+Cb1UcyGyV-Y-00037-00029436-00029645 all right
+Cb1UcyGyV-Y-00038-00029645-00029870 [Music]
+Cb1UcyGyV-Y-00039-00029872-00030112 [Applause]
+Cb1UcyGyV-Y-00040-00030113-00030433 foreign
+Cb1UcyGyV-Y-00041-00030435-00030686 [Music]
+Cb1UcyGyV-Y-00042-00030687-00030944 [Applause]
+Cb1UcyGyV-Y-00043-00030945-00032921 [Music]
+Cb1UcyGyV-Y-00044-00032922-00033274 [Music]
+Cb1UcyGyV-Y-00045-00033275-00033449 foreign
+Cb1UcyGyV-Y-00047-00036667-00037115 [Music]
+Cb1UcyGyV-Y-00048-00037116-00037507 thank you
+Cb1UcyGyV-Y-00050-00040800-00040943 foreign
+Cb1UcyGyV-Y-00051-00040944-00041130 [Applause]
+Cb1UcyGyV-Y-00052-00041131-00042972 [Music]
+Cb1UcyGyV-Y-00053-00042973-00044099 [Music]
+Cb1UcyGyV-Y-00054-00044100-00044261 foreign
+Cb1UcyGyV-Y-00055-00044262-00045019 [Music]
+CdwI20R64aM-00000-00000064-00000318 dan from bizarre home decorating
+CdwI20R64aM-00001-00000319-00000463 being a third generation owner of
+CdwI20R64aM-00002-00000463-00000582 bizarre home decorating is very
+CdwI20R64aM-00003-00000583-00000734 important to me it's important to my
+CdwI20R64aM-00004-00000735-00000871 wife katie
+CdwI20R64aM-00005-00000872-00001039 my grandma and grandpa alan alice
+CdwI20R64aM-00006-00001040-00001303 started bazaar in 1969 and in the early
+CdwI20R64aM-00007-00001304-00001503 80s tom and cheryl my parents took it
+CdwI20R64aM-00008-00001504-00001734 over it is a long-standing family
+CdwI20R64aM-00009-00001735-00002030 tradition that we offer
+CdwI20R64aM-00010-00002032-00002231 quality products to the milwaukee area
+CdwI20R64aM-00011-00002232-00002487 homeowners whether it's our blinds
+CdwI20R64aM-00012-00002488-00002791 shades shutters draperies valances roman
+CdwI20R64aM-00013-00002792-00002966 shades or whatever we're offering at the
+CdwI20R64aM-00014-00002967-00003055 time
+CdwI20R64aM-00015-00003056-00003175 it's important that what you're going to
+CdwI20R64aM-00016-00003176-00003399 be buying from us is quality because
+CdwI20R64aM-00017-00003400-00003711 what we what we want you to experience
+CdwI20R64aM-00018-00003711-00003959 is have a great experience with us have
+CdwI20R64aM-00019-00003960-00004263 a quality product with a long warranty
+CdwI20R64aM-00020-00004264-00004463 and being able to say hey i got this
+CdwI20R64aM-00021-00004464-00004631 from bazaar and be able to tell your
+CdwI20R64aM-00022-00004632-00004719 friends
+CdwI20R64aM-00023-00004720-00004999 go to bazaar it's a great family
+CdwI20R64aM-00024-00005000-00005183 owned business that'll help you with
+CdwI20R64aM-00025-00005184-00005431 your window treatment needs or your
+CdwI20R64aM-00026-00005432-00005670 betting needs
+CdwI20R64aM-00027-00005671-00005791 please visit our website at
+CdwI20R64aM-00028-00005792-00005959 bizarrehdc.com
+CdwI20R64aM-00029-00005960-00006202 or call us at
+CdwI20R64aM-00030-00006203-00006461 262-784-2448 to set up your appointment
+CdwI20R64aM-00031-00006462-00006768 [Music]
+CdYu7b52y7Y-00000-00000064-00000311 yeah cause uh guys when you see this at
+CdYu7b52y7Y-00001-00000312-00000471 this structure like w
+CdYu7b52y7Y-00002-00000472-00000790 forming a support at two levels you know
+CdYu7b52y7Y-00003-00000791-00001079 you guys it will never go up you get it
+CdYu7b52y7Y-00004-00001080-00001143 will never
+CdYu7b52y7Y-00005-00001144-00001519 go up like seriously if it goes up guys
+CdYu7b52y7Y-00006-00001520-00001630 and that's the change in the strength
+CdYu7b52y7Y-00007-00001632-00001902 you get it will go then up until forever
+CdYu7b52y7Y-00008-00001903-00001991 i click
+CdYu7b52y7Y-00009-00001992-00002215 yeah better but it makes this structure
+CdYu7b52y7Y-00010-00002216-00002350 like w
+CdYu7b52y7Y-00011-00002351-00002502 i wish i could just check back in my
+CdYu7b52y7Y-00012-00002503-00002671 videos i made a recent
+CdYu7b52y7Y-00013-00002672-00002791 they'll show you the same structure i
+CdYu7b52y7Y-00014-00002792-00003015 get yeah and
+CdYu7b52y7Y-00015-00003016-00003335 it goes so why i put my lever at this
+CdYu7b52y7Y-00016-00003336-00003390 point
+CdYu7b52y7Y-00017-00003392-00003799 guys at this point it's my twitter
+CdYu7b52y7Y-00018-00003800-00004103 again you get it might retest and then
+CdYu7b52y7Y-00019-00004104-00004295 from another structure you click yeah
+CdYu7b52y7Y-00020-00004296-00004502 but it has to test again this area
+CdYu7b52y7Y-00021-00004503-00004799 and then why are you closed above this
+CdYu7b52y7Y-00022-00004800-00005022 area
+CdYu7b52y7Y-00023-00005023-00005422 whoa so like
+CdYu7b52y7Y-00024-00005423-00005759 act like in in the map it's like once it
+CdYu7b52y7Y-00025-00005760-00005806 makes
+CdYu7b52y7Y-00026-00005807-00006143 uh a structure that has made these guys
+CdYu7b52y7Y-00027-00006144-00006439 it will never come back like uh to go
+CdYu7b52y7Y-00028-00006440-00006567 above it you get
+CdYu7b52y7Y-00029-00006568-00006710 it will come back and make another one
+CdYu7b52y7Y-00030-00006711-00006895 around here maybe then you go down and
+CdYu7b52y7Y-00031-00006895-00007103 make another here go down you click
+CdYu7b52y7Y-00032-00007104-00007270 yes it will never come back to beat this
+CdYu7b52y7Y-00033-00007272-00007487 level here so guys uh
+CdYu7b52y7Y-00034-00007488-00007695 let's just wait for the try to make it
+CdYu7b52y7Y-00035-00007695-00007806 down here
+CdYu7b52y7Y-00036-00007808-00008063 and we shall be making 25 dollars you
+CdYu7b52y7Y-00037-00008064-00008159 get
+CdYu7b52y7Y-00038-00008159-00008423 yeah only like this is a sure deal guys
+CdYu7b52y7Y-00039-00008424-00008527 you're not going
+CdYu7b52y7Y-00040-00008528-00008735 to click the first of all our moving
+CdYu7b52y7Y-00041-00008736-00008887 averages they crossed over
+CdYu7b52y7Y-00042-00008888-00009071 and there's full momentum for a downward
+CdYu7b52y7Y-00043-00009072-00009223 trend the week is
+CdYu7b52y7Y-00044-00009224-00009510 down trending it's a bearish market you
+CdYu7b52y7Y-00045-00009511-00009567 know
+CdYu7b52y7Y-00046-00009568-00009974 and then find the edx telling us
+CdYu7b52y7Y-00047-00009975-00010199 there's gonna be a change in the in the
+CdYu7b52y7Y-00048-00010200-00010295 trend
+CdYu7b52y7Y-00049-00010296-00010463 but guys according all indicators are
+CdYu7b52y7Y-00050-00010464-00010687 telling us it's still going down you get
+CdYu7b52y7Y-00051-00010688-00010959 you never buy against the trend lines
+CdYu7b52y7Y-00052-00010960-00011087 nobody against
+CdYu7b52y7Y-00053-00011088-00011495 the structure against the against the
+CdYu7b52y7Y-00054-00011496-00011774 the technical analysis you get yeah
+CdYu7b52y7Y-00055-00011775-00011967 you'll be a technician guys
+CdYu7b52y7Y-00056-00011968-00012095 it's going to consider it flying here's
+CdYu7b52y7Y-00057-00012096-00012278 going with some force moves until around
+CdYu7b52y7Y-00058-00012279-00012399 here
+CdYu7b52y7Y-00059-00012400-00012655 it can't exceed this point again yeah
+CdYu7b52y7Y-00060-00012656-00012807 and then it's gonna go down
+CdYu7b52y7Y-00061-00012808-00013055 you're good yeah but all the same guys
+CdYu7b52y7Y-00062-00013056-00013111 are
+CdYu7b52y7Y-00063-00013112-00013294 we're either gonna lose twenty five
+CdYu7b52y7Y-00064-00013295-00013438 dollar twenty dollars i'll make twenty
+CdYu7b52y7Y-00065-00013440-00013575 four dollars you get
+CdYu7b52y7Y-00066-00013576-00013751 yeah but sure deal we might make it
+CdYu7b52y7Y-00067-00013752-00013927 twenty five dollars right away
+CdYu7b52y7Y-00068-00013928-00014094 so guys you just be on the watch out
+CdYu7b52y7Y-00069-00014095-00014286 right now because
+CdYu7b52y7Y-00070-00014287-00014591 it's always the full screen
+CdYu7b52y7Y-00071-00014591-00014775 and right now guys we're getting a
+CdYu7b52y7Y-00072-00014776-00015111 profit of 3.4 dollars guys that's money
+CdYu7b52y7Y-00073-00015112-00015207 you click
+CdYu7b52y7Y-00074-00015208-00015358 yeah that's man you can't record stuff
+CdYu7b52y7Y-00075-00015359-00015543 from here but uh
+CdYu7b52y7Y-00076-00015544-00015758 i'm trying according to levels you know
+CdYu7b52y7Y-00077-00015759-00015943 yeah i stopped being a sculptor in a
+CdYu7b52y7Y-00078-00015944-00016135 scorpion get any money you get you just
+CdYu7b52y7Y-00079-00016136-00016238 take out no
+CdYu7b52y7Y-00080-00016240-00016455 yeah but we're looking for 25 dollars
+CdYu7b52y7Y-00081-00016456-00016567 you get
+CdYu7b52y7Y-00082-00016568-00016999 yeah for 25 dollars net so guys
+CdYu7b52y7Y-00083-00017000-00017143 yeah i saw like trading are going to
+CdYu7b52y7Y-00084-00017144-00017367 level so it's the level maybe
+CdYu7b52y7Y-00085-00017368-00017558 if it's going to go we're down until
+CdYu7b52y7Y-00086-00017559-00017783 here then it might double going down
+CdYu7b52y7Y-00087-00017784-00017855 again
+CdYu7b52y7Y-00088-00017856-00018014 then if we come back to just this area
+CdYu7b52y7Y-00089-00018015-00018222 again then it goes down
+CdYu7b52y7Y-00090-00018223-00018527 until it makes perfect uh
+CdYu7b52y7Y-00091-00018528-00018735 until it makes a perfect structure
+CdYu7b52y7Y-00092-00018736-00018886 showing us that
+CdYu7b52y7Y-00093-00018887-00019063 it's going to go with the opposite
+CdYu7b52y7Y-00094-00019064-00019271 direction but if not for that guys that
+CdYu7b52y7Y-00095-00019272-00019486 we're going down you click yeah we're
+CdYu7b52y7Y-00096-00019487-00019663 going seriously down i told you that
+CdYu7b52y7Y-00097-00019664-00019911 last week like when it was still on
+CdYu7b52y7Y-00098-00019912-00020047 upward trend
+CdYu7b52y7Y-00099-00020048-00020247 yeah i saw this coming guys in a
+CdYu7b52y7Y-00100-00020248-00020414 downward trend it goes for real you
+CdYu7b52y7Y-00101-00020415-00020494 click
+CdYu7b52y7Y-00102-00020495-00020783 yeah and we need to break this guys it's
+CdYu7b52y7Y-00103-00020784-00020958 going up like seriously
+CdYu7b52y7Y-00104-00020959-00021222 you click and it's gonna hit new levels
+CdYu7b52y7Y-00105-00021223-00021294 which you would
+CdYu7b52y7Y-00106-00021295-00021599 which you never seen before but guys
+CdYu7b52y7Y-00107-00021600-00021750 that's what the market always does you
+CdYu7b52y7Y-00108-00021751-00021983 get yes so
+CdYu7b52y7Y-00109-00021984-00022135 yeah just keep up with this channel
+CdYu7b52y7Y-00110-00022136-00022303 maybe maybe
+CdYu7b52y7Y-00111-00022304-00022543 you'll trade with me sometime you know
+CdYu7b52y7Y-00112-00022544-00022711 yeah cause uh
+CdYu7b52y7Y-00113-00022712-00022878 if you trade according to the analysis
+CdYu7b52y7Y-00114-00022879-00023078 guys this list chances are you're going
+CdYu7b52y7Y-00115-00023079-00023230 to lose your money you get
+CdYu7b52y7Y-00116-00023231-00023567 yeah so guys uh yeah
+CdYu7b52y7Y-00117-00023568-00023807 it's going down let's just wait for our
+CdYu7b52y7Y-00118-00023808-00024047 money to talk to our unless you click
+CdYu7b52y7Y-00119-00024048-00024311 yeah nothing to get worried about you
+CdYu7b52y7Y-00120-00024312-00024358 know like
+CdYu7b52y7Y-00121-00024359-00024511 why you gain that too much confidence
+CdYu7b52y7Y-00122-00024512-00024758 you know the first time i began trading
+CdYu7b52y7Y-00123-00024759-00025014 i could shiver and i could go check any
+CdYu7b52y7Y-00124-00025015-00025127 better
+CdYu7b52y7Y-00125-00025128-00025286 it wasn't a london market structures
+CdYu7b52y7Y-00126-00025287-00025631 guys this doesn't take me out again
+CdYu7b52y7Y-00127-00025632-00025934 yeah so according to the bankruptcy the
+CdYu7b52y7Y-00128-00025935-00026183 banks are let's take the rates that
+CdYu7b52y7Y-00129-00026183-00026502 round figures you get yes so
+CdYu7b52y7Y-00130-00026504-00026839 right now it's better 8 6
+CdYu7b52y7Y-00131-00026839-00027183 2 and the next level the best cons
+CdYu7b52y7Y-00132-00027183-00027343 kind of put this rate at it's going to
+CdYu7b52y7Y-00133-00027344-00027495 be
+CdYu7b52y7Y-00134-00027495-00027927 5 8 70 5 8
+CdYu7b52y7Y-00135-00027927-00028270 50 you know yeah then
+CdYu7b52y7Y-00136-00028272-00030118 i will take profit it is uh
+CdYu7b52y7Y-00137-00030119-00030327 you
+CeiR6JPH3Ru-00000-00000042-00000316 hey there today we're going to talk
+CeiR6JPH3Ru-00001-00000317-00000491 about a topic That's essential for
+CeiR6JPH3Ru-00002-00000492-00000707 achieving your goals willpower and
+CeiR6JPH3Ru-00003-00000708-00000857 self-discipline
+CeiR6JPH3Ru-00004-00000858-00001079 willpower is the mental strength to
+CeiR6JPH3Ru-00005-00001080-00001265 resist temptation and make decisions
+CeiR6JPH3Ru-00006-00001266-00001547 that align with your long-term goals
+CeiR6JPH3Ru-00007-00001548-00001763 self-discipline is the ability to
+CeiR6JPH3Ru-00008-00001764-00001930 consistently follow through with those
+CeiR6JPH3Ru-00009-00001932-00002075 decisions
+CeiR6JPH3Ru-00010-00002076-00002291 developing these qualities takes time
+CeiR6JPH3Ru-00011-00002292-00002518 and effort but it's worth it
+CeiR6JPH3Ru-00012-00002519-00002692 here are some tips to help you build
+CeiR6JPH3Ru-00013-00002693-00002926 your willpower and self-discipline tip
+CeiR6JPH3Ru-00014-00002927-00003256 one start small pick one habit you want
+CeiR6JPH3Ru-00015-00003257-00003503 to change or develop and focus on it
+CeiR6JPH3Ru-00016-00003504-00003772 start with one habit don't try to change
+CeiR6JPH3Ru-00017-00003773-00004043 everything at once or you may fail
+CeiR6JPH3Ru-00018-00004044-00004288 focus on developing one habit at a time
+CeiR6JPH3Ru-00019-00004289-00004475 by breaking it down into manageable
+CeiR6JPH3Ru-00020-00004476-00004606 steps
+CeiR6JPH3Ru-00021-00004607-00004888 for example start with a 15-minute walk
+CeiR6JPH3Ru-00022-00004889-00005188 each day to exercise more regularly
+CeiR6JPH3Ru-00023-00005189-00005422 be patient and persistent as changing
+CeiR6JPH3Ru-00024-00005423-00005620 Behavior takes time
+CeiR6JPH3Ru-00025-00005621-00005861 by starting small and staying focused
+CeiR6JPH3Ru-00026-00005862-00006077 you can increase your chances of success
+CeiR6JPH3Ru-00027-00006078-00006388 and make lasting changes in your life
+CeiR6JPH3Ru-00028-00006389-00006623 build on your successes over time and
+CeiR6JPH3Ru-00029-00006623-00006796 develop additional habits that support
+CeiR6JPH3Ru-00030-00006797-00006946 your goals
+CeiR6JPH3Ru-00031-00006947-00007325 tip 2 set clear and specific goals
+CeiR6JPH3Ru-00032-00007326-00007559 identify what you want to achieve and
+CeiR6JPH3Ru-00033-00007559-00007745 make a plan to get there
+CeiR6JPH3Ru-00034-00007745-00007948 break your goals down into manageable
+CeiR6JPH3Ru-00035-00007950-00008201 steps and track your progress
+CeiR6JPH3Ru-00036-00008202-00008417 setting clear and specific goals is
+CeiR6JPH3Ru-00037-00008418-00008621 essential for developing willpower and
+CeiR6JPH3Ru-00038-00008622-00008771 self-discipline
+CeiR6JPH3Ru-00039-00008772-00008987 by identifying what you want to achieve
+CeiR6JPH3Ru-00040-00008988-00009209 you create a clear Direction and purpose
+CeiR6JPH3Ru-00041-00009210-00009377 that can guide your efforts towards
+CeiR6JPH3Ru-00042-00009378-00009503 success
+CeiR6JPH3Ru-00043-00009504-00009767 however setting goals alone is not
+CeiR6JPH3Ru-00044-00009768-00009881 enough
+CeiR6JPH3Ru-00045-00009882-00010078 it's equally important to break down
+CeiR6JPH3Ru-00046-00010079-00010289 these goals into smaller manageable
+CeiR6JPH3Ru-00047-00010290-00010541 steps that can be taken each day
+CeiR6JPH3Ru-00048-00010542-00010799 this approach allows you to focus on one
+CeiR6JPH3Ru-00049-00010800-00011014 step at a time making the goal more
+CeiR6JPH3Ru-00050-00011015-00011242 achievable and less overwhelming
+CeiR6JPH3Ru-00051-00011243-00011453 tracking your progress is also crucial
+CeiR6JPH3Ru-00052-00011454-00011621 to ensure that you're on the right track
+CeiR6JPH3Ru-00053-00011622-00011896 and making progress towards your goal
+CeiR6JPH3Ru-00054-00011897-00012106 this can be done through various means
+CeiR6JPH3Ru-00055-00012107-00012383 such as a journal a habit tracker or
+CeiR6JPH3Ru-00056-00012384-00012610 even an accountability partner
+CeiR6JPH3Ru-00057-00012611-00012827 by setting clear and specific goals
+CeiR6JPH3Ru-00058-00012828-00013066 breaking them down into smaller steps
+CeiR6JPH3Ru-00059-00013067-00013307 and tracking your progress you can build
+CeiR6JPH3Ru-00060-00013308-00013486 momentum and motivation towards
+CeiR6JPH3Ru-00061-00013487-00013715 achieving your desired outcome
+CeiR6JPH3Ru-00062-00013716-00014027 tip 3. stay accountable
+CeiR6JPH3Ru-00063-00014028-00014213 tell someone about your goals and
+CeiR6JPH3Ru-00064-00014213-00014338 progress
+CeiR6JPH3Ru-00065-00014340-00014555 having someone to support and hold you
+CeiR6JPH3Ru-00066-00014556-00014813 accountable can make all the difference
+CeiR6JPH3Ru-00067-00014813-00015041 staying accountable is a crucial aspect
+CeiR6JPH3Ru-00068-00015041-00015227 of achieving your goals
+CeiR6JPH3Ru-00069-00015228-00015430 it involves sharing your goals and
+CeiR6JPH3Ru-00070-00015431-00015629 progress with someone else whether it be
+CeiR6JPH3Ru-00071-00015630-00015863 a friend family member or even a
+CeiR6JPH3Ru-00072-00015863-00016019 professional coach
+CeiR6JPH3Ru-00073-00016019-00016241 by doing so you have someone who can
+CeiR6JPH3Ru-00074-00016241-00016391 offer you support and hold you
+CeiR6JPH3Ru-00075-00016392-00016607 accountable for your actions
+CeiR6JPH3Ru-00076-00016608-00016793 this makes it more likely that you will
+CeiR6JPH3Ru-00077-00016794-00016972 follow through with your plans and stay
+CeiR6JPH3Ru-00078-00016973-00017236 motivated even when things get tough
+CeiR6JPH3Ru-00079-00017237-00017417 when you share your goals with someone
+CeiR6JPH3Ru-00080-00017418-00017608 else you are also making a public
+CeiR6JPH3Ru-00081-00017609-00017800 commitment to yourself
+CeiR6JPH3Ru-00082-00017801-00017950 this can create a sense of
+CeiR6JPH3Ru-00083-00017951-00018179 responsibility and motivation to achieve
+CeiR6JPH3Ru-00084-00018180-00018365 what you set out to do
+CeiR6JPH3Ru-00085-00018366-00018521 regular check-ins with your
+CeiR6JPH3Ru-00086-00018522-00018707 accountability partner can help you stay
+CeiR6JPH3Ru-00087-00018708-00018893 on track and make adjustments to your
+CeiR6JPH3Ru-00088-00018894-00019055 plan as needed
+CeiR6JPH3Ru-00089-00019056-00019300 additionally having someone to celebrate
+CeiR6JPH3Ru-00090-00019301-00019480 your successes with can be incredibly
+CeiR6JPH3Ru-00091-00019481-00019685 rewarding and encouraging which can
+CeiR6JPH3Ru-00092-00019686-00019883 motivate you to keep going and Achieve
+CeiR6JPH3Ru-00093-00019884-00020014 even more
+CeiR6JPH3Ru-00094-00020015-00020350 tip 4 practice mindfulness
+CeiR6JPH3Ru-00095-00020351-00020555 being present in the moment can help you
+CeiR6JPH3Ru-00096-00020556-00020735 resist impulses and make better
+CeiR6JPH3Ru-00097-00020736-00020867 decisions
+CeiR6JPH3Ru-00098-00020868-00021089 take a few minutes each day to meditate
+CeiR6JPH3Ru-00099-00021090-00021305 or practice deep breathing
+CeiR6JPH3Ru-00100-00021306-00021533 practicing mindfulness involves being
+CeiR6JPH3Ru-00101-00021534-00021743 fully present in the moment with an
+CeiR6JPH3Ru-00102-00021744-00021983 awareness of your thoughts feelings and
+CeiR6JPH3Ru-00103-00021984-00022121 surroundings
+CeiR6JPH3Ru-00104-00022122-00022343 when you're mindful you're better able
+CeiR6JPH3Ru-00105-00022344-00022535 to resist impulses and make better
+CeiR6JPH3Ru-00106-00022536-00022793 decisions that align with your goals
+CeiR6JPH3Ru-00107-00022794-00023021 to cultivate mindfulness you can
+CeiR6JPH3Ru-00108-00023022-00023207 practice meditation with deep breathing
+CeiR6JPH3Ru-00109-00023208-00023500 exercises for a few minutes each day
+CeiR6JPH3Ru-00110-00023501-00023705 these practices help you focus your
+CeiR6JPH3Ru-00111-00023706-00023878 attention on your breath or a specific
+CeiR6JPH3Ru-00112-00023879-00024089 object which helps you train your mind
+CeiR6JPH3Ru-00113-00024090-00024269 to be more present
+CeiR6JPH3Ru-00114-00024270-00024514 mindfulness can also help reduce stress
+CeiR6JPH3Ru-00115-00024515-00024791 improve mental Clarity and increase your
+CeiR6JPH3Ru-00116-00024792-00025007 overall sense of well-being
+CeiR6JPH3Ru-00117-00025008-00025253 by incorporating mindfulness into your
+CeiR6JPH3Ru-00118-00025254-00025475 daily routine you can develop the mental
+CeiR6JPH3Ru-00119-00025476-00025667 strength to stay focused on your goals
+CeiR6JPH3Ru-00120-00025668-00025883 and make better decisions
+CeiR6JPH3Ru-00121-00025883-00026231 tip 5 eliminate distractions
+CeiR6JPH3Ru-00122-00026232-00026417 avoid distractions to develop
+CeiR6JPH3Ru-00123-00026418-00026585 self-discipline
+CeiR6JPH3Ru-00124-00026586-00026843 identify and remove temptations that may
+CeiR6JPH3Ru-00125-00026844-00027035 derail your progress
+CeiR6JPH3Ru-00126-00027036-00027262 avoid unhelpful people or activities
+CeiR6JPH3Ru-00127-00027263-00027514 turn off your phone or computer or
+CeiR6JPH3Ru-00128-00027516-00027755 create a dedicated workspace
+CeiR6JPH3Ru-00129-00027756-00028018 for example avoid social events with
+CeiR6JPH3Ru-00130-00028019-00028199 unhealthy food if you're trying to lose
+CeiR6JPH3Ru-00131-00028200-00028307 weight
+CeiR6JPH3Ru-00132-00028308-00028499 turn off your devices to avoid
+CeiR6JPH3Ru-00133-00028500-00028655 interruptions
+CeiR6JPH3Ru-00134-00028656-00028912 create a workspace for work or study to
+CeiR6JPH3Ru-00135-00028913-00029170 increase productivity and focus
+CeiR6JPH3Ru-00136-00029172-00029429 a dedicated space trains your brain to
+CeiR6JPH3Ru-00137-00029430-00029662 associate it with work or study
+CeiR6JPH3Ru-00138-00029663-00029890 remember building willpower and
+CeiR6JPH3Ru-00139-00029891-00030131 self-discipline is a process
+CeiR6JPH3Ru-00140-00030132-00030346 be patient with yourself and celebrate
+CeiR6JPH3Ru-00141-00030347-00030568 small wins along the way
+CeiR6JPH3Ru-00142-00030569-00030808 by following these tips you can develop
+CeiR6JPH3Ru-00143-00030810-00030989 the mental strength to achieve anything
+CeiR6JPH3Ru-00144-00030989-00031181 you set your mind to
+CeiR6JPH3Ru-00145-00031182-00031402 thanks for watching and don't forget to
+CeiR6JPH3Ru-00146-00031404-00031624 subscribe to be better for more videos
+CeiR6JPH3Ru-00147-00031625-00032024 on personal and professional development
+CfvZvqEfCM0-00000-00000028-00000419 since its independence Algeria has made
+CfvZvqEfCM0-00001-00000420-00000751 major technological advances especially
+CfvZvqEfCM0-00002-00000752-00000875 in the steel and petrochemical
+CfvZvqEfCM0-00003-00000876-00001108 industries
+CfvZvqEfCM0-00004-00001109-00001460 however Algeria still has a severe
+CfvZvqEfCM0-00005-00001461-00001682 shortage of skilled workers and is
+CfvZvqEfCM0-00006-00001682-00001876 heavily dependent on foreign
+CfvZvqEfCM0-00007-00001877-00002297 technologies scientific training is
+CfvZvqEfCM0-00008-00002298-00002534 principally conducted at the houari
+CfvZvqEfCM0-00009-00002535-00002840 boumedienne University of Sciences and
+CfvZvqEfCM0-00010-00002841-00003281 Technology founded in Algiers in 1974
+CfvZvqEfCM0-00011-00003282-00003563 the Oran University of Sciences and
+CfvZvqEfCM0-00012-00003564-00003947 Technology founded in 1975 the
+CfvZvqEfCM0-00013-00003947-00004261 universities of Ann Arbor founded in
+CfvZvqEfCM0-00014-00004262-00004745 1975 leader founded in 1981 boom Ed's
+CfvZvqEfCM0-00015-00004746-00005215 founded in 1981 Constantin founded in
+CfvZvqEfCM0-00016-00005216-00005731 1969 or an S senior founded in 1965
+CfvZvqEfCM0-00017-00005732-00006209 thomson founded in 1974 and the Firat a
+CfvZvqEfCM0-00018-00006210-00006567 beset efj university of sétif founded in
+CfvZvqEfCM0-00019-00006568-00007228 1978 in 1987 to 97 science and
+CfvZvqEfCM0-00020-00007229-00007538 engineering students accounted for 58
+CfvZvqEfCM0-00021-00007539-00007770 percent of college and university
+CfvZvqEfCM0-00022-00007772-00008120 enrollments the government's National
+CfvZvqEfCM0-00023-00008120-00008414 Bureau of scientific research operates
+CfvZvqEfCM0-00024-00008415-00008674 18 research centres in biology
+CfvZvqEfCM0-00025-00008675-00009031 anthropology oceanography and fisheries
+CfvZvqEfCM0-00026-00009032-00009266 astronomy astrophysics
+CfvZvqEfCM0-00027-00009267-00009587 and geophysics renewable energy arid
+CfvZvqEfCM0-00028-00009588-00009871 zones technology transfer and other
+CfvZvqEfCM0-00029-00009872-00010481 fields in 2002 Algeria's high technology
+CfvZvqEfCM0-00030-00010482-00010835 exports totaled 21 million dollars 4
+CfvZvqEfCM0-00031-00010836-00011087 percent of the nation's manufactured
+CfvZvqEfCM0-00032-00011088-00011687 exports
+CfvZvqEfCM0-00033-00011688-00012128 topic see also
+CjkoCyWHBvU-00001-00003944-00004745 hey
+CjkoCyWHBvU-00002-00004746-00005665 [Music]
+CjDjXwMyUHQ-00000-00000000-00000257 I want to go through how we change our
+CjDjXwMyUHQ-00001-00000258-00000611 settings in zooms so that your automatic
+CjDjXwMyUHQ-00002-00000612-00001010 recordings will record locally onto your
+CjDjXwMyUHQ-00003-00001011-00001307 computer instead of into the cloud so
+CjDjXwMyUHQ-00004-00001308-00001535 I've already logged in I'm going to go
+CjDjXwMyUHQ-00005-00001536-00001918 to my account and I should mention that
+CjDjXwMyUHQ-00006-00001919-00002282 I'm talking about the web area to to set
+CjDjXwMyUHQ-00007-00002283-00002620 my preferences so I met zoom dot u.s.
+CjDjXwMyUHQ-00008-00002621-00003067 once I click on my account then I see
+CjDjXwMyUHQ-00009-00003068-00003397 that I have a settings option right down
+CjDjXwMyUHQ-00010-00003398-00004081 here on the left hand panel next I have
+CjDjXwMyUHQ-00011-00004082-00004394 three tabs so I'm going to click on the
+CjDjXwMyUHQ-00012-00004395-00005038 recording tab and I roll down past the
+CjDjXwMyUHQ-00013-00005039-00005381 cloud recording and I have automatic
+CjDjXwMyUHQ-00014-00005382-00005822 recording selected and then and you see
+CjDjXwMyUHQ-00015-00005823-00005975 it's selected right here I should say
+CjDjXwMyUHQ-00016-00005976-00006472 then instead of record in the cloud I am
+CjDjXwMyUHQ-00017-00006473-00006752 going to say record on the local
+CjDjXwMyUHQ-00018-00006753-00007159 computer and that will then put all of
+CjDjXwMyUHQ-00019-00007161-00007684 my recordings into My Documents folder
+CjDjXwMyUHQ-00020-00007684-00008123 and inside of an automatically created
+CjDjXwMyUHQ-00021-00008123-00008531 folder called zoom and you see that this
+CjDjXwMyUHQ-00022-00008532-00009059 is where I have all of my past meeting
+CjDjXwMyUHQ-00023-00009060-00009398 recordings and that's all there is to it
+CjDjXwMyUHQ-00024-00009399-00009722 thank you so much
+CkWdmXWu4yo-00000-00000560-00000847 after investigation the biggest problem
+CkWdmXWu4yo-00001-00000848-00001093 is a cycling problem normally the
+CkWdmXWu4yo-00002-00001094-00001282 classification of the garbage is
+CkWdmXWu4yo-00003-00001283-00001605 subdivided into normal trash and recycle
+CkWdmXWu4yo-00004-00001607-00001923 choice but in reality the paper state by
+CkWdmXWu4yo-00005-00001925-00002287 food and other material like tin and
+CkWdmXWu4yo-00006-00002288-00002550 other method cannot be recycled and will
+CkWdmXWu4yo-00007-00002551-00002841 be burned in the incinerator so one of
+CkWdmXWu4yo-00008-00002842-00003084 the key of our activity is to classify
+CkWdmXWu4yo-00009-00003085-00003409 the pure paper into the box
+CkWdmXWu4yo-00010-00003410-00003769 such as a4 paper calculation paper and
+CkWdmXWu4yo-00011-00003770-00004047 paper
+CkWdmXWu4yo-00014-00013582-00013652 [Applause]
+CkWdmXWu4yo-00015-00013653-00016539 [Music]
+CkWdmXWu4yo-00016-00016540-00016551 you
+CkWdmXWu4yo-00017-00016552-00016962 [Music]
+Clpushuwtty-00000-00000012-00000293 do you know Michael Jackson
+Clpushuwtty-00001-00000294-00000551 what rhymes with fauna Nirvana
+Clpushuwtty-00002-00000552-00000916 piranha my lawn uh do you guys think ARA
+Clpushuwtty-00003-00000917-00001133 ARA rhymes with fauna what are your
+Clpushuwtty-00004-00001134-00001630 thoughts on that I saw her naked and my
+Clpushuwtty-00005-00001632-00001805 Reaper
+Clpushuwtty-00006-00001805-00002315 brain said Unga Bunga she smelled
+Clpushuwtty-00007-00002316-00002489 of
+Clpushuwtty-00008-00002490-00002758 good return to the Earth she said of the
+Clpushuwtty-00009-00002759-00002975 smile the look in her eyes was rabid and
+Clpushuwtty-00010-00002976-00003191 wild the saplings knew only they'd soon
+Clpushuwtty-00011-00003192-00003503 be defiled rest snug in my bosom My
+Clpushuwtty-00012-00003504-00003785 Sweet Summer chart are you guys ready to
+Clpushuwtty-00013-00003786-00003970 be defiled
+Clpushuwtty-00014-00003971-00004199 10 out of 10 hot
+Clpushuwtty-00015-00004200-00004433 a Reaper said to me one hour there's a
+Clpushuwtty-00016-00004434-00004697 Kieran I plan to do flowered she found
+Clpushuwtty-00017-00004698-00004883 her in wood with a poem so lewd she was
+Clpushuwtty-00018-00004884-00005093 told to go take a cold shower all right
+Clpushuwtty-00019-00005094-00005213 you're a better poet than me stop
+Clpushuwtty-00020-00005214-00005546 sending me super chats
+ClCHqnPvzp4-00000-00000104-00000390 hi welcome back to rebecca's travels or
+ClCHqnPvzp4-00001-00000391-00000574 if you're watching my lifestyle channel
+ClCHqnPvzp4-00002-00000575-00000886 welcome back to rebecca's lifestyle
+ClCHqnPvzp4-00003-00000888-00001231 today i'm going to be doing travel news
+ClCHqnPvzp4-00004-00001232-00001319 uk
+ClCHqnPvzp4-00005-00001320-00001734 five exciting facts april 2021 part
+ClCHqnPvzp4-00006-00001735-00002063 five and um
+ClCHqnPvzp4-00007-00002064-00002287 just before we jump right into it could
+ClCHqnPvzp4-00008-00002288-00002495 you please subscribe to my channel
+ClCHqnPvzp4-00009-00002496-00002758 it's the red and white subscription box
+ClCHqnPvzp4-00010-00002759-00002847 box
+ClCHqnPvzp4-00011-00002848-00003183 on both channels i upload to both
+ClCHqnPvzp4-00012-00003184-00003486 channels five times a week and
+ClCHqnPvzp4-00013-00003488-00003775 it's free to subscribe i'm looking to
+ClCHqnPvzp4-00014-00003776-00003870 make
+ClCHqnPvzp4-00015-00003871-00004311 2 000 subscribers as soon as possible
+ClCHqnPvzp4-00016-00004312-00004519 so if you haven't subscribed if you
+ClCHqnPvzp4-00017-00004520-00004775 could please subscribe also if
+ClCHqnPvzp4-00018-00004776-00005102 you can join my memberships uh for free
+ClCHqnPvzp4-00019-00005103-00005191 extra
+ClCHqnPvzp4-00020-00005192-00005606 perks and it starts from just 99 pence
+ClCHqnPvzp4-00021-00005607-00005967 per month and you get extra perks
+ClCHqnPvzp4-00022-00005968-00006279 and involved with that like emojis
+ClCHqnPvzp4-00023-00006280-00006591 and um
+ClCHqnPvzp4-00024-00006592-00006846 all sorts of other perks depending on
+ClCHqnPvzp4-00025-00006847-00006910 the plan
+ClCHqnPvzp4-00026-00006911-00007327 that you choose so let's jump right into
+ClCHqnPvzp4-00027-00007328-00007487 the video and
+ClCHqnPvzp4-00028-00007488-00007846 number one is coffee 19 india
+ClCHqnPvzp4-00029-00007847-00008278 is added unfortunately to the contra
+ClCHqnPvzp4-00030-00008279-00008614 virus red list for the uk
+ClCHqnPvzp4-00031-00008615-00008967 travel and that's according to the bbc
+ClCHqnPvzp4-00032-00008968-00009535 news and so
+ClCHqnPvzp4-00033-00009536-00010014 hopefully in the summer time
+ClCHqnPvzp4-00034-00010015-00010319 as soon as possible places
+ClCHqnPvzp4-00035-00010320-00010606 will be taken off the red list when
+ClCHqnPvzp4-00036-00010607-00010863 they're safe to do so of course
+ClCHqnPvzp4-00037-00010864-00011223 um number two um like
+ClCHqnPvzp4-00038-00011224-00011631 live travel news at least greece
+ClCHqnPvzp4-00039-00011632-00011959 um lifts quarantine rules yes
+ClCHqnPvzp4-00040-00011960-00012223 for british tourists that's really good
+ClCHqnPvzp4-00041-00012224-00012399 news greece i scrapped
+ClCHqnPvzp4-00042-00012400-00012855 quarantine rules for uk travelers who
+ClCHqnPvzp4-00043-00012856-00013183 have been vaccinated against covered 19
+ClCHqnPvzp4-00044-00013184-00013507 who can show proof of a negative
+ClCHqnPvzp4-00045-00013508-00013911 pcr test so that's really good news
+ClCHqnPvzp4-00046-00013912-00014199 and that's according to the telegraph
+ClCHqnPvzp4-00047-00014200-00014247 and
+ClCHqnPvzp4-00048-00014247-00014551 so at number three uh daily express
+ClCHqnPvzp4-00049-00014552-00014911 um holidays spain portugal france
+ClCHqnPvzp4-00050-00014912-00015303 italy and greece um
+ClCHqnPvzp4-00051-00015304-00015630 latest fc
+ClCHqnPvzp4-00052-00015631-00015935 d o admit red list
+ClCHqnPvzp4-00053-00015936-00016279 changes holidays are set to resume
+ClCHqnPvzp4-00054-00016280-00016599 to certain nations from may
+ClCHqnPvzp4-00055-00016600-00016935 the 17th
+ClCHqnPvzp4-00056-00016936-00017167 most likely to the nations that are on
+ClCHqnPvzp4-00057-00017168-00017311 the green list
+ClCHqnPvzp4-00058-00017312-00017743 however as concerns over variants around
+ClCHqnPvzp4-00059-00017744-00017830 the world
+ClCHqnPvzp4-00060-00017831-00018222 um meant the red list
+ClCHqnPvzp4-00061-00018223-00018614 as um been updated and
+ClCHqnPvzp4-00062-00018615-00019047 extended unfortunately um
+ClCHqnPvzp4-00063-00019048-00019447 but hopefully not for that long
+ClCHqnPvzp4-00064-00019448-00019663 until it's safe to remove them from the
+ClCHqnPvzp4-00065-00019664-00019775 red list
+ClCHqnPvzp4-00066-00019776-00020135 number four manchester evening news
+ClCHqnPvzp4-00067-00020136-00020414 um the latest on foreign holiday
+ClCHqnPvzp4-00068-00020415-00020527 destinations
+ClCHqnPvzp4-00069-00020528-00020919 trav travel as portugal lifts the uk
+ClCHqnPvzp4-00070-00020920-00021247 flight line yes portugal is lifting
+ClCHqnPvzp4-00071-00021248-00021567 at the flight plan to the uk but what
+ClCHqnPvzp4-00072-00021568-00021855 does that mean for foreign holidays
+ClCHqnPvzp4-00073-00021856-00022127 uh there's the latest here's the latest
+ClCHqnPvzp4-00074-00022128-00022286 advice on travel
+ClCHqnPvzp4-00075-00022287-00022703 portugal as i has opened its borders
+ClCHqnPvzp4-00076-00022704-00023103 to flights from the uk but brits says
+ClCHqnPvzp4-00077-00023104-00023447 will still wait to travel on fallen
+ClCHqnPvzp4-00078-00023448-00023671 holidays until the government gives to
+ClCHqnPvzp4-00079-00023672-00023822 go ahead
+ClCHqnPvzp4-00080-00023823-00024094 the earliest non-essential foreign
+ClCHqnPvzp4-00081-00024095-00024150 travel
+ClCHqnPvzp4-00082-00024151-00024511 can resume for residents of the uk
+ClCHqnPvzp4-00083-00024512-00024983 will be the 17th of may 2001 a date
+ClCHqnPvzp4-00084-00024984-00025207 that will need to be confirmed by the
+ClCHqnPvzp4-00085-00025208-00025430 government based on the number
+ClCHqnPvzp4-00086-00025431-00025862 of um
+ClCHqnPvzp4-00087-00025863-00026199 cases in the weeks ahead
+ClCHqnPvzp4-00088-00026200-00026543 and last but not least um
+ClCHqnPvzp4-00089-00026544-00026887 london city airport launches new travel
+ClCHqnPvzp4-00090-00026888-00026967 portal
+ClCHqnPvzp4-00091-00026968-00027183 that's the latest from breaking travel
+ClCHqnPvzp4-00092-00027183-00027423 news i would like to say thank you for
+ClCHqnPvzp4-00093-00027424-00027511 watching
+ClCHqnPvzp4-00094-00027512-00027862 and my next vlog is going to be tomorrow
+ClCHqnPvzp4-00095-00027863-00028190 and it's going to be a footage video of
+ClCHqnPvzp4-00096-00028191-00028279 the new
+ClCHqnPvzp4-00097-00028280-00028662 at foot bath leading to snip stand
+ClCHqnPvzp4-00098-00028663-00029055 country parks in my hometown coalville
+ClCHqnPvzp4-00099-00029056-00029087 so
+ClCHqnPvzp4-00100-00029088-00029335 thank you for watching and bye for now
+ClCHqnPvzp4-00101-00029336-00029483 thank you
+ClCHqnPvzp4-00102-00029483-00029783 bye
+ClQGTXobmu0-00000-00000000-00000313 the following presentation is rated web
+ClQGTXobmu0-00001-00000314-00000836 G for general audiences
+ClQGTXobmu0-00002-00000838-00001465 and now a boa TV original series welcome
+ClQGTXobmu0-00003-00001466-00001957 to the family previously on welcome to
+ClQGTXobmu0-00004-00001957-00002248 the family life line is a national
+ClQGTXobmu0-00005-00002249-00002530 financial services firm Joe and bird
+ClQGTXobmu0-00006-00002531-00002781 have both energized me all the benefit
+ClQGTXobmu0-00007-00002782-00002938 of being able to help families besides
+ClQGTXobmu0-00008-00002939-00003189 the money buy a nice house a nice car
+ClQGTXobmu0-00009-00003190-00003531 why bring burden my question is why not
+ClQGTXobmu0-00010-00003532-00003918 anyone can entertain but only we
+ClQGTXobmu0-00011-00003919-00004272 entertain you with a mixture of fun
+ClQGTXobmu0-00012-00004273-00004527 learning and craziness my team and I
+ClQGTXobmu0-00013-00004528-00004711 traveled the world motivating and
+ClQGTXobmu0-00014-00004712-00005129 connecting with people are you ready
+ClQGTXobmu0-00015-00005130-00005454 welcome to the family after all the
+ClQGTXobmu0-00016-00005455-00005604 lessons experiences and relationships
+ClQGTXobmu0-00017-00005605-00005820 over the years I can honestly say that
+ClQGTXobmu0-00018-00005821-00006016 the catalyst of me being a part of the
+ClQGTXobmu0-00019-00006017-00006231 boa team is because our program the
+ClQGTXobmu0-00020-00006232-00006490 master my circle Burt olivos mastermind
+ClQGTXobmu0-00021-00006491-00006756 circle mastermind circles one of our
+ClQGTXobmu0-00022-00006758-00006940 most popular events it's about bringing
+ClQGTXobmu0-00023-00006941-00007156 together like-minded people who can help
+ClQGTXobmu0-00024-00007156-00007339 each other and support each other to
+ClQGTXobmu0-00025-00007340-00007503 grow in both their professional and
+ClQGTXobmu0-00026-00007504-00007651 their personal lives and with today's
+ClQGTXobmu0-00027-00007652-00007845 technologies and our ever-growing
+ClQGTXobmu0-00028-00007847-00008113 following we wanted to evolve the knife
+ClQGTXobmu0-00029-00008114-00008296 to my circle we've decided to add
+ClQGTXobmu0-00030-00008297-00008563 webinars to our normal live events
+ClQGTXobmu0-00031-00008564-00008739 because we have so many people from all
+ClQGTXobmu0-00032-00008740-00008902 over the world who want to participate
+ClQGTXobmu0-00033-00008903-00009124 now the first step to doing this was to
+ClQGTXobmu0-00034-00009125-00009303 find the right platform for what we
+ClQGTXobmu0-00035-00009304-00009466 needed anything you want to do you want
+ClQGTXobmu0-00036-00009467-00009613 to reach out to the experts to learn
+ClQGTXobmu0-00037-00009614-00009823 from the best so when we decided to
+ClQGTXobmu0-00038-00009824-00009994 start with webinars we decided to go to
+ClQGTXobmu0-00039-00009995-00010221 the best zoom is a video conferencing
+ClQGTXobmu0-00040-00010222-00010426 platform almost immediately after I
+ClQGTXobmu0-00041-00010427-00010585 reached out to them they reached back
+ClQGTXobmu0-00042-00010586-00010849 and Peter scheduled to zoom meeting with
+ClQGTXobmu0-00043-00010850-00011070 thankfully Bert was nearby so he stepped
+ClQGTXobmu0-00044-00011071-00011230 in my office to join in on the meeting
+ClQGTXobmu0-00045-00011231-00011416 the firm odor free webinar is a
+ClQGTXobmu0-00046-00011417-00011560 traditional meeting to the collaborative
+ClQGTXobmu0-00047-00011561-00011716 experience you're going to get in a
+ClQGTXobmu0-00048-00011717-00011892 meeting you are going to be the sole
+ClQGTXobmu0-00049-00011893-00012097 point of interest
+ClQGTXobmu0-00050-00012098-00012253 I've use your program to do some
+ClQGTXobmu0-00051-00012254-00012490 coaching with my higher-end clients and
+ClQGTXobmu0-00052-00012491-00012736 they seem to love it Peter gave us a
+ClQGTXobmu0-00053-00012737-00012997 really great breakdown on what zoom is
+ClQGTXobmu0-00054-00012997-00013210 in all of its features so the software
+ClQGTXobmu0-00055-00013211-00013411 itself will compensate depending on what
+ClQGTXobmu0-00056-00013412-00013690 connection hands yeah our baby I believe
+ClQGTXobmu0-00057-00013691-00013855 me he showed us how we can use it both
+ClQGTXobmu0-00058-00013856-00014047 on mobile and on the computer and he
+ClQGTXobmu0-00059-00014047-00014185 showed us how to set everything up it
+ClQGTXobmu0-00060-00014186-00014383 was really really hands-on thank you
+ClQGTXobmu0-00061-00014384-00014566 very much gotcha with this afternoon of
+ClQGTXobmu0-00062-00014566-00014875 death we'll be in touch oh thank you I
+ClQGTXobmu0-00063-00014876-00015133 love it not only is this a new style of
+ClQGTXobmu0-00064-00015134-00015301 program that we're offering but also
+ClQGTXobmu0-00065-00015302-00015496 it's the first webinar of its kind every
+ClQGTXobmu0-00066-00015497-00015669 week there is a one-hour session where
+ClQGTXobmu0-00067-00015671-00015916 Burt brings a new topic to teach dissect
+ClQGTXobmu0-00068-00015916-00016147 share tools and giveaways and have an
+ClQGTXobmu0-00069-00016147-00016315 open discussion with all attendees
+ClQGTXobmu0-00070-00016316-00016561 please be crazy can actually crazy
+ClQGTXobmu0-00071-00016562-00016741 people succeed and no matter where you
+ClQGTXobmu0-00072-00016742-00016906 are in the world or what device or
+ClQGTXobmu0-00073-00016907-00017095 platform that you're on you can join in
+ClQGTXobmu0-00074-00017096-00017374 live via video text or on the phone
+ClQGTXobmu0-00075-00017375-00017620 every other week we also have interviews
+ClQGTXobmu0-00076-00017621-00017890 with experienced leaders and exceptional
+ClQGTXobmu0-00077-00017891-00018121 people wear burqas really in-depth with
+ClQGTXobmu0-00078-00018122-00018292 them to find out how they became as
+ClQGTXobmu0-00079-00018293-00018463 successful as they are I want to know
+ClQGTXobmu0-00080-00018464-00018709 exactly what it takes so far we've had
+ClQGTXobmu0-00081-00018710-00018973 JC limitless from no limits I went all
+ClQGTXobmu0-00082-00018974-00019165 in on plan a man I said this is what I'm
+ClQGTXobmu0-00083-00019166-00019438 gonna do this or Liam Moore who's
+ClQGTXobmu0-00084-00019439-00019594 growing her health and wellness network
+ClQGTXobmu0-00085-00019595-00019855 across the world they need the other
+ClQGTXobmu0-00086-00019856-00020053 educational part of the advice for
+ClQGTXobmu0-00087-00020054-00020296 through webinars and Victor Antonio host
+ClQGTXobmu0-00088-00020297-00020527 of Spike TV's life or dead well your
+ClQGTXobmu0-00089-00020528-00020671 argue to preserve the story behind the
+ClQGTXobmu0-00090-00020672-00020857 story I know that's what you want birth
+ClQGTXobmu0-00091-00020858-00021052 right now our future lineup includes
+ClQGTXobmu0-00092-00021053-00021316 names like Les Brown Omar pair you and
+ClQGTXobmu0-00093-00021317-00021466 other heavy weights that are really
+ClQGTXobmu0-00094-00021467-00021652 creating a positive change in today's
+ClQGTXobmu0-00095-00021653-00021925 world now mastermind circle is not for
+ClQGTXobmu0-00096-00021926-00022090 everybody it's really just for people
+ClQGTXobmu0-00097-00022091-00022267 who are focused on growth in their
+ClQGTXobmu0-00098-00022268-00022450 personal and professional success and
+ClQGTXobmu0-00099-00022451-00022630 members have even further access online
+ClQGTXobmu0-00100-00022631-00022918 via the facebook private group and check
+ClQGTXobmu0-00101-00022919-00023101 that complements what is being taught in
+ClQGTXobmu0-00102-00023102-00023305 the sessions with further discussions
+ClQGTXobmu0-00103-00023306-00023482 and challenges so what are you waiting
+ClQGTXobmu0-00104-00023483-00023950 for go to ww the mastermind circle calm
+ClQGTXobmu0-00105-00023951-00024268 / trial to get your free trial we'll see
+ClQGTXobmu0-00106-00024269-00024538 you this wednesday at 8pm for mastermind
+ClQGTXobmu0-00107-00024539-00024736 circle your center of power
+ClQGTXobmu0-00108-00024737-00025053 register online and join us today for
+ClQGTXobmu0-00109-00025054-00025272 all new live interviews and weekly
+ClQGTXobmu0-00110-00025273-00025925 topics only at the mastermind circle com
+ClQGTXobmu0-00111-00025926-00026314 you know what time it is you have to
+ClQGTXobmu0-00112-00026314-00026530 push yourself in order to grow you got
+ClQGTXobmu0-00113-00026531-00026695 to get out of that comfort zone you need
+ClQGTXobmu0-00114-00026695-00026950 to team up with the right people in
+ClQGTXobmu0-00115-00026951-00027181 order to create that powerful event that
+ClQGTXobmu0-00116-00027182-00027355 you've been dying to do or that powerful
+ClQGTXobmu0-00117-00027356-00027460 thing that you're dying to do in your
+ClQGTXobmu0-00118-00027461-00027693 life so when was the last time that you
+ClQGTXobmu0-00119-00027694-00027970 went out of your comfort zone and not
+ClQGTXobmu0-00120-00027970-00028158 because you had to because you wanted to
+ClQGTXobmu0-00121-00028160-00028339 it's a labor of love a lot of
+ClQGTXobmu0-00122-00028339-00028606 professionals a lot of volunteers I mean
+ClQGTXobmu0-00123-00028607-00028798 in order to make this if that happens
+ClQGTXobmu0-00124-00028799-00028987 it's definitely a labor I love of course
+ClQGTXobmu0-00125-00028988-00029242 once it's all set up the community comes
+ClQGTXobmu0-00126-00029243-00029445 in if you haven't experienced it yet you
+ClQGTXobmu0-00127-00029447-00029640 definitely have to and I'm looking
+ClQGTXobmu0-00128-00029641-00029842 forward to seeing you there I hope you
+ClQGTXobmu0-00129-00029843-00030112 enjoyed this episode as much as we enjoy
+ClQGTXobmu0-00130-00030113-00030349 making it for you remember you must keep
+ClQGTXobmu0-00131-00030350-00030637 keep keep making it happen and i'll see
+ClQGTXobmu0-00132-00030638-00031111 you next week amber oliva from ball
+ClQGTXobmu0-00133-00031112-00031348 rolls welcome to the family show and
+ClQGTXobmu0-00134-00031349-00031706 when I
+ClQGTXobmu0-00135-00031707-00031887 yeah it's kind of difficult when you
+ClQGTXobmu0-00136-00031888-00032073 talk to yourself so what I want you to
+ClQGTXobmu0-00137-00032074-00032199 this I want you to comment subscribe
+ClQGTXobmu0-00138-00032200-00032427 forward repost do whatever it is that
+ClQGTXobmu0-00139-00032428-00032637 you're gonna do to make sure no one
+ClQGTXobmu0-00140-00032638-00033006 misses this show but do it now what are
+ClQGTXobmu0-00141-00033007-00034077 you waiting for do it now
+ClQGTXobmu0-00142-00034078-00035046 you
+ClQGTXobmu0-00143-00035047-00035253 you
+D2PnsJ4isII-00000-00000008-00000191 afternoon everyone and thank you for
+D2PnsJ4isII-00001-00000192-00000415 joining the santa rosa fire department
+D2PnsJ4isII-00002-00000416-00000638 and the office of community engagement
+D2PnsJ4isII-00003-00000639-00000854 for such an important and timely series
+D2PnsJ4isII-00004-00000855-00001054 on being wildfire ready
+D2PnsJ4isII-00005-00001055-00001254 my name is margaritas and i am the
+D2PnsJ4isII-00006-00001255-00001470 director of community engagement for the
+D2PnsJ4isII-00007-00001471-00001639 city of santa rosa
+D2PnsJ4isII-00008-00001639-00001991 buenas tardes gracias por su presencia
+D2PnsJ4isII-00009-00001992-00002223 participacion en este evento tan
+D2PnsJ4isII-00010-00002224-00002326 importante
+D2PnsJ4isII-00011-00002327-00002567 sobre como estar preparado para los
+D2PnsJ4isII-00012-00002568-00002742 incendios forestales
+D2PnsJ4isII-00013-00002743-00004479 my name is
+D2PnsJ4isII-00014-00004480-00004783 asl interpretation is also provided and
+D2PnsJ4isII-00015-00004784-00004902 the interpreter
+D2PnsJ4isII-00016-00004903-00005135 will be spotlit for the duration of this
+D2PnsJ4isII-00017-00005136-00005222 webinar
+D2PnsJ4isII-00018-00005223-00005486 to our presenters uh please we ask that
+D2PnsJ4isII-00019-00005487-00005575 you speak
+D2PnsJ4isII-00020-00005576-00005831 clearly and allow for our spanish and
+D2PnsJ4isII-00021-00005832-00005934 asl
+D2PnsJ4isII-00022-00005935-00006215 translation now to get us started i
+D2PnsJ4isII-00023-00006216-00006343 would like to introduce
+D2PnsJ4isII-00024-00006344-00006791 fire chief scott westro thank you
+D2PnsJ4isII-00025-00006792-00006942 thank you magaly and thank you for
+D2PnsJ4isII-00026-00006943-00007223 everyone who is joining us today
+D2PnsJ4isII-00027-00007223-00007375 thanks for taking your lunch hour with
+D2PnsJ4isII-00028-00007376-00007598 us and really appreciate everyone being
+D2PnsJ4isII-00029-00007600-00007855 here and being engaged at this level
+D2PnsJ4isII-00030-00007856-00008031 i know some of you may have been on for
+D2PnsJ4isII-00031-00008031-00008199 our presentation yesterday and
+D2PnsJ4isII-00032-00008200-00008414 this may be a little bit redundant but i
+D2PnsJ4isII-00033-00008415-00008583 wanted to take this opportunity to thank
+D2PnsJ4isII-00034-00008584-00008719 director tayus
+D2PnsJ4isII-00035-00008720-00008942 and her team for putting this together
+D2PnsJ4isII-00036-00008943-00009142 this was magali's
+D2PnsJ4isII-00037-00009143-00009327 brainchild and this was her idea and
+D2PnsJ4isII-00038-00009328-00009455 she's really been the driving force
+D2PnsJ4isII-00039-00009456-00009631 behind getting this off the ground and
+D2PnsJ4isII-00040-00009632-00009767 we're happy to partner with the office
+D2PnsJ4isII-00041-00009768-00009910 of community engagement
+D2PnsJ4isII-00042-00009911-00010142 in this endeavor so a little bit about
+D2PnsJ4isII-00043-00010143-00010423 why we are doing this
+D2PnsJ4isII-00044-00010424-00010542 really if you look at everything that's
+D2PnsJ4isII-00045-00010543-00010759 going on in the community and everything
+D2PnsJ4isII-00046-00010760-00010919 that has gone on in the community the
+D2PnsJ4isII-00047-00010920-00011214 one bonding element has been the fires
+D2PnsJ4isII-00048-00011215-00011574 and that bond has built really a a sense
+D2PnsJ4isII-00049-00011575-00011759 of strength and resiliency
+D2PnsJ4isII-00050-00011760-00011935 um throughout the community but it also
+D2PnsJ4isII-00051-00011936-00012127 comes with the unfortunate trauma that
+D2PnsJ4isII-00052-00012128-00012310 goes along with it so
+D2PnsJ4isII-00053-00012311-00012519 um i feel that we've collectively shown
+D2PnsJ4isII-00054-00012520-00012710 as a community what resiliency looks
+D2PnsJ4isII-00055-00012711-00012855 like and how
+D2PnsJ4isII-00056-00012856-00013135 that strength actually unites us so um
+D2PnsJ4isII-00057-00013136-00013175 as
+D2PnsJ4isII-00058-00013176-00013343 has been evidenced over the last four
+D2PnsJ4isII-00059-00013344-00013519 years um
+D2PnsJ4isII-00060-00013519-00013711 we've shown that we're stronger together
+D2PnsJ4isII-00061-00013712-00013894 nobody's in this alone
+D2PnsJ4isII-00062-00013895-00014030 it's not the fire department being
+D2PnsJ4isII-00063-00014031-00014215 stronger it's not the city or the city
+D2PnsJ4isII-00064-00014216-00014343 employees
+D2PnsJ4isII-00065-00014344-00014519 it's everybody including those community
+D2PnsJ4isII-00066-00014519-00014694 members so really appreciate everybody
+D2PnsJ4isII-00067-00014695-00014919 being here
+D2PnsJ4isII-00068-00014919-00015158 this series is designed to essentially
+D2PnsJ4isII-00069-00015159-00015375 look at where we've been
+D2PnsJ4isII-00070-00015376-00015655 where we're going how to heal personally
+D2PnsJ4isII-00071-00015656-00015807 and as a community
+D2PnsJ4isII-00072-00015808-00015975 and how to be more prepared and control
+D2PnsJ4isII-00073-00015976-00016222 the elements of what we can control
+D2PnsJ4isII-00074-00016223-00016383 when you look at what controls a
+D2PnsJ4isII-00075-00016384-00016607 wildfire or vegetation fire
+D2PnsJ4isII-00076-00016608-00016750 there's only certain elements that we
+D2PnsJ4isII-00077-00016751-00016967 can actually control in the number one
+D2PnsJ4isII-00078-00016968-00016999 area
+D2PnsJ4isII-00079-00017000-00017143 there is fuel so that's one of the
+D2PnsJ4isII-00080-00017144-00017391 things we're focusing most on
+D2PnsJ4isII-00081-00017392-00017599 um but every little thing that we can do
+D2PnsJ4isII-00082-00017600-00017694 anybody any
+D2PnsJ4isII-00083-00017695-00017839 member of the community can do to their
+D2PnsJ4isII-00084-00017840-00017983 home or their property is going to make
+D2PnsJ4isII-00085-00017984-00018150 us all stronger in the end so that's
+D2PnsJ4isII-00086-00018151-00018319 really where this this bond of strength
+D2PnsJ4isII-00087-00018320-00018479 comes from in the direction that we're
+D2PnsJ4isII-00088-00018480-00018719 going
+D2PnsJ4isII-00089-00018720-00018886 our second session today we'll discuss
+D2PnsJ4isII-00090-00018887-00019127 lessons learned from the 2017 sonoma
+D2PnsJ4isII-00091-00019128-00019439 county wildfires and the 2020 glass fire
+D2PnsJ4isII-00092-00019440-00019599 and how the city of santa rosa is
+D2PnsJ4isII-00093-00019600-00019767 assisting residents to ensure their
+D2PnsJ4isII-00094-00019768-00020071 homes and properties are wildfire ready
+D2PnsJ4isII-00095-00020072-00020214 topics covered in this session will
+D2PnsJ4isII-00096-00020215-00020463 include the wildland urban interface
+D2PnsJ4isII-00097-00020464-00020743 funding for wildfire prevention home
+D2PnsJ4isII-00098-00020744-00020839 hardening
+D2PnsJ4isII-00099-00020840-00021303 defensible space weed abatement and more
+D2PnsJ4isII-00100-00021304-00021422 the changes that we've seen in the
+D2PnsJ4isII-00101-00021423-00021575 response to wildland fires we've
+D2PnsJ4isII-00102-00021576-00021671 experienced
+D2PnsJ4isII-00103-00021672-00021807 over the last several years have been
+D2PnsJ4isII-00104-00021808-00022063 remarkable but it's not just a fire
+D2PnsJ4isII-00105-00022064-00022158 department issue
+D2PnsJ4isII-00106-00022159-00022358 it's not a public safety issue it's not
+D2PnsJ4isII-00107-00022359-00022575 the city or the county effort alone
+D2PnsJ4isII-00108-00022576-00022743 this is a whole community approach to
+D2PnsJ4isII-00109-00022744-00022911 changes that leads to improvement
+D2PnsJ4isII-00110-00022912-00023207 and resiliency the changes are working
+D2PnsJ4isII-00111-00023208-00023375 but they can be better
+D2PnsJ4isII-00112-00023376-00023542 just as a point of clarification if we
+D2PnsJ4isII-00113-00023543-00023703 look at the tubs fire alone not
+D2PnsJ4isII-00114-00023704-00023878 including the nuns fire that tubs fire
+D2PnsJ4isII-00115-00023879-00024055 within the city limits
+D2PnsJ4isII-00116-00024056-00024230 we were very unfortunate to lose nine
+D2PnsJ4isII-00117-00024231-00024383 lives and over
+D2PnsJ4isII-00118-00024384-00024639 in right around 3 100 homes or
+D2PnsJ4isII-00119-00024640-00024863 structures
+D2PnsJ4isII-00120-00024864-00025007 move three years forward to the glass
+D2PnsJ4isII-00121-00025008-00025199 fire we lost no lives
+D2PnsJ4isII-00122-00025200-00025463 thankfully and only 32 structures were
+D2PnsJ4isII-00123-00025464-00025599 destroyed
+D2PnsJ4isII-00124-00025600-00025790 our common goal is a net zero across the
+D2PnsJ4isII-00125-00025791-00025902 board and that's what we're working
+D2PnsJ4isII-00126-00025904-00025999 towards to get to that
+D2PnsJ4isII-00127-00026000-00026183 that common zero where we have no
+D2PnsJ4isII-00128-00026183-00026470 structures lost no lives lost
+D2PnsJ4isII-00129-00026472-00026655 we may lose some property in the process
+D2PnsJ4isII-00130-00026656-00026774 because mother nature is going to win
+D2PnsJ4isII-00131-00026775-00026958 that battle every day
+D2PnsJ4isII-00132-00026960-00027111 but we need to get to that net zero and
+D2PnsJ4isII-00133-00027112-00027311 it takes all of us to get there
+D2PnsJ4isII-00134-00027312-00027455 i wanted to take a quick opportunity
+D2PnsJ4isII-00135-00027456-00027655 while i have some time
+D2PnsJ4isII-00136-00027656-00027799 to talk to talk about some of the
+D2PnsJ4isII-00137-00027800-00027983 changes the fire department specifically
+D2PnsJ4isII-00138-00027983-00028143 has made in the last four years just to
+D2PnsJ4isII-00139-00028144-00028199 give everybody
+D2PnsJ4isII-00140-00028200-00028455 some education maybe some sense of calm
+D2PnsJ4isII-00141-00028456-00028639 and reassurance
+D2PnsJ4isII-00142-00028639-00028895 number one is early detection of fires
+D2PnsJ4isII-00143-00028895-00029031 we have an advanced
+D2PnsJ4isII-00144-00029032-00029223 network of weather stations that we
+D2PnsJ4isII-00145-00029224-00029414 utilize on a
+D2PnsJ4isII-00146-00029416-00029679 daily basis if not more to track the
+D2PnsJ4isII-00147-00029680-00029735 weather
+D2PnsJ4isII-00148-00029736-00029887 as it's coming in and prepare our
+D2PnsJ4isII-00149-00029888-00030095 resources based off the weather
+D2PnsJ4isII-00150-00030095-00030270 and we also have the advanced wildfire
+D2PnsJ4isII-00151-00030272-00030446 detecting camera systems that are
+D2PnsJ4isII-00152-00030447-00030551 throughout the county
+D2PnsJ4isII-00153-00030552-00030767 they've just actually added an ai
+D2PnsJ4isII-00154-00030768-00030990 feature to those so now
+D2PnsJ4isII-00155-00030991-00031199 the cameras will actually notify us when
+D2PnsJ4isII-00156-00031200-00031511 it sees smoke on the horizon
+D2PnsJ4isII-00157-00031512-00031655 there's been major improvements to the
+D2PnsJ4isII-00158-00031656-00031895 alert and warning systems in the county
+D2PnsJ4isII-00159-00031895-00032023 really it's based on a change of
+D2PnsJ4isII-00160-00032024-00032246 philosophy the city now has
+D2PnsJ4isII-00161-00032247-00032462 access and is able to use all of the
+D2PnsJ4isII-00162-00032463-00032679 alerting tools available
+D2PnsJ4isII-00163-00032680-00032943 we obviously do early and very fruitful
+D2PnsJ4isII-00164-00032944-00033135 evacuations to get people out of the way
+D2PnsJ4isII-00165-00033136-00033390 so we can go in and engage the fire
+D2PnsJ4isII-00166-00033391-00033583 and we have pre-designated evacuation
+D2PnsJ4isII-00167-00033584-00033743 zones throughout the entire county
+D2PnsJ4isII-00168-00033744-00033967 including the city
+D2PnsJ4isII-00169-00033968-00034118 we've worked very hard to increase our
+D2PnsJ4isII-00170-00034119-00034302 cooperation and collaboration with all
+D2PnsJ4isII-00171-00034303-00034446 of our partners
+D2PnsJ4isII-00172-00034447-00034623 particularly at the federal state and
+D2PnsJ4isII-00173-00034624-00034799 local government level
+D2PnsJ4isII-00174-00034800-00034974 but we're also including non-profit
+D2PnsJ4isII-00175-00034975-00035127 organizations and educational
+D2PnsJ4isII-00176-00035128-00035327 institutions
+D2PnsJ4isII-00177-00035328-00035487 the operational enhancements we've made
+D2PnsJ4isII-00178-00035488-00035695 been been very very
+D2PnsJ4isII-00179-00035696-00036007 significant including we do a lot more
+D2PnsJ4isII-00180-00036008-00036183 up staffing where we add additional
+D2PnsJ4isII-00181-00036184-00036446 equipment or people on when we see
+D2PnsJ4isII-00182-00036447-00036607 weather situations coming into the
+D2PnsJ4isII-00183-00036608-00036711 county
+D2PnsJ4isII-00184-00036712-00036855 and that goes not only for the city but
+D2PnsJ4isII-00185-00036856-00036967 throughout the county so we have
+D2PnsJ4isII-00186-00036968-00037127 additional firefighters and fire engines
+D2PnsJ4isII-00187-00037128-00037262 on the street
+D2PnsJ4isII-00188-00037263-00037390 we'll use state funding for
+D2PnsJ4isII-00189-00037391-00037567 pre-positioning of resources to bring
+D2PnsJ4isII-00190-00037568-00037783 outside resources in to bolster our
+D2PnsJ4isII-00191-00037784-00037951 firefighting force
+D2PnsJ4isII-00192-00037952-00038159 and we have a new county all-call system
+D2PnsJ4isII-00193-00038160-00038318 where we can call every firefighter back
+D2PnsJ4isII-00194-00038319-00038535 to duty throughout the entire county
+D2PnsJ4isII-00195-00038536-00038727 we use that first in the kincaid fire we
+D2PnsJ4isII-00196-00038728-00038871 actually used it twice in the kincaid
+D2PnsJ4isII-00197-00038872-00038951 fire
+D2PnsJ4isII-00198-00038952-00039102 and then again in the classifier so that
+D2PnsJ4isII-00199-00039103-00039255 brings everybody back to
+D2PnsJ4isII-00200-00039256-00039430 to uh to duty with one push of the
+D2PnsJ4isII-00201-00039431-00039687 button from our dispatch center
+D2PnsJ4isII-00202-00039688-00039807 one of the things you'll be hearing a
+D2PnsJ4isII-00203-00039808-00039999 lot about uh today and throughout the
+D2PnsJ4isII-00204-00040000-00040183 course of of this fire season is the
+D2PnsJ4isII-00205-00040184-00040311 development and implement
+D2PnsJ4isII-00206-00040312-00040511 implementation of a vegetation
+D2PnsJ4isII-00207-00040512-00040671 management program that's based off our
+D2PnsJ4isII-00208-00040672-00040799 community wildfire protection
+D2PnsJ4isII-00209-00040800-00040983 plan that's the bulk of what the fire
+D2PnsJ4isII-00210-00040984-00041111 prevention bureau has been working on
+D2PnsJ4isII-00211-00041112-00041295 and that has been funded and is in play
+D2PnsJ4isII-00212-00041296-00041407 now
+D2PnsJ4isII-00213-00041408-00041574 and then development and implementation
+D2PnsJ4isII-00214-00041575-00041727 of what we call the wildland
+D2PnsJ4isII-00215-00041728-00041958 resiliency and response strategic plan
+D2PnsJ4isII-00216-00041959-00042118 essentially that was a look at the
+D2PnsJ4isII-00217-00042119-00042246 organization
+D2PnsJ4isII-00218-00042247-00042423 on how we can improve our response to
+D2PnsJ4isII-00219-00042424-00042671 wildland fires without adding stations
+D2PnsJ4isII-00220-00042672-00042799 or people
+D2PnsJ4isII-00221-00042800-00043030 so with that we're we're in the process
+D2PnsJ4isII-00222-00043031-00043135 of purchasing two
+D2PnsJ4isII-00223-00043136-00043295 two additional wildland firefighting
+D2PnsJ4isII-00224-00043296-00043471 engines with two more on the way after
+D2PnsJ4isII-00225-00043472-00043583 that
+D2PnsJ4isII-00226-00043584-00043727 different equipment we're looking at our
+D2PnsJ4isII-00227-00043728-00043911 staffing models our operational
+D2PnsJ4isII-00228-00043912-00043999 components
+D2PnsJ4isII-00229-00044000-00044207 so it's really retooling the entire
+D2PnsJ4isII-00230-00044208-00044374 organization to face this new normal
+D2PnsJ4isII-00231-00044375-00044439 that we're
+D2PnsJ4isII-00232-00044440-00044735 we're experiencing here in sonoma county
+D2PnsJ4isII-00233-00044736-00044902 and last but certainly not least is the
+D2PnsJ4isII-00234-00044903-00045135 enhancement to community engagement
+D2PnsJ4isII-00235-00045136-00045358 before during and after a weather event
+D2PnsJ4isII-00236-00045359-00045511 or a major incident
+D2PnsJ4isII-00237-00045512-00045743 um quite frankly this is part of that
+D2PnsJ4isII-00238-00045744-00045846 and i don't think
+D2PnsJ4isII-00239-00045847-00046030 seven years or sorry four years ago we
+D2PnsJ4isII-00240-00046031-00046167 would have seen the turnout
+D2PnsJ4isII-00241-00046168-00046455 for this type of event as we are today
+D2PnsJ4isII-00242-00046456-00046623 so again we're not in this alone
+D2PnsJ4isII-00243-00046624-00046846 and we're not done regardless of how the
+D2PnsJ4isII-00244-00046847-00046967 fire department and the city have
+D2PnsJ4isII-00245-00046968-00047039 improved
+D2PnsJ4isII-00246-00047040-00047271 to face this new normal the community
+D2PnsJ4isII-00247-00047272-00047502 deserves a bulk of the credit
+D2PnsJ4isII-00248-00047503-00047679 we have witnessed a major shift in
+D2PnsJ4isII-00249-00047680-00047886 preparation engagement
+D2PnsJ4isII-00250-00047887-00048102 awareness and reactivity by the
+D2PnsJ4isII-00251-00048103-00048286 community and if it wasn't all for you
+D2PnsJ4isII-00252-00048287-00048615 we couldn't do our job before we move to
+D2PnsJ4isII-00253-00048616-00048758 the next speaker i'd just like to remind
+D2PnsJ4isII-00254-00048759-00048895 everybody that spanish
+D2PnsJ4isII-00255-00048896-00049111 translation is available and asl
+D2PnsJ4isII-00256-00049112-00049302 interpreter interpretation is available
+D2PnsJ4isII-00257-00049303-00049390 as well
+D2PnsJ4isII-00258-00049391-00049535 so with that i will turn it over to
+D2PnsJ4isII-00259-00049536-00049735 assistant fire marshal paul lowenthal to
+D2PnsJ4isII-00260-00049736-00049879 introduce us to our next topic
+D2PnsJ4isII-00261-00049880-00052414 thank you
+D2PnsJ4isII-00262-00052415-00052550 paul if you're talking i think you're
+D2PnsJ4isII-00263-00052551-00052750 muted
+D2PnsJ4isII-00264-00052751-00052942 i apologize you'd think after a year of
+D2PnsJ4isII-00265-00052944-00053230 doing this i'd get that hit it twice
+D2PnsJ4isII-00266-00053232-00053399 let's try that again my name is paul
+D2PnsJ4isII-00267-00053400-00053566 lowenthal assistant fire marshal with
+D2PnsJ4isII-00268-00053567-00053726 the santa rosa fire department
+D2PnsJ4isII-00269-00053727-00053950 and i'm joined by fire marshal scott
+D2PnsJ4isII-00270-00053951-00054054 moon
+D2PnsJ4isII-00271-00054055-00054319 uh the two of us today will bring forth
+D2PnsJ4isII-00272-00054320-00054535 a number of topics
+D2PnsJ4isII-00273-00054536-00054703 for those of you that are following the
+D2PnsJ4isII-00274-00054704-00055015 entire series of wildfire ready
+D2PnsJ4isII-00275-00055016-00055175 there's obviously a lot of information
+D2PnsJ4isII-00276-00055176-00055382 to cover our goal
+D2PnsJ4isII-00277-00055383-00055615 is to not only share some of that
+D2PnsJ4isII-00278-00055616-00055742 information here
+D2PnsJ4isII-00279-00055744-00055959 but also ensure that our community as a
+D2PnsJ4isII-00280-00055960-00056150 whole is aware of the resources
+D2PnsJ4isII-00281-00056151-00056430 that have been developed over not only
+D2PnsJ4isII-00282-00056432-00056582 what we've learned over the last couple
+D2PnsJ4isII-00283-00056583-00056719 years
+D2PnsJ4isII-00284-00056720-00056926 but through ultimately our goals that
+D2PnsJ4isII-00285-00056927-00057159 are better to prepare our community
+D2PnsJ4isII-00286-00057160-00057326 for what unfortunately seems to be the
+D2PnsJ4isII-00287-00057327-00057615 new normal around sonoma county and the
+D2PnsJ4isII-00288-00057616-00057823 greater bay area
+D2PnsJ4isII-00289-00057824-00058071 wildfire ready for us is an exciting
+D2PnsJ4isII-00290-00058072-00058182 opportunity
+D2PnsJ4isII-00291-00058183-00058494 it is our ability to engage again with
+D2PnsJ4isII-00292-00058495-00058615 our community
+D2PnsJ4isII-00293-00058616-00058815 and share resources and and make our
+D2PnsJ4isII-00294-00058816-00058966 community as a whole
+D2PnsJ4isII-00295-00058967-00059366 better prepared so one of the first
+D2PnsJ4isII-00296-00059367-00059503 questions we get
+D2PnsJ4isII-00297-00059504-00059782 pretty regularly still is what is the
+D2PnsJ4isII-00298-00059783-00059830 wui
+D2PnsJ4isII-00299-00059832-00060038 or the y land urban interface and where
+D2PnsJ4isII-00300-00060039-00060215 is it
+D2PnsJ4isII-00301-00060216-00060430 these days the wui is actually getting
+D2PnsJ4isII-00302-00060432-00060542 confused with
+D2PnsJ4isII-00303-00060544-00060679 unfortunately because of the current
+D2PnsJ4isII-00304-00060679-00060823 conditions which highlights the
+D2PnsJ4isII-00305-00060824-00060999 importance of this series
+D2PnsJ4isII-00306-00061000-00061230 the drought or water use efficiency so
+D2PnsJ4isII-00307-00061232-00061311 there's a lot of
+D2PnsJ4isII-00308-00061312-00061454 community meetings that have been taking
+D2PnsJ4isII-00309-00061455-00061719 place that are using that term
+D2PnsJ4isII-00310-00061720-00062030 interchangeably however for purposes of
+D2PnsJ4isII-00311-00062032-00062063 this
+D2PnsJ4isII-00312-00062064-00062311 again when we're talking about the wui
+D2PnsJ4isII-00313-00062312-00062471 although water use efficiency
+D2PnsJ4isII-00314-00062472-00062726 and the drought are concerns of ours it
+D2PnsJ4isII-00315-00062727-00062894 is referring to the wildland urban
+D2PnsJ4isII-00316-00062895-00063023 interface
+D2PnsJ4isII-00317-00063024-00063287 fire area what we refer to as locally
+D2PnsJ4isII-00318-00063288-00063399 and that's an area that
+D2PnsJ4isII-00319-00063400-00063726 is a significant risk to wildfires
+D2PnsJ4isII-00320-00063727-00063935 uh here locally within the city of santa
+D2PnsJ4isII-00321-00063936-00064079 rosa
+D2PnsJ4isII-00322-00064079-00064375 and our area also includes some of the
+D2PnsJ4isII-00323-00064376-00064454 states
+D2PnsJ4isII-00324-00064455-00064823 by very high fire hazard severity zones
+D2PnsJ4isII-00325-00064824-00065023 so even though the state has some of
+D2PnsJ4isII-00326-00065024-00065263 those zones within the city limits
+D2PnsJ4isII-00327-00065264-00065543 we the city of santa rosa have defined
+D2PnsJ4isII-00328-00065544-00065815 our local area as required to by state
+D2PnsJ4isII-00329-00065816-00065887 law
+D2PnsJ4isII-00330-00065888-00066175 for the areas that we have classified as
+D2PnsJ4isII-00331-00066176-00066367 the wui
+D2PnsJ4isII-00332-00066368-00066647 where any applicable codes for new
+D2PnsJ4isII-00333-00066648-00066719 development
+D2PnsJ4isII-00334-00066720-00067191 construction ordinances all are specific
+D2PnsJ4isII-00335-00067192-00067567 to that geographical area
+D2PnsJ4isII-00336-00067568-00067911 so the area was originally developed
+D2PnsJ4isII-00337-00067912-00068263 in 2007 and the area
+D2PnsJ4isII-00338-00068264-00068511 although has been infilled and
+D2PnsJ4isII-00339-00068512-00068575 additional
+D2PnsJ4isII-00340-00068576-00068911 residents are built with built within it
+D2PnsJ4isII-00341-00068912-00069238 the boundaries of it have not changed
+D2PnsJ4isII-00342-00069239-00069567 historically we had directed residence
+D2PnsJ4isII-00343-00069568-00069999 back to a pdf that had a general area
+D2PnsJ4isII-00344-00070000-00070335 of the map showing where the areas were
+D2PnsJ4isII-00345-00070336-00070471 and as you can see they're kind of
+D2PnsJ4isII-00346-00070472-00070679 broken up into four primary areas in
+D2PnsJ4isII-00347-00070680-00070838 santa rosa
+D2PnsJ4isII-00348-00070839-00071103 one being in the north east sorry
+D2PnsJ4isII-00349-00071104-00071215 northwest
+D2PnsJ4isII-00350-00071216-00071462 part of the city the fountain grove into
+D2PnsJ4isII-00351-00071463-00071599 hidden valley
+D2PnsJ4isII-00352-00071600-00071903 montecito heights area to the north
+D2PnsJ4isII-00353-00071904-00072150 east the skyhawk and kind of north
+D2PnsJ4isII-00354-00072151-00072359 calistoga road area
+D2PnsJ4isII-00355-00072360-00072662 to the south east uh stretching from
+D2PnsJ4isII-00356-00072663-00072838 molida road all the way down to bennett
+D2PnsJ4isII-00357-00072839-00073023 valley heights on the annadill state
+D2PnsJ4isII-00358-00073024-00073238 park side of summerfield road
+D2PnsJ4isII-00359-00073239-00073511 and to our far east coming in again off
+D2PnsJ4isII-00360-00073512-00073671 of
+D2PnsJ4isII-00361-00073672-00073982 melita and los alamos road area
+D2PnsJ4isII-00362-00073983-00074311 into the south and southwest side of
+D2PnsJ4isII-00363-00074312-00074647 oakmont
+D2PnsJ4isII-00364-00074648-00074959 based on feedback and really our
+D2PnsJ4isII-00365-00074960-00075079 intention to
+D2PnsJ4isII-00366-00075080-00075271 provide as much information and make it
+D2PnsJ4isII-00367-00075272-00075487 as easily accessible to our community as
+D2PnsJ4isII-00368-00075488-00075591 possible
+D2PnsJ4isII-00369-00075592-00075791 part of the development of our overall
+D2PnsJ4isII-00370-00075792-00076038 wildfire ready strategy
+D2PnsJ4isII-00371-00076039-00076406 was a new website srcity.org
+D2PnsJ4isII-00372-00076407-00076694 forward slash wildfire ready is the hub
+D2PnsJ4isII-00373-00076695-00076862 of a lot of the information you'll hear
+D2PnsJ4isII-00374-00076863-00077047 throughout the week and again where
+D2PnsJ4isII-00375-00077048-00077206 we're pushing residents to
+D2PnsJ4isII-00376-00077207-00077519 to get the information on that website
+D2PnsJ4isII-00377-00077520-00077711 is now a link
+D2PnsJ4isII-00378-00077712-00077887 by land urban interface that will now
+D2PnsJ4isII-00379-00077888-00078103 take you to a website where residents
+D2PnsJ4isII-00380-00078104-00078175 can now
+D2PnsJ4isII-00381-00078176-00078415 type in their address and see whether or
+D2PnsJ4isII-00382-00078416-00078550 not they're within
+D2PnsJ4isII-00383-00078551-00078726 or outside of the wildland river
+D2PnsJ4isII-00384-00078727-00078871 interface
+D2PnsJ4isII-00385-00078872-00079223 we also have some areas within our wui
+D2PnsJ4isII-00386-00079224-00079415 that are not within the city limits
+D2PnsJ4isII-00387-00079416-00079631 where we have county islands
+D2PnsJ4isII-00388-00079632-00079806 the website will let you know now
+D2PnsJ4isII-00389-00079807-00079967 whether you're in or outside
+D2PnsJ4isII-00390-00079968-00080294 of the city limits and help guide you
+D2PnsJ4isII-00391-00080295-00080575 to your respective fire agency for us
+D2PnsJ4isII-00392-00080576-00080662 locally
+D2PnsJ4isII-00393-00080663-00080959 for those county pockets within our wui
+D2PnsJ4isII-00394-00080960-00081111 you'll
+D2PnsJ4isII-00395-00081112-00081279 be under the jurisdiction of sonoma
+D2PnsJ4isII-00396-00081280-00081423 county fire district or
+D2PnsJ4isII-00397-00081424-00081647 permit sonoma the building
+D2PnsJ4isII-00398-00081648-00082126 representatives for the county of sonoma
+D2PnsJ4isII-00399-00082127-00082382 so jumping right into it what we want to
+D2PnsJ4isII-00400-00082383-00082471 do
+D2PnsJ4isII-00401-00082472-00082679 as an organization again is is
+D2PnsJ4isII-00402-00082680-00082855 ultimately protect your home protect
+D2PnsJ4isII-00403-00082856-00082999 your structure
+D2PnsJ4isII-00404-00083000-00083206 so up next will be scott moon who will
+D2PnsJ4isII-00405-00083207-00083318 take you through
+D2PnsJ4isII-00406-00083319-00083550 uh some of the important elements that
+D2PnsJ4isII-00407-00083551-00083767 include defensible space
+D2PnsJ4isII-00408-00083768-00084135 to home hardening
+D2PnsJ4isII-00409-00084136-00084382 hey good afternoon thank you paul as we
+D2PnsJ4isII-00410-00084383-00084615 begin to look at protecting your home
+D2PnsJ4isII-00411-00084616-00084911 pardon me we focus on three key areas
+D2PnsJ4isII-00412-00084912-00085206 the first being that of defensible space
+D2PnsJ4isII-00413-00085207-00085511 and what we want to look at here is to
+D2PnsJ4isII-00414-00085512-00085703 kind of try and simplify this we hear
+D2PnsJ4isII-00415-00085704-00085823 defensible space
+D2PnsJ4isII-00416-00085824-00086094 as a buzzword shared quite often in this
+D2PnsJ4isII-00417-00086095-00086206 arena
+D2PnsJ4isII-00418-00086207-00086471 this is actually going to be a buffer
+D2PnsJ4isII-00419-00086472-00086526 zone
+D2PnsJ4isII-00420-00086527-00086823 that you implement around your home
+D2PnsJ4isII-00421-00086824-00086918 between
+D2PnsJ4isII-00422-00086919-00087223 that space and the wildland area
+D2PnsJ4isII-00423-00087224-00087438 what we want to try and do is take that
+D2PnsJ4isII-00424-00087439-00087526 opportu
+D2PnsJ4isII-00425-00087527-00087838 opportunity to prevent any type of
+D2PnsJ4isII-00426-00087839-00087991 direct flame contact
+D2PnsJ4isII-00427-00087992-00088350 or that possibility for radiant heat
+D2PnsJ4isII-00428-00088351-00088638 and what we would look at doing is
+D2PnsJ4isII-00429-00088639-00088735 focusing in
+D2PnsJ4isII-00430-00088736-00089062 on three key areas of the home
+D2PnsJ4isII-00431-00089063-00089399 ignition zones and when we begin
+D2PnsJ4isII-00432-00089400-00089823 you can move to the next slide paul this
+D2PnsJ4isII-00433-00089824-00089931 map will give you a
+D2PnsJ4isII-00434-00089932-00090271 representation of those three key areas
+D2PnsJ4isII-00435-00090272-00090615 and we look at zone one within that
+D2PnsJ4isII-00436-00090616-00090831 structural framework
+D2PnsJ4isII-00437-00090832-00091103 as our stepping out our back door if you
+D2PnsJ4isII-00438-00091104-00091167 will
+D2PnsJ4isII-00439-00091168-00091494 and we want to look from that zero to 30
+D2PnsJ4isII-00440-00091495-00091550 foot
+D2PnsJ4isII-00441-00091551-00091862 area we want to take the opportunity
+D2PnsJ4isII-00442-00091863-00092167 to move around your property and
+D2PnsJ4isII-00443-00092168-00092535 that zero to 30 may not be as expansive
+D2PnsJ4isII-00444-00092536-00092638 as this picture
+D2PnsJ4isII-00445-00092639-00092999 dictates it may be the perspective of to
+D2PnsJ4isII-00446-00093000-00093143 your property line
+D2PnsJ4isII-00447-00093144-00093318 but you want to take full advantage of
+D2PnsJ4isII-00448-00093319-00093511 the opportunities to
+D2PnsJ4isII-00449-00093512-00093743 limit any trees that may be overhanging
+D2PnsJ4isII-00450-00093744-00093879 your home
+D2PnsJ4isII-00451-00093880-00094143 to back 10 foot from your structure so
+D2PnsJ4isII-00452-00094144-00094215 you create
+D2PnsJ4isII-00453-00094216-00094518 separation you also want to utilize
+D2PnsJ4isII-00454-00094519-00094855 as much hardscape as you can around your
+D2PnsJ4isII-00455-00094856-00094926 structure
+D2PnsJ4isII-00456-00094927-00095071 paul will touch on that a little bit
+D2PnsJ4isII-00457-00095072-00095238 more in a few moments
+D2PnsJ4isII-00458-00095239-00095487 but look to incorporate non-combustible
+D2PnsJ4isII-00459-00095488-00095718 types of materials that can be utilized
+D2PnsJ4isII-00460-00095719-00095911 within your footprint
+D2PnsJ4isII-00461-00095912-00096199 and try and take out any items that are
+D2PnsJ4isII-00462-00096200-00096471 unnecessarily placed within that 0-30
+D2PnsJ4isII-00463-00096472-00096574 foot zone
+D2PnsJ4isII-00464-00096575-00096694 that really is going to be your
+D2PnsJ4isII-00465-00096695-00096982 strongest defense the next area is that
+D2PnsJ4isII-00466-00096983-00097311 zone 2 or we want to look at the
+D2PnsJ4isII-00467-00097312-00097726 30 to 100 foot separation
+D2PnsJ4isII-00468-00097727-00097894 the picture that you're seeing now just
+D2PnsJ4isII-00469-00097895-00098062 illustrates for you some of those
+D2PnsJ4isII-00470-00098063-00098174 examples
+D2PnsJ4isII-00471-00098175-00098438 where homes have taken that step to
+D2PnsJ4isII-00472-00098439-00098631 provide the separation
+D2PnsJ4isII-00473-00098632-00098926 within their boundaries and how it can
+D2PnsJ4isII-00474-00098927-00098982 look
+D2PnsJ4isII-00475-00098983-00099215 in a landscape format where you have
+D2PnsJ4isII-00476-00099216-00099471 multiple homes that adjoin one another
+D2PnsJ4isII-00477-00099472-00099662 we can see how the fire will burn in
+D2PnsJ4isII-00478-00099663-00099782 certain areas
+D2PnsJ4isII-00479-00099783-00099967 and that can be due to the fuel
+D2PnsJ4isII-00480-00099968-00100150 treatments within those areas and the
+D2PnsJ4isII-00481-00100151-00100287 separations
+D2PnsJ4isII-00482-00100288-00100535 but when we're in that zone two what we
+D2PnsJ4isII-00483-00100536-00100687 want to focus on
+D2PnsJ4isII-00484-00100688-00100935 is the fact that now we're looking at
+D2PnsJ4isII-00485-00100936-00101215 more of that 30 to 100 foot area
+D2PnsJ4isII-00486-00101216-00101423 so we're stepping back and we're trying
+D2PnsJ4isII-00487-00101424-00101606 to provide a much
+D2PnsJ4isII-00488-00101607-00101887 broader focus and we want to create
+D2PnsJ4isII-00489-00101888-00102118 separation of the fuel types
+D2PnsJ4isII-00490-00102119-00102287 and if you can look at it from the
+D2PnsJ4isII-00491-00102288-00102447 perspective of
+D2PnsJ4isII-00492-00102448-00102718 fuel islands if you will so instead of
+D2PnsJ4isII-00493-00102719-00102766 having
+D2PnsJ4isII-00494-00102767-00103086 groupings of large plant material
+D2PnsJ4isII-00495-00103088-00103286 try and break them up into smaller
+D2PnsJ4isII-00496-00103288-00103551 islands so that way if there is fire
+D2PnsJ4isII-00497-00103552-00103718 burning through the area
+D2PnsJ4isII-00498-00103719-00103990 what you can see is the ability for
+D2PnsJ4isII-00499-00103991-00104199 separation of fuel type so you
+D2PnsJ4isII-00500-00104200-00104463 prevent that rapid growth and you
+D2PnsJ4isII-00501-00104464-00104671 actually would have slower development
+D2PnsJ4isII-00502-00104672-00104830 within those areas
+D2PnsJ4isII-00503-00104831-00105023 the other thing we talked about another
+D2PnsJ4isII-00504-00105024-00105247 key word is ladder fuel
+D2PnsJ4isII-00505-00105248-00105439 and what ladder fuel means is you have
+D2PnsJ4isII-00506-00105440-00105647 your ground covering material
+D2PnsJ4isII-00507-00105648-00105847 or the base of that ladder and then
+D2PnsJ4isII-00508-00105848-00106023 you'll have trees or brush
+D2PnsJ4isII-00509-00106024-00106334 and by taking the opportunity to limb up
+D2PnsJ4isII-00510-00106335-00106543 the trees and brush to create that
+D2PnsJ4isII-00511-00106544-00106695 separation
+D2PnsJ4isII-00512-00106696-00106919 in essence what you do is you eliminate
+D2PnsJ4isII-00513-00106920-00107078 that ladder fuel
+D2PnsJ4isII-00514-00107079-00107263 so the ground covering is going to
+D2PnsJ4isII-00515-00107264-00107495 ignite and as it does you're going to
+D2PnsJ4isII-00516-00107496-00107615 get flame heights
+D2PnsJ4isII-00517-00107616-00107799 based on the type of material that you
+D2PnsJ4isII-00518-00107800-00108007 may have in those areas
+D2PnsJ4isII-00519-00108008-00108215 those flame heights can easily get into
+D2PnsJ4isII-00520-00108216-00108510 brush and trees if not properly trimmed
+D2PnsJ4isII-00521-00108511-00108758 so hence removing that ladder fuel or
+D2PnsJ4isII-00522-00108759-00108990 the ability for the fuels to
+D2PnsJ4isII-00523-00108991-00109199 migrate from one low surface area
+D2PnsJ4isII-00524-00109200-00109439 material to a higher area
+D2PnsJ4isII-00525-00109440-00109719 the other thing we want to talk about is
+D2PnsJ4isII-00526-00109720-00109990 separation of trees and the tree tops
+D2PnsJ4isII-00527-00109991-00110207 so as we look at tree spacing on the
+D2PnsJ4isII-00528-00110208-00110302 property
+D2PnsJ4isII-00529-00110303-00110639 trying to remove unnecessary trees that
+D2PnsJ4isII-00530-00110640-00110847 are bunched or grouped together
+D2PnsJ4isII-00531-00110848-00111119 again we're looking at slowing down any
+D2PnsJ4isII-00532-00111120-00111231 approaching
+D2PnsJ4isII-00533-00111232-00111558 fire to the area that moves into your
+D2PnsJ4isII-00534-00111559-00111623 property
+D2PnsJ4isII-00535-00111624-00111919 and has ample fuel we want to reduce
+D2PnsJ4isII-00536-00111920-00112023 that fuel loading
+D2PnsJ4isII-00537-00112024-00112327 and provide more separation and for the
+D2PnsJ4isII-00538-00112328-00112590 properties that do have that area
+D2PnsJ4isII-00539-00112591-00112919 zone 3 is 100 to 200 foot
+D2PnsJ4isII-00540-00112920-00113190 from your structure so obviously that
+D2PnsJ4isII-00541-00113191-00113271 gets much
+D2PnsJ4isII-00542-00113272-00113615 more broad and again we're looking to
+D2PnsJ4isII-00543-00113616-00113783 thin out material we're looking to
+D2PnsJ4isII-00544-00113783-00113934 remove dead
+D2PnsJ4isII-00545-00113935-00114183 trees that may be on the ground snags is
+D2PnsJ4isII-00546-00114183-00114358 another term you'll hear those referred
+D2PnsJ4isII-00547-00114359-00114447 to
+D2PnsJ4isII-00548-00114448-00114663 but we're wanting to remove that litter
+D2PnsJ4isII-00549-00114664-00114934 and debris from the ground cover areas
+D2PnsJ4isII-00550-00114935-00115223 so that way it minimizes that travel of
+D2PnsJ4isII-00551-00115224-00115286 fuel
+D2PnsJ4isII-00552-00115288-00115534 into that location and it gives you the
+D2PnsJ4isII-00553-00115535-00115686 opportunity to have
+D2PnsJ4isII-00554-00115688-00116039 more resistance to ignition of your
+D2PnsJ4isII-00555-00116040-00116143 property
+D2PnsJ4isII-00556-00116144-00116415 due to a passing or impending wildfire
+D2PnsJ4isII-00557-00116416-00116615 into your area
+D2PnsJ4isII-00558-00116616-00116910 and with that we can move to the next
+D2PnsJ4isII-00559-00116911-00117247 slide
+D2PnsJ4isII-00560-00117248-00117519 and as mentioned this was an example of
+D2PnsJ4isII-00561-00117520-00117647 homes within
+D2PnsJ4isII-00562-00117648-00117902 the glassfire footprint where we
+D2PnsJ4isII-00563-00117903-00118031 observed some different
+D2PnsJ4isII-00564-00118032-00118302 fire burn patterns and how different
+D2PnsJ4isII-00565-00118303-00118471 areas were impacted
+D2PnsJ4isII-00566-00118472-00118671 based on the fuel loading and the fuel
+D2PnsJ4isII-00567-00118672-00119127 types within that area
+D2PnsJ4isII-00568-00119128-00119271 and paul if there's anything additional
+D2PnsJ4isII-00569-00119272-00120871 you wanted to share on that
+D2PnsJ4isII-00570-00120872-00121086 thank you scott yeah the uh as you can
+D2PnsJ4isII-00571-00121088-00121231 see and scott said
+D2PnsJ4isII-00572-00121232-00121439 uh said it pretty clearly is that we did
+D2PnsJ4isII-00573-00121440-00121678 see a lot of good examples of what
+D2PnsJ4isII-00574-00121679-00121886 defensible space can do
+D2PnsJ4isII-00575-00121888-00122151 within our community it's very clear
+D2PnsJ4isII-00576-00122152-00122239 that
+D2PnsJ4isII-00577-00122240-00122407 a lot of the homeowners have been
+D2PnsJ4isII-00578-00122408-00122575 heeding the warnings
+D2PnsJ4isII-00579-00122576-00122758 and the information that we've been
+D2PnsJ4isII-00580-00122759-00122999 sharing has been well received
+D2PnsJ4isII-00581-00123000-00123375 and really did lead to a lot of good
+D2PnsJ4isII-00582-00123376-00123647 saves throughout the glass fire where
+D2PnsJ4isII-00583-00123648-00123854 our firefighters were able to
+D2PnsJ4isII-00584-00123855-00124207 actively engage in the neighborhoods
+D2PnsJ4isII-00585-00124208-00124390 fight fire and use a lot of the
+D2PnsJ4isII-00586-00124391-00124647 defensible space
+D2PnsJ4isII-00587-00124648-00124927 and techniques that we had asked and
+D2PnsJ4isII-00588-00124928-00125078 have been educated on
+D2PnsJ4isII-00589-00125079-00125263 and it truly did pay off there were some
+D2PnsJ4isII-00590-00125264-00125390 areas
+D2PnsJ4isII-00591-00125391-00125590 where it didn't work out as well and
+D2PnsJ4isII-00592-00125591-00125710 that's part of why
+D2PnsJ4isII-00593-00125711-00125854 we're continuing to do this and we're
+D2PnsJ4isII-00594-00125855-00126047 continuing to share information
+D2PnsJ4isII-00595-00126048-00126454 and that hopes hopefully more people
+D2PnsJ4isII-00596-00126455-00126743 will provide for better defensible space
+D2PnsJ4isII-00597-00126744-00126799 and
+D2PnsJ4isII-00598-00126800-00127071 different measures to reduce the risks
+D2PnsJ4isII-00599-00127072-00128614 associated with fires here locally
+D2PnsJ4isII-00600-00128615-00128934 and then keying in off of what scott
+D2PnsJ4isII-00601-00128935-00129007 talked about
+D2PnsJ4isII-00602-00129008-00129231 we're really focusing a lot of our
+D2PnsJ4isII-00603-00129232-00129383 education and outreach
+D2PnsJ4isII-00604-00129383-00129719 on that zero to five foot zone that
+D2PnsJ4isII-00605-00129720-00130031 has proven to be an
+D2PnsJ4isII-00606-00130032-00130319 area that has led to a lot of
+D2PnsJ4isII-00607-00130320-00130414 destruction
+D2PnsJ4isII-00608-00130415-00130734 locally but also an area that's led to a
+D2PnsJ4isII-00609-00130735-00130799 lot of
+D2PnsJ4isII-00610-00130800-00131183 successful saves we are really
+D2PnsJ4isII-00611-00131184-00131511 pushing residents to to remove a lot of
+D2PnsJ4isII-00612-00131512-00131683 the combustible
+D2PnsJ4isII-00613-00131684-00131990 vegetation mulches different materials
+D2PnsJ4isII-00614-00131991-00132159 from around their homes that are more
+D2PnsJ4isII-00615-00132160-00132278 susceptible
+D2PnsJ4isII-00616-00132279-00132590 to ember cast we watched
+D2PnsJ4isII-00617-00132591-00133023 both the glass the tubs the nuns
+D2PnsJ4isII-00618-00133024-00133190 and the threats associated with the
+D2PnsJ4isII-00619-00133191-00133407 kincaid and what the ember cast was
+D2PnsJ4isII-00620-00133408-00133511 doing
+D2PnsJ4isII-00621-00133512-00133814 to structure uh structures within the
+D2PnsJ4isII-00622-00133815-00134159 uh the front of the fire we
+D2PnsJ4isII-00623-00134160-00134335 know that the weak spot and one of the
+D2PnsJ4isII-00624-00134336-00134566 weak areas is where those embers are
+D2PnsJ4isII-00625-00134567-00134902 are catching and leading to structures
+D2PnsJ4isII-00626-00134903-00135158 that are igniting and then further
+D2PnsJ4isII-00627-00135159-00135271 [Music]
+D2PnsJ4isII-00628-00135272-00135511 pushing and spreading the fire so our
+D2PnsJ4isII-00629-00135512-00135702 hope is that not only will people
+D2PnsJ4isII-00630-00135703-00135983 land their trees up remove vegetation
+D2PnsJ4isII-00631-00135984-00136151 from out around their properties but
+D2PnsJ4isII-00632-00136152-00136463 really look at their own homes
+D2PnsJ4isII-00633-00136464-00136790 for us again we're really hoping to
+D2PnsJ4isII-00634-00136791-00136887 discourage
+D2PnsJ4isII-00635-00136888-00137199 a lot of the barks specifically here in
+D2PnsJ4isII-00636-00137200-00137335 the picture you see is
+D2PnsJ4isII-00637-00137336-00137695 a gorilla hair mulch no matter how many
+D2PnsJ4isII-00638-00137696-00137847 conversations and
+D2PnsJ4isII-00639-00137848-00138071 community meetings we've had about it we
+D2PnsJ4isII-00640-00138072-00138263 still see its use
+D2PnsJ4isII-00641-00138264-00138543 within our wildland interface and as you
+D2PnsJ4isII-00642-00138544-00138799 can see here it's extremely problematic
+D2PnsJ4isII-00643-00138800-00139135 not only does it burn very easily
+D2PnsJ4isII-00644-00139136-00139399 but it also ties up a lot of resources
+D2PnsJ4isII-00645-00139400-00139559 this home
+D2PnsJ4isII-00646-00139560-00139743 is probably standing today because
+D2PnsJ4isII-00647-00139744-00140054 firefighters worked hard and feverishly
+D2PnsJ4isII-00648-00140055-00140271 to put out a lot of the gorilla here
+D2PnsJ4isII-00649-00140272-00140431 that had caught fire
+D2PnsJ4isII-00650-00140432-00140631 and was spreading in the winds around
+D2PnsJ4isII-00651-00140632-00140766 the property
+D2PnsJ4isII-00652-00140767-00141071 so we are looking at potential
+D2PnsJ4isII-00653-00141072-00141383 ordinances that will regulate the types
+D2PnsJ4isII-00654-00141384-00141566 of materials that can be used within our
+D2PnsJ4isII-00655-00141567-00141735 wildlife interface
+D2PnsJ4isII-00656-00141736-00142023 however the first step we've taken is
+D2PnsJ4isII-00657-00142024-00142239 for all new construction
+D2PnsJ4isII-00658-00142240-00142478 built within our ylm interface we will
+D2PnsJ4isII-00659-00142479-00142671 now require
+D2PnsJ4isII-00660-00142672-00143039 zero to five feet of non-combustible
+D2PnsJ4isII-00661-00143040-00143351 space zone
+D2PnsJ4isII-00662-00143352-00143687 for new structures that are unsprinkled
+D2PnsJ4isII-00663-00143688-00143878 and three feet for sprinklered
+D2PnsJ4isII-00664-00143879-00144102 structures so that is something new that
+D2PnsJ4isII-00665-00144103-00144207 we're doing here
+D2PnsJ4isII-00666-00144208-00144399 and that will be the first of many
+D2PnsJ4isII-00667-00144400-00144639 ordinances that we'll be working on
+D2PnsJ4isII-00668-00144640-00144799 through our new vegetation management
+D2PnsJ4isII-00669-00144800-00145047 program
+D2PnsJ4isII-00670-00145048-00145199 the other thing that we're hearing a lot
+D2PnsJ4isII-00671-00145200-00145431 of is costs associated with this zones
+D2PnsJ4isII-00672-00145432-00145726 a majority of our homes within our wui
+D2PnsJ4isII-00673-00145727-00145807 are existing
+D2PnsJ4isII-00674-00145808-00146102 structures that have existing vegetation
+D2PnsJ4isII-00675-00146103-00146166 plants
+D2PnsJ4isII-00676-00146167-00146502 materials anything you do in those areas
+D2PnsJ4isII-00677-00146503-00146623 is going to be a step in the right
+D2PnsJ4isII-00678-00146624-00146823 direction whether it's limiting your
+D2PnsJ4isII-00679-00146824-00146919 bushes up
+D2PnsJ4isII-00680-00146920-00147254 removing the leaf litter thinning the
+D2PnsJ4isII-00681-00147255-00147463 materials out
+D2PnsJ4isII-00682-00147464-00147663 anything versus nothing is going to be a
+D2PnsJ4isII-00683-00147664-00147823 step in the right direction
+D2PnsJ4isII-00684-00147824-00148071 but now is the time especially in light
+D2PnsJ4isII-00685-00148072-00148223 of the drought
+D2PnsJ4isII-00686-00148224-00148343 where there's different measures that
+D2PnsJ4isII-00687-00148344-00148526 can be taken to not only protect your
+D2PnsJ4isII-00688-00148527-00148599 structure
+D2PnsJ4isII-00689-00148600-00148935 but also reduce your use of water so we
+D2PnsJ4isII-00690-00148936-00149111 are encouraging people to
+D2PnsJ4isII-00691-00149112-00149326 to continue to remove vegetation from
+D2PnsJ4isII-00692-00149327-00149463 immediately around their structure
+D2PnsJ4isII-00693-00149464-00149783 again to reduce the threat of fire
+D2PnsJ4isII-00694-00149784-00150007 reduce the fuels that could be ignited
+D2PnsJ4isII-00695-00150008-00150135 from ember cast
+D2PnsJ4isII-00696-00150136-00151278 and ultimately help save water
+D2PnsJ4isII-00697-00151279-00151478 all right with this next slide we wanted
+D2PnsJ4isII-00698-00151479-00151654 to touch on that third key element
+D2PnsJ4isII-00699-00151655-00151919 back to protecting your home and that
+D2PnsJ4isII-00700-00151920-00152007 stems to
+D2PnsJ4isII-00701-00152008-00152271 home hardening and when you think of
+D2PnsJ4isII-00702-00152272-00152390 home hardening
+D2PnsJ4isII-00703-00152391-00152575 the majority of the homes within our
+D2PnsJ4isII-00704-00152576-00152775 wildland urban interface area
+D2PnsJ4isII-00705-00152776-00153063 are pre-existing of more restrictive
+D2PnsJ4isII-00706-00153064-00153247 building code requirements
+D2PnsJ4isII-00707-00153248-00153495 that integrate home hardening into the
+D2PnsJ4isII-00708-00153496-00153647 construction method
+D2PnsJ4isII-00709-00153648-00153943 so when we we think about this it seems
+D2PnsJ4isII-00710-00153944-00154166 very overwhelming of where do i start
+D2PnsJ4isII-00711-00154167-00154326 and what can i do
+D2PnsJ4isII-00712-00154327-00154583 and when we look back on some of our
+D2PnsJ4isII-00713-00154584-00154678 experiences
+D2PnsJ4isII-00714-00154679-00154926 while being out in the field during
+D2PnsJ4isII-00715-00154927-00154983 these
+D2PnsJ4isII-00716-00154984-00155254 epic fires we have seen such simple
+D2PnsJ4isII-00717-00155255-00155407 things that can be done that are
+D2PnsJ4isII-00718-00155408-00155535 low-cost
+D2PnsJ4isII-00719-00155536-00155847 but very high impact and that starts
+D2PnsJ4isII-00720-00155848-00155895 with
+D2PnsJ4isII-00721-00155896-00156151 vents of your home that previous picture
+D2PnsJ4isII-00722-00156152-00156311 that paul had shown you can see the
+D2PnsJ4isII-00723-00156312-00156559 vents just off of the ground level
+D2PnsJ4isII-00724-00156560-00156775 and by ensuring that you have proper
+D2PnsJ4isII-00725-00156776-00157023 protective screens in place
+D2PnsJ4isII-00726-00157024-00157239 there's a number of different products
+D2PnsJ4isII-00727-00157240-00157423 that are on the market available for
+D2PnsJ4isII-00728-00157424-00157639 retrofit of existing homes
+D2PnsJ4isII-00729-00157640-00157911 we'll actually incorporate some studies
+D2PnsJ4isII-00730-00157912-00157990 from
+D2PnsJ4isII-00731-00157991-00158335 uc analysts that have put together
+D2PnsJ4isII-00732-00158336-00158511 various information to help us
+D2PnsJ4isII-00733-00158512-00158678 understand the different products that
+D2PnsJ4isII-00734-00158679-00158943 are available out there
+D2PnsJ4isII-00735-00158944-00159239 a number of them are as i mentioned easy
+D2PnsJ4isII-00736-00159240-00159511 to retrofit into existing homes
+D2PnsJ4isII-00737-00159512-00159911 and can achieve a better
+D2PnsJ4isII-00738-00159912-00160175 ability of your home to resist the
+D2PnsJ4isII-00739-00160176-00160302 intrusion
+D2PnsJ4isII-00740-00160303-00160599 of an ember driven fire so those are
+D2PnsJ4isII-00741-00160600-00160799 good starting points to look at all the
+D2PnsJ4isII-00742-00160800-00160959 eaves throughout your home
+D2PnsJ4isII-00743-00160960-00161247 and try and begin to incorporate a new
+D2PnsJ4isII-00744-00161248-00161431 screening protective measure
+D2PnsJ4isII-00745-00161432-00161743 in those locations the other item
+D2PnsJ4isII-00746-00161744-00162078 very simple is gutter guards and what we
+D2PnsJ4isII-00747-00162079-00162151 have found
+D2PnsJ4isII-00748-00162152-00162375 is when people do not take that
+D2PnsJ4isII-00749-00162376-00162502 opportunity
+D2PnsJ4isII-00750-00162503-00162775 in the summer months to clear gutters of
+D2PnsJ4isII-00751-00162776-00162895 accumulated
+D2PnsJ4isII-00752-00162896-00163135 debris and material that fell over the
+D2PnsJ4isII-00753-00163136-00163302 previous winter
+D2PnsJ4isII-00754-00163303-00163590 what we find is those become easy
+D2PnsJ4isII-00755-00163591-00163687 targets
+D2PnsJ4isII-00756-00163688-00164023 for wind-driven embers to land
+D2PnsJ4isII-00757-00164024-00164287 and ignite within those locations as
+D2PnsJ4isII-00758-00164288-00164463 well as
+D2PnsJ4isII-00759-00164464-00164678 they are going to give you the ability
+D2PnsJ4isII-00760-00164679-00164831 to
+D2PnsJ4isII-00761-00164832-00165143 ignite portions of the home that may be
+D2PnsJ4isII-00762-00165144-00165343 in direct contact with that type of
+D2PnsJ4isII-00763-00165344-00165487 information
+D2PnsJ4isII-00764-00165488-00165759 so what you can do is take the time
+D2PnsJ4isII-00765-00165760-00165935 during the summer months to clean your
+D2PnsJ4isII-00766-00165936-00166038 gutters
+D2PnsJ4isII-00767-00166039-00166254 and once they are clean go ahead and
+D2PnsJ4isII-00768-00166255-00166383 install
+D2PnsJ4isII-00769-00166384-00166623 relatively inexpensive gutter guards
+D2PnsJ4isII-00770-00166624-00166702 that will help
+D2PnsJ4isII-00771-00166703-00167023 through the fall time of year when we
+D2PnsJ4isII-00772-00167024-00167095 see the most
+D2PnsJ4isII-00773-00167096-00167366 accumulation of litter and debris and
+D2PnsJ4isII-00774-00167367-00167566 prevent that from accumulating
+D2PnsJ4isII-00775-00167567-00167759 within your gutters so the gutters can
+D2PnsJ4isII-00776-00167760-00167935 actually work as designed
+D2PnsJ4isII-00777-00167936-00168175 to remove the water that runs off from
+D2PnsJ4isII-00778-00168176-00168263 your roof
+D2PnsJ4isII-00779-00168264-00168447 but not accumulate that litter and
+D2PnsJ4isII-00780-00168448-00168647 debris that can then become combustible
+D2PnsJ4isII-00781-00168648-00168743 materials
+D2PnsJ4isII-00782-00168744-00168902 leading to potential ignition of your
+D2PnsJ4isII-00783-00168903-00169263 home another relatively inexpensive item
+D2PnsJ4isII-00784-00169264-00169623 is to weatherproof your home so with the
+D2PnsJ4isII-00785-00169624-00169678 use of
+D2PnsJ4isII-00786-00169679-00169935 weather stripping materials you can walk
+D2PnsJ4isII-00787-00169936-00170023 around your home
+D2PnsJ4isII-00788-00170024-00170295 and self-inspect and check for gaps
+D2PnsJ4isII-00789-00170296-00170351 within
+D2PnsJ4isII-00790-00170352-00170743 any man doors windows your garage door
+D2PnsJ4isII-00791-00170744-00170959 those are all locations when exposed to
+D2PnsJ4isII-00792-00170960-00171119 a wind-driven fire
+D2PnsJ4isII-00793-00171120-00171375 embers have the opportunity to migrate
+D2PnsJ4isII-00794-00171376-00171599 to the interior of your home
+D2PnsJ4isII-00795-00171600-00171854 very similar to that of the vent
+D2PnsJ4isII-00796-00171855-00172063 locations that we spoke about
+D2PnsJ4isII-00797-00172064-00172343 so when you take that time to go through
+D2PnsJ4isII-00798-00172344-00172414 and provide
+D2PnsJ4isII-00799-00172415-00172799 that weather stripping or the weather
+D2PnsJ4isII-00800-00172800-00173151 element to remove that ability of
+D2PnsJ4isII-00801-00173152-00173375 wind-driven fires to push
+D2PnsJ4isII-00802-00173376-00173638 the embers into your home then you
+D2PnsJ4isII-00803-00173639-00173814 increase your survivability
+D2PnsJ4isII-00804-00173815-00174175 during that wind-driven fire
+D2PnsJ4isII-00805-00174176-00174583 the next slide paul
+D2PnsJ4isII-00806-00174584-00174902 the other areas that we did not touch on
+D2PnsJ4isII-00807-00174903-00175102 we could look at decks and trying to
+D2PnsJ4isII-00808-00175103-00175287 incorporate again this is at a more
+D2PnsJ4isII-00809-00175288-00175407 large scale and
+D2PnsJ4isII-00810-00175408-00175590 we understand there's larger costs
+D2PnsJ4isII-00811-00175591-00175719 associated
+D2PnsJ4isII-00812-00175720-00175983 but look at replacing combustible decks
+D2PnsJ4isII-00813-00175984-00176231 with non-combustible materials
+D2PnsJ4isII-00814-00176232-00176438 look at your siding and see if there's
+D2PnsJ4isII-00815-00176439-00176631 opportunities for you to incorporate
+D2PnsJ4isII-00816-00176632-00176919 non-combustible siding materials
+D2PnsJ4isII-00817-00176920-00177247 a big one is your roof so the roof is
+D2PnsJ4isII-00818-00177248-00177319 probably
+D2PnsJ4isII-00819-00177320-00177631 the most susceptible point on your home
+D2PnsJ4isII-00820-00177632-00177854 given the surface area and the
+D2PnsJ4isII-00821-00177855-00177999 probability of having
+D2PnsJ4isII-00822-00178000-00178207 material and debris that blows on it
+D2PnsJ4isII-00823-00178208-00178399 during a wind-driven fire
+D2PnsJ4isII-00824-00178400-00178623 so looking at opportunities to replace
+D2PnsJ4isII-00825-00178624-00178895 your roofing material with a newer
+D2PnsJ4isII-00826-00178896-00179199 non-combustible type of material
+D2PnsJ4isII-00827-00179200-00179463 and then windows is another key area
+D2PnsJ4isII-00828-00179464-00179590 windows actually
+D2PnsJ4isII-00829-00179591-00179926 play in with your skylights if you have
+D2PnsJ4isII-00830-00179927-00180190 them incorporated into your home as well
+D2PnsJ4isII-00831-00180191-00180487 trying to replace them with double paned
+D2PnsJ4isII-00832-00180488-00180566 and also
+D2PnsJ4isII-00833-00180567-00180895 if you can get tempered glass as it does
+D2PnsJ4isII-00834-00180896-00180935 not
+D2PnsJ4isII-00835-00180936-00181211 shatter and it would provide more
+D2PnsJ4isII-00836-00181212-00181359 susceptibility
+D2PnsJ4isII-00837-00181360-00181671 of integrity and not allowing the flame
+D2PnsJ4isII-00838-00181672-00181943 to penetrate through the window and into
+D2PnsJ4isII-00839-00181944-00182143 the interior of the home
+D2PnsJ4isII-00840-00182144-00182431 so those are ways where we can find
+D2PnsJ4isII-00841-00182432-00182719 those next steps and trying to
+D2PnsJ4isII-00842-00182720-00183038 realize this is a very large
+D2PnsJ4isII-00843-00183039-00183351 cost in an effort to make these changes
+D2PnsJ4isII-00844-00183352-00183502 but trying to take
+D2PnsJ4isII-00845-00183503-00183766 small steps in that effort and trying to
+D2PnsJ4isII-00846-00183767-00183878 identify
+D2PnsJ4isII-00847-00183879-00184143 areas in which every step you take like
+D2PnsJ4isII-00848-00184144-00184254 paul mentioned
+D2PnsJ4isII-00849-00184255-00184526 where you can improve your survivability
+D2PnsJ4isII-00850-00184527-00184695 is what the key is
+D2PnsJ4isII-00851-00184696-00184951 so as we begin we want to look at our
+D2PnsJ4isII-00852-00184952-00185063 defensible space
+D2PnsJ4isII-00853-00185064-00185335 we want to work from our home out and if
+D2PnsJ4isII-00854-00185336-00185495 we're in an area where
+D2PnsJ4isII-00855-00185496-00185783 we're known fires are moving to our home
+D2PnsJ4isII-00856-00185784-00185990 in advance of evacuation
+D2PnsJ4isII-00857-00185991-00186190 take the time to move combustibles
+D2PnsJ4isII-00858-00186191-00186295 inside
+D2PnsJ4isII-00859-00186296-00186543 move combustibles away from the exterior
+D2PnsJ4isII-00860-00186544-00186678 of your home
+D2PnsJ4isII-00861-00186679-00186975 take that advantage of the opportunity
+D2PnsJ4isII-00862-00186976-00187087 you have
+D2PnsJ4isII-00863-00187088-00187431 to make your home less susceptible to
+D2PnsJ4isII-00864-00187432-00187543 ignition
+D2PnsJ4isII-00865-00187544-00187775 move plants away from the home move
+D2PnsJ4isII-00866-00187776-00187943 plants away from windows or
+D2PnsJ4isII-00867-00187944-00188166 openings where they could ignite and
+D2PnsJ4isII-00868-00188167-00188254 then easily
+D2PnsJ4isII-00869-00188255-00188526 travel into the home these are all small
+D2PnsJ4isII-00870-00188527-00188695 steps that you can take
+D2PnsJ4isII-00871-00188696-00188975 in your effort to again try and make
+D2PnsJ4isII-00872-00188976-00189054 your home
+D2PnsJ4isII-00873-00189055-00189375 as least susceptible to ignition during
+D2PnsJ4isII-00874-00189376-00189623 any type of wildfire that may impact
+D2PnsJ4isII-00875-00189624-00189790 your property
+D2PnsJ4isII-00876-00189791-00190483 and with that i'll turn it back over to
+D2PnsJ4isII-00877-00190484-00190775 paul
+D2PnsJ4isII-00878-00190776-00190959 thank you scott so the next thing we
+D2PnsJ4isII-00879-00190960-00191150 want to talk about is our weed abatement
+D2PnsJ4isII-00880-00191151-00191223 program
+D2PnsJ4isII-00881-00191224-00191447 so not just focusing on what our
+D2PnsJ4isII-00882-00191448-00191631 homeowners can do
+D2PnsJ4isII-00883-00191632-00191854 but what we're doing or requiring to be
+D2PnsJ4isII-00884-00191855-00192159 done to make our community safer
+D2PnsJ4isII-00885-00192160-00192375 so from the weed abatement standpoint
+D2PnsJ4isII-00886-00192376-00192566 there's sort of two elements associated
+D2PnsJ4isII-00887-00192567-00192638 with it
+D2PnsJ4isII-00888-00192639-00192966 one is the management of vegetation
+D2PnsJ4isII-00889-00192967-00193199 or fuels grasses throughout our
+D2PnsJ4isII-00890-00193200-00193311 community
+D2PnsJ4isII-00891-00193312-00193566 on city-owned properties and in
+D2PnsJ4isII-00892-00193567-00193838 coordination on a lot of open spaces
+D2PnsJ4isII-00893-00193839-00194102 and hoa properties so we regularly on an
+D2PnsJ4isII-00894-00194103-00194271 annual basis
+D2PnsJ4isII-00895-00194272-00194559 coordinate with the county for areas of
+D2PnsJ4isII-00896-00194560-00194735 open space and property they have within
+D2PnsJ4isII-00897-00194736-00194887 the city limits
+D2PnsJ4isII-00898-00194888-00195143 the state both fish and wildlife who
+D2PnsJ4isII-00899-00195144-00195343 have a number of open spaces
+D2PnsJ4isII-00900-00195344-00195687 in our community as well as caltrans
+D2PnsJ4isII-00901-00195688-00195902 with their right-of-ways both
+D2PnsJ4isII-00902-00195903-00195990 undeveloped
+D2PnsJ4isII-00903-00195991-00196311 and developed as well as city-owned
+D2PnsJ4isII-00904-00196312-00196519 properties
+D2PnsJ4isII-00905-00196520-00196790 in addition to that work that is
+D2PnsJ4isII-00906-00196791-00196999 initiated early in the season
