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CUNNINGHAM, C. J.
This action arose in the justice court, wherein the appellee commenced two separate actions, one claiming forty dollars as the alleged value of a steer killed by the defendant’s railroad trains, and one action claiming $199.99 as the alleged value of a horse also killed by defendant’s railroad trains. The plaintiff recovered judgment for the amounts claimed in each suit before the justice court, and the defendant appealed to the superior court of Graham county. Upon a trial there, the two appealed cases were consolidated by an order of the trial court, and the plaintiffappellee amended his complaint in the action to recover the value of the horse, so that when amended he demanded, as the value of the horse, $160, instead of $199.99. The plaintiff recovered a verdict in the sum of $40 as the value of the steer and the further sum of $160 as the value of the horse, and the court rendered judgment for the plaintiff for the total sum of $200. Prom such judgment, the defendant again appeals to this court.
The appellee moves a dismissal upon the grounds that the record, on its face, discloses that this court has no jurisdiction to hear and determine the appeal for the reason the original amount in controversy does not exceed the sum of $200, and the action does not involve the validity of a tax, impost, assessment, toll, municipal fine or statute.
The issues of fact made by the pleadings do not raise the question of value of the property. There was no contest as to the amount of the recovery, the only issue being whether the appellant was liable for any sum whatever.
After the complaint was amended, the plaintiff would not have been allowed a recovery in a sum greater than the amount prayed for in the amended complaint. Consequently, the original amount in controversy, as used in section 4 of article 6, state Constitution, conferring appellate jurisdiction on this court, does not exceed the sum of $200, and the appeal must be dismissed. The exact question here involved was involved in Flick v. Showalter, 51 Wash. 345, 99 Pac. 9, decided January 5, 1909, by the supreme court of Washington, as a construction of the Constitution of that state. Arizona adopted the Washington provision after that construction^ was placed on it. by the supreme court of. Washington. Such fact is very persuasive, if not binding, on us if the construction is reasonable, and we think it is.
The motion is granted and the appeal is dismissed.
BOSS and BAKBB, JJ., concur.
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CUNNINGHAM, C. J.
(After Stating the Facts as Above). The appellant assigns as error: First, the order overruling his general demurrer to the sufficiency of the complaint to state a cause of action; second, because the judgment is contrary to law in the particular that the law (paragraph 4868, Rev. Stats. Ariz. 1913) provides for the item of real .property assessed to include two or more contiguous town lots at a joint valuation, and because, the judgment is contrary to the evidence.
The assessment item in question had reached the stage of delinquency, its return as such, and was duly carried to the “back tax book” before the appellee became the puhehaser of said lot 15. From all that appears in the record, the item on the “back tax book” is identical with the same item on the assessment-roll for the year 1915 as to the name of the owner, the description of the property, and the valuation placed on such item. In other words, the back taxes appearing due upon the delinquent real estate, said lots 14 and 15, upon a valuation of $300 for the taxes for 1915, were duly extended in the “back tax book” made under chapter 7, title 49, Revised Statutes of Arizona, paragraph 4927, Id. — at least we presume the county treasurer performed his duty under paragraph 4927.
Consequently, we are interested only in the questions involved in redeeming such delinquent real estate from the lien accompanying such property while on the said back tax book.
Any irregularities, omissions or mere defects that may have adhered to the assessment or became attached to the item at any time prior to the transfer of the item to the delinquent list and its fentry on the back tax list book do not invalidate any such assessment tax-roll and proceeding leading up to the entry. Paragraph 4933, Id.
Paragraph 4845, Id., declares the tax lien as follows:
“Every tax levied under the provisions or authority of this act upon any real or personal property is hereby made a lien upon the property assessed, which lien shall attach on the first Monday in January in each year and shall not be satisfied or removed until such taxes, penalty, charges, and interest are all paid, or the property has absolutely vested in a purchaser under a sale for taxes. Said lien shall be prior and superior to all other liens and incumbrances upon the said property.”
Paragraph 4915, Id., declares as follows:
“The taxes due and unpaid on any real estate which has heretofore been returned delinquent and which has not been forfeited to the state . . . shall be deemed and held to be back taxes/ and the lien heretofore created in favor of the . . . state of Arizona [paragraph 4845, supra] is hereby retained on each such tract and lot of real estate to the amount of the taxes due thereon and also the interest and costs accruing under this act.”
Hence the lien on this item of assessment — that is, the lien on lots 14 and 15 of block 3 assessed to Murphy and Irwin at a valuation of $600 — “shall not be satisfied or removed until such taxes, penalty, charges, and interest are all paid,”, or a sale for taxes had and title under the sale has absolutely vested. The lien was not satisfied nor removed when the tax was returned delinquent, and became known as “back taxes,” but, on the .other hand, such lien was expressly continued “on each . . . tract and lot of real estate to the amount of the taxes due thereon, and also the interest and costs accruing” under the act for the collection of delinquent taxes.
The question here is, In what manner can the tax lien on the item of assessment be satisfied and removed from said lot 15, and said lot be relieved from the tax lien for the taxes due on it and on said lot 14, as described in the original assessment and thereafter carried to the “back tax book”?
The tax lien is, without any doubt, coextensive with the real estate assessed to one owner. Each separate or separable portion of real estate may be sold in a proper proceed ing for the taxes due upon the Whole assessment of • real estate and personal property combined. Paragraph 4847, Rev. Stats. Ariz. 1913. No dispute can properly arise on that proposition. The dispute arises whenever the subsequent purchaser of a part of the real estate described in an assessment — the purchase being made after the taxes have become delinquent — seeks to pay a portion of the delinquent taxes, interest, penalty, charges and costs proportionately chargeable on the land purchased, the amount of which is determined from a valuation placed upon such purchased land by some authority other than the tax assessor at the time he valued the whole tract, lot, or parcel of land for the purpose of the assessment in question.
The question is not answered by attacking the original assessment upon the grounds that the assessment fails to properly describe and separately value each town lot, because “two or more contiguous lots, parcels or tracts of land, or two or more contiguous patented mines owned by the same person or corporation may be jointly assessed and one valuation fixed for the two or more lots, parcels, or tracts of land, or for the two or more patented mining claims, without placing a separate value on each parcel, or tract of land, or upon each patented mining claim.”
The assessment is therefore not open to a charge of error, defect or irregularity in the matters of description and joint valuation; the lots are contiguous, they were owned at the time of the assessment by the same owner, and they were treated on the assessment-roll, the levy, and valuation as one item.
The two lots were listed, placed on the assessment-roll, and returned delinquent as one item; they were placed on the “back tax book” as one item; in fact, we presume that the board of supervisors would have corrected any defects, omissions and irregularities at a proper time and prior to the date upon which the treasurer finally received the “back tax book” for the purpose of collecting the taxes set out in the same, as required by paragraph 4914 as amended by chapter 9, section 3, Laws of 1915 (2d Sp. Sess.), page 102.
Paragraph 4912, as amended, section 5 of chapter 9, Laws of 1915, Second Special Session, reads as follows
“On the last day of December and the last day of June of each year, the board of supervisors shall examine and com pare the delinquent list; and if any property be incorrectly described the said board shall correct such error by the best means in their power and cause the delinquent list so corrected to be certified to by the chairman of the board.”
Chapter 4916, Eevised Statutes of Arizona of 1913, requires the county treasurer to make the back tax book for the year “from the delinquent list, and uncollected taxes in the ‘back tax book’ or books, provided for in” paragraphs 4908 and 4941, “setting forth name of the owner, the year assessed and the description, the valuation, and the amount of the taxes originally due, set forth in appropriate columns as was set forth in the original roll, together with appropriate columns for interest, fees, and such other charges as may be. provided by law. ... The sum total of taxes originally due as shown in said ‘back tax book’ must agree with the amount of the sums total shown by the several delinquent lists as corrected by the board of supervisors and such amount or total sum shall be debited at the end or close of - such ‘back tax book’ against the county treasurer.”
The county treasurer, therefore, is absolutely required to collect the "back taxes as shown on the back tax book. He has no authority to change the assessment list, and the back tax book is made from the lists and assessment-rolls. After a tax is delinquent no duty or authority required of or given to the county treasurer and tax collector will justify his changing the assessment. The tax due on the assessment which is delinquent is first examined by the board of supervisors, and corrected if not already correct, and the tax is charged against the collector. If the property assessed is not correctly described, or if any error is made to appear, the board of supervisors may at the proper time correct the error, but the tax collector is given no such authority.
The board of supervisors may, when the conditions prescribed in paragraph 4922, Eevised Statutes of Arizona of 1913, warrant, compromise the taxes with the owners of the land or town lot, “and upon payment to the county treasurer of the amount agreed upon, a certificate of redemption shall be issued under the seal of the county board of supervisors, which shall have the effect to release said lands from the lien of the state and all taxes due thereon as charged on said ‘back tax book,’ and in case said board shall compromise and accept a less amount than shall appear to be due on any tract of land or town lot as charged in said ‘back tax book/ ” the amount received in payment is distributed as specified.
Paragraph 4926, Id.:
‘ ‘ The county treasurer shall make diligent endeavor to collect all taxes upon said ‘back tax book/ and whenever he finds that any taxes therein have been paid, he shall report that fact . . . and he shall also report to the said board all cases of double assessment or other errors, and thereupon said board shall cause the necessary action to be taken and entries to be made.”
Hence the law has not cast upon the tax collector the authority to change the entries carrying the tax' lien in any tax-roll or back tax record. The extent of his duty is reached whenever he reports to the board of supervisors a case wherein entries on his tax books may or justly should be changed. The board of supervisors have the exclusive authority to change the entries on the tax book. The treasurer and ex-officio tax collector is given no such power — in fact, the law seems to prohibit that officer from exercising any such power. All the taxes appearing on the back tax book are charged against him, and he makes entries on that record ,at his peril.
The county treasurer is expressly prohibited by paragraph 4904, Revised Statutes of Arizona of 1913, from receiving “any taxes on real estate for any portion less than the least subdivision entered opposite the name of the person or description on the assessment-roll.” The least subdivision entered on the assessment-roll, and from thence carried to the back tax book, is “lots 15 and 14 in block 3,” etc., Bella Vista place. The meaning of paragraph 4904, Revised Statutes of Arizona of 1913, as quoted above, was construed, in Territory v. Copper Queen Consol. Min. Co., 13 Ariz. 198, reading page 213, 108 Pac. 960, 966, as prohibiting the tax collector from receiving the.tax upon less than 65 mining claims, “that being the least subdivision appearing on the assessment-roll..... The undisputed testimony discloses that these claims were noncontiguous, in instances which would have invalidated an original assessment, except for the return” — that is, the tax list returned to the tax assessor by the taxpayer.
The judgment of the trial court commanding and requiring the appellant county treasurer and ex-officio tax collector of Maricopa county to receive $10 offered in payment of the taxes, interest, penalties, charges' and costs proportionately chargeable against lot 15 of block 3, Bella Vista place, in the circumstances shown in the complaint and in the evidence, is error, thereby requiring the said 'officer to perform an act which was unauthorized by law, unless the board of supervisors had first ordered such item on the tax-roll and on the back tax book so changed as to show a separate valuation on each lot.
The complaint, in the absence of an allegation showing that the board of supervisors had changed the item on the tax records so that lot 15 is valued as a separate item and is relieved of the tax lien on it and lot 14 jointly, fails to state a cause of action against the tax collector justifying the relief prayed, and the evidence supporting such fact is absent from the record.
The judgment is reversed and the cause remanded, with instructions to sustain the demurrer for failure to state facts necessary to constitute a cause of action, and to take such further action in the premises as the law requires in such eases. The other questions need no discussion.
ROSS and BAKER, JJ., concur.
|
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] |
ROSS, J.
Appellee sued the appellant railroad company for damages for personal injury. Omitting formal parts, the complaint is as follows:
“III. That on or about April 5, 1916, defendant was by its servants and employees engaged in installing platform scales on a platform of defendant’s freight depot located in the city of Phoenix, Arizona; that the work was not finished on that day, but by night of said day the work had progressed to such an extent that about eight square feet of said flooring of said depot platform had been removed and that said platform floor was about five feet from the ground, and when said flooring had been removed a pit was formed about eight feet wide, eight feet long, and five feet deep.
“IV. Plaintiff says that defendant left said pit thus formed as above stated during the night of April 5, 1916, unlighted, uncovered, unfenced, and otherwise unprotected at a place, vicinity, and time where and when its employees, and particularly this plaintiff, were required by defendant to work in and about said premises, and that the night of April 5, 1916, was quite dark.
“Y. That on the night of April 5, 1916, plaintiff was in the course of his employment compelled to work all night for defendant at defendant’s freight depot aforesaid, at manual labor as bill clerk, and that while so engaged at such manual labor between four and five o’clock A. M. of April 6th .... he became so fatigued and hungry that it was necessary for him to have something to eat and some coffee, . . . and, in order to secure the same, he ivent to a nearby restaurant and then and there procured such refreshment and immediately started to return to such manual labor as such bill clerk for defendant, along the route usually traveled by plaintiff and others having business in and about defendant’s freight depot, and that while so returning to his said work, and while at all times exercising due care and acting without negligence on his part, plaintiff stepped in said pit so left by defendant without any warning light or any kind of protection therefrom, and fell to the bottom of said pit, a distance of about five feet, . . . and was injured,” etc.
Appellant demurred to the complaint on the ground that it failed to state facts sufficient to constitute a cause of action; also, on the ground that the employers’ liability law (Civ. Code 1913, pars. 3098-3179) is unconstitutional in that it violates the Fourteenth Amendment to the federal Constitution. It answered by general denial, pleaded contributory negligence and assumed risk, and also raised the question of the constitutionality of the liability law.
At the close of the appellee’s case in chief, the appellant moved the court to require him to elect whether he would ask a recovery under the Employers’ Liability Act'or under the common law. Whereupon, appellee announced (without any ruling of the court) his election to recover under the Employers’ Act. Appellant then made the following motion:
“We desire to make a formal motion to instruct for the defendant upon the ground that the state Employers’ Liability Act applies to those engaged in the operation of a railroad, to those engaged in manual and mechanical labor, and that the uncontradicted evidence in this case shows that on the night in question, upon which it is claimed that plaintiff was injured, he was not engaged in any mechanical or.manual labor and was not engaged to any extent in the operation of a railroad. ’ ’
The motion being denied, appellant introduced its evidence, and, the case being submitted to the jury, it returned a verdict in favor of appellee for the sum of three thousand dollars. The appeal is prosecuted from the order overruling motion for a new trial and from the judgment. The assignments of error are numerous — twenty-eight in number — but it will not be necessary, from the view we take of the matter, to pass upon all of them.
The first assignment is based upon the ruling of the court in denying the motion for an instructed verdict. The evidence at the time of making the motion and at the close of the entire case was in confirmation of the allegations of the complaint that appellee was a bill clerk in the employ of appellant at its freight depot in the city of Phoenix. The appellee describes the nature and character of his work as follows:
“On or about April 5, 1916, I was employed as bill clerk for the .Arizona Eastern Eailroad Company, working at the ■local freight office situated between First Avenue and Center Street. My work was in the office, which is located in the west end of the building. My duties were billing freight, writing up the transfer book, making up tonnage reports, balancing the cash-books, 'making an abstract, loading and unloading livestock, and sprinkling down hogs during warm weather. . . .
“We sometimes had loading and inspection of livestock at the freight-house platform, but the bulk of it was at the union stockyards, located about 13 blocks west of the freight office, and in the yards of the Arizona Eastern, 12 blocks east of the freight office.
“I have been required to go out and inspect stock aftef it was loaded. I have used this platform at night in loading livestock, and in loading automobiles and all kinds of freight. ... I never loaded any stock myself, but I had to make a livestock report and an inspection of them. They were loaded by the shipper from this platform.
“I don’t do manual labor. I don’t do manual labor at all when I was working for the Arizona Eastern. I was doing clerical work.
“It was my duty to go out and cheek in the loading of the stock.
“Between the time I went to work at half-past five on the evening of the 5th and the time when I was injured on the morning of the 6th, my duties were the regular duties of the office, billing and writing transfers and making abstracts, and that is all I now recall that I did between the hour I went to work and the hour I was injured. I was not handling any stock that night. The duties I refer to were clerical that night.”
Keeping this evidence in mind, as also the allegations of the complaint as to the character of the work appellee was engaged in, we now, turn to the Employers’ Liability Act to see if he generally, or at the time of his injury, was embraced within its terms so as to entitle him to maintain an action thereunder for damages or compensation. If the cause of action set out in his complaint and the evidence on the trial do not bring the appellee within the terms of the Employers’ Liability Act, he ought not to be permitted 'to'recover upon his election.
The constitutional mandate contained in section 7, article 18, is that the legislature enact a law to make the employer liable for injuries to employees in hazardous occupations when the accident causing the injury is due to a condition or conditions of such hazardous occupation, and is not caused by the negligence of the employee; said law so to be enacted to apply to “all hazardous occupations in mining, smelting, manufacturing, railroad or street railway transportation, or any other industry.” Chapter 6, title 14, being paragraphs 3153 to 3162, inclusive, Civil Code of 1913, is the legislative effort to comply with the mandate of the Constitution. Hereafter we will refer to it as the “Liability Act.”
This Liability Act has declared and determined in paragraph 3156 certain occupations in the named industries to be hazardous, and paragraph 3155 extends the benefits of the act only to those employees engaged in manual and mechanical labor.
Among other things, it is contended by appellant that appellee was not (1) employed in an occupation declared and determined to be hazardous, nor (2) engaged in manual or mechanical labor. As to the first point made, if appellee is to receive the benefits of the act, his occupation must' be one of those enumerated in subdivision 1 of section 3156, which reads as follows:
“ (1) The operation of steam railroads, electrical railroads, street railroads, by locomotives, engines, trains, motors, or cars of any kind propelled by steam, electricity, cable or other mechanical power, including the construction, use or repair of machinery, plants, tracks, switches, bridges, roadbeds, upon, over and by which such railway business is operated. ’ ’
The arguments of both sides are directed to the first division of the subsection, it being the contention of appellant that appellee was not engaged in an occupation in “the operation of a railroad.” Whereas appellee contends that a hill clerk’s occupation is essential to the proper operation of a railroad and is within the occupations declared to be hazardous in the operation of appellant’s railroad. We will not go into this question further than to say that, as we understand the law, those persons engaged in “the operation of a railroad” are persons who have an actual physical connection with the handling, organizing, loading, unloading and movement of trains, locomotives, engines, motors and cars, extending sometimes to section-men. Jemming v. Great Northern Ry. Co., 96 Minn. 302, 1 L. R. A. (N. S.) 696, 104 N. W. 1079; Callahan v. Ry. Co., 170 Mo. 473, 94 Am. St. Rep. 746, 60 L. R. A. 249, 71 S. W. 208; 26 Cyc. 1370. It includes those whose occupations subject them to hazards and dangers incident to and inherent in the physical part of the operation of the railroad, and not those who perform services essential to the railroad business but not in its actual operation.
It may be that appellee’s occupation falls within those named in subsection 1 as “including the construction, use or repair of machinery, plants, tracks, switches, bridges, roadbeds, upon, over and by which such railway business is operated.” If the freight depot and platform, in which was the opening that appellee fell into, was a plant “by which the railway business” of appellant was in part operated and the appellee was not without the line of his duty when using the platform as a way of returning to his work, we submit, without so deciding, that his occupation might be one of those intended to be declared and determined as hazardous by the statute. As this question was not presented to us in brief or argument, and as its decision is not necessary, as we view the case, we only suggest it, for if it be granted that, he was in the use of a plant of’appellant at the time of his injury, and that his occupation was hazardous, still he was not engaged in manual or mechanical labor.
Aside from the context, it is easy to determine that appellee, in the occupation of “billing freight, writing up the transfer-boob, making up tonnage reports, balancing the cash-books, making an abstract, ...” was not engaged in mechanical labor. The definition of “mechanical,” as given by Webster is:
“1. Of or pertaining to or concerned with manual labor; .engaged in manual labor; of the artisan class. 2. Of, pertaining to or concerned with machinery or mechanism; made or performed by machinery or with tools.”
“Mechanical labor” is labor performed by a mechanic or “one who practices any mechanic art; one skilled or employed in shaping or uniting materials, as wood materials, etc., into any kind of structure, machine- or other object requiring the use of tools or other objects, an artisan.” Webster.
Taken in connection with the context, we think “mechanical labor” is such skilled labor as is necessarily employed by employers in making and repairing tools and instruments used in the operation of the business. It is manual labor, but of the skilled kind.
While the words “manual labor” might be construed to mean clerical work, we do not think any such meaning attaches to them as they are used in the context. In the first place, the hazardous occupations in mining, smelting, manufacturing, railroading and other industries named as hazardous, exclude the idea of the office man’s occupation. They are those occupations engaged (1) In the operation of railroads, in the construction, use and repair of machinery, etc., by which the business of railroading is carried on; (2) the use of gunpowder, etc.; (3) erection and demolition of buildings, etc.; (4) the operation of elevators, etc.; (5) work on ladders, etc.; (6) work in connection with electricity; (7) work on telegraph and telephone lines; (8) work in or about quarries, open pits, open cuts, mines, reduction works, and smelters; (9) tunnel work; and (10) work in mills, etc., operated by steam, electricity, or other mechanical power. Paragraph 3156.
Labor in any of the named occupations must mean actual physical contact with the dangerous instruments and means used in carrying on the business. One of the canons of interpretation of words used in a statute is that they must.be taken in their common and ordinary sense, unless, from the context, it is evident some other meaning was intended. When we speak of a person doing manual labor, the mind is instantly directed to some kind of toil in which the physical predominates the mental. The words would never call to mind the office man engaged in keeping books or making out bills or statements or operating -a typewriter. Even if appellee did occasionally, as an incident in his occupation as bill clerk, do manual labor in the loading and unloading of livestock and freight, it»is enough to say he was not injured by any accident, while so engaged. At the time of his injury, his sole occupation was that of a bill clerk. So we conclude appellee was not, at the time of the accident in which he was injured, engaged in manual or mechanical labor, and therefore is not entitled to the benefits of the Employers’ Liability Act.
The meaning of the phrase “caused by any accident due to a condition or conditions of such occupation,” appearing-first in the Constitution (section 7, article 18), and next in the Liability Act (paragraph 3154), as descriptive of the kind of accident intended to give rise to a right of action to an injured employee, has not as yet been construed by the court. The expression is original in our Constitution and laws. We have not been able to find it in any of the compensation or liability laws or in any decision of a court, or in any text-book, and it therefore necessarily follows that it has not been defined or applied. It is evident that the accident must arise out of and also be inherent in the occupation itself; the condition or conditions that produce the accident must inhere in the occupation. If the occupation is nonhazardous, if the condition or conditions inherent therein are innocuous, the occupation and the employee therein are outside of the purview of the Constitution and likewise of the Liability Law. The legislature, in paragraph 3155, has defined the kind of accident intended by it to be covered by the Employers’ Liability Act in the following-language:
“By reason of the nature and conditions of, and the means used and provided for doing the work in, said occupations, such service is especially dangerous and hazardous to the workmen therein, because of risks and hazards which are inherent in such occupations and which are unavoidable by the workmen therein.”
It will be noted that stress in this definition is placed upon “the means used and provided for doing the work in said occupation.” In fact, the dangerous “nature and condition” of the occupation is not alone because of the work, but because of the lethal character of the means employed, to do the work required of the employee. The nature and conditions of the occupation, and the means used and provided to do the work therein, are so dangerous and the risks therefrom are so inherent as that accident therefrom is “unavoidable by the workmen therein.” It would seem that, before an employee may recover for injury under this act, it must have occurred while he was at work in his occupation, and it must have been occasioned by a risk or danger, inherent in the occupation.
Our statute (paragraph 3158) requires something more than that the “accident arise out of and in the course of the employment,” an expression common to most of the liability and compensation laws; our statute being:
“When in the course of work in any of the employments or occupations enumerated in the preceding section, personal injury or death by any accident arising out of and in the course of such labor, service and employment, and due to a condition or conditions of such occupation or employment. ’ ’
These added words to the common expression must mean something. The words “arising out of” have been construed to refer to the origin or cause of the injury, and the words “in the course of,” to refer to the time, place, and circumstances under which it occurred. Workmen’s Compensation Acte, p. 72, Corpus Juris. Superadded to these under our Liability Act is the requirement that the injury must have occurred in the “work,” “labor, service and employment” and be “due to a condition or conditions of such occupation.” The act of appellee in going away from his work for refreshments was, it may be granted, proper and necessary; but it is also equally as apparent that during the time of his absence he was not rendering work, service or labor for appellant, and therefore the injury he sustained while on such errand was not due to a condition or conditions of'his occupation. Under our statute, the work must be hazardous, and the injury must have been incurred because of the hazard or danger in the work itself and, because of said hazard,, “unavoidable” on the part of the employee. Calumet & Arizona Min. Co. v. Chambers, ante, p. 54, 176 Pac. 839.
The danger of falling into the scale pit was not peculiar to appellee in his occupation of bill clerk. It was a danger to which persons not employees of appellant were exposed as much as those engaged in the service of appellant. Appellee shows by his complaint and by the testimony of himself and others that the scale pit into which he fell was “along the route usually traveled by himself and others having business in and about defendant’s freight depot.” This being so, it was not a risk or hazard peculiar to his work, but one ‘ ‘ common to the neighborhood.” In re McNicol, 215 Mass. 497, L. R. A. 1916A, 306, 102 N. E. 697.
If it be concluded that appellee received his injury in the course of his employment, and that it arose out of the employment, that is not enough to bring him within the statute unless at the time of the injury he was engaged in one of the hazardous occupations named by the statute. The rule being, as laid down by the courts of New York, where the occupation as here must be hazardous, that—
“"Where . . . the employee’s ordinary duties and accustomed scope of activities do not come exclusively or predominantly within the category of enumerated employments, and only casually and incidentally does he do work fairly falling within that category, his right to remuneration must hinge on a finding that he sustained injury while actually and momentarily doing work named in the statute. If the employer shows that the employee was not so employed when he met with injury, he is not entitled to reimbursement under the statute, even though he at times did work embraced within the statute.” Gleisner v. Gross & Herbener, 170 App. Div. 41, 155 N. Y. Supp. 946, 949; De Voe v. New York State Ry., 169 App. Div. 472, 155 N. Y. Supp. 12.
Appellee contends we ought to ignore paragraph 3155 as though it were not written in our laws, and especially would he have us ignore the provision therein that limits the benefits of the act to employees doing manual and mechanical labor; for, he says, the constitutional direction to the legislature was to enact a law granting the right of action to every employee without restriction other than that his occupation be hazardous and in one of the industries mentioned. Without so deciding, we may suggest that the Constitution itself in spirit and by implication, if not in terms, by providing that the benefits shall be made to extend only to those employees engaged in hazardous occupations in the businesses or industries mentioned, placed the limitation contained in the law and of which complaint is made. Por is it not a fact that the hazardous occupations in the industries of mining, smelting, manufacturing and railroad transportation are all of the kind requiring manual or mechanical labor? But, aside from this suggestion, it is the statute law and not the Constitution that gives the right of action. Section 7, article 18, of the Constitution, is not self-executing, and the principle therein contained can be appropriated and applied only in so far as the legislature provides for it. Inspiration Cons. Copper Co. v. Mendez, 19 Ariz. 151, 166 Pac. 278, 1183; 12 C. J. 730, 739, 741.
The deletion of paragraph 3155, or any part thereof, as appellee asks, would be to disregard one of the cardinal rules of construction stated by Judge COOLEY, as follows:
“That effect is to be given, if possible, to the whole instrument and to every section and clause. If different portions seem to conflict, the courts must harmonize them, if possible, and must lean in favor of a construction which will render every word operative rather than one which may make some words idle and nugatory.” Cooley’s Const. Lim.,: 5th ed., p. 70.
But it is said by appellee that this court, in Deyo v. Ariz. Grading Co., 18 Ariz. 149, L. R. A. 1916E, 1257, 157 Pac. 371, decided that the legislature, in limiting the benefits of the Employers’ Liability Act to employees doing manual and mechanical labor acted without power. What we said in that regard was not necessary to a decision of the case, and shows upon its face that it was not intended as a statement of the law. It was submitted more as a query. We said:
“Whether the legislature exceeded its authority and power in restricting the beneficiaries of the law to those engaged in manual and mechanical labor only, we do not deem it necessary to determine under the facts of this case. That question was not presented in argument by counsel; but it appears to be within the reason of the rule laid down by this court in Behringer v. Inspiration Cons. Copper Co., 17 Ariz. 232, 149 Pac. 1065, in which we held that the legislature did not possess the power to enlarge the mandate of the Constitution as to the Workmen’s Compulsory Compensation Law.”
Anything said in that regard in the Deyo case was tentative, and, upon reflection, we conclude unsupported by reason. If we had said, instead of what we did say, that it was the duty of the legislature to observe the mandate of the Constitution and make its legislation conform thereto, our statement would have been more in place and more correct in principle. While the legislature may not extend the constitutional provision so as to include subjects not within its purview or that conflict with it (Behringer v. Inspiration Cons. Copper Co., supra), it is well-settled that the law-making body may or may not, as it chooses, pass laws putting into effect a constitutional provision, and if, in its efforts to give effect to a constitutional provision, the statute is not broad and comprehensive enough to cover all subjects that it might, we know of no reason why it should not be valid as far as it goes. So it is that, if other employees than those doing manual and mechanical labor might, under the Constitution, be granted the benefits of the act, it is the duty of the legislature to so provide, and, until it does so,, the beneficiaries are limited to those mentioned in the statute.
Inasmuch as the judgment will have to be reversed and the ease remanded to the trial court, there is a question involving the introduction of evidence that we feel should be settled at this time. Appellant offered as witnesses two physicians who rendered professional services to appellee, and wanted to prove by them what they discovered or learned of his condition, insisting that appellee had raised the ban of secrecy because in a previous trial he had examined one of the witnesses in regard to the same subject matter and had permitted the other to testify without objection. This offered testimony, upon objection that it was confidential, was rejected. This ruling is assigned as error. Our statute (subdivision 6, par. 1677, Civil Code) in regard to the privileged character of information obtained in his professional capacity by a physician or surgeon, from or of his patient, is peculiar, and, for that reason, the decisions of courts under statutes whose language is not the same, but widely different, would not greatly aid us in a construction of ours.
In Arizona & New Mexico Ry. Co. v. Clark, 235 U. S. 669, L. R. A. 1915C, 834, 59 L. Ed. 415, 35 Sup. Ct. Rep. 210, it is said:
“The express object [of subdivision 6, supra] is to exclude the physician’s testimony, at the patient’s option, respecting knowledge gained at the bedside, in view of the very delicate and confidential nature of the relation between the parties.”
And “it contemplates that the patient may testify with reference to what was communicated by him to the physician, and in that event only it permits the physician to testify without the patient’s consent.”
It is further said:
“The act gives him [patient] the option of excluding the physician’s evidence entirely by himself refraining from testifying voluntarily as to that respecting which alone their knowledge is equal, namely, what the patient told the physician with reference to the ailment.”
If the record shows that appellee, in the former trial or in the present one, testified voluntarily as to what he “told the physician with reference to his ailment,” it has not been pointed out to us. It seems,-under the statute and the construction given it in the Clark case, the patient can object to the v physician testifying as to what he may have learned in his professional capacity unless the patient has himself' testified to the communications he made to the physician. It not appearing that appellee testified to any communication made by him to the physicians, he did not waive his right to object to their testifying at the second trial, even though they did at some previous trial testify as to knowledge obtained by personal examination.
In Dahlquist v. Denver & R. G. R. Co. (Utah), 174 Pac. 833, reading at page 845, the supreme court of Utah, speaking of the Clark ease, said:
“Just how the appellant in that case, under the plain words of the statute and the testimony of the plaintiff, could assume that the plaintiff, who had not testified to any communication made to his physician, had waived his privilege, is beyond our comprehension. The statute mentions one instance in which the patient’s consent may be implied, namely, where he voluntarily testifies with reference to communications to his physician. By construction all others are excluded. Expressio unnis est exclusio alterius.”
Even if we questioned the correctness of the construction placed upon our statute, we would be inclined to defer our judgment to that of the highest federal court for the sake of uniformity in the administration of the law in this state.
“We think the sounder view is that the mere fact that testimony has been given at a former trial does not necessarily constitute a waiver which is irrevocable at a subsequent trial of the cause. «In this view of the matter, we are influenced not only by what seems to us to be the better reason, but by the well-considered opinions of other courts. Briesenmeister v. Supreme Lodge Knights of Pythias, 81 Mich. 525, 45 N. W. 977; Burgess v. Sims Drug Co., 114 Iowa, 275, 89 Am. St. Rep. 359, 54 L. R. A. 364, 86 N. W. 307.
In the Iowa case cited above, Mr. Justice McCLAIN, speaking for the aourt, said:
“As to the testimony at the former trial, it seems to us that the waiver resulting therefrom should be confined to the trial in which the waiver is made. Our statute relates to the giving of testimony, not to the publication in general of the privileged matter, and it seems to us clear that any waiver resulting from the giving or introduction of testimony on a trial should be limited to that trial.”
In the same case, the court, in declining to follow the New York cases, said:
“We do not agree to the reasoning in that case, which would seem to lead to the result that, if the privileged communication is in any way made public by the patient, the privilege is waived for all time; whereas, we understand to be well settled that a communication to a third person by the patient or client will not be a waiver of the right to insist on the privilege when it is sought to have the disclosure made by the way of testimony in open court.” Maryland Casualty Co. v. Maloney, 119 Ark. 434, L. R. A. 1916A, 519, 178 S. W. 387, 389.
The instructions given to the jury are the ordinary instructions given in personal injury cases arising, under the common law — as to negligence, contributory negligence, assumed risk and safe place to work — and we would feel constrained to affirm the judgment but for the fact that, commingled with those instructions, are others submitting the issues under the Employers’ Liability Act. These last instructions’ under the pleadings and the evidence, should not have been given.
There are other assignments of error; but, as they do not go to the merits of the ease, and are not likely, to occur upon another trial, we will not notice them.
The judgment is reversed and ease remanded with directions that further proceedings be had in accordance herewith.
CUNNINGHAM, C. J., and BAKER, J., concur.
On construction and effect of Workmen’s Compensation Acts, generally, see comprehensive notes in L. K,. A. 1916A, 23, and L. E. A. 1917D, 80.
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] |
PER CURIAM.
The appellant, Belknap, brought suit in m-amdamm against the appellees, constituting the state land department and the state land commissioner, to compel them to enter into a contract of sale to him of 29.5 acres of school land, the same being a part of section 16, situate in Maricopa county. The complaint shows that both the land and improvements had been appraised as provided by law, and that the appellant, at a public sale of the land, had bidden it in at the appraised value; and that appellees refused to execute the contract of sale and issue the certificate of purchase until and unless appellant would pay to the state a balance of rent for the use and occupation of the land during the interim from the date of admission to statehood, February 14, 1912, to the date the land was struck off to appellant, August 19, 1916. '
Judgment refusing the writ was entered in the superior court of Maricopa county on May 7, 1917.
It has come to our knowledge that appellant, on July 17, 1917, paid the rental demanded of him by appellees and received the certificate of purchase. In other words, he settled the question of rent by paying it and received his contract of purchase. Of course, this court would not issue ■a mandate to appellees commanding them to do what has already been done. The litigation having been settled, there is nothing left for this court to decide. Appellate jurisdiction is dependent upon an actual controversy. If the parties, pending an appeal, compromise and settle their differences, there is nothing left for the judgment to operate upon and the court, when advised of the situation, will not do the futile thing of determining what the litigants have already settled. 3 C. J. 357, §112; Mills v. Green, 159 U. S. 651, 653, 40 L. Ed. 293, 16 Sup. Ct. Rep. 132.
The attorneys for the parties have declined to take action toward a dismissal of the appeal because of an oral stipulation entered into prior to the payment of the rental in question. The Attorney General’s office, as attorney for appellees, stipulated orally that, in ease the appellant should pay the rent in question under protest, no advantage would be taken in this appeal because of such payment so made. We can see no good reason why this court in this particular case and special circumstances should not regard the counsel’s said stipulation in the same light as counsel regard it, and treat the said stipulation as having the same force and effect as a written stipulation containing the same facts and conditions filed in this case. So treated, the fact conclusively appears therefrom, that all matters of controversy in this appeal between the parties have been settled, and, if any differences exist, such differences have arisen since the appeal by reason of the said payment under protest. Mandamus is not a remedy by which money, paid under protest, in the circumstances here present, can be recovered.
The appeal is dismissed, with costs taxed against appellant.
|
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CUNNINGHAM, C. J.
(After Stating the Facts as Abdve). — The plaintiffs assert their possession of the cotton in question as it stands on the ground, for the reasons that the cotton was cultivated and irrigated from July 18, 1917, when the land was delivered to the defendant under a cropper’s contract. The written contract between the parties concerns only a milo maize crop to be planted on the same ground on which the cotton was then growing. The plaintiffs allege:
“Par. 5. That defendant did not plant and cultivate said crop of milo maize in a husbandlike manner, nor did he cultivate said crop of maize as provided and contemplated by said agreement, but allowed said cotton to stand and continue to grow, and without cultivation thereof a large part of said cotton which had been planted and cultivated by plaintiffs grew to maturity, and that there is now on said land a large and valuable crop of cotton which belongs to the plaintiffs, and in which defendant has no right, title, or interest. ’ ’
Paragraph 6, briefly referred to, sets forth that the defendant has commenced harvesting the said cotton, and that the plaintiffs have “forbidden defendant to go on said premises for said purpose of picking said cotton, and has notified him not to interfere with plaintiffs’ cotton crop.”
Paragraph 7 admits:
“That defendant has a lease on said lands for the purpose of raising, cultivating, and gathering said crop of milo maize, . . . and that although plaintiffs notified defendant not. to molest or interfere with said cotton, defendant has thereafter in disregard of said notice, and of plaintiffs’ rights in said property, continued to gather said cotton and appropriate same to his use, and threatens to continue gathering same . . . unless restrained by this court. ...”
The plaintiffs demand relief: First, an accounting for the cotton defendant has converted by harvesting; a restraining order preventing defendant from harvesting other of the cotton; for costs; and for general relief. The milo maize contract is annexed to the complaint.
The defendant admits the making of the milo maize agreement; admits his possession under the agreement; denies its breach as alleged by plaintiffs; alleges that he planted the milo maize crop as agreed; alleges that plaintiffs failed to furnish irrigating water as they agreed, and the defendant was compelled, by such failure to, and he did, purchase and pay for the water; admits “that at the time of the entry of this defendant into and upon the said premises there was standing on said premises cotton which this defendant did not disturb, and which plaintiffs had expressly abandoned, and that the milo maize was planted along and between the rows of said cotton.”
The defendant alleges that he has cultivated said milo maize crop in a husbandlike manner, “according to the course and practice followed by the ranchers in the community, and that there is now growing-upon said premises s¡. crop of milo maize not yet matured; and defendant therefore alleges that by reason of the failure of the said plaintiffs to carry out and perform their part' of the contract hereinabove referred to, which were on their part to be performed, this defendant has and does claim the right, title, and interest in and to the said cotton now upon said premises by reason of irrigating and cultivating the same.”
The defendant alleges that he expects to account for the cotton harvested by him “at the outcome of this suit,” and he “further alleges that he has managed and cultivated said premises at all times in a good and husbandlike manner, and that he has managed the cultivation of all crops growing on said lands for the purpose of conserving the same and for the benefit of plaintiffs and defendant herein. ’ ’
The defendant claims damages by reason of plaintiffs’ interference with the cultivation of said land and the crops growing thereupon, and by reason of the stopping of said work on account of said injunction heretofore issued, in the sum of $500. He prays that the injunction be dissolved; that he be decreed to be the owner of said crop of cotton; that he recover judgment for said $500, together with costs.
The plaintiffs, in brief, contend in their pleadings that, because the defendant did not plow out the cotton he found growing on the land and plant the land exclusively to milomaize, the cotton growing on the land, having been planted by the plaintiffs and cultivated by them to the time the land was delivered to the defendant, said cotton remained the property of plaintiffs, and was cultivated and irrigated on the implied promise of compensation.
The defendant, on the identical state of facts, contends that he continued the cultivation of the cotton to preserve the crop for the benefit of plaintiffs and of the defendant, expecting to account for the same. The defendant makes no claim to a specific share ■ of the cotton grown, nor does he claim a specific interest in the cotton grown, either as compensation for his services and money expended by him for water, or as a portion of the crop. He certainly does not admit his liability to pay the plaintiffs’ rent out of the cotton, nor does he claim the right to the cotton by reason of a lease of the land and payment of rent under such lease. A careful study of the pleadings discloses that the defendant does not deny that the plaintiffs have some just claim against the cotton crop. The defendant, in the eighth paragraph of his answer, says:
“ . . . That he has managed the cultivation of all crops growing on said land for the purpose of conserving the same for the benefit of plaintiffs and defendant herein.”
This is not inconsistent with the plaintiffs’ claim that the defendant managed the cotton crop as a “cropper” of the plaintiffs.
Mr. Freeman, in his note to Putnam v. Wise, in 37 Am. Dec. 309, page 320, quotes the definition of “croppers” found in Fry v. Jones, 2 Rawle (Pa.), 11, as follows:
“If one hires a man to work his farm, and gives him a share of the produce, he is a cropper. He has no interest in the land, and receives his share as the price of his labor.” Fry v. Jones, 2 Rawle (Pa.), 11.
Commenting on this statement, Mr. Freeman says:
“That is to say, if the general possession of the land remains in the owner, and the occupant cultivates it for a share of the produce as compensation, he is a cropper. The question then, in every case, of cultivation of land on shares is, Does the contract give the owner his share as rent, or the occupant his share as compensation? If the former, according to the cases above cited, the occupant is a tenant; if the latter, he is a cropper” — citing cases.
The defendant does not allege that he is obligated to pay rent for the cotton; in fact, he, in effect, denies that he is liable to plaintiffs for rent for tbe cotton, yet he admits that whatever he did to conserve the cotton was done by him for the benefit of both parties. From this and from the plaintiffs’ claim, we must presume, as to the cotton crop, that the defendant was a cropper because he does not deny the relation, and as an incident to that relation, the plaintiffs had the legal possession of the cotton crop and retained the right to bring the ‘‘cropper’s contract” relation to an end at any time they desired. They did bring said contract to an end on the second day of November, 1917, when they notified the defendant to cease gathering cotton. Defendant’s further services were dispensed with by such notice.
The cropper’s contract in the circumstances of this case arose by implication and by implication the plaintiffs promised to pay the defendant the reasonable value of his services rendered between July 18, 1917, and November 2, 1917, in conserving the cotton crop, if the alleged services were rendered. Likewise, the plaintiffs are chargeable with the sum paid by the defendant for water for irrigating the said crop and the reasonable value of the labor necessary to irrigate said crop, if, as a fact, the defendant paid for the water and irrigated the cotton crop. These matters are the only matters presented that required a decision by the court. The verdicts and judgment are not responsive to the issues here presented for determination.
It is contended that the defendant has set up a counterclaim, and the judgment in his favor allows his counterclaim. Certainly, the defendant could properly set forth, and did attempt to set forth, this claim for compensation and return of the money paid by him for the plaintiffs; and it seems, but is not decided, that by proper pleadings the matters of damages relating to the milo maize contract may be determined in the same equitable action. But the record before us in this case is in such a state of confusion, the confusion arising from the pleadings, or want of pleadings, and from the failure to take into consideration many seemingly important facts, that we are uncertain as to the equities of the parties. It is clear that under no view of the facts in the case which can be deducted from the record, can the defendant justly retain $82, which he received for cotton, and not account for the net value of the same. Neither does it ap pear from any theory of the ease why the defendant is entitled to $400, allowed him in the judgment, one-half of the value of the cotton crop, when it is conceded that the plaintiffs have paid' the expenses of harvesting the entire crop coming to their possession as a result of this suit. The total cotton crop, which includes both the portion harvested by plaintiffs and the portion harvested by Wood, is found to be of a value of $800. An accounting is necessary on any theory of the case presented by the evidence, even conceding that the parties are entitled to equal shares of all crops grown on the land.
The relation of the parties in every case where the evidence rests in parol must be determined from facts proven and a contract implied therefrom. Wherever such contract is fully established either by parol or by written evidence of its terms, a great deal yet depends upon the intention of the parties as to the relation between them. That is, whether the relation is that of master and servant, landlord and tenant, or partners. Of course, the contract must be enforced, and the rights of the parties thereunder must be determined in accordance with the kind of contract the parties have intended to make, and which is relied upon as defining their rights. The plaintiffs have set forth an implied cropper’s contract, and the defendant has not controverted the existence of such contract, and has set forth his claim for compensation in the amount of one-half of the value of cotton produced. The plaintiffs claim all of the cotton, denying that defendant has contributed anything of value to its production, and hence the issue of facts is joined and presents the inquiry for determination whether the defendant cultivated the crop of cotton and purchased water and irrigated said crop; also the compensation due for cultivating the cotton crop and for purchasing water to irrigate such crop. Was his compensation reasonably worth one-half of the yield of cotton Such are the questions for determination with regard to the cotton crop.
The interrogatories submitted to the jury inquired, first, if the defendant found on the land a cotton crop abandoned by the plaintiffs; second, whether the plaintiffs intended to abandon the said cotton crop; third, whether the defendant properly cared for the maize crop; fourth, the value of the cotton crop; fifth, the value of the milo maize crop. The first, second, and third interrogatories were answered by “yes”; the answer to the fourth stated that the cotton crop was of the value of $800, and the fifth, that the maize crop was of the value of $200.
Then follows interrogatory No. 6: “Is plaintiff entitled, to the crop of cotton raised on the land?” answered, “Yes.” Interrogatory No. 7: “Is defendant entitled to the Wop of cotton raised on the said land?” answered, “Yes.”
The appellants complain of these interrogatories, and while their complaint with regard to the five interrogatories first in order is rather indefinite, it is clear that the first, second and third presented no controverted question; that the fourth and fifth, finding the gross value of the two crops, were pertinent, but not decisive, of the case, and that the sixth and seventh submitted a question of law to the jury, and would have been reversible error if the court had not expressly declined to be influenced by the answers returned. As a fact, the answers returned nullified themselves, as evidently appears.
The principal complaint is that the controverted questions were not submitted to the jury, and from what we have said above, the objection is well taken. The vital inquiry was as to the reasonable value of the defendant’s compensation for his said services rendered from July 18, 1917, to November 2, 1917, including the purchase price of the water, and irrigating the cotton crop. The plaintiffs seem to contend that defendant is entitled to no compensation because no services were rendered, and the defendant contends that he is entitled to at least one-half of the crop of cotton raised on the ground, as his just compensation. That controversy has not been settled; and, when it has been determined, the next question to follow will be an accounting for the other matters, including the cotton gathered and sold by defendant, together with other proper claims, to the end that complete justice be done and a multiplicity of lawsuits be avoided.
Justice requires that the judgment rendered be vacated, and the cause remanded, with instructions to the lower court to grant the plaintiffs a new trial of the questions of the amount of defendant’s compensation, if any, in the premises, and to determine the state of accounts between the parties, as justice and equity require.
A consideration and discussion of the other questions raised by appellants becomes unnecessary, as we presume the errors, if any, will not be repeated on another trial.
Reversed and remanded.
ROSS and BAKER, JJ., concur.
|
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CUNNINGHAM, C. J.
Quoting from appellee’s brief, we find the statement of the question presented for decision on this record:
“Must one who has paid an illegal tax under protest file within six months thereafter a verified demand with the hoard of supervisors as required by paragraph 2434, R. S. A. 1913, Civil Code, as a condition precedent to bringing suit against the county
Our answer is “No,” for the reasons following. In order to contest the validity of the equalized assessed valuation of property for taxation, the taxpayer is required to pay the tax, under protest, and whenever the tax has been paid, he may commence and maintain an action to contest the matter, as provided by paragraph 4887, Revised Statutes of Arizona of 1913. In such proceeding:
“If it he determined by the comí; that the amount of such assessment is excessive, judgment shall he rendered in favor of the appellant and against the county for the amount of taxes which the court determines to he excessive, with interest thereon at the rate of six per cent, per annum from the time of such payment, and the costs of the appeal, which shall be paid as other judgments against the county.” Paragraph 4887, supra.
If the tax is based upon an invalid law and is about to .be collected, then the taxpayer must first pay the tax and bring his action as provided by paragraph 4939, Eevised Statutes of Arizona of 1913.
In the first-mentioned instance, the taxpayer, before he can commence and prosecute the proceeding referred to in paragraph 4887, is ■ required to pay the full amount of the tax assessed and levied, and he is expressly required to pay the said amount, including the alleged excess, under written protest, “setting forth the reasons why the” taxpayer “making such payment deems the amount of such assessment erroneous or excessive.” In the other case, if he proceeds under paragraph 4939 at the time of payment of taxes upon the ground that the tax levy is based upon some provision of law deemed by the taxpayer as invalid, he is prohibited from commencing any such action for such purpose, “unless the amount of such taxes shall first have been paid to the county treasurer, whose duty it is to collect the same, together with all penalties thereon, as in the ease of other taxes; . . . but after payment, action may be maintained to recover any tax illegally collected, in such manner and at such time as may, now or hereafter, be provided by law.”
This statute does not expressly require the taxpayer to protest at the time of his payment as a condition precedent to the maintenance of his action under said paragraph 4939, but, in order to remove such payments of taxes from the category of voluntary payments to the county, the taxpayer must, in some manner, unequivocally make known his purpose of paying the excess is to permit him to contest the legality of the excess in court. Otherwise his payment would be deemed voluntary, and no recovery could be had against the county. Gibson Abstract Co. v. Cochise County, 12 Ariz. 158, 100 Pac. 453.
It follows that, as a condition precedent to maintaining the proceeding contemplated by paragraph 4887, the taxes must be paid, and the payment made must be made under written protest, setting forth the reasons of the protest, and as a eon dition precedent to a recovery in the action referred to in 'paragraph 4939 the payment of the tax must he made before the action-is commenced, and when made, it must clearly appear as, a fact that the payment was not a voluntary payment, but one made under protest for the express purpose of commencing an action to test the legality of the tax. The first-mentioned proceeding can be interposed, only at such state of the taxing procedure that the determination of the court may become effective as a part bf such procedure, as is indicated by the following language found in paragraph 4887, ,viz.:
“The decision of the court shall be in writing, and a certified copy thereof shall be delivered to the board of supervisors, who shall cause the assessment roll to be corrected accordingly.”
The action authorized by paragraph 4939 cannot arise until the assessment has been made and equalized, and a levy made on the basis of the equalized valuation of property subject to taxation. In case the plaintiff recovers judgment in either the special proceedings under paragraph 4887 or the action under paragraph 4939, the judgment must be for “the amount of the taxes which the court determines to be excessive, with interest thereon at the rate of six per cent per annum from the time of such payment, and the costs, . . . which shall be paid as other judgments against the county.” See paragraphs 4887 and 4939.
Hence the claim that taxes are excessive is not a demand against the county in the sense the words “claim” and “demand” are used in paragraph 2434, Eevised Statutes of Arizona of 1913. The claim is one which must be reduced to judgment in the courts before presented to the board of supervisors. Whenever the courts have considered and determined the controversy arising under either provision of the .law, the decision reached must be in writing and certified' to the board of supervisors for satisfaction. The law does not require a futile thing, hence the taxpayer successful in a proceeding to recover excessive tax money is not required to file both an itemized Recount for audit by the board of supervisors and also a certified judgment against the county determining the same matter. One course in its proper sphere' is-sufficient. Judgments regularly entered on issues joined are county, charges, made such expressly by paragraph 2390, Revised Statutes of Arizona of 1913.
It follows that the court erred in sustaining the demurrer interposed on the ground that the complaint fails to show upon its face that the plaintiff before commencing its action failed to present such account within the time required by paragraph 2434, Revised Statutes of Arizona of 1913. The complaint was not subject to the demurrer on the grounds asserted.
The judgment is reversed and the cause remanded, with instructions to overrule the demurrer and take such, further proceedings as the law requires.
ROSS and BAKER, JJ., concur.
|
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PER CURIAM.
The county attorney filed an information ■against the defendant in the superior court of Pima county, charging him with a violation of the prohibition amendment. No preliminary examination was held in the case prior to filing the information. The court made an order dismissing the case for that reason, and the state appeals.
We have held that it is unnecessary to hold a preliminary examination in a misdemeanor case prior to the filing of an information charging the offense. Mo Yaen v. State, 18 Ariz. 491, L. R. A. 1917D, 1014, 163 Pac. 135; Birch v. State, 19 Ariz. 366, 171 Pac. 135; Cummings v. State, ante, p. 176, 178 Pac. 776 (just decided).
We are of the opinion that the question was sufficiently considered in these cases. The order dismissing the information is reversed, with instructions to reinstate the case and proceed with the trial.
|
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ROSS, J.
The appellees, who were the plaintiffs below, brought this action against the appellants-defendant to remove a cloud from their title to a number of mining claims situate in Owl Head mining district, Pinal county, Arizona.
It is alleged, in substance, in the complaint, that plaintiff Alice Morajeska, on the ninth day of April, 1915, conveyed said mining claims by deed absolute in form to defendant Dunbar, and that said Dunbar accepted said conveyance to hold the title in trust for all the plaintiffs and defendants, and that the condition of said trust was that the defendants would immediately form a corporation capitalized at $1,000,000, to which Dunbar would convey all of said mining claims in consideration of its capital stock, and thereafter issue or cause to be issued to plaintiff Alice Morajeska, for herself and the benefit of the other plaintiff, Victor Morajeska, 49/100 of said capital stock; that this would be done within 3 weeks from April 9, 1915, and within 30 iiays thereafter the property would be examined with a view of getting machinery necessary to operate it; that these promises were the sole consideration for the deed; that defendants have failed to perform any of their promises, and for that reason there has been a complete failure of consideration; that the deed constitutes a cloud upon the title to the said mining property; and that plaintiffs have no adequate remedy at law.
The prayer is that the plaintiffs be declared the owners of said mining claims free and clear of all encumbrances and claims of defendants, that said deed be declared null and void, and that the same be ordered canceled of record, and for all other proper relief.
Defendants deny the trusteeship as declared in the complaint, but allege that defendant Dunbar, by virtue of said deed and a contemporaneous agreement, became the unconditional owner of 51/100 of said mining claims, and the trustee of 49/100 therein for plaintiff Alice Morajeska.
The answer admits the existence of a trust relationship between Dunbar and Morajeska as to 49 per cent of the mining property; alleges that $600 was the consideration paid for the deed; that in case' a company should be organized to develop the property, Morajeska, in the event she repaid Dunbar $2,011.80, moneys advanced to her, exclusive of the $600 paid for deed, was to receive an interest in the company equal to 49 per cent of the entire capital stock of said company, but in default of the repayment of such sum her interest would be reduced and his increased accordingly on the basis of a $10,000 valuation for the property.
Because of the important bearing of the next paragraph of the answer, we give it in haec verba:
“The said defendant further alleges that it was mutually understood and agreed between himself and the said plaintiff Alice Morajeska that the said Dunbar would not bind himself in any given time to organize the company before mentioned, but that the time when and the manner in which the said company would be organized would depend entirely upon the decision of the said defendant Dunbar, and in. case no such company were organized, then said Dunbar was to hold said property as security for all moneys advanced to, or on behalf of, or at the solicitation of, the said Alice Morajeska, and for such other sums as would reimburse him for his interest on the money advanced and for the time expended by him in furtherance of the purposes hereinbefore set out.”
Defendants Wilson and Green disclaimed any interest in the transaction whatever. Neither do they appear to be interested in the appeal.
The court, before whom the case was tried without a jury, made no findings of fact, but entered judgment ordering the deed to Dunbar to be “removed as a cloud upon the title of the plaintiffs to said mining claims”; decreed that the deed was null and void and without any force or effect whatever, and that it be canceled. By the judgment, the plaintiffs were ordered to pay defendant Dunbar, within Id months from date of judgment, $1,000, with interest at 6 per cent per annum from April 9, 1915, date of deed, and defendant Dunbar was adjudged to have a lien on 51/100 of said mining claims as security for the payment of said $1,000 and interest.
It is also adjudged and decreed that the plaintiffs may pay the $1,000 and interest to the clerk of the superior court of Pinal county within-months from the date of judgment, and that the clerk is authorized and directed to receive and receipt for the same, and to pay the same over to Dunbar, his heirs or assigns.
The position of appellant Dunbar on this appeal is that no view taken of the evidence will sustain the judgment. He has made eight assignments, all based upon that idea except one, which is to the effect that the judgment is contradictory -and inconsistent in that it decreed the deed null and void, and at the same time decreed it a lien on 51/100 of the property.
Before the court could decree a lien on the mining claims in favor of Dunbar for the $1,000, or for any sum, it must have been found as a matter of fact that the deed from Morajeska to Dunbar was at the time of its delivery, or became under the conditions set forth in the defendants’ answer, a mort gage to secure the purchase money of said miñing property paid to Morajeska by Dunbar.
In the face of the statute of frauds, the lien could not have been made by a verbal promise to that effect. So the only conclusion is that the court found from the pleadings or the evidence, or both, that the deed asked to be canceled was a mortgage and not a deed, although purporting to be one. And the finding also must have been that it was a valid, subsisting instrument executed for a valuable consideration and properly of record. That being so, it was not, as the term is defined and understood, “a cloud upon the title.”
“A cloud” on title has been defined as a “semblance of a title, either legal or equitable, or a claim of an interest in land appearing in some legal form, but which is in fact unfounded, or which it would be inequitable to enforce.” Rigdon v. Shirk, 127 Ill. 411, 19 N. E. 698; Shults v. Shults, 159 Ill. 654, 50 Am. St. Rep. 188, 43 N. E. 800; 5 R. C. L. 634, §1; 7 Cyc. 255.
The gravamen of the complaint is that the deed from Morajeska to Dunbar was without consideration and void, and, in equity, should be canceled. Aside from the implication of the validity of the deed as a mortgage from the judgment, the evidence conclusively shows that Dunbar paid Morajeska $1,000 as the consideration therefor. Therefore the plaintiffs’ suit to cancel the deed as a cloud upon their title must fail. The judgment in that respect was not supported by the evidence.
The answer presents two agreements or conditions affecting the terms of the deed from Morajeska to Dunbar. The first is that Dunbar at his option could organize a company to develop the mining claims, in which event he would be the owner of 51 per cent of the stock and Morajeska 49 per cent, less advancements made to her by Dunbar. This option, both the answer and the evidence clearly indicates, Dunbar did not exercise, nor wish to exercise. Indeed, Dunbar in his testimony, notwithstanding his answer says :
“At the time of this transaction [the payment of the purchase price of $1,000 and delivery, of deed] at the bank nothing was said between myself and Madam [Morajeska] with reference to the formation of any company, nor was anything said prior to that time.”
The second condition became absolute upon the failure of Dunbar to exercise the first; that is, if he did hot elect to organize a company to develop the property, “then the said Dunbar was to hold said property as security for all moneys advanced to or on hehalf of or at the solicitation of said Alice Morajeska,” etc.
It is contended by appellant Dunbar that a reasonable and fair construction of the above allegation, when taken in connection with other parts of the answer, would be to limit the words “said property” to mean 49 per cent, and not the whole thereof; that any other construction would mean that Dunbar was reserving security upon his own property- — the 51 per cent unconditionally his. The language of the -pleader is hardly susceptible of such -a construction. It clearly states, in substance, that in case Dunbar did not choose to go into the mining business “said property” was to be held by him as security for all moneys advanced to Morajeska, “and all other sums as would reimburse him for his interest on money advanced,” but if he elect to go into the mining business, he would retain 51 per cent of the property, and the consideration paid Morajeska therefor should not be returned to him.
At the trial defendant Dunbar asked permission to amend his answer to conform with his present contention. The court did not pass upon his request either to refuse or grant it. Not having pressed the court for a ruling, nor assigned this inaction of the court as error, we must assume he was not dissatisfied with the answer as it stood.
It is of course elementary that a party is bound by his pleadings, and when a pleading is susceptible of more than one meaning, it should be most strongly construed against the pleader because he, having selected the language, should make it clear. 21 E. C. L. 464, § 31.
We will not discuss the evidence for the reason that it is quite as unsatisfactory -and confusing as the pleadings.
The same difficulties that confront us were presented to the learned trial judge, but he, in at least one respect, had an advantage over us in that he saw and heard ..the witnesses testify. However he may have weighed or considered the testimony, a general survey of the full record satisfies us that his conclusion was about right. Dunbar seems to have gotten all he was entitled to under the pleadings and evidence, except that his judgment should have been against the whole prop erty and unconditional. He was upon the stand as a witness, and, although he alleges in his answer he advanced money, to Morajeska in addition to the $1,000 consideration for the deed, he offered no word to sustain the allegation.
"We think the court erred in holding the deed null and void, and in decreeing its cancellation as a cloud upon plaintiffs’ title. The judgment and decree is therefore reversed, and the case remanded, with direction to the lower court to enter judgment in favor of defendant Dunbar for the sum of $1,000, and interest at the rate of 6 per cent per annum from April 9,1915, and to foreclose said instrument as a mortgage against all of said mining claims in accordance with paragraph 554, Civil Code of 1913, and for costs in both this and the trial court. /
CUNNINGHAM, C. J., and BAKER, J., concur.
|
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PER CURIAM.
The plaintiff’s salary, as clerk of the superior court of Graham county, was fixed by an order of the board of supervisors of said county, duly made on the nineteenth day of February, 1912, at $1,750 per annum.
His salary was paid at the rate fixed, up to and including the month of February, 1913. Since the first day of March, 1913, to the thirtieth day of April, 1917, the plaintiff’s salary was paid at the rate of $125 per month. This action is to recover $1,042.66% as the total balance of the salary at the rate of $1,750 from the first day of March, 1913. The defendant county interposed the one-year statute of limitations (subdivision 3, par. 709, Rev. Stats. Ariz. 1913) as a defense preventing the recovery of $791.66% of said total claim.
The trial court, on plaintiff’s demurrer, disallowed said defense and statute as inapplicable. The court ruled that the plaintiff’s salary, as fixed by the said order of the board of supervisors, was fixed by chapter 61, Laws of 1917, at the rate of $1,500 per annum. The judgment is for the plaintiff in the sum of $968.76. The county appeals.
"We have decided, in Santa Cruz County v. McKnight (December 31, 1918), ante, p. 103, 177 Pac. 256, that the one-year statute, when pleaded, limits the recovery. Consequently the court erred in denying the defense of the county, and permitting a recovery for balances of salary accruing more than one year prior to the tenth day of May, 1917.
The court properly decided that the plaintiff’s salary was changed by the act of March, 1917. Board of Supervisors, etc., v. Stephens and Wingfield (decided December 31, 1918), ante, p. 115, 177 Pac. 261.
The judgment is vacated, and the cause remanded, with instructions to enter judgment for the plaintiff for the balances of his salary, not inconsistent with this opinion.
|
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CUNNINGHAM, C. J.
(After Stating the Facts as Above). The salary of the county treasurer of Cochise county and counties of the class of Cochise was fixed by paragraph 2610, Revised Statutes of Arizona of 1901, at $2,500 per annum, until changed by general law. The attempt of the board of supervisors to fix a salary for the treasurer was without authority of law and void. See salary eases recently decided. The lower court correctly decided plaintiff’s complaint.
The action was commenced on the twenty-third day of August, 1917, and the defendant’s cross-complaint was filed September 4, 1917, as of the first day of September, 1917. Hence, at the time the action was commenced, chapter 80, Session Laws of 1917, page 117, was in force. That statute became of force as a law on the eighth day of June, 1917. Section 4 of said chapter 80 is as follows:
“No suit shall be instituted by the state of Arizona, or by any county in this state to recover from any state or county officer or ex-officer, or of any of their appointees, or heirs, any part of any salary paid him, or them, by the state of Arizona, or by any county in this state under and by virtue of chapter 11, title 15 of the Revised Statutes of Arizona of 1913, relating to ‘Salaries,’ which law has recently been held to be unconstitutional by the Supreme Court of this state, and any and all such payments so made to said officers, ex-officers and their appointees, of state and county moneys, under and by virtue of said act, is hereby validated as to such officers and ex-officers, their appointees and their heirs.”
Clearly the filing of the cross-complaint by the county in this case, seeking to recover from the county treasurer the sum of $50 per month, paid the treasurer under the authority of the Salary Law of 1912, which said law was declared unconstitutional in Hunt v. Mohave County, 18 Ariz. 480, 162 Pac. 600, filed February 2, 1917, is the institution of a suit by Cochise county to recover from a county officer a part of the salary paid him by the county under said unconstitutional law. If section 4 of chapter 80, supra, is valid legislation, the plaintiff's plea in setting it up in bar of the cross-complaint must be sustained. The said statute is in effect a legislative release of a liability owing to the county, and a bar to any action by the county seeking to enforce such liability. Unless prohibited by the Constitution, the legislature may release a debt due to the state. 36 Cyc. 871, citing Ernst v. Ernst, 1 Ill. 316; Ernst v. Bank, 1 Ill. 86; State v. Hendrickson, 16 Md. 205; Green’s Estate, 4 Md. Ch. 349. See Burr v. Carbondale, 76 Ill. 455.
“Counties are subordinate .agencies for the orderly government of the state within the scope of their authority; hence they are subject to the control and direction of the legislature, in which chiefly the sovereignty of the state is represented and exercised.” 11 Cyc. 342.
No constitutional provision, prohibiting the legislature from releasing a liability to the county, appears to me, and -no such provision has -been suggested. The matter depends solely upon the power of the legislature to act in the premises, and, without any doubt, the power to so act exists until withdrawn. t
Section 4, chapter 80, Laws of 1917, bars the county from claiming a return of money paid as salary to county officers .on the apparent authority of- chapter 93, Laws of 1912. For "'that reason, the court erred in overruling plaintiff’s demurrer and plea in bar to defendant’s cross-complaint. Such pleadings should have been sustained, and the cross-complaint dismissed. The judgment of the trial court, dismissing the original action, is affirmed. The judgment for the defendant on the cross-complaint is vacated, and said cause is remanded, with instructions to sustain plaintiff’s demurrer and dismiss the same.
ROSS and BAKER, JJ., concur.
|
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] |
ROSS, J.
This is an action in mandamus brought by appellant, as deputy land commissioner, to compel appellee as state auditor to issue a voucher in appellant’s favor for his salary as provided for in chapter 160, Session Laws of 1919.
It appears that the Attorney General, having advised the auditor that said chapter did not become a law because it was not signed by the Governor, the auditor, acting upon such advice, refused to O. K. the demanded salary. Chapter 160 as published in the Laws of 1919 contains this notation:
“This bill having remained with the Governor ten days, Sundays excluded, after the final adjournment of the legislature, and not having been filed with his objections, has become a law this 26th day of March, 1919.
“MIT SIMMS,
“Secretary of State.”
The act as passed by the legislature contains a declaration of emergency, and it is for that .reason that the Attorney Geiieral contends that, before it could become a law, it must be approved by the signature of the Governor. It is the contention of appellant that the approval of the bill by signing it was not essential to its becoming a law, and this was the sole question involved at the trial and is the sole question that we have before us. The learned trial judge, although expressing the view that chapter 160 was a valid and subsisting law immediately effective, forewent his convic •tions and'held that the law became effective ninety days after date, following the ruling of this court in Santa Cruz County v. McKnight, ante, p. 103, 177 Pac. 931, and sustained appellee’s demurrer to the complaint because the claimed salary did not begin to accrue until ninety days after Mareh 26, 1919; the suit having been filed before the expiration of that time. It seems that both the appellant and appellee are dissatisfied with that conclusion; the appellant contending that it took effect as an- emergency law or not at al], and the appellee that it never had the force or effect of law. This diversity of opinion arose out of the wording of our Constitution, and we must admit that it has cost us no little trouble to arrive at a conclusion.
The controversy is as to what construction shall be placed upon subdivision 3, section 1, of article 4, Initiative and Referendum, of the Constitution, which reads as follows:
“The second of these reserved powers is the referendum. Under this power the legislature, or five per centum of the qualified electors may order the submission to the people at the polls of any measure, or item, section, or part of any measure, enacted by the legislature, except laws immediately necessary for the preservation of the public peace, health or safety, or for the support and maintenance of the departments of the state government and state institutions; but to allow opportunity for referendum petitions, no act passed by the legislature shall be operative for ninety days after the close of the session of the legislature enacting such measure, except such as require earlier operation to preserve the public peace, health, or safety, or to provide appropriations for the support and maintenance of the departments of state and of state institutions; provided, that no such emergency measure shall be considered passed by the legislature unless it shall state in a separate section why it is necessary that it shall become immediately operative, and shall be approved by the affirmative votes of two-thirds of the members elected to each house of the legislature, taken by roll-call of ayes and nays, and also approved by the Governor; and should such measure be vetoed by the Governor, it shall not become a law unless it shall be approved by the votes of three-fourths of the members elected to each house of the legislature, taken by roll call of ayes and nays,”
This subdivision of the Constitution recognizing the people as the repository of all power has provided that all legislative acts passed by the legislature shall be subject to the referendum except emergency measures. To give the people an opportunity to invoke the referendum, if they so choose, laws not emergent do not go into effect at once, but become operative ninety days after the final adjournment of the legislature. Emergency laws when passed according to the forms prescribed by the Constitution, become effective at once and prevent a referendum. The quantum of votes to pass such measures is'made greater than is necessary to pass an ordinary bill. It requires two-thirds of both houses and, as against a veto, three-fourths of both houses to pass an emergency bill. An ordinary bill or one subject to the referendum may be passed by a majority vote of both houses and over the Governor’s veto by a two-thirds vote. This is not the only difference required in the procedure to be pursued by the legislative body in the enacting emergency and ordinary laws. An emergency bill, in order to become a law as such, must contain in a separate section a declaration of emergency. Appellee contends that a bill may contain the declaration provided and receive the necessary two-thirds vote on the final passage and still fail to become a law. In other words, he claims that the expression, “no such emergency measure shall be considered passed by the legislature unless it shall state in a separate section why it is necessary that it shall become immediately operative and shall be approved by the affirmative votes of two-thirds of the members elected to each house of the legislature taken by a roll-call of ayes and nays and also approved by the Governor,” must be literally construed; that the three things therein enumerated must concur in order for it to become a law; and that the approval must be indicated by the Governor signing the bill as provided in section 7, article 5, of the Constitution.
We think this construction is somewhat unhorsed by the next clause, “and should such measure be vetoed by the Governor, it shall not become a law unless it shall be approved by the votes of threeffourths of the members elected to each house of the legislature, taken by roll-call of ayes and nays.” This last expression is a declaration by the framers of the Constitution that “such measure” may be come a law without the Governor’s signature inasmuch as no hill passed Over the Governor’s veto is ever signed hy him. There is then at least one exception made by the Constitution whereby “such emergency measure” may become a law without the Governor’s approval by signing. The expression; therefore, that “no such emergency measure shall be considered passed by the legislature . . . ,” etc., is not equivalent to saying that no such emergency measure shall become a law. If it does mean that, that is the end of it. However, failing to receive the signature of the Governor, the bill is not dead nor become functus officio. It has not lost its status as a proposed law.
But suppose we give the expression, “and also approved by the Governor,” the meaning contended for, then we cause the framers of the Constitution and the people who ratified it to clothe thé Governor with an absolute veto even while the legislature is in session.' All he has to do is to retain the bill without any action whatever, and this applies to all emergency measures. His retention of the bill for five days, the legislature being in session, or ten days after its adjournment without" action, would not, as in ordinary bills,- cause it to become a law as provided in section 7, article 5.
The legislature has all power not prohibited to it by the state or federal Constitution. The Governor can exercise only such power as is granted to him by the state Constitution. Functioning as a part of the legislature, his acts are negative in their nature. Under no Constitution, federal or state, so far as we are advised, is his approval absolutely, essential, for they all contain provisions by which bills may become laws without his signature — as where he keeps the bills in his possession without action for three days or five days or ten days as the case may be, the legislature being in session. His veto is not absolute, but qualified, as, under most Constitutions, the legislature may pass the bill over his veto. Harpending v. Haight, 39 Cal. 189, loc. cit. 201, 2 Am. Rep. 432, 13 Pac. 189, loc. cit. 201, 12 R. C. L. 1005, According to the appellee’s contention, the Governor must either sign the bill or veto it. Failing to do either, the bill is destroyed even though it- may have received the unanimous vote of both houses. We think such a construction would indict the people of doing something far from their intention. As we ■ shall see later, no Governor of' the state has thought, or assumed he possessed such absolute power of veto, nor have the people or the legislature thought so.
If we give this troublesome expression a literal meaning, it involves the negation of what we know to be facts. We know, notwithstanding, that the Governor has nothing whatever to do with a bill, emergent or otherwise, until after its final passage by the legislature. “Every measure when finally passed shall be presented to the Governor for his approval or disapproval,” is the language of the Constitution (section 12, article 4). While he is an arm of the legislature, he has nothing to do with the introduction or passage of bills. He cannot put into a bill or take out of a bill an emergency declaration or anything else. So, to say that “no such emergency measure shall be considered passed by the legislature” unless it be “also approved by the Governor,” is a contradiction of terms and, under the very language of the Constitution, as well as by common understanding, not true in fact. What the framers meant, and we say this in view of other provisions of the Constitution, must have been that an emergency measure shall become a law immediately effective if it contain an emergency declaration, receive a two-thirds vote of both houses, and be approved by the Governor, or, if vetoed, may become a law by a three-fourths vote of both houses, leaving the bill, if he fails to expressly approve or expressly disapprove, to take the course of ordinary bills. We must look to the Constitution to see what that course is. It is not found in subdivision 3, section 1, article 4. ■ It is found, however, later on where the forms to be pursued by the legislature in enacting laws are provided for. “Every measure, when-finally passed, shall be presented to the Governor for his approval or disapproval.” This includes emergency bills as well as ordinary bills, and is a direction to the legislature as to the disposition to be made of bills after their final passage.
The same thought, but with different phraseology, is contained in section 7, article 5, entitled “Executive Department.” This last section provides, in short, that, when a bill is presented to the Governor and he approves, he shall sign it; if he disapproves, he shall return the bill to the house of its origin with his objections, and if it is passed over his veto by the necessary votes of both houses it becomes a law. If any bill be not returned within five days, the legisla ture being in session, it shall become a law in like manner as if he had signed it, or if in ten days after final adjournment, Sundays excepted, he fail to veto the bill, it becomes a law as provided in the Constitution; that is, as if he had signed it. If he fail to sign the bill, the law steps in and declares that it shall become a law in like manner as if signed. If signed, it is an approval, and, if not signed, it is in like manner made an approval, or the equivalent thereof. If therefore we take the view* that an emergency measure not “also approved by the Governor” and not passed over his veto is still a bill to be acted upon as ordinary measures, and we must do that or else there is no provision in that respect covering emergency measures, we have no conflict between subdivision 3, section 1, article 4, and section 7, article 5. In the latter section are defined all the powers and duties of the Governor functioning as a part of the legislature. Therein he is required to act upon every bill passed by the legislature and give each one the same consideration and attention, and “any bill” not expressly signed by him or expressly vetoed by him within the time therein expressed becomes a law as if signed.
If, however, we take the view contended for by the appellee — that an emergency bill can only become a law when expressly approved by the Governor or passed over his veto — • we have an irreconcilable conflict between said subdivision 3 and section 7, article 5. Nor will it do to say that subdivision 3 is a special statute whose terms should control as against the general provisions in section 7. Subdivision 3 cannot stand alone. It is affected by section 12, article 4, requiring that every bill be read by sections on three different days and be presented to the Governor; it is affected by section 13, Id., requiring every act to embrace but one subject and matters properly connected therewith; and it is affected by section 7, article 5, providing for its presentation to the Governor for his action or nonaetion thereon.
Bills, emergent or otherwise, it is provided in section 7, article 5, shall be filed with the secretary of state “after final action by the Governor,” and all become laws as if signed by him unless within ten days after final adjournment of the legislature he vetoes them.
These plain and explicit provisions of the Constitution can only be given force and effect in their entirety by con- staling subdivision 3, section 1, article 4, in connection with section 7, article 5, as declaring that an emergency measure may become a law in three ways, the same as ordinary measures, viz.: (1) By express approval of the Governor; (2) by passage over his veto; and (3) by silent acquiescence or by implied approval in not returning a bill in five days, the legislature being in session, or by his failure to veto within ten days after the final adjournment of the legislature, Sundays excepted. This construction will also uphold subdivision 3 and cause the two apparently conflicting provisions to harmonize; because if it be construed as providing only that a bill shall not be considered passed unless it have a declaration of emergency, receive a two-thirds vote of both houses, and be also approved by the Govemqr, it is not equivalent to saying that it shall not become a law in the manner provided in the Constitution. It is elementary that subdivision 3 and section 7, treating as they do the same subject matter, to wit, the forms to be pursued in enacting' laws, should be construed together. As was said in Hoag v. Washington-Oregon Corporation, 75 Or. 588, 611, 147 Pac. 756, loc. cit. 762:
“The two clauses of the section, considered disjointly, are contradictory, but, when they are considered, as they should be, as parts of one section, and as modifying and explaining each other, the difficulty vanishes;^and here may be invoked the salutary rule cited in Potter’s Dwarris on Statutes and Constitutions, page 144, as follows: ‘In the construction of a statute, every part of it must be viewed in connection with the whole, so as to make all parts harmonize if practicable, and give a sensible and intelligent effect to each.’ ”
"We conclude that the bill in question passed as an emergency measure and took effect at once. Bennett Trust Co. v. Sengstacken, 58 Or. 333, 113 Pac. 863; Biggs v. McBride, 17 Or. 640, 5 L. R. A. 115, 21 Pac. 878; Seven Hickory v. Ellery, 103 U. S. 423, 26 L. Ed. 435.
In Santa Cruz County v. McKnight, ante, p. 103, 177 Pac. 256, and Ross v. Cochise County, ante, p. 167, 177 Pac. 931, a contrary view as to when an emergency act takes effect, to what we here announce, was expressed. In neither of those cases was the question formally briefed or argued to the court, and the question was not given that consideration to which it was entitled. Besides, in neither ease was it necessary to a decision. Our investigation of the law now convinces us that we were wrong in siating that an emergency measure would not take effect as such unless signed by the Governor.
We now come to another feature of this controversy. The Attorney General, on behalf of the appellee, insists that section 7, article 5, cannot be invoked to aid the enactment of emergency measures; that therein it is so stated; and that that is all there is to it.
Section 7 is divided into four paragraphs. At the end of the first paragraph is found this sentence:
“This section shall not apply to emergency measures as referred to in section 1 of the article on the legislative department.” •
By giving this sentence literal meaning, the contention is right; but to do so would place it within the power of the executive to defeat all emergency measures by the simple method of “pocketing” the bill.
Section 1 of the article on the “Legislative Department” is incomplete, in that it does not provide how the Governor shall approve a bill or when, nor how he shall veto it nor when, nor what the legislature shall do with it after it is passed, nor does it provide that bills passed by the legislature shall be presented to the Governor. It is not conceivable that the people, in writing their Constitution, intended that emergency measures should not be presented to the' Governor for his approval and take the same course as other bills. We think the only ■ differentiation intended- by the Constitution between emergency bills and other bills was that the former, on their final passage, should be approved by a two-thirds vote of the houses and, if vetoed, should receive the affirmative approval of a three-fourths vote, whereas the latter should receive on final passage a majority of all members elected to each house and, if vetoed, after reconsideration, should be passed by a two-thirds vote of each house. We conclude that the sentence, “this section shall not apply to emergency measures as referred to in section 1 of the article on the legislative department,” was inserted for the. purpose of modifying the sentence that immediately precedes it to carry out that difference in emergency measures and- ordinary bills, and that the correct rendering of that v sentence would be something like this: “This sentence shall not apply to emergency measures as referred to in section 1 of the article on the legislative department.” This construction will give meaning to the exception implied in said sentence and will at the same time not render nugatory and ineffective the other parts of section 7, article 5, as applied to legislation, either emergent or otherwise.
The prime effort in construing Constitutions or statutes is to ascertain the intention of those who framed them, and “to give effect to the intention therein expressed when such intention can be collected therefrom, words may be modified, altered or supplied so as to obviate any repugnancy to or inconsistency with such intention, although in so doing particular provisions may not be read or construed according to their literal meaning.” State Pub. Utilities Commission v. Monarch Ref. Co., 267 Ill. 528, Ann. Cas. 1916A, 528, 108 N. E. 716; State v. Osborne, 14 Ariz. 185, 125 Pac. 892; Deyo v. Arizona Grading Co., 18 Ariz. 149, L. R. A. 1916E, 1257, 157 Pac. 371; Gherna v. State, 16 Ariz. 345, Ann. Cas. 1916D, 94, 146 Pac. 494; Carter v. Barnes, 87 S. C. 102, 68 S. E. 1054; Leader Printing Co. v. Nicholas, 6 Okl. 302, 50 Pac. 1001, 1003; 6 R. C. L. 47, § 1; Cooley’s Constitutional Limitations, 4th ed., 70.
Now, if the expression, “this section shall not apply to emergency measures as referred to in section 1 of the article on the legislative department,” is limited in meaning as above indicated, it emphasizes the idea that all the other portions of section 7, article 5, do apply to emergency measures. Reduced to a simple statement, it means that the rule of a majority to' pass a law as therein stated should be modified as applied to emergency measures as requiring a two-thirds vote or, when vetoed by the Governor, a three-fourths vote. Otherwise, the provisions of section 7, article 5, are to apply to emergency -measures as well as ordinary measures. This section 7 then, if not in direct language, has, by every intendment, provided that an emergency measure may become a law in the same manner as any ordinary bill.
The view we have herein expressed accords with the construction placed upon our Constitution by the executive and legislative departments. Beginning with the first session of the legislature after the adoption of the Constitution up to and including the last session, emergency bills have been passed, certified, and published as laws without receiving the signature of the Governor. All of these laws have been recognized as valid and subsisting by all the departments of state. In the Session Laws of 1912 there are found three of such measures, to wit, chapters 5, 93 and 94; in the Laws of 1915, regular session, are found seven, to wit, chapters 55, 58, 60, 61, 63, 65 and 66; in the first special session, 1915, chapters 2, 3 and 4; in the second special session, 1915, chapter 11. In the Session Laws of 1917 there are found five, to wit, chapters 73, 77, 80, 85 and 88; and in the last session, 1919, there are five such bills unsigned by the Governor, to wit, chapters 55, 157, 160, 162 and 166.
Without undertaking to analyze these different chapters found in our laws, it is enough to state that they pertain to a great diversity of subjects, such as the expenditure of money by incorporated cities, classification of counties, fixing of salaries of county officers, compensation of court reporters, the duty of the state treasurer, changes in the insurance law, the construction of sewers, waterworks, lighting plants in cities and towns, and providing for the issuance of bonds in payment of same, a general appropriation bill, an act providing for the semi-annual payment of taxes, appropriations for the state highway, affecting rules of procedure and evidence, etc. All these laws have been treated by the different departments of state as immediately effective, and for this court now tp declare, as contended for by appellee, that they were not laws at all, or that they took effect, not immediately, but ninety days after the adjournment of the session, might cause chaotic conditions that we should avoid if possible. How far-reaching or how unsettling such a conclusion might be, so far as vested and fixed rights are concerned, we cannot tell; but it may be easily surmised that much trouble and litigation would result. If we had greater doubt of the correctness of the construction that we have placed upon the constitutional provisions as affecting the'enactment of emergency laws, we would still feel constrained, on account of the public and private interests involved, to heed the unbroken course of conduct by the other two departments. Many of the members of the constitutional convention were members of the first and other sessions of the legislature. The president of the constitutional convention was the Governor of the state during the sessions of 1912 and 1915. In Laird v. Sims, 16 Ariz. 521, L. R. A. 1915F, 519, 147 Pac. 740, we indorsed the rule that a construction of the fundamental law by members of the legislature who were also members of the constitutional convention was entitled to great weight.
In Detroit v. Chapin, 108 Mich. 136, 37 L. R. A. 391, 66 N. W. 587, the court had under consideration the power of the Governor in approving bills passed by the legislature, and it was there said:
“We are cited to instances where this construction has been given to this section by the Governors, and there are numerous acts whose validity depends on the question involved here. If the question were more doubtful than it is, we might' properly consider the force of a practical construction of co-ordinate, branches of government, acquiesced in by the general public for a long period. In commenting upon this subject, Mr. Justice COOLEY says: ‘Great deference has been paid in all cases to the action of the executive department, where its officers have been called upon, under the responsibilities of their official oaths, to inaugurate a new system, and where it is to be presumed they have carefully and conscientiously weighed all considerations, and endeavored to keep within the letter and the spirit of the Constitution. If the question involved is really one of doubt, the force of their judgment, especially in view of the injurious consequences that may result from disregarding it, is fairly entitled to turn, the scale in the judicial mind.’ Cooley’s Constitutional Limitations, pp. 83, 84. He supports it by numerous cases.”
In Solomon v. Cartersville, 41 Ga. 157, the question was as to the time when the Governor should sign bills in the exercise of his legislative powers, and that court yielded its judgment oh the question to the construction placed upon the Constitution by the executive department because of the public interest involved. ' It was there said:
“If this was an original question, independent of any construction heretofore given by the executive department of the state government, to this clause of the Constitution, we should be inclined to .hold that the Governor could not approve and sign any bill after the adjournment of the General Assembly; but on looking into the past history of our legislation, we find that it has been the practice for many years for the Governor to take five days after the adjournment of the General Assembly for the revision of bills passed by that body and to approve and- sign the same within that time, hut not afterwards, and that a large number of the most important acts now upon the statute books of the state have been so approved and signed, which usage, and practice of the executive department of the state government should not now, in our judgment, be disturbed or set aside.”
This case has been cited and followed by many other courts, among them the United States supreme court in Seven Hickory v. Ellery, supra.
The rule, as- stated by Judge COOLEY; as to the controlling effect of contemporaneous construction by the other departments of state, especially where the question is involved in doubt, seems to have found general approval, not only by the courts, but by the text-writers. 6 R. C. L., p. 63,, §§ 60, 61.
12 Corpus Juris, page 712, section 65, states the rule as follows:
‘ ‘ Contemporaneous or practical construction of an ambiguous provision of a Constitution by the legislative or executive departments of the government is always important, and is-frequently of controlling influence in determining its meaning. The value of such practical construction is especially recognized where the participants in it are men of repute as lawyers and judges. In doubtful cases the courts will often apply such construction as of course, or will yield to it as a matter of policy. It is evident that to reverse a construction put on a constitutional provision by a department charged with its execution, after it has received such practical construction for any length of time, would be to occasion great injury to those who would be affected by such a change; and it is to avoid such injustice that courts have often yielded to policy and expediency in adopting practical constructions of constitutional provisions and statutes by the other departments of the government, even though erroneous; and in view of these considerations, in all cases where there is doubt as to the meaning of such provision or statute, the courts will adopt, and follow contemporaneous and practical construction by the other departments.”
The judgment of the trial court is reversed, and the cause remanded, with directions that further proceedings be had in accordance with this opinion.
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CUNNINGHAM, C. J.
(After Stating the Facts as Above). The title asserted by the plaintiff is, first, a United States mineral patent granting to it the Chase Creek No. 2 Lodge mining claim. The date of the patent is November 16, 1898. Also, the plaintiff asserts that all of the right, title, claim, interest and estate of the principal defendants was sold by the marshal of the district of Arizona on execution on the twelfth day of May, 1915, to one J. C. Gatti, and that on the seventeenth day of December, 1915, the said marshal duly made, executed and delivered his deed to said J: C. Gatti,' purchaser at said sale, conveying said property to said Gatti; that thereafter, on the fourth day of April, 1916, the .said purchaser, J. C. Gatti, and his wife, duly conveyed, by their deed, the said property to the plaintiff, The Arizona Copper Company, Limited, the appellee.
The following agreed facts clearly show that Francisco Villescas and his wife acquired full title to the premises in question by adverse possession for ten years under the statute of limitations (paragraph 698, Rev. Stats. Ariz. Í913, by force of paragraph 2942, Rev. Stats. Ariz. 1901, as appears as paragraph 702, Rev. Stats. Ariz. 1913) :
Section XIV of the agreed statement of facts on page 15, Abstract of Record, is as follows:
“ . . . That since the said year 1882 said Francisco Villescas and his wife, Florencia Lujan de Villescas, have been in actual possession of said premises hereinafter described, have cultivated the same, have occupied the same. as their home, and returned and paid taxes upon the buildings located upon said lands during two years. . . . That said possession and occupancy of said land hereinabove mentioned has been open, exclusive, notorious, continuous, and under the claim of right hereinbefore set forth, as against the plaintiff and all the world, from the year 1882 to the present time, and that the said defendants last mentioned have at all times exercised dominion over said lands hereinafter described, and have resided on it as their home. That since the issuance of patent the relation and possession of said. defendants to said The Arizona Copper Company and said The Arizona Copper Company, Limited, has been hostile.”
From these facts, but one conclusion can be reached, viz., that Francisco Villescas and his wife acquired full title to said premises on the sixteenth day of November, 1908 (paragraph 702, supra), and that such property so acquired became community property.
During the year 1911 an action in the nature of an action in ejectment was commenced by appellee, against Francisco Villescas, and prosecuted to judgment. , No execution issued on the judgment so recovered. Consequently no title can be based thereon. This proceeding seems to have been introduced in the case for the purpose of affecting the matter of the statute of limitations. The action was commenced too late to interfere with the running of the statute, because the period of limitation was complete before the action was commenced.
The plaintiff-appellee further asserts a title acquired through a levy, sale and deed by the United States marshal for the district of Arizona, duly conveying the premises in question to J. C. Gatti, and by Gatti to plaintiff.
The appellants attacked such conveyance upon two grounds: First, because the execution which was levied upon the property was issued more than five years after the rendition of the judgment, consequently the judgment was dormant, and the execution issued thereon and all proceedings following such issuance were void, including the deed to Gatti. The judgment was rendered on the eighteenth day of November, 1909. On the fifth day of April, 1915, the execution was issued, and was, on the same date, duly levied upon the premises and improvements here involved as the property of Francisco Yillescas. That on the twelfth day of May, 1915, after due notice given the marshal sold all of the estate of the judgment debtor, Francisco Yillescas, in and to the property, to said Gatti, and issued to said purchaser a certificate of sale, reciting the facts required by law to be recited in such deeds, which certificate was duly recorded. That thereafter, on the seventeenth day of December, 1915, the marshal made his deed conveying said property to said purchaser.
Paragraph 1353, Revised Statutes of Arizona of 1913, is the basis for the defendants-appellants ’ objection to the execution, as void. That section is as follows:
“No execution shall be issued upon any judgment after the expiration of five years from the date of its rendition and entry, unless such judgment be revived. ...”
The appellee meets this objection, contending that the judgment is one in favor of the United States in its governmental capacity, and that the federal statutes control the matter of satisfying purely governmental judgments; that paragraph 1353, supra, is a statute of limitation of the state, applying to persons, and that the government — national or state — is not bound by such statute of limitations unless expressly mentioned therein, and the United States government is not mentioned in such statute or hound thereby. The authorities support the appellee’s contention. Massingill v. Downs, 7 How. 760, 12 L. Ed. 903; United States v. Johnson, 124 U. S. 238, 31 L. Ed. 389, 8 Sup. Ct. Rep. 446; United States v. Noojin (D. C.), 155 Fed. 377; affirmed, 164 Fed. 1023, 90 C. C. A. 668.
The appellants further contend that the property, being community property, cannot be levied upon and sold under execution to satisfy a judgment against the husband, when the judgment is based upon a fine assessed against the defend ant in a criminal action. The objection is stated by appellants in the following language:
“We further contend that community property may not be sold under execution to satisfy a .fine imposed on the husband for the commission of a crime not committed in connection with the management of the community property.”
“The community property of the husband and wife shall be liable for the community debts contracted by the husband during marriage, except in such eases as are specifically excepted by law.” Paragraph 3854, Rev. Stats. Ariz. 1913.
This is the general rule recognized by the community law states. 21 Cyc. 1676, and cases cited in note 12; Gibbons v. Goldsmith, 222 Fed. 826, 138 C. C. A. 252; Johns v. Clother, 78 Wash. 602, 139 Pac. 755.
The other general rule, viz., “The community property is, in general, also liable for the husband’s debts,” is nearly as universal. 21 Oyc. 1676, and cases cited in note 13; Johnson v. Garner (D. C.), 233 Fed. 756; Seabrook v. Bank (Tex. Civ. App.), 171 S. W. 247; Ochoa v. Edwards (Tex. Civ. App.), 189 S. W. 1022. Washington state, having a peculiar proviso, found in section 2407 of its Code, has considered that the community property in that state is not liable to satisfy the husband’s debts. See Brotton v. Langert, 1 Wash. 73, 23 Pac. 688. In the absence of some particular statute to the contrary, the general rule seems to have the support of reason, and to accord with the spirit of the community property sj'stem as adopted by statutes of Arizona.
The rule is one to protect the rights of creditors against secret contracts and agreements of the highly confidential relation of the spouses. Many equally convincing reasons for the rule may be mentioned, but it is sufficient to the support of the rule that it is just to the creditor and works no hardship on the community. Another rule may be, and possibly is, applicable whenever the question of the application of community assets is properly raised between the spouses in adjusting their separate rights and interests in the community assets. No such question is before us in this case, and the question cannot be raised in this kind of action between the grantee of the purchaser of the property and the judgment debtor for the possession of the property sold and conveyed in satisfaction of a debt. War. on Eject., § 246, p. 256; Crenshaw v. Julian, 26 S. C. 283, 4 Am. St. Rep. 719, 2 S. E. 133; 15 Cyc. 67, citing cases, note 98.
The plaintiff’s title, as proven, is certainly the stronger title, and authorized plaintiff’s recovery.
The judgment is therefore affirmed.
ROSS and BAKER, JJ., concur.
|
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ROSS, J.
This is an action of injunction by the trustees of school district No. li and W. Y. Wright in their official capacity and as taxpayers and residents of said school district, asking that the board of supervisors and the superintendent of schools of Yuma county be restrained and enjoined from dividing said school district into two school districts.
The case was tried upon the pleadings, which fully set forth all the facts, as well as a great deal of extraneous matter. The material facts are as follows: School district No. 11, on April 22, 1918, and for some time prior thereto, was a duly organized and existing school district of Yuma county, carrying on and maintaining a public school. The area of the district was a compact rectangular bódy of about 18 sections of land. On April 22d, 79 persons, representing themselves as qualified electors of said school district, presented to the board of supervisors of Yuma county a petition, praying that the boundaries of the school district be changed by cutting about six sections off of the south portion thereof. The petition is silent as to the disposition to be made of this portion of territory sliced from district No. 11. There is, however, a recital in the petition to the effect that school district 11 contains too much territory; that the town of Somerton, situated in the lopped-off portion of school district No. 11 is about to be incorporated, and needs a school district of its own within its boundaries; that the trustees of No. 11, in fact, had moved the building from without to within the limits of Somerton, thereby endangering the district’s title to two acres of land from which the building was removed, the same being granted the district on condition it be used for school purposes. It further mentions the existence of a bitter rivalry between the people of the northern portion and the people of the southern portion of the district as to the location of the schoolhouse, and asserts that “unless there is a division of district” this rivalry will continue, to the disadvantage of the pupils attending the school of said district.
It is shown by the petition and by the pleadings that the school building of the district is in what is hereinafter known as Somerton school district No. 9, and that two of the trustees reside therein.
This petition was, before it was presented to the board of supervisors, presented to the superintendent of schools for her action thereon, and was by her disapproved.
On the 22d of April, 1918, being the day of the filing of said petition, the board of supervisors, acting thereon, passed a resolution, granting the prayer of said petition, and by said resolution formed, or attempted to form, two school districts out of school district No. 11, giving the north portion thereof the name of school district No. 11, and the south portion thereof the name of Somerton school district No. 9, two-thirds of the area of the original district comprising school district No. 11 and one-third comprising the Somerton district.
The defendants, board of supervisors and superintendent of schools of Yuma county, were proceeding or threatening to proceed to the organization of said school districts by the appointment of trustees, etc. The lower court, upon this showing, ordered the issuance of a temporary injunction against the appellants, from which order this appeal is taken.
It is the contention of appellees that the resolution of the board of supervisors' was null and void, as being made and entered without power or jurisdiction, and that view was adopted by the trial court. The contention of appellants is that the resolution of the board of supervisors was one — not to divide the old district — but to “change the boundaries” thereof, and that the board possessed the power and authority, under the law, upon the filing of said petition with them, to make the order or pass the resolution here attacked. These contentions involve the construction of chapter 7, entitled ‘ ‘ School Districts, ’ ’ being paragraphs 2719 to 2725, inclusive, Civil Code of 1913.
In this chapter provision is made for the formation of school districts, for the consolidation of two or more districts, and also for the “changing- of boundaries” of districts. Paragraph 2720 authorizes the creation of a new district when the parents or guardians of at least ten school census children petition therefor, setting forth the boundaries of the pro posed new district, if the petitioners reside a greater distance than fowr miles from a district sehoolhonse; or, if a district contains 250 school census children according to the next preceding school census, upon a petition of fifteen per cent of the parents or guardians residing in the district to be formed, giving its boundary, a new district may be formed by the subdivision of the old one.
Changes of boundaries of school districts may be made by the board of supervisors according to paragraph 2722, when ten or more qualified electors manifest their desire by petition to the county superintendent of schools, setting forth the proposed changes and the reasons for the same, the superintendent to approve or disapproye, and transmit the same to the board of supervisors whose action thereon shall be final. This paragraph contains a proviso to the effect that if a subdivision of a city or incorporated, town lies outside of the school district, including the city or town, such subdivision may be annexed to the city or town school district by the board of trustees thereof, upon petition of a majority of the school electors of the subdivision, in which case the trustees shall indorse on the petition favorable action and transmit the same to the superintendent, but the same shall not be effective until the first day of July following. That is, where the annexation of territory to a municipal school district is sought, no action by the board of supervisors is required. Changes of boundaries in all other cases must be accomplished, if at all, through the superintendent of schools and the board of supervisors acting together.
There is one expression in paragraph 2722 indicating what the words “change of boundaries” mean or may mean, and that is contained in the proviso by which a subdivision of a city or town may annex itself to the municipal school district by appropriate action. It is evident that this paragraph has no reference to the subdividing of an existing district into two or more districts. That is provided for by paragraph 2720. The appellants attempted to form two districts out of district No. 11 by subdividing it, ignoring the requirements of paragraph 2720, and claiming the right to act under the terms of paragraph 2722. The only provision for forming a new district by the division of an old one is found in paragraph 2720, and before that may be done, it must be made to appear in the manner therein provided that the old district contains more than 250 school census children, or that the petitioners reside more than four miles from the schoolhouse of such district. The petition presented to the appellant board of supervisors does not set forth this jurisdictional fact, nor does it otherwise appear that school district No. 11 contained more than 250 school children according to the next preceding school census, nor that the petitioners reside more than four miles from a schoolhouse. We conclude that the order of the board of supervisors subdividing the district was made without jurisdiction, and is null and void. The proceeding was not one to change the boundaries of school dis-i trict No. 11, but distinctly one conceived and carried out to divide the old district so as to form a new district from the portion lopped off of the old one. There appears no effort to evade or cover up this purpose, for at the same sitting and, so far as we know, as a part of the resolution dividing district No. 11, a new district, Somerton No. 9, was formed, or attempted to be formed. This new district was created by the board on its own motion. No petition praying for its formation, as required by paragraph 2720, was filed with the board.
