{"text": "Yersinia pestis. Furthermore, ancient human microbiomes from fossilized faeces, mummies and dental plaque have shown shifts in human commensals through the Neolithic demographic transition and industrial revolution, whereas environmental isolates stemming from permafrost samples have revealed signs of ancient antimicrobial resistance. Culminating in an ever-growing repertoire of ancient genomes, the quickly expanding body of bacterial aDNA studies has also enabled comparisons of ancient genomes to their extant counterparts, illuminating the evolutionary history of bacteria. In this review we summarize the present avenues of research and contextualize them in the past of the field whilst also pointing towards questions still to be answered.Groundbreaking studies conducted in the mid-1980s demonstrated the possibility of sequencing ancient DNA (aDNA), which has allowed us to answer fundamental questions about the human past. Microbiologists were thus given a powerful tool to glimpse directly into inscrutable bacterial history, hitherto inaccessible due to a poor fossil record. Initially plagued by concerns regarding contamination, the field has grown alongside technical progress, with the advent of high-throughput sequencing being a breakthrough in sequence output and authentication. Albeit burdened with challenges unique to the analysis of bacteria, a growing number of viable sources for aDNA has opened multiple avenues of microbial research. Ancient pathogens have been extracted from bones, dental pulp, mummies and historical medical specimens and have answered focal historical questions such as identifying the aetiological agent of the black death as  Despite the growing wealth of genomic data since the advent of next-generation sequencing, some domains of life remain elusive for evolutionary biologists ; in partet al. [Mycobacterium tuberculosis [Mycobacterium leprae [The first breakthrough in aDNA occurred when Higuchi et al.  were ablet al. . PCR proculosis  and Myc leprae . M\u00fcller  leprae , however leprae  . Additi leprae . Due to  leprae . Additio leprae . The deb leprae .in silico verification based on sequence patterns [The advent of high-throughput sequencing (HTS) rejuvenated the field of paleomicrobiology as sample and data output increased by orders of magnitude  and broupatterns . Signatupatterns . Generalpatterns . In depupatterns . This frpatterns , which ipatterns . In cytopatterns . Bases bpatterns . Age is patterns . Howeverpatterns . Misincopatterns .Yersinia pestis, which was recovered from the teeth of a 14th-century plague victim at 30-fold coverage [Y. pestis paleogenome verified earlier work by Drancourt et al. [et al. [The development of targeted capture sequencing enabled enrichment using modern DNA or RNA as bait, making the recovery of ancient genetic material more financially viable . Enrichmcoverage . The isot et al. . This cot et al. , which w [et al.  and open\u22121) in Neisseria gonorrhoeae [\u22121 in M. tuberculosis [Y. pestis datasets. The estimated mean ages were pushed further back the older the included sequences were and showed that the inclusion of Late Neolithic and Bronze Age samples decreased dating uncertainty immensely. Duch\u00eane et al. [M. leprae from Schuenemann et al. [M. tuberculosis from Bos et al. [Y. pestis from Wagner et al. [Comparisons using paleogenomes facilitate a better understanding of evolutionary processes through time, enabling the inference of ancient demography and admixture, within-population evolution and calibration of the molecular clock . In clocrrhoeae  and 0.00culosis . Chronolculosis . Therefoculosis  investige et al.  analysedn et al. , M. tubs et al.  and Y. r et al. ) spanninAlongside high-profile extraction like Neandertal  and woolM. tuberculosis by Spigelman et al. [et al. [M. leprae. The realization that aDNA can be recovered from bone tissue without visual evidence of disease led to an increase in available sequences, facilitating epidemiological investigations of populations [The beginning of sequencing, and therefore also paleogenetics, was facilitated by targeted PCR amplification, making the identification of candidate targets from ancient samples vital to the success of early attempts at acquiring bacterial aDNA. Seminal research was directed at the recovery of genetic material from bone as aDNA extraction is destructive and often unsuccessful. Bones are the most common of the invaluable and finite archaeological resources suited for aDNA retrieval. The choice of study organism fell upon pathogens causing diseases that can occasionally be identified by skeletal lesions, to further increase chances of successful extraction. The