+D2PnsJ4isII-00907-00197000-00197302 and prioritized at the highest risk and
+D2PnsJ4isII-00908-00197303-00197423 working its way down
+D2PnsJ4isII-00909-00197424-00197695 as you can imagine from a city county
+D2PnsJ4isII-00910-00197696-00197847 and state level there's a lot of
+D2PnsJ4isII-00911-00197848-00198031 properties throughout the city
+D2PnsJ4isII-00912-00198032-00198207 and the goal is to work through them as
+D2PnsJ4isII-00913-00198208-00198407 quickly as efficiently as possible with
+D2PnsJ4isII-00914-00198408-00198599 the resources available
+D2PnsJ4isII-00915-00198600-00198871 understanding unfortunately that as much
+D2PnsJ4isII-00916-00198872-00199078 as we wish we could snap our fingers and
+D2PnsJ4isII-00917-00199079-00199271 have everything done at once
+D2PnsJ4isII-00918-00199272-00199438 it's not the world we live in and we're
+D2PnsJ4isII-00919-00199439-00199719 forced with making the decisions based
+D2PnsJ4isII-00920-00199720-00199807 on
+D2PnsJ4isII-00921-00199808-00199975 risk and typically working in our
+D2PnsJ4isII-00922-00199976-00200119 wildland interface
+D2PnsJ4isII-00923-00200120-00200407 and high risk areas first and away from
+D2PnsJ4isII-00924-00200408-00200511 them
+D2PnsJ4isII-00925-00200512-00200766 we encourage uh residents if they see
+D2PnsJ4isII-00926-00200767-00200871 areas
+D2PnsJ4isII-00927-00200872-00201199 of concern to in
+D2PnsJ4isII-00928-00201200-00201366 some cases you'll you'll see the
+D2PnsJ4isII-00929-00201367-00201519 historically
+D2PnsJ4isII-00930-00201520-00201719 the time frames that those properties
+D2PnsJ4isII-00931-00201720-00201878 are completed
+D2PnsJ4isII-00932-00201879-00202166 and to allow us the opportunity to work
+D2PnsJ4isII-00933-00202167-00202278 through them
+D2PnsJ4isII-00934-00202279-00202583 at a local and county level as we
+D2PnsJ4isII-00935-00202584-00202750 continue to work with our community
+D2PnsJ4isII-00936-00202751-00202926 to bring their properties into
+D2PnsJ4isII-00937-00202927-00203111 compliance
+D2PnsJ4isII-00938-00203112-00203407 it is our intention to educate and
+D2PnsJ4isII-00939-00203408-00203495 explain
+D2PnsJ4isII-00940-00203496-00203878 and help guide versus moving straight
+D2PnsJ4isII-00941-00203879-00204126 to enforcement however we do have an
+D2PnsJ4isII-00942-00204127-00204278 enforcement plan
+D2PnsJ4isII-00943-00204279-00204678 for those that do not comply so annually
+D2PnsJ4isII-00944-00204679-00204855 we conduct and initiate our weed
+D2PnsJ4isII-00945-00204856-00204990 abatement inspections
+D2PnsJ4isII-00946-00204991-00205223 once fire season is declared
+D2PnsJ4isII-00947-00205223-00205423 historically the declaration
+D2PnsJ4isII-00948-00205423-00205686 has been based off of cal fire season
+D2PnsJ4isII-00949-00205687-00205742 however
+D2PnsJ4isII-00950-00205744-00206055 cal fire as of last year
+D2PnsJ4isII-00951-00206056-00206446 no longer declares or stops fire season
+D2PnsJ4isII-00952-00206448-00206662 for them it's always a fire season
+D2PnsJ4isII-00953-00206663-00206782 around the state
+D2PnsJ4isII-00954-00206783-00206975 so they change their staffing levels
+D2PnsJ4isII-00955-00206976-00207094 based on the needs
+D2PnsJ4isII-00956-00207096-00207510 which may which necessitated us to
+D2PnsJ4isII-00957-00207511-00207727 utilize a new process to declare fire
+D2PnsJ4isII-00958-00207728-00207886 season locally and that's what you saw
+D2PnsJ4isII-00959-00207887-00208094 done here for the first time
+D2PnsJ4isII-00960-00208096-00208255 with the declaration of our season
+D2PnsJ4isII-00961-00208256-00208398 starting on the 17th
+D2PnsJ4isII-00962-00208400-00208646 of this month once the season is
+D2PnsJ4isII-00963-00208648-00208734 declared
+D2PnsJ4isII-00964-00208735-00209006 all properties within our wildland urban
+D2PnsJ4isII-00965-00209007-00209086 interface
+D2PnsJ4isII-00966-00209087-00209294 so all properties with the wildlife
+D2PnsJ4isII-00967-00209296-00209446 interface are required to comply with
+D2PnsJ4isII-00968-00209448-00209558 the ordinance
+D2PnsJ4isII-00969-00209559-00209871 as well as all undeveloped vacant lots
+D2PnsJ4isII-00970-00209871-00210006 in the city
+D2PnsJ4isII-00971-00210007-00210206 and then any other property that happens
+D2PnsJ4isII-00972-00210207-00210382 to have more than a half an acre of
+D2PnsJ4isII-00973-00210383-00210591 undeveloped land
+D2PnsJ4isII-00974-00210592-00210863 really our focus is on the wui and all
+D2PnsJ4isII-00975-00210864-00211055 vacant lots around the city
+D2PnsJ4isII-00976-00211056-00211223 when all is said and done the fire
+D2PnsJ4isII-00977-00211223-00211398 department will have inspected upwards
+D2PnsJ4isII-00978-00211400-00211631 of 13 000 properties
+D2PnsJ4isII-00979-00211632-00211934 for compliance with the ordinance
+D2PnsJ4isII-00980-00211935-00212191 a notice is sent out once inspections
+D2PnsJ4isII-00981-00212192-00212391 are initiated to property owners
+D2PnsJ4isII-00982-00212392-00212558 letting them know of the requirements
+D2PnsJ4isII-00983-00212559-00212879 and that a re-inspection will take place
+D2PnsJ4isII-00984-00212880-00213175 it will typically take us almost upwards
+D2PnsJ4isII-00985-00213176-00213319 in some cases
+D2PnsJ4isII-00986-00213319-00213575 uh several weeks to a month to get
+D2PnsJ4isII-00987-00213576-00213727 through the first round of inspections
+D2PnsJ4isII-00988-00213728-00213975 throughout the entire city
+D2PnsJ4isII-00989-00213976-00214158 that allows property owners in most
+D2PnsJ4isII-00990-00214159-00214294 cases to
+D2PnsJ4isII-00991-00214296-00214487 abate their properties and bring it into
+D2PnsJ4isII-00992-00214488-00214598 compliance
+D2PnsJ4isII-00993-00214600-00214910 by the time a second inspection is done
+D2PnsJ4isII-00994-00214911-00215182 if after the second inspection is done
+D2PnsJ4isII-00995-00215183-00215310 and we go through our notice of
+D2PnsJ4isII-00996-00215311-00215479 violations
+D2PnsJ4isII-00997-00215480-00215855 and properties remain out of compliance
+D2PnsJ4isII-00998-00215856-00216031 we have a process to then abate the
+D2PnsJ4isII-00999-00216032-00216294 property and then recover our costs
+D2PnsJ4isII-01000-00216296-00216479 associated with the abatement and the
+D2PnsJ4isII-01001-00216480-00216598 inspection
+D2PnsJ4isII-01002-00216600-00216942 historically we do see significant
+D2PnsJ4isII-01003-00216944-00217103 compliance
+D2PnsJ4isII-01004-00217104-00217367 primarily after the first inspection is
+D2PnsJ4isII-01005-00217367-00217503 done
+D2PnsJ4isII-01006-00217504-00217767 our outreach ahead of the season
+D2PnsJ4isII-01007-00217767-00217879 typically
+D2PnsJ4isII-01008-00217880-00218215 alleviates a lot of the need for notices
+D2PnsJ4isII-01009-00218216-00218367 however there still are a lot of
+D2PnsJ4isII-01010-00218367-00218527 properties
+D2PnsJ4isII-01011-00218528-00218719 will historically take action after they
+D2PnsJ4isII-01012-00218719-00218879 receive the notice
+D2PnsJ4isII-01013-00218880-00219158 one of the areas that we struggled with
+D2PnsJ4isII-01014-00219159-00219351 compliance believe it or not
+D2PnsJ4isII-01015-00219352-00219846 and is actually a lot of our burn scars
+D2PnsJ4isII-01016-00219848-00220046 we experienced a number of residents who
+D2PnsJ4isII-01017-00220048-00220263 went through a significant
+D2PnsJ4isII-01018-00220264-00220598 loss in 2017 however their properties
+D2PnsJ4isII-01019-00220600-00220831 had historically been well maintained
+D2PnsJ4isII-01020-00220832-00221151 and landscaped after the fires
+D2PnsJ4isII-01021-00221152-00221406 during rebuilds and or while the
+D2PnsJ4isII-01022-00221407-00221479 properties
+D2PnsJ4isII-01023-00221480-00221727 were waiting to rebuild those vacant
+D2PnsJ4isII-01024-00221728-00221839 properties
+D2PnsJ4isII-01025-00221840-00222151 had regrowth of seasonal grasses and
+D2PnsJ4isII-01026-00222152-00222415 were noticed for non-compliance with the
+D2PnsJ4isII-01027-00222416-00222534 ordinance
+D2PnsJ4isII-01028-00222535-00222758 the goal was always to make our
+D2PnsJ4isII-01029-00222759-00222942 community safer
+D2PnsJ4isII-01030-00222944-00223119 we heard a lot of negative feedback
+D2PnsJ4isII-01031-00223119-00223287 about the notices
+D2PnsJ4isII-01032-00223288-00223575 to our survivors however our goal was to
+D2PnsJ4isII-01033-00223576-00223734 make it safe for the community
+D2PnsJ4isII-01034-00223735-00223942 and ultimately to make it safe for a lot
+D2PnsJ4isII-01035-00223944-00224142 of the rebuilds taking place within our
+D2PnsJ4isII-01036-00224144-00224239 wui
+D2PnsJ4isII-01037-00224240-00224487 so that the weeds were as controlled as
+D2PnsJ4isII-01038-00224488-00224710 we can possibly make them
+D2PnsJ4isII-01039-00224711-00224942 so what else are we doing in within our
+D2PnsJ4isII-01040-00224944-00225151 community to make us safer
+D2PnsJ4isII-01041-00225152-00225358 our community wildfire protection plan
+D2PnsJ4isII-01042-00225359-00225582 is truly the backbone of everything
+D2PnsJ4isII-01043-00225583-00225758 we're doing here today
+D2PnsJ4isII-01044-00225759-00226023 and will continue to do the community
+D2PnsJ4isII-01045-00226023-00226215 wildfire protection plan
+D2PnsJ4isII-01046-00226216-00226446 was a plan that was approved by council
+D2PnsJ4isII-01047-00226448-00226606 in september of last year
+D2PnsJ4isII-01048-00226607-00226927 and it serves as the five-year plan for
+D2PnsJ4isII-01049-00226928-00226967 us
+D2PnsJ4isII-01050-00226967-00227223 that will be renewed in five years but
+D2PnsJ4isII-01051-00227223-00227303 it's the
+D2PnsJ4isII-01052-00227304-00227631 the outline for what we can do uh
+D2PnsJ4isII-01053-00227632-00227934 with a roadmap to mitigate our risks
+D2PnsJ4isII-01054-00227935-00228142 and losses associated with the threat of
+D2PnsJ4isII-01055-00228144-00228455 wildfires locally so the community
+D2PnsJ4isII-01056-00228456-00228694 wildfire protection plan truly was a
+D2PnsJ4isII-01057-00228696-00228798 collaborative
+D2PnsJ4isII-01058-00228800-00229175 community effort not only did it involve
+D2PnsJ4isII-01059-00229176-00229431 the consultants that were hired through
+D2PnsJ4isII-01060-00229432-00229558 a grant
+D2PnsJ4isII-01061-00229559-00229758 but it also involved a significant
+D2PnsJ4isII-01062-00229759-00229894 amount of public
+D2PnsJ4isII-01063-00229896-00230431 outreach feedback comments
+D2PnsJ4isII-01064-00230432-00230591 meetings with steering our steering
+D2PnsJ4isII-01065-00230592-00230806 committee stakeholders throughout the
+D2PnsJ4isII-01066-00230807-00230998 city and county
+D2PnsJ4isII-01067-00231000-00231287 at a local and state level as well as
+D2PnsJ4isII-01068-00231288-00231582 upwards of 600 additional
+D2PnsJ4isII-01069-00231583-00231806 surveys that were filled out by
+D2PnsJ4isII-01070-00231807-00232079 community members
+D2PnsJ4isII-01071-00232080-00232398 with that the plan identified where our
+D2PnsJ4isII-01072-00232400-00232479 threats were
+D2PnsJ4isII-01073-00232480-00232671 to our community as you can see on the
+D2PnsJ4isII-01074-00232671-00232806 map is a
+D2PnsJ4isII-01075-00232807-00233423 a risk assessment map as well as
+D2PnsJ4isII-01076-00233423-00233639 kind of the hazards associated with the
+D2PnsJ4isII-01077-00233640-00233975 fuels within our community
+D2PnsJ4isII-01078-00233976-00234215 so to understand what actions we needed
+D2PnsJ4isII-01079-00234216-00234439 to take and where our threats and risks
+D2PnsJ4isII-01080-00234440-00234479 were
+D2PnsJ4isII-01081-00234480-00234727 and how we should mitigate them so there
+D2PnsJ4isII-01082-00234728-00234998 was science involved in this process
+D2PnsJ4isII-01083-00235000-00235351 public feedback involved in the process
+D2PnsJ4isII-01084-00235352-00235694 and really it outlined what we feel will
+D2PnsJ4isII-01085-00235696-00235839 be a successful
+D2PnsJ4isII-01086-00235840-00236094 roadmap for us to ultimately make our
+D2PnsJ4isII-01087-00236096-00236263 community safer
+D2PnsJ4isII-01088-00236264-00236575 with it came nine objectives with 46
+D2PnsJ4isII-01089-00236576-00236887 actionable items uh they come
+D2PnsJ4isII-01090-00236888-00237127 covered everything from improvement
+D2PnsJ4isII-01091-00237128-00237215 improvement
+D2PnsJ4isII-01092-00237216-00237494 sorry the improvement of our tracking
+D2PnsJ4isII-01093-00237496-00237615 and coordination
+D2PnsJ4isII-01094-00237616-00237919 systems which is a gis or a mapping
+D2PnsJ4isII-01095-00237919-00238055 component
+D2PnsJ4isII-01096-00238056-00238271 that is already underway our goal with
+D2PnsJ4isII-01097-00238271-00238375 that is to
+D2PnsJ4isII-01098-00238376-00238582 track and map where vegetation
+D2PnsJ4isII-01099-00238583-00238791 management and fuel reductions are
+D2PnsJ4isII-01100-00238792-00239023 taking place throughout our community
+D2PnsJ4isII-01101-00239023-00239223 we're working to approve our evacuation
+D2PnsJ4isII-01102-00239223-00239342 routes
+D2PnsJ4isII-01103-00239344-00239615 we have applied for a 2.8 million dollar
+D2PnsJ4isII-01104-00239616-00239687 grant
+D2PnsJ4isII-01105-00239688-00239894 for several evacuation routes throughout
+D2PnsJ4isII-01106-00239896-00240087 our city that money will be used to
+D2PnsJ4isII-01107-00240088-00240375 offset the costs and pay for the removal
+D2PnsJ4isII-01108-00240376-00240606 of fuels along those routes primarily on
+D2PnsJ4isII-01109-00240607-00240830 private property
+D2PnsJ4isII-01110-00240831-00241015 we're working to educate our public on
+D2PnsJ4isII-01111-00241016-00241271 how to mitigate uh the risks associated
+D2PnsJ4isII-01112-00241271-00241463 with the damage from wildfires
+D2PnsJ4isII-01113-00241464-00241839 the website srcity.org
+D2PnsJ4isII-01114-00241840-00242167 forward slash wildfire ready is the
+D2PnsJ4isII-01115-00242167-00242279 first big step
+D2PnsJ4isII-01116-00242280-00242534 we are taking to improve not only our
+D2PnsJ4isII-01117-00242535-00242663 education
+D2PnsJ4isII-01118-00242664-00242903 but improve our preparedness which is
+D2PnsJ4isII-01119-00242904-00242967 the next
+D2PnsJ4isII-01120-00242967-00243303 objective a lot of work has gone in and
+D2PnsJ4isII-01121-00243304-00243510 will continue to go into that website
+D2PnsJ4isII-01122-00243511-00243758 to centralize the information for our
+D2PnsJ4isII-01123-00243759-00243903 residents
+D2PnsJ4isII-01124-00243904-00244142 and where they can go to get current
+D2PnsJ4isII-01125-00244144-00244246 good information
+D2PnsJ4isII-01126-00244248-00244582 for what they can do within their home
+D2PnsJ4isII-01127-00244583-00244846 within their property and around their
+D2PnsJ4isII-01128-00244848-00245110 neighborhoods
+D2PnsJ4isII-01129-00245111-00245255 we recognize the need to increase
+D2PnsJ4isII-01130-00245256-00245439 structural hardening meaning we have a
+D2PnsJ4isII-01131-00245440-00245687 lot of existing non-conforming homes
+D2PnsJ4isII-01132-00245688-00245887 within our community that were built
+D2PnsJ4isII-01133-00245888-00246182 decades ago that are still tucked within
+D2PnsJ4isII-01134-00246183-00246319 our wildland
+D2PnsJ4isII-01135-00246319-00246503 we have applied for another several
+D2PnsJ4isII-01136-00246504-00246767 million dollars worth of grants
+D2PnsJ4isII-01137-00246767-00246998 designed to help offset the costs of
+D2PnsJ4isII-01138-00247000-00247182 defensible space
+D2PnsJ4isII-01139-00247183-00247487 and home hardening elements
+D2PnsJ4isII-01140-00247488-00247710 these are two grants that are currently
+D2PnsJ4isII-01141-00247711-00247839 with fema
+D2PnsJ4isII-01142-00247840-00248023 it's important to note that the city has
+D2PnsJ4isII-01143-00248023-00248246 been applying for several
+D2PnsJ4isII-01144-00248248-00248482 million dollars worth of grants since
+D2PnsJ4isII-01145-00248483-00248630 2017
+D2PnsJ4isII-01146-00248631-00248839 and have been unsuccessful with the
+D2PnsJ4isII-01147-00248840-00248991 exception of the grant
+D2PnsJ4isII-01148-00248992-00249142 that we receive for the community
+D2PnsJ4isII-01149-00249144-00249342 wildfire protection plan
+D2PnsJ4isII-01150-00249344-00249679 our hope with the plan
+D2PnsJ4isII-01151-00249680-00249910 and a lot of the work that we're doing
+D2PnsJ4isII-01152-00249911-00250167 at a local state and federal level
+D2PnsJ4isII-01153-00250167-00250446 will help get those grants approved so
+D2PnsJ4isII-01154-00250448-00250567 that we can start
+D2PnsJ4isII-01155-00250567-00250903 helping our community be better prepared
+D2PnsJ4isII-01156-00250904-00251142 we will be working to treat vegetation
+D2PnsJ4isII-01157-00251144-00251391 to reduce the wildfire risks
+D2PnsJ4isII-01158-00251392-00251606 we have another grant that was submitted
+D2PnsJ4isII-01159-00251607-00251791 to cal fire
+D2PnsJ4isII-01160-00251792-00252094 for treatment and removal of dead
+D2PnsJ4isII-01161-00252096-00252223 vegetation
+D2PnsJ4isII-01162-00252223-00252446 and dead trees on the north side of
+D2PnsJ4isII-01163-00252448-00252542 fountain grove
+D2PnsJ4isII-01164-00252544-00252823 into the ribley mark west corridor that
+D2PnsJ4isII-01165-00252823-00252903 will help
+D2PnsJ4isII-01166-00252904-00253103 mitigate the risks of future wildfires
+D2PnsJ4isII-01167-00253104-00253246 from our community
+D2PnsJ4isII-01168-00253248-00253471 that money will hopefully help offset
+D2PnsJ4isII-01169-00253471-00253598 the costs of private property
+D2PnsJ4isII-01170-00253600-00253775 owners which again will make our
+D2PnsJ4isII-01171-00253776-00253927 community safer
+D2PnsJ4isII-01172-00253928-00254103 one thing we've learned both through the
+D2PnsJ4isII-01173-00254104-00254223 development of the plan and through
+D2PnsJ4isII-01174-00254223-00254415 history is that our community
+D2PnsJ4isII-01175-00254416-00254663 is at risk from wildfires that enter the
+D2PnsJ4isII-01176-00254664-00254806 city from the north
+D2PnsJ4isII-01177-00254807-00255046 so you're gonna see a lot of effort put
+D2PnsJ4isII-01178-00255048-00255255 into hardening our community on the
+D2PnsJ4isII-01179-00255256-00255327 north side
+D2PnsJ4isII-01180-00255328-00255663 to prevent that repeat incident
+D2PnsJ4isII-01181-00255664-00255823 we're going to improve our inspection
+D2PnsJ4isII-01182-00255823-00256023 and enforcement program
+D2PnsJ4isII-01183-00256023-00256282 we will be rolling out not only
+D2PnsJ4isII-01184-00256283-00256430 ordinances
+D2PnsJ4isII-01185-00256431-00256751 but ultimately education and educate and
+D2PnsJ4isII-01186-00256752-00257023 inspection programs so our goal is to
+D2PnsJ4isII-01187-00257023-00257110 educate
+D2PnsJ4isII-01188-00257111-00257398 our community on the needs inspect them
+D2PnsJ4isII-01189-00257400-00257542 and ultimately move
+D2PnsJ4isII-01190-00257544-00257871 our community into an enforcement of
+D2PnsJ4isII-01191-00257871-00258151 these future rules and regulations to
+D2PnsJ4isII-01192-00258152-00258287 make our community as a whole
+D2PnsJ4isII-01193-00258288-00258751 safer
+D2PnsJ4isII-01194-00258752-00259039 the website wildfire ready as i
+D2PnsJ4isII-01195-00259040-00259182 mentioned
+D2PnsJ4isII-01196-00259183-00259358 really is going to be the hub for our
+D2PnsJ4isII-01197-00259359-00259558 community
+D2PnsJ4isII-01198-00259559-00259767 we will continue to improve upon this
+D2PnsJ4isII-01199-00259767-00259982 website we'll continue to provide
+D2PnsJ4isII-01200-00259983-00260239 information based on feedback we receive
+D2PnsJ4isII-01201-00260240-00260351 based on
+D2PnsJ4isII-01202-00260352-00260679 the lessons we continue to learn updates
+D2PnsJ4isII-01203-00260680-00260758 on grants
+D2PnsJ4isII-01204-00260759-00260982 a lot of this information will all be
+D2PnsJ4isII-01205-00260983-00261142 found here
+D2PnsJ4isII-01206-00261144-00261406 we look forward to not only the
+D2PnsJ4isII-01207-00261407-00261558 remainder of this week
+D2PnsJ4isII-01208-00261559-00261703 and a lot of the elements that we'll be
+D2PnsJ4isII-01209-00261704-00261967 covering but the future of our ability
+D2PnsJ4isII-01210-00261967-00262142 to engage with our community
+D2PnsJ4isII-01211-00262144-00262447 in the years to come with that
+D2PnsJ4isII-01212-00262448-00262663 obviously there's a lot of information
+D2PnsJ4isII-01213-00262664-00262863 that we have to cover
+D2PnsJ4isII-01214-00262864-00263110 we touched on a number of topics but
+D2PnsJ4isII-01215-00263111-00263287 really want to
+D2PnsJ4isII-01216-00263288-00263582 guide our community to this website and
+D2PnsJ4isII-01217-00263583-00263703 allow you
+D2PnsJ4isII-01218-00263704-00264023 the opportunity to be educated
+D2PnsJ4isII-01219-00264024-00264399 learn more and with that i will
+D2PnsJ4isII-01220-00264400-00264639 toss it back to magali and we'll start
+D2PnsJ4isII-01221-00264640-00265103 our question answers
+D2PnsJ4isII-01222-00265104-00265279 uh thank you so much for all of that
+D2PnsJ4isII-01223-00265280-00265439 really great information
+D2PnsJ4isII-01224-00265440-00265591 we're gonna just get in here there are a
+D2PnsJ4isII-01225-00265592-00265775 lot of good questions
+D2PnsJ4isII-01226-00265776-00266230 um so a question to any of our panelists
+D2PnsJ4isII-01227-00266231-00266487 we have from a community member i am
+D2PnsJ4isII-01228-00266488-00266663 unclear why the homes
+D2PnsJ4isII-01229-00266664-00266830 that are but taylor mountain park
+D2PnsJ4isII-01230-00266831-00267103 including the regal ranch subdivision
+D2PnsJ4isII-01231-00267104-00268358 are not in the wildland urban interface
+D2PnsJ4isII-01232-00268359-00268599 so there's a number of elements that go
+D2PnsJ4isII-01233-00268600-00268719 into defining
+D2PnsJ4isII-01234-00268720-00269047 uh what is the wui what is required for
+D2PnsJ4isII-01235-00269048-00269127 the wui
+D2PnsJ4isII-01236-00269128-00269463 um that area uh based on fuel
+D2PnsJ4isII-01237-00269464-00269767 uh topography is not um
+D2PnsJ4isII-01238-00269768-00270119 we will continue to evaluate any changes
+D2PnsJ4isII-01239-00270120-00270351 in them but there's a lot that comes
+D2PnsJ4isII-01240-00270352-00270439 with
+D2PnsJ4isII-01241-00270440-00270751 being incorporated in the wui we did
+D2PnsJ4isII-01242-00270752-00270943 get not only questions from that area
+D2PnsJ4isII-01243-00270944-00271110 but also within
+D2PnsJ4isII-01244-00271111-00271503 coffee park for why that area isn't
+D2PnsJ4isII-01245-00271504-00271703 included or
+D2PnsJ4isII-01246-00271704-00272039 hasn't been included um again it's
+D2PnsJ4isII-01247-00272040-00272199 there's certain conditions and findings
+D2PnsJ4isII-01248-00272200-00272423 that have to be found and reported to
+D2PnsJ4isII-01249-00272424-00272582 the state that then need to be
+D2PnsJ4isII-01250-00272583-00272847 uh adopted at a local level it's not as
+D2PnsJ4isII-01251-00272848-00272943 simple as just
+D2PnsJ4isII-01252-00272944-00273175 maintaining and calling it a wee a lot
+D2PnsJ4isII-01253-00273176-00273247 comes with
+D2PnsJ4isII-01254-00273248-00273463 it comes compliance with code and
+D2PnsJ4isII-01255-00273464-00273647 unfortunately as we're also seeing it
+D2PnsJ4isII-01256-00273648-00273758 comes with
+D2PnsJ4isII-01257-00273759-00274015 a lot of uh concerns and issues with
+D2PnsJ4isII-01258-00274016-00274182 insurance so we want to make sure that
+D2PnsJ4isII-01259-00274183-00274271 areas
+D2PnsJ4isII-01260-00274272-00274582 of our city uh that are in the wui
+D2PnsJ4isII-01261-00274583-00274687 should be in the we
+D2PnsJ4isII-01262-00274688-00274982 need to be in the louie and we do not
+D2PnsJ4isII-01263-00274983-00275103 intend to just
+D2PnsJ4isII-01264-00275104-00275375 move the line across the city uh without
+D2PnsJ4isII-01265-00275376-00276006 having a good solid basis for it
+D2PnsJ4isII-01266-00276007-00276279 thank you um so the next question we
+D2PnsJ4isII-01267-00276280-00276367 have here is
+D2PnsJ4isII-01268-00276368-00276591 a community member stated we spent much
+D2PnsJ4isII-01269-00276592-00276799 time walking the fire burned areas
+D2PnsJ4isII-01270-00276800-00276919 during the lockdown
+D2PnsJ4isII-01271-00276920-00277119 our strongest impression was of burnt
+D2PnsJ4isII-01272-00277120-00277303 houses near unburned ones
+D2PnsJ4isII-01273-00277304-00277519 has anyone done a study of why some
+D2PnsJ4isII-01274-00277520-00277719 houses burn and others don't
+D2PnsJ4isII-01275-00277720-00277943 for example at mountain hawk the fire
+D2PnsJ4isII-01276-00277944-00278023 jumped over
+D2PnsJ4isII-01277-00278024-00278271 almost all houses closest to the hill
+D2PnsJ4isII-01278-00278272-00278423 and burned 12 houses
+D2PnsJ4isII-01279-00278424-00278799 farther from the hill yeah so a
+D2PnsJ4isII-01280-00278800-00279071 lot was learned and a lot uh was looked
+D2PnsJ4isII-01281-00279072-00279279 at in mountain hawk specifically as you
+D2PnsJ4isII-01282-00279280-00279479 saw from some of the pictures early on
+D2PnsJ4isII-01283-00279480-00279758 defensible space and home hardening
+D2PnsJ4isII-01284-00279759-00279958 definitely paid off in some cases and
+D2PnsJ4isII-01285-00279959-00280191 made it very easy for firefighters
+D2PnsJ4isII-01286-00280192-00280455 to engage and protect the structures in
+D2PnsJ4isII-01287-00280456-00280758 other cases regardless of
+D2PnsJ4isII-01288-00280759-00280967 a lot of the education and outreach and
+D2PnsJ4isII-01289-00280968-00281151 information there's some residents that
+D2PnsJ4isII-01290-00281152-00281391 have just chosen to not take action
+D2PnsJ4isII-01291-00281392-00281519 and or they just don't have the
+D2PnsJ4isII-01292-00281520-00281727 financial means to take action we are
+D2PnsJ4isII-01293-00281728-00281910 aware of that and that is part of why we
+D2PnsJ4isII-01294-00281911-00282063 are applying for grants
+D2PnsJ4isII-01295-00282064-00282319 to help offset some of those costs but
+D2PnsJ4isII-01296-00282320-00282527 in some of the cases where we saw the
+D2PnsJ4isII-01297-00282528-00282758 significant structural damage it was
+D2PnsJ4isII-01298-00282759-00283055 based on the type of fuels brush
+D2PnsJ4isII-01299-00283056-00283303 trees and ladder fuels that were in
+D2PnsJ4isII-01300-00283304-00283423 their yards
+D2PnsJ4isII-01301-00283424-00283703 on those downhill slope sides of their
+D2PnsJ4isII-01302-00283704-00283799 structures that were
+D2PnsJ4isII-01303-00283800-00284143 open and almost
+D2PnsJ4isII-01304-00284144-00284495 helped fuel and aid the the direction of
+D2PnsJ4isII-01305-00284496-00284591 the fire
+D2PnsJ4isII-01306-00284592-00284943 and in other areas uh it was based on uh
+D2PnsJ4isII-01307-00284944-00285287 combustible vegetation and ships and
+D2PnsJ4isII-01308-00285288-00285382 materials
+D2PnsJ4isII-01309-00285383-00285654 uh immediately against fences and up
+D2PnsJ4isII-01310-00285655-00285799 against structures
+D2PnsJ4isII-01311-00285800-00286023 so those lessons learned and what we saw
+D2PnsJ4isII-01312-00286024-00286247 are what is being discussed and worked
+D2PnsJ4isII-01313-00286248-00286391 on behind the scenes
+D2PnsJ4isII-01314-00286392-00286719 to help uh develop future future
+D2PnsJ4isII-01315-00286720-00287030 ordinances to get people
+D2PnsJ4isII-01316-00287031-00287279 to take action in some cases to mitigate
+D2PnsJ4isII-01317-00287280-00287399 that risk and again
+D2PnsJ4isII-01318-00287400-00287823 protect our community
+D2PnsJ4isII-01319-00287824-00288006 thank you and sort of similar to that
+D2PnsJ4isII-01320-00288007-00288127 previous question
+D2PnsJ4isII-01321-00288128-00288351 uh will the city of santa rosa require
+D2PnsJ4isII-01322-00288352-00288534 non-combustible offenses
+D2PnsJ4isII-01323-00288535-00289263 adjacent to structures in a wooy area
+D2PnsJ4isII-01324-00289264-00289495 yes that has been added to the most
+D2PnsJ4isII-01325-00289496-00289663 recent code adoption
+D2PnsJ4isII-01326-00289664-00289854 that is for new structures so that's
+D2PnsJ4isII-01327-00289855-00290030 something to be mindful of
+D2PnsJ4isII-01328-00290031-00290199 new homes that are built within the wild
+D2PnsJ4isII-01329-00290200-00290399 enterprise interface are subject to more
+D2PnsJ4isII-01330-00290400-00290615 restrictive building requirements
+D2PnsJ4isII-01331-00290616-00290815 as paul mentioned there are a number of
+D2PnsJ4isII-01332-00290816-00291047 recommendations we make for the existing
+D2PnsJ4isII-01333-00291048-00291087 or
+D2PnsJ4isII-01334-00291088-00291399 we refer to as built environment and
+D2PnsJ4isII-01335-00291400-00291606 taking the opportunity to replace
+D2PnsJ4isII-01336-00291607-00291806 combustible materials that abut your
+D2PnsJ4isII-01337-00291807-00291879 home
+D2PnsJ4isII-01338-00291880-00292119 and utilize non-combustible materials or
+D2PnsJ4isII-01339-00292120-00292223 finishings
+D2PnsJ4isII-01340-00292224-00292567 is our high recommendation at this point
+D2PnsJ4isII-01341-00292568-00292782 and we will continue to evaluate as we
+D2PnsJ4isII-01342-00292783-00292919 move forward
+D2PnsJ4isII-01343-00292920-00293158 and i will add one thing we have heard
+D2PnsJ4isII-01344-00293159-00293287 is uh
+D2PnsJ4isII-01345-00293288-00293623 the need to or request to not allow
+D2PnsJ4isII-01346-00293624-00293903 wooden fences within our ylab interface
+D2PnsJ4isII-01347-00293904-00294206 at all we do not have a plan
+D2PnsJ4isII-01348-00294207-00294375 uh or intend to do that at that point at
+D2PnsJ4isII-01349-00294376-00294534 this point where we
+D2PnsJ4isII-01350-00294535-00294823 did see fences destroyed by fire were
+D2PnsJ4isII-01351-00294824-00294991 areas where they had
+D2PnsJ4isII-01352-00294992-00295199 uh heavy amounts of leaf litter and
+D2PnsJ4isII-01353-00295200-00295343 other combustible
+D2PnsJ4isII-01354-00295344-00295575 landscape materials up against fences
+D2PnsJ4isII-01355-00295576-00295823 however we did see entire neighborhoods
+D2PnsJ4isII-01356-00295824-00296047 that had significant amounts of
+D2PnsJ4isII-01357-00296048-00296151 destruction
+D2PnsJ4isII-01358-00296152-00296423 and the fences were 100 intact because
+D2PnsJ4isII-01359-00296424-00296663 there was no receptive fuel bed meaning
+D2PnsJ4isII-01360-00296664-00296975 the embers had nothing to ignite so
+D2PnsJ4isII-01361-00296976-00297215 we are encouraging residents to clear
+D2PnsJ4isII-01362-00297216-00297295 leaf litter
+D2PnsJ4isII-01363-00297296-00297575 uh and clear in some cases some of that
+D2PnsJ4isII-01364-00297576-00297671 more
+D2PnsJ4isII-01365-00297672-00298039 uh heavily susceptible uh mulch material
+D2PnsJ4isII-01366-00298040-00298391 away from wooden fences to keep them
+D2PnsJ4isII-01367-00298392-00298479 from igniting
+D2PnsJ4isII-01368-00298480-00298734 and we do on that website the wildfire
+D2PnsJ4isII-01369-00298735-00298823 ready
+D2PnsJ4isII-01370-00298824-00299143 website under resources have a
+D2PnsJ4isII-01371-00299144-00299351 study on different types of chips and
+D2PnsJ4isII-01372-00299352-00299710 mulches
+D2PnsJ4isII-01373-00299711-00299975 thank you um another good question here
+D2PnsJ4isII-01374-00299976-00300063 um
+D2PnsJ4isII-01375-00300064-00300271 is there a fire danger inspection
+D2PnsJ4isII-01376-00300272-00300503 service that can come to our house
+D2PnsJ4isII-01377-00300504-00300767 and tell us what we need to do and then
+D2PnsJ4isII-01378-00300768-00300999 separate it separately and similarly
+D2PnsJ4isII-01379-00301000-00301206 would you be able to recommend where to
+D2PnsJ4isII-01380-00301207-00301343 get vented screens
+D2PnsJ4isII-01381-00301344-00301679 or vent screens yes so
+D2PnsJ4isII-01382-00301680-00302006 two pieces to that uh we through uh the
+D2PnsJ4isII-01383-00302007-00302239 vegetation management program funds
+D2PnsJ4isII-01384-00302240-00302463 have just brought on an additional fire
+D2PnsJ4isII-01385-00302464-00302575 inspector
+D2PnsJ4isII-01386-00302576-00302839 and we'll be hiring a second additional
+D2PnsJ4isII-01387-00302840-00302934 fire inspector
+D2PnsJ4isII-01388-00302935-00303103 both of them will be assigned to our
+D2PnsJ4isII-01389-00303104-00303303 vegetation management program
+D2PnsJ4isII-01390-00303304-00303599 and will be available to conduct
+D2PnsJ4isII-01391-00303600-00303758 inspections
+D2PnsJ4isII-01392-00303759-00304063 and assessments within our community so
+D2PnsJ4isII-01393-00304064-00304158 we will
+D2PnsJ4isII-01394-00304159-00304447 have information on that that will get
+D2PnsJ4isII-01395-00304448-00304519 posted
+D2PnsJ4isII-01396-00304520-00304775 on our website i will commit to getting
+D2PnsJ4isII-01397-00304776-00304934 that information
+D2PnsJ4isII-01398-00304935-00305191 up on our website by the end of the week
+D2PnsJ4isII-01399-00305192-00305327 under resources
+D2PnsJ4isII-01400-00305328-00305671 so we will have that and the ability to
+D2PnsJ4isII-01401-00305672-00305943 contact some of the staff to help with
+D2PnsJ4isII-01402-00305944-00306158 those assessments
+D2PnsJ4isII-01403-00306159-00306463 again that is our goal to get out there
+D2PnsJ4isII-01404-00306464-00306671 and engage with our community and help
+D2PnsJ4isII-01405-00306672-00306782 provide that
+D2PnsJ4isII-01406-00306783-00307127 information as far as the brands
+D2PnsJ4isII-01407-00307128-00307430 of the vents i believe chief moon had
+D2PnsJ4isII-01408-00307431-00307558 discussed that
+D2PnsJ4isII-01409-00307559-00307839 we will put up a study again under that
+D2PnsJ4isII-01410-00307840-00307934 resources tab
+D2PnsJ4isII-01411-00307935-00308082 we did get some of those additional
+D2PnsJ4isII-01412-00308083-00308319 questions and we'll make sure that the
+D2PnsJ4isII-01413-00308320-00308543 information related to
+D2PnsJ4isII-01414-00308544-00308839 the events is also included with
+D2PnsJ4isII-01415-00308840-00309006 different types of brands
+D2PnsJ4isII-01416-00309007-00309223 and that you see study that was done
+D2PnsJ4isII-01417-00309224-00309615 will be on our resources tab as well and
+D2PnsJ4isII-01418-00309616-00309830 just a quick follow-up magalia
+D2PnsJ4isII-01419-00309831-00310030 you can go to home improvement stores
+D2PnsJ4isII-01420-00310031-00310167 such as home depot
+D2PnsJ4isII-01421-00310168-00310406 lowe's they carry a number of different
+D2PnsJ4isII-01422-00310407-00310527 products within
+D2PnsJ4isII-01423-00310528-00310830 their inventory and there will also be
+D2PnsJ4isII-01424-00310831-00311039 in the materials that paul is going to
+D2PnsJ4isII-01425-00311040-00311239 provide on the website
+D2PnsJ4isII-01426-00311240-00311454 references to different manufacturers as
+D2PnsJ4isII-01427-00311455-00311671 well of compliant
+D2PnsJ4isII-01428-00311672-00311919 installation products that can be
+D2PnsJ4isII-01429-00311920-00312182 utilized for that purpose
+D2PnsJ4isII-01430-00312183-00312487 okay thank you um and then
+D2PnsJ4isII-01431-00312488-00312743 here's a question of uh we have many
+D2PnsJ4isII-01432-00312744-00312815 gallons
+D2PnsJ4isII-01433-00312816-00313023 uh and gas cans for our emergency
+D2PnsJ4isII-01434-00313024-00313127 generator
+D2PnsJ4isII-01435-00313128-00313319 where should we place these cans if we
+D2PnsJ4isII-01436-00313320-00313519 know the house is going to be
+D2PnsJ4isII-01437-00313520-00313830 overrun from the fire or i'm assuming if
+D2PnsJ4isII-01438-00313831-00313919 there's
+D2PnsJ4isII-01439-00313920-00314303 already a situation
+D2PnsJ4isII-01440-00314304-00314479 yeah so that's gonna depend on a
+D2PnsJ4isII-01441-00314480-00314647 case-by-case basis
+D2PnsJ4isII-01442-00314648-00314943 uh you know whether you have a flammable
+D2PnsJ4isII-01443-00314944-00315110 liquid storage locker which believe it
+D2PnsJ4isII-01444-00315111-00315287 or not a lot of residents do
+D2PnsJ4isII-01445-00315288-00315487 where it's a cabinet specifically
+D2PnsJ4isII-01446-00315488-00315591 designed
+D2PnsJ4isII-01447-00315592-00315887 to put flammable liquids in other
+D2PnsJ4isII-01448-00315888-00316071 residents will choose
+D2PnsJ4isII-01449-00316072-00316399 to put them out at least 30 to 50 feet
+D2PnsJ4isII-01450-00316400-00316775 away from the home in a clear open space
+D2PnsJ4isII-01451-00316776-00317119 that's clear to vegetation and other
+D2PnsJ4isII-01452-00317120-00317191 residents
+D2PnsJ4isII-01453-00317192-00317487 will put it out in the driveway away
+D2PnsJ4isII-01454-00317488-00317575 from the structure
+D2PnsJ4isII-01455-00317576-00317967 so making it you know getting it out
+D2PnsJ4isII-01456-00317968-00318006 away
+D2PnsJ4isII-01457-00318007-00318399 from the the um the side of your home or
+D2PnsJ4isII-01458-00318400-00318599 area where it could fuel the fire is
+D2PnsJ4isII-01459-00318600-00318854 is our priority but again a lot of times
+D2PnsJ4isII-01460-00318855-00319071 it just depends on the quantities
+D2PnsJ4isII-01461-00319072-00319375 uh what resources you have and the setup
+D2PnsJ4isII-01462-00319376-00319799 of your property
+D2PnsJ4isII-01463-00319800-00320143 um another question about um
+D2PnsJ4isII-01464-00320144-00320399 the crawl space under your house should
+D2PnsJ4isII-01465-00320400-00320447 the
+D2PnsJ4isII-01466-00320448-00321023 vents should the vents be sealed
+D2PnsJ4isII-01467-00321024-00321223 you don't want to seal them uh and
+D2PnsJ4isII-01468-00321224-00321382 that's actually something to be aware of
+D2PnsJ4isII-01469-00321383-00322134 too and why oftentimes will uh
+D2PnsJ4isII-01470-00322135-00322303 ask that you consult sometimes as a
+D2PnsJ4isII-01471-00322304-00322503 professional depending on
+D2PnsJ4isII-01472-00322504-00322751 any existing issues you have with
+D2PnsJ4isII-01473-00322752-00322919 ventilation
+D2PnsJ4isII-01474-00322920-00323254 whether it's moisture in your subfloor
+D2PnsJ4isII-01475-00323255-00323510 or attic it's just something to be aware
+D2PnsJ4isII-01476-00323511-00323663 of but
+D2PnsJ4isII-01477-00323664-00323871 the venting that we want to see done is
+D2PnsJ4isII-01478-00323872-00324087 yes at the ground level as well
+D2PnsJ4isII-01479-00324088-00324319 well as the attic level think of your
+D2PnsJ4isII-01480-00324320-00324439 vents uh
+D2PnsJ4isII-01481-00324440-00324591 as kind of the ability just think of
+D2PnsJ4isII-01482-00324592-00324775 embers like rice
+D2PnsJ4isII-01483-00324776-00324975 if you can easily take rice and throw it
+D2PnsJ4isII-01484-00324976-00325103 through your vents
+D2PnsJ4isII-01485-00325104-00325287 the embers can get in there so it really
+D2PnsJ4isII-01486-00325288-00325471 highlights the importance of
+D2PnsJ4isII-01487-00325472-00325727 replacing those quarter inch typical
+D2PnsJ4isII-01488-00325728-00325863 older screens
+D2PnsJ4isII-01489-00325864-00326182 with something finer that can be
+D2PnsJ4isII-01490-00326183-00326447 either overlaid on top or underneath or
+D2PnsJ4isII-01491-00326448-00326606 completely replaced by one of the
+D2PnsJ4isII-01492-00326607-00327287 retrofit vents
+D2PnsJ4isII-01493-00327288-00327647 okay our next question is
+D2PnsJ4isII-01494-00327648-00327878 we see that many people's houses are
+D2PnsJ4isII-01495-00327879-00328151 nearly are on inaccessible roads that
+D2PnsJ4isII-01496-00328152-00328334 the fire department may not be able to
+D2PnsJ4isII-01497-00328335-00328406 get
+D2PnsJ4isII-01498-00328407-00328710 um up to uh will these folks have some
+D2PnsJ4isII-01499-00328711-00328910 sort of notice to that effect
+D2PnsJ4isII-01500-00328911-00329263 and um would would is there a way for
+D2PnsJ4isII-01501-00329264-00329447 them to find that information out that
+D2PnsJ4isII-01502-00329448-00329478 they
+D2PnsJ4isII-01503-00329479-00329719 they're on an inaccessible road before
+D2PnsJ4isII-01504-00329720-00330367 we have a fire
+D2PnsJ4isII-01505-00330368-00330527 so if the question is about their
+D2PnsJ4isII-01506-00330528-00330782 specific driveway
+D2PnsJ4isII-01507-00330783-00331054 part of our inspections when we start
+D2PnsJ4isII-01508-00331055-00331230 doing defensible space
+D2PnsJ4isII-01509-00331231-00331447 at home hardening sorry defensible space
+D2PnsJ4isII-01510-00331448-00331575 inspections
+D2PnsJ4isII-01511-00331576-00331910 will be access so we do require
+D2PnsJ4isII-01512-00331911-00332247 13 foot six inches of access on fire
+D2PnsJ4isII-01513-00332248-00332367 department
+D2PnsJ4isII-01514-00332368-00332551 roads so far access roads that are
+D2PnsJ4isII-01515-00332552-00332806 required for fire department access
+D2PnsJ4isII-01516-00332807-00332975 that is something that we will enforce
+D2PnsJ4isII-01517-00332976-00333134 on
+D2PnsJ4isII-01518-00333135-00333495 on roadways actively
+D2PnsJ4isII-01519-00333496-00333806 if the the question is about our
+D2PnsJ4isII-01520-00333807-00334023 ability to just educate a lot of those
+D2PnsJ4isII-01521-00334024-00334175 resources and information
+D2PnsJ4isII-01522-00334176-00334487 is uh on our website
+D2PnsJ4isII-01523-00334488-00334791 under the ready set go program but again
+D2PnsJ4isII-01524-00334792-00334878 it's it's
+D2PnsJ4isII-01525-00334879-00335110 it depends on on the circumstances but
+D2PnsJ4isII-01526-00335111-00335191 yes we do
+D2PnsJ4isII-01527-00335192-00335358 want property owners to clear their
+D2PnsJ4isII-01528-00335359-00335623 driveways to make it accessible for us
+D2PnsJ4isII-01529-00335624-00335767 so that we can get in and protect
+D2PnsJ4isII-01530-00335768-00335863 structures
+D2PnsJ4isII-01531-00335864-00336375 in the event of a wildfire
+D2PnsJ4isII-01532-00336376-00336510 um thank you and there's another
+D2PnsJ4isII-01533-00336511-00336695 question here that um
+D2PnsJ4isII-01534-00336696-00337006 on the city's wildfire ready website
+D2PnsJ4isII-01535-00337007-00337271 will there be a place for community
+D2PnsJ4isII-01536-00337272-00337415 comments suggestions
+D2PnsJ4isII-01537-00337416-00337719 and will there be folks monitoring those
+D2PnsJ4isII-01538-00337720-00337791 comments and
+D2PnsJ4isII-01539-00337792-00338213 feedback
+D2PnsJ4isII-01540-00338214-00338478 [Music]
+D2PnsJ4isII-01541-00338479-00338727 no we're encouraging residents to
+D2PnsJ4isII-01542-00338728-00338887 currently use the email
+D2PnsJ4isII-01543-00338888-00339375 srfd at srcity.org
+D2PnsJ4isII-01544-00339376-00339639 that email is monitored by fire
+D2PnsJ4isII-01545-00339640-00339727 department
+D2PnsJ4isII-01546-00339728-00339943 administration and those emails are
+D2PnsJ4isII-01547-00339944-00340175 quickly moved over to
+D2PnsJ4isII-01548-00340176-00340495 typically myself who will then
+D2PnsJ4isII-01549-00340496-00340782 identify based on it being related to
+D2PnsJ4isII-01550-00340783-00340991 vegetation management program
+D2PnsJ4isII-01551-00340992-00341134 uh what either needs to be done to
+D2PnsJ4isII-01552-00341135-00341310 address it or how to respond to the
+D2PnsJ4isII-01553-00341311-00341399 question
+D2PnsJ4isII-01554-00341400-00341606 but our goal is to centralize that by
+D2PnsJ4isII-01555-00341607-00341958 email right now
+D2PnsJ4isII-01556-00341959-00342295 um thank you and are pet doors a fire
+D2PnsJ4isII-01557-00342296-00342878 hazard
+D2PnsJ4isII-01558-00342879-00343199 so again that's gonna depend
+D2PnsJ4isII-01559-00343200-00343478 uh what kind of door it is is it free
+D2PnsJ4isII-01560-00343479-00343558 swinging
+D2PnsJ4isII-01561-00343559-00343854 uh you know any any opening has the
+D2PnsJ4isII-01562-00343855-00344071 potential especially if it can easily
+D2PnsJ4isII-01563-00344072-00344343 blow open in the wind then yes uh
+D2PnsJ4isII-01564-00344344-00344495 there's the potential that
+D2PnsJ4isII-01565-00344496-00344847 it can blow open and allow embers to get
+D2PnsJ4isII-01566-00344848-00344967 in so
+D2PnsJ4isII-01567-00344968-00345134 consider the direction that the door
+D2PnsJ4isII-01568-00345135-00345375 opens uh whether it opens
+D2PnsJ4isII-01569-00345376-00345558 out whether it open well sorry that was
+D2PnsJ4isII-01570-00345559-00345678 a never mind
+D2PnsJ4isII-01571-00345679-00346054 doors swing both ways um
+D2PnsJ4isII-01572-00346055-00346239 yes there's the potential that it it can
+D2PnsJ4isII-01573-00346240-00346375 be a weak spot
+D2PnsJ4isII-01574-00346376-00346567 so consider putting it in an area that
+D2PnsJ4isII-01575-00346568-00347063 may be more protected from the wind
+D2PnsJ4isII-01576-00347064-00347415 thank you um what can we do as renters
+D2PnsJ4isII-01577-00347416-00347623 to get the owners to do some fire
+D2PnsJ4isII-01578-00347624-00348215 preparedness
+D2PnsJ4isII-01579-00348216-00348519 even as a renter you're welcome to make
+D2PnsJ4isII-01580-00348520-00348615 the request
+D2PnsJ4isII-01581-00348616-00348982 for us to come do an assessment uh
+D2PnsJ4isII-01582-00348983-00349127 and we're happy to provide the
+D2PnsJ4isII-01583-00349128-00349327 recommendations and they can be passed
+D2PnsJ4isII-01584-00349328-00349815 along to the homeowner
+D2PnsJ4isII-01585-00349816-00349967 uh thank you and i think we'll end with
+D2PnsJ4isII-01586-00349968-00350134 this question since we're running out of
+D2PnsJ4isII-01587-00350135-00350215 time
+D2PnsJ4isII-01588-00350216-00350399 is the city looking at the age of
+D2PnsJ4isII-01589-00350400-00350639 occupants within the wui neighborhoods
+D2PnsJ4isII-01590-00350640-00350782 to help identify or
+D2PnsJ4isII-01591-00350783-00351599 identify higher risk areas
+D2PnsJ4isII-01592-00351600-00351919 so we do regularly work uh with
+D2PnsJ4isII-01593-00351920-00352343 our um various community members
+D2PnsJ4isII-01594-00352344-00352510 uh if the question looks like the
+D2PnsJ4isII-01595-00352511-00352727 question is specific to
+D2PnsJ4isII-01596-00352728-00353063 age i wouldn't say that's
+D2PnsJ4isII-01597-00353064-00353327 uh necessarily a factor to make it a
+D2PnsJ4isII-01598-00353328-00353454 higher risk area
+D2PnsJ4isII-01599-00353455-00353639 it highlights the importance of
+D2PnsJ4isII-01600-00353640-00353927 community engagement events like this
+D2PnsJ4isII-01601-00353928-00354151 uh not only through this program but a
+D2PnsJ4isII-01602-00354152-00354343 lot of the work that we do with various
+D2PnsJ4isII-01603-00354344-00354430 hoas
+D2PnsJ4isII-01604-00354431-00354839 and our higher risk community members
+D2PnsJ4isII-01605-00354840-00355254 we regularly engage with our nonprofits
+D2PnsJ4isII-01606-00355255-00355567 as well as different organizations for
+D2PnsJ4isII-01607-00355568-00355815 our more vulnerable populations
+D2PnsJ4isII-01608-00355816-00356143 if you look at oakmont for example we do
+D2PnsJ4isII-01609-00356144-00356271 a lot of work
+D2PnsJ4isII-01610-00356272-00356543 with the oakmont village association as
+D2PnsJ4isII-01611-00356544-00356719 well as the various hoas
+D2PnsJ4isII-01612-00356720-00356871 as well as some of our other senior
+D2PnsJ4isII-01613-00356872-00357039 communities throughout
+D2PnsJ4isII-01614-00357040-00357375 santa rosa so fire
+D2PnsJ4isII-01615-00357376-00357567 obviously doesn't recognize boundaries
+D2PnsJ4isII-01616-00357568-00357758 it doesn't recognize age
+D2PnsJ4isII-01617-00357759-00358063 our goal is purely to just do what we
+D2PnsJ4isII-01618-00358064-00358239 can to make sure everybody has the
+D2PnsJ4isII-01619-00358240-00358463 resources in the information
+D2PnsJ4isII-01620-00358464-00358854 regardless of age
+D2PnsJ4isII-01621-00358855-00359134 thank you so much all of our panelists
+D2PnsJ4isII-01622-00359135-00359367 presenters we are unfortunately out of
+D2PnsJ4isII-01623-00359368-00359447 time
+D2PnsJ4isII-01624-00359448-00359678 however i do invite everyone to join us
+D2PnsJ4isII-01625-00359679-00359854 tomorrow and thursday
+D2PnsJ4isII-01626-00359855-00360182 we will continue providing information
+D2PnsJ4isII-01627-00360183-00360423 um you can find our our next event on
+D2PnsJ4isII-01628-00360424-00360527 our website
+D2PnsJ4isII-01629-00360528-00360758 at 12 p.m we will have an english
+D2PnsJ4isII-01630-00360759-00360871 version of the program
+D2PnsJ4isII-01631-00360872-00361134 and at 6 p.m a spanish version of the
+D2PnsJ4isII-01632-00361135-00361278 program where we will have
+D2PnsJ4isII-01633-00361279-00361527 a fantastic non-profits that are
+D2PnsJ4isII-01634-00361528-00361687 partnering with us to talk about
+D2PnsJ4isII-01635-00361688-00361991 our shared trauma around wildfires thank
+D2PnsJ4isII-01636-00361992-00362071 you so much
+D2PnsJ4isII-01637-00362072-00362334 and please visit our website and the
+D2PnsJ4isII-01638-00362335-00362519 email provided as well
+D2PnsJ4isII-01639-00362520-00362983 thank you all have a great day
+D3PELG0Y-M8-00000-00000336-00000526 welcome to the online
+D3PELG0Y-M8-00001-00000527-00000726 innovation readiness self-assessment
+D3PELG0Y-M8-00002-00000727-00000815 tool
+D3PELG0Y-M8-00003-00000816-00001031 my name is demos ulumidis and i'm a
+D3PELG0Y-M8-00004-00001032-00001207 research associate at the hellenic
+D3PELG0Y-M8-00005-00001208-00001454 institute of transport of surf
+D3PELG0Y-M8-00006-00001455-00001702 this module incorporates a tool which
+D3PELG0Y-M8-00007-00001703-00001895 developed for the second level of the
+D3PELG0Y-M8-00008-00001896-00002183 analysis of sprout urban policy model
+D3PELG0Y-M8-00009-00002184-00002431 and aims to guide effectively the
+D3PELG0Y-M8-00010-00002432-00002607 mobility transition taking place in
+D3PELG0Y-M8-00011-00002608-00002871 cities today by supporting the mobility
+D3PELG0Y-M8-00012-00002872-00003150 planning process
+D3PELG0Y-M8-00013-00003151-00003390 as it was mentioned in previous module
+D3PELG0Y-M8-00014-00003392-00003615 the innovative urban mobility ecosystem
+D3PELG0Y-M8-00015-00003615-00003854 consists of elements and sub-elements
+D3PELG0Y-M8-00016-00003855-00004079 concerning innovation readiness and
+D3PELG0Y-M8-00017-00004079-00004215 liability
+D3PELG0Y-M8-00018-00004216-00004447 the innovation readiness sub element
+D3PELG0Y-M8-00019-00004448-00004759 can help to capture whether a city is
+D3PELG0Y-M8-00020-00004760-00005047 capable and ready in deploying or
+D3PELG0Y-M8-00021-00005048-00005367 enabling the deployment of new mobility
+D3PELG0Y-M8-00022-00005368-00005518 innovations
+D3PELG0Y-M8-00023-00005519-00005727 to assess the innovation readiness of a
+D3PELG0Y-M8-00024-00005728-00006063 city one or more questions assigned
+D3PELG0Y-M8-00025-00006064-00006318 to each innovation readiness sub element
+D3PELG0Y-M8-00026-00006319-00006591 with a descriptive range from one to
+D3PELG0Y-M8-00027-00006592-00006695 five
+D3PELG0Y-M8-00028-00006695-00006895 an indicative question can be seen in
+D3PELG0Y-M8-00029-00006895-00007023 this slide
+D3PELG0Y-M8-00030-00007023-00007287 each different response corresponds to
+D3PELG0Y-M8-00031-00007288-00007567 one score for example the lowest value
+D3PELG0Y-M8-00032-00007568-00007863 one means that c has neither sump nor
+D3PELG0Y-M8-00033-00007864-00008055 sulp
+D3PELG0Y-M8-00034-00008056-00008246 this slide visualizes the methodology
+D3PELG0Y-M8-00035-00008247-00008503 that was followed to calculate the score
+D3PELG0Y-M8-00036-00008504-00008646 of each city
+D3PELG0Y-M8-00037-00008647-00008903 at first a city can answer the 21
+D3PELG0Y-M8-00038-00008904-00009014 questions
+D3PELG0Y-M8-00039-00009015-00009231 then the score of each question is
+D3PELG0Y-M8-00040-00009232-00009455 multiplied with the equation's weight
+D3PELG0Y-M8-00041-00009456-00009678 and finally the score of each question
+D3PELG0Y-M8-00042-00009679-00009983 is the weighted average of the responses
+D3PELG0Y-M8-00043-00009984-00010223 at the bottom of the page you can scan
+D3PELG0Y-M8-00044-00010224-00010463 the qr code and visit the innovation
+D3PELG0Y-M8-00045-00010464-00010727 readiness self-assessment tool to assess
+D3PELG0Y-M8-00046-00010728-00010903 your city's maturity a small
+D3PELG0Y-M8-00047-00010904-00011110 demonstration of this tool will now take
+D3PELG0Y-M8-00048-00011111-00011246 place
+D3PELG0Y-M8-00049-00011247-00011535 so let's start with the survey
+D3PELG0Y-M8-00050-00011536-00011759 the first questions are general
+D3PELG0Y-M8-00051-00011760-00011983 information about the city
+D3PELG0Y-M8-00052-00011984-00012087 and
+D3PELG0Y-M8-00053-00012088-00013366 the person who takes the survey
+D3PELG0Y-M8-00054-00013368-00013455 and then
+D3PELG0Y-M8-00055-00013456-00013766 to the questions about the the elements
+D3PELG0Y-M8-00057-00017216-00017494 after you do it for all the questions
+D3PELG0Y-M8-00058-00017495-00017679 you can submit
+D3PELG0Y-M8-00059-00017680-00018007 and then choose yes you want to
+D3PELG0Y-M8-00060-00018008-00018503 submit your results in our database
+D3PELG0Y-M8-00061-00018504-00018694 at the top of the results you get the
+D3PELG0Y-M8-00062-00018695-00018935 overall score of your city there are two
+D3PELG0Y-M8-00063-00018936-00019191 tables the first one
+D3PELG0Y-M8-00064-00019192-00019494 contains the strength
+D3PELG0Y-M8-00065-00019495-00019839 points and the weak points of your city
+D3PELG0Y-M8-00066-00019840-00020071 based on your answers
+D3PELG0Y-M8-00067-00020072-00020350 and the second one is the com the
+D3PELG0Y-M8-00068-00020351-00020639 comparison of your results with other
+D3PELG0Y-M8-00069-00020640-00020903 sprout cities or other cities from the
+D3PELG0Y-M8-00070-00020904-00021039 database
+D3PELG0Y-M8-00071-00021040-00021286 the following figures represent the
+D3PELG0Y-M8-00072-00021287-00021422 score
+D3PELG0Y-M8-00073-00021423-00021686 the module has calculated
+D3PELG0Y-M8-00074-00021687-00021847 in graphs
+D3PELG0Y-M8-00075-00021848-00022055 and rather plots
+D3PELG0Y-M8-00076-00022056-00022350 so you can see graphically
+D3PELG0Y-M8-00077-00022351-00022550 which are the strong and which are the
+D3PELG0Y-M8-00078-00022551-00022775 weak points of your city and finally
+D3PELG0Y-M8-00079-00022776-00022927 these bar plots
+D3PELG0Y-M8-00080-00022928-00023271 contain the score of each element
+D3PELG0Y-M8-00081-00023272-00023750 compared to other sprout cities
+D3PELG0Y-M8-00082-00023751-00024071 finally there are two tables the first
+D3PELG0Y-M8-00083-00024072-00024247 one contains
+D3PELG0Y-M8-00084-00024248-00024558 the average score of each element
+D3PELG0Y-M8-00085-00024559-00024822 sub-element and question
+D3PELG0Y-M8-00086-00024823-00025047 the lower threshold and the upper
+D3PELG0Y-M8-00087-00025048-00025399 threshold in order to understand
+D3PELG0Y-M8-00088-00025400-00025478 when
+D3PELG0Y-M8-00089-00025479-00025655 one of them is
+D3PELG0Y-M8-00090-00025656-00025846 critical in your city
+D3PELG0Y-M8-00091-00025847-00026087 and the second table contains the total
+D3PELG0Y-M8-00092-00026088-00026318 score and the score of the
+D3PELG0Y-M8-00093-00026319-00026495 elements
+D3PELG0Y-M8-00094-00026495-00026846 for each city of the database the second
+D3PELG0Y-M8-00095-00026847-00027102 part of the module will now present how
+D3PELG0Y-M8-00096-00027104-00027343 advanced our cities in europe
+D3PELG0Y-M8-00097-00027344-00027551 in deploying or enabling
+D3PELG0Y-M8-00098-00027552-00027783 the deployment of innovative mobility
+D3PELG0Y-M8-00099-00027783-00027911 solutions
+D3PELG0Y-M8-00100-00027912-00028223 and it will actually present the status
+D3PELG0Y-M8-00101-00028224-00028599 of the first and second layer cities
+D3PELG0Y-M8-00102-00028600-00028846 by showing their weaknesses
+D3PELG0Y-M8-00103-00028847-00029143 and their strong points
+D3PELG0Y-M8-00104-00029144-00029358 so as you can see
+D3PELG0Y-M8-00105-00029360-00029679 cities followed the same procedure we
+D3PELG0Y-M8-00106-00029680-00029958 mentioned before took the survey and
+D3PELG0Y-M8-00107-00029960-00030158 then the score of each
+D3PELG0Y-M8-00108-00030160-00030462 city was calculated and you can see that
+D3PELG0Y-M8-00109-00030463-00030631 gutenberg
+D3PELG0Y-M8-00110-00030632-00030839 was found the most ready to adopt
+D3PELG0Y-M8-00111-00030839-00030958 innovation
+D3PELG0Y-M8-00112-00030960-00031399 was while kalis was the least ready
+D3PELG0Y-M8-00113-00031400-00031662 here is a map which contains all the
+D3PELG0Y-M8-00114-00031663-00031911 different first and second layers
+D3PELG0Y-M8-00115-00031912-00032102 sprout cities
+D3PELG0Y-M8-00116-00032103-00032311 it can be seen that the northern cities
+D3PELG0Y-M8-00117-00032312-00032607 don't have higher scores of innovation
+D3PELG0Y-M8-00118-00032608-00032855 readiness
+D3PELG0Y-M8-00119-00032856-00033062 when it comes to the elements
+D3PELG0Y-M8-00120-00033063-00033383 cities have higher score in the climate
+D3PELG0Y-M8-00121-00033384-00033662 and typology element when the lowest
+D3PELG0Y-M8-00122-00033663-00033918 score corresponds to smart and
+D3PELG0Y-M8-00123-00033919-00034207 innovative resources and infrastructure
+D3PELG0Y-M8-00124-00034208-00034599 same research has also been conducted to
+D3PELG0Y-M8-00125-00034600-00034879 sub-element level and you can see here
+D3PELG0Y-M8-00126-00034880-00035183 that ioanna for example are weak when it
+D3PELG0Y-M8-00127-00035184-00035446 comes to cities capacity or industry
+D3PELG0Y-M8-00128-00035447-00035662 diversity
+D3PELG0Y-M8-00129-00035663-00035846 this was the module
+D3PELG0Y-M8-00130-00035847-00036303 thanks for your attention and enjoy
+D3T3-7HTqqY-00000-00000024-00000214 you're walking in the woods and suddenly
+D3T3-7HTqqY-00001-00000215-00000449 a bear comes out of nowhere and startles
+D3T3-7HTqqY-00002-00000450-00000521 you
+D3T3-7HTqqY-00003-00000522-00000784 what happens next that's what we're
+D3T3-7HTqqY-00004-00000785-00001019 gonna explore in this video and when
+D3T3-7HTqqY-00005-00001019-00001133 you're getting started you know what's
+D3T3-7HTqqY-00006-00001134-00001324 happening inside your body well your
+D3T3-7HTqqY-00007-00001325-00001618 brain immediately activates your adrenal
+D3T3-7HTqqY-00008-00001619-00001882 glands via the nervous system adrenal
+D3T3-7HTqqY-00009-00001884-00002075 glands are this tiny heart-shaped glands
+D3T3-7HTqqY-00010-00002076-00002207 that are sitting on your kidneys since
+D3T3-7HTqqY-00011-00002208-00002423 you have two kidneys you have two
+D3T3-7HTqqY-00012-00002424-00002639 adrenal glands and if you look inside
+D3T3-7HTqqY-00013-00002640-00002765 the adrenal gland you'll actually see
+D3T3-7HTqqY-00014-00002766-00002992 that there are two parts to it you have
+D3T3-7HTqqY-00015-00002993-00003233 the middle part which is called the
+D3T3-7HTqqY-00016-00003234-00003401 medulla
+D3T3-7HTqqY-00017-00003402-00003640 this is called the medulla and I
+D3T3-7HTqqY-00018-00003642-00003851 remember it as it's the middle part
+D3T3-7HTqqY-00019-00003852-00004151 middle medulla and then you have this
+D3T3-7HTqqY-00020-00004152-00004595 outer part which is called the cortex
+D3T3-7HTqqY-00021-00004596-00004888 I remember this as covering external
+D3T3-7HTqqY-00022-00004889-00005152 covering cortex covering external so
+D3T3-7HTqqY-00023-00005153-00005309 that's how I remember these names and
+D3T3-7HTqqY-00024-00005310-00005554 your nervous system activates the middle
+D3T3-7HTqqY-00025-00005555-00005788 section the medulla and in this video
+D3T3-7HTqqY-00026-00005789-00005968 we're going to focus only on what
+D3T3-7HTqqY-00027-00005969-00006172 happens when the medulla gets activated
+D3T3-7HTqqY-00028-00006173-00006365 well the moment the medulla gets
+D3T3-7HTqqY-00029-00006366-00006646 activated well this is a gland therefore
+D3T3-7HTqqY-00030-00006647-00006839 it's going to release hormones that's
+D3T3-7HTqqY-00031-00006840-00007133 what glands do now the medulla releases
+D3T3-7HTqqY-00032-00007134-00007373 two hormones you're probably very
+D3T3-7HTqqY-00033-00007373-00007541 familiar with one of them at least I'm
+D3T3-7HTqqY-00034-00007542-00007984 guessing it's called the adrenaline
+D3T3-7HTqqY-00035-00007986-00008159 and there is another hormone which I
+D3T3-7HTqqY-00036-00008159-00008314 like to think of it as a sister hormone
+D3T3-7HTqqY-00037-00008315-00008585 because its chemical composition is very
+D3T3-7HTqqY-00038-00008586-00008777 close to that of adrenaline it is so
+D3T3-7HTqqY-00039-00008778-00009017 close it looks so similar to it that we
+D3T3-7HTqqY-00040-00009018-00009214 also call it pretty much like adrenaline
+D3T3-7HTqqY-00041-00009215-00009383 but we can't call it the same name so we
+D3T3-7HTqqY-00042-00009384-00009563 call it nor
+D3T3-7HTqqY-00043-00009564-00009755 adrenaline and you know what these
+D3T3-7HTqqY-00044-00009756-00010024 hormones do their job is to prepare your
+D3T3-7HTqqY-00045-00010025-00010235 body for this fight-or-flight situation
+D3T3-7HTqqY-00046-00010236-00010433 therefore it's also called the emergency
+D3T3-7HTqqY-00047-00010434-00010792 hormone its main job is to get you out
+D3T3-7HTqqY-00048-00010793-00011105 of this immediate danger as quickly as
+D3T3-7HTqqY-00049-00011106-00011201 possible
+D3T3-7HTqqY-00050-00011202-00011446 but how does it do that well like any
+D3T3-7HTqqY-00051-00011447-00011723 hormone it will be going into the
+D3T3-7HTqqY-00052-00011724-00011933 bloodstream so this medulla starts
+D3T3-7HTqqY-00053-00011934-00012113 releasing these hormones
+D3T3-7HTqqY-00054-00012114-00012353 they go into the bloodstream and then
+D3T3-7HTqqY-00055-00012354-00012514 once they enter into the bloodstream
+D3T3-7HTqqY-00056-00012515-00012664 since the blood is circulated throughout
+D3T3-7HTqqY-00057-00012665-00012880 the entire body you will find that these
+D3T3-7HTqqY-00058-00012881-00013133 hormones are now everywhere in your body
+D3T3-7HTqqY-00059-00013134-00013421 and whichever organs whichever cells has
+D3T3-7HTqqY-00060-00013422-00013649 receptors to these hormones well the
+D3T3-7HTqqY-00061-00013650-00013829 hormones will bind to it and it'll start
+D3T3-7HTqqY-00062-00013830-00014086 affecting them but what effect do these
+D3T3-7HTqqY-00063-00014087-00014279 hormones have on your body well let's
+D3T3-7HTqqY-00064-00014280-00014441 try to figure this out logically
+D3T3-7HTqqY-00065-00014441-00014825 remember our goal is to try and either
+D3T3-7HTqqY-00066-00014826-00015066 run away from this bear or to fight it
+D3T3-7HTqqY-00067-00015068-00015335 what would you need to do or what would
+D3T3-7HTqqY-00068-00015336-00015544 you need what your body need to get in
+D3T3-7HTqqY-00069-00015545-00015736 order to do that well the most important
+D3T3-7HTqqY-00070-00015737-00015953 thing for your body is to get power
+D3T3-7HTqqY-00071-00015954-00016253 power means ability to spend more energy
+D3T3-7HTqqY-00072-00016254-00016493 per second and that's basically what
+D3T3-7HTqqY-00073-00016494-00016672 these hormones are gonna help you do
+D3T3-7HTqqY-00074-00016673-00017021 that but how exactly well we get energy
+D3T3-7HTqqY-00075-00017022-00017369 by using oxygen to break down glucose so
+D3T3-7HTqqY-00076-00017370-00017627 if you want more energy we want more
+D3T3-7HTqqY-00077-00017628-00017908 oxygen how do you get more oxygen well
+D3T3-7HTqqY-00078-00017909-00018233 you make yourself breathe faster and
+D3T3-7HTqqY-00079-00018234-00018550 therefore this is one of the effects of
+D3T3-7HTqqY-00080-00018551-00018875 your adrenaline and noradriline they
+D3T3-7HTqqY-00081-00018876-00019067 bind to the recipient the appropriate
+D3T3-7HTqqY-00082-00019068-00019258 respiratories organs and they're going
+D3T3-7HTqqY-00083-00019259-00019414 to help you breathe faster
+D3T3-7HTqqY-00084-00019415-00019667 okay what else is going to happen well
+D3T3-7HTqqY-00085-00019668-00019883 it's not enough just to get more oxygen
+D3T3-7HTqqY-00086-00019884-00020099 in your body you also need to supply
+D3T3-7HTqqY-00087-00020100-00020494 more oxygen more quickly that means the
+D3T3-7HTqqY-00088-00020495-00020699 blood in your body needs to flow faster
+D3T3-7HTqqY-00089-00020700-00020897 the blood in your body needs to be at
+D3T3-7HTqqY-00090-00020898-00021077 higher pressure so the oxygen can
+D3T3-7HTqqY-00091-00021078-00021329 diffuse out and diffuse into the cells
+D3T3-7HTqqY-00092-00021330-00021671 so how do how do you do that well to
+D3T3-7HTqqY-00093-00021672-00021839 make your heart you do that by making
+D3T3-7HTqqY-00094-00021840-00022085 your heart work faster so they also bind
+D3T3-7HTqqY-00095-00022086-00022325 to your heart cells and it makes it beat
+D3T3-7HTqqY-00096-00022326-00022433 faster
+D3T3-7HTqqY-00097-00022434-00022739 okay now your cells are getting a lot of
+D3T3-7HTqqY-00098-00022740-00023069 oxygen what else but remember you want
+D3T3-7HTqqY-00099-00023070-00023350 more energy so you also want more
+D3T3-7HTqqY-00100-00023351-00023530 glucose because you want this oxygen to
+D3T3-7HTqqY-00101-00023531-00023783 break down glucose how do you get more
+D3T3-7HTqqY-00102-00023784-00023921 glucose now
+D3T3-7HTqqY-00103-00023922-00024058 well think about it where do you get
+D3T3-7HTqqY-00104-00024059-00024197 more glucose from
+D3T3-7HTqqY-00105-00024198-00024497 hey you get glucose from all the glucose
+D3T3-7HTqqY-00106-00024498-00024772 reserves or glycogen that's there in
+D3T3-7HTqqY-00107-00024773-00025030 your kid sorry not kidney in your fat in
+D3T3-7HTqqY-00108-00025031-00025222 your liver sorry
+D3T3-7HTqqY-00109-00025223-00025547 so it also stimulates the liver these
+D3T3-7HTqqY-00110-00025548-00025739 hormones also stimulate the liver and
+D3T3-7HTqqY-00111-00025739-00025912 make it cue more glucose it actually
+D3T3-7HTqqY-00112-00025913-00026290 makes it break down glycogen faster into
+D3T3-7HTqqY-00113-00026291-00026549 glucose and makes it glucose available
+D3T3-7HTqqY-00114-00026550-00026939 for you and so with all these three now
+D3T3-7HTqqY-00115-00026939-00027179 your cells start getting more oxygen
+D3T3-7HTqqY-00116-00027180-00027335 more glucose and they can now start
+D3T3-7HTqqY-00117-00027336-00027568 working faster and provide more energy
+D3T3-7HTqqY-00118-00027569-00027851 to you but that's not it that's not it
+D3T3-7HTqqY-00119-00027852-00028024 our body is way more efficient than this
+D3T3-7HTqqY-00120-00028025-00028289 you're all you don't need all the parts
+D3T3-7HTqqY-00121-00028289-00028493 of your body to start working harder
+D3T3-7HTqqY-00122-00028494-00028667 right for example why would you need
+D3T3-7HTqqY-00123-00028668-00028852 your digestive system to work hard you
+D3T3-7HTqqY-00124-00028854-00029039 don't need that why would you need your
+D3T3-7HTqqY-00125-00029039-00029207 reproductive system at this point in
+D3T3-7HTqqY-00126-00029208-00029417 time to work harder you don't need that
+D3T3-7HTqqY-00127-00029418-00029662 so our body is also very smart so you
+D3T3-7HTqqY-00128-00029663-00029968 know what also what this um
+D3T3-7HTqqY-00129-00029969-00030329 hormones do they also ensure that they
+D3T3-7HTqqY-00130-00030330-00030629 redirect the blood to the right right
+D3T3-7HTqqY-00131-00030630-00030946 cells so they make sure that a lot of
+D3T3-7HTqqY-00132-00030947-00031229 Blood starts flowing to the skeletal
+D3T3-7HTqqY-00133-00031230-00031367 muscles
+D3T3-7HTqqY-00134-00031368-00031595 the muscles that you need in your hands
+D3T3-7HTqqY-00135-00031595-00031811 in your legs if you want to run or if
+D3T3-7HTqqY-00136-00031812-00032062 you want to fight so they also redirect
+D3T3-7HTqqY-00137-00032063-00032296 the blood of course the other cells are
+D3T3-7HTqqY-00138-00032297-00032477 also getting the blood but it'll make
+D3T3-7HTqqY-00139-00032477-00032668 sure that more blood reaches over here
+D3T3-7HTqqY-00140-00032669-00032945 and they do that by constricting certain
+D3T3-7HTqqY-00141-00032946-00033179 blood vessels and by dilating the other
+D3T3-7HTqqY-00142-00033180-00033317 ones
+D3T3-7HTqqY-00143-00033318-00033533 and these hormones also make you a
+D3T3-7HTqqY-00144-00033534-00033779 little bit more alert for example by
+D3T3-7HTqqY-00145-00033780-00034109 dilating your pupils in short these
+D3T3-7HTqqY-00146-00034110-00034396 hormones get your body into Super mode
+D3T3-7HTqqY-00147-00034397-00034696 and now your body is prepared to either
+D3T3-7HTqqY-00148-00034697-00035108 fight the bear or get out of there
+D78wK9VaMvk-00000-00000171-00000794 [Music]
+D78wK9VaMvk-00001-00000795-00001357 [Music]
+D78wK9VaMvk-00002-00001358-00001491 [Music]
+D78wK9VaMvk-00003-00001492-00001663 so
+D78wK9VaMvk-00004-00001664-00001872 you
+D9zUTTYOFgM-00000-00000162-00000534 [Music]
+D9zUTTYOFgM-00001-00000535-00000785 i've been loving footroll
+D9zUTTYOFgM-00002-00000786-00001366 [Music]
+D9zUTTYOFgM-00003-00001367-00001684 baking soda baking soda
+D9zUTTYOFgM-00004-00001685-00002503 [Music]
+D9zUTTYOFgM-00006-00005752-00006592 smiling soda smiley soda
+D9zUTTYOFgM-00007-00006593-00006852 [Music]
+D9zUTTYOFgM-00008-00006853-00008487 [Applause]
+D9zUTTYOFgM-00009-00008488-00010846 foreign
+D9zUTTYOFgM-00010-00010847-00012246 solo
+D9zUTTYOFgM-00011-00012247-00013663 foreign
+D9zUTTYOFgM-00012-00013663-00014215 selector
+D9zUTTYOFgM-00013-00014216-00014431 come on party people
+D9zUTTYOFgM-00014-00014432-00016886 [Music]
+D9zUTTYOFgM-00015-00016887-00017580 foreign
+D9zUTTYOFgM-00016-00017581-00018798 [Music]
+D9zUTTYOFgM-00017-00018799-00019167 [Music]
+D9zUTTYOFgM-00018-00019168-00019426 i've been loving footroll
+D9zUTTYOFgM-00019-00019427-00020175 [Music]
+D9zUTTYOFgM-00020-00020176-00020325 soda
+D9zUTTYOFgM-00022-00023679-00023887 you
+DqSBp2IVm5E-00000-00000088-00000977 [Music]
+DqSBp2IVm5E-00001-00000978-00001623 [Music]
+DqSBp2IVm5E-00002-00001623-00001807 in a speech to the american people on
+DqSBp2IVm5E-00003-00001807-00002126 september 24th 1988 then president
+DqSBp2IVm5E-00004-00002127-00002399 ronald reagan stated boldly one thing is
+DqSBp2IVm5E-00005-00002400-00002518 certain
+DqSBp2IVm5E-00006-00002519-00002702 if we're to continue to advance world
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+DqSBp2IVm5E-00008-00002911-00003087 remain strong
+DqSBp2IVm5E-00009-00003088-00003247 if we have learned anything these last
+DqSBp2IVm5E-00010-00003247-00003415 eight years it's that peace through
+DqSBp2IVm5E-00011-00003415-00003590 strength works
+DqSBp2IVm5E-00012-00003592-00003886 today the model of the uss ronald reagan
+DqSBp2IVm5E-00013-00003887-00004135 cvn 76 the ninth ship of the
+DqSBp2IVm5E-00014-00004136-00004367 nuclear-powered nimitz class maintains
+DqSBp2IVm5E-00015-00004368-00004551 the model piece through strength and
+DqSBp2IVm5E-00016-00004552-00004727 highlights president reagan's recurring
+DqSBp2IVm5E-00017-00004728-00004999 theme during his public service
+DqSBp2IVm5E-00018-00005000-00005279 named to honor ronald w reagan the 40th
+DqSBp2IVm5E-00019-00005280-00005463 president of the united states who
+DqSBp2IVm5E-00020-00005464-00005799 served from 1981 to 1989 the carrier was
+DqSBp2IVm5E-00021-00005800-00006102 laid down in early 1998.
+DqSBp2IVm5E-00022-00006103-00006311 she was launched in march 2001 and
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+DqSBp2IVm5E-00024-00006615-00006863 cvn 76 had the distinction of being the
+DqSBp2IVm5E-00025-00006864-00007055 first carrier to be named in honor of a
+DqSBp2IVm5E-00026-00007056-00007270 then living former president
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+DqSBp2IVm5E-00029-00007672-00007903 while in office was the 600-ship navy
+DqSBp2IVm5E-00030-00007904-00008110 program which proved to be a key effort
+DqSBp2IVm5E-00031-00008111-00008239 in maintaining the peace through
+DqSBp2IVm5E-00032-00008240-00008383 strength
+DqSBp2IVm5E-00033-00008384-00008687 even in the post-cold war era cvn-76
+DqSBp2IVm5E-00034-00008688-00009006 serves to project u.s navy power
+DqSBp2IVm5E-00035-00009007-00009191 she serves as a floating air base and
+DqSBp2IVm5E-00036-00009192-00009446 one that is well defended at that
+DqSBp2IVm5E-00037-00009447-00009719 uss ronald reagan is equipped with slp
+DqSBp2IVm5E-00038-00009720-00010059 32 av for countermeasure suite and
+DqSBp2IVm5E-00039-00010060-00010423 slq-25a nixie torpedo countermeasures
+DqSBp2IVm5E-00040-00010424-00010606 she is also armed with evolved sea
+DqSBp2IVm5E-00041-00010607-00010759 sparrow missiles which can counter
+DqSBp2IVm5E-00042-00010760-00010967 supersonic anti-ship missiles the
+DqSBp2IVm5E-00043-00010968-00011127 lightweight infrared homing
+DqSBp2IVm5E-00044-00011128-00011351 surface-to-wear rolling airframe missile
+DqSBp2IVm5E-00045-00011352-00011695 and a closing weapons system ciws the
+DqSBp2IVm5E-00046-00011696-00011846 multiple-barrel weapon system for
+DqSBp2IVm5E-00047-00011847-00012031 detecting and destroying short-range
+DqSBp2IVm5E-00048-00012032-00012231 incoming missiles and enemy aircraft
+DqSBp2IVm5E-00049-00012232-00012374 which have managed to penetrate the
+DqSBp2IVm5E-00050-00012375-00012559 outer defenses
+DqSBp2IVm5E-00051-00012560-00012759 since entering service the carrier has
+DqSBp2IVm5E-00052-00012760-00012935 been deployed multiple times to the
+DqSBp2IVm5E-00053-00012936-00013158 middle east as part of a show of force
+DqSBp2IVm5E-00054-00013159-00013351 but it is also served in a peacetime
+DqSBp2IVm5E-00055-00013352-00013599 role providing humanitarian relief aid
+DqSBp2IVm5E-00056-00013600-00013886 following japan's massive 2011 tohoku
+DqSBp2IVm5E-00057-00013887-00014103 earthquake and tsunami
+DqSBp2IVm5E-00058-00014104-00014366 the nuclear-powered car carrier
+DqSBp2IVm5E-00059-00014368-00014566 the carrier also had the distinction of
+DqSBp2IVm5E-00060-00014568-00014758 one time having her flight deck filled
+DqSBp2IVm5E-00061-00014759-00014966 not with aircraft but rather civilian
+DqSBp2IVm5E-00062-00014968-00015143 automobiles
+DqSBp2IVm5E-00063-00015144-00015358 when uss ronald reagan's official home
+DqSBp2IVm5E-00064-00015359-00015519 port was changed from bremerton
+DqSBp2IVm5E-00065-00015519-00015847 washington to san diego in 2012 the navy
+DqSBp2IVm5E-00066-00015847-00016047 allowed sailors being relocated to have
+DqSBp2IVm5E-00067-00016047-00016215 their personal vehicles transported on
+DqSBp2IVm5E-00068-00016216-00016399 the deck of the ship as a cost-saving
+DqSBp2IVm5E-00069-00016400-00016519 measure
+DqSBp2IVm5E-00070-00016520-00016743 as it was a short trip along the coast
+DqSBp2IVm5E-00071-00016744-00016919 the carrier didn't need to operate its
+DqSBp2IVm5E-00072-00016920-00017055 air wing
+DqSBp2IVm5E-00073-00017056-00017230 that provided ample room for the crew to
+DqSBp2IVm5E-00074-00017231-00017430 get their cars to the new home port and
+DqSBp2IVm5E-00075-00017431-00017647 allowed ronald reagan to serve as a 5
+DqSBp2IVm5E-00076-00017648-00017958 billion nuclear-powered car ferry
+DqSBp2IVm5E-00077-00017959-00018247 the flagship of csg5
+DqSBp2IVm5E-00078-00018248-00018503 since the deployment cvn 76 has
+DqSBp2IVm5E-00079-00018504-00018711 conducted numerous fleet exercises with
+DqSBp2IVm5E-00080-00018712-00018943 the japanese maritime self-defense force
+DqSBp2IVm5E-00081-00018944-00019111 as well as with the republic of korea
+DqSBp2IVm5E-00082-00019112-00019239 navy
+DqSBp2IVm5E-00083-00019240-00019503 in july 2020 the ronald reagan carrier
+DqSBp2IVm5E-00084-00019504-00019679 strike group was deployed to the south
+DqSBp2IVm5E-00085-00019680-00020063 china sea along with uss nimitz cvn 68
+DqSBp2IVm5E-00086-00020064-00020239 for dual carrier operations in the
+DqSBp2IVm5E-00087-00020240-00020422 philippine sea
+DqSBp2IVm5E-00088-00020423-00020639 ronald reagan arrived back in japan in
+DqSBp2IVm5E-00089-00020640-00020871 november 2020 after a six-month
+DqSBp2IVm5E-00090-00020872-00021078 indo-pacific deployment
+DqSBp2IVm5E-00091-00021079-00021303 in december a project team from puget
+DqSBp2IVm5E-00092-00021304-00021494 sound naval shipyard and intermediate
+DqSBp2IVm5E-00093-00021495-00021767 maintenance ship repair facility psns
+DqSBp2IVm5E-00094-00021768-00022007 and imf and japan regional maintenance
+DqSBp2IVm5E-00095-00022008-00022175 center began selected restricted
+DqSBp2IVm5E-00096-00022176-00022567 availability sra repairs on the carrier
+DqSBp2IVm5E-00097-00022568-00022791 major sra work completed included
+DqSBp2IVm5E-00098-00022792-00022991 non-skid replacement on the flight deck
+DqSBp2IVm5E-00099-00022992-00023263 and hangar bay aircraft elevator repair
+DqSBp2IVm5E-00100-00023264-00023575 as well as valve and component repairs
+DqSBp2IVm5E-00101-00023576-00023791 following the completion of the sra the
+DqSBp2IVm5E-00102-00023792-00023967 chipper was deployed to the middle east
+DqSBp2IVm5E-00103-00023968-00024207 in june 2021 to support the withdrawal
+DqSBp2IVm5E-00104-00024208-00024478 of u.s forces from afghanistan
+DqSBp2IVm5E-00105-00024479-00024814 in late may 2022 she was relieved by uss
+DqSBp2IVm5E-00106-00024815-00025275 abraham lincoln cvn 72 while cvn 76 led
+DqSBp2IVm5E-00107-00025276-00025535 csg6 to promote stability in the seventh
+DqSBp2IVm5E-00108-00025536-00025662 fleet
+DqSBp2IVm5E-00109-00025663-00025927 wherever uss ronald reagan heads next it
+DqSBp2IVm5E-00110-00025927-00026111 will certainly be to help maintain peace
+DqSBp2IVm5E-00111-00026112-00027327 through strength
+DqSBp2IVm5E-00112-00027327-00027487 if we
+DqSBp2IVm5E-00113-00027488-00029239 pretty much
+DqSBp2IVm5E-00114-00029239-00029639 good
+DqSBp2IVm5E-00115-00029639-00029956 up now
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00000-00000007-00000320 in quantum physics light as in a
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00001-00000321-00000553 squeezed state if it's electric field
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00002-00000554-00000937 strength for some phases th display
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00003-00000938-00001256 style VAR theta has a quantum
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00004-00001257-00001462 uncertainty smaller than that of a
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00005-00001463-00001820 coherent state the term squeezing thus
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00006-00001821-00002083 refers to a reduced quantum uncertainty
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00007-00002084-00002330 to obey Heisenberg's uncertainty
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00008-00002331-00002681 relation a squeezed state must also have
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00009-00002682-00002891 phases at which the electric field
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00010-00002892-00003208 uncertainty as anti squeezed ie larger
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00011-00003209-00003609 than that of a coherent State
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00012-00003610-00003868 topic quantum physical background and
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00013-00003869-00004099 oscillating physical quantity cannot
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00014-00004100-00004345 have precisely defined values at all
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00015-00004346-00004713 phases of the oscillation this is true
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00016-00004714-00004950 for the electric and magnetic fields of
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00017-00004951-00005211 an electromagnetic wave as well as for
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00018-00005212-00005500 any other wave or oscillation see figure
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00019-00005501-00005820 right this fact can be observed in
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00020-00005821-00006060 experiments and as correctly described
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00021-00006061-00006432 by quantum theory for electromagnetic
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00022-00006433-00006678 waves we usually consider just the
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00023-00006679-00006913 electric field because it is the one
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00024-00006914-00007152 that mainly interacts with matter
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00025-00007153-00007558 Figg one shows five different quantum
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00026-00007559-00007798 states that a monochromatic wave could
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00027-00007798-00008145 be in the difference of the five quantum
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00028-00008147-00008388 states as given by different electric
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00029-00008389-00008619 field excitations and by different
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00030-00008620-00008812 distributions of the quantum uncertainty
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00031-00008813-00009157 along the phase th display style VAR
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00032-00009158-00009510 theta for a displaced coherent state the
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00033-00009511-00009816 expectation mean value of the electric
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00034-00009817-00010086 field clearly shows an oscillation with
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00035-00010087-00010308 an uncertainty independent of the phase
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00036-00010309-00010702 of also the phase be an amplitude
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00037-00010703-00011010 squeezed States see show an oscillation
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00038-00011011-00011266 of the mean electric field but here the
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00039-00011267-00011518 uncertainty depends on phase and a
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00040-00011519-00011850 squeezed for some phases the vacuum
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00041-00011851-00012180 state D is a special coherent state and
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00042-00012181-00012522 as not squeezed it has zero mean
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00043-00012523-00012774 electric field for all phases and a
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00044-00012775-00013111 phase independent uncertainty it has
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00045-00013112-00013464 zero energy on average ie zero photons
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00046-00013465-00013660 and as the ground state of the
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00047-00013661-00014032 monochromatic wave we consider finally a
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00048-00014033-00014338 squeezed vacuum state has also a zero
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00049-00014338-00014547 mean electric field but a phase
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00050-00014548-00014916 dependent uncertainty e generally
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00051-00014918-00015160 quantum uncertainty reveals itself
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00052-00015161-00015382 through a large number of identical
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00053-00015383-00015588 measurements on identical quantum
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00054-00015590-00015871 objects gear modes of light that however
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00055-00015872-00016210 give different results let us again
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00056-00016211-00016465 consider a continuous wave monochromatic
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00057-00016466-00016762 light wave as emitted by an ultra stable
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00058-00016763-00016892 laser
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00059-00016893-00017230 a single measurement of th1 display
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00060-00017231-00017500 style VAR theta underscore one is
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00061-00017501-00017747 performed over many periods of the
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00062-00017748-00018006 Lightwave and provides a single number
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00063-00018007-00018400 the next measurement of th1 display
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00064-00018401-00018700 style VAR theta underscore one will be
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00065-00018701-00018941 done consecutively on the same laser
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00066-00018942-00019294 beam having recorded a large number of
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00067-00019295-00019502 such measurements we know the field
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00068-00019503-00019834 uncertainty at th one display style VAR
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00069-00019835-00020212 theta underscore one in order to get the
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00070-00020213-00020480 full picture and for instance fig point
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00071-00020481-00020806 1b we need to record the statistics at
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00072-00020807-00021164 many different phases 0 thi pi display
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00073-00021165-00021792 styles 0
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00074-00021793-00022103 topic quantitative description of
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00075-00022104-00022651 squeezed uncertainty
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00076-00022652-00022921 the measured electric field strengths at
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00077-00022922-00023320 the waves phase th display style VAR
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00078-00023321-00023623 theta are the eigenvalues of the
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00079-00023624-00024145 normalized quadrature operator X th
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00080-00024146-00024514 display style X underscore VAR theta
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00081-00024515-00025500 we're X T H equals 0 X display style X
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00082-00025501-00025758 underscore VAR theta equals 0
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00083-00025760-00026131 caret circ equiv X is the waves
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00084-00026132-00026889 amplitude quadrature and X th equals 90
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00085-00026889-00027402 y display style X underscore var theta
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00086-00027404-00027856 equals 90 character a quiver I is the
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00087-00027857-00028125 waves phase quadrature
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00088-00028126-00028617 X displaced dialects
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00089-00028618-00029239 why display style why are non commuting
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00090-00029239-00029427 observables
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00091-00029427-00029631 although they represent electric field
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00092-00029632-00029898 they are dimensionless and satisfied the
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00093-00029899-00030555 following uncertainty relation Delta X 2
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00094-00030556-00031686 Delta Y 2 1 16 display style Delta
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00095-00031687-00032261 10-carat 2 Delta Y carrot 2 geq frac
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00096-00032262-00032662 1/16 where
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00097-00032663-00033310 Delta to display style Delta carrot to
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00098-00033311-00033701 stands for the variance the variance as
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00099-00033702-00033923 the mean of the squares of the measuring
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00100-00033924-00034157 values minus the square of the mean of
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00101-00034158-00034526 the measuring values if a mode of light
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00102-00034527-00034798 as in its ground state zero display
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00103-00034799-00035054 style zero wrangle having an average
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00104-00035055-00035360 photon number of zero the uncertainty
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00105-00035361-00035590 relation above as saturated and the
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00106-00035591-00035858 variances of the quadrature are delta x
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00107-00035859-00036289 g 2 equals Delta Y G 2 equals 1/4
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00108-00036290-00036629 display style Delta 10 underscore G
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00109-00036630-00037015 carat 2 equals Delta Y underscore G
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00110-00037016-00037508 carat 2 equals 1/4 other normalizations
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00111-00037509-00037805 can also be found in literature the
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00112-00037806-00038071 normalization chosen here has the nice
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00113-00038072-00038270 property that the sum of the ground
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00114-00038271-00038542 state variances directly provide the
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00115-00038543-00038795 zero point excitation of the quantized
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00116-00038796-00039110 harmonic oscillator Delta 2 XG plus
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00117-00039111-00039487 Delta 2 yg equals 1/2 display style
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00118-00039488-00039932 Delta carat 2 X underscore G plus Delta
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00119-00039933-00040413 carat 2 y underscore G equals 1/2
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00120-00040414-00040702 definition light as in a squeezed State
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00121-00040703-00041020 if and only if a phase th display style
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00122-00041021-00041362 VAR theta exists for which Delta 2 X th
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00123-00041363-00041732 Delta 2 XG equals 1 for display style
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00124-00041733-00042099 Delta carat 2 X underscore VAR theta
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00125-00042100-00042398 while coherent States belonged to the
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00126-00042399-00042640 semi-classical state since they can be
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00127-00042641-00042862 fully described by a semi classical
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00128-00042863-00043177 model squeeze states of light belong to
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00129-00043178-00043426 the so-called non classical state which
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00130-00043427-00043702 also include number States Fox States
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00131-00043703-00044000 and Schrodinger cat states
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00132-00044001-00044255 squeezed states of light were first
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00133-00044256-00044666 produced in the mid-1980s at that time
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00134-00044667-00044918 quantum noise squeezing by up to a
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00135-00044919-00045191 factor of about two three decibels in
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00136-00045192-00046070 variants was achieved ie Delta to X th
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00137-00046071-00047092 approximately equals Delta to X G to
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00138-00047093-00047405 display style Delta carat to X
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00139-00047406-00047723 underscore VAR theta approximately Delta
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00140-00047724-00048182 carat to X underscore G to
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00141-00048183-00048521 today squeeze factors larger than 10 10
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00142-00048522-00048864 decibels have been directly observed a
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00143-00048865-00049136 limitation as set by Dickel he rents
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00144-00049137-00049532 mainly in terms of optical loss a recent
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00145-00049533-00049992 review as given in ref archived version
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00146-00049993-00050376 the squeeze factor in decibel DB can be
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00147-00050377-00050889 computed in the following way minus 10
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00148-00050890-00051464 log Delta
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00149-00051465-00051637 I
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00150-00051638-00053059 in 2 X theta Delta 2 X G display style -
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00151-00053060-00053611 10 C do t log frac delta underscore math
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00152-00053612-00053920 erm men carrot 2 X underscore theta
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00153-00053921-00054347 Delta carrot 2 X underscore G
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00154-00054348-00054991 where delta m i
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00155-00054992-00055802 in two X theta display style delta
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00156-00055803-00056099 underscore math erm men carat to X
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00157-00056100-00056441 underscore theta is the smallest
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00158-00056441-00056840 variance when varying the phase th
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00159-00056841-00057341 display style VAR theta from 0 to
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00160-00057341-00057908 hi display style pie this particular
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00161-00057909-00058455 phase theta display style theta is
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00162-00058457-00059208 called the squeeze angle
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00163-00059209-00059520 topic physical meaning of measurement
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00164-00059521-00060107 quantity and measurement object
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00165-00060108-00060391 quantum uncertainty becomes visible when
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00166-00060392-00060611 identical measurements of the same
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00167-00060612-00060932 quantity observable on identical objects
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00168-00060933-00061163 gear modes of light give different
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00169-00061164-00061526 results i ghen values in case of a
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00170-00061527-00061754 single freely propagating monochromatic
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00171-00061755-00062051 laser beam the individual measurements
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00172-00062052-00062270 are performed on consecutive time
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00173-00062271-00062579 intervals of identical length one
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00174-00062580-00062837 interval must last much longer than the
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00175-00062838-00063017 lights period otherwise the
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00176-00063018-00063188 monochromatic property would be
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00177-00063189-00063587 significantly disturbed such consecutive
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00178-00063588-00063863 measurements correspond to a time series
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00179-00063864-00064250 of fluctuating eigenvalues consider an
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00180-00064251-00064430 example in which the amplitude
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00181-00064431-00065063 quadrature X display style X was
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00182-00065064-00065304 repeatedly measured
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00183-00065304-00065535 time-series can be used for different
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00184-00065536-00065868 purposes averaging over the full data
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00185-00065869-00066125 set just gives the average electric
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00186-00066126-00066390 field amplitude over the total measuring
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00187-00066391-00066738 time this number is not meaningful in
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00188-00066739-00067017 terms of a quantum statistical analysis
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00189-00067018-00067265 because there is just a single number
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00190-00067266-00067593 the amplitude of the light wave might be
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00191-00067594-00067761 different before and after our
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00192-00067762-00068088 measurement the amplitude of the light
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00193-00068089-00068373 beam could even be strongly modulated on
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00194-00068374-00068646 timescales much longer than our data
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00195-00068647-00068937 taking this is a rather fundamental
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00196-00068938-00069288 issue since any data taking lasts for a
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00197-00069289-00069723 finite time our time series however does
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00198-00069724-00069948 provide meaningful information about
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00199-00069949-00070224 fast changes of the lights amplitude ie
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00200-00070225-00070491 changes at frequencies higher than the
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00201-00070492-00070756 inverse of the full measuring time
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00202-00070757-00070986 changes that are faster than the
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00203-00070987-00071229 duration of a single measurement however
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00204-00071230-00071559 are invisible again a quantum
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00205-00071560-00071781 statistical characterization through
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00206-00071782-00072015 consecutive measurements on some sort of
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00207-00072016-00072257 a carrier as thus always related to a
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00208-00072258-00072537 specific frequency interval for instance
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00209-00072538-00072742 described by
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00210-00072743-00073702 F plus or minus Delta F to display style
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00211-00073703-00074499 F p.m. Delta F to with F greater than
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00212-00074500-00074789 Delta
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00213-00074790-00075513 f2 greater than zero display style F
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00214-00075514-00075896 greater than Delta F 2 greater than zero
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00215-00075897-00076257 based on this inside we can describe the
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00216-00076258-00076755 physical meaning of the observable X th
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00217-00076756-00077084 display style X underscore VAR theta
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00218-00077085-00077514 more clearly the quantum statistical
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00219-00077515-00077742 characterization using identical
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00220-00077743-00077994 consecutive modes carried by a laser
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00221-00077995-00078306 beam confers to the laser beams electric
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00222-00078307-00078543 field modulation within a frequency
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00223-00078544-00078897 interval the actual observable needs to
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00224-00078898-00079358 be labeled accordingly for instance as X
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00225-00079359-00079626 th F
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00226-00079627-00080175 Delta F display style X underscore var
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00227-00080176-00080558 theta F Delta F
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00228-00080559-00080693 X
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00229-00080694-00081410 F Delta F display style X underscore F
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00230-00081411-00081860 Delta F is the amplitude or depth of the
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00231-00081861-00082711 amplitude modulation and why F Delta F
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00232-00082712-00083158 display style why underscore F Delta F
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00233-00083159-00083465 the amplitude or depth of the phase
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00234-00083466-00083741 modulation in the respective frequency
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00235-00083742-00084041 interval this leads to the Duggar
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00236-00084042-00084266 expressions amplitude quadrature
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00237-00084267-00084640 amplitude and phase quadrature amplitude
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00238-00084641-00084980 within some limitations for instance set
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00239-00084981-00085396 by the speed of the electronics F
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00240-00085397-00085829 display style F and
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00241-00085830-00086489 Delta F display style Delta F can be
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00242-00086490-00086696 freely chosen in course of data
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00243-00086697-00086963 acquisition and in particular data
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00244-00086964-00087356 processing this choice also defines the
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00245-00087357-00087605 measurement object ie the mode that is
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00246-00087606-00087839 characterized by the statistics of the
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00247-00087840-00088778 eigenvalues of X F Delta F display style
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00248-00088779-00089863 X underscore F Delta F and Y F Delta F
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00249-00089864-00090366 display style y underscore F Delta F
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00250-00090367-00090570 the measurement object thus as a
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00251-00090571-00090816 modulation mode that is carried by the
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00252-00090817-00091200 light beam in many experiments one is
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00253-00091201-00091443 interested in a continuous spectrum of
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00254-00091444-00091680 many modulation modes carried by the
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00255-00091681-00092088 same light beam fig.2 shows the squeezed
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00256-00092089-00092319 factors of many neighboring modulation
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00257-00092320-00092990 modes versus F display style F
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00258-00092991-00093230 upper trace refers to the uncertainties
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00259-00093231-00093455 of the same modes being in their vacuum
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00260-00093456-00093752 state which serves as the zero decibels
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00261-00093753-00094136 reference the observables in squeezed
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00262-00094137-00094424 light experiments correspond exactly to
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00263-00094425-00094633 those being used in optical
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00264-00094634-00095036 communication amplitude modulation a.m.