Appellants point us to subdivision 2, paragraph 2418, Civil Code, as authority for their action in this regard. By this statute boards of supervisors are given jurisdiction and power, under such limitations and restrictions as are prescribed by law, “ ... (2) to divide the counties into districts or precincts as may be required by law. ...”
The jurisdiction to form districts here vested in the board, if they be school districts, must be exercised in the manner and under the limitations and restrictions as are set forth in chapter v7, supra. The requisite petition, asking for the formation of the new district, whether it be because of the distance of petitioners from a schoolhouse already in use, or because of an excessive population, must first be presented to the board before action taken. Such petition is jurisdictional, and action without it is null and void.
Paragraph 2723 provides for the consolidation of two or more districts into one. While the effect would be to “change” or obliterate the boundaries of the consolidated districts, no one would contend that the board of supervisors could assume to act, in effecting the consolidation, under paragraph 2722. The change of boundaries arising by reason of consolidation must be accomplished by petition and election, as provided in paragraph. 2723. “The change of boundaries” does not mean changes caused by the division of old districts into two or more districts, nor the consolidation of districts. Just what it may mean is not involved in this case, and it will be time enough to search out its meaning when a case requiring it is before us. It will suffice to say to give it the construction contended for by appellants would be to disregard a well-known canon of construction, requiring that every word, phrase, and sentence used in a law should be given some meaning, if possible. If it be given the meaning claimed by appellants, paragraph 2720 might just as well have been left out.
It is contended by appellants that the wrong remedy was adopted. We think the rule stated in 22 Cyc. 891(1, applicable here. It is there said:
“A municipality and its officials will be enjoined from acting under and enforcing a void ordinance, when the proposed enforcement would deprive the complainant of his property or property rights, and will cause him injury which cannot be compensated by damages, or where the illegal action will give rise to a multiplicity of actions at law if it is not prevented.”
It is apparent that if we should hold the action of appellants legal and as authorized under paragraph 2722, concerning changes of boundaries, the district of Somerton No. 9 could lay no claim to any of the moneys belonging to the old district, for the reason the statute nowhere authorizes any credit be given the lopped-off portion of a district caused by a change of boundary. Mere change of boundaries of a district does not disturb the public moneys belonging to the district at the time of change. And if the view be taken that Somerton school district No. 9 is a new district entitled to a division of the funds of the old district as soon as school is actually commenced therein, as provided in paragraph 2724, we have this anomalous situation: The old district No. 11, with all the public moneys in its treasury, but no school building, and the new district No. 9 with the school building, but no funds to carry on school. The parents and guardians of school children and the taxpayers of school district No. 11 had a real and substantial right to have the schools of district No. 11 open and maintained in the manner and for the purposes provided by law. If appellants were allowed to consummate what was undertaken by them, the taxpayers and parents and guardians of children would certainly be deprived of property rights and caused injury which could not be compensated in damages.
We think a case was made calling for the exercise of the equitable powers of the court.
The judgment is affirmed.
CUNNINGHAM, C. J., and BAKER, J., concur.
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ROSS, J.
The plaintiff-appellant, a minor, by his guardian ad litem, brought suit alleging, in substance, the existence of a partnership between himself and appellee-defendant Wright, the assets of the concern being lots 5, 6 and 7, block 1, in the First Ingraham 'addition to the Somerton town site, Yuma county, and a small stock of merchandise; that title to lots was in his partner Wright’s name and in trust for partnership, and that the mercantile business was carried on in the partnership name of Wright & Quick; that defendant Wright had entered, or was about to enter, into a contract of sale of the merchandise and a lease for three years, with an option for two more years, of the real property to defendant Sanguinetti. He prayed that the sale of merchandise be enjoined, that the lease be canceled, and that defendant Wright be adjudged to hold the real estate in trust for the partnership and ■be required to execute and deliver a deed of one-balf interest therein to plaintiff.
Defendants denied the partnership and that plaintiff was a minor, and admitted the sale and lease to defendant Sanguinetti by defendant Wright as alleged, and defendant Wright set up in his answer that before such sale and lease he had bought of plaintiff whatever interest plaintiff had in the partnership, paying or agreeing to pay therefor the sum of $i,300. The plaintiff, in reply to defendant’s answer, admitted that he had agreed to sell to Wright his interest for the sum of $1,300, but alleged a disaffirmance and repudiation of the agreement on the ground of his incapacity to contract because of his minority.
The court heard the evidence, which tended to show the partnership as alleged in the complaint; also the agreement by plaintiff to dispose of his interest to defendant Wright for $1,300. It was established that plaintiff was at all of these times under the age of 21 years, and that he had repudiated his contract of sale to defendant Wright.
The court, notwithstanding no money judgment was prayed for by plaintiff, and notwithstanding the plaintiff’s repudiation of his contract of sale, gave judgment to plaintiff for the sum of $1,300 against defendant Wright, and dismissed his complaint as to defendant Sanguinetti.
The plaintiff appeals, and, among others, assigns that the court erred in entering judgment in his favor for the sum of $1,300. No error is assigned upon the order dismissing the complaint as against defendant Sanguinetti.
We think it too clear to need much argument that it was prejudicial error to enter judgffient as the court did, upholding as legal and binding the contract of sale entered into between plaintiff and defendant Wright, the plaintiff dis-affirming and repudiating the same because it was entered into by him at a time when he was under the law, because of his minority, incapable of making a binding contract.
In Arizona Eastern R. Co. v. Carillo, 17 Ariz. 115, 149 Pac. 313, we announced as the rule:
“That, except for necessaries, an-infant is not competent to bind himself by contract, nor liable on contracts which he has made; but any contract made by him during infancy may be avoided, and the defense of infancy is equally available at law as in equity. ” 22 Cyc. 580.-
The record discloses no reason why this rule of law should not be applied here.
The judgment in favor of Sanguinetti will have to stand, because it is not assigned as error.
.The judgment in favor of plaintiff-appellant is reversed, and cause remanded for further proceedings not inconsistent herewith.
CUNNINGHAM, C. J., and BAKER, J., concur.
|
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] |
BAKER, J.
In this action the plaintiff (appellant), Navajo-Apache Bank & Trust Company, brought suit against the defendant (appellee), L. I. Wakefield, to recover on two certain promissory notes made and executed by the defendant, one for two hundred and fifty dollars and the other for seven hundred and fifty dollars. The notes are dated April 11, 1913, and are made payable on January 1, 1914. They are made payable to the defendant’s own order and bear his indorsement. The action was defended on the ground of failure of consideration and fraud in the -inception of the notes sued on. The defendant denied that the plaintiff bank was a holder in due course. The case was tried to a jury, which found for the defendant, and the plaintiff bank brings the case here on appeal.
It appears that the notes were given on subscription for stock of the Ranchers’ Trust Company. The scheme to form such a company was evidently a fraud. No stock was ever issued to the defendant. The evidence admitted on the trial was amply sufficient to show failure of consideration, and that the notes were obtained by fraud and misrepresentation. The plaintiff bank practically concedes this to be true. The main question is this: Was the plaintiff bank the holder of the notes in due course ?
Section 4197 of the negotiable instrument law (Rev. Stats. Arizona 1913) is as follows:
“A holder in due course is a holder who has taken the instrument under the following conditions: (1) That the instrument is complete and regular upon its face. (2) That he became the holder of it before it was overdue, and without notice that it had been previously dishonored, if such was the fact: (3) That he took it in good faith and for value. (4) That at the time it was negotiated to him he had lid notice of any infirmity in the instrument or defect in the title of the person negotiating it.”
And section 4204 of the same law is as follows:
“Every holder is deemed prima facie to be a holder in due course; but when it is shown that the title of any person who has negotiated the instrument was defective, the burden is on the holder to prove that he, or some person under whom he claims, acquired the title as a holder in due course. But the last-mentioned rule does not apply in favor of a party who became bound on the instrument prior to the acquisition of such defective title. ’ ’
The statutory provision last quoted had the effect of casting upon the plaintiff bank the burden of proving that it was a holder of the notes in due course. That the notes are compíete and regular upon their face is in effect admitted, and thoroughly established by the instruments themselves which are in evidence. It is also confirmed by the proofs that the plaintiff bank, in good faith and for value, became the holder of the notes before they were overdue, and it is proven by uncontradicted evidence that at the time the notes were negotiated to plaintiff bank, it had no notice of any dishonor of the notes, or of any infirmity in the instruments or defect in the title of the persons who negotiated the instruments. Thus are subserved all the statutory conditions making the plaintiff bank the holder of the notes in due course.
In an effort to show that the plaintiff bank had actual notice that the notes were obtained by fraud and misrepresentation, the defendant was permitted to testify, over the objections of plaintiff bank, to the contents of a letter which he said he had written to W. H. Burbage in his capacity as president of plaintiff bank. In this letter the defendant said that he informed Burbage that the notes had been obtained by fraud and misrepresentation, and that he (defendant) would not honor them. The defendant admits that he received no answer from Burbage to this letter, but states that the secretary of the Ranchers’ Trust Company, at Flagstaff, Arizona, answered it. The defendant fails to state whether he addressed Burbage at Flagstaff, Arizona, or at Winslow, Arizona. The uncontradicted proof is that Burbage resides at Winslow, Arizona, and that the principal place of business of the plaintiff bank is at Winslow, Arizona. There is no evidence that Burbage ever received the letter. He positively denies its reception. Under the circumstances, the evidence was wholly insufficient to make a prima facie showing of notice to the plaintiff bank of fraud in the inception of the notes. Defendant went no further than to state that he “wrote .a letter to Burbage” in his capacity as president of plaintiff bank. He should have shown that the letter was properly addressed, stamped, and deposited in the mail. 1 Jones on Evidence, § 52; 2 Wharton on Evidence, § 1323; Briggs v. Hervey, 130 Mass. 187; Best v. German Ins. Co., 68 Mo. App. 598.
The judgment is reversed and the cause remanded for further proceedings in accordance with the views expressed in this opinion.
CUNNINGHAM, C. J., and ROSS, J., concur.
|
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ROSS, J.
In civil cause No. 559, in the superior court of Navajo county, in which Chanslor & Lyon Company were plaintiffs and the Northern Transportation Company, a co-partnership composed of Arthur and Charles Jarvis, were defendants, the plaintiffs suing to recover on debt, on August 18, 1916, caused to be issued and levied upon lots 23, 24, 26, 27, 28, 29 and 30, and a strip 15 feet and 9 inches in width off of the west side of lot 31, all in block 7, in the town of Holbrook, Navajo county, Arizona, to secure any judgment that might be obtained, a writ of- attachment, and thereafter, on February 2, 1917, judgment was duly entered in favor of plaintiffs against defendants in said cause, and at the same time the attachment lien was foreclosed and the attached property ordered sold to satisfy the judgment.
Appellant, Charles R. Jarvis, instituted this suit to enjoin the defendants and appellees herein, Chanslor & Lyon Company and R. L. Newman, sheriff, from selling said property under execution, alleging possession and ownership of the property from the first day of March, 1916, a date long anterior to the date the writ of attachment was levied thereon. Also, that he had no plain, speedy and adequate remedy at law, and irreparable damage.
It is seen that the purpose of the suit is to prevent a cloud from being cast upqn the appellant’s title. A general demurrer by the appellees to a complaint setting forth the above facts was sustained by the court, whereupon the appellant filed an amended complaint, pleading the evidence of his title, and, among other things, he showed:
1. That on February 6, 1913, one Julius Wetzler and wife made their deed of said lots to Charles Jarvis, one of the defendants in cause No. 559, and placed the same in escrow with the Navajo-Apache Bank & Trust Company.
2. That on March 1, 1916, and before the expiration of the escrow, Charles Jarvis executed his deed conveying all his equity in said lots to Charles R. Jarvis, which said last-mentioned deed was also placed in escrow, where it remained until November 22, 1936, when it and the deed from Wetzler and wife were placed of .record in the recorder’s office of Navajo county.
This amended complaint was likewise held insufficient, but on what ground we are left at sea. From a judgment sustaining the demurrer to amended complaint and dismissing the action, this appeal is prosecuted.
The record title to this property remained during all the times mentioned herein in the grantor, Wetzler, until the deed from him to Charles Jarvis was placed of record on November 22, 1916. He also during all that time held the legal title to said property. Charles J arvis, by virtue of the escrow agreement, was the equitable owner of the lots until on March 1, 1916, when he conveyed by deed all his equity therein to Charles R. Jarvis. A very clear and satisfactory presentation of the respective titles of the grantor and grantee in an escrow deed is discussed in 10 R. C. L. 627, section 10, and it is there shown that one holds the legal and the other the equitable title. Charles R. Jarvis was substituted in the escrow for Charles Jarvis and became the owner of the lots subject only to the performance of the conditions of the escrow. The escrow’ deed from Wetzler is shown to have been delivered on November 22, 1916, at which time he as grantor parted with all title, both legal and equitable. To whom did it inure? His grantee, Charles Jarvis? No, for the reason that Charles Jarvis had, on March 1, 1916, sold all his title and interest in the property to Charles R. Jarvis. When the deed from Wetzler was delivered and recorded, the title was completed in Charles R. J arvis on the principle that an after-acquired legal title by the grantor inures to the benefit of the grantee.
The appellees suggest no legal reason why the sale of his equity in lots by Charles Jarvis to Charles R. Jarvis was not valid and binding. It was made, if we are to believe the complaint — and on demurrer we must do so — March 1, 1916, long before the writ of attachment was levied; the levy being in August, 1916. Therefore, under the admitted facts, at the time the levy was made, Charles Jarvis had no interest in the lots. At that time the legal title was in Wetzler and the equitable or beneficial title was in Charles R. Jarvis.
We have no statute that requires the escrow deed from Wetzler to Charles Jarvis to be placed of record before its second delivery. Paragraph 2080, Civil Code of 1913, does not cover the case. Nor would the recordation or the lack of it affect the right of the grantee therein to transfer his equitable interest, or make his interest less or more amenable to attachment by his creditors. It was liable to be subjected to his debts by attachment or execution as long as it was his, •but no longer. The fact that he at one time had .some interest in the lots did hot make them available to his creditors long after he sold to a purchaser for value, and such Charles R. Jarvis appears to be from the complaint, when tested by demurrer.
The question, therefore, is: Will a court of equity interfere, at the instance of the owner, to prevent an execution sale of his property when it clearly appears that the execution debtor has no title or interest in the property threatened to be sold! This depends upon whether the purchaser at such sale, in an action to recover the property, would be entitled prima facie to judgment upon exhibiting in evidence his title derived from the sale. If some evidence be required to defeat his title, then it is a cloud, and equity will interfere to prevent it if it has not already been cast, or will remove it if already cast. At no time did the debtor, Charles Jarvis, have other than an equitable interest in the lots; but, under the laws of Arizona, such interest could be levied upon by writ of attachment and sold as other property (paragraphs 1408 and 1363, Civil Code of 1913), and the purchaser at the sale get whatever interest the debtor had. Extrinsic evidence would certainly be necessary to show that Charles Jarvis had parted with his interest at the time of the levy of the attachment in order to defeat a recovery by the purchaser at the sheriff’s sale, since he would deraign title from the same source, to wit, Wetzler. We think the facts bring this case clearly within the rule entitling the plaintiff to injunctive relief. 5 R. C. L. 662, § 34; Pixley v. Huggins, 15 Cal. 129; Roman Catholic, etc., v. Shipman, 69 Cal. 586, 11 Pac. 343; Bell v. Murray, 13 Colo. App. 217, 57 Pac. 488; Wilhelm v. Woodcock, 11 Or. 518, 5 Pac. 202 (206); Yount v. Hoover, 95 Kan. 752, Ann. Cas. 1918C, 148, L. R. A. 1915F, 1120, 149 Pac. 408; 4 Pom. Eq. Jurisp., 3d ed., § 1399.
Appellant has a right under the law to a judicial determination of the challenge of his title implied in the threatened sale of his property to satisfy the debt of another. If he lies by and takes no steps to prevent the sale, a sheriff’s deed to his property will he placed of record, his title will be clouded and the value of his property lessened. If .he would sell it or use it as security to raise money, he must first resort to the courts to have the cloud removed. Surely no good reason exists requiring him to wait for a determination of his rights until after the wrong is wrought. Eather, it would seem to be to the interest of both the execution creditor and the owner of the land to have their respective claims adjudicated before a sale of the property rather than after, and, so far as the court is concerned, it can make little difference, for sooner or later the question must be tried out and determined according to the rules and principles of equity.
We think the complaint stated facts sufficient to entitle the appellant to the relief demanded, and that the court erred in sustaining a general demurrer thereto.
The judgment is reversed and the case remanded, with directions that such further proceedings be had not inconsistent with this opinion.
CUNNINGHAM, C. J., and JOHN WILSON EOSS, J., concur.
Authorities discussing the question oí delivery of deed in escrow as a. change of title or interest are collated in a note in 38 L. R. A. (N. S.) 142.
|
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ROSS, J.
Appellant, who was convicted of the crime of perjury, prosecutes this appeal from the judgment of conviction and from an order overruling his motion for a new trial. The evidence shows that he was handed-a recall petition ashing for the recall of Supervisor J. W. Estill of Pima county, with the request that he circulate it for signatures. In time he returned the petition to the manager of the recall with some thirty-three signatures. The verification of the petition was before a notary public, and was in the following words:
“Isaac Ayers, being first duly sworn, deposes and says that he circulated the foregoing recall petition; that as such he knows the contents thereof, and that the signatures thereon are genuine. ’ ’
The specific false swearing charged in the information was ■as to the signature of one Otto Williams. A number of the signatures were not genuine, one of the persons-purporting to have signed it having been dead some 16 years.
Defendant testified in his own behalf that he did not secure all the names on the petition, but that he gave it to one Rogers to circulate, and when it was returned to him it contained Otto Williams’ name, as also all the other fictitious ■and forged names. Of Williams’signature he said:
“I know it is not Otto’s signature because I brought it in question when I saw it and asked it be taken off. ’ ’
The name was not taken off, and it does not appear he examined the petition before signing and swearing to it to determine if the name was still there or had been erased. In his direct examination he also said:
“Q. Did you believe those signatures were all genuine when you took that oath? A. Yes, sir.”
After the witness had ‘ answered the above question the prosecution objected that his belief was immaterial for the reason that section 119, Penal Code, provides:
“An unqualified statement of that which one does not know to be true is equivalent to a statement of that which one knows to be false.” It is perjury in either event.
The court sustained the objection, but did not strike the answer.
The court instructed the jury:
“I further instruct you, gentlemen of the jury, that the unqualified statement of that which one does not know to be true is equivalent to a statement of that which one knows to be false.”
The holding of the court that the belief of the defendant was immaterial, and the ruling thereon, and the giving of the above instruction, are assigned as errors. There are a number of other assignments based upon the ruling of the court in the admission and rejection of evidence and upon offers of evidence by the appellant, but, in view, of the admitted facts, we do not consider them well taken.
Our perjury statute is a rescript of the California statute on that subject, sections 111 and 119, Penal Code of 1913, being the same as sections 118 and 125 of the California Penal Code.
In People v. Von Tiedeman, 120 Cal. 128, 52 Pac. 155, the California sections were construed. It was there held that there could be no perjury without a wilful intent, and that the two sections should be construed together, as follows:
“Every person who, having taken an oath that he will testify, declare, depose, or certify truly before any competent tribunal, officer, or person in any of the cases in which such oath may by law be administered, wilfully and contrary to such oath makes an unqualified staff nent of that which he does not know to be true, is guilty of perjury.”
And it was further said:
“Before the person thus charged can be convicted of perjury, it must be shown that he made such statement ‘wilfully’ — that is, with the consciousness that he did not know that it was true, and with the intent that it should be received as a statement of what was true in fact. The word ‘wilfully’ implies ‘a purpose of willingness to commit the act.’ Penal Code, §7.”
One who swears to a falsehood through an honest mistake, or who rashly or inconsiderately swears to something' that is not true, if he honestly believes it to be true, is not guilty of perjury. Wharton on Criminal Law, § 1245; Bishop on New Criminal Law, § 1048; People v. Von Tiedeman, supra; Pilgrim v. State, 3 Okl. Cr. 49, 104 Pac. 383.
In Ryan v. Territory, 12 Ariz. 208, 100 Pac. 770, the rule is stated:
“"When intent is material, the jury is authorized to infer It from the circumstances connected with the act; and, while there are some authorities which hold, with the trial court, that the intent of the accused is to be inferred only from the facts and circumstances surrounding the commission of the act, we think the better rule is that the defendant is entitled, where intent or belief or motive is material, to testify directly what his intent, belief, or motive was at the time he committed the act. ’ ’
The appellant should have been permitted to state his belief as to the genuineness of the signatures on the petition, uninfluenced by any adverse decision or criticism of the court, and, if he chose, he should have been permitted to state the circumstances that induced his belief. The question of the good faith of appellant in swearing that Williams’ signature was genuine was one of fact to be submitted to the jury. If there was any evidence tending to show that he believed the signature was genuine, it was error to deprive him of the right to have it passed upon by the jury. We have nothing, however, but his assertion that he so believed. Contradicting that is his admission that he knew it was not Williams’ signature, and also his admission that he swore it was his signature. He offered to prove that he relied upon Rogers, to whom he gave the petition to circulate, and that it was Rogers who placed or caused to be placed on the petition Williams’ name. He also undertook to prove that he had asked the recall manager to 'take Williams ’ name off the petition, but the fact remains the name was not taken off and he swore it was genuine. His act was characterized by a bold and reckless indifference to consequences, for he'knew what he was doing. He knew all the facts and circumstances; he knew the signature was not genuine. We think if he had been permitted to state with the court’s approval that his honest belief was that the signature of Williams was genuine; in the circumstances, it would not have affected the verdict of the jury.
The instruction i's likewise subject to criticism. The court, however, defined perjury in the language of the statute' as contained in section 111. In that definition all the elements of perjury are to be found.
A late decision of the supreme court of California (People v. Senegram, 27 Cal. App. 301, 149 Pac. 786) holds that an instruction to the effect that “ £an uhqualified statement of that which one does not know to be true is equivalent to a statement of that which one knows to be false,’ when taken in connection with an instruction defining perjury and stating that any person who, having taken an oath to testify truly, wilfully states as true any material matter which he knows to be false, is guilty of perjury, was not prejudicial to defendant.” The situations are exactly the same.
We think, in view of the uncontradicted evidence, the errors committed by the court were not prejudicial to the appellant.
The judgment is affirmed.
CUNNINGHAM, C. J., and BAKER, J., concur.
|
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] |
CUNNINGHAM, C. J.
(After Stating the Pacts as Above). This action is founded upon the identical facts upon which the case óf Truax et al. v. Bisbee Local No. 380, Cooks’ and Waiters’ Union (decided March 5, 1918), 19 Ariz. 379, 171 Pac. 121, was founded, and, while the parties defendant are slightly different, the cases are not otherwise materially different. The questions presented in this record were necessarily decided by this court in the former hearing of the matter. In this appeal, the appellants have confined their contentions of error to constitutional questions, solely relying upon the alleged conflict of paragraph 1464, Revised Statutes of Arizona of 1913, with the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, in the particulars that said statute deprives the plaintiffs of property without due process of law, and denies to the plaintiff the equal protection of the law.
The appellants in their brief frankly state that “the sole question here presented is as to the constitutionality of paragraph 1464 of the Civil Code of Arizona of 1913.” The importance of the question excuses a further discussion of the matters at this time, although a further discussion, in the light of the former decision, seems wholly unnecessary.
The purpose of the action, the relief demanded, is a restraining order or injunction prohibiting the defendants from attending at or near the plaintiffs’ place of business for the purpose of peaceably communicating the existence of a strike pending, and of peaceably persuading any person from patronizing the plaintiffs, or from recommending, advising, or persuading others so to do. The said statute, if valid, clearly prohibits the courts from issuing such orders in such cases, “unless necessary to prevent irreparable injury to property or to a property right of the party making the application, for which injury there is no adequate remedy at law, and such property or property right must be described with particularity in the application. ...”
The complaint is quite clear that the course pursued by the defendants in advertising the existence of the strike, and appealing to the public in general to help the defendants win the strike, has had the effect of reducing the volume of plaintiffs’ business by causing many persons favorably inclined to deal with plaintiffs to refrain from doing so. The so-called boycott was instituted for that very purpose, without any doubt, and has proven effective. The goodwill of the public toward plaintiffs was successfully attacked by the defendants, and temporarily limited to those of the publie who were'not persuaded by the recommendations, advice and appeals made by the defendants. Without any doubt, goodwill in any business is a valuable factor to business success, but no man carrying on any business has a vested property right in the esteem of the public. If the business man conducts his business in such- manner as to displease his former patrons, and thereby loses their patronage, such loss is not in any way a loss of property to which the loser has a right. , If the cause of the loss of patronage to business is attributable to the peaceable persuasion of another person, can it be said that the business lost thereby was something of value in which the business proprietor had a vested right, and thereby was wrongfully deprived? Clearly, the loss to plaintiffs’ business occurred primarily from the fact that plaintiffs refused the offer of the defendants as to the terms and conditions of employment of union members. The plaintiffs had the unquestioned right to adopt any terms and conditions of employment of servants in their business as they might choose. No one has a right to interfere with the private management of a man’s business. If he refuses to employ union members, or refuses to pay union wages, and refuses to recognize union conditions of employment, that is his affair .altogether, and his rights cannot be interfered with. If any person conducting a business elects to disregard the demands of his employees, and such employees strike for that reason, no right of the employer is violated if the striking employees advertise the cause of the strike. If the publicity given the facts cause a loss, such loss is attributable to the employer and his business methods as the proximate cause of the loss to him. If the employer has a clear legal right to refuse to pay a rate of wages demanded by a labor union for its members, and refuses'to allow such members of such union the conditions of employment — hours of work — demanded by the union, which every employer has and must have the right to refuse, then it follows, naturally and logically, such employer may freely and without question by anyone make known to his patrons, customers and the public at large his attitude in the matter, if he desires. Those refused employment because of such attitude of the employer cannot justly complain of the publicity given the dispute by the employer, a party thereto. Why should the employer be heard to question the right of the other party to the dispute to advertise the fact of the unsettled condition of the dispute? If either party to a labor dispute has a right to call upon the courts to restrain the other party to such dispute from advertising the existence of such dispute, then both parties have that right, and the right must necessarily exist, for the reason that either party, employer or employee, owes the duty to the other.to keep secret the fact 'that a labor dispute is pending. The statute in question clearly does not deprive the employer plaintiffs of any right to require the employees defendants to keep secret the fact that plaintiffs have refused to meet the union’s demand of wages and hours of , employment. Plaintiffs never had the right to require such secrecy, and the defendants never owed to plaintiffs a duty to keep secret such fact.
The purpose of the statute in question is to recognize the right of workmen on strike to use peaceable means to accomplish the lawful ends for which the strike is called. The statute adopts the view of a number of courts which have held “picketing,” if peaceably carried on for a lawful purpose, to be no violation of any legal right of the party whose place of business is “picketed,” and whether as a fact the picketing is carried on by peaceful means, as against the other view, taken by the federal courts and many of the state courts, that picketing is per se unlawful. The last view is that contended for by the appellant. The contention is that the statute, having attempted to legalize picketing when peaceably carried on for any purpose, deprives plaintiffs of its property without due process of law, and denies to plaintiffs the equal protection of the Jaw. Conceding that prior to the enactment of paragraph 1464, supra, the state of the law in this jurisdiction was as contended — that is, that picketing carried on in any manner, in a concededly peaceable manner, was an unlawful act, — as held by a great number of courts— in other words, that picketing naturally induces breaches of the peace, and is therefore unlawful — yet plaintiffs have no vested right to have the law continue in that state. A change in the law, so that, when it is made to appear that peaceable, picketing is in fact carried on, and all picketing is no longer conclusively presumed to be unlawful, as recognized by the said statute, that change in the law places the burden upon the plaintiff to show as a fact that defendant violates the law, while the other view presumed that the law was violated, if any manner of picketing was carried on. The statute simply deals with a rule of evidence requiring the courts to substitute evidence of the nature of the act for a presumption of' the nature of the act, based upon an inference from the bare act. Hence it is quite clear that the statute recognizes the right of striking employees to carry on a campaign of picketing in furtherance of a strike for a lawful purpose, provided the means used and the manner in which such means are used are peaceable and otherwise violate no legal rights of the party whose premises are subjected to the picketing, and are not in violation of any duty owing by the striking employees to such party or to the public. In no sense can the statute be considered as one either depriving the plaintiffs of property without due process of law, or denying plaintiffs the equal protection of the law.
The plaintiffs’ property rights are not invaded by picketing, unless the picketing interferes with the free conduct of the business by the plaintiffs; and plaintiffs do not claim that defendants have, by using violent means with picketing, invaded their rights i'n this respect, by "causing a loss in business. If such nature of picketing should be charged and established by proof, plaintiffs would be entitled to relief to the extent of prohibiting the use of violence in any form. By the statute the plaintiffs are deprived of an order restraining peaceful, not violent, unlawful acts, and to entitle a plaintiff to an order restraining violent unlawful acts, he is required to set forth facts sufficient to constitute such acts as amount to unlawful acts, and sustain such complaint by substantial evidence. The statute conflicts with neither constitutional provision invoked. The facts stated in the complaint are insufficient to constitute a cause of action or justify the relief demanded. For that reason the court properly sustained the demurrer.
The judgment should be affirmed.
JOHN WILSON ROSS, J., concurs.
HENRY D. ROSS, J., being absent on account of sickness, took no part in the decision of this ease.
For authorities discussing the question as to law of picketing generally, see notes in 4 L. R. A. (MV S.) 302; 50 L. R. A. (N. S.) 412.
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CUNNINGHAM, C. J.
The appellee performed services as.a miner for the appellants in and about the sinking of a certain mining shaft on the mining properties of appellants. On the thirty-first day of May, 1917, the appellee and appellants determined and agreed that appellants owed to appellee the sum of $218.39, and therefore delivered to appellee a cheek drawn on the Commercial Bank of Parker, at Parker, Arizona. On the first' day of June, 1917, appellee, R. W. Shaw, presented the cheek to said bank for payment. At the time the check was so presented for payment, the appellants had an account with said bank and a fund sufficient in amount to pay said cheek.
The cheek was not paid by the bank, and the parties do not agree as to the reason why the check was not paid at the time it was presented. The payor of the check, Commercial Bank of Parker, became insolvent and suspended business on June 10, 1917, and plaintiff’s check was never paid.
This action was commenced by the holder of the check, E. W. Shaw, the appellee, on or about the 27th day of July, 1917, against the drawers of the check, to recover the amount of the check, $218.39, with interest thereon at the legal rate, and costs.
The defendants first pleaded payment, satisfaction, and discharge of the debt; then, in other later pleadings, they set forth that:
“Plaintiff was negligent in cashing and collecting the said check, and wholly lacking in ordinary diligence, and that if any loss or damage has resulted to plaintiff, it is wholly due to his own negligence and lack of diligence in presenting and cashing said cheek.”
The cause was tried before the court without a jury, and the court rendered judgment for the plaintiff for the amount claimed. From an order refusing a new trial, and from the judgment, the defendants appeal.
The appellants assign as error the rendering of said judgment for the plaintiff for the reasons as follows:
“ (1) Because appellee was bound to present the check given to him at the earliest opportunity; that he had presented it at the bank when the money was tendered him in full, and that he refused it because the bills were of smaller denomination than he wished to carry to Los Angeles.
“ (2) The court erred in rendering said judgment, because there is no evidence of any valid promise on the part of appellants to make good said check to appellee.
“ (3) The court erred in overruling appellants’ motion for a new trial, for the reasons above stated.”
One of the controversies at the trial was the inquiry into the circumstances under which plaintiff failed to get the money from the bank on the first day of June, 1917. All parties concede that plaintiff was in the bank with the check on. that date, and that some officer or employee of the bank examined the check, and did not object to payment because the drawer, the appellants, were short of funds with which to pay. The appellants contended at the trial that the bank offered to pay the check, and produced currency in bills of small denomination, which the plaintiff did not wish to accept, and, being informed by the bank that it then had no' larger bills, plaintiff asked to have the check returned to him, which was done, and he thereupon indicated that he would take the check with him to Los Angeles, and there collect' it through a b^nk at that city; that plaintiff did not deposit the cheek in a Los Angeles bank for collection until after the 10th day of June, 1917, on which date the Commercial Bank of 'Parker became insolvent. The appellants produced substantial evidence tending to support their said contention.
On the other hand, the plaintiff contended that when he, in person, presented the check to the said payor bank on the first day of June, 1917, at Parker, the person representing the bank at the time of such presentation of the check stated to plaintiff that heavy demands had been made of the bank’s supply of cash, and that they had paid out so much money during the day that they did not have on hand a sufficient amount of money with Which to cash this particular check at that time, and suggested to plaintiff that the bank would receive, during the night following, plenty of money, and if he, the plaintiff, -would return with the cheek on the next morning, June 2, 1917, that the bank would then pay the check. The appellee did not wait until the next day, but proceeded to. Los Angeles, and then on the ninth, tenth or eleventh day of June, 1917, he deposited the check with a bank for collection. Plaintiff did not know that the Commercial Bank of Parker became insolvent until after he had deposited the eheck with the Los Angeles bank.
The plaintiff produced substantial testimony tending do establish all of such disputed facts. "
“A check must be presented for payment within a reasonable time after its issue, or the drawer will be discharged from liability thereon to the extent of the loss caused by the delay.” Paragraph 4331, B.ev. Stats. Ariz. 1913, Negotiable Instruments Law.
Under the conflicting evidence, the trial court has necessarily determined that the plaintiff presented the check to the bank within a reasonable time after its issue. The determination of that fact is wholly within the province of the court trying the facts; and the evidence, while conflicting on that question, amply sustains the conclusion reached, and, as a consequence, the conclusion reached on conflicting evidence will not be disturbed by this court because of such conflict.
The holder of the cheek was not bound to present it for payment “at the earliest opportunity,” as contended by appellants, but he was bound to present the check for payment “within a reasonable time after its issue” to prevent the discharge of the drawer to the extent of loss arising from unreasonable delay. Paragraph 4331, supra. Whether the plaintiff did present the cheek for payment within a reasonable time in the circumstances here shown was a question of fact, and that question has been determined adversely to the appellants.
The appellants insist that the judgment is erroneous because the bank offered to pay the check and the holder of the check refused to accept the kind of money he was offered by the bank. This contention, like the former, was necessarily decided against the appellants. On this dispute, the evidence was also conflicting, as indicated above. The court necessarily found that the bank requested the holder of the check to return later for payment, as plaintiff’s evidence tends to prove.
The second statement of error, to wit, “The court erred in rendering said judgment because there is no evidence of any valid promise on the part of appellants to make good said cheek to appellee,” is set forth upon the theory that the appellee’s debt, owing by appellants, was paid, satisfied and discharged by them by the issuance of a check to their creditor. Such is not the law, unless, as- a fact, the creditor accepts the cheek as final payment. The appellants do not claim that the appellee did accept the check as a final payment, but they insist that appellee sustained a loss because he failed to use ordinary diligence in presenting his check to the bank for payment. The appellants nowhere directly contend that they, the drawers of the check, lost anything because of the plaintiff’s failure tp present the cheek for payment within a reasonable time after they issued the check and delivered it to him. The bank suspended business a short time after the cheek was issued, and the appellants had a fund with the bank subject to the said check, and sufficient in amount to pay the check at the time the bank became insolvent, and from such facts the inference may be drawn that the appellants lost a portion of their said funds by such insolvency, but no inference can be drawn from such facts that the appellants suffered a loss because of the appellee’s unreasonable delay in presenting the check for payment. The appellants nowhere directly claim a loss from such cause.
Upon the whole case, we find no reversible error on the record. As a consequence, the judgment must be affirmed.
ROSS, J., concurs.
Note. — Judge BAKER having been of counsel in the case, he, therefore, took no part in this decision.
|
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] |
BAKER, J.
This is an action to recover damages for injuries sustained by the plaintiff, Julius Eegeser, by being struck by an automobile owned by the defendant, E. L. Benton, which at the time was being driven by his minor son, Bryan Benton. Both father and son were made defendants in the complaint, but during the trial the action, on plaintiff’s motion, was dismissed as against Bryan Benton. The trial resulted in a verdict for plaintiff in the sum of $875. There was a motion for a new trial, which was overruled by operation of law, and from the judgment on the verdict the defendant brings this appeal.
The complaint charges that the plaintiff was riding his bicycle along the north side of Fourteenth Street at or near its intersection with Stone-Avenue, in the city of Tucson, and that an automobile owned by the defendant, El L. Benton, but driven by his minor son, Bryan Benton, abruptly turned into Fourteenth Street from Stone Avenue, and struck the plaintiff, knocking him down and dragging him across the street and injuring him. The negligence charged is that Bryan Benton, the minor son, in turning into Fourteenth Street, cut the comer of the street, in violation of an ordinance of the city requiring that all vehicles, before turning to the left from one street into another, should pass to the right and beyond the intersection of the streets. The complaint further charges that Bryan Benton, the minor son, was acting as the agent of his father, the defendant, E. L. Benton, and was operating the car at the time of the accident in the business of his father.
The answer of the defendant denies ownership of the automobile; denies also any negligence on the part of his minor son, Bryan Benton, in handling the machine at the time of the accident. The answer further denies the allegations upon which the responsibility of the defendant is sought to be based. The answer contains also -a plea of contributory negligence in that the plaintiff was riding his bicycle at the time of the accident on the south or left-hand side of Fourteenth Street, contrary to an ordinance of the city. The case went to the jury upon the issues formed by the pleadings.
The evidence clearly establishes the fact that the defendant, B. L-. Benton, was the owner of the automobile. No more will be said about that. Nor is it necessary to make any exhaustive review of the testimony relating to the negligence of the defendant’s son, Bryan Benton, in driving the automobile at the time of the accident, or the testimony relating to the alleged contributory negligence on the part of the plaintiff. The testimony conflicts sharply upon both of these points. Both were questions for the jury. We have so often decided that a verdict or judgment will not be disturbed on appeal where the testimony is conflicting that it would be a mere work of supererogation to repeat it.
The real controversy in the case is whether the defendant can be held liable for the damages under the doctrine of respondeat superior. The question, of course, depends upon facts proven in the case.
It is fairly deducible from the evidence that the automobile was kept and maintained by the defendant, B. L. Benton, for the use of the members of his family, and for their pleasure and convenience. Different members of the family drove the automobile as they pleased. The minor son, Bryan Benton, who was driving the machine at the time of the accident, had been accustomed or in the habit of driving it with the defendant’s consent, express or implied, for more than a year. He would use it at times for his own pleasure and convenience and at other times for the pleasure and convenience of other members of the family. On the morning of the accident the young son had taken his sisters to church in the machine and had later gone to another church to bring his brother home, and, failing to find his brother, was returning home alone when the accident occurred.
The question whether or not, under the facts above set forth, a parent is to be held liable for the negligence of his minor son, has never been decided by the courts of Arizona, although there are a number of decisions upon the question in other jurisdictions.
In Birch v. Abercrombie, 74 Wash. 486, 50 L. R. A. (N. S.) 59, 133 Pac. 1020, a man and wife owned an automobile which was purchased and kept for the use of the family, and it was customary for the members of the family to drive it at their pleasure. On a certain day, when the man and wife were absent from home, the daughter entertained a number of friends at luncheon. In taking them home in the automobile, she negligently struck and injured a woman on the highway. In a suit for damages, the jury found for the plaintiff against both the girl and her parents, and this finding was held by the supreme court to be authorized by the evidence. In the opinion ELLIS, J., said:
“It seems too plain for cavil that a father, who furnishes a vehicle for the customary conveyance of the members of his family, malíes their conveyance by that vehicle his affair, that is, his business, and any one driving the vehicle for that purpose with his consent, express or implied, whether a member of his family or another, is his agent. ’ ’
And again Judge ELLIS said:
“We think that, both on reason and authority, the daughter in the present instance should be held the agent of her parents in the use of the automobile. Any other view would set a premium upon the failure' of the owner to employ a competent chauffeur to drive an automobile kept for the use of the members of his family, even if he knew that they were grossly incompetent to operate it for themselves. The adoption of a doctrine so callously technical would be little short of calamitous. ’ ’
In McNeal v. McKain, 33 Okl. 449, 41 L. R. A. (N. S.) 775, 126 Pac. 742, a father bought an automobile for the pleasure and comfort of himself and family; his minor son, who was a member of his family, being authorized to use it at any time for that purpose. It was held that the son in taking it out for the pleasure of himself and sisters with a friend who was a guest of the father’s family, was a servant or agent of the father within the meaning of the rule as to liability of a principal for the torts of an agent or servant, and was not performing a service independent of his father, and that the latter was liable for his negligence in driving the machine. In the opinion WILLIAMS, J., said: °
“Vehicles and motorcars may be used, not only for the business of the master for profit, but also in his business for pleasure. If Paul, the minor son of the plaintiff in error, had been driving his father’s carriage (whilst he was a member of his family) in which were contained his sister and a guest of his father’s house, the same being done by him with the express or implied consent of his father, the relation of master and servant would exist, and the father would be liable for the negligent acts of the minor son whilst engaged in the driving of the carriage, and the same rule is supported by authority as to-motor cars.”
In Stowe v. Morris, 147 Ky. 386, 39 L. R. A. (N. S.) 224, 144 S. W. 52, a motor car was kept by a man for the comfort and pleasure of his family, including a minor son and daughter as members of it. They had the right to use it as often as and when they liked. On the occasion in question the son took the car at his own volition, and at his suggestion carried his sister and three other ladies for a ride. While he was driving the machine he carelessly ran down and injured a boy on a bicycle. The father Xvas held to be liable on the ground that, the machine, having been provided for the comfort and pleasure of the family, and the son having been given the right to use it, he was treated as the servant of his father when operating it (though without a special permission on that occasion) for the entertainment of his sister and her friends. In the opinion WINN, J., said:
“So in the case at bar the father had provided his family with this car as a means of recreation and amusement; and the son, in the use of the ear for that purpose, was not performing an independent service of his own, but was carrying out what, within the spirit of the matter, was the business of the father. ’ ’
For other cases of like import, see Daily v. Maxwell, 152 Mo. App. 415, 133 S. W. 351; Kayser v. Van Nest, 125 Minn. 277, 51 L, R. A. (N. S.) 970, 146 N. W. 1091; Guignon v. Campbell, 80 Wash. 543, 141 Pac. 1031; Griffin v. Russell, 144 Ga. 275, Ann. Cas. 1917D, 994, L. R. A. 1916F, 216, 87 S. E. 10; King v. Smythe, 140 Tenn. 217, L. R. A. 1918F, 293, 204 S. W. 296.
In the ease last cited LANSDEN, J., speaking for the court, said:
“If an instrumentality of this, kind is placed in the hands of his family by a father, for the family’s pleasure, comfort, and entertainment, the dictates of natural justice should require that the owner should be responsible for its negligent operation, because only by doing so, as a general rule, can substantial justice be ■ attained. A judgment for damages against an infant daughter or an infant son, or a son without support and without property, who is living as a member of the family, would be an empty form. The father, as owner of the automobile and as head of the family, can prescribe the conditions upon which it may be run upon the roads and streets, or he can forbid its use altogether. He must know the nature of the instrument and the probability that its negligent operation will produce injury and damage to others. We think the practical administration of justice between the parties is more the duty of the court than the preservation of some esoteric theory concerning the law of principal and agent. If owners of automobiles are made to understand that they will be held liable for injury to person and property occasioned by their negligent operation by infants or others who. are financially irresponsible, they will doubtless exercise a greater degree of care in selecting those who áre permitted to go upon the public streets with such dangerous instrumentalities. ”
The cáses cited firmly establish the rule that a father who furnishes an automobile for the pleasure and convenience of the members of his family makes the use of the machine for the above purposes his affair or business, and that any member of the family driving the machine with the father’s consent, either express or implied, is the father’s agent. We are convinced that the rule is based on sound reason and that it is supported by the great weight of authority, and therefore shall adopt it as the rule in this jurisdiction.
In the case at bar the minor son was using the machine at the time of the accident in the very business for which the father kept and maintained the vehicle, viz., the pleasure and convenience of the members of his family. He had conveyed his sisters to church in the machine and was returning home alone.' The fact that he was the only member of the family present in the machine at the time of the accident makes no difference so far as the liability of the father is concerned. There can be no question but that he was driving the machine with his father’s implied consent.
Under the circumstances it must be held that the minor son was the agent of his father in driving the machine at the time of the accident, and that he was engaged in the business of his father. The fact that his agency was not a business agency, nor the service a remunerative service, has no bearing upon the question of his father’s liability. McNeal v. McKain, supra.
The defendant claims that he was not permitted to prove that at the time of the accident. Bryan Benton was on no “business” of his father’s. We do not understand from the record that such was the ruling of the court. Counsel for the defendant asked him several times, whilst he was upon the stand as a witness, if his minor son was on his “business” at the time of the accident. Manifestly this called for the conclusion of the witness, and was objected to for that reason, and the objection was properly sustained. No questions were attempted to be asked the witness about his son’s authority to use the car or the purpose for which the defendant kept the ear, or the purpose for which his son was driving the car at the time of the accident.
Immediately after the accident the plaintiff was conveyed to the hospital in a taxicab. The defendant’s son either accompanied him or was present at the hospital at or near the time when the plaintiff arrived there. The record does not affirmatively disclose what length of time had elapsed between the accident and the arrival of the parties at the hospital, but it is reasonable to suppose that the time was very short. Two witnesses for the plaintiff were permitted to testify to the effect that the defendant’s son, when the services of the taxicab were about to be dispensed with at the hospital, told one of the witnesses “not to pay for the taxicab [meaning the taxicab in which plaintiff was carried to the hospital]; that his father would settle everything; that it [the accident] was his [the son’s] fault.” The defendant insists that the court erred in refusing to strike out this evidence. The testimony was clearly admissible as against the defendant Bryan Benton as a declaration against interest. The question as to whether it was admissible as against the defendant R. L. Benton is a very close one. We understand the rule to be that the declara tion of an agent made at the time of a particular transaction which is the subject of inquiry, and while acting within the scope of his authority, may be given in evidence against the principal as a part of the res gestae, but it is equally well settled that the declarations of an agent made after the transaction is' fully completed and ended are not admissible. 10 R. C. L. 173; 16 Cyc. 1006. The authorities differ as to the instances in which such declarations should be admitted as against the principal. The weight of authorities, however, inclines toward leaving the question of admissibility of this class of testimony in a great measure to the discretion of the trial court. The facts are before him, and he has a better opportunity to determine whether testimony of this character is in fact a part of the things done, a part of the res gestae, than an appellate court. Smith et al. v. C., R. I. & P. Ry. Co., 42 Okl. 577, 142 Pac. 398; Walters v. Spokane Int. Ry. Co., 58 Wash. 293, 42 L. R. A. (N. S.) 917, 108 Pac. 593.
Mr. Wigmore, in his valuable work on Evidence, at section 1750, speaking of this question, says:
“ . . . There is a lamentable waste of time by Supreme Courts in here attempting either to create or to respect precedents. Instead of struggling weakly for the impossible, they should decisively insist that every case be treated upon its own circumstances. They should, if they are able, lift themselves sensibly to the even greater height of leaving the application of the principle absolutely to the determination of the trial court. Until such a beneficent result is reached, their lucubrations over the details of each ease will continue to multiply the tedious reading of the profession.”
The defendant appears not to have made any objection to the testimony for the reason that it was inadmissible as against him. The objection was general. Furthermore, no request was made of the court that the testimony be limited to the defendant Bryan Benton. Under the circumstances, we do not find that it was error to admit this evidence.
The defendant assigns error upon the refusal of the court to give several instructions that he requested. The court refused to instruct the jury to return a verdict for the defendant. ’ This was not error, for two reasons: First, the evidence in reference to the negligence of Bryan Benton was conflicting ; and second, the evidence upon the question of the agency of Bryan Benton, the driver of the automobile, was practically uncontradicted. The court might properly have instructed the jury, as a matter of law; that Bryan Benton was the agent of the defendant and engaged ip his business at the time of the accident.
Another assignment is based upon the refusal of the court to instruct the jury to the effect that, if Bryan Benton was driving the automobile for his own pleasure, business or convenience, and not for any pleasure, business, convenience or purpose of the defendant, plaintiff could not recover. There Avas no evidence, upon which this instruction could have been based. It was not error to refuse it.
Another assignment is based upon the refusal to instruct the jury to the effect that if plaintiff was in the middle' or nearer to the south side of the street than to the north side of the street, he could not recover. The instruction refers to the alleged contributory negligence of the plaintiff in violating the city ordinance prohibiting people from riding on the south or left-hand side of the street. It omits, however, any reference to.the legal requirement that such negligence, if it existed, contributed to the plaintiff’s injury. A correct instruction upon the subject was given by the court. In fact, if any criticism may be made of the court’s instructions, it is that the question of contributory negligence was overemphasized. None of the instructions requested by the defendant Avere erroneously refused. Other points made by the defendant as against the instructions given have been examined and ruled against him. These instructions are very elaborate and clearly state the law as applied to the facts of the case.
Observing no reversible error in the record, the judgment is affirmed.
CUNNINGHAM, C. J., and BOSS, J., concur.
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] |
BAKER, J.
The defendant, J. R. Beasley, shot and killed John W. Bell on the ninth day of June, 1917. He was informed against in the superior court of Maricopa county for murder, and was convicted of murder in the first degree and sentenced to life imprisonment in the state prisón, and he appeals from the judgment and order overruling.his motion for a new trial.
■ Error is assigned upon the rulings of the court in the admission and rejection of testimony, misconduct of the judge, and in giving instructions to the jury and refusing to give requested instructions to the jury, and, finally, it is objected that the testimony was insufficient to warrant or sustain the verdict. The last contention will first be noticed.
The voluntary killing was admitted, but the claim was made that it was done in self-defense. This plea is based mainly upon the testimony of the defendant himself; there being no one present at the homicide except the defendant and the deceased. It appears that the Southwest Cotton Company employed the deceased to remove a lot of baled hay from the 'premises occupied by. the defendant, which the company had purchased from the defendant, and that on the morning of June 9, 1917, about seven o’clock, the deceased went to where the hay was stacked with a wagon and team, and commenced loading the hay upon the wagon. He was using ordinary hay-hooks in the work. The defendant at the time was at his house something like a quarter of a mile away, and saw the deceased and the wagon and team. He claims that he did not recognize the deceased at that time, having only seen him upon two former occasions. The defendant went to where the deceased was working, being armed at the time with a pistol, but he claims that his object in going there was to ascertain how the work of removing the hay was progressing, that he might get ready to irrigate the land. He also claims that he had been carrying the pistol for some time because a certain man had slandered one of his daughters, and that the man was a pugilist and was always fighting. The narrative of the defendant as to what occurred when he reached the plac(e where the deceased was, is substantially as follows:
“I hid him [the deceased], ‘Good morning,’ and he replied, ‘Good morning,’ I asked him how they were getting along hauling hay, and he replied, ‘All right, he guessed.’ I asked him how many wagons were hauling, and he replied, ‘Pour.’ I got on the stack to observe its dimensions. After getting on the stack, the deceased said, ‘ This is good hay, * and I replied, ‘Yes; pretty good hay.’ I asked him, ‘How many bales do you haul to the load?’ and he said, ‘One hundred,’ and I said, ‘ That is a big load of hay. ’ I did not know certainly that it was Bell until he made the remark, ‘You didn’t hunt me up Monday or Tuesday. ’ He had reference to what he had told Charlie Beckman about being in Chandler on Monday and Tuesday. I told him, ‘No’; that I didn’t think it was any use; that he didn’t do what he said he would do. I told him that he had told Charlie Beckman that, if I had the receipts of my children for money showing that they had filed on the land, that he would not move his family on it, and he hadn’t done it. He said that he had not told Charlie Beck-man that, and I told him that he was a liar • that he did do it. He replied, ‘Don’t call me a liar, or I will kill you,’ and he started at me with the hay-hooks. At the time he said this he had just placed a bale of hay at the farthest edge of the wagon at the front. At the time he started to me he had a hay-hook in each hand held up, the points turned forward as if handling hay. He was leaning forward; he was coming pretty pert toward me. I started to get out of the way and stepped back, and my left foot went between two bales of hay and became fastened. I jerked my gun and went to shooting; I was afraid of him; afraid he would tear me up or kill me with the hay-hooks. I would say I fired three or four times. When I was firing, I did not observe the effect of the shots; I was too excited. He fell over the north edge of the hay frame. After he fell I saw him kicking, and I walked up and down two or three times and then went to the house. ’ ’e
Such, in substance, is the statement of the defendant as to how the homicide took place. Were the jury bound to accept the statement as the truth? It is contended by the prosecution that, not only were the jury free to reject the testimony of the defendant in his own favor, but they were justified in so doing by various circumstances wholly inconsistent with the facts as testified to by him, and by discrepancies in his testimony, as well as by the inherent improbability, of tbe truth of his statements and contradictions of his testimony arising from other facts and circumstances proven in the case.
The theory of the prosecution is that, on account of the fact that the deceased had “jumped” the land in dispute between the deceased and the son-in-law and daughter of the defendant, the defendant deliberately resolved to hill the deceased in revenge, and that he went to where the deceased was at work, armed with a pistol, and shot him to death; and that, in order to give the killing the appearance of an act of self-defense, he arranged and contrived the circumstances upon which he now relies to give an air of plausibility to his account of the fatal affair.
It is in evidence that the deceased had squatted upon the piece of public land claimed by the son-in-law and daughter of the defendant, and upon which they had made filings in the United States land office, but that such filings had been rejected, and the matter was upon appeal at the time of the homicide; that the defendant had, at least upon one occasion, held an interview with the deceased, in which interview he claims that the deceased promised that, if he could show the receipts of his children for money paid for filing upon the land, that he (the deceased) would not move his family on the land, and that the deceased had not kept his promise. When the deceased made denial that he had made any such promise, the defendant called him a liar. Here is evidence from which the jury might conclude that the defendant bore malice toward the deceased and had a motive for the killing. It also justified the jury in finding that the defendant provoked the difficulty he testifies to, and that he brought on the alleged necessity for the killing of the deceased.
The wounds upon the body of the deceased utterly refute the statement of the defendant that he shot the deceased, while the deceased was in the act of assaulting him with the hay-hooks, and justified the jury in believing that the deceased was shot from the rear and not from the front. There were three wounds upon the body of the deceased. The aperture of one wound was about two inches below the right corner of the right.eye and one inch above, and the other aperture of this wound was through the right eye. The expert testimony as to this wound justified the jury in concluding that the shot entered behind the right corner of the right eye and came ont through the eye. Another wound was through the head of the deceased, with one aperture behind and below the lobe of the left ear, and the other aperture was through the right forehead about two inches above the right eye. The expert testimony as to this wound tended to show that the shot entered behind the left ear and had its exit in the right forehead. The third wound was through the upper left forearm, one aperture thereof posterior and about three inches below the shoulder joint, and the other anterior and about one inch below the shoulder joint. The expert testimony tended also to show that this shot was fired from the rear of the deceased. The jury must have concluded that each one of these shots was fired at the deceased while his back was turned, or partially turned, to the defendant, and we cannot say that they were not justified in such conclusion.
The explanation of the defendant that upon the occasion of the homicide he was carrying the pistol, for the reason that his daughter had been slandered by someone who had the reputation of being a pugilist must have been wholly unsatisfactory to the jury. The killing took place early in the morning upon the premises of the defendant. There was apparently no reason whatever for him to think that the man who had slandered his daughter was upon his premises, or that he was at all' likely to come in cbntact with him at the time.
We have by no means made an exhaustive review of all the testimony in the ease, it being impracticable to do so; but we have, nevertheless, carefully examined the evidence, and, while we cannot help regarding several of the theories of the prosecution in respect to the motives and acts of the defendant as fanciful and unfounded, we are at the same time convinced that it cannot be held, as a matter of law, that there is no- evidence to support the verdict.
It is assigned as error that the prosecution was permitted to prove that the deceased had put up notices on the piece of land in dispute between him and the son-in-law and daughter of the defendant, and had placed a house upon the land, and that at the time of posting these notices and placing the house on the land there were no other notices posted on the land. This evidence was admissible for the purpose of showing that the defendant had a motive for killing the deceased. The merits of the controversy or dispute about the land wore immaterial it is true, but we think the testimony went only to the extent of establishing the motive.
Another assignment of error is based upon the fact that the court, in ruling upon the admission of testimony tending to show motive, said:
“I would want him to show anything that would show motive for the crime as he claims in the avowal, and I think I’ll permit him to make this showing at this time.”
■ These remarks, it is said, are comments on the facts within the meaning of section 12, article 6, of the state Constitution, which is as follows:
“Judges shall not charge the jury with respect to matters of fact nor comment thereon, but shall declare the law. ’ ’
This court has held that a violation of this provision by the trial court necessitates a reversal of the judgment. Merino v. State, 16 Ariz. 132, 141 Pac. 710; Lujan v. State, 16 Ariz. 123, 141 Pac. 706. In both of these cases the objectionable remarks were addressed to the jury in giving instructions, and hence were literally violative of the mandate of the Constitution. In the case at bar the. remarks objected to were addressed to the counsel, and we do not think the provision of the Constitution quoted was intended to prevent judges from giving counsel the reasons for their rulings upon questions concerning the admission or rejection of testimony. We do not, however, wish to be understood as holding that a judge, under this provision, is at liberty in addressing counsel to comment upon the facts in the presence of the jury in a way calculated to influence their verdict. Yet it is manifest from the language of the provision that its primary object was to prevent comments on the facts in giving instructions by which the jury are to be guided, and at a time when such comments would be likely to affect their minds. Strictly speaking, we do not think the remarks quoted really amount to a comment upon the facts. The judge was simply giving the counsel his reasons for overruling the objection to the testimony and, in doing so, incidentally used the words “crime” and “motive.”
Assignments 6, 7 and 8 are based upon the refusal of the court to allow certain witnesses to testify to the effect that one Pete Russell had stated that he had had sexual intercourse with one of the defendant’s daughters, and that the defendant had been informed of the statement made by the said Pete Bussell. "We cannot possibly conceive how this testimony was admissible for any purpose. It is purely hearsay, and constitutes no defense whatever. If Bussell was a pugilist and a fighter as claimed by defendant, it nowhere appears that he had made any threats against the defendant, or that the defendant was in any danger at his hands.
It will serve no useful purpose to enter upon an extended discussion of the objections to the instructions given by the court to the jury. Many of these objections are hypercritical, and place a strained construction upon the charge not warranted by the language used. Doubtless some of the instructions might have been improved to their advantage in clearness, but we see no error sufficient to justify a reversal of the judgment. The practical administration of justice should not be defeated by a too rigid adherence to a close and technical analysis of the instructions of the court. They are for the enlightenment of the jury as to the law of the case, and a jury never enters into such character of analysis in construing them. Nor do we find any reversible error in the refusal of the court to give the instructions requested by the defendant.
After a careful review of the whole record, we are constrained to believe that the defendant had a fair and impartial trial, and that substantial justice has been done in the case.
The judgment is affirmed.
CUNNINGHAM, C. J., and BOSS, J., concur.
|
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CUNNINGHAM, C. J.
The plaintiff expressly alleges in his complaint “that this action is brought under the provisions of title 14, chapter 6, Civil'Code of Arizona of 1913.” Consequently, he is precluded by such election of remedy from a recovery other than permissible under said employers’ liability law. The sufficiency of his complaint to state facts constituting a cause of .action given by such statute must be tested with reference to the requirements of said statute, and the proof must support the complaint both as to the facts authorizing a recovery and as to the amount of damages recovered.
The defendant demurred to the complaint on the grounds of insufficiency of facts stated to constitute a cause of action; on the special grounds that the facts stated do not constitute an allegation that sets forth a condition or conditions of the employment of the plaintiff, nor show that plaintiff’s injuries received were due to a condition or conditions of the plaintiff’s employment because the complaint sets forth and unites therein two separate and distinct causes of action, that is, a cause of action based upon the employers’ liability law, and also a cause of action based upon negligence under the common law; that the employers’ liability law is invalid because it attempts to deprive the defendant of its property without due process of law, and denies it the equal protection of the law by subjecting it to unlimited liability for damages for personal injuries suffered by its employees without fault, or any negligence on its part; and because said statute attempts to deprive the defendant of the right to wholly defeat an action based upon said statute by interposing a defense of contributory negligence.
The objections to the validity of the statute based upon constitutional grounds have been considered recently by this court in Inspiration Consolidated Copper Co. v. Mendez, 19 Ariz. 161, 166 Pac. 278, and in Superior & Pittsburg Copper Co. v. Tomich, 19 Ariz. 182, 165 Pac. 1101, wherein such questions were decided adversely to this appellant’s contention. We then held that said employers’ liability law is a valid enactment and is notin conflict with the constitutional provisions here invoked. The appellant in its brief expressly refers to the arguments made in this court in the Tomich case, then pending, and relies upon such argument “and citations referred to in the brief of the defendant appellant in the case of Tomich v. Superior & Pittsburg Copper Company.” Since this brief was filed, said Tomich case has been decided as indicated above.
The plaintiff, in order to recover under the employers’ liability law, is required to allege in his copiplaint and sustain by evidence that he was employed by the defendant in an occupation declared hazardous, and while engaged in the performance of the duties required of him was injured, and the injury was caused by an accident due to a condition or conditions of such employment, and was not caused by the negligence of plaintiff. The statute (paragraph 3155) declares that “By reason of the nature and conditions of, and the means used and provided for doing the work in, said occupations, such service is especially dangerous and hazardous to the workmen therein, because of risks and hazards which are inherent in such occupations, and which are unavoidable by the workmen [engaged] therein.”
Hence (paragraph 3158) “When in the course of work in any of the employments or'occupations enumerated in, . . . personal injuries or death by any accident arising out of and in the course of such labor, service and occupation, and due to a condition or conditions of such occupation or employment, is caused to or suffered by any workman engaged therein, in all cases in which such injury or death of such employee shall not have been caused by the negligence of the employee killed or injured, then the employer of such employee shall be liable in damages. ...”
The complaint shows that the defendant was engaged in operating a smelter and machinery incident thereto; that at the time of the accident, January 15, 1915, the plaintiff was in the service of the defendant engaged in performing his duties about the said smelter, including the duty “ ... in the event of an emergency or accident to assist and aid in restoring conditions and putting things in working order. ’ ’
The surroundings in which plaintiff was performing his duties are described in the complaint with sufficient fullness to show that the risks and hazards assumed by the employee are great and inherent in the occupation, and unavoidable by the workmen. Any deficiency in this respect in the complaint is cured by the answer in which is described in detail all of the appliances used and the manner of their use, expressly admitting in this connection:
“That the occupation of the plaintiff, as admitted herein, was a hazardous one and required on the part of the employees great care.”
Consequently, the facts pleaded are sufficient to set forth conditions of plaintiff’s employment which required him to assume risks and hazards inherent in the occupation he was then engaged in, which he was not able to avoid, and continue in the occupation. The accident is described in the complaint briefly as follows:
That on the fifteenth day of January, 1915, while plaintiff was engaged in assisting other eoemployees to adjust a car to the track from which it had been thrown in some unexplained manner, not important, “ . . . and Avhich plaintiff was assisting and aiding in putting the said car back on the tracks, ” the ear was made to appear to plaintiff as in the act of turning over on him, and plaintiff in order to escape from injury by the overturning car jumped, “and as he jumped he caught his foot on an iron bar and «fell into an open slag spout, and by reason thereof plaintiff received serious injury to his right leg. The said injury was caused by an accident, to wit, the carelessness and negligence of the defendant, its agents, servants, and employees, in causing the said fettling ears to be thrown from, jump, or leave the track, and the cry of the said coemployee of the plaintiff and servant and agent of the defendant that the car was turning over as aforesaid, and the carelessness and negligence of the defendant, its agents, servants and employees, in leaving open the said slag spout as aforesaid, and the fall of the plaintiff into the said slag spout as aforesaid, which in the employment of the defendant and in the performance of his duties as such employee of the defendant in the said hazardous occupation aforesaid and the injury received by the plaintiff was not caused by the negli genee or fault of plaintiff. ”
This language, stripped of its many qualifying adjectives, sets forth the fact that the plaintiff, while assisting other employees to replace a fettle car on a track, believed the car was overturning and falling on him, and, in order to escape from the falling car, plaintiff jumped and fell striking an open slag spout, thereby seriously injuring his leg. The fact that the ear became derailed from carelessness of employees only furnished the occasion for the plaintiff’s presence and participation in the act of replacing the car. The complaint does not allege that as a fact the fettling car was overturning, or that it did overturn, but the plaintiff was led to believe it was overturning from the warning given by another employee present. The plaintiff, acting on appearances and' his belief from such warning, jumped and was injured thereby.
Consequently, the accident was occasioned by an accident arising out of and in the course of plaintiff’s labor, service, or employment and due to a condition or conditions of such occupation or employment. If the alleged facts constitute negligence on the part of the employee, it arises from the risks and hazards which are attributable to the place at which the plaintiff was required to labor and to the appliances which he was then using and to his belief induced by the other employee to the effect that serious injury to him was imminent from the overturning of a loaded car. All of which risks and hazards are inherent in such occupation, and they are unavoidable by the workmen engaged therein, if we are to regard the defendant’s answer.
The answer sets forth in detail the circumstances surrounding the place of the accident, the employment engaged in at the time, and the apparatus necessarily used for the purpose, describing the track, car, floor and openings in the floor, and alleges:
That the floor is made almost entirely of sheet iron, “and in said floor were many openings, small and large, made necessary by the mechanical requirements of operation of appliances used in the smelting processes of the defendant; that the occupation of the plaintiff, as admitted herein, was a hazardous one, and required on the part of the employees great care; that on or about January 15, 1915, the plaintiff, while engaged in handling one of said cars on said tracks, stepped backward without looking to observe where he was stepping, though well aware of the number of openings in said floor, and stuck his foot into an opening outside of the line of tracks, and would have fallen into it but for the assistance of some of his fellow employees; that at the time that the plaintiff put his right foot down into said opening his hands were upon the car which he was handling; that the opening into which the- plaintiff stuck his foot was a space necessarily left open to allow workmen to go down into it, to remove adhesions to the side and bottom of the slag spout which lay immediately underneath said opening, and from its position and inaccessibility the opening to it is not and cannot be closed from above; and that at all times during the time plaintiff was employed by the defendant the opening to the slag spout in question, and to all others at said smelter, were open and continue to be and remain open from above because of mechanical necessity; that the plaintiff, notwithstanding his negligent and careless act as aforesaid, in stepping into said opening, received no injury.”
The allegations of the complaint are general, and therefore in a measure indefinite and uncertain as to the exact conditions existing at the time of the accident, and when attacked by a proper pleading should have been amended so as to more clearly and certainly set forth the facts relied upon to the end that the court and the defendant may be fully informed thereof. The trial court’s failure to require such pleading amended in the particulars in question is not such error as requires a reversal, because the answer supplies all defects in this respect in the complaint, and consequently the defendant is not harmed by having been misled to its disadvantage.
The facts stated generally are sufficient when attacked by a general demurrer to constitute a cause of action in contemplation of the employers’ liability law.
The defendant demurs to the complaint specially upon the ground that two separate and inconsistent causes of action are attempted to be set forth therein, one a cause of action given by the employers’ liability law, and the other the common-law action for negligence. This is a sufficient ground for demurrer in a proper ease; but in the complaint in this ease the plaintiff expressly alleges that the action is brought under chapter 6 of title Id, Revised Statutes of Arizona of 1913 (Civ. Code), the employers’ liability law, and the plaintiff is limited to a recovery by said law. The expressions used in setting forth the facts constituting plaintiff’s cause of action in which the words “carelessness,” “negligence,” and other words ordinarily used in setting forth negligence as a cause of action have no place in a complaint of the kind setting forth a cause of action under the em ploy era’ liability law, and when used by the pleader, if''not stricken out, are immaterial surplusage, need not be proven and may be ignored altogether; provided the facts stated otherwise are sufficient to constitute a cause of action under the law upon which the plaintiff expressly states that he is relying. Of course, justice and fairness require that the plaintiff be held to bring himself within the conditions prescribed by the law relied upon, and confine his right to recover to the law he relies upon in his complaint. If he expressly alleges, as this plaintiff has done, that he relies upon the employers’ liability law for a recovery, he cannot thereafter take the inconsistent position that the facts stated in his complaint, though insufficient to constitute a cause of action under such law, yet they are sufficient to constitute a cause of action, for instance, for negligence under the common law. Certainly, if the plaintiff is precluded by his complaint from making such change of claim, the defendant is not justified in demurring to the complaint upon thp grounds that some form of action other than that relied upon by the plaintiff is attempted to be set forth, and therefore two causes of action inconsistent in their nature are joined in the complaint. The appropriate remedy is a-motion to strike, else to treat such immaterial matters as surplusage and ignore them altogether.
The answer of the defendant set forth in part above is treated by the defendant as setting forth facts sufficient-to show that the plaintiff’s injuries are partially attributable to plaintiff’s lack of care in the circumstances in which he was occupied. Hence the plaintiff’s negligence concurring with the inherent risks and hazards of the employment caused the injuries complained of. Such condition does not constitute negligence of the plaintiff such as will defeat a recovery (Superior & Pittsburg Copper Co. v. Tomich, 19 Ariz. 182, 165 Pac. 1101, 1185), but necessarily constitutes contributory negligence such as is within the contemplation of the proviso found in paragraph 3159, supra. The proviso of the statute is a modification of the common-law rule. In Missouri P. Ry. Co. v. Castle, 224 U. S. 541, 56 L. Ed. 875, 32 Sup. Ct. Rep. 606, the supreme court of the United States sustained the validity of a like provision of a Nebraska statute'. This court, in Superior & Pittsburg Copper Co. v. Tomich, supra, treated this provision as constitutionally valid, relying upon principles of law analogous to those recognized in the Castle case, supra. Certainly, the right to interpose contributory negligence in such actions is not denied by the statute, but is modified, and, as modified by the statute, fully recognized as a just though partial defense.
However, the defendant does not rely upon the facts stated in his answer as sufficient to set forth contributory negligence as a defense, but contends that the facts stated are sufficient to constitute negligence on the part of the plaintiff as the sole efficient and proximate cause of his injuries, and therefore a complete defense to the action. In such state of the pleadings and defendant’s contention as to the effect to be given its pleading, it is in no position to raise the question of the validity of the proviso of the statute in question. It does not rely upon the proviso, nor upon any right of defense which conflicts with or is modified by the said proviso.
The plaintiff is required to prove, by a preponderance of the evidence to the satisfaction of the jury the actual loss he has sustained proximately caused by the alleged accident. The appellee contends that the testimony of the plaintiff is that plaintiff was unable to work for a time after the accident, and that a formation developed on his right leg at the place on the leg which was bruised. The said formation was exhibited to and examined by the jury and was the subject of testimony by at least three physicians. That the development of the said leg was the result of the accident seems to be fairly sustained by the testimony. Whether plaintiff suffered any pain at any time can only be inferred by the jury from all of the evidence before them. Whether plaintiff suffered any loss, and, if any, what loss he sustained, is for the jury’s determination from a consideration of all of the evidence under the instructions of the court.
The appellant assigns as error that the verdict is excessive in amount, contending that the plaintiff’s evidence failed to sustain certain alleged elements of damages. The appellant did not allege excessive damages as a ground for a new trial; consequently, that matter cannot be raised for the first time in this court on appeal, it not having been urged by a motion for a new trial.
The errors that have been assigned but not discussed have been duly considered and upon the whole case we are of the opinion that the record is withont reversible error, and the judgment must be affirmed.
JOHN WILSON ROSS, J., concurs.
HENRY D. ROSS, J., being absent on account of sickness, took no part in the decision of this cause.
On the question of liability of master for acts within scope of servant’s employment, see note in 27 L. R. A. 167.
On right of appellate courts to grant new trials for excessiveness of damages, see note in 26 L. R. A. 391.
|
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] |
ROSS, J.
This is an action in replevin for an Interstate touring ear, brought by J. P. Yates, as plaintiff, against iWilliam P. Russell, as defendant.
As defenses to the action, defendant set forth in his answer: (1) That plaintiff was not the real party in interest, hut only the agent of the real party in interest, to wit, the Orient Insurance Company. (2) “Denies expressly and specifically that he is in the possession of said automoble unlawfully.” (3) Denies that demand for possession was made before suit was brought. By his cross-complaint he asserts he is the owner and entitled to the possession of the automobile; that plaintiff had wrongfully and unlawfully, by means of a search-warrant, forcibly caused the automobile to be taken from his possession, and immediately thereafter, without restoring it to his possession, had wrongfully, willfully, spitefully and unlawfully, and to defendant’s humiliation and worry, secured a writ of replevin to be levied thereon, “for the purpose of seizing said automobile and causing the same to be taken and detained from defendant’s possession.” He asked damages in the sum of $2,000 for humiliation suffered by reason of the taking of the automobile from his possession, and for the déprivation of fits use for business purposes and for the pleasure of himself and family, and $500 for annoyance of lawsuit, attorney’s fees, court costs, etc.
The case was tried to a jury, the verdict being for the return of the automobile, valued at $625, to defendant, and damages to defendant in the sum of $575. Upon this verdict judgment was rendered in favor of defendant and against plaintiff for $625, the value of the automobile, and damages in the sum of $507; the defendant having remitted $68 from the damages assessed by the jury, and for costs taxed at $91.75. From an order overruling a motion for a new trial, and from the judgment, the appeal is prosecuted.
There are several assignments of error, but we will confine ourselves to a consideration of those based upon two instructions given to the jury, and to the one to the effect that the verdict is contrary to the law and the evidence.
The appellant’s theory of the case was that the automobile had been stolen from the owner in California, and brought by the thief to Arizona, and sold to the appellee. The undisputed evidence to sustain that theory was that one Joe Wilson, in March, 1917, under a conditional contract of sale from the Wright Motor Car Company, of Dos Angeles, described as the owner, came into the possession of the automobile in question under an agreement that the title to said car should remain in the Motor Car Company until the full purchase price was paid; that on June 9, 1917, and before Wilson had paid for the car, and while the title thereto was in the Motor Car Company, the ear was stolen from the streets of Dos Angeles; and that on June 14, 1917, one W. F. Mann, in Phoenix, Arizona, sold it to the appellee.
While it was stated by a witness that it was reported or suspected that Joe Wilson and Mann had colluded to defraud the insurance company, Wilson’s testimony positively refutes it, and there is nothing in the record to confirm it. At all events, there is not a scintilla of evidence that Mann obtained possession of the car with the owner’s consent, but the evidence points to a theft, and to him as the thief.
The undisputed evidence of appellant’s ownership and right to the possession of the car at the time of the institution of the suit is as follows: It was a requirement of the conditional contract of sale that the purchaser, Joe Wilson, should insure the automobile against theft, fire, etc., for not less than $800, the policy to be retained by the Motor Car Company. A policy for that amount was taken out with the Orient Insurance Company. After the car was stolen, appellant, who is the general agent of the Orient Insurance Company, paid the Motor Car Company the policy of insurance by draft drawn on the insurance company, whereupon the Motor Car Company indorsed on the conditional contract of sale an assignment of said contract and all moneys payable thereunder to appellant, Tates, thus subrogating Tates, either as trustee for the Orient Insurance Company or in his own right, to the rights of the Motor Car Company in said conditional contract of sale.
The court, by an instruction, left to the determination of the jury under the facts detailed whether the appellant was the real party in interest, advising the jury that if they found the Orient Insurance Company to be the real party in interest, and not Tates, their verdict should be for the defendant. The appellant contends that the giving of this instruction was error because, the facts being undisputed, it was a 'question of law as to whether appellant was the real party in interest, and we think in this he is right. Appellant was either the owner of the automobile and the conditional contract, or in his name he had accepted the assignment of the contract “for the benefit of another,” to wit, the Orient Insurance Company. If he was the owner, of course he could maintain the suit, and if the assignment to him was for the benefit of the insurance company, he was, under the terms of the statute (paragraph 401, Civil Code 1913), a trustee of an express trust and authorized to sue (Shroufe v. Soto Bros., 5 Ariz. 10, 48 Pac. 221; Leon v. Citizens’ etc. Assn., 14 Ariz. 294, Ann. Cas. 1914D, 1151, 127 Pac. 721). We think the jury should have beeh told appellant, under the facts admitted and undisputed, was the real party in interest and authorized to maintain the action, instead of what was told them.
The giving of the following instruction is assigned as error:
“I further instruct you, gentlemen of the jury, that if you find and believe from the evidence that one Walter F. Mann and Joe Wilson, the owner of the car in question, if such you find him to be, conspired to defraud the Orient Insurance Company of the proceeds of an insurance policy issued by said company on said car, then as a matter of law the said automobile cannot be characterized as a stolen automobile, and if the defendant herein purchased the same in good faith, for a valuable consideration, and without notice of the said fraud, if you so find, then your verdict on the issues of ownership and right to possession must be for the defendant.”
We think this instruction is erroneous for at least three reasons: First, because there was no competent evidence of any collusion or conspiracy between Wilson and Mann to defraud the insurance company; and, second, if there was, that could not affect the rights of the Motor Car Company or its assignee. Whether the act of depriving the owner of his property be straight larceny, or conspiracy and larceny compounded, it would be as futile in one ease as the other to pass title from the owner. The good faith and honesty of purpose of appellee, in purchasing the car from Mann, if it was a stolen car, does not enter into the case. He may have been ever so honest, and paid full value and still acquire no interest or title in the automobile against its true owner. Indeed, the record convincingly shows that appellee, in the purchase of the car, believed he was dealing with the rightful owner thereof.
“The question of good faith in the purchaser does not arise. They bought what their vendor had no right to sell, and, however innocent, they got no title as against the real owners.” McQuale v. North American Smelting Co., 208 Pa. 504, 57 Atl. 984.
“A bona fide purchaser is hot protected as against the cl aim of the owner, where the seller has obtained possession of the property by wrongful acts, if without any delivery by or consent on the part of the owner, as where the goods were obtained by means of a trespass. The rule has also been laid down that a bona fide purchaser is not protected where his vendor obtained the goods by means of a felony. ...” 35 Cyc. 361.
Third, the instruction was faulty in being hypothesized on "Wilson as owner of the car. There was no contention anywhere that Wilson was the owner of the car, the whole evidence being that he was only a contractor to purchase. The only possible evidence upon which the instruction could be based is a statement by Wilson in answer to a question, wherein he said: •
“I own the Interstate touring car described in this contract [conditional sale contract], and am the Joe Wilson described therein.”
A reference to the contract shows the hind of ownership he claimed, and precludes the idea that he claimed to own the title to the car. His answer in legal effect was that he had the ownership acquired by a purchase under a conditional contract of sale, and none other.
Both the above instructions were calculated to, and doubtless did, mislead the jury, and, but for them, it can be easily surmised the verdict would have been for appellant. As we have seen, the uncontradicted evidence was that he was the owner of the automobile, and that it was stolen from his assignor, or taken from him without his knowledge or consent. In either event, he could not be deprived of his property.
It is contended by appellee that, before the action of replevin will lie, it is indispensably necessary that it be alleged and proved that, at the time of the institution of suit, defendant was in the possession of the thing sought to be replevied. There is a rule of evidence which obviates proof of those things well pléaded and not denied in the answer. The appellee does not deny the automobile was in his possession; his denial being limited to the character of his possession, he stating in his answer that it was not “unlawful.”
It is next argued that the appellant ought not to succeed, because he failed to prove a demand before instituting the suit. If it be granted that a demand was necessary in this character of case, the record is replete with efforts on the part of appellant to obtain the car before he instituted his replevin suit.
. From what we have said, it is clear the verdict and judgment were contrary to law and .the evidence. If the appellant was the owner of the car, and of that there is no question, then he was entitled to its possession, and, being forced to resort to the courts and legal process to recover its possession, he is not liable for damages on account of humiliation or otherwise, as claimed ill appellee’s cross-complaint.
We think, in view of the undisputed evidence and the law, the judgment of the trial court should be reversed and the cause remanded, with directions that further proceedings be had in conformity with this opinion; and it is accordingly so ordered.
CUNNINGHAM, C. J., and BAKER, J., concur.
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ROSS, J.
The appellee filed her petition in probate alleging:
“That Nasif Tamer died in the county of Apache, state of Arizona, on about the 23d day of December, 1916, and left estate in said county. That at the time of the death of deceased he had certain personal property in his possession now the property of your petitioner, and the property belonging to your petitioner has been included in and by the appraisement made a part of the estate of said deceased. That the said property consists of 27 head of stock cattle, more or less, appraised at the sum of $1.250, . . . also two work horses appraised at $200, . . . also 354 head of sheep.”
The prayer to the petition was:
“Wherefore, your petitioner prays that a date may be set for hearing this petition and taking proof of title to the property hereinbefore set forth, twenty-seven head of cattle, etc.; . . . and that, upon due proof being made, that an order issue out of your honorable court to the administrator of the estate of Nasif Tamer, deceased, ordering and directing the administrator to turn over to your petitioner or her agent the above-described property, etc.”
A hearing was had at which the parties herein designated appellants appeared and verbally protested against the proceedings and also introduced evidence contesting the claim. After the evidence was closed, the following judgment was entered:
“It is ordered by the court that all of the cattle branded on left ribs and reverse three on jaw, belong to Lucy Elia; also two work horses. It is the further, order of the- court that Miss Lucy Elia shall have 354 head of the run of the Nasif Tamer sheep.”
The appeal is prosecuted from the judgment and order overruling the motion for a new trial.
In this case, as in the ease of Elena Elia, ante, p. 228, 179 Pac. 643, just decided, there was no written pleading by appellants, nor anything in the record showing that appellants had any interest whatever in the controversy. They are not shown to be heirs at law of the deceased, and, if they were, we do not think it would help the situation, as the property claimed by appellee is clearly, under her statement in petition, to be considered and treated as personal assets of the estate of Nasif Tamer. The title to the personal property vests in the administrator immediately upon his qualification, and, with the title in the administrator, it was his duty to protect it. This is so elementary we do not cite authorities. The administrator does not appeal, and those prosecuting the appeal have not shown any interest in the controversy, or that they are aggrieved parties. In the Matter of the Estate of Nasif Tamer, Deceased, J. W. Clayton, Guardian ad Litem for Reginald Flake, Joseph Tamer, Abram Tamer and Keiser Tamer, Appellants, v. Elena Elia, Appellee, ante, p. 228, 179 Pac. 643 (just decided).
Aside from that, we are unable to find any law in our statutes authorizing the superior court, while exercising pro bate jurisdiction, to entertain a petition from a stranger asking that certain of the assets of the estate of the deceased person be turned over to her, and certainly there is no authority in law empowering the superior court, while acting in matters of probate, to make the order we are considering. If part of the inventoried and appraised assets of an estate of a deceased person is claimed by a stranger or third person as his, the jurisdiction to try and determine his rights is not in the probate court, but in the superior court exercising law and equity powers. As was said by the predecessor of this court in Eldred v. Warner, 1 Ariz. 194, 25 Pac. 803:
“Suppose a man claimed a pair of horses or twenty cows in the possession of the administrator, the administrator can take no action upon such a claim. The power to reject implies the power to judge and allow. When the administrator allows a claim, the effect is merely that it is set down as one of the just debts of the estate, to be paid in due course of administration, and the time for payment can hardly be less than one year, and may be several years; and how can he pay horses, or cows, or diamonds? But the owner is entitled to his horses, or his cows, or his diamonds immediately, if he can show title, and so he is given a right of action for them at once, but that right of action is not as upon a ‘claim against the estate, ’ in the technical sense of the probate act. ’ ’
That the superior court, acting in a probate matter, was without power or jurisdiction to enter the judgment appealed from, there seems no doubt. In Caron v. Old Reliable Gold Mines Co., 12 N. M. 211, 6 Am. & Eng. Ann. Cas. 874, and note, 78 Pac. 63, the court said:
“We have carefully gone over the cases cited by appellees in their briefs and find none that support the proposition that a probate court has jurisdiction to adjudicate title’ to property, real, personal, or mixed, between the estate and a stranger to the estate; nor have we found a case elsewhere that so holds.” As to the question that “probate courts have no jurisdiction to settle questions of title to property between estates and third parties. The number of cases squarely supporting this proposition is limited only by the number of cases deciding the question.”
The proceeding had in this case is unknown to the laws of this state, and the judgment entered is not one from which, Under the statute, an appeal may be prosecuted even if appel lants were shown to be aggrieved or proper parties to' the proceeding.
For the reasons given above, the appeal is dismissed, and it is so ordered.
CUNNINGHAM, O. J., and BAKER, J., concur.
|
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CUNNINGHAM, C. J.
(After Stating the Facts as Above). The plaintiff, in his so-called second count, does not refer to the special contract under the terms of which he was acting while constructing the Metcalf road. The exhibit annexed to and made a part of said pleading purports, on its face, to claim the benefits of the contract, both as to the contract price, the extra work done pursuant to the terms of the contract, and the unearned profits on the work “not completed because of rescission of contract by said county by refusal to make payments required.” The statement presented amounts to nothing unless it has reference solely to the special contract. Hence the plaintiff’s efforts to set forth a cause of action to recover the reasonable value of work and material furnished is finally made to depend upon the special contract of April 6, 1914. This is as it should be. The undisputed facts are that the plaintiff had no request to serve the county, other than through the channel of said contract. He is bound to rely upon the relation thus established, to have any standing in court. Before he can recover reasonable .value of the work done, the material furnished, and other valuable service rendered the county, the facts must appear that a valid contract was entered into, that the beneficial service was performed and the material furnished pursuant to the terms of said contract, that the contract relation ceased before its terms were fully performed, and that the plaintiff was not at fault in terminating said contract relation.
We have held, in Greenlee County v. Cotey, 17 Ariz. 542, 155 Pac. 302, and that holding is the law of this case, that the county’s failure to estimate the value of the construction finished during the month of June, 1914, was no breach of the special contract. In the evidence, a broad discussion is indulged in. This discussion covers the pleadings, both remaining in the case and those excluded. The reasonable value of the work performed and of the material furnished escape without notice. The contract terms, only, are considered in the evidence.
I am of the opinion that the appellant’s cause of action in qwmtum memit was met by the defense of a special contract and the failure of performance of such contract by the plaintiff. The facts abundantly support the conclusion reached by the trial court, viz., that the plaintiff take nothing.
The other questions raised on this appeal are not controlling, but are subordinate to the question of breach of the contract. The plaintiff Cannot recover, either on the contract or for the reasonable value of the work done and material furnished, when he has admitted that he has not performed the contract, unless he can show that substantial performance was prevented by Greenlee county, or by some cause recognized as superior to human endeavor. The plaintiff has failed to show any legal excuse for abandoning his special contract, and therefore has failed to establish any right to recover for the reasonable value of labor performed, material furnished, etc., claimed in the second count of his complaint.
The judgment is affirmed.
ROSS and BAKER, JJ., concur.
|
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CUNNINGHAM, C. J.
On the morning of the twenty-fourth day of November, 1914, the defendants were traveling in an automobile west on Adams Street holding to the north of the center line of said street, and in the direction of the intersection of Adams Street with Third Avenue. The plaintiff was traveling east on a motorcycle on Adams Street toward said intersection of said streets, and holding to a course of from 8 to 10 feet north of the south curb of Adams Street. The machine in which defendants were traveling, on approaching the intersection of said streets, turned to the left and in a direction and course so as to follow Third Avenue in a southerly direction. The motorcycle continued on its easterly course following Adams Street. The machines collided on the intersection of said streets, and as a result of such collision the plaintiff sustained serious injuries to his left hip, knee and ankle, and other serious external and internal injuries. That both Adams Street and Third Avenue at the said intersection are about 51 feet wide, and the distance from the southeast and the southwest curb corners is 38 feet to the center of the intersection. The plaintiff alleges that the cause of the said collision was the negligence of the defendants in turning the automobile between the center of the intersection and the southeast curb corner in direct violation of the law of the road as set forth in paragraph 5134(1), Revised Statutes of Arizona of 1913, and as supplemented by Ordinance No. 24 of the city of Phoenix. The place of the collision is within the corporate boundaries, and Adams Street and Third Avenue are public streets of said city of Phoenix, and therefore public highways. Hence, the complaint charges defendants with a violation of the laws regulating travel upon the intersection of public highways, and consequently with negligence.
In answer the defendants deny negligence, and as a special defense they allege that the plaintiff’s negligence contributed to plaintiff’s injuries. The particular negligence charged is that plaintiff was traveling in an easterly direction on Adams Street “at a high rate of speed, more than twelve (12) miles per hour . . . and in disregard of the safety of the public and himself, and . . . did not exercise ordinary care in such traveling, and because of his failure to use ordinary care he was at fault and negligent, which negligent act was the direct cause of the collision.”
"When the trial reached the point of offering evidence, the defendants’ counsel said:
“Before the plaintiff puts on his case, in order to shorten his proof the defendant desires to make the following admission of record: The defendants admit the following allegations of plaintiff’s complaint: ‘And that the plaintiff was then and there thrown .with great force and violence off and from said motorcycle and against said automobile and upon the pavement, and thereby the plaintiff then and there received and sustained serious internal and external injuries, and, by reason of the premises, the bones in plaintiff’s left ankle and left knee were crushed and broken; a compound fracture of plaintiff’s femur or thigh bone was produced; the plaintiff’s left hip was crushed; his spine injured; and the plaintiff then and there sustained serious and painful bruises and contusions upon his limbs and body, and the plaintiff then and there became and was greatly and seriously injured, hurt, wounded, sick, sore, lame and disordered, and was compelled to and did undergo a number of dangerous and painful' surgical operations, and was compelled to and did have removed portions of the crushed and broken bones of his left knee, and has ever since remained sick, sore, lame and disordered, and is now and will be for life, lame, sick, sore and disordered, and that plaintiff has, ever since receiving said injuries, suffered and undergone great pain and anguish of mind and body, and now suffers great pain and anguish of mind and body by reason of said injuries inflicted upon him as aforesaid, been and now is permanently injured and disabled, and has, ever since the infliction of said injuries upon him as aforesaid, been and as a direct result thereof now is and always will be disabled.’
“The defendant admits the allegations of the complaint just read to be true; that is, we admit the injuries as alleged in the complaint, but do not admit that the plaintiff is now or will be deprived of earning a livelihood or attending to his ordinary business, We do admit his injuries,”
With, such admitted facts before the jury, the burden remained upon the plaintiff only to establish by evidence the amount of damages suffered by him. The said admission had the effect of limiting the scope of defendants’ general denial to a denial of the permanent nature of the plaintiff’s injuries as affecting his ability to earn a livelihood by following his ordinary business.
The issues raised by the spe'cial defense of contributory negligence were the controverted questions remaining for trial, the burden of which rested upon the defendants.
“The law of contributory negligence forbids a recovery by one, who by his own fault brings an injury upon himself. Contributory negligence on the part of the plaintiff necessarily assumes negligence on the part of the defendant. To bar a recovery by plaintiff, it is not necessary that his negligence should have been the sole cause of the injury, since contributory negligence exists if the injury be caused by the joint and concurring negligence of the person injured and defendant.” 29 Cyc. 506.
“The universal rule is that, if negligence on the part of the person injured contributed to the injury, he is not entitled to recover therefor. The rule also applies, although the contributory negligence is of a negative character, such as lack of vigilance. ” 29 Cye. 508.
The negligent act of which plaintiff complains, and which is in effect admitted by the defendants of record, and is also in effect admitted by defendants by means of their special defense of contributory negligence, consists of a violation of a statutory road law, and is therefore negligence per se; yet the well-recognized and established rule is that contributory negligence will defeat recovery in such circumstances. 29 Cye. 508.
The dominating inquiry, therefore, was whether the plaintiff was guilty of negligence on his part which occurred- and co-operated with the negligent - act of the defendants as the proximate cause or occasion of the injury complained of. The contention of the defendants is that the plaintiff was traveling at a rate of speed greater than 12 miles per hour, and he failed to use ordinary care for the safety of himself and the public.
The law of the road regulating and limiting the rate of speed of motor vehicles at intersections of public highways (par. 5134[2], Bev. Stats. Ariz. 1913) requires that “A person operating a motor vehicle shall . . . upon approaching a crossing of intersecting highways, at a speed not greater than is reasonable and proper, having regard to the traffic then on such highway and the safety of the public. ’ ’
The regulations controlling traffic at intersecting highways prescribe the traveler’s duties to the public then thereon; Under the regulations and the pleadings, the pertinent inquiry becomes: Whether the plaintiff traveled, after crossing the west line of Third Avenue over the west half of Third Avenue, at an excessive rate of speed exceeding 12 miles per hour, as alleged in the special defense. With reference to this vital question, the court instructed the jury as follows:
“A person operating a motorcycle shall have it under control upon approaching the crossing of intersecting highways, and shall operate it at a speed not greater than is reasonable and proper, having regard to the traffic then on such highway and the safety of the public. ’ ’
This instruction fairly states the rule of the statute defining the traveler’s duty with regard to speed at public highway intersections, except the rule is not limited to motorcycles, but applies to the speed of all motor vehicles crossing such intersections.
The defendants'contend that the plaintiff was traveling at a rate of speed exceeding 12 miles per hour, and as rapid as 25 miles per hour from Fourth Avenue east along the south side of Adams Street toward the point of collision. On the other hand, the plaintiff offered testimony tending to show that he was traveling at a rate of speed not greater than 10 miles per hour. The testimony tending to establish the rate of speed at which the plaintiff traveled between Fourth and Third Avenues in the direction of the intersection of Third Avenue and Adams Street, and to the point of collision, is sharply conflicting. Clearly, this controversy arises out of an immaterial issue, the rate of speed traveled on a portion of the highway other than at the intersection of public highways.
In connection with the controversy which developed in such testimony, outside of the issues made in the pleadings, that is, the controverted question of the rate of speed traveled by plaintiff on Adams Street between cross-streets, the court instructed the jury that:
“It is admitted, gentlemen of the jury, that the territory contiguous to the street . . . where this accident occurred is what the statute describes as closely built up. ’ ’
Many instructions were given on many questions. The jury retired and later returned into court requesting further instructions. The instructions that had been given the jury were read to them down to and including the instruction quoted. With reference to the nature of the contiguous territory, a juror asked:
“That speed of the motorcycle, one mile in six minutes— What place does that speed pertain to? At the impact of the accident, according to her that saw the machine, or what ? ’ ’
The court thereupon read to the jury paragraph 5134(1), supra, and stated as follows:
“That applies to the place where the accident happened. It applies to the territory covered — any territory — by the evidence in this case. ’ ’
By a Juror: “Any territory covered by the evidence in this case?”
By the Court: “Yes.”
Thereupon the court modified said instruction by giving the following in lieu thereof, to wit:
“I instruct you that it' would be negligence on the part of any person driving a motorcycle to drive it at the place in question at a greater speed than one mile in six minutes.”
Thereupon the court repeats another paragraph of the instructions given, viz.:
“It is admitted in this case that the territory contiguous to the street where this accident occurred was closely built up at the time of the accident.”
The plaintiff has assigned as error the orders of the court permitting Charles Gardiner, Dorris, Shaw and Murphy to testify as to the motorcycle experiments made by Gardiner in the riding and driving of a motorcycle. He complains of the following instructions given, to wit:
“No person shall operate a motorcycle on a public highway at a rate of speed greater than is reasonable and proper, having regard to the traffic and use of the highway, or so as to endanger the life or limb of any person, or the safety of any property, or, in any event, on any public highway where the territory contiguous thereto is closely built up, at a greater rate than one mile in six minutes, or elsewhere in any incorporated city or town at a greater rate than one mile in four minutes. It is admitted, gentlemen of the jury, that the territory contiguous to the street where this accident occurred is what the statutes describe as closely built up.”
The situation created by the testimony questioned, the court’s application of the testimony with testimony of other witnesses to the scope of territory involved, and the several instructions applicable thereto, is one beyond the scope of the issues made in the pleadings and serves to include conditions in the case wholly foreign to the real issue on trial.
In the first place, the said statute regulating and defining the duty of the driver of a motor vehicle at the intersection of public highways within and without incorporated cities is found in subdivision 2 of paragraph 5134, as follows:
“ . . . Upon approaching a crossing of intersecting highways,” the driver of a motor vehicle is required to travel “at a rate of speed not greater than is reasonable and proper, having regard to the traffic then on such highway and the safety of the public.”
The closeness of the buildings on territory contiguous to the crossing of intersecting highways, and therefore the condition of contiguous territory as to the number of buildings thereon, is not an element to be considered in this case, for the reason the accident in question occurred on the intersection of public highways. The speed at which plaintiff was traveling prior to the time he was about to reach the point referred to in said regulation as “approaching a crossing of intersecting highways” had no bearing upon the issues in this case. Conceding that the territory contiguous to Adams Street between Third and Fourth Avenues is closely built up, and therefore to drive a motor vehicle along such portion of Adams' Street at a speed greater than one mile in six minutes is negligence, yet if the driver of such motor vehicle on approaching the crossing of the intersection of Third Avenue and Adams Street he from that point traveled at a rate of speed not greater than was reasonable and proper, having due regard to the traffic then on such highway and the safety of the public, and was so traveling at the time of the collision, he was not negligent simply because he traveled at an excessive and negligent rate of speed before he reached the point of approaching the said intersection.
Clearly, the testimony which had for its purpose the establishing of the fact that plaintiff traveled at an excessive rate of speed before he reached the point of Adams Street when he can be said to be approaching the crossing of Third Avenue and Adams Street had no tendency whatever to establish the plaintiff’s acts while passing over the highway intersection. When the court permitted Rankin, Gardiner, Dorris, Shaw, Murphy and other witnesses to testify with regard to the rate of speed in portions of the street other than at the crossing of said street it erred. When the court stated that the parties had admitted that the territory contiguous to the place of the accident is closely built up, the record does not confirm such statement, and further, if said faet is admitted or established'by conclusive proof, it is irrelevant to the issue on trial. The statement by the court that the territory described in every part of the evidence is territory contiguous to the place of the accident, and to be considered by the jury as such and closely built up, is a clear broadening of the issues far beyond.that made by the parties in their pleadings and has a clear tendency to confuse the jury. The evidence in question, with the conflicting instructions of the court, would mislead the jury and require them to find that the plaintiff was guilty of negligence contributing to his injuries, if they should find that he was traveling at a greater rate of speed than one mile in six minutes at any point along the south side of Adams Street before he. reached the point of the street intersection. The evidence should have been confined to the question of the rate of speed at which the plaintiff traveled from the west side line of Third Avenue to the point of the collision, and the instructions given accordingly.
The instructions to the effect that the driver of a motor vehicle is prohibited from traveling over any of the territory mentioned in the evidence at a rate of speed greater than one mile in six minutes substituted the regulation governing speed along highways contiguous to territory closely built up, for the said rule regulating speed at highway intersections, the territory in question. In order that said special defense pleaded be available to defendants, they must establish by a preponderance of the evidence that the plaintiff was traveling at a negligent rate of speed at the intersection of Adams Street and Third Avenue; and that said excessive rate of speed thus traveled proximately contributed to the collision and injury.