choice fell upon tuberculosis (TB) and leprosy, leading to the first retrieval of bacterial aDNA of n et al. , followe [et al.  amplifyiulations  and mixeulations .M. tuberculosis soon moved from bones to mummies, where natural mummification can lead to preservation, leaving bacterial DNA sufficiently intact for amplification [et al. [et al. [Clostridium. The concern around PCR amplification producing false positives makes the validity of these early findings questionable, especially because Cano and colleagues also found clostridia in the grass sample taken from the surroundings of the iceman.The extraction of aDNA from fication . Salo et [et al.  were abl [et al. . Another [et al.  through et al. [M. tuberculosis could be amplified with PCR. Furthermore, historic medical specimens, such as organs embedded in paraffin, were proven to be viable subjects for paleomicrobiology. Jackson et al. [Bacillus anthracis DNA from anthrax victims from 1979. Devault et al. [Vibrio cholerae.Donoghue et al.  were abln et al.  amplifiet et al.  later uset al. [et al. were able to retrieve DNA from Y. pestis, and thus found the aetiological agent for the black death. They suggest that dental pulp, as a better protected niche than bones that is equally expendable, should be used to detect ancient pathogens.The inventory of aDNA sources was broadened by Drancourt et al. , who reaet al. . Teeth aet al. . Drancouet al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [Early claims of isolation of bacterial aDNA from the environment were made by Priscu et al.  and Chri [et al.  through  [et al. , however [et al. . Willers [et al.  addresse, preservation is only optimal under extremely dry or frozen conditions [et al. [Besides mummified remains, ancient human microbiomes commonly endure only in two substrates: coprolites and dental calculus . Coprolinditions . The detnditions . Despite [et al.  were abl [et al. , while d [et al. . A combi [et al. . The com [et al. .et al. [et al. [et al. [Streptococcus mutans and Porphyromonas gingivalis. Warinner et al. [et al. [et al. into question.The third possible source for human microbiomes is dental calculus. Calculus consists of dental plaque, saliva and crevicular fluid forming calcified bacterial biofilms incrementally through deposition and mineralization . Composeet al.  first pr [et al.  to use s [et al.  were ther et al.  used HTSr et al. . However [et al.  showed tLooking at all viable source of bacterial aDNA , the iniArchaeological samples used in bacterial aDNA studies show a mixture of endogenous (ante-mortem) viable ancient material and exogenous (postmortem) sequences from colonization after death of the organism . Endogenet al. [et al. looked at systematic amplification bias of the V3 regions in 16S rDNA. They showed more successful amplification for shorter V3 regions, which might have skewed earlier, untargeted aDNA studies.Other than false positives, assessing bacterial communities can be inherently problematic in paleomicrobiology. The equilibrium of the microbiome can shift quickly after death, with anaerobic bacteria persisting more successfully, which can lead to false conclusions about ancient microbiomes . Bacteriet al.  highlighDespite the inherent challenges they pose, some characteristics of bacteria favour the study of paleogenomes. The bacterial bauplan harbours unique benefits for preservation, such as increased resilience based on membrane composition. Glycosidic ether lipids and hopanoids are components of bacterial membranes not found in archaea or eukaryotes, which protect DNA from enzymatic degradation . Intraceet al. [Y. pestis, M. tuberculosis and M. leprae [The development of agriculture brought food security and a settled lifestyle to human societies, but also led to an increase in infectious disease and is considered to be the origin of many important infections . The pret al. . Molecul leprae .Y. pestis is responsible for multiple human pandemics with millions of deaths through human history and is therefore a focal species for epidemiological research [As the causal agent of plague, research . Plague research .Y. pestis have been dated to 5000\u2009years before present (YBP) by Rasmussen et al. [Y. pestis, as the Yersinia murine toxin gene ymt is absent in all samples older than 3700\u2009years. Valtuena et al. [Y. pestis coincided with the \u2018steppe ancestry\u2019, where human expansion from central Eurasia to Eastern and Central Europe carried plague into Europe. The steppe ancestry of plague was confirmed by Damgaard et al. [Y. pestis aDNA. Temporally, the emergence of ymt as suggested by Spyrou et al. [et al. [ymt could have caused a wide geographical