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00265-00095037-00095348 and frequency modulation FM are the
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00266-00095349-00095609 classical means to imprint information
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00267-00095610-00095987 on a carrier field frequency modulation
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00268-00095988-00096227 as mathematically closely related to
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00269-00096228-00096994 phase modulation the observables X F
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00270-00096995-00097504 lotta F display style X underscore F
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00271-00097505-00098361 Delta F and Y F Delta
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00272-00098362-00098894 F display style why underscore F Delta F
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00273-00098895-00099204 also correspond to the measurement
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00274-00099205-00099482 quantities in laser interferometers such
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00275-00099483-00099747 as in San yak interferometers measuring
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00276-00099748-00099981 rotation changes and in Michelson
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00277-00099982-00100146 interferometer z' observing
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00278-00100147-00100521 gravitational waves squeezed states of
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00279-00100522-00100770 light thus have ample applications in
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00280-00100771-00100992 optical communication and optical
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00281-00100993-00101596 measurements
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00282-00101597-00102525 topic applications
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00283-00102526-00102792 topic optical high-precision
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00284-00102793-00103233 measurements
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00285-00103234-00103515 squeezed light is used to reduce the
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00286-00103516-00103785 photon counting noise shot noise in
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00287-00103786-00104049 optical high-precision measurements most
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00288-00104050-00104415 notably in laser interferometers there
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00289-00104416-00104679 are a large number of proof of principle
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00290-00104680-00105015 experiments laser interferometers split
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00291-00105016-00105288 a laser beam in two paths and overlap
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00292-00105289-00105607 them again afterwards if the relative
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00293-00105608-00105849 optical path length changes the
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00294-00105850-00106096 interference changes and the light power
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00295-00106097-00106365 in the interferometers output port as
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00296-00106366-00106716 well this light power is detected with a
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00297-00106717-00106950 photodiode providing a continuous
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00298-00106951-00107289 voltage signal if for instance the
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00299-00107290-00107529 position of one interferometer mirror
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00300-00107530-00107751 vibrates and thereby causes an
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00301-00107752-00107991 oscillating path length difference the
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00302-00107992-00108252 output light has an amplitude modulation
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00303-00108253-00108622 of the same frequency independent of the
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00304-00108623-00108895 existence of such a classical signal a
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00305-00108896-00109134 beam of light always carries at least
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00306-00109135-00109433 the vacuum state uncertainty see above
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00307-00109434-00109768 the modulation signal with respect to
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00308-00109769-00109977 this uncertainty can be improved by
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00309-00109978-00110238 using a higher light power inside the
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00310-00110239-00110484 interferometer arms since the signal
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00311-00110485-00110814 increases with the light power this is
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00312-00110815-00111084 the reason in fact the only one Y
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00313-00111085-00111298 Michelson interferometer x' for the
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00314-00111299-00111558 detection of gravitational waves use
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00315-00111559-00111936 very high optical power high light power
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00316-00111937-00112231 however produces technical problems
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00317-00112232-00112524 mirror surfaces absorb parts of the
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00318-00112525-00112756 light become warmer get thermally
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00319-00112757-00113010 deformed and reduce the interferometers
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00320-00113011-00113352 interference contrast furthermore an
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00321-00113353-00113574 excessive light power can excite
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00322-00113575-00113845 unstable mechanical vibrations of the
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00323-00113846-00114208 mirrors these consequences are mitigated
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00324-00114208-00114459 if squeezed states of light are used for
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00325-00114460-00114768 improving the signal-to-noise ratio
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00326-00114769-00115069 squeezed states of light do not increase
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00327-00115070-00115335 the lights power they also do not
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00328-00115336-00115614 increase the signal but instead reduce
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00329-00115615-00115875 the noise laser interferometers are
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00330-00115876-00116097 usually operated with monochromatic
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00331-00116098-00116433 continuous wave light the optimal
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00332-00116434-00116618 signal-to-noise ratio
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00333-00116619-00116827 achieved by either operating the
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00334-00116828-00117068 differential interferometer arm lengths
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00335-00117069-00117344 such that both output ports contain half
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00336-00117345-00117613 of the input light power half fringe and
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00337-00117614-00117841 by recording the different signal from
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00338-00117842-00118054 both ports or by operating the
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00339-00118055-00118291 interferometer close to a dark fringe
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00340-00118292-00118591 for one of the output ports where just a
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00341-00118592-00118939 single photodiode is placed the latter
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00342-00118940-00119212 operation point is used in gravitational
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00343-00119213-00119696 wave GW detectors for improving an
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00344-00119697-00119945 interferometer sensitivity with squeezed
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00345-00119946-00120151 states of light the already existing
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00346-00120152-00120424 bright light does not need to be fully
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00347-00120425-00120799 replaced what has to be replaced as just
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00348-00120800-00121031 the vacuum uncertainty in the difference
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00349-00121032-00121268 of the phase quadrature amplitudes of
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00350-00121269-00121525 the light fields in the arms and only at
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00351-00121526-00121789 modulation frequencies at which signals
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00352-00121790-00122086 are expected this is achieved by
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00353-00122087-00122335 injecting a broadband squeezed vacuum
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00354-00122336-00122449 field
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00355-00122450-00122866 Figg 1e into the unused interferometer
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00356-00122867-00123259 input port fig 3 ideally perfect
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00357-00123260-00123482 interference with the bright field as
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00358-00123483-00123794 achieved for this the squeezed field has
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00359-00123795-00124003 to be in the same mode as the bright
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00360-00124004-00124244 light ie has to have the same wavelength
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00361-00124245-00124544 same polarization same wavefront
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00362-00124545-00124861 curvature same beam radius and of course
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00363-00124862-00125134 the same directions of propagation in
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00364-00125135-00125471 the interferometer arms for the squeezed
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00365-00125472-00125674 light enhancement of a Michelson
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00366-00125675-00125953 interferometer operated at dark fringe a
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00367-00125954-00126238 polarizing beam splitter in combination
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00368-00126239-00126501 with a Faraday rotator as required
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00369-00126502-00126859 this combination constitutes an optical
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00370-00126860-00127159 diode without any loss the squeezed
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00371-00127160-00127363 field is overlapped with the bright
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00372-00127364-00127619 field at the interferometer central beam
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00373-00127620-00127868 splitter is split and travels along the
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00374-00127869-00128171 arms as retroreflected constructively
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00375-00128172-00128372 interferes and overlaps with the
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00376-00128373-00128597 interferometer signal towards the
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00377-00128598-00128910 photodiode due to the polarization
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00378-00128911-00129194 rotation of the Faraday rotator the
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00379-00129195-00129436 optical loss on signal and squeezed
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00380-00129437-00129796 field as zero in the ideal case
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00381-00129797-00129997 generally the purpose of an
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00382-00129998-00130224 interferometer is to transform a
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00383-00130225-00130476 differential phase modulation of two
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00384-00130477-00130752 light beams into an amplitude modulation
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00385-00130753-00131095 of the output light accordingly the
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00386-00131096-00131347 injected vacuum squeezed field has
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00387-00131348-00131565 injected such that the differential
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00388-00131566-00131838 phase quadrature uncertainty in the arms
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00389-00131839-00132138 as squeezed on the output light
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00390-00132139-00132370 amplitude quadrature squeezing is
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00391-00132371-00132738 observed fig 4 shows the photo voltage
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00392-00132739-00132990 of the photodiode in the interferometer
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00393-00132991-00133353 output port subtracting the constant
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00394-00133354-00133743 offset provides the GW signal
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00395-00133744-00133995 a source of squeezed states of light
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00396-00133996-00134213 were integrated in the gravitational
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00397-00134214-00134646 wave detector GE o 600 in 2010 as shown
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00398-00134647-00135036 in fig for the source was built by the
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00399-00135037-00135287 research group of our schnabel at light
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00400-00135288-00135557 knits University at Hannover Germany
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00401-00135558-00135878 with squeezed light the sensitivity of
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00402-00135879-00136248 GE o 600 during observational runs has
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00403-00136249-00136475 been increased to values which for
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00404-00136476-00136695 practical reasons were not achievable
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00405-00136696-00137141 without squeezed light in 2018 squeezed
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00406-00137142-00137397 light upgrades are also planned for the
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00407-00137398-00137666 gravitational wave detectors advanced
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00408-00137667-00137961 LIGO and advanced Virgo
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00409-00137962-00138207 going beyond squeezing of photon
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00410-00138208-00138471 counting noise squeezed states of light
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00411-00138472-00138735 can also be used to correlate quantum
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00412-00138736-00139011 measurement noise shot noise and quantum
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00413-00139012-00139208 back action noise to achieve
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00414-00139209-00139422 sensitivities in the quantum non
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00415-00139423-00140194 demolition qnd regime
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00416-00140195-00140554 topic radiometry and calibration of
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00417-00140555-00141074 quantum efficiencies
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00418-00141075-00141386 squeezed light can be used in radiometry
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00419-00141387-00141643 to calibrate the quantum efficiency of
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00420-00141644-00141899 photoelectric photo detectors without a
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00421-00141900-00142247 lamp of calibrated radiance here
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00422-00142248-00142496 the term photo detector refers to a
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00423-00142497-00142714 device that measures the power of a
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00424-00142715-00142961 bright beam typically in the range from
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00425-00142962-00143372 a few micro watts up to about 0.1 W the
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00426-00143373-00143750 typical example as a pin photodiode in
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00427-00143751-00144113 case of perfect quantum efficiency 100
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00428-00144114-00144374 percent such a detector as supposed to
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00429-00144375-00144644 convert every photon energy of incident
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00430-00144645-00145018 light into exactly one photo electron
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00431-00145019-00145226 conventional techniques of measuring
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00432-00145227-00145469 quantum efficiencies require the
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00433-00145470-00145706 knowledge of how many photons hit the
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00434-00145707-00145982 surface of the photo detector ie they
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00435-00145983-00146265 require a lamp of calibrated radiance
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00436-00146266-00146602 the calibration on the basis of squeezed
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00437-00146603-00146878 state of light uses instead the effect
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00438-00146879-00147345 that the uncertainty product Delta
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00439-00147346-00149029 to X F Delta F Delta to Y F Delta F
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00440-00149030-00149351 display style Delta caret to X
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00441-00149352-00149820 underscore F Delta F C do T Delta caret
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00442-00149821-00150333 to Y underscore F Delta F increases the
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00443-00150334-00150561 smaller the quantum uncertainty of the
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00444-00150562-00150926 detector us in other words the squeezed
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00445-00150927-00151200 light method uses the fact that squeezed
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00446-00151201-00151437 states of light are sensitive against
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00447-00151438-00151778 decoherence without any decoherence
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00448-00151779-00152027 during generation propagation and
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00449-00152028-00152228 detection of squeezed light the
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00450-00152229-00152448 uncertainty product has its minimum
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00451-00152449-00152901 value of 1/16 see above if optical law
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00452-00152902-00153162 says the dominating decoherence effect
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00453-00153163-00153384 which usually is the case the
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00454-00153385-00153621 independent measurement of all optical
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00455-00153622-00153838 losses during generation and propagation
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00456-00153839-00154064 together with the value of the
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00457-00154065-00154332 uncertainty product directly reveals the
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00458-00154333-00154524 quantum uncertainty of the photo
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00459-00154525-00154889 detectors used when a squeezed state
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00460-00154890-00155618 with squeezed variance Delta 2x
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00461-00155619-00156335 F Delta F display style Delta carat to X
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00462-00156336-00156785 underscore F Delta F is detected with a
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00463-00156786-00157084 photo detector of quantum efficiency
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00464-00157085-00157984 Aida display style Aida with zero Aida
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00465-00157985-00158780 1 display style 0 l eq ada le 2 1
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00466-00158781-00158993 the actually observed variance as
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00467-00158994-00160558 increased to Delta 2x f delta f o be s
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00468-00160559-00162169 equals ADA Delta to X F Delta F plus 1
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00469-00162170-00162949 - ADA for display style Delta carrot - X
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00470-00162950-00163363 underscore F Delta F carrot madam OBS
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00471-00163364-00163786 equals ADA C do T Delta carrot - X
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00472-00163787-00164274 underscore F Delta F plus one ADA for
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00473-00164275-00164575 optical loss mixes a portion of the
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00474-00164576-00164809 vacuum state variance to the squeezed
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00475-00164810-00165058 variant which decreases the squeeze
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00476-00165059-00165445 factor the same equation also describes
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00477-00165446-00165715 the influence of a non perfect quantum
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00478-00165716-00166011 efficiency on the anti squeezed variants
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00479-00166012-00166348 the anti squeezed variants reduces
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00480-00166349-00166561 however the uncertainty product
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00481-00166562-00166918 increases optical loss on a pure
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00482-00166919-00167200 squeezed state produces a mixed squeezed
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00483-00167201-00167762 state
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00484-00167763-00168125 topic entanglement based quantum key
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00485-00168126-00168595 distribution
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00486-00168596-00168864 squeezed states of light can be used to
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00487-00168865-00169081 produce einstein-podolsky-rosen
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00488-00169082-00169338 entangled light that is the resource for
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00489-00169339-00169578 a high quality level of quantum key
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00490-00169579-00169914 distribution qkd which is called one
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00491-00169915-00170210 sided device independent qkd
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00492-00170211-00170424 superimposing on a balanced beam
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00493-00170425-00170698 splitter two identical light beams that
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00494-00170699-00170959 carry squeezed modulation States and
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00495-00170960-00171177 have a propagation length difference of
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00496-00171178-00171409 a quarter of their wavelength produces
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00497-00171410-00171699 two EPR entangled light beams at the
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00498-00171700-00172060 beam splitter output port quadrature
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00499-00172061-00172306 amplitude measurements on the individual
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00500-00172307-00172539 beams reveal in certainties that are
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00501-00172540-00172740 much larger than those of the ground
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00502-00172741-00172981 States but the data from the two beams
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00503-00172982-00173218 show strong correlations from a
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00504-00173219-00173427 measurement value taken at the first
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00505-00173428-00173904 beam X F
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00506-00173905-00174045 Delta
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00507-00174046-00174677 F a display style X underscore F Delta F
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00508-00174678-00175010 carrot up one can infer the
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00509-00175011-00175269 corresponding measurement value taken at
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00510-00175270-00176315 the second beam X F Delta F B display
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00511-00176316-00176828 style X underscore F Delta F carrot B
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00512-00176829-00177041 if the inference shows an uncertainty
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00513-00177042-00177329 smaller than that of the vacuum state EP
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00514-00177330-00177773 our correlations exist see Fig four
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00515-00177774-00178027 the aim of quantum key distribution as
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00516-00178028-00178262 the distribution of identical true
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00517-00178263-00178532 random numbers to two distant parties a
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00518-00178533-00178823 and B in such a way that a and B can
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00519-00178824-00179060 quantify the amount of information about
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00520-00179061-00179282 the numbers that has been lost to the
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00521-00179283-00179525 environment and thus as potentially in
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00522-00179526-00179902 hand of an eavesdropper to do so cinder
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00523-00179903-00180188 a sends one of the entangled light beams
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00524-00180189-00180620 to receiver B a and B measure repeatedly
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00525-00180621-00180881 and simultaneously taking the different
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00526-00180882-00181151 propagation times into account one of
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00527-00181152-00181462 two orthogonal quadrature amplitudes for
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00528-00181463-00181736 every single measurement they need to
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00529-00181737-00182201 choose whether to measure X display
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00530-00182202-00182249 style
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00531-00182250-00182465 X
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00532-00182466-00183078 why display style why in a truly random
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00533-00183079-00183447 way independently from each other by
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00534-00183448-00183714 chance they measured the same quadrature
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00535-00183715-00184086 in 50% of the single measurements after
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00536-00184087-00184317 having performed a large number of
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00537-00184318-00184557 measurements a and B communicate
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00538-00184558-00184821 publicly what their choice was for every
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00539-00184822-00185139 measurement the non matched pairs are
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00540-00185140-00185424 discarded from the remaining data they
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00541-00185425-00185658 make public a small but statistically
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00542-00185659-00185931 significant amount to test whether B is
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00543-00185932-00186180 able to precisely infer the measurement
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00544-00186181-00186390 results at a knowing the characteristics
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00545-00186391-00186633 of the entangled light source and the
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00546-00186634-00186849 quality of the measurement at the sender
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00547-00186850-00187110 site the sender gets information about
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00548-00187111-00187311 the decoherence that happened during
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00549-00187312-00187530 channel transmission and during the
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00550-00187531-00187730 measurement at b the decoherence
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00551-00187731-00187956 quantifies the amount of information
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00552-00187957-00188334 that was lost to the environment if the
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00553-00188335-00188583 amount of lost information is not too
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00554-00188584-00188835 high and the data string not too short
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00555-00188836-00189126 data post-processing in terms of error
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00556-00189127-00189381 correction and privacy amplification
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00557-00189382-00189600 produces a key with an arbitrarily
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00558-00189601-00189953 reduced epsilon level of insecurity in
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00559-00189954-00190311 addition to conventional qkd the test
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00560-00190312-00190560 for EPR correlations not only
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00561-00190561-00190809 characterizes the channel over which the
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00562-00190810-00191016 light was sent for instance a glass
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00563-00191017-00191247 fiber but also the measurement at the
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00564-00191248-00191595 receiver site the sender does not need
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00565-00191596-00191802 to trust the receivers measurement
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00566-00191803-00191889 anymore
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00567-00191890-00192297 this higher quality of qkd is called one
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00568-00192298-00192647 sided device independent this type of
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00569-00192648-00193005 qkd works if the natural decoherence is
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00570-00193006-00193331 not too high for this reason an
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00571-00193332-00193601 implementation that uses conventional
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00572-00193602-00193842 telecommunication glass fibers would be
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00573-00193843-00194037 limited to a distance of a few
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00574-00194038-00194646 kilometers
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00575-00194647-00195221 topic generation
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00576-00195222-00195534 squeezed light is produced by me
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00577-00195535-00195834 nonlinear optics the most successful
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00578-00195835-00196113 method uses degenerate type 1 optical
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00579-00196114-00196293 parametric down-conversion
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00580-00196294-00196477 also called optical parametric
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00581-00196478-00196724 amplification inside an optical
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00582-00196725-00197118 resonator to squeeze modulation states
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00583-00197119-00197352 with respect to a carrier field at
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00584-00197353-00197977 optical frequency nu display style nu a
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00585-00197978-00198297 bright pump field that twice the optical
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00586-00198298-00198549 frequency is focused into a nonlinear
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00587-00198550-00198795 crystal that is placed between two or
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00588-00198796-00199004 more mirrors forming an optical
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00589-00199005-00199386 resonator it is not necessary to inject
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00590-00199387-00200000 light at frequency nu display style nu
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00591-00200001-00200334 such light however is required for
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00592-00200335-00200627 detecting the squeezed modulation States
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00593-00200628-00200927 the crystal material needs to have a
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00594-00200928-00201183 nonlinear susceptibility and needs to be
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00595-00201184-00201444 highly transparent for both optical
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00596-00201445-00201819 frequencies used typical materials are
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00597-00201820-00202086 lithium niobate lithium met and I obeyed
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00598-00202087-00202398 and periodically poled potassium titanal
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00599-00202399-00202794 phosphate KTP due to the nonlinear
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00600-00202795-00203022 susceptibility of the Pumped crystal
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00601-00203023-00203360 material the electric field at frequency
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00602-00203361-00203597 nu
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00603-00203598-00204011 display style new is amplified and D
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00604-00204012-00204229 amplified depending on the relative
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00605-00204230-00204572 phase to the pump light at the pumps
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00606-00204573-00204851 electric field Maxima the electric field
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00607-00204852-00205051 at frequency
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00608-00205052-00205730 new display style new is amplified
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00609-00205731-00205964 the pumps electric field minima the
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00610-00205965-00206489 electric field at frequency new display
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00611-00206490-00206998 style new is squeezed this way the
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00612-00207000-00207398 vacuum state fig 1e is transferred to a
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00613-00207398-00207917 squeezed vacuum state fig 1d a displaced
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00614-00207917-00208313 coherent state fig 1a is transferred to
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00615-00208314-00208778 a phase squeezed state fig 1b or to an
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00616-00208779-00209123 amplitude squeezed state fig 1 see
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00617-00209123-00209386 depending on the relative phase between
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00618-00209387-00209758 coherent input field and pump field a
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00619-00209759-00210023 graphical description of these processes
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00620-00210023-00210269 can be found in the existence of a
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00621-00210269-00210761 resonator for the field that new display
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00622-00210762-00211250 style new is essential the task of the
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00623-00211251-00211598 resonator is shown in fig 6 the left
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00624-00211598-00211790 resonator mirror has a typical
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00625-00211791-00212310 reflectivity of about are
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00626-00212311-00213175 1/2 equals 90% display style our
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00627-00213176-00213701 underscore 1 carrot 2 equals 90%
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00628-00213702-00214454 correspondingly 0.9 display style s qrt
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00629-00214455-00214848 0.9 of the electric field that
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00630-00214848-00215109 continuously enters from the left gets
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00631-00215110-00215409 reflected the remaining part as
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00632-00215410-00215642 transmitted and resonates between the
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00633-00215644-00215928 two mirrors due to the resonance the
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00634-00215929-00216198 electric field inside the resonator gets
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00635-00216198-00216756 enhanced even without any medium inside
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00636-00216757-00217351 10% display style 10% of the
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00637-00217352-00217582 steady-state light power inside the
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00638-00217583-00217831 resonator gets transmitted towards the
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00639-00217832-00218023 left and interferes with the beam that
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00640-00218025-00218404 was retro reflected directly for an
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00641-00218405-00218758 empty lossless resonator 100% of the
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00642-00218759-00218990 light power would eventually propagate
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00643-00218991-00219208 towards the left obeying energy
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00644-00219209-00219544 conservation the principle of the
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00645-00219546-00219794 squeezing resonator as the following
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00646-00219794-00220042 the medium parametrically attenuates the
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00647-00220044-00220313 electric field inside the resonator to
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00648-00220314-00220549 such a value that perfect destructive
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00649-00220550-00220780 interference as achieved outside the
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00650-00220781-00220996 resonator for the attenuated field
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00651-00220998-00221377 quadrature the optimum field attenuation
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00652-00221378-00221642 factor inside the resonator as slightly
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00653-00221642-00221926 below 2 depending on the reflectivity of
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00654-00221927-00222310 the resonator mirror this principle also
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00655-00222311-00222576 works for electric field in certainties
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00656-00222577-00222904 inside the resonator the squeeze factor
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00657-00222905-00223183 is always less than 6 decibels but
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00658-00223184-00223384 outside the resonator it can be
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00659-00223385-00223962 arbitrarily high if quadrature x
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00660-00223963-00224664 F Delta F display style X underscore F
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00661-00224665-00225563 Delta F is squeezed quadrature Y F Delta
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00662-00225564-00226131 F display style Y underscore F Delta F
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00663-00226132-00226521 is anti squeezed inside as well as
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00664-00226521-00226767 outside the resonator
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00665-00226769-00227005 it can be shown that the highest squeeze
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00666-00227006-00227287 factor for one quadrature is achieved if
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00667-00227288-00227530 the resonator is at its threshold for
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00668-00227531-00227869 the orthogonal quadrature at threshold
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00669-00227869-00228132 and above the pump field is converted
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00670-00228133-00228450 into a bright field at optical frequency
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00671-00228451-00229107 nu display style nu squeezing resonators
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00672-00229108-00229351 are usually operated slightly below
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00673-00229352-00229654 threshold for instance to avoid damage
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00674-00229655-00229894 to the photo diodes due to the bright
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00675-00229894-00230235 down converted field a squeezing
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00676-00230236-00230452 resonator works efficiently at
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00677-00230453-00230730 modulation frequencies well inside its
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00678-00230731-00231057 line width only for these frequencies
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00679-00231058-00231319 highest squeeze factors can be achieved
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00680-00231319-00231592 at frequencies the optical parametric
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00681-00231592-00231877 gain is strongest and the time delay
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00682-00231878-00232141 between the interfering parts negligible
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00683-00232142-00232498 if de coherence was zero infinite
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00684-00232498-00232687 squeezed factors could be achieved
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00685-00232688-00232840 outside the resonator
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00686-00232841-00233077 although the squeezed factor inside the
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00687-00233078-00233408 resonator was less than six decibels
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00688-00233409-00233701 squeezing resonators have typical line
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00689-00233702-00234631 widths of a few tens of MHz up to GHz
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00690-00234632-00235183 topic detection
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00691-00235184-00235453 squeezed states of light can be fully
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00692-00235454-00235687 characterized by a photoelectric
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00693-00235688-00235930 detector that is able to subsequently
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00694-00235931-00236164 measure the electric field strengths at
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00695-00236165-00236676 any phase th display style var theta
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00696-00236677-00236921 the restriction to a certain band of
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00697-00236923-00237180 modulation frequencies happens after the
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00698-00237181-00237432 detection by electronic filtering the
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00699-00237433-00237710 required detector as a balanced homodyne
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00700-00237711-00237780 detector
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00701-00237781-00238254 Bhd it has two input ports for two light
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00702-00238255-00238581 beams one for the squeezed signal field
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00703-00238582-00238863 and another for the BH DS local
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00704-00238864-00239082 oscillator low having the same
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00705-00239083-00239423 wavelength as the signal field the low
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00706-00239425-00239634 as part of the Bhd
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00707-00239635-00239907 its purpose as to beat with the signal
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00708-00239908-00240167 field and to optically amplify it
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00709-00240167-00240492 further components of the VHD are a
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00710-00240492-00240732 balanced beam splitter and two photo
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00711-00240733-00241148 diodes of high quantum efficiency signal
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00712-00241150-00241410 beam and low need to be overlapped at
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00713-00241411-00241728 the beam splitter the two interference
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00714-00241729-00241959 results in the beam splitter output
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00715-00241960-00242163 ports are detected and the different
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00716-00242164-00242585 signal recorded Figg 7 the low needs to
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00717-00242586-00242798 be much more intense than the signal
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00718-00242800-00243126 field in this case the differential
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00719-00243127-00243371 signal from the photo diodes in the
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00720-00243373-00243671 interval F
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00721-00243673-00244484 plus or minus Delta F to display style F
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00722-00244485-00244950 p.m. Delta F to is proportional to the
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00723-00244951-00245819 quadrature amplitude X th F Delta F
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00724-00245819-00246162 display style X underscore VAR theta F
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00725-00246163-00246552 Delta F changing the differential
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00726-00246553-00246753 propagation length before the beam
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00727-00246754-00247023 splitter sets the quadrature angle to an
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00728-00247023-00247416 arbitrary value a change by a quarter of
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00729-00247417-00247658 the optical wavelength changes the phase
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00730-00247659-00248473 by PI to display style pi/2
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00731-00248473-00248667 the following should be stated at this
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00732-00248669-00248877 point any information about the
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00733-00248878-00249109 electromagnetic wave can only be
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00734-00249110-00249379 gathered in a quantized way ie by
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00735-00249380-00249763 absorbing light quanta photons this is
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00736-00249764-00250216 also true for the Bhd however a BH D
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00737-00250217-00250444 cannot resolve the discrete energy
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00738-00250444-00250663 transfer from the light to the electric
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00739-00250664-00250935 current since in any small time interval
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00740-00250936-00251217 of vast number of photons are detected
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00741-00251217-00251617 this is ensured by the intense low the
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00742-00251617-00251866 observable therefore has a quasi
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00743-00251867-00252151 continuous eigen value spectrum as it is
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00744-00252152-00252483 expected for an electric field string in
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00745-00252484-00252766 principle one can also characterize
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00746-00252767-00253039 squeezed state in particular squeezed
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00747-00253040-00253384 vacuum state by counting photons however
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00748-00253385-00253644 in general the measurement of the photon
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00749-00253646-00253906 number statistic is not sufficient for a
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00750-00253907-00254131 full characterization of a squeezed
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00751-00254132-00254401 state and the full density matrix in the
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00752-00254402-00254632 basis of the number States has to be
+Ds4XN_1Rwc4-00753-00254633-00254902 determined
+DsYKLFCuihE-00000-00000050-00000301 would as a porous and fibrous structural
+DsYKLFCuihE-00001-00000302-00000492 tissue found in the stems and roots of
+DsYKLFCuihE-00002-00000493-00000756 trees and other woody plants it is an
+DsYKLFCuihE-00003-00000757-00001009 organic material a natural composite of
+DsYKLFCuihE-00004-00001010-00001186 cellulose fibers that are strong in
+DsYKLFCuihE-00005-00001187-00001360 tension and embedded in a matrix of
+DsYKLFCuihE-00006-00001361-00001632 lignin that resists compression Wood is
+DsYKLFCuihE-00007-00001634-00001842 sometimes defined as only the secondary
+DsYKLFCuihE-00008-00001843-00002049 xylem in the stems of trees or it is
+DsYKLFCuihE-00009-00002050-00002248 defined more broadly to include the same
+DsYKLFCuihE-00010-00002249-00002446 type of tissue elsewhere such as in the
+DsYKLFCuihE-00011-00002447-00002706 roots of trees or shrubs in a living
+DsYKLFCuihE-00012-00002707-00002874 tree it performs a support function
+DsYKLFCuihE-00013-00002875-00003132 enabling woody plants to grow large or
+DsYKLFCuihE-00014-00003133-00003379 to stand up by themselves it also
+DsYKLFCuihE-00015-00003379-00003601 conveys water and nutrients between the
+DsYKLFCuihE-00016-00003602-00003793 leaves other growing tissues and the
+DsYKLFCuihE-00017-00003794-00004084 roots wood may also refer to other plant
+DsYKLFCuihE-00018-00004085-00004300 materials with comparable properties and
+DsYKLFCuihE-00019-00004301-00004522 to material engineered from wood or wood
+DsYKLFCuihE-00020-00004523-00004837 chips or fiber wood has been used for
+DsYKLFCuihE-00021-00004838-00004996 thousands of years for fuel as a
+DsYKLFCuihE-00022-00004997-00005209 construction material for making tools
+DsYKLFCuihE-00023-00005210-00005410 and weapons furniture and paper
+DsYKLFCuihE-00024-00005411-00005662 more recently it emerged as a feedstock
+DsYKLFCuihE-00025-00005663-00005902 for the production of purified cellulose
+DsYKLFCuihE-00026-00005903-00006112 and its derivatives such as cellophane
+DsYKLFCuihE-00027-00006113-00006502 and cellulose acetate as of 2005 the
+DsYKLFCuihE-00028-00006503-00006712 growing stock of forests worldwide was
+DsYKLFCuihE-00029-00006713-00006901 about four hundred thirty four billion
+DsYKLFCuihE-00030-00006902-00007126 cubic meters forty seven percent of
+DsYKLFCuihE-00031-00007127-00007372 which was commercial as an abundant
+DsYKLFCuihE-00032-00007373-00007591 carbon neutral renewable resource woody
+DsYKLFCuihE-00033-00007592-00007783 materials have been of intense interest
+DsYKLFCuihE-00034-00007784-00008145 as a source of renewable energy in 1991
+DsYKLFCuihE-00035-00008147-00008443 approximately 3.5 billion cubic meters
+DsYKLFCuihE-00036-00008444-00008710 of wood were harvested dominant uses
+DsYKLFCuihE-00037-00008711-00008851 were for furniture and building
+DsYKLFCuihE-00038-00008852-00009389 construction
+DsYKLFCuihE-00039-00009390-00009889 topic history
+DsYKLFCuihE-00040-00009890-00010153 a 2011 discovery in the Canadian
+DsYKLFCuihE-00041-00010154-00010345 province of New Brunswick yielded the
+DsYKLFCuihE-00042-00010346-00010537 earliest known plants to have grown wood
+DsYKLFCuihE-00043-00010538-00010855 approximately 300 95 to 400 million
+DsYKLFCuihE-00044-00010856-00011074 years ago wood can be dated by carbon
+DsYKLFCuihE-00045-00011075-00011230 dating and in some species by
+DsYKLFCuihE-00046-00011231-00011410 dendrochronology to determine when a
+DsYKLFCuihE-00047-00011411-00011707 wooden object was created people have
+DsYKLFCuihE-00048-00011708-00011872 used wood for thousands of years for
+DsYKLFCuihE-00049-00011873-00012127 many purposes including as a fuel or as
+DsYKLFCuihE-00050-00012128-00012307 a construction material for making
+DsYKLFCuihE-00051-00012308-00012619 houses tools weapons furniture packaging
+DsYKLFCuihE-00052-00012620-00012931 artworks and paper known constructions
+DsYKLFCuihE-00053-00012932-00013143 using would date back 10,000 years
+DsYKLFCuihE-00054-00013144-00013393 buildings like the European Neolithic
+DsYKLFCuihE-00055-00013394-00013638 longhouse were made primarily of wood
+DsYKLFCuihE-00056-00013638-00013888 recent use of wood has been enhanced by
+DsYKLFCuihE-00057-00013888-00014074 the addition of steel and bronze into
+DsYKLFCuihE-00058-00014075-00014263 construction the year-to-year variation
+DsYKLFCuihE-00059-00014263-00014455 in tree ring widths and isotopic
+DsYKLFCuihE-00060-00014456-00014683 abundances gives clues to the prevailing
+DsYKLFCuihE-00061-00014684-00015366 climate at the time a tree was cut
+DsYKLFCuihE-00062-00015366-00015934 topic physical properties
+DsYKLFCuihE-00063-00015935-00016275 you
+DsYKLFCuihE-00064-00016276-00016807 topic growth rings
+DsYKLFCuihE-00065-00016808-00017059 would in the strict sense is yielded by
+DsYKLFCuihE-00066-00017060-00017272 trees which increase in diameter by the
+DsYKLFCuihE-00067-00017273-00017488 formation between the existing wood and
+DsYKLFCuihE-00068-00017489-00017683 the inner bark of new woody layers which
+DsYKLFCuihE-00069-00017684-00017908 envelop the entire stem living branches
+DsYKLFCuihE-00070-00017909-00018184 and roots this process is known as
+DsYKLFCuihE-00071-00018185-00018373 secondary growth it is the result of
+DsYKLFCuihE-00072-00018374-00018586 cell division in the vascular cambium a
+DsYKLFCuihE-00073-00018587-00018772 lateral meristem and subsequent
+DsYKLFCuihE-00074-00018773-00019012 expansion of the new cells these cells
+DsYKLFCuihE-00075-00019013-00019237 then go on to form thicken secondary
+DsYKLFCuihE-00076-00019238-00019468 cell walls composed mainly of cellulose
+DsYKLFCuihE-00077-00019469-00019762 hemicellulose and lignin where the
+DsYKLFCuihE-00078-00019763-00019954 differences between the four seasons are
+DsYKLFCuihE-00079-00019955-00020281 distinct eg New Zealand growth can occur
+DsYKLFCuihE-00080-00020282-00020518 in a discrete annual or seasonal pattern
+DsYKLFCuihE-00081-00020519-00020692 leading to growth rings these can
+DsYKLFCuihE-00082-00020693-00020887 usually be most clearly seen on the end
+DsYKLFCuihE-00083-00020888-00021082 of a log but are also visible on the
+DsYKLFCuihE-00084-00021083-00021328 other surfaces if the distinctiveness
+DsYKLFCuihE-00085-00021329-00021568 between seasons is annual as is the case
+DsYKLFCuihE-00086-00021569-00021946 in equatorial regions eg Singapore these
+DsYKLFCuihE-00087-00021947-00022141 growth rings are referred to as annual
+DsYKLFCuihE-00088-00022142-00022360 rings where there is little seasonal
+DsYKLFCuihE-00089-00022361-00022546 difference growth rings are likely to be
+DsYKLFCuihE-00090-00022547-00022819 indistinct or absent if the bark of the
+DsYKLFCuihE-00091-00022820-00023017 tree has been removed in a particular
+DsYKLFCuihE-00092-00023018-00023215 area the Rings will likely be deformed
+DsYKLFCuihE-00093-00023216-00023440 as the plant over grows the scar if
+DsYKLFCuihE-00094-00023441-00023650 there are differences within a growth
+DsYKLFCuihE-00095-00023651-00023827 ring then the part of a growth ring
+DsYKLFCuihE-00096-00023828-00023989 nearest the centre of the tree and
+DsYKLFCuihE-00097-00023990-00024178 formed early in the growing season when
+DsYKLFCuihE-00098-00024179-00024412 growth is rapid is usually composed of
+DsYKLFCuihE-00099-00024413-00024703 wider elements it is usually lighter in
+DsYKLFCuihE-00100-00024704-00024880 color than that near the outer portion
+DsYKLFCuihE-00101-00024881-00025054 of the ring and is known as early wood
+DsYKLFCuihE-00102-00025055-00025324 or spring wood the outer portion formed
+DsYKLFCuihE-00103-00025325-00025504 later in the season is then known as the
+DsYKLFCuihE-00104-00025505-00025758 late wood or summer wood however there
+DsYKLFCuihE-00105-00025760-00025947 are major differences depending on the
+DsYKLFCuihE-00106-00025948-00026558 kind of wood see below
+DsYKLFCuihE-00107-00026560-00027023 topic not
+DsYKLFCuihE-00108-00027024-00027311 as a tree grows lower branches often die
+DsYKLFCuihE-00109-00027312-00027508 and their basis may become overgrown and
+DsYKLFCuihE-00110-00027509-00027737 enclosed by subsequent layers of trunk
+DsYKLFCuihE-00111-00027738-00027926 wood forming a type of imperfection
+DsYKLFCuihE-00112-00027927-00028183 known as a not the dead branch may not
+DsYKLFCuihE-00113-00028184-00028376 be attached to the trunk wood except at
+DsYKLFCuihE-00114-00028377-00028583 its base and can drop out after the tree
+DsYKLFCuihE-00115-00028583-00028852 has been son into boards knots affect
+DsYKLFCuihE-00116-00028853-00029018 the technical properties of the would
+DsYKLFCuihE-00117-00029019-00029243 usually reducing the local strength and
+DsYKLFCuihE-00118-00029244-00029411 increasing the tendency for splitting
+DsYKLFCuihE-00119-00029412-00029558 along the wood grain but may be
+DsYKLFCuihE-00120-00029558-00029810 exploited for visual effect in a
+DsYKLFCuihE-00121-00029811-00030020 longitudinally Sun plank a knot will
+DsYKLFCuihE-00122-00030020-00030252 appear as a roughly circular solid
+DsYKLFCuihE-00123-00030253-00030487 usually darker piece of wood around
+DsYKLFCuihE-00124-00030488-00030643 which the grain of the rest of the wood
+DsYKLFCuihE-00125-00030644-00030995 flows parts and rejoins within a knot
+DsYKLFCuihE-00126-00030995-00031127 the direction of the wood grain
+DsYKLFCuihE-00127-00031127-00031376 direction is up to 90 degrees different
+DsYKLFCuihE-00128-00031377-00031537 from the grain direction of the regular
+DsYKLFCuihE-00129-00031538-00031811 wood in the tree a knot is either the
+DsYKLFCuihE-00130-00031812-00032045 base of a side branch or a dormant but a
+DsYKLFCuihE-00131-00032045-00032312 knot when the base of a side branch is
+DsYKLFCuihE-00132-00032313-00032414 conical in shape
+DsYKLFCuihE-00133-00032414-00032627 hence the roughly circular cross-section
+DsYKLFCuihE-00134-00032627-00032801 with the inner tip at the point in stem
+DsYKLFCuihE-00135-00032802-00033008 diameter at which the plant's vascular
+DsYKLFCuihE-00136-00033009-00033185 cambium was located when the branch
+DsYKLFCuihE-00137-00033186-00033487 formed as a bud in grading lumber and
+DsYKLFCuihE-00138-00033488-00033698 structural timber knots are classified
+DsYKLFCuihE-00139-00033699-00033917 according to their form size soundness
+DsYKLFCuihE-00140-00033918-00034076 and the firmness with which they are
+DsYKLFCuihE-00141-00034077-00034364 held in place this firmness is affected
+DsYKLFCuihE-00142-00034365-00034552 by among other factors the length of
+DsYKLFCuihE-00143-00034553-00034733 time for which the branch was dead while
+DsYKLFCuihE-00144-00034734-00034945 the attaching stem continued to grow
+DsYKLFCuihE-00145-00034946-00035221 nuts materially affect cracking and
+DsYKLFCuihE-00146-00035222-00035411 warping ease and working and cleave
+DsYKLFCuihE-00147-00035412-00035687 ability of timber they are defects which
+DsYKLFCuihE-00148-00035688-00035885 weaken timber and lower its value for
+DsYKLFCuihE-00149-00035886-00036083 structural purposes where strength is an
+DsYKLFCuihE-00150-00036084-00036340 important consideration the weakening
+DsYKLFCuihE-00151-00036341-00036565 effect is much more serious when timber
+DsYKLFCuihE-00152-00036566-00036770 is subjected to forces perpendicular to
+DsYKLFCuihE-00153-00036771-00036962 the grain and/or tension than went under
+DsYKLFCuihE-00154-00036963-00037139 load along the grain and or compression
+DsYKLFCuihE-00155-00037140-00037399 the extent to which knots affect the
+DsYKLFCuihE-00156-00037400-00037570 strength of a beam depends upon their
+DsYKLFCuihE-00157-00037571-00037826 position size number and condition a
+DsYKLFCuihE-00158-00037827-00038065 knot on the upper side is compressed
+DsYKLFCuihE-00159-00038066-00038267 while one on the lower side is subjected
+DsYKLFCuihE-00160-00038268-00038537 to tension if there is a season check in
+DsYKLFCuihE-00161-00038538-00038726 the knot as is often the case it will
+DsYKLFCuihE-00162-00038727-00038920 offer little resistance to this tensile
+DsYKLFCuihE-00163-00038921-00039199 stress small knots however may be
+DsYKLFCuihE-00164-00039200-00039395 located along the neutral plane of a
+DsYKLFCuihE-00165-00039396-00039545 beam and increase the strength by
+DsYKLFCuihE-00166-00039546-00039799 preventing longitudinal shearing knots
+DsYKLFCuihE-00167-00039800-00040010 in a board or plank are least injurious
+DsYKLFCuihE-00168-00040011-00040157 when they extend through it at right
+DsYKLFCuihE-00169-00040158-00040356 angles to its broadest surface
+DsYKLFCuihE-00170-00040357-00040554 not to which occur near the ends of a
+DsYKLFCuihE-00171-00040555-00040824 beam do not weaken it sound knots which
+DsYKLFCuihE-00172-00040825-00041019 occur in the central portion one-fourth
+DsYKLFCuihE-00173-00041020-00041169 the height of the beam from either edge
+DsYKLFCuihE-00174-00041170-00041490 are not serious defects knots do not
+DsYKLFCuihE-00175-00041491-00041694 necessarily influence the stiffness of
+DsYKLFCuihE-00176-00041695-00041871 structural timber this will depend on
+DsYKLFCuihE-00177-00041872-00042132 the size and location stiffness and
+DsYKLFCuihE-00178-00042133-00042318 elastic strength are more dependent upon
+DsYKLFCuihE-00179-00042319-00042504 the sound wood than upon localized
+DsYKLFCuihE-00180-00042505-00042786 defects the breaking strength is very
+DsYKLFCuihE-00181-00042787-00043050 susceptible to defects sound knots do
+DsYKLFCuihE-00182-00043051-00043212 not weaken would when subject to
+DsYKLFCuihE-00183-00043213-00043424 compression parallel to the grain in
+DsYKLFCuihE-00184-00043425-00043695 some decorative applications wood with
+DsYKLFCuihE-00185-00043696-00043881 knots may be desirable to add visual
+DsYKLFCuihE-00186-00043882-00044169 interest in applications where wood is
+DsYKLFCuihE-00187-00044170-00044397 painted such as skirting boards fashio
+DsYKLFCuihE-00188-00044398-00044658 boards door frames and furniture resins
+DsYKLFCuihE-00189-00044659-00044841 present in the timber may continue to
+DsYKLFCuihE-00190-00044842-00045000 bleed through to the surface of a knot
+DsYKLFCuihE-00191-00045001-00045144 for months or even years after
+DsYKLFCuihE-00192-00045145-00045348 manufacture and show as a yellow or
+DsYKLFCuihE-00193-00045349-00045615 brownish stain a knot primer paint or
+DsYKLFCuihE-00194-00045616-00045810 solution nodding correctly applied
+DsYKLFCuihE-00195-00045811-00046014 during preparation may do much to reduce
+DsYKLFCuihE-00196-00046015-00046194 this problem but it is difficult to
+DsYKLFCuihE-00197-00046195-00046407 control completely especially when using
+DsYKLFCuihE-00198-00046408-00047120 mass-produced kiln dried timber stocks
+DsYKLFCuihE-00199-00047121-00047677 topic heartwood and sapwood
+DsYKLFCuihE-00200-00047678-00047923 Hart would order Amon is would that as a
+DsYKLFCuihE-00201-00047924-00048136 result of a naturally occurring chemical
+DsYKLFCuihE-00202-00048137-00048340 transformation has become more resistant
+DsYKLFCuihE-00203-00048341-00048592 to decay heartwood formation as a
+DsYKLFCuihE-00204-00048593-00048799 genetically programmed process that
+DsYKLFCuihE-00205-00048800-00049063 occurs spontaneously some uncertainty
+DsYKLFCuihE-00206-00049064-00049222 exists as to whether the wood dies
+DsYKLFCuihE-00207-00049223-00049420 during heartwood formation as it can
+DsYKLFCuihE-00208-00049421-00049573 still chemically react to decay
+DsYKLFCuihE-00209-00049574-00049789 organisms but only once heartwood has
+DsYKLFCuihE-00210-00049790-00049972 often visually distinct from the living
+DsYKLFCuihE-00211-00049973-00050149 SAP wood and can be distinguished in a
+DsYKLFCuihE-00212-00050150-00050311 cross-section where the boundary will
+DsYKLFCuihE-00213-00050312-00050545 tend to follow the growth rings for
+DsYKLFCuihE-00214-00050546-00050761 example it is sometimes much darker
+DsYKLFCuihE-00215-00050762-00051058 however other processes such as decay or
+DsYKLFCuihE-00216-00051059-00051277 insect invasion can also discolor wood
+DsYKLFCuihE-00217-00051278-00051483 even in woody plants that do not form
+DsYKLFCuihE-00218-00051484-00051699 heartwood which may lead to confusion
+DsYKLFCuihE-00219-00051700-00051976 SAP wood or al Burnham is the younger
+DsYKLFCuihE-00220-00051977-00052170 outer most wood in the growing tree at
+DsYKLFCuihE-00221-00052171-00052339 his living wood and its principal
+DsYKLFCuihE-00222-00052340-00052507 functions are to conduct water from the
+DsYKLFCuihE-00223-00052508-00052678 roots to the leaves and to store up and
+DsYKLFCuihE-00224-00052679-00052842 give back according to the season the
+DsYKLFCuihE-00225-00052844-00053089 reserves prepared in the leaves however
+DsYKLFCuihE-00226-00053090-00053292 by the time they become competent to
+DsYKLFCuihE-00227-00053294-00053515 conduct water all xylem tracheids and
+DsYKLFCuihE-00228-00053516-00053707 vessels have lost their cytoplasm and
+DsYKLFCuihE-00229-00053708-00053863 the cells are therefore functionally
+DsYKLFCuihE-00230-00053864-00054148 dead all wood in a tree is first formed
+DsYKLFCuihE-00231-00054149-00054352 as SAP wood the more leaves that tree
+DsYKLFCuihE-00232-00054353-00054532 bears and the more vigorous its growth
+DsYKLFCuihE-00233-00054533-00054709 the larger the volume of SAP wood
+DsYKLFCuihE-00234-00054710-00054778 required
+DsYKLFCuihE-00235-00054779-00055027 hence trees making rapid growth in the
+DsYKLFCuihE-00236-00055028-00055189 open have thicker SAP wood for their
+DsYKLFCuihE-00237-00055190-00055354 size than trees of the same species
+DsYKLFCuihE-00238-00055354-00055687 growing in dense forests sometimes trees
+DsYKLFCuihE-00239-00055688-00055905 of species that do form heartwood grown
+DsYKLFCuihE-00240-00055907-00056098 in the open may become of considerable
+DsYKLFCuihE-00241-00056099-00056359 size 30 centimeters 12 in or more in
+DsYKLFCuihE-00242-00056360-00056575 diameter before any heartwood begins to
+DsYKLFCuihE-00243-00056576-00056757 form for example in second growth
+DsYKLFCuihE-00244-00056758-00057085 hickory or open grown Pines the term
+DsYKLFCuihE-00245-00057086-00057255 heartwood derives solely from its
+DsYKLFCuihE-00246-00057257-00057417 position and not from any vital
+DsYKLFCuihE-00247-00057419-00057688 importance to the tree this is evidenced
+DsYKLFCuihE-00248-00057689-00057862 by the fact that a tree can thrive with
+DsYKLFCuihE-00249-00057863-00058099 its heart completely decayed some
+DsYKLFCuihE-00250-00058100-00058300 species begin to form heartwood very
+DsYKLFCuihE-00251-00058301-00058380 early in life
+DsYKLFCuihE-00252-00058382-00058603 so having only a thin layer of live SAP
+DsYKLFCuihE-00253-00058604-00058771 wood while in others the change comes
+DsYKLFCuihE-00254-00058772-00059067 slowly thin SAP wood is characteristic
+DsYKLFCuihE-00255-00059069-00059314 of such species as chestnut black locust
+DsYKLFCuihE-00256-00059315-00059532 mulberry Osage orange and sassafras
+DsYKLFCuihE-00257-00059533-00059836 while in maple ash hickory hackberry
+DsYKLFCuihE-00258-00059837-00060052 beech and pine thick SAP wood is the
+DsYKLFCuihE-00259-00060053-00060426 rule others never form heartwood
+DsYKLFCuihE-00260-00060427-00060624 definite relation exists between the
+DsYKLFCuihE-00261-00060625-00060807 annual rings of growth and the amount of
+DsYKLFCuihE-00262-00060808-00061074 sapwood within the same species the
+DsYKLFCuihE-00263-00061075-00061269 cross-sectional area of the sapwood is
+DsYKLFCuihE-00264-00061270-00061491 very roughly proportional to the size of
+DsYKLFCuihE-00265-00061491-00061728 the crown of the tree if the Rings are
+DsYKLFCuihE-00266-00061729-00061913 narrow more of them are required than
+DsYKLFCuihE-00267-00061914-00062138 where they are wide as the tree gets
+DsYKLFCuihE-00268-00062139-00062313 larger the sapwood must necessarily
+DsYKLFCuihE-00269-00062314-00062576 become thinner or increase materially in
+DsYKLFCuihE-00270-00062577-00062876 volume sapwood is relatively thicker in
+DsYKLFCuihE-00271-00062877-00063051 the upper portion of the trunk of a tree
+DsYKLFCuihE-00272-00063052-00063228 than near the base because the age in
+DsYKLFCuihE-00273-00063229-00063401 the diameter of the upper sections are
+DsYKLFCuihE-00274-00063402-00063699 less when a tree is very young it is
+DsYKLFCuihE-00275-00063700-00063869 covered with limbs almost if not
+DsYKLFCuihE-00276-00063870-00064094 entirely to the ground but as it grows
+DsYKLFCuihE-00277-00064095-00064226 older some or all of them will
+DsYKLFCuihE-00278-00064227-00064430 eventually die and are either broken off
+DsYKLFCuihE-00279-00064432-00064719 or fall off subsequent growth of wood
+DsYKLFCuihE-00280-00064720-00064913 may completely conceal the stubs which
+DsYKLFCuihE-00281-00064914-00065204 will however remain is not no matter how
+DsYKLFCuihE-00282-00065205-00065421 smooth and clear a log is on the outside
+DsYKLFCuihE-00283-00065422-00065601 it is more or less knotty near the
+DsYKLFCuihE-00284-00065602-00065871 middle consequently the SAP would of an
+DsYKLFCuihE-00285-00065872-00066087 old tree and particularly of a forest
+DsYKLFCuihE-00286-00066088-00066282 grown tree will be freer from knots than
+DsYKLFCuihE-00287-00066283-00066546 the inner heartwood since in most uses
+DsYKLFCuihE-00288-00066547-00066738 of wood knots are defects that weaken
+DsYKLFCuihE-00289-00066739-00066900 the timber and interfere with its ease
+DsYKLFCuihE-00290-00066901-00067071 of working and other properties it
+DsYKLFCuihE-00291-00067072-00067272 follows that a given piece of SAP would
+DsYKLFCuihE-00292-00067273-00067467 because of its position in the tree may
+DsYKLFCuihE-00293-00067468-00067593 well be stronger than a piece of
+DsYKLFCuihE-00294-00067594-00067884 heartwood from the same tree
+DsYKLFCuihE-00295-00067885-00068103 it is remarkable that the inner hardwood
+DsYKLFCuihE-00296-00068104-00068288 of old trees remains as sound as it
+DsYKLFCuihE-00297-00068289-00068525 usually does since in many cases it is
+DsYKLFCuihE-00298-00068526-00068657 hundreds and in a few instances
+DsYKLFCuihE-00299-00068658-00068999 thousands of years old every broken limb
+DsYKLFCuihE-00300-00069000-00069267 or root or deep wound from fire insects
+DsYKLFCuihE-00301-00069268-00069480 or falling timber may afford an entrance
+DsYKLFCuihE-00302-00069481-00069662 for decay which once started may
+DsYKLFCuihE-00303-00069663-00069868 penetrate to all parts of the trunk the
+DsYKLFCuihE-00304-00069869-00070130 larvae of many insects bore into the
+DsYKLFCuihE-00305-00070131-00070262 trees and their tunnels remain
+DsYKLFCuihE-00306-00070263-00070468 indefinitely as sources of weakness
+DsYKLFCuihE-00307-00070469-00070751 whatever advantages however that SAP
+DsYKLFCuihE-00308-00070752-00070919 wood may have in this connection or due
+DsYKLFCuihE-00309-00070920-00071097 solely to its relative age and position
+DsYKLFCuihE-00310-00071098-00071424 if a tree grows all its life in the open
+DsYKLFCuihE-00311-00071425-00071616 and the conditions of soil and sight
+DsYKLFCuihE-00312-00071617-00071813 remain unchanged it will make its most
+DsYKLFCuihE-00313-00071814-00072005 rapid growth in youth and gradually
+DsYKLFCuihE-00314-00072006-00072285 decline the annual rings of growth are
+DsYKLFCuihE-00315-00072286-00072482 for many years quite wide but later they
+DsYKLFCuihE-00316-00072483-00072747 become narrower and narrower since each
+DsYKLFCuihE-00317-00072748-00072924 succeeding ring is laid down on the
+DsYKLFCuihE-00318-00072925-00073140 outside of the wood previously formed it
+DsYKLFCuihE-00319-00073141-00073349 follows that unless a tree materially
+DsYKLFCuihE-00320-00073350-00073526 increases its production of wood from
+DsYKLFCuihE-00321-00073527-00073686 year to year the rings must necessarily
+DsYKLFCuihE-00322-00073687-00073913 become thinner as the trunk gets wider
+DsYKLFCuihE-00323-00073914-00074207 as a tree reaches maturity its crown
+DsYKLFCuihE-00324-00074208-00074405 becomes more open and the annual wood
+DsYKLFCuihE-00325-00074406-00074612 production is lessened thereby reducing
+DsYKLFCuihE-00326-00074613-00074774 still more the width of the growth rings
+DsYKLFCuihE-00327-00074775-00075072 in the case of forest grown trees so
+DsYKLFCuihE-00328-00075073-00075269 much depends upon the competition of the
+DsYKLFCuihE-00329-00075270-00075431 trees in their struggle for light and
+DsYKLFCuihE-00330-00075432-00075612 nourishment that periods of rapid and
+DsYKLFCuihE-00331-00075613-00075881 slow growth may alternate some trees
+DsYKLFCuihE-00332-00075882-00076094 such as Southern Oaks maintain the same
+DsYKLFCuihE-00333-00076095-00076367 width of ring for hundreds of years upon
+DsYKLFCuihE-00334-00076368-00076601 the whole however as a tree gets larger
+DsYKLFCuihE-00335-00076602-00076755 in diameter the width of the growth
+DsYKLFCuihE-00336-00076756-00077075 rings decreases different pieces of wood
+DsYKLFCuihE-00337-00077076-00077235 cut from a large tree may differ
+DsYKLFCuihE-00338-00077236-00077448 decidedly particularly if the tree is
+DsYKLFCuihE-00339-00077449-00077748 big and mature in some trees the wood
+DsYKLFCuihE-00340-00077749-00077924 late on late in the life of a tree is
+DsYKLFCuihE-00341-00077925-00078147 softer lighter weaker and more even
+DsYKLFCuihE-00342-00078148-00078344 textured than that produced earlier but
+DsYKLFCuihE-00343-00078345-00078617 in other trees the reverse applies this
+DsYKLFCuihE-00344-00078618-00078828 may or may not correspond to heartwood
+DsYKLFCuihE-00345-00078829-00079092 and sapwood in a large log the SAP would
+DsYKLFCuihE-00346-00079093-00079254 because of the time in the life of the
+DsYKLFCuihE-00347-00079255-00079451 tree when it was grown may be inferior
+DsYKLFCuihE-00348-00079452-00079662 in hardness strength and toughness to
+DsYKLFCuihE-00349-00079663-00079830 equally sound heartwood from the same
+DsYKLFCuihE-00350-00079831-00080124 log in a smaller tree the reverse may be
+DsYKLFCuihE-00351-00080125-00080618 true
+DsYKLFCuihE-00352-00080619-00081084 topic color
+DsYKLFCuihE-00353-00081085-00081299 in species which show a distinct
+DsYKLFCuihE-00354-00081300-00081461 difference between heartwood and sapwood
+DsYKLFCuihE-00355-00081462-00081668 the natural color of heartwood is
+DsYKLFCuihE-00356-00081669-00081842 usually darker than that of the sapwood
+DsYKLFCuihE-00357-00081843-00082055 and very frequently the contrast is
+DsYKLFCuihE-00358-00082056-00082292 conspicuous see section of you log above
+DsYKLFCuihE-00359-00082293-00082553 this is produced by deposits in the
+DsYKLFCuihE-00360-00082554-00082763 heartwood of chemical substances so that
+DsYKLFCuihE-00361-00082764-00082949 a dramatic color variation does not
+DsYKLFCuihE-00362-00082950-00083126 imply a significant difference in the
+DsYKLFCuihE-00363-00083127-00083315 mechanical properties of heartwood and
+DsYKLFCuihE-00364-00083316-00083492 sapwood although there may be a marked
+DsYKLFCuihE-00365-00083493-00083719 biochemical difference between the two
+DsYKLFCuihE-00366-00083720-00083984 some experiments on very resinous
+DsYKLFCuihE-00367-00083985-00084191 longleaf pine specimens indicate an
+DsYKLFCuihE-00368-00084192-00084374 increase in strength due to the resin
+DsYKLFCuihE-00369-00084375-00084556 which increases the strength when dry
+DsYKLFCuihE-00370-00084557-00084857 such resin saturated heartwood is called
+DsYKLFCuihE-00371-00084858-00085172 fat lighter structures built of fat
+DsYKLFCuihE-00372-00085173-00085367 lighter are almost impervious to rot in
+DsYKLFCuihE-00373-00085368-00085609 termites however they are very flammable
+DsYKLFCuihE-00374-00085610-00085877 stumps of old longleaf pines are often
+DsYKLFCuihE-00375-00085878-00086115 dug split into small pieces and sold as
+DsYKLFCuihE-00376-00086116-00086405 kindling for fires stumps thus dug may
+DsYKLFCuihE-00377-00086406-00086612 actually remain a century or more since
+DsYKLFCuihE-00378-00086613-00086903 being cut spruce impregnated with crude
+DsYKLFCuihE-00379-00086904-00087080 resin and dried has also greatly
+DsYKLFCuihE-00380-00087081-00087390 increased in strength thereby since the
+DsYKLFCuihE-00381-00087391-00087581 late wood of a growth ring is usually
+DsYKLFCuihE-00382-00087582-00087771 darker in color than the early wood this
+DsYKLFCuihE-00383-00087772-00087977 fact may be used in visually judging the
+DsYKLFCuihE-00384-00087978-00088157 density and therefore the hardness and
+DsYKLFCuihE-00385-00088158-00088379 strength of the material this is
+DsYKLFCuihE-00386-00088380-00088556 particularly the case with coniferous
+DsYKLFCuihE-00387-00088557-00088821 woods in ring porous woods the vessels
+DsYKLFCuihE-00388-00088822-00088982 of the early would often appear on a
+DsYKLFCuihE-00389-00088983-00089159 finished surface as darker than the
+DsYKLFCuihE-00390-00089160-00089273 denser late wood though on
+DsYKLFCuihE-00391-00089274-00089453 cross-sections of heartwood the reverse
+DsYKLFCuihE-00392-00089454-00089744 is commonly true otherwise the color of
+DsYKLFCuihE-00393-00089745-00089974 wood has no indication of strength
+DsYKLFCuihE-00394-00089975-00090230 abnormal discoloration of would often
+DsYKLFCuihE-00395-00090231-00090440 denotes a diseased condition indicating
+DsYKLFCuihE-00396-00090441-00090725 unsoundness the black check in western
+DsYKLFCuihE-00397-00090726-00090937 hemlock is the result of insect attacks
+DsYKLFCuihE-00398-00090938-00091226 the reddish brown streaks so common in
+DsYKLFCuihE-00399-00091227-00091391 hickory and certain other woods are
+DsYKLFCuihE-00400-00091392-00091688 mostly the result of injury by birds the
+DsYKLFCuihE-00401-00091689-00091910 discoloration is merely an indication of
+DsYKLFCuihE-00402-00091911-00092105 an injury and in all probability does
+DsYKLFCuihE-00403-00092106-00092276 not of itself affect the properties of
+DsYKLFCuihE-00404-00092277-00092571 the wood certain rot producing thunk I
+DsYKLFCuihE-00405-00092572-00092777 impart to wood characteristic colors
+DsYKLFCuihE-00406-00092778-00092946 which thus become symptomatic of
+DsYKLFCuihE-00407-00092947-00093140 weakness however an attractive effect
+DsYKLFCuihE-00408-00093141-00093287 known as spaulding produced by this
+DsYKLFCuihE-00409-00093288-00093530 process is often considered a desirable
+DsYKLFCuihE-00410-00093531-00093827 characteristic ordinary SAP staining is
+DsYKLFCuihE-00411-00093828-00093992 due to fungal growth but does not
+DsYKLFCuihE-00412-00093993-00094680 necessarily produce a weakening effect
+DsYKLFCuihE-00413-00094681-00095202 topic water content
+DsYKLFCuihE-00414-00095203-00095430 water occurs in living wood in three
+DsYKLFCuihE-00415-00095431-00095762 locations namely in the cell walls in
+DsYKLFCuihE-00416-00095763-00096042 the protoplasmic contents of the cells
+DsYKLFCuihE-00417-00096043-00096357 as free water in the cell cavities and
+DsYKLFCuihE-00418-00096358-00096555 spaces especially of the xylem and
+DsYKLFCuihE-00419-00096556-00096732 heartwood it occurs only in the first
+DsYKLFCuihE-00420-00096733-00096981 and last forms wood that is thoroughly
+DsYKLFCuihE-00421-00096982-00097272 air dried retains 8 to 16 percent of the
+DsYKLFCuihE-00422-00097273-00097467 water in the cell walls and none or
+DsYKLFCuihE-00423-00097468-00097752 practically none in the other forms even
+DsYKLFCuihE-00424-00097753-00097941 oven-dried wood retains a small
+DsYKLFCuihE-00425-00097942-00098127 percentage of moisture but for all
+DsYKLFCuihE-00426-00098128-00098304 except chemical purposes may be
+DsYKLFCuihE-00427-00098305-00098625 considered absolutely dry the general
+DsYKLFCuihE-00428-00098626-00098805 effect of the water content upon the
+DsYKLFCuihE-00429-00098806-00098994 wood substance is to render it softer
+DsYKLFCuihE-00430-00098995-00099279 and more pliable a similar effect occurs
+DsYKLFCuihE-00431-00099280-00099456 in the softening action of water on
+DsYKLFCuihE-00432-00099457-00099765 rawhide paper or cloth within certain
+DsYKLFCuihE-00433-00099766-00099981 limits the greater the water content the
+DsYKLFCuihE-00434-00099982-00100263 greater its softening effect drying
+DsYKLFCuihE-00435-00100264-00100470 produces a decided increase in the
+DsYKLFCuihE-00436-00100471-00100668 strength of wood particularly in small
+DsYKLFCuihE-00437-00100669-00100974 specimens an extreme example is the case
+DsYKLFCuihE-00438-00100975-00101190 of a completely dry spruce block 5
+DsYKLFCuihE-00439-00101191-00101364 centimeters in section which will
+DsYKLFCuihE-00440-00101365-00101580 sustain a permanent load four times as
+DsYKLFCuihE-00441-00101581-00101784 great as a green undried block of the
+DsYKLFCuihE-00442-00101785-00102063 same size well the greatest strength
+DsYKLFCuihE-00443-00102064-00102237 increase due to drying is in the
+DsYKLFCuihE-00444-00102238-00102426 ultimate crushing strength and strength
+DsYKLFCuihE-00445-00102427-00102642 at elastic limit in endwise compression
+DsYKLFCuihE-00446-00102643-00102813 these are followed by the modulus of
+DsYKLFCuihE-00447-00102814-00103034 rupture and stress at elastic limit in
+DsYKLFCuihE-00448-00103035-00103205 cross bending while the modulus of
+DsYKLFCuihE-00449-00103206-00103849 elasticity is least affected
+DsYKLFCuihE-00450-00103850-00104343 topic structure
+DsYKLFCuihE-00451-00104344-00104561 Wood is a heterogeneous hygroscopic
+DsYKLFCuihE-00452-00104563-00104857 cellular in anisotropic material it
+DsYKLFCuihE-00453-00104858-00105078 consists of cells and the cell walls are
+DsYKLFCuihE-00454-00105079-00105349 composed of microfibrils of cellulose 40
+DsYKLFCuihE-00455-00105350-00105675 to 50 percent and hemicellulose 15 to 25
+DsYKLFCuihE-00456-00105676-00105931 percent impregnated with lignin 15 to
+DsYKLFCuihE-00457-00105932-00106200 30% in coniferous or softwood species
+DsYKLFCuihE-00458-00106201-00106399 the wood cells are mostly of one kind
+DsYKLFCuihE-00459-00106400-00106626 tracheids and as a result the material
+DsYKLFCuihE-00460-00106627-00106825 as much more uniform in structure than
+DsYKLFCuihE-00461-00106826-00107056 that of most hardwoods there are no
+DsYKLFCuihE-00462-00107057-00107368 vessels doors in coniferous woods such
+DsYKLFCuihE-00463-00107369-00107608 as one see so prominently in oak and ash
+DsYKLFCuihE-00464-00107608-00107908 for example the structure of hardwoods
+DsYKLFCuihE-00465-00107908-00108159 is more complex the water conducting
+DsYKLFCuihE-00466-00108160-00108375 capability is mostly taken care of by
+DsYKLFCuihE-00467-00108376-00108625 vessels in some cases oak chestnut ash
+DsYKLFCuihE-00468-00108626-00108834 these are quite large and distinct in
+DsYKLFCuihE-00469-00108835-00109096 others Buckeye poplar willow too small
+DsYKLFCuihE-00470-00109097-00109318 to be seen without a hand lens in
+DsYKLFCuihE-00471-00109319-00109566 discussing such woods it is customary to
+DsYKLFCuihE-00472-00109567-00109791 divide them into two large classes ring
+DsYKLFCuihE-00473-00109792-00110023 porous and diffuse porous in ring porous
+DsYKLFCuihE-00474-00110024-00110289 species such as ash black locust catalpa
+DsYKLFCuihE-00475-00110290-00110589 chestnut Elm Hickory mulberry and oak
+DsYKLFCuihE-00476-00110590-00110770 the larger vessels or pores as
+DsYKLFCuihE-00477-00110771-00110971 cross-sections of vessels are called are
+DsYKLFCuihE-00478-00110972-00111157 localized in the part of the growth ring
+DsYKLFCuihE-00479-00111158-00111363 formed in spring thus forming a region
+DsYKLFCuihE-00480-00111364-00111558 of more or less open and porous tissue
+DsYKLFCuihE-00481-00111558-00111828 the rest of the ring produced in summer
+DsYKLFCuihE-00482-00111829-00112053 is made up of smaller vessels in a much
+DsYKLFCuihE-00483-00112054-00112321 greater proportion of wood fibers these
+DsYKLFCuihE-00484-00112322-00112491 fibers are the elements which gives
+DsYKLFCuihE-00485-00112492-00112675 strength and toughness to wood while the
+DsYKLFCuihE-00486-00112676-00112836 vessels are a source of weakness in
+DsYKLFCuihE-00487-00112838-00113020 diffuse porous woods the pores are
+DsYKLFCuihE-00488-00113021-00113166 evenly sized so that the water
+DsYKLFCuihE-00489-00113167-00113352 conducting capability is scattered
+DsYKLFCuihE-00490-00113353-00113506 throughout the growth ring instead of
+DsYKLFCuihE-00491-00113507-00113702 being collected in a band or row
+DsYKLFCuihE-00492-00113703-00113940 examples of this kind of wood are alder
+DsYKLFCuihE-00493-00113941-00114244 bass wood birch Buckeye maple willow and
+DsYKLFCuihE-00494-00114245-00114448 the populous species such as Aspen
+DsYKLFCuihE-00495-00114449-00114769 Cottonwood and poplar some species such
+DsYKLFCuihE-00496-00114770-00114963 as walnut and cherry are on the border
+DsYKLFCuihE-00497-00114964-00115140 between the two classes forming an
+DsYKLFCuihE-00498-00115141-00115714 intermediate group
+DsYKLFCuihE-00499-00115715-00116258 topic early wood and late wood
+DsYKLFCuihE-00500-00116258-00116586 you
+DsYKLFCuihE-00501-00116588-00117069 topic in softwood
+DsYKLFCuihE-00502-00117070-00117306 in temperate softwoods they're often as
+DsYKLFCuihE-00503-00117307-00117468 a marked difference between late wood
+DsYKLFCuihE-00504-00117469-00117696 and early wood the late wood will be
+DsYKLFCuihE-00505-00117697-00117860 denser than that formed early in the
+DsYKLFCuihE-00506-00117861-00118091 season when examined under a microscope
+DsYKLFCuihE-00507-00118092-00118322 the cells of dense late wood are seemed
+DsYKLFCuihE-00508-00118323-00118497 to be very thick walled and with very
+DsYKLFCuihE-00509-00118498-00118628 small cell cavities
+DsYKLFCuihE-00510-00118629-00118799 while those formed first in the season
+DsYKLFCuihE-00511-00118800-00119003 have thin walls and large cell cavities
+DsYKLFCuihE-00512-00119004-00119252 the strength is in the walls not the
+DsYKLFCuihE-00513-00119253-00119319 cavities
+DsYKLFCuihE-00514-00119320-00119522 hence the greater the proportion of late
+DsYKLFCuihE-00515-00119523-00119682 wood the greater the density and
+DsYKLFCuihE-00516-00119683-00119933 strength in choosing a piece of pine
+DsYKLFCuihE-00517-00119934-00120110 where strength or stiffness is the
+DsYKLFCuihE-00518-00120111-00120321 important consideration the principal
+DsYKLFCuihE-00519-00120322-00120483 thing to observe is the comparative
+DsYKLFCuihE-00520-00120483-00120725 amounts of early wood in late wood the
+DsYKLFCuihE-00521-00120726-00120945 width of ring is not nearly so important
+DsYKLFCuihE-00522-00120946-00121119 as the proportion and nature of the late
+DsYKLFCuihE-00523-00121120-00121391 wood in the rain if a heavy piece of
+DsYKLFCuihE-00524-00121392-00121553 pine is compared with a lightweight
+DsYKLFCuihE-00525-00121554-00121731 piece it will be seen at once that the
+DsYKLFCuihE-00526-00121732-00121904 heavier one contains a larger proportion
+DsYKLFCuihE-00527-00121905-00122084 of late wood than the other and is
+DsYKLFCuihE-00528-00122085-00122228 therefore showing more clearly
+DsYKLFCuihE-00529-00122229-00122513 demarcated growth rings in white pines
+DsYKLFCuihE-00530-00122514-00122721 there is not much contrast between the
+DsYKLFCuihE-00531-00122722-00122871 different parts of the ring and as a
+DsYKLFCuihE-00532-00122872-00123059 result the wood is very uniform in
+DsYKLFCuihE-00533-00123060-00123333 texture and is easy to work in hard
+DsYKLFCuihE-00534-00123333-00123546 Pines on the other hand the late wood is
+DsYKLFCuihE-00535-00123547-00123708 very dense and as deep colored
+DsYKLFCuihE-00536-00123708-00123933 presenting a very decided contrast to
+DsYKLFCuihE-00537-00123933-00124226 the soft straw colored early wood it is
+DsYKLFCuihE-00538-00124227-00124431 not only the proportion of late wood but
+DsYKLFCuihE-00539-00124432-00124663 also its quality that counts in
+DsYKLFCuihE-00540-00124664-00124872 specimens that show a very large
+DsYKLFCuihE-00541-00124873-00125033 proportion of late wood it may be
+DsYKLFCuihE-00542-00125034-00125204 noticeably more porous and weigh
+DsYKLFCuihE-00543-00125205-00125394 considerably less than the late wood in
+DsYKLFCuihE-00544-00125395-00125663 pieces that contain less late wood one
+DsYKLFCuihE-00545-00125664-00125840 can judge comparative density and
+DsYKLFCuihE-00546-00125841-00126023 therefore to some extent strength by
+DsYKLFCuihE-00547-00126024-00126314 visual inspection no satisfactory
+DsYKLFCuihE-00548-00126315-00126531 explanation can has yet be given for the
+DsYKLFCuihE-00549-00126532-00126710 exact mechanisms determining the
+DsYKLFCuihE-00550-00126711-00126910 formation of early wood and late wood
+DsYKLFCuihE-00551-00126911-00127160 several factors may be involved in
+DsYKLFCuihE-00552-00127161-00127422 conifers at least rate of growth alone
+DsYKLFCuihE-00553-00127423-00127604 does not determine the proportion of the
+DsYKLFCuihE-00554-00127605-00127782 two portions of the Ring for in some
+DsYKLFCuihE-00555-00127783-00127973 cases the wood of slow growth is very
+DsYKLFCuihE-00556-00127974-00128145 hard and heavy while in others the
+DsYKLFCuihE-00557-00128146-00128232 opposite is true
+DsYKLFCuihE-00558-00128233-00128486 the quality of the site where the tree
+DsYKLFCuihE-00559-00128487-00128670 grows undoubtedly affects the character
+DsYKLFCuihE-00560-00128671-00128834 of the wood formed though it is not
+DsYKLFCuihE-00561-00128835-00129029 possible to formulate a rule governing
+DsYKLFCuihE-00562-00129030-00129321 it in general however it may be said
+DsYKLFCuihE-00563-00129322-00129473 that where strength or ease of working
+DsYKLFCuihE-00564-00129474-00129683 is essential woods of moderate to slow
+DsYKLFCuihE-00565-00129684-00130252 growth should be chosen
+DsYKLFCuihE-00566-00130253-00130794 topic in ring porous woods
+DsYKLFCuihE-00567-00130795-00131058 in ring porous woods each seasons growth
+DsYKLFCuihE-00568-00131058-00131274 is always well-defined because the large
+DsYKLFCuihE-00569-00131275-00131484 pores formed early in the season abut on
+DsYKLFCuihE-00570-00131485-00131684 the denser tissue of the year before in
+DsYKLFCuihE-00571-00131685-00131946 the case of the ring porous hardwoods
+DsYKLFCuihE-00572-00131947-00132144 there seems to exist a pretty definite
+DsYKLFCuihE-00573-00132145-00132306 relation between the rate of growth of
+DsYKLFCuihE-00574-00132307-00132564 timber and its properties this may be
+DsYKLFCuihE-00575-00132565-00132717 briefly summed up in the general
+DsYKLFCuihE-00576-00132718-00132912 statement that the more rapid the growth
+DsYKLFCuihE-00577-00132913-00133101 or the wider the rings of growth the
+DsYKLFCuihE-00578-00133102-00133332 heavier harder stronger and stiffer the
+DsYKLFCuihE-00579-00133333-00133617 wood this it must be remembered applies
+DsYKLFCuihE-00580-00133618-00133815 only to ring porous woods such as oak
+DsYKLFCuihE-00581-00133816-00134052 ash hickory and others of the same group
+DsYKLFCuihE-00582-00134053-00134238 and as of course subject to some
+DsYKLFCuihE-00583-00134239-00134532 exceptions and limitations in ring
+DsYKLFCuihE-00584-00134533-00134700 porous woods of good growth it is
+DsYKLFCuihE-00585-00134701-00134874 usually the late wood in which the
+DsYKLFCuihE-00586-00134875-00135057 thick-walled strength giving fibers are
+DsYKLFCuihE-00587-00135058-00135291 most abundant as the breadth of ring
+DsYKLFCuihE-00588-00135292-00135513 diminishes this late wood is reduced so
+DsYKLFCuihE-00589-00135514-00135675 that very slow growth produces
+DsYKLFCuihE-00590-00135676-00135888 comparatively light porous wood composed
+DsYKLFCuihE-00591-00135889-00136041 of thin walled vessels in wood
+DsYKLFCuihE-00592-00136042-00136302 parenchyma in good oak these large
+DsYKLFCuihE-00593-00136303-00136539 vessels of the early would occupy from 6
+DsYKLFCuihE-00594-00136540-00136734 to 10 percent of the volume of the log
+DsYKLFCuihE-00595-00136735-00136929 while an inferior material they may make
+DsYKLFCuihE-00596-00136930-00137280 up 25% or more the late wood of good oak
+DsYKLFCuihE-00597-00137281-00137505 is dark-colored and firm and consists
+DsYKLFCuihE-00598-00137506-00137709 mostly of thick-walled fibers which form
+DsYKLFCuihE-00599-00137710-00138000 one half or more of the wood in inferior
+DsYKLFCuihE-00600-00138001-00138222 oak this late wood is much reduced both
+DsYKLFCuihE-00601-00138223-00138534 in quantity and quality such variation
+DsYKLFCuihE-00602-00138535-00138714 is very largely the result of rate of
+DsYKLFCuihE-00603-00138715-00139020 growth wide ringed wood is often called
+DsYKLFCuihE-00604-00139021-00139302 second growth because the growth of the
+DsYKLFCuihE-00605-00139303-00139494 young timber in open stands after the
+DsYKLFCuihE-00606-00139495-00139671 old trees have been removed as more
+DsYKLFCuihE-00607-00139672-00139878 rapid than in trees in a closed forest
+DsYKLFCuihE-00608-00139879-00140070 and in the manufacture of articles where
+DsYKLFCuihE-00609-00140071-00140226 strength is an important consideration
+DsYKLFCuihE-00610-00140227-00140604 such second growth hardwood material is
+DsYKLFCuihE-00611-00140605-00140826 preferred this is particularly the case
+DsYKLFCuihE-00612-00140827-00141021 in the choice of hickory for handles and
+DsYKLFCuihE-00613-00141022-00141276 spokes here not only strength but
+DsYKLFCuihE-00614-00141277-00141459 toughness and resilience are important
+DsYKLFCuihE-00615-00141460-00141645 the results of a series of tests on
+DsYKLFCuihE-00616-00141646-00141855 Hickory by the u.s. Forest Service show
+DsYKLFCuihE-00617-00141856-00142206 that the work or shock resisting ability
+DsYKLFCuihE-00618-00142207-00142437 is greatest in wide ringed wood that has
+DsYKLFCuihE-00619-00142438-00142830 from 5 to 14 rings per inch rings 1.8 to
+DsYKLFCuihE-00620-00142831-00143064 5 millimeters thick is fairly constant
+DsYKLFCuihE-00621-00143065-00143523 from 14 to 38 rings per inch rings 0.7
+DsYKLFCuihE-00622-00143524-00143826 to 1.8 millimeters thick and decreases
+DsYKLFCuihE-00623-00143827-00144133 rapidly from 38 to 47 rings
+DsYKLFCuihE-00624-00144134-00144561 inch rings 0.5 to 0.7 millimeters thick
+DsYKLFCuihE-00625-00144562-00144886 the strength at maximum load is not so
+DsYKLFCuihE-00626-00144887-00145093 great with the most rapid growing wood
+DsYKLFCuihE-00627-00145094-00145384 it is maximum width from 14 to 20 rings
+DsYKLFCuihE-00628-00145385-00145765 per inch rings 1.3 to 1.8 millimeters
+DsYKLFCuihE-00629-00145766-00145993 thick and again becomes less as the wood
+DsYKLFCuihE-00630-00145994-00146314 becomes more closely ringed the natural
+DsYKLFCuihE-00631-00146315-00146518 deduction is that wood of first class
+DsYKLFCuihE-00632-00146519-00146818 mechanical value shows from 5 to 20
+DsYKLFCuihE-00633-00146819-00147097 rings per inch rings 1.3 to 5
+DsYKLFCuihE-00634-00147098-00147313 millimeters thick and that slower growth
+DsYKLFCuihE-00635-00147314-00147658 yields poor stock thus the inspector or
+DsYKLFCuihE-00636-00147659-00147865 buyer of Hickory should discriminate
+DsYKLFCuihE-00637-00147866-00148075 against timber that has more than 20
+DsYKLFCuihE-00638-00148076-00148330 rings per inch rings less than 1 point 3
+DsYKLFCuihE-00639-00148331-00148627 millimeters thick exceptions exist
+DsYKLFCuihE-00640-00148628-00148879 however in the case of normal growth
+DsYKLFCuihE-00641-00148880-00149152 upon dry situations in which the slow
+DsYKLFCuihE-00642-00149153-00149421 growing material may be strong and tough
+DsYKLFCuihE-00643-00149422-00149665 the effective rate of growth on the
+DsYKLFCuihE-00644-00149666-00149872 qualities of chestnut wood is summarized
+DsYKLFCuihE-00645-00149873-00150166 by the same Authority as follows when
+DsYKLFCuihE-00646-00150167-00150349 the rings are wide the transition from
+DsYKLFCuihE-00647-00150350-00150562 spring wood to summer wood is gradual
+DsYKLFCuihE-00648-00150563-00150721 while in the narrow rings the spring
+DsYKLFCuihE-00649-00150722-00150910 wood passes into summer wood abruptly
+DsYKLFCuihE-00650-00150911-00151195 the width of the spring wood changes but
+DsYKLFCuihE-00651-00151196-00151357 little with the width of the annual ring
+DsYKLFCuihE-00652-00151358-00151540 so that the narrowing or broadening of
+DsYKLFCuihE-00653-00151541-00151738 the annual ring is always at the expense
+DsYKLFCuihE-00654-00151739-00152002 of the summer wood the narrow vessels of
+DsYKLFCuihE-00655-00152003-00152179 the summer wood make it richer in wood
+DsYKLFCuihE-00656-00152180-00152368 substance than the spring wood composed
+DsYKLFCuihE-00657-00152369-00152665 of wide vessels therefore rapid growing
+DsYKLFCuihE-00658-00152666-00152890 specimens with wide rings have more wood
+DsYKLFCuihE-00659-00152891-00153079 substance than slow growing trees with
+DsYKLFCuihE-00660-00153080-00153328 narrow rings since the more the wood
+DsYKLFCuihE-00661-00153329-00153517 substance the greater the weight and the
+DsYKLFCuihE-00662-00153518-00153673 greater the weight the stronger the wood
+DsYKLFCuihE-00663-00153674-00153871 chestnuts with wide rings must have
+DsYKLFCuihE-00664-00153872-00154054 stronger wood than chestnuts with narrow
+DsYKLFCuihE-00665-00154055-00154339 rings this agrees with the accepted view
+DsYKLFCuihE-00666-00154340-00154507 that sprouts which always have wide
+DsYKLFCuihE-00667-00154508-00154702 rings yield better and stronger wood
+DsYKLFCuihE-00668-00154703-00154894 than sealing chestnuts which grow more
+DsYKLFCuihE-00669-00154895-00155464 slowly in diameter
+DsYKLFCuihE-00670-00155465-00156026 topic in defused porous woods
+DsYKLFCuihE-00671-00156027-00156239 in the diffuse poorest woods the
+DsYKLFCuihE-00672-00156240-00156449 demarcation between rings is not always
+DsYKLFCuihE-00673-00156450-00156695 so clear and in some cases as almost if
+DsYKLFCuihE-00674-00156696-00156869 not entirely invisible to the unaided
+DsYKLFCuihE-00675-00156870-00157160 eye conversely when there is a clear
+DsYKLFCuihE-00676-00157161-00157304 demarcation there may not be a
+DsYKLFCuihE-00677-00157305-00157460 noticeable difference in structure
+DsYKLFCuihE-00678-00157461-00157724 within the growth ring in diffuse
+DsYKLFCuihE-00679-00157725-00157931 poorest woods as has been stated the
+DsYKLFCuihE-00680-00157932-00158141 vessels or pores are even sized so that
+DsYKLFCuihE-00681-00158142-00158324 the water conducting capability is
+DsYKLFCuihE-00682-00158325-00158477 scattered throughout the ring instead of
+DsYKLFCuihE-00683-00158478-00158684 collected in the early wood the
+DsYKLFCuihE-00684-00158685-00158873 effective rate of growth is therefore
+DsYKLFCuihE-00685-00158874-00159062 not the same as in the ring porous woods
+DsYKLFCuihE-00686-00159063-00159257 approaching more nearly the conditions
+DsYKLFCuihE-00687-00159258-00159512 in the conifers in general it may be
+DsYKLFCuihE-00688-00159513-00159719 stated that such woods of medium growth
+DsYKLFCuihE-00689-00159720-00159932 afford stronger material than when very
+DsYKLFCuihE-00690-00159933-00160211 rapidly are very slowly grown in many
+DsYKLFCuihE-00691-00160212-00160433 uses of wood total strength is not the
+DsYKLFCuihE-00692-00160434-00160715 main consideration if ease of working is
+DsYKLFCuihE-00693-00160716-00160931 priced Wood should be chosen with regard
+DsYKLFCuihE-00694-00160932-00161108 to its uniformity of texture and
+DsYKLFCuihE-00695-00161109-00161282 straightness of grain which will in most
+DsYKLFCuihE-00696-00161283-00161435 cases occur when there is little
+DsYKLFCuihE-00697-00161436-00161624 contrast between the late wood of one
+DsYKLFCuihE-00698-00161625-00161801 seasons growth in the early wood of the
+DsYKLFCuihE-00699-00161802-00162324 next
+DsYKLFCuihE-00700-00162325-00162661 topic monocot would
+DsYKLFCuihE-00701-00162662-00162828 you
+DsYKLFCuihE-00702-00162829-00163059 structural material that resembles
+DsYKLFCuihE-00703-00163060-00163386 ordinary dekat or conifer timber in its
+DsYKLFCuihE-00704-00163387-00163569 gross handling characteristics is
+DsYKLFCuihE-00705-00163570-00163776 produced by a number of monocoque plants
+DsYKLFCuihE-00706-00163777-00163953 and these also are colloquially called
+DsYKLFCuihE-00707-00163954-00164247 wood of these bamboo botanically a
+DsYKLFCuihE-00708-00164248-00164415 member of the grass family has
+DsYKLFCuihE-00709-00164416-00164661 considerable economic importance larger
+DsYKLFCuihE-00710-00164662-00164859 combs being widely used as a building
+DsYKLFCuihE-00711-00164860-00165036 and construction material and in the
+DsYKLFCuihE-00712-00165037-00165198 manufacture of engineered flooring
+DsYKLFCuihE-00713-00165199-00165495 panels and veneer another major plant
+DsYKLFCuihE-00714-00165496-00165720 group that produces material that often
+DsYKLFCuihE-00715-00165721-00165966 is called wood are the palms of much
+DsYKLFCuihE-00716-00165967-00166134 less importance or plants such as
+DsYKLFCuihE-00717-00166135-00166452 pandanus Dracena and cordyline with all
+DsYKLFCuihE-00718-00166453-00166614 this material the structure and
+DsYKLFCuihE-00719-00166615-00166782 composition of the processed raw
+DsYKLFCuihE-00720-00166783-00166944 material is quite different from
+DsYKLFCuihE-00721-00166945-00167507 ordinary wood
+DsYKLFCuihE-00722-00167508-00168048 topic-specific gravity
+DsYKLFCuihE-00723-00168049-00168276 the single most revealing property of
+DsYKLFCuihE-00724-00168277-00168483 wood as an indicator of wood quality as
+DsYKLFCuihE-00725-00168484-00168786 specific gravity Timmel 1986 as both
+DsYKLFCuihE-00726-00168787-00168945 pulp yield and lumber strength are
+DsYKLFCuihE-00727-00168946-00169230 determined by it specific gravity is the
+DsYKLFCuihE-00728-00169231-00169431 ratio of the mass of a substance to the
+DsYKLFCuihE-00729-00169432-00169671 mass of an equal volume of water density
+DsYKLFCuihE-00730-00169672-00169881 is the ratio of a mass of a quantity of
+DsYKLFCuihE-00731-00169882-00170040 a substance to the volume of that
+DsYKLFCuihE-00732-00170041-00170250 quantity and is expressed in mass per
+DsYKLFCuihE-00733-00170251-00170481 unit substance eg grams per milliliter
+DsYKLFCuihE-00734-00170482-00170814 gram per cc or gram per milliliter the
+DsYKLFCuihE-00735-00170815-00171018 terms are essentially equivalent as long
+DsYKLFCuihE-00736-00171019-00171318 as the metric system is used upon drying
+DsYKLFCuihE-00737-00171319-00171540 wood shrinks and it's density increases
+DsYKLFCuihE-00738-00171541-00171813 minimum values are associated with green
+DsYKLFCuihE-00739-00171814-00172020 water saturated wood and are referred to
+DsYKLFCuihE-00740-00172021-00172833 as basic specific gravity Timmel 1986
+DsYKLFCuihE-00741-00172834-00173344 topic would density
+DsYKLFCuihE-00742-00173345-00173593 would density is determined by multiple
+DsYKLFCuihE-00743-00173594-00173782 growth and physiological factors
+DsYKLFCuihE-00744-00173783-00173953 compounded into one fairly easily
+DsYKLFCuihE-00745-00173954-00174265 measured would characteristic Eliot 1970
+DsYKLFCuihE-00746-00174266-00174549 age diameter height radial trunk growth
+DsYKLFCuihE-00747-00174550-00174805 geographical location site and growing
+DsYKLFCuihE-00748-00174806-00175027 conditions silvicultural treatment and
+DsYKLFCuihE-00749-00175028-00175240 seed source all to some degree influence
+DsYKLFCuihE-00750-00175241-00175534 wood density variation is to be expected
+DsYKLFCuihE-00751-00175535-00175813 within an individual tree the variation
+DsYKLFCuihE-00752-00175814-00176020 in wood density is often as great as her
+DsYKLFCuihE-00753-00176021-00176200 even greater than that between different
+DsYKLFCuihE-00754-00176201-00176596 trees Timmel 1986 variation of specific
+DsYKLFCuihE-00755-00176597-00176782 gravity within the bole of a tree can
+DsYKLFCuihE-00756-00176783-00176947 occur in either the horizontal or
+DsYKLFCuihE-00757-00176948-00177549 vertical direction
+DsYKLFCuihE-00758-00177550-00178128 topic hardened soft woods
+DsYKLFCuihE-00759-00178129-00178362 it is common to classify wood as either
+DsYKLFCuihE-00760-00178363-00178582 softwood or hardwood the wood from
+DsYKLFCuihE-00761-00178583-00178860 conifers eg pine is called soft wood and
+DsYKLFCuihE-00762-00178861-00179056 the wood from dicotyledons usually
+DsYKLFCuihE-00763-00179057-00179298 broad-leaved trees eg oak is called
+DsYKLFCuihE-00764-00179299-00179523 hardwood these names are a bit
+DsYKLFCuihE-00765-00179524-00179679 misleading as hardwoods are not
+DsYKLFCuihE-00766-00179680-00179901 necessarily hard and soft woods are not
+DsYKLFCuihE-00767-00179902-00180204 necessarily soft the well-known balsa a
+DsYKLFCuihE-00768-00180205-00180409 hardwood is actually softer than any
+DsYKLFCuihE-00769-00180410-00180729 commercial softwood conversely some soft
+DsYKLFCuihE-00770-00180730-00180946 woods eg you are harder than many
+DsYKLFCuihE-00771-00180947-00181207 hardwoods there is a strong relationship
+DsYKLFCuihE-00772-00181208-00181434 between the properties of wood and the
+DsYKLFCuihE-00773-00181435-00181626 properties of the particular tree that
+DsYKLFCuihE-00774-00181627-00181882 yielded it the density of wood varies
+DsYKLFCuihE-00775-00181883-00182103 with species the density of the wood
+DsYKLFCuihE-00776-00182104-00182308 correlates with its strengths mechanical
+DsYKLFCuihE-00777-00182309-00182601 properties for example mahogany is a
+DsYKLFCuihE-00778-00182602-00182790 medium dense hardwood that is excellent
+DsYKLFCuihE-00779-00182791-00183009 for fine furniture crafting whereas ball
+DsYKLFCuihE-00780-00183010-00183216 says light making it useful for model
+DsYKLFCuihE-00781-00183217-00183459 building one of the densest woods as
+DsYKLFCuihE-00782-00183460-00184023 black iron wood
+DsYKLFCuihE-00783-00184024-00184575 topic chemistry of wood
+DsYKLFCuihE-00784-00184576-00184830 the chemical composition of wood varies
+DsYKLFCuihE-00785-00184831-00184989 from species to species
+DsYKLFCuihE-00786-00184990-00185199 but as approximately 50 percent carbon
+DsYKLFCuihE-00787-00185200-00185505 42 percent oxygen six percent hydrogen
+DsYKLFCuihE-00788-00185506-00185721 one percent nitrogen and one percent
+DsYKLFCuihE-00789-00185722-00185931 other elements mainly calcium potassium
+DsYKLFCuihE-00790-00185932-00186261 sodium magnesium iron and manganese by
+DsYKLFCuihE-00791-00186262-00186522 weight wood also contains sulfur
+DsYKLFCuihE-00792-00186523-00186774 chlorine silicon phosphorus and other
+DsYKLFCuihE-00793-00186775-00187092 elements in small quantity aside from
+DsYKLFCuihE-00794-00187093-00187295 water wood has three main components
+DsYKLFCuihE-00795-00187296-00187557 cellulose a crystalline polymer derived
+DsYKLFCuihE-00796-00187558-00187860 from glucose constitutes about 41 to 43
+DsYKLFCuihE-00797-00187861-00188130 percent next in abundance as Hema
+DsYKLFCuihE-00798-00188131-00188370 cellulose which is around 20% in
+DsYKLFCuihE-00799-00188371-00188598 deciduous trees but near 30 percent in
+DsYKLFCuihE-00800-00188599-00188919 conifers it is mainly five carbon sugars
+DsYKLFCuihE-00801-00188920-00189072 that are linked in an irregular manner
+DsYKLFCuihE-00802-00189073-00189387 in contrast to the cellulose lignin as
+DsYKLFCuihE-00803-00189388-00189660 the third component at around 27% in
+DsYKLFCuihE-00804-00189661-00189939 coniferous wood versus 23% in deciduous
+DsYKLFCuihE-00805-00189940-00190257 trees lignin confers the hydrophobic
+DsYKLFCuihE-00806-00190258-00190437 properties reflecting the fact that it
+DsYKLFCuihE-00807-00190438-00190716 is based on aromatic rings these three
+DsYKLFCuihE-00808-00190717-00190911 components are interwoven and direct
+DsYKLFCuihE-00809-00190912-00191112 covalent linkages exist between the
+DsYKLFCuihE-00810-00191113-00191367 lignin and the hemicellulose a major
+DsYKLFCuihE-00811-00191368-00191571 focus of the paper industry as the
+DsYKLFCuihE-00812-00191572-00191724 separation of the lignin from the
+DsYKLFCuihE-00813-00191725-00191984 cellulose from which paper is made in
+DsYKLFCuihE-00814-00191985-00192207 chemical terms the difference between
+DsYKLFCuihE-00815-00192208-00192429 hardwood and softwood is reflected in
+DsYKLFCuihE-00816-00192430-00192591 the composition of the Constituent
+DsYKLFCuihE-00817-00192592-00192873 lignin hardwood lignin is primarily
+DsYKLFCuihE-00818-00192874-00193071 derived from sin Apple alcohol and
+DsYKLFCuihE-00819-00193072-00193371 coniferous all softwood lignin is mainly
+DsYKLFCuihE-00820-00193372-00193978 derived from coniferous alcohol
+DsYKLFCuihE-00821-00193979-00194486 topic extractives
+DsYKLFCuihE-00822-00194487-00194716 aside from the lignocellulose wood
+DsYKLFCuihE-00823-00194717-00194906 consists of a variety of low molecular
+DsYKLFCuihE-00824-00194907-00195110 weight organic compounds called
+DsYKLFCuihE-00825-00195111-00195379 extractives the wood extractives are
+DsYKLFCuihE-00826-00195380-00195614 fatty acids resin acids waxes and
+DsYKLFCuihE-00827-00195615-00195698 terpenes
+DsYKLFCuihE-00828-00195699-00196010 for example rosin is exude by conifers
+DsYKLFCuihE-00829-00196011-00196247 as protection from insects the
+DsYKLFCuihE-00830-00196248-00196412 extraction of these organic materials
+DsYKLFCuihE-00831-00196413-00196654 from wood provides tall oil turpentine
+DsYKLFCuihE-00832-00196655-00197264 and rosin
+DsYKLFCuihE-00833-00197265-00197761 topic uses
+DsYKLFCuihE-00834-00197762-00198102 you
+DsYKLFCuihE-00835-00198103-00198581 topic fuel
+DsYKLFCuihE-00836-00198582-00198827 Wood has a long history of being used as
+DsYKLFCuihE-00837-00198828-00199016 fuel which continues to this day
+DsYKLFCuihE-00838-00199017-00199243 mostly in rural areas of the world
+DsYKLFCuihE-00839-00199244-00199487 hardwood is preferred over softwood
+DsYKLFCuihE-00840-00199488-00199679 because it creates less smoke and burns
+DsYKLFCuihE-00841-00199680-00199928 longer adding a wood stove or fireplace
+DsYKLFCuihE-00842-00199929-00200159 to a home is often felt to add ambience
+DsYKLFCuihE-00843-00200160-00200736 and warmth
+DsYKLFCuihE-00844-00200737-00201231 topic construction
+DsYKLFCuihE-00845-00201232-00201462 Wood has been an important construction
+DsYKLFCuihE-00846-00201463-00201645 material since humans began building
+DsYKLFCuihE-00847-00201646-00201960 shelters houses and boats nearly all
+DsYKLFCuihE-00848-00201961-00202131 boats were made out of wood until the
+DsYKLFCuihE-00849-00202132-00202362 late 19th century and wood remains in
+DsYKLFCuihE-00850-00202363-00202562 common use today in boat construction
+DsYKLFCuihE-00851-00202563-00202824 Elm in particular was used for this
+DsYKLFCuihE-00852-00202825-00203046 purpose as it resisted decay as long as
+DsYKLFCuihE-00853-00203047-00203249 it was kept wet it also served for water
+DsYKLFCuihE-00854-00203250-00203450 pipe before the advent of more modern
+DsYKLFCuihE-00855-00203451-00203682 plumbing wood to be used for
+DsYKLFCuihE-00856-00203683-00203883 construction work is commonly known as
+DsYKLFCuihE-00857-00203884-00204186 lumber in North America elsewhere lumber
+DsYKLFCuihE-00858-00204187-00204401 usually refers to felled trees and the
+DsYKLFCuihE-00859-00204402-00204594 word for Sun planks ready for use as
+DsYKLFCuihE-00860-00204595-00204855 timber in medieval Europe oak was the
+DsYKLFCuihE-00861-00204856-00205013 wood of choice for all wood construction
+DsYKLFCuihE-00862-00205014-00205352 including beams walls doors and floors
+DsYKLFCuihE-00863-00205353-00205644 today a wider variety of woods as used
+DsYKLFCuihE-00864-00205644-00205821 solid wood doors are often made from
+DsYKLFCuihE-00865-00205821-00206113 poplar small nodded pine and Douglas fir
+DsYKLFCuihE-00866-00206114-00206396 new domestic housing in many parts of
+DsYKLFCuihE-00867-00206398-00206585 the world today is commonly made from
+DsYKLFCuihE-00868-00206586-00206844 timber framed construction engineered
+DsYKLFCuihE-00869-00206844-00207048 wood products are becoming a bigger part
+DsYKLFCuihE-00870-00207048-00207290 of the construction industry they may be
+DsYKLFCuihE-00871-00207291-00207464 used in both residential and commercial
+DsYKLFCuihE-00872-00207465-00207686 buildings as structural and aesthetic
+DsYKLFCuihE-00873-00207687-00207971 materials in buildings made of other
+DsYKLFCuihE-00874-00207973-00208179 materials wood will still be found as a
+DsYKLFCuihE-00875-00208180-00208404 supporting material especially in roof
+DsYKLFCuihE-00876-00208405-00208610 construction in interior doors in their
+DsYKLFCuihE-00877-00208611-00208923 frames and as exterior cladding wood is
+DsYKLFCuihE-00878-00208923-00209090 also commonly used as shuttering
+DsYKLFCuihE-00879-00209091-00209271 material to form the mould into which
+DsYKLFCuihE-00880-00209271-00209469 concrete is poured during reinforced
+DsYKLFCuihE-00881-00209469-00210039 concrete construction
+DsYKLFCuihE-00882-00210040-00210515 topic wood flooring
+DsYKLFCuihE-00883-00210516-00210778 a solid wood floor as a floor laid with
+DsYKLFCuihE-00884-00210779-00210977 planks or battens created from a single
+DsYKLFCuihE-00885-00210978-00211313 piece of timber usually a hardwood since
+DsYKLFCuihE-00886-00211314-00211538 wood is hydroscopic it acquires and
+DsYKLFCuihE-00887-00211539-00211678 loses moisture from the ambient
+DsYKLFCuihE-00888-00211679-00211858 conditions around it this potential
+DsYKLFCuihE-00889-00211859-00212044 instability effectively limits the
+DsYKLFCuihE-00890-00212046-00212317 length and width of the board's solid
+DsYKLFCuihE-00891-00212319-00212521 hardwood flooring is usually cheaper
+DsYKLFCuihE-00892-00212523-00212690 than engineered Timbers and damaged
+DsYKLFCuihE-00893-00212691-00212902 areas can be sanded down and refinished
+DsYKLFCuihE-00894-00212903-00213094 repeatedly the number of times being
+DsYKLFCuihE-00895-00213096-00213269 limited only by the thickness of wood
+DsYKLFCuihE-00896-00213269-00213563 above the tongue solid hardwood floors
+DsYKLFCuihE-00897-00213564-00213721 were originally used for structural
+DsYKLFCuihE-00898-00213723-00213965 purposes being installed perpendicular
+DsYKLFCuihE-00899-00213966-00214121 to the wooden support beams of a
+DsYKLFCuihE-00900-00214121-00214354 building the joists or bearers and solid
+DsYKLFCuihE-00901-00214355-00214534 construction timber is still often used
+DsYKLFCuihE-00902-00214535-00214723 for sports floors as well as most
+DsYKLFCuihE-00903-00214725-00214930 traditional wood blocks mosaics and
+DsYKLFCuihE-00904-00214931-00215453 parquetry
+DsYKLFCuihE-00905-00215454-00215946 topic engineered wood
+DsYKLFCuihE-00906-00215946-00216205 engineered wood products glued building
+DsYKLFCuihE-00907-00216206-00216502 products engineered for applications
+DsYKLFCuihE-00908-00216503-00216696 specific performance requirements are
+DsYKLFCuihE-00909-00216698-00216859 often used in construction and
+DsYKLFCuihE-00910-00216860-00217165 industrial applications glued engineered
+DsYKLFCuihE-00911-00217166-00217344 wood products are manufactured by
+DsYKLFCuihE-00912-00217346-00217564 bonding together wood strands veneers
+DsYKLFCuihE-00913-00217565-00217804 lumber or other forms of wood fiber with
+DsYKLFCuihE-00914-00217805-00218005 glue to form a larger more efficient
+DsYKLFCuihE-00915-00218006-00218161 composite structural unit
+DsYKLFCuihE-00916-00218162-00218296 these products include glued laminated
+DsYKLFCuihE-00917-00218296-00218551 timber glulam wood structural panels
+DsYKLFCuihE-00918-00218552-00218788 including plywood oriented strand board
+DsYKLFCuihE-00919-00218789-00219019 and composite panels laminated veneer
+DsYKLFCuihE-00920-00219019-00219250 lumber lvl and other structural
+DsYKLFCuihE-00921-00219251-00219535 composite lumber SCL products parallel
+DsYKLFCuihE-00922-00219536-00219759 strand lumber and eye joists
+DsYKLFCuihE-00923-00219760-00220042 approximately 100 million cubic meters
+DsYKLFCuihE-00924-00220042-00220240 of wood was consumed for this purpose in
+DsYKLFCuihE-00925-00220241-00220582 1991 the trends suggest that particle
+DsYKLFCuihE-00926-00220583-00220756 board and fiber board will overtake
+DsYKLFCuihE-00927-00220757-00221077 plywood wood unsuitable for construction
+DsYKLFCuihE-00928-00221078-00221275 in its native form may be broken down
+DsYKLFCuihE-00929-00221276-00221503 mechanically into fibres or chips or
+DsYKLFCuihE-00930-00221504-00221716 chemically into cellulose and used as a
+DsYKLFCuihE-00931-00221717-00221881 raw material for other building
+DsYKLFCuihE-00932-00221882-00222088 materials such as engineered wood as
+DsYKLFCuihE-00933-00222089-00222316 well as chipboard hard board and medium
+DsYKLFCuihE-00934-00222317-00222628 density fiberboard MDF such wood
+DsYKLFCuihE-00935-00222629-00222856 derivatives are widely used wood fibres
+DsYKLFCuihE-00936-00222857-00223044 are an important component of most paper
+DsYKLFCuihE-00937-00223046-00223273 and cellulose is used as a component of
+DsYKLFCuihE-00938-00223273-00223507 some synthetic materials wood
+DsYKLFCuihE-00939-00223508-00223696 derivatives can be used for kinds of
+DsYKLFCuihE-00940-00223696-00224379 flooring for example laminate flooring
+DsYKLFCuihE-00941-00224380-00224951 topic furniture and utensils
+DsYKLFCuihE-00942-00224952-00225131 Wood has always been used extensively
+DsYKLFCuihE-00943-00225132-00225413 for furniture such as chairs and beds it
+DsYKLFCuihE-00944-00225414-00225680 is also used for tool handles and
+DsYKLFCuihE-00945-00225681-00225905 cutlery such as chopsticks toothpicks
+DsYKLFCuihE-00946-00225906-00226096 and other utensils like the wooden spoon
+DsYKLFCuihE-00947-00226098-00226658 and pencil
+DsYKLFCuihE-00948-00226659-00227251 topic next generation wood products
+DsYKLFCuihE-00949-00227252-00227534 further developments include new lignin
+DsYKLFCuihE-00950-00227535-00227746 glue applications recyclable food
+DsYKLFCuihE-00951-00227748-00227951 packaging rubber tire replacement
+DsYKLFCuihE-00952-00227952-00228169 applications anti bacterial medical
+DsYKLFCuihE-00953-00228171-00228353 agents and high strength fabrics or
+DsYKLFCuihE-00954-00228354-00228635 composites as scientists and engineers
+DsYKLFCuihE-00955-00228636-00228875 further learn and develop new techniques
+DsYKLFCuihE-00956-00228876-00229085 to extract various components from wood
+DsYKLFCuihE-00957-00229086-00229304 or alternatively to modify wood for
+DsYKLFCuihE-00958-00229305-00229526 example by adding components to wood new
+DsYKLFCuihE-00959-00229527-00229694 more advanced products will appear on
+DsYKLFCuihE-00960-00229694-00229961 the marketplace moisture content
+DsYKLFCuihE-00961-00229962-00230165 electronic monitoring can also enhance
+DsYKLFCuihE-00962-00230166-00230796 next generation wood protection
+DsYKLFCuihE-00963-00230798-00231289 topic in the arts
+DsYKLFCuihE-00964-00231290-00231508 Wood has long been used as an artistic
+DsYKLFCuihE-00965-00231509-00231703 medium it has been used to make
+DsYKLFCuihE-00966-00231704-00231891 sculptures and carvings for millennia
+DsYKLFCuihE-00967-00231892-00232146 examples include the totem poles carved
+DsYKLFCuihE-00968-00232148-00232375 by North American indigenous people from
+DsYKLFCuihE-00969-00232376-00232579 conifer trunks often Western redcedar
+DsYKLFCuihE-00970-00232580-00232840 thuja piccata
+DsYKLFCuihE-00971-00232841-00233126 other uses of wood in the arts include
+DsYKLFCuihE-00972-00233127-00233481 woodcut printmaking and engraving wood
+DsYKLFCuihE-00973-00233482-00233685 can be a surface to paint on such as in
+DsYKLFCuihE-00974-00233686-00233941 panel painting many musical instruments
+DsYKLFCuihE-00975-00233942-00234558 are made mostly or entirely of wood
+DsYKLFCuihE-00976-00234559-00235189 topic sports and recreational equipment
+DsYKLFCuihE-00977-00235190-00235431 many types of sports equipment are made
+DsYKLFCuihE-00978-00235432-00235621 of wood or were constructed of wood in
+DsYKLFCuihE-00979-00235621-00235915 the past for example cricket bats are
+DsYKLFCuihE-00980-00235916-00236116 typically made of white willow the
+DsYKLFCuihE-00981-00236117-00236338 baseball bats which are legal for use in
+DsYKLFCuihE-00982-00236339-00236521 Major League Baseball are frequently
+DsYKLFCuihE-00983-00236521-00236706 made of ash wood or hickory and in
+DsYKLFCuihE-00984-00236707-00236883 recent years have been constructed from
+DsYKLFCuihE-00985-00236884-00237060 maple even though that wood has somewhat
+DsYKLFCuihE-00986-00237061-00237330 more fragile NBA courts have been
+DsYKLFCuihE-00987-00237331-00237630 traditionally made out of parquetry many
+DsYKLFCuihE-00988-00237631-00237831 other types of sports and recreation
+DsYKLFCuihE-00989-00237832-00238083 equipment such as skis ice hockey sticks
+DsYKLFCuihE-00990-00238084-00238302 lacrosse sticks and archery bows were
+DsYKLFCuihE-00991-00238303-00238498 commonly made of wood in the past but
+DsYKLFCuihE-00992-00238498-00238644 have since been replaced with more
+DsYKLFCuihE-00993-00238646-00238806 modern materials such as aluminium
+DsYKLFCuihE-00994-00238807-00239098 titanium or composite materials such as
+DsYKLFCuihE-00995-00239098-00239373 fiberglass and carbon fiber one
+DsYKLFCuihE-00996-00239375-00239587 noteworthy example of this trend is the
+DsYKLFCuihE-00997-00239588-00239808 family of golf clubs commonly known as
+DsYKLFCuihE-00998-00239809-00239952 the woods the heads of which were
+DsYKLFCuihE-00999-00239953-00240153 traditionally made of persimmon wood in
+DsYKLFCuihE-01000-00240154-00240346 the early days of the game of golf but
+DsYKLFCuihE-01001-00240346-00240507 are now generally made of metal or
+DsYKLFCuihE-01002-00240508-00240735 especially in the case of drivers carbon
+DsYKLFCuihE-01003-00240736-00241342 fiber composites
+DsYKLFCuihE-01004-00241344-00241941 topic bacterial degradation
+DsYKLFCuihE-01005-00241942-00242163 little is known about the bacteria that
+DsYKLFCuihE-01006-00242164-00242477 degrades cellulose symbiotic bacteria in
+DsYKLFCuihE-01007-00242478-00242667 xyla figga may play a role in the
+DsYKLFCuihE-01008-00242667-00242841 degradation of sunken wood while
+DsYKLFCuihE-01009-00242842-00243077 bacteria such as alpha Proteobacteria
+DsYKLFCuihE-01010-00243078-00243375 flava bacteria Actinobacteria clostridia
+DsYKLFCuihE-01011-00243376-00243573 and Bacteroidetes have been detected in
+DsYKLFCuihE-01012-00243573-00243846 wood submerged over a year
+DsYKLFCuihE-01013-00243846-00244235 equals equals see also
+Dt_lN11oyXA-00000-00000056-00000342 hmm
+Dt_lN11oyXA-00001-00000343-00001791 [Music]
+Dt_lN11oyXA-00002-00001792-00002042 foreign
+Dt_lN11oyXA-00003-00002043-00003638 [Music]
+Dt_lN11oyXA-00004-00003639-00004431 uh
+Dt_lN11oyXA-00005-00004432-00004876 uh
+Dt_lN11oyXA-00006-00004877-00005565 [Music]
+Dt_lN11oyXA-00007-00005566-00005831 [Music]
+Dt_lN11oyXA-00008-00005832-00006352 uh
+Dt_lN11oyXA-00009-00006353-00008306 [Music]
+Dt_lN11oyXA-00010-00008307-00009963 [Music]
+Dt_lN11oyXA-00011-00009964-00010782 [Music]
+Dt_lN11oyXA-00012-00010783-00011510 [Music]
+Dt_lN11oyXA-00013-00011511-00011982 um
+Dt_lN11oyXA-00014-00011983-00013419 [Music]
+Dt_lN11oyXA-00015-00013421-00014230 [Music]
+Dt_lN11oyXA-00016-00014231-00014833 foreign
+Dt_lN11oyXA-00017-00014834-00016247 [Music]
+Dt_lN11oyXA-00018-00016247-00016456 you
+DtE2mG5fOoU-00000-00000054-00000254 the German national movement in
+DtE2mG5fOoU-00001-00000256-00000474 Liechtenstein German Volk stuch be
+DtE2mG5fOoU-00002-00000475-00000728 wagging in Liechtenstein VD BL was a
+DtE2mG5fOoU-00003-00000729-00000891 National Socialist Party in
+DtE2mG5fOoU-00004-00000892-00001136 Liechtenstein that existed between 1938
+DtE2mG5fOoU-00005-00001137-00001787 and 1945
+DtE2mG5fOoU-00006-00001788-00002402 topic formation and ideology
+DtE2mG5fOoU-00007-00002403-00002663 the VDB elf formed after the Anschluss
+DtE2mG5fOoU-00008-00002664-00002954 of Austria in 1938 and advocated for the
+DtE2mG5fOoU-00009-00002955-00003140 integration of Liechtenstein into the
+DtE2mG5fOoU-00010-00003141-00003251 greater German Reich
+DtE2mG5fOoU-00011-00003252-00003521 the organization disseminated its
+DtE2mG5fOoU-00012-00003522-00003736 ideology through its newspaper Durham
+DtE2mG5fOoU-00013-00003738-00004070 brick a slogan associated with the party
+DtE2mG5fOoU-00014-00004071-00004261 was Liechtenstein den Liechtenstein ern
+DtE2mG5fOoU-00015-00004262-00004439 Liechtenstein for the Liechtenstein errs
+DtE2mG5fOoU-00016-00004440-00004724 this implied a radical populism that
+DtE2mG5fOoU-00017-00004725-00004847 would threaten the allegiance of the
+DtE2mG5fOoU-00018-00004848-00005047 people of Liechtenstein to ruling prince
+DtE2mG5fOoU-00019-00005048-00005686 franz joseph ii
+DtE2mG5fOoU-00020-00005687-00006351 Topic coup attempt and party demise
+DtE2mG5fOoU-00021-00006352-00006714 in March 1939 the V D BL staged an
+DtE2mG5fOoU-00022-00006715-00006909 amateurish coup attempt first trying to
+DtE2mG5fOoU-00023-00006909-00007109 provoke a German intervention by burning
+DtE2mG5fOoU-00024-00007111-00007308 swastikas followed by declaring an
+DtE2mG5fOoU-00025-00007309-00007554 answer with Germany the leaders were
+DtE2mG5fOoU-00026-00007555-00007740 almost immediately arrested and the
+DtE2mG5fOoU-00027-00007741-00007911 hoped for German invasion failed to
+DtE2mG5fOoU-00028-00007912-00008136 materialize the inability of the party
+DtE2mG5fOoU-00029-00008137-00008397 to participate in the 1939 elections
+DtE2mG5fOoU-00030-00008398-00008607 after a pact between the main parties to
+DtE2mG5fOoU-00031-00008608-00008802 keep the election data secret combined
+DtE2mG5fOoU-00032-00008803-00008979 with the drastic decrease in Nazi
+DtE2mG5fOoU-00033-00008980-00009141 sympathies following the outbreak of
+DtE2mG5fOoU-00034-00009142-00009372 World War two led to a temporary demise
+DtE2mG5fOoU-00035-00009373-00009726 of the party however in June 1940 it was
+DtE2mG5fOoU-00036-00009727-00009921 reconstituted under the leadership of
+DtE2mG5fOoU-00037-00009922-00010404 dr. Ahn's GUP during 1941 and 1942 the
+DtE2mG5fOoU-00038-00010405-00010554 party was involved in vehement
+DtE2mG5fOoU-00039-00010555-00010809 anti-semitic agitation urging a solution
+DtE2mG5fOoU-00040-00010810-00010998 to the country's presumed Jewish
+DtE2mG5fOoU-00041-00010999-00011271 Question accusing Jewish families in
+DtE2mG5fOoU-00042-00011272-00011451 Liechtenstein of spying for the Allies
+DtE2mG5fOoU-00043-00011452-00011838 by early 1943 the VDB l had become an
+DtE2mG5fOoU-00044-00011839-00012057 embarrassment to germany its recruitment
+DtE2mG5fOoU-00045-00012058-00012219 for the waffen-ss compromised
+DtE2mG5fOoU-00046-00012220-00012435 Lichtenstein's neutrality disquieting
+DtE2mG5fOoU-00047-00012436-00012717 the Swiss the German Ministry of Foreign
+DtE2mG5fOoU-00048-00012718-00013062 Affairs in March 1943 forced the V D BL
+DtE2mG5fOoU-00049-00013063-00013244 to hold talks with the Patriotic Union
+DtE2mG5fOoU-00050-00013246-00013515 boo in Friedreich's - under auspices of
+DtE2mG5fOoU-00051-00013516-00013611 the waffen-ss
+DtE2mG5fOoU-00052-00013612-00013782 in order to reach a fusion of both
+DtE2mG5fOoU-00053-00013783-00013988 parties which shared an anti Bolshevik
+DtE2mG5fOoU-00054-00013990-00014250 and anti-clerical program severely
+DtE2mG5fOoU-00055-00014251-00014334 disappointed
+DtE2mG5fOoU-00056-00014335-00014577 GUP resigned as party leader in the end
+DtE2mG5fOoU-00057-00014578-00014826 the view only consented to some cultural
+DtE2mG5fOoU-00058-00014827-00015144 cooperation when Germany's war fortunes
+DtE2mG5fOoU-00059-00015144-00015459 declined in July 1943 Durham brick was
+DtE2mG5fOoU-00060-00015460-00015797 forbidden by the authorities in 1946
+DtE2mG5fOoU-00061-00015799-00016002 party leaders were prosecuted for the
+DtE2mG5fOoU-00062-00016003-00016428 1939 coup attempt GUP was in 1947
+DtE2mG5fOoU-00063-00016429-00016587 condemned for high treason to an
+DtE2mG5fOoU-00064-00016588-00016929 imprisonment of 30 months
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00000-00000119-00000862 foreign
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00001-00000863-00001199 welcome to this podcast the role of
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00002-00001200-00001427 social Partners in securing high quality
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00003-00001428-00001739 effective apprenticeships
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00004-00001739-00001930 there is a con consensus that
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00005-00001932-00002105 apprenticeships provide a number of
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00006-00002106-00002368 significant benefits they enable young
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00007-00002369-00002560 people to acquire the skills and
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00008-00002561-00002771 competences to make the transition from
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00009-00002772-00002915 school to work
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00010-00002916-00003142 they provide coordination between the
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00011-00003143-00003406 world of education and the world of work
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00012-00003407-00003640 they provide employers and Enterprises
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00013-00003642-00003899 with a stable and reliable pipeline of
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00014-00003900-00004049 qualified workers
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00015-00004050-00004319 and they also provide a cost-effective
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00016-00004320-00004619 form of delivery of vocational education
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00017-00004620-00004811 and training
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00018-00004812-00005009 these benefits have been acknowledged at
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00019-00005010-00005309 the national European and Global levels
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00020-00005310-00005525 at the national level countries have
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00021-00005526-00005729 made great strides to review and adapt
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00022-00005730-00006004 their apprenticeship systems
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00023-00006005-00006220 EU member states have adopted a
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00024-00006221-00006425 recommendation to develop quality and
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00025-00006426-00006605 effective apprenticeships
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00026-00006606-00006773 and the European commission has
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00027-00006773-00006959 established a European Alliance for
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00028-00006959-00007217 apprenticeships Ayala which aims to
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00029-00007218-00007498 strengthen the quality Supply and
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00030-00007500-00007709 overall image of apprenticeships across
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00031-00007709-00007841 Europe
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00032-00007842-00008045 they are for members can benefit from
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00033-00008045-00008267 apprenticeship Support Services which
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00034-00008268-00008573 provide online resources and networking
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00035-00008574-00008885 opportunities that enable like-minded
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00036-00008886-00009335 individuals to connect learn and act
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00037-00009336-00009556 ayalpha has been renewed recently and
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00038-00009557-00009724 the quality of apprenticeships has been
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00039-00009725-00010013 highlighted as both a priority and an
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00040-00010014-00010319 objective of the renewed Ayala
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00041-00010320-00010553 at the global level the international
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00042-00010554-00010781 labor organization is in the process of
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00043-00010782-00010931 setting a standard for Quality
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00044-00010932-00011069 apprenticeships
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00045-00011070-00011291 the final decision will be taken at its
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00046-00011292-00011537 International labor Conference next year
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00047-00011538-00011806 in 2023
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00048-00011807-00011981 this podcast is going to put the
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00049-00011982-00012173 emphasis on the contribution provided by
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00050-00012174-00012413 social Partners representatives of
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00051-00012414-00012659 employers and workers organizations to
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00052-00012660-00012863 securing high quality effective
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00053-00012863-00012988 apprenticeships
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00054-00012989-00013241 the first part of this podcast will
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00055-00013241-00013408 discuss the developments of quality
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00056-00013409-00013625 standards for apprenticeships and the
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00057-00013626-00013805 involvement of social Partners at
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00058-00013806-00014057 International and European levels with
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00059-00014058-00014255 representatives of the European
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00060-00014256-00014507 commission and the ILO
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00061-00014508-00014716 the second part will explore the same
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00062-00014718-00014957 topic but this time asking
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00063-00014958-00015161 representatives of employers and workers
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00064-00015162-00015401 organizations at the European and
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00065-00015402-00015707 National level for their views
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00066-00015708-00016121 so today first up is Anna Carrero who is
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00067-00016122-00016300 the Deputy head of unit for vocational
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00068-00016301-00016511 education training in the European
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00069-00016512-00016786 Commission followed by ashwani Agarwal
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00070-00016787-00017027 who is a senior skills and employability
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00071-00017028-00017339 specialist in the ILO more specifically
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00072-00017340-00017639 both are responsible for Apprenticeship
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00073-00017640-00018107 Training so Anna over to you
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00074-00018108-00018358 many thanks Jeff for the introduction
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00075-00018359-00018665 and the warm welcome I'm really
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00076-00018666-00018922 delighted to be here today with ashwani
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00077-00018923-00019199 Agarwal and to discuss the importance of
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00078-00019200-00019379 a standard setting when it comes to
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00079-00019380-00019522 achieve quality and effective
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00080-00019523-00019697 apprenticeships and of course the
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00081-00019698-00019972 crucial role social Partners play
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00082-00019973-00020219 in implementing and promoting these
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00083-00020220-00020327 standards
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00084-00020328-00020567 as Jeff mentioned let's not forget that
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00085-00020568-00020747 promoting quality is one of the four
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00086-00020748-00020927 objectives of the European Alliance for
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00087-00020928-00021149 apprenticeships we all agree that
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00088-00021150-00021286 apprenticeships are a key tool to
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00089-00021287-00021503 facilitate a school to work transitions
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00090-00021504-00021743 but they can only serve Learners and
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00091-00021744-00022013 employers if for their purpose if they
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00092-00022014-00022247 are of high quality
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00093-00022248-00022643 so that is why in March 2018 the EU
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00094-00022644-00022822 member states agreed on a council
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00095-00022823-00023086 recommendation for a European framework
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00096-00023087-00023219 for quality and effective
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00097-00023220-00023453 apprenticeships following of course
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00098-00023454-00023771 consultations with cross cross industry
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00099-00023772-00024005 European social partners
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00100-00024006-00024299 after some years of implementation last
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00101-00024300-00024497 year we reported on how this
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00102-00024498-00024694 recommendation has been put into
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00103-00024695-00024899 practice at National level
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00104-00024900-00025228 and although there is a still room for
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00105-00025229-00025408 improvement there are many positive
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00106-00025409-00025631 examples of national reforms all over
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00107-00025632-00025937 Europe a nice example very relevant for
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00108-00025938-00026170 this podcast is the Greek reform of
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00109-00026172-00026464 their apprenticeship system that allows
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00110-00026466-00026651 for a stronger involvement of social
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00111-00026652-00026824 partners
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00112-00026825-00027220 as for the ILO important progress has
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00113-00027222-00027473 been made towards a recommendation on a
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00114-00027474-00027743 framework for Quality apprenticeships
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00115-00027744-00028031 so here we are today aswani many thanks
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00116-00028032-00028270 for being here so we can learn a bit
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00117-00028272-00028462 more about International standard
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00118-00028463-00028618 setting
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00119-00028619-00028889 we would be really interested in knowing
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00120-00028889-00029177 a bit more about the I lost proposed
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00121-00029177-00029351 framework for Quality apprenticeships
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00122-00029352-00029573 What similarities do you see with the
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00123-00029574-00029740 European framework for quality and
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00124-00029741-00030131 effective apprenticeships
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00125-00030132-00030340 thank you very much Anna
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00126-00030341-00030605 first of all inviting a representative
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00127-00030606-00031037 of the ILO to share its perspectives and
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00128-00031038-00031349 provide more details on the standard
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00129-00031350-00031564 setting process and the new instrument
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00130-00031566-00031835 on quality apprenticeships
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00131-00031836-00032146 as Jeff has also mentioned about the
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00132-00032147-00032381 benefits of quality apprenticeship and
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00133-00032382-00032705 you have very clearly elaborated on the
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00134-00032706-00032951 need to promote as well as regulate
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00135-00032952-00033239 apprenticeships uh while through the
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00136-00033240-00033533 rules of social dialogue to ensure their
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00137-00033534-00033731 quality providing benefits and
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00138-00033732-00033935 protection to apprentices
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00139-00033936-00034168 as well as enhancing the attractiveness
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00140-00034169-00034440 of apprenticeships
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00141-00034441-00034768 standards legal Frameworks are required
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00142-00034769-00035123 and member states both of say European
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00143-00035124-00035440 Union as well as ILO which is a global
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00144-00035441-00035771 one so we have 187 countries who are our
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00145-00035772-00036107 members they look uh forward to have
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00146-00036108-00036431 some kind of a global standards which
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00147-00036432-00036755 they can view and adapt to their
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00148-00036756-00037031 national standards while proposing
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00149-00037032-00037265 National legal Frameworks for
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00150-00037266-00037433 apprenticeships
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00151-00037434-00037565 now
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00152-00037566-00037835 ILO used to have international labor
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00153-00037836-00038087 standards on apprenticeships the first
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00154-00038088-00038489 one was enacted in 1939 and later on the
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00155-00038490-00038993 next one was recommendation 117 in 1962
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00156-00038994-00039268 however since the juridical replacement
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00157-00039269-00039577 of the recommendation 117
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00158-00039578-00039833 apprenticeship was not comprehensively
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00159-00039834-00040157 addressed under any subsequent ILO
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00160-00040158-00040330 instruments
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00161-00040331-00040589 so there was a clearly a gap so this Gap
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00162-00040590-00040757 was noticed by the
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00163-00040758-00040996 I love constituents particularly the
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00164-00040997-00041237 workers Representatives as well as the
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00165-00041238-00041507 government and employers representative
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00166-00041508-00041801 and they decided to develop a new
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00167-00041802-00042071 standard on quality apprenticeship to
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00168-00042072-00042299 bridge the regulatory Gap and provide
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00169-00042300-00042485 guidance to the member states in
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00170-00042486-00042749 developing and implementing effective
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00171-00042750-00043067 systems of quality apprenticeships
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00172-00043068-00043324 and Anna as you are rightly mentioned
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00173-00043325-00043673 that in your question also this is now
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00174-00043674-00043846 in the minds of many countries
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00175-00043847-00044140 particularly from the Europe that if
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00176-00044141-00044417 there is a framework for European
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00177-00044418-00044567 countries and if there is an
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00178-00044568-00044795 international framework also comes then
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00179-00044796-00045101 to what extent there is a similarity or
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00180-00045102-00045323 to what extent they will be dissimilar
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00181-00045324-00045599 so and I would like to inform you that
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00182-00045600-00045821 while drafting the reports and
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00183-00045822-00046162 questionnaires the ILO considered the
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00184-00046163-00046355 European framework for quality and
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00185-00046356-00046535 effective apprenticeships
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00186-00046536-00046823 and there is a significant alignment
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00187-00046824-00047062 between the two Frameworks
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00188-00047063-00047308 but again I'll say that ilo's framework
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00189-00047309-00047549 as Jeff has mentioned earlier is still
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00190-00047550-00047824 in the making and it is likely to be
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00191-00047825-00048052 finalized next year during the
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00192-00048053-00048401 international labor conference
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00193-00048402-00048683 IU's purpose framework includes
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00194-00048684-00049067 recommendation on all the 14 criteria of
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00195-00049068-00049301 the European framework
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00196-00049302-00049577 specifically ILO draft instrument on
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00197-00049578-00049805 quality apprenticeship recommends the
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00198-00049806-00050105 member states to establish a regulatory
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00199-00050106-00050351 framework in consultation with employers
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00200-00050352-00050545 and workers organization
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00201-00050546-00050790 that specifically
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00202-00050791-00051124 specifies occupation specific or general
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00203-00051125-00051257 standards
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00204-00051258-00051587 for the minimum age or any educational
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00205-00051588-00051946 qualification if needed for admission
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00206-00051947-00052252 occupational safety and health measures
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00207-00052253-00052571 learning outcomes duration
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00208-00052572-00052799 appropriate balance between of the job
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00209-00052800-00053003 and on the job learning
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00210-00053004-00053230 nature of supervision required
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00211-00053232-00053447 assessment procedures and the
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00212-00053448-00053747 qualification acquired there are some
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00213-00053748-00054016 other aspects also which are details are
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00214-00054017-00054382 given in the proposed instrument
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00215-00054383-00054725 uh the proposed instrument also requests
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00216-00054726-00054925 the member states to ensure that
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00217-00054926-00055216 apprentices receive adequate remulation
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00218-00055217-00055541 or other financial compensation
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00219-00055541-00055876 and they are entitled to holidays and
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00220-00055877-00056092 compensation for work related injuries
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00221-00056094-00056266 and illness
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00222-00056267-00056519 they should also have access to Social
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00223-00056520-00056849 Security and maternity protection and
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00224-00056850-00057047 that apprentices are governed by a
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00225-00057048-00057257 written agreement
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00226-00057258-00057557 it also asks members to promote equality
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00227-00057558-00057779 and diversity in quality apprenticeships
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00228-00057779-00058066 and facilitate that transition from the
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00229-00058067-00058337 informal to the formal learning with
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00230-00058338-00058600 this one I have just briefly summarized
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00231-00058601-00058991 uh that the key features from the
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00232-00058991-00059135 proposed instrument
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00233-00059136-00059441 as you can see Anna most of these
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00234-00059441-00059753 features are also part of the European
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00235-00059754-00059909 framework so I can say this is
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00236-00059910-00060185 significant alignment between the two
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00237-00060186-00060466 thank you in indeed thanks a lot thanks
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00238-00060467-00060694 for the historical overview of all the
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00239-00060695-00060994 steps that were taken towards this work
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00240-00060995-00061450 and also for explaining uh the level of
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00241-00061451-00061871 alignment of both standards I I am very
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00242-00061872-00062111 glad to see that of course your concerns
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00243-00062112-00062291 are about quality learning outcomes
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00244-00062291-00062626 working conditions um so we are all
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00245-00062627-00062950 working in the same direction but let me
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00246-00062951-00063238 focus on a very specific topic now which
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00247-00063239-00063437 is the main topic also of of the podcast
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00248-00063438-00063761 today and it's about social partners and
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00249-00063762-00064066 social dialogue so what would be the
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00250-00064067-00064423 role of social Partners in quality
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00251-00064424-00064823 apprenticeships according to the ILO uh
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00252-00064824-00065032 standards
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00253-00065033-00065242 thank you Anna I think this is the very
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00254-00065244-00065549 important question and let me first
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00255-00065550-00065705 start with this one
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00256-00065706-00066065 ILO is the only UN agency which is
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00257-00066066-00066497 trapatite means ILO members are not only
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00258-00066498-00066769 government Representatives but also
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00259-00066770-00067194 employers and workers so any uh
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00260-00067195-00067529 normative instruments which is developed
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00261-00067530-00067867 in the ILO are done together by the
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00262-00067868-00068075 government's employers and workers
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00263-00068076-00068249 together so all the international
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00264-00068250-00068506 standards are developed so this is a
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00265-00068507-00068776 very unique process and it gives a clear
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00266-00068777-00069100 Advantage also if you see that social
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00267-00069101-00069293 Partners have the ownerships or the
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00268-00069294-00069550 standards and which is a crucial factor
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00269-00069551-00069815 which facilitates the Imp their
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00270-00069816-00070037 engagement in their implementation
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00271-00070038-00070397 so so right from the beginning it's not
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00272-00070398-00070649 about the standard on apprenticeship any
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00273-00070650-00070865 standards dollar buy yellow are through
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00274-00070866-00071141 a tapa type process so it is a big
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00275-00071142-00071356 biggest advantage of the ILO uh
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00276-00071357-00071663 Constitution and now I come specifically
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00277-00071664-00072047 to the uh the conclusion which has been
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00278-00072048-00072287 adopted during the this year's
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00279-00072288-00072467 International level conference by a
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00280-00072468-00072731 government employers and workers of 187
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00281-00072732-00073097 countries uh I'm giving the key features
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00282-00073098-00073350 of that one we specifically
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00283-00073351-00073541 mentions that
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00284-00073542-00073825 how the framework is going to address
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00285-00073826-00074050 the role and engagement of social
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00286-00074051-00074200 partners
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00287-00074201-00074350 for example
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00288-00074351-00074656 the conclusions specifically emphasize
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00289-00074657-00074926 the involvement of social Partners in
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00290-00074927-00075329 the design implementation monitoring and
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00291-00075330-00075653 evaluation of systems policies and
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00292-00075654-00075821 programs for Quality apprenticeship this
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00293-00075822-00076156 is separate Clause very clearly before
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00294-00076157-00076367 the details go it says they should be
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00295-00076368-00076619 involved in all the processes
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00296-00076620-00076900 It also says
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00297-00076901-00077153 ensure the effective engagement of
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00298-00077154-00077309 social partners
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00299-00077310-00077656 the conclusions includes an overarching
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00300-00077657-00077926 reference that members should implement
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00301-00077927-00078076 the provisions or the proposed
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00302-00078077-00078275 instruments in consultation with
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00303-00078276-00078521 representative employers and workers
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00304-00078522-00078773 organization very important point they
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00305-00078774-00078959 should not only be involved in the
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00306-00078960-00079253 design but also in the implementation
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00307-00079254-00079541 and then it also says
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00308-00079542-00079781 The Proposal also recommends that social
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00309-00079782-00079997 Partners should be represented
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00310-00079998-00080255 in the authorities responsible for
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00311-00080256-00080465 regulating apprenticeships
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00312-00080466-00080741 and are involved in creating and
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00313-00080742-00080938 enabling environment for promoting
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00314-00080939-00081125 quality apprenticeships and in
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00315-00081126-00081329 facilitating the transition from the
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00316-00081330-00081562 informal to the formal economy so you
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00317-00081563-00081941 can say very very comprehensively uh the
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00318-00081942-00082169 various Clauses and the provisions in
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00319-00082170-00082415 the proposed instrument
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00320-00082416-00082859 specifically mentions about the need
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00321-00082860-00083212 and the requirement for taking any
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00322-00083213-00083549 decision in active collaboration with
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00323-00083550-00083831 the social partners and finally not only
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00324-00083832-00084082 this one they also the conclusions also
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00325-00084083-00084185 says
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00326-00084186-00084443 that the members should take measures to
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00327-00084444-00084647 continuously develop and strengthen the
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00328-00084648-00084875 capacity of social Partners as you know
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00329-00084876-00085229 only a capacitated social Partners or
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00330-00085230-00085462 employers and workers organization can
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00331-00085463-00085775 effectively contribute to the process of
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00332-00085776-00086075 uh framing laws policy systems as well
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00333-00086076-00086362 as implementing and evaluating them
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00334-00086363-00086537 thank you again thanks for this question
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00335-00086538-00086885 Anna thank you thank you very
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00336-00086886-00087137 interesting points that you raised it's
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00337-00087138-00087394 essential to to ensure the ownership of
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00338-00087395-00087653 the social Partners so employers can
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00339-00087654-00088018 adhere to to these standards and it is
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00340-00088019-00088276 key also to to ensure that they have the
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00341-00088277-00088511 capacity to do that as as you rightly
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00342-00088512-00088799 mentioned uh so so they can do it
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00343-00088800-00089044 properly at EU level we also pay a lot
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00344-00089045-00089255 of attention to to these features we
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00345-00089256-00089417 have even funding instruments to
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00346-00089418-00089585 increase the capacity of social Partners
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00347-00089586-00089932 so I think we are fully aligned on on
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00348-00089933-00090143 these messages
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00349-00090144-00090223 um
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00350-00090224-00090538 yeah involving them in the design
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00351-00090539-00090838 governance and implementation it's
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00352-00090839-00091144 indeed a key something I would like to
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00353-00091145-00091355 underline as well is that the European
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00354-00091356-00091721 framework also pays important uh
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00355-00091722-00092147 uh attention to the support uh to to
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00356-00092148-00092512 social partners and employers they need
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00357-00092513-00092771 to have employers financial means and
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00358-00092772-00093059 other type of non-financial support so
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00359-00093060-00093235 they can enable
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00360-00093236-00093509 cost-effective apprenticeships having
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00361-00093510-00093862 this also essential for uh them to be
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00362-00093863-00094181 sustainable so a lot of food for thought
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00363-00094182-00094588 today after talking to you we found out
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00364-00094589-00094799 we have a lot of similarities in the
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00365-00094800-00094979 international proposed framework
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00366-00094980-00095273 together with the European framework in
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00367-00095274-00095561 place and it has been really an honor
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00368-00095562-00095897 having you today ashwani to share your
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00369-00095898-00096394 insights and be part of this podcast so
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00370-00096395-00096712 thanks thank you very much for this and
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00371-00096713-00096917 thank you energy I'll also like to add
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00372-00096918-00097259 one final line uh it have in the yellow
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00373-00097260-00097529 it's our privilege to work very closely
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00374-00097530-00097805 with the European commission and last
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00375-00097806-00098075 year in fact if you recall we did uh
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00376-00098076-00098488 jointly a global conference on uh
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00377-00098489-00098747 apprenticeship and there is a proposal
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00378-00098748-00099017 also that once our new instrument is
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00379-00099018-00099281 adopted let's do a second one also
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00380-00099282-00099509 together with you and we always feel
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00381-00099510-00099838 privileged to work very closely with the
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00382-00099839-00100097 European commission and will like to