The plaintiff was clearly prejudiced by the instructions given and comments made by the trial judge.- The instructions place upon the plaintiff the burden of establishing by a preponderance of the evidence the negligent acts of the defendants, while the defendants ’ negligent acts are admitted of record. Other questions are raised, and have been carefully considered; but the view we take of the facts, and have expressed above, requires a reversal of the judgment, and a new trial obviates the necessity of discussing the other alleged errors, for the reason that upon a new trial the same, if erroneous, will not again occur. '
The judgment must be reversed, and the cause remanded for a new trial.
JOHN WILSON ROSS, J., concurs.
H. D. ROSS, J., being absent on account of sickness, took no part in the decision of this cause.
On the question of burden of proof as to contributory negligence, see comprehensive note in 33 L. R. A. (N. S.) 1085.
|
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ROSS, J.
From an order sustaining a general demurrer to appellant’s complaint, and a judgment dismissing her complaint and awarding costs to appellees, this appeal is prosecuted.
The complaint sets forth in substance that appellant is the owner of real estate in Phoenix with a frontage of 352 feet on Central Avenue, extending back 300 feet between Taylor and Polk Streets; that the property is on the fringe of the business section of Phoenix, too near the same and the taxes thereon too heavy to justify the use of said property-as residence property, and at the same time is too far removed from the business to warrant a placing of permanent improvements thereon in the form of substantial business structures or blocks of business buildings; that appellant planned erecting thereon a colony or group of buildings at a “rental price . . . within the command of all deserving mechanics”; that in May, June and August, 1917, the city granted her permits to build 13 buildings thereon under Ordinance 42; that she proceeded to, and did, construct some of the buildings under permits; that by petty devices, appellee Mann, city inspector, obstructed her building operations and caused her serious loss, and with the aid of the city commission, has prevented her from improving her property and debarred her in the lawful use of same, thereby destroying and rendering her property rights therein valueless, and is threatening to tear down one or more of her buildings, and has caused her arrest on the false assumption that she had transgressed the laws of the city in the erection of buildings under permits ; that she has been arrested “five times for the alleged cause of building without a permit, and interior finish work on the same,” and has driven her workmen from the premises and refused permission to continue work upon said buildings, and has revoked five of the permits theretofore granted.
The allegation of conformity with the ordinances of the city in the construction of buildings is as follows:
“That each building in process of completion, and to be completed, is or will be built with cement floors, cement walks leading to or around each building, and solid cement between each building, the roof and side coverings to be used being incombustible material, and all work conforming to the requirements of said Ordinance [42], not one of which is a menace by reason of its construction, or a fire risk, to the neighboring property.”
The complaint sets forth Ordinance 42; also Ordinances 197, 198 and 199, passed September 10 and 11, 1917, as emergency measures.
By Ordinance 42, the construction of frame and wooden structures within the fire limits as established is prohibited, except “(B) one-story sheds confined to the rear half of the property, not abutting on a street, and not nearer than 20 feet to any other structure.” It further provides for the height, size and material to be used in structures.
Ordinance 197 establishes a special fire limits district, including in its boundaries appellant’s property and a great many other blocks of the city; the appellant’s property theretofore being in the general fire limits.
Ordinance 198 defines the powers and duties of the city inspector of buildings, and vests in him large discretionary powers relating to the mode and manner of construction and material used in the erection, alteration and repair of any building or structure, and
Ordinance 199 amends subdivision B of Ordinance 42, quoted above, by providing, among other things, that “sheds must have no interior finish, such as wainscoting, ceiling, and the like.”
Appellant asserts in her complaint that these ordinances and their enforcement by the city authorities deprive her of her property without due process of law, in violation of section 4, article 2,- Arizona Constitution and the Fourteenth Amendment to the federal Constitution, and prays that the appellees be restrained from interfering with her in any manner.
The particular defect or insufficiency of the complaint, for which the demurrer was sustained, is not disclosed by anything in the record nor by the briefs; but it is apparent that the allegations thereof, wherein appellant undertakes to inform the court that she has complied in the erection of her structures with Ordinance 42, omits stating that said structures were on “the rear half of the property,” or that they were “not abutting on a street,” or were “not nearer than 20 feet to any other frame structure,” and omits to state that the prohibition contained in Ordinance 199 that “sheds must have no interior finish’, such as wainscoting, ceiling, and the like, ” has not been violated.
If the city possessed the power to pass these ordinances, a property owner building on his property must observe them, and he cannot complain because the city authorities interfere to stop their violation. The general law of this state (paragraph 1897, subsee. 17, Civil Code 1913) empowers cities to establish fire limits and—
“To prescribe the thickness, strength and manner of constructing stone, brick and other buildings, and construction of fire escapes therein. It shall also be competent for the common council to fix and designate fire limits within which no buildings having outside wooden walls shall be constructed or repaired so as to increase their value beyond a percentage to be fixed in the ordinance; and the common council may, by ordinance, prescribe special fire limits, within the general fire limits, within which special fire limits they may require such building material to be used and such additional precautions to be observed in the construction of new buildings, and the repairing and maintenance of said buildings, as they may from time to time designate, and for the prevention of fires and the spread and communication thereof; and to provide any proper remedy for the enforcement of such ordinance as may be passed in relation to fire limits or any particular provision thereof, and to that end' they may provide for the appointment of a building inspector, designate his authority, fix his term of office and provide his compensation.”
Among the powers vested in the city commission of the city of Phoenix, is—
“To prescribe fire limits and determine the character and height of buildings that may be erected therein and the nature of materials to be used in the construction, alteration or repair of such buildings, or in the repair or alteration of existing buildings within such fire limits.” Subsection 9, §2, c. 4, Charter of City of Phoenix.
The legislature having expressly granted the power to cities to prescribe fire limits and to regulate the kind of materials to be used and the character of buildings to be erected, the right of the cities to exercise that power may not be questioned. City of Olympia v. Mann, 1 Wash. 389, 12 L. R. A. 150, 25 Pac. 337; Hubbard v. Medford, 20 Or. 315, 25 Pac. 640; Village of Ashley v. Ashley Lumber Co. (N. D.), 169 N. W. 87; 28 Cyc. 736, 741; 19 R. C. L. 830, § 135.
It is the contention of appellant that the last three ordinances were enacted by the city commission for the sole purpose of annoying and harassing her, and to prevent and obstruct her free and lawful use of her property. The law seems to be well settled that the courts will not inquire into the motives or purposes of those whose duty it is to enact laws or ordinances. Hadacheck v. Alexander, 169 Cal. 616, 147 Pac. 259; 28 Cyc. 375.
It is also contended that these ordinances were passed as emergency measures, when, as a matter of fact no emergency existed, and that, therefore, they are not valid ordinances. It is not necessary that we decide this question, for, if they be left entirely out of consideration, still appellant has failed to present a ease. satisfying us that she has complied in mak ing her improvements, or that she proposes to comply, with the terms of Ordinance 42, against which no such objection is lodged.
From what we have said, it will appear that appellant’s statement of her grievances is insufficient to invoke the equity powers of the court.
The judgment is therefore affirmed.
CUNNINGHAM, C. J., ánd BAKER, J., concur.
As to what is a sufficient compliance with the requirements of an ordinance that buildings within defined limits shall be constructed of noneombustible material, see note in 2 L. R. A. (N. S.) 483.
|
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PER CURIAM.
The appellant was arrested upon a warrant issued by a justice of the peace on a complaint charging appellant with an offense of wilfully, maliciously and unlawfully conducting and carrying on a moving picture show at Globe, in violation of the published rules and regulations of the local board of health, then in force to prevent the spread of Spanish influenza, a dangerous, contagious or infectious disease then raging in epidemic form in the city of Globe and Gila county.
The prisoner filed his petition in the superior court of Gila county, praying for a writ of habeas corpus, upon the grounds that the said local board of health was without constitutional authority to enact valid rules and regulations which would compel applicant to close his place of business. The court denied the application and dismissed the petition. From such order, the petitioner appeals.
The particular rule that the appellant was charged with having violated is as follows:
“Rule 7. That it shall be unlawful for any person, persons, association, company or corporation to open, run, conduct, carry on, 'give or operate any pool room, theater, motion picture show, dance, or other amusement or entertainment in the city of Globe or vicinity.”
Rule 17 provides:
“That these rules and regulations shall be in full force and effect immediately upon their being published and posted in accordance with law, and shall remain in full force and effect during the continuance of the present epidemic of Spanish influenza in the city of Globe and vicinity, and until the further order of the city health board.”
Paragraph 4403, Revised Statutes of Arizona of 1913, declares that a violation of the rules, regulations and measures of the local health board, that have been published or of which the party violating has actual knowledge, is a misdemeanor and punishable as therein prescribed.
The questions of the power'of the local health board to promulgate the particular rules and regulations here involved were considered by this court in Globe School District No. 1, etc., v. Board of Health, etc., ante, p. 208, 179 Pac. 55, decided March 14, 1919. We concluded in that case that the rules and regulations were adopted within the power of the local board and are enforceable during the period of existence of the epidemic, as a reasonable measure to prevent the spread of disease. We will not again enter into a discussion of the questions there discussed and decided.
It appears that, at the time the petitioner is alleged to have opened his moving picture show, the said Spanish influenza was raging in epidemic form; the facts in this respect appear in the Globe School District No. 1 case, supra, and may not be repeated. In the circumstances admittedly existing, the appellant was subject to prosecution and therefore arrest, if, as a fact, he wilfully and knowingly violated said health rules by opening his said moving picture show and place of entertainment at that particular period of time.
Consequently, the arrest was lawful, and the judgment of the lower court is affirmed.
|
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PER CURIAM.
Since this cause was ordered submitted, the parties have filed a written stipulation whereby they pray that the appeal and cross-appeal be by this court dismissed. It is therefore considered that, as no controverted questions remain for the decision of this court, the said appeals be dismissed as agreed by said parties.
|
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] |
ROSS, J.
Appellee served appellant county as its treasurer during the years 1915 and 1916. He was paid an annual salary of $1,800 as provided in paragraph 3236, Civil Code of 1913. He claims he was entitled to a salary of $2,200, as provided in paragraph 2611, Revised Statutes of 1901. His complaint was filed March 31, 1917.
•The answer did not interpose the plea of the one-year statute of limitations, and, as a consequence, we have nothing to do but affirm the judgment. Chapter 80, Laws of 1917, did not take effect until a long time after this action was commenced. Santa Cruz County v. McKnight, ante, p. 103, 177 Pac. 256, just decided; Yuma County v. Hodges, post, p. 142, 177 Pac. 270, just decided.
CUNNINGHAM, C. J., and JOHN WILSON ROSS, J., concur.
|
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ROSS, J.
This is an action for specific performance of a contract to exchange farms.' It is shown by the plaintiffappellee’s complaint that on or about March 9, 1915, appellee, as the owner of farm lands in the Imperial Valley, California; entered into an agreement in writing with defendant-appellant H. C. Kimball, as agent for H. B. Owens, who owned land in Cochise county, Arizona, to trade or exchange such lands by each executing and giving to the other a deed of his land, together with abstract of title, and each agreeing to give possession on demand,; that on March 15, 1915, H. B. Owens and wife executed and delivered to appellant Kimball a deed conveying to him the premises that he, as agent, had agreed on March 9, 1915, to exchange for the California land owned by appellee; that appellee offers to perform his part of the contract, but that the appellant, after demand, refuses to perform his contract.
The defendant-appellants’ answer consisted of a general demurrer and allegations of misrepresentation as to the value and character of the California land; that is, they set up fraud as the defense. The general demurrer was overruled. The case was tried to a jury upon special interrogatories submitted by the court, and the court, in its judgment, “found that the answers returned by the jury were not inconsistent and that the jury had found the issues in favor of the plaintiff, ’ ’ and accordingly entered judgment for plaintiff.
There are a number of assignments of error, but the only one we can consider is the order overruling the general demurrer; the others all being based upon or growing out of the evidence which is not before us.
It is first contended by appellants that the contract pleaded was void “because the subject matter was land which was community property of Owens and his wife, and the contract shows on its fac^ that it was executed by H. C. Kimball, agent for H. B. Owens alone, she not joining and Kimball not acting as her agent.” Contrary to this statement, there is nothing in the complaint to show that the property was community property. Besides, if it was community property, complaint shows that Mrs. Owens later ratified and approved the contract by joining her husband in executing a deed conveying the lands to appellant H. C. Kimball.
It is next contended the contract was void because it was not shown that the agent’s authority was in writing, as required by subdivision 6 of paragraph 3272, Civil Code of 1913. As we understand the rule, it is not necessary that the complaint should show that the agent’s authority to dispose of real. property was in fact in writing. The rule is stated (20 Cye., p. 308) as follows:
“Except in a few states wherein the Codes of Civil Procedure are construed as having changed the rule formerly prevailing, a declaration, or complaint on a contract which is required by the statute of frauds to be in writing need not contain an allegation that it is in writing; there is a presumption to that effect which will save the declaration on demurrer; and it is immaterial whether the promise declared on be a promise to answer for the debt of another, or a contract relating to land, or one for the sale of goods. So in declaring on a contract executed by an agent, it is not necessary to allege that the agent’s authority was in writing.”
Although it is not urged by appéllant as a ground for reversing the judgment; it may be suggested that there was no consideration for appellant’s agreement to exchange his property for appellee’s property, or that the consideration was not the kind and character entitling the 'plaintiff-appellee to specific performance. Here, under the facts, we have a promise for a promise, an agreement in writing to exchange one piece of land for another piece of land. There is no question about the capacity of the parties to contract, nor that the lands to be traded were valuable. Story on Contracts, section 447, says:
“Mutual promises are concurrent considerations and will support each other unless one or the other be void; in such case, there being no consideration on the one side, no contract can arise. ’ ’
9 Cyc. 223, states it as follows:
“Subject to the qualifications hereinafter stated, a promise to do an act or to forbear from doing an act is just as valid a consideration for a promise as the act or forbearance should be. Where mutual promises are made, the one furnishes a sufficient consideration to support an action upon the other. ’ ’
The rule as to the specific performance of a contract concerning real property differs widely from the rule as it affects contracts concerning chattels. It would seem, under the facts and circumstances as disclosed in the pleadings and the judgment in this case, that the court correctly gave judgment for the appellee.
Pomeroy’s Equity Jurisprudence, volume 4, section 1042, says:
“Where land or any estate therein is the subject matter of the agreement, the inadequacy of the legal remedy is well settled, and the equitable jurisdiction is firmly established. Whenever a contract concerning real property is in its nature and incidents entirely unobjectionable, when it possesses none of those features which, in ordinary language, influence the discretion of the court, it is as much a matter of course for a court of equity to decree its specific performance as it is for a court of law to give damages for its breach. ’ ’
See, also, section 745, Pomeroy’s Equity Jurisprudence, volume 6.
There is a wide discretion in the trial court as to whether he will order specific performance or not, and, while that discretion is subject to review upon appeal, the appellant, unfortunately for him, has not brought into court tile evidence submitted at the trial, and is therefore without any basis to urge that the court abused its discretion. The presumption, in the absence of a showing, is to the contrary.
The judgment of the trial court is affirmed.
JOHN WILSON ROSS, J., concurs.
|
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BAKER, J.
The plaintiff (appellee) sued the defendant (appellant) to recover damages for fourteen head of cattle alleged to have been killed by the defendant by negligently running its engines and cars over and against said animals. Eight of the animals mentioned in the complaint were eliminated by the court below, by reason of the statute of limitations, and the case was tried as to the remaining' six animals, before a jury. The plaintiff proved ownership of the cattle and their value, and that they were killed by" the engines and cars of the defendant. As evidence of the negligence charged in the complaint, plaintiff relied on paragraph 3780, Civil Code, which, in terms, makes the killing of animals by the engines and cars of any railroad corporation or company prima facie evidence of negligence on the part of such corporation or company.
There can be no doubt that the legislature had the power to adopt this law. Mobile, Jackson & Kansas City R. R. Co. v. Turnipseed, Admr., etc., 219 U. S. 35, Ann. Cas. 1912A, 463, 32 L. R. A. (N. S.) 226, 55 L. Ed. 78, 31 Sup. Ct. Rep. 136; Little Rock & Ft. S. R. Co. v. Payne, 33 Ark. 816, 34 Am. Rep. 55.
The defendant introduced the testimony of its engineers which, if accepted in all respects, tends to show that there was no negligence on the part of the company in operating its trains or ears at the time the cattle were killed. At the close of all the evidence, the defendant moved the court to instruct the jury to return a verdict in its favor, for the reason that the statutory presumption of negligence had been overcome, and that as a matter of law defendant was entitled to a verdict. The court denied the motion and submitted the case to the jury, which found a verdict in plaintiff’s favor and assessed the damages at $250.
The refusal of the court to grant the motion for a directed verdict is the only assignment of error worthy of notice. The defendant contends that, having presented testimony tending to acquit the company of negligence, the prima facie case made out by the proofs of the plaintiff had been overcome or rebutted, and that, in the absence of any further evidence by the plaintiff, a verdict should have been directed for the company. The statute provides:
“Every railroad corporation or company operating any railroad or branch thereof, within the limits of this state, which negligently injures or kills any horse, mare, gelding, filly, jack, jennie or mule, or any cow, heifer, hull, ox, steer, or calf, or any other domestic animal, by running any engine or engines, car or cars over or against any such animal shall be liable to the owner of such animal for the damages sustained by such owner by reason thereof. The killing or injury shall be prima facie evidence of negligence on the part of such corporation or company.” Paragraph 3780, p. 1296, Civil Code Arizona 1913.
This statute changes the common-law rules as to the burden' of proof and makes the killing of animals by railroad trains prima facie evidence of negligence, and places upon railroad companies the burden to rebut the presumption of negligence. The company is required to prove a negative. It must show that it was not negligent, and, where the company introduces evidence to rebut the presumption, an issue of fact arises which should be submitted to the jury. 33 Cyc. 1276, 1277.
Mr. Thompson, in his Commentaries on the Law of Negligence (volume 2, paragraph 2148), says:
“It has been held that the question as to when the presilmption raised by these statutes is overcome is a question of law for the court, and not one of fact for the jury; but this view, which commits to the judge the decision of a question of fact, and of the whole case, exhibits a complete misunderstanding of the principles of trial by jury.”
The Montana statute is similar to our statute. Rev. Codes, § 8028, subd. 2. The supreme court of that state, in Johnson v. Chicago, M. & St. P. Ry. Co., 52 Mont. 73, 155 Pac. 971, construing the statute in a case where a milch cow had been killed by the cars of a railroad company, said:
“Appellant’s contention is that, having presented testimony tending to exonerate it from negligence, the presumption was overcome in the absence of a further showing by the respondent, and a verdict should have been directed accordingly. This is untenable. When a presumption of this character is confronted with testimony in the opposite direction, the result is a conflict of evidence which the jury must resolve. Rev. Codes, § 8028, subd. 2; Freeman v. Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Ry. Co., 52 Mont. 1, 154 Pac. 912; Emerson v. Butte Electric Railway Co., 46 Mont. 454, 129 Pac. 319.”
The statute of North Carolina provides:
“When any cattle or other livestock shall be killed or injured by the engines or cars running upon any railroad, it shall be prima facie evidence of negligence on the part of the company in any action for damages against such company.” Code 1883, § 2326.
The supreme court of that state, in Baker et al. v. Roanoke & T. R. R. R., 133 N. C. 31, 45 S. E. 347, construing the statute in a case where a horse had been killed by the cars of a railroad company, said:
“This was an action for negligently killing a horse. At the close of the evidence, the defendant moved to nonsuit the plaintiff. The action was brought within six months, and, the killing having been shown, the statute raised a presumption of negligence, and, the burden to rebut such presumption being upon the defendant, the judge could not find affirmatively that the defendant’s evidence had been sufficient to do this. That was a matter for the jury. The judge could instruct the jury, as he did in this case, that a .certain state of facts, if believed by them, would rebut the presumption, but not that certain evidence, though uncontradicted, would do so. The burden is on the defendant to rebut the presumption, and the jury alone can pass on its credibility, otherwise, if the only eye-witness is witness for the defendant., the plaintiff would be at his mercy, and would be deprived altogether of the benefit of the statute, because he did not happen to see the killing. It would be a novelty to nonsuit the plaintiff on the defendant’s evidence.”
See, also, Perryman v. Charleston & W. C. Ry. Co., 105 S. C. 34, 89 S. E. 497.
A number of the states have statutory provisions, which make fires set out by passing engines prima facie evidence of negligence in railroad companies. The same principle is involved in the construction of these statutes as is involved in the construction of statutes making the killing of animals prima facie evidence of negligence. Mr. Thompson, speaking of these statutes, says:
“The necessary effect of all these statutes is to take the question of negligence to the jury, in every case where evidence is submitted to them tending to show that the fire was communicated by a locomotive of the railroad, and, no matter how strong the countervailing evidence may be, it is for the jury and not for the court to determine yrhether it is sufficient- to rebut the statutory presumption of negligence. Any other rule would involve on the part of the court an invasion of the province of the jury.” 2 Thompson, Commentaries on the Law of Negligence, § 2342.
It must be conceded, however, that the cases construing such statutes are not harmonious. Some cases hold that rebuttal proof that the engine causing the fire was properly constructed, equipped, inspected, maintained and operated, is as broad as the presumption of negligence, and justifies the trial court in directing a verdict. According to other authorities, it is necessary for the jury to weigh the statutory presumption of negligence in the balance, against the evidence of the defendant in rebuttal. The cases pro and con are collated in Continental Ins. Co. v. Chicago & N. W. R. R. Co., 97 Minn. 467, 5 L. R. A. (N. S.) 99, 107 N. W. 548. We cannot hope to reconcile the conflicting views expressed in these cases, and shall not undertake the task, but shall content ourselves with saying that upon principle the most satisfactory view of the question seems to be that which regards the presumption or prima facie case in favor of the plaintiff in the nature of substantive evidence for the purpose of creating a conflict in the evidence, and therefore a question of fact is presented for determination by the jury. The reasoning upon the point, found in the case of Great Northern R. R. Co. v. Coats, 115 Fed. 452, 53 C. C. A. 382, is very satisfactory, and seems to us. to be sound and convincing:
“We cannot well understand upon what theory the statement of persons, who were in charge of a locomotive when it occasioned a disastrous fire, that it was properly and prudently managed, etc., must be accepted by a court as conclusive, and as overturning, as a matter of law, the presumption of negligence raised by other testimony. It would seem, rather, that the triers of the fact ought, in such a case, to consider how far the interest of such witnesses — their natural desire to absolve themselves from all blame — may have colored their evidence, and how far their statements are consistent with other facts and circumstances which have been proven. If a court undertakes to weigh such evidence, and say that the witnesses are credible, and also to decide as to the effect of the proof, it plainly assumes ... a function which is discharged by the jury in other cases. ’ ’
In Atchison, T. & S. F. R. Co. v. Geiser, 63 Kan. 281, 1 Ann. Cas. 812, 75 Pac. 68, in discussing whether it is a question of law for the court, or of fact for the jury, to determine when the prima facie ease of negligence made by showing that the fire was caused by the operation of the railroad, is overcome by showing on the part of the railroad that its engine was equipped with the latest and best appliances, and managed in the best possible manner by competent employees, the court said:
“In the case at bar sufficient evidence was offered by the plaintiff to make' out a prima facie case. The railway company then offered proof going to establish the fact that the engine which set out the fire was equipped with the latest and best appliances to prevent the escape of fire therefrom, was in good repair, and was being skillfully handled by competent employees. Here was a case of evidence against evidence. It is hardly fair to say that it was presumption against evidence, or evidence against presumption. ... If' it is a question of evidence against evidence or of a conflict of evidence, upon what theory would the court be authorized to take the decision out of the hands of a jury, and pronounce, as a matter of law, that the railway company’s witnesses were in all respects to be believed, and that their conclusions as to the condition of the engine and the skill of the employees were beyond the pale of contradiction ? ’ ’
We are of the opinion that the trial court did not err in refusing to grant the motion for a directed verdict. The question whether defendant had overcome the prima facie case made by plaintiff was not one of law for the court to determine, but one of fact for the jury.
A further claim is made that the court erred in denying defendant’s motion for a new trial. The evidence was conflicting, and it was for the jury to decide whether the charge of negligence had been substantiated.
Upon the whole case, we find no error, and the judgment of the lower court is affirmed.
CUNNINGHAM, C. J., and BOSS, J., concur.
On the question of power of legislature to make the killing of stock on railroad track prima facie evidence of negligence, see note in 32 L. R. A. (N. S.) 227.
|
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] |
CUNNINGHAM, C. J.
The minute entries of the superior court of Pinal county filed in this cause inform us that this cause was tried on the twenty-third day of January, 1917. That on said trial the evidence was presented on the part of the plaintiff and plaintiff rested. The defendant thereupon moved in open court for judgment dismissing the action and for an order dissolving the injunction. “Thereupon the court takes the motion under advisement and permits defendant to put in his evidence at this time. ’ ’ The minute entry recites the names of the witnesses who were sworn and the names of those who testified, and that both parties rested. ‘ ‘ Thereupon the court asked counsel to submit briefs. Thereupon plaintiff’s attorney files his brief. Thereupon the court allows time for filing briefs until March 2, 1917.” On April 28, 1917, entered the following order:
“It is hereby ordered by this court that the above-entitled action be, and the same is hereby, set for rehearing on Monday, May 7, 1917.”
On June 20, 1917, entered the following order:
“At this time the court renders its decision herein and files its findings of fact, conclusions of law, and judgment. Thereupon it is by the court ordered that upon the presentation of a written judgment by defendant and its signing and approval by the court, judgment will be entered in favor of the defendant and against the plaintiff in accordance with the decision of this court.”
The formal judgment was filed on the twenty-second day of June, 1917.
■ Neither the record filed in this court nor the abstract of the record show any motion made by the plaintiff for a new trial. The record is absolutely silent as to any notice of appeal given at any time. The bond on appeal, filed and approved July 21,1917, recites that appellant has given notice-of appeal, but the record as filed in this court does not sustain the fact recited.
The notice of appeal is jurisdictional (paragraph 1234, Civil Code Ariz. 1913), and when, as here, the record fails to show such notice, the appeal will be dismissed. Thomas v. Speese, 14 Ariz. 556, 132 Pac. 1137. The appellant, having failed to follow the requirements of the law of the state necessary to remove the cause from the superior court of Pinal county to this court, this court acquires no jurisdiction to review the judgment, and has no alternative other than to dismiss the appeal.
The appeal is dismissed on authority of Thomas v. Speese, 14 Ariz. 556, 132 Pac. 1137.
ROSS and BAKER, JJ., concur.
|
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ROSS, J.
Charles Weller was convicted in the police court of the city of Bisbee of the crime of vagrancy as defined and denounced by a city ordinance of that city. He was tried by the police judge without a jury, although on'e was demanded, and fined $50 or 50 days’ imprisonment in the city jail in default of its payment. He thereupon took an appeal to the superior court of Cochise county-by giving notice and filing appeal bond as required by law. On the day set for trial in the superior court, he surrendered himself into the custody of the city marshal of the city of Bisbee, and thereupon filed a petition in said superior court for a writ of habeas corpus, alleging he had been denied a jury tidal as the sole reason why his imprisonment was illegal. The court ordered the issuance of the writ, and upon final hearing thereon directed the discharge of the appellee from custody. The state has appealed from the judgment upon questions of law.
From the stipulated facts, it appears that the trial of appellee’s case was set for March 11, 1917, in the superior court, where it was then pending on appeal prosecuted by him; that on that date he voluntarily surrendered himself into custody, and applied to the court in which his appeal was pending for a writ of habeas corpus.
We believe it to be an absolutely well-founded rule that one may not procure his own imprisonment, as by voluntarily surrendering himself into custody, and thereafter secure a discharge therefrom by the aid of this writ. In re Gow, 139 Cal. 242, 73 Pac. 145; Ex parte Schmitz, 150 Cal. 663, 89 Pac. 438; Matter of Ford, 160 Cal. 334, Ann. Cas. 1912D, 1267, 35 L. R. A. (N. S.) 882, 116 Pac. 757; In re Dykes, 13 Okl. 339, 74 Pac. 506; In re Dill (Kan.), 11 Pac. 672; Commonwealth v. Green, 185 Pa. 641, 40 Atl. 96, 21 Cyc. 290; Ex parte Bernson, 35 Cal. App. 344, 169 Pac. 916.
In the Matter of Ford case it is said:
“But the right to a writ of habeas corpus to determine the illegality of a detention under criminal process is not intended to apply, and may not be invoked, when the imprisonment which is made the basis of its issuance is self-invited and the surrender by the sureties is made at the instance of the petitioner, and is solely for the purpose of making a ease on the face of the petition to which the provisions of the habeas corpus act will apply.”
We are satisfied that the rule adopted in California and other jurisdictions, refusing parties the use of this writ, except in cases where the imprisonment is without the consent and connivance of the party seeking its use, should he enforced. We think, where the restraint is voluntary, it is not the kind of restraint that the writ of habeas corpus was intended to be used to investigate or relieve from. Where a party is at large on bail and the legality of the law under which he is being prosecuted or held may be tested, as it could have been in this case, as expeditiously in a regular trial, he should never be permitted to resort to the writ. After Weller’s conviction in the police court he could have submitted to the judgment of imprisonment and invoked the aid of the writ to test the legality of the action of the police judge in refusing him a jury trial, or he could have appealed, as he did, executed an appeal bond as provided by law, and secure his liberty pending a trial in the appellate court. But, having adopted the latter remedy, it would be trifling with the court for him to be permitted to await the day and hour of trial on appeal and then ask that the legality of his imprisonment be investigated by writ of habeas corpus by the very court in which his appeal was pending, especially where, as in this ease, his imprisonment was voluntary. For these reasons, the judgment of the lower court is reversed, and the case remanded, with directions that the petition for a writ of habeas corpus be dismissed.
CUNNINGHAM, C. ,J., and BAKER, J., concur.
|
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BAKER, J.
The defendant was informed against, tried and convicted of the crime of rape, alleged to have been committed upon his own daughter, a young girl under the age of 18 years. He appeals from the judgment of conviction and the order denying a new trial.
The crime charged is a revolting one to any decent man, and the defendant, if guilty, justly deserved the punishment inflicted upon him; nevertheless, it remains our duty, under the assignments of error, to examine the record and determine if the defendant has been convicted in accordance with the rules of criminal procedure made applicable alike in the trial of one who is guilty as well as one who is innocent. If improper and prejudicial testimony upon a vital point has been admitted as against the defendant, he is entitled to a reversal of the judgment of conviction, although upon the whole record his guilt may be apparent. In People v. Hulse, 3 Hill (N. Y.), 316, BRONSON, J., after citing the admonitory remarks of Lord Hale on the ease with which the accusation of rape may be made and the difficulty of defense by the party charged adds:
“Cases of this character do not call for any relaxation of the rules of evidence for the purpose of supporting the accusation. . . . There is much greater danger that injustice may be done to the defendant in eases of this kind than . . . in prosecutions of any other character.”
It is assigned as error that the trial court permitted several witnesses for the prosecution, including the wife of the' defendant, to testify that the young girl, soon after the alleged unlawful occurrence, made complaint of the wrong done her by the defendant. The young girl was not prosecutrix in the case; that is, she did not appear as a witness and testify in the ease. It does no't appear that she was too young to understand the nature of an oath, or that she (was imbecile or otherwise incapacitated as a witness. It does appear, however, that at the time of the trial she was about 16 years of age, and resided in the county where the case was tried, and that she was available as a witness if the prosecution desired to call her. The rule is well established that the fact that the victim of a rape made complaint soon after the occurrence may be shown in evidence, either by the testimony of the victim or by the person to whom the complaint was made. However, such testimony is not admissible as independent proof of the commission of the crime, but is only to be received in corroboration of the victim or prosecutrix. 22 R. C. L., § 47; 33 Cyc. 1463.
This rule has received the sanction of the court in this jurisdiction :
“The evidence of the complaint is not admitted as a part of the res gestae, nor as evidence of the guilt of the defendant, but merely in corroboration of the prosecuting witness in the sense that it removes from her testimony a suspicion that might otherwise rest upon it, unless it were shown that she did what would naturally have been done by a chaste woman under like circumstances, viz., made known the fact of the injury done her.” Territory of Arizona v. Kirby, 3 Ariz. 291, 28 Pac. 1134.
But it is obvious that this rule has no application in the present case, for the reason that the young girl was not called and did not testify in the case, and therefore the testimony of complaints made by her should have been excluded as unsatisfactory and incompetent hearsay evidence.
Mr. “Wigmore, in discussing the admissibility of complaints made by theiinjured female, says:
“Since the only object of the evidence (complaint) is tot repel the supposed inconsistency between the woman’s present testimony and her former silence, it is obvious that if she has not testified at all, there is no inconsistency to repel, and therefore, the evidence is irrelevant.” 2 Wigmore on Evidence, par. 1136, subd. 2.
Greenleaf positively declares that:
“Where she is not a witness in the case, it [complaint] is wholly inadmissible.” 3 Greenleaf, 213.
“But where the facts and circumstances do not form part of the res gestae, that is, they are not so intimately connected with the complaint as to spring with the act itself, they can be given in evidence only in corroboration, but even then are not admissible where the injured woman does not testify.” 1 Wharton’s Criminal Evidence, p. 520 (note).
The adjudicated cases fully sustain these text-writers. People v. Graham, 21 Cal. 268; State v. Wheeler, 116 Iowa, 212, 93 Am. St. Rep. 238, 89 N. W. 978; Matthews v. State, 19 Neb. 330, 37 N. W. 234; People v. McGee, 1 Denio (N. Y.), 19.
It is said, however, that, although it was error to permit the witnesses for the prosecution to testify to the complaints made by the young girl, such testimony was not prejudicial because other evidence in the case established the guilt of the defendant. We cannot agree with this contention. Conceding that the other evidence is very conclusive as establishing the guilt of the defendant, this will not justify a holding that illegal evidence upon the vital issue in the case was not prejudicial to the accused. He was a witness at the trial in his own behalf, and stoutly denied his guilt. The question of fact was one for the jury, .and the defendant had the right to have the issue submitted to the jury free from the objectionable and dangerous hearsay testimony.
This is not a case where it can be consistently said that the error in admitting the hearsay testimony was “technical” in the sense of section 22, article 6, of the Constitution, forbidding the reversal of any cause for technical error where, upon the whole record, substantial justice has been done.
Complaint is made in other assignments that the trial court erred in permitting the defendant’s wife to become a witness for the prosecution and testify to communications between the husband and wife. Furthermore, that the trial court erred in permitting evidence to be introduced in behalf of the prosecution concerning extrajudicial confessions made by the defendant. In the rulings challenged by these assignments we find no reversible error, but, owing to the final disposition of the ease, we do not feel that these assignments require any extended discussion. The one prejudicial error is that several witnesses for the prosecution were permitted to testify to complaints made by the young girl when she was not called as a witness; it not being shown that at the time of the trial she was under any disability as a witness by reason of her youth or on account of imbecility. 33 Cyc. 1468; People v. Figueroa, 134 Cal. 159, 66 Pac. 202.
The judgment is reversed and the cause remanded for a new trial.
CUNNINGHAM, C. J., and ROSS, J., concur.
|
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] |
JOHN WILSON ROSS, J.
This is a criminal cause prosecuted under section 537, Penal Code of Arizona of 1913, and is appealed from the superior court of Yuma county, Arizona.
The defendant was «prosecuted on the information of the county attorney of Yuma county. The charging part of the information material to a good understanding of the offense for which defendant was prosecuted reads as follows:
“ . . . The said Joe Martinez .... did then and there willfully, unlawfully and feloniously mingle, and cause to he mingled, a metal, to wit, gold, with a sample of gold-bearing ore, which was then and there in the bottom of a test hole on placer ground, which said placer ground was then and there being sampled to prove its value; and did then and there and thereby change the value of said gold-bearing ore, with intent then and there to deceive, cheat and defraud other persons, to wit, James Atkins and M. C. Hubble.”
The information closely follows the statute, covering the offense charged. The attorney for defendant interposed special and general demurrers to the information, which were by the court overruled. The cause was tried by a jury, and the defendant was, on the fifth day of February, 1917, convicted of the offense charged in the information, and the court by its judgment and sentence imposed a fine of $500 and in default of the payment thereof defendant was required to serve time therefor in the county jail at the rate of $3 per diem. After the judgment of conviction and sentence, defendant filed his motion for a new trial, which motion the court overruled. Defendant, in due time, filed in the court below notice of appeal from the judgment and the order denying the motion for a new trial.
Paraphrasing the offense charged in the information, we wrould read it as follows: Joe Martinez mingled gold with a sample of gold-bearing ore, thereby changing the value of such sample with intent to deceive, cheat and defraud another. The offense is purely a statutory one. In the information the time, place, and circumstances are stated with certainty, and all knowledge is given to the defendant which is necessary to enable him to answer the charge. The rule is that the information is sufficient when it describes the offense substantially in the language of the statute.
“This undoubtedly is the general rule, but, as has been said, such rule simply means that, when the statute defines or describes the acts which shall constitute a particular offense, it is sufficient in an indictment to describe those acts in the language employed in the statute; applying them, of course, concretely, to the person charged.” Cluff v. State, 16 Ariz. 179, 142 Pac. 644; Dutton v. Territory, 13 Ariz. 7, 108 Pac. 224; People v. Mahony, 145 Cal. 104, 78 Pac. 354; People v. Ward, 110 Cal. 369, 42 Pac. 894.
In our Penal Code, supra, the acts descriptive of tlie offense are given, and in such case the statutory description gives to the accused sufficient notice of the charge against him. So, we conclude that the information states facts constituting the public offense charged, and is invulnerable against defendant’s demurrers.
When the defendant had done the acts denounced in the information, the crime was consummated, and, while no one was injured by his acts, that is immaterial. The doing of the acts constitutes the crime.
Finally, our inquiry leads us to ask the question: Did the defendant do the acts charged in the information?
The record before the court consists of the information, defendant’s demurrers, the verdict of the jury, the judgment and sentence of the court, motion for a new trial, notice of appeal, and a certified copy of the transcript of the evidence.
We have made a careful and painstaking examination of the entire record. Counsel for defendant has failed to file any brief or abstract of the record, or make any oral argument to the court, or in any way to point out any errors, and we fail to find any prejudicial errors in the record before us.
“The supreme court will examine the record in a criminal case, though there is no abstract of the record, brief, or assignments of errors filed, and no particular specification of any prejudicial error.” Murdock v. Territory, 14 Ariz. 5, 123 Pac. 315.
There is some evidence of a substantial nature in the transcript of the evidence tending to prove that the defendant committed the offense denounced in the statute.
“As a general rule, where there is material evidence tending to prove defendant’s guilt, and the trial court refuses to set the verdict aside, an appellate court will not reverse the action of both the trial court and the jury.” Marinoni v. State, 15 Ariz. 94, 136 Pac. 626.
“Under the law making the jury the sole judges of the credibility of the witnesses and the weight and effect to he given to their testimony, where, though the evidence is conflicting, there is substantial evidence in support of the jury’s finding, the verdict will not he disturbed.” Young Chung v. State, 15 Ariz. 79, 136 Pac. 631.
We conclude there is sufficient evidence in the record tending to prove that defendant committed the crime denounced in the statute.
The judgment is affirmed.
CUNNINGHAM, C. J., and HENEY D. EOSS, J., concur.
|
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BAKER, J.
Action by the appellant to recover damages for personal injuries alleged to have been suffered by the appellant while engaged in the service of appellee in the hazardous business of mining. Appellee answered the complaint and alleged that the injuries received were due wholly and entirely to appellant’s own fault. The verdict and judgment was for the appellee. The only assignment of error made is based upon certain instructions given by the court to the jury, which are claimed to have been erroneous and harmful; hut the appellant has failed to bring here any of the evidence adduced at the trial, and we are unable to determine whether the instructions complained of were erroneous and prejudicial. We can conceive of a state of the evidence in which they would not have been prejudicial, although they might he erroneous. There being nothing before ns for review, except the pleadings and the verdict and judgment, and no fundamental error appearing in these papers, we must eonelnde in favor of the regularity and validity of the judgment. We must not be understood, however, as commending the instructions attacked.
The case is ruled by the decision this day handed down by this court, in the ease of Ross v. Kay Copper Co. et al., ante, p. 576, 184 Pac. 978.
' The judgment of the lower court is affirmed.
CUNNINGHAM, C. J., and ROSS, J., concur.
|
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ROSS, J.
Appellee brought this action for a balance of salary as sheriff of appellant county. He was elected and served the county as sheriff-for two terms. His first term began with the admission of Arizona into statehood, February 14, 1912, and extended to December 31, 1914. His second term was the years 1915 and 1916. When he took office February 14, 1912, there was no compensation attached to it. It was essentially a fee office under the territorial laws, and. as the fee system of compensating public officers was abolished by the Constitution (section 17, article 22), he was inducted into office without any fixed salary. The power to fix his compensation, pending action by the legislature, was vested in the board of supervisors of his county. Patty v. Greenlee County, 14 Ariz. 422, 130 Pac. 757; Adams v. Maricopa County, 16 Ariz. 418, 145 Pac. 884.
According to the pleadings and agreed statement of facts, the board of supervisors of Santa Cruz county, on April 12, 1912, made and entered an order on their minutes, fixing appellee’s salary at $3,600 per annum, beginning with February 14, 1912. This salary was paid him up to and including the month of February, 1913. The'rest of his first term, that is, for March, 1913, to and including December, 1914, he was paid at the rate of $1,800 per annum. His second term he was paid $2,400 per annum.
The first regular session of the legislature enacted a county classification and salary act which, according to the certificate of the Secretary of State appended thereto, became a law May 31, 1912. Chapter 93, First Regular Session of 1912. This act placed Santa Cruz county in class 9, and section 11 thereof fixed the compensation of the sheriffs of counties in class 9 at $1,800 per annum. In the revision of the laws, chapter 93, supra, was carried forward, and section 11 thereof appears as paragraph 3236, Civil Code of 1913, and was changed so as to make the sheriff’s salary read “$2,400.00” instead of $1,800.
Hereafter we shall refer to chapter 93 and paragraph 3236, supra, as the salary law of 1912. An effort to observe this salary law of 1912 accounts for the $1,800 salary paid appellee for a part of his first term, and $2,400 per annum for all of his second.
Appellee claims that he was entitled to the annual salary of $3,600 during all of the time he served as sheriff, and has sued the county for the difference between that and the amount he actually was paid, or for $5,700.
The appellant county demurred to the complaint on the ground that it failed to state facts sufficient to constitute a cause of action, pleaded the one-year statute of limitations to $3,300 of appellee’s demand that accrued during the years 1913 and 1914, and alleged that the appellee treated the salary laws of 1912 as in full force and effect, and made settlements with appellant in full under and by virtue thereof — this last in the nature of a plea in estoppel, as we take it. ■
The demurrer and other defenses were overruled, and judgment entered for appellee for full amount of demand.
It is the contention of appellant that all of its defenses should have been sustained, and it assigns the overruling of them, and each of them, as error.
The salary fixed by the board of supervisors at its April, 1912, meeting, for the appellee was his legal salary, and the one he was entitled to receive until it was changed by general law. This is definitely, settled by the decisions of this court in the eases heretofore cited.
Under section 4, article 12, of the Constitution, the board of supervisors was empowered to fix the salary of the sheriff, and it is provided that the salary “so fixed shall remain in full force and effect until changed by general law.” The appellee’s salary was fixed by order of the board on April 12, 1912, and was not changed during his incumbency of the office. Having once fixed the salary, the power of the board of supervisors was exhausted so that they could not thereafter modify or change the salary so fixed. It could only be changed by a general law enacted by the legislature or the people.
In Hunt y. Mohave County, 18 Ariz. 480, 162 Pac. 600, decided February 3, 1917, we held that the salary act of 1912 was unconstitutional and void, in that it attempted to fix the salaries of public officers by special or local law, whereas the Constitution requires it to be done by general law.
From the state of the record, we must assume that appellee accepted the smaller salaries under the laws of 1912 without protest. For all that appears of record, his demands for salary were made under those laws. Indeed, we think it most probable that both he and appellant, through its fiscal and administrative .officers, acted under the laws of 1912, as a matter of course, with no other thought than that they were the only “rule of action” in the premises. This being so, and it appearing of record, does it render the complaint vulnerable to general demurrer or does it constitute an estoppel against claiming the salary fixed by the board of supervisors, that being the legal salary attached to the office? We think the questions are answered in the negative in Phillips v. Graham County, 17 Ariz. 208, 149 Pac. 755. In that case, we held that a public officer was entitled to the salary fixed by law, and that his acceptance from time to time of a less amount than his salary did not preclude him from thereafter maintaining an action for any balance due him, and that a settlement for less than the salary fixed by law was not an accord and satisfaction, unless specifically made to appear so. According to the opinion in that case, demands for official salaries are not required to be presented to the board of supervisors within six months from the date of the last item, as provided in paragraph 2434, Civil Code, and an acceptance of less than the demand does not prevent the prosecution of a suit for the amount disallowed by the board, but if it should be found that official salaries, compensation of jurors and witnesses are of the character of claims that it is necessary to audit and allow under the provisions of paragraphs 2419 to 2440, inclusive, still we find a direct provision that:
“A claimant dissatisfied . . . with the amount allowed him on his account, . . . may accept the amount allowed, and sue for the balance of his claim, and such suit shall not be barred by the aeeceptanee of the amount allowed.” Paragraph ■ 2439, Id.
The only difference between the facts in the Phillips case and the case at bar is that in the former there was no question of the validity of the law under which the officer was paid a salary by the board of supervisors, whereas in this ease the law under which appellee was paid was afterward found to be unconstitutional. In neither case was the officer ’ receiving the salary fixed by law, but a salary fixed by the board of supervisors upon an erroneous assumption that it had been so fixed by valid legislation. The result to the officer is the same. It amounts to a substitution of a salary not fixed by law for one that was fixed by law, and whether this occurs under a misapplication of the law or the application of an invalid law ought not to affect the legal result, as we view it.
We are aware that parties may so act under an unconstitutional law as to preclude them from afterward questioning its validity. That is especially true when benefits have been sought or derived therefrom, or when to permit its unconstitutionality to be questioned would give the party some undue advantage or result in some wrong or injury to someone else. The many instances in which persons may be estopped to deny the unconstitutionality of a law are set out in 12 C. J. 769, sections 190 to 203, inclusive.
Appellant insists that Gross v. Whitley, 158 Ind. 531, 58 L. R. A. 394, 64 N. E. 25, sustains the proposition that a public officer who accepts and retains his salary under a law that is thereafter declared unconstitutional is estopped to deny its validity, or to claim additional compensation under a former statute. It is probable that the language used by the court justifies this conclusion, but it was not necessary to so decide. It was found that the law under which Gross had been paid his salary was a constitutional law, notwithstanding a former decision had declared it unconstitutional. Gross was paid his salary under the law of 1891 (Laws 1891, c. 194), whereas he claimed compensation under the law of 1879. The court said:
“The act of 1891 was constitutional, and it repealed the fee and salary law of 1879.”
Later on the court said:
“He [Gross] accepted his salary under the act of 1891, and yet retains it, and, having taken the benefit of the statute, he cannot be permitted to question its validity.”
Aside from this statement not being necessary to a- decision of the case, we do not find the cases cited in the opinion to sustain it in point. It cannot well be affirmed that one who ignorantly or otherwise accepts a compensation under an unconstitutional law in a less amount than he was clearly entitled to receive takes a benefit under such law. The benefit arises in favor of the debtor and not the creditor.
In Glavey v. United States, 182 U. S. 595, 45 L. Ed. 1247, 21 Sup. Ct. Rep. 891, it was said (we quote from the syllabus):
“When an office with a fixed salary has been created by statute, and a person duly appointed to it has qualified and entered upon the discharge of his duties, he is entitled, during his incumbency, to be paid the salary prescribed by statute. ’ ’
The facts in this ease were that Glavey was the local inspector of vessels at the port of New Orleans, and while he was filling such office he received a commission from the Secretary of the Treasury, appointing him “Special Inspector of Foreign Steam Vessels” at the same city, “without additional compensation.” The law provided an annual salary for the services of a special inspector of foreign steam vessels. The Court of Claims, (35 Ct. of Cl. 242) held that Glavey, “under the terms of his appointment,” was precluded from demanding compensation for any services performed by him as special inspector of foreign steam vessels. The above quotation expresses the views of the United States supreme court. Justice HARLAN, who wrote the opinion, reviewed many of the cases bearing upon the question, and of one of the earlier ones he said:
“In People ex rel. Satterlee v. Board of Police, 75 N. Y. 38, 42, the question was whether the compensation of a police surgeon was that fixed by statute or that named in a resolution of a board of police under which he was appointed. He accepted the appointment and performed the duties of the office for more than two years, drawing only the salary fixed by the resolution and which was less than that fixed by statute. The court of appeals of New York, speaking by Judge MILLER — all the members of the court who voted in the case concurring — said: £As the statute gave the salary, I think fixing the amount at a less rate, by resolution, could not make it less than the statute declared. There is no principle upon which an individual, appointed or elected to an official position, can be compelled to take less than the salary fixed by law. The acceptance and discharge of the duties of the office, after appointment, is not a waiver of the statutory provision fixing the salary therefor, and does not constitute a binding contract to perform the duties of the office for the 'sum named. The law does not recognize the principle that a boayd of officers can reduce the amount fixed by law for a salaried officer, and procure officials to act at a less sum than the statute provides, or that such official can make a binding contract, to that effect. The doctrine of waiver has no application to any such ease, and cannot be invoked to aid the respondent.’”
In Kehn v. State, 93 N. Y. 291, 294, Justice RAPALLO cited with approval the Satterlee case and said:
“At the time the appellant entered into the service his pay was fixed by law, and there is no evidence that he ever consented to a change. It was reduced by the superintendent, and for a portion of the time the appellant took the reduced pay, but that does not estop him from claiming his full pay if he was legally entitled to it.” 22 R. C. L. 538, § 235.
Appellant claims that chapter 80, Laws of 1917, being “An act relating to the collection of salaries of state officers, etc., prescribing a rule of evidence and procedure in such cases, and repealing all laws and parts of laws in conflict herewith, ” is a bar to appellee’s action. This chapter did not take effect until 90 days after the adjournment of the session of the legislature at which it was passed; it not having received the necessary approval of the Governor to make it an emergency measure. Subd. 3, § 1, art. 4, Const. The legislature adjourned March 8, 1917. Hence the act took effect June 8, 1917. The act was by its own terms prospective. It says:
“That hereafter . . . shall bring his suit therefor within ninety days after this act goes into effect. ...”
Section 2 provides:
■“If such suit has been instituted . . . within the period of time limited in the first section of this act. ...”
This action was filed March 31, 1917, long before chapter 80 took effect, and is unaffected by it.
It is claimed by the appellant that of the appellee’s demand $1,500 accrued during the year 1913, and $1,800 during the year 1914, and that both of these items are barred by the statute of limitations. Subdivision- 3 of paragraph 709, Civil Code of 1913, provides: “An action upon a liability created by statute, other than a penalty or forfeiture, ’ ’ shall be commenced and prosecuted within one year after the cause of action shall have accrued, and not afterward. The appellee claims that this statute has no application to official salaries; that they are not a liability created by statute. Salaries and fees are always statutory. In the absence of a statute providing for the payment to officers of compensation for their work, they can recover nothing. This, we believe, is the universal rule. It would seem that the salary is as much statutory as the office itself.
It is suggested that the salary in this case, having been fixed by an order of the board of supervisors, under power given the board by the Constitution, does not fall within the terms of subdivision -3, supra. "We think the expression “liability created by statute” is comprehensive enough to include liabilities created by constitutional authority. It was intended to cover liability imposed by some written law, either constitutional or statutory, except as limited by other provisions of paragraphs 709 to 718, inclusive, Civil Code of 1913. It meant a liability imposed by the sovereignty in contradistinction to liability growing out of tort or contract. The following cases have held that official salary, compensation, or fee is a liability created by statute: Higby v. Calaveras County, 18 Cal. 176, 180; Banks v. Yolo County, 104 Cal. 258, 37 Pac. 900; Board of Commissioners of Graham County v. Van Slyck, 52 Kan. 622, 35 Pac. 299; People v. Van Ness, 76 Cal. 124, 18 Pac. 139; Sonoma County v. Hall et al., 132 Cal. 589, 62 Pac. 257, 312, 65 Pac. 12, 459; Calaveras County v. Poe, 167 Cal. 519, 140 Pac. 23; Outwater v. City of Passaic, 51 N. J. L. 345, 18 Atl. 164; City of Indianapolis v. Jobes, 57 Ind. App. 515, 107 N. E. 479. There is no liability whatever except such as is created by statute. Monroe County v. Flynt, 80 Ga. 489, 6 S. E. 173.
We think the court erred in refusing to sustain the plea of the statute of limitations to the two items mentioned.
It is also contended by appellant county that appellee’s claim or demand is barred by paragraph 2439, Civil Code of 1913. This paragraph provides, in part, that:
“A claimant dissatisfied with the rejection of his claim or demand, or with the amount allowed him on his account, may sue the county therefor at any time within six months after final action of the board, but not afterwards. : . . ”
The condition precedent to the right to sue by a dissatisfied claimant, as prescribed in said statute, it is not pretended exists in this case. The claims for salary were all allowed as presented. There was no allowance for a less amount than the claim or demand. The claims were not rejected in whole or in part. The facts are not as though the officer had- presented a demand for what he now claims as his legal salary and the board had allowed him less than his demand. The right to sue “within six months after final action of the board, but not afterwards,” as provided in said statute, seems to be predicated upon the hypothesis that the board of supervisors had rejected the claim, or some part of the claim, and that the claimant is dissatisfied. As nothing of the kind happened, his claim for salary being allowed in full as presented bimonthly or monthly, the facts upon which the six-month limitation depend, are nonexistent. It is a case of mutual mistake, where less is claimed than the law allowed, and where less is paid than the law allowed. The difference between the lawful salary and what was allowed was never presented to the board in the form of a claim, was never passed upon by the board, and was never rejected by the board. It stands as though no claim had ever been made for it. It is not the splitting of a cause of action and bringing a suit for one part and thereafter bringing another suit for the balance, and has no analogy to such.
The board of supervisors is not a court, and the filing of a claim for salary is not the bringing of a suit. The board acts purely in a ministerial capacity in passing upon claims for salaries fixed by law. Phillips v. Graham County, 17 Ariz. 208, 149 Pac. 755. The board is the legally constituted and appointed agent of the county, intrusted with the funds of the county to pay its lawful debts, and no reason is apparent why a creditor of the county whose claim is definitely fixed-by law may not accept a part payment thereof from the board without forfeiting the right to demand and sue for the balance. The six-month limitation in that view has no application; there are no facts for it to operate upon. If the demand had consisted of many items subject to inquiry and investigation; if it had been unliquidated or disputed in whole or in part — a different question would be presented; that is, a question of estoppel. Such were the cases of Yavapai County v. O’Neill, 3 Ariz. 363, 29 Pac. 430, and Gila County v. Thompson, 4 Ariz. 180, 37 Pac. 22. We have decided in the Phillips’ case, supra, that it does not amount to accord and satisfaction where the hoard of supervisors and the officer are both mistaken as to the legal salary that the officer should be paid, and, in consequence, he is paid less than he is entitled to under the law.
We think it quite apparent from what we have heretofore said that it does not estop the officer from claiming his lawful salary, and to say that his salary, under the circumstances, was in part disallowed monthly or bimonthly, when he presented his claim for and was paid less than he was entitled to under the law, is to invoke a fiction, for, as a matter of fact, a claim for the full legal salary was never presented nor acted upon.
It is also demonstrable to a certainty that the limitation of six months provided in paragraph 2439, supra, in which suit may be brought after a claim is disallowed in whole or in part, has no application whatever to salary claims or balance for salary.
Paragraph 2434, supra, provides that claims against the county must be presented to the board of supervisors within six months after the last item accrues, stating minutely what the claim is for, and specifying each several item and the date and amount thereof, all duly verified, and forbids the board from considering a claim not so made and verified, and not presented within six months after the accrual of the last item thereof, but in the same paragraph it is provided that:
“Nothing herein shall be held to apply to the claims for compensation due to jurors and witnesses and for official salaries which, by some express provision of law, is made a demand against the county. ’ ’
This law expressly exempts salaried officers from itemizing their claims or from swearing thereto, or from presenting a demand therefor within six months after the salary accrues. There is no time fixed by the statute within which a claim for salary shall be presented to the board of supervisors for payment; likewise jurors and witnesses. The county officer may assume that his compensation will be that fixed by law, and that no sworn demand therefor is needed by the board of supervisors to acquaint them with the amount of compensation due.
Paragraph 2435 applies to accounts other than demands for salaries; likewise 2437, wherein all demands against the county “except for official, compensation” may be passed upon by the board of supervisors.
Paragraphs 2438 and 2439 do not refer to official salaries, but to accounts or demands against the county which are required to be itemized and verified.
Paragraph 2436 empowers the board of supervisors to refuse to pay a demand against the county to any person without first deducting any indebtedness that may be due the county, or, if the claim be by an officer, the board may refuse to pay, providing the officer has neglected or refused to perform his official duty as required by law. The salaries of all county officers are a charge upon the county, and must be presented to the board of supervisors to be audited; and may not be paid out of the treasury of the county except upon an order of the board. Paragraphs 2390 and 2391.
Although it is provided by paragraph 2392 that “all county and precinct Officers shall be paid their salaries in qqual semimonthly installments,” there is no express provision in the statute making it the duty of an- officer' to demand and accept his salary semi-monthly.- It is, of course, due semi-monthly, and he may demand it.
The' liability of the county to the officer for his salary is statutory; and, as we have heretofore shown in this opinion, the general statute of limitations will bar an action for the recovery of salary one year after it accrues, but the provisions with reference to the presentation, itemization and verification of demands against the county, as provided in paragraph 2434, and the limitation of six months within which a dissatisfied claimant may sue, as provided, in paragraph 2439, supra, have no application whatever to demands for salaries by county officers.
It is ordered that judgment be modified to conform with this opinion, and, as modified, affirmed.
CUNNINGHAM, C. J., and JOHN WILSON BOSS, J., concur.
On the question of applicability to unconstitutional officer of constitutional provision against increase of salary of officer during his term of office, see note in 26 L, S. A. (N. S.) 289.
As to acceptance of partial allowance of claim by public body as an accord and satisfaction, see note in 42 L. R. A. (N. S.) 121.
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BAKER, J.
This action is based upon the employers’ liability law (Rev. Stats. 1913, pars. 3153-3162), and was commenced by the plaintiff to recover damages for personal injuries which plaintiff alleged he sustained while in the service of the defendants and engaged in the operation of an "internal combustion engine which was being used to run or operate certain machinery. It is stated in the complaint that while plaintiff was turning the flywheel on said engine for the purpose of causing an explosion in the cylinders, thereby starting the engine, a premature explosion occurred in the cylinders of the engine, causing the flywheel to revolve backward, and striking the plaintiff, throwing him a distance cf several feet, whereby he was painfully and permanently injured. The defendant answered, denying that the plaintiff was injured while operating the internal combustion engine, and alleged that the injuries were caused by the plaintiff' falling over a cliff of rocks while he was engaged in robbing the nest of a swarm of bees which had settled in the rocks at a distance from the internal combustion engine.
Upon these issues trial was had 'before a jury, resulting in a verdict and judgment in favor of the defendants.
The plaintiff moved for a new trial, which was overruled, and thereafter this appeal was taken from the judgment and order overruling the motion.
Plaintiff, in his first assignment of error, complains of the following instruction given by the court to the jury and asks that we review the same:
“You are further instructed that, as a matter of law in this action, the plaintiff can only recover where the injury was occasioned by an accident which was unavoidable, and arose from the inherent nature of the business in which plaintiff was engaged, and due solely to a condition or conditions of his employment in which he was then engaged. If you fail to find that the accident and injury was occasioned by any cause other than above, then, I charge you, you must find in favor of the defendants.”
But the plaintiff has failed to bring here, by bill of exceptions or statement of facts, any of the evidence introduced-upon the trial. Assuming that the instruction is an incorrect statement of the law, yet we cannot say, in the absence of the evidence, that it prejudicially affected the result. It might be that the uneontradieted evidence established that the plaintiff sustained his injuries whilst he was away from his work of operating the internal combustion engine and engaged in robbing a bees’ nest, and, if so, he clearly could not recover under the employers’ liability law. In such a state of the evidence, the instruction, although it might be erroneous, could not prejudicially affect the result, and was therefore a harmless error. In 4 C. J. 545, it is said:
“ . . . Even where the instruction is erroneous as an abstract statement of law, it cannot be determined, without the evidence, whether or not it is' prejudicial, ...” citing Ely v. Holloway, 95 Kan. 8, 147 Pac. 1128; Giles v. Ternes, 93 Kan. 140, 143 Pac. 491; Morgan v. Bankers’ Trust Co., 63 Wash. 476, 115 Pac. 1047.
The only exception to the rule that an erroneous instruction will not be reviewed in the absence of the evidence is found in a case where an instruction given is erroneous and prejudicial in any conceivable state of the evidence.' People v. Levison, 16 Cal. 98, 76 Am., Dec. 505; Carpenter v. Ewing, 76 Cal. 487, 18 Pac. 432; Trinity & Brazos Valley Co. v. Lunsford (Tex. Civ. App.), 160 S. W. 677. We have not overlooked the presumption of prejudice which generally follows an erroneous ruling of the trial court. This, however, is only a presumption, resting alone on the ruling itself, and may be overcome by something else occurring in the case. As we have said, the uncontradicted evidence might have tended to prove that the plaintiff was not injured while operating the internal combustion engine, but was injured at a distance therefrom, and whilst engaged in robbing the bees’ nest. If such was the state of the evidence, the defendants would have been entitled to a verdict and judgment in their favor, as a matter of law, and the court upon that ground would have been compelled to sustain a motion made by the defendants for judgment in.their favor notwithstanding the verdict had the verdict been against them; hence the final disposition of the case may have been correct, however erroneous the instruction might be, which is here sought to be reviewed. '
The plaintiff, in his second assignment of error, complains of the following instruction, given by the court to the jury: “I instruct you that you cannot allow anything by way of attorney’s fees.” There is nothing in the pleadings in reference to attorney’s fees. The plaintiff claimed none. In this state of the case, the instruction was wholly uncalled for, but it does not follow that it was prejudicial. In fact, it could not be, since the plaintiff made no claim whatever to attorney’s fees. The rule is a general one, and often repeated, that, in order to warrant a reversal, the error complained of must have been prejudicial to the appellant. 2 R. C. L., p. 230.
It necessarily must be said, from such a record as we have before us, that this court would not be justified in determining that there had been a miscarriage of justice.
The judgment of the lower court is affirmed.
CUNNINGHAM, C. J., and ROSS, J., concur.
|
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ROSS, J.
The appellant, claiming to be the owner of the Rough Rider and La Union mining claims, situate in the Bunker Hill mining district, Graham county, brought this action to establish and quiet its title thereto as against appellees, who, it is charged by complaint, “wrongfully and without right entered in and upon the said Rough Rider and La Union claims, and attempted to locate two mining claims, the said mining claims of defendants, being named by them the “New York and California No. 1” and the “New York and California No. 2. ”
Appellees, in their answer, as an affirmative defense, set forth that the Rough Rider and La Union as valid mining claims “had ceased and determined, and had become of no effect, prior to the location of said property by defendants, by reason'of the failure of the plaintiff to comply with the requirements of law with respect to location and assessment work upon said property,” and prayed that their title to the New York and California Nos. 1 and 2 be quieted.
It will thus be seen that the issue made by the pleadings was as to whether or not the appellant had done and made $100 worth of work and improvements for the year 1915 upon each of the mining claims known as Rough Rider and La Union. The case was tried to a jury, to which four interrogatories were submitted as follows:
“(1) Did the plaintiff corporation perform work and labor to the value of one hundred dollars upon the Rough Rider claim for the year 1915?
“(2) The same question with reference to the La Union mining claim.
“(3) 'Did defendants perform all of the acts of location in conformity with the statutes of Arizona in the attempted location of the New York and California No. 1 claim?
“(4) The same question with reference to the New York and California No. 2 claim.
The first two questions were answered by the jury in the negative, and the last two in the affirmative. This appeal is from the brder overruling a motion for a new trial, and from the judgment quieting the title of appellees to the New York and California Nos. 1 and 2 mining claims.
The errors assigned are three, as follows:
1. “The court erred in its refusal to grant appellant’s motion for judgment in its favor and for an instructed verdict in its favor upon the following grounds: ”
The trouble with this alleged error is that it does not seem to be predicated upon the record. Appellant has not pointed out to us any motion made by it “for judgment in its favor and for an instructed verdict in its favor.” If any such motion was made, or "if any brder of the court denying such motion was entered, they do not appear in the abstract and are not noticed in the clerk’s minutes as certified to this court, nor indeed may they be found anywhere in the record. Since no such motion was made on the grounds set forth, or any other grounds, no ruling thereon by the court was possible, and for that reason this assignment must fail.
2. It is next contended that the court erroneously instructed the jury that the burden of proof was upon the appellant to show that it had done the annual assessment work upon the Rough Rider and La Union mining claims for the year 1915. Such an instruction was in fact given. Now, it is well settled that where a mining location is made, as in this ease, upon ground as abandoned or forfeited for failure to do the annual work or improvement, the burden of showing abandonment or forfeiture is upon the junior locator. This has been the ruling of the supreme court of the United States, as well as our highest court. Hammer v. Garfield Mining Co., 130 U. S. 291, 32 L. Ed. 964, 9 Sup. Ct. Rep. 548, Providence Gold Mining Co. v. Burke, 6 Ariz. 323, 57 Pac. 641; Cunningham v. Pirrung, 9 Ariz. 288, 80 Pac. 329.
Appellees admit that the court misdirected the jury, but contend the judgment should not be reversed for that reason because the appellant at.the trial assumed the burden of proof by its conduct in opening and closing the ease in evidence and argument. We find the fact to be that appellant, on the issue of failure to do the assessment work for the year 1915, did proceed, in-the opening of its case, to offer evidence to establish that the annual work had been done upon each of the claims known as the Rough Rider and La Union for the disputed year 1915, and to that end introduced an affidavit of assessment work having been done for that year; also the oral testimony of its superintendent. Thereafter appellees introduced their evidence upon, that issue. No question as to where the burden of proof lay was made by appellant until after the verdict of the jury was found to be against it. Then, for the first time, in a motion for a new trial, the erroneous instruction was assigned as a ground for setting aside the verdict. .We think the rule of law stated below should control in this case:
‘ ‘ One who voluntarily assumes the burden of. proof will not be heard on appeal or error to assert that the burden was on the other party.” 4 Corpus Juris, 715.
“When at the trial a party voluntarily assumes the burden of proof, it is not cause for the reversal by this court of a judgment rendered against him, that the burden of proof was east by the pleadings on the other party. ’ ’ Parker v. Richolson et al., 46 Kan. 283, 26 Pac. 729.
“Appellant may not complain of instructions given at the request of the opposite party where they were predicated on an erroneous theory of the law of the case assumed by appellant.” Ziehme v. Harris, 129 Mo. App. 189, 108 S. W. 131.
We have no doubt that the mere suggestion to the learned trial judge that the burden of proof on the contested issue of forfeiture was upon the appellees would have called forth a correct statement of the law. The misdirection was but the natural result of the conduct of the trial; the usual rule being that the burden of proof is upon him who assumes it by opening and closing the evidence and argument upon the issues involved.
3. Lastly, complaint is made that the third and fourth interrogatories submitted to the jury called for conclusions of law, and not of fact. It is said this was error. Granting that the form of these two questions is objectionable, the appellant ought not to be heard to say so, as it was stipulated by the parties:
“That notwithstanding the fact that questions 3 and 4 may involve a conclusion of law, the same are agreed to between the parties hereto and any legal objections thereto waived.” See 4 Corpus Juris, 712.
The judgment is affirmed.
CUNNINGHAM, C. J., and BAKER, J., concur.
Authorities discussing the question of relocation of mining elaim as abandoned or forfeited generally, are collated in a note in 68 L. B. A. 833; particularly on the question of burden of proof, see page 847 of above note.
|
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] |
BAKER, J.
The defendant was convicted of a misdemeanor, and appeals. The information filed in the case charges that the defendant “did . . . willfully and unlawfully purchase from Miguel Galvez metal and junk, he, the said Galvez, being at the time of the purchase of said metal and junk by the said C. L. Cummings, a person under the age of 16 years.”
Evidence of the purchase by the defendant of metal and junk from boys under 16 years of age upon occasions other than that charged in the information was permitted to go to \the jury by the court. The defendant complains of this ruling. Under the facts adduced, this action of the court was not erroneous.
The testimony tends to establish 'that the defendant was, or had been, a junk dealer engaged in buying and selling east-off pieces of metal, brass, copper, wire, etc., and that on the occasion charged he bought from the boy, Galvez, who was under 16 years of age, a faucet and a piece of rubber tube and some lamp burners. The defendant denied the purchase of these articles, and alleged that he was formerly engaged in the electric light business, and that, owing to the removal of the plant to different places and its final destruction by fire, copper wire used about the plant became scattered, and that he had arranged with the boy, Galvez, to gather up this wire and bring it to him, for which service he paid the boy a small stipend.
The evidence of other purchases was admissible for the purpose of showing that the transaction with the boy, Galvez, was a purchase in accordance with a system, plan or scheme adopted by the defendant in the conduct of his business in reference to the purchase of junk in violation of the statute. No attempt was made to convict the defendant of making the other purchases, and no evidence was offered for that purpose. Furthermore, the court in its charge to the jury very prudently limited the evidence of the other purchases as being available by the jury only for the purpose of determining whether in fact the defendant had made the purchase charged in the information. Cluff v. State, 16 Ariz. 179, 142 Pac. 644; Duff v. State, 19 Ariz. 361, 171 Pac. 133.
A further complaint is made by the defendant, based on the fact that the court refused to quash the information and dismiss the proceedings because no preliminary examination had been held in the case. We have already decisively held in a couple of cases that when the offense chai’ged is a misdemeanor, no preliminar;’' examination is necessary or essential to the proper institution of criminal proceedings against the one accused. Mo Yaen v. State, 18 Ariz. 491, L. R. A. 1917D, 1014, 163 Pac. 135; Birch v. State, 19 Ariz. 366, 171 Pac. 135.
The judgment is affirmed.
CUNNINGHAM, C. J., and ROSS, J., concur.
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ROSS, J.
Plaintiff, suing defendant for damages for personal injuries received while she was a passenger on one of its street-cars,vset forth her cause of /action in two counts. In the first count it was alleged that the street-ear on which she was riding stopped at the intersection of Washington Street and Central Avenue, Phoenix, and that, “while plaintiff was in the act of alighting from said car, and before plaintiff had time to alight and reach the pavement in safety, 'the defendant’s servants carelessly, recklessly and negligently started said car in motion, causing plaintiff to fall to the pavement with great force and violence.”
The negligence charged in the second count is neglect and failure “to keep its car in good condition and free from protruding bolts or other obstacles or parts of said car which could or would catch plaintiff’s skirts,” and by reason therépf “this plaintiff’s skirt caught in a bolt or some other obstacle or part of said ear, and while plaintiff was about to alight, this defendant, through its servants then in charge of said car, carelessly, negligently, and recklessly started said car in motion, and, beeahse of plaintiff’s skirt being caught on some obstacle as aforesaid, and because of defendant starting said car before plaintiff had reached thé pavement in safety, plaintiff was thrown’ on the pavement with great force and violence.”
The issues tendered were met by a general demurrer and general denial, and an affirmative defense that plaintiff was injured, if at all, through her own carelessness or omission or negligence or inadvertence by falling “upon the pavement at or near the intersection of Washington and Central Streets ... at a place entirely removed from and apart from the car of this defendant. ’ ’ ^
From a verdict and judgment in favor of plaintiff, this appeal is prosecuted.
The errors assigned as occurring at the trial prejudicial to the rights of defendant may, we think, he designated under five headings: First, the refusal of the court to require the appellee to elect upon which count of her complaint she would ask a verdict; second, the refusal of the court to instruct a verdict for defendant as requested because of insufficient evidence to support the allegations of the complaint; third, in not taking from the jury all consideration of the alleged unsafe condition of the car by reason of the protruding bolts, etc., upon which plaintiff’s skirt was said to have caught for the reason that there was no evidence of any protruding bolts or other obstacles, or that defendant’s car was defective; fourth, in erroneously instructing the jury and in failing to instruct as requested and in modifying certain instructions requested by defendant; and, fifth, in refusing to grant a new trial upon the showing of newly discovered evidence.
The first assignment is without merit. It is permissible under the law for'a party to state his cause of action in one or more counts as the facts of his case may seem to him to demand or require. The pleader cannot always know or anticipate what the proof may develop so as confidently to rely upon a single statement of his cause of action. The privilege of stating his cause in different counts is granted so that a party whose cause is just may not be nonsuited or dismissed because of a variance in the pleadings and proof, or because of a failure to sustain one count when the evidence is sufficient to support another. And the case may be submitted on all the issues finding support in the evidence. Willard v. Carrigan, 8 Ariz. 70, 68 Pac. 538; Paducah Traction Co. v. Baker, 130 Ky. 360, 18 L. R. A. (N. S.) 1185, 113 S. W. 449.
The second and third points above stated are so closely related we will consider them together. The contention of appellant is that the undisputed evidence shows that the cause of the accident in which appellee was injured was the catching of her skirt on something as she was alighting, that the ear did not start until after she was falling, and that it was the catching of. her skirt on something for which appellant was not responsible, and not the starting of the car, that caused her to fall. In other words, it is claimed plaintiff would have fallen if the car had not started as it did, or at least that it may not be definitely determined to which cause, the catching of her clothes or the starting of the car, the jury credited the accident.
The appellee’s explanation as to how the accident happened was:
“I proceeded to get off the car and my dress caught on a holt or something in the ear which held me, and I just had one foot from the car, and they started the car and threw me to the pavement and tore my dress.”
On cross-examination:
“Qp What did you do after it stopped? A. I started to get off the car. Q. Then the car started again? A. Yes, sir; it did. Q. Where were you when it started? A. I was falling to the pavement. Q. When it started? A. Yes, sir. Q. What was it that threw you to the pavement, Mrs. Beals, the starting of the car or the catching of your dress? A. Well, the starting of the car would have thrown me' to the pavement. Q. I want to know just what it was, the starting of the car or the catching of your dress? A. The starting of the car, I suppose. I don’t quite understand you. Q. Explain what occurred, Mrs. Beals, when you fell, in the best language you can and as you remember it. A. When I went to step down from the ear, my dress caught on a bolt in the car, as well as I remember, and I well remember the bell rung for the car to start, and then I didn’t remember anything about it until after I had gotten upon my feet after I was hurt. No; I had just started to make one step when my dress had caught, one foot was just inside the car. Q. One foot was out, just making the step, and the other part of your ■body was in the car? A. Yes, sir. Q. Then in this case you were stepping just out of the ear, and your right foot was out? A. Yes, sir. Q. And the car gave a lurch forward and you were thrown forward on your face? A. Yes, sir. Q. Do you recall what your dress caught on ? A. As to that, I cannot say, but my dress caught on something. Q. Did you disengage your dress yourself? A. Why, no; when I was thrown from the car, I guess it must have torn loose some way. Q. Your dress was caught on the ear and holding,you back, and would it not be natural for you to lean around and disengage your dress? A. I don’t think so unless I had hád my foot on the car. If I had had my foot on the car, I might have loosened the dress. Q. Where were your feet? A. I was just stepping oil the ear. Q. Then he stopped, and you immediately went to get off, and your dress caught, and the car immediately started across the street. Is that true? A. Yes, sir.”
Witnesses Toller and Gregg in their testimony corroborated the appellee to some extent, the latter stating:
“I noticed her skirt was caught, and just at that time he started the car, and of course he didn’t have to move very far; the pull of the skirt could have throwed her off — pull her feet out from under her. I know her skirt was caught on something on the car. ’ ’
This testimony, if believed, showed that just as plaintiff was in the act of alighting her skirt caught on something and before she could disengage herself, and before she had alighted, the car suddenly started, throwing her to the pavement.
If it be true that the sole cause of the accident was due to plaintiff’s skirt catching on something, it seems from the law that the existence of that “something” must be the result of the nonperformance of a duty owed by defendant to plaintiff before a recovery could be had. No faulty impairment or construction of the car being shown, the implication of negligence on the part of defendant from the mere fact that plaintiff’s skirt caught on something is not justified. Whatever may have been the cause of her skirt catching that fact alone is not sufficient evidence of negligence; it appearing that defendant performed its duty in furnishing" a ear of the kind in ordinary use and in good repair.
The defendant is not an insurer, and is not liable for all accidents that may happen to a passenger, but only those that occur through its negligence. If it furnished the plaintiff a reasonably safe car on which to ride, notwithstanding she became entangled in her skirts, or her skirts caught on something, which “something” she is unable to point out as existing because of the defendant’s negligence, no presumption of negligence may be indulged. Negligence may not be based on a conjecture or a guess, nor may negligence in such circumstances be inferred from an accident only, as all accidents are not caused by negligence. Powers v. Pere Marquette R. R. Co., 143 Mich. 379, 106 N. W. 1117; Gulf, C. & S. F. Ry. Co. v. Davis (Tex. Civ. App.), 161 S. W. 933.
But, assuming an entire absence of evidence showing protruding bolts or other defects in the car, we think the request for an instructed verdict was properly denied for the reason the complaint did not assign the catching of her garment thereon as the cause, or at least the sole cause of the accident; the allegation being that the two causes concurred in effecting her fall, to wit, the catching of her skirt on something and the starting of the ear before she had time to alight. Whether this allegation of negligence was sustained.by the evidence or not was a question of fact for the jury, and, in view of their verdict, we must conclude that they resolved it in favor of the plaintiff’s contention. If the accident happened from the concurrence of the two causes assigned, the fact that defendant was not responsible for her skirt catching would not relieve it from responsibility for the accident if it was negligent in starting its car while plaintiff was thus embarrassed. We take the statement of the law in that regard as made by the supreme court of Washington in Goe v. Northern Pac. Ry. Co., 30 Wash. 654, 71 Pac. 182, as follows:
“ . . .It is. well established that, where the primary cause of an injury is a pure accident, occasioned without fault of the injured • party, if the negligent act of the defendant is a co-operating or culminating cause of the injury, or if the accident would not have resulted in the injury excepting for the negligent act, the negligence is the proximate cause of injury for which damages may be recovered.”
See, also, Rice v. Puget Sound Traction etc. Co., 80 Wash. 47, L. R. A. 1915A, 797, 141 Pac. 191; Hendrickson v. Gray Harbor Ry. & Light Co., 88 Wash. 145, 152 Pac. 992; St. Louis & S. F. Ry. Co. v. Bell (Okl.), L. R. A. 1917A, 543. 159 Pac. 336; Miller v. Northern Pac. Ry. Co., 24 Idaho, 567, Ann. Cas. 1915C, 1214, 48 L. R. A. (N. S.) 700, 135 Pac. 845; Carlock v. Denver & R. G. Co., 55 Colo. 146, 133 Pac. 1103; 29 Cyc. 496.
It is claimed the court should never have submitted in its instructions the question made by the complaint as to the defects in the car, as none was shown by the evidence. There was evidence to the effect that plaintiff’s skirt caught on something, and, regardless of how it was caused, whether from defects in the car or from some unaccountable reason, it cannot affect the responsibility of the defendant for the accident if, while she was thus embarrassed or impeded, the defendant negligently started the car, and in that manner caused her to fall to the pavement. It was the fact of the plaintiff’s clothes being caught, and not the cause thereof, that was proper for the jury to consider in determining whether the defendant exercised that high degree of care, under the circumstances, imposed on a carrier of passengers. If that be true, as a proposition of law, and we have no doubt it is, both the allegations and the evidence as to the defective condition of the car were immaterial, and the instructions thereon placing the burden of proving the defect upon the plaintiff could not have militated against the defendant to its injury.
In Kirby v. St. Louis & S. F. Ry. Co., 146 Mo. App. 304, 130 S. W. 69, the question arose as to whether there was a failure of proof, it being contended that because one of the causes of the accident assigned was not sustained by the evidence, there could be no recovery. The court, in disposing of the contention, said (146 Mo. App. 310, 130 S. W. 71):
“The first question necessary to be determined is: What was the ground of negligence charged against the defendant"! It seems to us that a fair interpretation of this charge fixes the gravamen of the charge as the failure to hold the train a sufficient length of time to permit plaintiff to alight therefrom. It clearly does make this charge, and this was all that was necessary for plaintiff to charge and prove in order to make a prima facie case against defendant. Hurt v. Railroad, 94 Mo. 255, 262, 4 Am. St. Rep. 374, 7 S. W. 1; Straus v. Railroad, 75 Mo. 185; Fillingham v. Transit Co., 102 Mo. App. 573, 582, 77 S. W. 314; Shareman v. Transit Co., 103 Mo. App. 515, 525, 78 S. W. 846. The other allegations of the petition charging that the train was caused to move forward with a violent and sudden jerk, lurch, and bound were unnecessary allegations, and we can see no reason why plaintiff, by reason of having made these allegations when they were entirely unnecessary, should be required to prove them before making a case sufficient to go to the jury when to prove the other allegation was of itself sufficient. Nelson v. Railroad Co., 113 Mo. App. 702, 88 S. W. 1119; Green v. Railroad Co., 122 Mo. App. 647, 99 S. W. 28. The demurrer to the testimony was properly refused.”
The defendant’s contention on this point is not entitled to as favorable consideration as it would be had it raised the question in some manner at the trial. It asked no instruction to exclude the question from the jury. In its request for an instructed verdict, it did not raise the point. No contention on the point was made until after the verdict. The instruction, as a matter of law, was more .favorable to defendant than to plaintiff. It required the jury to find that plaintiff’s .skirt caught on something, the existence of which was due to a nonperformance of a duty by defendant, whereas, as we have seen, it was the fact of her skirt being caught, and not the cause thereof, together with the starting of the ear while she was in the act of alighting, that fixed or tended to fix liability upon defendant.
It is a rule of pleading that plaintiff must prove all the material allegations of her complaint before she is entitled to relief, but that does not mean that she is required to establish allegations not essential to her cause of action. In personal injury cases the plaintiff must prove the specific act of negligence assigned as the cause of her injury (Scalpino v. Smith, 154 Mo. App. 524, 135 S. W. 1000), but, if the accident resulted from concurring causes, it is not necessary that the proof show both occurred through the negligence of the defendant, even though it be so alleged, for the reason the law will hold the defendant liable if one of the concurring acts of negligence is directly chargeable to defendant and is the proximate cause of the accident.
Before taking up for consideration the assignments based upon the giving and refusing of instructions, we will state defendant’s theory of the case. It was that plaintiff, at the time of her injury, had ceased to be a passenger, had alighted safely on the pavement, and progressed from six to eight feet across the street toward the sidewalk when she stumbled and fell. This theory was set forth in its answer and found support in the defendant’s evidence. In addition, defendant denied all the allegations of the complaint except that it was a corporation operating a street railway in the city of Phoenix. It was abundantly shown that plaintiff boarded defendant’s car at Washington and Seventh Streets; that she paid her fare; that the car stopped at Central Avenue and Washington Street, and that here she got off of the car, according to the defendant’s theory, safely, suffering a misadventure after she had alighted; the plaintiff’s theory being that, while she was in the act of alighting, her skirt became at tached to something, and before she had time to alight the ear started and threw her to the pavement.
Complaint is made that the theory of the defendant was not stated correctly in the first instruction given by the court. This instruction reads:
“The plaintiff asks for damages in this case for a sum not to exceed $10,000 on the two counts, one of them being falling from the car while in motion, and the other her skirt being caught on some obstruction in the car while leaving the car. Defendant denies these things, and maintains that there is no liability whatever, and these are the matters for you to decide from the evidence having been heard by you.”
It may be admitted that this is a rather lean and imperfect statement of the issues, and if it stood alone, unaided by other instructions, would be subject to most severe criticism.
In another instruction plaintiff’s theory of the case as contained in her complaint and presented at the trial was fully and completely submitted to the jury. They were required to find:
“That while she was in the act of alighting from said ear, her skirt caught on some portion of said car, or on some obstacle protruding from said ear because said car was not in a reasonably safe condition and repair, and that the employees of the defendant company started said ear forward in motion as she was alighting from said ear, all of -which caused the plaintiff to be thrown to the ground and injured, . . . ” and that, if the “act in so causing the said car to be started in motion as aforesaid amounted to a want of such care as devolves on a carrier of passengers as defined in the previous instructions I have given you, and that, ás a direct consequence of such omission of such care by said employees of the defendant, Anna L. Beals, received injuries, then your verdict should be for her.”
As heretofore indicated, this instruction in placing the -burden of proving the cause of her clothes catching on something to be due to the negligence of defendant was in defendant’s favor, as it was the fact' of her embarrassed situation, and not the cause thereof, unless traceable to some fault of hers, together with the starting of the ear, that was assigned in her complaint, as the proximate cause of the accident. The defendant’s theory was stated to the jury, not once, but several times, in such language as:
“If you believe from tbe evidence that the injuries sustained by her were not due to negligence on the part of the defendant’s servants, but were due to mere accident or misadventure, then and in that ease your'verdict shall be for the defendant”; and “if . . . such injury occurred by reason of her falling immediately after she had alighted from the car, and that her,fall was not caused by the starting of the defendant’s ear in a negligent manner by defendant’s servants, nor by the catching of plaintiff’s skirt on some obstacle on said ear, then she cannot recover in this action”; and “if the railroad company on its part is properly discharging its duties, and a passenger is hurt from a cause disconnected, over which the railroad has not control, or if the passenger is hurt by reason of his or het own" conduct or misconduct amounting to contributory negligence, and the act or doing of the railroad company in no way contributed towards it, or if-the passenger’s conduct was the primary or real reason of his or her injury, the railroad company would not be responsible, and your verdict will be for the defendant.”.
1 j it is seen that, though the first instruction inadequately and meagerly stated the issues and theories of the respective parties, the deficiencies were supplied by subsequent instructions. It is a rule in this jurisdiction — and we believe of universal application — that the instructions must be talien and construed as a whole, and, when the ones given in this case .are so considered, the appellant’s complaint is without merit.
Complaint is made of instruction No. 4, which is as follows:
“If you find in this case that, while the plaintiff was attempting to alight from the car and the conductor rang the bell, and the car started up, and the accident occurred in that manner, then the plaintiff would be entitled to recover because-it would amount to actionable negligence on the part of the conductor to ring the bell and the car to start while the plaintiff was in the act of alighting. There can be no question about that.”
It is contended this instruction is bad -because it ignores “complete defenses or elements of defense such as unavoidable accident or negligence of the plaintiff herself amounting to contributory negligence or failure of plaintiff to use ordinary care for her own safety. ’ ’
Defendant forgets that there was no plea of contributory negligence, and that there was absolutely no evidence introduced in its behalf showing or tending to show plaintiff was injured until after she had ceased to be a, passenger. The conductor testified he saw plaintiff alight, and that she was clear of the car before he rang the bell for the ear to start, and this was the contention throughout.
The instruction would be objectionable in this form if defendant had pleaded the accident happened while plaintiff was alighting through her negligence, and supported it by some evidence, but no such issue was before the jury. The proof, under the general denial of the defendant, was limited to the affirmative defense of the misadventure after plaintiff was no longer a passenger.
It is also contended the instruction overlooks and ignores knowledge or want of knowledge of defendant’s servants that plaintiff was alighting at the time the car was started. It is undisputed, that the intersection of Washington Street and /Central Avenue was a safety stop; that all cars stopped there to let off and take on passengers, and, while defendant’s conductor disputes it, plaintiff testified she told him when she paid her fare that she wanted to get off at Central Avenue. In view of these facts, we think it was the duty of defendant to know whether plaintiff had alighted before starting the car. The rule in that regard is stated in 10 C. J. 948, section 1367, as follows:
“Regardless of the length of time for which the car is stopped, and although it is stopped for a length of time which would be reasonable under ordinary conditions, if the conductor or the motorman in charge of the car knows or has reason to know that a passenger is in the act of boarding or alighting, it is negligence suddenly or recklessly to start or otherwise to move the car, whereby the passenger is injured.”
The identical instruction was approved in Kirchner v. Detroit City Ry. Co., 91 Mich. 400, 51 N. W. 1059.
It is contended that instruction No. 5 was erroneous. This instruction was approved in Crump v. Davis, 33 Ind. App. 88, 70 N. E. 886, as a correct statement of the law. The duty of a street-car company to deliver its passengers is stated by Mr. Chief Justice FULLER in Washington etc. R. R. Co. v. Harmon’s Admr., 147 U. S. 571, reading at page 583, 13 Sup. Ct. Rep. 557, at page 561 (37 L. Ed. 284), as follows:
“The duty resting upon the defendant was to deliver its passenger, and that involved the duty of observing whether he had actually alighted before the car was started again. If the conductor failed to attend to that duty, and did not give the passenger time enough to get off before the car started, it was necessarily this neglect of duty that did the mischief. It was not a duty due to a person solely because he was in danger of being hurt, but a duty owed to a person whom the defendant had undertaken to deliver, and who was entitled to be delivered safely by being allowed to alight without danger.”
The other complaints of instructions given — and they go to practically all of the instructions — have either been covered by what has already been said or are not Of enough importance to deserve special notice. The refusal to give certain instructions requested by defendant, and the modification of others, is made the basis of assigned error, but we have come to the conclusion . that those that were refused were fully covered or were properly refused, and that the modifications complained of were not error.
It is earnestly urged that the showing of newly discovered evidence was amply sufficient to require the trial -court to grant a new trial, and that his refusal to do so was ah abuse of discretion and was error. The showing made on motion for a new trial was that one E. P. Fuller would testify upon a retrial that on the day plaintiff was injured he was standing at the coiner of Washington Street and Central Avenue at the time she got off of defendant’s car; that he saw a lady “alight from said car and traverse a distance of several feet from said car, and then apparently stumble and fall upon the pavement; that at the time said lady fell, she was entirely clear of said car, and her fall was not caused by being caught upon the car in any manner or by any sudden starting of said car. ...”
The date of the accident was October 25, 1916, and the case was tried the early part of December, 1917. Fuller did not tell defendant or anyone representing it what he saw until after the trial in December, 1917; and it is also made to appear that none of the agents or servants of defendant knew that he would testify as stated until about December 8, 1917. The defendant’s claim agent made affidavit of diligence, in which he shows that on October 2-5, 1916, the accident was reported to him, and thereafter until the trial he continually endeavored to locate any and alt persons who might have seen what occurred at the time and place plaintiff claims to have been injured; that he found two persons, to wit, B. P. Serrana and J. A. Bos'e, who stated to him they saw plaintiff fall on the pavement after she had-left the ear, but they did not see her get off the car; that these two witnesses remained in the jurisdiction of the court until just before the trial, when they disappeared, and were not to be had for the trial; that he tried to find others who saw or might have seen what happened at the time of the accident, but was unsuccessful; that he only learned of Puller’s seeing it after the trial.
In passing upon this assignment, we are met with this rule:
“While newly discovered evidence material to the party applying, which he could not, with reasonable diligence, have discovered and produced at the trial, is ground for a new trial, applications on this ground are not favored by the courts. . . . Such applications should always be subjected to the closest scrutiny by the court, and the burden is upon the applicant to rebut the presumption that the verdict is correct, and that there has been a lack of due diligence. The matter is largely discretionary with the trial court, and the exercise of its discretion will not be disturbed except in a case of manifest abuse.” 20 B. C. L., § 72, p. 289.
The proposed evidence of Serrana and Bose was not newly discovered. It was known to the defendant before the trial, and if it considered the evidence of these two witnesses material, it should have asked for a postponement of the trial until their attendance could be had. Chenoweth v. Prewett, 17 Ariz. 400, 153 Pac. 420. No such request was made.
Puller’s testimony was cumulative. The defendant’s conductor had testified to the same things Puller claims took place. His added weight to defendant’s testimony, the trial court evidently concluded, would not change the result if a new trial were granted. Then it'does seem that defendant, if its version of what happened is true, could have found, with its facilities, other witnesses who would have testified to it. It developed in the course of the trial that after plaintiff got off of the car one man, an elderly gentleman, was on the car going to the fair grounds. Two other men boarded the car at the place she got off, and it appears that other per sons were present at the time it is claimed the accident happened. Indeed, it is not unreasonable to assume that at the time of the accident — the middle of the afternoon — there were many people .in the vicinity of the intersection of Washington Street and Central Avenue,. It is possible, of course, that none of them saw the occurrence, and it is also possible defendant could not locate them, or any others than the three mentioned in its motion for a new trial, but it seems to us the passengers at the time, and bystanders, might have been found with proper diligence: We conclude it was not error, under the circumstances, to refuse the new trial for newly discovered evidence.
The judgment is affirmed.
CUNNINGHAM, C. J., and BAKER, J., concur.
As to duty of street-car conductor to see that passenger is ofl: before starting the car, see note in 11 I». R. A. (N. S.) 140.
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] |
CUNNINGHAM, C. J.
The appellant was duly charged by information with the commission of an aggravated assault with a knife upon one Mickey, a police officer of the city of Phoenix. Upon a trial the jury returned a verdict of guilty. At the trial, appellant’s counsel did not introduce appellant as a witness, and gave as his reasons, the following: “Now, if the court please, at this particular time I will state the defendant was on the witness-stand in the preliminary examination, and his evidence was taken down and after reading the evidence of the state, and the evidence of the defendant, they ■are so nearly the same that I don’t see any reason for prolonging this trial. Practically the only difference in the state’s evidence and the defendant’s evidence is the fact that the defendant says that one of the officers struck him in the eye with his fist when he was arresting him prior to the time he used the knife, and the officer says he didn’t, and that is practically the only difference in the evidence. ...” An examination of the evidence given in behalf of the state, convinces us that the verdict is amply supported thereby. We find no reversible error on the record, and no effort has been made to point out to this court a claim of error. The judgment is affirmed.
BOSS and BAKEE, JJ., concur.
|
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CUNNINGHAM, C. J.
(After Stating the Facts as Above). The action is founded upon the employers’ liability law,- and the defendant has demurred to the complaint because and for the alleged reason that said law violates the Fourteenth Amendment of the Constitution of the United States. The demurrer was overruled by the lower court, and the ruling is assigned as error. This court has repeatedly held adversely to appellant’s contention, and adheres to the said ruling on the authority of Inspiration Consolidated Copper Co. v. Mendez, 19 Ariz. 151, 166 Pac. 278, 1183, Superior & Pittsburg Copper Co. v. Tomich, 19 Ariz. 182, 165 Pac. 1101, 1185, Superior & Pittsburg Copper Co. v. Davidovitch, 19 Ariz. 402, 171 Pac. 127, and Arizona Copper Co. v. Burciaga, ante, p. 85, 177 Pac. 29, decided December 21, 1918.
Thd vital question presented by this record is whether there is any evidence to sustain the plaintiff’s allegations that James Chapman, deceased, was, at the time of the accident which caused his death, engaged in the performance of his duties as an employee of the defendant company, in the meaning.of that relation understood in the employers ’ liability law. The question is raised in a number of assignments of error and requires a decision. All parties must concede, if the contract of June 13, 1917, was binding on James Chapman as written at the time of the accident resulting in his death, that his relation to the company defendant, as established by the said contract, was that of independent contractor, and not that of an employee, as understood in the employers’ liability law.
The assignments of error deny the existence of any evidence tending to abolish the said contract. The plaintiff sets out the contract, but alleges that the contract was á “device and means contrived and put into effect by the defendant for the purpose and with the intent of enabling the defendant to exempt himself from the liability created” by the employers’ liability law. As evidence that such contract was a “device and means contrived and put into effect by the defendant” for such purpose, the plaintiff sets forth in her reply that the defendant “caused and compelled said Chapman to pay hospital fees and ground rent, and paid liability insurance to a certain indemnity company [insuring Chapman] as an employee of the defendant company, . . . and immediately upon the death of said Chapman did report said death to such indemnity company, and presented to the. said company a claim for the death of said Chapman as an employee of said defendant, and did pay wages to said Chapman at the time and in the manner that the other employees of the defendant were paid wages.”
Are such circumstances evidence tending to establish as a. fact that the contract of June 13, 1917, was a “device and means” used by defendant to avoid the burdens of an employer ? They are offered for the purpose of establishing, as a fact, that a written contract, which, on its face, creates a relation between the defendant and James Chapman, is in law one other than that of employer and employee, was not a binding contract, and was void for the reason that such paper was a mere device and means contrived to escape liability imposed by statute. In other words-, such circumstances are offered by the plaintiff as sufficient evidence of a fraud practiced by the defendant company to escape a duty imposed by statute, owing to an employee.
Chapman was not misled to his injury by the conduct of the defendant, and no party to the contract makes claim that the contract was abandoned. The plaintiff concedes — at least, does not dispute — that the written contract was fully performed by all parties thereto, 'and that plaintiff, as admin istratrix of the estate of James Chapman, deceased, received from the defendant company, for and in behalf of such estate, final payment of its share of the contract price earned in the performance of the contract in sinking the shaft.
The facts in evidence are convincing to the v effect that all parties to the said contract regarded the contract binding, and so conducted themselves, until after full performance of its terms. Consequently, the plaintiff has wholly failed to sustain by any competent evidence the allegation that said written contract was void, because it was entered into as a device and means contrived by the defendant to escape liability to' an .employee for an accident occurring in its mines, by which such employee was injured. The evidence relied upon by the plaintiff was not sufficient to establish such allegation of fiaud and thereby abrogate said written contract. The trial court erred in refusing to instruct the jury to return a verdict for the defendant, because of such failure of the evidence in such particular.
The judgment is reversed and the cause remanded, with instructions to take such further proceedings in the cause as justice may require, not inconsistent with law.
|
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] |
CUNNINGHAM, C. J.
The appellees moved for a rehearing, alleging that the opinion filed in the ease sets forth a doctrine in procedure that is more than novel, but is in its nature without support of the law. -
The rehearing was granted on the grounds that the language used by the court in its opinion is open to be understood in the sense that the appellees criticise it. The principal criticism is that the opinion holds that a plea of contributory negligence is an admission of record that the pleader has been guilty of negligence as a fact, notwithstanding he has interposed a general denial putting in issue his negligence.
Such is not the rule intended to be. applied by this court in this ease. The general rule, as stated in 29 Cyc. 582, is applicable, in most cases, to our system. The rule is there stated in the following language:
“A general denial and plea of contributory negligence do not constitute inconsistent defenses, and may be pleaded together, and negligence on the part of the defendant is not admitted by a plea of contributory negligence following a general denial.”
We do not wish to be understood as announcing the rule as appellees contend we have announced it. We expressly withdraw all language used in the opinion which has the effect of supporting such rule. The judgment having been vacated by the order granting a rehearing, the reasons for the judgment are withdrawn.
Since the court ordered a rehearing in .this case the parties have reached a settlement, of which we are informed. As a consequence, the questions at issue, raised on the motion for a rehearing, have become moot questions, and will not receive further notice.
The cause having been settled, upon motion of appellant, acquiesced in by the appellees, the appeal is dismissed.
ROSS and BAKER, JJ., concur.
|
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BAKER, J.
This is an appeal from a judgment entered in a simple statutory action of unlawful detainer. The controversy involves the possession of the property described as S. i/2 of the S. % of the N. E. % of See. 12, T. 2 N., R. 1 E., G. and S. R. B. and M., Maricopa county. The jury before which the case was tried in the court below found the defendant guilty.