spread originating in the steppe of Eurasia.The earliest infections with n et al.  through a et al.  reconstrd et al. , who anau et al.  predates [et al. , which iY. pestis, starting in the sixth century and lasting until the mid-eighth century [et al. [The first pandemic is the first recorded bubonic outbreak of  century . The res century , who rec century . Keller  [et al.  reconstret al. [Y. pestis paleogenome lying ancestral to extant strains from four 700-year-old English plague victims. Its position in the phylogenetic tree suggests that the second pandemic is the first appearance of contemporary Y. pestis. The medieval paleogenome revealed no unique derived positions when compared to modern strains. A lack of genetic divergence between Black Death and modern strains indicates that genetic factors are not causal for the catastrophic effects of the black death when compared to the less severe effects of modern plague [et al. [et al. [Y. pestis aDNA from early victims from Spain (1300\u20131420 CE). High similarity compared to the English paleogenome, combined with historical reports, support the theory of a single entry of the plague in the spring of 1348 near Barcelona coming from the lower Volga region of Russia through the Crimean peninsula [et al. [The second pandemic lasted from the 14th until the 18th century, with a peak mortality during the period of the Black Death from 1348 to 1351, killing an estimated 30\u201350\u200a% of the European population . Bos et et al.  retrieven plague . Other i [et al.  point ou [et al.  have seqeninsula . A subseY. pestis cycling within and between rodent and human populations, or repeated introductions [et al. [Y. pestis paleogenome. A phylogeny constructed from available extant and ancient genomes groups the late second pandemic genome within a single lineage with no extant members. The most ancestral sequence in the lineage was recovered from a victim of the Black Death. Bos et al. therefore concluded that Y. pestis persisted in Europe rather than being continuously reintroduced. Spyrou et al. [Y. pestis travelled into Russia and eventually to China, the origin of the third pandemic [The subsequent 400\u2009year duration of the second pandemic within Europe gives room for two possible explanations: long-term persistence of ductions . With th [et al.  set out pandemic .et al. [et al. [et al. [Y. pestis. Rate estimates varied 40-fold between lineages, despite recent emergence and slow mean evolutionary rates [et al. [Y. pestis, there are a high number of polytomies, which Cui et al. ascribed to bursts of fixed mutations in narrow time windows. Feldman et al. [et al. [et al. [Y. pestis [Y. pestis was estimated to be 1505\u20136509 YBP by Cui et al. [et al. [et al. [et al.\u2019s estimate is likely to be less robust than Spryou et al.\u2019s estimate. Recurring updates in date estimates highlight the difficulty of establishing a definitive timeline for bacterial evolution, especially without using aDNA. When using aDNA, however, the paleogenome used for calibration must be of sufficient coverage to avoid false-positive SNPs [The third pandemic started in the mid-19th century and disseminated worldwide through marine routes, with active foci remaining today in Africa, Asia and the Americas . Cui et et al.  collecte [et al.  and Bos  [et al. ) to lookry rates . Harbeck [et al.  also repn et al.  report t pestis . The mosi et al.  in a stu [et al.  with fou [et al.  at 5299\u2013 [et al. . Therefoive SNPs .Y. pestis is a slowly evolving and well-studied pathogen with a well-documented historical record and an abundance of paleogenomes available  [Research into archives . Soft tiarchives . Chan et [et al.  were they et al.  carried (396 CE) . The mem(396 CE) . Infecti(396 CE) .et al. [\u22121), which was supported by Kay et al. [\u22121) with their paleogenomic approach. This dating would place the recent bound of the emergence of tuberculosis after the Neolithic demographic transition, possibly emerging through zoonotic transfer from livestock. Within the paleogenetic efforts to uncover the past of TB, the Bos et al. [To date the emergence of TB, Bos et al.  used aDNy et al. , who reps et al.  study iss et al.  should bM. leprae was the causative agent for leprosy [Hansen  was the  leprosy . Leprosy leprosy . As one  leprosy .et al. [et al. [et al. [M. leprae-positive and -negative cases uncovered a significant association of the allele DRB1*15\u200a:\u200a01 in leprae victims, which is a known susceptibility factor in modern cases. The stigmatization and the forbidding of marriage for the infected, combined with a hormone-related decrease in fertility through leprosy, might have led to