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00383-00100098-00100367 further strengthen our collaboration in
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00384-00100368-00100523 prom promoting quality printed
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00385-00100524-00100771 throughout the world thank you very much
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00386-00100772-00101056 indeed let's keep in touch and let's
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00387-00101057-00101243 strengthen this collaboration in the
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00388-00101244-00101411 future
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00389-00101412-00101806 so now Jeff over to you so thanks very
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00390-00101807-00102161 much Anna nashwane so I can be seen from
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00391-00102162-00102353 these two legal instruments at the
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00392-00102354-00102592 European and the global levels there is
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00393-00102593-00102797 a clear commitment to involving social
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00394-00102798-00102958 Partners in the development of
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00395-00102959-00103163 Apprenticeship Training
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00396-00103164-00103439 the next question is what are the social
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00397-00103440-00103666 Partners currently doing to support the
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00398-00103667-00103894 development of Apprenticeship Training
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00399-00103895-00104092 and our first speaker is George
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00400-00104093-00104308 christopoulos we'll be speaking on
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00401-00104309-00104458 behalf of the European trade Union
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00402-00104459-00104621 Confederation
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00403-00104622-00104878 George has direct experience of
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00404-00104879-00105089 implementing Greek apprenticeship policy
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00405-00105090-00105304 as a member of the Federation of
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00406-00105305-00105533 Educators in the private sector in
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00407-00105533-00105628 Greece
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00408-00105629-00105863 and of the education policy development
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00409-00105864-00106115 center of the Greek Confederation of
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00410-00106116-00106216 Labor
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00411-00106217-00106439 so my first question and that's to you
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00412-00106440-00106823 George Greece has recently revised its
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00413-00106824-00107057 laws on Apprenticeship Training could
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00414-00107058-00107315 you start us off by outlining why the
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00415-00107316-00107519 involvement of trade unions is so
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00416-00107520-00107765 important to securing quality and
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00417-00107766-00107869 effective
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00418-00107870-00108166 apprenticeships over to you
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00419-00108167-00108304 hello Jeff
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00420-00108305-00108473 the great Confederation of Labor
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00421-00108474-00108760 believes that quality apprenticeship is
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00422-00108761-00109007 a very important strategic tool
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00423-00109008-00109213 for the successful transition from
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00424-00109214-00109540 education to employment
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00425-00109541-00109751 and this is very important for countries
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00426-00109752-00110002 like Greece that belongs to a cluster of
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00427-00110003-00110201 countries especially in the south of
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00428-00110202-00110554 Europe with big structural problems in
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00429-00110555-00110849 the labor market almost one out of two
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00430-00110850-00111163 young people outside the labor market
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00431-00111164-00111466 lead a quarter of people in the age
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00432-00111467-00111749 between 15 and 24 are long-term
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00433-00111750-00111881 unemployed
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00434-00111882-00112336 and about 17 percent are needs
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00435-00112338-00112702 so we believe that the dialogue and the
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00436-00112703-00112919 involvement of social partners
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00437-00112920-00113225 uh in VT and an apprenticeship is
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00438-00113226-00113458 extremely important because we can
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00439-00113459-00113802 propose policies uh we can
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00440-00113803-00114190 participate and contribute to designing
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00441-00114191-00114401 curricula to design professional
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00442-00114402-00114695 profiles in order to help for this
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00443-00114696-00114923 transition from education the labor
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00444-00114924-00115271 market to be faster and to create a good
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00445-00115272-00115516 working conditions for young people who
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00446-00115517-00115849 are entering the labor market
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00447-00115850-00116134 thanks very much for that I'd like to
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00448-00116135-00116381 ask you a further question George what
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00449-00116382-00116645 role should social Partners play in the
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00450-00116646-00116854 monitoring of quality standards for
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00451-00116855-00117034 apprenticeships Are there specific
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00452-00117035-00117221 actions that you're undertaking in that
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00453-00117222-00117490 regarding Greece
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00454-00117491-00117683 this is a very important question for a
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00455-00117683-00117965 country like Greece because we see many
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00456-00117966-00118252 irregularities and illegal practices in
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00457-00118253-00118381 the labor market
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00458-00118382-00118583 unfortunately the last few years
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00459-00118583-00118810 especially the years of the crisis the
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00460-00118811-00118997 authority of Labor inspection has
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00461-00118998-00119483 weakened considerably mainly due to the
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00462-00119483-00119704 very strong lobbying by the employer
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00463-00119705-00119878 sections in Greece
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00464-00119879-00120216 so for example very recently we
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00465-00120217-00120395 produced a research as a cricket
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00466-00120396-00120575 Federation of Labor that shows that 40
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00467-00120576-00120797 percent of Greek workers are not paid
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00468-00120798-00121108 over time this is particularly very bad
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00469-00121109-00121295 in private education where this
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00470-00121296-00121601 percentage goes up to 70 percent
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00471-00121602-00122069 uh we did the past two years uh visits
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00472-00122070-00122404 to a secondary vet schools and we are
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00473-00122405-00122597 astonished to find out the vast majority
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00474-00122598-00122878 of students were telling us that they
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00475-00122879-00123154 were working as apprentices they're not
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00476-00123155-00123371 getting paid and they're terrified to
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00477-00123372-00123508 report this to the authorities because
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00478-00123509-00123863 they are scared that they will be put on
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00479-00123864-00124097 a blacklist and they will never find a
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00480-00124098-00124252 proper job again
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00481-00124253-00124607 so this means that there has to be a a
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00482-00124608-00124793 collaboration between social Partners so
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00483-00124794-00124984 these kind of practices and
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00484-00124985-00125207 exploitations of young people should not
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00485-00125208-00125489 happen the contracts should be respected
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00486-00125490-00125890 and also for a very successful
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00487-00125891-00126202 apprenticeship uh every company should
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00488-00126203-00126575 hire a mentor a guide for the young
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00489-00126576-00126886 laborers in order for them to go
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00490-00126888-00127234 smoothly and productively into the new
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00491-00127235-00127357 job
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00492-00127358-00127727 and lastly I would like to add that in
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00493-00127728-00128015 our recent research about in-service
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00494-00128016-00128369 training we found that we are second to
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00495-00128370-00128634 last in Europe in in-service training
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00496-00128635-00129058 and this is a very very obvious
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00497-00129059-00129214 especially in small and medium
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00498-00129215-00129460 Enterprises in the bigger Enterprise in
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00499-00129461-00129784 Greece this is a less problem so we
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00500-00129785-00129964 believe that apprenticeships should work
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00501-00129965-00130116 in service training should work
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00502-00130117-00130313 re-skilling and upskilling should work
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00503-00130314-00130558 in order to have a successful labor
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00504-00130559-00130739 market and as successful and thriving
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00505-00130740-00130966 economy
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00506-00130967-00131164 thanks very much George I mean I think
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00507-00131165-00131423 it's particularly important to underline
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00508-00131424-00131813 the importance of uh looking after the
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00509-00131814-00131981 rights and protections of young people
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00510-00131982-00132323 in as you say a labor market which is in
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00511-00132324-00132689 in in flux at the moment and are clearly
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00512-00132690-00132995 it's uh it's posing a lot of challenges
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00513-00132996-00133373 for employers trade unions and also for
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00514-00133374-00133564 apprentices themselves
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00515-00133565-00133775 so thanks very much for that
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00516-00133776-00133978 let's move on to another question now
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00517-00133979-00134243 and that's more to do with the the
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00518-00134244-00134587 provision event of apprenticeship places
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00519-00134588-00135035 this is always a a an issue of some
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00520-00135036-00135257 concern for people who are planning
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00521-00135258-00135485 Apprenticeship Training
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00522-00135486-00135857 and I'd like to now move on to a
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00523-00135858-00136102 representative of the association
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00524-00136103-00136349 European Association of crafts and small
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00525-00136350-00136747 and medium-sized Enterprises
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00526-00136748-00136990 the director of social Affairs and
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00527-00136991-00137225 training so Lily Young I think we all
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00528-00137226-00137411 agree that smes are Central to the
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00529-00137412-00137573 development of Apprenticeship Training
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00530-00137574-00137987 but we know for a fact that smes face
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00531-00137988-00138251 considerable challenges uh would you
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00532-00138252-00138473 like to give us some information as far
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00533-00138474-00138628 as that's concerned what are these
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00534-00138629-00138845 challenges and how can employers
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00535-00138846-00139139 organizations help to address them over
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00536-00139140-00139285 to you
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00537-00139286-00139619 thank you Jeff indeed smes are key
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00538-00139620-00139919 players for apprenticeship places at the
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00539-00139920-00140189 same time as you said they face several
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00540-00140190-00140435 challenges to offer good and quality
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00541-00140436-00140747 apprenticeship places let me simply
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00542-00140748-00141011 mention three what we consider the three
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00543-00141012-00141259 main challenges first really
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00544-00141260-00141539 administrative burdens it's one of the
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00545-00141540-00141773 key elements which are regularly put
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00546-00141774-00142090 forward second particularly no the
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00547-00142091-00142289 selection of the right candidates to
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00548-00142290-00142601 become apprentices and thirdly the cost
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00549-00142602-00142925 of training for small businesses I must
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00550-00142926-00143177 say that from our perspective SME United
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00551-00143178-00143519 as European employees organization we
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00552-00143520-00143687 really see the need to have social
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00553-00143688-00143897 Partners closely involved in this
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00554-00143898-00144107 because they are the best place to
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00555-00144108-00144383 define the right conditions the content
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00556-00144384-00144652 and and the rules of Apprenticeship
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00557-00144653-00145025 Training and in particular since labor
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00558-00145026-00145337 market are evolving quite rapidly to
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00559-00145338-00145601 adapt these rules to the evolving needs
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00560-00145602-00145937 of Enterprises and of apprentices and
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00561-00145938-00146195 this is all what we need as part of the
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00562-00146196-00146477 social dialogue or I would tend to say
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00563-00146478-00146728 autonomous social dialogue or in
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00564-00146729-00146969 partnership with governments and also
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00565-00146970-00147190 vet providers
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00566-00147191-00147490 so thanks very much the Liliane I think
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00567-00147491-00147719 that's a very important uh introduction
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00568-00147720-00147893 to the issue
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00569-00147894-00148121 you in your organization and your
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00570-00148122-00148343 organizations at the national and sexual
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00571-00148344-00148625 level what can you do to overcome some
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00572-00148626-00148901 of these challenges
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00573-00148902-00149063 I would tend to say employees
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00574-00149064-00149321 organization have a unique role to play
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00575-00149322-00149609 for supporting smes and in particular
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00576-00149610-00149849 micro Enterprises to engage in
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00577-00149850-00150107 apprenticeship let me simply mention
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00578-00150108-00150311 that intermember saves you already
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00579-00150312-00150611 mentioned where apprenticeship as a long
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00580-00150612-00150883 tradition so that Germany and Austria
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00581-00150884-00151211 impose organization provide a large
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00582-00151212-00151540 variety of support services and tools or
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00583-00151541-00151847 smes I can give you a few examples the
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00584-00151848-00152099 first one is about templates and support
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00585-00152100-00152411 for attacking all necessary
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00586-00152412-00152728 administrative tasks and to facilitate
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00587-00152729-00152914 the employers to comply with the
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00588-00152915-00153209 formalities the second one is about
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00589-00153210-00153478 dedicated services for the assessment of
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00590-00153479-00153814 learning outcomes in the company and let
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00591-00153815-00154085 me mention a certain example the support
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00592-00154086-00154421 also to company trainers last but not
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00593-00154422-00154631 least another aspect is really to
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00594-00154632-00154871 provide tools to the left to select the
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00595-00154872-00155119 most adequate candidates already
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00596-00155120-00155399 mentioned it with the right skills and
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00597-00155400-00155639 competencies and for example they
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00598-00155640-00155890 purpose pre-interviews to find the right
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00599-00155891-00156119 candidates and I would like really to
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00600-00156120-00156431 finish with the relevance of awareness
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00601-00156432-00156773 raising campaigns towards smes and
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00602-00156774-00157037 employees in general because we live
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00603-00157038-00157390 very often youngsters and small
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00604-00157391-00157685 Enterprises do not know enough the added
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00605-00157686-00157973 value of apprentices for recruiting the
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00606-00157974-00158309 right skills in their company
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00607-00158310-00158501 Lillian thank you very much indeed
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00608-00158502-00158663 you're obviously put your finger there
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00609-00158664-00158873 on a very important point and that's to
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00610-00158874-00159269 do with the the ways in which uh micro
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00611-00159270-00159545 and and small as well as medium-sized
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00612-00159546-00159833 Enterprises can be assisted it's a very
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00613-00159834-00160126 complex area of training because there
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00614-00160127-00160276 are so many different stakeholders
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00615-00160277-00160523 involved and you're absolutely right to
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00616-00160524-00160739 be to the point of the fact that uh
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00617-00160740-00161063 employers or employers and Enterprises
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00618-00161064-00161309 were particularly uh small sized ones
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00619-00161310-00161614 need as much support as they can get so
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00620-00161615-00161789 that they can do the important job of
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00621-00161790-00162083 actually providing the places for
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00622-00162084-00162383 apprenticeships for apprentices so
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00623-00162384-00162581 thanks very much for that
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00624-00162582-00162976 and our third guest uh is uh Robert
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00625-00162977-00163223 Plummer he's a senior advisor for
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00626-00163224-00163421 education and skills and he speaks on
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00627-00163422-00163690 behalf of business Europe which is the
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00628-00163691-00163919 voice of business in European policy
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00629-00163920-00164116 making so
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00630-00164117-00164363 our large size Enterprises Robert are
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00631-00164364-00164537 they facing the same sort of problems
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00632-00164538-00164795 because clearly some of the things that
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00633-00164796-00165226 Lillian has alluded to are less I would
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00634-00165227-00165509 imagine and problematical for you in in
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00635-00165510-00165773 companies which have obviously bigger
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00636-00165774-00166114 workforces and dedicated services for
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00637-00166115-00166337 the question of taking on
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00638-00166338-00166690 apprenticeships so what what challenges
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00639-00166691-00166943 do you see through your own perspective
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00640-00166944-00167183 in the larger companies
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00641-00167184-00167375 thank you very much Jeff
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00642-00167376-00167573 um yeah firstly I I think I would
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00643-00167574-00167759 certainly Echo the the challenges
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00644-00167760-00168089 Lillian uh identified as well I think to
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00645-00168090-00168287 a certain extent we see those
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00646-00168288-00168593 um of course the specificities of smes
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00647-00168594-00168916 that uh was well outlined but I think
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00648-00168917-00169169 for for larger companies
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00649-00169170-00169499 um there are also those issues around
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00650-00169500-00169840 um attracting uh apprentices being able
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00651-00169841-00170128 to select apprentices
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00652-00170129-00170393 um having a say in that part of the of
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00653-00170394-00170573 the process
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00654-00170574-00170716 um and I think
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00655-00170717-00171023 maybe a bit perversely especially at the
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00656-00171024-00171190 moment the the larger the company
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00657-00171191-00171407 perhaps the harder it is to attract a
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00658-00171408-00171587 sufficient number of apprentices at the
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00659-00171588-00171809 moment because I think what we're seeing
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00660-00171810-00172037 across all um sectors of economic
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00661-00172038-00172259 activity really is
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00662-00172260-00172535 um labor and skill shortages and it's
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00663-00172536-00172828 harder in a way for for larger companies
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00664-00172829-00173099 sometimes to attract a sufficient number
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00665-00173100-00173285 of apprentices now when they have more
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00666-00173286-00173543 places that they can offer than maybe an
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00667-00173544-00173716 SME has so as I said it's a bit of a
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00668-00173717-00173821 perverse
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00669-00173822-00174131 situation and I think covid has had a
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00670-00174132-00174413 particular role there if we think of
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00671-00174414-00174778 some larger sort of hospitality uh and
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00672-00174779-00175085 Catering establishments in particular
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00673-00175086-00175283 um people are maybe having a reflection
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00674-00175284-00175571 that maybe that line of work is not as
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00675-00175572-00175835 stable as it might once have been viewed
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00676-00175836-00176140 as being and I think chefs is an obvious
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00677-00176141-00176483 and prominent example at the moment and
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00678-00176484-00176669 and one where an apprenticeship has
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00679-00176670-00176975 played a key role and does play a key
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00680-00176976-00177233 role in in training people to be a
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00681-00177234-00177373 qualified chef
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00682-00177374-00177785 but I think we we start to see a decline
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00683-00177786-00177976 perhaps in in the interest in in that
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00684-00177977-00178325 particular occupation in some areas
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00685-00178326-00178638 um and so and so I think that can be one
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00686-00178639-00178895 particular challenge around not just the
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00687-00178896-00179045 the provision of apprenticeships but
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00688-00179046-00179309 also the the supply of people wanting to
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00689-00179310-00179549 do an apprenticeship and I think at the
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00690-00179550-00179795 same time we we also see a bit of a
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00691-00179796-00179987 demographic shift in in the role of
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00692-00179988-00180197 apprenticeships maybe not so much a
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00693-00180198-00180371 challenge but also I think an important
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00694-00180372-00180575 point to mention is that whereas
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00695-00180576-00180725 apprenticeships were typically focused
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00696-00180726-00180995 on younger people I think now we start
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00697-00180996-00181247 to see more of a shift towards
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00698-00181248-00181516 um apprenticeships for adults as part of
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00699-00181517-00181816 up and reskilling so that can also
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00700-00181817-00182011 provide some additional
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00701-00182012-00182290 challenges in terms of the the type of
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00702-00182291-00182464 training that is provided and who
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00703-00182465-00182669 provides the training uh within the
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00704-00182670-00182857 company text
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00705-00182858-00183202 yes I think that's a very good point is
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00706-00183203-00183490 and the youngsters are also and not so
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00707-00183491-00183838 youngsters are faced with a variety of
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00708-00183839-00184301 choices and it may be the case for large
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00709-00184302-00184495 companies as well as small and
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00710-00184496-00184871 medium-sized Enterprises that it's not
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00711-00184872-00185038 necessarily the first thing that they
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00712-00185039-00185201 think of when they see how they're going
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00713-00185202-00185526 to develop their education training and
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00714-00185527-00185843 after that their careers
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00715-00185844-00186071 so thanks very much for that let's let's
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00716-00186072-00186437 ask another question now uh We've
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00717-00186438-00186725 mentioned or I quoted guy Rider at the
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00718-00186726-00186928 beginning saying about how important
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00719-00186929-00187216 social dialogue is for the development
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00720-00187217-00187402 of Apprenticeship Training
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00721-00187403-00187726 what from your perspective uh makes for
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00722-00187727-00187973 successful social dialogue do you have
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00723-00187974-00188135 any good examples that you'd like to
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00724-00188136-00188333 bring to our attention
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00725-00188334-00188573 thank you yes and indeed also at the
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00726-00188574-00188759 European level of course as you also
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00727-00188760-00188969 referenced Jeff we have the
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00728-00188970-00189131 um European framework on quality and
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00729-00189132-00189340 effective apprenticeships which the
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00730-00189341-00189514 European social partners and our our
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00731-00189515-00189773 national members were were very uh
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00732-00189774-00190025 strongly involved in in developing the
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00733-00190026-00190199 content of that so I think that was also
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00734-00190200-00190445 a good example
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00735-00190446-00190613 um in terms of
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00736-00190614-00190876 um the the role of social dialogue and
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00737-00190877-00191116 social partners of course it varies from
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00738-00191117-00191345 country to Country depending a little
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00739-00191346-00191501 bit on the the nature of the industrial
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00740-00191502-00191699 relation system
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00741-00191700-00191825 um but certainly there are some good
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00742-00191826-00192040 examples I mean I think we often talk
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00743-00192041-00192407 about Germany but uh with good reason
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00744-00192408-00192652 um and in in in that particular case the
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00745-00192653-00192790 social partners are involved in
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00746-00192791-00193078 negotiating the underlying framework on
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00747-00193079-00193264 which the vocational training Act is
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00748-00193265-00193547 based and this particular act regulates
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00749-00193548-00193763 issues such as how much time The
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00750-00193764-00193985 Apprentice spends in the company and and
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00751-00193986-00194164 so forth
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00752-00194165-00194387 um I think another good example is is
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00753-00194388-00194597 Estonia where the social partners are
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00754-00194598-00194878 involved at the the local level as part
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00755-00194879-00195187 of the advisory Boards of of vet schools
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00756-00195188-00195523 they're able to feed in information on
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00757-00195524-00195790 the the current and projected skills
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00758-00195791-00196061 needs to help inform the curricula and
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00759-00196062-00196223 so from that point of view to really
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00760-00196224-00196621 help build up and Define the approach to
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00761-00196622-00196864 uh apprenticeships and apprenticeship
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00762-00196865-00196985 schemes
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00763-00196986-00197176 um with with real and and credible
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00764-00197177-00197519 knowledge and I think also when you
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00765-00197520-00197740 um you look maybe indeed thinking of oh
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00766-00197741-00197951 what guy Rider said if you if you look
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00767-00197952-00198131 at some of the more established and very
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00768-00198132-00198395 well functioning systems in the European
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00769-00198396-00198557 context
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00770-00198558-00198797 um it is the likes of of Germany of
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00771-00198798-00199073 Austria of Switzerland of Denmark that
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00772-00199074-00199254 are those countries that have those
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00773-00199255-00199499 generally very well functioning schemes
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00774-00199500-00199709 but also
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00775-00199710-00199914 um those are very much built on strong
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00776-00199915-00200188 social partner involvement and social
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00777-00200189-00200473 dialogue and so previous
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00778-00200474-00200747 colleagues have said the involvement of
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00779-00200748-00200909 social Partners in the governance is is
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00780-00200910-00201125 really a key aspect for a
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00781-00201126-00201388 well-functioning apprenticeship system
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00782-00201389-00201569 thanks very much
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00783-00201570-00201778 what we hear as well of course is that
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00784-00201779-00202114 it's often a little difficult for uh
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00785-00202115-00202357 social Partners to be able to
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00786-00202358-00202595 participate in a design an
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00787-00202596-00202775 implementation of apprenticeship schemes
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00788-00202776-00202949 often they don't necessarily have the
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00789-00202950-00203188 capacity either in terms of numbers of
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00790-00203189-00203452 quantity or indeed in terms of quality
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00791-00203453-00203728 that is to say do they know how to deal
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00792-00203729-00203878 with some of these rather technical
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00793-00203879-00204197 issues and I think what I'd like to do
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00794-00204198-00204514 now is ask all three of you uh if you
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00795-00204515-00204707 could give us your views on the ways in
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00796-00204708-00204994 which uh policy makers can support
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00797-00204996-00205271 social Partners in the design and
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00798-00205271-00205488 implementation of apprenticeship schemes
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00799-00205489-00205798 and uh so as not to complicate matters I
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00800-00205800-00206201 suggest we use the same uh run that is
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00801-00206202-00206386 to say start with George then Lillian
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00802-00206387-00206651 and then Robert uh so would you give us
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00803-00206652-00206914 your views uh briefly on this particular
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00804-00206915-00207112 issue so let's start with you then
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00805-00207113-00207298 George
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00806-00207300-00207586 as I said before the the new legislation
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00807-00207587-00207696 about
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00808-00207698-00208036 vet and lifelong learning
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00809-00208037-00208114 um
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00810-00208115-00208396 is is very good in terms of
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00811-00208398-00208690 um involving social partners and giving
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00812-00208691-00208936 the the power to social Partners to sit
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00813-00208937-00209392 down discuss and um propose policies for
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00814-00209394-00209734 apprenticeship and for any other aspect
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00815-00209735-00210089 of application Education and Training
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00816-00210090-00210329 um we believe that the assist Partners
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00817-00210330-00210617 as I said before should be the sole
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00818-00210617-00210744 responsible
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00819-00210746-00211044 players in
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00820-00211046-00211351 promoting and proposing things
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00821-00211352-00211829 in order to face the huge challenges of
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00822-00211830-00212081 the labor market for the shortages of
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00823-00212082-00212371 good and skilled laborers
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00824-00212371-00212723 and in order to create a boost for our
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00825-00212723-00212956 economies especially in a very difficult
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00826-00212957-00213208 situations and periods like the one that
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00827-00213209-00213367 we're experiencing now
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00828-00213367-00213575 so yes
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00829-00213576-00213671 um
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00830-00213671-00213934 it's very important that governments
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00831-00213935-00214181 across Europe will give the opportunity
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00832-00214182-00214463 for social Partners to take a decisive
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00833-00214464-00214758 role into shaping
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00834-00214759-00215008 VT policy and especially about
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00835-00215009-00215405 apprentices we're talking today
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00836-00215406-00215644 thank you very much Lillian how about
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00837-00215646-00215927 you what what would you like to see from
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00838-00215928-00216256 policy makers to support you in the SME
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00839-00216257-00216442 environment
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00840-00216444-00216694 uh thank you Jeff I see a lot of
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00841-00216696-00216977 convergence between us social partners
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00842-00216978-00217258 for sure what I would like to say taking
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00843-00217259-00217487 into account the current labor market
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00844-00217488-00217817 challenges policy makers according to me
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00845-00217817-00218027 should give more autonomy to social
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00846-00218028-00218344 partners for Designing curricula for
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00847-00218346-00218579 apprenticeship conditions for payment
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00848-00218580-00218927 level it is simply a matter of ownership
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00849-00218928-00219227 at system level and the last point I
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00850-00219228-00219425 would like to make not all social
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00851-00219426-00219737 Partners at the capacity to act in this
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00852-00219738-00220055 way therefore capacity building is one
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00853-00220056-00220306 of the key elements which should be
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00854-00220307-00220553 really implemented in the member states
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00855-00220554-00220805 where apprenticeship is less developed
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00856-00220806-00220979 and less common
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00857-00220980-00221260 thank you very much Lillian yes that's
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00858-00221261-00221506 an important issue most definitely and
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00859-00221507-00221758 finally Robert over to you
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00860-00221759-00222010 thank you very much agree with uh with
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00861-00222011-00222232 what my colleagues have said I think in
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00862-00222233-00222419 instances where
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00863-00222419-00222658 um social partners are not part of the
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00864-00222659-00222832 of the governance or where it could be
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00865-00222833-00222958 strengthened there needs to be an
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00866-00222959-00223217 openness at the national level
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00867-00223217-00223487 um to better involve them uh and also to
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00868-00223488-00223792 support them uh indeed if they're small
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00869-00223794-00223967 organizations maybe with limited
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00870-00223967-00224110 capacity
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00871-00224111-00224356 um to help them to uh to be able to play
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00872-00224357-00224494 that role
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00873-00224496-00224681 um sometimes indeed that can be um
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00874-00224682-00224932 further financial support training
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00875-00224933-00225167 support as Lillian referred to
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00876-00225167-00225334 um but I think the the primary message
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00877-00225335-00225539 here is if social partners are not
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00878-00225540-00225791 already well involved it's important
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00879-00225792-00225946 that the Approach at the national level
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00880-00225948-00226192 is geared towards looking at how to
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00881-00226194-00226489 better involve them within the domestic
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00882-00226490-00226763 apprenticeship governance
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00883-00226764-00226955 thanks very much Robert well clearly
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00884-00226956-00227177 there we've got something of a consensus
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00885-00227178-00227375 in terms of the importance of social
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00886-00227376-00227621 Partners within the whole process and
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00887-00227621-00227891 indeed the need for support for the
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00888-00227892-00228041 social Partners so that they can
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00889-00228042-00228377 actually carry out these uh these jobs
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00890-00228378-00228581 so
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00891-00228582-00228796 um I'd like to thank you all all of you
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00892-00228798-00229121 for the views that you've given thanks
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00893-00229121-00229469 to to you and uh for that I value very
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00894-00229469-00229679 much your insights it's been much
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00895-00229680-00229942 appreciated and as far as our listeners
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00896-00229944-00230146 and viewers are concerned I would like
+DtGJVEi_4D0-00897-00230148-00230375 to encourage you to share this episode
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+DtGJVEi_4D0-00910-00234167-00234614 watching thank you very much goodbye
+Dym6re6yQ20-00001-00005376-00005765 um we've done uh half of the kalavi
+Dym6re6yQ20-00002-00005766-00006017 bhagam so I'll just go through the 15
+Dym6re6yQ20-00003-00006018-00006281 shlokas that we have had in someone
+Dym6re6yQ20-00004-00006282-00006478 wanted it in a tabular problem so it's
+Dym6re6yQ20-00005-00006479-00006737 actually easier for me also to view it
+Dym6re6yQ20-00006-00006738-00006875 in this manner
+Dym6re6yQ20-00007-00006876-00007127 uh so the first smallest unit that he
+Dym6re6yQ20-00008-00007128-00007325 starts off in Vishnu puranam is nimesha
+Dym6re6yQ20-00009-00007326-00007631 there are other units also
+Dym6re6yQ20-00010-00007631-00007810 um I've shared the link in the group so
+Dym6re6yQ20-00011-00007811-00008009 you can go through that but there is too
+Dym6re6yQ20-00012-00008009-00008213 much of information in that link so it's
+Dym6re6yQ20-00013-00008214-00008519 easier this way the smallest
+Dym6re6yQ20-00014-00008520-00009091 um unit that we start off Carlos here
+Dym6re6yQ20-00015-00009092-00009396 or a second maybe probably
+Dym6re6yQ20-00016-00009397-00010096 karta is the next unit
+Dym6re6yQ20-00017-00010097-00010314 um
+Dym6re6yQ20-00018-00010315-00010705 so there are 30 characters in one color
+Dym6re6yQ20-00019-00010706-00011009 ghatika is the next unit which has 30
+Dym6re6yQ20-00020-00011010-00011395 colors
+Dym6re6yQ20-00021-00011396-00011831 is not mentioned in Vishnu puranam but
+Dym6re6yQ20-00022-00011832-00012403 we understand it from this he just says
+Dym6re6yQ20-00023-00012404-00012655 he he just says
+Dym6re6yQ20-00024-00012656-00013129 but we take it as
+Dym6re6yQ20-00025-00013130-00014166 is day and night or 24 hours
+Dym6re6yQ20-00026-00014168-00014501 is a fortnight here and then two pakshas
+Dym6re6yQ20-00027-00014502-00014933 form one masam uh 30 uh sorry uh 12
+Dym6re6yQ20-00028-00014934-00015238 masses is a varsha so 12 months is a
+Dym6re6yQ20-00029-00015240-00017208 version so
+Dym6re6yQ20-00030-00017209-00017686 one year comes to totally close to 360
+Dym6re6yQ20-00031-00017687-00018253 days so if one uh 360 days is one year
+Dym6re6yQ20-00032-00018254-00018521 so you'll have to take that which is one
+Dym6re6yQ20-00033-00018522-00018994 day for uh Deva Devana
+Dym6re6yQ20-00034-00018995-00019339 um
+Dym6re6yQ20-00035-00019340-00019649 now you'll have to calculate it as Deva
+Dym6re6yQ20-00036-00019650-00020080 version is 360 manuscript closer more or
+Dym6re6yQ20-00037-00020081-00020267 less there will be an addition of five
+Dym6re6yQ20-00038-00020268-00020729 days or five years every uh uh in a
+Dym6re6yQ20-00039-00020730-00020843 cycle
+Dym6re6yQ20-00040-00020844-00021169 um so more or less it comes to 360
+Dym6re6yQ20-00041-00021170-00021593 minutia varshani is one Deva version now
+Dym6re6yQ20-00042-00021594-00021803 why do we move on to the Divine years is
+Dym6re6yQ20-00043-00021804-00022049 the calculation of the Yuga Yuga
+Dym6re6yQ20-00044-00022050-00022494 vibhagastu Deva versus
+Dym6re6yQ20-00045-00022495-00022858 it's easier to calculate using the uh
+Dym6re6yQ20-00046-00022859-00023177 the Divine ears the Deva version as far
+Dym6re6yQ20-00047-00023178-00023380 as yoga calculation goes because if you
+Dym6re6yQ20-00048-00023381-00023627 go with manushi version you are the it's
+Dym6re6yQ20-00049-00023628-00023783 too cumbersome there are too many
+Dym6re6yQ20-00050-00023784-00024022 numbers involved there so it's easier
+Dym6re6yQ20-00051-00024023-00024250 and rounded numbers are there for the
+Dym6re6yQ20-00052-00024251-00026496 yoga vibhagal based on the Deva varsha
+Dym6re6yQ20-00053-00026497-00026958 foreign
+Dym6re6yQ20-00054-00026960-00027317 just to for us to have an idea of how
+Dym6re6yQ20-00055-00027318-00027607 much we are looking at in Kali ugam here
+Dym6re6yQ20-00056-00027608-00028024 so you have this
+Dym6re6yQ20-00057-00028025-00028129 um
+Dym6re6yQ20-00058-00028130-00028361 encompassing the yugam and the
+Dym6re6yQ20-00059-00028362-00028607 antarakalam is your you can that's those
+Dym6re6yQ20-00060-00028608-00028762 are the shlokas that we finished with
+Dym6re6yQ20-00061-00028763-00029340 actually uh last time
+Dym6re6yQ20-00062-00029341-00029779 four thousand Deva varshani you have 400
+Dym6re6yQ20-00063-00029780-00030107 which is one tenth of the yoga Kalam
+Dym6re6yQ20-00064-00030108-00030401 form Sandhya another 10th forms the
+Dym6re6yQ20-00065-00030402-00030745 Sandhya that's why there is a
+Dym6re6yQ20-00066-00030745-00031037 symmetry in the Sandhya and sandhyamsha
+Dym6re6yQ20-00067-00031038-00031402 of every Yuga all these put together you
+Dym6re6yQ20-00068-00031404-00031690 have a total of 12 000 Deva varshas for
+Dym6re6yQ20-00069-00031691-00031979 one chatur yugam this is very important
+Dym6re6yQ20-00070-00031980-00032290 because next we move on to the divisions
+Dym6re6yQ20-00071-00032291-00032585 of manmantara and Brahma are you
+Dym6re6yQ20-00072-00032586-00032951 brahma's age so chatur yugam consists of
+Dym6re6yQ20-00073-00032952-00033209 12 000 Deva varshas
+Dym6re6yQ20-00074-00033210-00033527 wherein krita yugam along with its
+Dym6re6yQ20-00075-00033528-00033940 Sandhya and sandhyam Shah is 4800 along
+Dym6re6yQ20-00076-00033941-00034045 with this
+Dym6re6yQ20-00077-00034046-00034315 is 3600
+Dym6re6yQ20-00078-00034316-00034883 has 2400 years and Kali Yuga has 1200
+Dym6re6yQ20-00079-00034884-00035273 years okay this is the Yuga vibhagava
+Dym6re6yQ20-00080-00035274-00035489 next I'll go through the shlokas and
+Dym6re6yQ20-00081-00035490-00035668 then give you the manwanthara vibhagam
+Dym6re6yQ20-00082-00035669-00037249 it's easier once after we do this
+Dym6re6yQ20-00083-00037250-00037935 but he addresses
+Dym6re6yQ20-00084-00037936-00038155 [Music]
+Dym6re6yQ20-00085-00038156-00038693 in the day of a Brahma now he's until
+Dym6re6yQ20-00086-00038694-00039030 now he gave the division still the Yuga
+Dym6re6yQ20-00087-00039031-00039187 vibhagam
+Dym6re6yQ20-00088-00039188-00039679 and then now he comes from the topmost
+Dym6re6yQ20-00089-00039680-00040193 parimana which is brahmanaha
+Dym6re6yQ20-00090-00040194-00040530 in the brahmana brahma's day
+Dym6re6yQ20-00091-00040531-00041017 there are 14 Manu there are totally
+Dym6re6yQ20-00092-00041018-00041549 14 Manus in one day of Brahma so one day
+Dym6re6yQ20-00093-00041550-00041868 of Brahma constitutes uh
+Dym6re6yQ20-00094-00041869-00042151 14
+Dym6re6yQ20-00095-00042152-00045061 manu's time ages
+Dym6re6yQ20-00096-00045062-00045580 the measurement of time for each
+Dym6re6yQ20-00097-00045581-00048317 foreign
+Dym6re6yQ20-00098-00048318-00048587 and or the particular Manu for that
+Dym6re6yQ20-00099-00048588-00048877 particular
+Dym6re6yQ20-00100-00048878-00049174 there is a descendants of Manu who are
+Dym6re6yQ20-00101-00049175-00049618 all the Kings and the particular uh if
+Dym6re6yQ20-00102-00049619-00049843 you remember
+Dym6re6yQ20-00103-00049844-00050065 there was one man
+Dym6re6yQ20-00104-00050066-00050485 and from him and then you have
+Dym6re6yQ20-00105-00050486-00050801 uhuraja then you have his so
+Dym6re6yQ20-00106-00050802-00051052 suryavamsham also and the kings in the
+Dym6re6yQ20-00107-00051053-00051269 suryavamsha also were descendants of one
+Dym6re6yQ20-00108-00051270-00051526 particular Manu so all the Descendants
+Dym6re6yQ20-00109-00051527-00051863 the kings are all the the children of
+Dym6re6yQ20-00110-00051864-00053125 Manu so that's
+Dym6re6yQ20-00111-00053126-00053316 yes
+Dym6re6yQ20-00112-00053317-00053887 [Laughter]
+Dym6re6yQ20-00113-00053888-00054275 they are being created
+Dym6re6yQ20-00114-00054276-00054473 at the same time they are being created
+Dym6re6yQ20-00115-00054474-00054661 and at the same time they will be
+Dym6re6yQ20-00116-00054662-00055091 dissolved also into the Brahma so they
+Dym6re6yQ20-00117-00055091-00055375 are also being collapsed or merged
+Dym6re6yQ20-00118-00055376-00055632 as before
+Dym6re6yQ20-00119-00055633-00055973 when we were looking at the srishti
+Dym6re6yQ20-00120-00055974-00056297 Kalam how everybody were in a sukshma
+Dym6re6yQ20-00121-00056298-00056513 form inside the virats were open in the
+Dym6re6yQ20-00122-00056514-00056741 same manner they get manifested at the
+Dym6re6yQ20-00123-00056741-00056975 same time and they also merge into the
+Dym6re6yQ20-00124-00056976-00057185 Supreme form at the same time just as
+Dym6re6yQ20-00125-00057186-00057376 before
+Dym6re6yQ20-00128-00064579-00065173 foreign
+Dym6re6yQ20-00129-00065174-00065476 but he says this is a determining Factor
+Dym6re6yQ20-00130-00065477-00065773 what is that
+Dym6re6yQ20-00131-00065774-00066276 is
+Dym6re6yQ20-00132-00066277-00066676 the measurement of four yugas put
+Dym6re6yQ20-00133-00066677-00066988 together and sadhika sadhika is a very
+Dym6re6yQ20-00134-00066989-00067343 specific term that he uses in uh he
+Dym6re6yQ20-00135-00067344-00067597 gives a big explanation
+Dym6re6yQ20-00136-00067598-00068015 but what we need to know is only the
+Dym6re6yQ20-00137-00068016-00068688 numbers
+Dym6re6yQ20-00138-00068689-00069106 all four if you have that cycle 71 times
+Dym6re6yQ20-00139-00069107-00069467 that is called
+Dym6re6yQ20-00140-00069468-00069982 foreign
+Dym6re6yQ20-00141-00069983-00070555 so the way he says this is
+Dym6re6yQ20-00142-00070556-00070913 he has some calculation there and that
+Dym6re6yQ20-00143-00070914-00071285 calculation is called some of it is very
+Dym6re6yQ20-00144-00071286-00071626 difficult to comprehend uh because it is
+Dym6re6yQ20-00145-00071627-00072071 very specific in its uh details uh for
+Dym6re6yQ20-00146-00072072-00072847 now what we need to know is
+Dym6re6yQ20-00147-00072848-00073337 the the calculation of 71 chatury yugas
+Dym6re6yQ20-00148-00073338-00075250 is equal to one man
+Dym6re6yQ20-00149-00075251-00075605 now what is how many number of years are
+Dym6re6yQ20-00150-00075606-00075841 involved in this
+Dym6re6yQ20-00151-00075842-00076582 now we'll have to go to Surat
+Dym6re6yQ20-00152-00076583-00078199 um
+Dym6re6yQ20-00153-00078200-00079926 with a Divine uh a number that is
+Dym6re6yQ20-00154-00079927-00080423 so 800 000 Divine years of the Devas
+Dym6re6yQ20-00155-00080424-00081067 along with
+Dym6re6yQ20-00156-00081068-00081544 52 52 000 extra so which means eight
+Dym6re6yQ20-00157-00081545-00081761 hundred thousand plus fifty two thousand
+Dym6re6yQ20-00158-00081762-00082115 is the total number of divine years that
+Dym6re6yQ20-00159-00082116-00082494 are included in one month
+Dym6re6yQ20-00160-00082495-00082894 constitutes of eight hundred and fifty
+Dym6re6yQ20-00161-00082895-00083255 two thousand Deva varshani
+Dym6re6yQ20-00162-00083256-00083759 now he moves on to the same in uh he
+Dym6re6yQ20-00163-00083760-00083944 calculates the same thing in the next
+Dym6re6yQ20-00164-00083945-00085938 two shlokas as equivalent to manuscripts
+Dym6re6yQ20-00165-00085939-00088111 so there are 30 crores completely
+Dym6re6yQ20-00166-00088112-00088355 67 lakhs
+Dym6re6yQ20-00167-00088356-00090265 so 30 crores 67 lakhs again
+Dym6re6yQ20-00168-00090266-00090581 along with this
+Dym6re6yQ20-00169-00090582-00091788 hmm
+Dym6re6yQ20-00170-00091789-00092161 along with this
+Dym6re6yQ20-00171-00092162-00092405 you I think you'll have to take it as
+Dym6re6yQ20-00172-00092406-00093043 Saha
+Dym6re6yQ20-00173-00093044-00093382 without or in the absence of is the only
+Dym6re6yQ20-00174-00093383-00093730 meaning that he gives
+Dym6re6yQ20-00175-00093731-00093797 [Music]
+Dym6re6yQ20-00176-00093798-00093953 um
+Dym6re6yQ20-00177-00093954-00094325 okay
+Dym6re6yQ20-00178-00094326-00094517 I'll see if I can remember any other
+Dym6re6yQ20-00179-00094518-00094655 meaning for it and then I'll let you
+Dym6re6yQ20-00180-00094656-00094794 know so
+Dym6re6yQ20-00181-00094795-00095135 sahasrani along with 20 more thousand I
+Dym6re6yQ20-00182-00095136-00095293 am
+Dym6re6yQ20-00183-00095294-00095803 it is along with this time frame that
+Dym6re6yQ20-00184-00095804-00096106 the time frame of manmantara is
+Dym6re6yQ20-00185-00096107-00096437 calculated using manushani so with Manu
+Dym6re6yQ20-00186-00096438-00096911 maharashism it comes to uh 30 crores 67
+Dym6re6yQ20-00187-00096912-00097349 lakhs and 20 000 years is one man Tara
+Dym6re6yQ20-00188-00097350-00097523 hmm
+Dym6re6yQ20-00189-00097524-00097811 now in a tabular form act this is easier
+Dym6re6yQ20-00190-00097812-00098105 the next few slokas deals with brahma's
+Dym6re6yQ20-00191-00098106-00098482 uh Kalam uh so one chatur yugam is 12
+Dym6re6yQ20-00192-00098483-00099112 000 Deva varsha and 2071
+Dym6re6yQ20-00193-00099113-00099317 that is equal to this is the number that
+Dym6re6yQ20-00194-00099318-00099485 you have eight fifty two thousand Deva
+Dym6re6yQ20-00195-00099486-00099767 varshas and three not six seven twenty
+Dym6re6yQ20-00196-00099768-00100182 thousand
+Dym6re6yQ20-00197-00100183-00100567 so you'll have to go into 71 into 14.
+Dym6re6yQ20-00198-00100568-00100806 there is also
+Dym6re6yQ20-00199-00100807-00101147 just as how we had yoga Sandhya in
+Dym6re6yQ20-00200-00101148-00101509 sandhyam we have
+Dym6re6yQ20-00201-00101510-00101950 in between each there is a Sandhya there
+Dym6re6yQ20-00202-00101951-00102293 is a meeting point and that has the same
+Dym6re6yQ20-00203-00102294-00103513 amount of time as of 14.
+Dym6re6yQ20-00204-00103514-00103771 which are of the same amount of time
+Dym6re6yQ20-00205-00103772-00104171 forms 12 hours of Brahma which is his
+Dym6re6yQ20-00206-00104172-00104454 daytime
+Dym6re6yQ20-00207-00104455-00104754 one day of Brahma
+Dym6re6yQ20-00208-00104755-00105184 includes what is equal to 14 months and
+Dym6re6yQ20-00209-00105185-00105445 fifteen man
+Dym6re6yQ20-00210-00105446-00105808 is of an equal time which is 12 hours of
+Dym6re6yQ20-00211-00105809-00106115 brahma's day and 12 hours of night it is
+Dym6re6yQ20-00212-00106116-00106301 the same amount of time that is going to
+Dym6re6yQ20-00213-00106302-00106721 go for the night also which is
+Dym6re6yQ20-00214-00106722-00107093 a every day when Brahma wakes up there
+Dym6re6yQ20-00215-00107094-00107327 is a srishti and then when he goes to
+Dym6re6yQ20-00216-00107328-00107563 sleep
+Dym6re6yQ20-00217-00107564-00107945 at the end of 100 Years of Brahma in
+Dym6re6yQ20-00218-00107946-00108481 this manner
+Dym6re6yQ20-00219-00108482-00108749 this is one day so you will have to go
+Dym6re6yQ20-00220-00108750-00109073 to more or less 360 days for one year of
+Dym6re6yQ20-00221-00109074-00109373 Brahma 50 such Brahma years is called
+Dym6re6yQ20-00222-00109374-00109807 Paratha that that is the
+Dym6re6yQ20-00223-00109808-00110134 highest number that we know and two such
+Dym6re6yQ20-00224-00110135-00110608 paradas is brahma's lifespan or a
+Dym6re6yQ20-00225-00110609-00110843 hundred years of Brahma which is called
+Dym6re6yQ20-00226-00110844-00110995 parama
+Dym6re6yQ20-00227-00110996-00111245 brahmanaha parama
+Dym6re6yQ20-00228-00111246-00111521 the next few slokas deals with this part
+Dym6re6yQ20-00229-00111522-00112631 of it is
+Dym6re6yQ20-00231-00118861-00119321 for the sake of sleeping Brahma has a
+Dym6re6yQ20-00232-00119322-00119671 certain amount of time which is called
+Dym6re6yQ20-00233-00119672-00120101 that is termed as Tasia Nama the same
+Dym6re6yQ20-00234-00120102-00120301 for that is
+Dym6re6yQ20-00235-00120302-00120828 we heard this word before also uh
+Dym6re6yQ20-00236-00120829-00121099 so he has created in the morning
+Dym6re6yQ20-00237-00121100-00121536 everything from the tatwas
+Dym6re6yQ20-00238-00121538-00122047 everything came out right now
+Dym6re6yQ20-00239-00122048-00122386 in the reverse order each one goes and
+Dym6re6yQ20-00240-00122388-00122608 merges with its karanam
+Dym6re6yQ20-00241-00122609-00122981 during the night time that is his night
+Dym6re6yQ20-00242-00122982-00124186 at that point of time is
+Dym6re6yQ20-00243-00124188-00124499 now during this everyday that Brahma
+Dym6re6yQ20-00244-00124500-00124666 undergoes
+Dym6re6yQ20-00245-00124667-00124936 all of the locals do not get destroyed
+Dym6re6yQ20-00246-00124938-00125136 only three three
+Dym6re6yQ20-00247-00125138-00125477 gets destroyed that's why more often we
+Dym6re6yQ20-00248-00125478-00126019 use the expression of trilokam right
+Dym6re6yQ20-00249-00126020-00126451 that those three lokas
+Dym6re6yQ20-00250-00126452-00126808 only three these three lokas are
+Dym6re6yQ20-00251-00126809-00127069 destroyed in the sense they are burning
+Dym6re6yQ20-00252-00127070-00128449 at that point of time when
+Dym6re6yQ20-00253-00128450-00129036 these three lokas they burn
+Dym6re6yQ20-00254-00129038-00129389 some of these yogis and there was all of
+Dym6re6yQ20-00255-00129390-00129784 them they are unable to take the uh heat
+Dym6re6yQ20-00256-00129785-00130486 that emanates from then
+Dym6re6yQ20-00257-00130488-00130816 you have one more loka there maharlokam
+Dym6re6yQ20-00258-00130817-00130963 even in
+Dym6re6yQ20-00259-00130964-00131290 if these three lokas get destroyed then
+Dym6re6yQ20-00260-00131291-00131464 those who are all staying in the
+Dym6re6yQ20-00261-00131465-00131837 maharlokam they are unable to take this
+Dym6re6yQ20-00262-00131838-00133428 heat that comes from these three locals
+Dym6re6yQ20-00263-00133429-00133793 where it is more relaxed and cooling no
+Dym6re6yQ20-00264-00133794-00134057 once the next morning when the gets
+Dym6re6yQ20-00265-00134058-00134201 created they again go to their
+Dym6re6yQ20-00266-00134202-00134375 maharlokam and stay
+Dym6re6yQ20-00267-00134376-00134657 see there are yogis who do not get
+Dym6re6yQ20-00268-00134658-00134957 Moksha immediately there is when you go
+Dym6re6yQ20-00269-00134958-00135221 through the upasana you have to cross
+Dym6re6yQ20-00270-00135222-00135473 one loka after the other and then go to
+Dym6re6yQ20-00271-00135474-00135802 satyalaka which is brahma's lokam
+Dym6re6yQ20-00272-00135803-00136549 so you go to then then
+Dym6re6yQ20-00273-00136550-00136828 these are the seven lokas that you have
+Dym6re6yQ20-00274-00136829-00137087 to cross and then go to the go and
+Dym6re6yQ20-00275-00137088-00137989 attain uh open which is Moksha this is
+Dym6re6yQ20-00276-00137990-00138371 yogis who have trans who have gone
+Dym6re6yQ20-00277-00138372-00138671 through these lokas in order to get more
+Dym6re6yQ20-00278-00138672-00138785 trouble
+Dym6re6yQ20-00279-00138786-00139073 see why if you want to get moksham
+Dym6re6yQ20-00280-00139074-00139373 directly the path is different you can
+Dym6re6yQ20-00281-00139374-00139595 but these are all people who want the
+Dym6re6yQ20-00282-00139596-00139745 difference with these they want to see
+Dym6re6yQ20-00283-00139746-00139961 what is there in each local they still
+Dym6re6yQ20-00284-00139962-00140231 have that urge and desire to see all of
+Dym6re6yQ20-00285-00140232-00140416 these things so they they will probably
+Dym6re6yQ20-00286-00140417-00140723 go and stay in those places and then try
+Dym6re6yQ20-00287-00140724-00141023 to achieve higher uh achievements with
+Dym6re6yQ20-00288-00141024-00143245 these things
+Dym6re6yQ20-00289-00143246-00143585 I think there is a
+Dym6re6yQ20-00290-00143586-00144637 huh okay
+Dym6re6yQ20-00291-00144638-00145019 now when all of these are burning and
+Dym6re6yQ20-00292-00145020-00145397 destroyed the world all three worlds are
+Dym6re6yQ20-00293-00145398-00145963 now in the form of water
+Dym6re6yQ20-00294-00145964-00146225 the whole all three worlds are in the
+Dym6re6yQ20-00295-00146226-00146863 form of one ocean
+Dym6re6yQ20-00296-00146864-00147337 who is of the form of narayana
+Dym6re6yQ20-00297-00147338-00147797 now Brahma is in his Padma no and he
+Dym6re6yQ20-00298-00147798-00148090 will go and reside along with Vishnu in
+Dym6re6yQ20-00299-00148091-00150409 that serpent beds
+Dym6re6yQ20-00300-00150410-00150773 see initially he had let everything out
+Dym6re6yQ20-00301-00150774-00151054 of himself as a manifested firm in the
+Dym6re6yQ20-00302-00151055-00151513 whole world now all of these three words
+Dym6re6yQ20-00303-00151514-00151823 that is present in the three worlds that
+Dym6re6yQ20-00304-00151824-00152297 now has come into him and he has become
+Dym6re6yQ20-00305-00152298-00154559 time
+Dym6re6yQ20-00306-00154560-00154723 and he goes to sleep
+Dym6re6yQ20-00307-00154724-00155075 it is like having all the uh all of
+Dym6re6yQ20-00308-00155076-00155243 these things so when we go to sleep what
+Dym6re6yQ20-00309-00155244-00155495 happens we have the impressions of all
+Dym6re6yQ20-00310-00155496-00155740 of this world in our mind we don't empty
+Dym6re6yQ20-00311-00155741-00155993 it when we go to sleep everything is
+Dym6re6yQ20-00312-00155994-00156245 present in our mind so we keep seeing it
+Dym6re6yQ20-00313-00156246-00156414 in our dreams
+Dym6re6yQ20-00314-00156415-00156749 it's more now our mind is not empty when
+Dym6re6yQ20-00315-00156750-00157139 we are seeing things outside it we are
+Dym6re6yQ20-00316-00157140-00157343 able to visualize everything outside and
+Dym6re6yQ20-00317-00157344-00157576 it is no longer in our mind but when we
+Dym6re6yQ20-00318-00157577-00157828 go to sleep we should let it be like
+Dym6re6yQ20-00319-00157829-00157895 that
+Dym6re6yQ20-00320-00157896-00158147 instead we take all of these things in a
+Dym6re6yQ20-00321-00158148-00158393 sukhma form in our mind and our mind has
+Dym6re6yQ20-00322-00158394-00158723 become heavy now because of this we
+Dym6re6yQ20-00323-00158724-00158909 should learn to empty our mind before
+Dym6re6yQ20-00324-00158910-00159114 going to sleep
+Dym6re6yQ20-00325-00159115-00161014 process hmm
+Dym6re6yQ20-00326-00161015-00163890 um
+Dym6re6yQ20-00327-00163891-00164352 sorry a being who came out of the
+Dym6re6yQ20-00328-00164353-00164671 Padma Lotus
+Dym6re6yQ20-00329-00164672-00165035 one who came out of the lotus he is
+Dym6re6yQ20-00330-00165036-00165311 being thought of or meditated upon by
+Dym6re6yQ20-00331-00165312-00165823 those people who are in general
+Dym6re6yQ20-00332-00165824-00166573 these yogis
+Dym6re6yQ20-00333-00166574-00166909 those yogis who are all now
+Dym6re6yQ20-00334-00166910-00167713 they think of they meditate
+Dym6re6yQ20-00335-00167714-00168059 they spent that whole night meditating
+Dym6re6yQ20-00336-00168060-00168354 on Brahma
+Dym6re6yQ20-00337-00168355-00168916 Naman uh
+Dym6re6yQ20-00338-00168917-00169669 um
+Dym6re6yQ20-00339-00169670-00170497 this is
+Dym6re6yQ20-00340-00170498-00170776 when they spend that entire time doing
+Dym6re6yQ20-00341-00170777-00171131 one work then you put that time limit in
+Dym6re6yQ20-00342-00171132-00172243 Vidya otherwise you'll have to say
+Dym6re6yQ20-00343-00172244-00172578 if you use the word
+Dym6re6yQ20-00344-00172579-00172835 then it means once in a while they think
+Dym6re6yQ20-00345-00172836-00173052 about Brahma and then they go to sleep
+Dym6re6yQ20-00346-00173053-00173543 if you use the word
+Dym6re6yQ20-00347-00173544-00173873 as long as the entire time of ratri
+Dym6re6yQ20-00348-00173874-00174240 Imagine 71 into 14
+Dym6re6yQ20-00349-00174241-00174589 is brahma's night time the entire
+Dym6re6yQ20-00350-00174590-00174826 entirety of brahma's right time was
+Dym6re6yQ20-00351-00174827-00175049 spent in thinking about the Deva or
+Dym6re6yQ20-00352-00175050-00175289 doing meditation
+Dym6re6yQ20-00353-00175290-00175661 that is why he has used here to notice
+Dym6re6yQ20-00354-00175662-00176551 it before so
+Dym6re6yQ20-00355-00176552-00176899 at the end of that night time
+Dym6re6yQ20-00356-00176900-00177235 again he creates this world
+Dym6re6yQ20-00357-00177236-00177901 he creates the three words
+Dym6re6yQ20-00358-00177902-00178393 one year is spent
+Dym6re6yQ20-00359-00178394-00178799 one year a hundred years are spent this
+Dym6re6yQ20-00360-00178800-00179904 is what is brahmas
+Dym6re6yQ20-00361-00179905-00180311 the lifespan of that great person who is
+Dym6re6yQ20-00362-00180312-00180743 Brahma Brahma that involves a hundred
+Dym6re6yQ20-00363-00180744-00182771 years
+Dym6re6yQ20-00364-00182772-00183059 okay
+Dym6re6yQ20-00365-00183060-00183269 uh
+Dym6re6yQ20-00366-00183270-00185395 is
+Dym6re6yQ20-00367-00185396-00185866 again which involves 50 years that 50
+Dym6re6yQ20-00368-00185867-00186275 years is now past gone brahma's 50 years
+Dym6re6yQ20-00369-00186276-00186526 are gone which is equal to one Paratha
+Dym6re6yQ20-00370-00186527-00186799 so asya brahmanaha
+Dym6re6yQ20-00371-00186800-00187471 one who has
+Dym6re6yQ20-00372-00187472-00189133 one who does not faultless one who is
+Dym6re6yQ20-00373-00189134-00189431 at the end end of that it was called
+Dym6re6yQ20-00374-00189432-00190387 Padma kalpam now yes
+Dym6re6yQ20-00375-00190388-00190823 now this present the kalpa that had
+Dym6re6yQ20-00376-00190824-00191147 elapsed is called Padma kalpam now what
+Dym6re6yQ20-00377-00191148-00194064 we are in is
+Dym6re6yQ20-00378-00194065-00195414 it is
+Dym6re6yQ20-00379-00195415-00195816 has come been completed in this third
+Dym6re6yQ20-00380-00195817-00196085 we'll move on to the fourth next class
+Dym6re6yQ20-00381-00196086-00196402 any doubts
+Dym6re6yQ20-00382-00196403-00196895 you can unmute yourself
+Dym6re6yQ20-00383-00196896-00197009 yeah
+Dym6re6yQ20-00384-00197010-00197264 okay
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00000-00000005-00001050 [Music]
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00001-00001051-00001516 thank you
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00002-00001517-00001721 hi I'm Bill Crystal welcome back to
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00003-00001722-00001907 conversations I'm very pleased to be
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00004-00001907-00002152 joined Again by Ann Applebaum we had a
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00005-00002153-00002333 conversation almost exactly a year ago
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00006-00002334-00002597 right I think was the day before the War
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00007-00002598-00002789 Began we assumed Putin would invade and
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00008-00002790-00002963 actually your your comments from the
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00009-00002964-00003179 time your analysis stands up very well
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00010-00003180-00003306 in terms of
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00011-00003307-00003569 Putin's motives and the way he would
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00012-00003570-00003790 conduct the war in terms of Ukraine a
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00013-00003792-00003911 little bit on Europe so I want to go
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00014-00003911-00004061 back over all of that but just to
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00015-00004061-00004295 reintroduce and I'm pretty surprised
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00016-00004296-00004577 when a historian uh writer must read
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00017-00004578-00004852 writer for the Atlantic on not just on
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00018-00004853-00005015 Ukraine and Russia but focusing on that
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00019-00005016-00005236 obviously in the last year Twilight of
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00020-00005237-00005386 democracy an excellent book written a
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00021-00005387-00005620 couple years ago and I I guess maybe
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00022-00005621-00005825 you're best known for the books on the
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00023-00005826-00006083 Soviet Union on the gulag a history and
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00024-00006084-00006317 on Stalin's war on Ukraine
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00025-00006318-00006653 um and those are all terrific books so a
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00026-00006654-00006892 rare combination of historical depth and
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00027-00006893-00007078 you know uh
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00028-00007079-00007264 um uh crisp commentary on the current
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00029-00007265-00007463 and current events so Anne thanks for
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00030-00007464-00007810 thanks for joining me again
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00031-00007811-00007996 so let's go right to it and and let's
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00032-00007997-00008183 just talk about you know so much about
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00033-00008184-00008357 Ukraine Russia I feel like some of the
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00034-00008358-00008459 conversation about the war
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00035-00008460-00008639 understandably and I engage in this too
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00036-00008640-00008842 is very general autocracy democracy
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00037-00008843-00009010 which is fine and important but let's
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00038-00009011-00009239 talk about the actual country so it's a
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00039-00009240-00009478 year in so what have you learned what
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00040-00009479-00009599 surprised you what should we all know
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00041-00009600-00009778 about let's just begin with Ukraine
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00042-00009779-00009977 since let's begin with the the uplifting
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00043-00009978-00010199 side rather than the rather than Putin's
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00044-00010200-00010474 Russia so what about Ukraine
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00045-00010475-00010810 so the ukrainians have surpassed all
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00046-00010811-00011021 expectations I mean if you look back to
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00047-00011022-00011159 what people were saying a year from now
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00048-00011160-00011374 I was part of a lot of conversations in
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00049-00011375-00011669 Washington and elsewhere in which the
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00050-00011670-00011927 fall of Kiev was widely anticipated the
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00051-00011928-00012185 Assumption was that okay there would be
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00052-00012186-00012335 a guerrilla War and the fighting would
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00053-00012336-00012569 go on for a long time maybe even many
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00054-00012570-00012827 years but you know the the Ukrainian
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00055-00012828-00013169 state was very unlikely to survive
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00056-00013169-00013493 um I I did think that this was a this
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00057-00013494-00013679 was a wrong assumption at the time and I
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00058-00013680-00013829 I'm fortunate enough to have said so
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00059-00013830-00014047 publicly in a couple of days
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00060-00014047-00014369 but but but you know but of course we
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00061-00014369-00014543 all had doubts nobody really knew
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00062-00014544-00014747 because we didn't quite know what the
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00063-00014747-00014986 scale of the attack would be but I think
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00064-00014987-00015221 what has happened is that the ukrainians
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00065-00015222-00015544 have shown first of all that their army
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00066-00015545-00015761 and their military were far better
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00067-00015762-00016025 prepared kind of psychologically and in
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00068-00016026-00016307 terms of you know planning and so on uh
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00069-00016308-00016505 than anybody had guessed I mean the the
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00070-00016506-00016691 country didn't do something so they
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00071-00016692-00016763 didn't
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00072-00016764-00016955 produce lots of ammunition in advance
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00073-00016956-00017158 they didn't reinforce their cities in
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00074-00017159-00017333 advance there were things in retrospect
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00075-00017334-00017447 that could have been done and if you go
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00076-00017448-00017693 around Ukraine you hear people say that
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00077-00017694-00017836 um and people you know it would have
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00078-00017837-00018077 been nice to have a wider broader social
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00079-00018078-00018347 preparation but the Army was prepared
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00080-00018348-00018539 um and the Army has also shown itself to
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00081-00018540-00018821 be very creative it uses what equipment
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00082-00018822-00018947 it has
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00083-00018948-00019150 um whether it's you know drones you can
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00084-00019151-00019336 buy on the internet and kind of they
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00085-00019337-00019558 call it macgyvering you know fixing up
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00086-00019559-00019744 fixing them up to be able to do other
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00087-00019745-00019864 things they weren't supposed to be able
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00088-00019865-00019991 to do
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00089-00019992-00020141 um they're they're extremely creative
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00090-00020142-00020344 they use their weapons well
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00091-00020345-00020549 um there is no Hint by the way of any
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00092-00020550-00020819 corruption to do with the Army um that
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00093-00020820-00021077 you know all that is is is is is very
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00094-00021078-00021214 straightforward and the other thing that
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00095-00021215-00021425 has been again not surprising if you
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00096-00021426-00021743 knew crane but really if you know by
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00097-00021744-00021929 comparison to other societies and other
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00098-00021930-00022222 times and places Ukrainian Society the
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00099-00022223-00022517 way in which spontaneous volunteer
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00100-00022518-00022714 groups have organized themselves whether
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00101-00022715-00023014 to help the army or to help refugees or
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00102-00023015-00023278 to run cities in the absence of you know
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00103-00023279-00023489 when you I've got a story coming out
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00104-00023490-00023644 today about
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00105-00023645-00023975 um cities and towns under occupation
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00106-00023976-00024161 um people really rising to the challenge
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00107-00024162-00024617 in extraordinary ways it makes it you
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00108-00024618-00024736 know it's always been a kind of
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00109-00024737-00025007 Grassroots Society it's better ground up
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00110-00025008-00025157 you know the state was always much
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00111-00025158-00025313 weaker than the society and it was
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00112-00025314-00025421 always a place where people were
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00113-00025422-00025672 suspicious of power
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00114-00025673-00025852 um but able to organize on the ground
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00115-00025854-00026111 and that all of that has played out just
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00116-00026112-00026374 unbelievably well um I I was in Ukraine
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00117-00026375-00026567 last summer I've been several times
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00118-00026568-00026740 three times actually since the War Began
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00119-00026741-00026896 and
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00120-00026897-00027040 um the I would spending a few days in
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00121-00027041-00027251 Odessa and you know just the range of
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00122-00027252-00027508 people and groups and organizations who
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00123-00027510-00027761 are you know creatively seeking to help
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00124-00027762-00028049 the war effort um is astonishing and I
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00125-00028050-00028289 think ukrainians deserve an enormous
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00126-00028289-00028427 amount of credit for that I mean again
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00127-00028427-00028708 when when people write the history of
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00128-00028710-00028907 the war and and when they look back they
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00129-00028908-00029087 will talk about some of the lack of
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00130-00029088-00029237 preparation
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00131-00029238-00029405 um they will talk about some weaknesses
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00132-00029406-00029561 in zelenski's government you know
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00133-00029562-00029752 they're things people don't like and you
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00134-00029754-00029908 know I I even wonder whether he'll be
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00135-00029910-00030167 you know he'll be re-elected if even
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00136-00030168-00030358 assuming they win I can imagine a
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00137-00030360-00030527 Churchill situation in which people say
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00138-00030527-00030737 right now we want something else but
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00139-00030738-00030989 um but he has also
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00140-00030989-00031187 um surpassed expectations as well you
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00141-00031188-00031367 know people said he's an actor he's a
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00142-00031368-00031511 comedian you know what does he know
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00143-00031512-00031655 about wars
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00144-00031656-00031823 um but it turns out he's not only that
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00145-00031824-00032002 he's also a television producer
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00146-00032004-00032164 everybody around him is a television
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00147-00032166-00032393 producer they think they think a lot
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00148-00032394-00032746 about how to how to send a message uh
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00149-00032747-00032962 how to Galvanize people at home and he
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00150-00032963-00033059 is of course one of the great
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00151-00033060-00033293 discoveries of the war yeah no I mean
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00152-00033294-00033449 you mentioned Churchill I do feel like
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00153-00033450-00033605 in our lifetime this is the closest
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00154-00033606-00033917 we've seen to a sort of written 1940
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00155-00033918-00034096 situation both in terms of leadership
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00156-00034097-00034402 and in terms of the public behaving with
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00157-00034403-00034607 really impressive and admirable courage
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00158-00034608-00034840 and determination but also calmness and
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00159-00034841-00035202 and uh you know uh resolution and and
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00160-00035203-00035465 it's really something to see and you
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00161-00035466-00035602 were a year ago when we talked to you
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00162-00035603-00035818 you said that people had underestimated
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00163-00035819-00036065 the sort of democratic and liberal
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00164-00036066-00036262 development and development of Civil
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00165-00036263-00036461 Society in Ukraine from especially from
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00166-00036462-00036683 2014 on but I would say a word about
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00167-00036684-00036965 that I mean you you saw I guess I had
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00168-00036966-00037102 this sort of rather conventional view
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00169-00037103-00037271 that I mean I would say God knows I wish
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00170-00037272-00037499 them well and I was already it was all
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00171-00037500-00037631 for helping them as much as we could but
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00172-00037632-00037793 I also had read about the corruption and
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00173-00037794-00037985 the problems and the oligarchs all the
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00174-00037986-00038230 election the hopes of 2014 having been
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00175-00038231-00038477 dashed in some respect but that was a
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00176-00038478-00038668 deeper transformation than I think I
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00177-00038669-00039215 realized
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00178-00039216-00039640 one is how young the the zielinski team
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00179-00039641-00039857 is I mean the people you know this is a
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00180-00039858-00040090 this is a country run now by people in
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00181-00040091-00040373 their 30s and 40s and those are all p
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00182-00040374-00040487 and that's very important in the
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00183-00040488-00040696 Ukrainian context because that means
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00184-00040697-00040823 those are all people who aren't
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00185-00040824-00041015 connected to the old Soviet system and
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00186-00041016-00041177 don't even really remember it you know
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00187-00041178-00041374 and in a lot of cases it also means
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00188-00041375-00041524 they're not even really connected to the
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00189-00041525-00041729 sort of oligarchic system that ran the
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00190-00041730-00041830 country
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00191-00041831-00042023 um in the 90s and and most of the two
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00192-00042024-00042257 first part of the 2000s um so there's
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00193-00042258-00042424 really there was a kind of generational
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00194-00042425-00042580 change and the other thing that turned
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00195-00042581-00042785 out to be important was Ukraine has
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00196-00042786-00043055 pretty active local democracy so kind of
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00197-00043056-00043246 local Mayors and locally elected
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00198-00043247-00043474 politicians are authentic I mean they're
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00199-00043475-00043649 not appointed by somebody these
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00200-00043650-00043787 elections aren't fake you know they're
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00201-00043788-00044015 real people and that also turned out to
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00202-00044016-00044224 matter a lot so
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00203-00044225-00044495 um you know local Mayors in occupied
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00204-00044496-00044735 zones were able to do things for people
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00205-00044736-00044921 and help them and and they felt an
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00206-00044922-00045077 obligation to them and they had actual
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00207-00045078-00045346 real Authority because you know they
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00208-00045347-00045599 were elected and that and and all of
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00209-00045600-00045815 that turned out turned out to matter a
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00210-00045816-00045893 lot
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00211-00045894-00046015 um and then as I said you know
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00212-00046016-00046277 zielinski's ability to communicate was
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00213-00046278-00046589 was another piece of the story you know
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00214-00046590-00046835 um every night now he does a national
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00215-00046836-00047015 broadcast it's very short it's five
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00216-00047016-00047249 minutes he does it in his cell phone and
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00217-00047250-00047518 so sort of no production values no
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00218-00047519-00047723 lighting no TV studio just like his
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00219-00047724-00047867 little phone and he speaks into the
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00220-00047868-00048149 phone and um and of course
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00221-00048150-00048305 um speaking to the phone and by the way
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00222-00048306-00048485 the way he's dressed he's dressed as a
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00223-00048486-00048635 member of the Ukrainian territorial Army
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00224-00048636-00048827 so like an average Soldier not like a
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00225-00048828-00048965 general
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00226-00048966-00049140 um and all of that is on the one hand
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00227-00049141-00049355 staged in that they think about it you
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00228-00049356-00049529 know we want to look authentic you know
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00229-00049530-00049679 and he wants to look like a normal
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00230-00049680-00049883 person I'm a normal person who's
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00231-00049884-00050057 accidentally found himself in this
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00232-00050058-00050224 extraordinary situation
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00233-00050225-00050339 um and on the other hand it works
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00234-00050340-00050567 because it's true you know so it's not
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00235-00050568-00050752 just fake off and just it's real I mean
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00236-00050753-00050986 you know you that's he really is a
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00237-00050987-00051208 normal person who found himself in this
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00238-00051209-00051382 situation and so what that means is that
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00239-00051383-00051592 lots of people identify
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00240-00051594-00051814 um so ordinary people who are in the
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00241-00051815-00052007 territorial army or they're helping out
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00242-00052008-00052258 you know even not at the front line but
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00243-00052259-00052408 helping with food distribution or
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00244-00052409-00052499 something you know they can all
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00245-00052500-00052715 empathize with him and he's speaking to
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00246-00052716-00052792 them
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00247-00052794-00053009 um and that has that turned out to be
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00248-00053010-00053266 you know an aspect of
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00249-00053267-00053573 um of his presidency and end of the
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00250-00053574-00053747 society that was probably you know much
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00251-00053748-00053969 stronger than anyone expected yeah it's
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00252-00053970-00054119 such an amazing demonstration of
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00253-00054120-00054347 democratic quality leadership you know
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00254-00054348-00054647 to speak to the people every night and I
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00255-00054648-00054832 guess pretty candidly give them updates
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00256-00054833-00055013 and acknowledge that there's been
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00257-00055014-00055138 terrible things have happened and there
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00258-00055139-00055235 have been some places that haven't
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00259-00055236-00055366 things haven't gone quite as soon
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00260-00055367-00055637 they've made some mistakes yeah yeah I
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00261-00055638-00055876 mean that's a pretty I I say a word
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00262-00055877-00056038 about that I mean that I'm really struck
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00263-00056039-00056273 by that the depth of liberalism or
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00264-00056274-00056609 democratic values or both I suppose in
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00265-00056610-00056813 Ukraine obviously side by side with a
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00266-00056814-00057137 very deep nationalism and and defense of
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00267-00057138-00057329 their their country the Fatherland the
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00268-00057329-00057538 motherland but again reminds me of 1940
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00269-00057539-00057730 in the degree with Churchill both if you
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00270-00057732-00057953 read those speeches appeals to of course
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00271-00057954-00058192 the you know great history of Britain
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00272-00058194-00058354 and this could be our finest hour and so
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00273-00058355-00058594 forth but also very explicitly that we
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00274-00058595-00058799 are the defense of Freedom we without us
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00275-00058800-00059015 we're looking at a new Dark Age you know
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00276-00059016-00059237 and so forth and and I I feel like that
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00277-00059238-00059453 again a very unusual moment to see those
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00278-00059454-00059704 two come together so dramatically so in
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00279-00059705-00059992 my view this is why zelen's key has been
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00280-00059994-00060191 so successful around the world and why
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00281-00060191-00060400 he has such a deep appeal is you know if
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00282-00060401-00060611 you think of our culture War as okay
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00283-00060612-00060826 this is very very crude you know on the
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00284-00060827-00061061 one hand liberal values but on the other
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00285-00061062-00061313 hand nationalism or patriotism or
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00286-00061314-00061480 whatever you want to call it you know
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00287-00061482-00061721 what he does is a patriotic
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00288-00061722-00061991 nationalistic defense of liberal values
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00289-00061991-00062326 um and that's why he can you know appeal
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00290-00062327-00062507 to the a wide part of the political
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00291-00062508-00062782 Spectrum not just in the U.S but all
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00292-00062783-00062957 across Europe because people can
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00293-00062958-00063161 identify with that and it's a thing that
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00294-00063162-00063371 have people have felt to be missing
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00295-00063372-00063671 um and he uh and and I think that's the
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00296-00063672-00063838 source of it and it's again it also
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00297-00063839-00064061 works because it's true I mean he you
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00298-00064062-00064187 know his government and his
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00299-00064188-00064415 administration is is not ethnically
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00300-00064416-00064600 Ukrainian or and doesn't have an
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00301-00064601-00064859 attachment to ethnic nationalism
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00302-00064860-00065050 um they aren't you know that's they were
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00303-00065051-00065225 elected as kind of you know as a
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00304-00065226-00065411 representative of Civic patriotism no
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00305-00065412-00065525 but nobody ever uses that kind of
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00306-00065526-00065800 language in Ukraine but that's in effect
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00307-00065801-00065963 um what he stood for
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00308-00065964-00066191 um and so you know it's real yeah it's
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00309-00066192-00066431 amazing so interesting and inspiring
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00310-00066432-00066581 really I mean anything else you've been
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00311-00066582-00066713 there three times since the War Began
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00312-00066714-00066844 you talk to people there all the time
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00313-00066845-00067091 you uh read so much more than the rest
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00314-00067092-00067435 of us do from Ukraine itself and uh
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00315-00067436-00067703 anything else so you would want people
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00316-00067704-00067847 here who aren't following it nearly as
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00317-00067848-00068044 closely should know I mean you feel
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00318-00068045-00068338 pretty good about the general uh uh the
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00319-00068339-00068494 strength of Civil Society so to speak
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00320-00068495-00068632 the strength of liberal and Democratic
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00321-00068633-00068903 Values there and war wars put pressure
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00322-00068904-00069191 often on those on those things about
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00323-00069192-00069400 those things I feel one aspect of the
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00324-00069401-00069629 story that hasn't been fully understood
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00325-00069630-00069809 and I just I just wrote this today in
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00326-00069810-00069959 fact I haven't even had time to look it
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00327-00069960-00070187 should be up on the Atlantic website
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00328-00070188-00070361 um within a few minutes today is
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00329-00070362-00070505 February 14th for those who will be
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00330-00070506-00070661 watching today's a little later but yeah
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00331-00070662-00070841 by the time here it'll definitely be
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00332-00070842-00070961 online
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00333-00070962-00071135 um I've written together with a
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00334-00071136-00071321 Ukrainian journalist and some of her
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00335-00071322-00071567 colleagues a piece about what happened
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00336-00071568-00071855 in the occupied territories and we can
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00337-00071856-00072041 write this now because some of them have
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00338-00072042-00072203 been liberated
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00339-00072204-00072376 um and I think that the and maybe this
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00340-00072377-00072671 leads us to the government Russia but
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00341-00072672-00072959 um I I think that the nature of what has
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00342-00072960-00073253 happened there the the arrests the
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00343-00073254-00073499 torture in every single
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00344-00073500-00073738 um you know every single liberated town
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00345-00073739-00073919 There's a torture chamber you know in
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00346-00073920-00074087 every single liberated Town children are
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00347-00074088-00074303 missing the rounding up of children
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00348-00074304-00074453 separating them from their parents
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00349-00074454-00074656 sending them to Russia
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00350-00074657-00074944 um the arrests of small town Mayors and
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00351-00074945-00075137 local councilors the the kinds of people
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00352-00075138-00075371 we were just talking about the
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00353-00075372-00075605 um the arrests of volunteers people who
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00354-00075606-00075893 organize these volunteer organizations
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00355-00075894-00076126 um the nature of the occupation is is
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00356-00076127-00076385 horrific and cruel in a way that we've
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00357-00076386-00076691 genuinely not seen in Europe since 1945.
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00358-00076692-00076967 um and of course for me actually 1945
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00359-00076968-00077099 Mighty move the world year to use
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00360-00077100-00077309 because for me what it reminds me the
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00361-00077310-00077537 most of is what the Red Army did when it
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00362-00077538-00077644 occupied
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00363-00077645-00077969 um Central Europe in you know 44 45 46
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00364-00077970-00078185 47 it's the same kind of you know
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00365-00078186-00078455 decapitate Society do Mass arrests send
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00366-00078456-00078617 people to prison
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00367-00078618-00078826 um and try and reshape the society and
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00368-00078827-00079055 the the level of Cruelty and violence
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00369-00079056-00079235 that is being used there I mean forget
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00370-00079236-00079391 the war zones you know I'm not even
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00371-00079392-00079547 talking about police places where people
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00372-00079548-00079762 are you know being bombarded and you
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00373-00079763-00079894 know the pictures you see on TV are
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00374-00079895-00080129 mostly War zones where you aren't seeing
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00375-00080130-00080321 um is is what's happening in occupied
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00376-00080322-00080656 Ukraine and that is a and it's important
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00377-00080657-00080794 to understand that because when we start
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00378-00080795-00080909 talking about how the war is going to
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00379-00080910-00081065 end
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00380-00081066-00081232 um and and you know whether the
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00381-00081233-00081406 ukrainians can trade territory away or
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00382-00081407-00081569 not and maybe they can and that's we can
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00383-00081570-00081773 talk about that in a minute if you want
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00384-00081774-00081965 um it's not the issue isn't the
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00385-00081966-00082193 territory or the land you know the issue
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00386-00082194-00082367 is what has happened to people in those
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00387-00082368-00082535 places and what is going on now
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00388-00082536-00082775 everybody in Ukraine knows this but I
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00389-00082776-00082967 don't know that the outside world
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00390-00082968-00083159 understands this story
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00391-00083160-00083279 um that we are talking about
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00392-00083280-00083543 concentration camps mass murder torture
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00393-00083544-00083862 arrests um you know torment of children
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00394-00083863-00084167 all inflicted on these on these zones of
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00395-00084168-00084473 occupation and that is a and the level
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00396-00084474-00084694 of the crime and the knowledge of it is
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00397-00084695-00084875 is I think only just being beginning
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00398-00084876-00085126 right now to seep out of your brain yeah
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00399-00085127-00085312 and that was for that reason just to
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00400-00085313-00085541 declare I think for the dot your dot
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00401-00085542-00085679 your eye and cross your t on this I mean
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00402-00085680-00085919 the notion of a compromise land for
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00403-00085920-00086044 peace and all that it's not land for
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00404-00086045-00086279 peace right it's Ukrainian people for
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00405-00086280-00086579 example peace and them being treated in
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00406-00086580-00086843 this barbaric way I mean is that we're
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00407-00086844-00086969 gonna have um
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00408-00086970-00087179 observers in there making sure that the
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00409-00087180-00087400 decent situation and the whatever places
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00410-00087401-00087575 if there are some that Ukraine doesn't
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00411-00087576-00087797 get back um well what about Russia I
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00412-00087798-00087982 mean you've written so much about it and
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00413-00087983-00088162 you of all people probably aren't
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00414-00088163-00088373 surprised in a way by that this is what
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00415-00088374-00088523 Putin's Russia has come to or are you
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00416-00088524-00089405 were you surprised are you surprised
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00417-00089406-00089729 I suppose the the the surprise has been
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00418-00089730-00090137 in the you know in the in the well again
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00419-00090138-00090329 is that really surprising I was about to
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00420-00090330-00090515 say the lack of reaction at the highest
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00421-00090516-00090700 levels of society so one of the things
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00422-00090701-00090838 one of the functions of Russian
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00423-00090839-00091037 propaganda and one of the ways it works
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00424-00091038-00091205 inside the country
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00425-00091206-00091379 um is that it's designed to make people
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00426-00091380-00091738 apathetic so you know Russians don't
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00427-00091739-00091991 have public opinion in the way we think
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00428-00091992-00092182 of it they don't have views like I'm
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00429-00092183-00092332 right-wing or I'm left wing or I think
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00430-00092333-00092567 this or I think that and I can engage in
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00431-00092568-00092717 a public argument with someone on social
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00432-00092718-00092891 media about it it doesn't work like that
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00433-00092892-00093244 you know there's an official View and if
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00434-00093245-00093425 you want to keep your job you stick to
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00435-00093426-00093737 the view but even privately you don't go
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00436-00093738-00093988 there mostly you know some percentage of
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00437-00093989-00094312 the country does but mostly you it's a
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00438-00094313-00094547 you know politics is a far away dirty
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00439-00094548-00094703 world that you want nothing to do with
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00440-00094704-00094865 you don't want to talk about it you
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00441-00094866-00094985 don't want to be involved in it you
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00442-00094986-00095099 don't you know because it's just
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00443-00095100-00095291 dangerous and nasty
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00444-00095292-00095615 um and so in the prediction that the
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00445-00095616-00095921 public would be apathetic or distanced
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00446-00095922-00096071 or
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00447-00096072-00096226 um you know not participating in the war
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00448-00096227-00096371 I mean it works both ways I should say
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00449-00096372-00096556 there's no Mass protest movement against
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00450-00096557-00096706 the war on the other hand there's also
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00451-00096707-00097000 no pro-war movement either I mean so you
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00452-00097001-00097132 don't see people Marching In the Street
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00453-00097133-00097355 calling for War I mean they they do
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00454-00097356-00097662 these really staged you know kind of TV
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00455-00097663-00097859 demonstrations sometimes and they put
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00456-00097860-00098038 these horrible propagandists on TV but
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00457-00098039-00098237 there's no evidence inside Russia that
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00458-00098238-00098435 people are excited or enthusiastic you
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00459-00098436-00098549 know
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00460-00098550-00098741 people you know think of hundreds of
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00461-00098742-00098891 thousands people have left people stay
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00462-00098892-00099082 home they don't participate
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00463-00099083-00099293 they talk better hear about it I mean
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00464-00099294-00099521 I am surprised that at the higher levels
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00465-00099522-00099935 of society so the upper levels of the um
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00466-00099936-00100174 of the security services
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00467-00100175-00100450 maybe maybe the business community that
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00468-00100451-00100600 there hasn't been a little bit more
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00469-00100601-00100793 signs of breaking I mean there are weird
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00470-00100794-00100912 things that happen I actually just read
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00471-00100913-00101117 about a strange suicide of a
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00472-00101118-00101332 high-ranking Russian official in the
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00473-00101333-00101465 last couple of days and you know there
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00474-00101466-00101644 are these business people and others who
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00475-00101645-00101837 fall out of Windows
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00476-00101838-00101993 um you know and that's you know I assume
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00477-00101994-00102262 that's all signs of things that uh you
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00478-00102263-00102503 know some kind of internal descent but
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00479-00102504-00102701 I'm surprised it's lasted this long and
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00480-00102702-00102953 given how badly it's gone
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00481-00102954-00103097 um because there's no hiding the fact
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00482-00103098-00103360 that this you know given the
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00483-00103361-00103577 expectations inside Russia and outside
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00484-00103578-00103756 Russia of how you know the state of the
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00485-00103757-00103901 Russian army which was thought to have
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00486-00103902-00104140 been you know renewed and reformed and
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00487-00104141-00104344 rebuilt and you know expanded and so on
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00488-00104345-00104477 and was supposed to be in such a good
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00489-00104478-00104680 shape the catastrophic behavior of
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00490-00104681-00104866 Russian soldiers
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00491-00104867-00105089 um you know has to have you know people
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00492-00105090-00105316 have clearly have noticed and I'm
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00493-00105317-00105454 surprised there hasn't been a little bit
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00494-00105455-00105616 more Elite
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00495-00105617-00105815 um you know objection to the war on
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00496-00105816-00106031 those grounds and Putin just continues
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00497-00106032-00106216 to go ahead in your view I mean he's now
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00498-00106217-00106486 all he's been all in and all in time and
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00499-00106488-00106871 time again so to speak and or I mean he
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00500-00106872-00107158 could have maybe early on sort of
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00501-00107159-00107351 tried to snatch a little territory and
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00502-00107352-00107507 say that was enough and he made his
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00503-00107508-00107699 point but of course that as you said a
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00504-00107700-00107878 year ago when we talked that that isn't
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00505-00107879-00108016 his point right his point just to
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00506-00108017-00108316 destroy Ukraine as a viable nation and a
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00507-00108317-00108563 democracy yeah liberal democracy yeah
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00508-00108564-00108743 it's really not his point so his point
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00509-00108744-00108881 is
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00510-00108882-00109049 um you know and he's still saying by the
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00511-00109050-00109193 way you know and the prophet TV
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00512-00109194-00109397 propaganda are still saying you know our
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00513-00109398-00109619 goal is to destroy Kiev and make Ukraine
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00514-00109620-00109810 into a puppet state so
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00515-00109811-00109973 um yeah you know this is one this is one
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00516-00109974-00110345 of the biggest problems I have with
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00517-00110346-00110573 um this sort of you know chorus of
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00518-00110574-00110758 people who say we need to trade land for
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00519-00110759-00111052 peace or we need to negotiate okay great
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00520-00111053-00111365 let's negotiate now explain to me how
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00521-00111366-00111563 are you going to get Putin to give up on
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00522-00111564-00111773 his main goal which is the conquest of
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00523-00111774-00112084 Kiev because until he does that
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00524-00112085-00112271 um what are we negotiating about and
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00525-00112272-00112378 we're negotiating but let's see okay
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00526-00112379-00112516 we're gonna have a ceasefire we could
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00527-00112517-00112727 stop fighting for six months
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00528-00112728-00112943 um meanwhile he rebuilds his army you
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00529-00112944-00113225 know he gets some more weapons from Iran
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00530-00113226-00113404 um and then he you know he builds them
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00531-00113405-00113566 you know rebuilds the Army and starts
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00532-00113567-00113710 again so you want to have another War
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00533-00113711-00114010 next year you know or in two years
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00534-00114011-00114190 um you know none of these are these
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00535-00114191-00114389 aren't you know this isn't a reasonable
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00536-00114390-00114527 way to end the war
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00537-00114528-00114713 um and and you know there's there's kind
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00538-00114714-00114977 of bogus even you know over Ukraine's
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00539-00114978-00115127 sake Ukraine's country is being
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00540-00115128-00115325 destroyed I mean that's all true but
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00541-00115326-00115486 what what options does Ukraine have you
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00542-00115488-00115565 know
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00543-00115566-00115810 you know stopping the fighting means
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00544-00115811-00115984 that the country is occupied in the ways
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00545-00115985-00116249 we've just described so you know all the
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00546-00116250-00116519 leaders will be dead and all of the you
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00547-00116520-00116734 know children will be deported and you
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00548-00116735-00116873 know the country will be destroyed if
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00549-00116874-00117131 it's occupied so if it's not you know so
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00550-00117132-00117257 they're they're they're they're the
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00551-00117258-00117473 Russian aren't giving them a choice um
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00552-00117474-00117677 and so of course they have to have to
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00553-00117678-00117857 fight back I mean I you know it's pretty
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00554-00117858-00118054 clear that something is going on in
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00555-00118055-00118301 Russia that's negative um there is some
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00556-00118302-00118481 visible fighting in the security
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00557-00118482-00118690 services in the Army
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00558-00118691-00118852 um there is some kind of power struggles
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00559-00118853-00118997 happening
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00560-00118998-00119201 um as I said I'm surprised it's not more
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00561-00119202-00119369 and not more vocal but they're they're
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00562-00119370-00119566 you know it's not it's not as if no one
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00563-00119567-00119849 has noticed that that the war isn't is
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00564-00119850-00119999 it isn't going well
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00565-00120000-00120310 um like I said for the moment
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00566-00120311-00120569 um Putin appears not to have given up on
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00567-00120570-00120869 his main goals and you know therefore
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00568-00120870-00121145 the point of our continuing to support
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00569-00121146-00121325 Ukraine and the point of Ukraine
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00570-00121326-00121565 fighting should be to continue to fight
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00571-00121566-00121823 until there is some kind of change in
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00572-00121824-00121966 Russia and that you know I'm not going
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00573-00121967-00122123 to tell you what that is I don't know
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00574-00122124-00122273 whether it's replacing Putin or whether
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00575-00122274-00122434 Putin himself changes or whether
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00576-00122435-00122693 something else happens but Russia has to
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00577-00122694-00122902 get to the moment that has to get to the
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00578-00122903-00123119 stage that France was when it decided it
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00579-00123120-00123316 no longer wanted to be a colonial power
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00580-00123317-00123658 in Algeria or that Britain did in
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00581-00123659-00123790 Ireland at the beginning of the 20th
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00582-00123791-00123958 century this is not part of our country
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00583-00123959-00124043 anymore
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00584-00124044-00124457 so they need to overcome that Imperial
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00585-00124458-00124528 um
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00586-00124529-00124690 you know whatever it is the Imperial
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00587-00124691-00124990 Instinct and give up and and it does
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00588-00124991-00125152 happen we know it has happened we can
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00589-00125153-00125363 see it at other moments in history
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00590-00125364-00125554 um in in the case of Russia as I think
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00591-00125555-00125843 as you say I said a year ago I I hope
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00592-00125844-00125999 that's what I said a year ago
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00593-00126000-00126125 um in the case of Russia there's an
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00594-00126126-00126310 additional ideological element which is
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00595-00126311-00126521 that Putin feels that
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00596-00126522-00126725 um Ukraine represents not just a
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00597-00126726-00127025 territory or a colonial you know part of
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00598-00127026-00127349 Russia but also that it has a um a
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00599-00127350-00127565 political culture that scares him you
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00600-00127566-00127739 know he's afraid of Ukrainian democracy
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00601-00127740-00127984 in this Civic patriotism that we've just
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00602-00127985-00128116 been talking about because it could
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00603-00128117-00128297 Inspire Russia but something has to
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00604-00128298-00128477 happen they have to give that up they
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00605-00128478-00128633 have to understand that the war was a
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00606-00128633-00128878 mistake and that's the moment when we
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00607-00128879-00129058 can actually negotiate and work in it
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00608-00129059-00129239 and in the meantime Ukraine has to fight
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00609-00129240-00129401 and take back as much territory as
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00610-00129402-00129575 possible I mean right now and it's
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00611-00129576-00130204 through taking back territory and
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00612-00130205-00130414 we have not reached that yet I mean and
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00613-00130415-00130601 they're you know and anybody who comes
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00614-00130602-00130763 up with a formula now I mean I'm almost
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00615-00130764-00130966 sick of being asked this you know I got
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00616-00130967-00131195 over this this week as as in the run-up
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00617-00131196-00131399 to the anniversary I've been asked many
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00618-00131400-00131633 times you know when will the war end I
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00619-00131634-00131789 mean the war will end when it's over
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00620-00131790-00131999 so I mean it will end when ukrainians
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00621-00132000-00132077 win
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00622-00132078-00132316 ukrainians don't win it won't end ever
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00623-00132317-00132677 you know so I mean you know a Russian
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00624-00132678-00132839 occupied Ukraine would bring Russian
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00625-00132840-00132989 troops to the border with Poland it
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00626-00132990-00133133 would create a new threat to Poland
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00627-00133134-00133307 maybe even to Germany
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00628-00133308-00133457 um certainly to the Baltic states you
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00629-00133458-00133613 know so if you if you want the war to
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00630-00133614-00133763 end and you want this particular
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00631-00133764-00133937 security challenge to Europe to be over
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00632-00133938-00134201 we have to win and how okay let's talk
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00633-00134202-00134314 about Europe since you spent a lot of
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00634-00134315-00134447 time there like you're going to Munich
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00635-00134448-00134537 later this week for that security
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00636-00134538-00134764 conference I've been there a couple of a
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00637-00134765-00134963 few weeks ago and going again to try to
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00638-00134964-00135113 talk to Germans and others polls
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00639-00135114-00135443 ukrainians uh balls Finns swedes I mean
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00640-00135444-00135628 I think the conventional view which I
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00641-00135629-00135827 guess I agree with is Europe has been
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00642-00135828-00135989 better so to speak stronger more
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00643-00135990-00136228 Resolute more willing to adjust to a new
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00644-00136229-00136469 reality than one might have thought you
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00645-00136470-00136714 know 14 months ago certainly when they
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00646-00136715-00136949 still the elites were mostly invested in
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00647-00136950-00137152 a vision of trading with Russia and so
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00648-00137153-00137357 forth and and one forgets how recently
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00649-00137358-00137549 what they had they had reaffirmed their
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00650-00137550-00137711 commitment to nordstream and you know it
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00651-00137712-00137861 was so what you couldn't say the kinds
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00652-00137862-00138071 of things you couldn't talk about Russia
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00653-00138072-00138328 serious way frankly I mean an honest way
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00654-00138329-00138461 I would almost say in some of these
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00655-00138462-00138593 countries at least
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00656-00138594-00138809 um not all of them so give I know walk
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00657-00138810-00139001 us I mean maybe begin with Germany
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00658-00139002-00139199 that's the biggest actor but but not by
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00659-00139200-00139397 but I don't know biggest but maybe not
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00660-00139398-00139552 the most decisive actor at this point so
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00661-00139553-00139793 anyway talk about that Germany
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00662-00139794-00140009 um I feel you know since we have some
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00663-00140010-00140201 you know we don't have to do sound bites
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00664-00140202-00140314 here I think it's very important to be
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00665-00140315-00140566 nuanced okay so Germany on the one hand
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00666-00140567-00141023 has genuinely overcome you know Decades
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00667-00141024-00141377 of a dedication to pacifism and a horror
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00668-00141378-00141628 of any kind of War involvement in a
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00669-00141629-00141785 European War
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00670-00141786-00141952 um and that and they and the the chance
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00671-00141953-00142127 to financial Schultz at the very
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00672-00142128-00142277 beginning of the war sort of three or
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00673-00142278-00142499 four days into the war made a really
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00674-00142500-00142649 remarkable speech in which he talked
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00675-00142650-00142852 about a turning point you know this is a
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00676-00142853-00143021 new moment in history we need to think
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00677-00143022-00143201 completely differently we need to have a
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00678-00143202-00143345 different kind of army you know Germany
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00679-00143346-00143495 has no Army
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00680-00143496-00143627 um and we need to behave differently I
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00681-00143628-00143878 mean after that it got more complicated
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00682-00143879-00144071 and the Germans you know you know really
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00683-00144072-00144461 change their army
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00684-00144462-00144593 Army and nervous about what
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00685-00144594-00144802 they were going to Ukraine you know the
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00686-00144803-00144995 Germans are very paranoid being attacked
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00687-00144996-00145211 themselves
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00688-00145212-00145439 you know they are they are directly in
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00689-00145440-00145619 either you know that Russia owns a
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00690-00145620-00145871 territory called kaliningrad which is a
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00691-00145872-00146104 little piece of the Baltic like sort of
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00692-00146105-00146333 up on the Baltic Sea and there are
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00693-00146334-00146507 thought to be tactical nuclear weapons
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00694-00146508-00146681 there which could hit Berlin so just so
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00695-00146682-00146927 that you know that's you know that's in
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00696-00146928-00147064 the back of their minds and they do
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00697-00147065-00147221 think about that and they're aware of it
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00698-00147222-00147293 too
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00699-00147294-00147563 um so you know so so they have so you
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00700-00147564-00147778 get this kind of schizophrenic back and
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00701-00147779-00147983 forth where they can sound good and then
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00702-00147984-00148139 they you know they don't come up with
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00703-00148140-00148409 the goods I mean you know more recently
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00704-00148410-00148643 they they have become they are I think
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00705-00148644-00148852 now the third largest donor of weapons
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00706-00148853-00149087 if you look at Value
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00707-00149088-00149387 um to Ukraine um they are an enormous
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00708-00149388-00149669 donor of funding some of it goes through
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00709-00149670-00149873 the EU rather than
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00710-00149874-00150149 um rather than rather than directly
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00711-00150150-00150328 um you know they have they're one of the
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00712-00150329-00150425 largest
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00713-00150426-00150616 um you know places where refugees live
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00714-00150617-00150761 actually the refugees who are staying
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00715-00150762-00150995 with me in Poland are now there debate
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00716-00150996-00151204 inside Germany is very open there are
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00717-00151205-00151409 some very prominent advocates for
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00718-00151410-00151589 helping Ukraine
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00719-00151590-00151823 um on on from the Green Party from the
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00720-00151824-00152014 Liberal Party the foreign ministers is
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00721-00152015-00152237 very clear in her views
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00722-00152238-00152357 um you know you can also hear the
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00723-00152358-00152585 opposite view you can hear pro-russian
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00724-00152586-00152771 voices on the far right in Germany and a
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00725-00152772-00152975 little bit on the far left as well
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00726-00152976-00153178 um but it's a but it's a it's a robust
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00727-00153179-00153364 conversation it's really much very much
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00728-00153365-00153514 at the center of political debate much
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00729-00153515-00153659 more so I think than almost anywhere
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00730-00153660-00153797 else in Europe
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00731-00153798-00154025 um so you know so you so you can see
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00732-00154026-00154223 there has been a transition and there
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00733-00154224-00154390 has been a change maybe it hasn't gone
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00734-00154391-00154613 far enough yet
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00735-00154614-00154757 um but we're we're going the right
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00736-00154758-00154985 direction I was struck Jeff Gibbon and I
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00737-00154986-00155104 were there about three four weeks ago
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00738-00155105-00155321 and again to generalize from you know
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00739-00155322-00155452 three days of private meetings but we
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00740-00155453-00155609 saw a lot of awful lot of people I mean
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00741-00155610-00155776 I the way I came back and I guess we
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00742-00155777-00155951 wrote something the site inventa is real
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00743-00155952-00156221 I mean the turning point is real it's
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00744-00156222-00156383 hesitant it's a little bit two steps
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00745-00156384-00156604 forward one step back it's not in every
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00746-00156605-00156857 part of society but they're liberated
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00747-00156858-00157102 from Russian energy you know I mean uh
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00748-00157103-00157289 some of the stuff beneath the surface I
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00749-00157290-00157421 think especially in energy policy has
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00750-00157422-00157589 been pretty dramatic
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00751-00157590-00157769 um and the general Spirit seemed to me
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00752-00157770-00158069 especially among younger politicians to
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00753-00158070-00158254 be very different from
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00754-00158255-00158495 five years ago or one and a half years
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00755-00158496-00158681 ago I mean they really have begun to
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00756-00158682-00158837 assimilate that this is we're not going
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00757-00158838-00159004 I think one German politician got in
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00758-00159005-00159197 trouble for saying this we're there's
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00759-00159198-00159359 going to be a new normal whatever this
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00760-00159360-00159659 war ends and she was sort of oh no
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00761-00159660-00159904 that's too dramatic but in fact no one
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00762-00159905-00160043 there thinks they can go back to the old
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00763-00160044-00160259 normal I think and that is that is true
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00764-00160260-00160528 no I mean actually the the decision to
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00765-00160529-00160625 to
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00766-00160626-00160871 OK off you know Russian gas supplies and
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00767-00160872-00161026 to liberate themselves from that and
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00768-00161027-00161254 really recreate their energy system in
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00769-00161255-00161428 that period of time is extraordinary I
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00770-00161429-00161573 mean almost no other country could have
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00771-00161574-00161795 done that um and there's even some anger
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00772-00161796-00161969 in Europe that the Germans were you know
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00773-00161970-00162119 they put so much money into it and they
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00774-00162120-00162328 were less helpful maybe to others who
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00775-00162329-00162539 have who have also an energy crisis but
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00776-00162540-00162802 um but you know but they did it and and
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00777-00162803-00162964 it's and it's a it's a pretty
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00778-00162965-00163163 spectacular change and remember this is
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00779-00163164-00163331 a change not just from the past few
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00780-00163332-00163571 years but the you know German dependence
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00781-00163572-00163775 on Russian energy goes back to the 1970s
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00782-00163776-00164021 you know so it's a it's a very very old
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00783-00164022-00164159 relationship
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00784-00164160-00164471 um and ripping that up is a is a ghost
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00785-00164472-00164735 you know just destroys a lot of
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00786-00164736-00165023 assumptions about you know German
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00787-00165024-00165226 industry and so on so it's a there's
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00788-00165227-00165389 been a in that sense a pretty big change
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00789-00165390-00165545 so when I was talking to a chairman
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00790-00165546-00165676 yesterday who said he thought one thing
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00791-00165677-00165851 the Germans have part way down the road
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00792-00165852-00166043 to thinking through but not really is
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00793-00166044-00166216 the relationship with their neighbors
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00794-00166217-00166373 and the Allies that I mean Germany is
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00795-00166374-00166540 used to being with France the engine of
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00796-00166541-00166709 Europe and these other little countries
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00797-00166710-00166925 that come along and help out or don't
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00798-00166926-00167093 help out or they bully them to do things
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00799-00167094-00167254 or they save them from themselves in the
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00800-00167255-00167416 case of the Southern European countries
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00801-00167417-00167609 and to be fair they have done you know
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00802-00167610-00167728 from a certain point of view it's pretty
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00803-00167729-00167873 amazing what Germany has pulled off with
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00804-00167874-00168107 the European project in the EU but I do
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00805-00168108-00168281 think they're only a little bit
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00806-00168282-00168539 down the road and thinking through the
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00807-00168540-00168719 relationship with Poland with Ukraine
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00808-00168720-00168940 itself in the future with the boss the
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00809-00168941-00169109 nordics I mean and one thing we were
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00810-00169110-00169223 encouraged to do which is to give you
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00811-00169224-00169373 like a concrete example there was to
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00812-00169374-00169511 bring a lot more people from those
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00813-00169512-00169714 countries into these small meetings
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00814-00169715-00170045 we're doing in Berlin uh because even
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00815-00170046-00170201 though they talk of course at the
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00816-00170202-00170339 government to government level all the
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00817-00170340-00170513 time and to some degree at the think
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00818-00170514-00170704 tank to Think Tank levels
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00819-00170705-00170963 sort of a they end up squabbling about
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00820-00170964-00171125 various things you know reparations in
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00821-00171126-00171389 the case and do you feel that's the case
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00822-00171390-00171533 talk a little bit about Poland but you
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00823-00171534-00171731 know very well but also the nordics and
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00824-00171732-00171940 the boss and uh yeah
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00825-00171941-00172271 there is there is a huge problem I mean
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00826-00172272-00172523 and the problem is Poland and very
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00827-00172524-00172702 specific and I will try not to talk
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00828-00172703-00172895 about it too much
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00829-00172896-00173104 um people should be right now
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00830-00173105-00173381 I don't know of already officially part
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00831-00173382-00173573 of the triumvirate that runs Europe you
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00832-00173574-00173849 know Poland Poland Germany France um you
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00833-00173850-00174173 know Poland's uh you know that has also
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00834-00174174-00174545 an annoyed source of weapons training
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00835-00174546-00174773 um and and other you know equipment
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00836-00174774-00174983 going into Ukraine of all of the
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00837-00174984-00175090 American weapons are coming through
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00838-00175091-00175240 Poland and going through Ukraine so
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00839-00175241-00175457 they've you know that was a
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00840-00175458-00175709 um you know that was a big effort um you
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00841-00175710-00175888 know Poland is the I think it's still
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00842-00175889-00176014 the host of the largest number of