The question for consideration relates alone to the sufficiency of the evidence to support the verdict and judgment to the effect that defendant was in actual possession of the property as tenant of plaintiff at the time of the commencement of the suit. No other question is presented.
There can be no doubt of the proposition that the action of unlawful detainer lies under the provisions of our statute only when the premises are demised or let to the defendant or some person under whom he claims.
“ ... (3) If any person shall willfully and without force hold over any lands, tenements or other real property after the termination of the time for which such lands, tenements or other real property were let to him, or to the person under whom he claims, after demand made, in writing, for the possession thereof, by the person or persons entitled to such possession, such person shall be adjudged guilty of forcible entry and detainer, or of forcible detainer, as the case may be.” Civil Code 1913, paragraph 1525.
As the action of unlawful detainer is possessory in its character, it lies only against the party in actual possession of the premises, and may not be maintained against one who is not in such possession at the time suit is instituted. 19 Cyc. 1142-1163; 11 R. C. L. 1171, § 31; 13 Am. & Eng. Ency. of Law and Procedure, 2d ed., p. 766.
It is conceded that plaintiff is the owner of the premises the right to the possession of which is in dispute. The plaintiff testified in effect that he entered into a verbal agreement with the defendant whereby he demised or let the premises in question to the defendant for a period of time commencing February 1,1917, and ending January 1,1918, at the monthly rental of forty dollars. The defendant paid the rent money regularly from February 1, 1917, to January 1, 1918'. In October, 1917, plaintiff went to the premises and had some conversation with the defendant about sowing the land to barley. Defendant said that he had sowed some barley, but that he did not know if he would sow any more. On December 1, 1917, plaintiff wont upon the premises and gave defendant a written notice tc vacate the premises at the expiration of his lease, which was January 1, 1918. Plaintiff further testified that he was not able to obtain possession of the premises. >
The defendant’s version of the transaction between plaintiff and himself concerning the premises is that one Eaton had a lease of the premises from the plaintiff for a period of two years; that Eaton had about ten cows upon the premises, and that he bought the cows from Eaton together with Eaton’s rights to the premises under the lease; that he and Eaton went to the plaintiff and informed plaintiff of the trade between himself and Eaton, and that plaintiff said that he ought to have more rent, but, on defendant objecting to paying more rent than forty dollars a month, plaintiff consented and said that it was all right; that he did not want to break up the trade between Eaton and the defendant. The defendant admitted the payment of the rent money.
Concerning the notice to vacate, the defendant testified that plaintiff came to the premises one night whilst defendant was milking the cows and threw down a piece of paper and said, “You can read this at your leisure, Mr. Moore,” and that he (defendant) “forgot all about it; didn’t know what became of it. ’ ’
All of this constitutes abundant evidence that the defendant was in actual possession of the premises at the time of the commencement of the suit (January 11,1918) as the tenant of the plaintiff. It is not our province to weigh the probative force and effect of such evidence. That was the exclusive province of the trial jury. The only matter open for.review here is the question as to whether or not there is substantial evidence to support the verdict and judgment.
Furthermore, counsel for the defendant, in his opening statement to the jury, said:
“We propose to show you that Mr. Moore [the defendant] was on this place with rent paid up to a time in advance of the time when the suit was filed, and of course he is entitled to stay.”
Unquestionably the jury had the right to take this statement into consideration. Such admission of counsel obviated the necessity of fuller proof, if such was desirable, as to the actual possession of the premises, by the defendant at the time the suit was commenced.
“In the trial of a cause, the admissions of counsel are constantly received and acted upon. In fact, as bearing upon' the issue involved, admissions of counsel may be the ground of the court’s procedure equally as if established by the clearest proof.” Tevis v. Ryan, 13 Ariz. 120, 108 Pac. 461.
It appears to us that the appeal was taken merely for delay, and that it is without merit and is frivolous. Under the circumstances, we think it just that the sum of one hundred dollars be, and the same is hereby, awarded to the plaintiff as damages for such frivolous appeal.
The judgment of the lower eourt is affirmed, with instructions to enter a judgment against the defendant and the National Surety Company (the surety on the supersedeas bond) for the amount of the rent accruing during the pendency of the appeal, and all damages, costs and rents adjudged against the defendant by the superior eourt.
CUNNINGHAM, C. J., and ROSS, J., concur.
|
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BAKER, J.
(After Stating the Pacts as Above). — The sole question for determination in this suit is this: Is a county liable for the services of an expert witness employed by the county attorney in a criminal ease? The parties to the action divide only upon this one point. It must be conceded that, unless the county attorney was authorized by some express law to engage the services of Carlson in his expert capacity and thereby make his compensation a county charge, the contention of the defendant must prevail. 7 R. C. L., § 26; 15 C. J. 562.
‘ ‘ One who demands the payment of a claim against a county must show some statute authorizing it, . . . express or implied, from which it arises, which itself finds authority of law.” Santa Cruz County v. Barnes, 9 Ariz. 42, 76 Pac. 621.
It must also be conceded that the county attorney is the public prosecutor, and it is his duty, among others, to attend all superior and other courts in the county, and conduct on behalf of the state, all prosecutions for public offenses. Rev. Stats. Ariz. 1913 (Civ. Code), par. 2528, subd. 1. It may therefore be assumed that it was the official duty of the county attorney to prosecute Conmy.
The statute of this state defining “county charges” (Rev. Stats. Ariz. 1913 [Civ. Code] par. 2391, subd. 2), so far as the same is material to this controversy, provides as follows :
“The following are county charges: ... (2) The compensation of the county attorney, his deputy, and stenographer, and all expenses' necessarily incurred by him in criminal cases arising within the county. ...”
The obvious purpose of the legislature in adopting this provision was to invest the county attorneys in the several counties of the state with certain discretionary powers, by the reasonable and proper exercise of which -they might obtain the necessary evidence with which to secure the arrest and conviction of parties charged with a violation of the law. We think this is plain from the most casual reading of the statute; and that such a proviso is both wise and just will be, as we think, conceded by anyone at all conversant with the difficulties which surround the administration of criminal justice. Exigencies frequently arise when the county attorney is called upon to act promptly and decisively, and to take such steps as require the expenditure of money in order to successfully conduct the prosecution of the criminal, and it is reasonable to conclude that the statute does not contemplate that he shall wait until the board of supervisors can be convened and provide the necessary funds, or express their approval of the expenditure. Such a requirement would result in great delays and inconveniences, and would often defeat the ends of justice. Evidently the statute contemplates that the county attorney may, in the first instance, exercise his own judgment about incurring expenses, upon the assumption that whatever expenses he does incur will be both necessary and reasonable.
Other courts have put the- same construction upon similar statutes. The Utah statute (G. L. 1907, § 538) defining “county charges” reads as follows:
“The following are county charges: ... (2) The necessary expenses of the county attorney, incurred in criminal eases arising in the county, and all other expenses necessarily incurred by him in the prosecution pf criminal eases. ...”
In a certain criminal case the prosecuting officer procured the services of an expert on handwriting and called him as a witness. The county commissioners refused to allow the claim of the expert, and he brought an action against the county to recover. The court, in upholding the claim, said:
“We think the Legislature intended that all necessary expenses incurred by the public prosecutor, whether.he be county attorney or district attorney, in the prosecution of criminal cases arising in the county, should be charges against the county. ... We are of the opinion that the district attorney was himself authorized to incur necessary expenses in the prosecution of criminal cases in the district court and to make them county charges.” Kytka v. Weber County, 48 Utah, 421, 160 Pac. 111.
In the case of Thiel Detective Co. v. Tuolumne County (Cal. App.), 173 Pac. 1120, the district court of appeal said:
“There is no question of the authority of the district attorney to incur an expense of this character. Subdivision 2 of section 4307 of the Political Code provides that ‘the traveling and personal expenses of the district attorney, incurred in criminal eases arising in the county . . . and all other expenses necessarily incurred hy him in the detection of crime and prosecution of criminal cases’ are county charges. That this includes the services of detectives in proper eases is not disputed. He may employ them at the expense of the county, when necessary for the detection of persons guilty of crimes, or to obtain evidence of their guilt” — citing Rocca v. Boyle, 166 Cal. 94, Ann. Cas. 1915B, 857, 135 Pac. 34.
To the same effect are the cases: Victors v. Kelsey, 31 Cal. App. 796, 161 Pac. 1006; Langdon v. Koster, 157 Cal. 40, 106 Pac. 209, and Humiston v. Shaffer, 145 Cal. 197, 78 Pac. 651. We can conceive of no valid reason why the employment of an expert on handwriting should be distinguished from the employment of a detective.
Among certain items which are defined by the statute of New York to be a “county charge” are “all expenses necessarily incurred by the district attorney in criminal actions or proceedings arising in the county.” Laws 1892, e. 686, § 230, subd. 2. Judge BRADLEY, in speaking of the powers of the district attorney under this provision, said:
“The power is well recognized, of district attorneys, to incur the expense of special compensation necessary to employ the service of experts to prepare themselves by investigation, in cases requiring it, to testify as witnesses upon the trials of persons charged with crime.” People ex rel. Gardenier v. Board of Supervisors of Columbia County, 134 N. Y. 8, 31 N. E. 322, 325.
It was held in People v. Board of Supervisors of Cortland County (Sup.), 15 N. Y. Supp. 748, that the district attorney has power to hire a physician to attend the trial as consulting expert and as a witness, and where a board of supervisors refuses to audit such claims, they may be compelled by mandamus to do so.
In People v. Haws, 12 Abb. Pr. (N. Y.) 199, the court said:
“The district attorney is a county officer, and in the performance of his general duties acts as a county officer, and . . . the Revised Statutes . . . provide that the moneys necessarily expended by any county officer, in executing the duties of his office, and the contingent expenses necessarily incurred for the benefit of a county shall be deemed county charges. ’ ’
Other New York eases to the same effect are People ex rel. Tripp v. Supervisors of Cayuga County, 22 Misc. Rep. 616, 50 N. Y. Supp. 16, People ex rel. Hamilton v. Supervisors of Jefferson County, 54 N. Y. Supp. 782, 35 App. Div. 239, and People v. Montgomery, 13 Abb. Pr. (N. S.) 207.
Whilst, as we have already said, the county attorney is vested by the statute with the power to obligate the county to pay for the services of an expert witness, when he deems it necessary to employ one in a criminal case, yet he may not bind or charge the county beyond what is reasonably necessary, and certainly he may not bind the county for expert services beyond the reasonable value thereof. In the exercise of the power he may not act arbitrarily and capriciously.
The claim of the expert, like other county charges, must be presented to the board of supervisors, whose duty it is “to examine, settle and allow all accounts legally chargeable against the county,” etc. Subdivision 12, par. 2418, Rev. Stats. Ariz. 1913 (Civ. Code). This body may review the action of the county attorney to the 'extent of determining whether the expenses were necessary or not, and whether the charge for the services is exorbitant or unreasonable.
In Yolo County v. Joyce et al., 156 Cal. 429, 105 Pac. 125, 126, the court said:
“The district attorney is an executive officer charged'with the detection of crime and the prosecution of criminal cases. In furtherance of the proper discharge of his duties, the Legislature has, under the section of the county government act, enlarged his power so as to permit him to incur expense necessary to enforce the criminal law. His authority to do so for that purpose is not made subject to the control or supervision of any court or judicial officer, but is a matter for the consideration of the board of supervisors alone to the extent of determining whether the expense was necessarily incurred so as to constitute a county charge. Of course, thé right of a district attorney to incur expense is not an arbitrary one. All that the section of the county government act permits is to give to the district attorney in the first instance, the discretion to determine whether it is necessary in the detection of crime, or the prosecution of a criminal case, to incur an expense chargeable against the county. Any such claim, however, must he presented to the board of supervisors for allowance, and that body reviews the action of the district attorney to determine whether the expense was a necessary one and acts accordingly.”
Much has been said in argument to the effect that “to permit the county attorney to make contracts of this kind would open the way for inroads upon the county treasuries which could not prove otherwise than wasteful and vicious.” But it is not to be assumed that the county attorney will incur any unnecessary expense, or that he will act recklessly or with indifference to the financial interests of the county. It is to be presumed that he, like all other public officers, will properly and conscientiously discharge his official duties, and, as the board of supervisors is charged with the duty of supervising all expenditures incurred by him, and rejecting payment of those which are illegal or unwarranted, it seems that there is but little danger that the county treasuries will be raided or looted.
Counsel for the defendant relies upon the case of Yavapai County v. O’Neill, 3 Ariz. 364, 29 Pac. 433; but we do not think the case is authority as applied to the facts of the present case. The court was not considering the statute under discussion here, and the facts are wholly dissimilar.
The defendant makes no claim that the services of the expert were not rendered, or that such services were not necessary; nor is it claimed that the price charged is exorbitant or unreasonable. The only claim made is that the county attorney possessed no authority to employ the expert and bind the county to pay for the services rendered. We must overrule this contention.
It follows from what we have said that the judgment must be affirmed, and it is so ordered.
CUNNINGHAM, C. J., and BOSS, J., concur.
|
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CUNNINGHAM, C. J.
The mines of the appellee were appraised and assessed for taxes by the state tax commission under authority of paragraph 4829, Revised Statutes of Arizona of 1913, subdivision 13, viz.:
“It shall be the duty of the said commission, and it shall have the power and authority: (1) To have and exercise general supervision over the administration of the assessment and tax laws of the state, over city, town, and county assessors, over county and city boards of equalization, boards of supervisors, and all local boards of levy and assessments, to the end that all assessments of property of every class, kind, and character, real, personal, and mixed, be made at its full cash value; and to require assessors and county boards of equalization to assess all property of every class, kind, and character at its full cash value. ...
“ (13) To make appraisement and assessment ... of all patented and unpatented producing mines, within the state. And on or before the second Monday of July to transmit, as provided by law, to the several county boards of supervisors, the assessed valuation found by it ... on all patented and unpatented producing mines to the several county boards of supervisors of the counties in which the mines are located. The several county boards of supervisors shall enter on the roll all assessments transmitted to them by the state tax commission. ...”
The mines of the appellee in Gila county were assessed for taxes for the year 1917 by the county tax assessor. The valuation placed thereon did not meet with the approval of the state tax commission, and, as a consequence, the state tax commission duly considered the matter of valuation of said mines, and proceeded to assess the same on the valuation said commission placed on the mines, under authority of paragraph 4829, supra. The said state tax commission ordered the board of supervisors of Gila county “to strike the assessment made by the county assessor from the tax-roll, and to enter instead the assessment made by the state tax commission.” The ap pellee paid the amount of taxes levied on the valuation placed on said mines by the state tax commission, under protest, and gave notice of appeal to the superior court, following the procedure set forth in paragraph 4887, Revised Statutes of Arizona of 1913.
The appellee’s notice of appeal is to the effect that—
It “hereby appeals from the action of the state tax commission or county assessor, fixing the valuation of the producing mines ’ ’ in Gila county, Arizona, for purposes of taxes for the current fiscal year.
“This appeal is based upon the written protest of this company, addressed to and filed with the county treasurer and county tax collector of Gila county, Arizona. Copies of said protest and of the receipt of the full amount of taxes due from this company are attached hereto.
“Dated at Globe, Arizona, this 15th day of September, 1917.”
This notice was filed in the office of the clerk of the board of supervisors of Gila county, September 15, 1917, and with the state tax commission on September 18, 1917.
The protest is addressed to the county treasurer and ex-officio tax collector of the said county, and recites that the company owning the producing mines and other property in said county “pays you this day, under protest, the sum of $624,224.14, being the full amount of taxes levied and assessed upon said mines and other, property by the state tax commission or the county assessor in accordance with the valuation for tax purposes as fixed by the state tax commission or the county assessor for the current fiscal .year. This company protests against these taxes, and' against this assessment and against the amount thereof upon the following grounds:
“(1) The assessment is erroneous for the reason that the same is based wholly upon the profits of this company from said mines for the years 1915 and 1916, capitalized at 15 per cent, whereas the assessment of other producing mines of the same class in this state is based wholly upon the average profits of such mines for the five years from 1912 to 1916, both inclusive, and therefore the taxes so levied and assessed upon the property of this company are not on an equal or uniform basis with the taxes levied and assessed on the same class of property in the state, and all taxes are not uniform on the same class of property within the state. The assessment is in violation of section 1 of article 9, Constitution of Arizona.
“ (2) The assessment and the amount thereof is erroneous because it is unequal, inequitable, and discriminatory as between the company and owners of other properties of the same class according to the classification of the state tax commission, because said assessment is based wholly upon the profits of this company for the years 1915 and 1916, without taking into account the factors of the lower price of copper and the restricted production prevailing as to other properties in the same class during the years prior to 1916, which factors were taken into account in fixing the assessment of all properties of the same elass, and resulted in the lowering, to a material extent, of the valuations of all other properties of the same class below the level of that fixed for the property of this company.
“ (3) Said assessment is erroneous, and the amount thereof is excessive. It is in excess of the full cash value of the property.
“(4) ... Because it is in excess of the speculative value of the property. . . .
“(5) . . . Because it is based on the profits and income and earnings therefrom.
“(6) Said assessment is illegal for the reasons stated in paragraphs numbered 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 of this protest, and violates section 1 of article 9 of the Constitution of Arizona. Said assessment is. further illegal, in that it deprives this company of its property without due process of law, and violates section 4 of article 2 of the Constitution of Arizona, and section 1 of article 14 of the Amendments to the Constitution of the United States, and denies to this company the equal protection of the laws, and violates section 1 of article fourteen of the Amendments to the Constitution of the United States. ” ■
Dated and signed.
The receipt of the county treasurer appears in form required by the statute, and bears the same date with the notice of appeal.
The abstract of the record fails to disclose the date upon which the said documents were filed in the superior court. The state’s defense was filed'on the eighteenth day of February, 1918. The trial was had before the judge of the court without a jury, and on .the twentieth day of February, 1918, the trial was concluded, and the judge rendered his verdict, to the effect “that the full cash value of the Inspiration Consolidated Copper Company be, and it is, hereby fixed in the sum of $61,456,104.43.”
From the assessment made by the state tax commission, the full cash value of the productive mines, “patented and unpatented, and all claims in .a group contiguous thereto, belonging to said owner, and situated in the county of Gila-, state of' Arizona, . . . $74,168,808.00,” there follows a detailed description of the property.
The parties filed written stipulations for continuances of the hearing, the first of which stipulations was filed September 24, 1917. The final judgment was entered March 7, 1918, from which the state appealed to this court by filing a notice of appeal on the nineteenth day of April, 1918.
The appellee has moved a dismissal of this appeal upon the ground that the law provides no appeal from the order made in this proceeding to the supreme court, and relies upon the case of Mohave County v. Stephens, 17 Ariz. 165, 149 Pac. 670. The same question was presented in that case, and decided by this court in accordance with the principle now contended for by the appellee in the case at hand.
This court decided in that case that when the parties have invoked the procedure authorized in paragraph 4887, Eevised Statutes of Arizona of 1913, and proceeded to a final judgment in the superior court, no further appeal is provided for in such statute from such order to this court. Also, that no appeal in such case is provided by the general statute of appeals. We point out subdivision 6 of paragraph 1227, Eevised Statutes of Arizona of 1913, the general appeal statute, which provides appeals “from a final order affecting a substantial right made in special proceedings or upon a summary application in an action after judgment.” We said that “the final orders mentioned in subdivision 6 ... is the equivalent to final judgment; still that subdivision undoubtedly has application to a final order affecting a substantial right made in a special proceeding commenced in the superior court from or brought into a superior court from any other court. ’ ’ In fact, it would seem that all the orders, judgments and decrees mentioned in paragraph 1227 must be orders, judgments and decrees entered in the superior court in actions or proceedings commenced therein or brought to that court from some other court. These words of original jurisdiction pervade the whole of section 1227, and limit the appellate jurisdiction of this court to a review of orders and judgments in actions originating in a court of statutory or constitutional creation.
We treated the matters of assessment and equalization of the taxable property in said Mohave County case as the commencement of the special proceeding as a matter of course, as clearly appears from the opinion in the case.
“All civil suits in courts of record shall be commenced by complaint filed in the office of the clerk of such court. ’■’ Paragraph 390, Civ. Code, 1913. Of course, the special tax proceeding, when pending in the superior court, is a civil suit, in that court. The question is, How and when was it commenced in that court? The answer is not in doubt. It was commenced by the dissatisfied taxpayer’s filing its protest complaint with the notice and receipts accompanying such protest.
The protest with the notice and receipt of payment of the taxes accompanying the protest filed in the superior court is the complaint paragraph 390 requires to be filed in order to commence a civil suit in the superior court for the purpose of contesting and determining the full cash value of taxable property when the value placed thereon by the county authorities is not .satisfactory to the taxpayer. The determination reached in such proceedings is equivalent to a final judgment entered in a special tax proceeding, commenced in the superior court, and under subdivision (1), paragraph 1227, Civil Code of Arizona, an appeal lies to this court.
In the matter of considering the filing of the protest notice and receipt in the superior court as the commencement of a special proceeding in that court for the purposes of appeal, we are not stepping beyond the bounds recognized by other courts.
The supreme court of Minnesota, in Witt v. St. Paul & N. P. Ry. Co., 35 Minn. 404, 29 N. W. 161, had for consideration a motion to dismiss an appeal from a judgment in condemnation proceedings on the grounds that the judgment entered therein on the verdict of a jury, in pursuance of the statute, is not appealable. The court said:
“We are of the opinion that when cases of this character are brought into the district court, for trial of the issues in respect to the amount of the landowner’s damages, they should, for the purposes of appeal, be treated as actions commenced in the district court. ... A different view of this question was taken by this court in Canter v. St. P. & S. City R. Co., 24 Minn. 313; but we are of the opinion that the rule above suggested better accords with the general practice and policy of statutes in relation to appeals, which are to be liberally construed.” King v. Board, etc., 116 Minn. 433, 133 N. W. 1018.
I am of the opinion that we have restricted too narrowly the right to appeal in the Mohave County v. Stephens case, supra. We have read subdivision (1) of paragraph 1227 as if the matter of assessing taxes by determining the valuation of the property by the tax officers is the commencement of the proceeding to determine a dispute as to the actual cash value of such property assessed. When the officer whose duty it is made places a value on property for taxation purposes, he has exhausted his authority in the premises, and such officer is no longer a factor with regard to such matter. If the taxpayer controverts the justness of the valuation fixed, he does not move for a new trial of the question of the value, but he, for the first time, invokes the aid of the courts, under paragraph 4887, as is contended, by filing or causing to be filed in the superior court the said documents showing on their face the taxpayer’s cause of action in the superior court.
The taxpayer’s grounds for protest are his grounds for action, and the rights asserted by this protest filed have never been determined by any board, officer, tribunal or court, statutory or constitutional, and for such reason the matter is not before the court for the purpose of review of a prior determination, but is there for the purpose of an original inquiry into and determination of the right of the plaintiff as set forth in such protest. Clearly, an original determination, and not a review or trial de novo.
The Mohave County v. Stephens case is therefore based upon a wrong premise, and the conclusion is erroneous. For that reason the case is now overruled. An appeal does lie from a final judgment of the superior court entered in the proceeding commenced in said court by means of the filing of the documents mentioned in paragraph 4887, Kevised Statutes of Arizona of 1913, and based upon the merits of the case, having for its purpose the determination of the actual cash value of the property to be taxed.
As a consequence, the appellee’s motion to dismiss the appeal is denied.
The state, when brought before the superior court, objected to the consideration by the said court of the taxpayer’s protest for the reason the proceeding so filed fails to set forth a cause of action, and upon the further grounds that the superior court has no jurisdiction of the cause. These objections were overruled, and the trial resulted in a judgment, reducing the valuation of the mines fixed by the state tax commission about $18,000,000. It is from such judgment that this appeal is prosecuted.
The taxpayer prosecuted his appeal to the superior court under authority of paragraph 4887, Eevised Statutes of Arizona of 1913. That paragraph provides that ‘ ‘ Any person, firm or corporation dissatisfied with the amount of his, their, or its assessment as fixed by the board of equalization, may appeal from the action of said board to the superior court of the county in which said board holds its sessions, on or before the fifteenth day of September following the adjournment of said board. Appeal shall be taken,” etc., which procedure the appellee owner has substantially followed.
The appellee gave notice, and conducted the cause as against both the county board of equalization and against the state tax commission. The acts of both such boards are attacked by the appeal. Assuming that paragraph 4887 is yet in existence as a valid, subsisting statute, although directly conflicting with paragraph 4827, yet the facts appearing in the record conclusively established that the appeal and proceeding in the superior court is directed against the action of the state tax commissioner’s order appraising and assessing appellee’s producing mines. The contention that the new entry made by the board of supervisors of Gila county substituting the as. sessment and valuation of the state tax commission for the stricken county assessor’s valuation was such an entry by the county author.ities as was subject to appeal and review under paragraph 4887, supra, is untenable. The county authorities made the entry under compulsion. The act of entry was an act of the state tax commission, and no other authority was answerable therefor. The county authorities were the mere agency provided by law to carry out the act of the state tax commission in such matters. For the purposes of this argument, we will assume that paragraph 4887 authorizes the tax payer to set in motion the procedure authorized thereby, and such procedure when followed did take before the superior court when filed the act of the state tax commission whenever the notice and receipt were filed with it, and said commission in such case, on receiving notice, etc., was required to file said papers with a certified copy of its record pertaining to the matter in the superior court, all as required of the county officers, in which case the matter should be deemed before that court; yet, on the face of the papers filed, it appears that the state tax commission was notified of the company’s appeal on the eighteenth day of September, 1917. The appeal from the act of the state tax commission was not taken on or before the fifteenth day of September, 1917, but it was attempted on the eighteenth day of September, 1917, three days after a right to appeal had expired. The demurrer of the state should have been sustained for the said reason.
The procedure pointed out in paragraph 4887 has reference only to matter of appeal from acts of the county taxing authorities, and has no application to the matters of taxation as required by the orders of the state tax commission. Hence the superior court acted in excess of its jurisdiction in lowering the valuation of the property fixed by the state tax commission. Such judgment is therefore absolutely void because entered beyond authority of the court.
It seems that paragraph 4887, supra, has been superseded wholly by paragraph 4827. I can see no room for the procedure permitted in said paragraph 4887, while the state tax commission is given the broad powers set forth in paragraph 4827, viz.:
“The said commission shall have full power to classify all property and shall have general supervision of the system of taxation throughout the state, and shall have power to make a thorough investigation thereof; and its decision upon all matters pertaining to the assessment of property of whatever nature, class, or kind, and the valuing and listing of the same, shall be final, except as otherwise provided by law. ’ ’
The question is not involved in this case other than as above indicated, and I do not express an opinion to the effect that paragraph 4827 repeals, by conflict, paragraph 4887. I prefer to pass that question until it is presented regularly.
The judgment of the superior court is vacated, and the cause is remanded to the superior court, with instructions to sustain the demurrer and dismiss the action.
|
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BAKER, J.
The plaintiff commenced this action against the defendant to recover damages for injuries to an automobile owned by plaintiff, and also for special damages.
It is set forth substantially in plaintiff’s amended complaint that on the morning of May 26, 1916, the plaintiff was driving his automobile in an easterly direction along the public highway between Bisbee, Arizona, and Douglas, Arizona, in Cochise county, and that when he had reached a point about’ eight miles west of Douglas, an automobile belonging to the defendant, coming from the opposite direction, ran into and collided with the plaintiff’s automobile, breaking and wrecking it. It is also alleged that the defendant, by and through his agent, negligently operated the automobile,'and thereby caused the collision.
The case was tried to a jury, and judgment upon the verdict in the sum of $605 was entered fqr the plaintiff, and the defendant brings this appeal from the judgment.
Plaintiff proved the accident and produced testimony tending to show that the automobile which ran into and collided with his automobile belonged to the defendant, and that the defendant was present in the machine at the time. He further proved that the automobile- was being driven by a lady who was seated in the machine with the defendant, and that the machine was negligently operated.
No further proof was given in plaintiff’s case that the automobile which caused the accident was then being operated by the defendant personally or by one in his employment and then engaged in his business.
At the close of the plaintiff’s case, the defendant moved the court for a directed verdict upon the ground that the evidence was insufficient to form a basis for a finding that the driver of the defendant’s automobile was his agent acting within the scope of her employment. This motion was denied.
Plaintiff argues that the motion for a directed verdict was properly denied, for the reason that proof of the fact that defendant owned the automobile which caused the damage was prima facie evidence that the vehicle was being driven for him and in his business, and in this contention we think plaintiff is correct. In the standard' work of Shearman & Redfield on Negligence, volume 1, paragraph 158, it is stated:
“When plaintiff has suffered injury from the negligent management of a vehicle such as a boat, car or carriage, it is sufficient prima facie evidence that the negligence was imputable to the defendant to show that he was the owner of the thing without proving affirmatively that the person in charge was the defendant’s servant. It lies with the defendant to show that the person in charge was not his servant, leaving him to show, if'he can, that the property was not under his control at the time and that the accident was occasioned by the fault of a stranger, an independent contractor or other person for whose negligence the owner would not be answerable.”
The excerpt taken from Shearman & Redfield on Negligence is quoted with approval in Houston v. Keats Auto Co., 85 Or. 125, 166 Pac. 531, and in Hays v. Hogan, 273 Mo. 1, Ann. Cas. 1918E, 1127, L. R. A. 1918C, 715, 200 S. W. 286.
In Norris v. Kohler, 41 N. Y. 42, it appears that William IT. Norris who was killed while standing on the sidewalk peddling vegetables, was struck by the pole of a wagon to which a span of runaway horses was attached. The runaway team was proven to be owned by the defendant, and the name of the defendant was on the rear of the wagon. It was urged on appeal that it had not been shown that the person driving the team was in the service of the defendant. The court disposed of the objection thus:
“On the second point, whether the driver of the wagon was the servant of the defendant, the evidence consisted, first, of the fact of ownership. The property being proved to belong to the defendant, it is urged, that a presumption arises that it was in use for his benefit, and on his own account. This argument, I think, is a sound one. The ownership of personal property draws to it the possession. The owner is entitled to have and to keep possession, and no other person can justly obtain possession until some act of authority from the owner is proved. Ownership implies possession, and possession is in subordination to title. No proof was given in the present case separating the ownership from the possession, and the presumption of law is that the wagon and horses of the defendant were in'use in his service, and on his account. ’ ’
This statement of the rule is approved in Ferris v. Sterling, 214 N. Y. 249; Ann. Cas. 1916D, 1161, 108 N. E. 406. There is, of course, no rule which applies differently to automobiles than to other vehicles.
In Knust v. Bullock, 59 Wash. 141, 143, 109 Pac. 330, the court says:
“In cases of this kind, where it is shown that the wagon and team doing damage belonged to the defendants at the time of the injury, that fact establishes prima facie that the wagon and team were in possession of the owner, and that whoever was driving it was doing so for the owner.”
To the same effect are Purdy v. Sherman, 74 Wash. 309, 133 Pac. 440; and Birch v. Abercrombie, 74 Wash. 486, 50 L. R. A. (N. S.) 59, 133 Pac. 1020.
In Geiselman v. Schmidt, 106 Md. 580, 68 Atl. 205, the plaintiff offered evidence tending to prove that the horse and wagon driven against the plaintiff belonged to the defendant, and the court ruled that “the jury might reasonably conclude that the driver was his agent.”
In Vonderhorst Brewing Co. v. Amrhine, 98 Md. 406, 56 Atl. 833, there was evidence showing that the wagon which collided with the plaintiff was owned by the Yonderhorst Brewing Company. It was held that this was sufficient to justify the jury in concluding that the driver of the wagon was the agent of the owner of the wagon. The court there says:
“It is a reasonable presumption that a person driving the team of another is the agent or servant of the owner of the team, unless it be shown by the owner of the team that the contrary is the fact. ”
In West v. Kern, 88 Or. 247, L. R. A. 1918D, 920, 171 Pac. 413, being a case of collision between a motorcycle and an automobile, the court said:
“We hold that proof of ownership makes a prima facie case against the owner.”
The rule that proof of ownership makes out a prima facie case is based upon the best of reasons. When an owner’s ear is being driven by another, that fact is presumably within the knowledge of the owner, and he can readily show that the vehicle was not being driven for him, if such be the fact. If the vehicle has been stolen, and is being driven by the thief, or if it has been loaned or hired to the driver who is using it for his own business or for his own pleasure, the owner is in the best situation to prove the fact. One who is damaged, either in person or in property, by an automobile negligently operated by some person other than the owner, is usually without information as to the relation between the driver and the owner. If he be required to make affirmative proof of the relation, he might never be able to do so, however just and meritorious a case he might have on account of the negligent operation of the vehicle.
On the other hand, if it be held, upon proof of ownership and negligence, that the burden shifts to the defendant owner to prove that the car was being driven at the time of the accident by a stranger, or on an errand not connected with the owner’s business, the one having a just and meritorious ease is protected, and no hardship is imposed upon the owner.
The courts are not entirely in accord upon the proposition that proof of ownership makes out a prima facie case. The opposite, view is taken in several cases, viz.: White Oak Coal Co. v. Rivoux, 88 Ohio St. 18, Ann. Cas. 1914C, 1082, 46 L. R. A. (N. S.) 1091, 102 N. E. 302; Lotz v. Hanlon, 217 Pa. 339, 118 Am. St. Rep. 922, 10 Ann. Cas. 731, 10 L. R. A. (N. S.) 202, 66 Atl. 525; Trombley v. Stevens-Duryea Co., 206 Mass. 516, 92 N. E. 764.
In this jurisdiction, however, the question presents a case of first impression, and, for the reasons above given, we have adopted the more liberal rule, and we hold that proof of ownership is prima facie evidence that the driver of a vehicle causing damage by its negligent operation is the servant or agent of the owner and using the vehicle in the business of the owner.
It is not essential that the agency presumed from proof of ownership should be a business agency, or the service a remunerative service. McNeal v. McKain, 33 Okl. 449, 41 L. R. A. (N. S.) 775, 126 Pac. 742. The defendant’s motion was properly denied.
The presumption of use and control arising from proof of ownership is not conclusive. It has the effect, however, to cast the burden of proof on the owner to show, if he can, that the negligent driver was not his servant or agent, or, if such servant or agent, he was not at the time using the vehicle in the business of the owner.
The defendant in the present case failed to rebut the presumption. He admitted that he owned the vehicle, and that it was being driven by the lady at the time of the accident, but he gave no explanation why she happened to be driving the ear at the time. If he had loaned the car to her, and she was using it in the pursuit of her own business or pleasure, it would have been an easy matter for the defendant to have established that fact. He seems to have directed his whole defense in an effort to prove that the driver of the automobile was not negligent, and that the plaintiff was negligent. The jury found this issue against him upon sufficient evidence.
One important fact remains to, be noticed: The defendant was present in the automobile at the time of the accident; he was admittedly the owner, and, as such, was clothed with the right and authority to control the operation of the car; he was present where he could have exercised such control if he desired to do so. Under such circumstances, if the automobile was negligently operated, it must be held that the defendant was consenting thereto, tacitly at least, and the driver’s negligence is to be imputed to him. 28 Cyc. 38; Bryant v. Pac. Elec. Ry. Co., 174 Cal. 37, 164 Pac. 385; Daggy v. Miller, 180 Iowa, 1146, 162 N. W. 854; Carpenter Co. v. Auto Co., 159 Iowa, 52, 140 N. W. 225; Minor v. Mapes, 102 Ark. 351, 39 L. R. A. (N. S.) 214, 144 S. W. 219.
Some complaint is made because plaintiff was permitted to amend his complaint after resting. It is common practice to allow amendments to conform to the proofs at any stage of the proceedings. It is a matter within the discretion of the trial court. Revised Statutes Arizona 1913 (Civ. Code), paragraph 422; Perrin v. Mallory Commission Co., 8 Ariz. 404, 76 Pac. 476; Consolidated Canal Co. v. Peters, 5 Ariz. 80, 46 Pac. 74.
If the instructions given were not sufficiently full' or not sufficiently specific, it was the duty of the defendant to request fuRer or more specific instructions from the court. In the absence of such request, he may not complain on appeal. 38 Cyc. 1693-1696.
No complaint is made upon the question of the driver’s negligence, nor is it claimed that the damages were excessive, or that any error was committed in the admission or rejection of testimony.
We find no reversible error in the ease, and the judgment, therefore, must be affirmed.
GUNNING-HAM, C. J., and ROSS, J., concur.
As to making prima facie ease of responsibility for negligenee of driver of automobile by proof of defendant’s ownership of ear or employment of driver, see notes in 46 L. B. A. (N, S.) 1091; L. B. A. 1918D, 924.
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ROSS, J.
Appellant sought a writ of prohibition against the appellees as members of the board of supervisors of Cochise county, to prevent and forbid them from hearing a petition for the removal of the county seat of said county, and from calling an election to submit the question of removal thereat, assigning as a reason why action by the board should not be taken the uneonstitutionalitv of the county seat removal act, to wit, chapter 5, page 5, Regular Session Laws of 1915. The application ivas made on June 17, 1917, and thereafter, on November 10, 1917, the writ was denied and complaint dismissed. In due course appellant perfected his appeal.
We have come to the conclusion that the appeal ought to be dismissed for the reason that after it was taken, and while it was pending, an election on the question of the removal of the county seat of Cochise county was had, at which the electors of the county declared against the removal. "While the record does not show such an election was had, nevertheless we take judicial notice that at the general election in November, 1918, the question of the removal of the county seat was submitted to the electors of the county and was voted upon by them. 16 Cyc. 901.
The relief sought by appellant — that is, the prevention of the removal of the county' seat of Cochise county — was effectively settled in his favor at the election. A favorable decision of this court would not afford the appellant any other or further relief, for, by the terms of section 17, chapter 5, supra, the question of county seat removal cannot be again submitted for a period of six years from the November, 1918, election.
In 3 C. J. 360, section 115, it is said:
“If, pending an appeal, an event occurs which renders it impossible for the appellate court to grant any relief, or renders a decision unnecessary, the appeal will.be dismissed. And the occurrence of such event may be shown by extrinsic evidence or noticed by the court where it is matter of judicial notice.” Belknap v. Hunt, ante, p. 148, 177 Pac. 932.
While we rest our decision upon the fact that the voters have decided the question so that it has become moot, we may say that we, personally if not judicially, know that the appellees as members of the board of supervisors gave a hearing upon the petition here attacked and rejected it as defective and insufficient and themselves refused to call an election thereon. If that fact were properly before us, we might well base our order of dismissal upon it. The mere apprehension that the board of supervisors might act beyond or in excess of their jurisdiction was not sufficient to support an application for a writ of prohibition. The only thing that had been done by the board at the time of filing suit by appellant was to notice as required by law the hearing upon the petition, and later at the hearing the petition was rejected and the election refused. The application for the writ was therefore premature. Note B in State v. Superior Court, 111 Am. St. Rep. 925-968; s. c., 40 Wash. 555, 2 L. R. A. (N. S.) 395, 82 Pac. 877.
“The fact that questions of costs are involved does not alter the rule as to the dismissal of moot questions.” Lisman v. Knickerbocker Trust Co., 211 Fed. 413, 417, 128 C. C. A. 85, 89; Moores v. Moores, 36 Or. 261, 59 Pac. 327.
The order will be entered dismissing the appeal.
CUNNINGHAM, C. J., and BAKER, J., concur.
|
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] |
JOHN WILSON ROSS, J.
An information was filed against the appellant on the thirtieth day of April, 1918, in the superior court of Yavapai county, Arizona, charging him with the crime of murder in the first degree, in the killing of one A. B. Miller, a human being, on or about the second day of April, 1918. After a trial lasting several days, the jury returned a verdict on July 19, 1918, finding appellant guilty of murder of the first degree. On the twenty-fifth day of July, 1918, the court rendered judgment of conviction and sentenced appellant to imprisonment in the state prison at Florence, Arizona, for the period of his natural life. This is an appeal from the judgment and from the order of the trial court overruling appellant’s motion for a new trial.
Appellant specifies seven assignments of error, but we will consider and dispose of in their order only three of appellant’s assignments of error, and they are: Assignment of error No. 3, assignment of error No. 4, and assignment of error No. 5.
Appellant’s assignment of error No. 3 is to the effect that Jnror C. E. Lady had both formed and expressed an unqualified and fixed opinion as to appellant’s guilt, and that at the time of his examination on voir dire he entertained the same unqualified and fixed opinion. Juror Lady was examined upon his voir dire and challenged, and the challenge was disallowed. Defendant exercised his peremptory challenge to Juror Lady, and also exercised all his other peremptory challenges. On his voir dire he testified, in substance, as follows: “Prom what I have heard and read, I have formed an opinion. If chosen as a juror, I would try the ease by the law and the evidence and in accordance with what transpired in court. At the time of the homicide, I read newspaper accounts, in the Journal Miner. I made up my mind as to whether the defendant was guilty or not guilty. I expressed an opinion as to whether he was guilty or not guilty. I have the same opinion at this time, gained from newspaper accounts and with talking with three or four different parties. I have the same opinion now that I formed and expressed as to whether the defendant was guilty or not guilty, and it has not changed a bit. My opinion is a decided opinion, one that is already formed and settled, as far as the condition of my mind is at the present time. If I were chosen as a juror, I would be guided entirely by the evidence and not by this opinion I now have.”
The declaration of rights in our Constitution provides that the accused in criminal prosecutions shall have a speedy public trial by an impartial jury. Such safeguards are essential for the perpetuation of free government, and it is the duty of the courts to see to it that a speedy public trial by an impartial jury be granted to every person accused of crime, and to do so without fear or favor.
Section 1023 of the Penal Code of Arizona of 1913 provides that either party may challenge any individual juror for any of the causes mentioned in the 15 subdivisions of said section. The thirteenth subdivision of said section provides as a cause for such challenge:
“For the existence of a state of mind on the part of the juror in reference to the case or to the defendant or to the person alleged to have been injured by the offense charged, or on whose complaint the prosecution was instituted, which will prevent him from acting with entire impartiality and without prejudice to the substantial rights of either party.”
Section 1024 of the Penal Code provides:
“When a challenge is made for the cause mentioned in subdivision 13 of the preceding section, the fact that a person called as a juror has formed an opinion or impression based upon rumor, or upon newspaper statements (about the truth of which he has expressed no opinion) shall not disqualify him to serve as a juror in such case, if he shall upon oath state that he believes he can fairly and impartially- render a verdict therein, in accordance with the law and the evidence, and the court shall be satisfied of the truth of such statement.”
Section 1025 of our Penal Code provides:
“The court shall instruct the jurors as to the distinction between a qualified and unqualified opinion, and if the person has formed or expressed an unqualified opinion he shall be excluded.”
Juror L-ady had both formed and expressed to others a fixed and unqualified opinion, and, according to the Penal Code, section 1025, supra, it was the duty of the trial court to have excused the said juror because a good ground of challenge was interposed.
Illinois has a statute very similar to section 1024, supra, and the supreme court of the state of Illinois has passed upon and construed such statute. Among other provisions in the Illinois statute (Hurd’s Rev. Stats. 1917, c. 78, § 14) is found the following:
“Provided, further, that it shall not be a cause of challenge that a juror has read in the newspapers an account of the commission of the crime with which the prisoner is charged, if such juror shall state, on oath, that he believes he can render an impartial verdict, according to the law and the- evidence : and, provided, further, that in the trial of any criminal cause, the fact that a person called as a juror has formed an opinion or impression, based upon rumor or upon newspaper statements (about the truth of which he has expressed no opinion), shall not disqualify him to serve as a juror in such ease, if he shall, upon oath, state that he believes he can fairly and impartially render a verdict therein, in accordance with the .law and the evidence, and the court shall be satisfied of the truth of such statement. ”
The Arizona statute and the Illinois statute being similar, what the supreme court of the state of Illinois has decided ought to be a guide in the construction to be placed upon the statute under consideration.
Our supreme court has also construed section 1024, supra.
In Coughlin v. People, 144 Ill. 140, 19 L. R. A. 57, 33 N. E. 1, the court, after a thorough and learned discussion as to when a juror ought to be excused when challenged on his voir dire, says:
“But the holding of this and other courts is substantially uniform that, where it is once clearly shown that there exists in the mind of the juror, at the time he is called to the jury box, a fixed and positive opinion as to the merits of the case, or as to the guilt or innocence of the defendant he is called to try, his statement that, notwithstanding such opinion, he can render a fair and impartial verdict, according to the law and the evidence, has little, if any, tendency to establish his impartiality. This is so because a juror who is shown to have in his mind a fixed and positive opinion as to the guilt or innocence of the accused, is not impartial, as a matter of fact, to say nothing of those legal conclusions which formerly prevailed, and which would still prevail, if the statute were not in existence. His statement that he can render a fair and impartial verdict does not tend to show that he is not partial, since it does not tend to show the nonexistence of the fixed and decided opinion. ... It merely tends to show that the juror, while admitting that he has prejudged the prisoner’s case, believes in his ability to act as though he had not done so, or that, while admitting his actual partiality, he believes in his ability to act as though he were impartial. It being constantly kept in mind that the fact to be proved by the juror’s answer is that he is impartial, in the constitutional sense of the word, it is difficult to see how, after a juror has avowed a fixed and settled opinion as to the prisoner’s guilt, a court can be legally satisfied of the truth of his answer that he can render a fair and impartial verdict, or find therefrom that he has the qualification of impartiality, as required by the Constitution.”
We conclude that a person who has formed and expressed an unqualified and fixed opinion as to the guilt or innocence of the accused in a criminal case is disqualified to serve as a juror in such case. As shedding light upon and in support of our conclusion, we cite the following cases: Leigh v. Territory, 10 Ariz. 129, 85 Pac. 948; Tegeler v. State, 9 Okl. Cr. 138, 130 Pac. 1164; People v. Cottle, 6 Cal. 227; People v. Edwards, 41 Cal. 640.
Appellant’s assignment of error No. 4 complains that the court committed prejudicial error in charging the jury with respect to the matters of fact, and in commenting thereon, in direct violation of section 12, article 6, of the state Constitution of Arizona, and in giving argumentative instructions and instructions on the weight of the evidence; said instructions being as follows:
“You are instructed that even though you may find from the evidence that the defendant, on the day before, and in the forenoon of the day of the homicide, manifested at times nervousness and emotion, yet, if you also find from the evidence that during all this time he attended to business affairs normally and rationally, and that his conversations were sensible and his demeanor self-possessed, and that immediately before the homicide he was observed to be calm, and that immediately after the homicide he was cool and unconcerned and conversed with his friends without unusual manifestation, that no predisposing cause of insanity have been shown, and that no witness, expert or nonexpert, has • testified directly to a belief in his insanity, at the time of the homicide, then I charge you that such circumstances should be considered by you in determining whether the defendant’s plea that at the moment of the homicide he was overpowered by sudden passion upon merely seeing the deceased is reasonable, and whether at the moment of the shooting the defendant was capable of distinguishing right from wrong.
“You are instructed that if you find from the evidence that the defendant had been aware for some time prior to the homicide that his mother intended to separate from Joe Stephens, the father of the defendant, and that the defendant himself had been guilty of conduct toward his mother which might tend to influence her to leave her home, and that on the Sunday night preceding the homicide the defendant had joined with his father in abusing and applying vulgar and obscene charges against defendant’s mother, and you further find from the evidence that the defendant had met the deceased once or more than once between the time he was informed that his mother intended to go away with Miller and the time of the homicide, then the defendant cannot avail himself of the plea that he was roused to such sudden passion, upon seeing the deceased at the time of the homicide, that he was irresponsible. That is to say, that if you find that the acts and conduct of defendant himself contributed to the intention formed by his mother to leave home, if you find that she had formed such intention, then he was in some degree at least responsible for the situation, and this weakens the defendant’s claim that he shot the deceased in a moment of overwhelming anger, even though you may also believe the deceased was also to some extent responsible.
“If you find from the evidence that the defendant and the deceased had met and passed after defendant had learned that his mother intended to leave her husband, and before the time of the final meeting at which the homicide occurred, then I charge you that the opportunity for deliberation and reflection was so great as to render it less probable that the homicide occurred upon a sudden impulse than upon premeditation.”
In the foregoing instructions the court committed prejudicial error. The instructions single out and give undue prominence to particular facts; they inject into the case and present to the jury matters for consideration not proved by •any witnesses; they comment upon the evidence; they instruct the jury as to the weight of the evidence, and they are highly argumentative; they single out the testimony as to defendant’s mental and physical condition; they specifically direct attention to the failure of the defendant to adduce expert or non-expert testimony as to his insanity.
“It was not within the province of the court to select one fact, and tell or suggest to the jury what effect they might give to it. The jury should consider all the evidence, and base their verdict upon their conclusions from it as a whole." Carpenter v. State, 62 Ark. 286, 36 S. W. 900.
“The rule seems to be that, -where an instruction is argumentative, and directs the attention of the jury especially to certain portions of the evidence, and suggests to them certain inferences of fact to be drawn therefrom — thus singling out for their consideration particular facts favorable to the defendant, and ignoring, by failing to particularize, other evidence having a contrary tendency — the giving of such an instruction is error.” State v. Jones, 28 Idaho, 428, 154 Pac. 378.
We quote as directly in point, as condemning argumentative instructions, the following from Griswold v. Horne, 19 Ariz. 56, 165 Pac. 318, 326:
“We are content to say that it is wholly bad, and the giving of the.instruction is disapproved because it is highly argumentative, and in its very nature calculated to confuse, mislead, and prejudice the jury. . . . Instructions should be limited to a plain, simple and direct statement of the law in order that the jury might intelligently apply the evidence that has been adduced before them.”
An author says:
“The judge should hold the scales of justice equally, and not assume the character of the advocate. Argumentative instructions trench upon the province of the jury, and therefore should not be given, and the giving of them is error.” 2 Thompson on Trials, par. 2301.
That the foregoing instructions constitute prejudicial error, in that they charge the jury with respect to matters of fact, comment upon the evidence, instruct as to the weight of the evidence, and give argumentative instructions, the following cases are cited: Erickson v. State, 14 Ariz. 253, 127 Pac. 754; Babb v. State, 18 Ariz. 505, Ann. Cas. 1918B, 925, 163 Pac. 259; People v. Maughs, 149 Cal. 262, 86 Pac. 191; Brumbaugh v. State, 11 Okl. Cr. 596, 150 Pac. 88; Smith v. State, 10 Okl. Cr. 45, 133 Pac. 1136; Gilmore v. State, 126 Ala. 20, 28 South. 595.
Appellant’s assignment of error No. 5 complains that the court committed gross prejudicial error in misdirecting the jury in its definition of what constitutes murder of the second degree, in that the court charged that murder of the second degree is the unlawful killing of a human being without malice aforethought, and without deliberation; that the elements of murder in the second degree are wanting, and the charge in fact contains the elements of manslaughter; and that, by reason of such erroneous instruction, appellant was denied the right to have a jury pass on the elements constituting murder of the second degree.
The exact wording of the instruction given by the court in his effort to define “murder in the second degree” is as follows:
“The court instructs the jury that murder of the second degree is the unlawful killing of a human being without malice aforethought, either express or implied, and without deliberation or premeditation.”
Section 170, Penal Code of Arizona, provides:
“Murder is the unlawful billing of a human being with malice aforethought.”
This definition includes either murder of the first or second degrees. Under the information and the evidence in the case at bar, the accused copld have been convicted of any degree of homicide or manslaughter.
“It requires no discussion of murder in its various grades to show that the instruction relating to murder of the second degree was a positive misstatement of the law. It was suggested at the oral arguments of counsel for the state that this was a clerical error; but in cases of this bind, where a court seeks to instruct the jury on matters of law, if a clear misstatement of the legal principle appears, the fact that it is a clerical error will not relieve the injuries that might accrue therefrom. It might be contended that by other instructions given by the court, the law was correctly stated. This court, as well as other courts, has repeatedly held that where a record in a criminal case shows that the court differently defined the law upon any given subject, one clause being correct, the other erroneous, that injury must he presumed to follow from such a state of facts, unless the record clearly shows that no injury resulted therefrom.” State v. Scott, 37 Nev. 412, 142 Pac. 1053.
“It is the duty of the trial court to declare the law applicable to every phase of the case that the jury may consider the evidence with the full knowledge of every essential element of each grade of crime of which the defendant may be convicted. . . . Ordinarily, they have not experience and knowledge sufficient to enable them to draw nice distinctions necessary in the application of legal principles, and, unless the court comes to their assistance and declares these distinctions so that they may understand and apply them, they are left to grope in confusion and uncertainty. . . . The court nowhere told the jury that murder of the second degree is the unlawful billing, of a human being with malice aforethought, but without deliberation.” State v. Shafer, 26 Mont. 21, 66 Pac. 464.
The court in its instructions should declare fully the law upon every degree of homicide of which the accused could be convicted, which is supported by the evidence. Stokes v. Territory, 14 Ariz. 250, 127 Pac. 742; State v. Baker, 13 Mont. 162, 32 Pac. 647; 21 Cyc. 1065.
It is clear that the trial court committed prejudicial error in misdirecting the jury as to what constituted murder of the second degree.
Other assignments of error are based upon erroneous procedure ; but, in view of a new trial, error, if any, in the lower court, we assume, will not be committed again.
The judgment of the lower court is reversed, and the cause is remanded, with directions that appellant be granted a new trial.
CUNNINGHAM, C. J., and ROSS, J., concur.
On the question as to opinions gained from newspapers as,disqualification of juror in criminal ease, see comprehensive note in 35 L. E. A. (N. S.) 985.
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ROSS, J.
Appellee, who is a practicing attorney in the courts of the state, sued for professional services rendered appellant between January 19, 1917, and March 23, 1918, alleging their reasonable value to be $7,000, of which he had been paid $4,000, leaving a balance due him of $3,000. The appellant’s answer admits the services were rendered him as alleged, but denies they were of the reasonable value of $7,000 or of any value in excess of $4,000, and denies any indebtedness whatever. The case was tried before the court and a jury, and a verdict and judgment for the full amount demanded was the result.
The appeal raises but one question, the correctness of an instruction on the measure of damages. The only issue made by the pleadings was the reasonable value of the services rendered by appellant. The case throughout was tried and submitted on that theory. Appellee testified to the character, amount and value of his services, and introduced other testimony of their value. The value so established ranged from $7,500 to $10,000, $3,500 of which was credited to what is hereinafter designated as the Lanrel Canon case. The appellant chose to rest upon the case .made by appellee, and introduced .no evidence. In the course of appellee’s téstimony, who was the only witness to the fact of his employment and the amount and kind of services he had rendered, it developed that the relation of attorney and client was originally established by a written contract in the form of a letter from appellee to the agent of the appellant, the letter being dated January 19, 1917. The letter reads:
“In re Richard Y. Dey v. Laurel Canon Mining Co.
“I hereby confirm my oral proposition regarding employment in the above-entitled matter. I will undertake the work necessary in this matter in the trial court, and take charge of the preparation of the case for trial, for a fee of $300.00 and necessary traveling expenses. It is expressly understood that this fee shall not cover any work in the Supreme Court, in the event an appeal is taken by either party to the suit.”
The effect of this contract upon the amount appellee was entitled to recover was not raised by the answer, nor' did the appellant request any instruction as to its effect, and accordingly the court instructed the jury to find the reasonable value of all the services rendered by appellee to appellant.
It was after an adverse verdict and upon his motion for a new trial that appellant first raised the point that the contract price was the highest measure of damages recoverable, and that the jury should have been so instructed. In support of his position, he invokes the well-settled law that permits a party to a fully executed contract to sue on quantum meruit, and to recover for his services their reasonable value, but in no event more than the contract price. 40 Cyc. 2853; Cunningham v. Elvins (Mo. App.), 194 S. W. 515; Daniels v. McDaniels, 184 Mo. App. 354, 171 S. W. 14; Owen v. Hadley, 186 Mo. App. 1, 171 S. W. 973.
If the express contract set forth above was not subsequently modified or abrogated and another contract substituted for it)' the point made by appellant is well taken. But if after appellee entered upon the performance of the written contract the parties, either expressly or by implication arising from their actions and conduct, abandoned it for other and different arrangements, his exceptions are without merit.
As tending to show that the written contract was not intended to be adhered to, either as to the compensation therein stated or as to the amount and kind of services to he rendered by appellee, we would suggest: (1) That the pleadings are silent as to any written contract fixing appellee’s compensation. The complaint alleges a cause of action for the reasonable value of appellee’s services between the dates of his emplbyment, fixing it at $7,000. The answer fixes the reasonable value of appellee’s services at $4,000 and no more. The case was tried upon the theory that the reasonable value of appellee’s services was the only issue, and the court charged the jury upon that theory without any protest or request from appellant indicating dissatisfaction with the instruction.
“As a general rule, a party is bound in the appellate court, as to the nature and form of the action or proceeding, by the theory on which the pleadings were construed and the action or proceeding was tried in the court below.” 3 C. J. 723, § 620; Copper State Mining Co. v. Kidder, ante, p. 224, 179 Pac. 641.
While action under this rule might not go to the extent of abrogating the agreed price for appellee’s services and permit a recovery for a larger sum, it does, however, tend to show that appellant did not intend to hold appellee to that compensation, and we think we are authorized to treat it as some evidence of the abandonment of the written contract. (2) But besides, “the theory on which . . . the action or proceeding was tried in the lower court,” the testimony on behalf of appellee tended to show that the written contract was by the parties abandoned and another contract substituted for it.
Appellee testified: That he “had been employed to represent the defendant, Dey, generally in the state of Arizona, and in connection with certain litigation in which said Dey was and thereafter became involved. (By' this language appellee conveys the idea that his whole service was to be compensated for as one contract.) That under such employment substantially all of his time was devoted to the business and litigation of said Dey, from January 19, 1917, to March 23, 1918,” and that part of the services for which he was suing was services rendered in the preparation and trial of the Laurel Cañón case; that on about March 5, 1917, appellant authorized him to appoint Richard W. Sprague, an attorney of Tucson, to assist in preparing a motion for a new trial in the Laurel Cañón case, and in the preparation of other suits about to be brought; that on March 15th he wired appellant that he had been unable to make satisfactory arrangements regarding his fees or the employment of Sprague with appellant’s agent, “and that, on account of the mix-up and condition of affairs at that time, he would expect an immediate payment of $1,000, to apply on general fees in all matters”; that on March 16, 1917, appellant wired him the $1,000, and placed him in “sole charge of all matters”; that in conversation with Dey in September, 1917, in New York, “it was agreed between himself and Mr. Dey that no definite fee should be agreed upon for the amount of work required of him, but that the charge should be reasonable in view of all work eventually required of him,” he to pay'Sprague’s fee.
This testimony stands uncontroverted, and tends-to support the theory on-which the.case was tried and submitted, to wit, that the first or written contract concerning appellee’s fee for services in the Laurel Cañón case was abandoned, and that there was substituted for it a contract that appellee should be paid the reasonable value of his services in that ease ahd in all other matters. In other words, in view of the accruing of other litigation and legal business, after the contract of January 19th, so that practically all of appellee’s time was occupied and would be occupied in caring for it, the whole of appellee’s services, including the Laurel Canon case, would be paid for on the basis of their reasonable value. Other contingencies having arisen after the first contract, it is conceivable that the parties concluded the terms of their agreement as originally made were not fair and just,- and that a more equitable arrangement would be not to pay for the services in piecemeal at a fixed price agreed -.upon in advance, but to consider them all together as a running account to be settled at their reasonable value when the services were ended or the relation of attorney and client severed. Payments were made appellee as upon a general running account, $1,000 at a time, amounting to $4,000, and no request that same or any part thereof be applied on the contract of January, 1917, although that was due, if the contract was not abandoned, before any other item of service was due.
In view of the evidence and the theory upon which the ease was tried, we conclude the court committed no error in submitting to the jury the determination of the reasonable value of appellee’s services. "While it may not be clear that there was a substitution of contracts so that the court could so decide ás a question of law, the conduct of the trial, the aetion of the parties under the contract, and the testimony all point in that direction. The appellant was perhaps entitled to an instruction, if he had so requested, submitting the question as to whether the first contract was abandoned and another substituted for it, but having wittingly or unwittingly stood by without requesting such instruction, he ought not now to be permitted ,to complain. In the face of the evidence, it cannot be said that the court erred in not peremptorily directing the jury, without any request, that the measure of damages for services in the Laurel Canon case was the sum fixed in the contract of January 19th, because there was substantial evidence tending to show that that contract had been abandoned and other arrangements made.
The substitution of contracts is not a novelty to the law. It may happen in, several ways; as by express agreement, by implication, or where the terms of the second contract cover the terms of the first and include new terms. Arizona-Parral Min. Co. v. Forbes, 16 Ariz. 395, 146 Pac. 504.
Finding that no prejudicial error was committed, the judgment is affirmed.
CUNNINGHAM, C. J., and BAKER, J., concur.
|
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] |
ROSS, J.
The appellee, while in the employment of appellant as a miner in the hazardous occupation of mining in one of its shafts, "was injured [as he alleges in his complaint] by an accident arising out of and in the course of said labor, service and employment, and due to a condition or conditions of such occupation or employment, and without any fault or negligence on his part in the following manner: . . . That,' as a result of the aforementioned accident, plaintiff’s right eye has been totally destroyed, and plaintiff has been compelled to have same removed, and an artificial eye put in its place. That he has had his eyesight injured permanently, and his ability to labor permanently diminished — all to the great damage of the plaintiff in the sum of $15,000.” He also alleges the expenditure of $250 for surgical and medical aid, care, nursing and attention.
The plaintiff bases his action upon the employers’ liability law, Revised Statutes of Arizona of 1913, title 14, chapter 6. Demurrers to the complaint, special and general, were overruled, and the trial was had upon the issues made by the general denial in the answer and the allegation that the appellee was blind in his right eye at the time he entered the service of the appellant and on the date of the alleged injury, to wit, June 18, 1917. A verdict and judgment was had for $7,500.
The first contention made by appellant mining company is that the employers’ liability law, under which the action was brought, is unconstitutional, as being in violation of the "equal protection” and "due process” clauses of the Fourteenth Amendment to the federal Constitution. While this contention had been raised in this court and several times overruled (Inspiration Cons. Copper Co. v. Mendez, 19 Ariz. 151, 166 Pac. 281, 1183; Superior & Pittsburg Copper Co. v. Tomich, 19 Ariz. 182, 165 Pac. 1101, 1185; Ariz. Copper Co. v. Burciaga, ante, p. 85, 177 Pac. 29), it was not finally and definitely laid to rest until June 9, 1919, when the supreme court of the United States, in the Mendez, Tomich and three other eases, appealed to it from the federal district court, held the employers’ liability law was not unconstitutional because it burdened, in certain hazardous occupations, the employer without fault, in the first instance, with the duty of compensating an injured employee, or in case of his death, his dependents, when the injury or death was not caused by the negligence of the employee. Ariz. Copper Co. v. Hammer, 250 U. S. —, 39 Sup. Ct. Rep. 553, 63 L. Ed. 636. The overruling of the demurrer that raised the unconstitutionality of the law was proper, and the assignments based thereon are without merit.
It is next contended that there is no evidence to sustain the verdict, because it is not shown that appellee’s earning power has been lessened by the loss of one of his eyes, and that therefore no damage was proved. Under this assignment it is insisted that the measure of damages to which appellee was entitled was the difference between his earning capacity before and after his injury, and that, if he could earn as much after as before the eye was lost, he could recover nothing. This contention is certainly a novel one, and we think without merit either in fact or law.
At the time appellee was injured, June 18, 1917, he was being paid $5.90 per day. Six months thereafter, at the trial, his earning capacity was $50 per month. His life expectancy at the time he was injured was 28.18 years. If the disparity in earning capacity continue, the loss from his injury may well equal or exceed the judgment of $7,500.
There was testimony on behalf of the appellant that it and other mines employed one-eyed miners, but one of the appellant’s foremen admitted that, as between two applicants, in all other respects equal, he would employ the one with two eyes, and stated that he considered that the loss of an eye impaired a man’s earning capacity. The undisputed expert testimony was to the effect that the loss of an eye diminished the power to accurately estimate and gauge distances from 60 to 75 per cent. A mere statement of the injury — the loss of an eye and its replacement with a glass substitute — indicates its permanency.
It is not true as a question of law that the measure of damages is the difference between appellee’s earning power before and after his injury. Under the general allegation of his complaint, that he was injured and as a result thereof lost an eye, he was entitled to damages for mental and physical pain and’ suffering caused by the injury and extraction of his eye. The rule is stated in 17 O. J. 1011, as follows:
“No allegation as of special damage is necessary to recover for mental suffering, where this is allowed as an element of damages, since such suffering is inseparably connected with and attends personal injuries. Pain and suffering need not be specially pleaded, where inseparable from, and a natural consequence of, the physical injury.”
The learned trigl judge, perhaps laboring under the impression that in this kind of action no recovery could be had for pain and suffering, so advised the jury. In so doing he committed error, but it was error in favor of appellant. The rule of damages, as announced by this court in Arizona Copper Co. v. Burciaga, ante, p. 85, 177 Pac. 29, and affirmed in Arizona Copper Co. v. Hammer, supra, is that it includes “all loss to the employee caused by the accident, not merely in the way of earning capacity, but of disfigurement and bodily or mental pain.”
There is no claim that the verdict was rendered through prejudice or passion, and there is nothing in the record to indicate that such was the case. That being so, we think the rule laid down by Chancellor KENT in Coleman v. Southwick, 9 Johns. (N. Y.) 45, 6 Am. Dec. 253, is controlling. He said:
“The damages, therefore, must be so excessive as to strike mankind, at first blush, as being beyond all measure, unreasonable, and outrageous, and such as manifestly show the jury to have been actuated by passion, partiality, prejudice, or corruption. In short, the damages must be flagrantly outrageous and extravagant, or the court cannot undertake to draw the line, for they have no standard by which to ascertain the excess. ’ ’
After quoting Chancellor KENT as above, in Chicago, R. I. & P. Ry. Co. v. De Vore, 43 Okl. 534, L. R. A. 1915F, 21, 143 Pac. 864, the court made the following comment, in which we fully concur:'
“We think this rule is sound, for the reason the jury and the trial judge have a much better opportunity than do the appellate judges to measure the actual damages suffered by the plaintiff and the amount which would compensate him for the injury. They have an opportunity of seeing the plaintiff and to discern his manner of testifying, his intelligence and capacity, to note his physical condition, and many other living evidences bearing upon the issue, including all the attending circumstances, of the larger part of which the appellate court is deprived. The jury, thus being in possession of all the facts and circumstances, is required to pass upon this issue as an issue of fact,' under an appropriate charge of the court as to the law. Their solemn finding, returned into court and approved by the trial court, should not be disturbed by this court, unless it comes within the rule hereinbefore laid down. The trial judge has not only the opportunity afforded the jurors to gain knowledge of the conditions of the plaintiff’s injury, and the amount which will compensate him, together with all the facts and circumstances surrounding his injury, but he also has the opportunity of observing the jurors in considering said cause, and of any outward feeling evidencing passion or prejudice that may be exhibited during the proceedings before him; and if it' is made reasonably to appear that the verdict of the jury is excessive, by reason of any influence of passion or prejudice, it becomes his sworn and solemn duty, as a trial court, to set aside the verdict or require a remittitur to be filed. After he has considered this point on a motion for new trial, and approved the verdict by overruling the motion, the appellate should never disturb the finding and judgment of the trial court, except for the gravest reasons, wherein it clearly appears that the trial court has abused its discretion, or that the verdict is excessive within the rule herein stated. Quotations from many courts show this rule to be sound and in harmony with the weight of authority, and based upon reason and justice.”
We conclude, from the facts in the case, the trial court having refused a new trial, on account of the size of the verdict, we ought not to disturb it.
It is also contended the court erred in refusing to grant appellant a new trial on newly discovered evidence. The appellant’s defense, as set forth in its answer, to the merits of the ease, was that in 1907, while working in a mine in Nevada, appellee was blasted, and his right eye injured and “permanently disabled, and that by reason of said injury plaintiff has been ever since . . . wholly unable to see out of the same,” and “that plaintiff, at the time he entered the employment of defendant, was so injured and deprived of said sight. ’ ’ The amended answer setting up this defense was filed December 7, 1917; but prior thereto, on September 17, 1917, appellant, in a motion for a continuance supported by affidavit, recited the same facts and asked time in which to procure witnesses or evidence to establish this defense. The motion for continuance was granted, and the order setting the case for trial on September 29th was vacated. December 11th the setting was again vacated on application of appellant, and upon its motion the date of trial fixed as December 21, 1917, and on this date the minute record shows that “the respective parties answered ready for trial.” At the trial appellant had five witnesses who had worked with appellee in its mines prior to June 18th, the date of the alleged injury. One of them testified:
‘ ‘ The eye was dead; it was running all the time; it looked dead. . . . I asked him what was the matter with his eye, and he told me that he had lost the sight of his eye in Nevada from the effects of a blast. It was the right one. ’ ’
TheVther four witnesses testified in effect to the same thing. Appellee testified that the sight of his right eye was good, and denied ever admitting to appellant’s witnesses that he had lost the sight thereof. Two other witnesses, well acquainted with appellee before June 18th corroborated his statement as to the soundness of his right eye. This sharp conflict in testimony was resolved by the jury against the appellant.
The showing on appellant’s motion for a new trial is that on January 16, 1918, one C. K. Norris, of Garden City, California, a fellow workman with appellee when he was injured in a Nevada mine, was located by accident; that said Norris knew appellee and the extent of his injuries; “that said injuries consisted of one broken arm, the sight of one eye destroyed,” etc., and that upon a new trial he would testify to the same either in person or by deposition; that said Norris had written appellant’s agent a letter “giving the foregoing facte and information. ’ ’ This letter was not exhibited.
We think the record shows appellant was diligent in searching for testimony to support or prove its defense that appellee’s right eye was blind at the time he began working fo. it; but it also appears that appellant was satisfied, when it announced ready for trial on December 21st, to risk the issue upon the evidence it had at hand. It might have asked for another continuance, urging as a reason therefor inadequacy of time to locate witnesses of a fact that had happened ten years before in a foreign jurisdiction. It chose not to do so, and to proceed with the trial. We think, in the circumstances, the application for a new trial ought not to be regarded with special favor. Besides, we are not satisfied a new trial would result in a different verdict, even if Norris should testify as represented. The letter he wrote appellant’s agent is-not in the record, nor does the record purport to contain its full contents. So far as may be known, it may have contained other statements that would completely nullify “the foregoing facts and information.” In Superior & Pittsburg Copper Co. v. Davidovitch, 19 Ariz. 402, 171 Pac. 127, the showing for a continuance was very similar to the present showing. We there held the refusal of the application was not error.
The judgment is affirmed.
CUNNINGHAM, C. J., and BAKER, J., concur.
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CUNNINGHAM, C. J.
Sam Clark and two other parties are the alleged owners of two mining locations .situate adjoining the New Cornelia Copper Company’s holdings at Ajo, Pima county. The mineral locations existed on February 28, 1916, and prior thereto. On said February 28th, the plaintiff acquired, by written lease, a portion of the surface of such mining claim. The portion leased is described as lot No. 6 in block 10, “said lot being 40 feet by 100 feet in dimensions, according to that certain survey and plat made and executed by "W. C. Goetz, civil engineer,, and dated by him the 13th day of March, 1916, reference to said plat being hereby made for a more particular description of said premises.”
The lease recites that appellees are the owners of the unpatented mining claim, and that the appellant is desirous of occupying the portion of the surface described above, for business purposes. The parties covenant and agree:
That the appellee owners hereby do “let, lease, and demise unto” the appellant said above-described portion of said surface, “to have and to hold said above-described premises unto the party of the second part for the term of five years, said term to commence on the 28th day of February, 1916, and to terminate the 27th day of February, 1921, at the yearly rental or sum of one hundred and twenty dollars, payable in twelve monthly installments of ten dollars on the 28th of each and every month, during the life of this lease.”
Thereupon follows an agreement by which the lessee is permitted to erect suitable buildings for the purpose of doing a hay and grain business, and a grant of the right to remove the buildings erected by him within 20 days after the expiration of the time granted, provided the lessor may purchase the buildings at his option, and provided the rent is paid, otherwise the buildings shall become the property of the lessor. The surface, only, is intended to be leased with the right reserved in the lessor to prosecute mining operations on the property.
The lessor agrees to patent the mining claim before the expiration of the lease, and the lessee is given the option of purchasing the lot described, for $1,000, provided the ground is not required for mining purposes.
The following is the clause upon which this action rests, viz.:
“It is agreed by the party of the second part that if any of the payments herein provided for shall be due and unpaid, or if any default be made in observing any of the covenants herein contained, it shall be lawful for the parties of the first part to re-enter said premises and remove all persons therefrom, and to terminate this lease, or, at the option' of the parties of the first part, they may waive such default and continue this lease in full force and effect, and thereupon rental for the full term shall become due and payable.”
The complaint places the right to recover the full rental for the remainder of the lease term in the following language:
“That the defendant has paid unto the plaintiff rental for said premises for the period ending on the 28th day of February, 1917, and no more, and has failed and refused and now fails and refuses to pay rental for said premises from the 28th day of February, 1917, and is in default in the payment of rental under said agreement in writing and by reason of said default, there is now due and payable from the defendant to the plaintiffs rental for said premises for the period from February 28, 1917, to February 27, 1921, at the yearly rate of one hundred and twenty dollars per year . . . the sum of four hundred and eighty dollars.”
The construction the plaintiffs have thus placed on this covenant of the lease is that the lessee’s failure to pay any of the monthly installments of rent when they became due leaves with the lessor the option to consider the agreement to pay the rent by the month at an end, and substitute therefor the agreement to pay immediately the rent for the balance of the term, and that the lessor has so elected; hence the action for the collection of the rent in a lump sum instead of by monthly installments.
The lessee, defendant, has not controverted the construction placed on the lease in this particular by the plaintiff. Hence the allegation that the sum of $180 is due and payable is not denied, and must be deemed true, unless defendant’s defenses avoiding the lease altogether are sufficient excuses for refusing to pay.
The lessee resists judgment, while he retains possession, upon the grounds that the lease is inoperative, for the reasons that the lessor did not have the right to possession, the lessor’s right depending upon a location of the grounds under the mining laws, and plaintiff-lessor’s location was void, for the reason no mineral was discovered in'the property located; that the locator failed to record a notice of location within ninety days after location; that the locator failed to perform one hundred dollars’ worth of work and improvements on the claim during the years 1915 and 1916; and for the further reason that town-site settlers are making application for a town-site patent under the laws of the United States, thereby claiming a just right in the property, adverse and antagonistic and superior to the plaintiff’s title and right of possession. Also, the defendant asserted in his answer that the lease was accepted by him upon representations made by the lessor at the time of the taking of the lease, which representations were false and fraudulent and defendant relied upon the truth of the same; and the further defense that the premises in question, occupied by the defendant, is not situate on the mining claims described in the lease.
The acts required by law to initiate and maintain the right to the exclusive possession of a mining location are, each, elements of the locator’s title to real estate. Hence the lessee of real estate, as of mining rights, cannot deny the lessor’s title by denying that the lessor’s location is incomplete. This is too well known to require citation of authorities. Further, the lease, by this action, is affirmed for the balance of the term, and the rights of the lessee are fixed irrevocably by the ^ction for the rental for the balance of the term. The lessor cannot evict him, and the lessor has warranted peaceable, quiet enjoyment with the right to purchase an absolute title for one thousand dollars; also, the right to remove the improvements at the end of the term, as specified in the lease, if the lessee elects to do so. These obligations of the lessor become fixed by his election to sue for the rent for the balance of the term, instead of declaring the lease forfeited and recovering possession. The lessee is amply protected by his warranty in case the lessor’s title fail, either by a relocation of the ground by another or by the success of the town-site claimants, in case the lessor loses title* The lessee, presumably, may recover on the lease in case of loss, for the reason that this action, under the express language of the lease, is an election to continue the lease in full force and effect for the remainder of the term. The lessor is obliged to make good his covenants dependent upon his title as he has warranted it. The lessee is estopped from denying the lessor’s title, and therefore is protected in all matters dependent upon that title.
The suggestion that the settlers, claimants of the town site, have a superior right over the appellees’ location claim, is only another manner of denying the landlord’s title by the tenant, which may not be done in this kind of case.
The claim of defendant that his assent to the lease was induced by false and fraudulent representations is not sustained by the evidence. The defendant testifies that the plaintiff Sam Clark represented that the mining claims are valid mineral locations, and that he (Clark) would procure a United States patent therefor. The witness claims that such representations are false because the locators have failed, in his (the witness’) opinion, to discover mineral, and for the same reason the ground cannot be patented under the United States mineral land laws. This is another indirect method of denying title in the landlord by the tenant in possession, and is not permissible, and consequently does not support the defense pleaded. With regard to the defense that the premises in question are no part of the two mining claims described in the lease, we find-the following statement made by the court, on page 41 of the Abstract of the Record, to wit:
“There is no question but that the property involved in this ease is conceded by all parties to be a part of these two mining claims.”
This is not questioned so far as the abstract of the record shows.
The defendant began his possession in subordination to the plaintiff’s title, and that subordination remains until the lease is terminated. The defendant cannot terminate the lease in question by failing or refusing to pay rent and retain possession. This is the very thing the defendant has attempted to do. He contracted with the plaintiff to pay rent for the benefits mentioned in the lease, including the right of peaceable possession, a right to purchase a good merchantable title, and a right to remove improvements at the termination of the lease term, if the purchase of the property was not'consummated by him. He lost none of these rights by his refusal to pay the rent, for the reason the lessor retained the right to determine that matter. He determined to permit the defendant to retain such rights by continuing the lease in full force and effect, and, instead of declaring a forfeiture, proceeded, as agreed, to collect the rent at once and cease collection by monthly installments.
It would seem that this course of conduct upon the part ■of the plaintiff favors the defendant lessee, for the reason that any failure of the plaintiff in the future to acquire, and, if requested, to convey full title to the defendant, is protected by the lease as .continued in full force and effect. At the most, defendant is not injured, except by the immediate payment of the rent instead of payment in monthly installments.
Upon the whole record, no reversible error appears, and the judgment is affirmed.
ROSS and BAKER, JJ., concur.
|
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CUNNINGHAM, C. J.
By this action the plaintiff hoard of school trustees of the school district of the city of Globe are seeking to restrain and enjoin the local city board of health and the city officers from enforcing the following health order or regulation:
“Be it_ resolved, etc., that each, every and all theaters, motion picture shows, banks, business houses, pool halls, shooting galleries, skating rinks, dances, lodges, schools, churches, and all places of amusement and entertainment in the city of Globe and vicinity, when people are congregated therein, be and the same are hereby declared to be a public nuisance, during the present epidemic of Spanish influenza and until the further order of the board of health of the city of Globe.”
“2. That it shall be unlawful for two or more persons to congregate in the United States post office, any bank, store, meat market, or other business house, shooting gallery, pool hall, theater, motion picture show, skating rink, lodge, church, school, social gathering, card party, or other place of amusement or entertainment in the city of Globe or vicinity. . . .
“11. That it shall be unlawful to open up, conduct or hold any sessions of or services in any lodge, school building, church or like place in the city of Globe or vicinity. ”
Section 16 declares any violation of such rules and regulations to be a misdemeanor,' and punishable as prescribed by paragraph 4386, Revised Statutes of Arizona of 1913.
The plaintiff contends that, if valid, said rules and regulations close the public schools, and “keep said plaintiffs’ said public schools closed, and prohibit the pupils . . . from entering plaintiff’s said public school buildings for the purpose of receiving instructions,” etc.
The plaintiff alleges that the “board of health, in declaring the said public schools ... to be a nuisance and in making it unlawful to attend such schools or to hold sessions thereof and in passing and adopting said resolution and especially the portions herein complained of, was and is beyond the authority and jurisdiction of said board to pass, and the same was passed without any authority of law, and that the same is unreasonable and void as against this plaintiff, and that said defendant board of health exceeded its power and authority in passing and adopting said resolution herein referred to. ... ”
■ The. parties have stipulated as the facts involved in this case: That there is prevalent in the city of Globe an epidemic of disease known as Spanish influenza, with which several thousand people in that vicinity have been afflicted, and of which a large number of persons have died; that from the present state of the disease, and the large number of persons afflicted, and the recent deaths therefrom, the belief is prevalent that the same is spreading; that, before the said regulations were adopted by the local boards of health, a conference of members of the state and local boards of health and physicians was held, and the conference agreed, and such physicians advised, the passage and adoption by the local boards of the rules and regulations herein sought to be enjoined as needful rules and regulations for the “prevention of the spread of, and as a means of stamping ont, said Spanish influenza in said county, city, and town.”
The parties have stipulated that the school term of said school district is limited to 10 school months; that the average attendance is about 1,500 pupils; that at the date of the stipulation “over 80 per cent of the school children aré free from disease and ready to attend school”; that the schools are well equipped with nurses and that they have at all times enforced and are now ready to enforce the provisions of paragraph 4397, Revised Statutes of Arizona of 1913; that the health board have not enforced the provisions of paragraph 4399, Revised Statutes of Arizona of 1913.
These facts admitted an emergency clearly existed, calling forth the duties of the health officers to cope with it and protect the public from the danger imminent. The local boards of health, the county and city, were called in meeting and under the superintending control and direction of the superintendent of public health and the advice of local physicians and health officers passed said regulation above quoted, for the avowed purpose “as a means of preventing the spread of the disease and the stamping out of the epidemic in Globe and vicinity, ’ ’ as appears in the stipulation of counsel on file herein.
The appellant attacks the resolution, contending that it is unreasonable in declaring the assembly of a public school in session to be a nuisance, and upon the broader ground that the city board of health had.no power or authority to pass such resolution, effective to close the public schools, and that if such board had such power and authority, the said regulation is void for uncertainty, for the reason no limit is stated for the duration of the closing order.
To concede that any board of health has been delegated the legislative power to declare what is or what is not a nuisance is to concede that boards of health may be delegated legislative power, and this cannot be done. No authorities need be cited to sustain this proposition. Such boards of health may abate nuisances, and in so doing, if they mistake that for a nuisance which is not in fact a nuisance, then the board acts without jurisdiction, because- the existence of a nuisance in fact gives the board the power to act. No portion of the health laws of this state attempts to or could grant to health boards the authority to arbitrarily declare a given condition a nuisance. An attempt by such board to declare what is or what is not a nuisance is futile, null and void. Therefore that portion of said resolution which, attempts to define nuisances, and which declares certain assemblies, including school sessions, nuisances, is without authority of law and of no force or effect. The appellant’s contention in this respect is evidently correct. But the material thing here is the order closing the schools. This brings us to the second question and inquiry, whether the said closing order is within the power of the local health board to pass and enforce.
The contention of the appellant that the said order is unreasonable seems to be confined to that portion of the order which declares the public assembly of persons in schools, etc., a nuisance; otherwise, the appellant seems to agree, as it must be agreed in all reason, that the order, rule or resolution is a reasonable measure to prevent the spread of the said disease, yet before the local board can make such closing order, and enforce it, it must have had such power expressly conferred upon it by the legislature, and this has not been done. To answer this inquiry we must look to chapter 1 of title 41, Revised Statutes of Arizona of 1913. This chapter provides for a state board of health, a county board of health in each county, and a city board of health in each incorporated city or town within the state. The provisions directly referring to the organization, powers and duties of the state board of health begin with the chapter, paragraph 4367, and include paragraph 4372. Under a subhead appearing between paragraphs 4372 and 4373, viz.: “County Boards of Health,” and following, are ten paragraphs, to and including paragraph 4382, in which are set forth the organization, powers and duties of such county board's of health. Paragraph 4382 provides:
“Nothing contained in this article shall in any manner affect any board of health heretofore established, or that may hereafter be established in any city, or incorporated town, provided however, that all such boards of health shall be under the superintending control of the state board.”
Thereupon follows the subhead, “City Boards of Health.” Paragraphs 4383 and 4384 provide for the appointment of the members and officers of such boards of health, and paragraph 4383 provides that such boards of health “shall have and exercise the powers conferred upon such board by law and by the ordinances of the city. ’ ’ The appellant contends that paragraph 4385 further limits the powers and duties of the local city boards to such powers, duties and authorities as are conferred on such boards by the provisions of the chapter which follow paragraph 4385. Said paragraph reads as follows:
“Each city board of health shall perform the duties and exercise the powers herein provided within the limits of the city for which it is established. Each county board of health and city board of health shall be known as the local board of health.”
Before further examination of this statute, it may be interesting at least to remark that this entire health chapter, with slight change in words, was adopted- from North Dakota, and in that state, when adopted here, was article 5 of chapter 4 of the Political Code of North Dakota, Revised Code of 1899. The said article 5 became our. first health law by adoption by chapter 65, Laws of Arizona Territory of 1903. The only apparent assistance this fact of history gives us is to explain some of the expressions used in the course of the chapter. The further assistance that may arise is that that portion of our chapter 1, consisting of paragraph 4383 and paragraph 4384, was first enacted in North Dakota as chapter 34, Laws of 1893, and that beginning with paragraph 4385 and the remainder of our said chapter was first enacted in North Dakota as chapter 90, Laws of 1893. Both acts were passed as emergency measures, the first to establish city boards of health, and the last “to define the powers and duties of county and city boards of health, and for the prevention and suppression of contagious, infectious, and epidemic diseases,” according to the titles of such acts. These chapters were codified by the Revised Code of North Dakota of 1899, beginning with section 240 and including section 274 of said Code. We have not been able to find a construction of the law by the courts of North Dakota prior to 1903; hence we must determine the powers and duties of city boards of health from the statute as it appears upon our laws. The specific inquiry is whether the city board of health has the power to order the public schools within the jurisdiction of such board to close and remain closed until the further order of the board because of the existence of Spanish influenza, a dangerous contagious or infectious disease raging in epidemic form within such jurisdiction.
Paragraph 4386, Id., reads as follows:
“Each local hoard of health, within its jurisdiction, shall examine into all nuisances, sources of filth and causes of sickness and make such regulations regarding the same as it may judge necessary for the public health and safety of the inhabitants, and any person who shall violate any published order or regulation, made by any board of health, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor and punished,” etc.
The paragraphs immediately following, including paragraph 4391, deal with the matter of giving notice of orders, rules and regulations with regard to enforcing sanitation and kindred matters — all of which have reference to matters that need correction, and action taken thereon is intended to remove the things acted upon definitely and finally.
The acts involved in this appeal are not referable to such provisions of the health laws. The school closing order was temporary on its face, to be effective “until the further order of the city board of health.” In other 'words, the order complained of on this appeal was an emergency measure, to be effective only during the emergency requiring it.
Paragraph 4392 and subsequent paragraphs of the chapter have reference to the duties of the local boards of health at times of emergencies, when contagious, infectious or any dangerous disease appears within the jurisdiction of the local board, in epidemic form. Thus, in brief, paragraph 4392 requires physicians and all other persons having knowledge of such diseases to immediately report in writing to the local board such facts; paragraph 4393 requires the physicians to report in writing to the local boards any deaths that occur from any such disease; paragraph 4394 requires the keepers 'of houses, private and public, to report in writing to the local board such case of such disease that occurs in any such house; paragraph 4395 requires a permit from the local board before any person afflicted with any such disease may be removed from one place to another; paragraph 4397 requires the permission of the local board before any child who has been exposed to, or who is or has recently been afflicted with, any such disease may attend public school; paragraph 4398 deals with regulations for burial of persons who have died of such diseases; paragraph 4399 deals with matters of quarantine of persons, houses and places afflicted with such disease or where such disease has appeared, prescribing powers and duties with regard to the handling of the situation by the local board; paragraphs 4400, 4401 and 4402 deal with matters pertaining to the care of persons afflicted with such disease, granting to the local board the power to destroy bedding, clothes, carpets, etc., to prevent the spread of such disease, and contract for compensation for the property destroyed, and exercise other powers with regard to such matters; paragraph 4403 prescribes a penalty for the violation of the chapter by the health officers and persons whose duties are prescribed in the chapter, requiring them to render assistance to the health board; also:
“And any person who fails to comply with,,. . . or refuses to conform to any rule, regulations, or measures adopted by the local board of health within whose jurisdiction he shall at the time be, and which shall have been published or shall have come to his knowledge, or refuses or neglects promptly to obey any orders, directions, or instructions given to him by such board of health, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor,” etc.
Clearly, the portion of chapter 1, so briefly referred to, following paragraph 4385, deals with two distinct subjects: First, with unsanitary conditions requiring, under penalty, a correction, second, a condition brought about by an epidemic of contagious, infectious or dangerous disease. The powers to correct the condition dealt with in the first subject, which may be generally designated as the powers and duties with regard to sanitary matters, are ample for their purpose. These powers are given to ‘ ‘ each local board of health, within its jurisdiction, ...” and when exercised would result in destroying finally the source from which sickness of any kind may arise at any time.
The second subject is dealing with sickness in epidemic form, then present, from infection, contagion or from a cause which affects the inhabitants generally. In dealing with the second subject, the local (city) board of. health is to be notified of the appearance within its jurisdiction of contagious, infectious or other dangerous disease in epidemic form. The statute makes it the duty of doctors and every other person, without exception, to notify the local board of such disease, and if they fail to do so they incur the liability of a fine and imprisonment, and the doctor’s license is re voked; also, whenever any child has been exposed to or has been afflicted with any such disease, such child cannot return to or attend school without the permission of the local board of health, and the school authorities are liable to punishment if they* allow the child to attend school without the permission of the local board.
Hence the local board of health is made the responsible administrative agency within its jurisdiction, to enforce the health laws with regard to both subjects. The local board is required to notify the state board of public health of the existence and nature of a contagious, infectious or dangerous disease appearing within the jurisdiction of the local board, immediately after such local board has become satisfied that eases of such disease have occurred, and after such local board has taken such measures as are specified in paragraph 4399, and “such other measures as it deems necessary for the safety of the inhabitants,” the board shall “immediately notify the state board of health of the existence and nature of such disease, and of the measure adopted by it with reference thereto.”
If we place the construction on this chapter and the portion of the chapter having direct reference to the city local health board contended for by the appellant, then we must hold that in times of epidemics of contagious, infectious or any other dangerous disease appearing in cities, the city local board has authority, in dealing with such epidemic, to take under its control the specific cases of disease and persons exposed to the disease, and deal with such cases and persons as specified in paragraph 4399, using quarantine measures to prevent the spread of such disease, and no other measures can be put in force by such local board. This com struction would leave the city local board of health without power to adopt and enforce the measures here adopted, viz., closing the schools and other public places.
Without any question, the state board of health, under paragraph 4370 is empowered by subdivision 3 “to make and enforce all needful rules and regulations for the prevention and cure, and to prevent the spread of any contagious, infectious or malarial diseases among persons, ...” and by subdivision 4 “to establish quarantine, and isolate any person afflicted with any contagious or infectious or epidemic and endemic disease,” and to exercise other powers with regard to removing the source of disease by sanitary measures. The county local board of health, by paragraph 4376, is given the power to do within its jurisdiction the matters and things granted to the state board of health in paragraph 4370, and it is also granted the same powers with the city board of health without distinction by paragraph 4386 and following sections of the chapter. As a consequence, the state board of health and the county boards of health are granted the power to make and enforce all needful rules and regulations for the prevention and cure, and to prevent the spread of any contagious or infectious disease, but the city board of health may notify the state board of health of the existence and nature of such disease and of the measures adopted by it with reference thereto. Paragraph 4399. The hands of the city local board of health are tied, appellants contend, in such an emergency, because paragraph 4385 limits the power and duties of such boards of health to those “herein provided within the limits of the city.”
We think the construction contended for by the appellant is too strict; that the word “herein,” as used in paragraph 4385, has reference to chapter 1 of title 41, and must be understood as meaning “in this chapter”; that, so considered, paragraph 4385 would be understood as reading as follows:
“Each city board of health shall perform the duties and exercise the powers in this chapter provided within the limits of the city for which it is established. Each county board of health and city board of health shall be known as the local board of health.”
With such meaning given to said paragraph 4385, the county boards of health within their counties outside of incorporated cities and towns, and city boards of health within the limits of incorporated cities and towns, are given powers equal within their territorial jurisdiction, and as such are effective agencies for the administration of the health laws of the state. The system by which the public health is protected is through the laws provided by chapter 1. These laws are executed by the local boards of health under the superintending control of the state board of health. Their powers extend to matters administrative in their nature and which pertain to the execution and enforcement of the health laws of the state for the protection of the public health and safety. It is clear that the local boards were intended by the legislature to have and exercise within their respective jurisdictions identical duties and powers. Such boards have no authority conferred upon them to legislate. They are granted power within their jurisdiction to make rules and regulations to facilitate the enforcement of the health laws, and in exercising such powers they may adopt such measures as are reasonaule, to carry out such health laws according to the true spirit and intent of the legislature.
In order to call forth the exercise of such powers, and as an incident to such powers, the local boards of health are granted the power to determine the fact whether the emergency exists for the making of rules and regulations and the adoption of health measures, but such powers are administrative — not legislative. The adoption by the city local board .of health of section 11, the order closing the public schools during the rage of the said epidemic of Spanish influenza, for the purpose of preventing the spread of such epidemic, was a valid measure, adopted within the power of the local city board under the authority of subdivision 3. of paragraph 4370 and on the approval of the state superintendent of public health. Necessity is the law of time and place, and the emergency calls into life the necessity for the operation of the law. The emergency calls forth the occasion to exercise the power to protect the public health.
While school trustees and educational administrative officers are invested with power to establish, provide for, govern and regulate public schools within their respective jurisdictions, they are in these respects nowise subject to the direction or control of the state or county or city boards of health, yet when the necessity arises to close the schools for the protection of the public health such emergency, while it exists, is a superior power to that given the school administration officers, and the law of necessity controls the situation during the existence of the emergency giving rise to the power.
The supreme court of Massachusetts, in Salem v. Eastern Ry. Co., 98 Mass. 431, 96 Am. Dec. 650, in speaking in regard to the right of boards of health to make general orders and enforce them without unnecessary delay, said:
“Their action is intended to be prompt and summary. They are clothed with extraordinary powers for the protection of the community from noxious influence affecting life and health, and it is important that their proceedings should be embarrassed or delayed as little as possible by the necessary observance of formalities”—quoted in Blue v. Beach, 155 Ind. 121, 80 Am. St. Rep. 195, 214, 50 L. R. A. 64, 56 N. E. 89.
In note to Blue v. Beach, 80 Am. St. Rep. 213, it is said in part:
“Undoubtedly, every possible presumption should be indulged in’ favor of the validity of their action [action of boards of health]. And’ in-determining the question a liberal construction is justified in view of the public good to be accomplished. Hengehold v. Covington [108 Ky. 752] 57 S. W. 495. Especially in the presence of a great calamity and in times of great public danger, courts will go to the greatest extent, and give the widest discretion, in reviewing regulations adopted by boards of health. Jew Ho v. Williamson [C. C.] 103 Fed. 10. The rules, regulations, and by-laws which are adopted by such boards must, however, be reasonably adapted to secure the object in view. Wong Wai v. Williamson [C. C.] 103 Fed. 1. They must not unreasonably interfere with the liberty, property, and business of the citizen. Commonwealth v. Patch, 97 Mass. 221. And whether such regulations are reasonable, impartial, and consistent with the state policy is a ’question for the court. State v. Speyer, 67 Vt. 502 [29 L. R. A. 573] 48 Am. St. Rep. 832, 32 Atl. 476.”
Police power of the state is described as follows:
“All persons and property are subjected to all necessary restraints and burdens, to secure the general comfort, health, and prosperity of the state.”
And it is said that “It is coextensive with self-protection and is not inaptly termed ‘the law of overruling necessity.’ It is that inherent and plenary power in the state which enables it to prohibit all things hurtful to the comfort and welfare of society.” State v. Burdge, 95 Wis. 390, 70 N. W. 347, 37 L. R. A. 157, 60 Am. St. Rep. 123, citing, on page 398 of 95 Wis., on page 349 of 70 N. W., on page 160 of 37 L. R. A., and on page 125 of 60 Am. St. Rep., Tiedeman’s Limitation of Police Power, 2-5; Cooley’s Constitutional Limitations; Thorpe v. Rutland etc. R. R. Co., 27 Vt. 140, 62 Am. Dec. 625; Lake View v. Rose Hill Cemetery Co., 70 Ill. 192, 22 Am. Rep. 71; State v. Noyes, 47 Me. 189; Waldschmit v. New Braunfels (Tex. Civ. App.), 193 S. W. 1077, 1080.
It seems clear to me that the statute, chapter 1, supra, and the public exigency, are sufficient to justify the order of the local board of health prohibiting the, educational officers from holding sessions of school. But the exigency is met and satisfied by the disappearance of the infectious or contagious disease. As a matter of police regulation, the authority of the board of health over the schools ends with the necessity of the regulation. I have found no adjudicated case that denies the power of public bodies exercising the authority of supervising the public health, such as boards of health established by the laws of this state, to make a valid order closing schools at times when infectious or contagious disease is epidemic in the community, as is admittedly the situation at Globe when the orders here in question were made. I do find, on the other hand, cases wherein the courts treat, as a matter of course, the right of health officers to close schools at times of such emergency. I refer to the following" cases as sufficient:
In Potts v. Breen, 167 Ill. 67, 75, 59 Am. St. Rep. 262, 268, 39 L. R. A. 152, 155, 47 N. E. 81, 84, the court said:
“Undoubtedly, also, children infected with or exposed to smallpox may be temporarily excluded or the school be temporarily suspended; but, like the exercise of similar power in other cases, such power is justified by the emergency, and, like the necessity which gives rise to it, ceases when the necessity ceases.” ,
In Duffield v. Williamsport School District, 162 Pa. 476, 29 Atl. 742, 25 L. R. A. 152, the court said, as quoted in Blue v. Beach, 155 Ind. 121, 138, 80 Am. St. Rep. 195, 208, 50 L. R. A. 64, 71, 56 N. E. 89, 95:
“It would not be doubted that the directors would have the right to close the schools temporarily during the prevalence of any serious disease of an infectious or contagious character. This would be a refusal of admission to all the children of the district.”
The appellant complains that the order or regulation of the local health board does not limit the time for its operation, and it is therefore void. It is conceded, however, that the epidemic of Spanish influenza, was prevalent at Globe at the time of the adoption of the said order. The authority to adopt the order closing the schools arose from the prevalence of Spanish influenza in Globe in epidemic form at that time, and as was said in Cox v. Board of Education, 21 Utah, 418, 60 Pac. 1017: “The order made has no effect beyond the existence of the emergency.” See Waldschmidt v. New Braunfels (Tex. Civ. App.), 193 S. W. 1077. In Zucht v. San Antonio School Board (Tex. Civ. App.), 170 S. W. 840, the same question arose. The court there said on page 843
“It is contended that, as the regulation in question ¿oes not provide when it is to expire, it is permanent, and to be enforced, whether or not conditions justify it, and therefore void. We cannot agree with such contention. Ordinances and regulations which are valid when measured by existing conditions become unenforceable when such conditions cease. Dillon on Municipal Corp. (5th Ed.) § 591. But they need not provide the time when they shall cease to be in effect, or that they shall expire when certain conditions change.”
I am of the opinion that the measure adopted by the local board of health, closing the schools of the Globe school district, was, at the time adopted, a valid, enforceable order and regulation for the purpose of reasonably protecting the public health, under authority of chapter 1, title 41, paragraph 4370, subdivision 3; that during the existence of said disease in epidemic form in said community said regulation was binding upon the educational administrative officers, and continued binding so long as such epidemic continued in such form, and no longer.
Holding such views, I am of the opinion that the judgment must be affirmed.