negative selection on the DRB1*15\u200a:\u200a01 allele [et al. [M. tuberculosis and M. leprae being widespread Europe during the first millennium CE, with only leprosy declining drastically thereafter. To test whether this is due to cross-immunity, Donoghue et al. carried out PCR amplification targeting both species in archaeological samples from the Roman period to the 13th century. Forty per cent of the samples showed co-infection, possibly indicating that an increase in mortality from TB led to a tandem decrease in leprosy.The first historical records describe symptoms of leprosy in China, India and Egypt about 600 BC . The oldet al.  extracte [et al.  reconstr [et al. , providi [et al. . Krause- [et al.  recovere1 allele . Donoghu [et al.  point atM. leprae appears to differ depending on how many aDNA samples are included. The most comprehensive study conducted by Schuenemann et al. [\u22121. This estimate is lower (rate=0.0086 Mby\u22121) than their previous findings incorporating fewer medieval and modern strains [et al. [\u22121) using five medieval strains intermediate between the two studies by Schuenemann et al. The more medieval strains that are included, the older the estimate for the most recent common ancestor, suggestive of the time-dependent rate phenomenon.The dating of the most recent common ancestor of n et al.  arrived  strains . Benjak  [et al.  report aS. enterica serovar Typhi causes typhoid fever, which is a considerable public health problem for developing countries and causes 17\u2009million new infections and 600\u200a000 deaths each year [S. enterica [et al. [S. enterica sv. Typhi. Shapiro and colleagues [S. enterica and S. typhimurium, conceivably still a species of Salmonella but not typhoid. Shapiro et al. suggested that the sequence corresponds to a modern, free-living soil contaminant, whose presence has been overlooked due to lack of rigorous controls.ach year . Interesnterica , which wnterica . Papagri [et al.  targetedlleagues , howeverS. enterica was generated by V\u00e5gene et al. [et al. were able to link cocoliztli to S. enterica serovar Paratyphi C. Like Typhi, Paratyphi C causes enteric fever and is transmitted via the faecal\u2013oral route [The first aDNA e et al.  from teeal route . It has al route .et al. [S. enterica sv. Paratyphi C from 800-year-old bones and teeth from a single Norwegian skeleton. Zhou et al. called the novel strain Ragna and calculated evolutionary rates for the Paratyphi C lineage, including the paleogenome, arriving at a median rate of 0.079 Mby\u22121. The most recent common ancestor of all Paratyphi C genomes was estimated to have existed 1162\u20131526 YBP, the split of Ragna from the other lineages occurring at 456\u2013664 YBP. Seventy-eight per cent of genes were intact core genes with uninterrupted open reading frames and only 604 SNPs (rate=0.08 Mby\u22121) separated Ragna and the most recent common ancestor of modern Paratyphi C. Zhou et al. note that a scarcely changed genome even after 800\u2009years of evolution is surprising, as local ecological interaction might plausibly cause variation in gene content.Zhou et al.  providedWithin bacterial paleogenetics the work of V\u00e5gene and colleagues  is a keyT. pallidum can cause a wide range of diseases, of which syphilis and yaws cause the highest disease burden, with more than 300\u200a000 new yaws infections being reported between 2008 and 2012 and syphilis resulting in 10.6\u2009million cases worldwide in 2009 [T. pallidum, can cause skeletal marks like TB and leprosy, making it of great interest to paleopathologists [et al. [et al. [et al. [T. pallidum aDNA using PCR from a 200-year-old specimen from Easter Island. The study remained the only successful attempt until 2012, was based on PCR amplification alone without subsequent sequencing, and therefore lacks authentication [T. pallidum subsequently proved difficult, as several failed paleomicrobial studies illustrate [et al. [T. pallidum highly likely. Schuenemann et al. [T. pallidum retrieved from a burial site used between 1681 and 1861. Out of five excavated individuals, only three contained aDNA from T. pallidum. A phylogeny of the recovered paleogenomes together with 39 extant genomes revealed that 2 grouped with syphilis strains, while the other grouped with a yaws-causing strains. Thus Schuenemann et al. [ in 2009 . Treponeologists . As for ologists . Skeletaologists . Some soologists , leadingologists . However [et al.  found si [et al.  question [et al.  were thetication . The acqlustrate . The aDN [et al.  analysedn et al.  providedn et al.  apparentT. pallidum are from post-contact samples, and because of the difficulty of obtaining