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00843-00176015-00176237 refugees but certainly it's very large
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00844-00176238-00176393 um at the beginning of the war everybody
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00845-00176394-00176566 in the country had refugees staying with
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00846-00176567-00176759 them that I know including me
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00847-00176760-00176975 um so and it's been a big National
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00848-00176976-00177209 effort and it's it's very important
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00849-00177210-00177371 um the trouble is Poland right now is
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00850-00177372-00177701 run by an illiberal ruling party that
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00851-00177702-00177983 sees as one of its you know the pillars
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00852-00177984-00178204 of its um you know you know it's
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00853-00178205-00178540 propaganda is how much they hate Germany
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00854-00178541-00178787 um and and they have almost no normal
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00855-00178788-00178997 relationship with Germany so they make
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00856-00178998-00179302 Germany into an enemy they accuse all of
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00857-00179303-00179476 the opposition include Mike should be
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00858-00179477-00179675 clear one of them is my husband uh but
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00859-00179676-00179849 certainly leaders they accused them
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00860-00179850-00180083 literally of being Germans um there's a
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00861-00180084-00180347 there's a clip of one of the of the main
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00862-00180348-00180502 leader of the opposition Donald toast
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00863-00180503-00180749 who's a clip of him saying one
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00864-00180750-00180983 fragment of a speech in German where he
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00865-00180984-00181247 was saying a thank you to the you know
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00866-00181248-00181451 he said you know he said thank you for a
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00867-00181452-00181595 conference and enjoy your good about
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00868-00181596-00181726 something one sentence in German and he
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00869-00181727-00181990 uses the expression for Deutschland and
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00870-00181991-00182188 this little clip has been repeated
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00871-00182189-00182435 nightly like they will show it on TV
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00872-00182436-00182602 night after night after night and say
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00873-00182603-00182837 he's German you know
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00874-00182838-00183028 um and this the state TV is run is now
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00875-00183029-00183238 completely it's you have to imagine kind
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00876-00183239-00183473 of Breitbart TV the Breitbart takes over
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00877-00183474-00183683 the BBC and that's what state television
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00878-00183684-00183940 is very very nasty they run smear
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00879-00183941-00184193 campaigns and and so that's made a
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00880-00184194-00184331 relationship between Poland and Germany
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00881-00184332-00184463 almost impossible
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00882-00184464-00184625 and I don't think it's the German's
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00883-00184626-00184828 fault honestly
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00884-00184829-00185063 um and so and Poland also has very poor
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00885-00185064-00185237 relationships with almost everybody you
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00886-00185238-00185404 know the Czechs you know
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00887-00185405-00185723 um you know difficult relationship with
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00888-00185724-00185909 almost everybody in Europe so so they've
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00889-00185910-00186209 made a change in
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00890-00186210-00186401 um you know in
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00891-00186402-00186593 you know in sort of EU strategy
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00892-00186594-00186707 difficult
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00893-00186708-00186923 um you know macron can't stand them he
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00894-00186924-00187061 won't be in the same room with them the
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00895-00187062-00187259 leaders of Poland you know every time
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00896-00187260-00187445 they see each other there is some kind
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00897-00187446-00187625 of Scandal or somebody who says
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00898-00187626-00187828 something insulting you know so they've
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00899-00187829-00188111 made it difficult for this to be um you
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00900-00188112-00188345 know normal and they've also I mean I
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00901-00188346-00188543 think the polls this particular ruling
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00902-00188544-00188723 party has done a lot of damage even to
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00903-00188724-00188897 Ukraine you know people look at Ukraine
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00904-00188898-00189047 and they say are they going to become
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00905-00189048-00189190 another Poland you know is it are we
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00906-00189191-00189347 going to have another headache like like
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00907-00189348-00189587 like these people
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00908-00189588-00189809 um uh so you know so that so that that's
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00909-00189810-00190090 a kind of complicating factor that makes
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00910-00190091-00190378 the sort of you know heroic poll save
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00911-00190379-00190552 Europe story which I would like to be
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00912-00190553-00190702 able to tell you
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00913-00190703-00190835 um complicated
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00914-00190836-00190997 um so you know just since as I said
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00915-00190998-00191243 since we're doing Nuance here
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00916-00191244-00191459 um you know there is an election in
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00917-00191460-00191651 Poland in October it's going to be the
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00918-00191652-00191861 ugliest election there has ever been
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00919-00191862-00192035 um I hope it's I mean it's not going to
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00920-00192036-00192304 be fair but I hope it's free I mean you
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00921-00192305-00192401 know they're going to try and use
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00922-00192402-00192616 government money and state money in
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00923-00192617-00192773 order to influence the outcome maybe
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00924-00192774-00192928 they're gonna it's hard for me to see
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00925-00192929-00193066 how they're going to allow themselves to
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00926-00193067-00193421 lose their their they have taken over so
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00927-00193422-00193625 much of the state and they have you know
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00928-00193626-00193816 allocated so much state property and
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00929-00193817-00193966 money to their own people and they're
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00930-00193967-00194183 not going to want to give that up but uh
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00931-00194184-00194452 we'll see It'll be it's going to be ugly
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00932-00194453-00194585 um no that's so interesting and
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00933-00194586-00194938 important actually so it says yeah no I
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00934-00194939-00195076 was struck just again not knowing so
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00935-00195077-00195287 much less in Germany they were griping
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00936-00195288-00195449 in my phone right said to Jeff who knows
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00937-00195450-00195647 much more yeah what are they just like
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00938-00195648-00195875 this is just ancient hostilities and
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00939-00195876-00196163 yeah but it's not and the PO I guess the
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00940-00196164-00196366 degree to which it's Central in Polish
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00941-00196367-00196488 politics now
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00942-00196489-00196816 operations from Germany I should say one
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00943-00196817-00196937 of the reasons that Central and Village
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00944-00196938-00197104 politics is that the previous government
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00945-00197105-00197326 Again full disclosure my husband was
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00946-00197327-00197435 supported minister in the previous
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00947-00197436-00197645 government previous government was very
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00948-00197646-00197878 close to Germany and they you know there
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00949-00197879-00198064 were a lot of Polish German projects and
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00950-00198065-00198209 there was an enormous amount of Goodwill
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00951-00198210-00198425 and there was a series of meetings that
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00952-00198426-00198581 was there was the kind of Polish German
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00953-00198582-00198814 French triangle it's called the Weimar
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00954-00198815-00198964 triangle you know so there was a that
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00955-00198965-00199151 you know that was all happening
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00956-00199152-00199397 um and this government decided to
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00957-00199398-00199726 reverse that for you know for for well
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00958-00199727-00199871 they think it's good for them domestic
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00959-00199872-00200009 politically
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00960-00200010-00200164 um so it's not just
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00961-00200165-00200363 um it's really not just some kind of
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00962-00200364-00200554 ancient German problem with Poland it's
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00963-00200555-00200843 a Poland has has deliberately created
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00964-00200844-00200999 this difficulty
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00965-00201000-00201221 um yeah and there's polish demand for
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00966-00201222-00201376 reparations just so that you know I mean
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00967-00201377-00201599 Germany has paid depending on how you
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00968-00201600-00201737 count and how you look at it has paid
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00969-00201738-00201923 reparations to Poland several times in
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00970-00201924-00202102 the form of land
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00971-00202103-00202337 um in the form of you know enormous EU
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00972-00202338-00202571 subsidies um also there were payoffs of
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00973-00202572-00202835 other kinds you know in the 60s and 70s
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00974-00202836-00203063 um so it's a it's a it's an issue that
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00975-00203064-00203387 has been revived for Polish domestic
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00976-00203388-00203597 political consumption and it's not it's
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00977-00203598-00203711 not real
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00978-00203712-00203914 um and I mean it is real and that they
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00979-00203915-00204214 they talk about it but but it's a very
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00980-00204215-00204437 um it's tendentious and the Germans are
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00981-00204438-00204713 right to ignore it so um so so it's a
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00982-00204714-00204929 it's a it's a it's it's an unfortunate
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00983-00204930-00205138 and sad piece of the story that I hope
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00984-00205139-00205384 will eventually change and you know and
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00985-00205385-00205516 I should say there are the rest of
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00986-00205517-00205690 Central and Eastern Europe
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00987-00205691-00205948 um that you know the checks the
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00988-00205950-00206207 um the slovaks the bolts um the nordics
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00989-00206208-00206446 as well as you say have have been have
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00990-00206448-00206669 been huge contributors to the war and
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00991-00206669-00206860 the war effort and have been very United
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00992-00206861-00207131 with Europe and with NATO as well so so
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00993-00207132-00207346 so so that you know that partly makes up
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00994-00207348-00207490 for it I mean then of course the great
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00995-00207491-00207677 exception is hungry no really sure it's
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00996-00207678-00207898 a good reminder I mean Poland they're so
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00997-00207900-00208157 anti-russian which saves the you know in
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00998-00208158-00208301 a way saves us from some of the worst
+DyuYzGfzSTY-00999-00208302-00208523 aspects of the that could happen if
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01000-00208523-00208762 within a semi-authoritarian sorry term
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01001-00208763-00208921 government but it is a reminder that
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01002-00208921-00209116 governments matter authoritarianism
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01003-00209117-00209290 matters politics matters right I mean
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01004-00209291-00209507 it's not an accident as we say that the
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01005-00209508-00209758 polls as you say are causing much more
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01006-00209759-00209957 trouble now and are really problematic
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01007-00209958-00210310 uh whereas it's the War I can put it
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01008-00210311-00210484 this way liberal Democratic regimes and
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01009-00210485-00210707 the balls and in the Nordic states where
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01010-00210708-00210887 you see real leadership and I'm really
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01011-00210888-00211037 struck by that I mean the degree to
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01012-00211038-00211253 which 35 and 45 year old Prime Ministers
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01013-00211254-00211523 of country of Estonia and Finland and so
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01014-00211523-00211769 forth are articulating a vision for
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01015-00211769-00212032 Liberal democracy in Europe a European
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01016-00212033-00212296 Vision but also transatlantic Vision a
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01017-00212298-00212465 very liberal Democratic vision of the
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01018-00212466-00212669 best sense is really striking to me I
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01019-00212669-00212831 mean that was not something I saw coming
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01020-00212832-00213137 but it's it's terrific I think no no
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01021-00213138-00213323 it's I mean it is partly because those
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01022-00213323-00213527 countries you know the nordics feel very
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01023-00213528-00213701 much you know they look at the map you
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01024-00213702-00213832 know and there's the Baltic Sea and
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01025-00213833-00214025 there's Russia and they
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01026-00214026-00214163 um you know the Russians have gone out
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01027-00214164-00214325 of their way to intimidate them and they
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01028-00214326-00214534 do these games where they fly planes
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01029-00214535-00214781 over their territory and so on
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01030-00214782-00214967 um and they you know they've they've
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01031-00214967-00215165 worked it out you know that that it's a
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01032-00215166-00215405 that their security is also under threat
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01033-00215406-00215560 and so there's an enormous amount of
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01034-00215561-00215782 Nordic Baltic
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01035-00215783-00216017 um solidarity which is which which is
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01036-00216017-00216275 great and there is a you know there is
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01037-00216276-00216598 also generational change there too
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01038-00216600-00216851 um in that a previous generation that
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01039-00216852-00217103 was wedded to a
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01040-00217104-00217348 um you know vision of you know Russia
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01041-00217350-00217619 integrated and and and our main trading
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01042-00217619-00217865 partner now sees that that was an
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01043-00217866-00218044 illusion you know that sadly I should
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01044-00218046-00218206 say you know that that was an illusion
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01045-00218207-00218363 and that that
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01046-00218364-00218560 um that that you know that the the
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01047-00218561-00218801 nature of the Russian state does matter
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01048-00218802-00219203 and the you know uh and and being safe
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01049-00219204-00219437 against it is going to require an
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01050-00219438-00219581 alliance uh you're not going to be able
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01051-00219582-00219796 to do it by yourself as Finland you know
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01052-00219798-00220042 or by yourself as Denmark yeah I'm
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01053-00220044-00220205 really maybe I'm just kidding myself but
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01054-00220206-00220348 I am struggling if you think about the
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01055-00220350-00220505 21st century in a very big way in South
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01056-00220506-00220703 Europe which I guess I would have sort
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01057-00220704-00220925 of said 20 years ago is okay it's fine
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01058-00220926-00221110 it's a liberal Democratic play it's a
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01059-00221111-00221273 decent place but would not be much of a
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01060-00221273-00221608 engine for defending and strengthening
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01061-00221609-00221794 the bureaucracy around the world or even
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01062-00221796-00222082 in the region as you say they were
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01063-00222083-00222334 pretty acquiescent to what was going on
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01064-00222335-00222508 in Russia and not terribly interested in
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01065-00222509-00222706 taking them on at different times I
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01066-00222707-00222875 really feel that Europe could be much
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01067-00222876-00223127 more of a partner with the US than I
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01068-00223128-00223241 would have thought especially if they
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01069-00223242-00223373 could work out a few things there in
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01070-00223373-00223492 Poland and then there's a hungry
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01071-00223494-00223637 question but
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01072-00223638-00223834 um you know if Poland and Ukraine would
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01073-00223835-00224056 be huge
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01074-00224057-00224351 one with that with a with a pro-european
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01075-00224352-00224603 you know government that was dedicated
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01076-00224604-00224753 to
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01077-00224754-00224951 um you know some kind of you know deep
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01078-00224952-00225119 relationship with Ukrainian democracy
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01079-00225119-00225334 would be a huge Powerhouse
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01080-00225335-00225577 um and Ukraine do itself right
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01081-00225578-00225832 I mean everything depends on how the war
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01082-00225833-00226451 ends and when it ends
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01083-00226452-00226601 so be
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01084-00226602-00226823 um one of the most creative open
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01085-00226823-00227021 Societies in Europe they would have just
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01086-00227021-00227237 won a huge War they would you know it's
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01087-00227238-00227453 a they've shown themselves in all kinds
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01088-00227454-00227675 of areas you know cyber military
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01089-00227676-00227855 technology
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01090-00227856-00228077 um you know you know ingenious and
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01091-00228078-00228269 inventive and they have you know they're
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01092-00228269-00228473 literally creating new ways to fight and
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01093-00228473-00228748 new ways to think about self-defense
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01094-00228750-00228869 um you know they're going to be a really
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01095-00228869-00229084 interesting place to invest
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01096-00229085-00229289 um and you know an interesting place to
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01097-00229290-00229505 be to be connected to
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01098-00229506-00229756 um as I said much depends on how the war
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01099-00229757-00229996 ends and when but I I hope that it is
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01100-00229998-00230296 the case it so much depends on uh the
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01101-00230298-00230441 actual outcome of the war when can't
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01102-00230442-00230617 Overlook that right
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01103-00230617-00230837 I mean I mean there's a way in which all
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01104-00230838-00230981 these social science sites went well
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01105-00230982-00231125 with the war that's just like a weird
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01106-00231126-00231244 variable but we're going to talk about
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01107-00231246-00231491 these deeper forces but you know the war
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01108-00231492-00231713 matters what about the U.S I mean
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01109-00231714-00231946 um when we talked it was a little Biden
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01110-00231948-00232048 had done a very good job I thought we
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01111-00232050-00232175 all thought in the run-up to the war in
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01112-00232176-00232367 terms of making uh you know predict
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01113-00232367-00232541 explaining what Putin was going to do
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01114-00232542-00232732 and being quite forward leaning on that
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01115-00232733-00232948 but it was unclear I think two months
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01116-00232950-00233069 after that well not two months six
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01117-00233069-00233201 months after the Afghanistan withdrawal
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01118-00233202-00233446 and so forth where where where the by
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01119-00233448-00233555 the administration would be and where
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01120-00233556-00233698 the U.S public would be for that matter
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01121-00233700-00234017 what you're one year in judgment on that
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01122-00234017-00234329 I'm I am really grateful that Biden was
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01123-00234330-00234569 president during this last year and that
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01124-00234569-00234803 he had enough of a I don't know whether
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01125-00234804-00235031 it was kind of cold war muscle memory or
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01126-00235032-00235313 whether it was personal dedication to
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01127-00235314-00235505 the idea that you know that U.S and
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01128-00235506-00235763 European security are linked
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01129-00235764-00235937 um you know or whether it was his long
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01130-00235938-00236098 experience of traveling back and forth
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01131-00236100-00236410 to that region he he did step up to the
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01132-00236411-00236567 play he did make it clear that we would
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01133-00236567-00236771 help Ukraine and you know I think they
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01134-00236771-00237029 too at the beginning were you know they
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01135-00237030-00237208 were not sure what would happen and as
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01136-00237209-00237353 you remember the first couple of days in
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01137-00237354-00237532 the war they offered zielinski right out
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01138-00237533-00237748 you know they thought they I think they
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01139-00237750-00237856 imagine what they were going to be doing
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01140-00237857-00238084 was helping the ukrainians in Exile
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01141-00238085-00238265 somewhere in you know Poland or
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01142-00238266-00238396 somewhere
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01143-00238398-00238589 um fight a guerrilla war and this
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01144-00238590-00238727 obviously turned into something on a
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01145-00238728-00238901 different scale I mean having said that
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01146-00238902-00239123 you know there are there are
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01147-00239123-00239189 um
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01148-00239190-00239369 you know there have been moments when I
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01149-00239369-00239501 wish the administration would move
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01150-00239502-00239819 faster there is a lot of you know Biden
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01151-00239819-00239932 has made it clear that he doesn't want
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01152-00239933-00240077 any Americans fighting there and he
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01153-00240078-00240215 doesn't want any NATO troops fighting
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01154-00240216-00240334 there
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01155-00240335-00240629 um and there is a paranoia about you
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01156-00240630-00240773 know what will the Russians do will they
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01157-00240773-00240958 react to this weapon or that weapon you
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01158-00240959-00241121 know what can we give the ukrainians and
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01159-00241121-00241331 I have worried and continue to worry
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01160-00241332-00241637 that that you know you know the the you
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01161-00241638-00241792 you know what the ukrainians the
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01162-00241794-00241937 ukrainians aren't always being given
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01163-00241938-00242273 what they need to win in time to use it
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01164-00242273-00242429 um it's this decision about the tanks
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01165-00242430-00242573 for example that was taken a few weeks
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01166-00242573-00242782 ago was yeah and that was late like
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01167-00242783-00242981 couldn't we have made that decision a
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01168-00242982-00243113 few months earlier so that the
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01169-00243114-00243275 ukrainians were trading on the tanks and
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01170-00243276-00243377 they could have already been in the
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01171-00243378-00243569 field by now and we seem to be kind of
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01172-00243569-00243791 several beats behind
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01173-00243792-00244037 um almost every time but nevertheless I
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01174-00244038-00244210 have to say you know that I was in the
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01175-00244211-00244384 Pentagon not that long ago and I was
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01176-00244385-00244613 told by senior people there look this is
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01177-00244614-00244775 our this is the main thing that we think
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01178-00244776-00244991 about right now you know so
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01179-00244992-00245129 um so they spent a lot of time on it
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01180-00245130-00245344 they do think about it it's a it's a big
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01181-00245346-00245489 operation I don't think there's anything
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01182-00245490-00245675 comparable
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01183-00245676-00245891 um you know I I've asked a couple of
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01184-00245892-00246023 historians no one can think of anything
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01185-00246023-00246221 maybe lendlies during the second World
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01186-00246221-00246431 War but I don't think there's a
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01187-00246432-00246682 comparable moment when the U.S in
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01188-00246683-00246977 particular has helped another country
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01189-00246978-00247210 fight a war in this way at this scale
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01190-00247211-00247510 and so you know again as I was with
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01191-00247511-00247691 Germany I'll be nuanced with the U.S
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01192-00247692-00247948 it's a it's a huge effort it's amazing
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01193-00247950-00248134 it's incredible you know I wish it was
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01194-00248135-00248423 moving even faster
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01195-00248423-00248656 um but there we are yeah no it is right
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01196-00248657-00248879 people I I wasn't struck when I talked
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01197-00248880-00249017 to people who were pretty close to the
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01198-00249017-00249196 actual war effort the weapons and so
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01199-00249198-00249473 forth people in Europe I mean how much
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01200-00249473-00249587 we're doing we're probably doing a
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01201-00249588-00249706 little more than we get credit for in
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01202-00249707-00249808 some ways and maybe that's good because
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01203-00249809-00249941 you don't want to make it look like a
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01204-00249942-00250187 big U.S operation so
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01205-00250188-00250444 um with intelligence we're helping them
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01206-00250446-00250667 at all as we know in all in all kinds of
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01207-00250667-00250817 ways and they know it and are grateful
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01208-00250817-00250960 for it so you sometimes they sound a
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01209-00250961-00251141 little whiny you know they that because
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01210-00251142-00251296 the ukrainians are always asking for
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01211-00251298-00251513 more you know that's that's what they
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01212-00251514-00251729 have to do but but they do know it and
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01213-00251730-00251903 there is an immense amount of gratitude
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01214-00251904-00252094 and the Europeans know it as well so
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01215-00252096-00252208 it's a
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01216-00252209-00252346 um it's you know actually the U.S effort
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01217-00252348-00252575 has been pretty inspiring for for for
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01218-00252576-00252808 for others I mean you asked me actually
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01219-00252809-00252989 about support inside the U.S I've
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01220-00252990-00253229 actually seen some polling recently
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01221-00253230-00253475 um and there is a um as you know there
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01222-00253476-00253648 is a part of the Republican party and
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01223-00253650-00253775 there's a part of the Republican media
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01224-00253776-00253991 that's become very anti-ukrainian and
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01225-00253992-00254182 during pro-russian
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01226-00254183-00254344 um some of it is expressed in this
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01227-00254346-00254477 Russian language about you know the
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01228-00254478-00254615 ukrainians are going to start World War
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01229-00254616-00254873 Three that Elon Musk has been using
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01230-00254873-00255119 um and some of it is you know some of it
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01231-00255119-00255281 is about oh they're corrupt and they're
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01232-00255282-00255575 taking our they're taking our our money
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01233-00255576-00255689 um
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01234-00255690-00255863 you know whatever the sources of that
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01235-00255864-00256031 and you can you know there there may be
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01236-00256032-00256144 different you know it does have an
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01237-00256146-00256444 impact and there is kind of 30 of the
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01238-00256446-00256594 population that doesn't fully support
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01239-00256596-00256858 the war maybe is even against it
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01240-00256859-00257158 um one of my worries is that one of the
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01241-00257159-00257303 interesting things about the polling if
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01242-00257304-00257531 you track it over time is that American
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01243-00257532-00257842 support for the war goes up when it
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01244-00257844-00257969 seemed like the ukrainians are winning
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01245-00257969-00258244 so you know last fall in September when
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01246-00258246-00258467 there was this huge take back of
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01247-00258467-00258803 territory the support went up and you
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01248-00258804-00259001 know as the war goes on a long time you
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01249-00259002-00259156 know and as it becomes more of a
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01250-00259157-00259348 quagmire support Falls of course it's
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01251-00259350-00259589 the opposite of what should be the case
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01252-00259590-00259751 um but you know I'm just telling you
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01253-00259752-00260027 what human psychology is and so
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01254-00260028-00260279 um a lot depends I think U.S support and
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01255-00260280-00260446 the future of that will depend a lot on
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01256-00260448-00260596 what happens over the spring and summer
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01257-00260598-00260860 and whether ukrainians are able to take
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01258-00260861-00261077 back territory and begin to make
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01259-00261078-00261310 progress again because you know I think
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01260-00261311-00261544 Americans want to you know like the idea
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01261-00261546-00261755 of supporting Ukraine I mean 70 of
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01262-00261756-00261892 Americans
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01263-00261894-00262121 um but we'll get it I had I should make
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01264-00262121-00262313 with one caveat which is that in this
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01265-00262314-00262601 country I don't think people directly
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01266-00262602-00262871 connect economic domestic economic
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01267-00262872-00263051 problems to the war in the way that they
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01268-00263052-00263243 do in Europe I mean in Europe
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01269-00263244-00263447 clear connection between energy prices
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01270-00263448-00263632 and the war for example because they use
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01271-00263633-00263837 Russian gas and we don't
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01272-00263838-00264023 um you know U.S doesn't have a direct
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01273-00264024-00264269 dependence on Russia for anything
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01274-00264270-00264463 um and so I don't know that we are
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01275-00264464-00264677 affected economically by the war in
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01276-00264678-00264832 quite the same way and so for us it's
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01277-00264833-00264995 more about
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01278-00264996-00265199 um idea you know do you support the idea
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01279-00265200-00265403 of democracy do you care about American
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01280-00265404-00265577 influence abroad do you want to help
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01281-00265578-00265745 solinsky you know that the questions are
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01282-00265746-00265871 a little bit different in Europe there's
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01283-00265872-00266087 some hard economic questions you know
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01284-00266088-00266255 people say we want the war over because
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01285-00266256-00266525 we want gas prices to go down
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01286-00266526-00266723 um here here we don't have that it's so
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01287-00266724-00266879 much more present I was struck by that
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01288-00266880-00267017 when I was in Berlin I'm gonna be in
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01289-00267018-00267197 Prague in a couple of weeks the war in
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01290-00267198-00267353 general I mean it's just close by and
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01291-00267354-00267484 there are a lot of ukrainians I mean
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01292-00267485-00267658 Germany has a million refugees maybe
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01293-00267659-00267803 Poland has I don't know three million
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01294-00267804-00267923 maybe two and a half million I've seen
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01295-00267924-00268139 different numbers uh they everyone knows
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01296-00268140-00268469 someone who's you know hosting them or
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01297-00268470-00268637 talking to them and they know people can
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01298-00268638-00268829 keep in any place because since 2014
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01299-00268830-00269008 there's been so much travel back and
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01300-00269009-00269171 forth I think wasn't Ukraine sort of
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01301-00269172-00269471 became a visa-free travel zone for
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01302-00269472-00269723 Europe at that point so for us it's I
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01303-00269724-00269884 mean it's impressive that we're doing as
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01304-00269885-00270017 much as we are given that we have so
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01305-00270018-00270173 little direct Connection in a certain
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01306-00270174-00270323 way right now people can say well it's
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01307-00270324-00270532 easy for us there's no troops obviously
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01308-00270533-00270730 and a real risk to the U.S and we're
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01309-00270731-00270880 just spending a lot of money which is
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01310-00270881-00271180 fine but and that's also I guess it
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01311-00271181-00271391 would be a fair qualification of the
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01312-00271392-00271684 praise for the U.S but it is um for all
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01313-00271685-00271841 the people who say oh the U.S the public
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01314-00271842-00271997 so isolationist they don't understand
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01315-00271998-00272195 anything about the world especially
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01316-00272196-00272351 after Iraq and Afghanistan they'll never
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01317-00272352-00272573 be willing to uh understand that other
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01318-00272574-00272747 you know the fate of other nations far
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01319-00272748-00272993 away matters to us that seems not to be
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01320-00272994-00273179 the case I would say
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01321-00273180-00273641 it seems odd to be
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01322-00273642-00273821 the kids appeal to both sides of the
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01323-00273822-00274037 political spectrum is real
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01324-00274038-00274234 um you know people understand that it
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01325-00274235-00274408 was an unprovoked invasion and those who
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01326-00274409-00274625 those who've read enough into it to
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01327-00274626-00274810 understand as I said what's happening on
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01328-00274811-00275008 those occupied territories
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01329-00275009-00275297 um understand why it is that that we
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01330-00275298-00275482 need to help the ukrainians you know
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01331-00275483-00275717 what the Russians are doing is not only
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01332-00275718-00275891 attacking Ukraine this isn't just about
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01333-00275892-00276130 Ukraine they're also attacking a whole
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01334-00276131-00276401 set of ideas and principles and Norms
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01335-00276402-00276521 you know they're attacking the idea of
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01336-00276522-00276677 Human Rights they're attacking the idea
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01337-00276678-00276923 of you know laws of war
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01338-00276924-00277049 um you know they're attacking the U.N
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01339-00277050-00277205 convention on genocide you know what
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01340-00277206-00277427 they're attempting to do is show that
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01341-00277428-00277582 all of these things that were part of
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01342-00277583-00277787 the world the U.S
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01343-00277788-00278056 um helped build you know after 1945 and
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01344-00278057-00278260 1989 they're trying to show that all of
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01345-00278261-00278387 it's you know they're trying to
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01346-00278388-00278555 undermine all that and I think there are
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01347-00278556-00278771 a lot of people who intuitively
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01348-00278772-00278921 um intuitively understand that I mean
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01349-00278922-00279167 you know uh Putin not a terribly
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01350-00279168-00279371 sympathetic figure
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01351-00279372-00279580 um for most people
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01352-00279581-00279779 um and the and the and the ukrainians
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01353-00279780-00279958 have you know continued that you know I
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01354-00279959-00280097 know this for a fact because I talked to
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01355-00280098-00280234 them they spent a lot of time thinking
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01356-00280235-00280408 about how to reach Americans how to talk
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01357-00280409-00280577 to Americans
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01358-00280578-00280775 um and they and to some extent they have
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01359-00280776-00280949 they they have success and I think
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01360-00280950-00281206 Americans are responding to
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01361-00281207-00281458 um to that sense of you know you know
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01362-00281459-00281656 you know do we want all this to be
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01363-00281657-00281813 destroyed do we want to you know turn
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01364-00281814-00282071 the clock back and make genocide easy
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01365-00282072-00282167 again
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01366-00282168-00282389 um and I think most people don't yeah no
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01367-00282390-00282532 I very much agree with that I mean I
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01368-00282533-00282760 some of my friends think by Professor
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01369-00282761-00282910 Biden could do much more to explain this
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01370-00282911-00283079 and others could in the administration
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01371-00283080-00283223 that might be true might also be true
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01372-00283224-00283403 that was just given how polarized our
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01373-00283404-00283655 politics is maybe it was better to be a
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01374-00283656-00283889 little bit step back from just let
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01375-00283890-00284123 zelenski explain it you know and let
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01376-00284124-00284405 others explain it and uh um but it is I
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01377-00284406-00284549 mean I don't know people have fully
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01378-00284550-00284747 internalized this I mean if the largest
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01379-00284748-00285005 land war in Europe since 1945 ends at a
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01380-00285006-00285329 victory or even a not a defeat for an
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01381-00285330-00285623 unbelievably brutal aggressor who seeks
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01382-00285624-00285851 to destroy a neighboring nation and as
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01383-00285852-00286001 you say commit war crimes right and left
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01384-00286002-00286180 and so forth I mean I don't know if
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01385-00286181-00286349 people fully understand what that would
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01386-00286350-00286691 mean for the next 5 10 25 years you know
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01387-00286692-00286871 around the world incidentally not just
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01388-00286872-00287080 in the rest of Europe though no I wrote
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01389-00287081-00287230 this recently because I tried to Think
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01390-00287231-00287399 Through okay what if we hadn't helped
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01391-00287400-00287603 them you know what if we we didn't you
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01392-00287604-00287699 know we weren't there what would happen
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01393-00287700-00287915 Well we'd have you know if the Russians
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01394-00287916-00288077 win we have troops on the border with
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01395-00288078-00288365 Poland we have a direct threat to Nato
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01396-00288366-00288580 we have um you know they're in they're
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01397-00288581-00288803 within you know a few days driving
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01398-00288804-00288971 distance of Berlin
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01399-00288972-00289139 um as they were before so remember that
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01400-00289140-00289337 Putin has in his head a memory of a
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01401-00289338-00289589 Soviet Empire that included East Berlin
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01402-00289590-00289745 um and so for him that's very you know
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01403-00289746-00289913 very reasonable
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01404-00289914-00290141 um we have an emboldened China which
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01405-00290142-00290291 looks at this and says right the
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01406-00290292-00290477 Americans lost in Europe that's their
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01407-00290478-00290621 sort of Home territory they're
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01408-00290622-00290729 definitely not going to do anything in
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01409-00290730-00290875 Asia so we have a China That's
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01410-00290876-00291089 emboldened to
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01411-00291090-00291287 um you know to take Taiwan or invade
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01412-00291288-00291419 Taiwan
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01413-00291420-00291647 um you know you would have I mean
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01414-00291648-00291851 literally autocracies all over the world
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01415-00291852-00292060 saying right America's out America's
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01416-00292061-00292379 given up we
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01417-00292380-00292577 um you know this network of autocrats
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01418-00292578-00292703 that I've written about you know the
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01419-00292704-00292943 Russia China Iran Venezuela in the
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01420-00292944-00293201 countries that that work together
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01421-00293202-00293393 um would all immediately begin to see
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01422-00293394-00293530 their moment and they would begin to
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01423-00293531-00293813 understand that this is their time to
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01424-00293814-00294077 um you know they can now ignore you know
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01425-00294078-00294256 they they do a pretty good job of
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01426-00294257-00294497 ignoring you know human rights ideas and
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01427-00294498-00294695 ideals anyway that they could they could
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01428-00294696-00294893 take it many steps farther
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01429-00294894-00295049 um and there would be you know there
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01430-00295050-00295193 would be a blowback to American
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01431-00295194-00295367 Prosperity there would be a blimek to
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01432-00295368-00295529 American Prestige
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01433-00295530-00295655 um there were you know it would have it
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01434-00295656-00295829 would have enormous implications over
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01435-00295830-00296003 the next
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01436-00296004-00296260 um you know years and decades and I and
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01437-00296261-00296501 I'm I'm you know for that reason I'm
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01438-00296502-00296777 again I'm I repeat I'm glad we had Biden
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01439-00296778-00296903 in the white house I'm glad it was
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01440-00296904-00297113 somebody who was willing to
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01441-00297114-00297317 um to take on this cause even if
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01442-00297318-00297473 sometimes I wish we could have gone
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01443-00297474-00297658 faster and farther yeah and I think it
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01444-00297659-00297797 would strengthen very much incidentally
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01445-00297798-00298123 uh the the hungries of the the
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01446-00298124-00298330 pro-orbond type sentiments in other
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01447-00298331-00298434 countries
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01448-00298435-00298660 and certainly here America first people
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01449-00298661-00298817 forget in the 30s appeasement was
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01450-00298818-00299051 strengthened when it seemed that the
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01451-00299052-00299201 Germans were winning it wasn't it wasn't
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01452-00299202-00299375 the tarot behavior of the Nazis didn't
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01453-00299376-00299603 weaken the forces of appeasement in
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01454-00299604-00299789 Britain and America First was Stronger
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01455-00299790-00299963 when it seemed hopeless to fight what
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01456-00299964-00300077 was the point of fighting once France
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01457-00300078-00300275 had fallen so I mean the degree to which
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01458-00300276-00300419 you would have a world in which we
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01459-00300420-00300617 really would Retreat instead of our sort
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01460-00300618-00300851 of half Retreat you know over the last
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01461-00300852-00301013 20 years and all the implications for
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01462-00301014-00301163 that and the implications elsewhere in
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01463-00301164-00301373 Europe I mean I think people just you're
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01464-00301374-00301547 right domestic political implications
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01465-00301548-00301780 you know autocracy is is a winner
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01466-00301781-00301984 democracy is a loser
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01467-00301985-00302147 um that would that would have that would
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01468-00302148-00302369 have an echo in our own voting and our
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01469-00302370-00302560 own political patterns I mean I now
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01470-00302561-00302741 think more and more
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01471-00302742-00303010 um uh you know that the we underestimate
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01472-00303011-00303215 the degree to which the Cold War I mean
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01473-00303216-00303371 you know at the time we thought of sort
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01474-00303372-00303551 of America's in the Cold War for Europe
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01475-00303552-00303725 right we're doing this for others you
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01476-00303726-00303905 know it's our selfless and you know
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01477-00303906-00304193 America in the Cold War was also helping
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01478-00304194-00304445 to defend American democracy by putting
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01479-00304446-00304625 democracy at the center of our foreign
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01480-00304626-00304793 policy by making that part of the
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01481-00304794-00305063 national self-definition of who we were
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01482-00305064-00305206 um we may have protected our own
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01483-00305207-00305471 political system much more than we think
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01484-00305472-00305603 are than certainly than we thought at
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01485-00305604-00305747 the time
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01486-00305748-00305963 um yeah what we do abroad affects how
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01487-00305964-00306173 people perceive the country and persifex
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01488-00306174-00306358 how people behave at home too no very
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01489-00306359-00306515 much well it's another conversation I've
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01490-00306516-00306604 always talked about the Civil Rights
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01491-00306605-00306713 Movement was at the height of the Cold
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01492-00306714-00306947 War and part of the rhetoric was we
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01493-00306948-00307103 can't have this at home because we claim
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01494-00307104-00307258 to be standing up for democracy of war
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01495-00307259-00307451 that wasn't the main thing probably but
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01496-00307452-00307589 it was an important thing and conversing
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01497-00307590-00307763 it's not in the 20s when we decided okay
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01498-00307764-00307882 we have nothing to do with any of this
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01499-00307883-00308075 you know we fought in World War one we
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01500-00308076-00308243 got to get back home that was the rise
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01501-00308244-00308380 of the clan and so forth I mean people
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01502-00308381-00308525 the degree to which ill liberalism
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01503-00308526-00308717 abroad under liberalism tolerating a
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01504-00308718-00308963 liberalism abroad can make it more
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01505-00308964-00309113 tolerable to be a liberal at home and
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01506-00309114-00309323 vice versa is underrated I think that
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01507-00309324-00309473 the more conventional view is the kind
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01508-00309474-00309649 of libertarian view which has a certain
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01509-00309650-00309899 plausibility of well it's Republican not
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01510-00309900-00310043 an Empire if you get involved in all
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01511-00310044-00310277 these wars you have a Garrison State you
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01512-00310278-00310456 have a National Security State and that
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01513-00310457-00310595 hurt side Liberties but I don't think
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01514-00310596-00310763 empirically that's really the case we're
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01515-00310764-00310930 the opposite I mean you know the Cold
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01516-00310931-00311093 War was the time of great expansion of
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01517-00311094-00311249 Liberties and progress in terms of
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01518-00311250-00311458 social issues and so forth in the U.S
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01519-00311459-00311632 and of course there are instances where
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01520-00311633-00311837 you get a kind to backlash and you know
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01521-00311838-00312053 McCarthyism and so forth but yeah again
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01522-00312054-00312323 I think the the indivisibility of it's
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01523-00312324-00312497 kind of a cliche during the Cold War you
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01524-00312498-00312737 know freedom is indivisible I think a
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01525-00312738-00312863 lot of us it'll come out that's not
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01526-00312864-00313091 quite right you know but it is more
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01527-00313092-00313253 right than we than people may be
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01528-00313254-00313499 acknowledged don't you think yeah no I
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01529-00313500-00313810 think there's a relationship I mean it's
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01530-00313811-00314075 things aren't
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01531-00314076-00314291 I'll pick apart the but but definitely
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01532-00314292-00314530 you know the more the more I look back
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01533-00314531-00314741 at that period and the more eyes to see
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01534-00314742-00314927 what you know how Americans talked about
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01535-00314928-00315184 themselves you know between I don't know
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01536-00315185-00315425 1945 and 1989 the more I think the cold
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01537-00315426-00315893 war had a big positive in at least some
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01538-00315894-00316091 positive impact well I'll let you go
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01539-00316092-00316234 you're going to I think to Germany later
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01540-00316235-00316469 this week and uh you're a lot of it's
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01541-00316470-00316630 very busy time for you and and for all
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01542-00316631-00316775 of us but look I it's really I've
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01543-00316776-00316901 appreciated this conversation what
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01544-00316902-00316991 you've done over the last year
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01545-00316992-00317158 especially and
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01546-00317159-00317279 um we'll have to have another
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01547-00317280-00317410 conversation I should say the sub the
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01548-00317411-00317615 spring summer or winter spring could be
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01549-00317616-00317832 very important in terms of the actual
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01550-00317833-00318010 on the ground
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01551-00318011-00318251 spring spring and summer are important
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01552-00318252-00318467 um and I I cannot tell you I can't
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01553-00318468-00318617 predict for you right now what will
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01554-00318618-00318743 happen but I know there are a lot of
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01555-00318744-00318958 plans being made well let's hope it goes
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01556-00318959-00319097 well and let's get together in the fall
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01557-00319098-00319379 and and have an update but and at
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01558-00319380-00319606 Applebaum uh thanks for joining me very
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01559-00319607-00319732 much thanks very much for joining me
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01560-00319733-00319817 today
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01561-00319818-00320003 it was a real pleasure to talk to you
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01562-00320004-00320123 talk to you and thank you for joining us
+DyuYzGfzSTY-01563-00320124-00320396 on conversations
+Dzoc-b2FTfo-00000-00000059-00000858 [Music]
+Dzoc-b2FTfo-00001-00000859-00001286 on a Friday
+Dzoc-b2FTfo-00002-00001287-00002223 [Music]
+Dzoc-b2FTfo-00003-00002224-00004910 [Music]
+Dzoc-b2FTfo-00004-00004911-00006115 [Music]
+Dzoc-b2FTfo-00005-00006116-00007159 all right
+Dzoc-b2FTfo-00006-00007159-00008039 come on
+Dzoc-b2FTfo-00007-00008040-00008559 come on and get down
+Dzoc-b2FTfo-00008-00008560-00010553 [Music]
+Dzoc-b2FTfo-00009-00010554-00011544 [Music]
+Dzoc-b2FTfo-00010-00011545-00011899 [Music]
+Dzoc-b2FTfo-00011-00011900-00012674 no no
+Dzoc-b2FTfo-00012-00012675-00012952 [Music]
+Dzoc-b2FTfo-00013-00012953-00013066 no
+Dzoc-b2FTfo-00014-00013067-00013222 no
+Dzoc-b2FTfo-00015-00013223-00014280 foreign
+Dzoc-b2FTfo-00016-00014281-00015106 [Music]
+Dzoc-b2FTfo-00017-00015107-00016488 [Music]
+Dzoc-b2FTfo-00018-00016489-00018441 [Music]
+DzMK7WwenJ4-00000-00000071-00000295 so welcome back to my eagle pcb design
+DzMK7WwenJ4-00001-00000296-00000543 tutorial so i am resuming the tutorial
+DzMK7WwenJ4-00002-00000544-00000743 after one year later
+DzMK7WwenJ4-00003-00000744-00000831 so
+DzMK7WwenJ4-00004-00000832-00001079 i think that um i'm planning to actually
+DzMK7WwenJ4-00005-00001080-00001311 complete the whole tutorial by this time
+DzMK7WwenJ4-00006-00001312-00001511 and in the previous video i have
+DzMK7WwenJ4-00007-00001512-00001759 demonstrate how we can design ground
+DzMK7WwenJ4-00008-00001760-00001855 playing
+DzMK7WwenJ4-00009-00001855-00002102 in a natural layer pc for the top top
+DzMK7WwenJ4-00010-00002103-00002302 layer so as i am designing a two layer
+DzMK7WwenJ4-00011-00002303-00002567 pcb in this video i will show you how we
+DzMK7WwenJ4-00012-00002568-00002807 can actually design ground plane for
+DzMK7WwenJ4-00013-00002808-00003134 bottom layer as well because i have uh i
+DzMK7WwenJ4-00014-00003135-00003343 have got a good response on how to
+DzMK7WwenJ4-00015-00003344-00003559 design a ground plane so i thought that
+DzMK7WwenJ4-00016-00003560-00003806 okay it is better to demonstrate um
+DzMK7WwenJ4-00017-00003807-00004022 again how we can apply the same
+DzMK7WwenJ4-00018-00004023-00004270 technique for the bottom layer okay so
+DzMK7WwenJ4-00019-00004271-00004591 let's get started
+DzMK7WwenJ4-00020-00004592-00004822 so this is the pcb we have completed in
+DzMK7WwenJ4-00021-00004823-00005086 last video and we have also learned how
+DzMK7WwenJ4-00022-00005087-00005270 to design a ground plane for the top
+DzMK7WwenJ4-00023-00005271-00005591 layer and but we cannot see the um top
+DzMK7WwenJ4-00024-00005592-00005735 layer ground plane
+DzMK7WwenJ4-00025-00005736-00006031 um when i have just opened the uh design
+DzMK7WwenJ4-00026-00006032-00006247 in my eagle so to see the actually a
+DzMK7WwenJ4-00027-00006248-00006439 whole design i have to press the
+DzMK7WwenJ4-00028-00006440-00006606 response button so this will actually
+DzMK7WwenJ4-00029-00006608-00006751 bring all the
+DzMK7WwenJ4-00030-00006752-00007039 uh layers related to the eagle pcb so we
+DzMK7WwenJ4-00031-00007040-00007310 can see that we have um i completed the
+DzMK7WwenJ4-00032-00007311-00007455 ground plane for the top layer and i
+DzMK7WwenJ4-00033-00007456-00007631 have also described the what is the
+DzMK7WwenJ4-00034-00007631-00007942 advantage of ground plane in the case of
+DzMK7WwenJ4-00035-00007943-00008199 um pcb design so now i will demonstrate
+DzMK7WwenJ4-00036-00008200-00008423 how we can apply the same
+DzMK7WwenJ4-00037-00008424-00008567 uh for the
+DzMK7WwenJ4-00038-00008568-00008774 bottom layer because in a two layer pcb
+DzMK7WwenJ4-00039-00008775-00008919 we have to design a ground plane for the
+DzMK7WwenJ4-00040-00008920-00009063 top layer as well as bottom layer so
+DzMK7WwenJ4-00041-00009064-00009167 that we can
+DzMK7WwenJ4-00042-00009168-00009310 route the ground plane through the
+DzMK7WwenJ4-00043-00009311-00009559 bottom layer where it is impossible to
+DzMK7WwenJ4-00044-00009560-00009806 draw the ground i mean ground i mean
+DzMK7WwenJ4-00045-00009807-00010014 impossible to connect some component to
+DzMK7WwenJ4-00046-00010015-00010142 the top layer
+DzMK7WwenJ4-00047-00010143-00010399 okay so let's get started so to actually
+DzMK7WwenJ4-00048-00010400-00010591 get to actually start the ground plane
+DzMK7WwenJ4-00049-00010592-00010703 designing
+DzMK7WwenJ4-00050-00010704-00010935 i will start with the tool polygon tool
+DzMK7WwenJ4-00051-00010936-00011351 so let's grab the polygon tool
+DzMK7WwenJ4-00052-00011352-00011535 okay and after that
+DzMK7WwenJ4-00053-00011536-00011831 we can see that actually if i start
+DzMK7WwenJ4-00054-00011832-00011991 drawing the ground plane it will
+DzMK7WwenJ4-00055-00011992-00012263 actually start in the top layer so i
+DzMK7WwenJ4-00056-00012264-00012455 have to change this so to change this i
+DzMK7WwenJ4-00057-00012456-00012567 have to go
+DzMK7WwenJ4-00058-00012568-00012815 this i mean go in the select layer
+DzMK7WwenJ4-00059-00012816-00012999 button you can see that actually select
+DzMK7WwenJ4-00060-00013000-00013207 layout menu so from the select layer
+DzMK7WwenJ4-00061-00013208-00013527 menu i will select the bottom right
+DzMK7WwenJ4-00062-00013528-00013719 and after that for
+DzMK7WwenJ4-00063-00013719-00013911 ground plane um
+DzMK7WwenJ4-00064-00013912-00014255 design so we will select the turning
+DzMK7WwenJ4-00065-00014256-00014503 point as a right 90 degree
+DzMK7WwenJ4-00066-00014504-00014807 so that we can actually um capture the
+DzMK7WwenJ4-00067-00014808-00014991 edges properly
+DzMK7WwenJ4-00068-00014991-00015207 and i also have to
+DzMK7WwenJ4-00069-00015208-00015311 see
+DzMK7WwenJ4-00070-00015312-00015527 the parameters for the top layer ground
+DzMK7WwenJ4-00071-00015528-00015750 plane so okay let's escape this so that
+DzMK7WwenJ4-00072-00015751-00015991 i can see the parameter for the top
+DzMK7WwenJ4-00073-00015991-00016150 layer ground plane so that i can apply
+DzMK7WwenJ4-00074-00016151-00016335 the same technique for the bottom layer
+DzMK7WwenJ4-00075-00016336-00016455 okay to see
+DzMK7WwenJ4-00076-00016456-00016671 these we have to go into the move tool
+DzMK7WwenJ4-00077-00016672-00016830 and after that i have to right click on
+DzMK7WwenJ4-00078-00016831-00017079 the bottom layer ground plane
+DzMK7WwenJ4-00079-00017080-00017375 and i can see from the properties that
+DzMK7WwenJ4-00080-00017376-00017535 this is the properties for the bottom
+DzMK7WwenJ4-00081-00017536-00017727 layer sorry top layer ground plane and
+DzMK7WwenJ4-00082-00017728-00017943 width 12
+DzMK7WwenJ4-00083-00017944-00018286 and after that spacing was 50 isolate
+DzMK7WwenJ4-00084-00018287-00018607 was 12 so i will use the same parameter
+DzMK7WwenJ4-00085-00018608-00018799 for the bottom layer ground plane okay
+DzMK7WwenJ4-00086-00018800-00019247 so we have to remember this 1250 okay
+DzMK7WwenJ4-00087-00019248-00019583 so again i will select the polygon tool
+DzMK7WwenJ4-00088-00019584-00019871 and i will start from a corner
+DzMK7WwenJ4-00089-00019872-00020071 and also this point is important we have
+DzMK7WwenJ4-00090-00020072-00020311 to select the bottom layer to actually
+DzMK7WwenJ4-00091-00020312-00020455 design the ground plane for the bottom
+DzMK7WwenJ4-00092-00020456-00020855 layer and i will actually turn my
+DzMK7WwenJ4-00093-00020856-00021047 um polygon
+DzMK7WwenJ4-00094-00021048-00021319 in this place
+DzMK7WwenJ4-00095-00021320-00021583 and i will click on the
+DzMK7WwenJ4-00096-00021584-00021822 third corner
+DzMK7WwenJ4-00097-00021823-00022063 and i will start again from
+DzMK7WwenJ4-00098-00022064-00022183 this corner
+DzMK7WwenJ4-00099-00022184-00022439 and last time i described
+DzMK7WwenJ4-00100-00022440-00022727 forcefully that this is the important
+DzMK7WwenJ4-00101-00022728-00022999 while we are connecting our ground plane
+DzMK7WwenJ4-00102-00023000-00023271 in point so you can see that the first
+DzMK7WwenJ4-00103-00023272-00023535 point and last point of the ground
+DzMK7WwenJ4-00104-00023536-00023647 plane
+DzMK7WwenJ4-00105-00023648-00023894 actually have to be the same point
+DzMK7WwenJ4-00106-00023895-00024207 so that my eagle pcb considered that
+DzMK7WwenJ4-00107-00024208-00024430 okay this is a complete boundary for a
+DzMK7WwenJ4-00108-00024431-00024703 ground plane so this is very important
+DzMK7WwenJ4-00109-00024704-00024927 okay let me show you first point
+DzMK7WwenJ4-00110-00024928-00025111 starting point and end point should be
+DzMK7WwenJ4-00111-00025112-00025311 the same point so that pcb can
+DzMK7WwenJ4-00112-00025312-00025455 understand that
+DzMK7WwenJ4-00113-00025456-00025622 this is the ground plane because this is
+DzMK7WwenJ4-00114-00025623-00025790 the important point
+DzMK7WwenJ4-00115-00025791-00025999 okay we have to remember that and after
+DzMK7WwenJ4-00116-00026000-00026262 clicking this point we will see there is
+DzMK7WwenJ4-00117-00026263-00026335 a
+DzMK7WwenJ4-00118-00026336-00026583 pop-up box which will ask that what is
+DzMK7WwenJ4-00119-00026583-00026911 the name for this signal so i will put z
+DzMK7WwenJ4-00120-00026912-00027062 and d
+DzMK7WwenJ4-00121-00027063-00027223 and after that
+DzMK7WwenJ4-00122-00027224-00027302 okay
+DzMK7WwenJ4-00123-00027304-00027583 after that when i will click the red s
+DzMK7WwenJ4-00124-00027583-00027783 button i will see that there is a ground
+DzMK7WwenJ4-00125-00027783-00028079 plane in both side top side and bottom
+DzMK7WwenJ4-00126-00028080-00028239 side okay
+DzMK7WwenJ4-00127-00028239-00028558 so actually if i just click on top layer
+DzMK7WwenJ4-00128-00028560-00028751 i will see the component from top
+DzMK7WwenJ4-00129-00028752-00028958 and if i click component for the bottom
+DzMK7WwenJ4-00130-00028960-00029118 layer i will see the bottom layer ground
+DzMK7WwenJ4-00131-00029119-00029214 plane see
+DzMK7WwenJ4-00132-00029216-00029358 and i can actually visualize from the
+DzMK7WwenJ4-00133-00029360-00029574 top layer you can see that in the top
+DzMK7WwenJ4-00134-00029575-00029727 layer
+DzMK7WwenJ4-00135-00029727-00029918 the ground plane color is red in the
+DzMK7WwenJ4-00136-00029919-00030087 bottom layer the ground plane color is
+DzMK7WwenJ4-00137-00030088-00030239 blue you can see that so this is
+DzMK7WwenJ4-00138-00030239-00030614 completely visible from the video
+DzMK7WwenJ4-00139-00030616-00030895 okay so in the next video i will
+DzMK7WwenJ4-00140-00030895-00031039 demonstrate you
+DzMK7WwenJ4-00141-00031039-00031270 how we can actually connect top layer
+DzMK7WwenJ4-00142-00031272-00031414 and bottom layer
+DzMK7WwenJ4-00143-00031416-00031590 because there should be a connection
+DzMK7WwenJ4-00144-00031591-00031846 because we know that that the top layer
+DzMK7WwenJ4-00145-00031847-00032014 ground plane is red bottom layer ground
+DzMK7WwenJ4-00146-00032016-00032135 plane is blue
+DzMK7WwenJ4-00147-00032136-00032390 but the main goal of the ground plane is
+DzMK7WwenJ4-00148-00032391-00032527 to actually
+DzMK7WwenJ4-00149-00032527-00032743 increase the conducting surface also it
+DzMK7WwenJ4-00150-00032744-00032999 will work as a heat dissipation surface
+DzMK7WwenJ4-00151-00033000-00033287 we have described before so we need to
+DzMK7WwenJ4-00152-00033288-00033487 know how we can connect top layer and
+DzMK7WwenJ4-00153-00033488-00033799 bottom layer ground plane in good way
+DzMK7WwenJ4-00154-00033800-00034039 okay i'll do in the next video okay
+DzMK7WwenJ4-00155-00034040-00034412 thank you for watching
+D_jQmY-6vZY-00000-00000024-00000343 Hey my name's mark and I'm gonna tell
+D_jQmY-6vZY-00001-00000344-00000574 you a quick story which is about two
+D_jQmY-6vZY-00002-00000575-00000708 weeks ago I had a big online
+D_jQmY-6vZY-00003-00000709-00000937 presentation coming up I was the star of
+D_jQmY-6vZY-00004-00000938-00001103 my old comedy show which I had never
+D_jQmY-6vZY-00005-00001104-00001385 done before and I was quite nervous and
+D_jQmY-6vZY-00006-00001386-00001595 I saw on Facebook a guy who I'd friended
+D_jQmY-6vZY-00007-00001596-00001843 years ago were old high school friends
+D_jQmY-6vZY-00008-00001844-00002075 of mine Paul Gordon and he's been
+D_jQmY-6vZY-00009-00002076-00002300 posting these videos about making making
+D_jQmY-6vZY-00010-00002301-00002600 videos so I sent them a note I said Paul
+D_jQmY-6vZY-00011-00002601-00002833 can you help me well inside of an hour
+D_jQmY-6vZY-00012-00002834-00003164 Paul taught me everything I needed to
+D_jQmY-6vZY-00013-00003165-00003370 know about talking into that green light
+D_jQmY-6vZY-00014-00003371-00003668 in just one hour he made me a better
+D_jQmY-6vZY-00015-00003669-00003968 print a better presenter and I was
+D_jQmY-6vZY-00016-00003969-00004100 really impressed with he really knows
+D_jQmY-6vZY-00017-00004101-00004313 and stuff and we had a great time we had
+D_jQmY-6vZY-00018-00004314-00004570 a lot of lasts but more importantly at
+D_jQmY-6vZY-00019-00004571-00004751 the end of 60 minutes I really felt
+D_jQmY-6vZY-00020-00004752-00004895 comfortable and I went on to give a
+D_jQmY-6vZY-00021-00004896-00005102 presentation that I got a lot of kudos
+D_jQmY-6vZY-00022-00005103-00005279 for so thank you Paul
+D_jQmY-6vZY-00023-00005280-00005438 your awesome moves so great to reconnect
+D_jQmY-6vZY-00024-00005439-00005675 see you from across the ocean and across
+D_jQmY-6vZY-00025-00005676-00005977 the decades and keep on doing good work
+D_jQmY-6vZY-00026-00005978-00006106 you're really good at what you do and
+D_jQmY-6vZY-00027-00006107-00006286 they're gonna you're gonna help a lot of
+D_jQmY-6vZY-00028-00006287-00006527 people and the person you I'm talking to
+D_jQmY-6vZY-00029-00006528-00006719 you now you could be one of them thank
+D_jQmY-6vZY-00030-00006720-00006973 you very much
+DFRVos6wd8g-00001-00003667-00004543 [Music]
+DFRVos6wd8g-00002-00004544-00005146 [Music]
+DFRVos6wd8g-00003-00005147-00006058 [Music]
+DFRVos6wd8g-00004-00006059-00007091 [Music]
+DFRVos6wd8g-00006-00010193-00012339 foreign
+DFRVos6wd8g-00007-00012340-00012705 [Music]
+DHHeYVbSt50-00000-00000816-00001006 foreign
+DHHeYVbSt50-00001-00001007-00001878 [Applause]
+DHHeYVbSt50-00002-00001879-00002361 [Music]
+DHHeYVbSt50-00003-00002362-00002631 [Applause]
+DHHeYVbSt50-00004-00002632-00003643 foreign
+DHHeYVbSt50-00005-00003644-00004206 [Music]
+DHHeYVbSt50-00006-00004207-00004575 superstar numbers but he
+DHHeYVbSt50-00007-00004576-00004838 [Applause]
+DHHeYVbSt50-00008-00004839-00004999 censored looking to drop this ball in
+DHHeYVbSt50-00009-00005000-00005463 behind but initiates junior
+DHHeYVbSt50-00010-00005464-00005670 upside otherwise barcelona would have
+DHHeYVbSt50-00011-00005671-00006086 got the
+DHHeYVbSt50-00012-00006087-00006967 [Applause]
+DHHeYVbSt50-00013-00006968-00007183 it's pretty similar to the game in the
+DHHeYVbSt50-00014-00007184-00007310 league early running the campaign
+DHHeYVbSt50-00015-00007311-00007551 benicio jr is he going to make them pay
+DHHeYVbSt50-00016-00007552-00007783 this time yes he does
+DHHeYVbSt50-00017-00007784-00008014 on the mark again the young brazilian
+DHHeYVbSt50-00018-00008015-00008246 who is lighting up the season for real
+DHHeYVbSt50-00019-00008247-00008495 madrid they keep on
+DHHeYVbSt50-00020-00008496-00008710 making the mistake and letting real
+DHHeYVbSt50-00021-00008711-00008871 break it behind them
+DHHeYVbSt50-00022-00008872-00009137 and have paid the lead by a goal tonight
+DHHeYVbSt50-00023-00009138-00010245 [Applause]
+DHHeYVbSt50-00024-00010246-00011278 [Applause]
+DHHeYVbSt50-00025-00011279-00011959 have done
+DHHeYVbSt50-00026-00011960-00012405 those youngsters
+DHHeYVbSt50-00027-00012406-00015111 [Music]
+DHHeYVbSt50-00028-00015112-00015938 is
+DHHeYVbSt50-00029-00015938-00016375 [Music]
+DHHeYVbSt50-00030-00016376-00017154 me
+DHHeYVbSt50-00031-00017155-00017347 [Applause]
+DHHeYVbSt50-00032-00017348-00017591 [Music]
+DHHeYVbSt50-00033-00017592-00017807 delicious gets away from pk look at the
+DHHeYVbSt50-00034-00017808-00018047 difference in pace venicious giving
+DHHeYVbSt50-00035-00018048-00018230 homage to those that did so well lovely
+DHHeYVbSt50-00036-00018231-00018639 ball over the top four pernicious junior
+DHHeYVbSt50-00037-00018640-00018814 turns it on to the left foot still
+DHHeYVbSt50-00038-00018815-00019071 finishes making the run instead cruz
+DHHeYVbSt50-00039-00019072-00019207 puts it through the middle to vinicius
+DHHeYVbSt50-00040-00019208-00019503 finishes finishes taking on both picay
+DHHeYVbSt50-00041-00019504-00020903 and longley finishes finish
+DHHeYVbSt50-00042-00020904-00021511 my
+DHHeYVbSt50-00043-00021512-00021720 you
+DHMl42gEV_k-00000-00000159-00000390 thank you everybody for for joining this
+DHMl42gEV_k-00001-00000391-00000495 evening
+DHMl42gEV_k-00002-00000496-00000582 and
+DHMl42gEV_k-00003-00000583-00000726 thank you for
+DHMl42gEV_k-00004-00000727-00000919 either helping with the christmas bird
+DHMl42gEV_k-00005-00000919-00001239 counts this past year or if you were at
+DHMl42gEV_k-00006-00001240-00001527 home and couldn't go out you were
+DHMl42gEV_k-00007-00001528-00001791 uh on the sidelines cheering us on
+DHMl42gEV_k-00008-00001792-00001998 saying go go go go
+DHMl42gEV_k-00009-00002000-00002255 so we did a fabulous i think we did a
+DHMl42gEV_k-00010-00002256-00002463 fabulous job this year
+DHMl42gEV_k-00011-00002464-00002734 and you know i appreciate photos coming
+DHMl42gEV_k-00012-00002735-00003095 in and i hope to hear stories from
+DHMl42gEV_k-00013-00003096-00003319 from some of you about some of the
+DHMl42gEV_k-00014-00003320-00003615 things you saw or
+DHMl42gEV_k-00015-00003615-00003767 whatever you know something that was
+DHMl42gEV_k-00016-00003768-00004086 just kind of special to you for you
+DHMl42gEV_k-00017-00004087-00004338 um and again i just appreciate
+DHMl42gEV_k-00018-00004339-00004647 everybody's uh time
+DHMl42gEV_k-00019-00004648-00004854 that you took uh this year i know it was
+DHMl42gEV_k-00020-00004855-00005054 a tough time right after the day right
+DHMl42gEV_k-00021-00005055-00005215 after christmas
+DHMl42gEV_k-00022-00005216-00005327 um
+DHMl42gEV_k-00023-00005328-00005463 and
+DHMl42gEV_k-00024-00005464-00005751 we'll talk about this year's christmas
+DHMl42gEV_k-00025-00005752-00006079 bird count yes i'm thinking already for
+DHMl42gEV_k-00026-00006080-00006463 the end of 2022
+DHMl42gEV_k-00027-00006464-00006663 but sometimes you gotta think ahead
+DHMl42gEV_k-00028-00006664-00006910 but um and i hope everybody's healthy i
+DHMl42gEV_k-00029-00006911-00007183 hope uh you know your families are doing
+DHMl42gEV_k-00030-00007184-00007439 well and friends are doing well
+DHMl42gEV_k-00031-00007440-00007655 and if you're feeling kind of the
+DHMl42gEV_k-00032-00007656-00007742 then
+DHMl42gEV_k-00033-00007743-00007991 again there were several people who did
+DHMl42gEV_k-00034-00007992-00008263 or or had to drop away this year just
+DHMl42gEV_k-00035-00008264-00008455 because they wanted to
+DHMl42gEV_k-00036-00008456-00008935 be safe um not spread any virus anywhere
+DHMl42gEV_k-00037-00008936-00009142 they thought they may have been exposed
+DHMl42gEV_k-00038-00009143-00009383 and we appreciate that a lot i think you
+DHMl42gEV_k-00039-00009384-00009574 know we're all smart people birders are
+DHMl42gEV_k-00040-00009575-00009719 smart people
+DHMl42gEV_k-00041-00009720-00010055 so um you know we understand the science
+DHMl42gEV_k-00042-00010056-00010263 and it's great
+DHMl42gEV_k-00043-00010264-00010359 all right
+DHMl42gEV_k-00044-00010360-00010519 um first of all does anybody have
+DHMl42gEV_k-00045-00010520-00010751 anything to say and just say hey
+DHMl42gEV_k-00046-00010752-00010895 everybody
+DHMl42gEV_k-00047-00010896-00011135 hey nope
+DHMl42gEV_k-00048-00011136-00011303 all right
+DHMl42gEV_k-00049-00011304-00011455 good to see everyone
+DHMl42gEV_k-00050-00011456-00011695 all right so i'm gonna
+DHMl42gEV_k-00051-00011696-00012167 share my screen
+DHMl42gEV_k-00052-00012168-00013847 and bring it up
+DHMl42gEV_k-00053-00013847-00014143 and if you have uh the on the side panel
+DHMl42gEV_k-00054-00014144-00014263 if you have
+DHMl42gEV_k-00055-00014263-00014558 all the little people's
+DHMl42gEV_k-00056-00014559-00014830 pictures in the gallery you can
+DHMl42gEV_k-00057-00014831-00015191 reduce that by hitting that little one
+DHMl42gEV_k-00058-00015191-00015438 little slash button and then you all the
+DHMl42gEV_k-00059-00015440-00015766 people disappear and just the show is on
+DHMl42gEV_k-00060-00015768-00016079 all right so yay christmas bird count 20
+DHMl42gEV_k-00061-00016080-00016694 21 wrap up
+DHMl42gEV_k-00062-00016695-00016791 and
+DHMl42gEV_k-00063-00016792-00017047 this is the weather that we had for the
+DHMl42gEV_k-00064-00017048-00017407 day it was actually pretty lovely
+DHMl42gEV_k-00065-00017408-00017639 um penny o'connor gave us this
+DHMl42gEV_k-00066-00017640-00017927 photograph and this was
+DHMl42gEV_k-00067-00017928-00018222 at one of the cemeteries uh first of all
+DHMl42gEV_k-00068-00018223-00018503 can everybody hear me okay
+DHMl42gEV_k-00069-00018504-00018783 yes yes good okay uh this was at one of
+DHMl42gEV_k-00070-00018784-00019135 the cemeteries in olmstead falls um
+DHMl42gEV_k-00071-00019136-00019319 what i don't know if it was the sunset
+DHMl42gEV_k-00072-00019320-00019630 memorial or turkey foot or chest old
+DHMl42gEV_k-00073-00019631-00019758 chestnut
+DHMl42gEV_k-00074-00019759-00020071 uh grove um but they did a little bit of
+DHMl42gEV_k-00075-00020072-00020391 hopping and jumping around so
+DHMl42gEV_k-00076-00020392-00020599 again pretty nice weather we really
+DHMl42gEV_k-00077-00020600-00020855 couldn't have asked for much better
+DHMl42gEV_k-00078-00020856-00021135 um compared with last year when we were
+DHMl42gEV_k-00079-00021136-00021294 trudging through
+DHMl42gEV_k-00080-00021295-00021967 quite a bit of snow
+DHMl42gEV_k-00081-00021968-00022247 alrighty so just to get a refresher this
+DHMl42gEV_k-00082-00022248-00022639 is our circle and you can see uh the
+DHMl42gEV_k-00083-00022640-00022871 center point is not exactly in lakewood
+DHMl42gEV_k-00084-00022872-00023030 even though it's called the lakewood
+DHMl42gEV_k-00085-00023031-00023294 christmas bird count it's more in
+DHMl42gEV_k-00086-00023295-00023639 oh rocky river west lakeish area
+DHMl42gEV_k-00087-00023640-00023830 and the center point and then seven and
+DHMl42gEV_k-00088-00023831-00024183 a half miles around and which does even
+DHMl42gEV_k-00089-00024184-00024422 go into lake erie um we did not have
+DHMl42gEV_k-00090-00024423-00024711 anybody doing any pelagic birding
+DHMl42gEV_k-00091-00024712-00024999 but what we try to do is get as much of
+DHMl42gEV_k-00092-00025000-00025303 the lake shore as possible
+DHMl42gEV_k-00093-00025304-00025614 from
+DHMl42gEV_k-00094-00025616-00025743 edgewater
+DHMl42gEV_k-00095-00025744-00025967 all the way again across the border yes
+DHMl42gEV_k-00096-00025968-00026087 we do cross
+DHMl42gEV_k-00097-00026088-00026279 county borders into
+DHMl42gEV_k-00098-00026280-00026455 avon lake
+DHMl42gEV_k-00099-00026456-00026551 and then
+DHMl42gEV_k-00100-00026552-00026799 further south is pretty much the
+DHMl42gEV_k-00101-00026800-00027207 middleburg heights strongsville border
+DHMl42gEV_k-00102-00027208-00027551 west again going a little bit into
+DHMl42gEV_k-00103-00027552-00027727 lorraine county
+DHMl42gEV_k-00104-00027727-00027839 east
+DHMl42gEV_k-00105-00027839-00027927 just
+DHMl42gEV_k-00106-00027927-00028190 a little beyond right around the zoo
+DHMl42gEV_k-00107-00028191-00028399 area brooklyn
+DHMl42gEV_k-00108-00028400-00028655 um sometimes we do a little slop over
+DHMl42gEV_k-00109-00028656-00028879 since we have so much of our area is in
+DHMl42gEV_k-00110-00028880-00029031 the lake we do
+DHMl42gEV_k-00111-00029032-00029335 kind of maybe the parma heights area
+DHMl42gEV_k-00112-00029336-00029470 brooklyn
+DHMl42gEV_k-00113-00029472-00029567 um
+DHMl42gEV_k-00114-00029568-00029695 this
+DHMl42gEV_k-00115-00029695-00029887 southwestern area around north
+DHMl42gEV_k-00116-00029888-00030102 ridgeville we will kind of slop over a
+DHMl42gEV_k-00117-00030103-00030631 little bit onto the land
+DHMl42gEV_k-00118-00030632-00030846 and you can see all these pinned areas
+DHMl42gEV_k-00119-00030847-00031127 are areas that we generally do cover
+DHMl42gEV_k-00120-00031127-00031335 again oops looks like the lake is kind
+DHMl42gEV_k-00121-00031336-00031511 of covered up a little bit but a lot of
+DHMl42gEV_k-00122-00031512-00031751 these areas the zoo a lot of the green
+DHMl42gEV_k-00123-00031752-00031983 spaces are the metro parks
+DHMl42gEV_k-00124-00031983-00032262 we have neighborhoods that are covered
+DHMl42gEV_k-00125-00032263-00032751 backyards things like that
+DHMl42gEV_k-00126-00032752-00032846 oh
+DHMl42gEV_k-00127-00032847-00033151 happy happy birders
+DHMl42gEV_k-00128-00033152-00033295 um
+DHMl42gEV_k-00129-00033296-00033574 marion kraus gave us this nice photo of
+DHMl42gEV_k-00130-00033575-00033855 folks that um
+DHMl42gEV_k-00131-00033856-00034174 were hitting a number of parks and a
+DHMl42gEV_k-00132-00034175-00034415 cemetery as well and had some pretty
+DHMl42gEV_k-00133-00034416-00034862 nice sightings
+DHMl42gEV_k-00134-00034863-00035111 joanne if you wanted to add any more
+DHMl42gEV_k-00135-00035112-00035287 to this because that there's joanne
+DHMl42gEV_k-00136-00035288-00035479 kubicki right there and she's joined us
+DHMl42gEV_k-00137-00035480-00035662 tonight
+DHMl42gEV_k-00138-00035663-00035895 it was a little slow except for the
+DHMl42gEV_k-00139-00035896-00036071 you know the great horned owls i don't
+DHMl42gEV_k-00140-00036072-00036183 know if you're going to talk about them
+DHMl42gEV_k-00141-00036184-00036302 or not
+DHMl42gEV_k-00142-00036303-00036551 um they will be on the list i don't know
+DHMl42gEV_k-00143-00036552-00036735 if i'll put any of the i don't think i
+DHMl42gEV_k-00144-00036736-00036959 have any of the photos up
+DHMl42gEV_k-00145-00036960-00037087 of the owl
+DHMl42gEV_k-00146-00037088-00037246 there were a lot of photos that were
+DHMl42gEV_k-00147-00037247-00037487 submitted right
+DHMl42gEV_k-00148-00037488-00037679 it's just um we weren't seeing much we
+DHMl42gEV_k-00149-00037680-00037935 knew greg hornells were in the area and
+DHMl42gEV_k-00150-00037936-00038174 um they've been on our account a couple
+DHMl42gEV_k-00151-00038175-00038311 of times
+DHMl42gEV_k-00152-00038312-00038599 and we passed the gentleman oh
+DHMl42gEV_k-00153-00038600-00038815 we'll get to him oh good then i won't
+DHMl42gEV_k-00154-00038816-00039079 say anymore yeah i got i got a picture
+DHMl42gEV_k-00155-00039080-00039239 good okay
+DHMl42gEV_k-00156-00039240-00039495 and then you can you can add some some
+DHMl42gEV_k-00157-00039496-00039590 uh
+DHMl42gEV_k-00158-00039591-00039751 comments at that time that would be so
+DHMl42gEV_k-00159-00039752-00039983 awesome okay sounds good all right so
+DHMl42gEV_k-00160-00039984-00040207 again the areas covered big creek
+DHMl42gEV_k-00161-00040208-00040446 reservation from brook park all the way
+DHMl42gEV_k-00162-00040447-00040646 south to main street in middleburg
+DHMl42gEV_k-00163-00040647-00040927 heights the bradley woods cole lake and
+DHMl42gEV_k-00164-00040928-00041118 you can you can read this there were
+DHMl42gEV_k-00165-00041119-00041630 peter watchers around the airport
+DHMl42gEV_k-00166-00041631-00041943 the lake to lake trail like isaac like
+DHMl42gEV_k-00167-00041944-00042095 abrams
+DHMl42gEV_k-00168-00042096-00042479 fowl's marsh or fowls wetland
+DHMl42gEV_k-00169-00042480-00042799 uh part of mill stream
+DHMl42gEV_k-00170-00042800-00042967 puritus wetlands the renaissance
+DHMl42gEV_k-00171-00042968-00043207 retirement community
+DHMl42gEV_k-00172-00043208-00043639 rocky river reservation
+DHMl42gEV_k-00173-00043640-00043799 golf courses
+DHMl42gEV_k-00174-00043800-00044007 uh the southwest area
+DHMl42gEV_k-00175-00044008-00044215 cemeteries
+DHMl42gEV_k-00176-00044216-00044567 valley parkway tri-sea west campus zoo
+DHMl42gEV_k-00177-00044568-00044751 we got penguins on our
+DHMl42gEV_k-00178-00044752-00044967 checklist right
+DHMl42gEV_k-00179-00044968-00045239 wrong
+DHMl42gEV_k-00180-00045240-00045543 there we are
+DHMl42gEV_k-00181-00045544-00045911 yeah so um new birders well
+DHMl42gEV_k-00182-00045912-00046167 todd and bo todd is the gentleman beau
+DHMl42gEV_k-00183-00046168-00046439 is the dog and uh joanne did you want to
+DHMl42gEV_k-00184-00046440-00046807 talk about this gentleman
+DHMl42gEV_k-00185-00046808-00047023 we passed him on the trail we were
+DHMl42gEV_k-00186-00047024-00047223 coming back we passed him on the trail
+DHMl42gEV_k-00187-00047224-00047455 he asked what we were doing we told him
+DHMl42gEV_k-00188-00047456-00047686 um about the owls and stuff and he said
+DHMl42gEV_k-00189-00047687-00048071 he was would love to see one um so he
+DHMl42gEV_k-00190-00048072-00048271 passed us up and uh we
+DHMl42gEV_k-00191-00048272-00048430 marian and i
+DHMl42gEV_k-00192-00048431-00048615 were hearing
+DHMl42gEV_k-00193-00048616-00048927 an owl calling a great horned owl
+DHMl42gEV_k-00194-00048928-00049151 and we kind of weren't sure where it was
+DHMl42gEV_k-00195-00049152-00049390 coming from eventually we kind of pinned
+DHMl42gEV_k-00196-00049391-00049551 it down a little bit
+DHMl42gEV_k-00197-00049552-00049790 and this guy come running back with his
+DHMl42gEV_k-00198-00049791-00050046 dog and saying i found it i found it
+DHMl42gEV_k-00199-00050047-00050167 and
+DHMl42gEV_k-00200-00050168-00050455 so it was just right by the parking lot
+DHMl42gEV_k-00201-00050456-00050743 um it was calling and from there it flew
+DHMl42gEV_k-00202-00050744-00051046 into a tree further away
+DHMl42gEV_k-00203-00051047-00051151 um
+DHMl42gEV_k-00204-00051152-00051446 so we let him see through the binoculars
+DHMl42gEV_k-00205-00051447-00051614 and while i was looking through the
+DHMl42gEV_k-00206-00051615-00051919 binoculars another one flew in wow there
+DHMl42gEV_k-00207-00051920-00052119 were two of them sitting there
+DHMl42gEV_k-00208-00052120-00052326 and once the other one flew in they did
+DHMl42gEV_k-00209-00052327-00052615 stop the first one stopped calling
+DHMl42gEV_k-00210-00052616-00052775 um
+DHMl42gEV_k-00211-00052776-00053238 oh this was elmwood park in rocky river
+DHMl42gEV_k-00212-00053239-00053447 very cool so he was real happy there was
+DHMl42gEV_k-00213-00053448-00053671 another lady came along and
+DHMl42gEV_k-00214-00053672-00053847 let her look through the binoculars too
+DHMl42gEV_k-00215-00053848-00053911 and
+DHMl42gEV_k-00216-00053912-00054079 so it was really nice he was really
+DHMl42gEV_k-00217-00054079-00054319 excited he never saw great horned owl
+DHMl42gEV_k-00218-00054320-00054630 before so nice oh wow wow that's that's
+DHMl42gEV_k-00219-00054632-00054775 awesome i think and i think that's one
+DHMl42gEV_k-00220-00054776-00055126 of the the beauties of being out birding
+DHMl42gEV_k-00221-00055127-00055366 and birders is that you know we're we
+DHMl42gEV_k-00222-00055367-00055575 like to share that information you know
+DHMl42gEV_k-00223-00055576-00055759 kids or adults or
+DHMl42gEV_k-00224-00055760-00056135 does a dog look through binoculars
+DHMl42gEV_k-00225-00056136-00056359 no he was wondering what in the world we
+DHMl42gEV_k-00226-00056360-00056550 were doing walking back and forth and
+DHMl42gEV_k-00227-00056551-00056791 looking and yeah he just wanted to go on
+DHMl42gEV_k-00228-00056791-00056942 his little walk
+DHMl42gEV_k-00229-00056944-00057119 yeah i thought this was a fun photo
+DHMl42gEV_k-00230-00057120-00057382 thanks for i appreciate marion sharing
+DHMl42gEV_k-00231-00057383-00057887 this
+DHMl42gEV_k-00232-00057888-00058111 so a little bit about our lakewood
+DHMl42gEV_k-00233-00058112-00058399 circle history um western cuyahoga
+DHMl42gEV_k-00234-00058400-00058807 became a chapter in 75 1975
+DHMl42gEV_k-00235-00058808-00059071 and that was also the first year
+DHMl42gEV_k-00236-00059072-00059359 that we sponsored the
+DHMl42gEV_k-00237-00059360-00059487 uh lakewood
+DHMl42gEV_k-00238-00059488-00059719 christmas bird count
+DHMl42gEV_k-00239-00059720-00059950 and uh
+DHMl42gEV_k-00240-00059951-00060263 right now it's we've just had 46 years
+DHMl42gEV_k-00241-00060264-00060623 of christmas bird counts because uh 2021
+DHMl42gEV_k-00242-00060624-00060879 is the 122nd
+DHMl42gEV_k-00243-00060879-00061279 cbc because the cbc started in 1900 so
+DHMl42gEV_k-00244-00061279-00061519 you actually had a that's not not
+DHMl42gEV_k-00245-00061520-00061682 following the year
+DHMl42gEV_k-00246-00061683-00061871 exactly
+DHMl42gEV_k-00247-00061872-00062206 so um 46 years of christmas bird counts
+DHMl42gEV_k-00248-00062207-00062294 and
+DHMl42gEV_k-00249-00062295-00062503 right now all i can think of is two
+DHMl42gEV_k-00250-00062504-00062806 compilers don ultimus some of you may
+DHMl42gEV_k-00251-00062807-00063135 have known don um he was a naturalist
+DHMl42gEV_k-00252-00063136-00063438 with the metro parks for a long time
+DHMl42gEV_k-00253-00063439-00063703 um with the headquarters being
+DHMl42gEV_k-00254-00063704-00063926 rocky river in a couple of other areas
+DHMl42gEV_k-00255-00063927-00064119 he was at the zoo as well
+DHMl42gEV_k-00256-00064120-00064303 and then myself i don't know if there
+DHMl42gEV_k-00257-00064304-00064582 was anybody before don ultimus hence the
+DHMl42gEV_k-00258-00064583-00065023 question marks
+DHMl42gEV_k-00259-00065024-00065206 probably look that up in the cleveland
+DHMl42gEV_k-00260-00065207-00065615 bird calendar oh good idea thank you
+DHMl42gEV_k-00261-00065616-00065975 i'm i'm sure there was somebody
+DHMl42gEV_k-00262-00065976-00066038 there
+DHMl42gEV_k-00263-00066039-00066287 probably was and and i could not find
+DHMl42gEV_k-00264-00066288-00066550 that in the cbc records that national
+DHMl42gEV_k-00265-00066551-00066887 audubon had so
+DHMl42gEV_k-00266-00066888-00067159 um
+DHMl42gEV_k-00267-00067160-00067343 in old issues of the cleveland bird
+DHMl42gEV_k-00268-00067344-00067575 calendar are on the kirkland bird club
+DHMl42gEV_k-00269-00067576-00067887 website okay
+DHMl42gEV_k-00270-00067888-00068119 all right so um we had i guess there
+DHMl42gEV_k-00271-00068120-00068423 were there were 35 participants on that
+DHMl42gEV_k-00272-00068424-00068655 very first count
+DHMl42gEV_k-00273-00068656-00069126 the lowest number of participants was 18
+DHMl42gEV_k-00274-00069127-00069406 and i'm not quite sure what what what
+DHMl42gEV_k-00275-00069407-00069599 caused that was it the weather was it
+DHMl42gEV_k-00276-00069600-00069743 something else
+DHMl42gEV_k-00277-00069744-00070038 um in 2019 we had the highest number of
+DHMl42gEV_k-00278-00070039-00070343 participants 98 which is actually very
+DHMl42gEV_k-00279-00070344-00070431 good
+DHMl42gEV_k-00280-00070432-00070631 wasn't bad this year
+DHMl42gEV_k-00281-00070632-00071079 um lowest species count only 56 in 1990
+DHMl42gEV_k-00282-00071080-00071199 again i
+DHMl42gEV_k-00283-00071200-00071326 have to look back to see what the
+DHMl42gEV_k-00284-00071327-00071679 weather was like at that time and
+DHMl42gEV_k-00285-00071680-00072079 so far uh 2020 last year we had the
+DHMl42gEV_k-00286-00072080-00072343 highest species a number of species
+DHMl42gEV_k-00287-00072344-00073231 cited with 89 and 5 during count week
+DHMl42gEV_k-00288-00073232-00073494 um some of the temperatures coldest
+DHMl42gEV_k-00289-00073495-00073871 temperatures um below zero in
+DHMl42gEV_k-00290-00073872-00074094 89 and maybe that's why there were so
+DHMl42gEV_k-00291-00074095-00074423 few people let me zoom back here
+DHMl42gEV_k-00292-00074424-00074806 oh no that was 87 that was only 18. so
+DHMl42gEV_k-00293-00074807-00075071 89 i guess there were more than that
+DHMl42gEV_k-00294-00075072-00075279 many people that went out during that
+DHMl42gEV_k-00295-00075280-00075399 cold weather
+DHMl42gEV_k-00296-00075400-00075655 so started off below zero and went up to
+DHMl42gEV_k-00297-00075656-00075743 a whole
+DHMl42gEV_k-00298-00075744-00075943 eight degrees
+DHMl42gEV_k-00299-00075944-00076126 we had some pretty warm temperatures a
+DHMl42gEV_k-00300-00076127-00076423 couple times 50s and 60s
+DHMl42gEV_k-00301-00076424-00076815 in 84 and 96
+DHMl42gEV_k-00302-00076816-00077126 and of course knowing cleveland um
+DHMl42gEV_k-00303-00077127-00077415 not a whole lot of sunny days either
+DHMl42gEV_k-00304-00077416-00077550 cloudy
+DHMl42gEV_k-00305-00077551-00077823 uh partly cloudy but again that's what
+DHMl42gEV_k-00306-00077824-00078055 that's what cleveland is
+DHMl42gEV_k-00307-00078056-00078279 and so far uh what i've been able to
+DHMl42gEV_k-00308-00078280-00078591 find is 146 species have been tallied
+DHMl42gEV_k-00309-00078592-00078719 over those
+DHMl42gEV_k-00310-00078720-00079447 46 years in the lakewood circle
+DHMl42gEV_k-00311-00079448-00079631 and one of those species is cute little
+DHMl42gEV_k-00312-00079632-00079879 tufted titmouse thank you michelle for
+DHMl42gEV_k-00313-00079880-00080150 sharing that
+DHMl42gEV_k-00314-00080151-00080335 they're starting to sing i don't know if
+DHMl42gEV_k-00315-00080336-00080550 you heard let's see yesterday was pretty
+DHMl42gEV_k-00316-00080551-00080750 sunny i heard chickadees singing tough
+DHMl42gEV_k-00317-00080751-00080887 to tit mouse
+DHMl42gEV_k-00318-00080888-00081282 calling a
+DHMl42gEV_k-00319-00081283-00081599 lot and here's some more cute birdies ah
+DHMl42gEV_k-00320-00081600-00081791 birders i should say
+DHMl42gEV_k-00321-00081792-00081879 um
+DHMl42gEV_k-00322-00081880-00082182 jason and laura did the tri-c western
+DHMl42gEV_k-00323-00082183-00082423 campus and
+DHMl42gEV_k-00324-00082424-00082694 boy they found a lot of stuff that you
+DHMl42gEV_k-00325-00082695-00083487 guys are hired you are so hired
+DHMl42gEV_k-00326-00083488-00083679 so jason if you could tell us what you
+DHMl42gEV_k-00327-00083680-00084262 were doing in this photo
+DHMl42gEV_k-00328-00084263-00084511 sure yes so um i
+DHMl42gEV_k-00329-00084512-00084718 uh from time to time when i hear
+DHMl42gEV_k-00330-00084719-00084911 interesting birds i just use my iphone
+DHMl42gEV_k-00331-00084912-00085126 to record it it's just really simply
+DHMl42gEV_k-00332-00085127-00085375 there's a little recording app and
+DHMl42gEV_k-00333-00085376-00085582 um you'd be surprised at the quality of
+DHMl42gEV_k-00334-00085583-00085871 the recordings that that come out um
+DHMl42gEV_k-00335-00085872-00086055 but when we were
+DHMl42gEV_k-00336-00086056-00086294 uh at tri-c
+DHMl42gEV_k-00337-00086295-00086631 we saw we heard and saw i think like all
+DHMl42gEV_k-00338-00086632-00086950 of the robins in northeast ohio so if
+DHMl42gEV_k-00339-00086951-00087103 you've been missing any robins this
+DHMl42gEV_k-00340-00087104-00087382 winter they were all at tri-c
+DHMl42gEV_k-00341-00087383-00087635 and i think there were like
+DHMl42gEV_k-00342-00087636-00087943 116 or something in like this little
+DHMl42gEV_k-00343-00087944-00088167 tiny tree stand of like four or five
+DHMl42gEV_k-00344-00088168-00088262 trees
+DHMl42gEV_k-00345-00088263-00088455 and the robins were just making such a
+DHMl42gEV_k-00346-00088456-00088703 racket that um it was really nice to
+DHMl42gEV_k-00347-00088704-00088935 hear and i just pulled out the phone and
+DHMl42gEV_k-00348-00088936-00089159 made a little recording of it so that we
+DHMl42gEV_k-00349-00089160-00089343 could have a little record of the moment
+DHMl42gEV_k-00350-00089344-00089662 yep yeah i did have i did listen to that
+DHMl42gEV_k-00351-00089663-00089887 recording and it sounded like spring
+DHMl42gEV_k-00352-00089888-00090087 with all the robins singing
+DHMl42gEV_k-00353-00090088-00090326 and maybe some of others of you found
+DHMl42gEV_k-00354-00090327-00090631 that same thing uh i went out owling
+DHMl42gEV_k-00355-00090632-00090775 that morning
+DHMl42gEV_k-00356-00090776-00090959 uh and
+DHMl42gEV_k-00357-00090960-00091143 you know just around it wasn't quite
+DHMl42gEV_k-00358-00091144-00091287 sunrise because i
+DHMl42gEV_k-00359-00091288-00091471 let's see i finished my owling at around
+DHMl42gEV_k-00360-00091472-00091703 6 45 and there were robin singing at
+DHMl42gEV_k-00361-00091704-00091879 that time so
+DHMl42gEV_k-00362-00091880-00092175 so again it's pretty nice and for those
+DHMl42gEV_k-00363-00092176-00092350 of you who haven't been to the tri-c
+DHMl42gEV_k-00364-00092351-00092679 western campus it's really a nice flat
+DHMl42gEV_k-00365-00092680-00092855 area to walk
+DHMl42gEV_k-00366-00092856-00093015 there are a couple of
+DHMl42gEV_k-00367-00093016-00093382 uh city or town parks adjacent to it one
+DHMl42gEV_k-00368-00093383-00093638 of them is james day park which belongs
+DHMl42gEV_k-00369-00093639-00093903 to the city of parma the other one is
+DHMl42gEV_k-00370-00093904-00094071 nathan hale park
+DHMl42gEV_k-00371-00094072-00094326 uh which is part of parma heights so
+DHMl42gEV_k-00372-00094327-00094471 again they're all nice little green
+DHMl42gEV_k-00373-00094472-00094679 space used to be the former
+DHMl42gEV_k-00374-00094680-00094943 nike site area
+DHMl42gEV_k-00375-00094944-00095462 and uh what cryo yeah kyle hospital
+DHMl42gEV_k-00376-00095463-00095767 nancy yes the windways want to know if
+DHMl42gEV_k-00377-00095768-00096031 jason and laura can play that little
+DHMl42gEV_k-00378-00096032-00096318 soundtrack
+DHMl42gEV_k-00379-00096319-00096838 uh i don't know are you able to do that
+DHMl42gEV_k-00380-00096839-00096926 i
+DHMl42gEV_k-00381-00096927-00097215 i don't have it all together to do that
+DHMl42gEV_k-00382-00097216-00097462 yeah i i probably should have put it on
+DHMl42gEV_k-00383-00097463-00097606 here so
+DHMl42gEV_k-00384-00097607-00097750 um
+DHMl42gEV_k-00385-00097751-00097911 sorry uh
+DHMl42gEV_k-00386-00097912-00098191 it's on our ebird page that helps there
+DHMl42gEV_k-00387-00098192-00098279 you go
+DHMl42gEV_k-00388-00098280-00098647 okay
+DHMl42gEV_k-00389-00098648-00098879 all right and here's some denizens of
+DHMl42gEV_k-00390-00098880-00099238 the tri-c western campus area um here's
+DHMl42gEV_k-00391-00099239-00099471 a couple of graduates
+DHMl42gEV_k-00392-00099472-00099711 male house sparrows
+DHMl42gEV_k-00393-00099712-00099911 look at how cute they are
+DHMl42gEV_k-00394-00099912-00100111 and this kind of really goes along with
+DHMl42gEV_k-00395-00100112-00100350 a blog i had written
+DHMl42gEV_k-00396-00100351-00100582 oh a couple years ago for western
+DHMl42gEV_k-00397-00100583-00100726 cuyahoga
+DHMl42gEV_k-00398-00100727-00101031 called the lowly or awesome house
+DHMl42gEV_k-00399-00101032-00101174 sparrow
+DHMl42gEV_k-00400-00101175-00101423 um and it just talks about
+DHMl42gEV_k-00401-00101424-00101599 you know how
+DHMl42gEV_k-00402-00101600-00101862 these birds have just adapted so well to
+DHMl42gEV_k-00403-00101863-00102103 here in north america and you notice
+DHMl42gEV_k-00404-00102104-00102262 where the nest is it's in one of the
+DHMl42gEV_k-00405-00102263-00102343 little
+DHMl42gEV_k-00406-00102344-00102742 openings uh and i think the word college
+DHMl42gEV_k-00407-00102743-00102990 um and
+DHMl42gEV_k-00408-00102991-00103063 uh
+DHMl42gEV_k-00409-00103064-00103190 you know you might see their their
+DHMl42gEV_k-00410-00103191-00103527 little messy nests in other places too
+DHMl42gEV_k-00411-00103528-00103734 by the way if you didn't know
+DHMl42gEV_k-00412-00103735-00103990 the little black bib on the mail house
+DHMl42gEV_k-00413-00103991-00104318 sparrow you can barely see it now
+DHMl42gEV_k-00414-00104319-00104663 but as the winter moves along and these
+DHMl42gEV_k-00415-00104664-00104902 these feathers uh these black feathers
+DHMl42gEV_k-00416-00104903-00105083 are tipped with kind of this grayish
+DHMl42gEV_k-00417-00105083-00105366 brown and that grayish brown just wears
+DHMl42gEV_k-00418-00105367-00105599 away wears away wears away so by the
+DHMl42gEV_k-00419-00105600-00105863 time the spring is around this will be a
+DHMl42gEV_k-00420-00105864-00106151 nice big black bib so they don't mulch
+DHMl42gEV_k-00421-00106152-00106278 those feathers
+DHMl42gEV_k-00422-00106279-00106390 it's simply
+DHMl42gEV_k-00423-00106391-00106743 uh the wear of those those tips of those
+DHMl42gEV_k-00424-00106744-00106854 feathers
+DHMl42gEV_k-00425-00106855-00107039 and similarly on the head you know the
+DHMl42gEV_k-00426-00107040-00107247 bird will get a little bit more chestnut
+DHMl42gEV_k-00427-00107248-00107534 and and brown on the head um so just
+DHMl42gEV_k-00428-00107535-00107758 because wear on the feathers
+DHMl42gEV_k-00429-00107759-00107847 so
+DHMl42gEV_k-00430-00107848-00108215 fun fact
+DHMl42gEV_k-00431-00108216-00108590 now this female house sparrow she is
+DHMl42gEV_k-00432-00108591-00108734 definitely
+DHMl42gEV_k-00433-00108735-00109007 um she's getting her her degree in nest
+DHMl42gEV_k-00434-00109008-00109207 engineering i think she's done a
+DHMl42gEV_k-00435-00109208-00109607 fabulous job what do you think
+DHMl42gEV_k-00436-00109608-00109871 i think those are fabulous photos
+DHMl42gEV_k-00437-00109872-00110447 just so fun
+DHMl42gEV_k-00438-00110448-00110807 alrighty so here is a beginning of our
+DHMl42gEV_k-00439-00110808-00111039 checklist and i'm gonna it's divided up
+DHMl42gEV_k-00440-00111040-00111175 among three
+DHMl42gEV_k-00441-00111176-00111327 pages so
+DHMl42gEV_k-00442-00111328-00111647 take a just a quick look here and
+DHMl42gEV_k-00443-00111648-00112151 you can see i put numbers in
+DHMl42gEV_k-00444-00112152-00112366 i will scroll down after
+DHMl42gEV_k-00445-00112367-00112527 people take a little bit of a look a
+DHMl42gEV_k-00446-00112528-00112783 couple things i want to point out
+DHMl42gEV_k-00447-00112783-00113071 um the northern pin tail that was a
+DHMl42gEV_k-00448-00113072-00113263 pretty good number
+DHMl42gEV_k-00449-00113264-00113575 of of pin tails um
+DHMl42gEV_k-00450-00113576-00113766 two different sightings they may have
+DHMl42gEV_k-00451-00113767-00113863 been
+DHMl42gEV_k-00452-00113864-00114471 part of the same flock who knows
+DHMl42gEV_k-00453-00114472-00114663 gold numbers were
+DHMl42gEV_k-00454-00114664-00114910 goal numbers were really really low this
+DHMl42gEV_k-00455-00114911-00115039 year
+DHMl42gEV_k-00456-00115040-00115254 i mean ring build goals
+DHMl42gEV_k-00457-00115255-00115527 68 58 that's like
+DHMl42gEV_k-00458-00115528-00115719 a drop in the bucket
+DHMl42gEV_k-00459-00115720-00115919 oh by the way look at gulls got three
+DHMl42gEV_k-00460-00115920-00116231 l's a little goal
+DHMl42gEV_k-00461-00116232-00116334 go
+DHMl42gEV_k-00462-00116335-00116654 um normally uh some of the years we've
+DHMl42gEV_k-00463-00116655-00116934 had like twenty thirty five twenty
+DHMl42gEV_k-00464-00116935-00117158 thousand thirty five thousand thirty six
+DHMl42gEV_k-00465-00117159-00117439 thousand rebuild goals but the lake wide
+DHMl42gEV_k-00466-00117440-00117527 open
+DHMl42gEV_k-00467-00117528-00118031 they were just all over the place
+DHMl42gEV_k-00468-00118032-00118223 red breasted nut hatches made a pretty
+DHMl42gEV_k-00469-00118224-00118390 good showing look at how many brown
+DHMl42gEV_k-00470-00118391-00118607 creepers people
+DHMl42gEV_k-00471-00118608-00118951 had cited 10 10 brown creepers
+DHMl42gEV_k-00472-00118952-00119190 that's like that's crazy talk i don't
+DHMl42gEV_k-00473-00119191-00119575 think we've ever had such a high number
+DHMl42gEV_k-00474-00119576-00119919 two winter wrens
+DHMl42gEV_k-00475-00119920-00120102 the double-crested cormorant numbers
+DHMl42gEV_k-00476-00120103-00120411 that's pretty high 50 birds
+DHMl42gEV_k-00477-00120413-00120607 [Music]
+DHMl42gEV_k-00478-00120608-00120919 the turkey vultures and black vultures
+DHMl42gEV_k-00479-00120920-00121102 those black vultures are still hanging
+DHMl42gEV_k-00480-00121103-00121471 around the uh holy family church
+DHMl42gEV_k-00481-00121472-00121686 in parma heights or i'm sorry that's
+DHMl42gEV_k-00482-00121688-00121878 karma there
+DHMl42gEV_k-00483-00121879-00122199 and they they float between there and
+DHMl42gEV_k-00484-00122200-00122486 uh maybe even as far as brexville the
+DHMl42gEV_k-00485-00122488-00122936 town square in
+DHMl42gEV_k-00486-00122938-00123283 [Music]
+DHMl42gEV_k-00487-00123283-00123734 brexville all righty so again ducks
+DHMl42gEV_k-00488-00123735-00124063 or danzers uh red breasted merganser
+DHMl42gEV_k-00489-00124064-00124278 that's a really low number again there
+DHMl42gEV_k-00490-00124279-00124399 should be
+DHMl42gEV_k-00491-00124400-00124710 way way way many more but again with the
+DHMl42gEV_k-00492-00124711-00124958 lake wide open
+DHMl42gEV_k-00493-00124959-00125175 their numbers were just really they must
+DHMl42gEV_k-00494-00125176-00125334 have been just scattered
+DHMl42gEV_k-00495-00125335-00125614 ten eagles wonderful
+DHMl42gEV_k-00496-00125615-00125839 our red shouldered hawk numbers i don't
+DHMl42gEV_k-00497-00125840-00126039 know where the red shoulders were this
+DHMl42gEV_k-00498-00126040-00126399 year um they should be in like the teens
+DHMl42gEV_k-00499-00126400-00126551 um
+DHMl42gEV_k-00500-00126552-00126686 mid to
+DHMl42gEV_k-00501-00126688-00127207 upper teens but not not this year
+DHMl42gEV_k-00502-00127208-00127654 um here's all the robins that the um
+DHMl42gEV_k-00503-00127655-00127927 jason and laura had seen they saw all
+DHMl42gEV_k-00504-00127928-00128151 1132
+DHMl42gEV_k-00505-00128152-00128327 not
+DHMl42gEV_k-00506-00128328-00128581 there were a lot of robins this year
+DHMl42gEV_k-00507-00128582-00128775 [Music]
+DHMl42gEV_k-00508-00128776-00129110 snowy owls good sightings
+DHMl42gEV_k-00509-00129111-00129383 a lot of a lot of mockingbirds
+DHMl42gEV_k-00510-00129383-00129590 10 mockingbirds that's kind of a high
+DHMl42gEV_k-00511-00129591-00129743 number
+DHMl42gEV_k-00512-00129744-00130023 from all over the place
+DHMl42gEV_k-00513-00130024-00130310 a ton of kingfishers 14 kingfishers
+DHMl42gEV_k-00514-00130311-00130510 that's kind of unheard of i don't think
+DHMl42gEV_k-00515-00130511-00131014 we've ever had anything quite that high
+DHMl42gEV_k-00516-00131015-00131247 we did get all of the woodpeckers
+DHMl42gEV_k-00517-00131248-00131471 redheads red bellies yellow bellied sap
+DHMl42gEV_k-00518-00131472-00131647 sucker downy hairy
+DHMl42gEV_k-00519-00131648-00131735 and
+DHMl42gEV_k-00520-00131736-00131959 pileated will be on the next page
+DHMl42gEV_k-00521-00131960-00132231 our red-headed woodpecker numbers oh boy
+DHMl42gEV_k-00522-00132232-00132319 that's
+DHMl42gEV_k-00523-00132320-00132590 i think only two sightings uh
+DHMl42gEV_k-00524-00132591-00133023 one bird from two places
+DHMl42gEV_k-00525-00133024-00133319 and uh purple finch were really about
+DHMl42gEV_k-00526-00133320-00133599 the only winter finches that
+DHMl42gEV_k-00527-00133600-00133814 that people had some folks had come to
+DHMl42gEV_k-00528-00133815-00134044 their feeder
+DHMl42gEV_k-00529-00134045-00134511 [Music]
+DHMl42gEV_k-00530-00134512-00134902 we hit all the the um falcons kestrel
+DHMl42gEV_k-00531-00134903-00135054 merlin
+DHMl42gEV_k-00532-00135055-00135559 peregrine falcon
+DHMl42gEV_k-00533-00135560-00135766 kill deer that was a so those were
+DHMl42gEV_k-00534-00135767-00135966 pretty good again two different areas
+DHMl42gEV_k-00535-00135967-00136278 had kill deer
+DHMl42gEV_k-00536-00136279-00136614 uh no great numbers of different kinds
+DHMl42gEV_k-00537-00136615-00136927 of sparrows
+DHMl42gEV_k-00538-00136928-00137207 red wing blackbirds that's a fairly high
+DHMl42gEV_k-00539-00137208-00137414 number rusty blackbirds that's a good
+DHMl42gEV_k-00540-00137415-00137711 one
+DHMl42gEV_k-00541-00137712-00137959 and some of our special ones that were
+DHMl42gEV_k-00542-00137960-00138351 obtained this year a red-throated loon
+DHMl42gEV_k-00543-00138352-00138711 and short-eared owls
+DHMl42gEV_k-00544-00138712-00139039 the short-eared owls were viewed at the
+DHMl42gEV_k-00545-00139040-00139335 um around the airport
+DHMl42gEV_k-00546-00139336-00139423 um
+DHMl42gEV_k-00547-00139424-00139631 sometimes it's a little hard to be able
+DHMl42gEV_k-00548-00139632-00139927 to see into the airport the the security
+DHMl42gEV_k-00549-00139928-00140239 there is pretty pretty strict
+DHMl42gEV_k-00550-00140240-00140614 so oh so on count day we had 85 species
+DHMl42gEV_k-00551-00140615-00140657 yeah
+DHMl42gEV_k-00552-00140658-00140863 [Music]
+DHMl42gEV_k-00553-00140864-00141119 it's wonderful and one bird during count
+DHMl42gEV_k-00554-00141120-00141335 week which was the eastern screech owl
+DHMl42gEV_k-00555-00141336-00141687 we did not get it on count today
+DHMl42gEV_k-00556-00141688-00142014 so i commend everybody that is a
+DHMl42gEV_k-00557-00142015-00142295 that is a really nice number
+DHMl42gEV_k-00558-00142296-00142951 85 species
+DHMl42gEV_k-00559-00142952-00143166 so we'll take a look at uh some of the
+DHMl42gEV_k-00560-00143167-00143407 birds that were again a little bit more
+DHMl42gEV_k-00561-00143408-00143654 unusual um
+DHMl42gEV_k-00562-00143655-00144023 we have the long tail duck that was
+DHMl42gEV_k-00563-00144024-00144319 cited uh i think there were two um it
+DHMl42gEV_k-00564-00144320-00144471 may have been the same bird but it was
+DHMl42gEV_k-00565-00144472-00144702 listed on two different lists
+DHMl42gEV_k-00566-00144703-00144951 um and
+DHMl42gEV_k-00567-00144952-00145166 you can see it it doesn't have the long
+DHMl42gEV_k-00568-00145167-00145414 tail this is the winter plumage
+DHMl42gEV_k-00569-00145415-00145639 um take a look at your field guide i
+DHMl42gEV_k-00570-00145640-00145823 don't know
+DHMl42gEV_k-00571-00145824-00145999 maybe paula can help me i'm not sure if
+DHMl42gEV_k-00572-00146000-00146254 this is a male or female i
+DHMl42gEV_k-00573-00146255-00146631 i did not do my research and look it up
+DHMl42gEV_k-00574-00146632-00147654 to find out if this is a male or female
+DHMl42gEV_k-00575-00147655-00148054 not so unusual anymore a wild turkey
+DHMl42gEV_k-00576-00148055-00148295 uh penny o'connor had this
+DHMl42gEV_k-00577-00148296-00148399 nice
+DHMl42gEV_k-00578-00148400-00148687 tom turkey moved through her backyard on
+DHMl42gEV_k-00579-00148688-00149087 christmas count day hooray
+DHMl42gEV_k-00580-00149088-00149383 i have turkeys around my neighborhood
+DHMl42gEV_k-00581-00149384-00149543 not
+DHMl42gEV_k-00582-00149544-00149678 they have not showed up since
+DHMl42gEV_k-00583-00149679-00149990 thanksgiving i hope nobody ate them um
+DHMl42gEV_k-00584-00149991-00150119 but uh
+DHMl42gEV_k-00585-00150120-00150359 yeah turkeys turkeys seem to be getting
+DHMl42gEV_k-00586-00150360-00150559 a little bit more common
+DHMl42gEV_k-00587-00150560-00150735 certainly in the
+DHMl42gEV_k-00588-00150736-00151007 spring summer and early fall
+DHMl42gEV_k-00589-00151008-00151254 you can get good sized flocks at least
+DHMl42gEV_k-00590-00151255-00151439 around this area the
+DHMl42gEV_k-00591-00151440-00151607 lake isaac
+DHMl42gEV_k-00592-00151608-00151887 main street
+DHMl42gEV_k-00593-00151888-00152271 uh baldwin and wallace lakes area
+DHMl42gEV_k-00594-00152272-00152423 rocky river i don't know what rocky
+DHMl42gEV_k-00595-00152424-00152671 rivers turkey population is maybe
+DHMl42gEV_k-00596-00152672-00152911 somebody can chime in perhaps
+DHMl42gEV_k-00597-00152912-00154007 i don't know see these pictures
+DHMl42gEV_k-00598-00154008-00154223 it's not unusual but i just thought this
+DHMl42gEV_k-00599-00154224-00154407 was an awesome picture i like great
+DHMl42gEV_k-00600-00154408-00154671 black back gulls and chris pierce took
+DHMl42gEV_k-00601-00154672-00154759 this
+DHMl42gEV_k-00602-00154760-00155999 wonderful golf ball
+DHMl42gEV_k-00603-00156000-00156287 now obviously this was out farther um
+DHMl42gEV_k-00604-00156288-00156471 did anna join us
+DHMl42gEV_k-00605-00156472-00156775 um tonight yes she just did okay
+DHMl42gEV_k-00606-00156776-00156990 fantastic well thank you so much anna
+DHMl42gEV_k-00607-00156991-00157126 for getting this photo of the
+DHMl42gEV_k-00608-00157127-00157319 red-throated loon
+DHMl42gEV_k-00609-00157320-00157614 uh that very narrow bill
+DHMl42gEV_k-00610-00157615-00157695 and
+DHMl42gEV_k-00611-00157696-00157775 the
+DHMl42gEV_k-00612-00157776-00158039 whitish very whitish throat
+DHMl42gEV_k-00613-00158040-00158278 um i know this was again quite a distant
+DHMl42gEV_k-00614-00158279-00158463 picture you can see it's a little grainy
+DHMl42gEV_k-00615-00158464-00158766 but that's okay not a problem um this
+DHMl42gEV_k-00616-00158767-00158926 was put on the
+DHMl42gEV_k-00617-00158927-00159087 um
+DHMl42gEV_k-00618-00159088-00159190 ebird
+DHMl42gEV_k-00619-00159191-00159319 uh site
+DHMl42gEV_k-00620-00159320-00159759 uh as a as proof so this is great
+DHMl42gEV_k-00621-00159760-00160135 oh by the way all of our records from
+DHMl42gEV_k-00622-00160136-00160351 from our christmas count as well as
+DHMl42gEV_k-00623-00160352-00160590 several others in this area go to a
+DHMl42gEV_k-00624-00160591-00160959 regional compiler who is craig caldwell
+DHMl42gEV_k-00625-00160960-00161311 and i got all our records i got all our
+DHMl42gEV_k-00626-00161312-00161535 things in and he didn't question a thing
+DHMl42gEV_k-00627-00161536-00162423 everybody was cool thank you everyone
+DHMl42gEV_k-00628-00162424-00162719 all right uh the sharp shin hawk nice
+DHMl42gEV_k-00629-00162720-00162919 sighting again at the tri-sea west
+DHMl42gEV_k-00630-00162920-00163095 campus um
+DHMl42gEV_k-00631-00163096-00163366 you can see a nice squared tail on this
+DHMl42gEV_k-00632-00163367-00163543 bird
+DHMl42gEV_k-00633-00163544-00163831 you really don't see a hood on its head
+DHMl42gEV_k-00634-00163832-00164102 like a cooper's hawk would have
+DHMl42gEV_k-00635-00164103-00164407 so that was a nice find again one one
+DHMl42gEV_k-00636-00164408-00164687 sharpie usually we get one sharpie
+DHMl42gEV_k-00637-00164688-00165023 um in our on our christmas counts
+DHMl42gEV_k-00638-00165024-00165166 um and
+DHMl42gEV_k-00639-00165167-00165359 we got one this year i'm gonna have to
+DHMl42gEV_k-00640-00165360-00165583 bird the tri-sea west campus a little
+DHMl42gEV_k-00641-00165584-00165751 bit more i
+DHMl42gEV_k-00642-00165752-00165838 kind of
+DHMl42gEV_k-00643-00165839-00166063 went away from there a little bit
+DHMl42gEV_k-00644-00166064-00166463 um but it's again easy walking
+DHMl42gEV_k-00645-00166464-00166614 nice birds
+DHMl42gEV_k-00646-00166615-00166838 and uh again there's
+DHMl42gEV_k-00647-00166839-00167078 parks nearby that you could that are
+DHMl42gEV_k-00648-00167079-00167983 again all adjacent
+DHMl42gEV_k-00649-00167984-00168238 and a lovely rough-legged hawk by jan
+DHMl42gEV_k-00650-00168239-00168423 brumfield
+DHMl42gEV_k-00651-00168424-00168959 this was also near the airport
+DHMl42gEV_k-00652-00168960-00169102 does anybody know why they're called
+DHMl42gEV_k-00653-00169103-00170063 rough-legged hawks
+DHMl42gEV_k-00654-00170064-00170199 they actually are a hawk with some
+DHMl42gEV_k-00655-00170200-00170423 pretty tiny feet so they're
+DHMl42gEV_k-00656-00170424-00170687 a little smaller than a red tail but but
+DHMl42gEV_k-00657-00170688-00170975 they got tiny feet rough leg talks have
+DHMl42gEV_k-00658-00170976-00171231 feathering down their legs
+DHMl42gEV_k-00659-00171232-00171326 so
+DHMl42gEV_k-00660-00171327-00171543 the rough
+DHMl42gEV_k-00661-00171544-00171871 not rough as in fluffy but rough as in
+DHMl42gEV_k-00662-00171872-00172063 hey it's it's got feathering down its
+DHMl42gEV_k-00663-00172064-00172238 legs
+DHMl42gEV_k-00664-00172239-00172926 it's a beautiful bird
+DHMl42gEV_k-00665-00172927-00173166 look at the snowy owl paula did you want
+DHMl42gEV_k-00666-00173167-00173390 to add anything about your snowy owl
+DHMl42gEV_k-00667-00173391-00174159 sightings
+DHMl42gEV_k-00668-00174160-00174759 oh i guess not ever unmute
+DHMl42gEV_k-00669-00174760-00174966 paula you have to unmute
+DHMl42gEV_k-00670-00174967-00175087 sorry
+DHMl42gEV_k-00671-00175088-00175287 oh that's all right sorry it was the
+DHMl42gEV_k-00672-00175288-00175495 first bird of the day
+DHMl42gEV_k-00673-00175496-00175575 yeah
+DHMl42gEV_k-00674-00175576-00175871 just pulling into edgewater and the pole
+DHMl42gEV_k-00675-00175872-00176031 it had been sighted there before and i
+DHMl42gEV_k-00676-00176032-00176287 was really glad it was there and i
+DHMl42gEV_k-00677-00176288-00176551 stopped the car and i think jim mccarty
+DHMl42gEV_k-00678-00176552-00176807 saw it too but then
+DHMl42gEV_k-00679-00176808-00177135 an eagle flew over and it
+DHMl42gEV_k-00680-00177136-00177238 flushed
+DHMl42gEV_k-00681-00177239-00177471 so but it came back later a lot of
+DHMl42gEV_k-00682-00177472-00177726 people saw that bird
+DHMl42gEV_k-00683-00177727-00177919 wonderful
+DHMl42gEV_k-00684-00177920-00178063 thank you
+DHMl42gEV_k-00685-00178064-00178351 now i don't know uh ted ted got this
+DHMl42gEV_k-00686-00178352-00178599 photo of i don't know if that's the same
+DHMl42gEV_k-00687-00178600-00178878 owl no no no that's the one in clifton
+DHMl42gEV_k-00688-00178879-00179038 park that somebody
+DHMl42gEV_k-00689-00179039-00179311 um marty burrows and a lady she was
+DHMl42gEV_k-00690-00179312-00179502 birding with and oh yeah
+DHMl42gEV_k-00691-00179503-00179799 that's the bird they found but i called
+DHMl42gEV_k-00692-00179800-00180031 ted and his family was coming home and
+DHMl42gEV_k-00693-00180032-00180207 he stopped and he took the picture and
+DHMl42gEV_k-00694-00180208-00180511 that's the one i shared oh wow fantastic
+DHMl42gEV_k-00695-00180512-00180783 but ted also ted gill gilland did bird
+DHMl42gEV_k-00696-00180784-00181111 with us in the morning okay
+DHMl42gEV_k-00697-00181112-00181407 where is clifton park
+DHMl42gEV_k-00698-00181408-00181631 the western end of lakewood
+DHMl42gEV_k-00699-00181632-00181878 is called the clifton park area is
+DHMl42gEV_k-00700-00181879-00182102 exactly before you go over the bridge it
+DHMl42gEV_k-00701-00182103-00182414 was right at the top you could it was
+DHMl42gEV_k-00702-00182415-00182807 really close to lake road to the bridge
+DHMl42gEV_k-00703-00182808-00182966 i'm just going i'm just
+DHMl42gEV_k-00704-00182967-00183159 scrolling back a little bit seeing if i
+DHMl42gEV_k-00705-00183160-00183483 can
+DHMl42gEV_k-00706-00183484-00183887 nice fabulous wowie
+DHMl42gEV_k-00707-00183888-00184431 good sightings
+DHMl42gEV_k-00708-00184432-00184687 now i will tell you this photo was not
+DHMl42gEV_k-00709-00184688-00184990 taken during the christmas bird count um
+DHMl42gEV_k-00710-00184991-00185247 i took this from a
+DHMl42gEV_k-00711-00185248-00185463 bunch of photos that tom fishburne had
+DHMl42gEV_k-00712-00185464-00185559 taken
+DHMl42gEV_k-00713-00185560-00185702 elsewhere
+DHMl42gEV_k-00714-00185703-00185935 but just wanted to show you what a
+DHMl42gEV_k-00715-00185936-00186295 short-eared owl looks like
+DHMl42gEV_k-00716-00186296-00186583 and in flight um i just have the one
+DHMl42gEV_k-00717-00186584-00186847 picture here of kind of the bird and
+DHMl42gEV_k-00718-00186848-00186975 from the back
+DHMl42gEV_k-00719-00186976-00187263 they do like to be out more in the
+DHMl42gEV_k-00720-00187264-00187375 evening
+DHMl42gEV_k-00721-00187376-00187607 they can be out active during the day as
+DHMl42gEV_k-00722-00187608-00187911 well
+DHMl42gEV_k-00723-00187912-00188102 you really don't see ear tuffs on this
+DHMl42gEV_k-00724-00188103-00188414 at all looks almost barn owl face juice
+DHMl42gEV_k-00725-00188415-00188638 like a face um but then they have a lot
+DHMl42gEV_k-00726-00188639-00188783 of this dark
+DHMl42gEV_k-00727-00188784-00189047 mascara around their eyes
+DHMl42gEV_k-00728-00189048-00189423 the buffy in the wings
+DHMl42gEV_k-00729-00189424-00189678 they are like the
+DHMl42gEV_k-00730-00189679-00189975 evening or or you know later evening
+DHMl42gEV_k-00731-00189976-00190190 time the crepuscular time
+DHMl42gEV_k-00732-00190191-00190478 um of a a
+DHMl42gEV_k-00733-00190479-00190702 northern harrier harriers will hunt
+DHMl42gEV_k-00734-00190703-00190983 during the day more often whereas the
+DHMl42gEV_k-00735-00190984-00191254 short-eared owls like similar habitat
+DHMl42gEV_k-00736-00191255-00191350 and
+DHMl42gEV_k-00737-00191351-00191519 like a little bit more in the evening or
+DHMl42gEV_k-00738-00191520-00191711 morning although they will hunch during
+DHMl42gEV_k-00739-00191712-00191911 the day as well a lot of times they'll
+DHMl42gEV_k-00740-00191912-00192047 be perched on
+DHMl42gEV_k-00741-00192048-00192287 branches but i just wanted to toss this
+DHMl42gEV_k-00742-00192288-00192463 in so people will see what a
+DHMl42gEV_k-00743-00192464-00193319 short-haired owl looks like
+DHMl42gEV_k-00744-00193320-00193607 and again we've got our turkey vulture
+DHMl42gEV_k-00745-00193608-00194047 and black vulture uh on the
+DHMl42gEV_k-00746-00194048-00194119 uh
+DHMl42gEV_k-00747-00194120-00194231 church
+DHMl42gEV_k-00748-00194232-00194471 turkey vulture is above you see with the
+DHMl42gEV_k-00749-00194472-00194678 reddish head
+DHMl42gEV_k-00750-00194679-00194966 a little longer tail
+DHMl42gEV_k-00751-00194967-00195231 white beak or light-colored kind of an
+DHMl42gEV_k-00752-00195232-00195438 ivory colored beak
+DHMl42gEV_k-00753-00195439-00195607 the black vulture
+DHMl42gEV_k-00754-00195608-00195831 hardly any tail
+DHMl42gEV_k-00755-00195832-00196143 um in a much much slimmer
+DHMl42gEV_k-00756-00196144-00196383 beak
+DHMl42gEV_k-00757-00196384-00196687 the birds are hanging out again on that
+DHMl42gEV_k-00758-00196688-00196950 on that church but i have did not see a
+DHMl42gEV_k-00759-00196951-00197183 black vulture last couple times i've
+DHMl42gEV_k-00760-00197184-00198143 gone by just seen turkey vultures
+DHMl42gEV_k-00761-00198144-00198343 a little bit closer view of a black
+DHMl42gEV_k-00762-00198344-00198511 vulture
+DHMl42gEV_k-00763-00198512-00198759 again that really thin beacon black not
+DHMl42gEV_k-00764-00198760-00199038 not ivory or light colored and a black
+DHMl42gEV_k-00765-00199039-00199519 face
+DHMl42gEV_k-00766-00199520-00199766 if you remember last year the turkey
+DHMl42gEV_k-00767-00199767-00199966 vultures and black vultures that were
+DHMl42gEV_k-00768-00199967-00200183 roosting in that area got into a bit of
+DHMl42gEV_k-00769-00200184-00200471 trouble because of the rain the freezing
+DHMl42gEV_k-00770-00200472-00200559 rain
+DHMl42gEV_k-00771-00200560-00200807 and then the heavy snow
+DHMl42gEV_k-00772-00200808-00200943 and that's when
+DHMl42gEV_k-00773-00200944-00201223 tim jacinski and several people came to
+DHMl42gEV_k-00774-00201224-00201431 the rescue and
+DHMl42gEV_k-00775-00201432-00201671 corralled a couple of the birds
+DHMl42gEV_k-00776-00201672-00202023 were able to get some into carriers um
+DHMl42gEV_k-00777-00202024-00202414 and put them into a car a warm car to
+DHMl42gEV_k-00778-00202415-00202614 kind of thaw them out at least get the
+DHMl42gEV_k-00779-00202615-00202807 ice that was on them because they were
+DHMl42gEV_k-00780-00202808-00202911 grounded
+DHMl42gEV_k-00781-00202912-00203166 they just had so much ice on them so i
+DHMl42gEV_k-00782-00203167-00203335 think the birds are a little happier
+DHMl42gEV_k-00783-00203336-00203495 this year that the weather has been
+DHMl42gEV_k-00784-00203496-00203678 better
+DHMl42gEV_k-00785-00203679-00203854 or at least was better for the christmas
+DHMl42gEV_k-00786-00203855-00204302 count now it's a little chilly outside
+DHMl42gEV_k-00787-00204303-00204478 i'm sure the black vultures are thinking
+DHMl42gEV_k-00788-00204479-00204671 why did we stay
+DHMl42gEV_k-00789-00204672-00204958 up here in northern ohio why are we not
+DHMl42gEV_k-00790-00204959-00205334 down in florida
+DHMl42gEV_k-00791-00205335-00205590 we heard at the kirtland bird club that
+DHMl42gEV_k-00792-00205591-00205798 jen's brownfields car will never smell
+DHMl42gEV_k-00793-00205800-00206062 the same again
+DHMl42gEV_k-00794-00206063-00206327 i can imagine
+DHMl42gEV_k-00795-00206328-00206462 yes having
+DHMl42gEV_k-00796-00206463-00206571 nice
+DHMl42gEV_k-00797-00206571-00206814 smelly vultures
+DHMl42gEV_k-00798-00206815-00207031 probably defecating
+DHMl42gEV_k-00799-00207032-00207471 and nice warm car oh boy i'll tell you
+DHMl42gEV_k-00800-00207471-00207638 hang those little those little pine
+DHMl42gEV_k-00801-00207639-00207846 things in uh like those little pine
+DHMl42gEV_k-00802-00207848-00208119 something scented things in your car
+DHMl42gEV_k-00803-00208119-00208262 probably doesn't do a whole lot of good
+DHMl42gEV_k-00804-00208263-00208798 either
+DHMl42gEV_k-00805-00208800-00209023 and here was a nice surprise again at
+DHMl42gEV_k-00806-00209023-00209238 the tri-c west campus
+DHMl42gEV_k-00807-00209239-00209479 uh a merlin there were actually a couple
+DHMl42gEV_k-00808-00209480-00209686 of merlins i hope i've got that right
+DHMl42gEV_k-00809-00209687-00209871 there were two
+DHMl42gEV_k-00810-00209871-00210271 and um i know i had seen a merlin
+DHMl42gEV_k-00811-00210271-00210351 like
+DHMl42gEV_k-00812-00210352-00210663 a couple days beforehand at the
+DHMl42gEV_k-00813-00210664-00210967 uh cuyahoga county fairgrounds
+DHMl42gEV_k-00814-00210967-00211303 and i put that out you know just jotted
+DHMl42gEV_k-00815-00211304-00211487 it down hey this could be a count weak
+DHMl42gEV_k-00816-00211488-00211806 bird but getting it on the count today
+DHMl42gEV_k-00817-00211807-00212103 getting merlin's on the count day
+DHMl42gEV_k-00818-00212104-00212367 awesome and i have seen them at tri-c
+DHMl42gEV_k-00819-00212367-00212575 western campus before but it's been
+DHMl42gEV_k-00820-00212576-00212782 again a number of years
+DHMl42gEV_k-00821-00212783-00212982 so you notice where the bird is perched
+DHMl42gEV_k-00822-00212983-00213182 it's sitting on some of the light
+DHMl42gEV_k-00823-00213183-00213351 fixtures by
+DHMl42gEV_k-00824-00213352-00213846 i'm guessing either the ball diamonds uh
+DHMl42gEV_k-00825-00213848-00214039 or yeah i think that's what it is or
+DHMl42gEV_k-00826-00214040-00214310 there's a track nearby
+DHMl42gEV_k-00827-00214311-00214598 these were at the um that park adjacent
+DHMl42gEV_k-00828-00214600-00214934 to it and there it's nike park
+DHMl42gEV_k-00829-00214935-00215103 park
+DHMl42gEV_k-00830-00215104-00215294 that's adjacent to the tricephal
+DHMl42gEV_k-00831-00215296-00215479 diamonds there's a little woods and then
+DHMl42gEV_k-00832-00215480-00215719 they're just more like 10 more ball
+DHMl42gEV_k-00833-00215719-00215991 diamonds so there were two of them
+DHMl42gEV_k-00834-00215992-00216158 on opposite
+DHMl42gEV_k-00835-00216159-00216415 posts sort of both looking facing each
+DHMl42gEV_k-00836-00216416-00216631 other over the field
+DHMl42gEV_k-00837-00216632-00216719 so
+DHMl42gEV_k-00838-00216719-00216903 they were they were just hanging out
+DHMl42gEV_k-00839-00216904-00217151 letting me take pictures
+DHMl42gEV_k-00840-00217152-00217423 i have found that merlin's are really
+DHMl42gEV_k-00841-00217423-00217687 quite tame and again if anybody else who
+DHMl42gEV_k-00842-00217688-00217958 has had experience you know being near
+DHMl42gEV_k-00843-00217959-00218079 merlin's
+DHMl42gEV_k-00844-00218080-00218279 they just kind of sit there and watch
+DHMl42gEV_k-00845-00218280-00218471 you i like the way this one's you know
+DHMl42gEV_k-00846-00218471-00218694 got its head turned completely backwards
+DHMl42gEV_k-00847-00218696-00218951 it's cool just watching you say hey this
+DHMl42gEV_k-00848-00218952-00219134 is my best view
+DHMl42gEV_k-00849-00219135-00219446 um so yeah they're quite tame and you
+DHMl42gEV_k-00850-00219448-00219671 can walk very close to them the one that
+DHMl42gEV_k-00851-00219671-00219919 i saw at the fairgrounds i tried to get
+DHMl42gEV_k-00852-00219919-00220231 a picture using my camera on my phone
+DHMl42gEV_k-00853-00220232-00220510 and holding binoculars up and i was very
+DHMl42gEV_k-00854-00220511-00220727 unsuccessful
+DHMl42gEV_k-00855-00220728-00221006 but yeah just let me walk right up and
+DHMl42gEV_k-00856-00221007-00221182 it's very cool so
+DHMl42gEV_k-00857-00221183-00221503 i hope people will get berlins for this
+DHMl42gEV_k-00858-00221504-00222087 this year
+DHMl42gEV_k-00859-00222088-00222310 now not an unusual bird i mean we get
+DHMl42gEV_k-00860-00222311-00222598 strong sparrows year-round but this one
+DHMl42gEV_k-00861-00222600-00222863 is kind of fun because uh al rand got
+DHMl42gEV_k-00862-00222864-00222975 this one
+DHMl42gEV_k-00863-00222976-00223215 and it's a partly lucistic
+DHMl42gEV_k-00864-00223216-00223406 you notice it's got a lot of white
+DHMl42gEV_k-00865-00223407-00223623 feathers around the face
+DHMl42gEV_k-00866-00223623-00223863 um looks like maybe a few white feathers
+DHMl42gEV_k-00867-00223864-00224119 towards the back so just just kind of an
+DHMl42gEV_k-00868-00224119-00224319 unusual bird pretty
+DHMl42gEV_k-00869-00224319-00224631 and you might get birds looking similar
+DHMl42gEV_k-00870-00224632-00224815 um not just
+DHMl42gEV_k-00871-00224816-00225046 song sparrows but i've seen robins with
+DHMl42gEV_k-00872-00225048-00225382 some white feathers i've seen cardinals
+DHMl42gEV_k-00873-00225383-00225663 um sometimes it's caused by an injury
+DHMl42gEV_k-00874-00225664-00225887 sometimes it's just you know one of
+DHMl42gEV_k-00875-00225888-00226046 those things that happens when they're
+DHMl42gEV_k-00876-00226048-00226423 hatched um internet it's genetics um you
+DHMl42gEV_k-00877-00226423-00226598 might see red wing blackbirds that have
+DHMl42gEV_k-00878-00226600-00226767 a white feather or two it's just it's
+DHMl42gEV_k-00879-00226767-00226951 just kind of fun really
+DHMl42gEV_k-00880-00226952-00227815 is striking it catches your eye
+DHMl42gEV_k-00881-00227816-00227998 so if you'd like to learn a little bit
+DHMl42gEV_k-00882-00228000-00228191 more about christmas bird counts of
+DHMl42gEV_k-00883-00228192-00228398 course to go to the national audubon
+DHMl42gEV_k-00884-00228400-00228558 site
+DHMl42gEV_k-00885-00228559-00228879 our archives of western cuyahoga
+DHMl42gEV_k-00886-00228880-00229615 lakewood circle they're on our website
+DHMl42gEV_k-00887-00229616-00229767 and i just think that this is a
+DHMl42gEV_k-00888-00229767-00229967 beautiful picture look at that look at
+DHMl42gEV_k-00889-00229967-00230119 that reflective pool this is right in
+DHMl42gEV_k-00890-00230119-00230342 front of the the main building there
+DHMl42gEV_k-00891-00230344-00230455 right
+DHMl42gEV_k-00892-00230456-00230719 yeah a lot of times i would see kill
+DHMl42gEV_k-00893-00230719-00231055 deer around this pool i'm i was
+DHMl42gEV_k-00894-00231056-00231255 i was always hoping that a kill deer
+DHMl42gEV_k-00895-00231256-00231542 might be around um
+DHMl42gEV_k-00896-00231544-00231798 snipe have been around there as well but
+DHMl42gEV_k-00897-00231800-00231975 i just like the way it's all reflected
+DHMl42gEV_k-00898-00231976-00232134 most of these are
+DHMl42gEV_k-00899-00232135-00232358 are oak trees so and they're really
+DHMl42gEV_k-00900-00232359-00232575 growing nicely it's it's just really a
+DHMl42gEV_k-00901-00232576-00232815 fun campus and i just like the sky there
+DHMl42gEV_k-00902-00232816-00233598 too that's a that's a beautiful picture
+DHMl42gEV_k-00903-00233600-00233758 and michelle
+DHMl42gEV_k-00904-00233759-00234071 had a lovely downy woodpecker and i
+DHMl42gEV_k-00905-00234071-00234863 believe the rocky river
+DHMl42gEV_k-00906-00234864-00235015 all right so
+DHMl42gEV_k-00907-00235016-00235198 you got your calendars out you got your
+DHMl42gEV_k-00908-00235200-00235319 phone out
+DHMl42gEV_k-00909-00235319-00235542 all right scroll to
+DHMl42gEV_k-00910-00235544-00235823 december 2022
+DHMl42gEV_k-00911-00235823-00236071 and the cbc
+DHMl42gEV_k-00912-00236071-00236351 guess what both christmas eve
+DHMl42gEV_k-00913-00236352-00236646 and new and christmas day as well as
+DHMl42gEV_k-00914-00236648-00236846 new year's eve and new year's day are
+DHMl42gEV_k-00915-00236848-00237103 falling on saturdays and sundays
+DHMl42gEV_k-00916-00237104-00237303 do i want to have a christmas count on
+DHMl42gEV_k-00917-00237304-00237439 those days
+DHMl42gEV_k-00918-00237440-00237542 no
+DHMl42gEV_k-00919-00237544-00237806 so what to do what to do what to do
+DHMl42gEV_k-00920-00237807-00237919 well
+DHMl42gEV_k-00921-00237919-00238110 we'll have it on a weekday
+DHMl42gEV_k-00922-00238111-00238319 yes we have done this before at least
+DHMl42gEV_k-00923-00238319-00238558 once maybe a couple times
+DHMl42gEV_k-00924-00238559-00238751 and so i
+DHMl42gEV_k-00925-00238752-00239031 really would like to have our christmas
+DHMl42gEV_k-00926-00239032-00239327 count on friday december 30th
+DHMl42gEV_k-00927-00239328-00239415 um
+DHMl42gEV_k-00928-00239416-00239503 again
+DHMl42gEV_k-00929-00239504-00239727 put put it on your calendar don't
+DHMl42gEV_k-00930-00239728-00240023 schedule yourself for anything else
+DHMl42gEV_k-00931-00240023-00240351 because we want an awesome 2022
+DHMl42gEV_k-00932-00240352-00241158 christmas bird count
+DHMl42gEV_k-00933-00241159-00241471 and i want to thank again everybody for
+DHMl42gEV_k-00934-00241471-00241671 joining us this evening
+DHMl42gEV_k-00935-00241671-00241903 for being out and about on
+DHMl42gEV_k-00936-00241904-00242287 um christmas count day and uh
+DHMl42gEV_k-00937-00242288-00242527 i think that is
+DHMl42gEV_k-00938-00242528-00242991 it for the day
+DHMl42gEV_k-00939-00242992-00243175 all right
+DHMl42gEV_k-00940-00243176-00243382 so i don't know if anybody had anything
+DHMl42gEV_k-00941-00243383-00243582 else you wanted to add something that
+DHMl42gEV_k-00942-00243583-00243942 you thought was you know fun um
+DHMl42gEV_k-00943-00243944-00244191 areas that we probably need to cover
+DHMl42gEV_k-00944-00244192-00244287 better
+DHMl42gEV_k-00945-00244288-00244446 um i don't know
+DHMl42gEV_k-00946-00244448-00244630 anybody want to add anything please
+DHMl42gEV_k-00947-00244631-00244767 unmute and
+DHMl42gEV_k-00948-00244767-00245823 and chat
+DHMl42gEV_k-00949-00245823-00246151 so hello everybody um
+DHMl42gEV_k-00950-00246152-00246430 i'm mike and uh michelle was my wife
+DHMl42gEV_k-00951-00246431-00246558 michelle
+DHMl42gEV_k-00952-00246559-00246823 we have been doing this bird count
+DHMl42gEV_k-00953-00246823-00247046 uh this is our second time we did it
+DHMl42gEV_k-00954-00247048-00247271 last year um she's on another meeting
+DHMl42gEV_k-00955-00247271-00247463 for something else this evening
+DHMl42gEV_k-00956-00247464-00247719 and uh to say that we are
+DHMl42gEV_k-00957-00247719-00247823 um
+DHMl42gEV_k-00958-00247823-00248094 beginning bird counters is
+DHMl42gEV_k-00959-00248096-00248375 kind of an under exaggeration uh we fell
+DHMl42gEV_k-00960-00248376-00248503 into this
+DHMl42gEV_k-00961-00248504-00248694 uh basically because we're always you
+DHMl42gEV_k-00962-00248696-00248934 know we're out walking and we found
+DHMl42gEV_k-00963-00248935-00249167 this as something to do while we were
+DHMl42gEV_k-00964-00249167-00249279 doing that
+DHMl42gEV_k-00965-00249280-00249606 um so we are by no means
+DHMl42gEV_k-00966-00249607-00249767 um well we're still trying to figure
+DHMl42gEV_k-00967-00249767-00250046 this all out uh but we're interested so
+DHMl42gEV_k-00968-00250048-00250182 if anybody is
+DHMl42gEV_k-00969-00250183-00250567 um can give us some recommendations or
+DHMl42gEV_k-00970-00250567-00250991 if anybody is you know out walking and
+DHMl42gEV_k-00971-00250992-00251287 they wouldn't mind a little company
+DHMl42gEV_k-00972-00251288-00251503 so that we can kind of see what's you
+DHMl42gEV_k-00973-00251504-00251646 know
+DHMl42gEV_k-00974-00251648-00251863 what we're seeing and and
+DHMl42gEV_k-00975-00251864-00252039 how to do this
+DHMl42gEV_k-00976-00252040-00252215 so that we can enjoy our time doing it
+DHMl42gEV_k-00977-00252216-00252375 too we would love to hear some
+DHMl42gEV_k-00978-00252376-00252534 suggestions or
+DHMl42gEV_k-00979-00252535-00252775 um if anybody's willing to share some
+DHMl42gEV_k-00980-00252776-00252991 time let us know
+DHMl42gEV_k-00981-00252992-00253230 uh where do you live mike
+DHMl42gEV_k-00982-00253231-00253551 we live in lakewood just on top of the
+DHMl42gEV_k-00983-00253552-00253863 rocky river reservation so um not only
+DHMl42gEV_k-00984-00253864-00254134 do i find myself down there all the time
+DHMl42gEV_k-00985-00254135-00254463 uh just walking around for you know and
+DHMl42gEV_k-00986-00254464-00254639 looking but um
+DHMl42gEV_k-00987-00254640-00254798 you know we spend a lot of time down
+DHMl42gEV_k-00988-00254800-00255110 there
+DHMl42gEV_k-00989-00255111-00255334 pardon me hi my name is michelle
+DHMl42gEV_k-00990-00255335-00255558 brocious i'm a field trip coordinator
+DHMl42gEV_k-00991-00255559-00255742 for western audubon
+DHMl42gEV_k-00992-00255744-00256094 we have a bird walk once a month the
+DHMl42gEV_k-00993-00256096-00256294 second saturday of every month at the
+DHMl42gEV_k-00994-00256296-00256534 rocky river nature center at nine in the
+DHMl42gEV_k-00995-00256535-00256734 morning so you're more than welcome to
+DHMl42gEV_k-00996-00256735-00256887 join us and it's a
+DHMl42gEV_k-00997-00256888-00257175 a really easy walk um
+DHMl42gEV_k-00998-00257176-00257382 nine to about noon
+DHMl42gEV_k-00999-00257383-00257630 um and the boardwalk leaders are great
+DHMl42gEV_k-01000-00257631-00257927 so you will learn a ton um
+DHMl42gEV_k-01001-00257928-00258110 okay with us on those trips and then you
+DHMl42gEV_k-01002-00258111-00258263 can go to our website just to see what
+DHMl42gEV_k-01003-00258264-00258398 other bird walks we have throughout the
+DHMl42gEV_k-01004-00258400-00258567 year as well
+DHMl42gEV_k-01005-00258567-00258815 okay and this is so these are the bird
+DHMl42gEV_k-01006-00258816-00259046 walks and you said you do from nine to
+DHMl42gEV_k-01007-00259048-00259142 noon
+DHMl42gEV_k-01008-00259144-00259279 at the nature center i know where the
+DHMl42gEV_k-01009-00259280-00259494 nature center is that's it thank you and
+DHMl42gEV_k-01010-00259496-00259598 no problem
+DHMl42gEV_k-01011-00259600-00259919 is that like um when did you say it that
+DHMl42gEV_k-01012-00259919-00260071 they are is it
+DHMl42gEV_k-01013-00260071-00260334 once a month yes once a month the second
+DHMl42gEV_k-01014-00260335-00260534 saturday of every month
+DHMl42gEV_k-01015-00260535-00260742 okay they happen to be called second
+DHMl42gEV_k-01016-00260744-00260934 saturday bird walks
+DHMl42gEV_k-01017-00260935-00261182 okay second saturday walks
+DHMl42gEV_k-01018-00261183-00261351 okay
+DHMl42gEV_k-01019-00261352-00261551 now to add to that
+DHMl42gEV_k-01020-00261552-00261703 unless you were gonna mention some
+DHMl42gEV_k-01021-00261704-00261998 things michelle go ahead to add to that
+DHMl42gEV_k-01022-00262000-00262239 um we are starting up our
+DHMl42gEV_k-01023-00262240-00262358 tremont
+DHMl42gEV_k-01024-00262359-00262623 topaz urban bird walks
+DHMl42gEV_k-01025-00262624-00262871 uh and that is going to be on the fourth
+DHMl42gEV_k-01026-00262872-00263143 saturday of the month
+DHMl42gEV_k-01027-00263144-00263430 uh so we're starting that in gen this
+DHMl42gEV_k-01028-00263431-00263679 yeah that's on the 22nd i'm looking at a
+DHMl42gEV_k-01029-00263680-00263815 calendar here
+DHMl42gEV_k-01030-00263816-00264167 and we meet at a the metro parks parking
+DHMl42gEV_k-01031-00264168-00264515 lot off of abbey avenue just down from
+DHMl42gEV_k-01032-00264516-00264679 sokolowski's
+DHMl42gEV_k-01033-00264680-00264758 okay
+DHMl42gEV_k-01034-00264759-00264839 yeah
+DHMl42gEV_k-01035-00264840-00265239 and we go down along the river and
+DHMl42gEV_k-01036-00265240-00265639 i mean it's fairly easy walking and
+DHMl42gEV_k-01037-00265640-00265934 nice small group and just just fun
+DHMl42gEV_k-01038-00265935-00266030 um
+DHMl42gEV_k-01039-00266031-00266215 yeah there'll be and there's some spring
+DHMl42gEV_k-01040-00266216-00266375 bird walks that are going to be coming
+DHMl42gEV_k-01041-00266376-00266615 up as well so if you check the western
+DHMl42gEV_k-01042-00266616-00266799 cuyahoga audubon website
+DHMl42gEV_k-01043-00266800-00267255 www.wcautubon.org
+DHMl42gEV_k-01044-00267256-00267351 okay
+DHMl42gEV_k-01045-00267352-00267482 very
+DHMl42gEV_k-01046-00267483-00267751 easy i have one suggestion
+DHMl42gEV_k-01047-00267752-00267927 what's that um
+DHMl42gEV_k-01048-00267928-00268175 for michael and and his wife
+DHMl42gEV_k-01049-00268176-00268391 you know you live close to rocky river
+DHMl42gEV_k-01050-00268392-00268503 park
+DHMl42gEV_k-01051-00268504-00268582 yeah
+DHMl42gEV_k-01052-00268583-00268830 the little one on the lake
+DHMl42gEV_k-01053-00268831-00269143 do you know where that is
+DHMl42gEV_k-01054-00269144-00269358 the little one on the lake yeah
+DHMl42gEV_k-01055-00269359-00269575 okay because you know i
+DHMl42gEV_k-01056-00269576-00269767 from lakewood i'm in western lakewood
+DHMl42gEV_k-01057-00269768-00269975 too just going back and forth
+DHMl42gEV_k-01058-00269976-00270279 to many places i'll just flip in there
+DHMl42gEV_k-01059-00270280-00270567 scan i mean that's a great spot to take
+DHMl42gEV_k-01060-00270568-00270799 a look at the lakefront
+DHMl42gEV_k-01061-00270800-00270982 [Music]
+DHMl42gEV_k-01062-00270983-00271191 i think mike and his wife are looking
+DHMl42gEV_k-01063-00271192-00271279 for
+DHMl42gEV_k-01064-00271280-00271487 not just looking at birds but you know
+DHMl42gEV_k-01065-00271488-00271727 learning a little bit more maybe look
+DHMl42gEV_k-01066-00271728-00272015 learning about field marks or behaviors
+DHMl42gEV_k-01067-00272016-00272310 or things like that so yeah but you know
+DHMl42gEV_k-01068-00272311-00272471 we appreciate
+DHMl42gEV_k-01069-00272472-00272710 new birders we appreciate i call them
+DHMl42gEV_k-01070-00272711-00272951 seasoned burgers
+DHMl42gEV_k-01071-00272952-00273206 not old burgers
+DHMl42gEV_k-01072-00273207-00273495 you know the folks that um
+DHMl42gEV_k-01073-00273496-00273710 in season might be salty too you just
+DHMl42gEV_k-01074-00273711-00274079 never know um but yeah so
+DHMl42gEV_k-01075-00274080-00274319 again everybody is really sharing of
+DHMl42gEV_k-01076-00274320-00274599 their time and expertise so michelle
+DHMl42gEV_k-01077-00274600-00274815 gave you some good information and again
+DHMl42gEV_k-01078-00274816-00275015 we have several other
+DHMl42gEV_k-01079-00275016-00275199 people who
+DHMl42gEV_k-01080-00275200-00275510 will lead walks
+DHMl42gEV_k-01081-00275511-00275630 okay
+DHMl42gEV_k-01082-00275631-00275919 well i appreciate that and we will
+DHMl42gEV_k-01083-00275920-00276127 we will look into that it was the uh
+DHMl42gEV_k-01084-00276128-00276247 audubon
+DHMl42gEV_k-01085-00276248-00276423 uh society
+DHMl42gEV_k-01086-00276424-00276723 wc autobahn.org
+DHMl42gEV_k-01087-00276724-00277015 www.c audubon
+DHMl42gEV_k-01088-00277016-00277358 okay.org yep
+DHMl42gEV_k-01089-00277359-00277575 thank you
+DHMl42gEV_k-01090-00277576-00277791 and we will try
+DHMl42gEV_k-01091-00277792-00277951 not to call
+DHMl42gEV_k-01092-00277952-00278175 the woodpecker a redheaded eagle again
+DHMl42gEV_k-01093-00278176-00278647 so there we go
+DHMl42gEV_k-01094-00278648-00278847 yeah i saw that on your list and i'm
+DHMl42gEV_k-01095-00278848-00279191 like what in the world did they see
+DHMl42gEV_k-01096-00279192-00279367 you know what i got to be honest when we
+DHMl42gEV_k-01097-00279368-00279687 did it last year um we had and we
+DHMl42gEV_k-01098-00279688-00279839 understand completely that everybody's
+DHMl42gEV_k-01099-00279840-00279975 got to do this kind of on their own
+DHMl42gEV_k-01100-00279976-00280119 because of covid and everything like
+DHMl42gEV_k-01101-00280120-00280247 that
+DHMl42gEV_k-01102-00280248-00280382 and we just thought we would do this
+DHMl42gEV_k-01103-00280383-00280558 because we wanted something
+DHMl42gEV_k-01104-00280559-00280767 to do while we were walking
+DHMl42gEV_k-01105-00280768-00280999 and we were out there the first time i
+DHMl42gEV_k-01106-00281000-00281158 think it was you know we got out there
+DHMl42gEV_k-01107-00281159-00281430 early we were excited to do it
+DHMl42gEV_k-01108-00281431-00281663 and i think we did the big creek parkway
+DHMl42gEV_k-01109-00281664-00281767 walk
+DHMl42gEV_k-01110-00281768-00281958 last year we had to shorten ours this
+DHMl42gEV_k-01111-00281959-00282134 year for different reasons
+DHMl42gEV_k-01112-00282135-00282223 um
+DHMl42gEV_k-01113-00282224-00282382 and the funny thing was i think it was
+DHMl42gEV_k-01114-00282383-00282623 about 45 50 minutes we're like we didn't
+DHMl42gEV_k-01115-00282624-00282903 see or hear a darn thing
+DHMl42gEV_k-01116-00282904-00283047 and we didn't see a bird at all and
+DHMl42gEV_k-01117-00283048-00283295 we're like we have got to be the most
+DHMl42gEV_k-01118-00283296-00283391 you know
+DHMl42gEV_k-01119-00283392-00283591 goofy people to be out here trying to do
+DHMl42gEV_k-01120-00283592-00283743 this um
+DHMl42gEV_k-01121-00283744-00283863 but it turned out different we had a lot
+DHMl42gEV_k-01122-00283864-00284015 of fun both times
+DHMl42gEV_k-01123-00284016-00284119 so
+DHMl42gEV_k-01124-00284120-00284303 now we're just trying to
+DHMl42gEV_k-01125-00284304-00284471 you know broaden a little bit of our
+DHMl42gEV_k-01126-00284472-00284767 knowledge um because we have none so
+DHMl42gEV_k-01127-00284768-00284927 that would work
+DHMl42gEV_k-01128-00284928-00285095 yeah well mike i think you brought up a
+DHMl42gEV_k-01129-00285096-00285415 good point you know a lot of times um
+DHMl42gEV_k-01130-00285416-00285615 people were walking you know and again
+DHMl42gEV_k-01131-00285616-00285871 everybody here who's birdie um you know
+DHMl42gEV_k-01132-00285872-00286039 you're out you're like man it's quiet
+DHMl42gEV_k-01133-00286040-00286206 man it's quiet and then you hit a little
+DHMl42gEV_k-01134-00286207-00286375 bunch of birds all together and you're
+DHMl42gEV_k-01135-00286376-00286606 like yo there's robin's oh there's this
+DHMl42gEV_k-01136-00286607-00286854 there's that and then then it gets quiet
+DHMl42gEV_k-01137-00286855-00287087 again so you get these little
+DHMl42gEV_k-01138-00287088-00287319 winter flocks and then of course when
+DHMl42gEV_k-01139-00287320-00287558 the weather's good like we had for this
+DHMl42gEV_k-01140-00287559-00287767 christmas count when things aren't
+DHMl42gEV_k-01141-00287768-00288015 concentrated i mean if you have a bird
+DHMl42gEV_k-01142-00288016-00288215 feeder in your backyard you know this
+DHMl42gEV_k-01143-00288216-00288391 this cold weather and the snow that's
+DHMl42gEV_k-01144-00288392-00288527 going to be coming
+DHMl42gEV_k-01145-00288528-00288863 um was is going to concentrate things so
+DHMl42gEV_k-01146-00288864-00288999 um it just
+DHMl42gEV_k-01147-00289000-00289206 it's just what the weather and luck
+DHMl42gEV_k-01148-00289207-00289327 brings us
+DHMl42gEV_k-01149-00289328-00289647 yeah yeah well it was it's it's been fun
+DHMl42gEV_k-01150-00289648-00289863 we're enjoying it um
+DHMl42gEV_k-01151-00289864-00290039 and actually we laughed about it because
+DHMl42gEV_k-01152-00290040-00290175 we
+DHMl42gEV_k-01153-00290176-00290351 do have like
+DHMl42gEV_k-01154-00290352-00290551 a ton more birds
+DHMl42gEV_k-01155-00290552-00290823 and species uh we think we're seeing in
+DHMl42gEV_k-01156-00290824-00290999 our backyard now
+DHMl42gEV_k-01157-00291000-00291167 um more than we did on both of these
+DHMl42gEV_k-01158-00291168-00291415 walks
+DHMl42gEV_k-01159-00291416-00291558 well good because i think you're in our
+DHMl42gEV_k-01160-00291559-00291799 count circle so you can always do feeder
+DHMl42gEV_k-01161-00291800-00292087 watching too yeah so
+DHMl42gEV_k-01162-00292088-00292343 so we're having fun with that wonderful
+DHMl42gEV_k-01163-00292344-00293247 wonderful
+DHMl42gEV_k-01164-00293248-00293471 okay did you want to say something i
+DHMl42gEV_k-01165-00293472-00293710 just uh yes i'm i'm not ambulatory
+DHMl42gEV_k-01166-00293711-00293895 anymore but uh
+DHMl42gEV_k-01167-00293896-00294030 the uh
+DHMl42gEV_k-01168-00294031-00294287 you can learn a lot at the feeders and
+DHMl42gEV_k-01169-00294288-00294415 uh
+DHMl42gEV_k-01170-00294416-00294527 some we
+DHMl42gEV_k-01171-00294528-00294767 we live in the southwest corner of parma
+DHMl42gEV_k-01172-00294768-00294903 now but
+DHMl42gEV_k-01173-00294904-00295175 today that we had about 20 species
+DHMl42gEV_k-01174-00295176-00295343 at our little feeder and
+DHMl42gEV_k-01175-00295344-00295454 um
+DHMl42gEV_k-01176-00295455-00295599 including uh
+DHMl42gEV_k-01177-00295600-00295743 um
+DHMl42gEV_k-01178-00295744-00295975 besides the robin's the thing that
+DHMl42gEV_k-01179-00295976-00296215 flicker came by and wow
+DHMl42gEV_k-01180-00296216-00296423 it was it was uh
+DHMl42gEV_k-01181-00296424-00296758 a couple hundred starlings and so on but
+DHMl42gEV_k-01182-00296759-00296871 uh
+DHMl42gEV_k-01183-00296872-00297095 um but but
+DHMl42gEV_k-01184-00297096-00297351 you you'll see these same species out on
+DHMl42gEV_k-01185-00297352-00297534 the trails too so
+DHMl42gEV_k-01186-00297535-00297639 um
+DHMl42gEV_k-01187-00297640-00297767 sometimes
+DHMl42gEV_k-01188-00297768-00297927 i'd be delighted
+DHMl42gEV_k-01189-00297928-00298215 to if you're if we ever get together if
+DHMl42gEV_k-01190-00298216-00298303 you
+DHMl42gEV_k-01191-00298304-00298575 maybe covered in all being considered to
+DHMl42gEV_k-01192-00298576-00298654 uh
+DHMl42gEV_k-01193-00298655-00298887 to just um meet with the two of you if
+DHMl42gEV_k-01194-00298888-00299063 that if that's something you would like
+DHMl42gEV_k-01195-00299064-00299239 and
+DHMl42gEV_k-01196-00299240-00299487 give your my name skin balance is my
+DHMl42gEV_k-01197-00299488-00299582 name and
+DHMl42gEV_k-01198-00299583-00300663 or my home phone number is 440-886-6462
+DHMl42gEV_k-01199-00300664-00300871 we grew up in this area but i was gone
+DHMl42gEV_k-01200-00300872-00301047 50 years too but
+DHMl42gEV_k-01201-00301048-00301615 uh
+DHMl42gEV_k-01202-00301616-00301823 share with you or maybe we could go over
+DHMl42gEV_k-01203-00301824-00302247 to try c2 and observe their it and then
+DHMl42gEV_k-01204-00302248-00302575 there was a lot there this year
+DHMl42gEV_k-01205-00302576-00302830 sounds excellent we really appreciate
+DHMl42gEV_k-01206-00302831-00303134 that i'll talk to her ken and i really
+DHMl42gEV_k-01207-00303135-00303382 appreciate you sharing that with me and
+DHMl42gEV_k-01208-00303383-00303582 i did write your number down
+DHMl42gEV_k-01209-00303583-00303799 so um
+DHMl42gEV_k-01210-00303800-00304015 you know i i would not mind whatsoever
+DHMl42gEV_k-01211-00304016-00304334 reaching out to you and uh seeing if if
+DHMl42gEV_k-01212-00304335-00304606 you could help us along
+DHMl42gEV_k-01213-00304607-00304782 thank you thank you
+DHMl42gEV_k-01214-00304783-00304934 it's your interest
+DHMl42gEV_k-01215-00304935-00305199 thank you
+DHMl42gEV_k-01216-00305200-00305343 all righty
+DHMl42gEV_k-01217-00305344-00305695 i know our time is running short here um
+DHMl42gEV_k-01218-00305696-00305903 again if anybody else
+DHMl42gEV_k-01219-00305904-00306175 we really would like to again welcome
+DHMl42gEV_k-01220-00306176-00306310 you for the
+DHMl42gEV_k-01221-00306311-00306687 new year and i hope everybody has a good
+DHMl42gEV_k-01222-00306688-00307039 word birdiful new year
+DHMl42gEV_k-01223-00307040-00307247 some people are already well on their
+DHMl42gEV_k-01224-00307248-00307503 way uh in january
+DHMl42gEV_k-01225-00307504-00307839 to working towards their 100 species in
+DHMl42gEV_k-01226-00307840-00308095 in one month january
+DHMl42gEV_k-01227-00308096-00308430 um marianne what is your number now
+DHMl42gEV_k-01228-00308431-00308630 77 oh
+DHMl42gEV_k-01229-00308631-00308951 77 species already whoa and it's not
+DHMl42gEV_k-01230-00308952-00309095 even the middle of the month you're
+DHMl42gEV_k-01231-00309096-00309439 going to get to 100.