ROSS and BAKER, JJ., concur.
On power of board of health as to nuisances, generally, see note in 36 I>. E. A. 603.
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] |
PER CURIAM.
The appellee sought by this action to restrain the state land commissioner from entering into leases of the state lands in conformity with the provisions of chapter 166, Sessions Laws of 1919, for the reason that said chapter is invalid because said chapter 166 passed the legislative assembly in all respects as an emergency measure, was, after final passage, on the thirteenth day of March, 1919, presented to the Governor for his approval or disapproval, and the session of the legislature having finally closed on the said thirteenth day of March, 1919, the Governor filed the bill in the office of-the Secretary of State on the twenty-sixth day of March, 1919, without his signature and without objections. The Secretary of State indorsed'upon the bill so filed his certificate, as prescribed in paragraph 44, Revised Statutes of Arizona of 1913.
The defendant demurred upon the grounds that said law is a valid subsisting law and the defendant is in duty bound to observe its provisions. The trial court overruled the demurrer, and, the defendant declining to answer further, judgment was rendered enjoining and restraining the defendant from executing a lease to S. F. Meguire for 3,200 acres of land as he intends to do under said law.
Prom said judgment, the defendant appeals.
This record presents the same question of law presented by Clark v. Boyce, ante, p. 544, 185 Pac. 136, decided on tbis date. On authority of that.case, the judgment here is reversed and the cause remanded, with instructions to the lower court to sustain the demurrer and dismiss the cause.
|
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PER CURIAM.
This action was commenced on the twenty-fourth day of March, 1917, by the county treasurer of Apache county, to recover back salary for the years 1915 a.nd 1916. Prom the stipulation of facts in the record, it appears that Apache county was, during said years, a county of the first class, containing property of an equalized, assessed valuation of more than $3,000,000 and less than $9,000,000; that during said two years plaintiff was paid as his salary, the sum of $3,000. He claims the right to a salary of $2,200 a year, a total sum of $4,400 for the two years. The action is to recover the balance of $1,400. The county interposed the one-year statute of limitation, viz., subdivision 3, paragraph 709, Revised Statutes of Arizona of 1913. The trial court rendered judgment for the plaintiff for the sum of $612.50, stating that the same was allowed as and for .plaintiff’s “back salary due him for the last 10% months of the year 1916, it being the ruling of this court that plaintiff’s claim for back salary [is barred] by the one-year statute of limitation.”
From the judgment the plaintiff appeals, and assigns as error the said ruling.
On the authority of Santa Cruz County v. McKnight, decided December 31, 1918, ante, p. 103, 177 Pac. 256, the judgment must be affirmed, for the reason that the same question here presented was decided in that case adversely to this appellant’s contention.
The judgment is therefore affirmed.
|
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ROSS, J.
The appellant as indorsee sued the appellee Michaels to recover on the latter’s negotiable promissory note dated July 22, 1914, for the sum of $1,500, and due one year and five months from date; and to foreclose a real mortgage given to secure the note. The appellee, in his answer, acknowledges the execution and delivery of the note and mortgage to the payees, Albert P. Puller and Jessee L. Entrekin, well drillers, as payment to them for an agreement to drill a well and install a pumping plant on appellee’s land situated in Maricopa county.
Appellee pleaded as a defense failure of consideration, based upon a breach of the contract to sink the well and install the pumping plant, and fraud in the procurement of the note by' the payees; also, that the assignment of the note and mortgage to appellant was without consideration.
The case was tried to a jury to which one special interrogatory was propounded, as follows:
“Did the plaintiff, at the time it purchased the note and mortgage in question, have any knowledge of the previous breach by the said A. P. Puller and Jessee L. Entrekin, or either of them, of the contract for the digging of the well entered into between them, the said Puller and Entrekin, and the said defendant, William R. Michaels, or of any failure of the said Puller and Entrekin, or either of them, to perform any of the conditions of said contract on their part to be performed?”
The interrogatory was answered in the affirmative, whereupon the court entered judgment in favor of the appellee.
The appellant assigns as error the propounding of this question, and the giving of several instructions to the jury. The interrogatory is criticised because it assumed the breach of the contract as established and because it calls for a conclusion of law. We think the criticism is well taken; but, since the question seems to have been requested by the appellant, he cannot now be allowed to say that it ivas error and ground for a new trial. One who causes the court to commit error should not be permitted to take advantage of it to undo what was done as a result.
The instructions complained of were all given to fit the theory of appellee that the payees had secured the note and mortgage through fraud; that the consideration for the note and mortgage had failed before the appellant became the owner thereof, or, in other words, that the breach of the contract to sink well and install pumping plant had occurred before the transfer of the note and mortgage; and that the appellant had notice of this breach when it took the note and mortgage. One of the assignments of error is that the evidence does not sustain the judgment for the reason that there was no evidence that the contract to drill, etc., was breached before the appellant purchased the note and mortgage, and, if this assignment is true in fact, the instruction based upon the theory that the consideration for the note had failed before the appellant became the owner of the note, and that the appellant had notice thereof, was erroneously given.
The appellant purchased the note and took an assignment of the mortgage on October 21, 1914, paying therefor $500. However, on July 25, 1914, appellant loaned to payees $250 and took the note as security. A little later, date not stated, appellant advanced $200 more on the same terms, making $950 paid for the note.
According to the appellee’s answer, the payees of the note had until December 1, 1914, in which to complete the contract — that is, to drill the well according to the terms of the contract and install a pumping plant — and, of course, he is bound by this pleading.
The contract to drill, etc., is in writing and names October 1, 1914, as the date for completion; but this date evidently was not relied upon, since a different date is named and fixed in the answer, and the appellee, as a witness stated:
“I extendéd the time for him to complete/ the contract to November 1,' 1914. . . . The time run out, and I extended it to 30 days longer thinking they'would finish. I extended the time and continued it to December 1, 1914. . . . Wylie (general manager of appellant) did not get the note until after the contract was extended,”
In another place appellee says payees wanted a note they could use, as the original was in Dr. Wylie’s safe and he in California, and he gave them a duplicate with the understanding that either the original or duplicate would be returned back later; learned at that time that the original had been pawned to appellant for $400. This was before Fuller and Entrekin had quit drilling. He said:
“I did not know what Entrekin wanted when I gave him the duplicate' note, only he said he could not use the other. He said he wanted it; he probably could put it up and borrow money. I believe he said that. After I made the first note, I made the duplicate so he could sell it.”
The well was not completed and the pumping plant was not installed, and yet, according to the answer, these things could have been done any time up to December 1, 1914, without violating the terms of the contract.
Fuller and Entrekin, payees of the note, had entered upon the performance of their contract, and during July and August, and the early part of September, had sunk the well 150 feet deep. They were short of money, which they endeavored to supply by negotiating this note, and the appellant refrained from demanding the return of the note and declaring the contract forfeited, but, on the contrary, issued and delivered to the payees a duplicate thereof with the understanding that they were trying or going to sell the same. According to the appellee’s own admission, he did this after he knew appellant had accepted the note as security for the $450 advanced the payees.
The jury’s answer to the interrogatory finds no support in the evidence, nor was there any evidence justifying instructions submitting the question as to whether Fuller and Entrekin had breached their contract before appellant bought the note, as the pleadings and evidence both agree that they had until December 1,1914, to complete the contract; whereas, the note was transferred to appellant not later than October 21, 1914, and possibly as early as July 25, 1914, although the evidence is not clear on this point.
That such instructions were calculated to mislead the jury, and therefore prejudicial, is too apparent. The indorsee of a promissory note may be a holder in due course notwithstanding the consideration for the note was known by him to be an executory contract, providing he had no notice that the con tract had been breached before he became such holder. If he, however, had notice of the breach, and therefore of the failure of the consideration at the time he purchased it, the note in his hands was subject to the same defenses as would have been open to the maker as against the payees. 8 C. J. 509, §§ 718 and 719; 3 E. C. L. 1023, § 231.
The appellant also assigns as error the giving of the following instruction:
“The court instructs the jury that fraud in obtaining a negotiable instrument may be proved by circumstantial evidence, and that the question of whether or not the purchase of a note1 at a heavy rate of discount amounted to fraud on the part of the purchaser is a question for the jury to determine upon all the circumstances involved in the case.”
That charge, we think, is equivalent to telling the jury that the mere circumstance of a heavy rate of discount might amount to fraud on the part of appellant; for, if the discount happened to be the only circumstance impugning the transaction, then it was “all the circumstances involved in the case.” It is not fraud to buy a piece of commercial paper for less than its face value; it may, under some circumstances, be some evidence of fraud, but that is all. 8 C. J. 508, section 717, states the law as follows:
“As already stated, the fact that the consideration for the transfer is less than the face value of the instrument does npt affect the question whether the purchase is one for value. Furthermore, the mere fact that a note is purchased for an amount less than its face, or that an unusually large discount is accepted, is never of itself sufficient to charge the purchaser with notice of existing equities, unless the consideration, is merely nominal. However, inadequacy is always a fact to be considered by the jury as evidence of bad faith, and may, with suspicious circumstances, authorize a finding of bad faith, especially if the consideration' is grossly inadequate. The merits of each case must be determined by its particular facts and circumstances; and if it appears that the instrument is of depreciated value in the commercial world, and not considered desirable from the standpoint of an investor, if the financial stability of the primary obligors is doubted, or if it does not appear that the purchase was made for the purpose of speculating on the chances of its collection, an otherwise unfair consideration should not charge the purchaser with notice of equities.”
Fraud in “obtaining the note” by the payees from the maker could in no way impress the transaction between the payees and the appellant,' unless the appellant had notice thereof. The jury might very reasonably have concluded from this instruction that fraud in the inception of the note, if proved, together with the heavy discount, was a sufficient circumstance to authorize their returning a verdict against the appellant. This especially since the question of fraud in the pleadings and in the evidence was directed at the payees in obtaining the note, and not against the appellant.
Judgment is reversed and cause remanded for new trial.
CUNNINGHAM, C. J., and JOHN WILSON BOSS, J., concur.
|
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] |
ROSS, J.
This is an action brought by appellee, Caldwell, against appellants, Campbell et al., constituting the State Land Department of Arizona, and W. A. Moeur, State Land Commissioner, praying that a writ of mandate issue to them commanding them: ^
“ (1) To approve the application of the plaintiff herein for a lease of the lands hereinbefore described; (2) to fix the amount of rental per annum therefor; (3) to notify .plaintiff of the amount of annual rental so fixed; (4) upon receipt of said annual rental from plaintiff, to execute a lease to him for said lands for grazing purposes for a term of five years. ’ ’
The facts set forth in the complaint as a basis for said prayer, and claimed by appellee to make it the duty of the court to require appellants to do the things prayed for, are, so far as material, that the state is now, and was at all times herein, the owner of the herein described institutional lands, to wit: Section 22, township 21 south, range 11 east, G. and S. R. B. and M., in Cochise county, the same being a part of a federal grant to the state under the Enabling Act approved June 20, 1910; that-said lands had theretofore been classified and designated as suitable for grazing purposes only, and subject and open to lease for that purpose; that on the eleventh day of September, 1916, appellee, who is in all ways qualified and eligible to lease lands, duly made his application upon a blank form furnished by the State Land Commissioner, and paid one dollar, the filing fee required, for a lease of same for a term of five years; that, although no other application for said land had been made, the Land Commissioner, whose duty it was to approve appellee’s application, refused to fix the annual rental, and refused to execute a lease thereof to appellee, without any cause or reason therefor; that said refusal was arbitrary and unreasonable, and not within the power, authority or duty of the commissioner.
An alternative writ of mandamus was issued to appellants commanding them to execute the lease as prayed for or show cause on a day fixed.
Appellants interposed defenses by way of motion to quash, plea in abatement, demurrers, general, and special, denials, and alleged affirmatively that on January 12,1917, and before the institution of this suit, the lands were leased by them to one W. A. McBride.
At the trial the facts as alleged in the complaint were stipulated 'or admitted to be true, except the allegations that “it was the duty of the commissioner to approve plaintiff’s application to fix the amount of annual rental; to notify plain tiff of the amount of annual rental so fixed, and to execute' a lease to plaintiff upon receipt of said annual rental”; and the court, upon such stipulations and the'pleadings, entered judgment for appellee, and peremptorily ordered them to do the things prayed for in the complaint, from whieh judgment this appeal is prosecuted. ;
The assignments all go to the sufficiency of the complaint and the admitted facts to state a cause of action. It is the contention of appellants that, even though it be conceded that an .applicant is the first and only applicant to lease institutional grazing lands theretofore designated to be open to lease, and that he is qualified and has made application upon the form and in the manner prescribed by the State Land Department or State Land Commissioner, and in accordance with the law, still the State Land Department or Land Commissioner may, in their discretion, refuse to accept his application and refuse him the lease. The contention of appellee is, the existence of these facts being conceded, that a plain legal duty devolves upon appellants to grant the lease. In other words, they have no discretion in the matter. It is this question we are to decide.
The Constitution, section 1, 'article 10, makes the state a trustee of the lands granted to it by the federal government for the several purposes for which such lands are granted. Section 9 of this article authorizes the trustee to sell and lease said lands “in the manner, and on the conditions, and with the limitations, prescribed by the said Enabling Act and this Constitution, and as may be further prescribed by law”; and section 10 makes it the duty of the legislature to “provide by proper laws for . . . the lease of such lands for terms not longer than five years. ...” It is provided in section 3 of said article 10 that leases for a term of five years or less may be made without publicly advertising the same. In an effort to comply with these mandates, the legislature, at its second special session of 1915, enacted chapter 5, entitled “An act to provide a code for the systematic administration, care and protection of the state lands and vesting the-necessary powers thereof in a department, to be known as the State Land Department, and creating the office of Commissioner,of State Lands to carry out the provisions hereof. ...”
The personnel of the Land Department and their duties and powers are set forth as follows:
“See. 2. Creation of Department — Commissioner. There is hereby created a department of state, which shall be known as the State Land Department. Said department shall consist of the Governor, the Secretary of State, the Attorney General, the' State Treasurer and the State Auditor, who shall serve without extra compensation. The Governor shall be ex officio chairman of the department. Said department shall appoint a State Land Commissioner, who is hereby clothed with the powers of Surveyor General, and shall hold office until his successor shall have been appointed and qualified. Subject to the control and direction of the State Land Department, the commissioner shall have charge of and administer-the state lands and shall exercise the powers and perform the duties hereinafter set forth.
“Sec. 3. Duties and Powers of Department. The department is hereby authorized to sell and lease all lands owned or held in trust by the state, under such provisions as are hereinafter provided, and under such other rules and regulations, not in conflict with the provisions of this act, as the department may direct; to hold semi-monthly meetings, at which time all disputes, grievances and other matters pertaining to the administration of state lands may be heard by said department ; and to perform all of the duties heretofore imposed by law upon the State Land Commission.”
The powers of the commissioner are defined by sections 8 and 9, as follows:
“The commissioner, under the direction of the department, shall have charge and control of all lands owned by the state of Arizona, except such as are under the specific use and control of state institutions, with full power to administer the same, and shall have charge and control of the timber, stone, gravel and other products thereof or thereon, subject to the provisions of law. . . .
“The commissioner shall have power to summon witnesses to appear and give testimony, and to compel said witnesses to produce records, books, papers and documents relative to any subject or matter which the commissioner shall have the authority to investigate or determine; to cause the depositions' of witnesses residing within or without the state, or absent therefrom, to be taken upon notice to the interested parties, if any, in like manner as depositions of witnesses are taken in civil actions pending in the superior court,' in any matter which the commissioner shall have the authority to investigate or determine. ...”
The sections of chapter 5, known as the Public Land Code, bearing upon the leasing of the state lands are as follows:
‘‘Sec. 80. Application for Lease. All state ,lands not otherwise administered shall be subject to lease as in this act provided, but no state lands shall be leased for a longer term than 5 years, and not more than 160 acres of agricultural lands nor more than 640 acres of grazing lands shall be leased to any one person, association or corporation. All applications for lease shall be made on blank forms, to be prepared and furnished by the commissioner, and shall be signed and sworn to by the applicant and filed with the commissioner.
.“Sec. 31. Two or More Applicants. In case two or more applicants apply to ■ lease the same land, the commissioner shall approve the application of the one who, after investigation or hearing by the commissioner shall appear to have the best right to such lease, but if it should appear that none of the applicants has any rights or equities superior to those of another, the commissioner may, at a stated time, and after due notice to all such applicants, receive sealed bids submitted in accordance with such rules and regulations as the commissioner may adopt, and shall approve the application of the bidder, who, in all respects, is eligible to hold a lease upon the land, .and will pay the highest annual rental therefor; provided, that the commissioner shall have the right to reject all the bids submitted.
“Sec. 32. Minimum Rental. .No lease shall be executed for a consideration less than $10.00 per year, except that when a lease is made for a tract of land of five acres or less, then in that event for not less than $2.50 per year, nor for an annual rental of less than three cents per acre on grazing lands and not less than two and one-half per cent, of the commissioner’s'estimate of the value of agricultural lands; said rental shall be paid in advance, annually or for such other period not exceeding two years as the commissioner may fix.”
While, under these provisions, it is manifest that the immediate negotiations for the leasing of lands were intended to be carried on by the commissioner, it seems quite clear that his acts and conduct in that regard are “subject to the control and direction of the State Land Department,” bomposed of the Governor and other state officers named, and, while his acts might be efficacious where no “disputes, grievances or other matters pertaining to” a given contract of lease arise, when such do intervene it appears action by the department as such is contemplated. By section 3, supra,, it is made the duty of the department to lease all lands owned or held in trust by the state, and “to hold semi-monthly meetings, at which time all disputes, grievances and other matters pertaining to the administration of state lands may be heard by said department. ’ ’
The appellee’s complaint fails to show that his grievance or dispute was ever presented to the department for action, or that the department as such ever refused to give him a lease. We think, aside from any other question, before an applicant for a lease may maintain this kind of action, he should be required to present, or offer to present, his grievance to the department for action. Until that is done, he cannot, nor can the court, know what the action of the department might be. Had he adopted the remedy of appealing to the department, he might have satisfied the members thereof that he was entitled to a contract of lease. We think, at all events, that it was the intention of the legislature to give to an aggrieved applicant to purchase or lease lands an opportunity to appear before, and submit his case to, the department as such, and it would also seem, as a corollary to that, that he must do so before he can invoke the aid of the court to compel the department to act. The power to make leases lies with the department and not the commissioner (sections 2 and 3). This duty or power is again stated in section 38, wherein it is provided that “the department is hereby authorized to execute leases and contracts for the lease of lands containing” precious and valuable minerals and valuable natural deposits. The appellee, in making the department and, the members thereof defendants in his action, concedes as much, and exposes the weakness of his position in failing to invoke their power to review his grievance against or dispute with the commissioner before asking the court to compel action.
But, granting the whole power of negotiating and making, leases is vested in the commissioner under sections 30, 31 and 32, and that a disappointed applicant may treat his refusal to grant a lease as final, and as relieving him from appealing to the department for redress, what is his status before the law?
It is provided that, when the land is wanted or applied for by two or inore, bids shall be taken and the land awarded to the one in all respects eligible who will pay the highest •annual rental; but the highest eligible bidder is not entitled as a matter of right to the lease of the land, for, even in such circumstances, “the commissioner shall have the right to reject all bids submitted.” As between the bidders, if the land is to be leased to any one of them, it shall be, to the one making the highest offer, if qualified. The commissioner may-reject the highest bidder, and in doing so all other bids are disapproved, for, if he approves of any, it must be the highest. Now, if he may reject the highest bid — if that power without restriction or limitation except as indicated is vested in him — -he would hardly presume the legislature intended to say he could not exercise the same power upon a formal application or proposal to rent .as in this case. There is no legislative expression making it his mandatory duty to accept the applicant’s offer to lease in the absence of competition. It will be conceded that one who has occupied the lands of the state as lessee ordinarily would have a better right and a more equitable claim for a renewal of his lease than an original .applicant for a piece of land would have to a lease thereof. Yet the legislature in section 37 of the Land Code states “that if the commissioner does not deem the continued leasing of said land to be for the best interest of the state, said lease shall not be renewed.” We are forced to the conclusion that the law does not specially enjoin upon the State Land Commissioner by virtue Of his office the duty of accepting an applicant’s proposal to lease institutional or state lands under the state of facts here, but, on the contrary, we think it was intended that he should be permitted to exercise his discretion in the matter, and either refuse or accept the proposal, as in his judgment would best subserve the interests of the state; and to that end the commissioner was given the power in section 9, supra, “to investigate and determine” what should be done, not only on applications to lease, but any other “subject or matter” brought before him.
The application for a writ of mandamus under the statute, paragraph 1554, Civil Code of 1913, must be made by “the party beneficially interested.” The question is, Is appellee such a party? It is but natural, as well as compatible with a fair sense of justice, to assume that the Land Department will recognize, so far as reasonable and practicable, that “the first in time shall be first in right” in awarding leases of the state or institutional lands, but there is nothing in the law requiring it. If two or more persons apply for a piece of land, it is not the first in time that is entitled to it, but the one who will pay the highest rental value for it. If there is but one proposal to rent, the rental value must be fixed by the Land Department or commissioner, and cannot be less than three cents per acre, with no limit upon the maximum that may be fixed. Section 32, supra. There could be no mutual obligation as long as the rental value was left unsettled. If the Land Department or commissioner becomes bound upon an application being filed, then the applicant is also bound to pay the rental value fixed, whatever it may be. That is not the law. Neither the state nor the applicant in such circumstances is bound. If, after the rental value is fixed, the applicant is dissatisfied, he may refuse to accept the lease notwithstanding his application. He acquires no interest in the land susceptible of enforcement until there is a mutual obligation.
“The mere filing of a written application for a lease of public lands does not confer upon the applicant any interest in the land other than that of the general public.” State v. Ross, 39 Wash. 399, 81 Pac. 865; Whiteman v. Severance, 46 Minn. 495, 49 N. W. 255; State ex rel. Marsh v. State Board Land Commissioners, 7 Wyo. 478, 53 Pac. 292.
The appellee contends that the decisions in these cases are not in point for the reason the statute laws in these states are very different from ours. That may be true in some respects, but, as to the discretionary powers of the Land Departments and the status of an applicant to lease lands, the laws are very similar to ours, and for that reason we consider these decisions in point and very persuasive.
Appellee cites a number of cases of lieu land selections, homestead and pre-emption applications, and the like, wherein the courts have held, under the peculiar statutes granting rights thereunder, “the first in time is the first in right”; but, as we have seen, our legislature did not adopt that rule in providing for the lease of our state lands, and it follows that those decisions are no authority of control in construing our Land Code.
It follows that the trial court committed error in directing a peremptory writ of mandamus to issue against the appellants, and the judgment is therefore reversed and cause remanded, with directions that appellee’s complaint he dismissed. i
CUNNINGHAM, C. J., and BAKER, J., concur.
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CUNNINGHAM, C. J.
The appellee, as plaintiff, commenced this action against the appellant on notes made by the defendant to plaintiff. The defendant set forth his defense, praying a cancellation of the notes and other affirmative relief. On a trial before the 'court with a jury, the jury rendered a general verdict in favor of the. defendant. On the seventeenth day of December, 1917, the court rendered a judgment in favor of the defendant in accordance with the general verdict, granting him the relief prayed for in his cross-complaint.
The plaintiff filed his motion for a new trial in due time, on December 26,1917. Referring to the minute entries in the supplemental abstract of the record, filed by the appellee, we find on January 2, 1918, the following:
“January, 2, 1918. The following telegram is entered upon the minutes of the court by the clerk- at this time: ‘Phoenix, Ariz., 4:23 p. m. 1 — 2/18. Lloyd C. Henning, Clerk of the Superior Court, Holbrook, Arizona. The court for good and sufficient reasons orders all motions, pleadings and cause foN trial to be continued from this the second day of January, ’18 until Monday 14 of January, 1918, this order you spread on your minutes as of 10 a. m. to-day.
“SIDNEY SAPP, Judge.’ ”
The following minute orders appear:
“Jan. 14, 1918. The court directed the clerk to enter upon the minutes of the court the continuance of the hearing of motion for new trial in this action until January 16, 1918, on account of illness of the judge, which said continuance is satisfactory to all parties in this action. ’ ’
“January 16, 1918. In the above-entitled cause the hearing on the plaintiff’s motion for a new trial is continued from this date to January 23, 1918, by agreement of counsel.”
“January 16, 1918. The Hon. Sidney Sapp, Judge of this court, in open court, directed the clerk to enter in his minutes that, because of the illness of the said judge, he was not able to be present in court, January 2,1918, the date on which motion for new trial herein was to be heard, and that all interested parties were notified, as well as the clerk of the court, that the hearing would take place January 14, 1918, to which neither side have made and do not make any objections. On this 16th day of January, 1918, the court, at the request of the defendant, now continues the hearing on motion for new trial herein until January 23, 1918.”
The hearing of the motion for a new trial was postponed from January 23, 1918, from time to time until April 8, 1918, when the parties argued the motion, and upon such submission the court announced that a decision would be rendered May 6, 1918.
On May 6, 1918,- the court rendered its decision on the motion, granting the plaintiff! a new trial. From which order the defendant appeals, and assigns as error the said order granting a new trial.
The appellant contends that the appellee’s motion for a hew trial was denied by operation of law 20 days after the Deventeenth day of December, 1917, the date of rendition of the judgment, to wit, on the seventh day of January, 1918, for the reason that the motion was not continued by any valid order of the court nor by a stipulation of the parties as prescribed by paragraph 591, C. C. A. 1913.
We held, in Chenoweth v. Prewett, 17 Ariz. 402, 153 Pac. 420 that—
“Unless the court retains jurisdiction by proper orders of continuance or by stipulation of the parties, it is without power to hear and determine the motion after the 20 days’ lapse of time from the rendition of judgment.”
See, also, Bigler v. Welker, 16 Ariz. 44, 141 Pac. 124.
We are referred to no law permitting a trial judge who is absent from his county seat, an*d at the time in another county, to make a valid order and transmit such order by telegraph to the clerk of the court for entry upon the minutes of the distant court. The judge’s presence in the county where the causes are pending is absolutely necessary to the validity of all judicial acts, except such acts as the statutes provide may be performed outside of a county and transmitted to the county by the means prescribed. The judge could not delegate to the clerk the authority to make the order of continuance, nor could the judge make the order while in Phoenix and send it by telegraph to Holbrook for the clerk there to enter, in the absence of the judge. The entry, on its face, discloses no authority for the existence of the order. The order relied upon by the appellee is void, as an order of the court, and served no duty of such an order of continuance of the motion for a new trial.
The minutes of the court entered by the judge on the sixteenth day of January recite that all interested parties were notified of the judge’s inability to hear the motion on January 2, and that it would be heard on January 14, 1918, to which they agreed by a silent acquiescence. At the time the order was made in 4he minutes, January 16, 1918, the defendant moved for a postponement of the hearing until January 23, 1918, and his motion was granted.
We think these several entries in the minutes show the existence of a stipulation of the parties continuing the hearing from January 2, 1918, to January 14, 1918, at the request of the judge because of his illness. Hence the court retained jurisdiction to pass upon the motion by orders of the court and by stipulation of the, parties. The record presents a case different from Chenoweth v. Prewitt and from Bigler v. Welker. Before the statute (paragraph 591, supra) “deems” the motion denied at the expiration of 20 days after rendition of judgment, there must be absent from the case, as a fact, • all valid' court orders continuing the hearing of the motion, and no stipulation of counsel. The statute does not require a stipulation of counsel to be more solemnly entered into than is necessary to bind the parties. An agreement reached in open court and recited in the minutes is binding on the parties, and neither party will be heard to assume a position contrary to such agreement in the further progress of the case. It would shock the conscience for a party to agree in open court to a postponement of the hearing and thereafter to ask for and be granted further continuances of the motion for a new trial and raise no objection to the court passing on the motion until the court rules against his contention, and then, for the first time, on appeal, contend that the court lost jurisdiction because the motion was not continued by order of the court or by stipulation of parties. The minutes of the trial court in this case do not bear out the appellant’s contention that the court lost jurisdiction to pass on the ¡motion for a new trial.
The appellant complains of the order granting a new trial, upon the ground that no sufficient tender of corporate stock had been made by appellant to appellee.
The ninth paragraph of the motion for a new trial is, in part, that—
“The court erred in not changing and modifying said instruction so as to explain fully to the jury the nature of a ’tender and failure of defendant to make one in this action.”
The abstract of the record shows the order of May 6, 1918, as follows:
“In the above-entitled cause the court at this time grants the motion for the plaintiff for a new trial, and orders that a new trial be had. ’ ’
In a separate paper, signed and filed by the judge on July 29, 1918, as a “transcript of the notes covering remarks and order of the court, delivered orally in open court, Monday, May 6, 1918, ’ ’ we find the following:
“I do not know that it is necessary to go into detail regarding this motion for a new trial, as counsel for both plaintiff and defendant are not here, and this being the time fixed for hearing this matter, it is ordered by the court that the motion be granted, and that a new trial be ordered.
“I think the main proposition is the question of tender, and I doubt if tender was ever made, or, if made, was ever kept good. As far as the matter of estoppel, set up in the case, I don’t take that very seriously.”
The court instructed the jury with regard to the matter of tender, as follows:
“If the jury believe from the evidence that after the giving of the note in question, and the defendant learned all the alleged facts regarding the transaction, and after discovering such facts, and after payment was demanded of said note, he failed to tender or return the stock, . . . and that he accepted payments made by the liquidating agent of said bank on such stock, he is now liable on the note, and you should return a verdict for the plaintiff. *
“You are instructed that if you find from the evidence that the plaintiff . . . represented to E. A. Sawyer, the defendant, at or before the time of the purchase of the shares of stock mentioned in answer of the defendant that he would return to the defendant, Sawyer, the purchase money paid for said stock and take back said stock at any time demanded by the defendant, upon his return or offer to return the said stock; and if you find from the evidence that the defendant did demand the return of the purchase money paid for said stock, and did tender or return the said stock to the plaintiff, ITuning, and that the plaintiff, Huning, refused to return said purchase money and refused to receive back said stock, then you should find the issues in this case for the defendant. ’ ’
These are the only instructions in the record having reference to the matter of tender of stock by Sawyer to Huning, and the instructions contained in the last two paragraphs' quoted above are those complained of in the motion for a new trial.
The matter referred to as the question of estoppel is, briefly stated, as follows: Sawyer bought 50 shares of bank stock from Huning at the agreed price of $125 per share, paying $5,000 cash and the note sued on for the balance, $1,250. The. agreement was that, if Sawyer became dissatisfied with his purchase, Huning would cancel the note and return the money upon Sawyer’s demand and upon his return of the stock. The evidence is without serious conflict that Sawyer demanded the cancellation of the note and a return of his money. Huning refused to do either — cancel the note or return the money. The evidence is conclusive that while Sawyer has been the holder of the 50 shares of stock, the bank went into the hands of a liquidating agent, and that agent paid to Sawyer, on account of the liquidation of stock held by Sawyer, $55 per share. Evidence of Sawyer’s acceptance of the amount paid in distribution to the stockholders was offered by the plaintiff as evidence estopping Sawyer from denying his absolute, unconditional ownership of the stock so being partially liquidated.
The judgment is one canceling the note and granting Sawyer a judgment against Huning for $5,000 with interest. What reasons the trial judge may have entertained as sufficient to require him to grant the plaintiff a new trial, certainly it would shock the conscience to permit a judgment to stand which gives no effect to evidence, clear, uncontradicted, and admitted as true by the party receiving the benefits, that such party had received already $2,750 of the $5,000 sought to be recovered, and which the judgment does not recognize.
The right of Sawyer to have his note canceled and to receive from Huning $45 per share of stock would be established upon evidence satisfying the court and jury that Sawyer and Huning agreed to the terms of the contract set forth; that Sawyer demanded the return of the note and tendered the stock. The matter of the inability of Sawyer to return the 50 shares of stock is not raised in the case. Huning says, in effect, that he is not legally called upon to recognize Sawyer’s demand for the rescinding of the former contract until Sawyer physically presents the full 50 shares of stock as a tender at the time of making the demand; otherwise the former contract remains unimpaired. In other words, the plaintiff contends for the enforcement of the general rule of tender to the facts in this case. So many exceptions to the general rule have been recognized and enforced by the courts that it has become a difficult matter at times to determine whether the facts of a given ease are within the general rule or within some exception. It is clear, however, in this case, conceding that Sawyer properly notified Huning of a determination to rescind the stock agreement, that Sawyer was not entitled to recover from Huning a greater sum of money than he paid for the stock, and, to permit the judgment to stand, Sawyer is recovering $2,750 and interest from the date of the contract, in excess of the amount he paid Huning. The judgment is decidedly excessive, at least; and, the court having exercised a discretion to grant a new trial as the proper remedy to correct the judgment, that determination should not be disturbed by this court.
The appellee has assigned cross-errors based upon the judgment. The view we have taken obviates a consideration of such errors, even if they are properly assigned.
The order granting a new trial.is affirmed.
ROSS and BAKER, JJ., concur.
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ROSS, J.
Appellant was elected county treasurer of Cochise county at the 1911 November election, and was inducted into office February 14, 1912 (Admission Day), and served until January 1, 1915.
On February 17, 1912, the board of supervisors of Cochise county made and entered an order fixing his salary at $3,600 per annum. He was paid salary at that rate until March 1, 1913, and thereafter at the rate of $3,000 per annum as provided by the Salary Act of 1912 (chapter 2, title 15, paragraphs 3222-3248).
He sued to recover the difference between the amount paid him after March 1, 1913, and the salary fixed by the board of supervisors, or for the sum of $1,100.
A general demurrer to the complaint was sustained, and a judgment of dismissal entered. These orders present the only question in the ease.
The learned trial judge in disposing of the case did so on the ground that the county treasurer’s salary was provided for by the salary law of 1901 and acts amendatory thereof. (Rev. Stats. 1901, c. 2, tit. 26.) We think in doing so he was clearly right.
The board of supervisors under section 4, article 12, of the Constitution were empowered to fix salaries for county and precinct officers “for whom no compensation was provided by law.” When the treasurer of Cochise county was inducted into office there was attached to it a statutory salary of $2,500 per annum. Section 2610, Rev. Stats. Ariz. 1901.
The appellant seems to base his case upon some expressions made by the court in Patty v. Greenlee County, 14 Ariz. 422, 130 Pac. 757. In that case we left as a query whether the board of supervisors were empowered to fix the salary of sheriff, inasmuch as he was receiving both a salary and fees, although the salary was only nominal, and by analogy we suggested, that if the power existed as to the sheriff, it existed as to 'the county treasurer because he, too, received both a salary and fees. However, in Adams v. Maricopa County, 16 Ariz. 418, 145 Pac. 884, it was decided outright that a sheriff was compensated under the laws of 1901 and amendments thereto in fees, and that, since the Constitution abolished all fees, the sheriff was an officer for whom the board of supervisors could fix a salary, and it was suggested that the so-called salary allowed the sheriff was in fact no salary but a mere allowance. Even if the statement, in the Patty case, ‘ ‘ Treasurers of counties under territorial laws were paid salary and fees,” was correct in fact, the fees were so small and insignificant a part of his compensation as to be hardly noticed. But the treasurer as such did not get any fees. He was paid a salary and forbidden to receive any other compensation. Sections 2609-2610, Rev. Stats. Ariz. 1901.
Appellant was not aggrieved. In fact, he was very much overpaid.
Judgment affirmed.
CUNNINGHAM, C. J., and JOHN WILSON ROSS, J., concur.
|
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PATTEE, Superior Court Judge.
This is an action brought by J. W. Wedgworth, the appellee and plaintiff below, against the appellants, defendants below, to enjoin interference with the flow of irrigating water in a ditch over the defendants’ lands to the plaintiff’s land, and for damages claimed to have been caused by such interference. The defendant B. F. Wedgworth does not appear to be the owner of any lands, and apparently is made a party because he personally interfered with the flow of water, acting on behalf of his codefendant. The parties will be referred to hereinafter as plaintiff and defendant. The plaintiff obtained a decree granting the injunctive relief sought and awarding him damages in the sum of $250. Prom this judgment the defendants appeal to this court.
The plaintiff is the owner of 80 acres of land situated in section 21, township 1 south, range 4 west, in Maricopa county. The defendant J. B. Wedgworth occupies and cultivates the south half of section 16, said township and range, lying north of the plaintiff’s land. The land of the plaintiff is slightly lower than the land of the defendant J. B. Wedgworth, so that water from the irrigating system supplying the lands reaches plaintiff’s premises through ditches over land of J. B. Wedgworth, and by a ditch on lands adjoining the same. The sharply contested question is whether the plaintiff had acquired a right to receive water through a certain ditch designated in the testimony as the “Center ditch” over defendant’s lands. The trial court found that the plaintiff had acquired the right to conduct water through that ditch and had also acquired the right to waste water and to conduct such waste water through the same ditch to his lands, and to irrigate 80 acres of land; that the defendants interfered with such rights; and thereupon rendered the following judgment:
“And by reason of the law and the findings aforesaid, it is ordered, adjudged, and decreed that the defendants, and each of them, and their agents, servants, employees, and attorneys, be, and they hereby are, perpetually enjoined and restrained in the following respects, to wit:
“(1) From interfering with the plaintiff in conducting or receiving irrigation water for his premises above described through the irrigation ditch across the premises of the defendants, commonly known as the Center ditch, and hereinabove described, at such reasonable times as will not unnecessarily interfere with the defendant’s use of said ditch, for the purpose of irrigating their own premises above described, and in such reasonable manner as will not overflow or otherwise damage the premises of defendants.
“ (2) From interfering with the plaintiff in entering upon the premises of the defendants for the purpose of cleaning said ditch or making such repairs thereto as from time to time may become necessary, in such manner as will not damage defendants ’ premises or the crops thereon, except in such minor respects as is necessarily incident to such entry, cleaning and repairing.
“(3) From preventing surplus waters from collecting or flowing in said ditch above described in the manner that the same have heretofore been accustomed to collect and flow therein and from interfering with the plaintiff in receiving such surplus water from said ditch and irrigating his premises above described therefrom, to the extent of twenty acres thereof. . . .
‘ ‘ And it is further ordered, adjudged, and decreed that the plaintiff' have and recover from the defendants, joint and several, judgment for the sum of $250 damages, and his costs,” etc.
The ditch through which the plaintiff claimed the right to conduct water was described in the complaint generally as a ditch constructed through section 16. To this complaint a general demurrer was interposed, and the overruling of this demurrer is assigned as error. The only ground raised in the court below and in this, court on appeal is that the ditch is not .described with sufficient particularity. If the description was not sufficiently specific to inform the defendants as to the location of the ditch mentioned, or to designate which of several ditches might be referred to, the remedy was by motion to make the complaint more definite and certain in that respect. As ,against a general demurrer, the complaint is sufficient.
It is also assigned as error that the court erred in finding and adjudging that the plaintiff had a right to conduct irrigating water through the so-called Center ditch. The evidence upon this question, and upon practically every issue in the ease, was very conflicting; but there was evidence tending to prove and sufficient to justify the trial court in finding that for some years prior to. 1910 some portions of the 80 acres of land now owned by the plaintiff had been irrigated and cultivated to some extent and that for several years prior to the time the plaintiff acquired title to his land the defendant J. B. Wedgworth had occupied and irrigated a portion of that land, all from waters conducted through the Center ditch; that early in the year 1910 plaintiff acquired title to the 80 acres since owned by him, and ever since, with the exception of one-half year, plaintiff has purchased from the Buckeye Irrigation Company sufficient water to irrigate ten acres of land, and such water during the year 1910 and subsequent years until September, 1916, had been conducted to the plaintiff’s premises through the ditch constructed through section 16, designated as the Center ditch; that the plaintiff had caused this water to be conducted through that ditch under a claim of absolute and permanent right to do so, hostile to any adverse claim by the defendants or any other person, and that such claim of right on his part had been acquiesced in by the defendants; that directions had been given by the plaintiff and defendant J. B. Wedgworth to the Buckeye Irrigation Company respecting the time and manner of turning the water used by the respective parties into the ditch; that the plaintiff had furnished labor and expended money each year to maintain and keep in repair the ditch, and, when controversies had arisen between the defendant J. B. Wedgworth and third parties, the plaintiff had been called upon by the defendant J. B. Wedgworth to come to his assistance and maintain their joint right to the use of the ditch; that the plaintiff had purchased and entered into the possession of the land during the year 1910, and since that time has brought additional land into cultivation at considerable expense; and that his claim to the absolute and permanent right to conduct the water purchased from the Buckeye Irrigation Company through the ditch had never been questioned until September, 1916, when defendants summarily prevented the flow of such water to the plaintiff’s premises. And generally the testimony warrants the conclusion that the plaintiff had cultivated his land and adjusted his farming operations in conformity with his claimed right to have the water delivered to him through the Center ditch.
It appears from the evidence that there is another ditch, designated in the testimony as the East ditch, running around the eastern boundary of section 16, and hence on to some portion of plaintiff’s land, and it is claimed by the defendants that, the plaintiff’s water has been heretofore conducted through this ditch and should hereafter be so conducted. The evidence, however, justified the conclusion obviously reached by the court below that the water had been conducted through the Center ditch, and it also justified the conclusion that it would be impracticable, if not impossible, to conduct the water purchased by the plaintiff from the Buckeye Irrigation Company through the ditch known as the East ditch.
The long-continued use by the plaintiff of the Center ditch for the purpose of conducting the water purchased by him from the Buckeye Irrigation Company under á claim of absolute and permanent right, under the circumstances above stated, amounted to more than a mere revo'cable license. . The right claimed by the plaintiff was not temporary in its character, but evidently based upon the assumption that he had such right and followed by conduct on his ¿art consistent therewith. The acquiescence on the part of the defendant J. B. Wedgworth was not merely by silence, but by affirmative acts and conduct on his part. On the basis of such right, the plaintiff expended money and adjusted his affairs, so to speak, with reference to such right. In this situation the doctrine of estoppel by acquiescence applies, and the defendants are estopped from denying the right claimed by the plaintiff. Miller v. Douglas, 7 Ariz. 41, 60 Pac. 722; 2 Kinney on Irrigation and Water Rights, §§ 1126, 1127. The court below therefore properly enjoined the defendants from interfering with the right of the plaintiff to conduct the water purchased by hi-m from the Buckeye Irrigation Company through the Center ditch.
The appellants'make the following assignment of error:
“The court erred in finding, and entering judgment on said finding, that plaintiff for many years has received surplus waters flowing or'eollecting in the ditch above described, and has applied same to beneficial use in the irrigation of approximately twenty acres, and the plaintiff has the right to continue to ■ receive such surplus water from said ditch to irrigate said twenty acres.” '
Surplus water is not subject to prior appropriation for any use so that any property right is established by such appropriation and use. ‘ ‘ Surplus water’ ’ must be understood as water running off from ground which has been irrigated; water not consumed by the process of irrigation; water that the land being irrigated will not take up, but the water that flows off the lands; waste water.
We held in Lambeye v. Garcia, 18 Ariz. 178, 157 Pac. 977, that one using waste water had no vested right in the use of such water, and therefore the user could not restrain another from diverting the waste water from the former user’s premises. We adhere to this proposition.- The identical question arises under the facts found in this case. The provision of the decree enjoining and restraining the defendants from “preventing surplus waters from collecting or flowing in the said ditch above described, in the manner that the same have heretofore been accustomed to collect and flow therein, and from interfering with the plaintiff in receiving such surplus water from said ditch,” is therefore erroneous and places a greater burden on the defendants than the law requires. If waste water runs upon the plaintiff’s land, he may capture and use it; but that is the limit and extent of his right. He is not entitled to relief which would impose upon the defendants any duty to cause water to be wasted, or to require the continuance of a flow of waste water off of their premises. The assignment of error above quoted is therefore good in so far as the court adjudged the plaintiff had a right to continue to receive surplus or waste water from said ditch to irrigate 20 acres.
The court below found that the plaintiff sustained damages for the wrongful acts of the defendants in preventing him from receiving water through the Center ditch, in the sum of $250, and judgment was accordingly entered in favor of the plaintiff in that amount. The evidence justifies the finding that the plaintiff was damaged by the defendants’ interference with the flow of water, but is not definite enough to show what damage was caused by the prevention of the flow of water which the plaintiff had a right to conduct through the Center ditch, and the amount of such damage as adjudged by the court is manifestly based upon the finding, set forth in the judgment, that 30 acres of land were irrigated — 20 from sur-' plus water, and the balance, 10 acres, from water purchased from the Buckeye Irrigation Company — and that the defendants interfered with the delivery of water from both these, sources, and that $250 damages resulted to the plaintiff. No damage which the law recognizes can result to an appropriator from the interference with the flow of surplus or waste water, and, it being found that 20 acres of plaintiff’s land depended upon such surplus or waste water for irrigation it is not apparent how damages in the sum found could have resulted from the interference with the flow of the water purchased to irrigate 10 acres. No reason is perceived why the plaintiff might not recover such damages as were directly caused by the interference with the flow of the water purchased from the Buckeye Irrigation Company; but both the evidence and the finding are merely that the plaintiff sustained damage, without limiting it to that resulting from the interference with the flow of water to which plaintiff was entitled. That portion of the judgment awarding damages is therefore erroneous.
The judgment will therefore be modified so as to conform to this opinion, eliminating from that portion of the judgment awarding injunctive relief the language referring to the surplus or waste water; and the judgment in favor of the plaintiff for $250 is reversed, and a new trial upon the question of damages ordered. In all other respects the judgment is affirmed. If, as urged by the defendants, the judgment is too indefinite as to the time and manner of conducting the plaintiff’s water through the ditch, the court below may provide in the modified decree that either party may apply from time to time for appropriate orders with respect to such matters, and that jurisdiction be retained for that purpose.
The cause is remanded to the court below, with instructions to enter a decree for injunctive relief in accordance with this opinion, and for a new trial upon the question ofv damages.
CUNNINGHAM, C. J., and ROSS', J., concur.
Note. — BAKER, J., being disqualified, the remaining members of the court called in SAMUEL L. PATTEE, Judge of the Superior Court of Pima County, to sit with them at the hearing of this case.
Authorities discussing the question of right to appropriate waste waters are collated in. a note in 6 L. B. A. (N. S.) 952.
|
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ROSS, J.
Appellee, as plaintiff, seeks by this suit to mandamus appellant as state auditor to settle and allow his claim for balance of salary as Governor of the state from March 14, 1917, to January 5, 1919. Appellant demurred to the complaint on the groun'd that it failed to state facts sufficient to constitute a cause of action. This demurrer was overruled, and judgment ordered for appellee. The auditor has appealed from the judgment.
Chapter 44, Laws of 1913, third special session of the first legislature (paragraph 3222, Civil Code), fixed the salary of the Governor of the state at $4,000 per annum. That was the salary attached to the office when appellee was elected and inducted into office. In 1917, March 14th, and after appellee’s term of office began, there was passed and approved, with the emergency clause, chapter 61, known as the Salary Act, in which the salary of the Governor was fixed at $6,500 per annum, an increase of $2,500 over the salary fixed by chapter 44, Laws of 1913, supra,. It is the increase, to wit, $4,529.51, that appellee seeks to recover.
It is the contention of appellant that the appellee is not entitled to the increase because of the prohibition in section 17, article 4, of the Constitution. That section plainly, clearly and distinctly takes from the legislature the power to increase or diminish “the compensation of any public officer . . . during his term of office.”
In a recent case (Greenlee County v. Laine, ante, p. 296, 180 Pac. 151) we held that this provision of the Constitution is all-inclusive, covering every public officer of the state, and making it impossible for the legislature to either increase or diminish the compensation of a public officer during his term. In the Laine ease we were asked to ingraft upon section 17, article 4, an exception in favor of judges of the superior courts because section 24 of article 6 prohibits the reduction of a judge’s salary, but says nothing as to the power or right to increase his salary. In view of the two provisions of the Constitution as to the salary of judges, the contention was plausible, if not tenable. There is no foundation for such contention in behalf of appellee.
However, it is contended by appellee that section 17, article 4, because of other expressions in that instrument, not considered in the Laine case, has no application to his claim for increase of salary. He premises his contention upon section 13; article 5, of the Constitution reading as follows:
“Until otherwise provided by law the salaries of the state officers shall be as follows: Governor $4,000.00 per annum. ...”
The first Governor of the state was paid this constitutional salary until May 14, 1913, on which date chapter 44, supra (paragraph 3222,'Civil Code) went into effect. By this act it was provided:
“State officers shall receive the following salaries: The Governor $4,000 per annum. ...”
Since the date of the approval of chapter 44, the Governor of the state had been paid the statutory salary therein provided. The constitutional and statutory salaries are identical in amount, and it is therefore contended that the salary of the Governor was not “otherwise provided by law” until changed in amcrant by chapter 61, supra, and for that reason appellee should receive the increase provided in the latter act. In other words, he would have us construe the expression “until otherwise provided by law” as referring to and modifying the amount of salary, and not the source of power to otherwise provide salaries. According to his theory, if the act of May 14, 1913, had changed the salary, increasing it from the constitutional sum of $4,000 to $6,500, or had decreased it from the constitutional salary to $2,000 per annum, then it would have been “otherwise provided by law,” but since the first legislature did not change the amount of salary fixed by the Constitution, his salary is not “otherwise provided by law.” ¥e cannot concur in that contention. The act of May 14, 1913, was a law differing in character from the constitutional provision that first fixed the Governor’s salary. After its passage and approval it was the only source of authority to which the Governor of the state could look for his compensation. It took the place of the constitutional provision on that subject just as effectually and completely as if it had provided a salary in a different amount to that fixed by the Constitution. By that act the salary of the Governor was “otherwise provided by law,” in that it was provided for by “statutory law” and not constitutional law.
Appellee calls our attention to what was decided by the Utah supreme court in State on Relation of Heber W. Wells v. Tingey, 24 Utah, 225, 67 Pac. 33, as supporting his contention. Granting the Utah constitutional provisions are enough like ours on the question of the power or right , to change the compensation of a public officer during his term of office — and we think they are — as to constitute some authority for our guidance in construing our Constitution on that subject, still the Tingey case arose out of a state of facts so decidedly different from the facts we have here that the conclusions therein but remotely point in the direction of appellee’s contention. The facts of the Tingey ease are these: It was a mandamus proceeding brought by Heber W. Wells against Charles S. Tingey, State Auditor, and had for its object the compelling of the auditor to audit and allow a salary claim by Wells as Governor of Utah. At the time that Wells was elected and took office, his salary was fixed by the state Constitution in language, the material part of which is:
‘ ‘ The compensation of' the officers provided for by this article, until otherwise provided by law, is fixed as follows: Governor, $2,000 per annum. ...”
Gov. Wells was inducted into office on the first Monday of January, 1901. An act of the legislature effective May 13, 1901, fixed the Governor’s salary at $4,000 per annum, and another act, passed at the same session, made appropriations to pay him the increased salary during the years 1901 and 1902. The Utah court held that Governor Wells was entitled to the increased salary because the constitutional salary was intended to be paid the officer only until the legislature in its discretion otherwise provided by law; that is, by “statutory law.” It was there said that the word “law” in its broadest sense includes the Constitution, but where it occurs in the expression “until otherwise provided by law” it clearly has reference to “statutory law”; that the general prohibition in the Constitution against the increasing or diminishing of the salary of an officer during his term “applies only to such salaries as the legislature shall by enactment fix, and that the salaries fixed in said section [of the Constitution], like many other provisional matters in the Constitution, was intended to continue in force only until otherwise provided by the act of the legislature.”
When the legislature acted, the legislative or statutory salary was substituted for the constitutional salary. It was then fixed or otherwise provided by law. In the Utah case the salary was ‘ ‘ changed. ’ ’ Here it was not changed, although it might have been if the legislature had seen fit to do so. It could have made it less or greater than the constitutional salary, and, under the Tingey decision, it could not “thereafter again be changed so as to affect the salary of any officer during the term for which he was elected.” We think the controlling or dominant reason for the holding in the Tingey case that the salary provided by the act of May 13, 1901, was a legal salary was not because of a change of salary in amount, but because it was fixed by legislative enactment, as it was intended it should be. Any expression of the Utah court, apparently, placing emphasis upon the “change” of salary, was called forth not because the court intended that as the basis of its decision, but because it was one of the facts of the case.. The Tingey case does not involve the power of the legislature to change the statutory salary or the salary fixed by the legislature. It was limited to the power of that body to change the provisional salary fixed by the Constitution.
We conclude that our act of May 14, 1913 (paragraph 3222, Civil Code), otherwise than in the Constitution, provided the salary for the Governor of Arizona, and that thereafter the legislature was powerless to change it so as to affect his compensation during his term of offie'e. Chapter 61 of the Laws of 1917 was a legislative effort to increase the statutory salary fixed by chapter 44 from $4,000 to $6,500, and is a direct violation of the prohibition contained in section 17, article 4, of the Constitution.
The judgment is reversed and the cause remanded, with directions that the demurrer to the complaint be sustained, and that judgment be entered dismissing the complaint.
CUNNINGHAM, C. J., and BAKER, J„ concur.
|
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] |
CUNNINGHAM, C. J.
The appellant’s assignments of error are as follows:
“ (1) The court erred in rendering judgment for the appellee, because the action was properly brought in the name of Riley Bryan, administrator of the estate of said deceased.
“ (2) The court erred in denying the application of the appellant, Riley Bryan, administrator of the estate of the said deceased, to file amended complaint, substituting É. R. Bryan and Julia Bryan, parents of said deceased, as plaintiffs in the place of Riley Bryan, administrator of the estate of said deceased.”
The complaint, after stating the facts, alleges:
“(6) That by reason of the death of the plaintiff’s said intestate, Allen Bryan, the estate of said Allen- Bryan, deceased, and the plaintiff as administrator thereof, has sustained damages in the sum of $35,000; that the said intestate, Allen Bryan, was unmarried, and left surviving his father and mother, the parents of said Allen Bryan, and that this action is brought by the plaintiff as administrator for the benefit of said surviving parents.”
The appellant contends that the action was properly brought by the administrator of the estate of Allen Bryan, deceased, for the benefit of the parents of deceased. If appellant’s contention is correct, then the court committed no error by rejecting the plaintiff’s offer to substitute the beneficiaries for the trustee, the administrator.
“Every action shall be prosecuted in the name of the real party in interest: Provided, an executor or administrator, or a trustee of an express trust or a person expressly authorized by statute, may sue without joining with him the person for whose benefit the action is brought.” Paragraph 400, Civ. Code, Ariz. 1913.
The complaint shows on its face that the action is brought by the administrator for the use and benefit of the parents of the deceased; consequently, under the proviso of said paragraph 400, the cause could properly be prosecuted by the administrator .without joining the beneficiaries. It naturally follows that the court was wholly within the law when it rejected the motion of the administrator to substitute the beneficiaries for the administrator as the party plaintiffs, unless paragraph 3158, Civil Code of 1913, employers’ liability law, changes the rule prescribed by paragraph 400, supra.
The portion of said paragraph 3158 applicable to the question here presented is as follows:
“ . . . Personal injury or death by any accident arising out of and in the course of such labor, service and employment, and due to a condition or conditions of such occupation or employment, is caused to or suffered by any workman engaged therein, in all cases in which such injury or death of such employee shall not have been caused by the negligence of the employee killed or injured, then the employer of such employee shall be liable in damages to the employee injured, or, in case death ensues, to the personal representative of the deceased for the benefit of the surviving widow or husband and children of such employee; and, if none, then to such employee’s parents; and, if none, then to the next of kin dependent upon such employee; and, if none, then to his personal representative, for the benefit of the estate of the deceased.”
The defendant, appellee, contends for a construction to be placed on the statute to the effect that the personal representative of the deceased can maintain an action only for the benefit of the surviving husband or wife and children of the deceased, and also for the benefit of the estate of the deceased; that whenever, as in this case, the liability of the statute accrues, to the parents of the deceased, such parties are the real parties in interest, and the personal representative of the deceased is given no authority to represent such parents and maintain the action to recover such liability. The trial court so construed the statute, and we think that construction is the correct meaning to be given the language used. The legislature had the power to authorize the personal representative of the deceased to act as the trustee for the surviving parents of deceased, and, in that event, to commence and prosecute an action to recover for the loss of their son; but the legislature has not done so, but has treated the parents as capable of enforcing the'right given by statute, if any. If they recover, they recover that which the law permits, and thereafter account to no one. If the administrator should sue and recover for the benefit of the parents, he recovers only that which the parents are entitled, in their own right, to recover, and no more. The administrator cannot recover for his expenditure in such case from the defendant. Nor could he claim anything from the beneficiaries on any theory other than an implied contract to paj1" for the reasonable value of his services. It is clear in reason and plain language that the administrator of the estate of Allen Bryan, deceased, is not a proper party to sue for and recover the rights given Allen Bryan’s parents arising from said employers’ liability law.
Appellant’s first assignment of error, on the ground that the court erred in rendering judgment for appellee because the action was properly brought in the name of Riley Bryan, administrator of the estate of said deceased, must be denied.
The second assignment of error, the order refusing an amendment to the complaint-“substituting E. R. Bryan and Julia Bryan, the parents of said deceased, as plaintiffs in the place of Riley Bryan, administrator of the estate of deceased, ’ ’ must be denied also. The said substitution of parties is a clear departure in the proceedings, and will not ordinarily he permitted. Clearly, the action was commenced by one party, and, if another is substituted, the action would therefore be-. come an action prosecuted by the real parties in interest, while the action, as commenced, was one prosecuted by a trustee of an express trust — by a trustee for the use and benefit of others. The parties substituted would not continue to prosecute the action in a representative capacity as the action was commenced, but they would prosecute the action from the time they became parties in their own right, as an original action. The substitution of parties would clearly change the action in material matters, and in effect would amount to the commencement of a new and materially different action. The trial court correctly denied the motion to substitute the parties.
There being no error in the record, the judgment will stand affirmed.
ROSS and PATTEE, JJ., concur.
Note. — Judge BAKER having announced his disqualification to participate in the decision in this case, SAMUEL L. PATTEE, Judge of the Superior Court of Pima County, Arizona, was requested to and did sit with the other judges in the disposition of this cause.
|
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ROSS, J.
The appellant was charged with violating the prohibition laws by information, the accusing part thereof .being as follows:
‘ ‘ The said Bailey Earp, on or about the twenty-seventh day of December, 1918, ... at and in the county of Yuma, state of Arizona, did then and there willfully and unlawfully give, sell, and dispose of intoxicating liquor to another, contrary. ...”
To this information he demurred because, as he alleges “it does not contain a statement of the acts constituting the offense in ordinary and concise language and in such a manner as to enable a person of common understanding to know what is intended, and is not direct and certain as to the offense charged or the particular circumstances of the offense charged.”
The demurrer was overruled, and upon a trial appellant was convicted. He assigns the overruling of the demurrer as error.
The information does not give the name of the person who, on or about December 27th, purchased from appellant the intoxicating liquor, nor does it set forth any other fact or facts to identify the particular transaction intended to be charged. The only definite and certain allegation is that a sale was made by appellant “to another” in Yuma county, Arizona. The date of the sale as given does not tend to identify the offense because a conviction could be had under the law by proof establishing a sale in Yuma county at any time within two years before the filing of the information. Penal Code, § 939'.
It is provided by section 936, Penal Code, that “the indictment or information must be direct and certain as it regards . . . (2) the offense charged; ...” and, according to section 943, “the indictment or information is sufficient, if it can be understood therefrom ... (6) that the act or omission charged as the offense is clearly and distinctly set forth in ordinary and concise language, and in such, manner as to enable a person of common understanding to know what is intended. ...”
Does this information meet the requirements of these sections of the statute ? It names an offense of a class but it does not point out the particular one of that class for the commission of which appellant is to be tried. It covers any and every possible offense within the class that appellant may have or could have committed within two years before the information was filed, and one as directly and certainly as any other. If the prosecution may, at any time up to and before the introduction of its testimony under the information, select any one of a number of violations of the law by a defendant where the violations may consist in each case iff selling liquor to a different person at different times and places, the information is anything but “direct and certain as it regards the offense charged.” No person can tell by reading such an information what “act” — sale or gift — was intended to be charged as the offense. The act charged as the offense — some particular, certain act — must be “clearly and distinctly set forth,” that is, described so as to distinguish it from any other act of the class to which it belongs, “and in such manner as to enable a person of common understanding to know what act is intended” to be , charged as constituting the offense. Under other provisions of our statute the indictment or information must charge but one offense (section 938, Penal Code), and it must contain a statement of the acts constituting the offense in ordinary and concise language, and in such manner as to enable a person of common understanding to know what is intended. Section 934, Penal Code.
‘,‘The object of these provisions is to present a distinct-issue for trial, and clearly inform a defendant of that with which he is charged, that he may prepare to meet it.” People v. Cunningham, 66 Cal. 668, 4 Pac. 1144.
If the prosecution may await the commencement of the trial and then, for the first time, select one of a class of acts included in the terms of the information upon which a conviction will be asked, all of these objects would be completely defeated. A defendant would be as well apprised of the particular offense laid against him if the information simply alleged “that on or about December 27, 1918, at the county of Yuma, he-unlawfully sold intoxicating liquors.” Adding the expression that he sold or gave away the liquor “to another ’ ’ would not assist the court or counsel or the defendant in identifying the particular offense intended to be charged. In People v. Webber, 138 Cal. 145, 70 Pac. 1089, it is said:
“The Penal Code does not relieve the prosecuting attorney from the necessity of informing the defendant with reasonable certainty of the nature and particulars of the crime charged against him, that he may prepare his defense, and, upon acquittal or conviction, plead his jeopardy against further prosecution. ’ ’
In that case the defendant was charged with the crime of burglary by entering a certain railroad car and train owned by the S. P. Company with intent to commit larceny. The comment upon this allegation was:
“In the information before us, the defendant could make no intelligent preparation for his defense without being prepared to defend against the charge of feloniously entering any ear that was in the train, any one of which the prosecuting attorney might select at the trial.”
In reviewing this question, we have not overlooked the general rule that an indictment or information charging an offense in the language of the statute is ordinarily sufficient, especially if the offense is purely statutory, but, as was said by the supreme court in United States v. Simmons, 96 U. S. 360, 24 L. Ed. 819:
“To this general rule there is the qualification, fundamental in the law of criminal procedure, that the accused must be apprised by the indictment, with reasonable certainty, of the nature of the accusation against him, to the end that he may prepare his defense, and plead the judgment to any subsequent prosecution for the same offense. An indictment not so framed is defective, although it may follow the language of the statute.”
An investigation of the eases discloses that the courts are not in agreement as to whether an indictment or information that omits the name of the purchaser of liquor is sufficient or not where each individual sale, as under our law, constitutes an offense, but we are satisfied that the just and fair rule, and the one intended to be prescribed by our statute, is that the charge must be “direct and certain as it regards the offense charged,” and to be so the information should so identify it .as to permit a defendant to prepare his defense. One ■ of the most recent cases to speak on this subject is Fehringer v. People, 59 Colo. 3, 147 Pac. 361, and that court came to the conclusion that an information like the one we are considering was insufficient. The learned judge who wrote the opinion brought into review and analysis many cases on both sides of the question, and therefrom deduced the following statement of the law:
“While it is uniformly held that the name of the vendee need not be set forth in the indictment or information where the offense consists in selling liquor within a given distance of a particular building, or place, or by a common dealer, or in keeping liquors for sale, etc., the uniformity of the rule is not maintained where the sales involved constitute separate offenses with a penalty prescribed for each sale, ánd in decisions thereunder we find some confusion and contradiction. It would seem, however, that the later decisions and best-reasoned cases support the doctrine that the insertion of the name of the vendee, or some other facts sufficient for adequate identification of the offense charged, is essential. Fletcher v. State, supra [2 Okl. Cr. 300, 23 L. R. A. (N. S.) 581, 101 Pac. 599]. Moreover, in our judgment the rule should be so determined on principle.”
Colorado has a constitutional provision like ours, giving to the accused in criminal cases the right to demand the nature and cause of the accusation against him. Section 24, art. 2, Ariz. Const. The court said, in speaking of this provision :
“Now, the nature of a thing is its essential character; that is, the sum of qualities and attributes which makes the thing what it is as distinct from others. A general allegation that the accused sold intoxicating liquor in a certain city in contravention of law certainly discloses none of the essential ingredients or attributes of the act to distinguish it from any other act of like character.”
A very comprehensive discussion of the cases bearing upon this question, will be found in Fletcher v. State, 2 Okl. Cr. 300, 101 Pac. 599, and in 23 L. R. A. (N. S.) 581, where the case is fully annotated.
The rule requiring the pleader to insert the name of the purchaser, if known — and if not known, to state that fact or “other facts sufficient for adequate identification of the offense charged” — will work no hardship upon the prosecution, and is eminently necessary to the end that the accused may know what he is charged with, so that he can prepare his defense. This is especially so in this jurisdiction, where the law does not require any preliminary hearing in misdemeanor cases before the filing of the information. State v. Cole, ante, p. 193, 178 Pac. 983.
The judgment of the lower court is reversed, with directions to sustain the demurrer to the information.
BAKER, J., concurs.
|
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CUNNINGHAM, C. J.
(After Stating the Facts as Above). The appellant bases its right to recover the possession of the premises described in the complaint upon the failure of the defendants to pay rent for five days after the same became due and payable, as provided in a written lease theretofore existing between the plaintiff and the defendants. The plaintiff evidently relied upon paragraph 1552, Revised Statutes of Arizona of 1913, giving its right of action, and upon a violation of the terms of the lease as its right to reenter the leased premises for the nonpayment of said.rent or violation of said lease.
Under the evidence and the conceded facts, the lease involved in this case is evidenced by two separate papers, one in form of a lease from Gila Land & Water Company to Brown & Page, signed only by L. A. Brown as president, and by W. G. Hubbard, as secretary of said corporation. The other paper is in form a partnership agreement between L. A. Brown and C. E. Page, by the terms of which Brown contributed the lease and Page agreed to contribute his time and skill as a farmer, etc. The terms of the lease which Brown agreed to contribute to the partnership stock are the same, with slight exceptions, as the terms set out in the lease unsigned by the lessees. The evidence is without conflict tending to show that the Gila Land & Water Company required Page to take L. A. Brown into a special partnership as a condition precedent to leasing this land. Brown was accepted as Page’s partner, so that the plaintiff would be assured of its rent. It looked to Brown for its rent, and he was looked upon as the responsible party.
Of course, this is an unlawful detainer action, arising from defendants’ alleged failure to pay rent as stipulated. The right to re-enter is denied, and hence the right of 'action occurs. Before the plaintiff can recover, in this kind of summary proceeding, he must allege and prove that the defendant is unlawfully holding the premises after all his rights under the lease have terminated. The exact amount of rent and the exact date the rent is payable must be determinable from,the evidence. Until the date upon which the rent becomes due is determined, either from the face of the lease or from evidence otherwise, and remains unpaid for five days, the statute (paragraph 1552, supra) gives no right of action for the possession.
The appellant assigns error in eleven separate paragraphs, and states as follows:
“The entire matter hinges upon the construction of the lease, and whether the appellant could be charged with the result of a shortage of water occasioned by acts, occurrences, and conditions beyond its control, and which it could not possibly have avoided.”
The “lease” — the paper signed by the Gila Land & Water Company — purports to lease 440 acres of land in Maricopa county, “together with all water from the Buckeye canal necessary to properly irrigate all crops to be grown on tho said premises,” to Brown & Page, copartners, “for the term of two years from the 1st day of February, 1917, for the annual rental of eleven dollars per aere, to be paid on or before the 1st day of January, 1918, and the further payment of the sum of two thousand, seven hundred and eighteen dollars, to be paid as follows: One thousand dollars to be paid on or before the 1st day of July, 1917, and the balance, to wit, seventeen hundred and eighteen dollars, to be paid ón or before the 1st day of December, 1917.
“And it is further agreed that if any rent shall be. due and unpaid, or if default shall be made in any of the covenants herein contained, that it shall be lawful for the said party of the first part to re-enter said premises and remove all persons therefrom. And the said party of the second part does hereby covenant, promise, and agree to' pay the' said party of the first part the said rent in the manner hereinbefore specified. ...”
The articles of partnership between L. A. Brown and C. E. Page, of the terms of which the Gila Land & Water Company are chargeable with full knowledge, because, under the evidence, no lease would have been granted in the absence of a partnership satisfactory to the Gila Land & Water Company, are dated the twenty-sixth da.y of January, 1917, and recite that:
“Whereas, the said C. E. Page has heretofore entered into negotiations with L. A. Brown and W. C. Hubbard and James Ovens, joint owners of the real property hereinafter described, for the lease of said property; and whereas, by reason of the inability of the said C. E. Page to comply with the requirements of the said Brown, Hubbard and Ovens, said negotiations failed of success; and whereas, the said C. E. Page is desirous of securing a lease on said premises for the purpose of growing, among other things, a crop of cotton thereon; and whereas, the said L. A. Brown, by reason of his relations with the said Hubbard and Ovens, is able to secure advantageous terms of lease of said premises, and whereas, the said L. A. Brown, by reason of his business connections, is in a position to finance, and will finance when necessary, the partnership hereinafter formed:
“Now, therefore, the said parties above named have agreed, and do by these presents agree, to become partners together under the firm name of Brown & Page in the business of general farming, and their copartnership to commence on the date of the execution of this agreement and to continue until the 1st day of February, 1919. And in consideration thereof the said L. A. Brown covenants and agrees with the said C. E. Page to procure in behalf of Brown & Page a lease from the owner or owners thereof, for a period of two years ending the 1st day of February, 1919, of the following described premises situated in Maricopa county, to wit. ...”
There follows a description in exact words and figures as contained in the said lease, supra. Following the description of the property is the following:
"At and for the annual rental of eleven dollars an acre on the following terms and conditions: The said rental to be paid on or before the 1st day of January of each year of said lease, beginning with the 1st day of January, 1918, and the further payment of the sum of two thousand seven hundred and eighteen dollars, to be paid as follows: one thousand dollars to be paid on or before the 1st day of July, 1917, and the balance, to wit, seventeen hundred- and eighteen dollars, to be paid on or before the 1st day of December, 1917.”
Thereafter follow stipulations pertaining to the partnership matters among themselves, but which are immaterial to the present inquiry. The parties to.be charged, L. A. Brown and C. E. Page, did not sign the formal lease, but they did sign the partnership agreement. The Gila Land & Water Company signed the lease, and, while it did not sign the partnership agreement, it required the identical partnership to be formed. Hence the Gila Land & Water Company is estopped in justice from requiring terms ! of lease other than such terms as are set forth in the partnership agreement. The plaintiff corporation had-a, right to re-enter and take possession of the leased premises for nonpayment of the rent for five days, under authority of paragraph 1552, supra, whether a clause to that effect was absent from the lease or not. The plaintiff, in its complaint, bases its right to re-enter upon defendants’ failure to pay rent, and their refusal to deliver possession. The inquiry is vital, therefore: Had defendants failed for five days to pay rent as stipulated in the lease, on the twelfth day of January, 1918, when plaintiff demanded possession in writing?
Brown testified that he is president of the plaintiff corporation, and as such signed the said lease in behalf of the, corporation. He testified that he did not know the exact amount of rent due under that lease. He said:
“I think it (rent due) is about $6,000; the company looked to me for the payment of that rent; they notified me several times, but on account of my illness, I presume, they did not push me as hard as they would have, and I asked them for a continuance on account of expecting our crops to come out and pay it all right by the first of the year; at that time I discovered that they would not be able to pay anything, and so I notified the company.”
Hubbard, as a witness for plaintiff, and plaintiff’s secretary, testified, among other things, that the company looked to Brown for the rent. After saying that the company “in a way” looked to Brown for the rent, the witness said:
“I looked to Brown, and when Brown was sick I looked to Page. ... I wasn’t acquainted with Page personally. I never met Mr. Page, except that one day; . . . prior to the agreement ... I offered to let Page have it [the land on a lease], but not until he took a man in I knew wras responsible. Brown was my partner at that time, and one of the owners of the land. I am secretary of the corporation, and Mr. Brown is president. ...”
Page testified with respect to the payment of the rent as follows:
“I never heard that this water company had anything to do with the land. In paying the rent I sent the hay by Mr. Brown’s orders, and billed the hay to the parties he ordered me to bill it to. . . . Mr. Brown and Hubbard and Ovens are the only ones I knew. ...”
The corporation required Page to take a partner into the lease with him who was, to the satisfaction of the corporation, responsible; that is, financially able to meet the obligations imposed by the lease. Brown met the requirements, and the lease was granted to Brown and Page on the financial responsibility of Brown. The company is chargeable with notice of the partnership agreement between Brown and Page, for the reason that Brown represented the corporation in the forming of such agreement, and he was both a party to the agreement and the president of the corporation. As a consequence of plaintiff’s full knowledge of the terms of the partnership agreement, plaintiff is charged with knowing that such lease contained the following clause:
“And in consideration hereof, the said L. A. Brown covenants and agrees with the said C. E. Page to procure in behalf of Brown and Page a lease . . ,,for a period of two years ending on the 1st day of February, 1919, of the following described premises,” etc.
And that the following clause also appears in said lease:
“Whereas, the said L. A. Brown, by reason of his business connections, is in a position to finance and will finance, when necessary, the partnership hereinafter formed.” ; '
The partnership term commenced and ended with the lease term. All parties are charged with knowing that a termination of the lease by any means would relieve Page from his obligation to retain Brown as a partner, and a termination of the partnership would relieve the corporation from its obligation to lease to Page. Brown assumed the position of principal debtor to the corporation with the assent of the corporation, and the condition precedent imposed no other alternative on Page. Page was given no room to act, other than to operate the farm successfully. Brown was business agent for the partnership, and was principally looked to for payment of the rent.
With this manifest, construction placed upon the lease, the time of payment of rent at,the dates mentioned in the lease is not of the essence of the agreement. Brown’s failure to pay the $1,000 on- July 1, 1917, and his failure to pay the $1,718 on the 1st day of December, 1917, is not a failure to pay rent. This is manifest from the plain words of the lease, which words are as follows:
“ . . . For the term of two years from the 1st day of February, 1917, for the annual rental of eleven dollars per acre, to be paid on or before the 1st day of January, 1918. ’ ’
A further payment is required to be made, $1,000 on July 1, 1917, and $1,718 on December 1, 1917. The evidence explains this farther payment clause. Page said that the rental price was $11 per acre. “We were to take up the $2,800.” On cross-examination he said:
“I don’t think I testified that the $11 rental and the other two installments of money to be paid were mentioned in the partnership agreement. I don’t remember that I testified that the $11 rent and the $1,000 rent and -the $1,800 rent were in the partnership agreement. I had reference to $11 an acre that we were to pay rent. "We were to pay $2,800 that Mr. Millage was behind with them.”
No testimony denies that statement of Page. The “further payments” required of Brown and Page were not understood as payments of rent, but the amount to be paid was an amount owing the company by Millage, a former tenant, and required to-be paid as a consideration for the grant of the lease.
The record contains some evidence tending to prove that Hubbard refused to permit Brown to pay rent, and so informed Page; that Brown refused to pay rent, and Hubbard refused to accept payment of further rent, in order to terminate the lease and remove Page from the land, so that the company could make another and a more profitable disposition of the land. Defendants’ Exhibit 3, a telegram signed by Brown and delivered to Page on January 2, 1918, says:
“Have wire from Hubbard saying you have refused to pay rent and would not leave the place without seeing me. We are going to sell and I want to give them possession at once. Wire me when you will get off. Don’t force me to come back.”
After Brown sent this wire, Brown testifies as follows:
“ . . . The company looked to me for the payment of that rent. They notified me several times, but on account of my illness, I presume, they did not push me as hard as they would have, and I asked them for a continuance on account of expecting our crop to come out and pay it all right by the first year. At that time I discovered that they would not be able to pay anything, and I so notified the company. I was then in California. I came from California to see Mr. Page about the payment of rent. I put the matter squarely up to him, that we had to pay the rent or else we were going to lose the property.”
Prom this state of the evidence, the jury are justified in finding, as a fact, that the payment of rent on January 1, 1918, was unnecessary to a continuation of the lease, but the operation of Brown’s continuance of rent avoided a forfeiture; that it was not the failure to pay rent that caused the desire to remove Page and dispose of his lease, but that it was because, as Brown stated in his wire of January 2, 1918, they had a chance to sell and Brown wished to sur render the lease to the company. Brown waived the extension of time for payment of the rent on January 1, 1918, and offered to surrender the possession, not because the rent was not paid, but because the corporation could sell the land to advantage.
The only issue triable was whether the lease had terminated because of the failure of the lessees for five days after the first day of January, 1918, to pay the rent, and the uncontradicted testimony is that the company had extended Brown’s time for payment of rent and ceased to look to Brown for rent, and upon Brown’s suggestion commenced to look to Page only for rent. The extension of the time for the payment of rent, granted to Brown, inured to the benefit of the partnership. Brown was the person primarily liable to the company under all of the evidence,'and the partnership was secondarily liable; that is, the partnership was liable after Brown failed to pay. When his time for payment was extended, the partnership was not bound to pay the rent during the time the payments were so suspended, and Brown’s attempt to surrender the lease, to the disadvantage of Page’s rights, and direct the corporation to reenter and dispossess Page, is a fraud on his partner, Page, and the corporation, being a party to such 'unjust attempt to dispossess Page, cannot be permitted to succeed by a court of justice.
• The jury’s verdict of “not guilty” is right, and based upon evidence almost, if not entirely, free from conflict. The plaintiff has wholly failed to show a termination of the lease by failure of the tenants to pay the rent as required by the changed terms of the lease. The judgment follows the verdict, and adjudges the defendants not guilty of an unlawful detainer of the premises described in the complaint and in the judgment. The defendants are adjudged their costs, amounting to $130.
The appellant’s assignments of error, not disposed of above, have reference to matters connected with the duty of one partner to the other, and of the duty of the lessor plaintiff to keep covenants of its own, such as the payment by it of the water rates, the damage to the crops because of shortage of water, and such like matters. The tenth assignment about covers all of the questions raised. It is as follows:
“The court erred in denying appellant’s motion for judgment notwithstanding the verdict, for the reason that the uncontradieted testimony in the case showed that appellees had not paid all of the rent and sums required by the lease, and that all evidence showing or tending to show any failure of consideration, .and the amount of loss sustained by the appellees thereby, was not properly and lawfully admitted in evidence, and that being the only defense, and the other facts sustaining the judgment in favor of appellees having been clearly shown by uncontradieted and overwhelming proof, and not denied, and the only testimony properly introduced in the case sustaining the allegations of appellant’s complaint, the motion should have been granted.”
Without taking into consideration the apparently confusing statements in the said assignment", we are able to concede that all matters concerning the shortage of water and the damages to crops resulting from such shortage, and the expenditures of all kinds could become material in this kind of case only when the matter of the right of the plaintiff to re-enter is established, and the question of plaintiff’s rent and the amount recoverable is before the court. In this case one of the issues presented was the amount of money the plaintiff was entitled to recover from the defendants in the event plaintiff was entitled to recover the possession. Such evidence was admissible at the trial, because of the inquiry of the amount of rent plaintiff could recover, in the event he recovered possession of the premises. The evidence had no bearing upon the issue of plaintiff’s re-entry and possession. Under the judgment appealed from, a judgment denying the plaintiff’s right to possession plaintiff is not injured in the remotest degree by evidence tending to establish the amount of rent recoverable by the plaintiff, had plaintiff been adjudged entitled to recover possession of the premises.
On the whole record, the evidence fairly sustains the verdict, the verdict is responsive to the issue tried; the judgment follows the verdict, and is therefore responsive to the pleadings.
According to the terms of the lease, the time has arrived— February 1, 1919 — for final adjustment of the accounts, both of the corporation and of the partnership, and of the partners inter alia. This judgment is determinative of the fact that the lease did not cease on the failure to pay rent prior to January 12, 1918. "What may have transpired since that date is not involved in this case as a matter of course.
I find n.o reversible error in the record. The judgment is affirmed.
BOSS and BAKER, JJ., concur.
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ROSS, J.
Appellees concede the correctness of appellant’s statement of the facts of the case, and we therefore adopt it:
“This is a mandamus proceeding brought in the superior court of Maricopa eounty by the appellees for the purpose of compelling the appellant, the eounty attorney of said Maricopa eounty, to bring a quo warranto action against W. M. Scott, F. D. Rowell, and G. W. Lines, to oust them from further exercising the powers, franchises, and privileges of a board of education for the Gilbert single district high school. The appellees are the members of the board of education of the Mesa Union High School.
“Gilbert school district is officially known as school district No. 41 of Maricopa county, and Mesa school district is officially known as school district No. 4 of Maricopa county.
“On October 19, 1907, Mesa union high school district was duly organized and incorporated of and from the territory comprised within school districts numbered 4,10,19, 26, 29, 41, and 57, all of Maricopa county.
“On November 2, 1907, the high school of said Mesa union high school district was, pursuant to an election duly had, located in the town of Mesa in said school district No. 4 of said Mesa union high school district, and at the time of instituting this action in the court below the Mesa union high school district, with boundaries as then existing, was maintaining a high school for said district in said town of Mesa.
“On June 19, 1917, said Gilbert school district, being school district No. 41, and theretofore part of Mesa union high school district, did hold an election for the purpose of establishing and maintaining a high school in said Gilbert school district, and did, in all respects, comply with the provisions of chapter 5 of the Session Laws of 1917 of Arizona, entitled: ‘An act to amend paragraph 2770, chapter 13, title 11, Revised Statutes of Arizona, 1913, Civil Code, providing for the establishment and maintenance of high schools.’ It is conceded by both sides that if said act, being chapter 5, Laws of 1917, is in all respects valid and constitutional, then Gilbert High School, by virtue of its said election of June 19, 1917, and the further proceedings pursuant thereto, became, and at the time of instituting this suit in the lower court was, a validly organized and subsisting high school district. If said act of 1917, pursuant to which Gilbert high school district was organized is a valid law, then the county attorney of Maricopa county, the appellant herein, should not be compelled by mandamus to seek by quo warranto proceedings to oust the trustees or board of education of said Gilbert high school district from office. If said chapter 5, Laws of 1917, is unconstitutional and void, then said Gilbert high school district is .not a valid high school district, the board of education thereof ar^ unlawfully exercising their functions as such officers, and the county attorney should, and is ready and willing to, bring a quo warranto action to prevent the members of said board of education of Gilbert high, school district from further acting as such officers.
“The case was decided in the court below solely upon the pleadings, which, in the chronological order of their being filed, are as follows, to wit: Petition for writ of mandmnus; order that alternative writ issue; alternative writ of mandamus; return and answer to writ and petition (including demurrer for insufficiency of facts) ; demurrer to return and answer to writ and petition.
“The court below made an order overruling the defendant’s demurrer to the plaintiff’s petition, and sustained the plaintiff’s demurrer to the defendant’s answer. Thereupon the defendant, having elected to stand upon his demurrer and answer, the court made an order for judgment in favor of the plaintiffs, pursuant to which the written judgment and order that peremptory writ of mandamus issue was filed on April 19, 1918.”
The appellant’s assignments challenge the correctness of the ruling of the court on the demurrers, and, of course, the correctness of the judgment that was entered.
The only question considered by the lower court, and the only question raised on appeal, is the constitutionality of chapter 5, Laws of 1917.
Further quoting appellant, which quotation appellees concede is correct, the constitutional validity of chapter 5 was assailed by appellees upon the three following grounds:
“(1) That the title of the act is violative of section 18 of subdivision 2 of article 4 of the Constitution of Arizona, which is as follows: ‘Sec. 13. Every act shall embrace but one subject and matters properly connected therewith,- which subject shall be expressed in the title; but if any subject shall be embraced in an act which shall not be expressed in the title, such act shall be void only as to so much thereof as shall not be embraced in the title.
“(2) That said act constitutes an unlawful attempt on the part of the Legislature to delegate the power of dismembering union high school districts to electors of a portion of such districts.
“(3) That said act is an unlawful attempt to confer privileges upon a portion of the electors of a union high school district which are not conferred upon the remaining electors of the union high school district.”
Chapter 5 is an amendatory statute of paragraph 2770, Civil Code, reading, before the amendment, as follows:
“2770. Any school district having an average daily attendance of two hundred or more pupils may, by a majority vote of the qualified school electors thereof, establish and maintain a high school, or two or more adjoining school districts having a joint average daily attendance of two-hundred or more pupils may unite and form a. union high school district for the purpose of establishing and maintaining a high school therein at the expense of such district or union high school district.”
The change in this paragraph by the amendment, which is ■the bone of contention, is the following added proviso:
“Provided, that no such high school district shall be formed of territory already embodied in any high school district, unless the remaining territory of the original district shall be contiguous and shall have an assessed valuation of three million ($3,000,000) dollars or more; provided further, that when a new district shall be formed under the terms of this act from territory already included in a union high school district, such territory shall no longer be included in such original high school district.”
It is claimed- that the subject of the organization of new-high school districts out of territory included in and constituting a part of an already existing union high school district is not expressed in the title of chapter 5, and is not germane to nor connected with the title of said chapter. The effect of the amendment was to extend the privilege of • establishing high schools to certain communities or districts from which the privilege had been withheld, or perhaps more correctly, to which it had not been granted by the law before its amendment. It is contended that the context of the amendment was not foreshadowed by this subject as expressed in the title. It is not said what the title, ‘ ‘ The Establishment and Maintenance of High Schools,” would authorize by way of legislation, but it is strenuously contended that it is not broad enough to permit legislation granting the privilege of forming a high school out of territory included in an established high school district.
An analysis of the-contention of appellees, when laid bare, is that the title should have gone further and indicated or announced that the purpose of the act was to provide for the organization of high schools out of territory already included in established high school districts. That, in failing thus tó index the subject to be treated in the context, the act was misleading and misinforming. Clearly, the title contained “but one subject” — High Schools, Their Establishment and Maintenance — and quite as clearly the legislature did not depart from the subject.-
In State Board of Control v. Buckstegge, 18 Ariz. 277, 158 Pac. 837, we considered the clause of the Constitution limiting every act of legislation to one subject and matters properly connected therewith, and requiring the subject to be expressed in the title, and laid down this general rule:
“This provision of the Constitution does not require that the title of an act should minutely and in great detail describe the legislation proposed; it is not necessary that the title be a synopsis or a complete index to the legislation. The title of the act, however, should be sufficiently full and comprehensive as to indicate, in a general way at least, what is to follow in the way of legislation. It should not be so meager as to mislead or tend to avert inquiry into the contents thereof.”
The object of chapter 5 was to provide for the organization of high schools, their maintenance being already cared for by chapter 13, title 11, Civil Code. The legislation providing for the establishment or organization of high school districts out of any territory, whether included within existing high school districts or not, falls literally within the terms of the subject expressed in the title. Without discussing them, we cite a few cases wherein the' organization of political divisions involving the same question we have was considered, and in all of them appellees’ contention is rejected. State v. Lewelling, 51 Kan. 562, 33 Pac. 425; State v. Hordey, 41 Kan. 630, 21 Pac. 601; Allison v. Hatton, 46 Or. 370, 80 Pac. 101; State v. City of New Whatcom, 3 Wash. 7, 27 Pac. 1020.
The original act provides the manner of organizing high schools by prescribing the requisite qualifications of the organizers, as to number of pupils, etc.,, and sets forth the steps to be taken by the organizers. The amendment makes no change in these respects that can affect the question we now approach. Appellees contend that the provision in this regard unlawfully delegates the power to dismember a union high school district, to electors of a portion of such district. This, we think, involves the power of the legislature. We know of no constitutional requirement, and none has been called to our attention, making it necessary that all'of the electors of an organized high school district, should give their consent before it is divided, or before some portion thereof is detached and organized into a separate high school district. On the contrary, the rule seems to be, as stated in 35 Cye. 833, 834:
“The power to organize, establish, or lay off new school districts, or to divide, change the boundaries, or otherwise alter existing districts is vested primarily in the Legislature, which may act without the assent of the inhabitants of the affected territory. And indeed this power on the part of the Legislature has been very frequently exercised in many instances.
“The power to establish new school-districts or to alter existing ones may be delegated by the Legislature to subordinate agencies or officers; and in! most jurisdictions this has been done. When the power to exercise the authority is made to depend upon the performance of certain conditions, such as the signing of a petition by a certain number of voters, or the like, the agent or officer cannot act until such conditions have been complied with, and cannot refuse to act when they have been.”
In the late case of Worthington School District v. Eureka School District, 173 Cal. 154, 159 Pac. 437, the court said:
“The power of the Legislature over school districts is plenary. Pass School District v. Hollywood City School District, 156 Cal. 416, 20 Ann. Cas. 87, 26 L. R. A. (N. S.) 485, 105 Pac. 122; Reclamation District v. Birks, 159 Cal. 233, 238, 113 Pac. 170. It may divide, change, or abolish such districts at pleasure, and' may delegate to boards of supervisors powers of annexation under certain conditions. Kramm v. Bogue, 127 Cal. 122, 125, 69 Pac. 394.”
The third point argued by appellees is disposed of by the law cited to the second point. The statute, in leaving the question as to whether a portion of a high school district shall be detached and formed into a separate district to a vote of only those electors residing in the detached portion, does not confer any special privilege upon such electors. The privilege is open alike to all communities of the state possessing the qualifications prescribed by the statute. A case very much in point is Wheeler v. Herbert, 152 Cal. 224, 92 Pac. 353, wherein the legislative act in question provided that a certain designated portion of Fresno county, if 60 per cent of the electors residing therein at an election should so decide, should be detached from Fresno county and attached to Kings county. One of the contentions in that case was that the act granted special privileges to the voters residing in the portion of Fresno county proposed to be cut off, in that they only were permitted to vote on the question, and'that therefore it violated that section of the state Constitution prohibiting the granting of privileges not common to all citizens. Appellees are making the same contention. In passing on the question, the California court said:
“Such right or privilege is not of the class of privileges referred to in that section. Ex parte Gerino, 143 Cal. 415, 66 L. R. A. 249, 77 Pac. 166. But if it were conceded that such privilege does fall within the scope of the section, the law does not violate its provisions. It forbids the grant of a privilege to any citizen or class of citizens, unless it is granted, upon the same terms, to all citizens. A law applying uniformly to all citizens of a particular class does not violate this section, if the class is one founded upon some natural’, intrinsic, or constitutional distinction differentiating its members from the general body from which the class is selected. Pasadena v. Stimson, 91 Cal. 238, 27 Pac. 604; Bruch v. Colombet, 104 Cal. 351, 38 Pac. 45; Krause v. Durbrow, 127 Cal. 684, 60 Pac. 438. The citizens of the territory to be transferred are directly affected by the act, and, therefore, have a greater interest in the matter than other citizens of the same county. . . . That it is competent for the Legislature to pass a law which shall be executed only ip. the event that a majority of a certain class of persons shall declare in favor of it is a principle too well settled to require discussion. People v. McFadden, 81 Cal. 489, 15 Am. St. Rep. 66, 22 Pac. 851; Blanding v. Burr, 13 Cal. 357; Hobart v. Board, 17 Cal. 31; People v. Nally, 49 Cal. 481; Robinson v. Bidwell, 22 Cal. 379.”
It is also contended that paragraph 2770, as amended, will not operate uniformly upon all communities similarly situated because the right of organizing a high school district out of territory already included in a high school district is eon ditioned upon the latter being left with an assessed valuation of $3,000,000 after the withdrawal, and can then only withdraw providing the territory of the old district remains contiguous. In the present case, the Mesa Union High School, after the withdrawal of the Gilbert district, remains intact so far as territory is concerned, with an assessed valuation far in excess of $3,000,000. That the law might in its application, in instances, bear unequally or not operate uniformly, is of no concern to appellees, as its terms work no hardship on appellees.
In Gherna v. State, 16 Ariz. 344, Ann. Cas. 1916D, 94, 146 Pac. 494, this court said:
“We believe it to be the unquestioned rule that a person cannot raise a constitutional objection to a part of a statute which is not applicable to his own particular case. The authorities are overwhelming to this effect. We cite but a few. . . . Courts will not entertain an objection to the constitutionality of a statute, unless the objection is made by one whose rights have been in some way injuriously affected. Unless a person’s rights are directly involved, such questions must necessarily be postponed, until they are met with upon the highway of adjudication, unless the unconstitutional feature, if it exists, is of such a character as to render the entire act void.”
We conclude that chapter 5 as amended is not vulnerable to the objections presented by the appellees, and it necessarily follows that the judgment of the lower court must be reversed and the cause remanded^ with directions that appellant’s demurrer be sustained, and the complaint dismissed.
CUNNINGHAM, C. J., and BAKER, J., concur.
|
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ROSS, J.
This is an action by appellee for commissions for effecting a sale of land for appellant under a written contract of employment. It was tried by the court without a jury, and from a judgment favorable to appellee appellant appeals.
The rules of the court were very differently observed by appellant in the making and presenting of his assignment of error, and the temptation to sustain appellee’s objections thereto is withstood only because we prefer to decide each case upon its merits, if we can reasonably ascertain from the brief as a whole the errors complained of and are satisfied that appellant has not purposely or knowingly ignored the rules. Will say, without restating here what the rules and statutes require, that there are a number of propositions of law and criticisms scattered throughout appellant’s brief, but just what was intended as assignments of error and what as argument is most difficult to determine by an inspection of the brief. What was said in Baumgartner v. State, ante, p. 157, 178 Pac. 30, just decided, in regard to the assignments, might well be said of this record.
Of the many propositions or assignments, we will review those that we consider of sufficient merit.
It is contended by the appellant that his general demurrer to the complaint should have been sustained. We would not recommend-the complaint as a model to be followed, but any criticism of it would not be for a defect of substance. It contains all of the allegations of a legal contract of agency to sell real estate and, in addition, full performance by appellee. That there were some unnecessary allegations, or some conclusions of law in addition to the necessary allegations, did not make the complaint vulnerable to general demurrer.
It is next urged the court erred in admitting in evidence “the written authority of appellee to sell the land in question,” for the reason it bad been materially altered after its execution by appellant. This assignment is based upon a question of fact which the court must have resolved against appellant. If the alteration had been confessed, its materiality would be a question of law and properly before us for decision under this assignment, but it was denied that any alteration had taken place, and upon the evidence submitted the court found the fact against appellant’s contention and admitted the contract in evidence. The fact that the apparent alteration by interlineation was explained after the admission of the contract, rather than before, was not prejudicial error, as the order of proof was within the court’s discretion.
■ Appellant complains because the court, at the conclusion of appellee’s case, overruled his motion to dismiss. His ground for the motion was that, according to the evidence, one Hughes was interested in the commissions for making the sale and should have been made a party. Hughes was the person who brought the appellant and the purchaser together. At the time he was working for appellee, and was sent by appellee with the purehaser to appellant’s land. Because Hughes’ compensation was to be a moiety of the commission agreed to be paid Irvin, the appellee, it is contended by appellant that he should have been made a party to the suit. Under the evidence, the contract of agency was with the appellee, and appellant owed no duty or obligation to appellee’s employees, or servants, or subagents to see that they were paid for their services, nor were they privity to the contract between the appellant and appellee so as to make them either a necessary or proper party. In any event, appellant is in no position to urge the point, not having raised it in his answer. Under the statutes (section 468, subd. 4, Civil Code 1913), a defect of parties, when it appears upon the face of the complaint, should be raised by demurrer, or if it does not appear upon the face of the complaint, it is provided by section 469, Id., that the objection may be taken thereto by answer. Appellant was cognizant of Hughes’ connection with the transaction all the time from the date he introduced appellant to the purchaser up to the filing of his answer, and even if his contention possessed the merits of truth, he injects it in the case too late to be of any avail.
There is nothing in the appellant’s complaint that the court made no findings of fact, or that he failed to find on all the material issues raised by the pleadings. If appellant had wanted findings, he should have requested them. Section 528, Civil Code 1913.
We are unable to find the court committed any error prejudicial to the rights of appellant, and therefore the judgment is affirmed.
CUNNINGHAM, C. J., and BAKER, J., concur.
|
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BAKER, J.
The appellant, as plaintiff in the court below, brought suit in the superior court of Greenlee county, against the appellees, as defendants in the court below, to quiet title to certain mining claims situated in the Copper Mountain mining district in Greenlee county, Arizona, known as the Olive group of mining claims. The complaint alleges that the plaintiff was the owner and in possession, and entitled to the possession, of the .said mining claims by virtue of valid mining locations made on the eighteenth day of January; 1917. The defendants, Richard T. O’Donnell, J. L. Await and Morenci Consolidated Mines Company, a corporation, each filed a disclaimer of any right or title in and to said mining claims adverse to the plaintiff. The defendant C. C. Dorsey made no appearance and filed no answer. The defendant W. W. Dutton, appeared and answered, denying the validity of the Olive group of mining claims, and alleged that he was the owner and entitled to the possession of the Red Metal group of mining claims (said claims being the identical ground covered by the “Olive” group of mining claims) by virtue of valid mining locations made on the first day of January, 1917. Dutton also filed a cross-complaint, seeking to quiet title to the said “Red Metal” group of mining claims as against the plaintiff. This cross-complaint, on Dutton’s motion, was dismissed by the court, which action narrowed the issues in the case to the sole question of the validity of the plaintiff’s location of the “Olive” group. The lower court found the facts-to be: That J. L. Await, the predecessor in interest of the defendant Dutton, initiated valid locations of the “Red Metal” mining claims on January 1, 1917, and subsequently transferred his interest in the claims, by good and sufficient deed, to the defendant Dutton; and that at the time of the location of the “Olive” group of mining claims by the plaintiff’s predecessor in interest, the ground was segregated from the public domain and not open to location. Upon these findings, the court entered judgment, and decreed that the plaintiff had no right, title or interest in and to the mining claims in question. The judgment carried costs for the defendant Dutton, but'made no determination of his rights or title to the ground. The plaintiff appeals from the judgment and the order denying a new trial.
The - ground in controversy was first located by R. T. O’Donnell, one of the defendants, in the year 1915, known as the O’Donnell group of claims. O’Donnell failed to do the annual work upon the claims, required by law, for the year 1916, and it was stipulated and agreed by the parties that on the first day of January, 1917, the ground in controversy was open, unappropriated mineral land of the United States, and subject to be located as mineral ground under the mining laws of the United States and the statutes of the state of Arizona. The “Olive” and “Red Metal” locations covered the same identical ground, and was formerly comprised in, the said 0 ’Donnell group of claims.
The defendant Await, acting on behalf of the defendant Dutton, entered upon the ground embraced in what was then known as the O’Donnell claims on December 31, 1916, and erected discovery monuments in anticipation of the claims coming open to location on the following day. The evidence is fairly conclusive that on the following day location notices, which had been previously prepared, were posted or placed in each of the several discovery monuments that had been erected the day before (the notices denominating the claims as “Red Metal”), and the evidence is undisputed that Await transferred whatever interest he had acquired by virtue of these acts to the defendant Dutton, who thereafter attempted to complete the location work upon the claims within the ninety days allowed by law.
It is admitted that on January 18, 1917, one Olive, acting on behalf of the plaintiff, went upon the ground in controversy and erected discovery monuments and posted location notices thereon (designated as the “Olive” group of claims), and thereafter, within the time and manner as required by law, performed all acts required by the statute to perfect the locations of the “Olive” claims, and that he subsequently conveyed said “Olive” group of claims to the plaintiff.
The decisive question in the case is: Was the property vacant and unoccupied mineral land of the govérnment and subject to location on the eighteenth day of January, 1917, when, the plaintiff’s predecessor in interest entered and located the ground? If it was, the judgment should he reversed; if it was not, the judgment should he affirmed.