+DHMl42gEV_k-01232-00309440-00309615 you still have the mockingbird in your
+DHMl42gEV_k-01233-00309616-00309734 neighborhood
+DHMl42gEV_k-01234-00309735-00309999 yes yes
+DHMl42gEV_k-01235-00310000-00310182 yes i find knocking birds in around the
+DHMl42gEV_k-01236-00310183-00310510 city way more than out here in the
+DHMl42gEV_k-01237-00310511-00311310 you know the wilds of middleburg heights
+DHMl42gEV_k-01238-00311311-00311430 alrighty
+DHMl42gEV_k-01239-00311431-00311630 well again i thank everybody for being
+DHMl42gEV_k-01240-00311631-00311847 here this evening and
+DHMl42gEV_k-01241-00311848-00311951 um
+DHMl42gEV_k-01242-00311952-00312167 i want everybody to have a good evening
+DHMl42gEV_k-01243-00312168-00312534 and i'll see you on the trails birding
+DHMl42gEV_k-01244-00312535-00312799 um e-birding whatever
+DHMl42gEV_k-01245-00312800-00312999 so thank you again
+DHMl42gEV_k-01246-00313000-00313247 and uh
+DHMl42gEV_k-01247-00313248-00313519 appreciate you yeah thank you nancy
+DHMl42gEV_k-01248-00313520-00313623 nancy
+DHMl42gEV_k-01249-00313624-00313863 thank you nancy thank you
+DHMl42gEV_k-01250-00313864-00313999 thanks so much
+DHMl42gEV_k-01251-00314000-00314182 thank you for watching
+DHMl42gEV_k-01252-00314183-00314540 good good job
+DKTFG718wCM-00000-00000003-00000157 good morning everybody we've had kind of
+DKTFG718wCM-00001-00000158-00000376 a busy morning already haven't we bud
+DKTFG718wCM-00002-00000377-00002554 who your washed-out got you remember all
+DKTFG718wCM-00003-00002555-00002813 so like I said we've had a busy morning
+DKTFG718wCM-00004-00002814-00003175 we took mommy to work so we have the car
+DKTFG718wCM-00005-00003176-00003572 because we're going back up to work two
+DKTFG718wCM-00006-00003572-00003922 of Sarah's co-workers from out of town
+DKTFG718wCM-00007-00003923-00004133 are in town and so we're to go up there
+DKTFG718wCM-00008-00004134-00004283 and have lunch with them later we're
+DKTFG718wCM-00010-00008652-00009053 are you having a snack are you hiding
+DKTFG718wCM-00011-00009054-00010009 from Charlie pants and having a snack
+DKTFG718wCM-00012-00010010-00011052 Oh
+DKTFG718wCM-00014-00016620-00016903 there's some serious static electricity
+DKTFG718wCM-00015-00016904-00019025 coming off this kid's head
+DKTFG718wCM-00016-00019026-00019692 Gabriel look at all these hairs your
+DKTFG718wCM-00017-00019693-00022250 hairs all crazy
+DKTFG718wCM-00018-00022251-00022452 all right we're loaded up in the car
+DKTFG718wCM-00019-00022453-00022641 it's time to go see mommy are you
+DKTFG718wCM-00020-00022642-00022880 excited about seeing mommy all right
+DKTFG718wCM-00021-00022881-00025021 here we go
+DKTFG718wCM-00022-00025022-00026070 oncet okay Doce Trece catarse King said
+DKTFG718wCM-00023-00026072-00026965 DFC says that was lunch we didn't film
+DKTFG718wCM-00024-00026966-00027115 too much because you know it's an office
+DKTFG718wCM-00025-00027116-00027458 and you know it's just kind of weird you
+DKTFG718wCM-00026-00027458-00027710 don't wanna vlog in the office plus
+DKTFG718wCM-00027-00027711-00027998 they've got a lot of confidential
+DKTFG718wCM-00028-00027999-00028258 contract stuff laying around not laying
+DKTFG718wCM-00029-00028260-00028420 around but you know I'm saying you don't
+DKTFG718wCM-00030-00028422-00028625 want to film that on accident you ready
+DKTFG718wCM-00031-00028626-00028757 to go home it's time for somebody to
+DKTFG718wCM-00032-00028758-00029221 take a nap it's definitely you can
+DKTFG718wCM-00033-00029222-00029677 definitely tell Edie all right here we
+DKTFG718wCM-00034-00029678-00030485 go on home where's Gabriel oh there you
+DKTFG718wCM-00035-00030486-00030508 are
+DKTFG718wCM-00036-00030510-00031289 Gabriel are you being silly
+DKTFG718wCM-00037-00031289-00032024 oh are you being silly oh all right
+DKTFG718wCM-00038-00032025-00032402 we're home Gabriel is down for his nap
+DKTFG718wCM-00039-00032402-00032633 so I think I'm gonna relax for a little
+DKTFG718wCM-00040-00032633-00032837 while because then may not seem like it
+DKTFG718wCM-00041-00032838-00032965 from the video but today's actors have
+DKTFG718wCM-00042-00032966-00033271 been kind of hectic and it started early
+DKTFG718wCM-00043-00033272-00033419 so I'm kind of tired so I think I'm just
+DKTFG718wCM-00044-00033420-00033617 gonna chill on the couch for a little
+DKTFG718wCM-00045-00033618-00033770 while maybe play on my phone or
+DKTFG718wCM-00046-00033771-00033983 watchbird box on Netflix working my way
+DKTFG718wCM-00047-00033984-00034223 through that during his naps and then
+DKTFG718wCM-00048-00034224-00034364 when he gets up depending on how long he
+DKTFG718wCM-00049-00034365-00034505 naps we may have to turn right around
+DKTFG718wCM-00050-00034506-00034790 and go back and get Sarah from work so a
+DKTFG718wCM-00051-00034791-00035051 lot of driving today also anyway I'm
+DKTFG718wCM-00052-00035052-00036226 gonna chill in the couch
+DKTFG718wCM-00053-00036227-00036601 this move is crazy they didn't last very
+DKTFG718wCM-00054-00036602-00037108 long this kid woke up real upset real
+DKTFG718wCM-00055-00037109-00037512 upset so we had a goldfish I'm watching
+DKTFG718wCM-00056-00037513-00037726 some weird Netflix cartoon till it's
+DKTFG718wCM-00057-00037727-00037948 time to go get mommy we're back in the
+DKTFG718wCM-00058-00037949-00038007 car
+DKTFG718wCM-00059-00038008-00038343 Gabriel's got super monsters going on
+DKTFG718wCM-00060-00038344-00038787 his iPad back Oh back there and we're on
+DKTFG718wCM-00061-00038788-00039051 our way to get mama I didn't want to uh
+DKTFG718wCM-00062-00039052-00039280 you know we don't use that very often
+DKTFG718wCM-00063-00039281-00039604 but we didn't want to risk him having a
+DKTFG718wCM-00064-00039605-00039882 meltdown stuck in traffic all the
+DKTFG718wCM-00065-00039883-00040146 makings of a terrible terrible Drive so
+DKTFG718wCM-00066-00040147-00040437 we're gonna let him watch some TV while
+DKTFG718wCM-00068-00047473-00047905 do you like check of the mail we're out
+DKTFG718wCM-00069-00047906-00049438 checking the mail as a family it's a
+DKTFG718wCM-00070-00049439-00049833 keychain
+DKTFG718wCM-00071-00049834-00050380 meeow meeow Oh mail that is the key to
+DKTFG718wCM-00072-00050381-00052041 the mail
+DKTFG718wCM-00073-00052042-00053374 it is red are you playing a mommy days
+DKTFG718wCM-00074-00053375-00053867 bed
+DKTFG718wCM-00076-00060987-00063360 all over the place you see a turtle well
+DKTFG718wCM-00077-00063361-00063659 we've had a big time this afternoon
+DKTFG718wCM-00078-00063660-00063948 we're unwinding with a popsicle before
+DKTFG718wCM-00079-00063949-00064338 dinner you tell everybody thanks for
+DKTFG718wCM-00080-00064339-00065058 watching see you next time bye bye
+DKTFG718wCM-00081-00065059-00065423 yeah yours man
+DKTFG718wCM-00082-00065424-00067059 nice yeah you mean a popsicle thank you
+DKTFG718wCM-00083-00067060-00068462 all for watching we'll see you next time
+DKTFG718wCM-00084-00068463-00068669 you
+DN6P3Kk4mBY-00000-00000040-00001963 [Music]
+DN6P3Kk4mBY-00001-00001964-00002095 [Music]
+DN6P3Kk4mBY-00002-00002096-00002315 on behalf of the group on earth
+DN6P3Kk4mBY-00003-00002316-00002584 observations the Geo Secretariat I'd
+DN6P3Kk4mBY-00004-00002585-00002813 like to thank you for the kind
+DN6P3Kk4mBY-00005-00002814-00003052 invitation to be here I'd like to
+DN6P3Kk4mBY-00006-00003053-00003359 acknowledge the role that our CMR D is
+DN6P3Kk4mBY-00007-00003360-00003560 and they're going to play with a free
+DN6P3Kk4mBY-00008-00003561-00003886 geo and extend our thanks to South
+DN6P3Kk4mBY-00009-00003887-00004052 Africa to the department of science and
+DN6P3Kk4mBY-00010-00004053-00004238 innovation for their continued support
+DN6P3Kk4mBY-00011-00004239-00004447 and to science' for their support as
+DN6P3Kk4mBY-00012-00004448-00004892 well I would like to point out the role
+DN6P3Kk4mBY-00013-00004893-00005318 that Africa has played in geo over the
+DN6P3Kk4mBY-00014-00005319-00005474 last year the leadership role
+DN6P3Kk4mBY-00015-00005475-00005735 so if Africa has been the elite culture
+DN6P3Kk4mBY-00016-00005736-00005981 for the Geo Executive Committee which is
+DN6P3Kk4mBY-00017-00005982-00006290 made up of 16 countries of the more than
+DN6P3Kk4mBY-00018-00006291-00006728 100 UN member states in geo and there's
+DN6P3Kk4mBY-00019-00006729-00006952 also the digital earth Africa initiative
+DN6P3Kk4mBY-00020-00006953-00007295 which is not only taking a leadership
+DN6P3Kk4mBY-00021-00007295-00007538 role in what's happening in Africa
+DN6P3Kk4mBY-00022-00007539-00007981 well it's acting as a showcase and an
+DN6P3Kk4mBY-00023-00007983-00008321 exemplar for other global regions so
+DN6P3Kk4mBY-00024-00008322-00008549 we're now looking at developing digit
+DN6P3Kk4mBY-00025-00008550-00008855 Latin America Asia Pacific another
+DN6P3Kk4mBY-00026-00008856-00009031 activity is based on the work of this
+DN6P3Kk4mBY-00027-00009032-00009535 worth Africa I'd like to say that we've
+DN6P3Kk4mBY-00028-00009536-00009739 made great progress this year with the
+DN6P3Kk4mBY-00029-00009740-00009985 engagement priorities so looking at the
+DN6P3Kk4mBY-00030-00009986-00010171 policy instruments around Sendai
+DN6P3Kk4mBY-00031-00010172-00010321 framework for disaster risk reduction
+DN6P3Kk4mBY-00032-00010322-00010748 the Paris climate agreement and the UN
+DN6P3Kk4mBY-00033-00010749-00010960 2030 agenda for sustainable development
+DN6P3Kk4mBY-00034-00010961-00011392 we more recently added in some work on
+DN6P3Kk4mBY-00035-00011393-00011609 the Europe and agenda so looking at
+DN6P3Kk4mBY-00036-00011610-00011863 urban topics so this is very important
+DN6P3Kk4mBY-00037-00011864-00012008 as well in terms of our global work
+DN6P3Kk4mBY-00038-00012009-00012284 force observations particularly in
+DN6P3Kk4mBY-00039-00012285-00012569 Africa we've been doing work around Geo
+DN6P3Kk4mBY-00040-00012570-00012802 Guam for global agricultural monitoring
+DN6P3Kk4mBY-00041-00012803-00013066 we've been doing GOL at the end for land
+DN6P3Kk4mBY-00042-00013067-00013394 degradation neutrality within geo close
+DN6P3Kk4mBY-00043-00013394-00013715 global water sustainability and geoblue
+DN6P3Kk4mBY-00044-00013716-00014057 planet for looking at our oceans we've
+DN6P3Kk4mBY-00045-00014058-00014300 had some success stories where we've had
+DN6P3Kk4mBY-00046-00014301-00014566 support from the private sector where
+DN6P3Kk4mBY-00047-00014568-00014819 we've had Amazon Web Services who have
+DN6P3Kk4mBY-00048-00014819-00015044 given us millions of dollars to support
+DN6P3Kk4mBY-00049-00015044-00015371 cloud credits to enable countries to use
+DN6P3Kk4mBY-00050-00015372-00015821 the cloud free to them so we've had 20
+DN6P3Kk4mBY-00051-00015822-00016037 developing countries from across the
+DN6P3Kk4mBY-00052-00016038-00016238 world to being given that and we've as a
+DN6P3Kk4mBY-00053-00016238-00016418 result we've had other private sector
+DN6P3Kk4mBY-00054-00016419-00016652 companies come to us so I'd just like to
+DN6P3Kk4mBY-00055-00016653-00016961 close by saying what I hope we hear this
+DN6P3Kk4mBY-00056-00016962-00017128 week is more about building on the
+DN6P3Kk4mBY-00057-00017129-00017278 Google Earth Observation system of
+DN6P3Kk4mBY-00058-00017279-00017525 systems Geo's and just highlight that
+DN6P3Kk4mBY-00059-00017526-00017696 we're now moving to a knowledge hub
+DN6P3Kk4mBY-00060-00017697-00017921 where we want to take more of the data
+DN6P3Kk4mBY-00061-00017922-00018125 coming out of the work program from geo
+DN6P3Kk4mBY-00062-00018126-00018437 and I'm coming out of gos and share that
+DN6P3Kk4mBY-00063-00018438-00018812 more broadly with everyone and look at
+DN6P3Kk4mBY-00064-00018813-00019000 moving from open data which is very
+DN6P3Kk4mBY-00065-00019001-00019241 important but to open science and
+DN6P3Kk4mBY-00066-00019242-00019487 reproducibility so I hope we hear a lot
+DN6P3Kk4mBY-00067-00019488-00019724 about how we can make much more of the
+DN6P3Kk4mBY-00068-00019725-00019972 data and the sciences available to help
+DN6P3Kk4mBY-00069-00019973-00020243 us live and a sustainable planet thank
+DN6P3Kk4mBY-00070-00020244-00020748 you
+DN6P3Kk4mBY-00071-00020749-00020871 [Music]
+DN6P3Kk4mBY-00072-00020872-00021126 [Laughter]
+DN6P3Kk4mBY-00073-00021127-00021599 [Music]
+DN6P3Kk4mBY-00074-00021600-00021737 [Applause]
+DN6P3Kk4mBY-00075-00021738-00022711 [Music]
+DN9CGt_lGZE-00000-00000147-00000559 we have been invited long by Harvey on a
+DN9CGt_lGZE-00001-00000560-00001329 mission of great danger a patrol for
+DN9CGt_lGZE-00002-00001330-00001814 alien killer bunnies one has to be
+DN9CGt_lGZE-00003-00001816-00002484 careful
+DN9CGt_lGZE-00004-00002485-00003215 but soft what terror hideth in the
+DN9CGt_lGZE-00005-00003216-00004904 bushes is it is it a bunny oh no Harvey
+DN9CGt_lGZE-00006-00004905-00005703 be on guard notice it is coming from the
+DN9CGt_lGZE-00007-00005704-00006411 south as in South Oshawa its hide behind
+DN9CGt_lGZE-00008-00006412-00007639 a tree there's a killer Wow a danger
+DN9CGt_lGZE-00009-00007640-00008700 attention Harvey ready to pounce the
+DN9CGt_lGZE-00010-00008701-00009498 bunny sitting ready in his most
+DN9CGt_lGZE-00011-00009499-00010233 threatening terrifying pose
+DN9CGt_lGZE-00012-00010234-00011632 wow that is approach of course I'm well
+DN9CGt_lGZE-00013-00011633-00012445 protected
+DN9CGt_lGZE-00014-00012446-00012726 ah
+DN9CGt_lGZE-00015-00012727-00013852 he's gone where did he go
+DN9CGt_lGZE-00016-00013853-00014186 heading back
+DN9CGt_lGZE-00017-00014187-00015503 towards South Oshawa and our hero save
+DN9CGt_lGZE-00018-00015504-00015751 the day
+DNFWaKXK5YA-00000-00000000-00000173 did you know that the title of the film
+DNFWaKXK5YA-00001-00000174-00000401 Rogue one refers to the improvised call
+DNFWaKXK5YA-00002-00000401-00000593 sign used by the squad of Rebel Alliance
+DNFWaKXK5YA-00003-00000594-00000761 soldiers that participated in the
+DNFWaKXK5YA-00004-00000762-00000899 mission to steal the plans of the Death
+DNFWaKXK5YA-00005-00000900-00001103 Star but that it's also intended as a
+DNFWaKXK5YA-00006-00001104-00001283 pun as the film is the first Canon
+DNFWaKXK5YA-00007-00001284-00001487 live-action film that is not part of the
+DNFWaKXK5YA-00008-00001488-00001673 Saga and is therefore the Rogue one
+DNFWaKXK5YA-00009-00001673-00001901 additionally unlike the previous films
+DNFWaKXK5YA-00010-00001902-00002087 Rogue one does not revolve around the
+DNFWaKXK5YA-00011-00002088-00002284 Jedi rather the film is about a group of
+DNFWaKXK5YA-00012-00002285-00002447 people who do not have the ability to
+DNFWaKXK5YA-00013-00002448-00002645 use the force and have to find a way to
+DNFWaKXK5YA-00014-00002646-00002831 bring hope to a Galaxy ruled by the
+DNFWaKXK5YA-00015-00002832-00003034 Empire also unlike the original trilogy
+DNFWaKXK5YA-00016-00003035-00003233 which provided a black and white view of
+DNFWaKXK5YA-00017-00003234-00003431 Good and Evil director Gareth Edwards
+DNFWaKXK5YA-00018-00003432-00003617 stated that Rogue one is gray and that
+DNFWaKXK5YA-00019-00003618-00003779 the film could be described as real
+DNFWaKXK5YA-00020-00003779-00003970 lastly Rogue one was the first
+DNFWaKXK5YA-00021-00003971-00004186 live-action Star Wars theatrical film
+DNFWaKXK5YA-00022-00004187-00004354 that did not feature the traditional
+DNFWaKXK5YA-00023-00004355-00004547 opening crawl further asserting itself
+DNFWaKXK5YA-00024-00004548-00004832 as the Rogue one
+DpkPPEGnViu-00000-00002608-00002922 you
+DpkPPEGnViu-00001-00002923-00003260 well it'll begin by thanking the friends
+DpkPPEGnViu-00002-00003261-00003432 and comrades and workers for funks
+DpkPPEGnViu-00003-00003433-00003663 University for inviting me to this fine
+DpkPPEGnViu-00004-00003664-00003897 countries for giving me the opportunity
+DpkPPEGnViu-00005-00003897-00004134 to see the important political steps
+DpkPPEGnViu-00006-00004135-00004404 protected and I hope I we can continue
+DpkPPEGnViu-00007-00004405-00004659 to connect and that I can be a help in
+DpkPPEGnViu-00008-00004660-00004962 your project I also want to thank you
+DpkPPEGnViu-00009-00004963-00005166 for the opportunity to fall in love
+DpkPPEGnViu-00010-00005167-00005433 again with Ljubljana which I haven't
+DpkPPEGnViu-00011-00005434-00005670 visited since 1986 when I came from
+DpkPPEGnViu-00012-00005671-00006129 corner veg now let me begin simply by
+DpkPPEGnViu-00013-00006130-00006552 saying making this statement that I've
+DpkPPEGnViu-00014-00006553-00006759 now copyrighted and and then proposed me
+DpkPPEGnViu-00015-00006759-00007059 for this that is you don't know where
+DpkPPEGnViu-00016-00007059-00007304 you're going no road will take you there
+DpkPPEGnViu-00017-00007305-00007554 so it might be useful for me to say
+DpkPPEGnViu-00018-00007555-00007931 where we're going right now my talk
+DpkPPEGnViu-00019-00007933-00008208 today covers the number of themes what
+DpkPPEGnViu-00020-00008209-00008435 is the concept of contested reproduction
+DpkPPEGnViu-00021-00008436-00008649 versus polluted primitive accumulation
+DpkPPEGnViu-00022-00008650-00008901 to the title of the talk and that
+DpkPPEGnViu-00023-00008902-00009113 immediately introduces the question of
+DpkPPEGnViu-00024-00009114-00009516 struggle second in this context I talk
+DpkPPEGnViu-00025-00009517-00009749 not only about what Marx called original
+DpkPPEGnViu-00026-00009750-00010013 or primitive accumulation but also what
+DpkPPEGnViu-00027-00010014-00010248 Preobrazhensky is a Soviet unity of the
+DpkPPEGnViu-00028-00010249-00010476 1920s called primitive socialist
+DpkPPEGnViu-00029-00010477-00010760 accumulation and that takes us into a
+DpkPPEGnViu-00030-00010761-00010944 discussion of depth the new economic
+DpkPPEGnViu-00031-00010945-00011163 policy and you may hear more about that
+DpkPPEGnViu-00032-00011164-00011505 than you ever wanted to hear and in that
+DpkPPEGnViu-00033-00011506-00011748 context also I want to you to think
+DpkPPEGnViu-00034-00011749-00011924 about what you would think of as
+DpkPPEGnViu-00035-00011925-00012174 primitive socialist accumulation were
+DpkPPEGnViu-00036-00012175-00012402 original socialist accumulation without
+DpkPPEGnViu-00037-00012403-00012522 regard to health
+DpkPPEGnViu-00038-00012523-00012789 let's be defined it in other words given
+DpkPPEGnViu-00039-00012790-00013002 your net by now expert knowledge of
+DpkPPEGnViu-00040-00013003-00013230 primitive accumulation what would be
+DpkPPEGnViu-00041-00013231-00013469 primitive socialist accumulation
+DpkPPEGnViu-00042-00013469-00013722 finally I want to end by talking about
+DpkPPEGnViu-00043-00013722-00013894 the importance of a socialist vision
+DpkPPEGnViu-00044-00013896-00014190 that's always important but it's
+DpkPPEGnViu-00045-00014191-00014372 especially important today given the
+DpkPPEGnViu-00046-00014374-00014577 announcement here of the beginning of a
+DpkPPEGnViu-00047-00014578-00015201 socialist initiative so-called primitive
+DpkPPEGnViu-00048-00015202-00015480 accumulation Marx made clear in capital
+DpkPPEGnViu-00049-00015481-00015663 quote is nothing else than the
+DpkPPEGnViu-00050-00015663-00015915 historical process of divorcing the
+DpkPPEGnViu-00051-00015916-00016097 producer or the means of production
+DpkPPEGnViu-00052-00016099-00016461 close quote in short he said it is the
+DpkPPEGnViu-00053-00016462-00016746 prehistory of capital and he continued
+DpkPPEGnViu-00054-00016747-00016947 that primitive accumulation of capital
+DpkPPEGnViu-00055-00016948-00017280 ideas historical Genesis was a process
+DpkPPEGnViu-00056-00017281-00017559 of producing the premises of capitalism
+DpkPPEGnViu-00057-00017560-00017796 before the existence of capitalism is
+DpkPPEGnViu-00058-00017797-00018098 lecture rather than situating this
+DpkPPEGnViu-00059-00018099-00018426 specific historical process in relation
+DpkPPEGnViu-00060-00018427-00018597 to the essence of capitalism however
+DpkPPEGnViu-00061-00018598-00018810 there's been a tendency to focus upon
+DpkPPEGnViu-00062-00018811-00018984 the methods by which this particular
+DpkPPEGnViu-00063-00018985-00019251 becoming a capital in England a curve
+DpkPPEGnViu-00064-00019252-00019608 thus the state route forced a whole
+DpkPPEGnViu-00065-00019609-00019851 series of forcible methods that's in
+DpkPPEGnViu-00066-00019852-00020064 quotes or abstracted from their specific
+DpkPPEGnViu-00067-00020065-00020361 historical role and identified as the in
+DpkPPEGnViu-00068-00020362-00020580 historical theoretical category
+DpkPPEGnViu-00069-00020581-00020897 primitive accumulation not only does the
+DpkPPEGnViu-00070-00020898-00021119 substitute form for content but it
+DpkPPEGnViu-00071-00021120-00021315 demonstrates the failure to understand
+DpkPPEGnViu-00072-00021316-00021608 Marxist theoretical method in camera
+DpkPPEGnViu-00073-00021609-00021891 Marx described his method as one of
+DpkPPEGnViu-00074-00021892-00022149 moving from simple concepts to deduce
+DpkPPEGnViu-00075-00022150-00022243 and understand
+DpkPPEGnViu-00076-00022244-00022609 the whole that's a rich totality of many
+DpkPPEGnViu-00077-00022610-00022837 determinations and relations through
+DpkPPEGnViu-00078-00022838-00023041 this process he indicated this is in the
+DpkPPEGnViu-00079-00023042-00023236 introduction to the drummers thought
+DpkPPEGnViu-00080-00023237-00023518 appropriates the country reproduces the
+DpkPPEGnViu-00081-00023519-00023782 country in the mind we have in this way
+DpkPPEGnViu-00082-00023783-00024001 the logical construction of the
+DpkPPEGnViu-00083-00024002-00024262 underlying world structure of society in
+DpkPPEGnViu-00084-00024263-00024430 which all relations coexist
+DpkPPEGnViu-00085-00024431-00024631 simultaneously and support one another
+DpkPPEGnViu-00086-00024632-00024928 and that is precisely what Marx
+DpkPPEGnViu-00087-00024929-00025126 accomplished in capital through a
+DpkPPEGnViu-00088-00025127-00025363 step-by-step process beginning with the
+DpkPPEGnViu-00089-00025364-00025588 commodity he developed the idea of
+DpkPPEGnViu-00090-00025589-00025845 capitalism as an organic system one that
+DpkPPEGnViu-00091-00025847-00026119 it produces its own premises a system
+DpkPPEGnViu-00092-00026120-00026332 which has developed its own foundations
+DpkPPEGnViu-00093-00026333-00026605 we see in chapter 23 of Volume one of
+DpkPPEGnViu-00094-00026606-00026814 capital that capitalism is a system
+DpkPPEGnViu-00095-00026816-00027052 which it contains within itself the
+DpkPPEGnViu-00096-00027052-00027298 conditions for its own reproduction one
+DpkPPEGnViu-00097-00027299-00027520 which when viewed as a connected whole
+DpkPPEGnViu-00098-00027520-00027745 and in a constant flux of incessant
+DpkPPEGnViu-00099-00027745-00027976 renewal and the code is understood as a
+DpkPPEGnViu-00100-00027977-00028227 process of reproduction in particular
+DpkPPEGnViu-00101-00028229-00028470 Marx concluded this chapter by stressing
+DpkPPEGnViu-00102-00028472-00028645 that the capitalist process of
+DpkPPEGnViu-00103-00028645-00028885 production quote produces and reproduces
+DpkPPEGnViu-00104-00028886-00029158 the capital relation itself on the one
+DpkPPEGnViu-00105-00029158-00029380 hand the capitalist on the other the
+DpkPPEGnViu-00106-00029381-00029577 wage labor and the book in other words
+DpkPPEGnViu-00107-00029579-00029893 it produces its essential premises it's
+DpkPPEGnViu-00108-00029894-00030136 short once capitalism has developed upon
+DpkPPEGnViu-00109-00030137-00030385 its own foundation who every economic
+DpkPPEGnViu-00110-00030386-00030688 relation presupposes every other in its
+DpkPPEGnViu-00111-00030689-00030840 George Wright economic forum and
+DpkPPEGnViu-00112-00030841-00031089 everything positive is the small so a
+DpkPPEGnViu-00113-00031091-00031297 presupposition this is the case with
+DpkPPEGnViu-00114-00031298-00031474 every organic system that's from the
+DpkPPEGnViu-00115-00031475-00031758 groaners this understanding of the being
+DpkPPEGnViu-00116-00031760-00031883 of capital
+DpkPPEGnViu-00117-00031884-00032090 is absolutely essential because without
+DpkPPEGnViu-00118-00032091-00032330 that understanding we would not have the
+DpkPPEGnViu-00119-00032331-00032526 demonstration that capital is the
+DpkPPEGnViu-00120-00032527-00032711 product of the exploitation of workers
+DpkPPEGnViu-00121-00032712-00032936 in other words the capital is the
+DpkPPEGnViu-00122-00032937-00033157 workers own product turned against them
+DpkPPEGnViu-00123-00033158-00033498 now what has a very important you know
+DpkPPEGnViu-00124-00033499-00033713 extensive discussion of this question of
+DpkPPEGnViu-00125-00033714-00033929 the being and becoming a capital to the
+DpkPPEGnViu-00126-00033930-00034196 premise if you want to understand
+DpkPPEGnViu-00127-00034197-00034427 capitalism marts insists that you don't
+DpkPPEGnViu-00128-00034428-00034754 do it my family its process of becoming
+DpkPPEGnViu-00129-00034755-00035027 just as if you want to understand the
+DpkPPEGnViu-00130-00035028-00035207 modern city you don't do it by
+DpkPPEGnViu-00131-00035208-00035420 discussing the flight of serfs to the
+DpkPPEGnViu-00132-00035421-00035708 cities this he said is well quote one of
+DpkPPEGnViu-00133-00035709-00035861 the historic conditions and
+DpkPPEGnViu-00134-00035862-00036170 presuppositions of urbanism but not the
+DpkPPEGnViu-00135-00036171-00036425 condition not the moment of the reality
+DpkPPEGnViu-00136-00036426-00036713 of developed cities and the world and in
+DpkPPEGnViu-00137-00036714-00036908 the same way you don't focus upon the
+DpkPPEGnViu-00138-00036909-00037110 historic presuppositions of capital
+DpkPPEGnViu-00139-00037111-00037352 which took many forms among which were
+DpkPPEGnViu-00140-00037353-00037580 individual savings acquired from various
+DpkPPEGnViu-00141-00037581-00037787 sources mark stressed that the
+DpkPPEGnViu-00142-00037788-00038012 dependence of capitalism upon original
+DpkPPEGnViu-00143-00038013-00038294 savings for example quote belonged to
+DpkPPEGnViu-00144-00038295-00038531 the history of its formation but in no
+DpkPPEGnViu-00145-00038532-00038717 way to its contemporary history
+DpkPPEGnViu-00146-00038718-00038993 I eat not to the real system of the mode
+DpkPPEGnViu-00147-00038994-00039244 of production rule by a closed book
+DpkPPEGnViu-00148-00039245-00039527 understanding the being of capitalism
+DpkPPEGnViu-00149-00039528-00039845 allows us to study its becoming once
+DpkPPEGnViu-00150-00039846-00040064 Marx had identified the essential
+DpkPPEGnViu-00151-00040065-00040262 elements in capitalist relations of
+DpkPPEGnViu-00152-00040263-00040456 production as capital and wage-labour
+DpkPPEGnViu-00153-00040457-00040793 then you could focus upon the conditions
+DpkPPEGnViu-00154-00040794-00040985 the precondition for the initial
+DpkPPEGnViu-00155-00040986-00041333 emergence of each serie is short
+DpkPPEGnViu-00156-00041334-00041651 guides the historical inquiry our method
+DpkPPEGnViu-00157-00041652-00041939 Marx noted quote indicates the points
+DpkPPEGnViu-00158-00041940-00042143 where historical investigation was
+DpkPPEGnViu-00159-00042144-00042393 entered in understanding
+DpkPPEGnViu-00160-00042394-00042627 capitalism is an organic system who
+DpkPPEGnViu-00161-00042628-00042933 points to a past line behind the system
+DpkPPEGnViu-00162-00042934-00043218 and the quote but if we fail to
+DpkPPEGnViu-00163-00043219-00043413 distinguish between the beating of the
+DpkPPEGnViu-00164-00043414-00043665 becoming of an organic system we obscure
+DpkPPEGnViu-00165-00043666-00043896 the nature of such a system look at how
+DpkPPEGnViu-00166-00043897-00044082 the words like anonymous distorted the
+DpkPPEGnViu-00167-00044083-00044286 nature of capitalism Marx pointed out
+DpkPPEGnViu-00168-00044287-00044586 but they confuse the original source of
+DpkPPEGnViu-00169-00044587-00044769 happening with its source within
+DpkPPEGnViu-00170-00044770-00045048 capitalism in other words by presenting
+DpkPPEGnViu-00171-00045049-00045222 the moments in which the capitalist
+DpkPPEGnViu-00172-00045223-00045465 still appropriates as a non capitalist
+DpkPPEGnViu-00173-00045466-00045729 because he is still becoming as the very
+DpkPPEGnViu-00174-00045730-00045918 conditions in which he appropriates as
+DpkPPEGnViu-00175-00045919-00046191 catalyst by treating capital as if a
+DpkPPEGnViu-00176-00046192-00046359 remains based on historic
+DpkPPEGnViu-00177-00046360-00046611 presuppositions like individual savings
+DpkPPEGnViu-00178-00046612-00046785 the capitalist relations of production
+DpkPPEGnViu-00179-00046786-00047130 and thus capitals dependence upon the
+DpkPPEGnViu-00180-00047131-00047297 exploitation of the wage labor
+DpkPPEGnViu-00181-00047298-00047760 disappears this is why Marx explicitly
+DpkPPEGnViu-00182-00047761-00047994 distinguished between the accumulation
+DpkPPEGnViu-00183-00047995-00048213 of capital within capitalism as a system
+DpkPPEGnViu-00184-00048214-00048534 and the original accumulation and why
+DpkPPEGnViu-00185-00048535-00048765 the former must come first in our
+DpkPPEGnViu-00186-00048766-00049002 analysis that is what so-called
+DpkPPEGnViu-00187-00049003-00049190 primitive accumulation where original
+DpkPPEGnViu-00188-00049191-00049485 accumulation is all about it interrogate
+DpkPPEGnViu-00189-00049486-00049809 history ask only one question what was
+DpkPPEGnViu-00190-00049810-00050001 the original source of the essential
+DpkPPEGnViu-00191-00050002-00050298 elements of capitalism the methods by
+DpkPPEGnViu-00192-00050299-00050529 which is a process occurred are purely
+DpkPPEGnViu-00193-00050530-00050723 contingent and based on particular
+DpkPPEGnViu-00194-00050724-00051110 circumstances nothing could be clearer
+DpkPPEGnViu-00195-00051111-00051450 however if we concerned ourselves only
+DpkPPEGnViu-00196-00051451-00051639 with the focus upon the original sources
+DpkPPEGnViu-00197-00051640-00051927 of capital H labor that can obscure the
+DpkPPEGnViu-00198-00051928-00052187 real process of language they emerged
+DpkPPEGnViu-00199-00052188-00052529 becoming is two-sided it is both of the
+DpkPPEGnViu-00200-00052530-00052869 coming into being and a passing away the
+DpkPPEGnViu-00201-00052870-00053076 development of a new system involves a
+DpkPPEGnViu-00202-00053077-00053279 process of the subsuming of the elements
+DpkPPEGnViu-00203-00053280-00053490 of the labour process human beings and
+DpkPPEGnViu-00204-00053491-00053727 means of production under new productive
+DpkPPEGnViu-00205-00053728-00053790 relations
+DpkPPEGnViu-00206-00053791-00054000 however it's essential to recognize
+DpkPPEGnViu-00207-00054001-00054221 explicitly that those elements
+DpkPPEGnViu-00208-00054222-00054563 from other productive relations in short
+DpkPPEGnViu-00209-00054564-00054758 the expanded reproduction of one
+DpkPPEGnViu-00210-00054759-00055028 relation passed as its counterpart the
+DpkPPEGnViu-00211-00055029-00055298 contracted reproduction of another the
+DpkPPEGnViu-00212-00055299-00055532 new is being born while the old dies
+DpkPPEGnViu-00213-00055533-00055802 this process of the development of the
+DpkPPEGnViu-00214-00055803-00055997 new marks indicated in the grid risk
+DpkPPEGnViu-00215-00055998-00056249 quote consists precisely of
+DpkPPEGnViu-00216-00056250-00056491 subordinating all elements of society to
+DpkPPEGnViu-00217-00056492-00056726 itself or in creating an event the
+DpkPPEGnViu-00218-00056727-00056936 organs which it still lacks this is
+DpkPPEGnViu-00219-00056937-00057154 historically how it becomes a totality
+DpkPPEGnViu-00220-00057155-00057485 close quote that frozen telomere is a
+DpkPPEGnViu-00221-00057486-00057725 process of struggle it's what I've
+DpkPPEGnViu-00222-00057726-00058013 called contested reproduction there are
+DpkPPEGnViu-00223-00058014-00058309 short two processes of reproduction
+DpkPPEGnViu-00224-00058310-00058619 coexisting and struggling the old does
+DpkPPEGnViu-00225-00058620-00058871 not die quietly it struggles to stay
+DpkPPEGnViu-00226-00058872-00059147 alive and the new struggles to be born
+DpkPPEGnViu-00227-00059148-00059438 and in that interregnum there are many
+DpkPPEGnViu-00228-00059439-00059720 more than symptoms and that is inherent
+DpkPPEGnViu-00229-00059721-00060010 in the puzzles of contested reproduction
+DpkPPEGnViu-00230-00060011-00060316 both the socialist alternative my books
+DpkPPEGnViu-00231-00060317-00060479 of socialist alternative and also the
+DpkPPEGnViu-00232-00060479-00060640 contradictions of real socialism
+DpkPPEGnViu-00233-00060641-00060911 accredited yes Kenny preobrazhensky as
+DpkPPEGnViu-00234-00060912-00061105 the theorist who made the most important
+DpkPPEGnViu-00235-00061107-00061313 contribution to an understanding of
+DpkPPEGnViu-00236-00061314-00061567 contested reproduction the understood
+DpkPPEGnViu-00237-00061569-00061766 that we cannot look at a particular set
+DpkPPEGnViu-00238-00061766-00062072 of relations in isolation well not a
+DpkPPEGnViu-00239-00062073-00062408 single economic formation can develop in
+DpkPPEGnViu-00240-00062409-00062663 a pure form on the basis merely of the
+DpkPPEGnViu-00241-00062664-00062876 eminent laws which are inherent to the
+DpkPPEGnViu-00242-00062877-00063104 particular formation this would be in
+DpkPPEGnViu-00243-00063104-00063374 contradiction to the very end idea of
+DpkPPEGnViu-00244-00063375-00063590 development the development of any
+DpkPPEGnViu-00245-00063591-00063872 economic form means it's asking any
+DpkPPEGnViu-00246-00063873-00064109 other Economic Forum's the subordination
+DpkPPEGnViu-00247-00064110-00064280 of these forms to the new floor
+DpkPPEGnViu-00248-00064281-00064571 and their gradual elimination flows Club
+DpkPPEGnViu-00249-00064572-00064832 in the case of the Soviet Union in the
+DpkPPEGnViu-00250-00064833-00065123 1920s Preobrazhensky argued that two
+DpkPPEGnViu-00251-00065124-00065393 systems were at war and the outcome was
+DpkPPEGnViu-00252-00065394-00065678 not predetermined quote the enormous
+DpkPPEGnViu-00253-00065679-00065918 preponderance of any cut my production
+DpkPPEGnViu-00254-00065919-00066122 combined with the relative weakness of
+DpkPPEGnViu-00255-00066123-00066473 the state sector he noted in 1927 forces
+DpkPPEGnViu-00256-00066474-00066734 the state economy into an uninterrupted
+DpkPPEGnViu-00257-00066735-00066926 economic war with the tendencies of
+DpkPPEGnViu-00258-00066927-00067094 capitalist development with the
+DpkPPEGnViu-00259-00067095-00067318 tendencies of capitalist restoration
+DpkPPEGnViu-00260-00067319-00067655 most of this struggle of the two systems
+DpkPPEGnViu-00261-00067656-00067904 was a war between two regulating
+DpkPPEGnViu-00262-00067905-00068159 principles what really Jetson called the
+DpkPPEGnViu-00263-00068160-00068393 law primitive socialist accumulation and
+DpkPPEGnViu-00264-00068394-00068771 secondly the law of value pre-emergence
+DpkPPEGnViu-00265-00068772-00068966 be stressed though that the Soviet
+DpkPPEGnViu-00266-00068967-00069227 economy was regulated by either the law
+DpkPPEGnViu-00267-00069228-00069455 of value nor that of primitive socialist
+DpkPPEGnViu-00268-00069456-00069704 accumulation his essential and important
+DpkPPEGnViu-00269-00069705-00069971 insight was that there was not a simple
+DpkPPEGnViu-00270-00069972-00070163 combination or addition of the two
+DpkPPEGnViu-00271-00070164-00070436 systems and their associated regulating
+DpkPPEGnViu-00272-00070437-00070705 principle rather the two systems
+DpkPPEGnViu-00273-00070706-00071021 interpenetrated they coexisted but they
+DpkPPEGnViu-00274-00071022-00071309 also limited and significantly deformed
+DpkPPEGnViu-00275-00071310-00071525 each other and they generated
+DpkPPEGnViu-00276-00071526-00071846 dysfunction in the economy accordingly
+DpkPPEGnViu-00277-00071847-00072140 in pre-pro jetskis perspective it was a
+DpkPPEGnViu-00278-00072141-00072410 serious error to mature balance between
+DpkPPEGnViu-00279-00072411-00072650 these two hostile and mooring systems
+DpkPPEGnViu-00280-00072651-00072875 and principles rather than a simple
+DpkPPEGnViu-00281-00072876-00073088 addition which could take the best from
+DpkPPEGnViu-00282-00073089-00073169 both worlds
+DpkPPEGnViu-00283-00073170-00073469 their combination generated
+DpkPPEGnViu-00284-00073470-00073736 secuence it's like shortages incoherence
+DpkPPEGnViu-00285-00073737-00073943 and the possibility that the worst of
+DpkPPEGnViu-00286-00073944-00074138 both worlds would be the result
+DpkPPEGnViu-00287-00074139-00074339 thus the war against the tendencies of
+DpkPPEGnViu-00288-00074340-00074596 capitalist development had to be won
+DpkPPEGnViu-00289-00074597-00074951 it was priori density's insight about
+DpkPPEGnViu-00290-00074952-00075155 the effects of contested reproduction
+DpkPPEGnViu-00291-00075156-00075356 that I explored in my analysis of real
+DpkPPEGnViu-00292-00075357-00075563 socialism in the book contradictions of
+DpkPPEGnViu-00293-00075564-00075851 real socialism in particular I concluded
+DpkPPEGnViu-00294-00075852-00076055 that the obvious dysfunctional character
+DpkPPEGnViu-00295-00076056-00076301 of real socialism in the period from the
+DpkPPEGnViu-00296-00076302-00076580 1950s through the 1980s was not the
+DpkPPEGnViu-00297-00076581-00076814 product of a single productive relation
+DpkPPEGnViu-00298-00076815-00077009 but rather the result of the interaction
+DpkPPEGnViu-00299-00077010-00077312 between two competing logics neither of
+DpkPPEGnViu-00300-00077313-00077474 which was the logic of the working class
+DpkPPEGnViu-00301-00077475-00077720 on the one hand there was the logic of
+DpkPPEGnViu-00302-00077721-00077975 the Vanguard a perspective oriented to
+DpkPPEGnViu-00303-00077976-00078134 our building and organizing a new
+DpkPPEGnViu-00304-00078135-00078383 society from above and which regulated
+DpkPPEGnViu-00305-00078384-00078560 the system through a social contract
+DpkPPEGnViu-00306-00078561-00078845 with promise job security subsidized
+DpkPPEGnViu-00307-00078846-00079061 necessities and improving standards of
+DpkPPEGnViu-00308-00079062-00079295 time but which also importantly
+DpkPPEGnViu-00309-00079296-00079511 prevented workers from having any power
+DpkPPEGnViu-00310-00079512-00079802 with the emerged community or society in
+DpkPPEGnViu-00311-00079803-00080576 general object embodied in the income
+DpkPPEGnViu-00312-00080577-00080783 maximizing behaviour of enterprise
+DpkPPEGnViu-00313-00080784-00081059 managers and most clearly articulated by
+DpkPPEGnViu-00314-00081060-00081278 their ideological spokespersons of
+DpkPPEGnViu-00315-00081279-00081557 capital The Economist's The Economist
+DpkPPEGnViu-00316-00081558-00081799 whose mantra must free the managers
+DpkPPEGnViu-00317-00081800-00082091 freedom from petty tutelage free them
+DpkPPEGnViu-00318-00082092-00082313 from the plan free them from the social
+DpkPPEGnViu-00319-00082314-00082552 contract and freedom from directionality
+DpkPPEGnViu-00320-00082553-00082787 the combination and the mutual
+DpkPPEGnViu-00321-00082788-00083027 penetration of these two logics by
+DpkPPEGnViu-00322-00083028-00083192 Oregon produced not only the
+DpkPPEGnViu-00323-00083193-00083380 dysfunctional interaction between
+DpkPPEGnViu-00324-00083381-00083630 planners and managers but the
+DpkPPEGnViu-00325-00083631-00083864 deformation of each logic and the worst
+DpkPPEGnViu-00326-00083865-00084128 of both worlds in the end I argued that
+DpkPPEGnViu-00327-00084129-00084380 the logic of capital triumphed an
+DpkPPEGnViu-00328-00084381-00084533 outcome which had its roots in the
+DpkPPEGnViu-00329-00084534-00084737 fundamental contradiction of Vanguard
+DpkPPEGnViu-00330-00084738-00084959 relationship production which divided
+DpkPPEGnViu-00331-00084960-00085199 society into conductors and the
+DpkPPEGnViu-00332-00085200-00085493 conductor to develop this analysis
+DpkPPEGnViu-00333-00085494-00085715 though it was necessary to attempt to
+DpkPPEGnViu-00334-00085716-00085952 understand the logic of both sides as
+DpkPPEGnViu-00335-00085953-00086213 well as the underlying logic of the
+DpkPPEGnViu-00336-00086214-00086453 working class in real socialism and that
+DpkPPEGnViu-00337-00086454-00086660 I suggest is essential for considering
+DpkPPEGnViu-00338-00086661-00086996 all cases of contested reproduction to
+DpkPPEGnViu-00339-00086997-00087161 avoid one-sidedness
+DpkPPEGnViu-00340-00087162-00087419 is important to understand both sides
+DpkPPEGnViu-00341-00087420-00087674 and the goals of its actors rather than
+DpkPPEGnViu-00342-00087675-00087893 to focus simply upon the new that is
+DpkPPEGnViu-00343-00087894-00088130 struggling to be born and here is where
+DpkPPEGnViu-00344-00088131-00088364 we can consider some aspects of real pro
+DpkPPEGnViu-00345-00088365-00088604 jetskis concrete application of his
+DpkPPEGnViu-00346-00088605-00088847 theoretical conception his argument were
+DpkPPEGnViu-00347-00088848-00089120 rapid expansion of heavy industry in the
+DpkPPEGnViu-00348-00089121-00089381 Soviet Union in the 1920s the arguments
+DpkPPEGnViu-00349-00089382-00089567 your eyes as primitive socialist
+DpkPPEGnViu-00350-00089568-00089909 accumulation according to preobrazhensky
+DpkPPEGnViu-00351-00089910-00090065 in the absence of a significant
+DpkPPEGnViu-00352-00090066-00090344 accumulation in the state economy with a
+DpkPPEGnViu-00353-00090345-00090689 proportionately faster accumulation in
+DpkPPEGnViu-00354-00090690-00090866 the sphere of heavy industry at the
+DpkPPEGnViu-00355-00090867-00091055 expense of the economy as a whole the
+DpkPPEGnViu-00356-00091056-00091253 inevitable result would be shortages
+DpkPPEGnViu-00357-00091254-00091451 known as the goods famine because
+DpkPPEGnViu-00358-00091452-00091526 peasant
+DpkPPEGnViu-00359-00091527-00091761 man was rising as agricultural proof
+DpkPPEGnViu-00360-00091762-00091976 while state output of industrial goods
+DpkPPEGnViu-00361-00091977-00092067 was lacking
+DpkPPEGnViu-00362-00092068-00092276 given the backwardness of the so many
+DpkPPEGnViu-00363-00092277-00092507 economy power however he argued there
+DpkPPEGnViu-00364-00092508-00092663 were definite limits to what he called
+DpkPPEGnViu-00365-00092664-00092934 socialist accumulation as such in other
+DpkPPEGnViu-00366-00092935-00093161 words definite limits to the addition to
+DpkPPEGnViu-00367-00093162-00093356 the means of production of a surplus
+DpkPPEGnViu-00368-00093357-00093572 product which is we created within the
+DpkPPEGnViu-00369-00093573-00093765 constituted socialist economy
+DpkPPEGnViu-00370-00093766-00094076 accordingly pretense we argued primitive
+DpkPPEGnViu-00371-00094077-00094278 socialist accumulation was essentially
+DpkPPEGnViu-00372-00094279-00094572 well accumulation in the hands of the
+DpkPPEGnViu-00373-00094573-00094872 state of material resources mainly are
+DpkPPEGnViu-00374-00094873-00095201 partly for sources lie outside the
+DpkPPEGnViu-00375-00095202-00095468 complex of the state economy must play
+DpkPPEGnViu-00376-00095469-00095673 an extremely important part in a
+DpkPPEGnViu-00377-00095674-00095910 backward peasant become country he said
+DpkPPEGnViu-00378-00095911-00096192 indeed his fundamental law of primitive
+DpkPPEGnViu-00379-00096193-00096437 accumulation stated that the more
+DpkPPEGnViu-00380-00096438-00096706 backward economically petty bourgeois
+DpkPPEGnViu-00381-00096707-00096992 peasant a particular country is which
+DpkPPEGnViu-00382-00096993-00097151 has gone over to the socialist
+DpkPPEGnViu-00383-00097152-00097392 organization of production the more that
+DpkPPEGnViu-00384-00097393-00097655 socialist accumulation is obliged look
+DpkPPEGnViu-00385-00097656-00097856 to realign an alienating part of the
+DpkPPEGnViu-00386-00097857-00098075 surplus product of the pre socialist
+DpkPPEGnViu-00387-00098076-00098468 forms of becoming Lisbon but could the
+DpkPPEGnViu-00388-00098469-00098679 peasants pay for this primitive
+DpkPPEGnViu-00389-00098680-00098954 socialist accumulation three approaches
+DpkPPEGnViu-00390-00098955-00099200 we have no doubt that it could in the
+DpkPPEGnViu-00391-00099201-00099500 1925 article on the goods famine he
+DpkPPEGnViu-00392-00099501-00099713 argued that the source of the current
+DpkPPEGnViu-00393-00099714-00099948 access to man was the result of the
+DpkPPEGnViu-00394-00099949-00100110 changes that have occurred since the
+DpkPPEGnViu-00395-00100111-00100392 revolution in Czarist Russia he said
+DpkPPEGnViu-00396-00100393-00100584 peasants were forced to market their
+DpkPPEGnViu-00397-00100585-00100785 output without getting an equivalent
+DpkPPEGnViu-00398-00100786-00101010 return because they have to cover three
+DpkPPEGnViu-00399-00101011-00101247 requirements sent to a local taxes
+DpkPPEGnViu-00400-00101248-00101523 rental payments and news ureas interest
+DpkPPEGnViu-00401-00101524-00101663 charges to kulaks
+DpkPPEGnViu-00402-00101664-00102048 landowners the land holders etc but
+DpkPPEGnViu-00403-00102049-00102409 these requirements were now gone and now
+DpkPPEGnViu-00404-00102410-00102653 peasants had more economic freedom to
+DpkPPEGnViu-00405-00102654-00102827 decide when they would sell their
+DpkPPEGnViu-00406-00102828-00103052 surpluses and where no hurry to sell
+DpkPPEGnViu-00407-00103053-00103315 brain there was will increase rule
+DpkPPEGnViu-00408-00103316-00103588 some foodstuffs and most important there
+DpkPPEGnViu-00409-00103589-00103783 was a quote increase in the peasants
+DpkPPEGnViu-00410-00103784-00103963 effective demand for industrial
+DpkPPEGnViu-00411-00103964-00104176 commodities been products within peasant
+DpkPPEGnViu-00412-00104177-00104472 exchange most were very simply
+DpkPPEGnViu-00413-00104473-00104672 Prudential Center what's our problem
+DpkPPEGnViu-00414-00104673-00104945 both our current glitz famine is the
+DpkPPEGnViu-00415-00104946-00105199 result of the positive changes in the
+DpkPPEGnViu-00416-00105200-00105407 structure of a peasant budget that had
+DpkPPEGnViu-00417-00105408-00105558 been affected by October Revolution
+DpkPPEGnViu-00418-00105559-00106022 closely so yes there was really he said
+DpkPPEGnViu-00419-00106023-00106237 in the peasant budget to extract the
+DpkPPEGnViu-00420-00106238-00106496 surpluses from the peasants the peasants
+DpkPPEGnViu-00421-00106497-00106747 especially the rich ones the kulaks had
+DpkPPEGnViu-00422-00106748-00107021 money the under supply of industrial
+DpkPPEGnViu-00423-00107022-00107185 commodities he said meant that the
+DpkPPEGnViu-00424-00107186-00107432 peasants will receive more money than
+DpkPPEGnViu-00425-00107433-00107674 they could spend and when there is a
+DpkPPEGnViu-00426-00107675-00107870 Goods famine that is our particular
+DpkPPEGnViu-00427-00107871-00108154 situation when there is insufficient
+DpkPPEGnViu-00428-00108155-00108436 socialist accumulation industry when
+DpkPPEGnViu-00429-00108437-00108676 they have unused money surpluses and
+DpkPPEGnViu-00430-00108677-00108913 their unsold brain is being eaten by
+DpkPPEGnViu-00431-00108914-00109159 mice the appropriation of a couple
+DpkPPEGnViu-00432-00109160-00109333 hundred billion from the reserve of
+DpkPPEGnViu-00433-00109334-00109571 peasant accumulation for the development
+DpkPPEGnViu-00434-00109572-00109753 of industry will of course give rise to
+DpkPPEGnViu-00435-00109754-00110158 certain discontent close yes they would
+DpkPPEGnViu-00436-00110159-00110427 be discontented but that appropriation
+DpkPPEGnViu-00437-00110428-00110594 privilege spru
+DpkPPEGnViu-00438-00110595-00110836 would create the material condition for
+DpkPPEGnViu-00439-00110837-00111073 ending that discontent to build
+DpkPPEGnViu-00440-00111074-00111376 socialist industry he called and we have
+DpkPPEGnViu-00441-00111377-00111613 to oust the other Economic Forum's
+DpkPPEGnViu-00442-00111614-00111818 subordinate them to the new form and
+DpkPPEGnViu-00443-00111819-00112179 that he said would take place through
+DpkPPEGnViu-00444-00112180-00112729 unequal exchange and Taxation the
+DpkPPEGnViu-00445-00112730-00112907 important question you know is did
+DpkPPEGnViu-00446-00112908-00113195 Preobrazhensky understand
+DpkPPEGnViu-00447-00113196-00113673 for Lenin in 1922 the theses on policies
+DpkPPEGnViu-00448-00113674-00113895 for the countryside that real project be
+DpkPPEGnViu-00449-00113896-00114075 prepared for the 11th Party Congress
+DpkPPEGnViu-00450-00114076-00114456 were clearly unsuitable women describe
+DpkPPEGnViu-00451-00114457-00114738 those theses as abstract filled with
+DpkPPEGnViu-00452-00114739-00114993 pious wishes the destruction unsupported
+DpkPPEGnViu-00453-00114994-00115281 by facts they were who ultra and super
+DpkPPEGnViu-00454-00115282-00115548 academic and characteristic of both the
+DpkPPEGnViu-00455-00115549-00115752 intelligentsia the study circle and the
+DpkPPEGnViu-00456-00115753-00116097 literature was alone what those theses
+DpkPPEGnViu-00457-00116098-00116319 MacLennan argued was knowledge of
+DpkPPEGnViu-00458-00116320-00116529 practical experience and in their place
+DpkPPEGnViu-00459-00116530-00116763 with self delusion and quote false
+DpkPPEGnViu-00460-00116764-00117098 communist self activation which
+DpkPPEGnViu-00461-00117099-00117299 unnecessarily irritates and
+DpkPPEGnViu-00462-00117300-00118155 offense/defense occur in 1922 one year
+DpkPPEGnViu-00463-00118156-00118500 into the new economic policy a policy
+DpkPPEGnViu-00464-00118501-00118749 which was aimed at restoring peasant
+DpkPPEGnViu-00465-00118750-00119016 agriculture after the chaos created by
+DpkPPEGnViu-00466-00119017-00119304 the for stress requisition from Nebraska
+DpkPPEGnViu-00467-00119305-00119547 you know of grain during the Civil War
+DpkPPEGnViu-00468-00119548-00119802 in which abou and that policy of death
+DpkPPEGnViu-00469-00119803-00120042 had the specific purpose of building the
+DpkPPEGnViu-00470-00120043-00120255 lady with the peasant masses by
+DpkPPEGnViu-00471-00120256-00120489 convincing them by deeds that the
+DpkPPEGnViu-00472-00120490-00120785 proletarian state supported them but
+DpkPPEGnViu-00473-00120786-00121023 from the outset preapre jet-ski worried
+DpkPPEGnViu-00474-00121024-00121431 about them in his 1921 essay the outlook
+DpkPPEGnViu-00475-00121432-00121647 for the new economic policy he stressed
+DpkPPEGnViu-00476-00121648-00121878 that the new policy means freedom both
+DpkPPEGnViu-00477-00121879-00122135 freedom to enrich oneself to accumulate
+DpkPPEGnViu-00478-00122136-00122358 and to a high wage labored in both urban
+DpkPPEGnViu-00479-00122358-00122556 and rural petty production close quote
+DpkPPEGnViu-00480-00122557-00122814 with us he continued with the evolution
+DpkPPEGnViu-00481-00122815-00122873 of
+DpkPPEGnViu-00482-00122874-00123098 this foreigner class a process that had
+DpkPPEGnViu-00483-00123099-00123304 been under interrupted by the revolution
+DpkPPEGnViu-00484-00123305-00123682 will begin anew and the quote already in
+DpkPPEGnViu-00485-00123683-00123971 1921 the very year that net was
+DpkPPEGnViu-00486-00123972-00124232 introduced preapre Jeske warned that
+DpkPPEGnViu-00487-00124233-00124397 look the main forces of the
+DpkPPEGnViu-00488-00124398-00124604 counter-revolution are taking shape in
+DpkPPEGnViu-00489-00124605-00124721 the countryside
+DpkPPEGnViu-00490-00124722-00124988 close quote and indeed in the historical
+DpkPPEGnViu-00491-00124989-00125260 fantasy Preobrazhensky also wrote in
+DpkPPEGnViu-00492-00125261-00125597 1921 called from the new economic policy
+DpkPPEGnViu-00493-00125598-00125831 to socialism be predicted from the
+DpkPPEGnViu-00494-00125832-00126053 vantage point of a trained worker who
+DpkPPEGnViu-00495-00126054-00126259 was also a professor read the breakdown
+DpkPPEGnViu-00496-00126260-00126616 of the the division of labor he
+DpkPPEGnViu-00497-00126617-00126848 predicted that nip had strengthened
+DpkPPEGnViu-00498-00126849-00127108 capitalist forces more rapidly the
+DpkPPEGnViu-00499-00127109-00127301 socialist construction in the first half
+DpkPPEGnViu-00500-00127302-00127510 of the next decade and the result
+DpkPPEGnViu-00501-00127511-00127763 represents these historians whole with
+DpkPPEGnViu-00502-00127764-00128016 the bourgeois Tula counter-revolution
+DpkPPEGnViu-00503-00128017-00128351 nevertheless he continued the defeat of
+DpkPPEGnViu-00504-00128352-00128528 the revolt of net against the
+DpkPPEGnViu-00505-00128529-00128813 proletarian dictatorship made greater
+DpkPPEGnViu-00506-00128814-00129098 possible moves toward socialism in short
+DpkPPEGnViu-00507-00129099-00129313 without an ounce of historical
+DpkPPEGnViu-00508-00129314-00129604 experience preobrazhensky already have
+DpkPPEGnViu-00509-00129605-00129848 concluded that the kula was an imminent
+DpkPPEGnViu-00510-00129849-00130094 counter revolutionary threat that was
+DpkPPEGnViu-00511-00130095-00130234 the position he brought to the left
+DpkPPEGnViu-00512-00130235-00130463 opposition and it was the view of this
+DpkPPEGnViu-00513-00130464-00130640 period subsequently endorsed by
+DpkPPEGnViu-00514-00130641-00130810 trotsky's comment in the revolution
+DpkPPEGnViu-00515-00130811-00131035 betrayed that quote the peasantry was
+DpkPPEGnViu-00516-00131036-00131258 becoming too a polarized between the
+DpkPPEGnViu-00517-00131259-00131468 small capitalists on one side and the
+DpkPPEGnViu-00518-00131469-00131933 hired hand on the other end the quote if
+DpkPPEGnViu-00519-00131934-00132176 there's anything indisputable from
+DpkPPEGnViu-00520-00132177-00132410 historical sites it is at the present
+DpkPPEGnViu-00521-00132411-00132689 sway and threat of the kula within them
+DpkPPEGnViu-00522-00132690-00133008 was vastly injured in the twenty
+DpkPPEGnViu-00523-00133009-00133335 vastly exaggerated of course there are
+DpkPPEGnViu-00524-00133336-00133551 always rich and poor peasants in the
+DpkPPEGnViu-00525-00133552-00133901 villages but among the perhaps 3% who
+DpkPPEGnViu-00526-00133902-00134141 are classified as kulaks only a minority
+DpkPPEGnViu-00527-00134142-00134414 of them owns three to four cows and two
+DpkPPEGnViu-00528-00134415-00134676 to three horses further since the
+DpkPPEGnViu-00529-00134677-00134889 designation of the Kulak was based on
+DpkPPEGnViu-00530-00134890-00135101 the ownership of work animals to litter
+DpkPPEGnViu-00531-00135102-00135324 land that designation should not be
+DpkPPEGnViu-00532-00135325-00135546 confused with the Marxian concept of the
+DpkPPEGnViu-00533-00135547-00135779 capitalism which presumes dependence
+DpkPPEGnViu-00534-00135780-00136011 upon the exploitation of wage laborers
+DpkPPEGnViu-00535-00136012-00136356 for the purpose of exchange only 1% of
+DpkPPEGnViu-00536-00136357-00136560 farms employed more than one paint
+DpkPPEGnViu-00537-00136561-00136851 worker and of the 1.6 million workers
+DpkPPEGnViu-00538-00136852-00137264 who were hired for at least a month by
+DpkPPEGnViu-00539-00137265-00137627 individual peasants in 1927 quote almost
+DpkPPEGnViu-00540-00137628-00138006 29% were children up to 15 years working
+DpkPPEGnViu-00541-00138007-00138263 as nursemaids or herdsmen close quote
+DpkPPEGnViu-00542-00138264-00138458 this is from of study by Stephen Worrell
+DpkPPEGnViu-00543-00138459-00138926 only 51% were adults now we also have to
+DpkPPEGnViu-00544-00138927-00139281 ask who hired the wage laborers those
+DpkPPEGnViu-00545-00139282-00139584 who hired worker had a family size
+DpkPPEGnViu-00546-00139585-00139838 roughly past the size of the average
+DpkPPEGnViu-00547-00139839-00140193 peasant household and that suggests it
+DpkPPEGnViu-00548-00140194-00140429 was the lack of family labour that led
+DpkPPEGnViu-00549-00140430-00140639 many of these households to employ a
+DpkPPEGnViu-00550-00140640-00140910 permanent worker why else was the share
+DpkPPEGnViu-00551-00140911-00141150 my house were twenty five percent of
+DpkPPEGnViu-00552-00141151-00141440 these households headed by women mostly
+DpkPPEGnViu-00553-00141441-00141498 widows
+DpkPPEGnViu-00554-00141499-00141779 why else was the share of the old in
+DpkPPEGnViu-00555-00141780-00141989 these households significantly above the
+DpkPPEGnViu-00556-00141990-00142233 average you know in fact according to
+DpkPPEGnViu-00557-00142234-00142443 girl does its share of households
+DpkPPEGnViu-00558-00142444-00142623 worldwide predominantly on hired labor
+DpkPPEGnViu-00559-00142624-00142907 food was statistically insignificant in
+DpkPPEGnViu-00560-00142908-00143216 1927 and in continued there's virtually
+DpkPPEGnViu-00561-00143217-00143313 no evidence
+DpkPPEGnViu-00562-00143314-00143508 trend to our capitalist differentiation
+DpkPPEGnViu-00563-00143509-00143742 of the peasantry defined in terms of the
+DpkPPEGnViu-00564-00143743-00144033 employment of labour close quote
+DpkPPEGnViu-00565-00144034-00144276 the most important thing to point to
+DpkPPEGnViu-00566-00144277-00144468 grasp about the soviet countryside in
+DpkPPEGnViu-00567-00144469-00144693 short that the overwhelming proportion
+DpkPPEGnViu-00568-00144694-00144906 of peasant household relied exclusively
+DpkPPEGnViu-00569-00144907-00145221 upon family later for the production and
+DpkPPEGnViu-00570-00145222-00145305 reproduction
+DpkPPEGnViu-00571-00145306-00145524 thus the dominant productive relation
+DpkPPEGnViu-00572-00145525-00145722 within these families was oriented
+DpkPPEGnViu-00573-00145723-00145929 toward the need to reproduce the
+DpkPPEGnViu-00574-00145930-00146103 conditions of existence of those within
+DpkPPEGnViu-00575-00146104-00146328 the household including young children
+DpkPPEGnViu-00576-00146329-00146565 and the agent these peasant households
+DpkPPEGnViu-00577-00146566-00146787 produced their own subsistence directly
+DpkPPEGnViu-00578-00146788-00146988 from agriculture and secured money
+DpkPPEGnViu-00579-00146989-00147207 income from the sale of agricultural
+DpkPPEGnViu-00580-00147208-00147441 products but also by sending family
+DpkPPEGnViu-00581-00147442-00147651 members to work outside the farm and
+DpkPPEGnViu-00582-00147652-00147942 that latter option was quite significant
+DpkPPEGnViu-00583-00147943-00148113 because of permitted families to
+DpkPPEGnViu-00584-00148114-00148284 maintain themselves in face the
+DpkPPEGnViu-00585-00148285-00148641 difficulties in agriculture in 1925 26
+DpkPPEGnViu-00586-00148642-00148908 the average annual per capita money
+DpkPPEGnViu-00587-00148909-00149196 income for an industrial worker was 291
+DpkPPEGnViu-00588-00149197-00149439 rubles that was higher than the average
+DpkPPEGnViu-00589-00149440-00149802 per capita money income of 246 rubles
+DpkPPEGnViu-00590-00149803-00150038 received by the rich farmer the coolant
+DpkPPEGnViu-00591-00150039-00150324 indeed mark Harrison estimated that food
+DpkPPEGnViu-00592-00150325-00150633 in 1928 the farm population was very
+DpkPPEGnViu-00593-00150634-00150825 much dependent for maintenance of its
+DpkPPEGnViu-00594-00150826-00150987 living standards upon non agricultural
+DpkPPEGnViu-00595-00150988-00151226 incomes close quote
+DpkPPEGnViu-00596-00151227-00151542 to understand the pest furthermore it's
+DpkPPEGnViu-00597-00151543-00151725 essential to recognize they did not
+DpkPPEGnViu-00598-00151726-00151980 exist in isolation their productive
+DpkPPEGnViu-00599-00151981-00152187 activity took place in villages
+DpkPPEGnViu-00600-00152188-00152415 characterized in large part by strip
+DpkPPEGnViu-00601-00152416-00152640 farming which meant the intermingling of
+DpkPPEGnViu-00602-00152641-00152892 their holdings these were villages were
+DpkPPEGnViu-00603-00152893-00152987 the dominant
+DpkPPEGnViu-00604-00152988-00153182 tution was the village community the
+DpkPPEGnViu-00605-00153183-00153407 mirror and where there was periodic
+DpkPPEGnViu-00606-00153408-00153599 redistribution of land among households
+DpkPPEGnViu-00607-00153600-00153857 in other words where property rights to
+DpkPPEGnViu-00608-00153858-00154094 the land resided in the village come in
+DpkPPEGnViu-00609-00154095-00154361 the mirror indeed was a key part of the
+DpkPPEGnViu-00610-00154362-00154516 relations of production of these
+DpkPPEGnViu-00611-00154517-00154769 families according to Marx when he
+DpkPPEGnViu-00612-00154770-00154988 looked at the mirror in the 1880s he
+DpkPPEGnViu-00613-00154989-00155297 said and dualism characterizes that
+DpkPPEGnViu-00614-00155298-00155519 mirror he said it's a combination of
+DpkPPEGnViu-00615-00155520-00155759 common land ownership and individual
+DpkPPEGnViu-00616-00155760-00155975 product of activity where each peasant
+DpkPPEGnViu-00617-00155976-00156229 cultivates and works his plot reaps the
+DpkPPEGnViu-00618-00156230-00156443 fruits of the field Khan's own account
+DpkPPEGnViu-00619-00156444-00156739 and Clark said well this latter element
+DpkPPEGnViu-00620-00156740-00156974 is fragmented labor as the source of
+DpkPPEGnViu-00621-00156975-00157279 private appropriation potentially could
+DpkPPEGnViu-00622-00157280-00157484 introduce heterogeneous elements into
+DpkPPEGnViu-00623-00157485-00157688 the commune provoking conflicts of
+DpkPPEGnViu-00624-00157689-00157949 interest and passion likely to break up
+DpkPPEGnViu-00625-00157950-00158168 the cultivated land and in forest
+DpkPPEGnViu-00626-00158169-00158515 pastures etc Marx did not feel the
+DpkPPEGnViu-00627-00158516-00158716 disintegration of the coming as a demo
+DpkPPEGnViu-00628-00158717-00159059 on the country he said it's innate
+DpkPPEGnViu-00629-00159060-00159401 dualism admits of an alternative either
+DpkPPEGnViu-00630-00159402-00159584 its property element will gain the upper
+DpkPPEGnViu-00631-00159585-00159841 hand over its collective element or else
+DpkPPEGnViu-00632-00159842-00160076 the reverse and take place everything
+DpkPPEGnViu-00633-00160077-00160322 depends on historical context in which
+DpkPPEGnViu-00634-00160323-00160409 it is located
+DpkPPEGnViu-00635-00160410-00160676 it's close though and in fact Marx
+DpkPPEGnViu-00636-00160677-00160847 concluded at the time when he was
+DpkPPEGnViu-00637-00160848-00160994 writing these are his letters to Varys
+DpkPPEGnViu-00638-00160995-00161444 azulon he at the time who what threatens
+DpkPPEGnViu-00639-00161445-00161627 the life of the Russian commune is
+DpkPPEGnViu-00640-00161628-00161818 neither a historical and
+DpkPPEGnViu-00641-00161819-00162153 nor a theory it is state compression and
+DpkPPEGnViu-00642-00162154-00162376 exploitation by capitalist intruders
+DpkPPEGnViu-00643-00162377-00162610 whom the state has made powerful at the
+DpkPPEGnViu-00644-00162611-00162829 peasants expense close quote
+DpkPPEGnViu-00645-00162830-00163105 ensure the historical context in which
+DpkPPEGnViu-00646-00163106-00163366 the mere existed at that time that Marx
+DpkPPEGnViu-00647-00163367-00163591 wrote was one of contested reproduction
+DpkPPEGnViu-00648-00163592-00163843 the reproduction of the beer was under
+DpkPPEGnViu-00649-00163844-00164041 attack by the combination of the
+DpkPPEGnViu-00650-00164042-00164269 exceptions of the state and the
+DpkPPEGnViu-00651-00164270-00164490 encroachments of capitalist relations
+DpkPPEGnViu-00652-00164491-00164722 nevertheless in the period following
+DpkPPEGnViu-00653-00164723-00165019 Marx's observation the mere proved very
+DpkPPEGnViu-00654-00165020-00165292 strong and mighty despite premier
+DpkPPEGnViu-00655-00165293-00165685 Stephens 1907 attempt to establish small
+DpkPPEGnViu-00656-00165686-00165910 peasant farms with privately owned land
+DpkPPEGnViu-00657-00165911-00166168 in places the commune which is a
+DpkPPEGnViu-00658-00166169-00166408 political effort which demonstrated that
+DpkPPEGnViu-00659-00166409-00166606 there was no spunk significant
+DpkPPEGnViu-00660-00166607-00166782 spontaneous process of this
+DpkPPEGnViu-00661-00166783-00167079 disintegration of the community you know
+DpkPPEGnViu-00662-00167080-00167311 relatively few peasants wanted to
+DpkPPEGnViu-00663-00167312-00167542 separate in other words the actions of
+DpkPPEGnViu-00664-00167543-00167773 this our estate did not succeed in that
+DpkPPEGnViu-00665-00167774-00168112 wishing the mirror and then came the
+DpkPPEGnViu-00666-00168113-00168390 Soviet revolution the Soviet revolution
+DpkPPEGnViu-00667-00168391-00168688 created an entirely new historical
+DpkPPEGnViu-00668-00168689-00168925 context for the mirror the existing
+DpkPPEGnViu-00669-00168926-00169096 enemies of the mirror were defeated
+DpkPPEGnViu-00670-00169097-00169366 indeed the village communes were the key
+DpkPPEGnViu-00671-00169367-00169452 actors in the
+DpkPPEGnViu-00672-00169453-00169686 very confiscation redistribution of the
+DpkPPEGnViu-00673-00169687-00169968 land of the gentry in the process the
+DpkPPEGnViu-00674-00169969-00170163 cumin spread into regions such as the
+DpkPPEGnViu-00675-00170164-00170340 Ukraine would have been previously
+DpkPPEGnViu-00676-00170341-00170598 unknown and private parcels of land that
+DpkPPEGnViu-00677-00170599-00170772 have been separated under the snow
+DpkPPEGnViu-00678-00170773-00170949 heathen reforms were returned to the
+DpkPPEGnViu-00679-00170950-00171483 mirror by 1927 an estimated 95.5% of
+DpkPPEGnViu-00680-00171484-00171723 peasant Holdings cell within communal
+DpkPPEGnViu-00681-00171724-00171990 ownership the resultant short was a
+DpkPPEGnViu-00682-00171991-00172229 considerable strengthening of the mirror
+DpkPPEGnViu-00683-00172230-00172491 Harrison who made the comic book in the
+DpkPPEGnViu-00684-00172492-00172689 course of the appropriation of the
+DpkPPEGnViu-00685-00172690-00172895 Landlord estates and reabsorption
+DpkPPEGnViu-00686-00172896-00173193 escapements the farm whole blasted into
+DpkPPEGnViu-00687-00173194-00173403 the old open field system the
+DpkPPEGnViu-00688-00173404-00173655 repartition of village coming revived
+DpkPPEGnViu-00689-00173656-00173826 and became more active and more
+DpkPPEGnViu-00690-00173827-00174045 widespread when the peasantry than at
+DpkPPEGnViu-00691-00174046-00174363 any time since 1861 indeed with the
+DpkPPEGnViu-00692-00174364-00174573 destruction of the old centralized
+DpkPPEGnViu-00693-00174574-00174795 political bureaucracy the political
+DpkPPEGnViu-00694-00174796-00174948 self-determination of the village
+DpkPPEGnViu-00695-00174949-00175308 predominated and that strengthened Mir
+DpkPPEGnViu-00696-00175309-00175533 is the context in which to consider the
+DpkPPEGnViu-00697-00175534-00175682 tenancy to our socio-economic
+DpkPPEGnViu-00698-00175683-00175989 differential differentiation under the
+DpkPPEGnViu-00699-00175990-00176205 mirror not only the partitioning of
+DpkPPEGnViu-00700-00176206-00176439 households among sons which was the rock
+DpkPPEGnViu-00701-00176440-00176628 were meant that large firms that
+DpkPPEGnViu-00702-00176629-00176922 appeared at many small farms but also
+DpkPPEGnViu-00703-00176923-00177135 the redistribution of land within the
+DpkPPEGnViu-00704-00177136-00177348 commune meant the general beveling of
+DpkPPEGnViu-00705-00177349-00177567 land holdings the number of households
+DpkPPEGnViu-00706-00177568-00178012 increased from 21 million in 1916 to 22
+DpkPPEGnViu-00707-00178013-00178438 three the 25 billion in 1927 an average
+DpkPPEGnViu-00708-00178439-00178801 family size was 20 stable and so you see
+DpkPPEGnViu-00709-00178802-00179016 rural population was growing and
+DpkPPEGnViu-00710-00179017-00179294 equality to the villages increased and
+DpkPPEGnViu-00711-00179295-00179468 these the level of differentiation among
+DpkPPEGnViu-00712-00179469-00179681 households on the basis of science of
+DpkPPEGnViu-00713-00179682-00180115 life was less than 1927 than in 1913 by
+DpkPPEGnViu-00714-00180116-00180374 its very nature the mere tended to
+DpkPPEGnViu-00715-00180375-00180581 maintain and protect the status quo
+DpkPPEGnViu-00716-00180582-00180833 within the village in other words to
+DpkPPEGnViu-00717-00180834-00181049 reproduce the condition of existence of
+DpkPPEGnViu-00718-00181050-00181315 those peasant households indeed Estill
+DpkPPEGnViu-00719-00181316-00181586 even have recognized after 1905 the
+DpkPPEGnViu-00720-00181587-00181784 mirror was the enemy of capitalist
+DpkPPEGnViu-00721-00181785-00182021 relations of production it's sure there
+DpkPPEGnViu-00722-00182022-00182249 was contestant reproduction between two
+DpkPPEGnViu-00723-00182250-00182507 six redundant relations in the Soviet
+DpkPPEGnViu-00724-00182508-00182744 economy in 1920 but not a war between
+DpkPPEGnViu-00725-00182745-00183028 capitalism and socialism and between the
+DpkPPEGnViu-00726-00183029-00183238 regulating principals respectively of
+DpkPPEGnViu-00727-00183239-00183451 the law of value and primitive socialist
+DpkPPEGnViu-00728-00183452-00183679 accumulation rather the essential
+DpkPPEGnViu-00729-00183680-00183865 conflict with the struggle between the
+DpkPPEGnViu-00730-00183866-00184043 simple reproduction of peasant
+DpkPPEGnViu-00731-00184044-00184225 households within the mirror and the
+DpkPPEGnViu-00732-00184226-00184424 expanded reproduction of state industry
+DpkPPEGnViu-00733-00184425-00184612 under Vanguard relations of production
+DpkPPEGnViu-00734-00184613-00184912 the stress the law of value is to think
+DpkPPEGnViu-00735-00184913-00185077 of peasant households as capitalist
+DpkPPEGnViu-00736-00185078-00185321 firms but unlike capitalist enterprises
+DpkPPEGnViu-00737-00185322-00185522 they were not dependent upon the market
+DpkPPEGnViu-00738-00185523-00185693 and thus the law value for their
+DpkPPEGnViu-00739-00185694-00185914 existence these households produce a
+DpkPPEGnViu-00740-00185915-00186079 substantial part of their own
+DpkPPEGnViu-00741-00186080-00186311 subsistence and remove themselves from
+DpkPPEGnViu-00742-00186312-00186557 the market in whole or in part when that
+DpkPPEGnViu-00743-00186558-00186739 appeared rational production for
+DpkPPEGnViu-00744-00186740-00186962 exchange was a means for reproduction
+DpkPPEGnViu-00745-00186963-00187189 not the basis of their existence as it
+DpkPPEGnViu-00746-00187190-00187552 is for capitalist framers consider them
+DpkPPEGnViu-00747-00187553-00187769 the interaction between these two
+DpkPPEGnViu-00748-00187770-00187990 existing sets of productive relations
+DpkPPEGnViu-00749-00187991-00188258 faced with the acceleration of efforts
+DpkPPEGnViu-00750-00188259-00188447 to expand industry at the expense of
+DpkPPEGnViu-00751-00188448-00188683 agriculture from the time of the mid-20s
+DpkPPEGnViu-00752-00188684-00188929 peasants responded rationally
+DpkPPEGnViu-00753-00188930-00189083 oh the standard
+DpkPPEGnViu-00754-00189084-00189299 the nation is at the kulaks through his
+DpkPPEGnViu-00755-00189300-00189554 game rain strike created the crisis
+DpkPPEGnViu-00756-00189555-00189839 which threatened the revolution few
+DpkPPEGnViu-00757-00189840-00190016 things are simpler to explain the
+DpkPPEGnViu-00758-00190017-00190225 shortage of grain available to the state
+DpkPPEGnViu-00759-00190226-00190520 the lack of forced sales the leveling
+DpkPPEGnViu-00760-00190521-00190667 that had occurred in the countryside in
+DpkPPEGnViu-00761-00190668-00190877 the 1920s and the increased rural
+DpkPPEGnViu-00762-00190878-00191126 population which consumed an additional
+DpkPPEGnViu-00763-00191127-00191366 1.5 million tons of grain compared to
+DpkPPEGnViu-00764-00191367-00191678 the pre-war period and immediately very
+DpkPPEGnViu-00765-00191679-00191897 significantly the 20 to 25 percent
+DpkPPEGnViu-00766-00191898-00192170 reduction in the price of grain by state
+DpkPPEGnViu-00767-00192171-00192398 procurement agencies all of that
+DpkPPEGnViu-00768-00192399-00192623 contributed substantially to a fall in
+DpkPPEGnViu-00769-00192624-00192893 the mountain grain marketing very simply
+DpkPPEGnViu-00770-00192894-00193127 as one writer wheat crop noted well the
+DpkPPEGnViu-00771-00193128-00193289 attempts of the government to control
+DpkPPEGnViu-00772-00193290-00193532 the whole town grain prices naturally
+DpkPPEGnViu-00773-00193533-00193661 increase the attractiveness of
+DpkPPEGnViu-00774-00193662-00193910 converging grain surfaces to livestock
+DpkPPEGnViu-00775-00193911-00194123 whose value could be realized on the
+DpkPPEGnViu-00776-00194124-00194366 less restricted private market thus
+DpkPPEGnViu-00777-00194367-00194606 hoodlum thus while Nick great Nick grain
+DpkPPEGnViu-00778-00194607-00194984 production was 35% below 1913 levels in
+DpkPPEGnViu-00779-00194985-00195281 1928 and marketed grain production was
+DpkPPEGnViu-00780-00195282-00195767 58% below the the 1913 levels net
+DpkPPEGnViu-00781-00195768-00195974 production of industrial crops was up
+DpkPPEGnViu-00782-00195975-00196304 41% and net livestock production was up
+DpkPPEGnViu-00783-00196305-00196634 25% although here too marked it out but
+DpkPPEGnViu-00784-00196635-00196826 was below in the case of the livestock
+DpkPPEGnViu-00785-00196827-00197222 below 1913 levels there is no question
+DpkPPEGnViu-00786-00197223-00197432 that expanded reproduction of state
+DpkPPEGnViu-00787-00197433-00197642 industry was limited by the peasants
+DpkPPEGnViu-00788-00197643-00197819 ability to shift production and
+DpkPPEGnViu-00789-00197820-00198023 marketing in response to the state's
+DpkPPEGnViu-00790-00198024-00198266 attempt to extract resources by paying
+DpkPPEGnViu-00791-00198267-00198521 low prices for purposes similarly at the
+DpkPPEGnViu-00792-00198522-00198818 scissors crisis of 1923 had demonstrated
+DpkPPEGnViu-00793-00198819-00199046 peasant response to price increases of
+DpkPPEGnViu-00794-00199047-00199346 state product limited the revenue
+DpkPPEGnViu-00795-00199347-00199610 a few supplies esterday products limited
+DpkPPEGnViu-00796-00199611-00199775 the revenues of state industries and
+DpkPPEGnViu-00797-00199776-00200014 thus reproduction on the other side
+DpkPPEGnViu-00798-00200015-00200201 development of productive forces in
+DpkPPEGnViu-00799-00200202-00200363 agriculture was limited by the
+DpkPPEGnViu-00800-00200364-00200582 uncertainty produced by frequent price
+DpkPPEGnViu-00801-00200583-00200803 changes and then not in all distant
+DpkPPEGnViu-00802-00200804-00201035 memory of the fourth requisitions and
+DpkPPEGnViu-00803-00201036-00201245 attacks upon improving peasants of a few
+DpkPPEGnViu-00804-00201246-00201512 years earlier the interaction of these
+DpkPPEGnViu-00805-00201513-00201749 two sets of productive relations was
+DpkPPEGnViu-00806-00201750-00201879 dysfunctional
+DpkPPEGnViu-00807-00201880-00202264 there was adoption at least in theory
+DpkPPEGnViu-00808-00202265-00202550 real emphasis upon the development of
+DpkPPEGnViu-00809-00202551-00202796 cooperatives in agriculture could have
+DpkPPEGnViu-00810-00202797-00203014 built upon the collective property side
+DpkPPEGnViu-00811-00203015-00203243 of that innate dualism of the mirror
+DpkPPEGnViu-00812-00203244-00203639 that Marx identified by beginning by the
+DpkPPEGnViu-00813-00203640-00203948 beginning of 1923 in fact when it had
+DpkPPEGnViu-00814-00203949-00204170 concluded that a concerted attempt to
+DpkPPEGnViu-00815-00204171-00204464 build cooperatives FDL was in
+DpkPPEGnViu-00816-00204465-00204628 agriculture was essential
+DpkPPEGnViu-00817-00204629-00204889 well we lost sight of the cooperatives
+DpkPPEGnViu-00818-00204890-00205234 even said when Knepp was introduced with
+DpkPPEGnViu-00819-00205235-00205435 political power in the hands of the
+DpkPPEGnViu-00820-00205436-00205621 working class and ownership of the means
+DpkPPEGnViu-00821-00205623-00205871 of production Lenin argued quote the
+DpkPPEGnViu-00822-00205871-00206191 only task indeed that remains for us is
+DpkPPEGnViu-00823-00206192-00206398 to organize the population in
+DpkPPEGnViu-00824-00206400-00206671 cooperative societies indeed and letting
+DpkPPEGnViu-00825-00206673-00206860 insisted this is in his work on
+DpkPPEGnViu-00826-00206861-00207128 cooperation in this is the quote if the
+DpkPPEGnViu-00827-00207129-00207278 whole of the peasantry had been
+DpkPPEGnViu-00828-00207279-00207508 organized in cooperatives we wouldn't by
+DpkPPEGnViu-00829-00207509-00207731 now have been standing with both feet on
+DpkPPEGnViu-00830-00207732-00207966 the soil of socialism closed-book
+DpkPPEGnViu-00831-00207967-00208216 accordingly Lenin stressed the
+DpkPPEGnViu-00832-00208217-00208469 importance of finding ways to encourage
+DpkPPEGnViu-00833-00208469-00208754 peasants to join cooperatives quote we
+DpkPPEGnViu-00834-00208755-00209075 must find what form of bonus to give for
+DpkPPEGnViu-00835-00209076-00209242 joining the cooperatives and the terms
+DpkPPEGnViu-00836-00209244-00209444 in which we should give the form of
+DpkPPEGnViu-00837-00209444-00209627 bonus by which we will assist the
+DpkPPEGnViu-00838-00209628-00209821 co-operative simple sentence efficiently
+DpkPPEGnViu-00839-00209823-00209996 the bonus that will produce the
+DpkPPEGnViu-00840-00209996-00210217 civilized to operator closed-book
+DpkPPEGnViu-00841-00210217-00210404 Lenin's conclusion
+DpkPPEGnViu-00842-00210405-00210619 that the growth of cooperation under
+DpkPPEGnViu-00843-00210621-00210844 these new circumstances was quote
+DpkPPEGnViu-00844-00210846-00211046 identical with the growth of socialism
+DpkPPEGnViu-00845-00211046-00211127 close quote
+DpkPPEGnViu-00846-00211128-00211337 marked a significant shift in this
+DpkPPEGnViu-00847-00211338-00211655 position well we have to admit that
+DpkPPEGnViu-00848-00211656-00211867 there has been a radical modification in
+DpkPPEGnViu-00849-00211869-00212210 our hope on socialism Bluebook that's a
+DpkPPEGnViu-00850-00212211-00212548 pretty significant statement educational
+DpkPPEGnViu-00851-00212550-00212744 and organizational work among peasants
+DpkPPEGnViu-00852-00212744-00212858 was killed
+DpkPPEGnViu-00853-00212859-00213089 which meant organizing peasants in
+DpkPPEGnViu-00854-00213090-00213392 cooperatives another aspect of that same
+DpkPPEGnViu-00855-00213392-00213629 shift was his rejection in the same
+DpkPPEGnViu-00856-00213630-00213823 level this is an apparent work called
+DpkPPEGnViu-00857-00213825-00214090 our revolution of what Lenin called
+DpkPPEGnViu-00858-00214091-00214392 pedantic Marxism in its quote
+DpkPPEGnViu-00859-00214394-00214688 incontrovertible proposition close quote
+DpkPPEGnViu-00860-00214689-00214969 learn by rote repetition from Western
+DpkPPEGnViu-00861-00214971-00215221 European social democracy that quote the
+DpkPPEGnViu-00862-00215223-00215450 objective economic premises for
+DpkPPEGnViu-00863-00215451-00215663 socialism do not exist in our country
+DpkPPEGnViu-00864-00215664-00215789 and the people
+DpkPPEGnViu-00865-00215790-00216146 Lenin say that is pedantic Marxism of
+DpkPPEGnViu-00866-00216146-00216469 course encouraging peasants to join
+DpkPPEGnViu-00867-00216471-00216665 cooperatives could only be the beginning
+DpkPPEGnViu-00868-00216666-00216833 of a process that would take the whole
+DpkPPEGnViu-00869-00216834-00217112 historical epic that given the existence
+DpkPPEGnViu-00870-00217113-00217421 of strip farming you know strip so far
+DpkPPEGnViu-00871-00217421-00217669 as medieval farming and you know the
+DpkPPEGnViu-00872-00217671-00217846 fact that if any is five and a half
+DpkPPEGnViu-00873-00217848-00217926 million
+DpkPPEGnViu-00874-00217927-00218178 council we're still rely upon wouldn't
+DpkPPEGnViu-00875-00218179-00218454 Wales significant gains in agricultural
+DpkPPEGnViu-00876-00218455-00218658 productivity were possible that did not
+DpkPPEGnViu-00877-00218659-00218887 require major advances and
+DpkPPEGnViu-00878-00218888-00219163 industrialization by taxing independent
+DpkPPEGnViu-00879-00219164-00219375 independent peasants and subsidizing
+DpkPPEGnViu-00880-00219376-00219633 those who joined cooperatives in other
+DpkPPEGnViu-00881-00219634-00219828 words by using the state to change
+DpkPPEGnViu-00882-00219829-00220109 relations within the countryside
+DpkPPEGnViu-00883-00220110-00220305 agriculture could have been this come
+DpkPPEGnViu-00884-00220306-00220560 the site of the productive relations of
+DpkPPEGnViu-00885-00220561-00220809 emerging socialist relation which could
+DpkPPEGnViu-00886-00220810-00220980 be the basis for development of
+DpkPPEGnViu-00887-00220981-00221214 productive forces this would have been
+DpkPPEGnViu-00888-00221215-00221484 the real analogy to Marxist discussion
+DpkPPEGnViu-00889-00221485-00221643 of the original accumulation of
+DpkPPEGnViu-00890-00221644-00221853 capitalist relations which originated
+DpkPPEGnViu-00891-00221854-00222114 agriculture in England rather than the
+DpkPPEGnViu-00892-00222115-00222396 idea of the maximum maximum extraction
+DpkPPEGnViu-00893-00222397-00222639 for agriculture for the benefit of
+DpkPPEGnViu-00894-00222640-00223368 Industry this perspective of nor indeed
+DpkPPEGnViu-00895-00223369-00223566 wasn't the perspective of his
+DpkPPEGnViu-00896-00223567-00223845 theoretical opponents like Bukhari whose
+DpkPPEGnViu-00897-00223846-00224100 main issue of contention was over how
+DpkPPEGnViu-00898-00224101-00224319 much to extract in other words a
+DpkPPEGnViu-00899-00224320-00224535 qualitative rather than a qualitative
+DpkPPEGnViu-00900-00224536-00224847 the difference for Preobrazhensky using
+DpkPPEGnViu-00901-00224848-00225021 the state to building productive
+DpkPPEGnViu-00902-00225022-00225240 relations within agriculture had to wait
+DpkPPEGnViu-00903-00225241-00225492 until the period quote until the period
+DpkPPEGnViu-00904-00225493-00225660 of primitive social socialist
+DpkPPEGnViu-00905-00225661-00225906 accumulation is completed close quote
+DpkPPEGnViu-00906-00225907-00226138 only when productive forces are
+DpkPPEGnViu-00907-00226139-00226332 developed can you change the relations
+DpkPPEGnViu-00908-00226333-00226410 of production
+DpkPPEGnViu-00909-00226411-00226710 only when quote industry stands on a new
+DpkPPEGnViu-00910-00226711-00226968 technical foundation the argument can we
+DpkPPEGnViu-00911-00226969-00227232 provide that quote a to cooperation of
+DpkPPEGnViu-00912-00227233-00227541 which Lenin spoke close book in preapre
+DpkPPEGnViu-00913-00227542-00227719 jetskis miss named and
+DpkPPEGnViu-00914-00227721-00227980 now was the time for peasants to wait
+DpkPPEGnViu-00915-00227981-00228248 now is the time for the maximum
+DpkPPEGnViu-00916-00228248-00228430 primitive socialist accumulation that's
+DpkPPEGnViu-00917-00228431-00228665 almost the maximum extent to which
+DpkPPEGnViu-00918-00228666-00228892 industry could expand at the expense of
+DpkPPEGnViu-00919-00228894-00229273 agriculture now in fact failure to
+DpkPPEGnViu-00920-00229275-00229469 understand the importance of work with
+DpkPPEGnViu-00921-00229469-00229606 peasants meant there was little
+DpkPPEGnViu-00922-00229607-00229753 attention to the development of
+DpkPPEGnViu-00923-00229754-00229957 cooperatives in the countryside and as a
+DpkPPEGnViu-00924-00229958-00230213 result dysfunction and impasse was the
+DpkPPEGnViu-00925-00230214-00230414 product of the interaction between the
+DpkPPEGnViu-00926-00230415-00230608 expanded reproduction of state industry
+DpkPPEGnViu-00927-00230609-00230842 under Vanguard relations and the simple
+DpkPPEGnViu-00928-00230844-00231026 reproduction of peasant household within
+DpkPPEGnViu-00929-00231027-00231263 the mirror the historical outcome of
+DpkPPEGnViu-00930-00231264-00231448 this interaction is certainly well known
+DpkPPEGnViu-00931-00231450-00231769 the shortage of marketed grain in 1927
+DpkPPEGnViu-00932-00231771-00232146 the left opposition's demand for seizure
+DpkPPEGnViu-00933-00232148-00232373 unsuccessful demand for seizure of grain
+DpkPPEGnViu-00934-00232373-00232579 from the kulaks and prosperous middle
+DpkPPEGnViu-00935-00232580-00232796 peasants the subsequent adoption of
+DpkPPEGnViu-00936-00232796-00233044 those very measures by stall at the end
+DpkPPEGnViu-00937-00233046-00233317 of 1927 the grain shortages which
+DpkPPEGnViu-00938-00233319-00233467 followed and the push for a
+DpkPPEGnViu-00939-00233467-00233919 collectivization in agriculture in 1929
+DpkPPEGnViu-00940-00233921-00234248 in the end the resolution to the impasse
+DpkPPEGnViu-00941-00234248-00234491 created by contested reproduction was
+DpkPPEGnViu-00942-00234492-00234778 forced the resolution did not create
+DpkPPEGnViu-00943-00234779-00234962 socialist relations in the countryside
+DpkPPEGnViu-00944-00234963-00235192 and it certainly destroyed productive
+DpkPPEGnViu-00945-00235194-00235423 forces in agriculture in the process
+DpkPPEGnViu-00946-00235425-00235660 however the vanguard state achieved what
+DpkPPEGnViu-00947-00235661-00235831 the zara state had failed to to
+DpkPPEGnViu-00948-00235832-00236080 destruction of the mirror doesn't
+DpkPPEGnViu-00949-00236081-00236321 eliminate that economic forum which had
+DpkPPEGnViu-00950-00236321-00236591 been limiting the operation of the law
+DpkPPEGnViu-00951-00236592-00236782 of primitive socialist accumulation
+DpkPPEGnViu-00952-00236783-00237089 forced collectivization as a method was
+DpkPPEGnViu-00953-00237090-00237230 not the gradual
+DpkPPEGnViu-00954-00237231-00237455 nation that Priyanka jetski had expected
+DpkPPEGnViu-00955-00237456-00237713 but it was implicit in his argument for
+DpkPPEGnViu-00956-00237714-00237977 the maximum abstraction from agriculture
+DpkPPEGnViu-00957-00237978-00238463 for the benefit of industry force force
+DpkPPEGnViu-00958-00238464-00238766 Marx pointed out is the Midwife of every
+DpkPPEGnViu-00959-00238767-00238988 society which is pregnant with a new one
+DpkPPEGnViu-00960-00238989-00239378 that force which that's from from the
+DpkPPEGnViu-00961-00239379-00239636 cumulation section that force which can
+DpkPPEGnViu-00962-00239637-00239792 range from legal action through the
+DpkPPEGnViu-00963-00239792-00240029 state to quote ruthless terrorism is
+DpkPPEGnViu-00964-00240030-00240311 quote and bloody brute force needs to be
+DpkPPEGnViu-00965-00240312-00240539 considered in the context of contested
+DpkPPEGnViu-00966-00240540-00240619 reproduction
+DpkPPEGnViu-00967-00240621-00240839 although contested reproduction may
+DpkPPEGnViu-00968-00240840-00241051 generate dysfunction and defamation
+DpkPPEGnViu-00969-00241052-00241415 force in some form as a midwife is
+DpkPPEGnViu-00970-00241416-00241610 necessary when the old does not
+DpkPPEGnViu-00971-00241611-00241846 disappear spontaneously and instead
+DpkPPEGnViu-00972-00241848-00242171 finds ways to reproduce itself in such
+DpkPPEGnViu-00973-00242171-00242459 cases the particular methods employed to
+DpkPPEGnViu-00974-00242460-00242675 bring about that birth will depend on
+DpkPPEGnViu-00975-00242676-00242987 how difficult the versus for example
+DpkPPEGnViu-00976-00242988-00243194 marks indicated that centuries were
+DpkPPEGnViu-00977-00243194-00243446 required before workers to agree to sell
+DpkPPEGnViu-00978-00243446-00243665 their labor power voluntarily and once
+DpkPPEGnViu-00979-00243666-00243857 they did their ability to extract
+DpkPPEGnViu-00980-00243858-00244021 themselves from the status of wage labor
+DpkPPEGnViu-00981-00244023-00244289 when wages were high enough meant that
+DpkPPEGnViu-00982-00244290-00244421 there was a tendency for the non
+DpkPPEGnViu-00983-00244421-00244664 reproduction of wage labor and therefore
+DpkPPEGnViu-00984-00244665-00244859 the definite limits to the reproduction
+DpkPPEGnViu-00985-00244860-00245167 of capitalist relations of production so
+DpkPPEGnViu-00986-00245169-00245375 it was essential in this context that
+DpkPPEGnViu-00987-00245376-00245600 wages be kept down in order to prevent
+DpkPPEGnViu-00988-00245601-00245831 this non reproduction as Marx noted
+DpkPPEGnViu-00989-00245832-00246080 quote the rising bourgeoisie but
+DpkPPEGnViu-00990-00246081-00246305 bourgeoisie needs the power of the state
+DpkPPEGnViu-00991-00246306-00246613 and uses it to regulate wages closed low
+DpkPPEGnViu-00992-00246614-00247010 force force enters into this question
+DpkPPEGnViu-00993-00247011-00247259 when contested reproduction generates an
+DpkPPEGnViu-00994-00247260-00247628 MS force to destroy the mirror and allow
+DpkPPEGnViu-00995-00247629-00247846 the vanguard state to collect the grain
+DpkPPEGnViu-00996-00247848-00248015 that's what collectivization is let's
+DpkPPEGnViu-00997-00248016-00248194 collect you know to collect the grain
+DpkPPEGnViu-00998-00248196-00248384 without the limits
+DpkPPEGnViu-00999-00248385-00248636 whether mere force to allow the
+DpkPPEGnViu-01000-00248637-00248834 expansion of capitalist relations on
+DpkPPEGnViu-01001-00248835-00249086 land to which peasant Chinese peasants
+DpkPPEGnViu-01002-00249087-00249371 have traditional rights force to attack
+DpkPPEGnViu-01003-00249371-00249614 capitalist relations through revolution
+DpkPPEGnViu-01004-00249615-00249863 in the Soviet Union China it was well
+DpkPPEGnViu-01005-00249864-00250190 via Vietnam and Cuba forced to remove
+DpkPPEGnViu-01006-00250191-00250439 the barriers to capitalism by removing
+DpkPPEGnViu-01007-00250440-00250631 Gorbachev and ending the Soviet Union
+DpkPPEGnViu-01008-00250632-00251054 this is force and Midwife recall though
+DpkPPEGnViu-01009-00251055-00251285 that contested reproduction is two-sided
+DpkPPEGnViu-01010-00251286-00251569 and forced in some of these cases can be
+DpkPPEGnViu-01011-00251571-00251783 seen through another side it can be seen
+DpkPPEGnViu-01012-00251784-00252005 not as a beginning but as an ending and
+DpkPPEGnViu-01013-00252006-00252314 ending in particular characteristics for
+DpkPPEGnViu-01014-00252315-00252571 example the image of real socialism was
+DpkPPEGnViu-01015-00252573-00252817 an end to the social contract and end to
+DpkPPEGnViu-01016-00252819-00253052 job rights for workers to subsidize
+DpkPPEGnViu-01017-00253053-00253301 necessities and to a focus on any social
+DpkPPEGnViu-01018-00253302-00253616 needs from that side force is best seen
+DpkPPEGnViu-01019-00253617-00253969 not as a midwife but as a surgeon indeed
+DpkPPEGnViu-01020-00253971-00254291 I suggest that most uses of force that
+DpkPPEGnViu-01021-00254292-00254548 we see about us are best understood from
+DpkPPEGnViu-01022-00254550-00254825 this perspective force is the surgeon
+DpkPPEGnViu-01023-00254826-00255038 that removes cancer from a threatened
+DpkPPEGnViu-01024-00255039-00255298 money rather than the means by which the
+DpkPPEGnViu-01025-00255300-00255506 new was born it is the means for the
+DpkPPEGnViu-01026-00255507-00255806 reproduction of the gold fascism was the
+DpkPPEGnViu-01027-00255807-00256048 use of force to remove the inroads made
+DpkPPEGnViu-01028-00256050-00256280 by the working class in capitalism in
+DpkPPEGnViu-01029-00256281-00256469 Rosewood brought with the morbid
+DpkPPEGnViu-01030-00256469-00256621 symptoms in the functioning of
+DpkPPEGnViu-01031-00256623-00256853 capitalism so to military
+DpkPPEGnViu-01032-00256854-00257075 authoritarianism as in too late under
+DpkPPEGnViu-01033-00257076-00257371 Pinochet so to the attack of air traffic
+DpkPPEGnViu-01034-00257373-00257588 controllers in the subsequent assault on
+DpkPPEGnViu-01035-00257589-00257738 the working class of the United States
+DpkPPEGnViu-01036-00257739-00258019 so two forces the form of IMF
+DpkPPEGnViu-01037-00258021-00258233 conditionality to remove self management
+DpkPPEGnViu-01038-00258234-00258533 in the former yugoslavia privatization
+DpkPPEGnViu-01039-00258534-00258871 imposed austerity indeed the entire
+DpkPPEGnViu-01040-00258873-00259117 little project has as its goal not the
+DpkPPEGnViu-01041-00259119-00259340 creation of the new but the preservation
+DpkPPEGnViu-01042-00259341-00259544 of the old by removing disturbing
+DpkPPEGnViu-01043-00259544-00259781 elements including of course all that
+DpkPPEGnViu-01044-00259782-00260012 was inherited from social democracy real
+DpkPPEGnViu-01045-00260013-00260426 socialism and self-management whereas
+DpkPPEGnViu-01046-00260427-00260606 the concepts of primitive accumulation
+DpkPPEGnViu-01047-00260607-00260896 who often elevates particular methods in
+DpkPPEGnViu-01048-00260898-00261173 historical forms of course the concept
+DpkPPEGnViu-01049-00261173-00261392 with contested reproduction directs us
+DpkPPEGnViu-01050-00261392-00261665 necessarily to consider it not methods
+DpkPPEGnViu-01051-00261666-00261887 but the nature of specific relations of
+DpkPPEGnViu-01052-00261888-00262076 production and the struggle between the
+DpkPPEGnViu-01053-00262077-00262361 logic of different classes in doing that
+DpkPPEGnViu-01054-00262362-00262577 it allows us to focus on the advances
+DpkPPEGnViu-01055-00262578-00262712 that were achieved through past
+DpkPPEGnViu-01056-00262713-00262955 struggles in which capital is attempting
+DpkPPEGnViu-01057-00262956-00263204 to surgically remove people are
+DpkPPEGnViu-01058-00263205-00263414 struggling against the TAT attacks and
+DpkPPEGnViu-01059-00263415-00263618 what they have come to think of as fair
+DpkPPEGnViu-01060-00263619-00263840 and just and this is the necessary
+DpkPPEGnViu-01061-00263841-00264125 starting point for revolutionaries to
+DpkPPEGnViu-01062-00264126-00264383 the starting point is the set of those
+DpkPPEGnViu-01063-00264384-00264662 social norms and beliefs as to what is
+DpkPPEGnViu-01064-00264663-00264953 right and wrong the moral economy of the
+DpkPPEGnViu-01065-00264954-00265249 working class as Marx knew though
+DpkPPEGnViu-01066-00265250-00265574 struggles based upon existing concept of
+DpkPPEGnViu-01067-00265575-00265910 fairness such as a fair day's wage for a
+DpkPPEGnViu-01068-00265911-00266204 fair day's work are necessary but
+DpkPPEGnViu-01069-00266205-00266480 essentially attempts to restore the old
+DpkPPEGnViu-01070-00266481-00266783 norms attempts to return to the good old
+DpkPPEGnViu-01071-00266784-00267143 days it was necessary Marx argued to go
+DpkPPEGnViu-01072-00267144-00267359 beyond that moral economy of the working
+DpkPPEGnViu-01073-00267360-00267584 class to the political economy of the
+DpkPPEGnViu-01074-00267585-00267809 glass is short to go beyond those
+DpkPPEGnViu-01075-00267810-00267989 conservative slogans to the
+DpkPPEGnViu-01076-00267990-00268229 revolutionary slogan abolition of the
+DpkPPEGnViu-01077-00268230-00268502 capitalist relation because we begin by
+DpkPPEGnViu-01078-00268503-00268784 stressing capitals current use of force
+DpkPPEGnViu-01079-00268785-00269051 as a surgeon we begin with what people
+DpkPPEGnViu-01080-00269052-00269294 understand as unfairness and injustice
+DpkPPEGnViu-01081-00269295-00269564 and we need to build from there to
+DpkPPEGnViu-01082-00269565-00269762 convince them of the necessity of force
+DpkPPEGnViu-01083-00269763-00270023 as the Midwife for the birth of a new
+DpkPPEGnViu-01084-00270024-00270296 society for that essential step though
+DpkPPEGnViu-01085-00270297-00270479 we need the vision of that in society
+DpkPPEGnViu-01086-00270480-00270764 the vision of socialism as an organic
+DpkPPEGnViu-01087-00270765-00271001 system and we need to show how that
+DpkPPEGnViu-01088-00271002-00271262 future is implicit in the struggles of
+DpkPPEGnViu-01089-00271263-00271538 the present people need a vision if they
+DpkPPEGnViu-01090-00271539-00271628 are to move from their current
+DpkPPEGnViu-01091-00271629-00271913 resistance and dribble wars against
+DpkPPEGnViu-01092-00271914-00272336 capital let me suggest that there is a
+DpkPPEGnViu-01093-00272337-00272570 vision that has emerged in the 21st
+DpkPPEGnViu-01094-00272571-00272855 century it's a vision of a socialist
+DpkPPEGnViu-01095-00272856-00273110 alternative to both capitalism and real
+DpkPPEGnViu-01096-00273111-00273434 socialism it's a concept of socialism as
+DpkPPEGnViu-01097-00273435-00273770 an organic system socialism as a
+DpkPPEGnViu-01098-00273771-00273983 particular combination of production
+DpkPPEGnViu-01099-00273984-00274346 distribution and consumption social
+DpkPPEGnViu-01100-00274347-00274513 ownership of the means of production
+DpkPPEGnViu-01101-00274514-00274763 social production organized by workers
+DpkPPEGnViu-01102-00274764-00275024 and production for social needs and
+DpkPPEGnViu-01103-00275025-00275366 purposes this concept of socialism as an
+DpkPPEGnViu-01104-00275367-00275600 organic system which President Chavez of
+DpkPPEGnViu-01105-00275601-00275789 Venezuela called the elementary
+DpkPPEGnViu-01106-00275790-00276011 socialist triangle points to the
+DpkPPEGnViu-01107-00276012-00276239 necessity to struggle on all three sides
+DpkPPEGnViu-01108-00276240-00276515 at once it points to the error of
+DpkPPEGnViu-01109-00276516-00276776 putting off some sides until some great
+DpkPPEGnViu-01110-00276777-00276995 day in the future when productive forces
+DpkPPEGnViu-01111-00276996-00277181 have developed enough that which is the
+DpkPPEGnViu-01112-00277182-00277355 position was the position of
+DpkPPEGnViu-01113-00277356-00277658 Preobrazhensky but also China and
+DpkPPEGnViu-01114-00277659-00277907 we asked every sign of vulgar my call
+DpkPPEGnViu-01115-00277908-00278150 Vanguard Marxism you know everywhere is
+DpkPPEGnViu-01116-00278151-00278348 the development of the productive force
+DpkPPEGnViu-01117-00278349-00278489 comes first
+DpkPPEGnViu-01118-00278490-00278759 rather the concept of socialism is
+DpkPPEGnViu-01119-00278760-00278963 organic system points the need to
+DpkPPEGnViu-01120-00278964-00279191 struggle simultaneously for workers
+DpkPPEGnViu-01121-00279192-00279422 control and the creation of local
+DpkPPEGnViu-01122-00279423-00279788 committees of solidarity to attempt to
+DpkPPEGnViu-01123-00279789-00280151 build and expand a new Commons and all
+DpkPPEGnViu-01124-00280152-00280363 of which are occurring in Venezuela now
+DpkPPEGnViu-01125-00280364-00280709 but may be explicit the characteristics
+DpkPPEGnViu-01126-00280710-00280994 of this particular combination it can be
+DpkPPEGnViu-01127-00280995-00281311 a weapon in struggle and that is why
+DpkPPEGnViu-01128-00281312-00281654 Chavez is called to reinvent socialism
+DpkPPEGnViu-01129-00281655-00282038 in his closing speech in January 2005 at
+DpkPPEGnViu-01130-00282039-00282218 the world Social Forum in that port
+DpkPPEGnViu-01131-00282219-00282539 Alegre Brazil was so significant we must
+DpkPPEGnViu-01132-00282540-00282878 reinvent socialism Chavez said it can't
+DpkPPEGnViu-01133-00282879-00283088 be the kind of socialism that we saw on
+DpkPPEGnViu-01134-00283089-00283310 the Soviet Union destress but it will
+DpkPPEGnViu-01135-00283311-00283556 emerge as we develop these systems that
+DpkPPEGnViu-01136-00283557-00283801 are based on cooperation not competition
+DpkPPEGnViu-01137-00283802-00284081 if your every night to pretend the
+DpkPPEGnViu-01138-00284082-00284255 poverty of the majority of the world
+DpkPPEGnViu-01139-00284256-00284546 capitalism must be transcended but he
+DpkPPEGnViu-01140-00284547-00284804 continued pool but we cannot resort to
+DpkPPEGnViu-01141-00284805-00285014 state capitalism which would be the same
+DpkPPEGnViu-01142-00285015-00285275 perversion of the Soviet Union we must
+DpkPPEGnViu-01143-00285276-00285590 reclaim socialism as a thesis approach
+DpkPPEGnViu-01144-00285591-00285797 it and a path that a new type of
+DpkPPEGnViu-01145-00285798-00286079 socialism a humanist one which puts
+DpkPPEGnViu-01146-00286080-00286310 humans enough achievements for the state
+DpkPPEGnViu-01147-00286311-00286595 ahead of everything close quote that
+DpkPPEGnViu-01148-00286596-00286856 speech pointed in short to a different
+DpkPPEGnViu-01149-00286857-00287117 concept a vision of socialism for the
+DpkPPEGnViu-01150-00287118-00287219 21st century
+DpkPPEGnViu-01151-00287220-00287441 rather than expansion of the means of
+DpkPPEGnViu-01152-00287442-00287654 production or direction by the state it
+DpkPPEGnViu-01153-00287655-00287870 asserted that human beings must be at
+DpkPPEGnViu-01154-00287871-00288092 the center of the new social society
+DpkPPEGnViu-01155-00288093-00288242 that perspective
+DpkPPEGnViu-01156-00288243-00288545 reveals a return to Marx's vision to the
+DpkPPEGnViu-01157-00288546-00288752 contrast that marks true in capital
+DpkPPEGnViu-01158-00288753-00288995 between a society subordinate to the
+DpkPPEGnViu-01159-00288996-00289223 logic of capital where quote the worker
+DpkPPEGnViu-01160-00289224-00289483 exists to satisfy the need of existing
+DpkPPEGnViu-01161-00289484-00289718 values for valorisation close quote and
+DpkPPEGnViu-01162-00289719-00290005 the logic of a new society quote that
+DpkPPEGnViu-01163-00290006-00290243 inverse situation in which objective
+DpkPPEGnViu-01164-00290244-00290462 wealth is there the satisfied the
+DpkPPEGnViu-01165-00290463-00290716 workers own needs for development
+DpkPPEGnViu-01166-00290717-00291002 there's more though to this to the core
+DpkPPEGnViu-01167-00291003-00291197 of this concept of socialism for the
+DpkPPEGnViu-01168-00291198-00291473 21st century it is also a return to
+DpkPPEGnViu-01169-00291474-00291674 Marxist understanding that human
+DpkPPEGnViu-01170-00291675-00291923 development requires practice to his
+DpkPPEGnViu-01171-00291924-00292115 understanding of the centrality of
+DpkPPEGnViu-01172-00292116-00292357 revolutionary practice that concept of
+DpkPPEGnViu-01173-00292358-00292609 the coinciding the coincidence of the
+DpkPPEGnViu-01174-00292610-00292850 changing of circumstances and a few an
+DpkPPEGnViu-01175-00292851-00293219 activity for self change those work with
+DpkPPEGnViu-01176-00293220-00293429 the grasping of Marxist t-link
+DpkPPEGnViu-01177-00293430-00293672 of human development and practice this
+DpkPPEGnViu-01178-00293673-00293894 concept of socialism for the 21st
+DpkPPEGnViu-01179-00293895-00294229 century emphases emphasizes our need to
+DpkPPEGnViu-01180-00294230-00294467 develop through democratic participatory
+DpkPPEGnViu-01181-00294468-00294754 and protagonistic activity in every
+DpkPPEGnViu-01182-00294755-00295097 aspect of our lives Demong this concept
+DpkPPEGnViu-01183-00295098-00295388 is one of democracy in practice
+DpkPPEGnViu-01184-00295389-00295715 democracy has practice democracy as
+DpkPPEGnViu-01185-00295716-00295981 protagonism democracy in this sense
+DpkPPEGnViu-01186-00295982-00296248 protagonist democracy in the workplace
+DpkPPEGnViu-01187-00296249-00296522 protagonistic democracy in neighborhoods
+DpkPPEGnViu-01188-00296523-00296816 communities communes is the democracy of
+DpkPPEGnViu-01189-00296817-00297049 people who transform themselves into
+DpkPPEGnViu-01190-00297050-00297484 revolutionary subjects having the
+DpkPPEGnViu-01191-00297485-00297773 conception of socialism as an organic
+DpkPPEGnViu-01192-00297774-00298135 system a concept of its being allows us
+DpkPPEGnViu-01193-00298136-00298381 to think seriously about the processes
+DpkPPEGnViu-01194-00298382-00298828 of its becoming not abstractly but with
+DpkPPEGnViu-01195-00298829-00298981 the recognition that this
+DpkPPEGnViu-01196-00298982-00299185 necessarily involves a process of
+DpkPPEGnViu-01197-00299186-00299497 contestant reproduction and that the
+DpkPPEGnViu-01198-00299498-00299725 necessary methods to realize that
+DpkPPEGnViu-01199-00299726-00300135 society are always as always contingent
+DpkPPEGnViu-01200-00300136-00300574 how you get there is contingent but what
+DpkPPEGnViu-01201-00300575-00300805 is not contingent I would suggest is
+DpkPPEGnViu-01202-00300806-00300985 that if you don't know where you want to
+DpkPPEGnViu-01203-00300986-00301276 go no road will take you there so that's
+DpkPPEGnViu-01204-00301277-00302816 my galleon circle
+DpkPPEGnViu-01205-00302817-00303204 welcome for the accent lecture we will
+DpkPPEGnViu-01206-00303205-00303375 have any problems continue this debate
+DpkPPEGnViu-01207-00303376-00303747 and comrades now it's your opportunity
+DpkPPEGnViu-01208-00303748-00304059 to raise questions performance as usual
+DpkPPEGnViu-01209-00304060-00304296 the comrades on boats after the tribute
+DpkPPEGnViu-01210-00304297-00304539 are available for the mic so just raise
+DpkPPEGnViu-01211-00304540-00305355 your hand just a short comment that are
+DpkPPEGnViu-01212-00305356-00305961 correlated to your connection and the
+DpkPPEGnViu-01213-00305962-00306344 sort of reflection of ladies
+DpkPPEGnViu-01214-00306345-00306720 intellectual history and lecture history
+DpkPPEGnViu-01215-00306721-00307041 of feminism Marxism it seems to me you
+DpkPPEGnViu-01216-00307042-00307230 have it is clear that you have presented
+DpkPPEGnViu-01217-00307231-00307629 to us on the Soviet agriculture and the
+DpkPPEGnViu-01218-00307630-00307920 peasant and the one which you attributed
+DpkPPEGnViu-01219-00307921-00308187 to represents key might as well I think
+DpkPPEGnViu-01220-00308188-00308535 be attributed to land and related in the
+DpkPPEGnViu-01221-00308536-00308868 late nineteenth century and the other
+DpkPPEGnViu-01222-00308869-00309105 one which has been confirmed by the
+DpkPPEGnViu-01223-00309106-00309432 analysis of agrarian and economic
+DpkPPEGnViu-01224-00309433-00309714 historians which you quote is the one
+DpkPPEGnViu-01225-00309715-00310092 that can be attributed to Russian Russia
+DpkPPEGnViu-01226-00310093-00310425 Soviet agrarian economies Alexander
+DpkPPEGnViu-01227-00310426-00310592 Chiana
+DpkPPEGnViu-01228-00310593-00311085 because to put it very simple in his
+DpkPPEGnViu-01229-00311086-00311526 book on the development of capitalism in
+DpkPPEGnViu-01230-00311527-00311982 Russia the landing was actually an
+DpkPPEGnViu-01231-00311983-00312333 advocate of of a theory we should
+DpkPPEGnViu-01232-00312334-00312606 respect as revisionist history this is
+DpkPPEGnViu-01233-00312607-00312966 the two of the states that the main
+DpkPPEGnViu-01234-00312967-00313254 driving force of the social changes
+DpkPPEGnViu-01235-00313255-00313460 happening in the Soviet agriculture
+DpkPPEGnViu-01236-00313461-00313817 in the Russian cultural peasantry sector
+DpkPPEGnViu-01237-00313818-00314179 is capitalistic renunciation between
+DpkPPEGnViu-01238-00314180-00314538 large peasants or who lacks awareness of
+DpkPPEGnViu-01239-00314539-00314897 capitalists and polarization of clerks
+DpkPPEGnViu-01240-00314898-00315296 on one hand and peasantry pretend
+DpkPPEGnViu-01241-00315297-00315602 pretend ask peasants without serious
+DpkPPEGnViu-01242-00315603-00315896 Holdings to support themselves and the
+DpkPPEGnViu-01243-00315897-00316058 middle class that the middle the middle
+DpkPPEGnViu-01244-00316059-00316280 peasant Ruiz was actually vanishing in
+DpkPPEGnViu-01245-00316281-00316526 that process this was Lana stasis and
+DpkPPEGnViu-01246-00316527-00316748 it's probably quite close to Kowski
+DpkPPEGnViu-01247-00316749-00317057 spaces thesis whereas Jayamma who was
+DpkPPEGnViu-01248-00317058-00317294 making actual empirical research on the
+DpkPPEGnViu-01249-00317295-00317567 matter thought that the actual process
+DpkPPEGnViu-01250-00317568-00317723 was the one which you have described and
+DpkPPEGnViu-01251-00317724-00317992 the historians that equality confirmed
+DpkPPEGnViu-01252-00317993-00318268 which is a sort of demographic
+DpkPPEGnViu-01253-00318269-00318580 differentiation the differentiation
+DpkPPEGnViu-01254-00318581-00319030 which follows the life cycle of
+DpkPPEGnViu-01255-00319031-00319391 peasantry out household you have a small
+DpkPPEGnViu-01256-00319392-00319652 family with small holdings but maybe
+DpkPPEGnViu-01257-00319653-00319817 colleagues which are large enough to
+DpkPPEGnViu-01258-00319818-00320033 employ additional labour because the
+DpkPPEGnViu-01259-00320034-00320299 labour of the families not enough so
+DpkPPEGnViu-01260-00320300-00320654 what I'm saying is simply okay you have
+DpkPPEGnViu-01261-00320655-00321012 here two views on the developments of
+DpkPPEGnViu-01262-00321013-00321298 the Soviet or Russian peasantry an
+DpkPPEGnViu-01263-00321299-00321563 agricultural sector and I would say that
+DpkPPEGnViu-01264-00321564-00321947 as far as I'm concerned and confirmed by
+DpkPPEGnViu-01265-00321948-00322217 many such as you have quoted the actual
+DpkPPEGnViu-01266-00322218-00322451 picture was the second one and to
+DpkPPEGnViu-01267-00322452-00322691 conclude I think it's it is not a
+DpkPPEGnViu-01268-00322692-00322951 coincidence that on the land instead
+DpkPPEGnViu-01269-00322952-00323342 decided there are books of geography so
+DpkPPEGnViu-01270-00323343-00323648 I think that lady was coming was extra
+DpkPPEGnViu-01271-00323649-00323990 beautiful some default position in view
+DpkPPEGnViu-01272-00323991-00324277 of the actual
+DpkPPEGnViu-01273-00324278-00324634 Russian agriculture in the direction of
+DpkPPEGnViu-01274-00324635-00325042 a chance so it will be very I think it's
+DpkPPEGnViu-01275-00325043-00325456 what a while to take chance works when
+DpkPPEGnViu-01276-00325457-00325744 we could see with this assistance that's
+DpkPPEGnViu-01277-00325745-00325855 a quick comment
+DpkPPEGnViu-01278-00325856-00326191 China knew more about what was happening
+DpkPPEGnViu-01279-00326192-00326584 in agriculture then Lenin and most
+DpkPPEGnViu-01280-00326585-00326806 Bolsheviks were urban boys consider
+DpkPPEGnViu-01281-00326807-00327103 poison for the most part and he and his
+DpkPPEGnViu-01282-00327104-00327444 colleagues at agricultural Institute
+DpkPPEGnViu-01283-00327445-00327709 studied very carefully peasant villages
+DpkPPEGnViu-01284-00327710-00327952 and among these early findings was that
+DpkPPEGnViu-01285-00327953-00328174 many of these large farms were
+DpkPPEGnViu-01286-00328175-00328415 subsequently go back to the same village
+DpkPPEGnViu-01287-00328416-00328669 years later a few years later that see
+DpkPPEGnViu-01288-00328670-00328903 that they were now divided up among the
+DpkPPEGnViu-01289-00328904-00329116 sons you know so they were a small farm
+DpkPPEGnViu-01290-00329117-00329302 the you know and by the definite that
+DpkPPEGnViu-01291-00329303-00329518 strange definition of Coolock we had
+DpkPPEGnViu-01292-00329519-00329668 nothing to do with the capitalist
+DpkPPEGnViu-01293-00329669-00329917 employer you know that meant the Kulak
+DpkPPEGnViu-01294-00329918-00330178 has disappeared you know so but
+DpkPPEGnViu-01295-00330179-00330430 unfortunately trial also disappeared
+DpkPPEGnViu-01296-00330431-00330733 after and when he was abused along with
+DpkPPEGnViu-01297-00330734-00330898 the other members of the agriculture
+DpkPPEGnViu-01298-00330899-00331225 institute like code run of being part of
+DpkPPEGnViu-01299-00331226-00331471 the toilet peasants party conspiracy in
+DpkPPEGnViu-01300-00331472-00332134 1930 yeah yeah can I say that
+DpkPPEGnViu-01301-00332135-00332404 thank you very much program a trusting
+DpkPPEGnViu-01302-00332405-00332926 nature I think
+DpkPPEGnViu-01303-00332927-00333142 to it that lemon was also turning his
+DpkPPEGnViu-01304-00333143-00333681 back on his early work on the
+DpkPPEGnViu-01305-00333682-00334072 accumulation possibility Atlantis
+DpkPPEGnViu-01306-00334073-00334474 development in Russia which was
+DpkPPEGnViu-01307-00334475-00335553 eventually published today where the
+DpkPPEGnViu-01308-00335554-00336328 strengths were then lead to this more
+DpkPPEGnViu-01309-00336329-00337143 effectively which is that the Bolsheviks
+DpkPPEGnViu-01310-00337144-00338521 you won that Wow it was it was a
+DpkPPEGnViu-01311-00338522-00338863 stabilizing the economy state massive
+DpkPPEGnViu-01312-00338864-00339379 production following period of
+DpkPPEGnViu-01313-00339380-00339724 in cleanliness there was also a problem
+DpkPPEGnViu-01314-00339725-00339982 that the first place that that it led
+DpkPPEGnViu-01315-00339983-00340241 true price instability and the famous
+DpkPPEGnViu-01316-00340242-00341087 scissors crisis was never actually solve
+DpkPPEGnViu-01317-00341088-00341884 the problem of the working class mainly
+DpkPPEGnViu-01318-00341885-00342319 at one employment so unemployment ADIZ
+DpkPPEGnViu-01319-00342320-00342641 and continues right up to five year
+DpkPPEGnViu-01320-00342642-00343267 plans this time so that there's in a
+DpkPPEGnViu-01321-00343268-00344240 sense the that that situation she said
+DpkPPEGnViu-01322-00344241-00344593 well this was this was a period in which
+DpkPPEGnViu-01323-00344594-00344914 there was mutual development actually
+DpkPPEGnViu-01324-00344915-00345365 that development was limited and iron
+DpkPPEGnViu-01325-00345366-00346037 and it's it required some kind of change
+DpkPPEGnViu-01326-00346038-00346848 you know that changed
+DpkPPEGnViu-01327-00346849-00347519 this was post industrialization in
+DpkPPEGnViu-01328-00347520-00348455 it's really just excessive a - let me
+DpkPPEGnViu-01329-00348456-00348757 just say that I doubt their problems I
+DpkPPEGnViu-01330-00348758-00349006 address the only one question which was
+DpkPPEGnViu-01331-00349007-00349265 was capitalism's emerging in the
+DpkPPEGnViu-01332-00349266-00349550 countryside and was it a threat to the
+DpkPPEGnViu-01333-00349551-00349889 regime and I have to say no there were
+DpkPPEGnViu-01334-00349890-00350144 the problems I don't make anyone look at
+DpkPPEGnViu-01335-00350145-00350339 the netprint the middle men who were
+DpkPPEGnViu-01336-00350340-00350549 functioning between the countryside and
+DpkPPEGnViu-01337-00350550-00350867 the state industry who were because of
+DpkPPEGnViu-01338-00350868-00351259 the lack of real controls over them you
+DpkPPEGnViu-01339-00351260-00351685 know not only amassing money but also at
+DpkPPEGnViu-01340-00351686-00351883 the same time they're the their
+DpkPPEGnViu-01341-00351884-00352145 existence was undermining confidence of
+DpkPPEGnViu-01342-00352146-00352271 people so I mean there was an
+DpkPPEGnViu-01343-00352272-00352562 ideological effect of that and but
+DpkPPEGnViu-01344-00352563-00352759 simply that they didn't want to stress
+DpkPPEGnViu-01345-00352760-00353000 that real presence Keys argument has
+DpkPPEGnViu-01346-00353001-00353150 nothing to do with Marx's argument
+DpkPPEGnViu-01347-00353151-00353453 because it's not talking about change in
+DpkPPEGnViu-01348-00353454-00353789 the relations you know and certainly and
+DpkPPEGnViu-01349-00353790-00354022 that this idea of maximum extraction
+DpkPPEGnViu-01350-00354023-00354371 versus I did things you know it's it's
+DpkPPEGnViu-01351-00354372-00354593 not different from what happens
+DpkPPEGnViu-01352-00354594-00354725 the whole process of collectivization
+DpkPPEGnViu-01353-00354726-00355004 which destroyed fundamentals it wasn't
+DpkPPEGnViu-01354-00355005-00355196 to the 1950s they program up to the
+DpkPPEGnViu-01355-00355197-00355427 level that have been lost in you know
+DpkPPEGnViu-01356-00355428-00355673 because peasants consumed the time
+DpkPPEGnViu-01357-00355674-00355988 rather than under this condition and I
+DpkPPEGnViu-01358-00355989-00356393 also would say that there was a that it
+DpkPPEGnViu-01359-00356394-00356564 was wrong to try to industrialize
+DpkPPEGnViu-01360-00356565-00356816 rapidly whether this was the best way to
+DpkPPEGnViu-01361-00356817-00356990 do it is another question and not
+DpkPPEGnViu-01362-00356991-00357179 because capitalism was a threat
+DpkPPEGnViu-01363-00357180-00357649 eternally imperialism was out there from
+DpkPPEGnViu-01364-00357650-00357872 1927 that became visible through the
+DpkPPEGnViu-01365-00357873-00358069 British police with the British and
+DpkPPEGnViu-01366-00358070-00358421 certainly there anything that Stalin
+DpkPPEGnViu-01367-00358422-00358691 ever said to say your brother ooh it was
+DpkPPEGnViu-01368-00358692-00358957 speech in 1931 when he says we are 50
+DpkPPEGnViu-01369-00358958-00359198 years behind we have 10 years to make it
+DpkPPEGnViu-01370-00359199-00359579 up this 1931 or we go will be defeated
+DpkPPEGnViu-01371-00359580-00359809 again we must do it we cannot slow the
+DpkPPEGnViu-01372-00359810-00360026 tempo that was a particularly good
+DpkPPEGnViu-01374-00363781-00365023 you see highly educated highly in this
+DpkPPEGnViu-01375-00365024-00365922 higher education which reduce the
+DpkPPEGnViu-01376-00365923-00368224 relationship
+DpkPPEGnViu-01378-00373019-00373732 its own possession that we got an
+DpkPPEGnViu-01379-00373733-00375485 education 1918
+DpkPPEGnViu-01381-00381306-00381605 have highly educated professionals to
+DpkPPEGnViu-01382-00381606-00382220 meet ourselves I do not I am privileged
+DpkPPEGnViu-01383-00382221-00383540 for having a new annotation of
+DpkPPEGnViu-01384-00383541-00384146 universities in is in turn me and the
+DpkPPEGnViu-01385-00384147-00384427 explanation of the difference between
+DpkPPEGnViu-01386-00384428-00384878 the four years of undergraduate study
+DpkPPEGnViu-01387-00384879-00385429 and the visit here with the master so is
+DpkPPEGnViu-01388-00385430-00386663 that when you get your mask you
+DpkPPEGnViu-01389-00386664-00387027 in the analytical framework that I'm
+DpkPPEGnViu-01390-00387028-00387384 working with the years of Education of
+DpkPPEGnViu-01391-00387385-00387630 the privilege of Education does not play
+DpkPPEGnViu-01392-00387631-00387987 a role as opposed to focusing on the
+DpkPPEGnViu-01393-00387988-00388161 relationship production within the
+DpkPPEGnViu-01394-00388162-00388620 workplace and within industry the so
+DpkPPEGnViu-01395-00388621-00388851 when I examine you what I call the
+DpkPPEGnViu-01396-00388852-00389121 countries of real socialism I looked at
+DpkPPEGnViu-01397-00389122-00389379 the way in which the managers and their
+DpkPPEGnViu-01398-00389380-00389775 experts etc emerge as a emerging you
+DpkPPEGnViu-01399-00389776-00390120 know capitalist class which is
+DpkPPEGnViu-01400-00390121-00390398 constrained by a whole series of things
+DpkPPEGnViu-01401-00390399-00390741 you know as a result of the logic of the
+DpkPPEGnViu-01402-00390742-00390996 back door and the whole thrust that is
+DpkPPEGnViu-01403-00390997-00391218 their attempt to free themselves from
+DpkPPEGnViu-01404-00391219-00391530 this constraints and but in that process
+DpkPPEGnViu-01405-00391531-00391845 there is a great dysfunction now in the
+DpkPPEGnViu-01406-00391846-00392088 case I make a distinction between the
+DpkPPEGnViu-01407-00392089-00392403 countries of real socialism and the you
+DpkPPEGnViu-01408-00392404-00392612 Islamic market self-management case
+DpkPPEGnViu-01409-00392613-00392925 precisely because there was you know
+DpkPPEGnViu-01410-00392926-00393141 significant differences were introduced
+DpkPPEGnViu-01411-00393142-00393304 in 1950
+DpkPPEGnViu-01412-00393305-00393649 51 and here again I would say we have to
+DpkPPEGnViu-01413-00393650-00393877 examine the relations of production that
+DpkPPEGnViu-01414-00393878-00394150 occurred in those enterprises and it's
+DpkPPEGnViu-01415-00394151-00394426 not you know years of it education can
+DpkPPEGnViu-01416-00394427-00394582 allow you to be an artist and allow you
+DpkPPEGnViu-01417-00394583-00394768 to be a science in September that does
+DpkPPEGnViu-01418-00394769-00395035 not place you in a particular productive
+DpkPPEGnViu-01419-00395036-00395233 relationship so that is I think where
+DpkPPEGnViu-01420-00395234-00395533 I'm distinctly but what I'm saying from
+DpkPPEGnViu-01421-00395534-00396394 what you're saying yes okay you you made
+DpkPPEGnViu-01422-00396395-00396613 a really meticulous presentation of the
+DpkPPEGnViu-01423-00396614-00396934 land reform in former Soviet Union but I
+DpkPPEGnViu-01424-00396935-00397168 would like to ask you since you spent so
+DpkPPEGnViu-01425-00397169-00397336 many years in Venezuela if you could
+DpkPPEGnViu-01426-00397337-00397683 focus on the land reform in Israel or
+DpkPPEGnViu-01427-00397684-00397999 perhaps by using the same concept of
+DpkPPEGnViu-01428-00398000-00398203 primitive socialist accumulation and
+DpkPPEGnViu-01429-00398204-00398464 tester production how do you see the
+DpkPPEGnViu-01430-00398465-00398851 label but what difficulties you see what
+DpkPPEGnViu-01431-00398852-00399298 successes well I'm not an expert on land
+DpkPPEGnViu-01432-00399299-00399613 reform as well one of the first things
+DpkPPEGnViu-01433-00399614-00399835 you have to recognize it is you know how
+DpkPPEGnViu-01434-00399836-00400060 few peasants there are in that as well
+DpkPPEGnViu-01435-00400061-00400462 because the attraction of the city the
+DpkPPEGnViu-01436-00400463-00400729 difficulties of Dutch disease it's never
+DpkPPEGnViu-01437-00400730-00400924 like that you know meant that food
+DpkPPEGnViu-01438-00400925-00401164 imports came from food was imported
+DpkPPEGnViu-01439-00401165-00401398 rather than produced locally so you have
+DpkPPEGnViu-01440-00401399-00401689 a lot of people living in the barrios
+DpkPPEGnViu-01441-00401690-00401830 living on the hills
+DpkPPEGnViu-01442-00401831-00402017 separate outside and make your cities
+DpkPPEGnViu-01443-00402018-00402322 who come from the countryside then you
+DpkPPEGnViu-01444-00402323-00402505 also have the accumulation of vast
+DpkPPEGnViu-01445-00402506-00402759 amounts of land of the latifolia a
+DpkPPEGnViu-01446-00402760-00403016 portion of which you know nobody could
+DpkPPEGnViu-01447-00403017-00403225 trace their legal status you know that
+DpkPPEGnViu-01448-00403226-00403439 they were somehow to simply give you
+DpkPPEGnViu-01449-00403440-00403648 service you know people just added on
+DpkPPEGnViu-01450-00403649-00403964 and so one of the most important initial
+DpkPPEGnViu-01451-00403965-00404237 steps was to break up the latifolia to
+DpkPPEGnViu-01452-00404238-00404425 take the level of you and to turn it
+DpkPPEGnViu-01453-00404426-00404663 over to peasants but you know there are
+DpkPPEGnViu-01454-00404664-00404872 so there are peasant cooperatives that
+DpkPPEGnViu-01455-00404873-00405143 are now farming the e of the left when
+DpkPPEGnViu-01456-00405144-00405409 deer lands in some case and the product
+DpkPPEGnViu-01457-00405410-00405743 makes changes because it support the
+DpkPPEGnViu-01458-00405744-00405973 land was used it much wasn't used with
+DpkPPEGnViu-01459-00405974-00406238 the use be great you know beef etc like
+DpkPPEGnViu-01460-00406239-00406442 that where the peasants are growing food
+DpkPPEGnViu-01461-00406443-00406654 which they themselves eat and which is
+DpkPPEGnViu-01462-00406655-00407104 for local consumption there is but also
+DpkPPEGnViu-01463-00407105-00407320 and then are the socialist communist
+DpkPPEGnViu-01464-00407321-00407629 have been established as all the seized
+DpkPPEGnViu-01465-00407630-00407893 land but really one of the big
+DpkPPEGnViu-01466-00407894-00408130 you know there's not enough people in
+DpkPPEGnViu-01467-00408131-00408357 the countryside to produce you know what
+DpkPPEGnViu-01468-00408358-00408514 what the country needs it's still
+DpkPPEGnViu-01469-00408515-00408780 importing a very substantial part of its
+DpkPPEGnViu-01470-00408781-00409075 of its you know food requirements
+DpkPPEGnViu-01471-00409076-00409305 now that doesn't mean production has an
+DpkPPEGnViu-01472-00409306-00409533 increase its increased but so also does
+DpkPPEGnViu-01473-00409534-00409695 consumption because of the rising
+DpkPPEGnViu-01474-00409696-00409891 standards of living of people in
+DpkPPEGnViu-01475-00409892-00410128 Venezuela - one of the things that I
+DpkPPEGnViu-01476-00410129-00410301 found very interesting when you watch
+DpkPPEGnViu-01477-00410302-00410632 that Chavez you know updates
+DpkPPEGnViu-01478-00410633-00410838 you know the sunday you know teaching
+DpkPPEGnViu-01479-00410839-00411064 you know what would you what you could
+DpkPPEGnViu-01480-00411064-00411364 see was a situation with so many of them
+DpkPPEGnViu-01481-00411364-00411684 we're located at so he was coming in
+DpkPPEGnViu-01482-00411685-00411924 successful cooperatives and they showed
+DpkPPEGnViu-01483-00411925-00412114 here are the buildings in which people
+DpkPPEGnViu-01484-00412114-00412282 are living and here are they have no
+DpkPPEGnViu-01485-00412283-00412614 they're able to do the standard I don't
+DpkPPEGnViu-01486-00412616-00412839 know this for a fact but I always
+DpkPPEGnViu-01487-00412841-00413076 strongly suspected this was an attempt
+DpkPPEGnViu-01488-00413077-00413317 to create conditions in which young
+DpkPPEGnViu-01489-00413318-00413980 people would be attracted to thinking
+DpkPPEGnViu-01490-00413981-00414264 that would be in this place you know
+DpkPPEGnViu-01491-00414266-00414453 rather than where where we are I know
+DpkPPEGnViu-01492-00414454-00414583 that happens in
+DpkPPEGnViu-01493-00414584-00414862 you know the EMA state in Brazil does it
+DpkPPEGnViu-01494-00414863-00415103 makes land available to young couples to
+DpkPPEGnViu-01495-00415104-00415372 start to be able to have family and
+DpkPPEGnViu-01496-00415373-00415612 Travis himself also tried to create
+DpkPPEGnViu-01497-00415613-00415912 direct links between the own a brunette
+DpkPPEGnViu-01498-00415913-00416093 certain neighborhoods like the tarik
+DpkPPEGnViu-01499-00416093-00416308 they landed socialist/communist of
+DpkPPEGnViu-01500-00416309-00416522 trying to establish they have some links
+DpkPPEGnViu-01501-00416522-00416726 which might lead some but I think one of
+DpkPPEGnViu-01502-00416727-00416974 the real problems is that they need to
+DpkPPEGnViu-01503-00416975-00417251 you know develop agriculture they you
+DpkPPEGnViu-01504-00417252-00417556 know they've had it's a different kind
+DpkPPEGnViu-01505-00417557-00417724 of potentially a different kind of model
+DpkPPEGnViu-01506-00417725-00418016 not like the Soviet model of Agriculture
+DpkPPEGnViu-01507-00418017-00418291 to serve industry you know but the
+DpkPPEGnViu-01508-00418292-00419637 possibility of oil to serve agriculture
+DpkPPEGnViu-01509-00419638-00420331 a similar question in the last many do
+DpkPPEGnViu-01510-00420332-00420935 you see near as appropriate set of
+DpkPPEGnViu-01511-00420936-00421292 relationships for the social this
+DpkPPEGnViu-01512-00421293-00421671 organic socialism of the 21st century
+DpkPPEGnViu-01513-00421672-00421935 you personally do you see that it could
+DpkPPEGnViu-01514-00421936-00422362 be it could be socialist I think here is
+DpkPPEGnViu-01515-00422363-00422817 a model yes no I think every country has
+DpkPPEGnViu-01516-00422818-00423000 its own model and its own historic
+DpkPPEGnViu-01517-00423001-00423315 traditions in Russia the MIR was the
+DpkPPEGnViu-01518-00423316-00423615 historic tradition in Latin America
+DpkPPEGnViu-01519-00423616-00425994 there are peasant communities that did I
+DpkPPEGnViu-01520-00425995-00426229 stand corrected the tissue actually Mir
+DpkPPEGnViu-01521-00426230-00426485 is contributing to the socialist Russia
+DpkPPEGnViu-01522-00426486-00427525 at that time did I understand that you
+DpkPPEGnViu-01523-00427526-00427860 sort of by describing merely saw that it
+DpkPPEGnViu-01524-00427861-00428175 was that it was contributing to the
+DpkPPEGnViu-01525-00428176-00428838 socialism that the mill itself I think
+DpkPPEGnViu-01526-00428839-00429225 that you start the mirror existed the
+DpkPPEGnViu-01527-00429226-00429376 mirror was this process
+DpkPPEGnViu-01528-00429377-00429729 they'll protect other maintaining the
+DpkPPEGnViu-01529-00429730-00430006 conditions of examples of the existing
+DpkPPEGnViu-01530-00430007-00430260 pests but the mirror was inefficient in
+DpkPPEGnViu-01531-00430262-00430539 the sense that they were secure Park
+DpkPPEGnViu-01532-00430539-00430897 that was a potential problem but some of
+DpkPPEGnViu-01533-00430897-00431056 your kinds of things that Triano the
+DpkPPEGnViu-01534-00431057-00431263 agricultural economist was proposing was
+DpkPPEGnViu-01535-00431264-00431599 the idea the forms of cooperation that
+DpkPPEGnViu-01536-00431600-00432068 could be introduced not necessarily
+DpkPPEGnViu-01537-00432070-00432382 cooperation like horizontal cooperation
+DpkPPEGnViu-01538-00432383-00432613 but vertical to operate the mirror after
+DpkPPEGnViu-01539-00432614-00432871 all 410 will own the marketplace in
+DpkPPEGnViu-01540-00432872-00433129 every village that was common properties
+DpkPPEGnViu-01541-00433130-00433408 belong to no one no one had a design but
+DpkPPEGnViu-01542-00433409-00433597 there was also the possibility of having
+DpkPPEGnViu-01543-00433597-00433914 processing which was commonly owned by
+DpkPPEGnViu-01544-00433916-00434142 the village and various other people of
+DpkPPEGnViu-01545-00434143-00434449 developing a process a process of you
+DpkPPEGnViu-01546-00434450-00434728 know encroaching cooperation and a new
+DpkPPEGnViu-01547-00434729-00435130 kind forms of you know like relations
+DpkPPEGnViu-01548-00435131-00435318 among people within the gear that would
+DpkPPEGnViu-01549-00435320-00435522 in fact do exactly what Marx will say
+DpkPPEGnViu-01550-00435522-00435784 strengthening the collective members so
+DpkPPEGnViu-01551-00435785-00435997 I think that it was possible to build on
+DpkPPEGnViu-01552-00435997-00436141 that not easy
+DpkPPEGnViu-01553-00436142-00437333 what's easy
+DpkPPEGnViu-01554-00437334-00437900 and I just immediately once you start
+DpkPPEGnViu-01555-00437901-00438087 developing the concept point estimate
+DpkPPEGnViu-01556-00438088-00438297 really useful they can reapply it's very
+DpkPPEGnViu-01557-00438297-00438558 generic at least that's how I got the
+DpkPPEGnViu-01558-00438559-00438816 message when you when you devote but one
+DpkPPEGnViu-01559-00438817-00438989 perhaps provocative question you were
+DpkPPEGnViu-01560-00438990-00439175 quite critical about the abundant
+DpkPPEGnViu-01561-00439176-00439414 emotive recollection is equal to 30
+DpkPPEGnViu-01562-00439415-00439925 leadership the binder in your last book
+DpkPPEGnViu-01563-00439926-00440199 you were very critical of any detail you
+DpkPPEGnViu-01564-00440200-00440393 developed through your reading quite
+DpkPPEGnViu-01565-00440394-00440912 rightly but to be to provoke wouldn't
+DpkPPEGnViu-01566-00440913-00441075 have been answer have been better if
+DpkPPEGnViu-01567-00441076-00441504 they had been more Munder mentality for
+DpkPPEGnViu-01568-00441505-00441672 example you're saying about you know you
+DpkPPEGnViu-01569-00441672-00442008 make young couples go to word brazil you
+DpkPPEGnViu-01570-00442009-00442170 know encouraging young couples to go to
+DpkPPEGnViu-01571-00442171-00442458 the land just the development we culture
+DpkPPEGnViu-01572-00442459-00442845 I mean what did not develop a lot faster
+DpkPPEGnViu-01573-00442846-00443085 if they just did it with the founder
+DpkPPEGnViu-01574-00443085-00443235 model with the state developing
+DpkPPEGnViu-01575-00443235-00443495 compounds that we just go import ecology
+DpkPPEGnViu-01576-00443496-00443685 and just about I mean is that I
+DpkPPEGnViu-01577-00443685-00443900 understand ideology for Chavez it was
+DpkPPEGnViu-01578-00443901-00444168 unacceptable from what I know but this
+DpkPPEGnViu-01579-00444168-00444427 is you know speaking in terms of
+DpkPPEGnViu-01580-00444428-00444668 mentality of catching duck of mental
+DpkPPEGnViu-01581-00444669-00444956 acuity and you know viewer growth which
+DpkPPEGnViu-01582-00444957-00445193 has not considered the social cycle from
+DpkPPEGnViu-01583-00445194-00445454 everyone according to their ability so
+DpkPPEGnViu-01584-00445455-00445647 would it you know put focusing on on
+DpkPPEGnViu-01585-00445647-00445802 only meeting the needs in a rural
+DpkPPEGnViu-01586-00445803-00446070 developmental model has been better for
+DpkPPEGnViu-01587-00446071-00446134 anything
+DpkPPEGnViu-01588-00446135-00447064 countries can they afford let me just
+DpkPPEGnViu-01589-00447064-00447493 clarify them at least one point when I
+DpkPPEGnViu-01590-00447493-00448291 talk about I'm talking about a concept
+DpkPPEGnViu-01591-00448292-00448539 which involves you know the idea that
+DpkPPEGnViu-01592-00448541-00448750 the Vanguard knows everything
+DpkPPEGnViu-01593-00448751-00449071 it's it is you know it is like the
+DpkPPEGnViu-01594-00449072-00449401 orchid constructing orchestra conductor
+DpkPPEGnViu-01595-00449402-00449737 which alone has the whole picture in
+DpkPPEGnViu-01596-00449738-00449989 contrast to those little players who
+DpkPPEGnViu-01597-00449989-00450205 only know their own part there's
+DpkPPEGnViu-01598-00450206-00450439 wonderful passage from Alaska day you
+DpkPPEGnViu-01599-00450439-00450796 know talking about there's no greater
+DpkPPEGnViu-01600-00450797-00451081 symbol of power in the the orchestra
+DpkPPEGnViu-01601-00451082-00451371 conductor and that is the title
+DpkPPEGnViu-01602-00451372-00451576 conductor the conductor comes through
+DpkPPEGnViu-01603-00451577-00451822 because characteristic is that the
+DpkPPEGnViu-01604-00451822-00452122 vanguard you know in its own conception
+DpkPPEGnViu-01605-00452122-00452308 believes that it cannot allow
+DpkPPEGnViu-01606-00452309-00452575 spontaneity different below it must
+DpkPPEGnViu-01607-00452576-00452788 direct everything it must control
+DpkPPEGnViu-01608-00452789-00452866 everything
+DpkPPEGnViu-01609-00452867-00453109 now I distinctly between that and
+DpkPPEGnViu-01610-00453110-00453397 leadership leadership is different than
+DpkPPEGnViu-01611-00453397-00453618 the that particular concept of the
+DpkPPEGnViu-01612-00453620-00453958 vanguard so leadership you know a number
+DpkPPEGnViu-01613-00453959-00454222 of years ago when I first wrote in this
+DpkPPEGnViu-01614-00454222-00454483 area an article in Social Register
+DpkPPEGnViu-01615-00454484-00454675 called the socialist Federative
+DpkPPEGnViu-01616-00454676-00455139 and in that I was raising the whole
+DpkPPEGnViu-01617-00455141-00455296 question of the importance of human
+DpkPPEGnViu-01618-00455297-00455476 development importance of practices that
+DpkPPEGnViu-01619-00455477-00455545 were like that
+DpkPPEGnViu-01620-00455546-00455806 and I gave it to a Cuban friend and he
+DpkPPEGnViu-01621-00455807-00456082 very smart guy
+DpkPPEGnViu-01622-00456083-00456385 but Michael what's the role of the
+DpkPPEGnViu-01623-00456387-00456713 Vanguard there and I said the role of
+DpkPPEGnViu-01624-00456714-00456896 the vendor is to create the conditions
+DpkPPEGnViu-01625-00456897-00457110 in which people can develop themselves
+DpkPPEGnViu-01626-00457112-00457412 and that's different from the concept of
+DpkPPEGnViu-01627-00457413-00457649 the Vanguard hasn't been inherited so
+DpkPPEGnViu-01628-00457650-00458164 you know what you say Sherman showed
+DpkPPEGnViu-01629-00458166-00458389 leadership but charm is in his
+DpkPPEGnViu-01630-00458391-00458647 leadership we would not have had you
+DpkPPEGnViu-01631-00458649-00458822 know in Venezuela the idea of the
+DpkPPEGnViu-01632-00458822-00459038 communal councils you know developing
+DpkPPEGnViu-01633-00459039-00459247 without Chavez saying we must have a
+DpkPPEGnViu-01634-00459249-00459476 woman on communal council in which the
+DpkPPEGnViu-01635-00459477-00459950 following things will occur but then he
+DpkPPEGnViu-01636-00459951-00460189 said then people will develop through
+DpkPPEGnViu-01637-00460191-00460547 this process and then he regularly said
+DpkPPEGnViu-01638-00460547-00460897 the council or the cells of the new
+DpkPPEGnViu-01639-00460899-00461122 socialist state it was leadership
+DpkPPEGnViu-01640-00461124-00461714 they're not the Vanguard relations next
+DpkPPEGnViu-01641-00461714-00462037 you may have part is already your talk
+DpkPPEGnViu-01642-00462038-00462518 but I'm sorry I missed a lot of it what
+DpkPPEGnViu-01643-00462518-00462714 do you think what's your take on
+DpkPPEGnViu-01644-00462716-00462866 parental Padilla's
+DpkPPEGnViu-01645-00462867-00463130 theory of state capitalism was developed
+DpkPPEGnViu-01646-00463131-00463358 in his book the marketing concept of
+DpkPPEGnViu-01647-00463359-00464221 capital and and the Soviet experience
+DpkPPEGnViu-01648-00464222-00464452 okay
+DpkPPEGnViu-01649-00464453-00464826 okay of course - telepathy I you know of
+DpkPPEGnViu-01650-00464827-00465447 him - shut up with a a Marcia I think
+DpkPPEGnViu-01651-00465447-00465624 you talked about him when Andrew
+DpkPPEGnViu-01652-00465625-00465954 Kleinman was speaking he was was
+DpkPPEGnViu-01653-00465955-00466322 mentioning him oh yeah I'm sorry my
+DpkPPEGnViu-01654-00466323-00466602 accent so you know of his group the
+DpkPPEGnViu-01656-00471359-00472074 okay question it's because as you
+DpkPPEGnViu-01657-00472075-00472481 mentioned here and also in your book the
+DpkPPEGnViu-01658-00472482-00472835 main explanation of the real socialism
+DpkPPEGnViu-01659-00472836-00473154 there the American systems of contested
+DpkPPEGnViu-01660-00473155-00473366 reproduction of two systems the Vanguard
+DpkPPEGnViu-01661-00473367-00473637 logic the capital now when you need the
+DpkPPEGnViu-01662-00473638-00473972 example of the mirror you said on the
+DpkPPEGnViu-01663-00473973-00474287 one hand mirror was
+DpkPPEGnViu-01664-00474288-00474668 type of community or social their
+DpkPPEGnViu-01665-00474670-00474837 exchange was an instrument of
+DpkPPEGnViu-01666-00474838-00475026 reproduction he didn't deserve the
+DpkPPEGnViu-01667-00475027-00475281 accumulation and on the other hand the
+DpkPPEGnViu-01668-00475282-00475554 one that were the ones introducing
+DpkPPEGnViu-01669-00475555-00476004 capitalist logic they wanted to extract
+DpkPPEGnViu-01670-00476005-00476235 the surplus from the mere from the from
+DpkPPEGnViu-01671-00476235-00476766 the agriculture and use it to build in
+DpkPPEGnViu-01672-00476767-00477083 industry so now the question would be
+DpkPPEGnViu-01673-00477084-00477624 isn't this a bit removed or is this in a
+DpkPPEGnViu-01674-00477625-00477966 small small connection with the main
+DpkPPEGnViu-01675-00477967-00478235 explanation where the market logic is
+DpkPPEGnViu-01676-00478237-00478676 not the capitalist logic
+DpkPPEGnViu-01677-00478677-00479010 well I portrayed the they can't
+DpkPPEGnViu-01678-00479010-00479389 contested reproduction in the 20s a
+DpkPPEGnViu-01679-00479391-00479709 struggle between the simple reproduction
+DpkPPEGnViu-01680-00479710-00479897 of the peasant family within Demeter
+DpkPPEGnViu-01681-00479897-00480197 versus expanded reproduction of state
+DpkPPEGnViu-01682-00480199-00480408 industry under vendor relations of
+DpkPPEGnViu-01683-00480409-00480627 production not catherine's relations so
+DpkPPEGnViu-01684-00480628-00480831 the idea of expanding reproduction
+DpkPPEGnViu-01685-00480832-00481053 should never be simply assumed to have
+DpkPPEGnViu-01686-00481054-00481266 anything to do with capitalism because
+DpkPPEGnViu-01687-00481267-00481445 it's just that's just one form that's
+DpkPPEGnViu-01688-00481446-00481674 expanded reproduction under capitalist
+DpkPPEGnViu-01689-00481675-00481734 relations
+DpkPPEGnViu-01690-00481735-00481995 this is expanding reproduction under you
+DpkPPEGnViu-01691-00481996-00482255 know vanguard relation now
+DpkPPEGnViu-01692-00482256-00482520 Preobrazhensky coulton socialist you
+DpkPPEGnViu-01693-00482521-00482751 know i don't see how you can call it
+DpkPPEGnViu-01694-00482752-00482880 socialist when there
+DpkPPEGnViu-01695-00482881-00483096 management and workers councils have
+DpkPPEGnViu-01696-00483097-00483297 been effectively destroyed that severed
+DpkPPEGnViu-01697-00483297-00483614 you know that for me is not the fight of
+DpkPPEGnViu-01698-00483616-00484035 all associates the accumulation in the
+DpkPPEGnViu-01699-00484035-00484293 socialist accumulation doesn't mean it's
+DpkPPEGnViu-01700-00484293-00484629 not it is capitalist the the
+DpkPPEGnViu-01701-00484630-00484770 accumulation of the notion of
+DpkPPEGnViu-01702-00484771-00484971 accumulation is socialist accumulation
+DpkPPEGnViu-01703-00484972-00485187 doesn't mean discovered is that right
+DpkPPEGnViu-01704-00485188-00485421 yes we have you know we always think
+DpkPPEGnViu-01705-00485422-00485597 what are the relations that we're
+DpkPPEGnViu-01706-00485599-00485799 talking we're talking about you know are
+DpkPPEGnViu-01707-00485800-00485985 they capitulation doctrine other words
+DpkPPEGnViu-01708-00485985-00486222 is their capital in one hand which labor
+DpkPPEGnViu-01709-00486222-00486360 on the other hand or is it something
+DpkPPEGnViu-01710-00486360-00487605 else my questions
+DpkPPEGnViu-01711-00487606-00488296 this
+DpkPPEGnViu-01712-00488297-00488589 thanks for excellent talk and I think
+DpkPPEGnViu-01713-00488591-00489135 that this should help to cut Scholastic
+DpkPPEGnViu-01714-00489137-00489445 based on Colette and so it was it's
+DpkPPEGnViu-01715-00489446-00489604 character this event very each side
+DpkPPEGnViu-01716-00489605-00490099 things so aspects and then experiment
+DpkPPEGnViu-01717-00490100-00490333 based on this rather than understanding
+DpkPPEGnViu-01718-00490334-00490560 it precisely as a contestant about you
+DpkPPEGnViu-01719-00490562-00490882 know different points of production as
+DpkPPEGnViu-01720-00490883-00491082 we see not necessarily exclusively
+DpkPPEGnViu-01721-00491083-00491472 socialism or capitalism but as you say
+DpkPPEGnViu-01722-00491474-00491914 I'm done but then that obviously doesn't
+DpkPPEGnViu-01723-00491914-00492166 fall into any of these categories but so
+DpkPPEGnViu-01724-00492167-00492601 this is probably a good a good framework
+DpkPPEGnViu-01725-00492602-00493093 for approaching like any society so it's
+DpkPPEGnViu-01726-00493093-00493624 Venezuela is always interested residents
+DpkPPEGnViu-01727-00493625-00493860 who people are asking themselves on that
+DpkPPEGnViu-01728-00493862-00494167 terrain there's also a conversation
+DpkPPEGnViu-01729-00494168-00495127 going on and how do you see how would
+DpkPPEGnViu-01730-00495128-00496410 you see perspectives
+DpkPPEGnViu-01731-00496410-00496599 because I you know when I was in
+DpkPPEGnViu-01732-00496600-00496889 Venezuela my main focus and activity was
+DpkPPEGnViu-01733-00496890-00497055 a relationship to worker self-management
+DpkPPEGnViu-01734-00497056-00497355 so that's where I was you know mainly
+DpkPPEGnViu-01735-00497356-00497687 focused on I didn't I know only casually
+DpkPPEGnViu-01736-00497688-00497837 you know what was happening in
+DpkPPEGnViu-01737-00497838-00498009 socialist/communist at an appropriate
+DpkPPEGnViu-01738-00498010-00498366 center like that I can't really say what
+DpkPPEGnViu-01739-00498367-00498660 kind of what as it struggles company in
+DpkPPEGnViu-01740-00498660-00498852 the countryside is the attempt of
+DpkPPEGnViu-01741-00498853-00499053 peasant communes to develop and not be
+DpkPPEGnViu-01742-00499054-00499320 assassinated by the hired goons of the
+DpkPPEGnViu-01743-00499321-00501025 land fullest okay yes yes
+DpkPPEGnViu-01744-00501026-00501443 thank you for your club while you were
+DpkPPEGnViu-01745-00501443-00501731 talking I was thinking about a man that
+DpkPPEGnViu-01746-00501732-00502177 Wolf's Levitan ski who was a gradient
+DpkPPEGnViu-01747-00502178-00502535 call myself a socialist but mostly an
+DpkPPEGnViu-01748-00502535-00503039 anti-communist who went to Asia after
+DpkPPEGnViu-01749-00503039-00503441 World War 2 and promoted land reform
+DpkPPEGnViu-01750-00503442-00503735 actually imposed reform because the
+DpkPPEGnViu-01751-00503735-00504064 United States on my hip bone is my every
+DpkPPEGnViu-01752-00504065-00504847 form in Japan and in Taiwan and they
+DpkPPEGnViu-01753-00504848-00505160 kicked them out of the army before he
+DpkPPEGnViu-01754-00505160-00505475 got to South Korea but his assistant did
+DpkPPEGnViu-01755-00505476-00505941 the South Korean and the language was
+DpkPPEGnViu-01756-00505942-00506327 too small to give the farmers and
+DpkPPEGnViu-01757-00506328-00506550 ability to become full-fledged
+DpkPPEGnViu-01758-00506551-00507029 capitalists could get them to feed
+DpkPPEGnViu-01759-00507030-00507450 themselves making wages much cheaper and
+DpkPPEGnViu-01760-00507451-00507706 seemed to be a major factor in promoting
+DpkPPEGnViu-01761-00507707-00507877 economic
+DpkPPEGnViu-01762-00507878-00508324 those countries and I kept thinking
+DpkPPEGnViu-01763-00508325-00508535 about that while you were talking about
+DpkPPEGnViu-01764-00508536-00509083 what she saw in the Soviet Union so I
+DpkPPEGnViu-01765-00509084-00509345 thought I'd ask you to comment already I
+DpkPPEGnViu-01766-00509346-00509685 I really don't have any kind of I really
+DpkPPEGnViu-01767-00509686-00510029 don't know I don't know the case justice
+DpkPPEGnViu-01768-00510030-00510283 and you're the agricultural expert
+DpkPPEGnViu-01769-00510284-00511264 company good any other questions
+DpkPPEGnViu-01770-00511264-00511807 comments
+DpkPPEGnViu-01771-00511808-00512097 yes
+DpkPPEGnViu-01772-00512097-00512877 yes
+DpkPPEGnViu-01773-00512878-00513272 yes they wanted a Shabbos and his
+DpkPPEGnViu-01774-00513274-00513635 attempt to formulate his vision of
+DpkPPEGnViu-01775-00513635-00513927 socialism was effectiveness entry in
+DpkPPEGnViu-01776-00513928-00514164 Latin America especially in Venezuela
+DpkPPEGnViu-01777-00514164-00514514 but Venezuela all that America are not
+DpkPPEGnViu-01778-00514516-00514881 really comparable with Europe and so I
+DpkPPEGnViu-01779-00514882-00515234 would like to ask you can you give us
+DpkPPEGnViu-01780-00515235-00515874 suggestions suggestions how to organize
+DpkPPEGnViu-01781-00515875-00516422 in how to formulate a concept for the
+DpkPPEGnViu-01782-00516422-00516666 socialist movement of the century and
+DpkPPEGnViu-01783-00516667-00517029 how to organize Congress from France
+DpkPPEGnViu-01784-00517030-00517497 University still our good way with the
+DpkPPEGnViu-01785-00517497-00518093 initiative unit today of the morning but
+DpkPPEGnViu-01786-00518095-00518400 what would you say are the potentials
+DpkPPEGnViu-01787-00518401-00519396 and they're organizing structures that
+DpkPPEGnViu-01788-00519397-00519847 put us with us allow to create such
+DpkPPEGnViu-01789-00519849-00520263 organization or organizations make us
+DpkPPEGnViu-01790-00520264-00520749 able to go into the struggles that are
+DpkPPEGnViu-01791-00520750-00521213 waiting for us
+DpkPPEGnViu-01792-00521214-00521592 easy question you know when I come back
+DpkPPEGnViu-01793-00521593-00521718 to all time
+DpkPPEGnViu-01794-00521720-00522193 the necessity of a vision a goal to work
+DpkPPEGnViu-01795-00522193-00522468 toward and I've tried in the book the
+DpkPPEGnViu-01796-00522470-00522652 socialist alternative I trying to sort
+DpkPPEGnViu-01797-00522653-00522906 of set that out as this you know
+DpkPPEGnViu-01798-00522907-00523222 triangle you know social ownership of
+DpkPPEGnViu-01799-00523222-00523372 the reproduction social production
+DpkPPEGnViu-01800-00523372-00524242 organized by workers those three sides
+DpkPPEGnViu-01801-00524243-00524593 intertwine and reinforce each other now
+DpkPPEGnViu-01802-00524594-00525477 that's the goal but every country
+DpkPPEGnViu-01803-00525478-00525721 charter for human development which
+DpkPPEGnViu-01804-00525722-00525910 points out you know how many struggle
+DpkPPEGnViu-01805-00525911-00526105 kinds of demands that could be made that
+DpkPPEGnViu-01806-00526106-00526458 linked up to each of those yeah but
+DpkPPEGnViu-01807-00526459-00526753 basically in every country if you have
+DpkPPEGnViu-01808-00526754-00526984 that conception then you decide
+DpkPPEGnViu-01809-00526985-00527176 yourselves the only thing I would
+DpkPPEGnViu-01810-00527177-00527416 suggest is you don't sort of go off into
+DpkPPEGnViu-01811-00527417-00527686 a room and decide well here is this you
+DpkPPEGnViu-01812-00527687-00527899 know conception of socialism is that you
+DpkPPEGnViu-01813-00527900-00528085 know took an organic system that means
+DpkPPEGnViu-01814-00528086-00528340 we should do ABC is that right that the
+DpkPPEGnViu-01815-00528341-00528538 starting point of saying is you have to
+DpkPPEGnViu-01816-00528539-00528698 start with the struggles that people
+DpkPPEGnViu-01817-00528699-00528920 engage them you know that they are moved
+DpkPPEGnViu-01818-00528921-00529271 by and to work with them and try to then
+DpkPPEGnViu-01819-00529272-00529520 move in those struggles to transform
+DpkPPEGnViu-01820-00529521-00529775 them you know the perspective we simply
+DpkPPEGnViu-01821-00529776-00530012 trying to return to the good old days to
+DpkPPEGnViu-01822-00530013-00530481 try to build new new days okay God is
+DpkPPEGnViu-01823-00530482-00530831 next just to pick up on this one last
+DpkPPEGnViu-01824-00530832-00531272 point on the one by the way very good
+DpkPPEGnViu-01825-00531273-00531762 lecture society as organism we usually
+DpkPPEGnViu-01826-00531763-00532046 have it I mean it's quite often in the
+DpkPPEGnViu-01827-00532047-00532289 literature but it seems that you build
+DpkPPEGnViu-01828-00532290-00532595 the path of understanding socialism is
+DpkPPEGnViu-01829-00532596-00532845 processes of organic process I would
+DpkPPEGnViu-01830-00532846-00533006 like to just like a short question
+DpkPPEGnViu-01831-00533007-00533291 president and another comment so mister
+DpkPPEGnViu-01832-00533292-00533525 more logically would you would you
+DpkPPEGnViu-01833-00533526-00533908 pursue this kind of metaphor of organism
+DpkPPEGnViu-01834-00533909-00534252 let say organic processes so it's like
+DpkPPEGnViu-01835-00534253-00534533 there is certain accounting of
+DpkPPEGnViu-01836-00534534-00534768 regulating mechanism but on the other
+DpkPPEGnViu-01837-00534769-00535170 and you always have the strong awareness
+DpkPPEGnViu-01838-00535171-00535368 that there are like a symmetrical start
+DpkPPEGnViu-01839-00535369-00535760 we take those into account but then like
+DpkPPEGnViu-01840-00535761-00536093 other kind of comment or what I of
+DpkPPEGnViu-01841-00536094-00536358 course very much like in in your talk
+DpkPPEGnViu-01842-00536359-00536668 with this concept of contested
+DpkPPEGnViu-01843-00536669-00537075 reproduction right but just correct me
+DpkPPEGnViu-01844-00537076-00537462 if I'm wrong it seems to me that at some
+DpkPPEGnViu-01845-00537463-00538091 point it becomes elementary so if I
+DpkPPEGnViu-01846-00538092-00538295 understood you correctly the
+DpkPPEGnViu-01847-00538296-00538587 contradictions that kind of happen in
+DpkPPEGnViu-01848-00538588-00538856 the society become more severe at some
+DpkPPEGnViu-01849-00538857-00539302 point create certain impacts of
+DpkPPEGnViu-01850-00539303-00539564 structural obstacles and then at some
+DpkPPEGnViu-01851-00539565-00540045 point you can force forces and others I
+DpkPPEGnViu-01852-00540046-00540264 make any sense
+DpkPPEGnViu-01853-00540265-00540546 breaks through this ultra so the force
+DpkPPEGnViu-01854-00540547-00540782 could be either evolutionary or
+DpkPPEGnViu-01855-00540783-00540981 counter-revolutionary so and mr.
+DpkPPEGnViu-01856-00540982-00541185 rational people were kind of coming
+DpkPPEGnViu-01857-00541186-00541605 coming of the new but then and I think
+DpkPPEGnViu-01858-00541606-00543060 what is very interesting is that well I
+DpkPPEGnViu-01859-00543061-00543717 think that this is a dialectics of the
+DpkPPEGnViu-01860-00543718-00543987 obstacle and on the other hand is forced
+DpkPPEGnViu-01861-00543988-00544428 to simplify don't you think that the
+DpkPPEGnViu-01862-00544429-00544665 force itself can be understand that
+DpkPPEGnViu-01863-00544666-00544920 there is a kind of concatenation of
+DpkPPEGnViu-01864-00544921-00545336 different instances or as a certain
+DpkPPEGnViu-01865-00545337-00545624 amelioration of legal political
+DpkPPEGnViu-01866-00545625-00546018 ideological instances the force becomes
+DpkPPEGnViu-01867-00546019-00546377 rather some kind of complex polar
+DpkPPEGnViu-01868-00546378-00546702 determination then a simple let's say
+DpkPPEGnViu-01869-00546703-00546918 then I think between most of the
+DpkPPEGnViu-01870-00546919-00547167 enforced so this is kind of my comment
+DpkPPEGnViu-01871-00547168-00547443 on understanding the constitutional
+DpkPPEGnViu-01872-00547444-00547806 societal institution of society through
+DpkPPEGnViu-01873-00547807-00548109 this primitive accumulation process and
+DpkPPEGnViu-01874-00548110-00548436 here I think that well the social
+DpkPPEGnViu-01875-00548437-00548694 historical processes become more
+DpkPPEGnViu-01876-00548695-00549392 complicated when I use the term force
+DpkPPEGnViu-01877-00549393-00549712 I'm using it
+DpkPPEGnViu-01878-00549713-00549989 indiscriminate cumulation it is not
+DpkPPEGnViu-01879-00549990-00550271 necessarily bloody ruthless methods it
+DpkPPEGnViu-01880-00550272-00550520 can be legal but such as the IMF
+DpkPPEGnViu-01881-00550521-00550787 conditionality you know which was forced
+DpkPPEGnViu-01882-00550788-00551144 but what do I mean by force is that in
+DpkPPEGnViu-01883-00551145-00551637 contested reproduction that when you
+DpkPPEGnViu-01884-00551638-00551969 have different relations they don't
+DpkPPEGnViu-01885-00551970-00552260 simply coexist they penetrate each other
+DpkPPEGnViu-01886-00552261-00552575 they may greet dysfunction now that
+DpkPPEGnViu-01887-00552576-00552808 dysfunction can go on for a long time
+DpkPPEGnViu-01888-00552809-00553179 the question is does it get resolved and
+DpkPPEGnViu-01889-00553180-00553458 I'm saying it doesn't problem you know
+DpkPPEGnViu-01890-00553459-00553670 maybe in some cases if you know there is
+DpkPPEGnViu-01891-00553671-00553993 a spontaneous process in which one
+DpkPPEGnViu-01892-00553994-00554270 expands at the expense of the other but
+DpkPPEGnViu-01893-00554271-00554439 if it doesn't happen and if there is a
+DpkPPEGnViu-01894-00554440-00554775 determination to have that side expanded
+DpkPPEGnViu-01895-00554776-00555443 in some form of force legal legal in
+DpkPPEGnViu-01896-00555444-00555668 England as opposed
+DpkPPEGnViu-01897-00555669-00555903 you know that was extremely it can be
+DpkPPEGnViu-01898-00555904-00556260 anything it is a way of resolving if you
+DpkPPEGnViu-01899-00556261-00557961 know the difficult or gaming system or
+DpkPPEGnViu-01900-00557962-00558197 socialism as if we name it will be
+DpkPPEGnViu-01901-00558198-00558527 differently than what we came up calling
+DpkPPEGnViu-01902-00558528-00558912 socialist process or the kind of German
+DpkPPEGnViu-01903-00558913-00559185 extraction or socialism which we call it
+DpkPPEGnViu-01904-00559186-00559491 organically that's like because there is
+DpkPPEGnViu-01905-00559492-00559841 a very long tradition in chico mendes
+DpkPPEGnViu-01906-00559842-00560238 and so on that kind of rejects that's it
+DpkPPEGnViu-01907-00560239-00560597 the use of organism or society as
+DpkPPEGnViu-01908-00560598-00561041 certain organ well when I mean basically
+DpkPPEGnViu-01909-00561042-00561384 in what I think the concept of organic
+DpkPPEGnViu-01910-00561385-00561891 system does provide is a way of
+DpkPPEGnViu-01911-00561892-00562127 underlining the you know the
+DpkPPEGnViu-01912-00562128-00562359 interconnection between the elements the
+DpkPPEGnViu-01913-00562360-00562584 necessary interconnection between the
+DpkPPEGnViu-01914-00562585-00562914 elements and so for example you know in
+DpkPPEGnViu-01915-00562915-00564075 the case the socialist alternative where
+DpkPPEGnViu-01916-00564076-00564341 there was social ownership of the means
+DpkPPEGnViu-01917-00564342-00564579 of production work their management both
+DpkPPEGnViu-01918-00564580-00564915 you know in juridical way terms but
+DpkPPEGnViu-01919-00564916-00565299 complete lack of any orientation toward
+DpkPPEGnViu-01920-00565300-00565503 a some illicit economy toward producing
+DpkPPEGnViu-01921-00565504-00565785 for social needs and what I argue is
+DpkPPEGnViu-01922-00565786-00566103 that lack of that third side infected
+DpkPPEGnViu-01923-00566104-00566403 the first two sides so instead of social
+DpkPPEGnViu-01924-00566404-00566643 property you get group property instead
+DpkPPEGnViu-01925-00566644-00566897 of work for management you get rubber
+DpkPPEGnViu-01926-00566898-00566980 stamping
+DpkPPEGnViu-01927-00566981-00567359 managers proposals the infection comes
+DpkPPEGnViu-01928-00567360-00567905 from that of the interconnection of the
+DpkPPEGnViu-01930-00571776-00571919 confused me when you said that in you
+DpkPPEGnViu-01931-00571920-00572072 aspire there was no production according
+DpkPPEGnViu-01932-00572073-00572372 to me because what was the housing of
+DpkPPEGnViu-01933-00572373-00572570 the firm's of course that lead the sole
+DpkPPEGnViu-01934-00572571-00572849 authority was within the firm is not on
+DpkPPEGnViu-01935-00572850-00573020 the level of for example movement or
+DpkPPEGnViu-01936-00573021-00573512 like the UK so would've meant would you
+DpkPPEGnViu-01937-00573513-00573680 say that the u.s. bio production was not
+DpkPPEGnViu-01938-00573681-00573830 according to meet you the health and
+DpkPPEGnViu-01939-00573831-00574103 education and housing and pensions were
+DpkPPEGnViu-01940-00574104-00574328 socially indifferent level either state
+DpkPPEGnViu-01941-00574329-00575042 level or Germany one of the things that
+DpkPPEGnViu-01942-00575043-00575210 you know what I was talking about
+DpkPPEGnViu-01943-00575211-00575324 solidarity
+DpkPPEGnViu-01944-00575325-00575501 certainly was solidarity within the
+DpkPPEGnViu-01945-00575502-00575744 individual enterprises but there was no
+DpkPPEGnViu-01946-00575745-00576029 solidarity between enterprises and
+DpkPPEGnViu-01947-00576030-00576152 that's one of the things Che Guevara
+DpkPPEGnViu-01948-00576153-00576358 pointed out
+DpkPPEGnViu-01949-00576359-00576699 to a very interesting system but how was
+DpkPPEGnViu-01950-00576700-00576964 competition between workers not to do
+DpkPPEGnViu-01951-00576965-00577225 with the social spirit you know this you
+DpkPPEGnViu-01952-00577226-00577369 know he worried about that particular
+DpkPPEGnViu-01953-00577370-00577669 point and that certainly you know was
+DpkPPEGnViu-01954-00577670-00578323 that was there we will encourage
+DpkPPEGnViu-01955-00578324-00578557 cooperation among different firms by
+DpkPPEGnViu-01956-00578558-00578689 telling them that if you work together
+DpkPPEGnViu-01957-00578690-00578959 to make more money it was that was the
+DpkPPEGnViu-01958-00578960-00579214 concept of solidarity and any attempt to
+DpkPPEGnViu-01959-00579215-00579343 say go
+DpkPPEGnViu-01960-00579344-00579529 what about inequality that's growing in
+DpkPPEGnViu-01961-00579530-00579826 the society what about the need for sort
+DpkPPEGnViu-01962-00579827-00580005 of producing directly for people's needs
+DpkPPEGnViu-01963-00580006-00580252 and what about the problems of the new
+DpkPPEGnViu-01964-00580253-00580489 class emerging as manager that was both
+DpkPPEGnViu-01965-00580490-00580834 ultra-left ISM anarchism etc and condemn
+DpkPPEGnViu-01966-00580835-00581254 that I think was a manifestation of a
+DpkPPEGnViu-01967-00581255-00581512 particularly bad model in terms of the
+DpkPPEGnViu-01968-00581513-00581971 orientation towards social needs it's
+DpkPPEGnViu-01969-00581972-00582127 what you reports yours refer to your
+DpkPPEGnViu-01970-00582128-00582352 seven difficult questions short text me
+DpkPPEGnViu-01971-00582353-00582640 when you were to raise the question but
+DpkPPEGnViu-01972-00582641-00582862 I think we you're the question that the
+DpkPPEGnViu-01973-00582863-00583018 things you wrote the seven difficult
+DpkPPEGnViu-01974-00583019-00583402 questions about yes you're ready reason
+DpkPPEGnViu-01975-00583403-00583675 but because it was only house first day
+DpkPPEGnViu-01976-00583676-00583914 as a need that was within the firm
+DpkPPEGnViu-01977-00583915-00584263 pensions health education sport
+DpkPPEGnViu-01978-00584264-00584509 recreation that was on the state level
+DpkPPEGnViu-01979-00584510-00584692 or republican that later especially
+DpkPPEGnViu-01980-00584693-00584845 after that the certainty for a
+DpkPPEGnViu-01981-00584846-00585127 constitution so I think your analysis
+DpkPPEGnViu-01982-00585128-00585490 partly holes through but not entirely or
+DpkPPEGnViu-01983-00585491-00585670 it excuses refining to conventional
+DpkPPEGnViu-01984-00585671-00585874 appearance even a richer account of
+DpkPPEGnViu-01985-00585875-00586099 empirical reality but thank you for the
+DpkPPEGnViu-01986-00586100-00586534 next book would love reading I guess
+DpkPPEGnViu-01987-00586535-00586673 this is
+DpkPPEGnViu-01988-00586674-00587121 permanent Authority so I've got to use
+DpkPPEGnViu-01989-00587122-00587259 the opportunity to invite you to
+DpkPPEGnViu-01990-00587260-00587463 exciting roundtables that will take
+DpkPPEGnViu-01991-00587464-00587634 place tomorrow the first beginning at
+DpkPPEGnViu-01992-00587635-00587919 11:00 a.m. building a new left in the
+DpkPPEGnViu-01993-00587920-00588219 balance and then 6:00 p.m. toward the
+DpkPPEGnViu-01994-00588220-00588426 European level strategy of building a
+DpkPPEGnViu-01995-00588427-00588699 social center Michael thank you once
+DpkPPEGnViu-01996-00588700-00588909 again
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00000-00000050-00000349 Indian forest service ifs Bharatiya vana
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00001-00000350-00000526 Siva is one of the three All India
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00002-00000527-00000726 services of the Government of India
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00003-00000727-00001002 the other two All India services being
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00004-00001003-00001233 the Indian Administrative Service IAS
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00005-00001234-00001575 and the Indian Police Service IPS it was
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00006-00001576-00001870 constituted in the year 1966 under the
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00007-00001871-00002149 All India Services Act 1951 by the
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00008-00002150-00002446 Government of India the main mandate of
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00009-00002447-00002638 the service is the implementation of the
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00010-00002639-00002839 national forest policy in order to
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00011-00002840-00003033 ensure the ecological stability of the
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00012-00003034-00003181 country through the protection and
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00013-00003182-00003411 participatory sustainable management of
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00014-00003413-00003697 Natural Resources an IFS officer is
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00015-00003697-00003856 wholly independent of the district
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00016-00003857-00004027 administration and exercises
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00017-00004028-00004240 administrative judicial and financial
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00018-00004241-00004519 powers in his own domain positions in
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00019-00004520-00004704 State Forest Department such as
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00020-00004705-00004920 divisional forest officer DFO
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00021-00004921-00005215 conservator of forests CF and principal
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00022-00005216-00005554 chief conservator of forests PCF etc are
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00023-00005555-00005845 held only by ifs officers the highest
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00024-00005846-00006034 ranking ifs official in each state is
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00025-00006035-00006358 the head of forest forces HOF earlier
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00026-00006359-00006553 the British government in India had
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00027-00006554-00006781 constituted the Imperial Forest Service
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00028-00006781-00007033 in 1867 which functioned under the
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00029-00007034-00007228 federal government until forestry was
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00030-00007229-00007410 transferred to the provincial list by
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00031-00007411-00007678 the Government of India act 1935 and
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00032-00007679-00007873 subsequent recruitment to the Imperial
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00033-00007873-00008199 Forest Service was discontinued Ministry
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00034-00008200-00008419 of Environment forest and climate change
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00035-00008420-00008689 MOU FCC under the Government of India is
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00036-00008690-00008889 the Kadri controlling authority of the
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00037-00008890-00009330 Indian Forest Service topic history in
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00038-00009331-00009613 1864 the british raj established the
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00039-00009614-00009817 imperial forest department Dietrich
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00040-00009818-00010053 Brandis a German forest officer was
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00041-00010054-00010267 appointed inspector general of forests
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00042-00010268-00010537 the Imperial Forestry Service was
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00043-00010538-00010735 organized subordinate to the Imperial
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00044-00010736-00011023 Forest Department in 1867 when five
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00045-00011024-00011209 candidates were selected to undergo
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00046-00011210-00011458 training in France and Germany this
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00047-00011459-00011745 continued up to 1885 except for a short
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00048-00011746-00011931 break on account of war between France
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00049-00011932-00012259 and Russia officers appointed from 1867
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00050-00012260-00012523 to 1885 were trained in Germany and
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00051-00012524-00012877 France and from 1885 to 1905 at Cooper's
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00052-00012878-00013111 Hill London also known as Royal Indian
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00053-00013112-00013416 Engineering College where 173 off
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00054-00013418-00013842 were trained from 1905 to 1926 the
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00055-00013843-00014077 University of Oxford sir Williams click
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00056-00014078-00014311 University of Cambridge and University
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00057-00014312-00014524 of Edinburgh had undertaken the task of
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00058-00014525-00014688 training Imperial Forestry Service
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00059-00014690-00015058 officers in 1920 the government of India
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00060-00015059-00015199 took the decision that the IFS
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00061-00015200-00015375 probationers may be trained at one
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00062-00015376-00015516 centre and consequent to the
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00063-00015518-00015687 establishment of forest research
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00064-00015688-00015886 institute at Dehradun the training
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00065-00015887-00016239 started in India in 1926 the Government
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00066-00016240-00016512 of India act 1935 which transferred
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00067-00016513-00016734 forestry to provisional lists resulted
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00068-00016735-00016996 in abolition of the ax straining Indian
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00069-00016997-00017256 forest college was established in 1938
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00070-00017257-00017527 the superior Forest Service officers
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00071-00017528-00017709 recruited from different states were
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00072-00017710-00017974 trained in the Indian Forest College the
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00073-00017975-00018147 stated mandate of the service was
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00074-00018148-00018352 scientific management of the forests to
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00075-00018353-00018558 exploit it on a sustained basis for
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00076-00018559-00018828 primarily timber products it was during
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00077-00018829-00018994 this time that large tracts of the
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00078-00018995-00019158 forest were brought under state control
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00079-00019159-00019380 through the process of reservation under
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00080-00019381-00019702 the Indian Forest Act 1927 the
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00081-00019703-00019878 management of the forest went into the
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00082-00019879-00020039 hands of the provincial government in
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00083-00020040-00020278 1935 and even today the forest
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00084-00020279-00020461 departments are managing the forests of
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00085-00020462-00020631 the country under the respect of state
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00086-00020632-00020868 governments since the subject of
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00087-00020869-00021061 forestry was shifted to the concurrent
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00088-00021062-00021328 list in the year 1977 the central
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00089-00021329-00021471 government plays an important role
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00090-00021472-00021703 particularly at the policy level in the
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00091-00021704-00021967 management of the forest the main thrust
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00092-00021968-00022158 of managing forests for production of
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00093-00022159-00022347 timber products as in the British period
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00094-00022348-00022564 continued even after the reconstitution
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00095-00022565-00022936 of ifs in 1966 the recommendations of
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00096-00022937-00023150 National Commission on agriculture in
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00097-00023151-00023430 1976 was a landmark shift in forest
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00098-00023431-00023674 management it was for the first time
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00099-00023675-00023874 that people's perception was taken care
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00100-00023875-00024052 of in addressing biomass needs and
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00101-00024053-00024234 extension activities through Social
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00102-00024235-00024514 Forestry were introduced the concept of
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00103-00024515-00024711 sustained yield was addressed in tandem
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00104-00024712-00024900 with biomass needs of the people living
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00105-00024901-00025206 in and around forest areas equal thrust
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00106-00025207-00025392 was given to habitat management in
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00107-00025393-00025569 protected area and conserving the
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00108-00025570-00025845 biodiversity of the land today there are
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00109-00025847-00026152 over 2,700 ifs officers serving in the
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00110-00026152-00026392 country serving in both the 31 forest
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00111-00026393-00026557 departments in the States and union
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00112-00026558-00026737 territories and working in various
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00113-00026738-00026818 ministries
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00114-00026819-00027001 institutions both in the state and
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00115-00027002-00027557 central government
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00116-00027558-00028095 topic modern agency
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00117-00028095-00028332 the modern Indian forest service was
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00118-00028333-00028637 established in 1966 after independence
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00119-00028638-00028926 under the all-india Services Act 1951
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00120-00028927-00029223 the first inspector general of forests
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00121-00029224-00029414 Hari Singh was instrumental in the
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00122-00029416-00029736 development of the IFS India has an area
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00123-00029737-00030012 of 635 thousand four hundred square
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00124-00030013-00030279 kilometres designated as forests about
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00125-00030280-00030489 nineteen point three two percent of the
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00126-00030489-00030762 country India's forest policy was
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00127-00030763-00031133 created in 1894 and revised in 1952 and
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00128-00031135-00031774 again in 1988
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00129-00031775-00032045 topic selection and nature of the
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00130-00032045-00032450 service
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00131-00032451-00032675 officers are recruited via an open
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00132-00032676-00032888 competitive examination conducted by the
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00133-00032889-00033104 UPSC and then trained for about two
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00134-00033105-00033263 years by the central government at
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00135-00033264-00033481 Indira Gandhi National Forest Academy
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00136-00033482-00033764 their services are placed under various
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00137-00033765-00033992 state cadres and joint cadres being an
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00138-00033993-00034187 all-india service they have the mandate
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00139-00034188-00034349 to serve both under the state and
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00140-00034350-00034496 central governments they are also
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00141-00034497-00034658 eligible for state and central
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00142-00034659-00034904 deputations as their counterpart IAS and
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00143-00034905-00035279 IPS officers deputation of ifs officers
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00144-00035280-00035444 to the central government includes
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00145-00035445-00035636 appointments in central ministries at
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00146-00035637-00035816 the position of deputy secretary
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00147-00035817-00036071 director joint secretary and Additional
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00148-00036072-00036329 Secretary etc appointments in various
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00149-00036330-00036539 public sector units institutes and
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00150-00036540-00036722 academies at the position of chief
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00151-00036723-00036998 vigilance officer CVO regional passport
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00152-00036999-00037271 officers managing directors inspector
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00153-00037272-00037649 general director general etc deputation
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00154-00037650-00037865 of ifs officers is also permissible to
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00155-00037866-00038054 foreign governments United Nations
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00156-00038055-00038345 bodies international organizations NGOs
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00157-00038346-00038579 voluntary organizations apart from
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00158-00038580-00038786 private sector as per the Indian forest
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00159-00038787-00038831 service
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00160-00038832-00039581 Kadri rules 1966
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00161-00039582-00040136 topic salary structure
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00162-00040137-00040502 you
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00163-00040503-00041061 topic deputations
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00164-00041062-00041312 as per rule 6 of the Indian Forest
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00165-00041313-00041690 Service Kadri rules 1966 deputation of
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00166-00041691-00041886 ifs officers broadly falls into two
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00167-00041887-00042321 categories central deputation state
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00168-00042322-00042561 deputation for central deputation there
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00169-00042562-00042753 are two schemes devised for the purpose
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00170-00042754-00042945 of regulating appointments in Government
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00171-00042946-00043140 of India and organizations under its
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00172-00043141-00043623 control central staffing scheme non
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00173-00043624-00043956 central staffing scheme topic central
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00174-00043957-00044196 deputation after the IAS the Indian
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00175-00044197-00044396 Forest Service has the highest number of
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00176-00044397-00044627 officers posted as joint secretaries
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00177-00044628-00044865 additional secretaries and secret area
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00178-00044866-00045027 still the Government of India there are
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00179-00045028-00045252 two central staffing schemes one each
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00180-00045253-00045440 controlled by Ministry of Environment
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00181-00045441-00045705 and Forests India both and Department of
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00182-00045706-00045993 Personnel and Training DOPT of Ministry
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00183-00045994-00046190 of personnel public grievances and
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00184-00046191-00046335 Pensions and they are respectively
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00185-00046336-00046693 called as CSS of MoEF and CSS of D opt
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00186-00046694-00046977 Manning the pre identified professional
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00187-00046978-00047187 positions in the ministry its regional
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00188-00047188-00047362 offices subordinate offices
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00189-00047363-00047604 organisations under its control located
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00190-00047605-00047771 elsewhere in the country and in other
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00191-00047772-00048012 ministries departments exclusively by
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00192-00048013-00048237 ifs CSS of most eeeem has been
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00193-00048238-00048519 formulated the posts included under it
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00194-00048520-00048693 are director-general of forests
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00195-00048694-00048921 additional director-general of forests
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00196-00048922-00049170 inspector general of forests and deputy
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00197-00049171-00049398 inspector general of forests in Ministry
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00198-00049399-00049620 of Environment and Forests associate
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00199-00049621-00049854 professors and lecturers in IG and FA
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00200-00049855-00050040 director of forest Survey of India
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00201-00050041-00050268 Indira Gandhi National Forest Academy
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00202-00050269-00050580 project tiger project elephant National
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00203-00050581-00050832 Zoological Park forest education and
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00204-00050833-00051006 deputy directors conservators in
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00205-00051007-00051314 regional offices of the Ministry similar
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00206-00051315-00051513 to the CSS of the MOU for Manning
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00207-00051514-00051677 pre-identified positions of
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00208-00051678-00051995 undersecretary US Deputy Secretary D s
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00209-00051996-00052248 director joint secretary to Government
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00210-00052249-00052517 of India J s Additional Secretary as
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00211-00052519-00052676 special secretary
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00212-00052677-00052884 SS and equivalent levels in the
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00213-00052885-00053010 Government of India and its
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00214-00053011-00053289 organisations do pt have formulated a
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00215-00053290-00053598 staffing scheme a total of 38 civil
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00216-00053599-00053787 services including the three All India
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00217-00053788-00054150 services viz is IPS ifs are participants
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00218-00054151-00054441 under this scheme similar to the CSF
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00219-00054441-00054662 there are two non CSS is under the
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00220-00054663-00054842 government of India one each controlled
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00221-00054844-00054992 by the MoEF and DOPT
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00222-00054994-00055244 all posts to be filled up by ifs
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00223-00055245-00055469 officers in the autonomous bodies under
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00224-00055470-00055722 the control of the Ministry viz IC fre
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00225-00055723-00055982 Dehradun wildlife institute of india
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00226-00055983-00056241 Dehradun an Indian Institute of forest
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00227-00056241-00056484 management Bhopal wildlife Crime Control
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00228-00056485-00056703 Bureau central Pollution Control Board
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00229-00056704-00056934 central zoo Authority etcetera are
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00230-00056935-00057312 called as non CSS posts isolated posts
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00231-00057313-00057471 under various departments and ministries
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00232-00057472-00057701 in Government of India and the posts of
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00233-00057702-00057879 Commission's autonomous bodies
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00234-00057879-00058244 authorities trusts boards societies etc
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00235-00058245-00058997 constitute non CSS of DOPT
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00236-00058998-00059539 topic state deputation
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00237-00059540-00059803 an if Sophos er may also be deputed for
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00238-00059804-00060025 service under a company association
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00239-00060026-00060196 corporation which is wholly or
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00240-00060197-00060391 substantially owned or controlled by a
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00241-00060391-00060622 state government a Municipal Corporation
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00242-00060623-00060907 or local body appointment is done by the
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00243-00060908-00061429 state government
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00244-00061430-00061725 topic deputation under international
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00245-00061726-00062125 organization
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00246-00062126-00062391 and if Sophos er may also be deputed for
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00247-00062392-00062608 service under international organization
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00248-00062609-00062815 by central government in consultation
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00249-00062816-00063403 with state government
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00250-00063404-00063919 topic recruitment
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00251-00063920-00064153 officers are recruited via an open
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00252-00064154-00064366 competitive examination conducted by the
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00253-00064366-00064581 UPSC and then trained for about two
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00254-00064582-00064741 years by the central government at
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00255-00064741-00064955 Indira Gandhi National Forest Academy
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00256-00064957-00065238 their services are placed under various
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00257-00065239-00065457 state cadres and joint cadres even
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00258-00065458-00065584 though they have the mandate to serve
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00259-00065585-00065728 both under the state and central
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00260-00065729-00066277 government's
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00261-00066278-00066764 topic training
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00262-00066765-00066990 unacceptance to the IFS new entrance
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00263-00066991-00067200 undergo a probationary period and are
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00264-00067201-00067488 referred to as officer trainees training
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00265-00067489-00067653 begins at the lal bahadur shastri
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00266-00067654-00067890 National Academy of Administration in
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00267-00067891-00068082 Missouri where members of many elite
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00268-00068083-00068247 civil services are trained for the
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00269-00068248-00068589 period of 15 weeks on completion of
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00270-00068590-00068757 which they go to the Indira Gandhi
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00271-00068758-00069003 National Forest Academy at Dehradun for
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00272-00069004-00069183 a more intensive training in a host of
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00273-00069184-00069423 subjects important to forestry wildlife
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00274-00069424-00069666 management biodiversity Environment
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00275-00069667-00069870 Protection climate change forest
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00276-00069871-00070122 policies and laws remote sensing and GIS
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00277-00070123-00070385 forest dwellers and scheduled tribes
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00278-00070386-00070620 after completion of their training
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00279-00070621-00070776 the officers are awarded a master's
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00280-00070777-00071037 degree in science forestry of forest
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00281-00071038-00071298 research institute the officers are
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00282-00071299-00071517 taught more than 56 subjects of life
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00283-00071518-00071796 sciences in these two years they are
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00284-00071797-00072024 also taught weapon handling horse riding
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00285-00072025-00072291 motor vehicle training swimming forest
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00286-00072292-00072579 and wildlife crime detection they also
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00287-00072580-00072738 go on attachments with different
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00288-00072739-00072933 government bodies and Institute's such
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00289-00072934-00073167 as Indian military academy Sardar
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00290-00073168-00073362 Vallabhbhai Patel national police
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00291-00073363-00073596 academy wildlife Institute of India
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00292-00073597-00073944 Bombay Natural History Society etc they
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00293-00073945-00074178 also undertake extensive tours both in
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00294-00074179-00074274 India and abroad
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00295-00074275-00074493 after completing training at the academy
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00296-00074494-00074652 candidates go through a year of
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00297-00074653-00074835 on-the-job field training in the state
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00298-00074836-00075006 to which he or she is assigned during
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00299-00075007-00075177 which they are posted as assistant
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00300-00075178-00075387 conservators of forests assistant deputy
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00301-00075388-00075600 conservators of forest or deputy
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00302-00075601-00075900 conservator of forests after a total of
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00303-00075901-00076083 four years of service in the junior
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00304-00076084-00076278 scale which includes the professional
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00305-00076279-00076461 training phase and foundation course
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00306-00076462-00076653 officers are appointed to the senior
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00307-00076654-00076863 timescale and are entitled to be posted
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00308-00076864-00077064 as deputy conservators of forests
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00309-00077065-00077358 divisional forest officers DFO in charge
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00310-00077359-00078000 of district's forest divisions
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00311-00078001-00078526 topic state carries
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00312-00078527-00078846 you
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00313-00078847-00079436 topic Kadri allocation policy
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00314-00079437-00079675 the union government announced a new CAD
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00315-00079676-00079886 reallocation policy for the all-india
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00316-00079887-00080179 services in August 2017 touting it as a
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00317-00080180-00080423 policy to ensure national integration of
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00318-00080424-00080623 the bureaucracy as officers and ensure
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00319-00080624-00080810 all India character of the services
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00320-00080811-00081140 under the new policy the existing 26
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00321-00081141-00081323 Cadbury's have been divided into five
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00322-00081324-00081485 zones in the new policy by the
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00323-00081486-00081686 department of personnel and training of
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00324-00081687-00081896 Government of India under the new policy
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00325-00081897-00082093 a candidate has to first give his/her
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00326-00082094-00082243 choice in the descending order of
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00327-00082244-00082399 preference from amongst the various
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00328-00082400-00082703 zones subsequently the candidate has to
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00329-00082704-00082910 indicate one preference of Kadri from
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00330-00082911-00083147 each preferred zone the candidate
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00331-00083148-00083348 indicates his second Kadri preference
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00332-00083349-00083530 for every preferred zone subsequently
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00333-00083531-00083816 the process continues till a preference
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00334-00083817-00083998 for all the cadres as indicated by the
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00335-00083999-00084250 candidate the preference for the zones
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00336-00084251-00084479 carries remains in the same order and no
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00337-00084480-00084688 change is permitted officers continue to
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00338-00084689-00084856 work in the Kadri they are allotted or
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00339-00084857-00085479 are deputed to the Government of India
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00340-00085480-00086109 topic old CAD reallocation policies
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00341-00086110-00086388 till 2008 there was no system of
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00342-00086389-00086550 preference of state Kadri by the
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00343-00086551-00086784 candidates the candidates if not placed
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00344-00086785-00086964 in the insider vacancy of their home
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00345-00086965-00087156 states were allotted to different states
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00346-00087157-00087348 in alphabetic order of the roster
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00347-00087349-00087624 beginning with the letters a H M T for
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00348-00087625-00087921 that particular year for example if in a
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00349-00087922-00088122 particular year the roster begins from
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00350-00088123-00088314 up which means the first candidate on
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00351-00088315-00088497 the roster will go to the Andhra Pradesh
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00352-00088498-00088743 state cadre of ifs the next one to Bihar
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00353-00088744-00088980 and subsequently to Chhattisgarh Gujarat
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00354-00088981-00089289 and so on in alphabetical order the next
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00355-00089290-00089490 year the roster starts from H for either
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00356-00089491-00089724 Haryana or hamachi Pradesh if it has
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00357-00089725-00089910 started from her Yonder on the previous
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00358-00089911-00090132 occasion when it all started from H then
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00359-00090133-00090291 this time it would start from hamachi
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00360-00090292-00090582 Pradesh this highly intricate system
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00361-00090583-00090846 invokes since the mid-1980s had ensured
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00362-00090847-00091035 that officers from different states are
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00363-00091036-00091326 placed all over India the system of
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00364-00091327-00091500 permanent state carries has also
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00365-00091501-00091731 resulted in wide disparities in the kind
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00366-00091732-00091929 of professional exposure for officers
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00367-00091930-00092154 when we compare officers in small and
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00368-00092155-00092337 big and also developed in backward
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00369-00092338-00092619 States changes of state Kadri was
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00370-00092620-00092796 permitted on grounds of marriage to an
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00371-00092797-00092982 All India Service Officer of another
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00372-00092983-00093195 state Kadri or under other exceptional
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00373-00093196-00093468 circumstances the officer may go to
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00374-00093469-00093699 their home state Kadri on deputation for
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00375-00093700-00093906 a limited period after which one has to
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00376-00093907-00094134 invariably return to the Kadri allotted
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00377-00094135-00094431 to him or her from 2008 to 2017 ifs
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00378-00094432-00094635 officers were allotted to state cadres
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00379-00094636-00094866 at the beginning of their service there
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00380-00094867-00095061 was one Kadri for each Indian state
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00381-00095062-00095280 except for two joint cadres Assam
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00382-00095281-00095511 Meghalaya and Arunachal Pradesh NGO and
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00383-00095512-00095924 Mizoram Union Territories AGM UT the
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00384-00095925-00096273 insider-outsider ratio ratio of officers
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00385-00096274-00096459 who were posted in their home states is
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00386-00096460-00096669 maintained as one to two with one third
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00387-00096670-00096891 of the direct recruits as insiders from
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00388-00096892-00097155 the same state the rest were posted as
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00389-00097156-00097350 Outsiders according to the roster in
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00390-00097351-00097527 states other than their home states as
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00391-00097528-00098130 per their preference
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00392-00098131-00098948 topic martyrs shrieky Srinivas Shri
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00393-00098949-00099727 Sanjay Singh dr. s mana Condon
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00394-00099728-00100301 topic other notable members
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00395-00100302-00100668 you
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00396-00100669-00101214 topic see also
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00397-00101215-00101493 Indian Council of Forestry research and
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00398-00101494-00101796 education Ministry of Environment and
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00399-00101797-00102237 Forests India All India Services van
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00400-00102238-00102543 vigyan kendra vvk forest science centers
+DT7u1MlA-cI-00401-00102544-00103058 all officers of the if SIF Civil List
+DUn31F5Jz34-00000-00000888-00001491 [Music]
+DUn31F5Jz34-00001-00001492-00001678 foreign
+DUn31F5Jz34-00003-00004887-00006007 golden brown color
+DUn31F5Jz34-00005-00010742-00013399 [Music]
+DUn31F5Jz34-00006-00013400-00014251 a minute
+DUn31F5Jz34-00007-00014252-00015483 [Music]
+DUn31F5Jz34-00008-00015484-00015752 foreign
+DUn31F5Jz34-00009-00015753-00016883 [Music]
+DUn31F5Jz34-00010-00016884-00017042 is
+DUn31F5Jz34-00012-00021084-00021328 foreign
+DUn31F5Jz34-00013-00021329-00023883 [Music]
+DUn31F5Jz34-00014-00023884-00024104 foreign
+DUn31F5Jz34-00015-00024105-00026414 [Music]
+DUn31F5Jz34-00016-00026416-00026848 one teaspoon black pepper
+DUn31F5Jz34-00017-00026849-00028083 [Music]
+DUn31F5Jz34-00018-00028083-00028291 foreign
+DUn31F5Jz34-00019-00028292-00029767 [Music]
+DUn31F5Jz34-00020-00029768-00030883 [Music]
+DUn31F5Jz34-00021-00030883-00031036 foreign
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+DUn31F5Jz34-00023-00033684-00033998 foreign
+DUn31F5Jz34-00025-00037303-00037952 take care of this
+DWZjw8vq31y-00000-00000000-00000098 foreign
+DWZjw8vq31y-00001-00000099-00000816 [Music]
+DWZjw8vq31y-00002-00000817-00001043 the welding instructor at Whitewater
+DWZjw8vq31y-00003-00001044-00001331 Career Center in Connersville Indiana
+DWZjw8vq31y-00004-00001332-00001618 we pull in from five different sending
+DWZjw8vq31y-00005-00001619-00001967 School corporations students who their
+DWZjw8vq31y-00006-00001968-00002152 junior senior year in high school want
+DWZjw8vq31y-00007-00002153-00002507 to pursue a career students are taught
+DWZjw8vq31y-00008-00002508-00002752 the foundations of welding in our
+DWZjw8vq31y-00009-00002753-00002987 program and all the way up to the
+DWZjw8vq31y-00010-00002988-00003329 advanced skills they spend about a
+DWZjw8vq31y-00011-00003329-00003556 thousand little over a thousand hours of
+DWZjw8vq31y-00012-00003557-00003667 training
+DWZjw8vq31y-00013-00003668-00003911 and when they graduate they have the
+DWZjw8vq31y-00014-00003911-00004120 opportunity to become certified welders
+DWZjw8vq31y-00015-00004121-00004354 through the American Welding Society the
+DWZjw8vq31y-00016-00004355-00004570 welding program is successful for a
+DWZjw8vq31y-00017-00004571-00004835 couple of reasons number one we strive
+DWZjw8vq31y-00018-00004836-00005152 to meet industry standards we strive to
+DWZjw8vq31y-00019-00005153-00005495 give them relative information that is
+DWZjw8vq31y-00020-00005496-00005770 current and we strive to create an
+DWZjw8vq31y-00021-00005771-00005975 environment where they can take their
+DWZjw8vq31y-00022-00005976-00006197 skills directly into the workforce it's
+DWZjw8vq31y-00023-00006198-00006436 also been successful because people are
+DWZjw8vq31y-00024-00006437-00006713 realizing that
+DWZjw8vq31y-00025-00006714-00007133 um you can have a skilled trade and have
+DWZjw8vq31y-00026-00007134-00007414 a great career and earn a good living by
+DWZjw8vq31y-00027-00007415-00007589 doing a skilled trade rather than just
+DWZjw8vq31y-00028-00007590-00007792 going to a four-year degree well no
+DWZjw8vq31y-00029-00007793-00007942 matter what we teach them in school
+DWZjw8vq31y-00030-00007943-00008242 there is no substitute for experience
+DWZjw8vq31y-00031-00008243-00008596 real world on the job hands-on
+DWZjw8vq31y-00032-00008597-00008909 experience you cannot teach that
+DWZjw8vq31y-00033-00008910-00009214 Hoosier feeder has been a part of my
+DWZjw8vq31y-00034-00009215-00009473 program for many many years
+DWZjw8vq31y-00035-00009474-00009533 um
+DWZjw8vq31y-00036-00009534-00009827 we we met Chris when
+DWZjw8vq31y-00037-00009828-00010006 when we were looking to get some
+DWZjw8vq31y-00038-00010007-00010277 supplies and materials donated several
+DWZjw8vq31y-00039-00010278-00010564 several years ago and
+DWZjw8vq31y-00040-00010565-00010835 he was very gracious and helped us out
+DWZjw8vq31y-00041-00010836-00011003 and then it's kind of developed and
+DWZjw8vq31y-00042-00011004-00011260 blossomed and and this year they were a
+DWZjw8vq31y-00043-00011261-00011567 big sponsor for the FFA welding
+DWZjw8vq31y-00044-00011568-00011728 competition the district welding
+DWZjw8vq31y-00045-00011729-00011963 competition in our area and that
+DWZjw8vq31y-00046-00011964-00012209 sponsorship then allowed us to get a
+DWZjw8vq31y-00047-00012210-00012383 large scholarship thousand dollar
+DWZjw8vq31y-00048-00012384-00012653 scholarship and that really helps our
+DWZjw8vq31y-00049-00012654-00012749 program
+DWZjw8vq31y-00050-00012750-00012929 so anything we ever asked for they're
+DWZjw8vq31y-00051-00012930-00013102 always right there to help us out and
+DWZjw8vq31y-00052-00013103-00013433 we've had several several students that
+DWZjw8vq31y-00053-00013434-00013691 have gone on and become employees over
+DWZjw8vq31y-00054-00013691-00014044 there you know they they see the value
+DWZjw8vq31y-00055-00014045-00014447 of what is the opportunity that Hoosier
+DWZjw8vq31y-00056-00014447-00014591 feeder can offer them
+DWZjw8vq31y-00057-00014591-00014891 that donation was actually instrumental
+DWZjw8vq31y-00058-00014891-00015216 in repairing several pieces of equipment
+DWZjw8vq31y-00059-00015218-00015557 that were in desperate need it's
+DWZjw8vq31y-00060-00015558-00015863 expensive when your welding machines
+DWZjw8vq31y-00061-00015863-00016235 start to have breakdowns and we had two
+DWZjw8vq31y-00062-00016236-00016486 welders that needed new welding guns and
+DWZjw8vq31y-00063-00016487-00016685 we had an iron worker that needed new
+DWZjw8vq31y-00064-00016686-00017207 blades and that is a monstrous tool that
+DWZjw8vq31y-00065-00017208-00017494 we use daily and their donation was able
+DWZjw8vq31y-00066-00017495-00017657 to purchase those pieces of repair
+DWZjw8vq31y-00067-00017658-00017819 equipment that we were then able to get
+DWZjw8vq31y-00068-00017820-00018065 those machines back in operation to
+DWZjw8vq31y-00069-00018066-00018307 allow our students to use them
+DWZjw8vq31y-00070-00018308-00018694 it's crazy to see the number of people
+DWZjw8vq31y-00071-00018695-00018869 that are involved in the number of
+DWZjw8vq31y-00072-00018870-00019085 organizations that help out skills USA
+DWZjw8vq31y-00073-00019086-00019294 and we are so grateful for all the
+DWZjw8vq31y-00074-00019295-00019486 industry support because there's no way
+DWZjw8vq31y-00075-00019487-00019708 we could do this and we could show these
+DWZjw8vq31y-00076-00019709-00019955 kids and train these kids without the
+DWZjw8vq31y-00077-00019956-00020141 industrial support from the from the
+DWZjw8vq31y-00078-00020142-00020176 community
+DWZjw8vq31y-00079-00020177-00021133 [Music]
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00000-00000000-00000191 good afternoon everybody welcome to this
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00001-00000192-00000551 UK reproducibility Network workshop on
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00002-00000552-00000833 total policy management in Academia
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00003-00000834-00001187 um this is being recorded so I hope that
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00004-00001188-00001354 is okay for everybody but if you'd
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00005-00001355-00001462 rather not be seen on the recording
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00006-00001463-00001577 please do
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00007-00001578-00001763 um close off your video
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00008-00001764-00001918 uh
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00009-00001919-00002147 the speakers that we have today are all
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00010-00002148-00002297 going to be speaking on the topic of how
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00011-00002298-00002441 we can ensure the quality of the
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00012-00002442-00002602 research outputs that we generate the
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00013-00002603-00002795 motivation for this in part stems from
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00014-00002796-00003065 an article in nature biotech several
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00015-00003066-00003317 years ago now that Drew an analogy
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00016-00003318-00003454 between academic research and
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00017-00003455-00003629 Manufacturing it's not a Perfect Analogy
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00018-00003629-00003851 but one of the insights that the status
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00019-00003852-00004090 Edition W Edward stemmings took to the
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00020-00004092-00004229 Japanese automobile industry in the
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00021-00004230-00004475 1970s was that if you focus on ensuring
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00022-00004476-00004733 the quality of the process then the
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00023-00004734-00005086 outputs can effectively look after
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00024-00005087-00005302 themselves and
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00025-00005303-00005531 not only does that approach improve the
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00026-00005532-00005681 quality of outputs but because you're
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00027-00005682-00005867 not expending resource on fixing
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00028-00005868-00006143 problems that emerge later you
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00029-00006144-00006209 um
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00030-00006210-00006431 you also improve productivity so if the
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00031-00006431-00006598 analogy holds by focusing on the
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00032-00006600-00006845 research process and introducing quality
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00033-00006845-00007109 processes into uh into that way of
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00034-00007109-00007331 thinking then we can improve the quality
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00035-00007331-00007475 of the academic research outputs that we
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00036-00007476-00007678 generate and we can improve our
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00037-00007679-00007817 productivity in the sense of that
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00038-00007818-00008098 knowledge more rapidly translating into
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00039-00008100-00008321 theoretical advances set article benefit
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00040-00008322-00008573 or whatever me may be the the end state
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00041-00008574-00008746 if you like that flows from that
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00042-00008747-00008963 research activity so it's a very
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00043-00008964-00009155 interesting area and one where we can
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00044-00009156-00009383 potentially learn from other sectors and
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00045-00009384-00009628 so we have four speakers Fiona Booth
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00046-00009629-00009767 we'll talk about policy Assurance in a
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00047-00009768-00009995 pharmaceutical industry Mark Kelson
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00048-00009996-00010174 we'll talk about a pilot what they're
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00049-00010175-00010342 setting up at his institution the
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00050-00010343-00010546 University of Exeter on spot checks for
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00051-00010547-00010667 reproducibility in the University
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00052-00010668-00010906 setting uh then after the break ready
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00053-00010907-00011014 break over we'll talk about
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00054-00011015-00011206 pre-submission certification of
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00055-00011207-00011428 computational reproducibility and Daniel
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00056-00011429-00011638 Baker will talk about reproduce me a
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00057-00011639-00011785 pilot project on computational
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00058-00011786-00012005 reproducibility each talk will be about
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00059-00012006-00012251 20 minutes long there will be questions
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00060-00012252-00012556 after each talk instead at um at the end
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00061-00012557-00012791 of those four talks at 20 to three UK
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00062-00012792-00013030 time we'll have a q a panel for about 20
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00063-00013031-00013277 minutes where we can feel questions from
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00064-00013278-00013475 um anyone in the audience to all of the
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00065-00013476-00013630 speakers and if you'd like to put a
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00066-00013631-00013793 question into the chat as we're going
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00067-00013794-00014015 along please feel free to do so and when
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00068-00014016-00014165 we come to the Q a you can either again
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00069-00014166-00014399 put a question into the chat or you can
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00070-00014400-00014585 put your hand up and I will try to come
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00071-00014586-00014836 to you and um
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00072-00014837-00015065 so the
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00073-00015066-00015299 aim of today is really to explore what
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00074-00015300-00015449 might be possible in a university
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00075-00015450-00015677 setting what different approaches are
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00076-00015678-00015994 being piloted and what we can learn from
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00077-00015995-00016133 other sectors we need to remember that
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00078-00016134-00016330 obviously Academia is Academia we don't
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00079-00016331-00016463 want to turn Academia into the
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00080-00016464-00016661 pharmaceutical industry for example in
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00081-00016662-00016822 terms of how they do things but perhaps
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00082-00016823-00016955 there are things that we can learn from
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00083-00016956-00017153 that industry and other sectors when it
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00084-00017154-00017393 comes to how we can update modernize
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00085-00017394-00017675 improve our own ways of working so some
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00086-00017676-00017861 of what we will uh here might be
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00087-00017862-00018239 somewhat provocative or um or novel in
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00088-00018240-00018371 its approach but I think that's a
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00089-00018372-00018533 healthy thing an exciting thing and it's
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00090-00018534-00018779 worth saying that there are several ukrn
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00091-00018780-00018971 institutions that are collaborating on
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00092-00018972-00019253 related Pilots which is to some extent
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00093-00019254-00019475 creating a natural experiment that will
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00094-00019476-00019685 help us to understand what works how
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00095-00019686-00019835 different approaches land when it comes
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00096-00019836-00020063 to different research communities and
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00097-00020064-00020225 the extent to which different approaches
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00098-00020226-00020494 are or are not portable across different
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00099-00020495-00020633 disciplines and different ways of
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00100-00020634-00020830 working but the overriding principle of
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00101-00020831-00021029 this is again that if we can focus on
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00102-00021030-00021185 the process process of how we do
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00103-00021186-00021455 research and interrogate steps in that
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00104-00021456-00021653 process including intermediate research
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00105-00021654-00021869 outputs like data and code and ensure
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00106-00021870-00022067 that those are working as we intend them
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00107-00022068-00022307 to then we should be able to generate
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00108-00022308-00022517 higher quality and outputs like Journal
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00109-00022518-00022727 articles for example as a result of that
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00110-00022728-00022913 Focus so I'm really looking forward to
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00111-00022914-00023230 the conversation and I think that there
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00112-00023231-00023447 will be some really provocative
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00113-00023448-00023572 questions that come out at the end
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00114-00023573-00023814 hopefully that we will then be able to
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00115-00023815-00024083 knit together into uh into a kind of
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00116-00024084-00024239 narrative that brings together the the
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00117-00024240-00024461 different talks so I think that's enough
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00118-00024462-00024617 of an introduction you'll see a few
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00119-00024618-00024850 housekeeping notes in the chat um
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00120-00024851-00025085 unfortunately today we'll go and our
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00121-00025086-00025235 administrator isn't able to join us so
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00122-00025236-00025480 Neil Jacobs and myself are trying to run
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00123-00025481-00025702 the show um so you may not get quite the
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00124-00025704-00025852 same level of customer services you
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00125-00025854-00026044 might be used to on these workshops but
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00126-00026045-00026255 but we'll do our best so um this is
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00127-00026256-00026362 going to be a slightly more amateur
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00128-00026363-00026555 Affair than usual but I think the
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00129-00026556-00026681 content will be excellent which is the
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00130-00026682-00026818 thing that people come for so on that
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00131-00026819-00027011 note no one came to hear me talking and
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00132-00027012-00027179 I'll hand over to our first Speaker
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00133-00027180-00027517 Fiona booth
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00134-00027518-00027808 thank you very much Marcus can I just
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00135-00027810-00027979 check that you can see my slides please
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00136-00027980-00028205 thank you see them but they're in edit
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00137-00028206-00028349 mode rather than presenting yeah it's
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00138-00028350-00028501 just catching up I think here we go
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00139-00028502-00028739 thank you for the introduction
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00140-00028739-00028918 um so my background is pharmacology
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00141-00028919-00029135 assurance I've also worked in Pharma
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00142-00029136-00029261 clinical trials
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00143-00029262-00029531 um for more than 20 years uh I came to
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00144-00029532-00029770 Bristol University last month in a new
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00145-00029772-00030011 role to lead a data Integrity equality
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00146-00030012-00030262 Assurance program in the faculty of Life
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00147-00030263-00030424 Sciences
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00148-00030425-00030593 um so a lot of what I'm going to talk
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00149-00030594-00030808 about today is directly related to
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00150-00030810-00030983 Pharma development
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00151-00030983-00031162 um I've spent more time in clinical
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00152-00031163-00031385 research than I have in manufacturing so
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00153-00031386-00031601 my experiences relate more to the the
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00154-00031602-00031870 clinical side of things but what I want
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00155-00031872-00032068 to present to you today is a very brief
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00156-00032069-00032345 overview of quality assurance in Pharma
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00157-00032345-00032596 with an eye to how it could be applied
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00158-00032597-00032801 in an academic setting
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00159-00032802-00033089 so like many safety regulations quality
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00160-00033090-00033299 assurance and Pharma has evolved in a
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00161-00033300-00033533 reactive way following incidents where
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00162-00033534-00033731 serious harm has been caused to patients
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00163-00033732-00033977 through medicines that were faulty in
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00164-00033978-00034252 some way so in the last 20 years there's
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00165-00034253-00034421 been a drive to create a quality
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00166-00034422-00034637 management systems in Pharma which are
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00167-00034638-00034865 more targeted towards specific quality
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00168-00034866-00034973 outcomes
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00169-00034974-00035218 so between manufacturing laboratory work
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00170-00035219-00035417 and clinical research it is a very vast
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00171-00035418-00035627 topic and so what I'm going to give you
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00172-00035628-00035957 today is a very high level overview
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00173-00035958-00036209 so firstly what do we mean by quality
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00174-00036210-00036395 assurance and what do we mean by quality
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00175-00036396-00036707 control so if we take Quality quality
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00176-00036708-00036940 control first in the pharmaceutical
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00177-00036941-00037139 development sector we have Laboratories
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00178-00037140-00037318 we have manufacturing sites we have
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00179-00037319-00037565 clinical research facilities and now
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00180-00037566-00037811 these days a whole host of ite systems
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00181-00037812-00038039 and within Pharma we put a very
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00182-00038040-00038249 structured process around everything we
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00183-00038250-00038543 do and then once that process has run we
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00184-00038544-00038812 wrap around quality control checks so
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00185-00038813-00038999 for each stage of a development process
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00186-00039000-00039280 whether it's in a lab or in a clinic we
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00187-00039281-00039509 have a whole host of quality checks to
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00188-00039510-00039712 make sure the process is met a very
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00189-00039713-00039952 specific criteria and these almost
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00190-00039953-00040229 always involve completing some kind of
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00191-00040230-00040373 checklist
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00192-00040374-00040624 now across the life cycle of a Pharma
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00193-00040625-00040762 development project there will be
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00194-00040763-00041009 thousands of quality control checks and
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00195-00041010-00041195 they will involve a very broad spectrum
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00196-00041196-00041524 of people facilities equipment and I.T
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00197-00041525-00041789 systems and quality control checks are
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00198-00041790-00042035 very good at detecting defects when the
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00199-00042036-00042239 checks are done correctly but they're
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00200-00042240-00042455 often very time consuming they're
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00201-00042456-00042683 resource intensive and they do require a
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00202-00042684-00042868 specially trained Personnel to conduct
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00203-00042869-00043049 them
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00204-00043050-00043312 thinking about quality assurance quality
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00205-00043313-00043529 assurance is a more holistic approach to
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00206-00043530-00043774 Quality and it's how we oversee the
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00207-00043775-00043949 whole quality system
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00208-00043950-00044140 an equality system sets out the
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00209-00044141-00044333 standards that you're working to how are
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00210-00044334-00044537 you going to meet them and how you and
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00211-00044538-00044795 and what people actions and documents
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00212-00044796-00045035 are needed in order to make sure that
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00213-00045036-00045196 work is carried out in a consistent
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00214-00045197-00045479 manner quality assurance activities
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00215-00045480-00045671 check that the quality system is fit for
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00216-00045672-00045893 purpose and it's being applied correctly
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00217-00045894-00046151 and consistently and as part of quality
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00218-00046152-00046330 assurance there will be a sampling of
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00219-00046331-00046535 the QC activities to make sure that the
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00220-00046536-00046799 QC checks that are done are appropriate
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00221-00046800-00046949 and are picking up the right kind of
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00222-00046950-00047080 defects
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00223-00047081-00047290 but the Advent of new technologies has
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00224-00047291-00047501 introduced a lot more challenges to data
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00225-00047502-00047717 quality
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00226-00047718-00048052 so advances in biomedical research and
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00227-00048053-00048280 information technology have made it
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00228-00048281-00048508 possible to study diseases and the
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00229-00048509-00048629 treatments on a scale that we couldn't
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00230-00048630-00048905 have imagined 30 years ago but with
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00231-00048906-00049102 these Innovations there's come A huge
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00232-00049103-00049337 increase in complexity and a
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00233-00049338-00049529 corresponding increase in the risks to
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00234-00049530-00049723 data governance
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00235-00049724-00050027 pharmacology systems across the spectrum
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00236-00050028-00050249 of development have needed to adapt as
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00237-00050250-00050411 raised the research landscape has
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00238-00050412-00050645 involved has evolved the traditional
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00239-00050646-00050849 methods for monitoring quality in large
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00240-00050850-00051058 complex research studies are no longer
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00241-00051059-00051388 fit for purpose or appropriate we have
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00242-00051389-00051580 Laboratories that now offer a plethora
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00243-00051582-00051773 of analytical Services which were not
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00244-00051774-00051935 previously available on the large scale
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00245-00051936-00052199 we have biotechnology products which
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00246-00052200-00052408 were considered very Niche 20 years ago
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00247-00052409-00052697 now in mainstream use and the clinical
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00248-00052698-00052949 research environment has been enriched
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00249-00052950-00053129 or bedeviled depending on your
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00250-00053129-00053392 perspective with new technologies which
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00251-00053394-00053585 allow us to capture ever more clinical
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00252-00053586-00054029 data
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00253-00054029-00054275 this quote here from Janet woodcut was
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00254-00054276-00054599 made in 2005 and it describes a Max
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00255-00054600-00054797 really efficient agile flexible
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00256-00054798-00055054 pharmaceutical manufacturing sector that
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00257-00055055-00055259 reliably produces high quality drugs
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00258-00055260-00055511 without extensive regulatory oversight
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00259-00055512-00055726 or 18 years on from this I don't think
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00260-00055727-00055919 we've reached this optimal state with
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00261-00055920-00056057 the possible exception of certain
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00262-00056058-00056344 coveted vaccine programs but we are
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00263-00056345-00056549 making progress and that's because we've
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00264-00056550-00056782 had some fundamental shifts in the
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00265-00056783-00056999 paradigms for research
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00266-00057000-00057275 previously Perfection was always the
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00267-00057276-00057485 goal we wanted to present a perfect
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00268-00057486-00057815 dossier to a medicines regulator who
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00269-00057816-00057976 would look at that perfect Osteo and
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00270-00057977-00058132 agree that our drug was safe and
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00271-00058133-00058235 effective
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00272-00058236-00058469 but Perfection is unachievable and in
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00273-00058470-00058642 fact it's actually undesirable in
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00274-00058644-00058859 biomedical research there are too many
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00275-00058860-00059092 variables to control too many processes
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00276-00059094-00059350 which rely on human intervention and
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00277-00059351-00059609 often too few resources to allow us to
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00278-00059610-00059794 conduct the perfect trial
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00279-00059795-00059963 and in my career I've only ever been
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00280-00059964-00060166 involved in one study which came close
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00281-00060167-00060394 to Perfection we had a really highly
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00282-00060395-00060604 experienced and motivated research team
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00283-00060605-00060847 we had a very engaged patient population
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00284-00060848-00061066 and actually thankfully adequate
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00285-00061067-00061313 resources and with our robust and
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00286-00061314-00061523 largely complete data set we were able
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00287-00061524-00061750 to prove unequivocally that the drug
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00288-00061751-00062069 didn't work so it was a success in a
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00289-00062070-00062225 scientific sense if not a commercial
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00290-00062226-00062519 sense but this scenario is not typical
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00291-00062520-00062759 and trials in early development offer
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00292-00062760-00062969 and end up with investigators and study
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00293-00062970-00063149 sponsors scratching their heads over the
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00294-00063150-00063347 results
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00295-00063348-00063653 when any research study fails to deliver
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00296-00063654-00063821 the desired results there are
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00297-00063822-00064030 innovatively questions over the quality
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00298-00064032-00064337 of the data the company has to decide if
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00299-00064338-00064516 the drug is really not behaving as they
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00300-00064517-00064721 thought it was going to or if they're a
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00301-00064722-00065003 methodological or process issues which
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00302-00065004-00065194 have compounded the results
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00303-00065195-00065356 and the World Health Organization
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00304-00065357-00065615 succinctly summarize these in a paper
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00305-00065616-00065993 that came out in 2021 the issues facing
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00306-00065994-00066226 Pharma when they conduct research and
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00307-00066227-00066425 development in the modern age are
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00308-00066426-00066653 compounded by these six areas of error
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00309-00066654-00066856 and we cannot afford to ignore these
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00310-00066857-00067037 risks and we should actually be
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00311-00067038-00067259 anticipating these risks and controlling
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00312-00067260-00067391 for them
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00313-00067392-00067606 so perfect quality is not a realistic
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00314-00067607-00067811 goal and I think the covid pandemic
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00315-00067812-00067991 taught us that actually it's not
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00316-00067992-00068231 necessary farmer and Regulators were
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00317-00068232-00068465 able to produce vaccines and approve
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00318-00068466-00068644 them in time scales which were
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00319-00068645-00068897 Unthinkable prior to 2020 and The
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00320-00068898-00069071 Regulators have now made the same kind
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00321-00069072-00069341 of accelerated assessments available to
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00322-00069342-00069569 other indications as well
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00323-00069570-00069887 and for medicines research Regulators do
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00324-00069888-00070132 not expect Perfection from farmer what
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00325-00070133-00070373 they expect is openness they want to
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00326-00070374-00070576 know what the risks to Quality are and
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00327-00070577-00070787 how the company is controlling these
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00328-00070788-00071015 and over the last 20 years quality risk
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00329-00071016-00071225 management has become embedded in Pharma
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00330-00071226-00071326 development
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00331-00071327-00071513 the manufacturing sector was an early
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00332-00071514-00071717 adopter and clinical research has been
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00333-00071718-00071944 playing catch up but it's now mandated
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00334-00071945-00072185 in regulatory requirements that every
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00335-00072186-00072400 clinical trial must have a risk
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00336-00072401-00072685 management approach
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00337-00072686-00072905 of course your risk management was first
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00338-00072906-00073037 introduced as a requirement in
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00339-00073038-00073343 manufacturing in 2005 and it's been
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00340-00073344-00073594 continually evolving ever since and
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00341-00073595-00073775 quality risk management focuses on
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00342-00073776-00074015 developing a deep understanding of the
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00343-00074016-00074237 risks to safety and quality and
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00344-00074238-00074417 designing quality measures around those
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00345-00074418-00074621 risks
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00346-00074622-00074873 now our primary interest when we comes
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00347-00074874-00075025 to data Integrity
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00348-00075026-00075355 is how complete consistent accurate
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00349-00075356-00075665 trustworthy and reliable the data is and
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00350-00075666-00075844 importantly that has to be throughout
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00351-00075845-00076103 the whole data life cycle
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00352-00076104-00076312 quality risk management approaches mean
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00353-00076313-00076499 looking after the data which is most
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00354-00076500-00076685 important to the outcome of the research
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00355-00076686-00076888 and in a clinical trial these will
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00356-00076889-00077099 usually be the primary safety and
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00357-00077100-00077362 efficacy measures we need to have a deep
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00358-00077363-00077650 understanding of the data we analyzed in
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00359-00077651-00077879 order to assess these measures and to do
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00360-00077880-00078106 that we need to map out the data from
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00361-00078107-00078341 the point of generation to the point of
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00362-00078342-00078544 analysis and we can then assess the
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00363-00078545-00078815 risks to its integrity
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00364-00078816-00079006 traditional Pharma quality assurance
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00365-00079007-00079217 involves examining the causes of quality
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00366-00079218-00079456 defects and investigating the root cause
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00367-00079457-00079721 of those defects quality risk management
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00368-00079722-00079961 turns this process on ahead on its head
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00369-00079962-00080165 by having a more proactive approach
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00370-00080166-00080441 firstly to anticipate what the root
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00371-00080442-00080693 causes of quality defects could be and
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00372-00080694-00080873 then building risk mitigations in to
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00373-00080874-00081232 prevent those from happening
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00374-00081233-00081371 foreign
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00375-00081372-00081581 this can be illustrated by looking at a
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00376-00081582-00081785 really relatively simplistic example
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00377-00081786-00081994 let's say we've got a promising new
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00378-00081995-00082211 compound in development but prior
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00379-00082212-00082373 Studies have suggested that it may have
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00380-00082374-00082565 some undesirable effects on liver
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00381-00082566-00082655 function
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00382-00082656-00082805 so it's really important that we
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00383-00082806-00082949 investigate these in our Target
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00384-00082950-00083171 population before we proceed any further
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00385-00083172-00083387 and we need to conduct a very tightly
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00386-00083388-00083632 controlled study in humans to measure
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00387-00083633-00083885 the effects on liver function
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00388-00083886-00084125 so taking a quality by Design approach
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00389-00084126-00084359 we can first going to identify our
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00390-00084360-00084556 critical data and in this case it'll be
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00391-00084557-00084803 the liver function tests we then need to
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00392-00084804-00085006 identify things that could negatively
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00393-00085007-00085265 impact these and manage those risks
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00394-00085266-00085475 and finally we know that Perfection is
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00395-00085476-00085709 not achievable so we'll need to work out
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00396-00085710-00085943 how much data we can afford to lose and
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00397-00085944-00086219 still get a robust result and this is
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00398-00086220-00086465 called our quality tolerance limit
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00399-00086466-00086644 and having identified that our liver
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00400-00086645-00086843 tests are critical data we need to map
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00401-00086844-00087071 out this data again this is a little
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00402-00087072-00087299 simplistic but we can identify the
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00403-00087300-00087479 following Key activities and the life
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00404-00087480-00087743 cycle of this data
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00405-00087744-00088031 to create a data flow map we need to map
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00406-00088032-00088217 out the data from the point of creation
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00407-00088218-00088397 when the sample is drawn from the
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00408-00088398-00088559 patient in the clinic
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00409-00088560-00088768 through to each stage of processing
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00410-00088769-00089081 storage Transit and Analysis and in
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00411-00089082-00089326 steps one to seven of this chart our
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00412-00089327-00089488 critical data is in the physical state
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00413-00089489-00089753 it's the sample itself with a digital
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00414-00089754-00089885 identifier
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00415-00089886-00090088 once the sample is analyzed the critical
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00416-00090089-00090341 data exists only in digital form
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00417-00090342-00090503 the data will be transferred to the
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00418-00090504-00090718 Pharma company where it will be analyzed
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00419-00090719-00091031 reported and eventually archived
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00420-00091032-00091241 having mapped out this data flow we can
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00421-00091242-00091421 now assess it for risks
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00422-00091422-00091625 our lab partner in the study informs us
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00423-00091626-00091787 that the biggest loss of data in their
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00424-00091788-00091991 experience is due to samples which
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00425-00091992-00092255 arrive at the lab in a hemolyte state so
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00426-00092256-00092417 our liver function tests are our
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00427-00092418-00092638 critical sample so we need to make sure
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00428-00092639-00092800 that the samples that reach the
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00429-00092801-00093011 laboratory are in the optimal State and
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00430-00093012-00093232 are fit for analysis
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00431-00093233-00093449 so our Medical Specialists are consulted
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00432-00093450-00093611 and they inform us that from previous
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00433-00093612-00093755 studies that we've done the biggest
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00434-00093756-00094049 cause of hemolyte samples is using two
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00435-00094050-00094211 smaller gauge of needle to draw the
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00436-00094212-00094475 sample and an incorrect technique
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00437-00094476-00094685 and now we know this we can design some
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00438-00094686-00095171 controls around these list risks
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00439-00095172-00095362 we can use various different Quality
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00440-00095363-00095603 quality risk management Pro formers and
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00441-00095604-00095861 this is a very simple simple one and we
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00442-00095862-00096173 need to determine firstly How likely a
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00443-00096174-00096418 hemolysis is to occur and if we can
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00444-00096419-00096694 detect it and what the impact will be
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00445-00096695-00096887 now while our partner in this scenario
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00446-00096888-00097091 informs us that the incidence can be as
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00447-00097092-00097379 high as 20 so it's very likely that we
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00448-00097380-00097535 will encounter a significant number of
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00449-00097536-00097715 hemolyzed samples
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00450-00097716-00097949 it's easy to detect by a simple visual
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00451-00097950-00098200 examination and we know from what our
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00452-00098201-00098381 statistician has told us that the impact
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00453-00098382-00098621 will be very high are our statistician
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00454-00098622-00098843 informs us that if we do lose 20 of our
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00455-00098844-00099118 samples due to hemolysis we won't have a
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00456-00099119-00099394 robust data set he says we need to keep
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00457-00099395-00099694 our data loss to below 10 percent
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00458-00099695-00099893 so knowing this we can create a risk
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00459-00099894-00100079 management plan with measures to make
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00460-00100080-00100265 sure that the correct needle is used
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00461-00100266-00100517 some well-meaning research nurses may
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00462-00100518-00100703 substitute the needle in our pack with a
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00463-00100704-00100841 smaller gauge one because it's more
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00464-00100842-00101068 comfortable for the patient however they
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00465-00101069-00101218 don't realize that by doing that it
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00466-00101219-00101471 could render the sample unusable
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00467-00101472-00101626 we also need to make sure that our
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00468-00101627-00101812 research staff are trained and how to
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00469-00101813-00101981 draw the blood in such a way that we
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00470-00101982-00102299 won't damage the red blood cells if it's
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00471-00102300-00102473 drawn too quickly and we will
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00472-00102474-00102628 communicate the reasons to this very
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00473-00102629-00102851 clearly to our research staff so they
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00474-00102852-00103018 have a good understanding why we're
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00475-00103019-00103325 asking them to work in a particular way
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00476-00103326-00103547 we will agree with the lab how often we
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00477-00103548-00103756 review the incidence of hemolyte samples
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00478-00103757-00103990 and how investigations will be conducted
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00479-00103991-00104266 when we encounter issues
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00480-00104267-00104447 so in terms of our risk review what
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00481-00104448-00104663 could it look like for our study
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00482-00104664-00104860 so we've determined our quality
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00483-00104861-00105131 tolerance limit is nine percent so nine
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00484-00105132-00105328 percent of our samples are humanized and
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00485-00105329-00105593 therefore unusable we can live with that
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00486-00105594-00105869 but if it goes over over that to 10 we
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00487-00105870-00106031 know we're going to be in trouble and we
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00488-00106032-00106240 could end up having uh results that are
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00489-00106241-00106378 not robust
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00490-00106379-00106571 so in this study we have four research
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00491-00106572-00106739 sites throughout Europe
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00492-00106740-00106925 um and by some miracle they're all going
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00493-00106926-00107081 to start recruiting at the same time and
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00494-00107082-00107266 at the same pace and we expect this
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00495-00107267-00107447 study to be recruited if we've completed
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00496-00107448-00107693 in six months
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00497-00107694-00107951 so in the first month we can see that in
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00498-00107952-00108160 Paris we have an immediate problem or
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00499-00108161-00108293 the samples that they drew in the first
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00500-00108294-00108497 month of the study nine percent of those
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00501-00108498-00108719 were humilized and we find out when we
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00502-00108720-00108881 do an investigation that they had a new
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00503-00108882-00109025 member of staff that they recruited
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00504-00109026-00109258 after we'd done our initial training so
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00505-00109259-00109421 we dispatched someone over to Paris they
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00506-00109422-00109578 do some training and some supervision
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00507-00109579-00109799 and we're fairly confident we've
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00508-00109800-00109973 addressed the problem
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00509-00109974-00110284 so the next month in February good news
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00510-00110285-00110471 we've seen an improvement in Paris and
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00511-00110472-00110639 everybody else seems to be very stable
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00512-00110640-00110854 as well well below the quality tolerance
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00513-00110855-00110999 limit
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00514-00111000-00111208 March brings some continued Improvement
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00515-00111209-00111443 in Paris which is a good sign but then a
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00516-00111444-00111628 worrying increase in Munich an
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00517-00111629-00111923 investigation has started we review both
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00518-00111924-00112133 the training uh the the research staff
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00519-00112133-00112373 have been receiving and we also review
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00520-00112374-00112577 the sample perhaps
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00521-00112578-00112799 last time April comes around it's very
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00522-00112800-00112960 clear that we've got a problem in Munich
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00523-00112961-00113123 and we find out that there were some
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00524-00113124-00113339 supply chain issues and the sample
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00525-00113340-00113489 drawing kits that were provided in
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00526-00113490-00113693 Germany had the incorrect gauge of
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00527-00113694-00113927 needle due to a shortage
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00528-00113928-00114143 so all unused kits are removed from that
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00529-00114144-00114323 site and replaced with kits with the
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00530-00114324-00114539 correct size needle so the following
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00531-00114540-00114857 month we see luckily a good decrease in
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00532-00114858-00115066 in the instance of human life cycle to
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00533-00115067-00115295 Munich and again everything's going well
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00534-00115296-00115528 in the other three centers
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00535-00115529-00115733 finally in the last month of the study
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00536-00115733-00115954 we can see that we've met our goal all
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00537-00115955-00116243 of the samples we received the hemolysis
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00538-00116244-00116536 has been below 10 so we're confident
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00539-00116538-00116704 that we've kept the data loss below that
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00540-00116705-00116866 magic number and whatever the final
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00541-00116867-00117101 analysis reveals about our drug we're
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00542-00117102-00117257 able to report to management that we've
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00543-00117258-00117460 delivered the necessary quality in order
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00544-00117461-00117731 to determine the result so let's just
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00545-00117732-00117923 take a look at what if what happened if
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00546-00117924-00118301 we hadn't controlled for these factors
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00547-00118302-00118552 so this could be a scenario if we hadn't
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00548-00118553-00118745 gone into Paris and done that additional
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00549-00118746-00119010 training we could have had samples
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00550-00119011-00119290 consistently above nine percent in terms
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00551-00119291-00119573 of the unusable samples and in Munich we
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00552-00119574-00119693 probably wouldn't have detected that we
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00553-00119694-00119890 had the wrong size Neil So in this
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00554-00119891-00120101 scenario here we'd be very worried about
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00555-00120102-00120343 the robustness of our data
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00556-00120344-00120731 so this is a very simplistic example and
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00557-00120732-00120916 in a real clinical study there have been
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00558-00120917-00121078 many other risks that we also have to
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00559-00121079-00121313 control in parallel but hopefully it
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00560-00121314-00121469 goes to demonstrate how risk management
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00561-00121470-00121619 can be more than just project
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00562-00121620-00121781 bureaucracy
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00563-00121782-00122063 by adopting a risk management mindset we
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00564-00122064-00122213 have to have a shift in Paradigm
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00565-00122214-00122452 thinking about protecting paradigms we
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00566-00122453-00122621 have to understand that Perfection is
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00567-00122622-00122866 not realistic and that we are going to
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00568-00122867-00123058 get errors we need to understand what
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00569-00123059-00123215 the root causes of Errors could be
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00570-00123216-00123478 before we start our studies so we can
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00571-00123479-00123689 design studies that will mitigate those
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00572-00123690-00123790 risks
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00573-00123791-00123965 it means moving away from Practically
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00574-00123966-00124216 Perfect and to a era where we're open
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00575-00124217-00124504 and transparent where teams can focus on
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00576-00124505-00124666 the activities which really matter to
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00577-00124667-00124871 Quality it means that they can direct
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00578-00124872-00125033 their resources to where they're needed
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00579-00125033-00125243 most and by having focused
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00580-00125244-00125458 investigations we can solve issues
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00581-00125459-00125566 quickly
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00582-00125567-00125825 importantly working in this manner teams
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00583-00125826-00126016 develop a culture of identifying issues
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00584-00126017-00126233 and learning from them so moving away
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00585-00126233-00126449 from a blame culture and towards a more
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00586-00126450-00126695 positive way of conducting research
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00587-00126696-00126940 so it's very rarely realistic or
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00588-00126941-00127223 efficient to eliminate all errors but by
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00589-00127224-00127360 trying to control the ones which are
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00590-00127361-00127504 going to have the biggest impact of the
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00591-00127505-00127715 data we can have the best confidence and
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00592-00127716-00127889 the reliability
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00593-00127890-00128147 thank you very much
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00594-00128148-00128345 fantastic thank you funeral I think that
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00595-00128346-00128549 provides a really nice overview for um
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00596-00128550-00128669 much of what we're about to hear about
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00597-00128670-00128890 in terms of uh the different Pilots that
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00598-00128891-00129095 are being implemented at different
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00599-00129096-00129377 institutions um across the UK
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00600-00129378-00129604 um so I think
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00601-00129605-00129749 we'll move straight on to our next
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00602-00129750-00129851 speaker
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00603-00129852-00130025 um we're slightly ahead of schedule but
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00604-00130026-00130151 that's no bad thing because if anything
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00605-00130152-00130307 that will give us either a slightly
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00606-00130308-00130427 longer break or a bit more time for
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00607-00130428-00130601 questions at the end so our next speaker
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00608-00130602-00130823 is Mark Kelson and he will talk about
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00609-00130824-00131002 spot checks for reproducibility in a
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00610-00131003-00131266 university setting so Mark uh over to
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00611-00131267-00131566 you and um fantastic thank you very much
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00612-00131567-00131854 I'm going to try sharing screen here I
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00613-00131855-00132077 might even try introducing myself while
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00614-00132078-00132311 I'm doing that can you all see this and
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00615-00132312-00132575 I go to presenter mode yeah that looks
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00616-00132576-00132857 good okay fantastic so um sorry I was a
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00617-00132858-00133061 bit late uh my name is Professor Mark
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00618-00133062-00133264 Kelson I'm associate professor of
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00619-00133265-00133559 statistics for health and currently
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00620-00133560-00133757 interim co-director of the institute for
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00621-00133758-00133943 data science and artificial intelligence
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00622-00133944-00134177 until we find someone better which we
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00623-00134178-00134333 have and they're starting in August
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00624-00134334-00134537 which is going to be great and my
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00625-00134538-00134783 background is in clinical trials and so
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00626-00134784-00134993 I did a decade in a clinic in an
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00627-00134994-00135251 academic uh registered clinical trials
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00628-00135252-00135485 unit but for the past six years I've
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00629-00135486-00135689 been out of that world and I'm back in a
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00630-00135690-00135995 Matson stats department and so um I've
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00631-00135996-00136343 taken on increasingly roles on in
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00632-00136344-00136573 reproducibility so I'm institutional
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00633-00136574-00136889 co-lead for reproducibility and I've
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00634-00136890-00137195 taken on an Ethics role for the faculty
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00635-00137196-00137597 and and so I'm doing increasingly
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00636-00137598-00137939 um more on how we how we instigate
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00637-00137940-00138166 institutional level things and so I'm
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00638-00138167-00138437 going to talk a little bit about a new
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00639-00138438-00138725 proposal that we are thinking about at
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00640-00138726-00139007 Exeter and I should also highlight that
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00641-00139008-00139223 there are seven institutions who are
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00642-00139224-00139499 part of a Consortium in the UK are in at
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00643-00139500-00139721 least seven it might be more now who are
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00644-00139722-00139925 thinking about something similar not
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00645-00139926-00140123 like this but some other kind of spot
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00646-00140124-00140363 check and so we are sharing expertise
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00647-00140364-00140597 and sharing experiences in that wider
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00648-00140598-00140747 group and I think it would be really
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00649-00140748-00140993 nice to have um to have a proper you
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00650-00140994-00141173 know reflection on all of the seven
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00651-00141174-00141304 different approaches that the different
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00652-00141305-00141557 institutions are taking this one is
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00653-00141558-00141797 going to be focused on the University of
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00654-00141798-00142049 Exeter and what we're thinking about now
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00655-00142050-00142343 I have presented on this in about four
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00656-00142344-00142607 or five different forms for whatever the
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00657-00142608-00142978 plural is and increasingly widening
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00658-00142979-00143225 circles and each time I kind of stress
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00659-00143226-00143440 this is confidential and I it's starting
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00660-00143441-00143651 to feel a little bit silly now because
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00661-00143652-00143909 I've said it to so many people and what
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00662-00143910-00144107 I would say is that this has not been
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00663-00144108-00144304 announced in my institution and in fact
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00664-00144305-00144539 this there is nothing to announce right
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00665-00144540-00144773 so there's nothing has been formally
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00666-00144774-00144959 submitted I'm hopeful in the next month
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00667-00144960-00145175 that we'll get a paper submitted to an
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00668-00145176-00145421 executive board but I would appreciate
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00669-00145422-00145685 your discretion and but you know I think
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00670-00145686-00146009 at some stage we have to start talking a
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00671-00146010-00146171 bit more openly about it and I would
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00672-00146172-00146357 also like to thank ukrn for the
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00673-00146358-00146561 opportunity to talk about this because
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00674-00146562-00146740 the feedback I've received on each
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00675-00146741-00146945 occasion has changed it so if you've
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00676-00146946-00147137 heard me speak about this before you'll
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00677-00147138-00147389 be hearing about a different incarnation
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00678-00147390-00147575 of it now because the feedback has been
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00679-00147576-00147754 really helpful
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00680-00147755-00147947 um okay so I'm going to take us right
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00681-00147948-00148259 back to to what the general idea is and
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00682-00148260-00148435 then I'll talk to you about how we're
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00683-00148436-00148745 proposing to refine this for our setting
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00684-00148746-00149116 so the general idea is that 333 spot
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00685-00149117-00149201 check
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00686-00149202-00149447 three figures or tables are selected
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00687-00149448-00149627 from three recently published
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00688-00149628-00149945 manuscripts or pre-prints every quarter
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00689-00149946-00150143 every every three months and I think the
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00690-00150144-00150425 idea is this might be done for three uh
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00691-00150426-00150737 principal investigators as well and then
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00692-00150738-00151054 the data the underlying data from those
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00693-00151055-00151295 figures or tables is shared with an
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00694-00151296-00151528 external evaluator and then that
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00695-00151529-00151823 external evaluator assesses whether the
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00696-00151824-00152063 work is reproducible so I think you know
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00697-00152064-00152201 recently published manuscripts is
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00698-00152202-00152416 possible recently submitted I think is
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00699-00152417-00152578 probably unlikely to be achieved we
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00700-00152579-00152693 don't we don't find out about
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00701-00152694-00152945 submissions and and it is also
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00702-00152946-00153161 restricted to original data so this is
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00703-00153162-00153490 the the original idea the 333 is
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00704-00153491-00153773 restricted to original data that an
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00705-00153774-00154037 institution might own or have have
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00706-00154038-00154295 complete ownership of
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00707-00154296-00154504 and the process is that the evaluator
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00708-00154505-00154793 then so that the the pi gets randomly
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00709-00154794-00155039 selected and three of their papers get
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00710-00155040-00155237 selected and then
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00711-00155238-00155411 um three figures or tables from those
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00712-00155412-00155578 three papers they're asked to
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00713-00155579-00155813 demonstrate to provide the data and the
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00714-00155814-00156125 code to reproduce those findings the
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00715-00156126-00156437 independent evaluator uh looks at this
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00716-00156438-00156611 all of this information that's done in a
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00717-00156612-00156809 timely fashion so that's all you know
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00718-00156810-00157090 this detail here to be worked out and
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00719-00157091-00157283 and then if there is no case to answer
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00720-00157284-00157397 that's fine that's the end of the
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00721-00157398-00157643 process if there's a case to answer but
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00722-00157644-00157811 ultimately everything is okay then again
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00723-00157812-00158045 there's no problem if there's a case to
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00724-00158046-00158261 answer and the reproducibility is not
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00725-00158262-00158495 demonstrated to a sufficient level then
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00726-00158496-00158651 there's sort of a yellow card system
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00727-00158652-00158914 implemented and repeat infringements
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00728-00158915-00159263 lead to some further action so that's
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00729-00159264-00159514 that's the 333 process
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00730-00159515-00159904 now this idea has been taken wholesale
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00731-00159905-00160247 from the sainsbury lab in Oxford and so
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00732-00160248-00160426 the sainsbury lab in Oxford you can see
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00733-00160427-00160552 here this is a picture from their
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00734-00160553-00160919 website and they have a whole bunch of
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00735-00160920-00161213 principal investigators they grow plants
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00736-00161214-00161459 and they do things to those plants you
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00737-00161460-00161645 can see three of them are bothering a
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00738-00161646-00161921 plant here and I think in that Paradigm
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00739-00161922-00162407 you have you know lots of capacity to
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00740-00162408-00162689 um to to demand this of your Pi so you
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00741-00162690-00162863 know you've got no ethics unless there's
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00742-00162864-00163049 commercial sensitivities the plants are
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00743-00163050-00163235 you know there's no confidentiality
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00744-00163236-00163535 issues all of the data is in-house the
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00745-00163536-00163864 sainsbury lab can implement this 333
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00746-00163865-00164189 process I would imagine very efficiently
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00747-00164190-00164416 and I say that completely ignorantly I'm
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00748-00164417-00164639 not a plant scientist I'm sure the
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00749-00164640-00164926 detail is complicated but even still I
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00750-00164927-00165149 think you know this setting lends itself
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00751-00165150-00165413 to this kind of spot check now what
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00752-00165414-00165616 we're trying to do in the University of
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00753-00165617-00165940 Exeter is to apply this same mechanism
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00754-00165941-00166235 but to a whole institution to the whole
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00755-00166236-00166493 university and I think that that comes
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00756-00166494-00166673 with serious challenges and and every
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00757-00166674-00166816 time I speak about this I hear about
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00758-00166817-00167104 more challenges and so I'm I'm very
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00759-00167105-00167261 interested in the discussion that we're
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00760-00167262-00167351 going to have
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00761-00167352-00167554 um coming up after after these
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00762-00167555-00167651 presentations
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00763-00167652-00167939 so obviously we're in a position where
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00764-00167940-00168149 we have to amend this because not
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00765-00168150-00168413 everybody's working on plants
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00766-00168414-00168664 so what my perspective is and I had a
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00767-00168665-00168904 really useful conversation with Fiona
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00768-00168905-00169157 about this uh earlier in the year
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00769-00169158-00169361 um and I I'm gonna just highlight some
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00770-00169362-00169552 some changes that that have been made as
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00771-00169553-00169769 a result of that conversation I think
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00772-00169770-00169919 what I would like to do
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00773-00169920-00170404 is to identify three articles that are
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00774-00170405-00170669 um recently published or pre-printed so
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00775-00170670-00170914 on the University server this is a
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00776-00170915-00171107 prospective kind of idea we're not going
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00777-00171108-00171304 to troll back through people's papers
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00778-00171305-00171521 and ask them to reproduce figures from
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00779-00171522-00171743 10 years ago we're going to do this
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00780-00171744-00171893 prospectively
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00781-00171894-00172031 and then
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00782-00172032-00172313 um three articles will be selected that
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00783-00172314-00172576 will probably lead to three um authors
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00784-00172577-00172828 being being asked to reproduce a key
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00785-00172829-00173039 finding or table I'm not going to ask
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00786-00173040-00173273 them to do three figures or tables from
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00787-00173274-00173452 each paper I think that's a bit Overkill
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00788-00173453-00173723 from discussions with Fiona with the
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00789-00173724-00173945 risk management approach I think what
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00790-00173946-00174107 I'd like to do is to select a paper
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00791-00174108-00174443 identify the key finding in that whether
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00792-00174444-00174725 that's presented in a table or a figure
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00793-00174726-00174947 it's probably mentioned in the abstract
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00794-00174948-00175252 whatever that key finding is we hone in
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00795-00175253-00175516 on that and say that's your headline can
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00796-00175517-00175690 you demonstrate the integrity and
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00797-00175691-00175990 quality of that key finding
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00798-00175991-00176201 and I think in the first instance we
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00799-00176202-00176519 will have to work with the pi uh to to
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00800-00176520-00176716 explore the reproducibility of that
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00801-00176717-00176957 finding I would like to engage with the
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00802-00176958-00177107 pi and sort of
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00803-00177108-00177257 um everyone would learn through the
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00804-00177258-00177443 process you know what was the data
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00805-00177444-00177707 stored properly was the code reusable
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00806-00177708-00178043 and was the was the finding actually uh
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00807-00178044-00178259 reproducible and we would work together
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00808-00178260-00178559 and identify and produce a report at the
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00809-00178560-00178835 end about the reproducibility of it
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00810-00178836-00179038 and this would be an incredibly
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00811-00179039-00179266 supportive process you know so this is
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00812-00179267-00179525 coming from an ethos that researchers
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00813-00179526-00179752 are overachievers they want to do
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00814-00179753-00179938 everything really well they care about
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00815-00179939-00180137 science they care about the truth so
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00816-00180138-00180299 we're meeting them there and we're sort
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00817-00180300-00180497 of doing this as a supportive kind of
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00818-00180498-00180766 approach we're helping them re-engage
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00819-00180767-00180964 with reproducibility matters it's
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00820-00180965-00181121 bringing it up in their in their
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00821-00181122-00181283 Consciousness and that's kind of the
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00822-00181284-00181601 approach I want to have to remove lots
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00823-00181602-00181847 of the punitive language from my current
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00824-00181848-00182071 white paper so this talk about
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00825-00182072-00182302 wrongdoing I mean I'm you know deleting
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00826-00182303-00182488 the word wrongdoing this is not about
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00827-00182489-00182764 detecting fraud this is about raising
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00828-00182765-00183016 standards and just reminding people that
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00829-00183017-00183197 this is what they should be doing
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00830-00183198-00183454 and I should also stress this is against
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00831-00183455-00183659 the backdrop in the University of Exeter
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00832-00183660-00183959 where we have been uh rolling out a
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00833-00183960-00184181 series of workshops about coding for
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00834-00184182-00184571 reproducibility basics of our python
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00835-00184572-00184721 um and and various other things
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00836-00184722-00184961 computational thinking we've got six
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00837-00184962-00185201 workshops and we've just done a whole
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00838-00185202-00185471 series we've trained over 500 people and
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00839-00185472-00185645 and now we're entering the second phase
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00840-00185646-00185813 of that where we're developing the
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00841-00185814-00186028 intermediate courses which follow on and
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00842-00186029-00186238 then eventually expert courses so
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00843-00186239-00186437 there's a lot of support here we put in
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00844-00186438-00186647 a lot of support first over the past
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00845-00186648-00186833 year and a half and that will continue
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00846-00186834-00187109 over the coming years so people do have
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00847-00187110-00187276 the tools
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00848-00187277-00187571 to do work reproducibly and I should
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00849-00187572-00187757 also well I'll I'll talk about that in a
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00850-00187758-00187835 minute
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00851-00187836-00187973 um so yeah so this is this is
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00852-00187974-00188152 prospective work and this is the the the
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00853-00188153-00188423 idea and I'm I'm really kind of
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00854-00188424-00188728 softening the focus of this I I really
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00855-00188729-00189011 wanted to be kind of a learning
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00856-00189012-00189473 um type of spot check for the the pis
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00857-00189474-00189647 um so this is a question that I got uh
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00858-00189648-00189851 previously and who did it apply to and
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00859-00189852-00190078 this is sort of it's not a knocked out
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00860-00190079-00190264 this would be anybody working in the
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00861-00190265-00190445 university and so that's one that's how
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00862-00190446-00190637 it's currently formulated if you're
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00863-00190638-00190823 doing research in the University this
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00864-00190824-00191069 policy would apply to you and you could
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00865-00191070-00191278 be randomly selected
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00866-00191279-00191428 okay so
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00867-00191429-00191604 um whenever I talk about this
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00868-00191605-00191981 researchers immediately identify the
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00869-00191982-00192214 many many flaws and weaknesses in this
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00870-00192215-00192454 approach okay and I get it there's you
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00871-00192455-00192616 know there's lots of things and I will
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00872-00192617-00192814 talk about those but I would just like
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00873-00192815-00193151 to refocus as ever so slightly to First
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00874-00193152-00193349 think about what might be the benefits
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00875-00193350-00193540 why would we do this this flawed
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00876-00193541-00193769 approach and I think one of the benefits
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00877-00193770-00194021 the the state of benefit is that it is
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00878-00194022-00194278 light touch it it is not onerous for
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00879-00194279-00194495 lots of people because most people don't
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00880-00194496-00194761 get selected so it's it's a quality
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00881-00194762-00195047 strategy that improves things but it
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00882-00195048-00195245 does not mean lots of extra workload
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00883-00195246-00195461 because the chances of an individual Pi
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00884-00195462-00195731 being selected are quite small but I
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00885-00195732-00196031 hope that by promoting the the policy
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00886-00196032-00196264 that people would be aware that it can
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00887-00196265-00196378 apply to them
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00888-00196379-00196654 and it can be handled supportively it's
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00889-00196655-00196871 it's going to be a learning um process
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00890-00196872-00197123 for everybody Ace studies can be written
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00891-00197124-00197381 from this and quality assurance
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00892-00197382-00197633 documents can be can be developed as a
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00893-00197634-00197776 result of them so that you know
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00894-00197777-00197957 individual research groups don't
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00895-00197958-00198209 continue to make the same mistakes if
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00896-00198210-00198376 mistakes get banned which I'm sure there
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00897-00198377-00198628 will and we can talk about this
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00898-00198629-00198881 externally and this is an idea that um
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00899-00198882-00199181 I'm stealing from Bristol and the idea
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00900-00199182-00199378 being that you know we can go to
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00901-00199379-00199673 external funders and we can go to
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00902-00199674-00199888 um companies and say look you can trust
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00903-00199889-00200104 the work that the University of Exeter
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00904-00200105-00200350 is producing because we have these
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00905-00200351-00200566 layers of accountability and these
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00906-00200567-00200795 layers of checks that you know maybe
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00907-00200796-00201028 other institutions don't have yet
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00908-00201029-00201197 um and I think that that's that's quite
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00909-00201198-00201425 a quite an attractive thing I can see
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00910-00201426-00201647 the policy makers in my institution
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00911-00201648-00201826 being quite keen on that because I can
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00912-00201827-00202013 talk about that leading to Future
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00913-00202014-00202181 investment and you know there's always
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00914-00202182-00202378 going to be a financial aspect to these
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00915-00202379-00202528 things when I take it to an executive
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00916-00202529-00202673 board
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00917-00202674-00202925 it's an external incentive to motivate
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00918-00202926-00203159 reproducibility so you know there's lots
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00919-00203160-00203416 of reasons why people don't do their
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00920-00203417-00203687 work in a reproducible way and this is a
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00921-00203688-00203866 reason against that this is this will
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00922-00203867-00204178 remind people at all levels so the pis
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00923-00204179-00204383 the people who are doing the coding the
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00924-00204384-00204497 people who are collecting the data
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00925-00204498-00204688 everybody is going to be made aware of
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00926-00204689-00204994 this policy if it gets um if it gets put
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00927-00204996-00205264 through uh by the by the executive
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00928-00205265-00205403 um and I think you know that's that's
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00929-00205404-00205642 really quite powerful and it it could
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00930-00205644-00205840 lead to institutional change and that
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00931-00205841-00206069 would be the the real goal
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00932-00206069-00206423 okay so there are issues obviously there
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00933-00206423-00206632 are issues and I'm really interested to
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00934-00206633-00206848 hear from everybody if they have if they
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00935-00206850-00206992 are identifying issues that I'm not
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00936-00206994-00207136 covering here because I'm sure that
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00937-00207137-00207358 there are more problems that that I'm
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00938-00207359-00207508 I'm skirting over
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00939-00207509-00207779 and the first one is that you know I do
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00940-00207780-00207994 think there needs to be an evaluator I
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00941-00207996-00208360 I'm not comfortable with the idea of Pi
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00942-00208361-00208564 is marking their own homework so you
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00943-00208565-00208732 know if you go to a pi and say show me
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00944-00208733-00208973 the code show me the data and then they
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00945-00208973-00209110 write a report saying yeah it was all
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00946-00209111-00209314 fine well you know that's not really
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00947-00209315-00209638 going to to to help us improve standards
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00948-00209639-00209896 and I do think you need someone else and
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00949-00209898-00210089 someone else needs to be there and have
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00950-00210090-00210298 the data shared with them and be able to
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00951-00210300-00210581 to reproduce the findings that comes
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00952-00210582-00210719 with problems though you know like if
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00953-00210719-00210892 you're doing this in the sainsbury lab
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00954-00210894-00211096 and it's plants and everybody's using
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00955-00211098-00211289 the same software then that is one
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00956-00211290-00211439 question but we're talking about doing
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00957-00211440-00211703 this at an institution level and I think
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00958-00211704-00211979 you would need an evaluator maybe more
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00959-00211980-00212219 than one probably more than one and
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00960-00212219-00212410 proficient in lots of different fields
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00961-00212411-00212632 lots of different coding languages and
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00962-00212633-00212867 lots of different software the only
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00963-00212867-00213053 saving grace and this has happened since
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00964-00213054-00213275 we started talking about this is I do
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00965-00213276-00213460 think that AI assistance might help
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00966-00213461-00213671 quite a bit because I'm fairly confident
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00967-00213671-00213946 now that if I get some code that I don't
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00968-00213948-00214187 really understand that with AI
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00969-00214188-00214384 assistance I think I could penetrate
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00970-00214385-00214594 that reasonably quickly even if it's
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00971-00214596-00214841 code that I'm not familiar with and so
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00972-00214842-00215134 you know chat EPT things like that might
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00973-00215135-00215387 help us considerably in having a single
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00974-00215388-00215771 evaluator be able to engage quickly in a
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00975-00215771-00216034 in a whole scientific field that they
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00976-00216035-00216221 are not familiar with to the extent that
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00977-00216221-00216346 they could check whether the numbers
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00978-00216348-00216539 work out like you know you're not going
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00979-00216540-00216725 to become a plant scientist overnight
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00980-00216726-00216941 but you might be able to with AI
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00981-00216942-00217169 assistance do this more efficiently
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00982-00217169-00217373 and what happens if the work is
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00983-00217373-00217606 non-reproducible is an open question and
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00984-00217607-00217756 I I think you know we do need to think
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00985-00217757-00217955 carefully about that at the moment I'm
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00986-00217956-00218231 comfortable with it being a yellow card
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00987-00218232-00218446 situation nobody likes to be in that
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00988-00218448-00218605 scenario and I think people would
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00989-00218606-00218842 automatically improve you know I think
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00990-00218844-00219053 most people are just good like that and
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00991-00219054-00219269 I think they would want to but if it's
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00992-00219269-00219515 an institution level policy you do have
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00993-00219516-00219737 to cover every eventuality so I think
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00994-00219738-00219946 there has to be something and what I
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00995-00219948-00220127 would like to do is lean lean on
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00996-00220128-00220487 existing other approaches for handling
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00997-00220488-00220765 uh you know misconduct so not have it
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00998-00220766-00220991 associated with this policy in the
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-00999-00220992-00221134 slightest this policy is not about
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01000-00221135-00221494 misconduct and there would be large
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01001-00221496-00221705 exclusions but the way I'm thinking
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01002-00221706-00221927 about this and I I'm I'm acutely aware
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01003-00221928-00222184 the next two talks are also about
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01004-00222185-00222431 computational reproducibility and so I
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01005-00222432-00222634 think that this is probably mostly
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01006-00222635-00222755 suited to a computational
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01007-00222756-00222982 reproducibility angle as well and I
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01008-00222983-00223156 think the reason like why so many of us
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01009-00223157-00223396 are are focusing on this and I'm going
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01010-00223398-00223546 to be extremely rude here now is that
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01011-00223548-00223744 you know this I think it's the low
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01012-00223746-00223882 hanging fruit this is the the
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01013-00223883-00224125 computation of reproducibility is
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01014-00224126-00224327 slightly more straightforward to
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01015-00224328-00224513 conceptualize than the broader
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01016-00224514-00224765 reproducibility questions
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01017-00224766-00225005 um anyway so a non-quantitative work I
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01018-00225006-00225215 think might be difficult to include just
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01019-00225216-00225431 because I think it would be incredibly
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01020-00225432-00225694 time consuming to redo a quantitative
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01021-00225696-00225965 analysis and maybe there are ways of of
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01022-00225966-00226223 of you know checking
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01023-00226223-00226415 um a quantitative and a qualitative
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01024-00226416-00226613 analysis and that I'm not familiar with
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01025-00226614-00226805 but from the way I've been thinking
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01026-00226806-00226956 about this to date has been about
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01027-00226957-00227321 computational reproducibility and we run
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01028-00227321-00227591 a lot of climate science models at
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01029-00227592-00227806 Exeter so we work with the Met Office a
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01030-00227807-00228094 lot so huge models taking weeks and
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01031-00228096-00228334 months to run I think things like that
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01032-00228335-00228653 are very difficult to assess and you
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01033-00228654-00228910 know we don't have the the compute it
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01034-00228911-00229096 costs money to to recheck those things
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01035-00229098-00229348 and so that would be I think you know
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01036-00229350-00229475 that would be a large chunk of the
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01037-00229476-00229679 University of exeter's work that might
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01038-00229680-00229823 not be
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01039-00229823-00230015 um accessible in this way
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01040-00230016-00230242 if this proprietary software and we
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01041-00230244-00230429 don't really want to buy a license uh
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01042-00230430-00230615 for somebody to just do a check then I
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01043-00230616-00230819 think we we might have to think about
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01044-00230819-00231053 workarounds for that going to someone's
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01045-00231054-00231221 lab and using their software they're
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01046-00231221-00231431 having a demonstration it becomes
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01047-00231432-00231682 slightly like marking your own homework
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01048-00231683-00231934 but I think it's better than nothing
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01049-00231935-00232169 and any kind of data that is not
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01050-00232169-00232403 shareable for ethical legal commercial
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01051-00232404-00232715 you know defense reasons and I think
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01052-00232716-00232817 it's going to be really really
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01053-00232817-00233044 challenging to actually get some other
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01054-00233046-00233441 evaluator and I'm I'm not envisaging an
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01055-00233442-00233621 external evaluator I'm thinking it's
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01056-00233621-00233884 somebody in the University but even
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01057-00233885-00233975 still
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01058-00233976-00234244 um just the permissions to um to allow
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01059-00234246-00234389 for
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01060-00234390-00234592 um for sharing I you know I work in
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01061-00234594-00234767 clinical trials
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01062-00234767-00234977 um it's it's too long it would take too
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01063-00234978-00235253 long to get uh somebody signed up to to
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01064-00235254-00235589 get the ACT to get access to the data so
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01065-00235590-00235727 there are huge issues and I'm sure that
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01066-00235728-00235858 there are more and I'd love to hear from
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01067-00235859-00236092 from lots of you there are further open
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01068-00236094-00236423 questions and you know we do need to I
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01069-00236423-00236621 would love it to apply to everybody in
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01070-00236621-00236771 the University but I think there will be
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01071-00236771-00237119 exclusions is that okay is it okay to
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01072-00237119-00237329 exclude entire Fields like climate
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01073-00237330-00237587 science if their models are too big or
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01074-00237588-00237803 you know qualitative work if we feel
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01075-00237804-00238067 like that it's it's not as easy to
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01076-00238067-00238223 assess
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01077-00238223-00238391 um is it too focused on computational
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01078-00238392-00238606 reproducibility and these These are open
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01079-00238607-00238889 questions I mean any policy is not going
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01080-00238890-00239141 to be able to answer all questions and
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01081-00239142-00239339 so I kind of feel like it's legitimate
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01082-00239340-00239446 to focus on computational
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01083-00239448-00239734 reproducibility so long as you have
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01084-00239735-00240023 other things that that focus on other
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01085-00240023-00240317 aspects of reproducibility and is it
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01086-00240317-00240484 feasible to do this at a university
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01087-00240485-00240784 level and I do think we probably need to
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01088-00240785-00241025 incorporate a strong element of piloting
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01089-00241026-00241223 in this so I think we probably would
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01090-00241223-00241432 want to pile up this in a single
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01091-00241433-00241655 Department first get some institutional
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01092-00241656-00241792 sign off a header department or
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01093-00241794-00242008 something like that and and demonstrate
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01094-00242009-00242237 that it is possible to do this over six
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01095-00242238-00242332 months
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01096-00242333-00242567 and and then the other big question is
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01097-00242567-00242777 is it the right approach to have a
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01098-00242778-00242969 central process for this or should
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01099-00242969-00243298 should our pilot allow for
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01100-00243300-00243498 um situational and contextual
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01101-00243500-00243832 intricacies to be incorporated and maybe
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01102-00243833-00243989 this is something that is done at a
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01103-00243990-00244205 departmental level and so if we could
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01104-00244206-00244391 could demonstrate in a pilot that it
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01105-00244392-00244619 works for a department maybe it isn't a
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01106-00244619-00244781 central thing maybe it isn't one
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01107-00244782-00245008 evaluator for the whole university maybe
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01108-00245009-00245273 it is multiple evaluators with less work
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01109-00245273-00245471 in each department
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01110-00245471-00245603 okay
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01111-00245604-00245837 um so I I think we are we remain ahead
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01112-00245838-00245944 of time
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01113-00245946-00246179 um but I'm very happy to have questions
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01114-00246180-00246371 if there are any questions I mean I
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01115-00246371-00246532 think the plan is that we're going to
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01116-00246533-00246689 save them for the end I think is that
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01117-00246690-00246875 right I'm going to pass back to to
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01118-00246876-00247013 Marcus
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01119-00247014-00247181 thanks Mark yeah I think just in the
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01120-00247182-00247373 interest of consistency we'll um we'll
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01121-00247373-00247517 lead questions to the end I doubt people
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01122-00247517-00247744 will mind having five more minutes for a
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01123-00247746-00247942 sort of you know drink of choice in the
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01124-00247944-00248098 uh in the break but I think that's been
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01125-00248100-00248231 a great introduction we've been given
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01126-00248232-00248387 quite a sort of high level uh
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01127-00248388-00248519 introduction about how I think how
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01128-00248519-00248656 things are done in the pharmaceutical
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01129-00248657-00248963 industry and then a more focused uh
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01130-00248964-00249232 overview of an example of what this kind
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01131-00249233-00249389 of approach might look like at a
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01132-00249390-00249575 university level I think there are some
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01133-00249576-00249760 interesting thoughts emerging already
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01134-00249761-00249898 for example
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01135-00249900-00250144 um Fiona's uh talk focused very much on
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01136-00250146-00250403 how we can ensure to some extent at
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01137-00250404-00250546 least the quality of individual data
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01138-00250548-00250684 points and how we collect those data
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01139-00250685-00250955 whereas Marx talk focused more on then
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01140-00250956-00251141 looking at the resulting data sets and
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01141-00251142-00251279 code that goes with that and of course
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01142-00251280-00251555 those two things are complementary and
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01143-00251556-00251675 um it would be interesting to think
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01144-00251676-00251813 about how those two approaches could
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01145-00251814-00252058 inform each other in other words using
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01146-00252059-00252310 the approach that Mark described to then
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01147-00252311-00252563 think about well why did problems arise
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01148-00252564-00252744 it's worth thinking that you can have
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01149-00252746-00253096 code that is reproducible but it's an
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01150-00253098-00253325 underlying data set hasn't passed the
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01151-00253326-00253589 tests that Fiona is describing then
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01152-00253590-00253798 actually that how only gets you so far
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01153-00253800-00254110 in ensuring the eventual quality of the
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01154-00254111-00254327 research that you produce so these are
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01155-00254328-00254584 complementary approaches rather than
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01156-00254585-00254873 um it being an either or scenario and I
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01157-00254873-00255005 think we need to think about how we can
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01158-00255006-00255131 weave together different elements of
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01159-00255132-00255298 that some of that may come out in the
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01160-00255300-00255503 talks that will happen after the break
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01161-00255504-00255737 but a key thing with all of this and
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01162-00255738-00255923 something to maybe return to in the Q a
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01163-00255923-00256156 is how we resource all of this
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01164-00256157-00256355 as you say it takes people it takes
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01165-00256356-00256582 people with certain skill sets who
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01166-00256583-00256751 um will need to be employed at a certain
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01167-00256752-00256955 level are those going to be attractive
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01168-00256956-00257092 career Pathways for people who might
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01169-00257094-00257213 want to stay in Academia but not
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01170-00257214-00257375 necessarily bpis I think there might
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01171-00257376-00257513 well be appetite for these kinds of
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01172-00257514-00257710 roles given that many postdoctoral
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01173-00257711-00257879 researchers want to remain in Academia
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01174-00257880-00258010 but don't necessarily want the pressure
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01175-00258011-00258155 of having to apply for Grants the whole
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01176-00258156-00258491 time or the burden that comes with for
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01177-00258492-00258641 example teaching in administration if
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01178-00258642-00258760 you're on a
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01179-00258761-00258965 um a sort of conventional academic part
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01180-00258966-00259139 so lots of questions there around how to
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01181-00259140-00259294 Resource it but perhaps one thing that
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01182-00259296-00259403 we might want to think about at the end
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01183-00259404-00259708 is if we pilot these things how can we
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01184-00259709-00259984 demonstrate the value to universities of
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01185-00259985-00260255 this approach so that they effectively
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01186-00260256-00260398 continue to put their hands in their own
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01187-00260400-00260537 Pockets knowing that there will be a
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01188-00260538-00260789 return on that investment in terms of
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01189-00260790-00261042 rough outcomes
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01190-00261044-00261269 translational impact whatever it might
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01191-00261269-00261527 be that has a quantifiable benefit to
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01192-00261528-00261725 the university that justifies the
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01193-00261726-00261841 resource that we need to go into
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01194-00261842-00262037 approaches of this client so lots of
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01195-00262038-00262217 questions there that we can return to in
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01196-00262218-00262349 a q a
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01197-00262350-00262534 um it's uh course to two in the UK now
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01198-00262535-00262745 so we'll return at the top of the hour
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01199-00262746-00262901 so two o'clock if you're in the UK but
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01200-00262902-00263080 some people may be in
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01201-00263081-00263255 um other time zones and move on to the
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01202-00263256-00263387 next two talks so you have slightly
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01203-00263388-00263519 longer for the break but thank you for
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01204-00263520-00263693 our to our first two speakers that was
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01205-00263694-00263993 fantastic please stay on the call but uh
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01206-00263994-00264155 you can mute your
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01207-00264156-00264329 um yourselves until your video off while
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01208-00264330-00264515 you have a leg stretch and I'll see you
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01209-00264516-00264851 all in 15 minutes
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01210-00264852-00265132 fantastic so thank you all welcome back
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01211-00265133-00265306 um I hope you had a good break we'll
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01212-00265307-00265439 move straight on to our next two
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01213-00265440-00265691 speakers uh following on the theme of
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01214-00265692-00265889 computational reproducibility so our
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01215-00265890-00266075 first speaker is running by cover and
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01216-00266076-00266201 she'll be talking about pre-submission
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01217-00266202-00266369 certification of computational
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01218-00266370-00266567 reproducibility so I will hand straight
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01219-00266568-00266843 over to her
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01220-00266844-00267106 um hello everyone my name is Rennie I
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01221-00267107-00267263 completed my PhD at the University of
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01222-00267264-00267508 Sussex in 2020 and since then I've been
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01223-00267509-00267769 a postdoc at the school of informatics
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01224-00267770-00268199 uh in March this year I started
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01225-00268200-00268379 splitting my time between the school of
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01226-00268380-00268529 informatics and school psychology and
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01227-00268530-00268715 now I'm working on this pilot project
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01228-00268716-00269177 which aims to certify the computational
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01229-00269178-00269375 reproducibility of papers at the School
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01230-00269376-00269597 of Psychology before they're sent out
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01231-00269598-00269855 for publication to journals
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01232-00269856-00270125 so first uh
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01233-00270126-00270299 one definition of computation of
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01234-00270300-00270532 reproducibility would be the ability to
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01235-00270533-00270677 recreate
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01236-00270678-00270797 the
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01237-00270798-00271043 wait I have a thing in the middle okay
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01238-00271044-00271319 there you go the original uh results
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01239-00271320-00271558 reported in a manuscript using the data
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01240-00271559-00271793 and code or if code is not available
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01241-00271794-00271979 then at least a very detailed
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01242-00271980-00272134 description of the analysis pipeline
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01243-00272135-00272363 this would include an independent
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01244-00272364-00272627 researcher being able to recreate the
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01245-00272628-00272849 quantitative findings figures and tables