The plaintiff first cdntends that there was no evidence tending to prove that a discovery of mineral was made by either Dutton, or his predecessor in interest Await, before the monuments of the “Red Metal” group were put up, or at any time afterwards.
That discovery of mineral within the limits of the mining claim located is a necessary prerequisite to a complete and valid mining location is thoroughly settled by & long line of decisions. The rule is well known to anyone at all familiar with mining law. 2 Lindley on Mines, 3d ed., par. 335, and cases cited in note.
But a locator need not be the first or original discoverer of mineral on the mining claim located. He may appropriate an abandoned or forfeited discovery by locating the claim as a relocation, and it is sufficient if he knew at the time of making his location that there had been a discovery of .mineral on the location. 2 Lindley on Mines, 3d ed., par. 335, and cases cited in note.
It is to be observed that both of the parties in this case are in the position of prospectors or explorers upon the public domain, both claiming to have made valid mineral locations.
“ . . . When the controversy is between two mineral claimants, the rule respecting the sufficiency of a discovery of mineral is more liberal than when it'is between a mineral claimant and one seeking ... an agricultural entry, for the reason that where land is sought to be taken out of. the category of agricultural lands the evidence of its mineral character should be reasonably clear, while in respect to mineral lands, in a controversy between claimants, the question is simply which is entitled to priority. ’ ’ Chrisman v. Miller, 197 U. S. 313, 49 L. Ed. 770, 25 Sup. Ct. Rep. 468; 2 Lindley on Mines, 3d ed., par. 336.
The testimony in behalf of the defendant Dutton, in respect to the discovery of mineral on the “Red Metal” claims, is slight, and not as strong and convincing as might be desired, yet we think it is sufficient to bring the case within the rule announced in the authorities just cited. The location of the-1 “Red Metal” group of claims was a relocation of the O’Donnell claims. Any mineral disclosed by the work dome on the claims by 0 ’Donnell, and known to Await, was a sufficient discovery of mineral upon which Await could base a location. Await, in behalf of the defendant Dutton, testified that there was a great deal of mineralized porphyry in all the country where the contested claims were located; that the ground covered by the “Red Metal” claims was mineralized porphyry heavily iron stained, and seamed with iron; that the district was what is termed a “Porphyry District” where big bodies of ore were found in the porphyry; and that miners locating the porphyry expected to find mineral when they dug down. Arhelger, another witness testifying in behalf of the defendant, stated that the ground covered by the contested claims was mineralized porphyry. Bingham, a witness testifying on behalf of the plaintiff, stated that the porphyry where the contested claims were located is of a character in which copper deposits are found. Hagan, the plaintiff, himself testified, substantially, that porphyry covers the entire district; and that there were some copper stains in the “Red Metal” locations. Whether or not the discovery of mineral had been made on the “Red Metal” claims was a question of 'fact for the trial court to determine under the evidence. It is true there is some conflict in the testimony on that point, but we cannot say that the court was without authority in finding that there was a sufficient discovery of mineral to satisfy the statutory requirement in that particular.
The plaintiff, however, insists that the findings of fact show that there was no discovery of mineral on any of the “Red Metal” claims. This contention is evidently based upon an equivocal finding of the trial court, in the following language:
“The court has great doubt whether the testimony shows disclosure of mineral in place in any of the defendant’s claims (Red Metal claims) to comply with the statute in that respect, and does not find that such discovery was made.”
Evidently the court by this finding referred to the necessity of disclosing mineral in place in the discovery shaft, which the statute (subdivision 2, par. 4030, Civil Code), requires to be sunk within ninety days after the location. The issue as to whether the defendant Dutton had disclosed mineral in place in the discovery shaft or whether he had performed location work sufficient to measure up to the statutory requirements, could only bear upon the rights of the defendant Dutton to permanent relief under his cross-complaint. This cross-complaint had been dismissed, and the judgment in no wise determined the title or rights of the defendant Dutton to the ground, and hence the finding in question was immaterial.
The plaintiff contends; in the second place, that no discovery monuments were erected on the “Red Metal” claims by the defendant Dutton, or his predecessor in interest Await. No question is raised as to the facts that Await built discovery monuments on the claims on December 31, 1916, or as to the sufficiency of these monuments in dimensions. But it is claimed that these monuments were built at a time when the ground was not open to location. We see no force in this objection.. O’Donnell, who was present upon the ground and had knowledge of the erection of the monuments and the preparation of the location notices which were placed therein, made no objection.
It is settled that discovery monument^ existing on the ground at the time of the location may be adopted by a re-locator; that either rebuilding partially existing monuments or availing himself of existing monuments by using them is a compliance with'the law, and the use of such monuments for the purpose of marking the boundaries of a claim is a sufficient compliance with the statute, and sufficient to create a valid location, other requirements of the law having been performed. Bergquist v. West Virginia-Wyoming Copper Co., 18 Wyo. 234, 106 Pac. 673; Riverside Cement & Sand Mfg. Co. v. Hardwick, 16 N. M. 479, 120 Pac. 323.
Applying the logic of the cases that permit the adoption of a monument, we can see no just reason why the reloeator of the “Red Metal” claims could not legally adopt and use the monuments on the first day of January, 1917, which he had erected on December 31, 1916.
The plaintiff’s third contention consists of an attack upon the finding of the court thát legal and sufficient location notices of the “Red Metal” claims were posted in the'discovery monuments. No objection is made to the form or the contents of the notices of location. The contention is that the notices were concealed or hidden. The evidence on behalf of the plaintiff is to the effect that the notices were found in the monuments under the ground; that it appeared as if the monuments had been built first and the notices stuck in the crevices between the rocks, where they come together; some of these (notices) had fallen and dropped on the ground; others were on the rocks; they were loose, and dirt and gravel had been thrown over them, hiding them from view, so 'they could not be seen, and to get at the notices the monuments had to be partly torn down, or one had to get a stick and scratch the dirt out and reach in to pull the notices out. Some of the witnesses said that when someone who had knowledge of where the location notices were‘called their attention to the fact that they had looked in the wrong portions of the monuments to discover the notices, they returned to the monuments, and without any apparent difficulty discovered the notices inside of the monuments. Await testified for the defendant that he stuck the notices in the cracks of the monuments and plugged it up with rocks that fitted in the cracks, and then raked up some gravel and threw it on top of the notices to keep the rats from pulling them out of the monuments, as he did with all of his location notices.
It is manifest that some precaution must be taken by a prospector to protect his location notice from destruction. 2 Lindley on Mines, 3d ed., par. 356.
The authorities strongly tend towards sustaining the sufficiency of posting location notices, wherever possible. Bergquist v. West Virginia-Wyoming Copper Co., supra; Donahue v. Meister, 88 Cal. 121, 22 Am. St. Rep. 283, 25 Pac. 1096.
Courts are not inclined to defeat the claim of him who has in good faith attempted to comply with the law. Gold Creek Antimony Mines & Smelter Co. v. Perry, 94 Wash. 624, 162 Pac. 996; Gird v. California Oil Co. (C. C.), 60 Fed. 531; Bergquist v. West Virginia-Wyoming Copper Co., supra.
The statutes of some of the states require that notices shall be conspicuously posted on the claim. Our statute does not go this far. It demands a conspicuous monument of stones, or an upright post securely fixed, projecting at least four feet above the ground, in which monument of stones, or on which post, there shall be posted a location notice, etc. (Civil Code, par. 4028.) We find no indication in the evidence that there was any intentional concealment of the notices, and it fairly appears that there was a substantial compliance with the statute in posting the notices, and we shall not disturb the finding of the court that sufficient and legal notices of location had been posted on the Red Metal claims.
The plaintiff makes a fourth contention that it was error in' the court to find that there was no collusion between 0 ’Donnell, the original locator of the ground and Await and the defendant Dutton, to the effect that 0.’Donnell should fail to do the annual work on the O’Donnell group of mines for the year 1916, with the understanding that Await and Dutton should relocate the ground as the Red Metal claims for the use and benefit of the said O’Donnell. The plaintiff offers us no argument in support of this contention, and we are satisfied from an examination of the record that the finding of the court was fully sustained by the evidence.
Finally, the lower court having determined that Await, on January 1, 1917, initiated a valid mining location on all the claims known as the “Red Metal” group, and the findings of the court in that behalf being fully sustained by the evidence, it follows, as a matter of law, that the attempted location of the same ground by the plaintiff, on the eighteenth day of January, 1917, as the “Olive” group of claims, was wholly void for'the purpose of founding any right or claim to the ground.
At the time of the plaintiff’s location of the “Olive” group of claims, the ground in controversy had been withdrawn from the public domain by the prior, valid and subsisting location of the “Red Metal” claims.
In Swanson v. Sears, 224 U. S. 180, 56 L. Ed. 721, 32 Sup. Ct. Rep. 455, the United States supreme court said:
“A location and discovery on land withdrawn quoad hoc from the public domain by a valid and subsisting mining claim is absolutely void for the purpose of founding a contradictory right. Belk v. Meagher, 104 U. S. 279 [26 L. Ed. 735]; Gwillim v. Donnellan, 115 U. S. 45 [5 Sup. Ct. 1110, 29 L. Ed. 348].”
See, also, Omar v. Soper, 11 Colo. 380, 7 Am. St. Rep. 246, 18 Pac. 443; Sierra Blanca M. Co. v. Winchell, 35 Colo. 13, 83 Pac. 628; 2 Lindley on Mines, 3d ed., pars. 339, 645a, and cases cited in notes.
There .is no error in the record, and the judgment and order of the superior court are affirmed.
CUNNINGHAM, C. J., and ROSS, J., concur.
On the question of location of mining claims generally, see comprehensive note in 7 L. K.. A. (N. S.) 763.
|
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CUNNINGHAM, C. J.
(After Stating the Pacts as Above). The question for determination is whether the city of Yuma has the power to fix the rates to be charged patrons of a public service corporation by such corporation while doing business in the city. The parties concede that the city of Yuma enacted an Ordinance No. 150a by which the plaintiff corporation was required to charge and collect from the inhabitants of the said city the rates and compensation for services rendered, water and light furnished such inhabitants in the amounts designated in a schedule annexed to said ordinance, and permitted no greater rates to be charged or collected. That said ordinance was enacted under authority of section 54 of article 3 of the special charter of Yuma, as amended, and of section 3 of article 15, state Constitution.
The ordinance in' question is clearly one regulating and fixing, until otherwise provided by law, the rates which public service corporations may charge and collect from the inhabitants of the city of Yuma for water, lights, and power, served and used in the city of Yuma. The ordinance is one directly regulating the private business transactions between the public utilities company and its patrons or customers, users of its water, light, and power. Consequently the matter here for inquiry is the source of the power of the municipality to regulate the relations of its inhabitants among themselves with regard to the services of public utilities companies.
The city of Yuma duly adopted a special charter, authorized by section 2 of article 13, state Constitution. Yuma, being a city of the population of 3,500 inhabitants or more, was permitted to “frame a charter for its own government, consistent with, and subject to, the Constitution and laws of the state. ...” Section 2, art. 13, State Constitution. When said charter is framed and has been adopted as specified in said section 2, an<j approved, the said section declares that “Upon such approval, said charter shall become the organic law of such city, and supersede any charter then existing (and all amendments thereto) and all ordinances inconsistent with said new charter.”
The city of Yuma duly adopted, as an amendment to its said special charter, the following provision, known as section 54 of article 3 of the charter:
“Sec. 54. To fix and determine by ordinance, rates or compensation to be charged and collected by any public utility corporation or person for the use of water, heat, light, power, telephone service, or other public utility supplied to the city or its inhabitants, and to prescribe the quality of service.”
The city depends exclusively upon this section of its special charter as authority for enacting Ordinance No. 150a setting forth a schedule of rates to be charged by appellant company for its service to the inhabitants of Yuma. In other words, the city of Yuma contends that said section 54 of article 3 of its charter, adopted as required by section 2 of article 13 of the state Constitution, places the city of Yuma within the proviso found in section 3 of article 15 of the state Constitution. Section 3 of article 15 grants to the Corporation Commission “full power to . . . prescribe just and reasonable classification to be used, and just and reasonable rates and charges to be made and collected, by public service corporations within the state for service rendered therein, and make reasonable rules, regulations, and orders, by which such corporations shall be governed in the transaction of business within the state: . . . Provided, that incorporated cities and towns may be authorized by law to exercise supervision over public service corporations doing business therein, including the regulation of rates and charges to be made and collected by such corporations.”
The authority to adopt a special charter, without any doubt, is legislative in its nature. The Constitution expressly delegates to the incorporated cities and towns of the state the power so to legislate, and expressly limits the power of such legislation to such matters as pertain to its own government consistent with' and subject to the Constitution and, the laws of the state. Section 2, art. 13, State Constitution. Clearly, the matters of regulation of rates collected and charged by public service corporations for services rendered inhabitants of any incorporated city or town are not matters pertaining to the cities’ own government, and section 54 of article 3 of the city charter is clearly inconsistent with section 3 of article 15, State Constitution. The city of Yuma had no authority of law to adopt a charter provision abrogating the powers of the Corporation Commission to fix rates and charges of public service corporations within the state. The legislative power of the state alone could.talce from the Corporation Commission the duty of fixing rates and give the right to the cities. State v. Tucson Gas etc. Co., 15 Ariz. 294, 138 Pac. 781. No pretense is made that the legislative power has attempted to authorize the incorporated cities to exercise the power of supervision over public service corporations. The words of the Constitution stating that a city of' 3,500 inhabitants or more “may frame a charter for its own government” mean that it may frame a charter for the government of itself as a city, which includes all that is necessary or incident to the government of a municipality, but not all the power that the state has for the protection of the rights and regulation of the duties of the inhabitants in the city as among themselves. See State ex rel. Garner v. M. & K. Tel. Co., 189 Mo. 83, 88 S. W. 41; Tacoma Gas & El. L. Co. v. City, 14 Wash. 288, 44 Pac. 655; section 63, 1 Dillon, Municipal Corporations, p. 114.
In State v. Tucson Gas etc. Co., 15 Ariz. 294, 297, 138 Pac. 781, 782, this court said:
“In the absence of legislation as contemplated by the proviso in section 3 (of article 15, Const.), the ‘full power’ is a general grant or investiture of plenary power in the [Corporation] Commission to prescribe classifications and fix rates and charges for all public service corporations in the state. By the proviso this full power and jurisdiction of the Corporation Commission to prescribe classifications- and fix rates and charges in incorporated cities and towns may be transferred to such municipal corporations, if ‘authorized by law’; that is to say, the Legislature may, in one case, exercise its power to restrict or limit the ‘full power’ and jurisdiction of the commission to prescribe classifications and fix rates and charges of public service corporations, and that case is particularly and definitely pointed out.”
This record does not point to a general law enacted by the legislative power of the state taking from the'Corporation Commission the power to regulate rates and charges of public service corporations and granting such power to incorporated cities and towns. It does point to an attempt made by the in eorporated city of Yuma to accept sucb power prior to its grant. Clearly, section 54 of article 3 of the Yuma charter, adopted by amendment, is void because in conflict with the Constitution of the state (section 3, article 15). Ordinance No. 150a is therefore inoperative for any purpose.
The judgment appealed from is reversed and the cause remanded, with instructions to overrule the city’s demurrer to the plaintiff’s complaint and render judgment for the plaintiff, with such restraining orders as are necessary in the premises to secure the rights of the parties in accordance with law.
ROSS and BAKER, JJ., concur.
|
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JOHN WILSON ROSS, J.
This is an appeal from a judgment rendered in the superior court of Yuma county, wherein the plaintiff is appellee here, and the Continental Securities Company is appellant. In the original complaint the Yuma National Bank is named as plaintiff, and the Yuma Electric & Water Company, H. W. Blaisdell and the Continental Securities Company are named as defendants. The same parties are plaintiff and defendant, respectively, in the amended complaint.
The amended complaint was filed on the twenty-fifth day of November, 1916, and shows an action brought to obtain judgment against the defendants Yuma Electric & Water Company and H. W. Blaisdell, for the sum of $1,300 upon a promissory note executed by the Yuma Electric & Water Company and indorsed by said Blaisdell, and to recover $550 ■attorney’s fees, and to enjoin the defendant Continental Securities Company from taking possession of a crop of oranges and grapefruit upon the land described in said amended complaint; and it was further alleged that the plaintiff had sued out a writ of replevin and caused the sheriff to take possession of said property, and that the same was retaken by the defendant Continental Securities Company.
To determine the sufficiency of plaintiff’s amended complaint and the demands therein made, herewith is inserted in full the following numbered paragraphs thereof, to wit;
“(2) That on February 15, 1916, the defendant Yuma Electric & Water ComparLy executed and delivered to the plaintiff its promissory note in writing, whereby it promised and agreed to pay to the plaintiff the sum of $1,600.00 with interest thereon at the rate of 10 per cent, per annum from date until paid, on demand; which said note was made payable according to its terms, at the option of the holder, at the rate of $100 weekly. ...
“(8) That to secure the payment of the principal sum and interest of said promissory note, and attorney’s fees as hereinafter set forth, according to its tenor and effect, the defendant H. W. Blaisdell mortgaged to the plaintiff the following described chattels and personal property belonging to him, the said Blaisdell, on the 15th day of February, 1916, by a good and sufficient instrument in writing, duly executed and delivered by the defendant Blaisdell to the plaintiff, and which said instrument was duly acknowledged and certified for record, and the said mortgagor and mortgagee duly made affidavit that said mortgage was bona fide and made without any design to defraud or delay creditors, which said affidavit was attached to said mortgage; and the same was duly and forthwith deposited and filed with the county recorder of Yuma county, state of Arizona, where the said chattels and personal property was then, and now is situate, and a minute of the said mortgage was duly made by said recorder in book kept by him for that purpose, to wit, Book 5 of Chattel Mortgages, p. 21. . . .
“(11) That the defendant Continental Securities Company has entered into possession of said Yuma Heights Fruit Farm, the land belonging to the defendant Blaisdell in said sections 28 and 33, and has unlawfully and without right taken possession of said mortgaged crop of fruit and is now in the possession of the same, and is picking and taking the same from the trees on said fruit-farm, and is engaged in shipping said mortgaged fruit out of the state of Arizona, to the great and irreparable injury of the plaintiff. . . .
“(13) That as plaintiff .is informed and believes, and therefore alleges, the defendants Yuma Electric & Water Company and H. W. Blaisdell are both insolvent, and unless the plaintiff can reduce said mortgaged crop to its possession and disposes of the same, and applies the proceeds to the satisfaction of said note and mortgage, the principal sum and interest due on said note will be a total loss and plaintiff will be irreparably injured. . . .
“(14) That through and by a clerical error and mistake of the draftsman who prepared said mortgage, and contrary to the intent and agreement of the parties thereto at the time the same was executed and delivered, the said mortgage was incorrectly and wrongly drafted and written by there being omitted therefrom, in the description of the mortgaged property, and immediately following the following phrase and words, to wit, ‘All the crops now grown and to be grown,’ the words, ‘during the season 1916’; when the true intent of the parties to said mortgage was that said portion thereof should read: ‘All the crop now growing and to be grown during the season of 1916 on what is known as the Yuma Heights Fruit Farm, near Yuma, Yuma county, state of Arizona; this crop consisting mainly of oranges, lemons, and grapefruit.’ And through and by the same cause the said mortgage was, contrary to the intent and agreement of the parties thereto, also incorrectly and wrongly drafted and written by inserting therein in the defeasance and mortgage clause thereof, a recital that the promissory note secured and the principal sum of which, in the sum of $1,600.00 was to be paid, had been executed by Yuma Electric & Water Company by and through H. W. Blaisdell, its president, and indorsed before delivery by said H. W. Blaisdell; and in justice and equity said mortgage should be reformed to conform to the true agreement and intent of the parties thereto. . . .
“ (15) That since the institution of this suit, plaintiff sued out a writ of replevin as an ancillary and provisional remedy herein, and caused the sheriff to take possession of said mortgaged property (which said property was then of the value of $2,000.00), whereupon the defendant, Continental Securities Company, retook possession thereof by means of a replevin bond as provided by law, with American Surety Company as its surety, as will more fully appear from the files of this case, whereby the said defendant Continental Securities Company and its said surety became obligated under the penalty of the sum of $4,000.00 to return and redeliver the possession of said mortgaged property to the plaintiff, if redelivery be adjudged; that the said Continental Securities has also already removed all of said mortgaged property out of the jurisdiction of this court, and so disposed of it as to render it impossible for plaintiff to enforce its lien thereon; and plaintiff will be compelled to, and does hereby elect to, take the assessed value of said mortgaged and replevined property, in lieu thereof, and will be compelled to take judgment against said Continental Securities Company and its surety, the American Surety Company.”
The defendant Continental Securities Company interposed special demurrers for misjoinder of parties defendant and for misjoinder of causes of action, all of which demurrers were by the court overruled. Judgment was entered by default on the sixteenth day of January, 1917, in favor of the plaintiff and against the defendants, Yuma Electric & Water Company and H. W. Blaisdell, for the sum of $1,369.00, and $400 attorney’s fees; and on the twenty-seventh day of February, 1917, after trial and findings of fact, judgment was made and entered in favor of plaintiff and against defendant Continental Securities Company and its surety, American Surety Company, of Néw York, for $1,582.72, with interest at the rate of 10 per cent per annum on $1,382.72.
The question to be determined in this case is: Is there a misjoinder of causes of action and a misjoinder of parties defendant in the amended complaint?
The amended complaint shows upon its face at least two causes of action joined in one complaint; these causes of action are incongruous, blended and commingled, yet that fact cannot cure the defect of misjoinder of parties defendant and misjoinder of causes of action. The cause of action on promissory note and foreclosure of chattel mortgage is an action arising in contract, and the cause of action in para graph 11 of said amended complaint against the Continental Securities Company is an action arising in tort. Replevin is also an action in tort. The Arizona Civil Code of 1913, paragraph 427, prohibits the joining of actions on contract and actions in tort. The law is positive in forbidding the misjoinder of causes of action. “A misjoinder of causes of action is a joinder of causes belonging to different classes, such as contract and tort.” 1 C. J. 1072. The rule is further laid down as to joinder of causes of action in the'following language :
“In order that causes of action against several defendants may be joined, they must affect all the defendants. Distinct causes of action against the defendants cannot be joined, although in favor of the same plaintiff; nor can a cause of action upon which defendants are jointly liable be joined with one upon which one of the defendants alone is liable. ” 1 C. J. 1072.
Where the Code classifies causes of action that may not be joined, such classification is binding upon the court.
In Mares v. Wormington et al., 8 N. D. 329, 79 N. W. 441, is found a case in point as to the misjoinder of causes of action. This case was brought for the sole purpose of foreclosing a seed lien upon a crop of wheat. The court permitted an amended complaint to be filed, in which it was alleged, as a second and new cause of action, that the defendant unlawfully converted the grain upon which plaintiff claimed to have a seed lien, and asked for a money judgment for damages for such alleged conversion. To the second cause of action as stated in the amended complaint, one of the defendants interposed a separate demurrer upon the grounds: (1) That there is a defect of parties defendant; (2) that several causes of action have been improperly united. The trial court overruled the demurrer. The court says:
“But the amended complaint was demurrable. It assumed to join in the complaint a cause of action for a tort with a purely equitable cause of action. The first count relates wholly to a seed lien and its foreclosure, while the' second alleges a tort pure and simple. These causes of action are not such as belong to the same class, and hence cannot be united in the same complaint. ’ ’
The special demurrers of .appellant Continental Securities Company should have been sustained, as the amended com plaint shows, upon its face, a misjoinder of causes of action as well as a misjoinder of parties defendant.
In view of the conclusions herein, it will not be necessary to determine the other points raised by the learned counsel in their briefs. The judgment of the lower court is reversed and this case is remanded, with directions that proceedings be had not inconsistent with this opinion.
HENRY D. ROSS, J., concurs.
|
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] |
PER CURIAM.
The appellant was convicted of the crime of “advertising and holding out to practice a system of healing the sick without license,” in the superior court of Maricopa county, and appeals. He has never lodged any brief or assignments of error in this court, nor’has he taken any other steps looking toward a furtherance of the appeal. Notwithstanding the apparent indifference of the appellant, we have carefully examined the record to see if any reversible error exists, but find pone.
The judgment of conviction is affirmed.
|
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CUNNINGHAM, C. J.
The oral testimony as taken by the court reporter at the trial was not made a part of the record, and was stricken on motion for the reasons that the appellant failed to notify the appellee of the filing of the reporter’s transcript with the clerk of the said court, and also because the said transcript did not remain on file for twenty days after filing, and also because the trial judge did not certify to the correctness of the transcript filed. Therefore such transcript became no part of the record in this court.
It follows that the record in this appeal consists of the judgment-roll only. The appellant suggests that, upon consideration of the said record, the matter 'of the admissions contained in the amended answer were sufficient to make out a case requiring submission to the jury, and the order refusing a new trial on the showing made by appellant on the grounds of newly discovered evidence, is open for review. Otherwise stated, the appellant contends that the admissions of fact contained in the amended answer are sufficient to constitute a prima facie case for plaintiff, and that the court abused its discretion in refusing a new trial on the showing made of newly discovered evidence.
If the defendant’s amerad answers contained admissions of facts on all issues v,-.ch are essential to the plaintiff’s recovery, and left no vital issue for trial, then one proper course of procedure was for the court to grant a motion' for judgment for plaintiff on the pleadings; or, if a jury-had been sworn before the.matter was called to the court’s attention, then the same results would follow from ,an order directing a verdict for the plaintiff. In either case, the admission in the answer must he admission of all the facts essential to a recovery by the plaintiff, and in legal effect no dispute of an essential fact must remain.
The plaintiff alleges, among other things, in paragraph IY as follows:
“On the 9th day of February, 1915, plaintiff being afflicted with incipient pulmonary tuberculosis, upon the representations made by defendant that it would carefully, properly, skillfully, and competently treat and care for him and furnish to him all things necessary, including careful, skillful, and competent physicians and surgeons and nurses to effect a cure; entered the sanitarium of defendant at Prescott, and in consideration of the sum of thirty dollars per week to defendant by plaintiff paid, the defendant undertook and asreed to and with plaintiff that it would furnish to him all things necessary and required to cure him of all diseases with which .he might be afflicted during all of the time he remained in said sanitarium, and particularly agreed to furnish careful, skillful, and competent physicians and surgeons and medical attention in the treatment and cure of all acute diseases plaintiff had or might develop during all the time he remained in said sanitarium.”
Under this contract, the plaintiff alleges that his physical health improved until September 10, 1915, when plaintiff began''to suffer intense pain, and the defendant negligently and carelessly refused to make a careful or proper or any diagnosis of plaintiff’s ease, although then and there requested and demanded by plaintiff so to do, but, without proper examination of plaintiff, stated “there was no malady affecting him, and that such pains would readily pass and cause no further annoyance to plaintiff.”
On October 10, 1915, the defendant called Dr*. H. T. South-worth, a careful, competent, and skilled physician and surgeon, for. his examination of plaintiff, but no examination then took place. On October 20, 1915, it seemed necessary to have a serious surgical operation performed on plaintiff to remove the vermiform appendix. Plaintiff advanced the necessary fees for that purpose. On said twentieth day of October, 1915, plaintiff was removed to a proper hospital, and on said date at said hospital the said surgical operation was performed by skillful and capable surgeons and their competent assistants; that such operation was a successful one in fact, and plaintiff’s physical condition improved until November 5, 1915, when the defendant began to administer to the plaintiff the “sun cure” as a proper remedy to cause the expeditious healing of the wound remaining from the said surgical operation.
The plaintiff continued to take the said sun cure treatment as administered by defendant from the said fifth day of November, 1915, to the twenty-ninth day of February, 1916, when the plaintiff left the defendant’s sanitarium and severed his relation with defendant and entered the Mercy Hospital ; that under the said sun cure treatment imposed by the defendant the plaintiff’s physical condition grew steadily worse, and plaintiff, from such treatment, suffered severe physical pain and injury to his health, and that said course of treatment was wholly improper, unscientific, and not reasonably adapted to plaintiff’s needs, which defendant ought to hare known. The plaintiff claims damages for his sufferings from September 10 to October 20, 1915, because the defendant failed to render.the proper treatment for his ailments, in violation of the contract; also, plaintiff claims other damages for injuries resulting to the plaintiff from the “sun cure” treatment administered to plaintiff improperly, and plaintiff claims a recovery of fees and expenses paid by him during the time of his relation with the defendant and p'r'oximately resulting from such relation.
The defendant, answering:
“Admits that on said date [9th day of February, 1915], defendant undertook to treat plaintiff in its usual manner for the said- disease. Denies that defendant ever undertook or agreed to and with plaintiff that it would furnish to him all things necessary and required to cure him of all diseases with which he might be afflicted during all of the time he remained in said sanitarium, and denies that it ever particularly agreed, or in any way agreed, to furnish any physicians and surgeons, and medical attention, in the treatment of all or any acute diseases that plaintiff had or might develop. Denies that it was the duty of defendant to furnish physicians and surgeons for the treatment of plaintiff for any affliction other than that of tuberculosis. Denies that defendant was negligent or careless in any respect toward plaintiff. Denies that defendant refused in any respect to give plaintiff the treatment and care requisite to him and to his case.”
The defendant further denies that it had any connection with the operation performed on plaintiff, and alleges that plaintiff employed Dr. Southworth and Dr. Looney to and they did perform such operation under their employment. The defendant denies that plaintiff suffered pain and mental anguish between September 10, 1915, and October 20, 1915, caused from any negligence or carelessness of defendant. The ‘ ‘ defendant alleges that plaintiff was' not suffering from acute appendicitis.” The -defendant “denies that it acted wrongfully or carelessly, and alleges that it gave every proper care and attention to plaintiff. . . . Defendant alleges that it gave plaintiff proper and careful medical treatment for his malady, to wit, tuberculosis, and defendant alleges that said Dr. Flinn carefully observed all symptoms of plaintiff, and called in to examine plaintiff, and to consult with Dr. Flinn, a competent surgeon, as soon as same became necessary. Defendant alleges that it gave plaintiff proper, careful, and skillful treatment in every respect whatsoever, and denies that plaintiff continued, to grow worse, and denies that he suffered and continued to suffer great physical pains and torments and mental anguish up to the time of said operation. ’ ’
The complaint and the answer are both open to be criticised because neither is a concise statement of the facts constituting the plaintiff’s cause of action or the defendant’s grounds of defense. The complaint is a prolix narrative of evidence, informing the court of the history of plaintiff’s afflictions and his relation with the defendant with regard thereto, and it does contain direct allegations of fact, interspersed in the narration of evidence, which, when segregated, amounts to setting forth the relation of patient and physician, and the duties and liabilities resulting therefrom, and a violation of such duties by the defendant as the plaintiff’s physician. The answer, in a number of ways, admits the relation of patient and physician, and denies the violation by it of the duties such relation imposes on the physician. The essence of plaintiff’s cause of action is the wrong done him by the defendant’s failure to discharge its duty owing plaintiff. Strange to say that, with the answer pregnant with a litter of negatives, as the plaintiff charges on this appeal, yet the defendant persisted to the end that it performed its legal duty to the plaintiff.
With such issues joined, the plaintiff could not recover until he produced evidence sustaining the material allegations of his complaint prima facie establishing defendant’s duty owing to plaintiff, and defendant’s failure to perform that duty. This burden the plaintiff has failed to sustain, as appeal’s from the judgment, and the admissions contained in the defendant’s answer did not dispense with the necessity of evidence of defendant’s failure to perform its duty to plaintiff. The directed verdict must be, by this court, presumed to be correct, in the absence of the oral testimony in the ease.
The other question, viz., whether the lower court erred in denying motion for a new trial on the showing made by appellant on the grounds of newly discovered evidence, remains to be noticed.
Paragraph 584, Civil Code of Arizona of 1913, is as follows:
“A verdict, decision or judgment may be vacated and a new trial granted, on motion'of the aggrieved party, for any of the following causes materially affecting his rights: . . . (4) Material evidence, newly discovered, which with reasonable diligence could not have been found and produced at the trial.”
The judgment entered recites that in disposing of defendant’s motion for a directed verdict:
“The court held that plaintiff had failed to establish a prima facie case, and that the jury should be directed to return a verdict in favor of the defendant and against the plaintiff. Whereupon, and under the direction of the court, the said jury duly returned into court its verdict finding the issues in said cause in favor of said defendant and against said plaintiff, which said verdict was duly recorded by the clerk,” etc.
The appellant, in his motion for a new trial, alleged that material evidence had been discovered since the trial. The evidence relied upon as material consists of a telegram dated October 20, 1915, from the president of defendant corporation to a Dr. Frederick Epplen, and two letters written by the said president to the said doctor. The telegram is a report to the doctor on the operation, necessity for the operation, and condition of the patient, the plaintiff, at the time the telegram was sent. The letter first in order confirms the telegram and reports the patient’s condition more in detail. Such letter closes with the statement:
“I thought it better to advise you by wire, as I did not have the address of his relatives, and I wished you and them to know of his quite serious condition. I will write you soon again regarding the progress of the case.”
The second letter is dated October 28, 1915, and is another report of plaintiff’s condition at the time. The letter refers to certain charts also, sent to Dr. Epplen as giving further information of plaintiff’s condition at that date. The said telegram and letters, appellant claims, contain statements contradicting other statements made by Dr. Flinn to plaintiff, and for such reason the evidence is material.
It is too clear for argument that, whenever the court directed a verdict for the defendant because the plaintiff failed to produce evidence sufficient to establish a prima facie case, evidence newly discovered, to become material, must be of a nature to supply the necessary facts absent from the record, which facts were necessary to make a prima facie case, and evidence newly discovered which establishes in the most conclusive manner possible that the defendant has made contradictory, inconsistent and purposely false statements, is not material, but, on its face, becomes evidence of immaterial matters. The kind of evidence plaintiff must have discovered, to be of benefit, should have been evidence of facts supporting his complaint as tending to establish his alleged cause of action. He could not overcome the absence of facts necessary to his recovery by proving conclusively that defendant and its president were unworthy of belief.
The trial court committed no error in refusing a new trial upon the grounds of newly discovered evidence. The evidence discovered would be immaterial if offered on the trial, where, as here, the plaintiff’s evidence failed.
We have carefully examined the judgment-roll for fundamental error, and finding no reversible error, the judgment must be affirmed.
ROSS and BAKER, JJ., concur.
|
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] |
BAKER, J.
(After Stating the Facts as Above). — The defendant contends that the complaint does not state facts sufficient to constitute a cause of action, and therefore it was error to overrule the demurrer. This claim is predicated upon the proposition that the publication was not libelous per se. For the purpose of determining the question, all matters well pleaded must be taken as admitted, and hence in this case it must be held that the demurrer admits that the plaintiff was the adjutant-general of the state, and that the statements contained in the published article with respect to him were false and were published maliciously.
Defamatory publications of an officer with respect to his office are actionable per se, if untrue. 13 Am. & Eng. Ency. of Law, pp. 355, 356, and notes on same at pages 357-360; Townsend on Slander and Libel, pp. 221, 223, 232 et seq.; Newell on Slander and Libel, pp. 176-178; Belo v. Fuller, 84 Tex. 450, 31 Am. St. Rep. 75, 19 S. W. 616; Houston Printing Co. v. Moulden, 15 Tex. Civ. App. 574, 41 S. W. 381; Jarman v. Rea, 137 Cal. 339, 70 Pac. 216.
“Sedition” has been defined to be:
“The raising of commotions and disturbances in the state; it is a revolt against legitimate authority.” 3 Bouvier’s Law Dictionary, p. 3033 (Sedition).
. The rule is well settled that the words in the publication are to be construed according to their ordinary meaning, and as it is believed they would be understood by those who read them, considered in the light of the connection in which they are used, and the subject matter of the article. 25 Cyc. 355; 13 Am. & Eng. Ency. of Law, pp. 347-353.
It is not necessary that the publication, to be actionable, should make a charge in direct or express terms:
“To maintain an action for libel or slander it is not necessary that the charge should be direct and positive; the imputation may be inferred from an indirect communication, as where defendant ‘expresses a suspicion, or institutes a comparison, or delivers the words as matter of hearsay ... or answer, or exclamation, or uses disjunctive or adjective words, or speaks ironically.’ Insinuations may be as defamatory as direct' assertions, since the effect and tendency of the language used, and not the form, is the criterion.” 25 Cyc. 360.
Having regard to these general principles of the law of libel, we are of the opinion that the language used in the publication is fairly susceptible of a construction which renders it libelous per se, and that it would be so understood by readers generally. The last sentence of the publication, “ . . . but it is reported that the demand for the resignation was precipitated by certain reports made by Colonel Harris regarding strike situations, which reports have been characterized as ‘seditious,’ ” is to our minds equivalent to the assertion that Colonel Harris had made reports which were seditious, and was, in effect, a charge against him of sedition. The imputation of crime is unmistakable in1’ the language, and it seems altogether unreasoáable to say that the expression conveys only an innocent meaning. There can be no doubt but that, had the charge been presented in a direct form, the article would have been libelous, and it is none the less libelous because the charge is stated in a form indirect or oblique.
“ ... A defamatory article which would be libelous per se if its matter was directly stated does not lose its quality in this regard because it is couched in the form of an interview with another person, or because it seeks to avoid its otherwise obvious character as a libel per se by the statement that it is reported or asserted or believed to be true.” Waite v. San Fernando Pub. Co. (Cal.), 173 Pac. 591.
See Gilman v. McClatchy, 111 Cal. 606, 44 Pac. 241; Edwards v. San Jose Printing & Pub. Soc. et al., 99 Cal. 431, 37 Am. St. Rep. 70, 34 Pac. 128; Wilson v. Fitch, 41 Cal. 363.
In Edwards v. San Jose Printing & Pub. Soc. et al., supra, the following language was held libelous per se:
“It is also reported that Edwards is to have charge of the sack. ’ ’
In Lundin v. Post Publishing Co., 217 Mass. 213, 52 L. R. A. (N. S.) 207, 104 N. E. 480, the supreme court of Massachusetts said:
“The mere fact that the charge against the plaintiff was not made by direct averment, but only by saying that such an allegation had been made, was not material; for the statement of unfounded charges is none the less actionable that it is made only by way of repeating them as having’ been made by others. ’ ’
In Houston Chronicle Pub. Co. v. Wegner (Tex. Civ. App.), 182 S. W. 45, the court of civil appeals of Texas said:
“Nor does the fact that the false charge or statement made in said Chronicle simply purports to be a statement or charge made by another or other person, and that the Chronicle only so gave it, and that it neither .itself asserted such charge to be true nor vouched for the truth thereof, relieve such statement of its libelous character. ...”
To say that the adjutant-general of the state had made seditious reports is to charge him with the raising of commotions and disturbances in the state, and with being a destroyer of public tranquillity — guilty of acts tending to the breach of public order and safety. The natural tendency of such a charge is to hold such officer up to hatred, scorn and contempt, and to beget an evil opinion of him in the minds of all right-thinking persons. An adjutant-general who makes seditious reports can neither be a loyal citizen nor a fit person to hold any office of trust or responsibility.
A copy of the libelous matter is set out in the complaint, and it is alleged that such matter was false and was maliciously published, and that the publication injured and damaged the character and reputation of the plaintiff. The complaint therefore states a cause of action, and the demurrer was properly overruled.
The innuendo set forth in the complaint was unnecessary, and may be disregarded, as surplusage. There can be no doubt that, when a slander or libel is couched in language having a covert meaning not apparent upon its face, it is necessary for a plaintiff not only to allegó and prove the slanderous or libelous sense in which the words were used, but also that they .were understood in the same sense by those to whom they were addressed. Maynard v. Insurance Co., 34 Cal. 48, 91 Am. Dec. 672; Andrews v. Woodmansee, 15 Wend. (N. Y.) 232. But we are of the opinion that the present case does not fall within this rule. The language of the article is not obscure, and does not stand in need of an explanation. The common understanding of mankind will take hold of the published words, and at once, without difficulty or doubt, apply a libelous meaning to them. In such a case an innuendo is not needed. 25 Cyc. 436; Johnston v. Morrison, 3 Ariz. 109, 21 Pac. 465.
For this publication the plaintiff had a right of action against the defendant for damages, unless it was true, or unless it was privileged. The undisputed evidence in the ease establishes that the charge of sedition was absolutely false. Indeed, as we understand the record, the defendant makes no claim that Colonel Harris did in fact make any seditious reports to the Governor, but it is contended that the public at large was interested in the subject matter of the publication, and that the publication was made in good faith, without malice and from laudable motives, and was therefore qualifiedly privileged. This. contention cannot be sustained. It appears from the evidence that at the time of the publication, and for some time prior thereto, it was generally known and understood by the public at large that the Governor of the state desired the vacation by the plaintiff of the office of adjutant-general, and had requested, or was about to request, the plaintiff to resign the same. There appears to have been a controversy between the Governor and the plaintiff as to the legal tenure of the office of adjutant-general, and 'as to the power of the Governor to remove the plaintiff from that office with or without cause, and to appoint a successor to the plaintiff, all of 'which it is claimed was involved in and constituted a public official proceeding, in which the public was concerned and of which the public generally had the right and desire to be promptly, impartially, and accurately informed. The immediate occasion for the publication of the article in question arose out of an interview between the Governor’s secretary and the editor of the defendant newspaper. The account of this interview, as given by the editor of the paper, is as follows:
“Q. From whom did you get your information? A. Mr. Malcolm Frazier, Governor Campbell’s secretary.
“Q. You knew that Mr. Frazier was secretary of the Governor? A. Yes.
“Q. And there was a statement made to you? A. Mr. Frazier brought the letter to the Republican office one Saturday evening.
“Q. What letter was that? A. The letter requesting the resignation of the adjutant general.
“Q. Then you may state what was said about it. A. The letter, I believe, gives his reasons for asking the resignation, the fact that the National Guard was about to be merged into the federal army, and that there would then be no need for the services of an adjutant general. I asked Mr. Frazier what was back of it; that didn’t seem to be a sufficient reason for vacating the office; and he told me that the request had been precipitated by certain statements and reports that Col. Harris had made regarding the strike situation, and, I think, on account of a letter with reference to the police reserves, and Mr. Frazier said that those reports and statements were seditious. He didn’t quote me the nature of the reports and statements.”
It is unquestionably the right of the press to freely discuss, criticise, or comment fairly upon the acts or omissions of a public officer of the county, state or nation, but it is not permitted, under the guise of criticising official acts, to maliciously defame the character of the officer. The general rule relating to public criticism of public officers is briefly stated as follows:
“The official acts of public officers may lawfully be made the subject of fair comment and criticism, not only by the press, but by members of the public, but the prevailing rule is that charges importing a criminal offense or moral delinquency to a public officer, cannot, if false, be privileged, though made in good faith, and this though the charge relates to acts of the officer in the discharge of his official duties” 18 Am. & Eng. Ency. of Law, 2d ed., p. 1041; Bee Publishing Co. v. Shields, 68 Neb. 750, 94 N. W. 1029, 99 N. W. 822.
The supreme court of Pennsylvania, in the case of Neeb v. Hope, 111 Pa. 145, 2 Atl. 568, says:
“An occasion of privilege will not justify false and groundless imputations of wicked motives or of crime. The conduct of public officers is open to public criticism, and it is for the interest of society that their acts may be freely published with fitting comments or strictures. But a line must be drawn between hostile criticism upon public conduct and the imputation of bad motives or of criminal offenses, where such motives or offenses cannot be justly and reasonably inferred from the conduct.”
It is the truth when published, and not falsehood, that is privileged. In the case of Belknap v. Ball, 83 Mich. 583, 21 Am. St. Rep. 622, 11 L. R. A. 72, 47 N. W. 674, it is said:
“Publications of falsehoods are never privileged. No public interest can be subserved by their publication and circulation. If statements, though false, are published in good faith, and with an honest belief of their truth, the damages may be reduced to a minimum. No other rule will properly protect the freedom of the press and the rights of individuals.”
Publishers of newspapers have no more right to'give currency to false charges than other persons. They have no peculiar rights or privileges in this respect. Sheckell v. Jackson, 10 Cush. (Mass.) 25, 26; Burt v. Advertiser Newspaper Co., 154 Mass. 238, 13 L. R. A. 97, 28 N. E. 1.
But it is argued that a public officer stands in the. same position as a candidate for public office, and that no recovery can be had by a candidate for a public office for a publication however false, if such publication be made honestly, in good faith, and without express malice. It must be conceded that there are two radically diverging views of the law of privilege or criticism as applied to a candidate for office. In some jurisdictions it is held that all matters, true or false, having a bearing on the fitness of a candidate, may be published without liability, if it be shown that they were published without malice, in good faith, and in the honest belief that the facts were true. The case cited by counsel for the defendant (Briggs v. Garrett, 111 Pa. 404, 56 Am. Rep. 274, 2 Atl. 513), is sometimes quoted to sustain this doctrine. See, also, Coleman v. McLennan, 78 Kan. 711, 130 Am. St. Rep. 390, 20 L. R. A. (N. S.) 361, 98 Pac. 281. But it seems to us that the better view, supported by the better reasons,' and the greater weight of authority, is that published false statements about a candidate for public office are not privileged. 25 Cyc. 402, 405, and notes; Newell on Slander and Libel, 3d ed., pars. 633, 636; Post Publishing Co. v. Hallam, 59 Fed. 530, 8 C. C. A. 201; Donahue v. Star Publishing Co., 4 Penne. (Del.) 166, 55 Atl. 337; Jones v. Townsend’s Admx., 21 Fla. 431, 58 Am. Rep. 676; Bronson v. Bruce, 59 Mich. 467, 60 Am. Rep. 307, 26 N. W. 671; Upton v. Hume, 24 Or. 420, 41 Am. St. Rep. 863, 21 L. R. A. 493, 33 Pac. 810; Forke v. Homann, 14 Tex. Civ. App. 670, 39 S. W. 210.
The plea of privileged publication cannot prevail ip this ease for another reason. The authorities all agree that proof of actual malice on the part of the publisher of a libelous article prevents the publication from being privileged. This rule of law applies equally to one occupying a public office as well as to a candidate for such office. 17 R. C. L. 342, and cases cited; 25 Cyc. 411, and note; Sweeney v. Baker, 13 W. Va. 158, 31 Am. Rep. 757; San Antonio Light Publishing Co. v. Lewy, 52 Tex. Civ. App. 35, 113 S. W. 574; Hamilton v. Eno, 81 N. Y. 116; Martin v. Paine, 69 Minn. 482, 72 N. W. 450; Atwater v. Morning News Co., 67 Conn. 504, 34 Atl. 865; Myers v. Longstaff, 14 S. D. 98, 84 N. W. 233.
There is evidence in the record tending to prove that the defendant newspaper upon another occasion charged the plaintiff in its columns with having made seditious reports. The editor of the newspaper testified substantially that he knew that the Governor’s secretary, with whom he held the interview, was unfriendly to the plaintiff, and that in* realized that the publication of the article would injure and damage the plaintiff. He further testified that he endeavored to communicate with the plaintiff over the phone for the purpose of getting a statement from him before publishing the article, and failed, but that any statement that the plaintiff might have made would not have changed the article, and-that he was determined to print it the next morning as a matter of news, and that the newspaper would not have retracted the article if the plaintiff had requested that it be done. These facts afforded a sufficient basis from which the jury was authorized to draw an inference of malice.
The court charged the jury to the effect:
“ ... If the jury believe from the evidence that the alleged libel was published by the defendant, as charged in the complaint, then the plaintiff is entitled to recover. ’ ’
It is claimed that this instruction was error, because it withdrew from the jury any consideration of whether the article was or was not libelous and whether the statements in the article were true or not. We have held, and do hold, that the language of the publication was of itself defamatory, and therefore it was the province and duty of the trial judge to so instruct the jury. 25 Cyc. 542; Tonini v. Cevasco, 114 Cal. 266, 46 Pac. 103; Van Vactor v. Walkup, 46 Cal. 124. Nor do we think that the charge withdrew from the jury the consideration whether or not the matter contained in the publication was false. The complaint alleged that the defamatory matter published was false and untrue, and we think the words “as charged in the complaint,” contained in the instruction, fairly conveyed to the minds of the jury that they were to pass upon the question, whether the matter published was true or false. Furthermore, in another instruction, the, judge informed the jury that in any action for libel it is always a good and sufficient defense to show that the statements alleged to be libelous are true, and in yet another instruction the jury were told that, “if the defendant falsely charged the plaintiff,” etc. If the defendant desired a fuller or more specific instruction upon the issue, it should have requested the court to give one more specific, definite, and certain. 38 Cyc., pp. 1694, 1695.
A further complaint is made that the instruction just quoted conflicts with another instruction whereby the court submitted to the júry the determination of the meaning of thfe publication. It was error to give the last instruction, but such error was not prejudicial to the defendant. If the verdict had been for the defendant, the plaintiff might have complained of the instruction, but,, the verdict being for the plaintiff, the defendant cannot complain, unless it is true that the language of the publication is not defamatory, a proposition that cannot he sustained, as we have already held. 25 Cyc. 543, and note; Tonini v. Cevasco, supra.
It is argued by the defendant that the verdict of the jury was contrary to the laiv, in so far as it undertook to assess punitive damages against the defendant for being actuated by express malice in making the publication complained of. We have already pointed out evidence in the record from which the jury might reasonably have concluded that the publication was prompted by actual malice. From that evidence alone the jury was authorized to find punitiv'e damages against the defendant. In addition to this evidence, it appears from the testimony that the publication was made without any reasonable inquiry as to its truth, and that had such inquiry beén made, the falsity of the same would have been disclosed. The jury might well have concluded that the publication was recklessly made, without legal justification or excuse, and in a-spirit of wanton disregard to tjie rights of plaintiff. Under the circumstances the jury was authorized to infer malice from the publications Cotulla v. Kerr, 74 Tex. 89, 15 Am. St. Rep. 819, 11 S. W. 1058; Forke v. Homann, supra; Mayo v. Goldman, 57 Tex. Civ. App. 475, 122 S. W. 449; Ellis v. Garrison (Tex. Civ. App.), 174 S. W. 962; Houston Chronicle Pub. Co. v. McDavid (Tex. Civ. App.), 157 S. W. 224; Reid v. Sun Publishing Co., 158 Ky. 727, 166 S. W. 245.
In Courier-Journal Co. v. Sallee, 104 Ky. 335, 47 S. W. 226, the court said:
“If, as a matter of fact, the words published were false, and tended to the injury of the plaintiff, and were published recklessly, even without special ill will, the defendant is equally guilty, and punitive damages may be recovered.”
The defendant insists that the verdict is plainly the result of prejudice and passion, and is excessive. So many considerations enter into the awarding of damages by a jury in a libel case that the courts approach the question of the excessiveness of a verdict in such cases with great reluctance. The question of damages for a tort, especially in a case of libel or slander, is peculiarly within the province of the jury, and unless the damages are so unconscionable as to impress the court with its injustice, and thereby induce the court to believe that the jury were actuated by passion, prejudice or partiality, it rarely interferes with the verdict. It is not for us to say that, had we been assessing the damages, we would have given a less amount. It is the judgment of the jury, and not the judgment of the court, which is to assess the damages in actions for personal torts and injuries. In our opinion, this is a ease in which the jury were clearly justified in giving both compensatory and punitive damages, under well-settled principles of law, and, considering the character of the plaintiff, the office which he held, the large circulation of the defendant’s paper, and the treasonable nature of the charge, and considering also the fact that at the time of the publication the United States government was at war with the Imperial Government of Germany, and that a charge of sedition at such a time would probably result in greater damage to the plaintiff than if made in time of peace, we do not feel that we would be justified in setting aside the-verdict on the ground of its being excessive.
No serious or reversible error appearing in the record, the judgment is affirmed.
CUNNINGHAM, C. J., and BOSS, J., concur.
The question of privilege as affected by extent of publication of libel and slander is discussed in notes in 20 L. R. A. (N. S.) 361 and L. R. A. 1915E, 131.
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PATTEE, Superior Judge.
This is an action to recover damages for breach of a contract of employment as a schoolteacher. The complaint alleges that on the nineteenth day of April, 1916, the plaintiff entered into a written contract with the board of trustees of school district No. 2, by the terms of which he was employed as a school-teacher for the period of eight months; that in the month of September, 1916, he entered upon the performance of his duties pursuant to the contract, and continued in such performance until the twenty-eighth day of December, 1916, when he was notified that he was discharged, and that his services would cease on the second day of January, 1917. The wrongfulness of the discharge and the willingness and ability of the plaintiff to perform the services provided in the contract are alleged, and judgment is prayed for the amount of the stipulated salary for the remainder of the term of the contract as damages, less certain sums earned during the remainder of the term.
In its answer the defendant denied the making of the contract alleged, and also pleaded certain matters claimed to justify the discharge of the appellant; but, as these latter matters were never reached in the consideration of the ease in the court below, they require no consideration here.
Prom the evidence it appears that at the time of the making of the alleged contract the board of trustees of the defendant school district were one Lewis, who was also clerk of the board, one Anderson and one Hall. Hall removed from the school district about the time of the making of the alleged contract, probably shortly after, and it is claimed that he thereby vacated his office as trustee. But it does not appear that he had any knowledge of the making of any contract with the appellant, or took any part in the negotiations that led up to the appellant’s entry upon his duties as teacher. Prior to the signing of the written instrument claimed to constitute the contract, two of the trustees; Lewis and Anderson, had some informal conversations, in which the subject of employing a male teacher for the ensuing school year was discussed, and later in an informal conversation between Lewis and Anderson it was in effect determined to employ the appellant. This determination was communicated to the appellant, who thereupon prepared a form of contract and presented it to Lewis, and the form of contract as presented was signed by Lewis and by the appellant. It was then delivered to the appellant, in order that he might procure the signature of Anderson. Appellant then went to the residence of Anderson for that purpose, but, not finding him, returned to Lewis and delivered to him the instrument in question as it then was, signed by the appellant and Lewis only. The instrument as delivered to Lewis was denominated a teacher’s contract. In form it contained an agreement on the part of the appellant to teach the public school of the appellee for a term of not less than eight months, commencing on the second Monday in September, 1916, and to well and faithfully perform the duties of teacher in said school. In consideration of such service, according to the form of the contract, the trustees in behalf of the school district agreed to pay the appellant the sum of ninety, dollars per school month in the manner prescribed by law. The instrument also contains this provision :
“In case said Prank O. Hermanee proves unsatisfactory as instructor, the board, upon the sanction of a competent judge, reserves the right to dismiss upon fifteen days’ notice the said Prank O. Hermanee.”
This latter provision seems, from the evidence, to have been inserted by the appellant prior to the signing of the instrument by himself and Lewis.
Nothing further was done in the way of signing this instrument, nor does it appear to have been approved at any formal meeting of the board of trustees. Nevertheless, during the month of September, 1916, the appellant entered upon the performance of the duties of teacher in the appellee’s public school, and continued to teach until the twenty-eighth day of December, 1916, at which time he was notified that he was discharged as teacher, and that his services. would terminate on the second day of January, 1917. During the time appellant acted as teacher he was regularly paid a monthly salary at the rate provided in the written instrument ; orders or vouchers for his compensation being signed by Lewis and Anderson, or by Anderson and one Hinkle, who had become a member of the board of trustees. During the time that appellant was engaged in teaching the school, Lewis, one of the trustees and the clerk of the board, removed from the district, and thereupon delivered to the appellant the books and papers of the district, including the instrument sued upon as a contract, and appellant thereupon delivered them to Anderson. This occurred some time before the differences arose which led to the discharge of appellant, and thereafter he was paid as before stated; orders for his monthly salary being signed by Anderson and another trustee.
At the trial the appellant, after introducing evidence tending to prove the facts before stated, offered in evidence the written instrument claimed to constitute the contract sued upon. Upon objection that the instrument upon its face did not constitute a contract of the school district, being executed by but one of the trustees, the trial court excluded the instrument, holding as a matter of law that the instrument did not constitute such a contract upon its face, and that the evidence was insufficient to show a ratification of the alleged contract. A verdict was thereupon directed for the appellant for the sum of $80.85, being a balance claimed to be due for salary during the time that the appellant was actually engaged in teaching. Prom the judgment upon the verdict, and from an order denying his motion for-a new trial, the plaintiff appeals to this court.
The powers and duties of trustees of school districts are prescribed by paragraph 2733, Revised Statutes of Arizona of 1913. By that statute the entire management and control of the affairs of a school district, with some exceptions not here important, are vested in the board of trustees. Subdivision 8 of this paragraph authorizes the board of trustees “to employ, under written contract, all employees of the schools. Boards of trustees may, at any time after the annual school election and qualification of new members of the school board, enter into contracts with teachers, principals, janitors, attendance officers, school physician and such other employees as are necessary for the succeeding year, and fix their salaries.”
By this statute teachers are classified as employees, and it is conceded that the effect oi this provision is to provide for the employment of teachers by written contract. The statute is silent as to the manner in which such contract shall be executed. Subdivision 1 provides that it shall be the duty of the trustees to meet on the first Saturday in April after the school election and organize, by electing from their number a president and a clerk. No other provision is made respecting meetings of the board or the manner in which the business shall be transacted. This statute,' in connection with subdivision 2 of paragraph 5552, Revised Statutes of 1913, authorizes any two members of the board of trustees to transact business. Schuerman v. Territory, 7 Ariz. 62, 60 Pac. 895. In the absence of statutory requirement that the employment of teachers shall be done only at a meeting of the board, or that the board shall transact official business only at a general or special meeting regularly convened, it is not necessary that formal meetings be held, or the business of employing teachers transacted at such meetings. School Dist. No. 25 v. Stone, 14 Colo. App. 211, 59 Pac. 885.
In the absence of some showing that the board of trustees in this case had authorized the contract to be executed by one of their number, it may be conceded that the contract is irregular and unenforceable, because signed by only one member of the board. Tbe question is whether such contract may be and has been ratified by the acts and conduct of the members of the board, so as to make it binding upon the school district.
The general rule is that a contract which is within the scope of the powers of a municipal corporation or public body, but which, owing to some irregularity, is not binding upon the corporation or body, may be ratified. 1 Elliott on Contracts, §612.
Ratification may take place, though the statute requires the contract to be in writing. North River Electric Light & Power Co. v. City of New York, 48 App. Div. 14, 62 N. Y. 726.
In this case the evidence shows that there was an actual employment of the plaintiff as teacher, though such employment was made in informal conversations between two members of the board. The insufficiency of the contract consists simply in its not being signed by two members of the board. Contracts subject to similar or equally serious objections have in many cases been held subject to ratification, and to have been ratified by the acts and conduct of the governing body of the school district.
In School District No. 47 v. Goodwin, 81 Ark. 143, 98 S. W. 696, the written contract of employment of a teacher was signed by only two directors; the other declining to sign it. The nonassenting director was secretary of the board and drew warrants in favor of the teacher for two months’ salary. Although he refused to sign the contract or warrants, the same were signed by the other members of the board, and the teacher continued to perform the duties of her employment without objection. It was held that the contract had been ratified by the conduct of the school board.
A statute of Oregon governing the conduct of school trustees expressly provided that the duties of that body must be performed at a regular or special meeting and must be made a matter of record; that the consent of individual members, when not in session, is not the act of the board and is not binding upon the district; and that the directors when employing teachers shall enter into a written contract with them, to which contract the assent of both parties must be given in writing. In an action brought by a teacher to recover upon a contract signed by only two of the school dircc tors and the plaintiff and not entered into at a regular or special meeting of the board, the court said:
“School boards are not unlike the governing boards of other municipalities and corporations, and may by their subsequent acts so adopt or ratify contracts within the scope of their powers, informally entered into or executed, that the districts for which they act will be estopped to deny their validity.” Graham v. School Dist. No. 69, 33 Or. 263, 54 Pac. 185.
And it was held that, by permitting the teacher to enter upon the performance of the contract and paying the stipulated salary without objection for several months, the contract — though irregularly entered into and insufficiently executed — had been ratified and was binding upon the school district.
In Crane v. Bennington School District, 61 Mich. 299, 28 N. W. 105, it is said:
“When it was admitted without any dispute that the plaintiff taught under this contract for ten weeks, with the sanction and consent of the officers, and that orders were drawn by the proper officers for his pay as such teacher, and cashed by the assessor, who did not sign the contract, without any objection, it became entirely immaterial what the book of records showed, or whether there was any corporate action in hiring him or authorizing the contract. The defendant must be held not only estopped by the action of its officers from questioning the .validity of the, contract, but treated as having fully ratified and confirmed it. . . . It was not necessary that there should be a direct proceeding with an express intent to ratify. ‘It may be done indirectly, and by acts of recognition or acquiescence, or acts inconsistent with repudiation or disapproval.’ ... It was not necessary that these three officers should formally meet together, pass a resolution confirming the contract, and record it, in order to ratify the action of the moderator and director in hiring the plaintiff and executing the contract sued upon: Their acts, in drawing and paying the orders without any demurrer or protest, was a sufficient recognition and approval of the contract.”
To the same effect are the following additional authorities: Jones v. School District, 7 Kan. App. 372, 51 Pac. 927; Dennison v. Inhabitants of Vinalhaven, 100 Me. 136, 60 Atl. 798; Chalmers v. School District, 170 Mich. 250, 136 N. W. 386; Sullivan v. School District, 39 Kan. 347, 18 Pac. 287.
It is urged, however, that there can he no ratification of an unauthorized or irregular contract without full knowledge, on the part of the party alleged to have ratified, of all the insufficiencies or irregularities in the contract. This is true as a general proposition, but it does not affect the question in cases where the officers of a body like a school district are bound to know the facts relating to the insufficiency or irregularity. The evidence in this case shows that one of the trustees, Lewis, was fully advised of the condition of the contract; he having signed it. The instrument itself, from the time of the signing by Lewis and the plaintiff, remained with the clerk of the board of trustees, its proper custodian. The other trustee, Anderson, had concurred in the employment of the plaintiff and had directed Lewis to employ him. Anderson presumably knew that the statute required that the contract of employment must be in writing. He knew that, as a matter of fact, the plaintiff entered upon his duties as a teacher and taught the school for several months. He had signed orders for the payment of the monthly salary of the teacher, first with Lewis, and afterward in conjunction with another trustee, without objection or suggestion that there'was any irregularity or defect in the contract of employment. In November, at a time when the plaintiff was still engaged in performing his duties as teacher, the books and records of the district, including the instrument asserted to be a contract, were delivered to him (Anderson), and thereafter remained in his possession. He testifies that he does not recall whether he read the contract; but he could have done so at any time, and he knew, of course, that he had not signed it. In this situation the salutary rule stated by the supreme court of Michigan has full application: .
“It further appeared affirmatively that the officer not signing the contract knew that plaintiff was teaching, and not only made no objection, but -concurred in paying the money that was paid. It is the business of school districts to keep up public schools, and it is the duty of the officers to provide teachers, and to make contracts with them. It is their duty to know under what conditions a teacher, whom they know to be teaching, claims to act." Holloway v. Ogden School Dist., 62 Mich. 153, 28 N. W. 764.
This rule, calculated to prevent inattention and carelessness on the part of school trustees, must govern in this case. Upon the undisputed evidence in this case, it must he held that the contract, though irregularly executed, had been fully ratified by the school district, and it was error to exclude it.
At the argument it was suggested that there was a variance between the allegations of the complaint and the proof, in that the complaint alleged a written contract as of the date when the defective instrument was executed. But it is well settled that ratification extends back to the inception of the contract and makes it valid from the beginning. A ratified contract takes effect from its inception, and may therefore properly be declared upon as if originally valid.
In view of another trial, "it may be stated that the provision in the contract relating to the right to dismiss a teacher upon fifteen days’ notice, containing the apparently meaningless expression, “upon the sanction of a competent judge,” applies only to the particular manner of discharge therein provided, and does not prevent the discharge of the teacher for good chuse.
Judgment reversed and cause remanded, with directions to grant a new trial.
CUNNINGHAM, C. J., and ROSS, J., concur.
Note. — Judge BAKER, being disqualified to sit as judge in the above case, took no part in the decision thereof.
|
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ROSS, J.
This is a companion case to Bone v. Highway Commission (just decided), ante, p. 587, 185 Pac. 131, and has for its object the restraining of the board of supervisors of Maricopa county and the highway commission of Maricopa county from entering into a plan or scheme they have formulated, whereby the commission proposes to advance to the board the sum of $40,000, to be used by the board to purchase a rock-crushing plant to manufacture rock to be by them turned over to the highway commission at cost, and to be used by the commission in its program of highway construction. More in detail, it appears from the pleadings that the commission has in its possession $4,000,000 which it is authorized to spend in road construction in Maricopa county. This large sum was voted by the electors and taxpayers of the county upon the proposal submitted to them that it would be sufficient to construct and improve some 278 miles of highway described in the proposal. The effort is to make the money do the work. The scheme evolved by the commission is one thought to be in the interest of economy, and was devised solely for the purpose of securing the most possible road construction with the funds voted for road building. This is apparent from the pleadings upon which the question is submitted, as also from the arguments and briefs of counsel. It is stated that the crushed rock entering into the program of road construction alone will cost $500,000. The plan or scheme as stated by counsel for the highway commission is as follows:
“In its advertisement for bids the commission states that it will pay the contractor for the crushed rock furnished by him in the following manner: That is to say, by paying $40,000 at the time of entering into the contract, and then the balance after $40,000 worth of said crushed rock shall have been delivered to and accepted by the commission, cash on delivery. The highway commission and the board of supervisors of Maricopa county have a mutual understanding and agreement to the effect that said board of supervisors will put in a bid in response to said advertisement to furnish said crushed rock to the highway commission, said board of supervisors to name a sum certain per unit of measurement as its bid, but to make said bids so low as to pay only for the cost of production. It is admitted by both parties to the above-entitled cause that the board of supervisors, owing to the fact that it will not seek to make a profit, will be the lowest responsible bidder. In the event. that the board of supervisors is the lowest responsible bidder for furnishing this crushed rock, then upon the contract being entered into and satisfactory security being given by said board, the highway commission will pay the said board the sum of $40,000, as a part payment of the purchase price of the crushed rock to be furnished under the contract. This sum the board of supervisors will use, in purchasing and installing proper rock-crushing machinery to enable the said board to fulfill its contract.”
It is the contention of appellant that the board of supervisors has no power or authority in law to bid or contract for the crushing and furnishing of the rock needed,. pr to purchase a rock-crushing plant to be used for that purpose. Looking into the provisions of chapter 31, Laws of 1917, and acts amendatory thereof, under which bonds for road building were issued and the highway commission was created and is acting, we find the powers and duties of the board of supervisors therein enumerated. They are given the power and duty: (1) To order and supervise the bond election; (2) to appoint the members of the highway commission and fill vacancies in the commission, and fix amount' of commissioners’ bond and approve it, and to remove a commissioner for just cause; (3) to publish at least two weeks before the bond election “without alteration or modification” the highway commission’s report of its investigation and recommendation of highways to be improved, and to include in the call for election ,only such highways; (4) to pay the actual- and necessary expenses incurred by the board in holding bond elections, etc., out of the general fund of the county until the road bonds are sold, when the general funds of the county shall be reimbursed; (5) to sell bonds issued to improve highways and deposit proceeds with the county treasurer in a special fund designated “highway improvement fund”; and (6) after the public highways have been improved, as in chapter 31 provided, to keep them in repair, paying therefor out of the general fund of the county.
The act contains a positive prohibition against any supervisor being appointed a member of the highway commission; and there are many prohibitions by implication against their participation either in the location or construction of the highways. For instance, they are forbidden the power to alter or modify the program of improvement proposed by the highway commission; the money derived from bond sale can be paid out only upon the order of the highway commission ; any money expended by the board out of the county general fund in the organization program of improvement must be repaid to the county out of the highway improvement fund, and the only direct grant of jurisdiction over the public highways to the board is after the improvement is made.
Moreover, it is provided that “All work for which said bonds are issued shall be done under the supervision and direction of the highway commission.”
The work of construction must be let by contracts after advertising and upon competitive bids in all cases except where the work costs $1,000 or less, when it may be done by the commission on force account.
The county is a body corporate, and, like other corporations, must exercise its powers through its officers and agents. Contracts made by an officer or agent of the county, on its behalf, in pursuance to some law authorizing it, are contracts of the county. The obligation of the contract in such case is the county’s and not the officer’s or. agent’s. Gannon v. Hohusen, 14 Ariz. 523, 132 Pac. 566.
The legislature, in chapter 31, supra, as we have seen, thought it practicable and wise, in the plan of road building therein provided for, to designate two agencies and to give to them separate and distinct powers to be exercised, not in their behalf, but for the benefit of the county and its representatives. The agent therein designated to locate highways and to spend the money in their construction is the highway commission. If the highway commission enters into a contract by which it agrees to pay for a certain work or material needed in highway construction, the contract is the county’s, and must be discharged and satisfied with the county’s moneys. Now, if the contractor be the board of supervisors in their representative capacity, the agreement to do the work or furnish the material is the county’s obligation, and no't the supervisors’, and we then have the paradoxical situation of the county contracting with itself. Under the definition of a contract, there must be at least two parties; the one offering, and the other accepting. This condition, inherent in every contract, is not met when the county through its agent, the highway commission, agrees with the county through its agent, the board of supervisors, to do or to refrain from doing a certain thing. Failing in necessary parties, the contract likewise fails in consideration and mutuality. If, as proposed in the scheme, the highway commission advances to the board of supervisors $40,000 out of the highway improvement fund with which to purchase the rock-crushing plant, it would simply amount to taking the money out of one pocket and putting it into another pocket. It would still be the county’s money. A bond for its faithful use, given to the highway commission by the supervisors, would be a bond from the county to the county. The plan or scheme proposed, reduced to its final analysis, amounts to this: The highway commission would advance to the members of the board of supervisors funds to purchase a rock-crushing plant, which the latter agree to pay back with crushed rock at cost, and to crush all other rock needed and furnish it to the county at actual cost. If it be the contract of the members composing the board, and not the contract of the commission, it will violate paragraph 2446, Civil Code, wherein it is provided that no member of the board shall be interested, directly or indirfectly, in any contract made by the board or other person on behalf of the county for “the opening or improvement of roads”; and if it be the contract of the county, it will result in doing a large part of the construction work by force account, a violation not only of the spirit but the letter of chapter 31. As a matter of law, such an arrangement could not, for the reasons suggested, cul mínate into any kind of contract binding and enforceable, either against the commission or the individual members of the board. It would simply be a mutual understanding and agreement between the highway commission and the members of the board of supervisors, without sanction of law, whereby the latter would volunteer their services free of charge to the'commission in looking after and managing certain parts of the work, and the commission accepting the tendered services, would agree to purchase and turn over, to the members of the board a rock-crushing plant and to pay all costs of producing the crushed rock needed, which is estimated to cost $500,000, or one-fourth of the entire bond issue. If this arrangement can be made as to the crushed rock, we perceive no reason why the members of the board cannot be employed to furnish the sand and cement as also to grade and lay the roadbed and thus consume by force account the whole fund of $4,000,000. The board’s proposition to do the work and furnish the material at actual cost admittedly will prevent others from bidding, as no one except the county would want to, or could afford to, build county roads at actual cost.
The law provides that contracts to do the work or any part thereof, must be awarded to the lowest responsible bidder. This is repugnant to the idea that the work may be done by force account, and it cannot be defeated or nullified by the county formally asking for bids, knowing all the time it will award itself the contract, having previously made all arrangements to do so through its board of supervisors.
The general provisions of the law conferring upon the board of supervisors the power to “lay out, maintain, control and manage public roads . . . and levy taxes therefor” (subdivision 4, pars. 2418, 5058, Civil Code), cannot be appealed to as authorizing the board to participate in the construction or improvement of highways undertaken by the county under the provisions of chapter 31, for the reason the latter is a special statute in which a particular named body of men are empowered' to supervise and control the work therein contemplated.
The county speaks and acts through its officers and agents, and before their utterances can have binding effect they must find warrant in the law. As was said in Santa Cruz County v. Barnes, 9 Ariz. 42, 76 Pac. 621:
“The only powers possessed by the board of supervisors are those expressly conferred by statute or necessarily implied therefrom.” Kenney v. Bank of Miami, 19 Ariz. 338, 170 Pac. 866; Board of Control v. Buckstegge, 18 Ariz. 277, 158 Pac. 837.
More-broadly stated:
“It is well settled that a county board possesses and can exercise such powers, and such powers only, as are expressly conferred on it by the Constitution and the statutes of the state, or such powers as arise by necessary implication from those expressly granted, or such as are requisite to the performance of the duties which are imposed on it by law.” 15 C. J. 457; § 103.
We can find no provision in our laws, nor have counsel referred us to any, that expressly or by implication gives the county, through its board of supervisors, or any other agency, the power to engage in the manufacture of crushed rock for sale to itself or to its agents, the highway commission. •
Counsel for appellees in' his brief intimates that the proposed plan or.scheme possibly finds warrant or sanction, in that provision of the state Constitution which gives to the state and each municipal corporation therein the right to engage in industrial pursuits. Section 34, art. 2. Whether this provision covers counties or not we do not think it necessary to decide. It is not self-executing. Before the state or one of its municipal corporations could undertake to carry on or engage in an industrial pursuit, legislation would have to be provided therefor. Otherwise it would have no funds to be used in such enterprise, nor rules nor regulations to guide it. It could not buy equipment nor pay for labor. Public money can only be raised and used for specific purposes, and those purposes must be pointed out by law. Section 3, art. 9, Constitution.
If the board of supervisors, as the agents of the county, can lawfully enter into the proposed contract, they must do so on the same footing as any other contractor. They must be real and not simulated contractors. They must show wherein the law has endowed them with the powers to enter the fields of industry in competition with private capital, the rule being that a county has no right to do any act or to engage in any business unless expressly authorized by statute. 15 C. J. 419, § 51; Breathitt County v. Hammonds, 150 Ky. 502, Ann. Cas. 1914D, 514, 42 L. R. A. (N. S.) 836, 150 S. W. 661.
It may be that the county will suffer great financial loss because the highway commission and the board cannot carry out the plan evolved, after much thought and investigation, by men confessedly actuated by the highest and best motives, and for the sole good of the county. However that may be, we must all yield to the law as drawn and enacted by the legislature. If the law needs to be changed in the interest of economy or efficiency, the body to do that is the legislature and not the courts. The fact that the scheme for road construction submitted by the agents of the county is or may be a money-saver to the county and a better scheme than the one provided for by the legislature will not justify its adoption by such agents, and much less can the court — whose duty it is to construe the laws and not to make .them — by its solemn judgment, sanction such a course.
For the reasons given, we feel constrained to reverse the judgment, with directions that the deinurrer be overruled and the prayer of the complainant be granted.
CUNNINGHAM, C. J., and BAKER, J., concur.
|
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PER CURIAM.
This action was commenced on the ninth day of May, 1917, by the appellee, as plaintiff, to recover $1,066.89, alleged to be due him as the unpaid balance of his official salary while county recorder of defendant county. The plaintiff performed the duties of said office from the first day of September, 1913, to the first day of January, 1917, for which service he received, as salary, the total sum of $6,933.11.
His second cause of action is based upon the assigned claim of A. B. Ming for the sum of $1,150.24, as unpaid balances due said Ming on account of salary as county assessor of Yuma county, from the first day of September, 1913, to and including the fifteenth day of March, 1917, for which service he received the sum of $7,349.76.
His third cause of action is based upon the assigned claim of W. D. Riley, the county treasurer of Yuma county from the first day of January, 1914, for the sum of $552.08, for unpaid balances of the salary of said officer from said January 1, 1914, to and including the fifteenth day of March, 1917, for which service said officer received, as salary, the sum of $4,968.75.
His fourth cause of action is based on the assigned claim of B. F. Hopkins for the sum of $266.66, as the unpaid balances due said B. P. Hopkins, on account of salary as member of the board of supervisors of said county from the first day of September, 1913, to and including the thirty-first day of December, 1914, during the time said Hopkins performed the duties of said office. During said period he received, on account of salary, the sum of $1,333.33.
His fifth cause of action is based upon the assigned claim of J. A. Donovan for the sum of $600 as the unpaid balances due said Donovan on account of salary as chairman of the board of supervisors of .said county from the first day of January, 1915, to and including the thirty-first day of December, 1916, during which period of time said Donovan served in said office. During said period of time said Donovan received, on account of salary, the sum of $2,400.
His sixth cause of action is based upon the assigned claim of Ike Proebstel for the sum of $729.16, of which sum the sum of $666.66 is claimed as the balances due said Proebstel on account of his salary as member of the board of supervisors of Yuma county from the first day of September, 1913, to and including the thirty-first day of December, 1916, during which period he received, on account of salary, the sum of $3,333.33, and of said sum, the claim for the sum of $62.50, as the balances due said Proebstel on account of his salary as chairman of the board of supervisors of said county from the first day of January, 1917, to the fifteenth day of March, 1917, during which last-mentioned period said Proebstel performed the duties of said office of chairman of the board of supervisors, and received, on account of salary, for his services the sum of $250.
His seventh cause of action is based upon the assigned claim of P. E. Elliott for the sum of $400, as the balances due him •on account of salary as the chairman of the board of supervisors from the first day of September, 1913, to and including the thirty-first day of December, 1914, during which period the said Elliott received, on account of his salary as such officer, the sum of $1,600, also the further claim of the sum of $41.66 as a balance due the said Elliott on account of his salary as member of the board of supervisors of said county from the first day of January, 1917, to and including the fifteenth day of March, 1917, during which period of time the said Elliott performed the duties of said office and received, as salary, the sum of $208.33.
His eighth cause of action is based upon the assigned claim of John Shannsey for the sum of $441.66 as the balances due him on account of salary as a member of the board of supervisors of Yuma county from the first day of January, 1915, to the fifteenth day of March, 1917, during which period of time the said Shannsey performed the duties of said office, and received, on account of salary, the sum of $2,208.33.
The county of Yuma, during the times mentioned in the complaint, is conceded to have been a county having property of the equalized, assessed valuation of $13,280,659.50, and was therefore a county of the first class for the purpose of fixing salaries of county officers.
The defendant interposed the one-year statute of limitation (subdivision 3, par. 709, Rev. Stats. Ariz. 1913) as a defense to said several causes of action. The trial court disallowed the defense, and rendered judgment.for the plaintiff for the aggregate amount of his claims. The county appeals, and assigns as error such ruling of the court.
We have decided, in Santa Cruz County v. McKnight, ante, p. 103, 177 Pac. 256, opinion filed December 31, 1918, that said statute of limitation does apply to such cases, and, when pleaded, bars a recovery of back salary due and payable a year or more prior to the commencement of the action. We adhere to that decision. The consequence is that the judgment must, be vacated, and the cause remanded, with instruction to the lower court to. render judgment for the plaintiff for the aggregate sum accruing within one year of the commencement of the suit.
Reversed and remanded, with instructions.
|
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CUNNINGHAM, C. J.
(After Stating the Facts as Above). Without any doubt, the law is that a mineral location to be valid for any purpose must be made- upon unappropriated government land open to location, in which mineral has actually been discovered in place. Until the actual discovery of mineral in place, all acts tending to consummate a valid mineral location give the locator no right other than the right to continue a reasonable search for mineral. The time given by the local statute of this state within which the location is required to be completed is limited to ninety days after the discovery of mineral on the ground (paragraph 4030, Rev. Stats. Ariz. 1913), in any event, and such additional time until conflicting rights intervene. The unquestionable right of the locator to the possession of the area within the boundaries of the claim marked on the ground by the requisite monuments as described in the location notice posted at the location monument carries the right to possession of every appurtenant belonging to the realty, including timber, soil, country rock, percolating waters, natural springs, except certain mineral springs and other things not material to this discussion. Hence, whenever the locator’s exclusive right to possession of the premises with its appurtenances ceases, either by reason of his failure to perform all of the acts requisite to a complete mineral location, for instance, his failure to discover mineral in place in the ground being located within ninety days after his location was initiated, thereafter his exclusive right to possession based upon a mineral location is at an end, and he is thereafter holding possession of the public lands by the sufferance of the sovereign owner. The possession so held is subject to be terminated by the government, or by any citizen of the United States qualified to acquire title to public lands, without notice, simply by initiating a claim to the same premises under some law of Congress authorizing the disposition of public lands. But until the government intervenes, or some qualified citizen of the United States initiates a better claim to the possession of the premises located, the locator cannot he disturbed in his actual possession. Of course, boundary lines of a mining claim, as marked on the ground after the locator’s failure to complete his location for any cause, are no evidence of a right to possession nor of the extent of the locator’s possession. The court has found from conflicting evidence that the plaintiff failed to complete the valid location of a mining claim, by reason of his failure to discover mineral in the claim. The record contains substantial evidence in support of that finding, and therefore this court will not disturb the finding. > Such conclusion is not necessarily decisive of this case, for the reason the defendant is without right to question the plaintiff’s actual occupancy of public lands until defendant has acquired some individual interest therein. The interest claimed by the defendant and relied upon to defeat plaintiff’s claim is based upon an alleged location made by him of a water right, initiated at a time subsequent to the time of the expiration of plaintiff’s'period for completing his mineral location, and in form complying with the requirements of chapter 1 of title 55, Revised Statutes of Arizona of 1913, as to posting of notices, purposes, etc. The court has found from substantial evidence that defendant substantially performed all the acts of location and appropriation of a water right claim required by said chapter. The very vital inquiry whether defendant’s acts of locating a water right resulted in vesting any right whatever in the defendant was not entered into at the trial.
“All rivers, creeks and streams of running water in this state are hereby declared public, and applicable to the purposes of irrigation and mining as hereinafter provided.” Paragraph 5344, Rev. Stats. Ariz. 1913.
“All the inhabitants of this state, who own or possess arable and irrigable lands, shall have the right to construct public or private acequias, and -obtain the necessary water for the same from any convenient river, creek or stream of running water.” Paragraph 5346, Rev. Stats. Ariz. 1913.
The right to appropriate water for mining, agricultural, manufacturing, and other beneficial purposes is not limited to rivers, creeks and streams of running water on state and privately owned lands, but extends to public lands by grant of Congress as contained in section 2339, Revised Statutes of the United States of 1878 (U. S. Comp. Stats. 1916, §4647). The manner of appropriating water on public domain is delegated to the states, and in this state the right to appropriate water for any beneficial purpose, and thereby acquire a vested right in the said water, is limited to the appropriation of the waters declared public by paragraph 5344, supra, that is, to the appropriation of the waters of “rivers, creeks and streams of running water in this state.”
Percolating water, unconfined to a definite channel, is not the subject of appropriation, but belongs to the realty. Howard v. Perrin, 200 U. S. 71, 50 L. Ed. 374, 26 Sup. Ct. Rep. 195; 40 Cyc. 704 (1) E. “A spring which does not constitute the source of a watercourse, the flow of its water or surplus being subterranean and concealed and a matter of uncertainty as to direction and volume, belongs to the owner of the land, who may appropriate and use its entire flow.” 40 Cyc. 628, citing cases note 37. Certainly a spring of water, as such, is not one of the sources from which water may be appropriated by notice given. Before the party giving notice as provided in chapter 1 o'f title 55, Revised Statutes of Arizona of 1913, can acquire any right thereby, his claimed appropriation must be of waters of a river, creek or stream of running water. As a consequence, Congress by section 2339, supra, has reserved all water on the public lands, other than the waters of rivers, creeks and running streams, from appropriation by anyone separately from the land. The defendant alleges that he appropriated “Midway Spring” as a water right “by then and there placing at the point of diversion of said water or waters his certain notice of appropriation,” etc., thereby leaving the question as to whether the notice was posted at the spring, or at a point from the spring on a stream having its source at the spring. The findings of the court shed but little light upon this fact, further than to state that the notice posted at the point of diversion ‘ ‘ did therein also state that he did intend to construct and maintain a canal from said spring down said wash to said reservoir,” leaving room for the inference that the “point of diversion” at which the notice is posted is no other than the spring. If such inference is indulged, the defendant initiated no right whatever in the spring.
The defendant states in describing the spring with relation to the location monuments and mining shaft work as follows : •
“There was no fresh dirt around when I located. The water was down probably three feet from the surface, enough to get a drink with a bucket, dipping down. At the time I located it, it did not look like a mining shaft; it was about seven by eight feet by sis feet deep. ’ ’
Without any doubt, the record discloses that the defendant has made an effort to appropriate the water in a seeping spring or well and thereby acquire a right therein under a law that permits the appropriation of the waters of rivers, creeks and streams of running water alone. Clearly the defendant acquired.no right whatever in the water nor in the land by reason of his notice, posted ór work done pursuant thereto.
The court as the law states the conclusion that defendant is the owner of the waters in and entitled to the full and complete possession and enjoyment of the waters “in and to and at the said Midway Spring, under and by virtue of his said valid appropriation thereof upon the twelfth day of January, 1915, aforesaid, of, to wit, .all the water in the Midway Spring.” The judgment following is as follows:
“ . . . Ordered, adjudged, and decreed that the plaintiff ... do have and take nothing by or in this, his action against the defendant, C. W. Moore, but that said action be dismissed, and it is further ordered, adjudged, and decreed that the defendant, C. W. Moore, do have and recover of and from the plaintiff his costs.”
The judgment does not pretend to adjudicate the question of superior title as between the parties. As I have shown above, plaintiff’s failure to show a valid location would prevent an adjudication establishing his title, and consequently a restraining order under the allegations of his complaint. The fact that defendant acquired no right by his attempted appropriation of the waters of a spring would justify the court in refusing him affirmative relief. The effect of the judgment as entered is a dismissal of the action with costs to the defendant. This is not a determination to be condemned in the light of the pleadings and the evidence. The plaintiff relied upon a definite, positive title, and that title failed. Had he relied upon actual possession and dominion over the spring and his improvements placed on the ground, and injury thereto, a different case would have been presented for adjudication. A man residing upon public land and relying upon natural spring water for use after developing the flow of the spring and piping the flow to a reservoir for watering stock and for domestic nse of a tenant living in a house near the spring ought not in natural justice to be deprived of the use of the water and improvements by one who has no better title to the land than the person first using the water, but such is not this case.
Upon the whole record, I am of the opinion the judgment is correct as responsive to the pleadings and evidence before the court.
The judgment should be affirmed.
JOHN WILSON ROSS, J., concurs.
HENRY D. ROSS,-J., being absent on account of sickness, took no part in the decision of this case.
Authorities discussing all phases of the question as to location of mining claim are collated, in a comprehensive note in 7 L. R. A. (N. S.) 763.
|
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CUNNINGHAM, C. J.
The appellees commenced this action to prevent the hoard of supervisors from paying the county recorder, county treasurer, county attorney, county assessor and county superintendent of schools, officers of said county, their salaries as provided by chapter 61, laws of 1917. The plaintiffs contend that said officers’ salaries were provided by chapter 2, title 26, Revised Statutes of Arizona of 1901, and laws amending same, .at the beginning of said officers’ terms of office, viz., on the first Monday of January, 1917, and that the legislature is prohibited, by section 17 of article 4, state Constitution, from enacting any law that will have the effect of increasing or diminishing said officers’ salaries during their term of office. The defendants demurred to the complaint, and their demurrer was overruled, and judgment was rendered, restraining the said board from paying the said officers’ salaries other than as provided by the territorial laws as they were continued in force by the Constitution as laws of the state. Section 17, article 22, Constitution, is as follows:
-“All state and county officer's (except notaries public) and all justices of tbe peace and constables, whose precinct includes a city or town or part thereof, shall be paid fixed and definite salaries, and they shall receive no fees for their own use. ”
This provision is a clear declaration of the policy of the Constitution to follow a system of paying official compensation by fixed and definite salaries alone. The words “fixed” and “definite,” as used in said section 17, cannot be understood as having been used to convey the same meaning, because if so understood one or the other would become useless. The word “fixed” is defined by Webster: “Securely placed or fastened; settled; established; firm; immovable; unalterable. ’ ’ Hence, a “fixed” salary is one that is entirely placed or fastened with regard to its duration; is one that is settled to remain for a time.
The word “definite” is defined by the same authority as “a thing defined or determined; a definite thing.” Hence, with such meaning, a definite salary is one defined or determined, a definite thing, and has reference, as used in said section 17, to the exact amount of the salary. Consequently the officers shall be paid salaries fixed, settled, firm for a period of time, and such salaries shall be exactly defined in amount during such period of time.
The intention of the framers of the Constitution, and of the people in adopting that instrument was therefore to enforce under statehood a uniform system of compensating all public officers by paying them salaries for fixed, settled periods of service, and during such periods of service the salaries payable to be definite in amounts.
As preliminary to providing the system of uniform salaries to govern from the date of statehood until the state legislature could act in the premises, in other words, to provide a temporary uniform system of definite salaries for the officers, effective until the legislature could provide fixed and definite salaries, the Constitution prescribed definite salaries for certain named state officers until otherwise provided by law. See section 13, article 5, state Constitution. Subordinate state offices were created by the Constitution without definite salaries being provided for the officers. For illustration, see sections 14 and 17, article 6. In such instances the officers are given such ‘ ‘ compensation by salaries' only as may be provided by law; and the supreme court shall have power to fix said salary until such' salary shall be determined by law.” The office of the clerk of the superior court is created by section 18, article 6, with “such compensation, by salary only, as shall be provided by law. Until such salary shall be fixed by law the board of supervisors shall fix such salary.”
“ . . . The board of supervisors of each county is hereby empowered to fix salaries for all county and precinct officers within such county for whom no compensation is provided by law, and the salaries so fixed shall remain in full force and effect until changed by general law.” Section 4, art. 12, Constitution.
Certain territorial county offices were continued as offices under the state government. Under the territorial laws, certain of county officers holding such county offices were compensated by fees. After statehood no county officer ,could be compensated by fees. Section 17, art. 22, Constitution. We consequently held that officers holding offices, who had before statehood received fees as compensation, after statehood they became officers for whom no compensation is provided by law within section 4 of article 12, supra, and the board of supervisors were empowered to fix their salaries temporarily, until changed by general law.
The county offices of recorder, treasurer, attorney, assessor and superintendent of schools, as they existed under the territorial laws, were continued under the Constitution, subject to change by law. Section 3, art. 12, Constitution. Chapter 2, title 26, Bevised Statutes of Arizona of 1901, and amendments thereto, prescribed means by which the amounts of said officers’ salaries were capable of determination. The existence of prescribed conditions within a county determined the amounts of the salaries of the said county officers. The conditions, viz., equalized, assessed, valuation of property of the county, determined the class of the county, and the class determined the amount of the officers’ salaries. . These laws were not repugnant to the Constitution, but they were in harmony with the policy declaring for a system of compensating officers by fixed and definite salaries. Such laws were therefore continued in force as laws of the state “until they expire by their own limitations qr are altered or repealed by law.” Section 2, article 22, state Constitution.
The said territorial laws, so permitted to remain, in force temporarily, “until they should expire by their own limitation or are altered or repealed by law,” were not enacted pursuant to the Constitution, nor were they subject to the restrictions contained in the Constitution prohibiting their alteration or repeal. Such territorial laws, when enacted, were subject to general legislative alteration, amendment, and repeal at the discretion of the territorial legislature, without regard to the effect such legislation might have on the salaries of county officers. See Harwood v. Wentworth, 4 Ariz. 378, 42 Pac. 1025; Dysart v. Graham County, 5 Ariz. 123, 48 Pac. 213; Williamson v. Gila County, 5 Ariz. 237, 52 Pac. 363; Harwood v. Perrin, 7 Ariz. 114, 60 Pac. 891.
Such laws of the territory as were continued in force as laws of the state were continued as an entirety with their advantages as well as with their disadvantages. The statutes in question here were inherently subject to be altered at any time the legislature saw fit to alter them by general law, and such infirmity in these statutes remained in force as the law of the state after statehood as it was in force prior to statehood, and the Constitution expressly reserved to the legislature of the state the power to alter or repeal all laws of the territory continued in force as laws of the state without limitation on that power.
In the foregoing manner, a temporary system of compensating all state, county and precinct officers was provided by the Constitution. We said, in Patty v. Greenlee County, 14 Ariz. 422, 130 Pac. 757, with reference to the constitutional salary system, as follows:
“It [section 4, article 12, Constitution] is a provision of the Constitution that the Legislature shall fix, ‘by general law,’ the salaries of county and precinct officers; and it was not contemplated that that general scheme devised for uniformity, stability and regularity should be suspended or postponed or nullified for any length of time,.except the interim between admission to statehood and action by the Legislature. ’ ’
We held in that case that a general law immediately superseded the orders or resolutions of the board of supervisors fixing the salary of a county officer for whom no compensation was provided by law. I adhere to the principles recognized in that decision as sound. I am of the opinion that the territorial laws fixing the salaries of county officers, which re mained in force as the laws of the state, were no more sacred from alteration than were the orders of the hoard of supervisors fixing the salaries of officers for whom no compensation was provided by law. They stand upon an equal footing in every respect. Both means of fixing salaries were temporary, “and it was not contemplated that the general schéme devised for uniformity, stability and regularity should be suspended or postponed or nullified for any length of time, except the interim between admission to statehood and action by the legislature.” Section 17, article 4, Constitution, provides that:
“The Legislature shall never grant any extra compensation to any public officer, agent, servant, or contractor, after the services shall have been rendered or the contract entered into, nor shall the compensation of any public officer be increased or diminished during his term of office. ’ ’
The last clause of said section 17 is asserted as prohibiting any increase or decrease of the said officers’ salaries' during their terms of office. Immediately the inquiry is suggested whether section 17 was intended to prohibit legislation which would change the salary system temporarily provided by the Constitution by which all state, county, and precinct officers were commanded by section 17, article 22, to be paid fixed and definite salaries, to have' effect in the interim between admission to statehood and action by the legislature. In the Patty case, supra, we dearly held that section 17, article 4, is inapplicable to the temporary system of salaries in the particular of officers for whom no compensation was provided by law and the temporary salaries fixed by the board of supervisors. In support of the position, we said further in the Patty case:
“Most of the states of the Union have provisions in their Constitutions similar to ours, prohibiting the increasing or decreasing of the salary of a public officer during his term, and the courts have many times construed the provisions under varying facts and conditions. . . . The language of the Constitutions of Pennsylvania and "West Virginia differ so slightly from our Constitution in the particulars involved in this case that we think their decisions thereon very' persuasive. In County of Crawford v. Nash, 99 Pa. 253, 260, the court said: ‘In Rucker v. Supervisors, 7 W. Va. 661, which arose under section 9 of article 3 of the Constitution of West Virginia, which provides that the compensation of public officers shall not be increased or diminished during their term of office, it was held that this language in the Constitution applies only to such salaries or compensation of public officers as have been definitely fixed or prescribed by law, either by the Constitution of the state, or by some statute, made in pursuance thereof. . . . The obvious meaning of the Constitution is that the General Assembly should regulate (that is, ascertain and establish) the compensation which should be paid to the respective county treasurers, and that thereafter “no law” (that is, no act of assembly) should increase or diminish their respective salaries during the term for which they were elected.’ ”
I understand from these authorities that such constitutional restrictive clauses, effective for the first time, are not self-executing, unless from their context they are plainly self-executing. Section 100(4), 12 Corpus Juris, 727, lays down the following doctrine:
“Constitutional provisions are sometimes so framed as to be inoperative until laws are passed putting them into effect, ■and in this case, it is a general rule that existing statutes in conflict with the principles of such provisions remain in force until the, necessary legislation is had. A provision may be so framed, however, that, while legislation is necessary to put into effect its affirmative principles, it repeals existing statutes inconsistent with it. ”
This court, having approved the rule followed in West Virginia and in Pennsylvania, thereby clearly held that section 17, article 4, Arizona Constitution, is so framed as not to be self-executing with regard to the orders of the board of supervisors temporarily fixing the salaries of county officers for whom no compensation is provided by law, as in the Patty ease. In Yuma County v. Sturges, 15 Ariz. 538, 140 Pac. 504. we expressly held that the statutes of the territory, fixing the compensation of the county treasurer in force at the date of admission to statehood, as affected by section 17 of article 4, as follows: “When the salaries or compensation of public officers have been definitely fixed or prescribed by law, either by the Constitution of the state or by some statute made in pursuance thereof, the salary or compensation so prescribed may not be increased or diminished during the term of the officer” — thereby again recognizing the above general rule of West Virginia, Pennsylvania and Corpus Juris.
The statutes of the territory, prescribing the salaries of certain county officers in force at the date of admission to statehood and remaining in force as laws of the state because they were in harmony with the Constitution, were in no fair sense “statutes made in pursuance” of the Constitution. The orders of the board of supervisors, prescribing salaries for county officers for whom no compensation was provided by law, were necessarily made by constitutional authority expressly delegated to the board. It would require some forced reasoning to consider such orders as orders not made in pursuance to the Constitution. The territorial statutes were adopted by the Constitution, and the orders were the result of constitutional command. The first became laws of the state in a passive manner, while the others became laws of the state by positive action. The first became laws, as they were in force and are expressly declared to remain such laws of the state until altered or repealed by law; that is, the enactment of laws by the legislative power of the state in pursuance to the Constitution — general laws, and not local or special laws. The orders became laws after the Constitution was operative, and they are declared laws “in full force and effect until changed by general law. ’ ’ Section 4, art. 12, supra. We have necessarily construed the expression, “until changed by general law” as applied to the orders of boards of supervisors, as meaning exactly what the words import that a general law, prescribing fixed and definite salaries for county officers whose salaries were fixed by the boards of supervisors in the interim between statehood until legislative action, immediately superseded such orders without the interference of section 17, article 4, Constitution.
Whether the general laws enacted after statehood and in pursuance to the Constitution, altering the territorial laws prescribing county officers’ salaries, .immediately supersede such territorial laws, depends upon whether the use of the expression “until they expire of their own limitation or are altered or repealed by law,” as used in section 2, article 22, Constitution, is more sacredly guarded than the expression “until changed by general law,” as used in section 4, article 12, Constitution, and as construed by this court in the Patty and Sturges cases, supra. Section 2, article 21, Constitution, state of Idaho, contains the following language:
“All laws . . . not repugnant to the Constitution shall remain in force until they expire by their own limitation or be altered or repealed by the Legislature. ’ ’
The supreme court of that state, in Butler v. City of Lewiston, 11 Idaho, 398, 83 Pac. 235, defining the words, “limitation,” “altered,” and “repealed,” said:
“The words ‘limitation,’ ‘altered,’ and ‘repealed,’ I think, apply to all laws, special as well as general, in force at the date of the adoption of the Constitution and not repugnant to any of its provisions. . . . What is the meaning of the word ‘altered’ as used in that section? It certainly means to niake different without destroying identity, to vary without entire change. ’ ’
The words “change” and “alter” may be used, the one for the other, and convey the same meaning in most instances —certainly they may be used interchangeably in, section 4, article 12, and in section 2, article 22. No refinement of reasoning will justify a conclusion that the laws of the territory continued in force as laws of the state until altered or repealed, were intended to remain laws of longer duration after they were altered or repealed, neither would the orders or resolutions of the boards of supervisors remain in force after they were “changed” by general law. The power to alter, in the one instance, and the power to change, in the other, were left exclusively to the discretion of the legislative power of the state, and, when exercised, the time when the alterations or the changes made should become effective was made to depend upon other provisions of the Constitution specially applicable to the matters of putting general lawtf enacted by the legislative power pursuant to the Constitution into effect.