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01246-00272850-00273023 as well as inferential conclusions that
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01247-00273024-00273245 are reported in the paper
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01248-00273246-00273473 and in recent years we've seen a push
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01249-00273474-00273839 towards greater transparency and open
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01250-00273840-00274043 data which is necessary for
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01251-00274044-00274189 reproducibility
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01252-00274190-00274499 however while this is a good step in the
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01253-00274500-00274745 right direction it has shown us that
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01254-00274746-00274921 there are still issues with
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01255-00274922-00275182 reproducibility that we need to address
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01256-00275183-00275417 more carefully
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01257-00275418-00275567 um
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01258-00275568-00275803 journals
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01259-00275804-00276232 lines aren't advancing
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01260-00276233-00276503 what slide do you see now
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01261-00276504-00276887 the title slide oh
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01262-00276888-00277084 okay stop sharing now
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01263-00277085-00277265 it's possible I have shared the wrong
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01264-00277266-00277637 thing thank you
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01265-00277638-00278149 all right we start from scratch
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01266-00278150-00278405 okay you sure this
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01267-00278406-00278729 and now we've made it full screen can
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01268-00278730-00279005 people see the second slide
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01269-00279006-00279232 very good we went through this we're not
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01270-00279233-00279449 going to go through it again so uh
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01271-00279450-00279653 journals are theoretically in a position
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01272-00279654-00279821 to
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01273-00279822-00280127 help improve reproducibility by
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01274-00280128-00280325 employing certain policies and some
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01275-00280326-00280630 journals do that so some examples are
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01276-00280631-00280805 the American Journal of political
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01277-00280806-00281177 science and the biometric Journal in
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01278-00281178-00281423 both of these journals you are required
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01279-00281424-00281645 to provide code data to reproduce the
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01280-00281646-00281749 results
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01281-00281750-00282034 uh more importantly as part of the
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01282-00282035-00282232 review process there is an independent
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01283-00282233-00282515 person who's either a research or
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01284-00282516-00282737 somewhere else or a reproducibility
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01285-00282738-00283091 editor at the journal who has to be able
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01286-00283092-00283247 to reproduce all the results in the
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01287-00283248-00283582 paper and publication is contingent on
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01288-00283583-00283793 the successful reproduction of all the
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01289-00283794-00283919 results
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01290-00283920-00284117 and while this is great
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01291-00284118-00284506 most journals don't have such policies
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01292-00284507-00284813 and they they can't do enough to ensure
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01293-00284814-00285017 the reproducibility of the results in
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01294-00285018-00285245 the papers that are published for
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01295-00285246-00285599 example in 2011 science implemented an
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01296-00285600-00285875 open data policy which requires that
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01297-00285876-00286156 readers have access to all the data and
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01298-00286157-00286319 all the code that is required to
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01299-00286320-00286601 repurchase the results however in the
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01300-00286602-00286871 first year after this policy was
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01301-00286872-00287123 implemented it was founded out of the
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01302-00287124-00287429 204 articles that were published only
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01303-00287430-00287729 about 26 would be reproducible
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01304-00287730-00288023 another fun example is psychological
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01305-00288024-00288467 science to give an open data badge to
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01306-00288468-00288725 particles which share the data and code
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01307-00288726-00288880 that is required to reproduce the
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01308-00288881-00289156 results and in addition as a requirement
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01309-00289157-00289295 for
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01310-00289296-00289475 submitting getting the getting your
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01311-00289476-00289697 article published you need to certify
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01312-00289698-00289877 that you've produced that you've shared
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01313-00289878-00290110 all of the data and all of the materials
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01314-00290111-00290279 that are needed to reproduce the results
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01315-00290280-00290410 in your paper
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01316-00290411-00290789 uh however a recent study found that in
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01317-00290790-00290993 one issue in psychological science where
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01318-00290994-00291239 all of the Articles had an open data
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01319-00291240-00291491 badge only four were reproducible and
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01320-00291492-00291719 only one met the requirements of the
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01321-00291720-00291851 badge
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01322-00291852-00292145 and one last example those issues are
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01323-00292146-00292415 also present in register reports where
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01324-00292416-00292606 people are
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01325-00292607-00292805 like people who write registered reports
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01326-00292806-00292937 already have
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01327-00292938-00293087 some
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01328-00293088-00293393 this some drive towards open data and
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01329-00293394-00293530 transparency they want to do things
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01330-00293531-00293855 right and even in those cases uh one
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01331-00293856-00294101 study found that again not o study not
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01332-00294102-00294497 all results reproduce so journals
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01333-00294498-00294856 most journalists don't have
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01334-00294857-00295169 the policies and they don't provide the
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01335-00295170-00295523 support needed to research us to make
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01336-00295524-00295693 sure that their results are reproducible
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01337-00295694-00296039 when they submit the papers
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01338-00296040-00296177 so
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01339-00296178-00296434 one potential solution to this problem
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01340-00296435-00296656 would be to bring
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01341-00296657-00296891 the encouragement towards more
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01342-00296892-00297173 reproducibility in-house and this is
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01343-00297174-00297569 where our our project comes in so the
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01344-00297570-00297869 key aim of our pilot project is to
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01345-00297870-00298079 establish a process here at the school
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01346-00298080-00298510 of psychology psychology at Sussex that
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01347-00298511-00298679 would allow
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01348-00298680-00298967 the reproducibility of papers to be
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01349-00298968-00299206 established before they're submitted for
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01350-00299207-00299315 publication
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01351-00299316-00299723 and this is going to be done as an this
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01352-00299724-00300023 is already happening in a more optional
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01353-00300024-00300371 manner so people I'm
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01354-00300372-00300545 informed about the project and they
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01355-00300546-00300784 decide to opt in and we're trying to
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01356-00300785-00300905 learn them
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01357-00300906-00301319 into the project by dangling academic
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01358-00301320-00301505 carrots at them about all of the great
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01359-00301506-00301697 stuff that they're going to gain by
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01360-00301698-00301858 going through this process
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01361-00301859-00302039 which at first they think would be great
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01362-00302040-00302249 and very fun and then I I talk to them
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01363-00302250-00302393 and they realize it's going to be very
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01364-00302394-00302597 long and painful
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01365-00302598-00302843 um hopefully by engaging in this process
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01366-00302844-00303053 we hope to educate researchers about
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01367-00303054-00303334 reproducibility because even though
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01368-00303335-00303527 people want to do things right they
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01369-00303528-00303737 don't necessarily know how or have the
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01370-00303738-00303934 skills because we have not been taught
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01371-00303935-00304108 how to do this
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01372-00304109-00304367 I think most of us haven't at least at
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01373-00304368-00304619 Psychology and
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01374-00304620-00304810 hopefully this would allow to improve
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01375-00304811-00304991 the reproducibility of the studies that
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01376-00304992-00305206 are getting published as well as the
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01377-00305207-00305447 studies that people get to design later
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01378-00305448-00305651 on and
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01379-00305652-00305860 at the larger scale
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01380-00305861-00306149 we hope that as more and more people
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01381-00306150-00306425 join in and decide to engage in this
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01382-00306426-00306695 process this would create like an
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01383-00306696-00306965 organic gentle push in the right
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01384-00306966-00307265 direction so that researchers themselves
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01385-00307266-00307547 push the boundaries of what standards
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01386-00307548-00307930 should be and hold themselves
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01387-00307931-00308134 accountable to doing things right and
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01388-00308135-00308315 better because now they have the skills
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01389-00308316-00308482 now they have the knowledge and they
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01390-00308483-00308801 have someone checking all of their stuff
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01391-00308802-00309125 which is me in this case
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01392-00309126-00309353 so how would this process of certifying
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01393-00309354-00309587 reproducibility look like
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01394-00309588-00309797 so first people
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01395-00309798-00309995 we're going to inform people throughout
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01396-00309996-00310169 different Avenues about the perks of
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01397-00310170-00310456 participating highlighting that it is
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01398-00310457-00310687 very optional to take part
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01399-00310688-00310930 so some of the perks that have been
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01400-00310931-00311165 identified is that
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01401-00311166-00311543 a paper that has in the abstract and if
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01402-00311544-00311789 all other places in the paper where
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01403-00311790-00312004 you're deem appropriate a statement
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01404-00312005-00312143 which says that an independent
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01405-00312144-00312353 statistician has checked and reproduced
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01406-00312354-00312551 all of the results all of the analysis
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01407-00312552-00312760 it's all great it's all amazing it's
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01408-00312761-00312971 going to really make paper stand out in
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01409-00312972-00313189 terms of open data and reproducibility
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01410-00313190-00313589 and this could potentially encourage
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01411-00313590-00313804 journalists to implement their policies
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01412-00313805-00313943 a little bit more strictly like
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01413-00313944-00314158 psychological science who already have
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01414-00314159-00314291 something like this but it's not working
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01415-00314292-00314399 very well
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01416-00314400-00314758 in addition having someone go through
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01417-00314759-00314897 your code and go through your results
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01418-00314898-00315203 and try to reproduce everything is going
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01419-00315204-00315515 to help find any mistakes or errors that
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01420-00315516-00315767 might be there because we all make areas
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01421-00315768-00316139 mistakes and lastly this gives you a
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01422-00316140-00316277 peace of mind that when you share your
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01423-00316278-00316480 data and share your code online
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01424-00316481-00316708 someone is not going to come back at you
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01425-00316709-00316991 a year later and say this is wrong
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01426-00316992-00317230 because nothing works what have you done
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01427-00317231-00317525 so you have a lot more confidence in the
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01428-00317526-00317806 materials you're sharing and it's be it
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01429-00317807-00317980 would speed up the peer review process
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01430-00317981-00318197 in case there is a mistake
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01431-00318198-00318395 that that would get found before peer
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01432-00318396-00318617 review it would make that process a lot
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01433-00318618-00318923 smoother and a lot less painful
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01434-00318924-00319234 so after we have managed to convince
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01435-00319235-00319475 people that this is a great idea to take
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01436-00319476-00319882 part in those who decide to opt in would
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01437-00319883-00320123 send their materials to me
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01438-00320124-00320399 or another independent statistician but
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01439-00320400-00320621 in this case to me
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01440-00320622-00320975 and while participation is optional this
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01441-00320976-00321154 process does require that the data be
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01442-00321155-00321275 uploaded online
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01443-00321276-00321695 before the process starts
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01444-00321696-00321977 um then I will complete an initial
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01445-00321978-00322229 report and researchers will have the
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01446-00322230-00322397 opportunity to make any amends if
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01447-00322398-00322656 desired or if such amends have been
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01448-00322657-00322979 identified the idea is to help people
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01449-00322980-00323153 improve the reproducibility of their
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01450-00323154-00323404 studies so it's it's going to be a
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01451-00323405-00323627 little bit more it is designed to be
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01452-00323628-00323873 collaborative in that if people don't
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01453-00323874-00324077 know about something that can help them
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01454-00324078-00324317 figure it out and ultimately improve
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01455-00324318-00324539 their study before it gets published
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01456-00324540-00324767 finally
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01457-00324768-00325210 I've upload the final report on OSF and
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01458-00325211-00325463 researchers can Rave all about it in
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01459-00325464-00325715 their manuscript if they so desire it's
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01460-00325716-00325979 not mandatory at all to link to the to
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01461-00325980-00326203 the report if people don't want to
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01462-00326204-00326579 all of this is entirely optional and
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01463-00326580-00326729 we're just
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01464-00326730-00326884 we're just hoping we'll be able to
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01465-00326885-00327125 provide the tools and support for people
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01466-00327126-00327304 to feel
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01467-00327305-00327551 empowered to do it and to produce
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01468-00327552-00327760 reproducible studies that they feel
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01469-00327761-00328025 comfortable and excited and confident to
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01470-00328026-00328253 promote as such everywhere in their
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01471-00328254-00328458 manuscript
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01472-00328459-00328913 currently the reproducibility report is
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01473-00328914-00329080 in the form of the template that's
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01474-00329081-00329351 divided into six sections that each
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01475-00329352-00329621 follow on different each focus on
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01476-00329622-00329839 different aspects of reproducibility
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01477-00329840-00330119 like the reproducibility of the data
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01478-00330120-00330382 processing analysis environment analysis
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01479-00330383-00330551 pipeline
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01480-00330552-00330767 the reproducibility of the numerical
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01481-00330768-00330989 results differential conclusions and
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01482-00330990-00331151 figures and tables
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01483-00331152-00331456 the template will evolve as people learn
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01484-00331457-00331756 new Tools in order to push standards
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01485-00331757-00332123 there is currently no point in telling
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01486-00332124-00332254 people about
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01487-00332255-00332513 Version Control through GitHub and other
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01488-00332514-00332758 stuff other things it gets sorry not get
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01489-00332759-00332945 get because most people don't know about
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01490-00332946-00333101 it it would just scare them away so
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01491-00333102-00333277 we're starting from a
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01492-00333278-00333563 again a place that would still be a
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01493-00333564-00333808 little bit higher complexity than what
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01494-00333809-00333958 more people most people were comfortable
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01495-00333959-00334156 with but still in the realm of stuff
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01496-00334157-00334408 that they've most likely heard about and
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01497-00334409-00334697 can uh
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01498-00334698-00335003 can imagine and then as people get more
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01499-00335004-00335134 and more comfortable with the stuff
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01500-00335135-00335327 we're throwing at them we're gonna throw
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01501-00335328-00335560 more complicated and more complicated
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01502-00335561-00335825 things in that make their studies more
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01503-00335826-00336058 and more reproducible uh all template
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01504-00336059-00336256 versions will be stored on OSS along
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01505-00336257-00336545 with a detailed document that explains
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01506-00336546-00336756 what updates and changes have been made
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01507-00336757-00337084 through with each version and the
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01508-00337085-00337229 reports who specified the template
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01509-00337230-00337397 version that was used
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01510-00337398-00337799 uh to get a few of what the template
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01511-00337800-00338003 looks like this is the current section
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01512-00338004-00338158 with questions around the
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01513-00338159-00338399 reproducibility of data processing so
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01514-00338400-00338573 I've tried to make it as streamlined as
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01515-00338574-00338815 I can and I'm pretty sure very quickly
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01516-00338816-00339125 the very strict categories of yes no and
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01517-00339126-00339323 not applicable will become not
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01518-00339324-00339556 applicable and I need something a little
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01519-00339557-00339832 bit more
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01520-00339833-00340241 partial in there but there is space to
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01521-00340242-00340480 give any new ones when needed so the key
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01522-00340481-00340745 things here are whether the raw data has
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01523-00340746-00341104 been shared online if not what how close
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01524-00341105-00341339 is the data that is shared online to the
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01525-00341340-00341549 raw data how many pre-processing steps
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01526-00341550-00341758 have happened in between whether the
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01527-00341759-00341903 pre-processing of the data is
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01528-00341904-00342143 reproducible and whether the data is
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01529-00342144-00342287 accompanied by detailed enough
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01530-00342288-00342508 description of the data
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01531-00342509-00342856 I haven't shared the for the rest of the
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01532-00342857-00343037 sections I just had example items
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01533-00343038-00343223 because they're much a little bit longer
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01534-00343224-00343654 and a little bit too detailed I feel but
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01535-00343655-00343810 if anyone wants to see the current
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01536-00343811-00343954 version of the template I'm very happy
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01537-00343955-00344167 to show it later
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01538-00344168-00344423 the section on the reproducibility of
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01539-00344424-00344656 the analysis environment is all around
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01540-00344657-00344879 all about the software that people use
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01541-00344880-00345119 whether the software is available open
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01542-00345120-00345377 source whether the specific version is
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01543-00345378-00345508 something that people can get their
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01544-00345509-00345749 hands on if any required add-ons that
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01545-00345750-00345923 are not part of the base software are
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01546-00345924-00346204 also easy to acquire
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01547-00346205-00346415 um then one of the most important
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01548-00346416-00346589 sections I think is the reproducibility
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01549-00346590-00346804 of the analysis Pipeline and that is
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01550-00346805-00347177 this includes questions around how
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01551-00347178-00347447 how reproducible the analysis steps that
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01552-00347448-00347632 people that are in the best case
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01553-00347633-00347884 scenario people we will use code and
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01554-00347885-00348167 that code will run without amendments
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01555-00348168-00348334 um there are also questions around how
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01556-00348335-00348532 much manual interaction is required
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01557-00348533-00348875 within the software or if uh the so if
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01558-00348876-00349247 the if the code is well enough commented
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01559-00349248-00349456 to be legible
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01560-00349457-00349732 then we come to the section that most
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01561-00349733-00349858 people
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01562-00349859-00350153 believe will be all that they hear about
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01563-00350154-00350339 which is the reproducibility of the
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01564-00350340-00350530 numerical results and this is the
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01565-00350531-00350717 shortest section right now because
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01566-00350718-00350927 essentially it has some questions around
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01567-00350928-00351287 rounding and whether people use
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01568-00351288-00351563 any random numbers but the only question
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01569-00351564-00351778 really here that matters is whether the
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01570-00351779-00351965 reproduced numerical results match the
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01571-00351966-00352223 results in the manuscript and
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01572-00352224-00352523 people people don't acknowledge people
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01573-00352524-00352697 do you think when they hear a
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01574-00352698-00352943 computational reproducibility they think
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01575-00352944-00353110 this is all that's going to be covered
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01576-00353111-00353339 and then I hit them with the template
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01577-00353340-00353482 and they're like okay
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01578-00353483-00353693 this is much much there's much more
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01579-00353694-00353987 going on here than I expected and the
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01580-00353988-00354160 reality is that the rest of the sections
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01581-00354161-00354371 take take the longest time to complete
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01582-00354372-00354619 this is the shortest easiest
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01583-00354620-00354899 uh one of the more difficult sections
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01584-00354900-00355078 sections to complete is the
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01585-00355079-00355234 reproducibility of inferential
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01586-00355235-00355530 conclusions which covers whether
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01587-00355531-00355901 I can get from the differential
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01588-00355902-00356123 statistics to the conclusions that
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01589-00356124-00356489 people report regarding their hypotheses
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01590-00356490-00356728 in the manuscript and this involves
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01591-00356729-00356897 questions like whether the rules to
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01592-00356898-00357058 interpret the inferential statistics are
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01593-00357059-00357269 described and whether following those
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01594-00357270-00357527 rules leads to the same conclusions and
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01595-00357528-00357880 finally uh there is a short section on
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01596-00357881-00358025 the reproducibility of figures and
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01597-00358026-00358277 tables which is short because I forgot
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01598-00358278-00358480 the tables exist and these need to be
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01599-00358481-00358715 added into the template but this
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01600-00358716-00358973 includes questions like whether the data
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01601-00358974-00359110 represented in figures and the
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01602-00359111-00359404 appearance of figures matches uh the
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01603-00359405-00359639 figures that are in the manuscript
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01604-00359640-00359873 so one thing that we haven't discussed
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01605-00359874-00360215 in detail is whether we want to provide
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01606-00360216-00360491 a rating for the reproducibility of each
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01607-00360492-00360754 section
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01608-00360755-00360997 I have a natural
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01609-00360998-00361253 desire to classify things and give
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01610-00361254-00361510 things marks and grades but this is
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01611-00361511-00361841 sometimes a very emotional process for
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01612-00361842-00362063 people especially if they get into the
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01613-00362064-00362315 orange or red category so this is just
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01614-00362316-00362603 what example criteria would be for two
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01615-00362604-00362878 of the sections and if we are to
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01616-00362879-00363125 implement something like this the goal
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01617-00363126-00363365 would be to get people into the green
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01618-00363366-00363587 areas of the
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01619-00363588-00363893 of the templates before before their
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01620-00363894-00364199 report is shared online so we want to
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01621-00364200-00364319 promote
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01622-00364320-00364703 good practice not punish people
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01623-00364704-00365008 who have not done what I've told them to
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01624-00365009-00365128 do
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01625-00365129-00365321 and
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01626-00365322-00365519 so this project has now been running for
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01627-00365520-00365849 a month and a half and we I think we
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01628-00365850-00366028 have some lessons that we have learned
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01629-00366029-00366304 in this very short time frame uh first
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01630-00366305-00366532 quite surprisingly there is quite a bit
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01631-00366533-00366923 of demand for uh people to get their
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01632-00366924-00367175 papers reproduced we've received I think
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01633-00367176-00367403 in the first two weeks we received Six
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01634-00367404-00367697 studies four behavioral one fmri one EG
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01635-00367698-00368003 which has so far proven much more than I
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01636-00368004-00368249 can get through
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01637-00368250-00368501 um because reproducibility certification
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01638-00368502-00368758 takes time the first report I started
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01639-00368759-00368999 working on was the fmri project and I
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01640-00369000-00369160 didn't we didn't have a template at the
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01641-00369161-00369406 time and that took me about eight days
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01642-00369407-00369739 to semi-complete because the people this
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01643-00369740-00369965 will get to that later but they
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01644-00369966-00370151 submitted their paper before I managed
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01645-00370152-00370343 to complete the report and this took
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01646-00370344-00370613 eight days considering that they only
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01647-00370614-00370889 wanted a part of the paper reproduced it
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01648-00370890-00371093 wasn't even the whole thing but I still
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01649-00371094-00371328 felt the need to understand
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01650-00371329-00371627 everything else around it so I didn't
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01651-00371628-00371891 feel comfortable making a judgment only
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01652-00371892-00372101 on the things that they wanted me to
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01653-00372102-00372365 reproduce without understanding the
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01654-00372366-00372628 context of what's happened to the data
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01655-00372629-00372875 into the analysis beforehand
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01656-00372876-00373019 uh
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01657-00373020-00373271 the second report I completed was using
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01658-00373272-00373589 the template and that took roughly four
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01659-00373590-00373919 days of full-time work and this was a
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01660-00373920-00374195 behavioral study and also
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01661-00374196-00374410 it has to be mentioned that the whole
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01662-00374411-00374639 code of this this study was coded
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01663-00374640-00374813 perfect like the statistical analysis of
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01664-00374814-00375065 the study was coded very well it all ran
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01665-00375066-00375323 it was all great all of the results were
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01666-00375324-00375551 produced in the way in the exact order
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01667-00375552-00375706 in which they appeared in the manuscript
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01668-00375707-00376030 so the numerical reproducibility of the
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01669-00376031-00376253 results was very easy to check but it
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01670-00376254-00376403 still took me quite a bit of time to get
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01671-00376404-00376691 through the other sections so
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01672-00376692-00376954 we need to still try and figure out how
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01673-00376955-00377177 to streamline the process the template
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01674-00377178-00377399 would obviously help
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01675-00377400-00377717 um yeah so as I alluded to earlier two
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01676-00377718-00377873 of the manuscripts were submitted before
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01677-00377874-00378101 I managed to complete the reports
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01678-00378102-00378358 and the report will be eventually Linked
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01679-00378359-00378532 In the publication upon Journal
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01680-00378533-00378689 acceptance
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01681-00378690-00378989 but ideally we want to make it a little
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01682-00378990-00379234 bit more streamlined so that people get
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01683-00379235-00379451 the report before they submit and get
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01684-00379452-00379595 all the benefits
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01685-00379596-00379901 of it and
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01686-00379902-00380213 that's it I want to say thank roton and
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01687-00380214-00380387 Lincoln for welcoming me into the theme
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01688-00380388-00380591 and the University of Sussex and the UK
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01689-00380592-00380932 arrive for sponsoring this project thank
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01690-00380933-00381334 you
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01691-00381335-00381484 brilliant thank you very much and I
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01692-00381485-00381617 think going back to some of the comments
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01693-00381618-00381821 we made earlier that gives some sense of
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01694-00381822-00382019 the kind of level of resource that's
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01695-00382020-00382139 required to do this kind of thing
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01696-00382140-00382301 properly
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01697-00382302-00382432 um and that goes back to those
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01698-00382433-00382553 conversations we'll need to have about
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01699-00382554-00382727 what the right balance is and how we can
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01700-00382728-00382906 demonstrate the return on that
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01701-00382907-00383110 investment for universities and perhaps
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01702-00383111-00383284 speaks to wider issues around the extent
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01703-00383285-00383489 to which Academia in general has perhaps
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01704-00383490-00383710 focused too much on quantity rather than
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01705-00383711-00383915 quality over the years and we need to
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01706-00383916-00384065 address that balance
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01707-00384066-00384287 um but that's another provocation for
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01708-00384288-00384497 later before we come to that we have one
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01709-00384498-00384695 last talk and so I'm going to ask Daniel
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01710-00384696-00384893 Baker to uh to speak next our final
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01711-00384894-00385169 speaker and his talk is reproduce me a
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01712-00385170-00385295 pilot project on computational
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01713-00385296-00385463 reproducibility
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01714-00385464-00385745 thanks Marcus is the screen sharing
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01715-00385746-00386141 working for good okay uh great so yes as
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01716-00386142-00386321 Marcus said I'm Daniel Baker I'm a
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01717-00386322-00386525 senior lecturer uh in the department of
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01718-00386526-00386734 psychology at the University of York and
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01719-00386735-00386956 uh somewhat unusually for a psychologist
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01720-00386957-00387227 I'm also a chartered statistician so
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01721-00387228-00387437 I've kind of done enough enough stuff
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01722-00387438-00387808 with numbers that uh that I qualify for
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01723-00387809-00388013 that uh anyway I'm going to talk today
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01724-00388014-00388223 about a pilot study that we're running
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01725-00388224-00388517 here at York which is also funded by the
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01726-00388518-00388727 research England enhancing research
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01727-00388728-00388930 culture fund
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01728-00388931-00389327 um and I guess many of the themes here
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01729-00389328-00389501 are very similar to what rennie's just
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01730-00389502-00389632 described
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01731-00389633-00389849 um so we're interested in computational
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01732-00389850-00390082 reproducibility which is the ability to
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01733-00390083-00390299 independently repeat the analyzes that
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01734-00390300-00390497 have been described in a paper or in a
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01735-00390498-00390604 study
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01736-00390605-00390743 um I think that's really important for
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01737-00390744-00390971 transparency because it means that
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01738-00390972-00391175 anybody reading the paper can check
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01739-00391176-00391445 exactly what's been done uh be that the
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01740-00391446-00391745 the uh reviewer or editor or just
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01741-00391746-00391901 somebody reading a paper after it's been
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01742-00391902-00392032 published
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01743-00392033-00392249 it's become quite common at least in my
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01744-00392250-00392543 field to post data online but that's
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01745-00392544-00392758 actually not very helpful unless you can
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01746-00392759-00392951 see how it's been analyzed and it's
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01747-00392952-00393215 really quite rare at least in Psychology
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01748-00393216-00393401 for people to make analysis code
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01749-00393402-00393725 available as well
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01750-00393726-00393965 um part of the motivation for all of
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01751-00393966-00394237 this of course is that uh
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01752-00394238-00394427 increasingly apart from that it's the
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01753-00394428-00394541 right thing to do of course but
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01754-00394542-00394751 increasingly uh we're hearing murmurs
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01755-00394752-00394925 that the next ref is likely to take
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01756-00394926-00395117 account of open science practices when
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01757-00395118-00395375 it evaluates Publications uh and I think
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01758-00395376-00395578 that computational reproducibility is a
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01759-00395579-00395932 really important goal to aim for
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01760-00395933-00396097 so
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01761-00396098-00396299 reproducibility can mean different
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01762-00396300-00396508 things to different people and the Very
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01763-00396509-00396784 simplest version might just be posting
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01764-00396785-00397030 some analysis code and some data to a
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01765-00397031-00397265 repository like the OSF
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01766-00397266-00397534 but in fact there are now quite a lot of
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01767-00397535-00397793 tools available that let you do much
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01768-00397794-00398080 much more than that so for example if
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01769-00398081-00398303 someone's posted some code and data
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01770-00398304-00398530 online you might manually need to
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01771-00398531-00398734 download that and put everything in the
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01772-00398735-00399047 right place and often change some paths
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01773-00399048-00399215 in the code to point to where the data
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01774-00399216-00399395 files live on your computer all of that
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01775-00399396-00399587 is quite fiddly and it
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01776-00399588-00399919 represents a barrier to reproducibility
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01777-00399920-00400217 alternatively it's now possible to
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01778-00400218-00400493 script downloading of data so that might
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01779-00400494-00400745 mean that the end user just has to
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01780-00400746-00400991 download one piece of code or one code
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01781-00400992-00401278 repository and then it will grab all of
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01782-00401279-00401482 the data files that it needs from
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01783-00401483-00401873 wherever they're stored on the internet
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01784-00401874-00402154 um more complex still there are now
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01785-00402155-00402413 tools available called markdown tools
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01786-00402414-00402575 and in particular I like to use our
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01787-00402576-00402832 markdown and what they do is combine
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01788-00402833-00403108 code text and figures
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01789-00403109-00403330 um to produce the final manuscript from
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01790-00403331-00403510 the raw data and the first time I ever
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01791-00403511-00403708 saw an example of this I was absolutely
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01792-00403709-00404128 blown away it was a stats paper and it
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01793-00404129-00404254 just mentioned somewhere in the
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01794-00404255-00404525 manuscript all of the code required to
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01795-00404526-00404723 reproduce the analyzes in this paper are
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01796-00404724-00404915 available from here and I went there and
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01797-00404916-00405154 I found a single markdown document and
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01798-00405155-00405358 when you ran it it did indeed produce
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01799-00405359-00405539 the whole paper it made all the figures
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01800-00405540-00405767 it did all the analyzes and put all the
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01801-00405768-00405917 numbers where they needed to go in the
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01802-00405918-00406169 text and made a PDF
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01803-00406170-00406343 and I think that's an incredibly
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01804-00406344-00406528 powerful tool
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01805-00406529-00406769 we also now have tools that allow you to
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01806-00406770-00406913 preserve the full computational
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01807-00406914-00407104 environment that was used to do an
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01808-00407105-00407243 analysis and I'll say a bit more about
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01809-00407244-00407380 that later
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01810-00407381-00407669 so I've come up with this idea which is
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01811-00407670-00407813 a bit cheesy but I call it the
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01812-00407814-00408113 reproducibility pyramids and it's worth
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01813-00408114-00408334 just saying that virtually everything
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01814-00408335-00408628 that's published is not to reproducible
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01815-00408629-00408869 so certainly everything that's more than
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01816-00408870-00409121 about 20 years old not reproducible at
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01817-00409122-00409373 all and even most contemporary research
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01818-00409374-00409649 is not reproducible at all
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01819-00409650-00409955 of work that is reproducible it's what I
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01820-00409956-00410170 call level one reproducible most of the
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01821-00410171-00410339 time so there might be some data and
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01822-00410339-00410501 some scripts available but you've got to
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01823-00410502-00410753 do quite a lot of work to get them and
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01824-00410754-00410951 to get them working to get all the right
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01825-00410952-00411313 packages and you know as time goes on
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01826-00411314-00411589 these things will become less and less
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01827-00411589-00411845 faithful representations of the original
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01828-00411846-00412030 analysis that was done just because of
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01829-00412031-00412247 things like package versions changing
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01830-00412247-00412384 and so on
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01831-00412385-00412649 level two reproducibility
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01832-00412650-00412913 um as I call it in my pyramid is where
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01833-00412914-00413116 you have a piece of code that
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01834-00413117-00413297 automatically gets everything it needs
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01835-00413297-00413464 so that means that you can run a single
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01836-00413466-00413651 script and it will find all the code and
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01837-00413652-00413843 all the packages and everything it needs
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01838-00413843-00414172 and download them and run the analysis
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01839-00414173-00414437 level three reproducibility is what I
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01840-00414438-00414682 described using a markdown script to
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01841-00414683-00414941 produce the full analysis pipeline so
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01842-00414942-00415205 you go ideally from the raw data as they
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01843-00415206-00415391 were collected you run all of your
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01844-00415392-00415601 analyzes produce all of your figures do
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01845-00415602-00415841 all of your stats and generate a PDF
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01846-00415842-00416105 that is the paper and that's something
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01847-00416106-00416380 that I think is is an amazingly powerful
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01848-00416381-00416620 thing and then the absolute Pinnacle of
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01849-00416621-00416843 this is to encapsulate all of that
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01850-00416843-00417064 analysis Pipeline and all of the tools
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01851-00417066-00417226 and all of the software that you need
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01852-00417227-00417497 into a reproducible environment it's a
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01853-00417497-00417682 container if you like and I'll explain a
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01854-00417683-00417916 bit more about how that works later and
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01855-00417917-00418066 that's something that I think we're
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01856-00418067-00418330 we're aiming for and I've just about got
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01857-00418331-00418637 there in the last few weeks
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01858-00418638-00418697 um
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01859-00418697-00418907 so uh just for those of you who aren't
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01860-00418908-00419116 familiar with some of these ideas here's
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01861-00419117-00419422 an example of some uh of markdown and
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01862-00419423-00419687 how it works uh so I've done this in R
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01863-00419688-00419914 but there are equivalent things in other
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01864-00419916-00420107 programming languages including live
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01865-00420108-00420370 scripts in Matlab Jupiter notebooks in
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01866-00420371-00420641 Python and some online tools like
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01867-00420642-00420905 Google's collapse or they basically do
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01868-00420906-00421066 the same kinds of things
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01869-00421067-00421307 so you might have a chunk of our code
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01870-00421308-00421516 and at the top here I've just got two
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01871-00421517-00421714 very simple lines of code that run a
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01872-00421716-00421997 t-test in R they'll be familiar to
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01873-00421997-00422195 anybody that's that's used R for basic
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01874-00422196-00422351 stats before
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01875-00422352-00422555 what would usually happen is you would
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01876-00422556-00422807 run that code you would see the output
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01877-00422808-00423029 and then you would manually type the
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01878-00423030-00423287 numbers from the output into the text in
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01879-00423288-00423509 a paper so you might type in the T value
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01880-00423510-00423707 as in this example down at the bottom
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01881-00423708-00423875 and the degrees of freedom and the
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01882-00423876-00423989 p-value
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01883-00423989-00424277 but what markdown allows you to do is
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01884-00424278-00424637 plug the output from this code directly
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01885-00424638-00424937 into some text so you can see in this
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01886-00424938-00425177 middle chunk here we've got the words of
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01887-00425178-00425339 one sample t-test was conducted on the
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01888-00425339-00425555 data so so on and so on but then we've
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01889-00425556-00425753 also got some bits of code which are
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01890-00425754-00425920 presenting the numbers that have come
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01891-00425921-00426155 directly from the statistics and when
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01892-00426156-00426437 the whole thing renders in a PDF you get
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01893-00426438-00426587 something that looks like a normal
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01894-00426588-00426809 result section with the numbers plugged
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01895-00426810-00426964 in where they're supposed to be but
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01896-00426965-00427114 those have come directly from the
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01897-00427115-00427360 analysis so there's no room there for
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01898-00427362-00427625 typos for people doing funny things with
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01899-00427626-00427829 rounding and so on
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01900-00427830-00428039 here's a more complex example that comes
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01901-00428039-00428243 from a real paper at the top again we
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01902-00428243-00428464 have some analysis code in the middle we
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01903-00428465-00428675 have the markdown script that plugs that
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01904-00428676-00428968 into the text and then at the bottom is
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01905-00428969-00429125 the rendered output that you actually
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01906-00429126-00429551 get in a result section
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01907-00429552-00429713 um and this is possible for empirical
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01908-00429714-00429959 work so we started doing this in my lab
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01909-00429960-00430139 and we've done it now for about four or
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01910-00430139-00430301 five papers
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01911-00430302-00430493 um using this one-click approach where
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01912-00430493-00430685 there is a single script and it does
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01913-00430685-00430883 everything so it grabs all of the data
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01914-00430884-00431057 that it needs does all of the analyzes
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01915-00431058-00431314 and produces the final manuscripts the
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01916-00431315-00431549 final paper and some of these are
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01917-00431550-00431722 empirical papers that involve really
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01918-00431723-00431945 quite large data sets using techniques
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01919-00431946-00432251 like EEG and pupilometry where the data
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01920-00432252-00432509 the raw data might take tens of
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01921-00432510-00432731 gigabytes of storage space for example
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01922-00432732-00432941 they might involve quite complex
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01923-00432942-00433109 analyzes and particular things like
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01924-00433110-00433343 computational modeling I've been getting
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01925-00433343-00433535 into Bayesian modeling so some of this
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01926-00433535-00433787 uses things like Stan which might take
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01927-00433788-00434039 perhaps a day or two to run the modeling
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01928-00434039-00434314 but at the end of it all you still end
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01929-00434315-00434591 up with the uh with the final paper
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01930-00434592-00434866 I'm doing this in my own lab has had a
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01931-00434867-00435053 pretty positive reception from reviewers
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01932-00435054-00435214 and editors when we've submitted things
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01933-00435215-00435551 to journals so I started thinking this
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01934-00435552-00435755 was something that we should be doing
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01935-00435756-00436109 more widely and so I pitched a project
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01936-00436110-00436349 to our University's enhancing research
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01937-00436350-00436505 culture fund
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01938-00436506-00436714 um that I've called reproduce me and the
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01939-00436715-00436931 idea is that it introduces
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01940-00436932-00437255 reproducibility as a service so we have
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01941-00437256-00437537 a team of PhD students who are all very
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01942-00437538-00437755 good they're all computationally very
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01943-00437756-00437999 competent and they've been trained in
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01944-00438000-00438239 the art I guess of reproducibility a bit
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01945-00438239-00438418 like The Avengers where we're putting a
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01946-00438419-00438641 team together so four of them are PhD
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01947-00438642-00438791 students one is actually a master's
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01948-00438792-00438947 student but they're all very good at
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01949-00438947-00439079 programming
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01950-00439080-00439391 and the idea is to pay them to make
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01951-00439392-00439672 other people's manuscripts reproducible
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01952-00439673-00439835 the idea is that that would happen
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01953-00439835-00440129 ideally just before people submit to a
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01954-00440130-00440303 journal so they would finish writing
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01955-00440304-00440483 their paper they would hand it over to
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01956-00440484-00440681 us and we would turn it into a
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01957-00440682-00440849 reproducible document they would also
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01958-00440850-00441059 give us the data and the code
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01959-00441060-00441293 actually we realized that you can do
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01960-00441293-00441466 this retrospectively for published work
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01961-00441467-00441587 but I think it's going to have the
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01962-00441588-00441749 biggest impact if it happens before
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01963-00441750-00441916 things have been submitted for peer
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01964-00441917-00442001 review
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01965-00442002-00442259 and the aim in this project which is
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01966-00442260-00442493 just a pilot project is to process 10
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01967-00442493-00442757 papers in this way between February and
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01968-00442758-00442901 July
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01969-00442902-00443141 so what we aim to do is to take a
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01970-00443142-00443339 completed paper and work with the
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01971-00443339-00443603 authors to make it reproducible
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01972-00443604-00443849 ideally it will be
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01973-00443850-00444137 analyzes which are scripted so our
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01974-00444138-00444353 scripts for example Python scripts
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01975-00444354-00444622 Matlab scripts that kind of thing but in
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01976-00444623-00444863 principle we could also take analyzes
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01977-00444864-00445139 that have been done in a graphical piece
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01978-00445139-00445372 of software sorry a piece of software
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01979-00445373-00445649 with a graphical interface like SPSS and
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01980-00445650-00445859 turn those into a scripted form as long
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01981-00445860-00445985 as we have a good enough understanding
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01982-00445985-00446272 of what the analyzes were
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01983-00446273-00446470 um so often that involves collating
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01984-00446471-00446759 existing scripts and text from the paper
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01985-00446760-00447035 into a markdown document
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01986-00447035-00447191 um so far we've been doing that with r
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01987-00447192-00447347 but we're also very happy to do it with
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01988-00447347-00447593 other languages and then ultimately it
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01989-00447593-00447791 would be that script that would be
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01990-00447792-00447970 shared online and that would allow
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01991-00447971-00448133 anybody to reproduce the whole
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01992-00448134-00448345 manuscripts on their own computer
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01993-00448346-00448577 downloading the data and we're using
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01994-00448578-00448799 popular online platforms like GitHub and
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01995-00448800-00449020 the open science framework now it's
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01996-00449021-00449201 important to say what we're not going to
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01997-00449202-00449429 do as well so the aim here is not to be
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01998-00449430-00449675 a statistical analysis service we're not
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-01999-00449676-00449968 aiming to do analyzes for people
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02000-00449969-00450197 we're obviously also not aiming to write
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02001-00450197-00450509 papers for people and critically we're
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02002-00450510-00450670 not really aiming to tell people that
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02003-00450671-00450935 they've done something wrong so our view
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02004-00450935-00451157 here is that we're not necessarily
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02005-00451158-00451499 domain experts in a particular area and
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02006-00451500-00451853 uh conventions differ across even
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02007-00451854-00452183 different branches of psychology so the
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02008-00452184-00452387 aim isn't to say to people hey hang on
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02009-00452388-00452537 you shouldn't really be doing a t-test
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02010-00452538-00452716 there or wait a minute shouldn't you
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02011-00452717-00452879 have Greenhouse geyser corrected this
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02012-00452880-00453118 Anova it's just to reproduce What
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02013-00453119-00453347 they've actually done we see it more as
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02014-00453347-00453520 the job of peer reviewers at the next
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02015-00453521-00453689 stage when something's submitted to a
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02016-00453689-00454103 journal to to choose to indicate and
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02017-00454104-00454366 judge whether the analyzes are correct
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02018-00454367-00454570 what we're trying to do is make sure
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02019-00454571-00454799 that they're reproducible so it's
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02020-00454800-00455003 definitely what's being reported in the
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02021-00455004-00455081 paper
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02022-00455082-00455327 we also don't require any credit for
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02023-00455328-00455477 this any co-authorship or other
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02024-00455478-00455687 recognition uh though of course the the
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02025-00455688-00455813 authors of the papers that we make
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02026-00455814-00456143 reproducible are encouraged to make it
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02027-00456143-00456364 clear that the paper is reproducible and
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02028-00456365-00456520 to link to the reproducible version
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02029-00456521-00456707 online
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02030-00456708-00456941 uh some caveats there are types of
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02031-00456942-00457145 analyzes which can't really be made
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02032-00457146-00457499 reproducible so I think Fiona um or
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02033-00457500-00457691 somebody earlier I can't remember who
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02034-00457692-00457960 now mentioned qualitative research um
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02035-00457962-00458147 and that generally will be quite hard to
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02036-00458147-00458285 make computationally reproducible
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02037-00458285-00458507 because it's not computational but there
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02038-00458508-00458633 are other things as well so anything
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02039-00458634-00458860 involving manual coding for example
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02040-00458862-00459101 manual coding of videos
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02041-00459102-00459245 um we wouldn't be able to go from the
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02042-00459246-00459443 raw data there but what we would do is
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02043-00459443-00459629 the next best thing so if the manual
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02044-00459630-00459905 coding has resulted in a spreadsheet of
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02045-00459906-00460114 of whatever it is gesture codes or
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02046-00460115-00460331 something then we would go from that for
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02047-00460332-00460559 the next part of the analysis and that's
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02048-00460560-00461003 what we've tried to make reproducible
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02049-00461004-00461225 um to do all of this we've come up a bit
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02050-00461226-00461339 like Randy was saying with some
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02051-00461339-00461507 standardized forms and some training
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02052-00461508-00461777 materials so we have an initial scoping
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02053-00461778-00461945 form that collates information about
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02054-00461946-00462257 each study and we have a discussion with
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02055-00462258-00462413 the authors where we get all of this
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02056-00462414-00462629 information from them find out where the
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02057-00462630-00462905 data are and so on I've put together a
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02058-00462906-00463114 training manual for reproducibility that
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02059-00463115-00463349 contains some example code Snippets and
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02060-00463350-00463564 some advice and suggestions about how to
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02061-00463565-00463703 make things more effective and more
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02062-00463704-00463955 efficient and one of the students
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02063-00463956-00464135 produced a cheat sheet of frequently
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02064-00464135-00464357 used keyboard shortcuts and syntax and
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02065-00464358-00464549 so on in in our markdown which turned
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02066-00464550-00464710 out to be really useful loads from that
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02067-00464712-00464981 actually uh also finally we've made a
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02068-00464982-00465233 sort of feedback report form at the end
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02069-00465234-00465460 for us to feedback any issues that arose
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02070-00465462-00465707 to the authors including any suggestions
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02071-00465708-00465916 and recommendations so anything that we
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02072-00465917-00466085 weren't able to reproduce anything that
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02073-00466085-00466277 didn't work any problems that we had
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02074-00466278-00466589 with with the whole process
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02075-00466589-00466835 um we've done this now for one complete
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02076-00466835-00466997 paper and we started with one of mine
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02077-00466997-00467164 because it was just sort of easier
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02078-00467165-00467368 because I I knew the work and I
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02079-00467369-00467560 definitely had everything available uh
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02080-00467562-00467716 so it's a paper that was published just
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02081-00467717-00468010 a month or so ago in neuroscience and we
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02082-00468012-00468227 took the and this wasn't originally
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02083-00468228-00468425 written in markdown so we took the
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02084-00468426-00468689 original uh Word file and we took the
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02085-00468689-00468814 original
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02086-00468815-00469007 um our scripts that did all of the
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02087-00469008-00469295 analysis and we created a markdown
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02088-00469296-00469618 document which generates a PDF of the
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02089-00469619-00469859 full manuscript and that's now available
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02090-00469860-00470020 on GitHub
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02091-00470021-00470260 um and uh We've we've pointed to the
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02092-00470262-00470422 final version we've got the DOI numbers
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02093-00470423-00470729 of the final publication as well and we
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02094-00470730-00470920 also link back to the GitHub from the
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02095-00470921-00471214 OSF repository where the data and code
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02096-00471215-00471437 for the original submitted version of
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02097-00471438-00471659 that paper live so we've done that we
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02098-00471660-00471868 learned a lot in that process for doing
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02099-00471869-00472229 that first paper it worked very well one
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02100-00472230-00472372 of the things we did for the very first
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02101-00472373-00472589 time was to produce a completely
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02102-00472589-00472835 reproducible environments using a system
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02103-00472835-00473285 called Docker Docker is basically a
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02104-00473285-00473566 a system for
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02105-00473567-00473855 making like a pocket Universe for
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02106-00473856-00474197 analysis so it creates a full
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02107-00474197-00474460 um operating system with all the
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02108-00474462-00474622 software that you need in a sort of
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02109-00474623-00474881 sandboxed container which runs on your
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02110-00474882-00475055 computer but completely independently
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02111-00475056-00475253 from for example the versions of that
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02112-00475254-00475379 software you might have installed
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02113-00475380-00475607 natively on your machine
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02114-00475608-00475829 um what you do uh is create what's
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02115-00475830-00476068 called an image file which defines that
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02116-00476069-00476243 definition and that's just a text file
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02117-00476243-00476477 which anybody can then download on their
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02118-00476478-00476729 computer and run through Docker which
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02119-00476730-00476981 will produce a version a computational
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02120-00476982-00477227 environment that has all of the exact
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02121-00477228-00477449 package versions that were used in the
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02122-00477450-00477718 original analysis now at the moment that
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02123-00477719-00477953 doesn't sort of matter that much because
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02124-00477954-00478120 obviously at the moment we're using the
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02125-00478121-00478247 current versions of all available
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02126-00478247-00478510 packages but thinking ahead to the
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02127-00478512-00478775 Future in 10 years and 20 years when
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02128-00478776-00479051 we're on you know R version 10 and
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02129-00479052-00479213 everybody's using a quantum computer
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02130-00479214-00479560 that runs Windows 13 or something
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02131-00479562-00479818 ridiculous we don't we can't guarantee
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02132-00479819-00480059 that everything will work so Docker
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02133-00480060-00480359 allows you to guarantee that it freezes
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02134-00480360-00480527 all of the steps of the analysis
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02135-00480528-00480718 Pipeline and make sure that they will
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02136-00480719-00480922 work for but indefinitely long period
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02137-00480923-00481181 there are also some online services so
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02138-00481182-00481372 there's something called mybinder.org
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02139-00481373-00481541 that does something very similar post
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02140-00481542-00481733 did on a remote server rather than
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02141-00481734-00482033 hosted native locally on the user's
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02142-00482034-00482327 computer but from my playing around with
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02143-00482328-00482470 that it seems to be much slower and
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02144-00482471-00482693 quite a lot harder to control so I'm not
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02145-00482693-00482933 a big fan of Docker of mybinder but I do
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02146-00482934-00483370 like docker okay a big issue a big worry
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02147-00483371-00483653 about this project was recruitment
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02148-00483654-00483947 um and I was very concerned that I would
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02149-00483947-00484109 suggest this to colleagues and nobody
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02150-00484110-00484331 would be interested but I gave a talk
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02151-00484332-00484516 not dissimilar to this one at our
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02152-00484517-00484720 research away day about three or four
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02153-00484721-00485003 weeks ago and explained
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02154-00485004-00485201 um what we had in mind and by the time
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02155-00485202-00485375 I'd finished that talk I already had
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02156-00485376-00485560 three emails of people volunteering
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02157-00485562-00485801 their papers and we've since had we've
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02158-00485802-00486070 now got about 10 papers in the pipeline
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02159-00486071-00486359 um they involve diverse methods so there
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02160-00486360-00486647 are three studies on sleep there's one
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02161-00486647-00486845 randomized control trial which I think
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02162-00486846-00486983 is going to be a bit tricky because they
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02163-00486984-00487181 did their analysis in starter but I
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02164-00487182-00487325 think we might be able to convert it to
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02165-00487326-00487510 R we've got a couple of social
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02166-00487512-00487679 psychology studies there's a long
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02167-00487680-00487864 covered study about cognition in people
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02168-00487865-00488087 with long covid and we've also got two
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02169-00488088-00488333 stage two registered reports so these
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02170-00488334-00488489 are papers that have been provisionally
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02171-00488489-00488705 accepted the data has just been finished
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02172-00488706-00488920 with collection and they're just about
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02173-00488921-00489203 to put together the final manuscript and
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02174-00489204-00489329 then hand it over to us to make
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02175-00489330-00489593 reproducible so that's actually worked
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02176-00489593-00489803 amazingly well we've done much better
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02177-00489804-00489977 than I had hoped at this stage with
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02178-00489978-00490163 Recruitment and I think that that means
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02179-00490164-00490343 that by the end of the pilot at the end
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02180-00490343-00490570 of July we will have done 10 papers that
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02181-00490571-00490768 was our Target I think we may end up
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02182-00490769-00491075 doing more than 10 papers actually
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02183-00491076-00491320 uh looking to the Future then
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02184-00491321-00491525 um I think reproducibility is going to
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02185-00491526-00491668 become more commonplace and I think
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02186-00491669-00491837 Rennie had some nice examples of
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02187-00491838-00491957 journals I think there are one or two
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02188-00491958-00492101 others I think meta side check
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02189-00492102-00492377 reproducibility is metapsychology
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02190-00492378-00492527 um but I think more journals will start
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02191-00492528-00492725 to require this
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02192-00492726-00492935 um what we're hoping is that the authors
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02193-00492935-00493097 who volunteered their work for this
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02194-00493097-00493331 pilot project once they've seen how it's
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02195-00493332-00493499 done for an example that they're
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02196-00493500-00493649 intimately familiar with because it's
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02197-00493650-00493870 their own work they will perhaps start
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02198-00493871-00494093 to do this themselves for their own
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02199-00494093-00494320 future studies so we're hoping that uh
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02200-00494321-00494507 practice will kind of spread and of
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02201-00494508-00494681 course all of these training materials
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02202-00494682-00494951 are freely available to anybody so we're
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02203-00494952-00495160 well we're very keen to pass them on and
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02204-00495162-00495443 have other people use these methods
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02205-00495443-00495629 um also of course I've trained five
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02206-00495630-00495827 students to do this now and so their own
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02207-00495828-00496025 PhD work they're more likely to make
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02208-00496026-00496343 reproducible and if they go off and take
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02209-00496343-00496577 on post-op jobs or faculty jobs in the
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02210-00496578-00496768 future hopefully they'll make this part
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02211-00496769-00497020 of their own sort of normal scientific
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02212-00497021-00497243 practice
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02213-00497243-00497422 um we're thinking that if this goes well
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02214-00497423-00497627 we might try to ask the university for
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02215-00497628-00497818 more money and roll this service out for
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02216-00497819-00497987 longer perhaps involving more
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02217-00497988-00498155 departments at York though obviously
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02218-00498156-00498310 that's going to be very dependent on
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02219-00498312-00498545 funding but something else that occurred
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02220-00498546-00498749 to me is that well we we obviously have
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02221-00498750-00498983 this great superordinate group the UK
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02222-00498984-00499235 reproducibility Network and so perhaps
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02223-00499235-00499439 it would be worth trying to establish
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02224-00499439-00499666 something Central so across
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02225-00499667-00499918 institutional system a national uh
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02226-00499919-00500237 system for making things reproducible I
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02227-00500238-00500422 don't know how that will be funded it
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02228-00500423-00500716 could be done on a sort of fee basis so
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02229-00500717-00500981 many things in academic publishing uh
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02230-00500982-00501191 for example Open Access charges there's
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02231-00501192-00501431 a charge Associated so perhaps when
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02232-00501432-00501610 people write Grant proposals they could
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02233-00501612-00501875 say and would like however much a
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02234-00501876-00502049 thousand pounds or something to send
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02235-00502050-00502216 this manuscript off to the
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02236-00502217-00502451 reproducibility service and have it made
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02237-00502452-00502685 reproducible for us I don't know whether
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02238-00502685-00502901 there'd be much appetite for that
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02239-00502902-00503057 um I guess it's something we could look
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02240-00503058-00503375 into but it might be worth discussing
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02241-00503376-00503513 um now we're reaching the end of this
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02242-00503514-00503783 session and the the sort of panel
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02243-00503784-00503975 section whether it will be worth looking
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02244-00503976-00504227 into how we could establish something
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02245-00504228-00504533 like this at a a superordinate level at
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02246-00504534-00504707 a sort of national level or potentially
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02247-00504708-00504887 even International level uh
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02248-00504888-00505055 reproducibility and Science in general
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02249-00505056-00505216 are not just things that happen in the
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02250-00505217-00505499 UK so maybe this is something that might
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02251-00505500-00505775 be useful globally um I don't know
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02252-00505776-00506027 okay that's my delusions of grandeur
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02253-00506028-00506327 over so I'll uh stop screen sharing
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02254-00506328-00506603 um and uh
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02255-00506604-00506914 also stop talking brilliant thank you
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02256-00506915-00507035 very much Daniel that was a great way to
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02257-00507035-00507172 end and it's worth saying of course that
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02258-00507173-00507443 as well as ukrm we now have
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02259-00507443-00507641 um I think it's close to 15 other
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02260-00507642-00507845 National disability networks modeled in
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02261-00507846-00508001 a very similar way to European at
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02262-00508002-00508133 different stages of evolution and
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02263-00508134-00508372 maturity admittedly but that would
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02264-00508373-00508516 provide a structure for some kind of
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02265-00508517-00508697 national International or supernational
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02266-00508697-00508943 uh coordination and standardization as
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02267-00508943-00509039 well
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02268-00509039-00509260 um that might increase complexity in
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02269-00509262-00509393 bureaucracy so that may be one of the
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02270-00509393-00509753 questions that we explore and it but on
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02271-00509754-00509920 the other hand it's worth bearing in
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02272-00509921-00510257 mind that um there are potentially some
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02273-00510258-00510413 fixed costs associated with this
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02274-00510414-00510527 approach so a collaborative approach
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02275-00510528-00510635 might actually be much more cost
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02276-00510635-00510887 effective with institutions
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02277-00510888-00511097 um contributing something to a central
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02278-00511097-00511277 pot for example that could support this
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02279-00511278-00511409 on the other hand we don't want to make
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02280-00511410-00511547 it feel like
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02281-00511547-00511768 um an external external audit we have
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02282-00511769-00511949 enough things like that with ref and pep
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02283-00511950-00512159 and Teflon all the rest of it so adding
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02284-00512160-00512297 something else to the mix probably
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02285-00512297-00512453 wouldn't land that well in the UK at
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02286-00512454-00512716 least at the moment so thinking about
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02287-00512717-00512897 how to make this kind of thing work it's
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02288-00512897-00513107 probably a key part of the discussion
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02289-00513108-00513299 that we're hopefully about to have so I
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02290-00513300-00513599 have a few thoughts but I'll um pause in
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02291-00513600-00513772 case anyone has any immediate questions
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02292-00513773-00513922 so as I mentioned at the beginning
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02293-00513923-00514222 please put a question into the chat if
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02294-00514223-00514391 you want to or pop your hand up and if
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02295-00514392-00514570 you do pop your hand up ideally if you
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02296-00514571-00514672 don't mind it would be great if you
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02297-00514673-00514799 could turn your camera on and briefly
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02298-00514800-00514997 introduce yourself and we have one
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02299-00514997-00515170 already which is LinkedIn so I'll come
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02300-00515171-00515381 straight to you
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02301-00515382-00515537 um hi Daniel
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02302-00515538-00515759 um great talk uh
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02303-00515760-00515903 you're doing a lot of things that I
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02304-00515904-00516112 think are a really good idea
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02305-00516113-00516322 um but I had like I had a couple of
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02306-00516323-00516443 suggestions
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02307-00516443-00516689 um for something that you might want to
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02308-00516689-00516839 look at
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02309-00516839-00516977 um I don't know is it all right if I
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02310-00516978-00517229 share my screen to show to show
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02311-00517230-00517366 something
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02312-00517367-00517666 I'm gonna stay for double allow me to
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02313-00517667-00517787 um
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02314-00517788-00518003 so so I'll say this is a paper that I
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02315-00518004-00518249 published a couple of years ago where we
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02316-00518250-00518507 use this approach of using Docker uh and
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02317-00518508-00518687 also my binder to make everything
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02318-00518688-00518945 reproducible so we have a get repository
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02319-00518946-00519185 uh we have a little link we have a my
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02320-00519185-00519466 binder link and in that click click on
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02321-00519467-00519714 that it'll open up uh to an R Studio
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02322-00519715-00520114 instance but as you mentioned
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02323-00520115-00520343 with my binder it can take a long time
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02324-00520343-00520510 to load up it can be a little bit slow
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02325-00520512-00520829 and can be kind of annoying
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02326-00520830-00521195 um so what I've been doing as a uh more
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02327-00521196-00521368 recently so I was one of the co-authors
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02328-00521369-00521507 on that paper where we did that
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02329-00521508-00521687 reproducibility audit of Psych science
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02330-00521688-00521891 one of the things I try to do is like
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02331-00521892-00522010 okay if we're going to write these
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02332-00522012-00522179 reports let's try and make the reports
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02333-00522180-00522407 as reproducible as possible so the
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02334-00522408-00522568 approach that I'm taking now is still
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02335-00522569-00522797 using Docker so we still have a GitHub
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02336-00522797-00523114 repository but now what we do is we what
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02337-00523115-00523445 I've done is I used GitHub actions so in
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02338-00523446-00523618 GitHub action is
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02339-00523619-00523775 um a bit of code that lives in your git
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02340-00523776-00523991 repository and whenever certain things
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02341-00523992-00524243 happen on your git repository for
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02342-00524243-00524512 example you commit new changes then that
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02343-00524513-00524818 code will automatically run uh and it
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02344-00524819-00525029 will you know do whatever you want in
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02345-00525030-00525197 this case what it does is it actually
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02346-00525198-00525533 pulls down a Docker image it pulls down
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02347-00525534-00525839 the data from the OSF and it runs it all
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02348-00525840-00526097 and then it spits out onto a new Branch
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02349-00526098-00526385 it spits out a report and so now in this
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02350-00526386-00526691 case it's like totally hands-free no one
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02351-00526692-00526901 has to do anything thing just whenever
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02352-00526902-00527147 you commit a new change to your git
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02353-00527148-00527368 repository it's automatically going to
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02354-00527369-00527537 go through and it's going to reproduce
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02355-00527538-00527764 your entire analysis without you having
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02356-00527765-00527914 to do anything and it's going to produce
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02357-00527915-00528293 your uh your report so now it's like
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02358-00528294-00528503 yeah so it's a it's a completely
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02359-00528504-00528683 hands-free approach there's nothing that
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02360-00528684-00528935 anyone needs to do you just have to work
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02361-00528936-00529097 it as usual and then you've got this
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02362-00529098-00529385 reproduce reproducibility check running
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02363-00529386-00529601 in the background constantly with any
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02364-00529602-00529714 change that you make to the manuscript
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02365-00529715-00530020 so I think like using you know tools
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02366-00530021-00530266 like that like GitHub actions or Travis
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02367-00530267-00530575 Ci or any of these other
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02368-00530576-00530843 crcd tools that that we use in software
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02369-00530844-00530993 engineering I think that's like
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02370-00530994-00531257 something that we should be doing more
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02371-00531258-00531593 when we try to um build uh kind of
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02372-00531594-00531833 reproducible data analysis pipelines so
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02373-00531834-00532001 that's that's just a suggestion of
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02374-00532002-00532145 something that you might want to kind of
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02375-00532146-00532343 look into and like add to your uh add to
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02376-00532344-00532625 your tool belt yeah that that's amazing
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02377-00532626-00532859 I I sort of vaguely knew that things
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02378-00532860-00533051 like that might be possible but I've I
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02379-00533052-00533351 haven't had the technical competence to
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02380-00533352-00533555 work out how to do it so that that's
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02381-00533556-00533741 really great to see an example of that I
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02382-00533742-00534016 will uh raid your game later and you're
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02383-00534017-00534239 free to drop me an email if you want any
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02384-00534240-00534479 uh tips or advice or anything no that's
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02385-00534480-00534616 that's brilliant thank you that's really
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02386-00534617-00534772 interesting
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02387-00534773-00534989 and I think that's a nice example of why
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02388-00534990-00535193 we are bringing together that that group
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02389-00535194-00535372 of seven plus institutions that Mark
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02390-00535373-00535564 mentioned in his talk so that we can
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02391-00535565-00535709 learn from each other and
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02392-00535710-00535870 um and share good practice
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02393-00535871-00536135 um one question I would ask Fiona so you
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02394-00536136-00536368 are a relative Outsider in the sense
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02395-00536369-00536489 that you've just joined the University
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02396-00536490-00536729 from uh from a different sector it will
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02397-00536730-00536843 be with you know some understanding of
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02398-00536844-00536981 how Academia Works obviously you have an
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02399-00536982-00537203 academic background yourself but um I
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02400-00537204-00537347 just wondered if you had any Reflections
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02401-00537348-00537551 on the other presentations and how they
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02402-00537552-00537725 might interdigitate with the approach
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02403-00537726-00537899 that you described thinking about that
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02404-00537900-00538103 comment I made earlier about the process
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02405-00538104-00538247 itself and how we actually collect the
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02406-00538248-00538649 data versus the the resulting Integrity
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02407-00538650-00538870 of the data set and the code that um
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02408-00538871-00539566 that should go together for example
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02409-00539567-00539711 if you don't want to be in a situation
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02410-00539712-00539927 where we're doing the check so late in
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02411-00539928-00540070 the process that what we what we're
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02412-00540071-00540341 discovering is that there's the the that
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02413-00540342-00540568 research is beyond salvaged that's the
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02414-00540569-00540785 absolute worst case scenario so I think
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02415-00540786-00540947 the timing of the checks is really
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02416-00540948-00541151 really key
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02417-00541152-00541331 um you know and in terms of interim
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02418-00541332-00541529 checks what can you run on an ongoing
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02419-00541530-00541739 basis and if your research is iterative
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02420-00541740-00541931 you know if you're building on something
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02421-00541932-00542164 if your research is structured in in
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02422-00542165-00542285 stages
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02423-00542286-00542501 um you know can you can you do some risk
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02424-00542502-00542783 analysis on that and do some interim you
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02425-00542784-00542987 know analysis and running of code as you
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02426-00542988-00543239 build your research up so I think you
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02427-00543240-00543407 know I would always say you know from a
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02428-00543408-00543593 quality assurance perspective if you
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02429-00543594-00543725 wait until the end you're probably going
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02430-00543726-00543916 to be disappointed with the results
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02431-00543917-00544097 um if you can build it into your process
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02432-00544098-00544307 and your planning even if you know that
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02433-00544308-00544487 some of your your results were possibly
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02434-00544488-00544799 a greater risk from a data Integrity
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02435-00544800-00545009 perspective than others then can you can
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02436-00545010-00545159 you bring forward some of these checks
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02437-00545160-00545314 earlier on into your research so that
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02438-00545315-00545429 you can learn from it when you're
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02439-00545430-00545801 actually conducting the research itself
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02440-00545802-00545957 so I think that's a good point because
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02441-00545958-00546149 by focusing on you know given that in
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02442-00546150-00546329 Academia we have historically focused on
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02443-00546330-00546503 the very end product the journal article
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02444-00546504-00546725 focusing on data and code is moving
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02445-00546726-00546893 things further back down into the
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02446-00546894-00547018 process but it's still not really the
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02447-00547019-00547222 process of research itself these
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02448-00547223-00547414 distilled outputs albeit intermediate
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02449-00547415-00547564 outputs
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02450-00547565-00547822 um which leads to my next question I'm
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02451-00547823-00547918 looking for hands that go up in
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02452-00547919-00548087 questions in the chat so please do chip
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02453-00548088-00548225 in if you have any other thoughts but
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02454-00548226-00548507 maybe for the the other speakers what
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02455-00548508-00548633 are your thoughts on how this could
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02456-00548634-00548945 shift incentives in other words
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02457-00548946-00549161 um does the mere fact that checks exist
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02458-00549162-00549472 lead to positive change could it lead to
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02459-00549473-00549725 unintended consequences is there any
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02460-00549726-00549929 scope for gaming these things in a way
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02461-00549930-00550127 that wouldn't ultimately lead to any
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02462-00550128-00550247 positive change it would just mean that
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02463-00550248-00550414 things pass the checks
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02464-00550415-00550589 um I don't know if any of the other
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02465-00550590-00551231 speakers have any thoughts on that
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02466-00551232-00551489 so from my perspective with the spot
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02467-00551490-00551716 checks uh what has been raised
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02468-00551717-00551962 previously is that
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02469-00551963-00552335 um it's unlikely to be senior pis who
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02470-00552336-00552562 are facing the additional workload that
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02471-00552563-00552905 our spot checks will uh will incur and
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02472-00552906-00553066 so the additional stress is likely to
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02473-00553067-00553331 flow down to people on insecure
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02474-00553332-00553529 contracts and they'll be asked to do
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02475-00553530-00553799 more with less time and so that's a
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02476-00553800-00554014 that's a real a real concern
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02477-00554015-00554147 um I don't have a solution to that
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02478-00554148-00554291 something that we need to be aware of
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02479-00554292-00554561 and I think we do need to
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02480-00554562-00554693 um you know slow science you know we
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02481-00554694-00554849 need to to acknowledge that these things
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02482-00554850-00555053 to do things properly takes a bit longer
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02483-00555054-00555311 and we should probably be doing less but
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02484-00555312-00555749 but doing it better
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02485-00555750-00555964 yeah thanks that's it that's a health
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02486-00555965-00556222 perspective um Rennie Daniel do you have
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02487-00556223-00556409 any any thoughts on that
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02488-00556410-00556781 I I do so especially on the point about
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02489-00556782-00556907 gaming
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02490-00556908-00557135 the chicks and just passing them that
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02491-00557136-00557297 really worries me because I'm putting my
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02492-00557298-00557566 name on those reports so I need to be
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02493-00557567-00557812 very very careful and make sure I
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02494-00557813-00557987 understand what's going on so when
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02495-00557988-00558161 someone says that they've shared the raw
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02496-00558162-00558401 data I need to be able to evaluate if
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02497-00558402-00558575 that data is really the raw data or
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02498-00558576-00558862 something has happened to it already
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02499-00558863-00559061 um so yeah that is something I'm
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02500-00559062-00559297 personally very horrified of
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02501-00559298-00559547 messing something up and missing
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02502-00559548-00559781 something that wasn't intentionally not
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02503-00559782-00560057 described properly so that leads me to
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02504-00560058-00560179 very very
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02505-00560180-00560435 probably too carefully going through all
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02506-00560436-00560639 of the stuff that is not required for
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02507-00560640-00560866 the reproducibility check just to make
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02508-00560867-00561005 sure I understand the materials I
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02509-00561006-00561214 understand what the data what how the
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02510-00561215-00561395 data would come out from the thing that
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02511-00561396-00561568 the people are doing so that they know
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02512-00561569-00561761 what's raw data was pre-processed Data
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02513-00561762-00562079 none of that
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02514-00562080-00562264 um just to pick up on that point about
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02515-00562265-00562445 uh that the people that end up actually
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02516-00562446-00562570 doing the work
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02517-00562571-00562859 um yeah I mean that that's how our pilot
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02518-00562860-00563075 project is running but it was designed
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02519-00563076-00563212 in that way
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02520-00563213-00563459 um as essentially a way of getting more
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02521-00563460-00563770 money to PhD students so
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02522-00563771-00564029 um at the moment uh there's the cost of
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02523-00564030-00564209 living crisis happening and stipends
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02524-00564210-00564335 have gone up a bit but probably not
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02525-00564336-00564611 enough and so part of my motivation for
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02526-00564612-00564785 applying for that funding was that I
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02527-00564786-00565031 could give it to some PhD students in
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02528-00565032-00565235 return uh for their help with this
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02529-00565236-00565366 project
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02530-00565367-00565643 um so I think yes okay that's probably
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02531-00565644-00565889 true that it it will end up being people
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02532-00565890-00566147 lower down the food chain than wealthy
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02533-00566148-00566470 successful pis that actually do the work
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02534-00566471-00566687 but there could also be opportunities
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02535-00566688-00566999 there to uh financially support people
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02536-00567000-00567214 at earlier stages of their careers and
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02537-00567215-00567509 and it could be in some instances as
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02538-00567510-00567695 we've touched on it could be that this
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02539-00567696-00567833 is a job
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02540-00567834-00568012 um so doing all of this stuff could be a
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02541-00568013-00568187 funded job
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02542-00568188-00568475 um that somebody gets um and that's
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02543-00568476-00568631 probably a good thing I think rather
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02544-00568632-00568757 than a bad thing
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02545-00568758-00568949 so but yeah I think that's definitely
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02546-00568950-00569153 something we should bear in mind
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02547-00569154-00569362 thanks uh all of you for those comments
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02548-00569363-00569489 I might come back to that point I had a
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02549-00569490-00569657 couple of thoughts on that myself but um
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02550-00569658-00569801 Etienne has his hand up so Etienne let's
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02551-00569802-00570047 come to you
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02552-00570048-00570179 um hi everyone thank you very much for
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02553-00570180-00570305 the talks it was really really
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02554-00570306-00570449 interesting
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02555-00570450-00570737 um I am an associate professor in
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02556-00570738-00570989 Reading in a School of Psychology
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02557-00570990-00571145 um and just like Dan
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02558-00571146-00571564 um I am I have the you the unusual um uh
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02559-00571565-00571816 sort of dual background I'm a software
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02560-00571817-00571991 engineer by training and so all
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02561-00571992-00572189 everything you spoke about you know
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02562-00572190-00572429 echoes in my head and that's actually I
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02563-00572430-00572585 think one of the reasons why I got into
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02564-00572586-00572831 reproducibility because I I knew that
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02565-00572832-00573016 computers
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02566-00573017-00573287 um can mess up and I knew why and so
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02567-00573288-00573509 this is why probably I I was interested
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02568-00573510-00573785 in it sort of resonated
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02569-00573786-00574055 um the main
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02570-00574056-00574289 um I unfortunately even if I have this
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02571-00574290-00574427 background and I'm in the School of
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02572-00574428-00574559 Psychology I'm also a software engineer
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02573-00574560-00574757 I don't have a solution
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02574-00574758-00574870 um and
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02575-00574871-00575297 um I think I'm not quite sure how to uh
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02576-00575298-00575627 conceptualize things in a way that um I
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02577-00575628-00575849 can then transmit to people and so the
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02578-00575850-00576155 main thing I want to um ask or or
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02579-00576156-00576418 comment on is
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02580-00576419-00576611 um is related to the sustainability of
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02581-00576612-00576803 of the whole approach
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02582-00576804-00577055 um that uh it relies on the training of
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02583-00577056-00577312 users basically on and by users I mean
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02584-00577313-00577589 researchers phds MSC students or or
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02585-00577590-00577733 anyone else
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02586-00577734-00577943 um I'm teaching statistics of fmri
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02587-00577944-00578122 analysis
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02588-00578123-00578512 um uh in a very high-end
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02589-00578513-00578843 um python very low level Computing
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02590-00578844-00579268 um type of um framework so so I have I I
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02591-00579269-00579533 I'm sure I share the pain of some of you
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02592-00579534-00579809 trying to teach coding to psychologists
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02593-00579810-00580157 who have carefully crafted a pass around
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02594-00580158-00580379 anything math related or anything
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02595-00580380-00580666 computer related and so
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02596-00580667-00580847 um what is your solution what what is
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02597-00580848-00581020 your experience and how do we how do we
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02598-00581021-00581201 do move forward because I think it
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02599-00581202-00581501 that's the only way we can make this
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02600-00581502-00581735 um sustainable
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02601-00581736-00582005 Diana do you want to come in on that one
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02602-00582006-00582149 I'd just say it's about someone who
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02603-00582150-00582383 spent a lot of time avoiding um
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02604-00582384-00582593 can really relate to what it is saying
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02605-00582594-00582851 here making this process friendly for
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02606-00582852-00583079 people I think is one of those big
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02607-00583080-00583289 barriers and in terms of quality culture
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02608-00583290-00583529 uh it's what we want to do is we want to
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02609-00583530-00583727 demystify what we're doing
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02610-00583728-00583918 um to make it open so that everyone
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02611-00583919-00584177 feels that they can contribute so I know
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02612-00584178-00584345 I I for one would like to know much more
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02613-00584346-00584531 about the methodology of these
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02614-00584532-00584693 computational checks
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02615-00584694-00584891 um because I think if we demystify it
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02616-00584892-00585005 for people
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02617-00585006-00585209 um you know welcome them into into the
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02618-00585210-00585364 space then we're going to have a much
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02619-00585365-00585562 bigger uptake
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02620-00585563-00585791 yeah I think making this user friendly
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02621-00585792-00585970 making this light touch making it good
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02622-00585971-00586133 enough rather than perfect which is the
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02623-00586134-00586277 point of Fiona made in uh in her
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02624-00586278-00586397 presentation I think it's going to be
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02625-00586398-00586589 really important because a large number
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02626-00586590-00586841 of people adopting an okay system is
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02627-00586842-00586933 going to have more of an effect
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02628-00586934-00587237 ultimately than three people adopting a
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02629-00587238-00587368 perfect system
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02630-00587369-00587518 um so we do we do need to strike the
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02631-00587519-00587687 right balance I think and there is a
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02632-00587688-00587855 large element of culture change here
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02633-00587856-00588064 research culture is obviously a Hot
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02634-00588065-00588209 Topic at the moment
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02635-00588210-00588377 um and we need to think about how to
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02636-00588378-00588539 move people from a position where they
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02637-00588540-00588695 find this quite threatening which I
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02638-00588696-00588947 think is likely to be the case in many
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02639-00588948-00589151 cases at the moment to something that
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02640-00589152-00589312 they feel is actually of benefit to them
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02641-00589313-00589487 because it drives up their own standards
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02642-00589488-00589643 and the quality of their own work and
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02643-00589644-00589745 that's going to take a little bit of
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02644-00589746-00589966 time it's going to take a theory of
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02645-00589967-00590164 change so that we can understand the
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02646-00590165-00590357 process of getting from one place to the
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02647-00590358-00590477 other
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02648-00590478-00590645 um and I think it will take a certain
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02649-00590646-00590903 amount of discomfort on Route in some
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02650-00590904-00591179 cases there is also obviously the
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02651-00591180-00591407 potential for um this kind of approach
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02652-00591408-00591677 to identify fraud I I like to think and
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02653-00591678-00591899 hope that that is relatively rare
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02654-00591900-00592012 um but we don't really know because
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02655-00592013-00592181 we've never really looked systematically
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02656-00592182-00592343 I don't think
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02657-00592344-00592487 um so approaches like this could
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02658-00592488-00592762 certainly help in that context I want to
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02659-00592763-00592901 come back to that point about how we
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02660-00592902-00593068 resource this though
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02661-00593069-00593327 um I think there are real dangers with
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02662-00593328-00593441 for example
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02663-00593442-00593657 um asking PhD students to do this work
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02664-00593658-00593795 there are clear benefits to them as well
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02665-00593796-00593957 in terms of the the
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02666-00593958-00594095 um Financial rewards that you could
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02667-00594096-00594214 offer for doing that and that's that's
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02668-00594215-00594370 great in the current context that Daniel
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02669-00594371-00594677 alluded to but there would need to be
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02670-00594678-00594929 some careful protections and anonymity
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02671-00594930-00595091 so that uh
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02672-00595092-00595216 um you know some of those sensitivities
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02673-00595217-00595397 didn't come back to the people who had
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02674-00595398-00595601 just run the um run the analyzes or the
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02675-00595602-00595733 checks
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02676-00595734-00595931 um so there is this question of whether
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02677-00595932-00596051 or not this would be an attractive
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02678-00596052-00596272 career path and I don't know if any of
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02679-00596273-00596416 the speakers perhaps particularly ready
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02680-00596417-00596597 because you're still relatively early on
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02681-00596598-00596831 in your career whether this is a role
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02682-00596832-00596927 would be something that would you know
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02683-00596928-00597197 with with regression and so on um you
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02684-00597198-00597418 know would this be I want to do this
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02685-00597419-00597766 I want to do this I enjoy doing it I
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02686-00597767-00597947 think it's great it has the potential to
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02687-00597948-00598061 be
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02688-00598062-00598162 um
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02689-00598163-00598379 to be actually transformational we have
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02690-00598380-00598553 things are done and it improves science
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02691-00598554-00598883 and I don't mind signing my my reports
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02692-00598884-00599116 and getting people to dislike me for a
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02693-00599117-00599309 little bit while eventually they start
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02694-00599310-00599447 to like me again because I've helped
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02695-00599448-00599729 them do something better so it
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02696-00599730-00600041 definitely suits my personality and
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02697-00600042-00600551 desire to just run code not write hips I
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02698-00600552-00600659 think that's really interesting I mean
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02699-00600660-00600833 that's my sense from talking to smelly
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02700-00600834-00600989 career researchers I'll come to the
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02701-00600990-00601151 other panelists in a moment particularly
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02702-00601152-00601349 Daniel and Mark who are currently in
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02703-00601350-00601511 Academia again Fiona has a recent
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02704-00601512-00601709 arrival and whether they've heard
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02705-00601710-00601841 similar things but I think if there
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02706-00601842-00602087 could be sort of core funded um posts on
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02707-00602088-00602470 open-ended contracts that had scope for
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02708-00602471-00602812 career progression built into them up to
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02709-00602813-00602920 more senior levels where you have
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02710-00602921-00603095 oversized of multiple schools and
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02711-00603096-00603245 faculties for example you could envisage
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02712-00603246-00603466 what that might look like with research
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02713-00603467-00603641 software engineer communities built into
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02714-00603642-00603791 that and so on
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02715-00603792-00603959 um it would take a certain amount of
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02716-00603960-00604151 resourcing but if we can make the case
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02717-00604152-00604325 why there would be a substantial return
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02718-00604326-00604462 on that investment then universities
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02719-00604463-00604666 might be convinced to to give it a go
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02720-00604667-00604816 and actually that's part of the pilot
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02721-00604817-00604912 that we're running at Bristol the
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02722-00604913-00605153 Fiona's leading on will be recruiting a
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02723-00605154-00605399 role very like that uh probably in the
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02724-00605400-00605566 Autumn well the advert will go out in
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02725-00605567-00605770 the next couple of months I think
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02726-00605771-00605981 um partly to see whether or not there is
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02727-00605982-00606155 an appetite for this kind of career path
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02728-00606156-00606335 but Mark Daniel do you have any thoughts
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02729-00606336-00606772 on on that from an academic perspective
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02730-00606773-00606964 go and Mark
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02731-00606965-00607247 um so I I do um as a former clinical
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02732-00607248-00607457 trial statistician we did this routinely
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02733-00607458-00607625 there was always sort of double coding
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02734-00607626-00607859 you check someone else's work and I
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02735-00607860-00608068 think there's a huge role for analysts
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02736-00608069-00608314 in those sort of settings who typically
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02737-00608315-00608657 are not the pi on a grant uh to be the
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02738-00608658-00608933 pi on a reproducibility grant so it'll
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02739-00608934-00609149 be small pots of money but they would be
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02740-00609150-00609262 the lead they would be the one
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02741-00609263-00609514 delivering a report at the end
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02742-00609515-00609689 um like granny is doing and and I think
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02743-00609690-00609839 you know that would be that would be
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02744-00609840-00610001 that there that would be that that would
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02745-00610002-00610360 be contributing to to science
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02746-00610361-00610595 yeah I I think I mean I agree with
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02747-00610596-00610768 everything you said there Marxist about
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02748-00610769-00611003 the importance of this being
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02749-00611004-00611314 a career path which has scope for
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02750-00611315-00611597 progression so I think we train a lot of
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02751-00611598-00611807 people uh we have a lot of people who
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02752-00611808-00612064 complete phds they don't all want to
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02753-00612065-00612401 become uh traditional pis they don't all
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02754-00612402-00612562 want to become academics a lot of them
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02755-00612563-00612803 want to carry on doing
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02756-00612804-00613049 research at the coal face in various
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02757-00613050-00613253 capacities and this will be a really
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02758-00613254-00613420 useful thing but only if it were
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02759-00613421-00613733 something that was a secure role that
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02760-00613734-00613937 had scope for progression and feeling
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02761-00613938-00614116 like you're going somewhere I don't
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02762-00614117-00614429 think it would work if it were on uh
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02763-00614430-00614620 insecure sort of soft money contracts
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02764-00614621-00614855 for a fixed period of time and you just
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02765-00614856-00615070 sort of do it for two years and then and
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02766-00615071-00615293 then you think well what do I do now
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02767-00615294-00615443 um I I so I think it will be something
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02768-00615444-00615599 that would need to be supported
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02769-00615600-00615797 structurally at an Institutional level
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02770-00615798-00616012 or perhaps by
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02771-00616013-00616079 um
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02772-00616080-00616283 the research Committee of the research
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02773-00616284-00616553 councils or ukri or something like that
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02774-00616554-00616612 um
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02775-00616613-00616775 yeah and I think that's the kind of
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02776-00616776-00616949 thing that we to some extent already do
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02777-00616950-00617093 in our support for technician roles so
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02778-00617094-00617207 certainly in Bristol and I think it's
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02779-00617208-00617410 true at other universities a percentage
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02780-00617411-00617597 of Grants is sort of top sliced to
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02781-00617598-00617668 support
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02782-00617669-00617818 um technicians that float across
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02783-00617819-00617975 multiple projects this essentially is
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02784-00617976-00618197 that of course there's an ongoing
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02785-00618198-00618329 conversation about how we can create
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02786-00618330-00618514 good career Pathways for technicians so
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02787-00618515-00618641 that's it's not like that's a perfect
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02788-00618642-00618868 solution at the moment but the funding
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02789-00618869-00619145 for that type of role can be generated
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02790-00619146-00619385 through that approach so in that in some
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02791-00619386-00619691 respect the uh the solution exists
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02792-00619692-00619847 um we are coming to the end of our time
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02793-00619848-00620057 I'm not seeing any other hands up that's
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02794-00620058-00620225 been a really fascinating discussion I'd
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02795-00620226-00620345 just like to
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02796-00620346-00620512 um thank the panelists again in
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02797-00620513-00620693 particular for their contributions those
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02798-00620694-00620812 are really interesting talks and this
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02799-00620813-00621089 will be a um an evolving space I think
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02800-00621090-00621262 as we start to see what works and what
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02801-00621263-00621497 doesn't work the different pros and cons
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02802-00621498-00621814 of different approaches and um hopefully
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02803-00621815-00622031 in due course there will be positive
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02804-00622032-00622253 outcomes in terms of a model or a series
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02805-00622254-00622535 of models or a menu of models that
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02806-00622536-00622727 institutions can be going to adopt and
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02807-00622728-00622955 in particular hopefully we'll also see
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02808-00622956-00623212 evidence of the impact that this has on
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02809-00623213-00623333 the quality of outputs because
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02810-00623334-00623441 ultimately we don't want to be doing
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02811-00623442-00623651 this if it's not making a difference and
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02812-00623652-00623807 we need to be checking that it is making
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02813-00623808-00624070 a difference but I think this has been a
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02814-00624071-00624322 great introduction to the concepts and
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02815-00624323-00624503 hopefully has given people some food for
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02816-00624504-00624743 thought please do feel free to follow up
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02817-00624744-00624899 if you have any questions if you're at
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02818-00624900-00625049 an institution that is not taking part
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02819-00625050-00625229 in our pilot or would like and would
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02820-00625230-00625379 like to join let us know if you're doing
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02821-00625380-00625547 something similar yourself and would
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02822-00625548-00625685 like to join and share what you're doing
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02823-00625686-00625918 then also be in touch and I'm sure the
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02824-00625919-00626045 speakers themselves will be happy to
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02825-00626046-00626297 feel individual questions by email
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02826-00626298-00626662 um if if you have any but um all that is
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02827-00626663-00626849 left is for me to say thank you all of
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02828-00626850-00627172 you for coming and also to Neil for uh
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02829-00627173-00627364 running the show in the background
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02830-00627365-00627610 um in the absence of will so I hope you
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02831-00627611-00627839 have a good rest of your day and see you
+Dbvt8XaEkx4-02832-00627840-00628184 all again thank you