The parties seem to agree that chapter 61, Laws of 1917, altering the county classification statutes of the territory, became operative on the fourteenth day .of March, 1917. Assuming for all purposes of this case, but not deciding, that on such date said chapter became operative for any purpose, it clearly became ^operative for all purposes, including the alteration of said classification statutes; and thereafter the only law in Arizona providing the salaries of county recorder, county treasurer, county attorney, county assessor and county superintendent of schools, of Yavapai county, as well as the salaries of all county officers of the counties of the state, was provided by chapter 61, Laws of 1917, in so far as said chapter purports to provide salaries for the officers named therein and reasonably included within its terms.
Chapter 61, Laws of 1917, was apparently brought about by reason of the decision of this court in Hunt v. Mohave County, 18 Ariz. 480, 162 Pac. 600, filed February 3, 1917, whereby a special statute of the state, providing the salaries of the officers of each separate county of the state, was declared void as violative of the Constitution, prohibiting local or special laws altering general laws. In that case Judge BOSS, speaking for the court, said:
“By reason of these differences in size, population, and wealth of the different counties of the state the labors, burdens, and duties of their officers greatly differ, and therefore, in order to fix their compensation, in proportion to their responsibilities and duties, some kind of a classification must be adopted. ”
I may add that every moderately informed person knew that the wealth of the counties of this state had increased to a point where they all, or nearly all, had become counties of the first class, as classified by the Laws of 1901. That a real necessity existed in justice to the county officers to change the classification of first-class counties so that officers of counties of greater wealth should receive just salaries, as suggested by Judge ROSS, supra, was perfectly apparent. Chapter 61, making the suggested changes, was passed by the legislature 39 days after the opinion in the Mohave county case was filed in this court.
For the reasons stated, I ■am of the opinion that chapter 61, Laws of 1917, did not stand suspended by section 17, article 4, during the said officers ’ terms of office; that the appellants correctly paid county officers salaries in amounts fixed by said chapter 61, Laws 1917, and, as a consequence, the trial court erred in overruling.appellant’s demurrer.
The judgment should be reversed, and the cause remanded, with instructions to sustain the demurrer and dismiss the action.
JOHN WILSON BOSS, J., concurs.
|
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JOHN WILSON ROSS, J.
This is an action for damages for personal injuries alleged to have been sustained by appellee as the result of the negligen.ee of appellant. Appellee was working as motor helper on one of appellant’s underground ore trains, engaged in hauling ore on the 400-foot level of its mine from the Colorado shaft to the tipple, whence it was elevated to the surface. The train on which appellee was working consisted of ten steel cars of the capacity of five tons each, drawn by a 12-ton compressed air locomotive. Extending across the front end of the locomotive was a bumper, the top of which was of the depth of the seat of a chair. Bolted to the lower front edge of the bumper were iron lugs, which extended forward approximately nine inches. Upon these lugs were fastened a running-board, which extended across the front edge of the bumper from the lower edge thereof. The route traveled by the train between the Coloi’ado shaft and the tipple was along a side drift.
Appellee began to work on this train on the morning of April 25, 1916, the day of the accident. On the morning of the accident, he was directed to work on the train on which he sustained his personal injuries, on account of which this suit is prosecuted. During the forenoon several trips were made from the Colorado shaft and other points in that section of the mine to the tipple, and passed the point where the accident occurred. Appellee was sitting upon the bumper in front of the motor when the accident occurred and the consequent injuries were sustained. The train turned a sharp curve in the drift, when the two front wheels of the four on which it rested were derailed, and appellee’s legs were crushed so that the right leg was subsequently amputated.
Appellee, at the beginning of the trial, elected to rely wholly upon the second count, and took a nonsuit as to the first count. In his second count he charged the appellant with negligence in operating the locomotive without a headlight, and with a defective footboard, and in traveling at a dangerous rate of speed, and in piling timbers so near the track that insufficient space was left on the track for the locomotive to pass thereon. It was admitted that no globe was on the headlight on the day of the accident. There was a conflict as to the condition of the footboard, and a conflict as to the speed of the train at the time of the accid.ent.
Appellant interposed as its defense contributory negligence, assumption of risk and a general demurrer. The cause was tried before a jury, resulting in a verdict in favor of the appellee for $22,500, upon which judgment was entered. This appeal is from the final judgment.
We will consider assignment of error No. 1 and assignment of error No. 2, seriatim.
Assignment of error No. 1 is that the court erred in giving the following instructions at the request of appellee:
“The defendant, in its answer, has alleged that the plaintiff’s injuries, if any, were caused by the ordinary risks or hazards of the work in which the plaintiff was engaged, and that the plaintiff voluntarily assumed the risk of injury therefrom. Now, I charge you that whether or not he did assume the risk is a question of fact which, under the law of this state, is within your exclusive province to determine. The law is that a servant assumes the ordinary risk incident to the business in which he is engaged, but Tie does not assume the extraordinary risk of the negligence of the master, or in obedience to the master’s order doing work in a dangerous place with unsafe appliances, or in a dangerous manner, unless the danger thereof was so imminent that a man of ordinary prudence would not have incurred the risk or hazard. . . . You are instructed that Lindley assumed the risk of injury from the extraordinary and unusual dangers and hazards of his work if they were open and obvious to and were fully observed, understood, and appreciated by him. If you find that Lindley was injured by an extraordinary risk, danger, or hazard, or by several of them concurring, and that the same was, or were, open and obvious to and was, or were, fully observed, understood and appreciated by him then your verdict must be for the defendant. ’ ’
The above-quoted instructions, as a whole, when analyzed and separated, cannot be said to be ambiguous, confusing or erroneous. They point out that whether the appellee assumed the risk of his employment is a question of fact, made so by the Constitution of Arizona; that a servant assumes the ordinary risks incident to his employment; that the servant does not assume the extraordinary risks of the negligence of the master; that the servant doing work in a dangerous place with unsafe appliances, or in a dangerous manner in obedience to the master’s order, does not assume the risk of the negligence of the master, unless the danger thereof was so imminent that a man of ordinary prudence would not have incurred the risk or hazard; that appellee assumed the risk of injury from the extraordinary and unusual dangers and hazards of his work if they were open and obvious to and were fully observed, understood and appreciated by him; that if the jury find that the appellee was injured by an extraordinary risk, danger or hazard, or by several of them concurring, and that the same wras, or were, open and obvious to, and was, or were, fully observed, understood and appreciated by appellee then your verdict must be for the appellant.
The duty of this court is to examine all the instructions and determine from them as a whole whether the law was correctly given.
“In determining whether the jury was or was not misled, the whole charge will be considered together, and reversible error will not be predicated if it appears that, although the effect of the doctrine of assumption of risks was not specifically stated, the language of the trial judge indicated with sufficient clearness that no recovery could be had if the risk in question was appreciated.” Labatt’s Master and Servant, 2d ed., p. 3184, par. 1185.
As we view the case presented by this record in the foregoing instruction, it is: The jury was warranted in finding that the condition maintained by appellant at the locus in quo of the accident was not a reasonably safe one, or that appellant was negligent in its failure to furnish an adequate footboard on its locomotive motor, or an adequate headlight thereon, or that its train was moving at an excessive rate of speed at the time of the accident; and that the situation of a timber or timbers in close proximity to the track upon which the train was moving constituted an extraordinary risk, a risk unknown to appellee until an instant before the accident, and a danger concealed from appellee, and which could have been known to the appellant by the use of ordinary care for the reason that appellant had the immediate exclusive control over the locus in quo of the accident; and, as the negligence of the master is never one of the risks assumed by the servant, the conclusion that appellant was guilty of negligence, or, in other words, it had failed in its duty toward appellee, would inevitably follow, upless the affirmative defense is established to the effect that appellee was fully informed as to the danger arising from such negligence, or that the same was so obvious that he ought to have known it. In such, case, whether the appellee be said to have assumed the risk, or to have been guilty of contributory negligence in voluntarily exposing himself to such danger, the appellant is not liable. The determination thereof was left to the jury, and we cannot justly criticize the conclusion to which the jury in this case came.
Appellant’s assignment of error No. 2 complains that the court erred in giving the following instruction to the jury at the request of appellee:
“You are instructed that if you find for the plaintiff you will assess his damages at such sum of money as will be a fair and reasonable compensation ,to him for the injuries he has received as a result of the alleged accident; and, in arriving at the amount of said sum of money, you will take into consideration, as you find from the evidence, the nature and extent of his injuries, whether temporary or permanent in character, results reasonably certain to follow, any disfigurement of his person as a result of his injuries, the bodily pain and mental suffering he has endured, and that he is reasonably certain, from the evidence, to endure hereafter as a result of his physical injuries, the loss of earnings from his labor since he received his injuries, and the loss of earnings, if any, in the future of his life by virtue of his alleged decreased capacity to earn money because of his injured condition, his age and reasonable expectancy of life, his vocation and earning capacity prior to his injury, and 7lis probable chance, if any, of increased earnings had he not been injured
The appellant objects to the concluding clause, in italics, in the foregoing instruction, for the reason, as he claims, the jury was asked to take into consideration appellee’s probable chance of increased earnings had he not been injured. Appellant complains that the vice of the instruction is twofold, in this: That the jury was asked to take into consideration the probable chances of increased earnings, and that there was no evidence in the record that- appellee would probably earn an increased income had he not been injured.
On the measure of damages the court instructed the jury that if they found for the appellee they should assess his damages at such sum of money as will be a fair and reasonable compensation to Mm for the injuries he has sustained as a result of the alleged accident, and in arriving at the amount to take into consideration the nature and extent of his injuries, whether the injuries were temporary or permanent, disfigurement of his person, bodily pain and mental suffering he had endured, and is reasonably certain to endure, the loss of earnings since he had been injured, and the loss of earnings, if any, in the future, his age and reasonable expectancy of life, his vocation and earning capacity prior to his injuries, and his probable chance, if any, of increased earnings had he not been injured.
“No fixed rule exists for estimating the damages to be recovered by one who is permanently disabled from laboring, through the negligence of another; the most that can be done is to instruct the jury in general terms to award a fair and reasonable compensation, taking into consideration what plaintiff’s income would probably have been, how long it would have lasted and all the contingencies to which it ivas liable.” Richmond & Danville R. Co. v. Allison, 86 Ga. 145, 11 L. R. A. 43, 12 S. E. 352.
The rule of damages in personal injury cases is succinctly stated in 8 R. G. L., page 477, with numerous citations in appended notes, which rule we approve as applicable in the instant case:
“One who is injured in Ms person may recover for loss or diminution of his earning capacity during Ms entire expectancy of life, and is entitled to such an amount as will compensate him for such loss. The jury may consider how far the injury will in all probability disable him from engagin'! in those pursuits and occupations for which, in the absence of said injury, he would have been qualified,”
The clause of the instruction is subject to criticism as having reference to an element of damages, speculative in its nature. The probable chance of increased earnings, had he not been injured, is necessarily included in the element of “loss of earnings, if any, in the future of his life,” as stated in an earlier part of the instruction. The objectionable clause, at most, serves to emphasize that element of damages, and in the connection in which it is used could he misunderstood as an additional element to be considered by the jury. If so considered, the instruction served to mislead the jury, and was therefore erroneous. We cannot say that such was the result. No complaint is made to the effect that the verdict is excessive because of such instruction, but appellant does complain that the verdict is excessive because of passion and prejudice.) Upon the whole case, we are unable to see that any injury has resulted to appellant from this ambiguous instruction. We conclude, therefore, that the clause of the instruction, while improper, was without effect as injuring the defendant. We can only disturb a verdict for excessive damages when it appears that the damages are so excessive that the award cannot be sustained on any other theory than that it was the result of passion or prejudice on the part of the jury. It was for the jury to exercise an intelligent discretion in the award of damages, and there is nothing in the amount awarded to indicate that the verdict was the result of other than the exercise of a sound discretion. '
For the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the lower court is affirmed.
CUNNINGHAM, C. J., concurs.
HENRY ,D. ROSS, J., being absent on account of illness, took no part in the decision of this cause.
For authorities discussing the question as to whether a servant may assume the risks of dangers created by master’s negligence, see notes in 4 L. E. A. (N. S.) 848; 28 L. E. A. (N. S.) 1215.
On excessiveness of verdicts for personal injuries other than death, see comprehensive note in L. E. A. 1915F, 30.
|
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] |
CUNNINGHAM, C. J.
On the seventeenth day of December, 1917, the appellant issued its insurance policy to S. J. Goodgame, one of the appellees, by which the appellant insured against loss by fire 17,612 pounds of seed cotton belonging to said Goodg'ame for a period of 48 days, in the sum of $4,403. The premium, amounting to the sum of $75.97, was duly paid. The other appellee, Mrs. Anna Blackburn, is made a party because of her interest as mortgagee of the said cotton to secure the payment of a note in the sum of $3,250, of which note and mortgage the appellant is charged with notice.
On December 20, 1917, the said cotton so insured was totally destroyed by fire, through no fault of the insured. The insurer appellant denied the amount and the value of the cotton destroyed, and denied that proof of loss had been made as required by the policy. The insured and mortgagee, the appellees, commenced this action on their policy, alleging the loss, proof of loss, demand for payment, and neglect and refusal of payment.
The trial resulted in a verdict for the plaintiffs for the sum of $3,350. The court gave judgment, oh the verdict for said sum, and in addition, on the authority of a stipulation, gave judgment for fifteen per cent penalty, and a further sum of $400 as attorney’s fees. .From an order refusing a new trial, and from the judgment, the. defendant appeals.
The appellant complains of the penalty and of the attorney’s fees granted the plaintiffs, for the reason, it alleges, that such items can be recovered only when the plaintiffs, after demand therefor, recover in an action the full amount of the claim sued for, and that plaintiffs recovered here only $3,300, $260.46 less than the amount sued for; that the court erred in refusing to instruct the jury to return a verdict for the defendant, for the reason that no proof of loss or demand, as required by said policy, was made by the insured; that an instruction given was erroneous for certain stated reasons; and that the court erred in refusing a new trial for all of «the reasons given, and for the further reason that the showing made of evidence newly discovered entitled defendant to a new trial.
The matters of the amount of the attorney’s fees and the amount of damages were disposed of by stipulation of the parties, and withheld from the jury’s consideration. We are concerned here only with the question of authority to recover attorney’s fees and damages at all, notwithstanding para graph 3441, Revised Statutes of Arizona of 1913, granting such right. Said paragraph is as follows:
“In all cases where a loss occurs and the fire insurance company liable therefor shall fail to pay the same within the time specified in the policy, after demand made therefor, such company shall be liable to pay the holder of such policy, in addition to the amount of the loss, 15 per cent, damages on the amount of such loss, together with all reasonable attorney ’s fees for the prosecution and collection of such loss. ’ ’
Thus the statute gives the insured the right to recover the 15 per cent and attorney’s fees wherever a loss has occurred and the company has failed to pay the loss within the time specified in the policy, after demand made therefor, and, if the necessity arises for the insured to prosecute the collection of such loss, then a reasonable attorney’s fee may be recovered. The appellant, in its two assignments, contends that the insured cannot recover the penalty or the attorney’s fees, unless the plaintiff insured first demands a specific sum, sues to recover the exact sum demanded, and at the trial recovers the exact amount demanded and sued for. The statute (paragraph 3441) will not bear such interpretation. A slight mistake would become disastrous to the insured, if such strictness were made necessary. The ascertained loss under the policy is all the statute requires to give the insured a right to recover the penalty after demand and failure of the insurer to pay the loss within the time it reserved for payment in the policy.
The appellant cites eases which seem to support th'e position taken by it. Pacific Mutual Life Ins. Co. v. Carter, 92 Ark. 378, 123 S. W. 385, 124 S. W. 764, is relied upon particularly, and quoted from extensively. It seems that the court disallowed a recovery for the penalty and for the attorney’s fees, both of which are given by statute worded similarly to ours. This resulted because the plaintiff demanded an excessive amount. Said the court:
“The penalty and attorney’s fee is for the benefit of the one who is only seeking to recover, after demand, what is due under the terms of his contract, and who is compelled to resort to the courts to obtain it.”
I see no cause to criticise such statement, but that was said in a ease where the plaintiff’s demand was for payment in excess of his right to demand, and evidently the insurer re fused payment of the excess demanded. We have had occasion heretofore, in Germania Fire Ins. Co. v. Bally, 19 Ariz. 580, 1 A. L. R. 488, 173 Pac. 1052, to consider paragraph 3441, supra, and will not further discuss the questions there determined. Appellant’s two said assignments are overruled, as without merit.
The third assignment of error attacks the order refusing to instruct the jury to return a, verdict for the defendant. The appellant contends that this instruction should have been given as requested, for the reason that the plaintiff wholly failed to prove by competent evidence that notice of loss was given, or that demand for payment of the loss was made as required by the policy.
The policy in suit requires the insured, if fire occurs, to give immediate notice in writing of any loss thereby, and within 60 days after the fire, unless such time is extended in writing by the company, a signed and sworn statement detailing facts and opinions of the insured with reference to the fire and to the loss thereby. The sum for which the company is liable, the loss sustained under the policy, “shall be payable sixty days after due notice . . . and satisfactory proof of the loss have been received by this company in accordance with the terms of this policy,” and that “no suit or action on this policy for the recovery of any claim shall be sustainable in any court . . . until after full compliance by the insured with all the foregoing requirements.”
Immediate notice of the fire and notice of loss of insured property must be given the company, and proof of loss must be furnished within 60 days after the fire, and' the company must pay the loss 60 days after notice and satisfactory proof of the loss have been received by the company. These are mutual duties the parties to the contract owe to each other.
The appellant contends that the insured did not comply with the terms of the policy, first, by giving written notice of the loss; nor, second, by furnishing proofs of loss within the time specified in the policy. The fire occurred early on the morning of December 21, 1917, and on the twenty-eighth day of December, 1917, after considerable telephoning and telegraphing, the insurance company had their special adjuster, a Mr. Farrar, on the ground investigating every detail of the fire, because the company looked upon the fire as suspicious. The insured was summoned before this special agent, and he was requested to, and lie did, answer questions propounded to him, and his answers were reduced to writing and subscribed under his oath. Before this cross-examination commenced, however, the company required the insured to sign a paper by which the insured agreed that, if he gave the company any valuable information which ought to be given in another manner and by other means, the company should not be held to have been informed until the means were employed which are referred to in the policy. The intent of this agreement is “to save and preserve all the rights and defenses of all parties, and to permit an investigation of the claim and the determination of the amount of the loss or damage, in order that the party of the first part [the insured] may not be unnecessarily delayed in his business, and that the amount of his claim may be ascertained and determined without regard to the liability of the party of the second part, and without prejudice to any rights or defenses which said party of the second part may have.”
If this agreement means anything,, it means to throw the insured off his guard by persuading him to return to his business without delay and leave the matter of adjusting this loss to the special agent. On January 14, 1918, the insured addressed a letter to the- special agent, expressing disappointment from not hearing of the result of the adjustment 'of the cotton loss, and requested that such matter be attended to at once. The intention of the letter is to demand payment of the loss, and the company had full information of the claim, the demand, and the repeated efforts made by the insured to collect his money in payment of the loss.
Is it possible that an insured, after loss by fire, must furnish to the company the identical information it has already obtained through its special investigation of the fire and of the loss? Is it possible that by a new agreement, without consideration, the company is to be treated as not having received the very information necessary to charge it with liability, and require the insured to furnish that information in writing, when the company has already been furnished the information in writing, but furnished through its own agent, and not wholly by the insured? Is it possible that the policy is unenforceable because a formal demand for payment of the loss was not made, and the fact is the local agency and all special agents were begged and importuned for payment, and even the Corporation Commission requested payment for the insured? Neither the company nor any agent representing the company in the vicinity of the loss has advanced any valid excuse for refusing payment of the actual loss under the policy. From the evidence, Mr. Farrar believed the amount of the loss was much less than 17,612 pounds of seed cotton, and that was the purpose of his investigation. No intimation was ever made that the company refused payment of the loss because no formal notice or proof of loss was furnished the company, or because a written demand for payment was not served on the company within the time provided in the policy.
True, after the time expired, the company ceased to “investigate,” and then for the first time discovered that its liability on the policy was no longer in existence, but expired pending an investigation of its liability. It may be good business to avoid paying the loss on an insurance policy by means of keeping the insured busy about other matters until by lapse of time he loses his rights altogether, but, before a court of justice should favor such practice, it should be made to appear clearly that the insured furnished no information tending to show an intention to claim any loss, nor expected payment of a loss under a valid policy. The refusal of the court to instruct the jury to return a verdict for defendant was proper.
From what is said above, appellant’s fourth assignment of error is without merit, in that the statement made under oath at the request of the adjuster is sufficient proof of loss, although irregular in form, as the court instructed. The instruction given does not submit a question of law to the jury, as complained of. '
The last assignment is that the court erred in refusing a new trial “for the reasons given in support of the preceding assignments of error, and for the reason that said motion presented newly discovered evidence pertinent to the issue of the fact.” The appellant contends that the affidavits in support of the grounds of newly discovered evidence urged for a new trial show that appellant discovered evidence “from which it appears that appellee Goodgame, on or about January 1, 1918, had stated that the amount of seed cotton destroyed by the fire was about 1% bales.”
All through the trial the question of the amount of the loss was uppermost. The 'appellant offered testimony and the appellees offered testimony on that matter. If the said appellee did make the statement claimed, and admitted having made the statement, this would not relieve the company from paying the actual loss. The evidence in question contradicts evidence given on the trial, but it is not substantive evidence tending to establish a fact, but tends, only to contradict other statements made by the same witness, at other times and places, concerning the fact in controversy. The trial court, in refusing a new trial, is not guilty of such abuse of discretion as would justify this court in reviewing his action.
Finding no reversible error in the record, the judgment must he affirmed.
ROSS and BAKER, JJ., concur.
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] |
CUNNINGHAM, C. J.
(After Stating the Facts as Above). This record and appellant’s assignment of errors present the following questions requiring notice and some discussion: The admissibility of the testimony of a Dr. Stanton with regard to a statement made by plaintiff as to the state of plaintiff’s physical condition at a time prior to plaintiff’s alleged injuries, whether the defendant employer’s negligence becomes an element of damages recoverable in an action founded upon said employers’ liability law, and the measure of damages recoverable in such an action.
This witness was employed by the defendant in its medical department, and as such, under his employment, he treated the defendant’s employees and their families when required. He testified:
That he knew the plaintiff and the plaintiff’s wife.
“I had occasion in the past to confine plaintiff’s wife from childbirth. That was the last part of, April, 1915. At that time I was not treating Enrique Burciaga, the plaintiff, and he was not at that time consulting me in any capacity as a patient of mine. ’ ’
“Q. Now at the time of this confinement, state what, if any, conversation you had with this plaintiff, Enrique Burciaga, in which he stated to you his general physical condition and his health at that time.”
The plaintiff objected “on the ground that it is privileged, because this particular witness was treating his wife and also this plaintiff.” The objection was sustained for the expressed reason that the communication was privileged. Thereupon the defendant offered to prove by the said witness:
‘ ‘ That at the time this witness was in attendance upon the wife of Enrique Burciaga, the plaintiff in this ease, and at the time she was being confined, this plaintiff made a statement to this witness that he [plaintiff] had syphilis — he, the plaintiff, had syphilis; that he wanted to know whether or not' the child showed signs of syphilis; that he had had syphilis for a period antedating the time of conception 'and antedating the time^of.the occurrence of the claimed accident in this case; and that there didn’t at that time exist between the plaintiff and this physician any relation of physician and patient, and that these disclosures were not made for the' purpose of diagnosis or treatment, but were purely voluntary on the part of the plaintiff.”
This pffer was rejected.
The ruling of the court on the objection indicates that the. court based the ruling upon paragraph 1677(6), Revised Statutes of Arizona of 1913. Paragraph 1677(6) is as follows :
“The following persons cannot he witnesses in a civil action: . . . A physician or surgeon cannot he examined, without the consent of his patient, as to any communication made bv his patient with reference to any physical or supposed physical disease, or any knowledge obtained by personal examination of such patient. ’ ’
The objection to the effect that the physician was disqualified to answer the question and disclose the statement made to him by the plaintiff, because witness was “treating his wife, and also this plaintiff,” was good, if a fact, because of paragraph 1677(6). The defendant, among other things, offered to prove that at the time the communication was made “that there didn’t at that time exist between the plaintiff and this physician any relation of physician and patient, and that these disclosures were not made for the purpose of . . . treatment, but were purely voluntary on the part of the plaintiff. ’ ’
The objection had been ruled upon before the offer was made, and technically when the offer was made the issue was presented to the court to determine from the evidence whether the relation of physician and patient existed between plaintiff and the witness at the time the communication was' made as a preliminary fact precedent to the admissibility of the evidence of the contents of the communication. The trial court refused to hear the preliminary evidence, and thereby assumed that the said confidential relation of physician and patient existed; hence, the physician was disqualified to repeat the communication. The appellant does not assign as error the refusal of the trial court to hear such preliminary evidence, but assigns as error the order sustaining the objection made that the answer called for was privileged because the witness was then treating plaintiff and plaintiff’s wife as their physician. The ruling ivas strictly correct in the circumstances then before the trial court. We will not express any opinion as to the result had the appellant predicated error on the refusal of the court to try the preliminary question whether the relation of physician and patient existed as a fact at the time the supposed communication was made.
The common-law remedy of the servant against the master to recover damages for personal injuries sustained depends wholly upon the failure of the master in performing a duty he owes to his servant; that is, upon the master’s negligence.
As clearly intimated by this court in Inspiration Consolidated Copper Co. v. Mendez, 19 Ariz. 151, 166 Pac. 278, 1183, the employers’ liability law is designed to give a right of action to the employee injured by accident occurring from risks and hazards inherent in the occupation and without regard to the negligence on the part of the employer. Such is the clear import of the said employers’ liability law. Whether the employee’s negligence becomes an element in actions based upon such statute depends upon whether the defendant injects into the cause such questions by means of setting up negligence on the part of the plaintiff as contributing to plaintiff’s injuries as. a partial defense, or the negligence of. the employee as the sole proximate, efficient cause of the injury.
In all other cases the question as to whether the defendant is guilty of negligence which proximately caused the accident and resulting injuries to the plaintiff is wholly beyond the questions involved and immaterial to the inquiry. The cause of the action and the right of recovery granted by chapter -6, title 14, employers’ liability law, exists without regard to negligence on the part of the defendant employer. If the injured workman relies for recovery upon the negligence of the employer as a cause for action, he must pursue the common-law remedy, as he is given no remedy to recover for negligence by the employers’ liability law. That statute takes no cognizance of negligence as an element in the right of action given, and the presence in or absence of negligence from the accident relied upon for recovery under the statute adds nothing to or takes nothing from the rights of the parties, except as above noted.
Consequently a complaint setting forth facts sufficient to constitute a cause of action given by the employers’ liability law, which also sets forth facts constituting negligence, is open to attack by motion to strike that portion of the complaint setting up negligence, as immaterial matter or, in the absence of such motion, to disregard such allegations as immaterial, to attack upon 'the grounds of duplicity, or to require the plaintiff to declare his purpose and elect which remedy he pursues, that given by the empioyers’ liability law, or by the common law for negligence. In this case the plaintiff at the commencement of the trial made plain his purpose to pursue his remedy under said statute, and thereby effectively eliminated from the case, so far as he was then concerned, all matters of negligence of the employer as an element material to a recovery.
In stating the ease to the jury as preliminary to the instructions, the court, among other things, stated that the plaintiff claims damages on account of physical injuries alleged to have been sustained by him while in the employ of defendant and engaged in performing his duties in defendant’s mines “by being carelessly and negligently thrown from a ladder to the bottom of” a certain numbered portion of the workings of the mines. The paragraph of the instructions containing such language is immediately followed by another informing the jury positively and pointedly that this action is brought under chapter 6 of title 14, Revised Statutes of Arizona of 1913, the employers’ liability law.
The court then follows by instructing the jury that under the provisions of such statute
“An employer in certain hazardous occupations, among them mining, is liable for the personal injury of an employee by an accident arising out of and in the course of such labor, service, and employment, and due to a condition or conditions of such occupation or employment in all cases in which such injury of such employee shall not have been caused by the negligence of the employee injured, and in such case the employer is liable, even though he himself is wholly free from fault or negligence, provided and except the injury to such employee is the result of his own negligence. ’ ’
The same principles are announced in other instructions until the court reaches paragraph 21, where he instructs:
“If you find from the evidence in this ease that the plaintiff received the injury as alleged in this complaint, and you further find that such injury was not caused by the negligence of the defendant, but was the result of the plaintiff’s own negligence and without fault on the part of the defendant, your verdict should be for the defendant. ’ ’
These instructions are conflicting as regards the element of negligence, whether the presence of negligence on the part of the defendant is or is not an ingredient entering into the consideration of the evidence. The first instruction sufficiently informs the jury that the plaintiff alleges negligence, and the last, paragraph 21, requires • the jury to consider whether the evidence with respect to whether the plaintiff received the injury as alleged in the complaint, “and you further find that such injury was not caused by the negligence of the defendant, but ivas the result of the plaintiff’s own negligence, and without fault on the part of the defendant,” thus keeping prominent before the jury the duty to become satisfied that the defendant was without fault before defendant could. recover. The conflicting instructions were given after the preliminary statement was made and before the twenty-first paragraph was given, and correctly places the defendant’s liability to damages in this case upon the accident arising out of and in the course of the employment, and due to a condition or conditions of such occupation or employment.
The statements of negligence in the complaint were immaterial to the statement of facts constituting a cause of action under the employers ’ liability law: The court and the parties had fully agreed that the action on trial was based solely on that statute, and that the purpose of the plaintiff was to enforce by means of the action the remedy given by such statute. By the conflicting instructions, if observed at all, the jury were required to assume that the burden was on the defendant to repel the presumption of its negligence as a cause concurring with a condition or conditions of the hazardous occupation of the plaintiff in the service of the defendant in order to recover.
The burden thus placed upon the defendant was greater than the law requires it to assume in this kind of an action. The instructions as a whole are calculated to lead the jury to understand that in eases under the employers’ liability law, when the complaint charges defendant with negligence, by reason of such charge in the complaint the law requires the defendant to disprove negligence on his part, else he fails to sustain a defense. The law does not support such theory.
The appellant complains of the instructions given by which the amount qf damages shall be determined. The rule given ivas stated as follows:
“First, mental anguish and physical suffering and humiliation and mortification resulting to him [plaintiff] therefrom, if any, including such, if any, as you may believe from the evidence will in reasonable probability ensue to him there from in the future; second, the reasonable value of his lost time therefrom, if any, until now; and, third, the reasonable value, if paid now, of his diminished earning power from such injuries, in the future, if any.”
The appellant contends that humiliation and mortification are not proper elements of damages; that the evidence is insufficient to support an instruction allowing a consideration of such; that there is no evidence of future mental anguish and physical suffering; that diminished earning power is not supported by the issues or proof and is not involved as an element of recovery.
In the eighth paragraph of the instructions the jury were charged that, if the plaintiff is entitled to recover, his damages should be assessed “at such sum as you believe from the evidence will fairly and adequately compensate him for the alleged injuries which you may find he sustained.”
The liability incurred by the employer from a personal injury sustained by his employee from an accident arising out of and in the course of labor, service and employment in hazardous occupations specified in the statute, and due to a condition or conditions of such occupation or employment, if such shall not have been caused from the negligence of such employee, is such an amount as will compensate such employee for the injuries sustained by him directly attributable to such accident. The damages recoverable in such cases as this must be measured by the statute. The employer is made liable by the statute (par. 3158, Rev. Stats. Ariz. 1913) “in damages to the employee injured, or, in case death ensues, to the personal representative of the deceased for the benefit of the surviving widow or husband and children of such employee; and, if none, then to such employee’s parents; and, if none, then to the next of kin dependent upon such employee, and, if none, then to his personal representative, for the benefit of the estate, of the deceased. ’ ’
It is quite clear that no one authorized to prosecute the action can recover ‘ ‘ damages ” in an amount greater than the actual loss sustained by the employee injured. The wrong giving the right of action is attributable, not to any fault, wrong or negligence of the employer, but to the risks and hazards which are inherent in such occupation and which are unavoidable by the workmen therein. Paragraph 3155, Rev. Stats. Ariz. 1913. Consequently the “damages” recoverable include only such actual loss to the employee as he has sustained which flows proximately from the accident.
In determining the “damages” it is quite clear that if any intentional wrong is committed by the employer, by reason of which wrong the employee’s loss is augmented, the loss thereby sustained is no part of the “damages” recoverable in this action, for the reason such injury does not arise from the risks and hazards which are inherent in the occupation and which are unavoidable by the workman therein engaged, but they arise from the fault, negligence or active intentional wrong of the employer, and the workman is entitled to assume that his employer will perform all of the ordinary duties owing to his employees.
“Damages” have been defined to be the compensation which the law will award for an injury done. Scott v. Donald, 165 U. S. 58, 41 L. Ed. 632, 17 Sup. Ct. Rep. 265.
“Actual damages” are such compensation for an injury as would follow from the nature and character of the act. Actual damages are those which the injured party is entitled to recover for the wrongs done and injuries received when none were intended. Ross v. Leggett, 61 Mich. 445, 1 Am. St. Rep. 608, 28 N. W. 695.
Actual damages are such losses as are actually sustained and are susceptible of ascertainment. W. U. Tel. Co. v. Lawson, 66 Kan. 660, 72 Pac. 283.
Hence, the language “liable in damages,” as used in paragraph 3158, chapter 6, of title 14, employers’ liability law, Revised Statutes of Arizona of 1913, has reference to and means that the employer becomes obligated to pay to the employee injured in an accident while engaged in an occupation declared hazardous, occurring without fault of the employer, all- loss to the employee which is'actually caused by the accident and the amount of which is susceptible of ascertainment. All idea of speculative, exemplary and punitive damages is excluded from the meaning evidently intended to be conveyed by the expression used.
Of course, mental and physical suffering' experienced by the employee injured, proximately resulting from the accident, the reasonable value of working time lost by the employee, necessary expenditures, for the treatment of injuries and compensation for the employee’s diminished earning power directly resulting from the injury, and perhaps other results causing direct loss, are matters of actual loss and as such recoverable.
With equal clearness, humiliation and mortification can only result from wrong to the person injured through the intended act of the defendant, and where humiliation and mortification furnish grounds for recovery, the right of recovery depends upon whether the defendant purposely and designedly committed the wrong, thereby intending to humiliate the plaintiff and outrage his feelings. The damages recoverable for such wrong are punitive in character and furnish no grounds for recovery of this kind of action, for the reason such character of damages do not amount to actual damages, but to punitive damages. The instruction erroneously sets forth the rule by which the jury were required to measure the damages recoverable, and the error is such as would most certainly prejudice the defendant’s rights.
For this reason, and other reasons indicated, the judgment should be reversed and the cause remanded for a new trial.
JOHN WILSON ROSS, J., concurs.
■ HENRY D. ROSS, J., owing to sickness, took no part in the decision of this cause.
On the question as to whether privilege as to communications or information acquired by physician extend to physician not employed by patient, see notes in 16 L. R. A. (N. S.) 886; L. R. A. 1915F, 888.
On effect on common-law action of Employers’ Liability Act, see note in 12 L. R. A. (N. S.) 1038.
|
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ROSS, J.
This is an injunction proceeding brought by appellant as a taxpayer and qualified elector against the highway commission for Maricopa county, asking that the commission be enjoined from advertising for certain bids and from letting certain contracts to furnish crushed rock,-sand and cement to be used in the construction of highways in said county. The complaint sets forth a program of highway construction for said county theretofore adopted by the board of supervisors and approved by the electors of said county, in pursuance of the provisions, and amendments thereto, of chapter 31, Session Laws of Arizona, Regular Session 1917. It is shown that bonds of the county to the amount of $4,000,000 have been voted, issued, and sold for the purpose of building and improving highways of the county; that the character of the work to be done has been determined, and that plans, specifications and profiles have been prepared by the commission, or under its direction; and that the commission is advertising for bids for the furnishing of rock, sand and cement called for by the plans and specifications to go into the construction of highways, the said bids and contracts to be separate and apart from the work and labor needed in the construction or improvement of said highways.
The county attorney, in behalf of the commission, filed a demurrer to the complaint, and also answered, admitting the allegations of the complaint. The demurrer was sustained, and, the appellant electing to stand upon the complaint, judgment of dismissal was entered.
The appeal involves the construction to be placed upon section 8 of said chapter 31 as amended by chapter 63, Laws of 1919, the material part of which is as follows:
“All work for which said bonds are issued shall be done under the supervision and direction of the highway commission. As soon as the funds arising from the sale of said bonds are in the treasury, the commission shall determine the character of the work to be done and shall prepare plans, specifications and profiles for the doing of such work, and thereupon shall advertise for bids for the doing of said work, or any part thereof in accordance with the plans, specifications and profiles, by publishing a notice calling for bids thereon for ten days in a daily newspaper or two weeks in a weekly newspaper published in such county. Every contract for the doing of any part of said work shall be let after advertisement as above provided to the lowest responsible bidder who will give security for the faithful performance of said -contract with sureties to be approved by said commission in such amount as said commission shall determine; provided, however, that the said commission may make contracts for any part of said work, the cost of which does not exceed one thousand dollars, without calling for bids therefor as above provided, and provided further, that said commission may reject any and all bids received, and may thereupon readvertise for bids for doing any part or the whole of said work. . . . Said commission may employ a secretary and all necessary engineers, inspectors and superintendents to supervise the performance of such contracts or to have charge of the doing of said work, and shall fix their compensation. ’ ’
It is contended by appellant that separate bids for the material such as crushed rock, sand and cement cannot lawfully be advertised nor contracted, but that bids and contracts must be to complete the highway or some portion thereof- — that is, that the offer must be, and the acceptance must be, for all or a fraction of the designated highway — the work to be done by the contractor to consist of the furnishing of all material as well as the actual physical placement thereof upon the ground. He would limit the power of the commission in letting a contract to one for the whole of a given highway or program of highways the contractor to do all the work and furnish all material, or to a portion of a highway or highways, the contractor to do all work and furnish all material for such portion.
It is the contention of appellees, highway commission, that the work of construction under the above statute is susceptible of a division, so that contracts may be let to different bidders on the same piece of highway, that is, the furnishing of sand, crushed rock and cement, or either of them, and the grading of highways and placing of material may be separately advertised and contracted, so that several contractors may be employed in the construction or improvement of said highways, or a portion thereof, at the same time.
The words “work,” “all -work,” “such work,” and “said work” doubtless have reference to the whole program of construction or improvement. Hanna v. South St. Joseph Land Co., 126 Mo. 1, 28 S. W. 652. This would include the grading of the roadbed, the furnishing of all material, and the laying it. Plans, specifications and profiles of the work are required to be prepared. These, of course, show in detail the character, location, grade, length and width of the highways,- and the material to be used in the improvement or construction. As soon as funds are realized from bond issue, it is made the duty of the highway commission to “advertise for bids for the doing of said work, or any part thereof in accordance with such plans, specifications and profiles,” and “every contract for the doing of any part of said work shall be let . . . to the lowest responsible bidder . . . provided . . . said commission may reject any and all bids received, and . . . readvertise for bids for doing any part or the whole of said work.” This language, we think, is fairly susceptible of the construction contended for and placed upon it by appellees. A part of the work, where crushed rock is called for by the plans and specifications, would be the manufacturing and furnishing of crushed rock, and as much so as the placing it in the roadbed. The work on a given number of linear feet, yards or miles of construction or improvement would include the doing of everything called for by plans and specifications upon such linear measurements to make it a completed and finished unit of the program of construction and improvement, but this work, under the statute, may — in the discretion of the highway commission — be divided into its integral parts and advertised and contracted accordingly, that is they may, by advertising as provided, let contracts for furnishing crushed rock or sand or cement separately from the contract to grade and lay the roadbed, or they may let contracts for the whole work or completed parts thereof. The word “work” means the product of labor and material. Trustees v. Andrew, 115 Md. 541, 81 Atl. 1, 82 Atl. 452. The language of the statute does not say, nor purport to say, that contracts must be for completed segments of the program of construction or improvement. On the contrary, it plainly implies — indeed states — that contracts may be let for, any part of the work or the whole leaving it to the highway commission which it shall be, for the reason that it can investigate and ascertain which method will secure the best work for the least money. This latitude of discretion and action upon the part of the commission, we may assume, was purposely conferred in order to permit persons of small means to bid for and contract some part of the public work. ✓This would not be possible if the work must be let as a whole or in large units, since only a very few could command the capital necessary to furnish the equipment and prosecute the enterprise or undertake the work.
The suggestion by appellant that the letting of separate contracts for integral parts of the work must result in doing the work by force account we do not consider as likely to happen. It is only where the work to be done does not exceed $1,000 that it may be let or contracted without advertising. Accepting his construction of the statute that the contract must be for the entire work or a completed piece of road, it would not defeat the work being done by force account, if the commission were disposed to disregard the clear intent of the law by cutting the work into segments costing $1,000 or less. We must assume that the commission will in all ways administer the laws in good faith and in conformity with its spirit, with a view of securing the very best road construction for the least money.
The judgment is affirmed
CUNNINGHAM, C. J., and BAKEB, J., concur.
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PER CURIAM.
The action is to recover the monthly balances of the sheriff’s salary from January, 1915, to December 31, 1916. His salary was fixed by the board of supervisors at $200 per month. He was actually paid $166.66% per month during the term of 24 months. The'sheriff sues to recover the monthly balances aggregating $800. The defendant interposed the one-year statute of limitations, and that defense was rejected on the demurrer of the plaintiff.
The record presents the same question that was decided in Santa Cruz County v. McKnight (filed December 31, 1918), ante, p. 103, 177 Pac. 256. The judgment must be vacated on the authority of that case, and the cause remanded, with instructions to allow the defense pleaded and render judgment for the plaintiff for the balances of his salary accruing within one year prior to the commencement of the action.
Judgment reversed and remanded, with instructions.
|
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BAKER, J.
(After Stating the Pacts as Above). — The lower court found that the business of J. W. Robinson & Son was the individual business and property of the defendant J. W. Robinson, and that no partnership existed between the said J. W. Robinson and the said Irl R. Robinson. This finding is attacked by plaintiff’s assignment as wanting support in the evidence. It appears from the testimony that Irl R. Robinson never furnished any part of the capital of .the said, business and that he had no interest in the profits of the business. It is true that the evidence shows that he did some clerical work about the conduct of the business, such as keeping books, signing letters to creditors of the business, etc., but it is probable that this character of work was done by him as the mere agent or servant of J. "W. Robinson. It is not our province to weigh the probative force and effect of the evidence; that was the exclusive province of the trial court. The only matter for review here is the question as to whether or not there is substantial evidence to support the findings and judgment. • The evidence is conflicting, and the rule is that the appellate court will-, not disturb the findings of fact of the trial court, based upon conflicting evidence, when they are supported by any substantial testimony, and we cannot say that the finding in question is unsupported by the evidence.
We do not consider that we are called upon to declare the order of the superior court, giving the guardian (the privilege to use the ward’s money in the business of J. W. Robinson & Son, a nullity. Whatever may be the status of that order, valid or invalid, it ought not to be treated as divesting the funds of the ward of their trust character, and as creating the conventional relation of mere debtor and creditor between Irl R. Robinson and his guardian, J. W. Robinson. The right still remains in the ward to follow this trust fund, or its proceeds in the shape of other property, and retake what rightfully belongs to him.
It appears that J. W. Robinson gave a bill of sale of the fixtures in the store of J. W. Robinson & Son to C. R. Robinson, and that C. R. Robinson, in consideration of such bill of sale, deposited in the G-lendale State Bank the sum of $470.80 to the credit of J. W. Robinson, as the guardian of Irl R. Robinson. The intention of J. W. Robinson in making tbk transfer was to replace the money of his ward, Irl R. Robinson, which he had used in the business of J. W. Robinson & Son. But there is no finding that the money of the ward was used in the purchase of these fixtures. The only evidence of the disposition of the ward’s money is that it was used in the business of J. W. Robinson & Son. This is not a sufficient showing to impress a trust upon the fixtures. The legal principle involved is stated in Perry on Trusts, sixth edition, page 569, as follows:
“If the bankrupt, by a breach of trust, has converted the trust estate into other property, the cestui que trust may follow it into the hands of the assignee so far as he can identify the particular property obtained by breach of the trust, but if the trust property has become so amalgamated with the general mass of the bankrupt estate that it cannot be traced, or identified, the cestui que trust must prove his claim.”
The great weight of authority holds that it is not sufficient for a cestui que trust to prove that his money originally passed into the hands of an insolvent, and was used by him in his business. In following a trust fund, a court of equity will, so far as possible, aid the cestui que trust, by indulging every, reasonable presumption in his favor, but with all of this advantage the cestui que trust must, in the end, locate the trust fund in the specific property he seeks to take out of the general assets of the insolvent trustee. E. B. Macey, Trustee, etc., of the Bank of Sully, Iowa, Bankrupt, v. Herbert Roedenbeck, 227 Fed. 346, L. R. A. 1916C, 12, and note, 142 C. C. A. 42; Cavin v. Gleason, 105 N. Y. 256, 11 N. E. 504; Spokane County v. First National Bank, 68 Fed. 979, 16 C. C. A. 81.
We are of the opinion that the judgment must be reversed, and a new trial awarded for the want of a finding that the ward’s money was employed or used in the purchase of the fixtures of the store, which were transferred by J. W. Robinson to C. R. Robinson; and it is so ordered.
CUNNINGHAM, C. J., and ROSS, J., concur.
|
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ROSS, J.
The appellant, who. is a judgment creditor of appellee George Beebe, has invoked the equitable powers of the court by a complaint in the nature of a creditor’s bill, alleging that appellee Dora M. Beebe, the wife of George Beebe, has certain property belonging to the judgment debtor, and that the same was transferred to her by her husband for the purpose of hindering and delaying the appellant from collecting his judgment and to defraud the appellant. The property sought to be reached by this proceeding consists of a block of stock of a mining company (or the unpaid proceeds thereof) optioned to the appellee mining company, Cieneguit-a Consolidated Mines Company. The issue made by the pleadings was as to who was the owner of the stock, George Beebe or his wife, Dora M. Beebe. The mining company owes the owner of the stock, whoever it may be, a balance of several thousand dollars. Appellee Noon was made a party defendant for the reason the stock attempted to be reached is in his name and wa-s optioned by him to the appellee mining company, and payment therefor was to be made to him. His answer disclaims any interest in the stock or proceeds thereof except as agent or attorney for appellee Dora M. Beebe. The case was tried to the court without a jury, and verdict and judgment rendered.in favor of defendants.
There are two assignments of error that heed only be mentioned. One is that the court erred in the admission of testimony over the objection of appellant. The record does not show that any objection was made to the testimony now criticised. It was admitted without objection. • Hence no -ruling of the lower court is before us. ' The other assignment — that the court erred in overruling the motion for a new trial — is not in conformity with the rules of the court.
The errors well assigned are:
First. “The court erred in rendering judgment for the defendants herein for the reason that the overwhelming weight of the testimony in this ease sustained the allegations of appellant’s complaint, and that there is no substantial evidence on which the judgment for defendants could be based. ’ ’
Second. “The court erred in rendering judgment for the defendants for the reason that the same is contrary to law as applied to the facts proven by appellant in this case.”
As above indicated, the issue before the court was the ownership of a block of stock in a mining company; the contention of appellant being that it belonged to George Beebe, the judgment debtor, and that he had transferred it to his wife, Dora Beebe, to get it out of the way of appellant’s execution and to prevent the appellant from collecting his judgment. The evidence in support of this contention, while negative in its nature, was very strong; so strong indeed that a finding by the trier of the facts to the effect contended for would not be disturbed by the appellate court. But there was positive evidence submitted in behalf of the appellee Dora to the effect that she contributed to the enterprise, at its original inception, the sum of $6,000 of her separate funds, with the agreement and understanding that she should have a'share or interest therein equal to her husband’s, and that the stock in controversy represents that share or interest. This evidence is substantial, and, if believed, was sufficient to support the judgment. It was the province and duty of the trial court to pass upon the weight, credibility and sufficiency of the evidence bearing upon the respective contentions of the parties, and in the performance of that duty it was resolved in favor of appellee Dora Beebe.
The rule that this court will not disturb the facts as - found and determined by the trial court unless without support in the evidence, and that its examination of the evidence will be for the purpose of ascertaining, not where the weight of the evidence is, but to see if the record contains substantial evidence supporting the judgment, is well settled in this state.
In a late case we said:
“It was the duty of the trial court to give full consideration to the evidence and to pass upon its weight and sufficiency, and this court cannot say that its conclusions were 'wrong where there is evidence of a substantial nature tending to support the judgment. This court should reverse the judgment of the lower court only when there is a want of evidence to sustain it, or when the judgment is so manifestly against the weight of evidence as to show it to be the result of bias or prejudice.” Wright v. Young, ante, p. 46, 176 Pac. 583.
The point made by appellant under his, second assignment is that, conceding appellee Dora M. Beebe is the owner in her own right of the stock involved, under the circumstances of the case, appellant is entitled to have it, or its proceeds, applied on his judgment against her husband, George Beebe, for the following reason: The appellant, in his capacity of mining engineer, examined and reported upon the Cieneguita mining claims, being the property that constitutes the assets of the company in which appellee Dora Beebe is a stockholder; that it was his report that attracted capital to develop the mines, in consequence of which her holdings became valuable; that she was personally present and cognizant of his services and a beneficiary thereof, and did not disclose to him that she claimed any right or interest in the property; that she permitted her husband to handle and control her stock from 1901, when the property was first incorporated, up to 1908 or 1909, before it was ever issued to her personally or placed in her name or in the name of her attorney and agent.
Under these facts it is claimed the wife, Dora, should be estopped to claim this property as against appellant’s judgment, and this estoppel is based upon a proposition of law stated as follows:
“A wife cannot allow her husband to use and appropriate her property as his own for years and incorporate a part of his own means into it and then, upon a conveyance of the whole from her husband, make a valid claim to it as against his creditors. ’ ’
Granting, for the sake of the argument, that this is a correct statement of an abstract proposition of law, we do not think the facts of this case bring it within either its terms or meaning. The facts, other than the ones already cited, are that at the time appellant examined and reported on the mines, they were prospects, or, at .most, were but slightly developed and mostly unpatented. The only interest had in them in the name of George Beebe was an option to purchase, of which appellant was advised at the time he accepted employment from the husband. The title to the property was never vested in Beebe; the option being transferred to a corporation organized for that purpose which later exercised the option and received deeds and patents thereto.
It is evident appellant did not rely upon the inchoate and uncertain interest of Beebe in the property for his compensation in experting the mines. At the time the services were rendered by appellant the wife had not “allowed her husband to use and appropriate her property as his own for years”; the evidence being that she had contributed but recently to the expense of obtaining and keeping alive the option. That later, and after appellant’s claim arose, she permitted her interest in the stock of the mining company to be carried in the name of her husband, would not even tend to create an equitable estoppel in favor of appellant.
The mere fact that the option tó purchase mines was taken in the husband’s name and the failure of the wife to notify appellant, when he appeared to examine the mines, that she had contributed of her separate funds to help pay for the option, are the only facts upon which this estoppel may be claimed, and that is not enough.
An equitable estoppel is the effect of the voluntary conduct of a party whereby he is absolutely precluded from asserting rights which might otherwise exist as against another person who has in good faith relied upon such conduct, and has been thereby led to change his position for the worse, and who upon his part acquires some corresponding rights. The doctrine is founded upon equity and good conscience; and the party claiming the estoppel must have done something, paid something, or in some way changed his position for the worse, so that he will not be left, or cannot be put back, in his former condition, in case the other party is allowed to assert his original rights.” 3 Story’s Equity Jurisprudence, 14th ed., § 1989.
We are unable to see where the wife’s silence in any way influenced appellant’s conduct. It does not appear that, had she told him of her interest in- the option, he would have exacted a promise from her to pay him for his labor before expecting the mines. We are fully persuaded he was not induced to render the servicies in reliance upon the husband’s ownership caused by any act of the wife.
The judgment of the lower court is affirmed.
CUNNINGHAM, O. J., and BAKER, J., concur.
|
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BAKER, J.
The appellant was convicted of selling intoxicating liquor to W." A. Shackley, and appeals.
It appears from the testimony that the Thiels Detective Service Company was employed by the county of Coconino to procure evidence of violations, if any, of the prohibition amendment in that county; that, pursuant to this employment, the company sent three of its detectives, W. A. Shackley, H. C. Whitney and C. W. Penturf, to Coconino county to proeure such evidence; that the appellant was engaged in the business of stock-raising and also, at the time of the commission of the alleged offense, operated or conducted a poolroom and soft drink establishment in Williams, Coconino county, Arizona; that on the twenty-first day of March, 1917, the detectives, Shackley, Whitney and Penturf, all three, went to the poolroom of appellant for the avowed purpose of obtaining evidence against the appellant for the unlawful sale of intoxicating liquor, by inducing him to sell such liquor, and.each one of said detectives bought a round of drinks of whiskey from the appellant; that they represented that they were going to the Grand Canyon and wanted to take something along with them, and they each bought a pint of whiskey from the appellant, paying him therefor the price of $3.50 a pint. The bottles containing this whiskey were carefully labeled by the detectives for identification, and were introduced in evidence at the trial.
The appellant’s version of the transaction is that the detectives, Shackley and Penturf (he could not remember as to Whitney) came to his pool-hall about the time stated in their testimony, and that Penturf asked him if he had any whiskey, and that he informed Penturf that he had no whiskey and that he did not handle it. Penturf and Shackley went to playing a game of pool and when the game was over they went out the back way of the premises and soon returned and Pen-turf pulled a bottle of whiskey out of his pocket and asked appellant to have a drink; that, after procuring some ginger-ale for use with the whiskey, the appellant took a drink, and that Penturf replaced the bottle of whiskey in his pocket, and these men left the premises.
Appellant positively denies that he sold these detectives, or either one of them, any drinks of whiskey, or that he sold the bottles of whiskey.
It was the sole province of the jury to determine which one of the versions of the transaction was true, and the verdict of guilty necessarily imports that the jury accepted the version as given by the detectives as true, and rejected that of the appellant.
The evidence was conflicting as to the existence of the sale, and the jury, having determined the question against the ap pellant, and that too upon substantial evidence, we cannot disturb the verdict unless some prejudicial error to the appellant was committed in the course of the trial.
The vigorous attacks in the brief of counsel for appellant made upon these detectives and their testimony were all very proper, and perhaps might have been very effective arguments to the jury, but they are of no avail here. This court has recently had occasion to say, in reference to similar attacks:
“ We are asked to scrutinize inconsistencies in the testimony that are inevitable in the record of every ease, to destroy the weight and credibility of the testimony on account of the interest and character of the prosecuting witness, and reconcile the conflicts and resolve all doubts in favor of the defendant. This is all matter for argument to a jury, and it was their exclusive province to determine it. They have determined it against the defendant upon substantial evidence, and there it must end. There is no law forbidding the employment of detectives to aid in the discovery and suppression of crime. Such a method is not inherently bad. Its credibility and weight is therefore for the consideration of the jury.” Duff v. State, 19 Ariz. 361, 171 Pac. 133, 135.
The principal complaint of appellant seems to be that the court refused to charge the jury upon the issue of accomplice and corroboration. It is urged that one who buys liquor at an unlawful sale for the avowed purpose of procuring evidence upon which to instigate a criminal prosecution against the seller induces the seller to commit the crime of selling the liquor and so aids and abets in the commission of the crime, and that the purchaser is therefore an accomplice, and that his testimony must be corroborated. This contention is based upon our statute:
“All persons concerned in the commission of a crime, whether it be a felony or misdemeanor, and whether they directly commit the act constituting the offense, or aid and abet in its commission, or, not being present, have advised and en couraged its commission . . . are principals in any crime so committed.” Penal Code, 1913, par. 27.
“A conviction cannot be had oh the testimony of an accomplice, unless he is corroborated by other evidence' which, in itself, and without the aid of the testimony of the accomplice, tends to connect the defendant with the commission of the offense; and the corroboration is not sufficient if it merely shows the commission of the offense, or the circumstances thereof.” Penal Code 1913, par. 1051.
It is true that, in a faraway sense, the purchaser, by his offer to buy, induces the seller to make the sale, but he cannot be said to have “aided” or “abetted” the seller in making the sale in the sense of the statute. The “aiding” or “abetting” contemplated by the statute is some positive act in aid of the commission of the offense — a force physical or moral joined with that of the perpetrator in producing it. The aider or abettor must stand in the same relation to the crime as the criminal, approach it from the same angle, touch it at the same point. Such is not the case with the purchaser. His approach to the crime is from the other side. The whole force, physical or moral, that goes to the production of the crime, as such, is the seller’s. It is well to observe that the offense in question, the sale of intoxicating liquor, is bounded by the prohibition amendment creating it, and this amendment operates on and has force and effect against the persons therein named, and no other. The penalty of the law is denounced against the seller, and not the purchaser. We do not see how a mere purchaser who confines his participation in the transaction exclusively to the buying, and not to the selling, commits himself or exposes himself to conviction and punishment for selling the liquor as he would do were he an accomplice. No precedent and no authority has been shown for such a prosecution, although the prohibition amendment of this state has been in force for several years and many prosecutions have been had under it, most of which have been sustained by the testimony of the buyers. That such a prosecution has been unprecedented shows very strongly what has been understood to be the law upon the subject. It is our conclusion that a purchaser of liquor at an unlawful sale of such liquor — one who confines himself to the mere purchase and not to the selling — although he may have solicited such sale, is not a person “concerned in the commission of a crime” or an accomplice, and it has been so held in various jurisdictions under similar laws. 16 C. J. 683; Commonwealth v. Willard, 22 Pick. (Mass.) 476; State v. Teahan, 50 Conn. 92; Wakeman v. Chambers, 69 Iowa, 169, 58 Am. Rep. 218, 28 N. W. 498; State v. Gesell, 137 Minn. 41, 43, 162 N. W. 683.
We need not stop to consider whether or not the testimony of the detectives was corroborated by other testimony in the case. They were not accomplices, and therefore corroboration is not in the ease.
For the same reason, it was not error for the court to refuse a charge to the effect that “the testimony of an accomplice ought to be viewed with caution and distrust.” The court, however, did charge the jury to the effect that if they found that the witnesses Shaekley, Penturf and Whitney were detectives and bought the liquor from the appellant for the purpose of securing evidence upon which to instigate a criminal prosecution against him, such facts or circumstances were proper for their consideration in weighing the testimony of such witnesses. We think that this was all that the appellant was entitled to upon that subject.
Another complaint is based upon the fact that a small keg of whiskey was found in a building owned by the appellant and used by him in connection with the business of conducting his pool-hall, where, it is claimed, he sold the liquor to the detectives, and that the jury was instructed that that fact might be considered by them in arriving at their verdict. The objection seems to be compound, to the introduction of the keg of whiskey as evidence as well as to the instruction. Waiving all informality in this assignment, we do not think there was error in either respect. The argument of the appellant is that the liquor in the keg was of a different kind or brand, that in the bottle being Bourbon and that in the keg rye whiskey. They were both whiskey, and the finding of the keg upon the premises used by the appellant in connection with his business at the pool-hall made it admissible in evidence and proper for the jury to consider in arriving at their verdict. Porras v. State, 19 Ariz. 131, 166 Pac. 288.
We have examined the other instructions requested and refused, but we find no error in such refusal. A large percentage of these instructions are based upon the assumption that the detectives were accomplices. The instructions given, taken as a whole, were very clear and correct, and none were of such a character as to give appellant any just or legal cause for complaint.
The court limited the number of witnesses testifying to the good character of the appellant to seven, and this action is assigned as error. The general rule is that a trial court, in the exercise of a sound and reasonable discretion, has the power to limit the number of witnesses who shall testify to a particular fact. 1 Thompson on Trials, 2d ed., par. 353 ;• 5 Jones on Evidence, par. 614. This rule is recognized by statute in some states, and has been frequently approved independent of any statute in other states, in both criminal and civil cases. 5 Jones on Evidence, par. 900. In this case seven witnesses were allowed to testify as to the good character of the appellant, and such testimony was in no wise controverted by the prosecution.
In the interest of economy of time and the orderly dispatch of the business of the court we do not believe that the action of the court in limiting the number of witnesses to seven was prejudicial to the appellant nor an abuse of the discretion of the court.
Further complaint is made that the court erred in excluding testimony of the alleged misconduct of certain witnesses for the prosecution to the effect that they had sold whiskey themselves to women, that one of them had stolen a dog, for which he was arrested and convicted, that one of them was seen drunk, and that they collected money from others for the purpose of buying whiskey to be drunk at a dance — all bad enough, it is true. But evidence of this character was not admissible to impeach the witnesses. These peccadillos were not felonies, and, furthermore, the reputation or character of a witness may not be proven by particular instances of misconduct. The proof is confined to the general reputation of the witness concerning the trait involved. 40 Cyc. 2607, and cases cited.
Appellant assigns as error the refusal of the court to admit testimony as to the general reputation of appellant for truth and veracity. The reputation of appellant in this respect was not attacked by the prosecution at any time during the course of the trial, and evidence to sustain his credibility, under the circumstances, was not admissible. 40 Cyc. 2556, and cases cited.
We are compelled to call attention to the omission of counsel to comply With the statute and the rules of this court on the subject of assignment of errors:
" The brief shall contain a statement of the case, and assignment of the errors relied upon, separately stated, and the argument and authorities in support thereof.” Revised Statutes 1913, paragraph 1261; subdivision 2, rule 4.
Instead of separately assigning the errors they are indis-' eriminately intermingled throughout the brief with the argument, requiring the court to make a diligent search of the entire brief to locate the alleged errors, all of which would have been obviated by an observance of the statute and the rules. If any assignment has been overlooked, it is the fault of the appellant. However, we believe that we have noticed the principal or controlling assignments.
Perceiving no reversible error in the record, the judgment is affirmed.
CUNNINGHAM, C. J., and ROSS, J., concur.
|
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ROSS, J.
Appellee, who is the superior judge of appellant county, brought suit to recover a balance of salary claimed to be due him. At the time he was elected, 1914, and at the time of his induction, January, 1915, the salary attached to the office of judge of the superior court of Greenlee county was fixed by legislative aet at $3,500 per annum. Section-3222, Civil Code 1913.
The third legislature, on March 14, 1917, passed an act (Laws 1917) c. 61), with th'e emergency clause, fixing the salaries of state and county officers. By the terms of this aet, the salaries of the following state officers were neither increased nor diminished: Secretary of the state, state auditor, state treasurer, superintendent of public instruction, members of the corporation commission, state mine inspector, members of the tax commission, members of the supreme court, clerk of the supreme court. The salaries of these officers remained the same as fixed by the Constitution and the act o2 1912 (chapter 2, title 15, Civil Code). However, the salary of the Governor was increased from $4,000, as fixed by the Constitution and the Laws of 1912, to $6,500, as also was the salary of the attorney general increased from $2,500 to $4,000 per annum. The salaries of some of the superior judges were slightly increased; that of the appellee being raised from $3,500 to $4,000 per annum. This act was approved on the above date by the Governor, and therefore comes to us with the legislative and executive sanction and assertion of its constitutionality. Appellant’s board of supervisors disallowed appellee’s claim for the legislative increase for the months of March to December, 1917, and January, 1918, inclusive. Hence this suit.
The appellant demurred to the complaint on the ground that it failed to state facts sufficient to constitute a cause -of action. The appeal is from the order overruling demurrer and from the judgment. The only point raised is as to the power of the legislature to increase the salary of the appellee during his term of office. If that power existed in the legislature the judgment was right, but if that power did not exist in the legislature the judgment was wrong. The question involves an examination of some of the provisions of our Constitution, notably section 17, article 4, part 2, reading:
‘ ‘ The Legislature shall never grant any extra compensation to any public officer, agent, servant, or contractor, after the services shall have been rendered or the contract entered into, nor shall the compensation of any public officer be increased or diminished during his term of office,” and section 24, article 6, reading:
“No change made by the Legislature in the number of judges shall work the removal of any judge from office; and no judge’s salary shall be reduced during the term of office for which he was elected. ”
It is the contention of appellee that, when these provisions are taken and construed together, their meaning and import is that the legislature may increase the salary of the superior judges of the state during their terms of office. To sustain his position, he relies upon two well-known rules of construction:
The first is that specific or particular provisions of a statute or constitution will prevail over general terms or expressions. But, to have that effect, the two provisions must conflict with each other. If there is no conflict, if they coalesce or agree, the rule can have no application. Section 17 comprehends •both increases and decreases of compensation, and forbids them during any public officer’s term of office. It includes in its terms all “public officers,” and announces a rule of compensation binding upon all alike, superior judges among others. Section 24 limits its prohibition to particular public officers, to wit, judges, and the diminution of their salaries during the term for which they were elected. The limitation upon the power of the legislature as contained in section 24 does not affect the restrictions upon the legislature as found in section 17, for both sections prohibit in part the same thing — the reduction of a judge’s salary during his term. These provisions are harmonious in agreement. That being so, appellee’s rule that particular statutes or provisions should be given effect over general provisions has no application. In 12 Corpus Juris, 709, section 56, it is said:
“Distinct constitutional provisions are repugnant to each other only when they relate to the same subject, are adopted for the same purpose, and cannot be enforced without substantial conflict.”
Tested by this very reasonable rule of construction, there is no shadow of conflict or repugnancy between the two provisions of sections 17 and 24.
But it is said that, because section 24 only forbids a reduction of a judge’s salary, it impliedly authorizes an increase. That doubtless would be true, if section 24 was the only expression of the Constitution on the subject; but to give it that force here would be to create a conflict with section 17 of the Constitution by implication. No public officer’s compensation is excepted from the terms of section 17, and it is a general rule that, where no exception is made in terms, none will b* made by mere implication or construction. Rhode Island v. Massachusetts, 12 Pet. 657-722, 9 L. Ed. 1233; Cohens v. Virginia, 6 Wheat. 264-378, 5 L. Ed. 257; Society, etc., v. New Haven, 8 Wheat. 464, 489, 490, 5 L. Ed. 662; Gibbons v. Ogden, 9 Wheat. 1, 6 L. Ed. 23; State v. Dircks, 211 Mo. 568, 111 S. W. 1; United States v. Board of Commissioners, 216 Fed. 883, 133 C. C. A. 87.
As was said in the last case, “But we cannot be governed by implications against the express language of the statute.” It would be a grave and serious step to except judges from the terms of section 17 upon a mere implication. The court cannot write into the Constitution what its makers omitted or refused to write into it. Those persons commissioned and empowered to write it, and the people who adopted it, did not choose to use language directly excepting the judges and their compensation from the terms of section 17; nor is that instrument, taken as a whole, capable of a construction, by implication or otherwise, permitting members of the judiciary to accept increased salaries.
The other rule of construction invoked by appellee to sustain his contention is the one stated by Judge COOLEY as follows:
“The rule applicable here is that effect is to be given, if possible, to the whole instrument, and to every section and clause. If different portions seem to conflict, the courts must harmonize them, if possible, and must lean in favor of a construction which will render every word operative rather than one which may make some words idle and nugatory.” Cooley, Const. Lim., 5th ed., p. 70.
As we have seen, the two sections involved do not conflict, and therefore require no effort to make them harmonize, and, giving' full force and effect to the last rule of construction, no word of section 24 is rendered inoperative. Because the same thing is only measurably provided against by section 24, and is wholly provided against in section 17, does not render the former, or any part thereof, “idle and nugatory.” As was said by Mr. Justice McKENNA, in Pirie v. Chicago Title & Trust Co., 182 U. S. 449, 45 L. Ed. 1171, 21 Sup. Ct. Rep. 911:
“It does not follow that because the terms of a section are defined elsewhere, or the consequences, of its provisions are expressed elsewhere, it becomes a nullity or is defective. ’ ’
“There is another rule of construction, . . . and it is, where the court finds, in any particular clause, an expression not so large and extensive in its import as those in other parts of the same statute, if, upon a view of the whole act, they can collect, from the larger and more extensive expression used in other parts, the real intention of the Legislature, it is their duty to give effect to the larger expressions.” State v. Jennings, 27 Ark. 419, 423.
The same rule, with different phraseology, is found in 36 Cyc. 1131:
“But a particular expression in one part of a statute, not so large and extensive in its import as other expressions in the same statute, will yield to the larger and more extensive expressions, where the latter embody the intent of the Legislature.”
The plain, explicit and -unambiguous language of section 17, as we hope later to show, is a constitutional declaration of policy that public officers’ compensation, when once fixed should be inviolate, at least during the term for which the officer was elected. In it is to be found “the real intent” of the framers of the Constitution and the people who voted for it.
But, if what we have already said does not convince that the two sections (17 and 24) are not repugnant, but harmonious, and may be allowed to stand side by side without any nullification of one by the other, we submit there is another very cogent and convincing reason why they should not be given the effect contended for by appellee, and that is that they were inserted in the organic law for widely different purposes. Section 17 is found in part 2 of ai’tiele 4, which treats of the legislative department of the state, and is the enunciation of a general policy affecting the compensation of public officers. Section 24 is the very last section of article 6 treating of the judicial department. Section 2 of this article, among other things, provides that the supreme court ■shall consist of three judges and that the number may be increased or diminished from time to time by law, but the number shall never be less than three. Section 5 provides that each county shall have at least one superior judge, and' if the population of the county is more than 30,000, the law may provide one judge for each additional 30,000, or major fraction thereof; and where there are more judges than one, it provides for the distribution and assignment of the business of the court.
After vesting the legislature with the power to change the number of judges of the supreme court and the superio]’ courts under certain conditions, it was very natural, as well as reasonable and just; that the framers of the Constitution should say, as they did in section 24:
“No change made by the Legislature in the number of judges shall work the removal of any judge from office; and no judge’s salary shall be reduced during the term of office for which he was elected.”
This language is predicated on sections 2 and 5 of article 6 in regard to changes in the number of judges, and the reason for it is plainly not to let the division or reduction of the work consequent upon an increase of the number of judges be an excuse to reduce the salary of a judge during his term, or to let a reduction in the number work his removal or affect his salary during the term for which he was elected. Under sections 2 and 5, the legislature may lighten the work of a superior judge by providing for two or more superior judges to do the work the one judge formerly was required to do, or lighten the work of the three supreme court judges by increasing the membership of that court to four or more, but in no event can the salary attached to the office at the time of said judge’s election be reduced. Indeed, a reduction of the number of judges shall not take from the judge his salary or have the effect of reducing it.
So it is that section 24 is far from being in conflict, either in words or spirit, with section 17 or the general policy therein announced, but, on the contrary, has for its purpose the strict maintenance of that policy by providing that even the reduction of the number of judges should not work a removal of a judge or affect his salary during his term. The absence from section 24 of a prohibition against an increase of the compensation of a ° public officer during his term is easily accounted for when the' purpose of the section is considered. Its purpose was to prevent an injustice being done a person who had been chosen in the manner provided by law to fill the office of judge. Without its restraining force, the legislature could possibly, under other provisions of the organic law authorizing it to reduce the number of judges, abolish the office of judge, and thereby defeat a successful candidate from a realization of the fruits of his office. While section 17 forbids a diminution of compensation, it does not prohibit the removal of an officer by the abolishment of his office, as section 24 does. Bogue v. Seattle, 19 Wash. 396, 53 Pac. 548; 22 R. C. L. 579, §§ 293, 294. Section 24 was evidently inserted to protect the officer by insuring him that the happening of the things enumerated in sections 2 and 5, article 6, should not, however it might affect his status or duties, lessen the salary he was made to believe he would be allowed to draw during his term. It was intended as a shield to the members of the judiciary of the state, and it must be limited in operation to that purpose.
It is a well-established rule that — ■
“The interpretation of constitutional provisions is to be made in view of the history of the times, the evil to be remedied, and the purpose to be accomplished.” Fargo v. Powers (D. C.), 220 Fed. 697, 700.
Long before Arizona’s Constitution was written, the provision of section 17 against 'increasing or decreasing a public officer’s compensation during his term, or some such similar provision, had found a place in many of the Constitutions of the states of the Union. It has been demonstrated over and over that, unless the power to change salaries of public officers during their term, was taken from the legislature, much of the valuable time of that body would be consumed in either trying to appease the appetite of importunate constituents for increase of compensation, or to gratify the spleen or grudge of others by passing laws diminishing the compensation of public officers. These evils and a train of others, pernicious in their influence alike upon legislation and upon those promoting or seeking legislation, were well known at the time our Constitution was written and adopted. Hence, the plain, inexorable rule laid down in section 17:
“Nor shall the compensation of any public officer be increased or diminished during his term of office.”
This expression is explicit, unambiguous and free from doubt. It is all-inclusive. Mr. Justice LAMAR, in Lake County v. Rollins, 130 U. S. 670, 32 L. Ed. 1060, 9 Sup. Ct. Rep. 652, says:
“If the words convey a definite meaning which involves no absurdity, nor any contradiction of the other parts of the instrument, then that meaning, apparent on the face of the instrument, must be accepted, and neither the court nor the Legislature have the right to add to it or take from it. ’ ’
To say that section 17, taken in connection with section 24, does not include the members of the judiciary of the state would lead to an “absurdity,” in that it would leave, of all the public officers of the state, the judges alone free to solicit and exercise influence to secure increases of their compensation during their term of office. Why this favoritism or advantage should be extended to the judiciary, and no other public officers of the-state, is inexplicable, and before we could persuade ourselves that such was the case, the framers of the instrument would have to use plain and direct words saying so. We would not so hold by implication, or by any strained or doubtful construction of the Constitution.
The reasons that prompted the writers and the ratifiers of the Constitution to provide that all county and state officers should be paid “fixed and definite salaries,” which could not be increased or diminished during their term of office, no doubt applied with equal, if not greater, force to judges than to other public officers. Section 17, art. 22; also section 17, art. 4, pt. 2. The conclusion, therefore, is inevitable that the policy declared in section 17 of the Constitution applies to all public officers without exception or discrimination; that its plain and explicit meaning is not and never was intended to be changed by the expressions contained in section 24, but on the contrary, the two sections were inserted for a different object. They not only harmonize, but support each other.
When the finished work, in the form of law, of the other two co-ordinate branches of the government — the legislative and executive — has, in a proper ease, been questioned and passed on to us as the representatives of the judicial department for our opinion as to its constitutionality we acknowledge we approach the discharge of our duty with reverence, and, we hope, with all respect due the other branches of the government, for we must remember that the legislators and the Governor who have placed their seal of approval upon the law, like ourselves have taken an oath to support the Constitution. Influenced by that consideration and thought, the courts all over the land have adopted the rule of allowing a law to stand when attacked, if any doubt exists as to its invalidity. It is only when such a law clearly violates the Constitution that we would be justified in striking it down. By giving chapter 61, Laws 1917, a prospective operation, we are able to sustain the action of the other branches of the government in writing it upon our statutes, and at the same time permit no violence to the Constitution.
The fact that the legislature did not have the power to increase the salary of appellee during his term of office does not necessarily make the salary act (chapter 61, Laws of 1917) unconstitutional when applied to officers elected there- . after. The legislature may increase or diminish salaries of .public officers. There is no prohibition in the Constitution against their doing so. The limitation is against the increasing or decreasing of a public officer’s salary during his'term of office, or the term for which he was elected. The injunction against the changing of the compensation would, however, postpone the operation of chapter 61, Laws of 1917, until after the expiration of appellee’s term.
Judgment reversed and ease remanded, with direction to sustain demurrer and dismiss complaint.
BAKEB, J., concurs.
|
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BAKER, J.
This is an action brought by Mamie Lee Wahlstrom in her individual capacity and as executrix of the estate of Joseph Wahlstrom, deceased, plaintiff, against William C. Christy, by Lloyd B. Christy, his attorney in fact, and Shirley Christy, defendants, to recover $5,276.74, alleged to be damages sustained through the act of defendants in terminating a lease entered into between defendants and deceased during his lifetime of certain premises described as the S. % of the N. % of the S. E. % and S. % of the S. E. 14 of the N. E. 14, of section 1, township 1 north, range 2 east, G-. & S. R. B. & M., Maricopa County.
The lease is set out in the complaint. It is for three years from November 1, 1916, to November 1, 1919. The rent is made payable semi-annually in advance on the 1st days of May and November of each year. The complaint shows that the rent due on November 1, 1916, was paid; that the,defendants extended the time for payment of the rent due on May 1, 1917; that the lessee, Joseph Wahlstrom, died September 8, 1917; and that the plaintiff was appointed and qualified as executrix of the estate of said deceased on November 1, 1917. The complaint further shows that on November 5, 1917, the defendants declared the lease forfeited for nonpayment of rents.
The defendants interposed a plea in bar to the complaint, for that it appears from the complaint that the rent due on May 1, 1917, and also the rent due on November 1, 1917, had not been paid, and that the defendants had availed themselves of the right by law to re-enter and take possession of the premises upon the nonpayment of such rents. The court entered an order sustaining the defendants’ plea in bar, from which order the plaintiff brings this appeal.
Counsel for the respective parties entered into the following stipulation, which was approved by the court:
“It is stipulated by and between the respective counsel herein that the court in passing upon the plea in bar interposed by the defendants in their answer had nothing before him but the pleadings in the case, no evidence having been taken by the court on the plea in bar. The court sustained the plea after argument of counsel, which argument was confined to one point, viz.: The right of the defendants to declare a forfeiture of the written lease and to take possession of the leased premises in question on November 5, 1917, for the failure to pay rent as disclosed in the complaint.”
It will thus be seen that the only question for determination is:
“Did the defendants have the right to declare a forfeiture of the written lease and to take possession of the leased premises in question on November 5, 1917, for the failure to pay the rents as disclosed in the complaint ?”
It is set forth in the complaint that the defendants extended the time for the payment of the rent which fell due on May 1, 1917. For what length of time, the extension was granted is not stated. It is not claimed that the defendants ever gave the lessee any notice that the time of such extension had expired, nor was any demand made upon the lessee for the payment of this rent after such extension had been granted. We think this conduct amounted to a clear waiver of any forfeiture for the nonpayment of the rent due on May 1, 1917. The right to declare a forfeiture is for the benefit of the lessor and may be waived by him. The general rule announcing what conduct upon the part of the lessor will amount to a waiver of a forfeiture is thus stated in 24 Cyc. 1360:
“Any act of the lessor done with the knowledge of a cause of forfeiture by the lessee affirming the existence of the lease and recognizing the lessee as his tenant is a waiver of such forfeiture. And inasmuch as forfeitures are not favored, slight acts will be construed as a waiver of the forfeiture.”
And there are cases which directly hold that a lessor who extends the time for the [payment of rent waives the right to declare a forfeiture for the nonpayment of such rent. Lewis v. Ocean Nav. etc. Co., 125 N. Y. 341, 26 N. E. 301; Sauer v. Meyer, 87 Cal. 34, 25 Pac. 153.
The next rent payment, according to the lease, was due November 1, 1917. The lessee (Wahlstrom) died on September 8, 1917. The plaintiff was appointed and qualified as the executrix of the estate of said deceased on November 1, 1917. Assuming that it was the duty of the executrix to pay the rent due November 1, 1917, yet she had all of the fifth day of November and the business day of November 6, 1917, in which to pay it under the express provisions of section 1552:
“Whenever any tenant shall neglect or refuse to pay his rent when the same shall be due and said rent shall be in arrears and unpaid for five days thereafter. ...”
Section 693 of the Civil Code provides:
‘ ‘ The time in which any act provided by law is to be done is to be computed by excluding the first day and including the last day, unless the last day is a holiday, and then it is also excluded. ’ ’
Clearly the re-entry on November S>, 1917, was premature Having determined that the re-entry was premature, it is unnecessary for us to determine the question, vigorously argued by counsel on both sides, whether or not a landlord is required to make a demand for the rent before exercising the right to declare the lease forfeited and re-enter the leased premises for nonpayment of rent. The defendants did not have the right in either event to declare a forfeiture of the lease on November 5, 1917, and so the question of a demand is immaterial so far as the disposition of this appeal is concerned.
The order sustaining the plea in bar must be reversed, and it is so ordered.
CUNNINGHAM, C. J., and ROSS, J., concur.
|
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FROEB, Judge.
Two issues are presented in this appeal from a judgment entered upon a jury verdict in favor of the defendant bus company in a negligence action:
(1) Whether the trial court erred by precluding [plaintiff] from cross-examining the bus driver regarding certain prior incidents to show his lack of competence or truthfulness; and
(2) Whether the trial court erred by refusing [plaintiff’s] requested instructions regarding the duty of a common carrier to its passengers and by giving defendants’ requested instructions.
We find no error requiring reversal and affirm the judgment.
The facts, viewed in a light most favorable to the defendants and giving the defendants the benefit of all reasonable inferences arising from that favorable view of the evidence, are as follows. Plaintiff Augusta M. Block organized tours from Sun City, Arizona, to Las Vegas, Nevada. She contracted with defendant Sun Valley Bus Lines to provide transportation to and from Sun City to Las Vegas, and around Las Vegas. On February 14, 1980, co-defendant Marvin Meyer, an employee of defendant, was the bus driver on the tour.
To exit the bus used on the tour, a passenger descended three steps. Absent a curb, the distance from the last step to the ground was fifteen to eighteen inches. The bus, however, generally pulled up to a curb. The only exceptions were at one stop in Sun City and at the Hacienda Casino in Las Vegas.
The passengers were generally senior, citizens in varying stages of health and with various powers of ambulation. Many needed someone available to assist them on and off the bus. Because of the rather severe drop-off from the last step, a portable step was put into place if there was no curb. The driver always got the portable step from its storage place in the luggage compartment and put it into place for the passengers to descend. Also, plaintiff, due to a medical problem, was overweight and required some aid in exiting the bus.
On February 14, 1980, the bus, on the routine tour, made a stop at the Hacienda. It was twilight or darker. The bus stopped in the parking lot. The driver went to get tickets to the show at the Hacienda. As he was returning, and was approximately 25 to 30 feet from the bus, he saw plaintiff descending the steps of the bus. He had not put the portable step in place. It was normal for the passengers, including plaintiff, to wait until the driver returned before they would exit the bus. Plaintiff was usually the first passenger off the bus.
However, on this occasion, William Arlt, who did not require the portable step to get off the bus, was the first person off the bus. Arlt, a friend of plaintiff’s, commonly went on the tours. He commonly assisted plaintiff in tasks such as distributing tickets. Arlt looked up at plaintiff, who was still on the bus, and asked her “are you ready?” to which plaintiff said, “Yeah.” As plaintiff put one foot down from the last step, she realized that the portable step was not in place.
Arlt, to keep plaintiff from falling forward, pushed her backwards onto the bus. She fell back onto her right leg, causing injury to her right knee. Thereafter, in Las Vegas, she used a wheelchair, but did not seek medical care. After returning to Sun City, however, she did seek medical care. The fact of injury and the medical expenses attendant thereto are not disputed issues in this case.
Plaintiff filed a complaint against defendant and Meyer for their alleged negligence in failing to use the necessary care in assisting her to disembark from the bus. The case was tried to a jury. The jury returned a verdict in favor of the defendant and Meyer and judgment was entered thereon. Plaintiff’s motion for a new trial was denied. Plaintiff appealed both from the judgment and the order denying the motion for new trial.
Plaintiff’s first argument is that the trial court erred by limiting cross-examination of the bus driver, Meyer, regarding previous incidents in his career as a bus driver. These were documented in his personnel file. Plaintiff sought to question Meyer about the incidents to attack his credibility. The incidents which plaintiff sought to introduce into evidence were:
(1) several traffic citations;
(2) an instance in which he allegedly backed into a building and tried to settle the matter himself without contacting his employer; and
(3) Sun Valley’s placement of Meyer on probation for attempting to collect reimbursement for expenses not actually incurred.
Plaintiff argues that the above were relevant because Meyer testified on cross-examination that he was a competent driver and an honest man. Plaintiff’s counsel did not argue at trial that the personnel file itself should have been admitted, but only that he should have been able to cross-examine Meyer on the above matters.
The issue came up in the following trial context. On cross-examination of Meyer as part of plaintiff’s case-in-chief, Meyer was asked:
Q. Do you consider yourself to be a competent driver?
A. Yes, I do.
Q. Do you consider yourself to be an honest man?
A. Yes, I do.
Q. Isn’t it true that on November—
MR. SCHMIDT [counsel for appellees]: Your Honor, may we approach the bench for just a moment, please?
THE COURT: You may.
After hearing argument from both counsel, the court ruled:
If he had a felony conviction, I’d let you do that, but the rest of that stuff is either irrelevant or even if slightly relevant, is — the bad outweighs the good part.
It may be that I took a quarter out of the collection box when I was a kid, does that mean I’m a liar? I don’t know. The rules don’t permit it.
Defendant and Meyer make the preliminary argument that plaintiff did not make an offer of proof and therefore cannot raise on appeal the argument that the exclusion of the cross-examination testimony was error. We disagree.
Rule 103(a)(2), Arizona Rules of Evidence, states that a ruling excluding evidence may be raised as error only if:
In case the ruling is one excluding evidence, the substance of the evidence was made known to the court by offer or was apparent from the context within which questions were asked.
As noted in Tate v. Connel, 3 Ariz.App. 534, 540, 416 P.2d 213, 219 (1966), when the precluded question is cross-examination of an adverse party, “an offer of proof is impracticable and unnecessary in order to predicate error.” Counsel for plaintiff precisely stated to the court the three incidents as to which he intended to cross-examine Meyer. He could reasonably assume that Meyer would admit the incidents. The questions and expected answers of the attempted examination are clear, and therefore we may review the issue. See, e.g., Gaston v. Hunter, 121 Ariz. 33, 588 P.2d 326 (App.1978).
The admission or exclusion of the proffered testimony turned on rule 608(b), Arizona Rules of Evidence:
Specific instances of the conduct of a witness, for the purpose of attacking ... his credibility, other than conviction of a crime as provided in Rule 609, may not be proved by extrinsic evidence. They may, however, in the discretion of the court, if probative of truthfulness or untruthfulness, be inquired into on cross-examination of the witness (1) concerning his character for truthfulness or untruthfulness ____
Initially, we note that there is no indication that the traffic citations have any bearing on Meyer’s truthfulness. Therefore, preclusion of cross-examination on those incidents was clearly proper.
As to the other two matters, the Arizona Supreme Court has held that under rule 608(b), Arizona Rules of Evidence, the trial court has discretion to allow cross-examination of a witness about his specific acts of misconduct, if they are probative of truthfulness, even though the witness has not been convicted of any crime in connection with the acts. State v. Woods, 141 Ariz. 446, 687 P.2d 1201 (1984). The court, however, noted that “the utility of the evidence must be weighed by the trial judge against the possibility of prejudice under rule 403, Arizona Rules of Evidence.” 687 P.2d at 1205. Here, the evidence of the backing-up accident and the improperly sought expenses would have required foundation and then, no doubt, would have been contested or explained by Meyer. Thus, these collateral matters would have unnecessarily consumed time and confused the issues. 687 P.2d at 1205. There was also the danger of unfair prejudice to Meyer.
Moreover, the prior incidents would only show that Meyer was concerned about his job, and thus had a motive to lie. That motive would already be apparent to the jury.
The trial court’s statements show that it weighed the “good against the bad,” and exercised its discretion to bar the cross-examination. We find no abuse of discretion.
Plaintiff’s argument, that rule 611, Arizona Rules of Evidence, mandates wide-open cross-examination to attempt to attack the credibility of a witness, is without merit. Rule 611(a) states that, “The court shall exercise reasonable control over the mode ... of interrogating witnesses and presenting evidence so as to ... (2) avoid needless consumption of time, and (3) protect witnesses from harassment or undue embarrassment.” As noted in State v. Zuck, 134 Ariz. 509, 513, 658 P.2d 162, 166 (1982):
While wide latitude should be granted in cross-examination, (citation omitted) this does not confer a license to run at large, and the trial court can curtail cross-examination’s scope. (Citation omitted). [R]ule 403 gives courts power to protect witnesses against cross-examination that does little to impair credibility, but that may be invasive of their privacy. The court may prevent cross-examination into collateral matters of a personal nature having minor probative value and tending to bring up collateral matters ... which would require unnecessary use of court time.
The second argument raised by plaintiff is that the trial court erred in giving instructions which placed only a standard of ordinary care upon the defendants, rather than a standard of “the highest decree of care practicable under the circumstances.” Plaintiff also argues that the trial court erroneously failed to instruct the jury “that one who voluntarily assumes a duty must give reasonable notice if he intends no longer to perform it.”
The jury was instructed on negligence in accordance with Maricopa Recommended Jury Instruction (Civil) No. 8:
Negligence is the failure to use reasonable care. Negligence may consist of action or inaction. A person is negligent if he fails to act as an ordinarily careful person would act under the circumstances.
The court also gave defendants’ requested Instruction Number 7:
A common carrier must exercise due or ordinary care in providing reasonably safe and convenient means for the assistance and protection of passengers in getting on and off a bus.
Last, the court gave defendants’ requested Instruction Number 5:
A bus carrier is not an insurer of the safety of the passengers. The passengers must assume the ordinary and usual danger and perils of such trips.
Although plaintiff requested several instructions regarding the “higher” duty of a common carrier, plaintiff’s requested Instruction Number 5 is representative of all:
The duty imposed upon a bus company, as a common carrier, to exercise the highest degree of care for the safety of its passengers includes an obligation to provide facilities and assistance for getting off the bus where the facts and circumstances make such facilities and assistance necessary.
Also, the court refused plaintiff’s requested Instruction Number 9:
A person who voluntarily assumes a duty toward another person to protect her from injury is negligent if he did not continue to perform such a duty in a reasonably careful manner, unless he gave reasonable notice of his intent to no longer perform such a duty.
The trial court did not express reasons for its rulings on the instructions.
We find no error in the trial court’s failure to instruct the jury that a common carrier owes its passengers the highest standard of care practicable, or words to that effect. While several Arizona opinions have stated that, in dicta, we have found no case which holds that it is reversible error to instruct the jury that a common carrier merely owes a duty of reasonable care toward its passengers.
In fact, the opposite is indicated in Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railroad v. France, 54 Ariz. 140, 94 P.2d 434 (1939). There, the allegation was that the railway, operating the train at undue speeds under the conditions, caused the plaintiff to be thrown from her sleeping berth, causing injury to her. The court refused defendant’s requested instruction:
You are instructed that negligence is the omission to do something which a reasonably prudent man, guided by these considerations which usually regulate the conduct of human affairs would do; or is the doing of something which a prudent and reasonable man, guided by those same considerations would not do; it is not intrinsic or absolute, but is always relative to the surrounding circumstances of time, place and persons.
54 Ariz. at 143-44, 94 P.2d 434. Instead, the trial court gave the following instruction:
You are instructed that a carrier of passengers for hire is required under the law to exercise the highest degree of care for the safety of its passengers which is practicable under the circumstances and that a failure to exercise the highest degree of care under the circumstances amounts to negligence.
You are further instructed that if you believe from a preponderance of the evidence that the defendant failed to exercise the highest degree of care for the safety of plaintiff which was practicable under the circumstances as alleged in plaintiffs’ complaint ... then your verdict should be for the plaintiffs.
54 Ariz. at 144, 94 P.2d 434. The plaintiff argued that the trial court thereby committed prejudicial error.
The appellate court found that although the given instructions “do correctly state the duty of a carrier,” it was concerned:
[I]s this instruction sufficient so that the case may be presented properly to the jury? It is true, however, as claimed by the defendant in its requested instruction, that the duty of a prudent and reasonable man is not intrinsic nor absolute, but is always relative to the surrounding circumstances of time, place and persons, and this applies to common carriers, as it does to all others.
In view of the peculiar character of the evidence in this case, we think that the failure to give the instruction requested by the defendant tended to mislead the jury, by failing to point out sufficiently to it the limitations on the care required even of a common carrier for hire. Under some circumstances this failure to give the suggested instruction, even though, as we have said, it correctly states the law, might not have been prejudicial, but we think in the present case it was.
54 Ariz. at 145, 94 P.2d 434. See also Note, Standard of Care Required of Common Carrier Toward Paying Passengers, 7 Ariz.L.Rev. 164 (1965).
Also supportive of our conclusion is Frederick v. City of Detroit, 370 Mich. 425, 121 N.W.2d 918 (1963). The trial court there instructed the jury that negligence was “the failure to use that amount of care that a reasonably prudent person would use under the circumstances.” 121 N.W.2d at 919. The appellant argued that the trial judge erred by not instructing the jury that plaintiff was owed a high degree of care, not just ordinary care. The appellate court noted that judicial statements about the high degree of care to be exercised by carriers “should not be, as it has been and is sought here to be, taken as a pronouncement of a different, more exacting, standard of care required of carriers nor should such appellate judicial language be considered appropriate for use in instructing jurors.” 121 N.W.2d at 921. The court reasoned:
By instructing the jury that high care or the highest care is required of carriers, a court impinges upon the jury’s obligation to determine the carrier’s compliance with its duty of due care by consideration of the proofs of what a reasonably prudent carrier would have done in the circumstances disclosed by the evidence.
121 N.W.2d at 923. See also Union Traction Co. v. Berry, 188 Ind. 514, 121 N.E. 655, 32 A.L.R. 1171 (1919).
Prosser has made the following comments on the issue:
A substantial number of courts, however, have dealt with some such cases by instructing the jury in terms of a higher, or the highest, “degree” of care, as for example in the case of the common carrier. They thus purport to recognize a higher or lower basic standard of conduct for different defendants, or different situations. There is seldom reason to think that they mean to say anything more than that greater or less care will be required under the circumstances. Technically the “high degree” instruction is incorrect,____
W. Prosser, Law of Torts § 34 at 181 (4th Ed.1971); see also Restatement (Second) of Torts § 314 (1965).
Finally, we also reject plaintiffs argument that it was error not to give her requested Instruction Number 9. We find no support in the evidence for the giving of the instruction. There is no evidence that Meyer failed to do what he ordinarily did. Meyer testified that it was normal for the passengers to wait until he got back to the bus to descend the stairs. Plaintiff admitted on cross-examination that she came down the stairs because Arlt, who proceeded her off the bus, said, “Are you ready?” and appellant said, “Yeah.” Thus, under any reasonable view of the evidence, Meyer did not abandon any assumed duty to put the step in place. Moreover, even if supported by the evidence, the instruction only requires the carrier to perform in a reasonably careful manner. This duty was already stated in the given instructions and did not require repeating.
For the aforementioned reasons, we affirm the judgment.
CORCORAN, P.J., and OGG, J., concur.
|
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] |
CAMERON, Justice.
Defendant, Michael Poland, was tried before a jury and found guilty of two counts of first degree murder in violation of A.R.S. § 13-1105(A)(1). He was sentenced to death under A.R.S. § 13-703. He appealed and we reversed the conviction because of jury misconduct. See State v. Poland, 132 Ariz. 269, 645 P.2d 784 (1982) (Poland I). Defendant was retried, convicted and again sentenced to death. He appeals. We have jurisdiction pursuant to Art. 6, § 5(3) of the Arizona Constitution, and A.R.S. §§ 13-4031 and 13-4035.
Defendant Michael Poland was retried jointly with his brother Patrick. The facts in Michael’s case are the same as those set forth in the case of State v. Patrick Poland, 144 Ariz. 388, 698 P.2d 183 filed this day. They need not be repeated here.
With the few exceptions noted below, Michael raises the same issues on appeal as does Patrick. Since we have disposed of those issues in Patrick’s case, we need not consider them again. We only note that as in Patrick’s case, we found no error as to the issues raised.
We, therefore, consider only the following questions:
1. Did the trial court admit nonrelevant evidence to prove an aggravating circumstance?
2. Upon an independent review of the matter, is the imposition of the death penalty appropriate?
3. Is the imposition of the death penalty in this case disproportionate to the penalty in other first degree murder cases?
After trial, conviction and judgment of guilt, the trial judge held a hearing in aggravation and mitigation pursuant to A.R.S. § 13-703. The court found as aggravating circumstances:
a. That the offense was committed in “an especially heinous, cruel or depraved manner” § 13-703(F)(6), and
b. That the offense was committed in “consideration for the receipt, or in expectation of the receipt, of anything of pecuniary value.” § 13-703(F)(5).
The court found as mitigating factors defendant’s close family ties, and that he was a model prisoner. § 13-703(G). The mitigating factors were not found sufficiently substantial to call for leniency. § 13-703(E).
NONRELEVANT EVIDENCE
During the course of the trial, testimony was adduced that defendant was seen reading a manual of police procedures. Although the manual was not admitted at trial, it was admitted at the aggravation/mitigation hearing. The contested police manual discusses, inter alia, the use of handcuffs and chemical agents. Although use of such instruments, if proven, might have been relevant to the “heinous, cruel or depraved” aggravating circumstance of A.R.S. § 13-703(F)(6), their use was purely speculative. Since we find below that the aggravating circumstance of “heinous, cruel or depraved” was improperly found, the admission of the manual was not prejudicial. We find no error.
INDEPENDENT REVIEW
This court will, in all death cases, make an independent review of the facts to determine for itself the aggravating and mitigating factors. State v. Smith, 138 Ariz. 79, 85, 673 P.2d 17, 23 (1983); State v. Richmond, 136 Ariz. 312, 317, 666 P.2d 57, 62, cert. denied, — U.S. -, 104 S.Ct. 435, 78 L.Ed.2d 367 (1983).
A. Aggravating Circumstances
Defendant contends that the sentencing court erred in its findings that the murders in this case were “especially heinous, cruel or depraved.” A.R.S. § 13-703(F)(6). From a review of the record, and for the same reasons set forth in State v. Patrick Poland, supra, we agree. See also Poland I.
The State has, however, proven beyond a reasonable doubt that defendant “committed the offense as consideration for the receipt, or in the expectation of the receipt, of anything of pecuniary value.” A. R.S. § 13-703(F)(5). This circumstance is applied to murders having a “financial motivation.” State v. Villafuerte, 142 Ariz. 323, 690 P.2d 42, 47 (1984); State v. Graham, 135 Ariz. 209, 212, 660 P.2d 460, 463 (1983); State v. Clark, 126 Ariz. 428, 436, 616 P.2d 888, 896, cert. denied, 449 U.S. 1067, 101 S.Ct. 796, 66 L.Ed.2d 612 (1980). Defendant obtained numerous items for the purpose of robbing the Purolator van and ultimately disposing of the guards’ bodies. In particular, the purchase of the canvas bags in which’ the victims’ bodies were found, indicates that their murders were contemplated during the planning of the robbery. It is clear, therefore, that these murders were part of an overall scheme to obtain items of pecuniary value. State v. Nash, 143 Ariz. 392, 405, 694 P.2d 222, 235 (1985).
B. Mitigating Circumstances
Defendant raises two arguments relating to mitigating circumstances. First, he argues that the sentencing court’s failure to find good reputation as a mitigating circumstance was error. We do not agree.
Defendant presented numerous letters written by family members and acquaintances attesting to his good reputation. This evidence was, however, contradicted by defendant’s statements during trial that he engaged in numerous criminal activities including robbing drug dealers and selling illicit gems. Although the jury did not accept defendant’s alibi that he was engaged in such a transaction at the time these offenses were committed, we are not required to ignore defendant’s admissions that he had at other times engaged in criminal conduct.
Defendants have the burden of proving mitigating factors by a preponderance of the evidence. State v. McMurtrey, 143 Ariz. 71, 72-73, 691 P.2d 1099, 1100-1101, (1984). The court may take cognizance of evidence tending to refute a mitigating circumstance. See State v. Smith, 131 Ariz. 29, 638 P.2d 696 (1981). In light of conflicting evidence as to defendant’s reputation, we do not believe that defendant has shown good reputation as a mitigating factor.
Defendant next attaches error to the sentencing court’s discussion of close family ties as a mitigating circumstance. The trial court found the existence of this mitigating factor but stated:
The Court does find the close family ties of the — that exist between the Defendants’ families and their children as a mitigating circumstance. I don’t want this to be misconstrued as an opinion of this Court that this in fact made them good husbands and fathers. On the contrary, the exact opposite would be true. It would be impossible to conceive of good husbands and fathers committing crimes of this nature, and thereby bearing the aura of being a good family man. I suspect the only possible self-justification that may be available to you both is that you somehow did this for your children and families, but of course quite the opposite is the result, and you have in fact destroyed your families, and I suspect that the best thing that you could do at this point would be to admit to them that you have committed these offenses, let them face up to it, let them try to prepare their lives in a manner that will permit them to exist in the future, otherwise you have destroyed them forever.
The court used defendant’s close family ties as a mitigating circumstance but devalued it to the point that it was not “sufficiently substantial to call for leniency.” State v. Gretzler, 135 Ariz. 42, 54, 659 P.2d 1, 13, cert. denied, 461 U.S. 971, 103 S.Ct. 2444, 77 L.Ed.2d 1327 (1983). We agree with the trial court — it was a mitigating factor but not substantial enough to overcome the aggravating factor. See also State v. Patrick Poland, supra.
We further find that neither defendant’s age, thirty-six at the time of the offenses, State v. Clark, supra, 126 Ariz., at 437, 616 P.2d at 897; nor the fact that he was a model prisoner, State v. Carriger, 143 Ariz. 142, 161-162, 692 P.2d 991, 1010-1011 (1984), are mitigating factors sufficiently substantial to call for leniency.
PROPORTIONALITY REVIEW
We conduct a proportionality review as part of our independent review to determine “whether the sentences of death are excessive or disproportionate to the penalty imposed in similar cases, considering both the crime and the defendant.” State v. Villafuerte, supra, 142 Ariz., at 332, 690 P.2d at 51; State v. Richmond, 114 Ariz. 186, 196, 560 P.2d 41, 51 (1976).
Our review indicates that defendant’s sentence is proportionate to sentences imposed in this state upon other defendants who have committed murders having a similar degree of aggravation. We have upheld the imposition of the death sentence in numerous cases involving only one aggravating factor and no mitigating factors sufficiently substantial to call for leniency. E.g., State v. Villafuerte, supra; State v. Chaney, 141 Ariz. 295, 686 P.2d 1265 (1984); State v. Smith, 138 Ariz. 79, 673 P.2d 17 (1983), cert. denied, — U.S.-, 104 S.Ct. 1429, 79 L.Ed.2d 753 (1984).
In a similar case involving a murder for pecuniary gain, we stated:
In this case, the murders were a part of the overall scheme of the robbery with the specific purpose to facilitate the robbers escape. The defendant had the three victims lie on the floor during the robbery and before leaving the bar shot each victim in turn with the intent that no witnesses be left to identify the robbers. The murders were not unexpected or accidental. Cf. State v. Poland, 132 Ariz. 269, 645 P.2d 784 (1982) (drowning Purolator guards after robbery); State v. Gretzler, supra, (defendants committed the murders “to obtain a substitute car in which they could continue their flight”); State v. Tison, 129 Ariz. 546, 633 P.2d 355 (1981); cert. denied, 459 U.S. 882, 103 S.Ct. 180, 74 L.Ed.2d 147 (1982) (homicides were committed to secure a vehicle in which assailants could continue their flight).
State v. Hensley, 142 Ariz. 598, 604, 691 P.2d 689, 695 (1984).
We have reviewed the entire record pursuant to A.R.S. § 13-4035 and have found no reversible error. The finding that the murders were committed in an “especially heinous, cruel or depraved manner” is reversed, but the finding as to the “pecuniary gain” aggravating circumstance is affirmed. No mitigating circumstances sufficiently substantial to call for leniency have been found.
The judgments and sentences are affirmed.
HOLOHAN, C.J., and HAYS, J., concur.
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OPINION
HAIRE, Presiding Judge.
In this review of an award entered in a workers’ compensation proceeding, the claimant presents three issues. The first is whether A.R.S. § 23-1043.01(B) violates either the equal protection clause of the United States Constitution or the Arizona Constitution’s prohibition against special laws. The second issue is whether the evidence presented at the administrative hearing supported the administrative law judge’s findings of fact and conclusions of law. The third issue is whether the claimant was deprived of a fair hearing by virtue of several of the administrative law judge’s evidentiary rulings.
Mrs. Georgeann Toto (claimant) worked as a ward clerk for St. Mary’s Hospital. On May 13, 1982, she slipped and fell on the hospital cafeteria floor. As a result of the fall, she suffered contusions and a back and neck strain. She was confined to bed for several weeks following her accident and thereafter began rehabilitative physical therapy. During her absence she was fired from her job due to “excessive absenteeism.” She contends that her absenteeism and consequent firing were primarily due to the period of convalescence after her fall. However, she admits to having been warned by her superiors on at least one occasion prior to her injury that her attendance was unsatisfactory.
She filed a claim for workers’ compensation benefits in May of 1982. The hospital’s workers’ compensation carrier, Aetna Insurance Company, accepted the claim and thereafter closed the case with a finding of no permanent disability. The claimant protested this closing and a formal hearing was convened by an administrative law judge.
It is uncontroverted that claimant suffered physical injuries in her work-related injury. However, conflicting testimony was offered as to the extent, nature and continuing impact of these injuries. The administrative law judge resolved this conflict in the evidence concerning claimant’s physical condition by adopting, as more probably correct, Dr. Lloyd Anderson’s testimony that claimant suffered no permanent impairment as a result of her industrial accident.
The second major evidentiary matter concerned claimant’s psychiatric condition. Claimant sought psychiatric counseling from Dr. Wesley McEldoon following her dismissal from her job. Dr. McEldoon testified that claimant suffered from reactive depression of moderate severity. He further stated that this depression was primarily due to the loss of her job and secondarily due to a number of factors including the pain from her injuries caused by her fall, the death of her sister-in-law, the reduction in her husband’s work hours, as well as concern regarding surgery performed on both her husband and son. Dr. McEldoon testified that claimant had responded favorably to therapy and that he did not believe that there would be any permanent impairment relating to the depression.
The testimony of a second psychiatrist, Dr. Hubert Estes, was basically in accord with Dr. McEldoon’s testimony. To the extent that there was any conflict, the administrative law judge adopted Dr. McEldoon’s testimony. The judge found that while the industrial accident was “a contributory” cause of claimant’s psychiatric condition, there was insufficient evidence to support a finding that the accident was a substantial contributing cause of the mental injury pursuant to A.R.S. § 23-1043.-01(B). Accordingly, the administrative law judge held that the employer was not responsible for the claimant’s psychiatric condition or its sequelae. Claimant has requested review of the resulting decision and award.
Claimant contends that the workers’ compensation statute concerning mental injuries, A.R.S. § 23-1043.01(B), violates the equal protection clause of the federal constitution as well as Art. 2, § 13 and Art. 4, pt. 2, § 19 of the Arizona Constitution. The statute provides:
“A mental injury, illness or condition shall not be considered a personal injury by accident arising out of and in the course of employment and is not compensable pursuant to this chapter unless some unexpected, unusual, or extraordinary stress related to the employment or some physical injury related to the employment was a substantial contributing cause of the mental injury, illness or condition.” (Emphasis added).
We note that “there is a strong presumption supporting the constitutionality of a legislative enactment and the party asserting its unconstitutionality bears the burden of overcoming the presumptions.” Eastin v. Broomfield, 116 Ariz. 576, 570 P.2d 744 (1977); State v. Krug, 96 Ariz. 225, 393 P.2d 916 (1964); Baseline Liquors v. Circle K Corporation, 129 Ariz. 215, 630 P.2d 38 (App.1981). Landgraff v. Wagner, 26 Ariz. App. 49, 546 P.2d 26 (1976).
The fourteenth amendment to the United States Constitution states in part:
“No state shall ... deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.”
Claimant argues that A.R.S. § 23-1043.-01(B) violates the equal protection clause because it treats persons who have an industrial physical injury with resulting mental problems, differently from those who have an industrial physical injury with resulting physical problems only. Whereas the physical problems resulting from an industrial injury are compensable if the industrial accident was “a cause” of the physical problems, A.R.S. § 23-1043.01(B) requires that an industrial accident must be a “substantial contributing cause” to a mental problem before the mental problem is compensable.
In Findley v. Industrial Commission, 135 Ariz. 273, 660 P.2d 874 (App.1983) this court rejected a similar equal protection argument concerning this statute. Findley involved a suicide caused by job stress. The claimant in Findley sought to overturn the administrative law judge’s finding of no compensability by arguing that A.R.S. § 23-1043.01(B) violated the equal protection clause of the United States Constitution. In Findley we commented:
“[I]t is well settled by the Arizona Supreme Court that the equal protection and due process clauses are satisfied if all persons within the class are treated alike, State ex rel. Babbitt v. Pickrell, 113 Ariz. 12, 545 P.2d 936 (1976) and if there exists reasonable grounds for such a classification, In re Maricopa County, Juvenile Action No. J-72804, 18 Ariz. App. 560, 504 P.2d 501 (1972). Here, all members of a class, those with stress-related mental injuries or illnesses, are treated equally by the statute. We further find that the classification is reasonable, based upon the nature of these cases, that is, difficulty in showing the definite causal connection between work related stress and mental illnesses or injuries.” 135 Ariz. at 276, 660 P.2d at 877.
The court gave several examples of the causation problems inherent in mental injury cases, and concluded:
“[g]iven the difficulty in proving the causal connection between mental illness and the work-place, the legislature could constitutionally provide a more stringent proof classification for these types of injuries. We therefore find A.R.S. § 23-1043.01(B) constitutional.”
See also, DeSchaaf v. Industrial Commission, 141 Ariz. 318, 686 P.2d 1288 (App. 1984), holding that equal protection is not violated by provisions of A.R.S. § 23-1043.-01(A) which require that the employment be “a substantial contributing cause” of compensable heart injuries.
Claimant attempts to distinguish Findley on its facts. She asserts that because Findley considered the constitutionality of the statute with regard to mental injuries caused by job stress as opposed to mental injuries resulting from job-related physical injuries, its holding is inapplicable to this case. We do not find this difference meaningful.
The court in Findley noted that the classification contained in A.R.S. § 23-1043.01(B) was justified due to the difficulty in proving the causal nexus between mental illness and the workplace. Thus, Findley strongly implies that, all mental illness arising from the workplace, whether caused by job stress or industrial physical injuries, constitute a class properly subject to special treatment. The difficulties involved in establishing a causal nexus set forth in Findley are equally applicable to all claims concerning mental illnesses, not just those arising from job-related stress. Since there are reasonable grounds for the classification of mental injuries contained in A.R.S. § 23-1043.01(B) and, all members within this classification are treated equally, the statute is not vulnerable to federal equal protection attack. For the same reasons we reject claimant’s argument that A.R.S. § 23-1043.01(B) also violates the equal protection clause, Art. 2, § 13, of the Arizona Constitution. See Valley National Bank of Phoenix v. Glover, 62 Ariz. 538, 159 P.2d 292 (1945).
Claimant also contends that A.R.S. § 23-1043.01(B) violates Art. 18, § 8 of the Arizona Constitution which provides that the percentages and amounts of compensation under the Act may be reduced only by initiative or referendum. The statutory provision in question affects neither the percentage nor amount of compensation. This argument is clearly without merit.
Claimant’s next contention is that A.R.S. § 23-1043.01(B) violates Art. 4, Pt. 2, § 19 of the Arizona Constitution which states in substance that no local or special laws shall be enacted granting an individual any special or exclusive privileges, immunities or franchises. The Arizona Supreme Court has commented that this provision serves a purpose distinguishable from equal protection.
“Equal protection is denied when the state unreasonably discriminates against a person or class. Prohibited special legislation, on the other hand, unreasonably and arbitrarily discriminates in favor of a person or class by granting them a special or exclusive immunity, privilege or franchise. (Emphasis in original).
“A law is general, and thus permissible, if it confers rights and privileges or imposes restrictions upon all members of a given class, when the classification has a reasonable'basis. [Citations omitted]. A special law applies only to certain members of a class or to an arbitrarily defined class which is not rationally related to a legitimate legislative purpose [citations omitted].” Arizona Downs v. Arizona Horsemen’s Foundation, 130 Ariz. 550, 557, 637 P.2d 1053, 1060 (1981).
As noted previously, the classifications contained in A.R.S. § 23-1043.01(B) are reasonable. The statute treats all members within the class equally. The statute does not favor any class by granting it a special or exclusive immunity, privilege or franchise. Therefore, this statute does not constitute an improper special law.
Claimant also contends that a review of the evidence presented to the administrative law judge reveals “no question” that the loss of her job substantially contributed to her mental problems. She claims that the evidence was uncontradicted that she lost her job due to the absenteeism caused by her injury and further that the loss of her job was a major factor in her mental depression. Thus, she claims that a finding that her physical injury was a substantial contributing cause of her subsequent mental injury was mandated by the evidence.
Under Arizona law, it is the claimant’s burden to prove the elements of a compensable claim in workers’ compensation. Northern Arizona University v. Industrial Commission, 123 Ariz. 407, 599 P.2d 860 (App.1979). Furthermore, an award of the Industrial Commission will be affirmed if it can be supported by any reasonable theory of the evidence. Reynolds Metals Company v. Industrial Commission, 119 Ariz. 566, 582 P.2d 656 (App. 1978).
The administrative law judge accepted Dr. McEldoon’s testimony concerning claimant’s psychiatric condition. Dr. McEldoon described claimant’s mental condition as a reactive depression of moderate severity. The doctor commented that the depressive reaction “was caused primarily by the issues around her being fired____” This statement, adopted by the administrative law judge, reveals that the petitioner’s depression was in fact substantially contributed to by her having been fired. However, this alone does not establish that her claim is compensable.
In relevant part, A.R.S. § 23-1043.01(B) states: “A mental injury ... is not compensable ... unless some ... physical injury related to the employment was a substantial contributing cause of the mental injury____” Where compensation is sought for a mental injury, the claimant must establish that the relevant physical injury was a substantial contributing cause of that mental injury. We note that A.R.S. § 23-1043.01(B) does not change the requisite proof of causation with regard to the initial physical injury. The claimant need only establish “some cause” as between a physical injury and the workplace. Allen v. Industrial Commission, 124 Ariz. 173, 602 P.2d 841 (App.1979). However, the claimant must show that each and every link in the causal chain between the physical injury and the mental injury, is a substantial contributing cause of each succeeding link.
In this case there are two links in the causal chain between claimant’s physical injury and mental injury. The first link is between the physical injury and the termination of the claimant’s job due to excessive absenteeism. The second link is between the termination of her job and her mental depression. Her depression is not compensable unless she has proved that the industrial injury substantially contributed to her firing, which in turn substantially contributed to her mental injury. The evidence accepted by the administrative law judge clearly demonstrates that the firing substantially caused the mental injury. However, it does not demonstrate that the industrial injury substantially caused the firing.
The only testimony concerning the events surrounding the claimant’s dismissal from her job came during cross-examination of the claimant at the hearing before the administrative law judge.
“Q Were you terminated from St. Mary’s because of as they said, excessive absenteeism?
“A Yes, that is what they said, but I had documentation that I had surgeries and they counted my industrial time off, also, as excessive absenteeism.
They counted the three days they gave me for my sister-in-law’s death as excessive absenteeism.
“Q Did they tell you that____ Did they give you a warning about your absenteeism before your industrial injury?
“A Yes.”
Thus, although the evidence suggests that claimant’s time spent convalescing after her industrial accident may have been a factor considered by her employer in terminating her employment, it also indicates that she had an absenteeism problem prior to her industrial accident. The administrative law judge was given practically no evidence concerning the crucial relationship between claimant’s injury and her subsequent firing.
Claimant’s assertion that the evidence is uncontradicted that her injury resulted in the loss of her job is not supported by the record. Her own testimony reveals that her absenteeism was a problem prior to her accident. It was claimant’s burden to establish that her industrial injury was a substantial contributing cause of her firing. Her failure to meet this burden was due in large part to her failure to elicit any substantial evidence on this issue at the hearing.
Upon consideration of the evidence, the administrative law judge apparently concluded that although the industrial accident was a contributory cause of the claimant’s psychiatric condition, there was insufficient evidence to prove that the accident had been a substantial contributing cause to the firing which in turn had been a substantial contributing cause of claimant’s mental depression. We find that the administrative law judge’s conclusions are supported by the evidence presented.
We have examined the record relating to claimant’s contentions that various evidentiary rulings deprived her of a fair hearing. The administrative law judge enjoys considerable discretion in dealing with evidentiary questions in Industrial Commission hearings. Epperson v. Industrial Commission, 26 Ariz.App. 467, 549 P.2d 247 (1976). We find that the administrative law judge did not abuse his discretion in the instances of which claimant complains.
Having reviewed the record we find that claimant failed to meet her burden of proof in the hearing when she failed to establish the requisite causal connection between her injury and the subsequent dismissal. The administrative law judge properly conducted the hearing and his conclusions find support in the testimony given. We therefore affirm the award.
BROOKS and GRANT, JJ., concur.
. A.R.S. § 23-901(10) states: "‘Mental injury, illness or condition,’ means any mental, emotional, psychotic, or neurotic injury, illness or condition.”
. Dr. McEldoon testified that claimant "felt that she [claimant] had been treated unfairly and that there were certain individuals that had influenced other staff members against her, and that this was the real reason why she had been terminated____” From this it could be implied that in claimant’s opinion, her absence from the job because of her industrially-related physical injuries was not the cause of her firing.
|
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GORDON, Vice Chief Justice:
Petitioner (plaintiff) brings this special action challenging the order of the respondent trial judge denying his motion to dismiss without prejudice. We accepted jurisdiction under Ariz. Const, art. 6, § 5 and, in an order, approved the order of the superi- or court with opinion to follow. The primary issues raised in this special action are:
(1) Whether the trial judge abused her discretion in denying plaintiff’s motion to dismiss his action without prejudice so he could refile his action after the effective date of the Uniform Contribution Among Tortfeasors Act?
(2) Whether the Uniform Contribution Among Tortfeasors Act applies retroactively to actions filed prior to the effective date of the Act?
On October 11, 1983, plaintiff John H. Cheney filed a complaint alleging negligence against defendants Loren V. Grizzard and Tanner Chapel Nursing Home. Two days later on October 13, the summons and complaint were served upon Grizzard. Thereafter an answer was filed. Almost one year later the Arizona Legislature adopted the Uniform Contribution Among Tortfeasors Act, A.R.S. §§ 12-2501 —12-2509 (hereafter referred to as the “Act”). This Act provides for the application of comparative negligence in Arizona and became effective August 31, 1984. Four days prior to the effective date of the Act plaintiff filed a Motion to Dismiss Without Prejudice intending to refile his complaint after the Act became effective to gain the advantage of the new comparative negligence law. At the time plaintiff filed this motion, no “substantive” pretrial motions had been made and no trial date had been set.
Plaintiff filed his motion to dismiss under Rule 41(a)(2), Ariz.R.Civ.P., 16 A.R.S., which allows a plaintiff to dismiss his case without prejudice after an answer has been filed. Rule 41(a)(2) states in relevant part:
“Except as provided in paragraph 1 of this subdivision of this Rule, an action shall not be dismissed at the plaintiff’s instance save upon order of the court and upon such terms and conditions as the court deems proper. * * * Unless otherwise specified in the order, a dismissal under this paragraph is without prejudice.”
The right to dismiss after an answer has been filed, however, is discretionary with the trial court, and must be made by motion with notice to the defendants, a hearing and a court order. Goodman v. Gordon, 103 Ariz. 538, 447 P.2d 230 (1968). In exercising this discretion, the court in Goodman declared that “only the most extraordinary circumstances will justify the trial court in refusing to grant a motion by plaintiff to dismiss without prejudice.” 103 Ariz. at 541, 447 P.2d at 233. The court set out guidelines as to when the circumstances would be considered “extraordinary”:
“[T]he question to be resolved is whether ‘the defendants acquired in the course of these proceedings some substantial right or advantage which will be lost or rendered less effective by a dismissal without prejudice * * *. The court is concerned with the deprivation of substantial legal rights, such as loss or unavailability of a defense, and not mere convenience, or easy accessibility, to proof.’ ” (emphasis added)
103 Ariz. at 541, 447 P.2d at 233, quoting United States v. El. DuPont De Nemours & Co., 13 F.R.D. 490 (D.C.Ill.1953). Seeking a dismissal to gain a tactical advantage, however, is not sufficient to justify refusal to dismiss. See Goodman, supra; New York, C. & St. L.R. Co. v. Vardaman, 181 F.2d 769 (8th Cir.1950); Nixon Construction Co. v. Frick Co., 45 F.R.D. 387 (D.C. N.Y.1968). Furthermore, the mere prospect of a second suit does not constitute substantial prejudice. See Penunuri v. Superior Court, 115 Ariz. 399, 565 P.2d 905, (1977); Cone v. West Virginia Pulp & Paper Co., 330 U.S. 212, 67 S.Ct. 752, 91 L.Ed. 849 (1947).
The facts in the case at bar indicate that plaintiff’s reason for seeking a dismissal without prejudice was so he could refile under the new law and gain the application of comparative negligence instead of contributory negligence. We believe that the unavailability of the contributory negligence defense deprives defendant of a substantial right. Cf. Mercier v. Mercier, 432 N.Y.S.2d 123, 103 Misc.2d 1029 (1980) (court held husband would be substantially prejudiced by wife’s dismissal of her counterclaim for divorce to refile and take advantage of the new equitable distribution law.)
Contributory negligence is an affirmative defense in Arizona. See Ariz. Const. art. 18, § 5; Pearson & Dickerson Construction, Inc. v. Harrington, 60 Ariz. 354, 137 P.2d 381 (1943). Prior to the adoption of the Act, it was well established that plaintiff’s contributory negligence, if a proximate cause of his injuries, could operate as an absolute bar to plaintiff’s recovery in a negligence action. See Sanders v. Beckwith, 79 Ariz. 67, 283 P.2d 235 (1955). To bar recovery, it is not necessary that the negligence of the plaintiff contribute “substantially” to the injury complained of. Plaintiff’s negligence may bar his recovery if it contributes in any degree, even only slightly, to his injury. McDowell v. Davies, 104 Ariz. 69, 448 P.2d 859 (1968). Application of the doctrine of contributory negligence as would deprive plaintiff of the right of recovery was and still is a question for the jury. A.R.S. § 12-2505(A); Layton v. Rocha, 90 Ariz. 369, 368 P.2d 444 (1962); Campbell v. English, 56 Ariz. 549, 110 P.2d 219 (1941). Thus slight negligence on the part of a plaintiff could prompt the jury to apply contributory negligence and deny him damages.
After the Act, however, slight negligence by plaintiff will not bar his damage action, but rather plaintiff’s damages are reduced in proportion to the relative degree of plaintiff’s fault which is the proximate cause of the injury or death. A.R.S. § 12-2505. Thus, even though plaintiff may be 90% at fault a jury applying comparative negligence could award plaintiff 10% of the total damages proved, which could be very substantial, whereas under the old law recovery would probably be nothing. We believe that the loss of the contributory negligence defense is substantial and constitutes extraordinary circumstances. Crawford v. Superior Court, 144 Ariz. 498, 698 P.2d 743 (App.1984) (defense of contributory negligence is a substantial legal right). Plaintiffs right to dismiss without prejudice was addressed to the sound discretion of the trial court, and we will not overturn the exercise of such discretion absent abuse. Colfer v. Ballantyne, 89 Ariz. 408, 363 P.2d 588 (1961). We find that the trial judge did not abuse her discretion in this case.
Plaintiff next argues that the new comparative negligence law applies retroactively to his action which was filed prior to the effective date of the Act. We disagree as the statute clearly prohibits such a result.
In Arizona, a statute will have prospective operation, unless it was intended to have retroactive effect. Stanley v. Stanley, 112 Ariz. 282, 541 P.2d 382 (1975). The Legislature must expressly declare an intent in the statute that it applies retroactively. A.R.S. § 1-244; State v. Pickrell, 136 Ariz. 589, 667 P.2d 1304 (1983). We find nothing in the Act that indicates an intent to apply to cases filed before the effective date. Instead the Legislature picked a specific date on which the Act was to be effective, August 30, 1984, and stated that it was to apply prospectively to actions filed on or after that date.
“Sec. 3. Applicability.
“The provisions of title 12, chapter 16, article 1, Arizona Revised Statutes, as added by this act, only apply to actions filed, on or after the effective date of this act.” (emphasis added)
1984 Arizona Sessions Laws 881 Ch. 237, § 3. We can discern no plainer language manifesting an intent to act prospectively. We find that the Act does not apply to actions filed prior to the effective date.
Prayer for relief denied.
HOLOHAN, C.J., and HAYS, CAMERON and FELDMAN, JJ., concur.
. We do not decide in this case whether the Uniform Contribution Among Tortfeasors Act applies to actions which occurred prior to the effective date of the Act but which are filed after the effective date of the Act. We are merely deciding whether the Act applies to an action filed before the effective date that occurred before that date.
. Before an answer is filed, plaintiff has an absolute right to voluntarily dismiss his complaint, which is accomplished automatically by plaintiffs filing a notice of dismissal. See Rule 41(a)(1), Ariz.R.Civ.P., 16 A.R.S.
. “A.R.S. § 1-244. Retroactivity of statutes
"No statute is retroactive unless expressly declared therein.”
. “Sec. 5. Effective date.
"This act is effective from and after August 30, 1984." 1984 Arizona Session Laws 881 Ch. 237, § 5.
|
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] |
OPINION
CORCORAN, Judge.
The sole issue in this ease is whether a complaint alleging violations of the Arizona Consumer Fraud Act, A.R.S. § 44-1521, et seq. and the Arizona Racketeering Act, A.R.S. § 13-2301, et seq. requires the appointment of counsel for an indigent defendant. We hold that there is no due process right to appointed counsel in civil actions under either of these acts.
In 1980, the State of Arizona filed a civil complaint alleging that Larry Hovatter and others engaged in a scheme whereby they defrauded buyers and sellers of precious metals of their money and goods. In its complaint, the state sought injunctive relief enjoining the defendants from continuing their activities and restoring the victims to their original position. In addition, the state sought a civil penalty of $5,000 per violation of A.R.S. § 44-1522, treble damages to all persons injured by their acts, and attorney’s fees incurred by the state in prosecuting and investigating the acts of the defendants. Summary judgment was entered in favor of the state and a final judgment of $3,679,977.08 pursuant to A.R.S. § 13-2314(D) and $505,000 pursuant to A.R.S. § 44-1531 was entered against Hovatter. While initially represented by counsel, Hovatter requested that the trial court permit privately retained counsel to withdraw. The trial court granted the motion, but Hovatter later requested that an attorney be appointed to represent him claiming that he could not “afford to hire an attorney.” The trial court refused to appoint counsel. Consequently, Hovatter was not represented through the subsequent proceedings although an attorney appeared at the hearing at which the judgment was entered.
A due process analysis begins from the presumption that an indigent’s right to appointed counsel is recognized only where the litigant may lose his physical liberty if he loses the litigation. Lassiter v. Department of Soc. Serv., 452 U.S. 18, 101 S.Ct. 2153, 68 L.Ed.2d 640 (1981). The presumption is weighed against the three elements set out in Mathews v. Eldridge, 424 U.S. 319, 335, 96 S.Ct. 893, 903, 47 L.Ed.2d 18, 33 (1976): the nature of the private interests at stake, the interest of the state, and the risk that the procedures used will lead to erroneous decisions. See also Maricopa County Juvenile Action JD-561, 131 Ariz. 25, 638 P.2d 692 (1981). Each of these elements, individually weighed, are then set against the presumption. Unless the individual’s interests are strong, the state’s interests weak, and the risk of error high, it cannot be said that due process requires the appointment of counsel. Lassiter, 452 U.S. at 32, 101 S.Ct. at 2162, 68 L.Ed.2d at 652.
It is self-evident that defendants have significant financial interest in these proceedings. They are liable for actual losses incurred by the victims, treble damages, and civil penalties. A.R.S. §§ 13-2314 and 44-1531. The first two sources of damages are analogous to compensatory and punitive awards under a tort theory. Eg. Puz v. McDonald, 140 Ariz. 77, 680 P.2d 213 (App.1984). While it is conceivable that a civil penalty could be so high as to constitute an overriding personal interest, we cannot say that a maximum penalty of $5,000 per violation reaches that level. We have been cited to no authority, nor have we found any precedent which requires appointment of counsel where a civil penalty may be imposed.
A defendant’s personal interests will also be considered in light of other means by which he may obtain representation. For instance, federal law provides that the court may waive costs and appoint an attorney to represent an indigent civil litigant. 28 U.S.C. § 1915. While Arizona does not have a similar provision, a defendant who prevails in a civil action initiated by the state (with a number of exceptions including proceedings brought pursuant to A.R.S. § 13-101 et seq.) may recover attorney’s fees and other expenses incurred in the suit. A.R.S. § 12-348.
The state has an interest in protecting the welfare of its consumers and the Consumer Fraud Act is designed to root out and eliminate unlawful practices in merchant-consumer transactions. See People ex rel. Babbitt v. Green Acres Trust, 127 Ariz. 160, 618 P.2d 1086 (App.1980). Similarly, the Racketeering Act provides broad protection and civil remedies against racketeering injuries. State ex rel. Corbin v. Pickrell, 136 Ariz. 589, 596, 667 P.2d 1304, 1311 (1983). These are significant interests.
The final element, concerning the risk of erroneous determination, is not a significant factor. Unlike parental termination hearings or involuntary commitment pro ceedings, where the defendants must contend with expert medical and psychiatric testimony, defendants prosecuted under fraud or racketeering acts are confronted with allegations regarding their behavior. The elements of fraud and racketeering are not so technical that an adult could not reasonably understand and defend against such allegations.
We do not find that any of the Eldridge factors, when weighed against the presumption that there is no right to appointed counsel in the absence of at least a potential deprivation of physical liberty, are sufficient to overcome that presumption. The trial court did not violate the United States or Arizona Constitutions in failing to appoint counsel for appellant.
The state requests attorney’s fees pursuant to rule 25, Arizona Rules of Civil Appellate Procedure, alleging that Hovatter’s arguments are without merit or legal foundation and that the appeal is taken solely for delay. It appears to us that the appeal is not frivolous, and the state has not informed us of any delay occasioned by the appeal. The request for attorney’s fees is denied.
The judgment of the trial court is affirmed.
FROEB and OGG, JJ., concur.
|
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] |
CAMERON, Justice.
This is a petition for review of a memorandum opinion and decision of the Court of Appeals affirming the conviction of defendant, Glen Ivan Williams, for driving while under the influence of intoxicating liquor with a suspended license, A.R.S. § 28-692.02, and with two prior driving under the influence of intoxicating liquor convictions, A.R.S. § 28-692.01 and two prior felony convictions, A.R.S. § 13-604. He was sentenced to four years in custody. We have jurisdiction pursuant to Ariz. Const. Art. 6, § 5(3), A.R.S. § 12-120.24 and Rule 31.19, Arizona Rules of Criminal Procedure, 17 A.R.S.
Defendant raised two issues in his petition for review. We granted the petition for review to consider only one issue:
Must a defendant know that his license has been suspended before he may be convicted of driving while under the influence with a suspended license pursuant to A.R.S. § 28-692.02(A).
The facts necessary for a determination of this matter are as follows: On 22 January 1982 and again on 1 March 1982, the Department of Transportation mailed to defendant a notice of suspension of his driver’s license for non-compliance with Arizona’s implied consent law. The letters were returned to the Department of Transportation as unclaimed or undeliverable. On 7 June 1982, defendant received a new license to replace his expired license.
On 19 August 1982, the Deparatment of Transportation sent a third notice of suspension. This time the notice was received by defendant. The notice stated that defendant’s driving privileges would be revoked within 15 days “unless the Department receives [a] written request for a hearing on or before that date.” According to the Department of Transportation, no request was made for • a hearing and defendant’s license was suspended on 7 September 1982.
On 10 October 1982, defendant was arrested for driving while intoxicated and with a suspended license, a class 5 felony, A.R.S. § 28-692.02.
Defendant’s first trial on 17 March 1983 ended in a dismissal or mistrial because of an error in the grand jury indictment. Defendant’s second trial commenced 19 July 1983. Defendant testified that after receiving the notice of suspension on 19 August 1982 he did, in fact, request a hearing and timely mailed such request to the Department. He further testified that he did this after consulting with an attorney. Defendant’s mother supported this testimony. The regional manager of the Department of Transportation, Albert Brichta, testified that had defendant requested a hearing his license would have remained valid until after the hearing. He further testified that the Department had no record of defendant’s hearing request.
Defendant requested that the jury be instructed that the State must prove “that the defendant knew or should have known that his [driver’s] license was suspended or revoked.” The trial judge denied this request, charging the jury that the State must prove, only that “[a]t the time of the offense the defendant’s license to drive in Arizona had been revoked, suspended, can-celled or refused.” Defendant contends that by refusing to give his requested charge, the trial court improperly turned the crime of driving while intoxicated and with a suspended license, A.R.S. § 28-692.-02, into a strict liability offense. We agree.
The requirement that in a criminal case the State demonstrate some degree of wrongful intent is the rule rather than the exception. Strict liability applies only where there is a clear legislative intent that the crime does not require any degree of mens rea. Spitz v. Municipal Court, 127 Ariz. 405, 407, 621 P.2d 911, 913 (1980). Our statute states:
If a statute defining an offense does not expressly prescribe a culpable mental state that is sufficient for commission of the offense, no culpable state is required for the commission of such offense, and the offense is one of strict liability unless the prescribed conduct necessarily involves a culpable mental state.
A.R.S. § 13-202(B). This statute has been interpreted as applying to Title 28 offenses. See State v. Parker, 136 Ariz. 474, 475, 666 P.2d 1083, 1084 (App.1983); see also Gerber, Criminal Law of Arizona, comment to § 13-202 (1978).
Although A.R.S. § 28-692.02 contains no language concerning mens rea, we believe “driving without a license” necessarily involves a “culpable mental state.” The State must show that the driver knew or should have known that the license has been suspended. The Department of Transportation evidently agrees as they do not suspend a driver’s license until they are certain, as indicated by the return receipt or response of the driver, that the driver has, in fact, received the notice of suspension.
In the instant case, the suspension notice stated that the license would be suspended within 15 days unless the Department received a written request for a hearing. This language indicates that if a defendant timely notifies the Department that he wants a hearing the suspension will be held in abeyance until the hearing is concluded. This not only represents the view of the Department of Transportation but comports with minimum standards of due process. Of course, once the State has shown that the license was suspended, defendant has the burden of showing that he in fact mailed the letter and that the Department received it. As in all appeals, it is the appealing party’s responsibility to ensure that the appeal has been properly initiated. See 1 Arizona Appellate Handbook, § 1.1 (1983).
The State points out, however, that our Court of Appeals has held that as to intoxication a culpable mental state is not required. In a case where the driver contended that the statute was unconstitutional because it did not provide for a culpable mental state, the Court of Appeals stated:
The appellant’s * * * argument ignores the well-established classification of crimes as malum in se or malum prohibitum. DWI is the latter, an offense which is wrong because it is prohibited by law. It does not require proof of a culpable mental state. See A.R.S. § 13-202(B); State v. Cutshaw, 7 Ariz.App. 210, 437 P.2d 962 (1968).
State v. Parker, supra at 475, 666 P.2d at 1084 (footnote omitted). The Court of Appeals in Parker cited with approval the Alaska Court of Appeals which stated:
“It certainly does not make sense to allow a defendant to claim that his intentional consumption of alcohol impaired his ability to know that he was intoxicated. It does make sense to require a person who drinks and drives to be responsible for not drinking to the point where he is under the influence of alcohol. He should drive at his peril rather than only at the public’s peril.” 643 P.2d at 692. See also State v. Hill, 31 N.C. App. 733, 230 S.E.2d 579 (1976).
Morgan v. Municipality of Anchorage, 643 P.2d 691 (Alaska App.1982). We agree with this reasoning as to intoxication. The suspension of a license is, however, different. A driver needs to know he does not have a license before he can be punished for driving without one even if he is driving while intoxicated, which does not require intent. There are sound policy reasons for this, from problems which could arise from mistaken identity to the possible voiding of automobile accident insurance of one who does not know his driving privileges have been suspended. In the latter case, the public could suffer because of disputed questions of lack of coverage of a driver who in good faith believed he had a valid license and, therefore, coverage. Considering the mistakes and errors that can occur in any administrative office the size of the Department of Transportation, the danger of unknown or mistaken suspensions is too great to allow a felony conviction to be based upon suspensions without knowledge.
Reversed and remanded for new trial.
HOLOHAN, C.J., GORDON, V.C.J., and HAYS and FELDMAN, JJ., concur.
. The matter was ordered dismissed by the trial court but as the Court of Appeals noted, it was actually a mistrial.
|
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OPINION
EUBANK, Judge.
This is an appeal from the trial court’s denial of plaintiff-appellant’s motion for a new trial in a wrongful death action, which resulted from decedent’s suicide. The relevant facts are not in dispute.
On June 7, 1978, appellant’s son, Bobby Alcaida, committed suicide while held at appellee Desert Manor Convalescent Center’s (Desert Manor) health care facility located in Yuma, Arizona. The decedent had unsuccessfully attempted suicide the previous day in Parker, Arizona and was taken into custody by Parker police, who later transferred him to the Yuma County Sheriff’s Department. Deputy Sheriff Buddy McCall brought decedent to Desert Manor on the evening of June 6, 1978. At Desert Manor, decedent was examined by appellee Dr. George O’Brien, an employee of appellee Health Systems Research Institute (HSRI), which had contracted with appellee Yuma County to provide physicians’ services to the county. Decedent was ordered admitted as a mental hold patient for emergency detention by Dr. O’Brien, who signed the admission form as Admitting Officer of the Yuma County Health Department.
Desert Manor’s security area consisted of three specially designated patient rooms, only one of which contained an exposed pipe in the ceiling. The record shows that after examining the decedent, Dr. O’Brien decided that the decedent was no longer suicidal, ordered him to be placed in the room with the exposed pipe, and issued him bed linens and a gown. Deputy Sheriff McCall then locked decedent in the room, where he remained until he was found dead by hanging the following evening. Following his death, the appellant, Theo DeMontiney, mother of the deceased, instituted this wrongful death action in the superior court against Desert Manor, Dr. O’Brien, Yuma County and HSRI. Appellant’s medical malpractice claims against Desert Manor, Dr. O’Brien and HSRI were presented to a Medical Liability Review Panel, pursuant to A.R.S. § 12-567, which found in favor of the defendants. After that decision, venue of the case was transferred to the Maricopa County Superior Court and went to trial there.
Following the jury trial but prior to instructing the jury, the judge granted Yuma County’s motion for a directed verdict and dismissed it from the action. He also directed a verdict in favor of Dr. O’Brien and Desert Manor on the issue of punitive damages. The remaining issues went to the jury. After the jury returned its defense verdicts, judgment was entered, and this appeal followed.
Appellant presents several issues for our review. Restating them for our convenience, they are:
1. Did the trial court err in directing a verdict in favor of Yuma County?
2. Did the trial court err in refusing or modifying several of plaintiff’s requested jury instructions?
3. Did the trial court err in admitting into evidence the Medical Liability Review Panel decision as to Desert Manor?
4. Did the trial court err in excluding evidence of the non-licensure of Desert Manor’s security area and evidence of violation of statutes applicable to licensed nursing homes?
5. Did the trial court err in denying plaintiff’s motion for leave to file amendments to the amended complaint?
6. Did the trial court err in directing a verdict on the issue of punitive damages?
7. Were the jury verdict and judgment entered by the court contrary to law and against the weight of the evidence?
8. Did the trial court err in denying plaintiff’s objections to Desert Manor’s Statement of Costs and Notice of Taxation of Costs pertaining to travel expenses?
After considering the record and the law, we affirm the trial court’s judgment.
I. YUMA COUNTY
We first address the issue of whether the trial court erred in directing a verdict in favor of Yuma County. The trial court found as a matter of law that Yuma County had delegated by contract any duties it owed decedent to HSRI and that therefore any acts committed by Dr. O’Brien were not committed as an agent or employee of Yuma County, but instead were committed in his capacity as an employee of HSRI, an independent contractor.
In reviewing the granting of a motion for directed verdict, we review the evidence to determine whether reasonable minds could differ as to the inferences to be drawn from the evidence. Adroit Supply Co. v. Electric Mutual Liability Ins. Co., 112 Ariz. 385, 390, 542 P.2d 810, 815 (1975). While the question of whether an employment relationship is one of master and servant or principal and independent contractor is generally one of fact for the jury, see Arizona-Hercules Copper Co. v. Crenshaw, 21 Ariz. 15, 184 P. 996 (1919), where the evidence is clear and uncontradicted the question is one of law and should be decided by the court. Williams v. Wise, 106 Ariz. 335, 338, 476 P.2d 145, 148 (1970).
Appellant urges that Yuma County had a statutorily imposed nondelegable duty to provide proper treatment to patients admitted to state facilities for emergency evaluation. Appellees answer that Yuma County, by contract, delegated whatever duties it may have had.
We begin by examining the statutes which require Yuma County to provide emergency evaluation services. A.R.S. § 36-545.06 provides that:
A. Each county, or any combination of counties, shall provide directly or by contract the services of a screening agency and an evaluation agency for the purposes of this chapter.
B. Upon a request made by a resident of the county pursuant to this chapter, a county shall be required to provide screening or evaluation.
(Emphasis added). A.R.S. § 36-545.07(A) further provides that:
A. The department may enter into contracts with screening agencies, evaluation agencies and mental health treatment agencies to provide prepetition screenings, court-ordered evaluations, voluntary evaluations, treatment of voluntary patients and treatment of patients under the provisions of § 36-524 regardless of the ability of the patient or proposed patient to pay. A county may be a party to a contract as a provider of services or as a party making payments to an agency to provide services on the part of the county. The state hospital may be included in the contract as a provider of services and may receive consideration not inconsistent with law.
(Emphasis added).
We find the legislative intent clear that, while a county must provide for emergency evaluation services, it may do so either by providing the services itself, or by contracting with another qualified party to provide such services for it. By its very language as expressed in the statute, the legislature intended that the county’s duty to provide evaluation services be delegable. Thus, where a statute contains clear and unambiguous language, it is to be given that meaning unless impossible or absurd consequences will result. Balestrieri v. Hartford Accident & Indemnity Insurance Co., 112 Ariz. 160, 540 P.2d 126 (1975).
Having decided that Yuma County had the statutory authority to delegate its duty to provide an evaluation agency, we now decide whether it did in fact do so. Yuma County argues that it contracted away any duties it owed to decedent through three separate contracts with private organizations.
The first contract, dated October 4, 1976 with Desert Manor, provides for the furnishing to the County of the three security rooms used for mental hold patients, and also for the furnishing of nursing, dietary and housekeeping services to those rooms. It further provides that Yuma County retains “professional and legal responsibility for patients confined in said maximum security section.”
The second contract, dated August 1, 1977 with HSRI, provides for medical care. Dr. O’Brien’s employer, HSRI, explicitly agreed to provide three full-time M.D.s to deliver medical care to mental hold patients. The contract further provides that:
d. Supervision and job performance of the employees will remain with HSRI. Employment of personnel to fill new or vacated positions will also be the responsibility of HSRI.
We find this clause persuasive. It provides that the medical care of decedent at the time of his death was the responsibility of HSRI, and not the responsibility of Yuma County.
The third contract, dated November 4, 1974, is with Yuma Guidance Clinic, which is not a party to this action. The contract is nonetheless significant because it shows that Yuma County exercised its statutory option and delegated its statutory duties to provide mental health screening services and evaluation agencies to Yuma Guidance Clinic (the “Second Party”):
1. The Second Party agrees to act as the Yuma County Mental Health Screening Agency to provide mental health prepetition screening upon application for court ordered evaluation as contemplated in A.R.S. 36-501(21), 36-541 and 36-542. The pre-petition screening examination will be conducted at the screening agency or at the home of the person to be evaluated, to be determined according to A.R.S. 36-541 B and C.
It is well established that the chief characteristic distinguishing an independent contractor from an employee is his right, independent of his employer, to control the manner and means of accomplishing the particular job. Hovatter v. Shell Oil Company, 111 Ariz. 325, 529 P.2d 224 (1974); Lundy v. Prescott Valley Inc., 110 Ariz. 362, 519 P.2d 61 (1974). We find that HSRI, by the terms of its contract with Yuma County, had the right to control the means of providing medical care to mental hold patients, and was an independent contractor in delivering that care. Dr. O’Brien was an employee of the independent contractor, under the terms of HSRI’s contract with Yuma County, and was acting on behalf of HSRI with respect to the decedent.
While an employer is generally not liable for the torts of an independent contractor, Parks v. Atkinson, 19 Ariz.App. 111, 505 P.2d 279 (1973); Chesin Construction Co. v. Epstein, 8 Ariz.App. 312, 446 P.2d 11 (1968), several exceptions exist, some of which provide the basis for appellant’s further arguments.
Appellant cites Restatement (Second) of Torts § 424 in support of his argument that Yuma County’s statutory duty to provide safety services is non-delegable. Section 424 provides that a principal who is under a statutory duty to provide safeguards for another’s protection is liable for the failure of a contractor employed by him to provide such safeguards. We observe that while Arizona courts will apply the Restatement (Second) of Torts in the absence of authority to the contrary, Sullins v. Third and Catalina, Etc., 124 Ariz. 114, 117, 602 P.2d 495, 498 (App.1979), here the legislature has clearly provided, in A.R.S. §§ 36-545.06, .07, that Yuma County’s duty is delegable. Thus § 424 of the Restatement is not applicable.
Appellant next argues that since Dr. O’Brien acted as the admitting physician for the Yuma County Health Department when admitting the decedent, he was acting as an employee of Yuma County. Appellant reasons that, while Dr. O’Brien may have been an employee of HSRI when he admitted decedent, he was also acting as an agent of Yuma County and therefore Yuma County was liable for his actions under the doctrine of respondeat superior. Appellant also argues, as another basis for Yuma County’s liability, that the County Sheriff’s Department retained custody over the decedent at all times while he was at the Desert Manor facility.
We find no merit in these arguments. First, Yuma County’s contract with HSRI encompasses precisely those functions — delivering medical care to mental hold patients — performed by Dr. O’Brien when he examined and admitted the decedent to Desert Manor. His signature as Admitting Officer of the Yuma County Health Department is not dispositive of the issues since signs and emblems are by no means conclusive in determining if a master-servant relationship exists. See Hovatter, supra, 111 Ariz. at 328, 529 P.2d at 227. Further, the written contract with HSRI contains no provision for retained control by Yuma County; indeed, it provides for just the opposite, and retained control is an important factor in determining if Yuma County was an employer. See Chesin Construction Co., supra, 8 Ariz. App. at 314, 446 P.2d at 13. The record shows that Dr. O’Brien was employed and paid by HSRI and it contains no evidence that he was on the county payroll or was a county employee during the event involved herein.
Second, we find that the Yuma County Sheriff’s Department did not retain custody of the decedent. The record establishes to our satisfaction that Dr. O’Brien and HSRI had custody of decedent at the time of his suicide.
Appellant next argues, relying upon Restatement (Second) of Torts § 411, that had she been permitted to introduce evidence of Desert Manor’s non-licensure, that the evidence would have supported a theory of liability against Yuma County for negligently selecting an independent contractor sufficient to create a jury question. We agree with appellee Yuma County that Desert Manor’s nonlicensure of the three security rooms is irrelevant as its contract duties did not involve a risk of physical harm if breached as specified by § 411 of the Restatement. At best the nonlicensure is merely a breach of Desert Manor’s contract with Yuma County and bears no relevance either to any negligent hiring of personnel or to decedent’s suicide. The issue presented to the jury was whether the appellees, or any one of them, violated the standard of care by placing the deceased in the particular room, given the particular circumstances.
Further, since the jury did not find either of the independent contractors or their agents liable for decedent’s death, the county certainly cannot be found liable for negligently selecting them.
After reviewing the evidence, we conclude that reasonable minds could not differ, and that the trial court properly dismissed Yuma County from the action. Adroit Supply Co., supra.
II. INSTRUCTIONS
Appellant contends that the trial court committed reversible error in refusing to give her requested instructions numbered 7, 21, 26 and 27, and in modifying her requested instruction number 24.
A. Requested Instruction No. 7: Appellant requested the following instruction:
You are instructed that if those charged with the care and treatment of a mentally-disturbed patient knew of facts from which they could reasonably conclude that the patient would be likely to harm himself in the absence of preclusive measures, then they must use reasonable care under the circumstances to prevent such harm.
Appellant argues that this instruction is a verbatim quote taken from Meier v. Ross General Hospital, 71 Cal.Rptr. 903, 69 Cal.2d 420, 445 P.2d 519 (1968), discussed by James A. Howell in Civil Liability for Suicide: An Analysis of the Causation Issue, 1978 Ariz.St.L.J. 573, 581, and required to be given by Maricopa County v. Cowart, 106 Ariz. 69, 471 P.2d 265 (1970).
In our opinion it was not error for the trial judge to refuse to give this instruction for the following reasons. First, Cowart does not require it. The instructions required by Cowart regarding the standard of care required of Dr. O’Brien, and of Nurse Bauguss (who was the employee of Desert Manor), were given, and they were, in most part, appellant’s requested instructions. Second, appellant was not precluded from arguing to the jury the theory of negligence embraced by Requested Instruction 7, and the record shows that counsel did so argue. Third, this requested instruction is covered by other instructions given the jury, in particular, the Cowart instructions. Finally, the instructions given relating to the applicable standard of care conform with our opinion in Faris v. Doctors Hospital, Inc., 18 Ariz. App. 264, 501 P.2d 440 (1972).
B. Requested Instruction No. 21: Appellant requested that the jury be instructed as follows:
You are instructed that an institution has a duty to provide a reasonably safe building for persons in its custody.
Although this is a correct statement of law, it would have been error for the trial judge to have so instructed the jury because it is misleading under the circumstances of this case. As discussed above, the contracts between Yuma County and HSRI placed control of the hold patient in Dr. O’Brien and his employer HSRI. The instruction obviously relates to Desert Manor. The trial judge properly rejected this instruction because “the building didn’t hurt the kid.”
C. Requested Instructions 26 and 27: Both of these requested instructions are negligence per se instructions directed against Desert Manor for not having the patient hold rooms licensed by the State Health Department, pursuant to A.R.S. §§ 36-407(A), 36-430, and for not complying with certain regulations of the Department then in effect, namely: R9-10714(C)(D) and (F), R9-10-737(B)(1)(3), R910-713(19), and R9-10-719(B)(3)(G) (all repealed eff. October 20, 1982 (Supp. 82-5)).
Under the circumstances, it would have been error for the trial judge to give the jury these instructions. Either instruction would have been misleading since control of the hold patient was in Dr. O’Brien and his employer HSRI and not in Desert Manor.
D. Modified Instruction No. 24: Appellant complains that the trial judge erred in modifying her requested instruction on damages by striking a portion of the first paragraph. We disagree. The trial court merely brought the requested instruction into line with the R.A.J.I. Negl. 10, Measure of Damages, instruction. There was no error.
E. Conclusion: The record does not contain the transcript of the trial court’s instruction of the jury. It does, however, contain the instructions given. We have reviewed those instructions and in our opinion the court fairly instructed the jury regarding the applicable law under the facts of this case.
III. MEDICAL REVIEW PANEL’S DECISION
Appellant next urges that the trial court erred in admitting into evidence the decision of the Medical Liability Review Panel (Panel) as to Desert Manor. We find appellant’s argument unconvincing for the following reasons: (1) Desert Manor's nonlicensure of the three holding rooms did not contribute to the decedent’s suicide and therefore Desert Manor was not negligent on a theory independent of respondeat superior; (2) the medical malpractice statutes were applicable to this action because Nurse Bauguss was a “licensed health care provider” within the meaning of A.R.S. § 12-561, and therefore the case was properly submitted to the Panel; (3) Former A.R.S. § 12-567(M) expressly provided, and present A.R.S. § 12-567(K) expressly provides, that the Panel’s decision “may be admitted into evidence in any subsequent trial.” We find no error, and conclude that the Panel’s decision was properly given to the jury.
IV. NONLICENSURE OF THE THREE HOLD ROOMS
We next reject appellant’s argument that evidence of Desert Manor’s nonlicensure of the three hold rooms was improperly excluded. As noted above, even if Desert Manor was operating a health care facility within the meaning of A.R.S. § 36-430, such nonlicensure was not negligence per se because it was not the proximate cause of the decedent’s death. Kauffman v. Schroeder, 116 Ariz. 104, 106, 568 P.2d 411, 413 (1977), quoting Sisk v. Ball, 91 Ariz. 239, 242, 371 P.2d 594, 595-96 (1962); cf. Mutz v. Lucero, 90 Ariz. 38, 41, 365 P.2d 49, 51 (1961).
V. DENIAL OF MOTION TO AMEND
Appellant argues that its proposed amendments to the amended complaint concerning the nonlicensure were erroneously denied. Irrespective of our finding that the evidence of nonlicensure was inadmissible, we will not disturb the trial court’s exercise of discretion on these facts. Mat ter of Estate of Torstenson, 125 Ariz. 373, 376, 609 P.2d 1073, 1076 (App.1980).
VI. PUNITIVE DAMAGES
Appellant contends that the trial court erred in directing a verdict on the punitive damages issue. We can find no evidence of wanton, willful or reprehensible conduct in the record which would have warranted the trial court sending the issue of punitive damages to the jury, and we agree with the trial court that as a matter of law Desert Manor and Dr. O’Brien were entitled to a directed verdict on this issue. At its worst, appellees’ conduct fell far short of being either willful or malicious. See Salt River Valley Water Users’ Assn, v. Giglio, 113 Ariz. 190, 202, 549 P.2d 162, 174 (1976).
VII. VERDICT AND JUDGMENT
Our review of the record also indicates that the jury verdict and the judgment were justified and supported by the evidence. Absent a clear abuse of discretion, we will not disturb the trial court’s denial of a motion for a new trial. Adroit Supply Co., supra, 112 Ariz. at 389, 542 P.2d at 814.
VIII. STATEMENT OF COSTS
Finally, we find that the trial court properly denied appellant’s objections to Desert Manor’s statement of costs and notice of taxation of costs pertaining to travel expenses. Reasonable and necessary travel expenses incurred for the taking of depositions are allowable costs under A.R.S. § 12-332(A). Fowler v. Great American Ins. Co., 124 Ariz. 111, 602 P.2d 492 (App.1979). The trial court here determined that travel expenses incurred in traveling from Phoenix to Yuma to attend depositions were reasonable and necessary, and on appeal we shall not disturb the trial court’s exercise of its discretion absent a showing of clear abuse. Id.
For the above reasons, the judgment is affirmed.
FROEB, J., concurs.
. Desert Manor’s three-room security area was not licensed by the Arizona Department of Health; the rest of the facility, however, was licensed.
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OPINION
OGG, Judge.
The issue in this special action review of an Industrial Commission award dismissing respondents’ request for hearing is whether the administrative law judge erred in denying claimant’s request for attorneys’ fees and costs. Because the administrative law judge had neither statutory nor rule authority to award attorneys’ fees and costs, we affirm the award.
On March 21, 1977, claimant, a truck driver, injured his back and right knee while at work. His claim for benefits was accepted. Eventually, the claim was closed with an unscheduled permanent partial disability and a notice granting supportive care benefits was issued. On June 28, 1983, the Industrial Commission found claimant had sustained a 100% loss of earning capacity and awarded him $666.70 per month. Respondents carrier and employer filed a protest against this award and requested a further hearing. Claimant subsequently protested the notice for supportive care benefits and requested a hearing.
Claimant sent interrogatories to respondents requesting discovery of the evidence respondents intended to produce at hearing. In their answers to- the interrogatories, respondents stated that a private investigator would testify that claimant was working. They also stated that motion pictures would be presented that would reveal that claimant had no physical impairment or loss of earning capacity. Thereafter, claimant deposed the private investigator. The deposition disclosed that no surveillance movies existed.
In response to a representation that claimant might be employed by his neighbor, Richard Long, claimant subpoenaed Mr. Long to appear at the hearing. Claimant also employed a labor market consultant and two psychologists to review and evaluate claimant’s ability to work. Respondents did not conduct any form of discovery.
At a November 9, 1983 prehearing conference, respondents joined in claimant’s prior subpoena request for Mr. Long. Claimant withdrew his request for hearing on the issue of supportive care and requested that sanctions in the form of costs be imposed against respondents. The administrative law judge took the request under advisement.
At the hearing, claimant and the labor market consultant testified that claimant’s back and leg conditions prevented him from working. The private investigator testified that she had never observed claimant working in her spot-check surveillance. Additionally, no motion pictures were presented. Mr. Long did not appear at the hearing and respondents requested a continued hearing to take his testimony. The administrative law judge granted respondents’ request and ordered the parties to submit memoranda on whether costs could be awarded as a sanction.
At the continued hearing, Mr. Long testified that he had never employed claimant. He further stated that he had asked claimant to accompany him on some trucking trips because claimant was depressed. Claimant accompanied Mr. Long on the trips but performed no employment duties.
In his November 28, 1983 award, the administrative law judge found the respondents’ position was baseless and frivolous and dismissed the respondents’ request for hearing. He denied claimant’s request for attorneys’ fees and costs. Claimant re quested review of the denial of attorneys’ fees and costs. On review, the award was affirmed and this special action followed.
Claimant presents three arguments in support of his contention that the administrative law judge erred in finding that he was without authority to award costs and attorneys’ fees. Initially, claimant argues that despite the absence of a statute authorizing an award of attorneys’ fees and costs in a worker’s compensation case, the Industrial Commission has the implied power to order fees and costs. Claimant also argues that fees and costs may be awarded pursuant to A.R.S. § 12-341.01 as “arising out of contract”. Finally, claimant asserts that fees and costs should have been awarded as a sanction. We address claimant’s arguments in the order presented.
Claimant asserts that the Industrial Commission’s exclusive jurisdiction over compensation claims gives it the implied power to order attorneys’ fees and costs. We disagree. The Industrial Commission has no powers except those expressly conferred or necessarily implied by statute. Pressley v. Industrial Commission, 73 Ariz. 22, 236 P.2d 1011 (1951). Arizona has no statute authorizing the Industrial Commission to grant attorneys’ fees and costs in worker’s compensation cases and we perceive no authority from which it could be implied.
The Industrial Commission’s exclusive jurisdiction over compensation cases relates to a claimant's entitlement to compensation benefits. Rios v. Industrial Commission, 120 Ariz. 374, 586 P.2d 219 (App. 1978). Absent from that compensation scheme is authority to award attorneys’ fees and costs. Moreover, we will not imply such authority under the guise of a “liberal construction” of the Workers’ Compensation Act. Cf. Nicholson v. Industrial Commission, 76 Ariz. 105, 259 P.2d 547 (1953) (although this court will favor a liberal construction of the Act in order to effectuate its remedial purposes, we will not impose burdens and liabilities that are not within its terms or spirit).
The fundamental rule in worker’s compensation litigation regarding attorneys’ fees is the same as that for any other kind of case; the parties are responsible for their own attorneys’ fees, whether they are successful or not. 3 Larson, Workmen’s Compensation Law, § 83.11 at 15-615 (1983). Although application of this practice to a closely calculated system of wage-loss benefits may limit the social objectives of compensation legislation, the legislature has made no provision relieving a litigant from bearing his own legal fees and costs.
Claimant next argues that A.R.S. § 12-341.01 authorizes an award of costs and attorneys’ fees because liability for compensation arises out of a “contract for hire”. A.R.S. § 12-341.01(A) and (B) provides:
A. In any contested action arising out of a contract, express or implied, the court may award the successful party reasonable attorney’s fees. This section shall in no manner be construed as altering, prohibiting or restricting present or future contracts or statutes that may provide for attorney’s fees.
B. The award of reasonable attorney’s fees awarded pursuant to subsection A should be made to mitigate the burden of the expense of litigation to establish a just claim or a just defense. It need not equal or relate to the attorney’s fees actually paid or contracted, but such award may not exceed the amount paid or agreed to be paid.
Although a “contract for hire” either expressed or implied is necessary to establish an employer-employee relationship, Keeney v. Industrial Commission, 24 Ariz.App. 3, 535 P.2d 31 (1975), actions for compensation benefits do not “arise out of contract.” The right to benefits under the Worker’s Compensation Act is constitutional (art. 18, § 8, Ariz.Const.) and statutory (A.R.S. § 23-901 et seq.) Its benefits are triggered by a work-related injury, not the underlying employment agreement. For this reason, claimant’s reliance on Sparks v. Republic National Life Insurance Co., 132 Ariz. 529, 647 P.2d 1127 (1982), is misplaced. In Sparks, tort claims of misrepresentation and bad faith were held to arise out of an insurance contract, the breach of which was the basis of litigation. The basis of litigation in a worker’s compensation proceeding is a work-related injury. Although the employee-employer relationship may be a prerequisite to securing compensation benefits, benefits are awarded because of the injury.
We also reject claimant’s argument that fees and costs were an appropriate sanction. However, see Mother Tucker’s Food Experience v. Industrial Commission, 142 Ariz. 496, 690 P.2d 797 (1984). No Industrial Commission rule authorizes an administrative law judge to award attorneys’ fees or costs as a sanction.
We therefore affirm the award.
EUBANK, P.J., and JACOBSON, C.J., concur.
. Specifically, the administrative law judge found:
Industrial Commission proceedings must be conducted in such a manner as will achieve "substantial justice,” A.R.S. § 23-941F; E.S. Kelton Contracting v. Industrial Commission, 123 Ariz. 485 (App.), 600 P.2d 1117 (1979). Abusive discovery and frivolous litigation due to lack of preparation should not be tolerated. The defendants failed to exercise due diligence in preparation/discovery as well as in the presentation of testimony/evidence has caused the applicant to unnecessarily incur costs and attorney fees in excess of $800.00. Additionally, because of the defendants' failure to exercise due diligence, the Industrial Commission has incurred administrative and hearing costs in excess of $500.00. The undersigned has issued approximately 3,000 awards in just over ten years and the instant case is without any doubt the most frivolous and baseless hearing ever presided over. The defendants have violated the spirit of the Workmen’s Compensation Act as well as the letter of the Rules of Procedure as they pertain to discovery, Rule 40, R.Proc.I.C.A., A.C. R.R., R-4-13-140; Rule 42, R.Proc.I.C.A., A.C. R.R., R-4-13-142; and Rule 44, R.Proc.I.C.A., A.C.R.R., R-4-13-144, subpoena requests, Rule 41, R.Proc.I.C.A., A.C.R.R., R-4-13-141 and continued hearings, Rule 56, R.Proc.1. C.A., A.C.R.R., R-4-13-156.
Because the defendants have failed to abide with the provisions of these rules and good cause not appearing to relieve them from imposition of [the sanction of dismissal] their REQUEST FOR HEARING should be dismissed.
Due to the actions of the defendants the applicant and the Industrial Commission have incurred costs in excess of $1,300.00. These costs should be recoverable; however, because there exists no statutory or procedural provisions for ordering payment of such costs, both the applicant and the Industrial Commission will have to bear their respective expenses. If there was any provision whatsoever either inherent or actual to assess costs in the instant case, costs would be assessed against the defendants.
. Respondents do not respond to these arguments. Rather, they argue that this court lacks jurisdiction to decide the appeal and that the litigation was not frivolous. Although we agree with respondents that our authority on appeal is limited to affirming or setting aside the award, A.R.S. § 23-951(D), we nonetheless have jurisdiction over the appeal. See generally A.R.S. § 23-951. Moreover, a review of the record supports the administrative law judge’s conclusion that the litigation was frivolous.
. Pursuant to A.R.S. § 23-1069, the Industrial Commission may fix a reasonable contingent fee where the claimant and his attorney have not agreed upon one and the attorney or claimant applies to the Commission. The statute clearly anticipates that a claimant bears the obligation to pay his own attorney if successful in securing an award.
. We express no opinion as to whether the Commission under its rule-making power and its ability to control the hearing process has authority to award attorneys’ fees as a sanction in appropriate circumstances.
|
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OPINION
GRANT, Judge.
This appeal involves three consolidated wrongful death actions arising out of a May 11, 1975 airplane crash near Falcon Field in Mesa, Arizona. The plane crashed shortly after takeoff, killing all aboard including Charles Lynn, Thomas Moseley, and Basil Baker. After a lengthy jury trial the trial court entered judgment on a jury verdict in favor of the defendants-appellees.
On appeal the appellants raise two issues:
(1) Whether the trial court erred in precluding use of the pre-trial deposition of appellees’ expert witness, Charles Carel, for cross-examination purposes;
(2) Whether the trial court erred in excluding testimony of Calvin Frieswyk.
FACTS
The essential facts are: In 1973 appellee Aviation Specialties purchased the Super Constellation L-1049, designated N45516, from the City of Anchorage, Alaska. The plane remained in Anchorage for some time. In the summer of 1974 engines number two and three were replaced. In August of that year the aircraft was flown to Falcon Field in Mesa. The plane did not fly again until a May 6, 1975 test flight.
Prior to the test flight Aviation Specialties ordered the installation of an anti-detonation injection (ADI) system. This system is designated to improve the cooling process in the engines and to enable the plane to use 100/130 octane fuel. Use of the ADI system generates more power with a lower grade fuel than would otherwise be feasible.
After the May 6, 1975 test flight the aircraft next flew on its fatal May 11th flight. On May 11th the plane began its take-off along the main runway at Falcon Field with a crew of three and three passengers. Thomas Moseley served as pilot, Charles Lynn served as flight engineer and Basil Baker, a mechanic, was a passenger on N45516. Moments after take-off, with the right main landing gear failing to retract, smoke began to stream from the rear of the number two engine nacelle. The plane crashed shortly thereafter, killing all persons aboard. An examination of the wreckage revealed that the crew had feathered engine number three sometime after takeoff. Also, all engines exhibited evidence of detonation. Further facts will be set forth in the discussion of issues to which they relate.
DEPOSITION OF CHARLES CAREL
At trial the appellees’ accident reconstruction expert, Hubert Charles Carel, an aeronautical engineer, testified on direct examination that, in his opinion, crew mismanagement of the power caused the crash. On cross-examination the attorney for one of the appellants attempted to question Carel about Carel’s August 29, 1979 deposition testimony in which he stated that one contributing factor to the crew mismanagement was a fire during takeoff in the number two engine nacelle. Appellees objected to this line of inquiry on the ground that the deposition testimony assumed facts not in evidence at the trial. Specifically, appellees claimed that Carel’s opinion that a fire occurred was based on a hearsay statement of an eyewitness, Mr. Losey, contained in the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) report of the accident. Mr. Losey was not called as a witness by either party, nor was the NTSB report introduced into evidence. The trial court sustained appellees’ objection.
Carel’s opinion of the cause of the crash never varied. He believed that the crash was caused by crew mismanagement of the power setting and so testified at trial. What did change was Carel’s predicate to the crew mismanagement. In his deposition it was apparently Carel’s opinion that there was a fire in the number two engine nacelle, that the flight engineer failed to put out the fire, that the fire then caused confusion of the crew, and as a result the crew mismanaged the power settings. At trial Carel simply testified that the crash was caused by crew mismanagement of the power without reference to the alleged fire in the number two engine nacelle. It was on this point that the appellants sought to impeach Carel with his prior allegedly inconsistent statement.
The record before us reveals the following in chambers arguments:
MR. COPPLE: ...
To clarify it, Judge, let me read the explanation that Mr. Carel gave in his deposition [apparently taken November 4, 1979].
THE COURT: All right.
MR. COPPLE: This is on Page 7, starting at Line 3:
“QUESTION: Has there been any change whatsoever in the opinions that you expressed in your deposition of August 29, 1979?
“ANSWER: Not in — I don’t believe so.”
[MR. COPPLE:]
Now, let me preface this by saying the question that was asked just previously was:
“What was the source of the smoke? And he said, “Hydraulic or oil.”
Then he is asked whether he changed the opinions that he had in his deposition. He says, “Not in — I don’t believe so. One area that perhaps changed some was I spoke of fire in the left engine nacelle. And during, the trial there was no testimony indicating that there was a fire. At this time I would say — I had fire/smoke in my deposition. And I would lean towards smoke at this time, not fire. I did in my deposition indicate I didn’t believe there was a fire in that engine. ■ And I still do. That has not changed.”
“QUESTION: Are you telling us that your opinion now is that there was no fire in the left engine nacelle?
“ANSWER: That is correct.
“QUESTION: And you are confining that opinion to be only smoke emitted from the left engine nacelle?
“ANSWER: Based on the testimony of the trial, that is correct.
“QUESTION: And what testimony have you referred to that would lead you to change that opinion?
“ANSWER: Well, it is my understanding the parties that indicated there was a fire in the left nacelle did not testify at trial.
“QUESTION: And do you know the name of that party?
“ANSWER: I believe so. It’s — I believe his name was Losey, L-o-s-e-y. I am not positive about that. But I believe that was the witness.
“QUESTION: Have you changed your opinion as to the source of the smoke on the left nacelle area in this aircraft?
“ANSWER: No.
[MR. COPPLE]
And then he goes on to say: “There is no physical evidence of fire to the engine.”
Rule 703, Arizona Rules of Evidence, provides:
The facts or data in the particular case upon which an expert bases an opinion or inference may be those perceived by or made known to him at or before the hearing. If of a type reasonably relied upon by experts in the particular field in forming opinions or inferences upon the subject, the facts or data need not be admissible in evidence.
The comment to rule 703 explains:
This rule, along with others in this article, is designed to expedite the reception of expert testimony. Caution is urged in its use. Particular attention is called to the Advisory Committee’s note to the Federal Rules of Evidence which accompanies Federal Rule 703. In addition, it should be emphasized that the standard “if of a type reasonably relied upon by experts in the particular field” is applicable to both sentences of the rule....
The Advisory Committee’s Note to Federal rule 703 states:
If it be feared that enlargement of permissible data may tend to break down the rules of exclusion unduly, notice should be taken that the rule requires that the facts or data “be of a type reasonably relied upon by experts in the particular field.” The language would not warrant admitting in evidence the opinion of an “accidentologist” as to the point of impact in an automobile collision based on statements of bystanders, since this requirement is not satisfied.
An expert’s opinion may properly rely on facts and data from only three sources: (1) facts admitted into evidence at trial, (2) facts personally perceived by the expert, and (3) facts of a type reasonably relied upon by experts in the particular field. 11 Moore’s Federal Practice ¶¶ 703.-02, 703.10 (2d ed. 1982). See Baumholser v. Amax Coal Co., 630 F.2d 550 (7th Cir. 1980); Ariz.R.Evid. 703; Udall & Livermore, Law of Evidence § 23, p. 38-41 (2d ed. 1982). None of the evidence admitted at trial indicated a fire in the number two engine nacelle. Nor did Carel have any personal perceptions indicating a fire.
Appellants, however, assert that Carel relied on the NTSB report, which is a type of evidence reasonably relied upon by experts in this area. The NTSB report contained Losey’s statement. The above excerpt reveals that Carel’s opinion expressed in the August 29th deposition relied on the hearsay statement of Losey, an eyewitness, contained in the NTSB report. The appellees do not contest appellants’ characterization of Carel’s deposition testimony. The source at issue here is Losey’s statement, not the NTSB report. The test for admissibility of an expert’s opinion based on facts not in evidence is whether the source relied upon by the expert is reliable. Baumholser v. Amax Coal Co.; State v. Rupp, 120 Ariz. 490, 586 P.2d 1302 (App.1978). The trial court is accorded wide discretion in such determinations. State v. Rupp.
Facts or data, not admitted or inadmissible, on which an expert may reasonably rely may be revealed to the trier of fact not as substantive evidence but to show the basis of the expert’s opinion. Udall & Livermore, Law of Evidence § 23 (2d ed. 1984 Pocket Part). Rule 705, Arizona Rules of Evidence, provides that the expert may be required to disclose the underlying facts or data for his opinion on cross-examination.
We believe the Rules of Evidence contemplate just such a situation as is before us. However, this is the type of eyewitness statement warned against in the Advisory Committee note, supra, even though the eyewitness statement only described a physical occurrence (fire coming from the number two nacelle) not the causation therefor, which is the province of the expert. The test is whether the source of the expert’s opinion meets the two critical factors of necessity and trustworthiness. Bryan v. John Bean Division of FMC Corp., 566 F.2d 541 (5th Cir.1978). Trustworthiness comes from external indicia of reliability, such as a routine and customary business record or preparation of a report by a disinterested, expert third party. Id. Such external indicia is not present where a testifying expert’s opinion is based on statements of an eyewitness concerning the event giving rise to the lawsuit, where such statements are not in evidence at trial. See Fed.R.Evid. 703, Advisory Comm. Note. Losey was not called as a witness at trial even though he had been deposed.
Additionally, Carel’s deposition testimony was brought before the jury through appellants’ counsel during his examination of Carel in another context at trial (counsel read the following from Carel’s deposition):
“Well, in terms of causative factors, I believe, and I think I mentioned this, there was some failure in the aircraft was contributed to the distraction of the flight engineer. And I don’t know what that failure was at this time, but it appears to have been a fire in the number two nacelle. And he had the additional responsibility of extinguishing that fire.”
We cannot say the trial court abused its discretion in precluding further cross-examination of Carel on this issue.
CALVIN FRIESWYK
Appellants sought to impeach Richard Packard, the president of Helitee Corporation, a part-owner of AFG Corporation, and vice-president of all other appellee corporations, by the rebuttal testimony of Calvin Frieswyk, a State Compensation Fund investigator, who authored a report dated May 30, 1975. The trial court, however, refused to allow the admission of such evidence.
At trial, Packard testified as follows:
Q Now, Mr. Packard, as a result of the test flight of 45516 on May 6, 1975, was there any problems that came about as far as this aircraft was concerned on any aspect of that aircraft?
A I don’t recall any problems.
Q If there had been any problems, you would have known it; is that correct?
A If there would have been a major problem, I would have known it.
Q What about a minor problem? Would you have known that, too, sir?
A Doubtful that I would know about a minor squawk on an airplane.
Q You would be concerned about whether or not there was any mechanical problems with an aircraft that your people are going to be flying in, would you not?
A I wouldn’t be concerned with a minor problem, because flight engineers make sure discrepancies are taken care of before they fly.
Q You had an ADI system supposedly installed on these aircraft. You would be concerned about, number one, that there would be no problems with that system, because of the pressures that those engines were going to be sustaining with these power settings and with this fuel; wouldn’t that be correct?
A I would be concerned if they had an engine problem. But I don’t recall anybody notifying me that we did have a problem.
Q On 45516? •
A On 45516.
Q Now, and you have never had a conversation with any person concerning any alleged problems with 45516 that arose as a result of the test flight on 5-6-75?
A I don’t recall anything on the ADI system.
Q What about anything about any of the engines?
A I don’t recall anything on an engine of any major nature.
Q So do you recall anything of any minor nature concerning any of the engines on 45516 after the test flight on May 6, 1975?
A No, I don’t.
Q And if there had been, you would have remembered today, I would presume?
A If it were an airworthiness item that was of a major nature, I am sure I would remember.
Frieswyk’s report stated:
I next interviewed Richard E. Packard, Vice President, regarding the crash. He stated the engines on the aircraft had not been modified except for the number two engine, which had a small spray pump attached which would pull only approximately ten horsepower, but was inactive until the plane was in a spraying operation. The aircraft, however, had been modified. The plane had been test flown approximately two week [sic] prior to the 5-11-75 date and a fuel flow problem was found in engine number three and this had been corrected by the mechanics____ Witnesses stated there was a fire in the number two engine area and Mr. Packard ... thought [he] saw a flame from a wheel housing also.
The appellants had alleged in their complaint that the plane had been modified by appellees (defendants) in a negligent and careless manner creating an unsafe condition in the aircraft which ultimately caused it to crash. These modifications were followed by only one test flight. Thus the condition of the engines after the test flight was of critical importance to the appellants’ case. The test pilot, Bobby Morren, one of the owners, Packard, and the principal power plant mechanic, Thompson, all testified that there were no engine problems on the May 6, 1975 test flight.
The trial court refused to allow the impeachment of Packard by calling Calvin Frieswyk as a rebuttal witness because the appellants had failed to ask Packard a “warning question”:
[THE COURT]
I am asking about the warning question, because that’s what we are talking about when we talk about impeachment.
Before you impeach somebody, you have got to give them the opportunity to ‘fess up’ to the inconsistency that you are planning to put in, and not to do it by laying in the weeds, putting on the inconsistent statement, and then having them come back on either redirect — I am sorry, on surrebuttal to explain it away. I think that is basic advocacy.
The trial court erred in its ruling. Arizona courts have held that warning questions — directing the witness’ attention to the date, place, and circumstances when the witness made prior statements — are not required. State v. Hines, 130 Ariz. 68, 633 P.2d 1384 (1981); State v. Acree, 121 Ariz. 94, 588 P.2d 836 (1978); State v. Navallez, 131 Ariz. 172, 639 P.2d 362 (App. 1981).
Furthermore, Packard’s statements constituted a party admission pursuant to Rule 801(d)(2), Arizona Rules of Evidence, and therefore, the witness need not be given an opportunity to explain or deny the prior statement. Rule 613(b), Arizona Rules of Evidence, provides:
Extrinsic evidence of a prior inconsistent statement by a witness is not admissible unless the witness is afforded an opportunity to explain or deny the same and the opposite party is afforded an opportunity to interrogate him thereon, or the interests of justice otherwise require. This provision does not apply to admissions of a party-opponent as defined in Rule 801(d)(2).
Appellants alternatively sought to reopen their case-in-chief to recall Packard or call Frieswyk. The trial court denied the motion after appellees objected on grounds of materiality and surprise as to Frieswyk. A motion to reopen is directed to the court’s discretion. Melcher v. Melcher, 137 Ariz. 210, 669 P.2d 987 (App. 1983); Cf. Heeter v. Moore Drug Co., 104 Ariz. 41, 448 P.2d 391 (1968). See generally DeElena v. Southern Pacific Co., 121 Ariz. 563, 592 P.2d 759 (1979) (order of proof lies within trial court’s discretion).
Frieswyk’s report was included in the Industrial Commission’s file, which had been subpoenaed and produced in August, 1979 at a deposition. At trial, however, one of appellants’ attorneys indicated that a copy of the Frieswyk report had not been included in copies of the Industrial Commission’s file provided to appellants. The record does not indicate at which point in time or how appellant obtained a copy of Frieswyk’s report. Nevertheless at least by October 22, 1979, while appellants were still presenting their case-in-chief, the appellants had in their possession a copy of the Frieswyk report. On or about October 22nd one of appellants’ attorneys met and discussed with Mr. Frieswyk the contents of his report. A subpoena was issued for Frieswyk on October 23rd and served October 24th. It was filed with the court on October 29th.
On October 25th the appellants rested their case-in-chief. Thereafter, the trial resumed on October 29, 1979 with the appellees presenting their case. On November 1st, counsel elicited the testimony from Mr. Packard quoted earlier. Then, the record, which is admittedly unclear, shows that apparently on November 6th appellants first disclosed any intent to call Mr. Frieswyk or use his report.
Rule XVI(c)(1)(vii) Uniform Rules of Practice of the Superior Court of Arizona at time of trial provided that the joint pre-trial statement shall contain:
The exhibits and names of witnesses to be used for impeachment have been sealed and filed with the clerk of the court.
No other exhibits or witnesses shall be used during the trial other than those listed and exchanged, except for good cause shown.
[Deleted July 6, 1983, effective September 7, 1983. See Rule VI(a)(6).] Evidence intended to be used solely for impeachment may be withheld from opposing counsel if filed with the clerk of the court. Helena Chemical Co. v. Coury Bros. Ranches, Inc., 126 Ariz. 448, 616 P.2d 908 (App. 1980). Therefore appellees’ claim of surprise should not have been considered by the trial court. Under certain circumstances the trial court may, in its discretion allow testimony by a witness not contained in the list of impeachment witnesses filed with the court. Public Service Co. of Oklahoma v. Bleak, 134 Ariz. 311, 656 P.2d 600 (1982). The trial court has broad discretion to permit or deny admission of evidence not listed in the pre-trial statement. As the supreme court stated in Public Service Co. of Oklahoma v. Bleak:
It is quite often difficult if not impossible for counsel to know precisely what type of impeachment will be necessary and available until the testimony of the witness is actually heard at trial. It is certainly well within the trial court’s discretion to determine whether such-a situation exists and to allow counsel to add to or vary from the impeachment list. It is seldom that any prejudice can result from this, since Rule VI(a)(7) does not provide for the parties to exchange impeachment lists, but rather, requires only that the impeachment list be sealed and filed with the clerk.
134 Ariz. at 325, 326, 656 P.2d 600. See Plonkey v. Superior Court, 106 Ariz. 310, 475 P.2d 492 (1970).
At trial appellants presented several theories of negligence relating to mechanical modification or maintenance of the airplane. Fuel flow problems in engine number three would have been material to several of appellants’ theories of negligence.
The trial court erred in not allowing appellants to call Calvin Frieswyk as a witness. The trial court made an error of law regarding warning questions and materiality in reaching its discretionary conclusion. The error was prejudicial because it substantially affected the right of the appellant to put material evidence regarding the credibility of a material witness before the jury. Petefish v. Dawe, 137 Ariz. 570, 672 P.2d 914 (1983); Reeves v. Markle, 119 Ariz. 159, 579 P.2d 1382 (1978). Therefore we must reverse and remand for a new trial.
CROSS-ISSUES ON APPEAL
The appellees have submitted two cross-issues on appeal which we must reach, having reversed the judgment for the appellees and remanded for new trial.
1. Were appellees statutory employers for purposes of workmen’s compensation and therefore immune from the wrongful death actions by appellants?
2. Did appellants Baker fail to bring their action within one year and fail to obtain a valid reassignment of any claim from the compensatory fund so their action was a nullity?
EMPLOYERS IMMUNITY
Long before the trial of this case began, Aviation Specialties Trade Corp., the admitted employer, sought summary judgment to dismiss the action as to it. It based its request on the following grounds: Aviation Specialty Trade Corp. was the decedents’ employer, the decedents did not make an election of remedies at the time of their employment, and the decedents’ plaintiffs had already accepted workmen’s com pensation benefits as their exclusive remedy in accordance with A.R.S. § 23-1024. The trial judge granted summary judgment dismissing the action on the merits as to Aviation Specialties Trade Corp. and order- ‘ ing that the plaintiffs recover nothing from Aviation Specialties Trade Corp. There was no appeal therefrom. The judgment determined that Aviation Specialties Trade Corp. was the decedents’ employer. Therefore, only Aviation Specialties Trade Corp. is immune from suit. Appellees cite nothing in the record to support their theory of a “single statutory employer.” There is no error in allowing suit against the appellee corporations other than Aviation Specialties Trade Corp. Hecla Mining Co. v. Industrial Comm’n, 119 Ariz. 313, 580 P.2d 774 (App.1978).
BAKER ACTION
Appellees claim that appellants Baker’s action was a nullity because they failed to file their action within one year of the crash as required by A.R.S. § 23-1023 and because they failed to obtain a valid reassignment of any claim from the compensatory fund. However, under A.R.S. § 23-1023, if one entitled to compensation benefits does not file an action within one year after the claim accrues, the claim is deemed assigned to the insurance carrier or to the person liable for paying the compensation benefits. Thus in the instant case, one year after the crash Baker’s claim was statutorily assigned to the insurance carrier pursuant to A.R.S. § 23-1023. The compensation fund then reassigned the claim to appellants Baker who filed the claim within the two year statute of limitations for personal injury actions. A.R.S. § 12-542(1), (2).
Subsequent to trial, the Arizona Supreme Court, in Ross v. Superior Court, 128 Ariz. 301, 625 P.2d 890 (1981) held that once a claim was assigned to an insurance carrier by operation of law pursuant to A.R.S. § 23-1023 it was neither assignable to a third person nor reassignable to the insurance claimant. The legislature following Ross amended A.R.S. § 23-1023 to allow reassignment. The Arizona Supreme Court considered the constitutionality of the amendment in Chevron Chemical Co. v. Superior Court, 131 Ariz. 431, 641 P.2d 1275 (1982). The supreme court upheld the constitutionality of the amendment. In the case before us, the compensation fund’s reassignment to appellants Baker was valid and Baker’s claim was properly brought within the two year statute of limitations.
The judgment of the trial court is reversed and the case remanded for proceedings consistent with this opinion.
EUBANK and HAIRE, JJ., concur.
. The aircraft involved was a four engined plane, with two engines on each wing. Starting with the outboard engine to the pilot’s left and going to the right, the engines are numbered one through four. For example, the number three engine is the inboard engine to the pilot's right.
. A "nacelle’’ is the enclosure surrounding the engines.
. "Feathered” is a term which refers to an adjustment of the propellor pitch so as to create less air resistance usually when the engine is not functioning.
. "Detonation” describes the condition when fuel combustion occurs at inappropriate times. Much like pre-ignition in an automobile, detonation may destroy the cylinders of the engine. Detonation can result from many causes.
. In the trial court, appellants successfully objected to the introduction of the NTSB report into evidence.
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] |
FELDMAN, Justice.
We accepted this petition for review to consider a memorandum decision of the court of appeals on an issue of first impression regarding uninsured motorist coverage. See Rule 23(c), Ariz.R.Civ.App.P., 17A A.R.S.
Petitioners are the conservators for three minor children of Jerry Herring, who was killed in an automobile accident which occurred July 31, 1979. The inebriated tortfeasor who was responsible for the accident was insured by Dairyland Mutual Insurance Company under a policy containing the minimum limits required by Arizona’s financial responsibility law. That law provides that every “automobile liability policy” contain coverage in an amount
“... not less than fifteen thousand dollars because of bodily injury to or death of one person in any one accident and ... to a limit of not less than thirty thousand dollars because of bodily injury to or death of two or more persons in any one accident, and, ... to a limit of not less than ten thousand dollars because of injury to or destruction of property of others in any one accident.”
A.R.S. § 28-1142(C).
Dairyland paid its limit of $15,000, and those proceeds were divided equally among the three surviving children, each of whom was an appropriate beneficiary of the action for wrongful death. A.R.S. § 12-612. Thus, each child received $5,000 in damages.
At the time of his death the father was the owner of an automobile and was covered by his own policy of insurance. That policy was issued by the respondent, Lumbermen’s Mutual Casualty Company (Lumbermen’s). As required by A.R.S. § 20-259.01, the policy contained uninsured motorist coverage. The version of the statute in effect at the time of the accident stated that such coverage should be in the limits provided by § 28-1142, and was intended
... for the protection of persons insured ... who are legally entitled to recover damages from owners or operators of uninsured motor vehicles because of bodily injury, sickness, or disease, including death, resulting therefrom.
A.R.S. § 20-259.01(A).
Each of the minor children is a family member who meets the definition of an “insured” under the Lumbermen’s policy. Pointing out that each of the minors received only $5,000 while the minimum coverage limit required by the financial responsibility laws is $15,000, the conservators argue that each child has a claim for $10,000 against the uninsured motorist coverage provided by Lumbermen’s. The court of appeals held that the statutes could not be so construed. We agree.
The issue presented is whether the financial responsibility laws should be construed to provide only minimum coverage for each actual “victim” of an accident, or to provide such coverage for each person who may have a claim for damages because of the injury sustained by the victim.
Petitioners contend that the case is governed by Porter v. Empire Fire and Marine Insurance Company, 106 Ariz. 274, 475 P.2d 258 (1970). In Porter several persons had been injured in an automobile accident. Because the tortfeasor had minimum coverage, each of the injured victims received only a pro rata share ($2,500) of the insurance available from the tortfeasor’s insurance carrier. The question was whether Porter, a victim actually injured in the accident, could recover from his uninsured motorist coverage the difference between his pro rata share of the available liability insurance and the minimum limit of the mandatory insurance coverage. Empire argued that Porter could not do so because the tortfeasor was actually insured and would not, therefore, qualify as an “uninsured motorist.” We disagreed, and held that Porter could recover the difference between his actual recovery from the tortfeasor’s liability coverage and the minimum coverage amount required by the financial responsibility law. To the extent the tortfeasor’s policy did not make available to each claimant the minimum amounts required by A.R.S. § 28-1142, we held that the insured tortfeasor was “uninsured” and each claimant therefore was entitled to proceed against his or her uninsured motorist coverage. Id. at 279, 475 P.2d at 263.
We do not retreat from Porter, but we do not believe that it governs the present situation. In Porter, the claimant was a victim, actually injured in the accident. In the case at bench, the minimum amount guaranteed by the financial responsibility law was available to the victim, Jerry Herring. That amount has been paid. Thus, the question here is not whether minimum coverage was available for each victim injured or killed in the accident, but whether each of several beneficiaries of the claim for injury or death of a single victim is entitled to look to uninsured motorist coverage for a guarantee of recovery up to the minimum amount. Porter did not go that far, nor, in our view, has the legislature.
The distinction between the facts of Porter and those before us today goes to the essence of the meaning of “financial responsibility.” The purpose of uninsured motorist coverage is to “benefit the injured party to the same degree as if the uninsured motorist had liability insurance available in the amounts set forth in the Financial Responsibility Law.” State Farm Mutual Auto Insurance Co. v. Eden, 136 Ariz. 460, 462, 666 P.2d 1069, 1071 (1983). Thus, uninsured motorist coverage “is interwoven” with the coverage required by the Safety Responsibility Act pursuant to § 28-1142. Id. That statute does not mention a minimum recovery for each person with a damage claim, but only the availability, where “the accident has resulted in bodily injury or death, [of] a limit ... of not less than fifteen thousand dollars because of bodily injury to or death of one person in any one accident____” A.R.S. § 28-1142(C) (emphasis supplied).
We believe that the phrase quoted contemplates a minimum limit available for each person actually injured or killed and not for each person with a damage claim. The latter construction would vastly expand the mandated coverage. It would, for instance, allow a wife with a claim for loss of consortium resulting from bodily injury inflicted upon her husband to satisfy her claim from the increased coverage available by statute where there has been injury to or death of “two or more persons in only one accident.” Similarly, under facts such as those in the case at hand, when the claims of parents, children, spouse, and any other survivor recognized under the wrongful death statute exhaust the liability coverage, each survivor could claim against his or her respective uninsured motorist coverage. We believe that such a broad interpretation of the statute goes much further than has ever been indicated by the decisions of this court and is unsupported by any discernible legislative intent. More importantly, the various statutes enacted by the legislature do not reveal that it intended so broad an objective as to guarantee availability of a minimum amount to everyone entitled to maintain a damage action for injuries sustained by another.
Petitioners argue that such a result would make better sense and would further desirable social objectives. That may be so, but such an argument has little force except on issues involving the adjudication of individual disputes or common law rights. The decision to require purchase of a certain type and amount of insurance, together with the regulation of the insurance industry, is a matter for legislative, not judicial, determination.
We hold, therefore, that the beneficiaries of this death action have no claim against their uninsured motorist coverage. The statutes, properly interpreted, require that a minimum amount of coverage be available to each person actually injured or killed; to the extent it is not so available, each person who sustains bodily injury has a claim against his or her uninsured motorist coverage. Porter, supra. There is no requirement that such a fund be available to each person with a derivative damage claim.
The judgment of the trial court, denying relief, is affirmed. The memorandum decision of the court of appeals is approved.
HOLOHAN, C.J., GORDON, V.C.J., and HAYS and CAMERON, JJ., concur.
. For purposes of reference in this opinion, we include both §§ 28-1142 and 20-259.01 in the term "financial responsibility law," even though the latter is not part of the "Uniform Motor Vehicle Safety' Responsibility Act” enacted in 1951 as chapter 7, title 28, Arizona Revised Statutes.
. We use the word "victim” in this opinion to refer to a person who suffers bodily injury, "including death” (A.R.S. § 20-259.01(A)), in a motor vehicle accident.
|
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HOLOHAN, Chief Justice.
On September 3, 1982, petitioner Donald Austin Waggoner was charged by indictment with theft of property valued at one thousand dollars or more, “all in violation of A.R.S. §§ 13-1802, 13-701, 13-702, 13-801, 13-803, 13-604 B and D, and 13-604.-01.” At the same time, the Pima County Attorney also filed an allegation that petitioner had four prior convictions and included copies of the minute entries recording each conviction. In connection with petitioner’s request for review of release conditions, on September 9, 1982, a form headed “Pre-Trial Release Program/Central Intake Program” was filed showing petitioner’s parole status and naming his parole officer.
Petitioner pleaded not guilty and trial was set for December 1, 1982, with an order that all motions be filed twenty days prior to that date. After several continuances, requested by both the state and petitioner, a firm trial date was set for May 10, 1983. On May 6, 1983, the state filed an allegation pursuant to A.R.S. § 13-604.-01 alleging that petitioner had committed the instant offense while on parole. A.R.S. § 13-604.01, subsection B, provides for a mandatory sentence of confinement without eligibility for release until the sentence imposed has been served when the person convicted committed the offense while on parole from confinement for conviction of a felony offense.
Petitioner moved to strike the allegation of committing a felony while on parole, arguing that it was untimely filed under Arizona Rules of Criminal Procedure, Rule 16.1(b), 17 A.R.S. which requires that “[a]ll motions shall be made no later than 20 days prior to the date set for trial.” Petitioner argued that since the language of A.R.S. § 13-604.01 does not mention any date by which the allegation must be filed, the general time period provided by Rule 16.1(b) must apply. The trial court denied the motion and a jury trial was held. Petitioner was found guilty of theft.
Prior to submitting the issue of the existence of prior convictions and parole status to the jury, petitioner’s counsel requested that he be allowed to argue to the jury the effect that a finding of prior convictions or parole status would have on the degree of punishment petitioner would receive. When this motion was denied, petitioner waived jury trial on these sentencing issues. The trial court found the allegations to be true and sentenced petitioner to 11.25 years, the presumptive term for a class 3, nondangerous felony with two or more pri- or convictions. A.R.S. §§ 13-701, 13-604(D), 13-604.01(B).
Petitioner appealed, challenging the timeliness of the § 13-604.01 allegation and the refusal to allow his counsel to argue to the jury the effect of the priors and parole status on his sentence. The Court of Appeals affirmed by opinion, State v. Waggoner, 144 Ariz. 262, 697 P.2d 345 (1984). Petitioner sought review only as to the timeliness issue. We granted review to clarify the meaning of the statute at issue.
In State v. Turner, 141 Ariz. 470, 687 P.2d 1225 (1984), we held that the provision of § 13-604(K) providing that the finding of prior convictions be made by the trier of fact did not apply to § 13-604.01. We stated that “A.R.S. § 13-604.01 does not contain language that requires a finding by the trier of fact that the defendant was on parole.” Id. at 475, 687 P.2d at 1230. The issue of whether the release status of the defendant must be alleged before trial was not raised in Turner.
The Court of Appeals ruled that A.R.S. § 13-604.01 was “[i]ntended to require enhanced punishment for an offense committed while the offender was on parole, or other types of release, regardless of how or when the issue is presented.” Waggoner, 144 Ariz. at 264, 697 P.2d at 347. The ruling by the Court of Appeals provided that at some point prior to sentencing the defendant’s status must be alleged and presented to the court. We do not agree. Although parole or other release status under A.R.S. § 13-604.01 is “in the nature of an aggravating circumstance,” Turner, 141 Ariz. at 475, 687 P.2d at 1230, due process and orderly procedure require a narrower rule than that stated by the Court of Appeals. A defendant must know the extent of potential punishment he faces before he can ever decide whether to enter a guilty plea to the charge. To determine whether a plea has been intelligently entered Rule 17.2(b), Rules of Criminal Procedure, 17 A.R.S. requires that the trial judge inform the defendant of the range of possible sentence. In some cases it may be necessary to establish the extent of possible punishment before trial in order to determine the size of jury required under Arizona Constitution Art. 2, § 23. In criminal cases in which a sentence of imprisonment for thirty years or more is authorized by law a twelve person jury is required. Also, as stated in State v. Rodgers, 134 Ariz. 296, 306, 655 P.2d 1348, 1358 (App. 1982), “[a]s a policy matter the defendant should know the full extent of the potential punishment that he faces before trial.” We believe that a defendant must receive notice before trial commences that the state intends to allege his release status to enhance punishment pursuant to A.R.S. § 13-604.01.
The Court of Appeals held that reference to A.R.S. § 13-604.01 in the indictment, coupled with the filed documents referring to petitioner’s parole status, satisfied the due process notice requirement. We agree that reference in the indictment to the number of the statute providing for enhanced punishment for offenses committed while released from custody is adequate notice of the state’s intent to enhance petitioner’s sentence under that statute. In State v. Barrett, 132 Ariz. 88, 644 P.2d 242 (1982), we held that when the information charging the defendant referred to A.R.S. § 13-604, the recital of the section number was sufficient to put him on notice that the prosecution intended to seek an enhanced sentence. See also State v. Villafuerte, 142 Ariz. 323, 690 P.2d 42 (1984). Likewise, in State v. Noriega, 142 Ariz. 474, 690 P.2d 775 (1984) we upheld a post-conviction amendment to an indictment changing A.R.S. § 13-604.01(5) to A.R.S. § 13-604.01(4). We stated that “[t]he allegation of A.R.S. § 13-604.01(B), in conjunction with the allegation of dangerousness in the indictment and in the jury instructions, along with the conduct of the prosecutor, was sufficient to put appellant on notice of the prosecutor’s intent to seek the enhanced penalties under subsection (A).” Id. at 481, 690 P.2d at 783-84. Here the indictment contained citation to the correct statute, and there were documents, filed well in advance of twenty days before the first trial date, which referred to petitioner’s release status as on parole from California. The notice to petitioner in this case was superior to that held constitutionally adequate in Noriega. Although A.R.S. § 13-604.01 does not require that release status be charged in the indictment or information, alleging such status in the charging instrument, either by reference to release status or by reference to the section number, is sufficient notice.
Petitioner urges that allowing the state to file an allegation of parole status four days before trial deprives him of sufficient time to consider plea agreements or to prepare his defense. We note as addressed above that petitioner received such notice long before trial by reference on the date the indictment was filed to A.R.S. § 13-604.01. This notice clearly was timely enough to put petitioner on notice of the enhanced penalty sought by the prosecution, and we find that petitioner was not prejudiced by the trial court’s use of his parole status to enhance his punishment. We affirm his conviction and sentence.
In order to establish some consistency in the statutory system for allegation of penalty enhancements, we believe, as stated in State v. Birdsall, 116 Ariz. 112, 568 P.2d 419 (1977), that the prosecutor has total discretion whether to allege parole status before the twenty day time limit of Rule 16.1(b). Within the twenty day time period, however, the trial judge has the same discretion granted by A.R.S. § 13-604(K) to allow allegation of parole status any time before trial. Id.; see also State v. Kelly, 123 Ariz. 24, 597 P.2d 177 (1979); State v. Fowler, 137 Ariz. 381, 670 P.2d 1205 (App.1983).
The opinion of the Court of Appeals is modified in accordance with this opinion. The petitioner’s judgment and sentence are affirmed.
GORDON, V.C.J., and HAYS, CAMERON and FELDMAN, JJ., concur.
|
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