aDNA, the origin of syphilis in Europe has not yet been resolved. However, Montiel and colleagues\u2019 work [As all paleomicrobial studies on es\u2019 work  should bV. cholerae is the aetiological agent of cholera, with a total of seven pandemics documented since 1817 [V. cholerae infected 3\u20134\u2009million people and killed nearly 100\u200a000, showing that V. cholerae still has a high disease burden [V. cholerae strains are available for the sixth (1899\u20131923) and seventh pandemics. The stored strains show a replacement of the classical biotype by El Tor prior to the present pandemic [et al. [V. cholerae genome from a preserved intestine. The intestine belonged to a second pandemic 1849 cholera outbreak victim, showing sequence similarity to extant genomes of the classical biotype, indicating a common origin.nce 1817 . The firnce 1817 . In 2012e burden . The drie burden . Stored pandemic . Devault [et al.  were abl\u22121 was used for dating, which was estimated earlier by Mutreja et al. [V. cholera was estimated to be 430\u2013440 YBP by Mutreja et al., who highlighted that recombination and mutational saturation biases clock rates and thus date estimates.The emergence of the El Tor strain was dated to between 1940 and 1957, with the classical strain putatively emerging between 1843 and 1860 . A strica et al. , who regH. pylori is found in the stomach of nearly half of the human population [H. pylori phylogeny [et al. [et al. [H. pylori from the faeces of Andean mummies dated to 3000 YBP. Castillo-Rojas et al. [et al. performed sequencing and alignment, lending their claims more weight. Swanston et al. [H. pylori genes from the stomach of 200\u2013300\u2009year-old individuals recovered from a glacier in Canada. Swanston et al. found genetic similarities to European isolates, indicating European strains were present in First Nation territory 200\u2013300 YBP. The first paleogenome of H. pylori was retrieved from the 5300-year-old Tyrolean iceman by Maixner et al. [pulation  and whilpulation . Longstahylogeny . Linz et [et al.  showed t [et al.  amplifies et al.  were abln et al.  amplifier et al. . The palr et al. .Brucella melitensis causes brucellosis infecting livestock, from which it transmits to humans, generating 500\u200a000 new cases annually [B. melitensis-associated skeletal marks were identified in a skeleton of Australopithecus africanus dated to 2.4 to 2.8\u2009million YBP, suggesting a long association with hominids [et al. [B. melitensis from a 14th-century Italian skeleton through untargeted HTS. The genome groups most closely with extant Italian strains, showing a continuity of infection in Italy.annually . In humaannually . Potentihominids . Kay et  [et al.  generateet al. [Staphylococcus saprophyticus, a bacterium typically causing urinary tract infections. The bacterium Gardnerella vaginalis was also found, which commonly occurs in modern-day pregnancy-related infections.Devault et al.  conducteBorellia recurrentis is carried by the human body louse Pediculus humanus and causes louse-borne relapsing fever, which has disappeared in the Western world but formerly caused millions of deaths in Europe [et al. [n Europe . Guellil [et al.  were ablS. enterica and B. recurrentis are major achievements, as neither leave visible marks of skeletons or mummies, compounding the challenges for ancient pathogen research by making a targeted approach difficult [et al. [The recovery of the paleogenomes of ifficult . Howeverifficult , like Ka [et al. , showed Paleomicrobiology has not stopped at the recovery of individual genomes, but has also assessed ancient microbiomes. Humans carry microbes comprising thousands of different species that collectively outnumber our own cells by at least an order of magnitude . The lonet al. [et al. [Tannerella forsythia, Porphyromonas gingivalis and Treponema denticola, which supply the most important pathogens in adult periodontal disease [et al. reported the presence of genes homologous to putative antimicrobial resistance genes. Weyrich et al. [S. mutans and members of the red complex were found in the Neanderthal samples [f Campylobacter gracilis, Propionibacterium propionicum, Fretibacterium fastidiosum, Eubacterium infirmum, Peptostreptococcus stomatis and Eubacterium sphenum were retrieved from the Neanderthal extractions.The evolution of the oral human microbiome can be assessed through dental calculus and is primarily shaped by two major shifts in human diet: a shift towards carbohydrate-rich diets in the Neolithic demographic transition (~10\u200a000\u2009YBP) and the arrival of industrially processed flour and sugar (ca. 1850) . Adler eet al.  used HTS [et al.  analysed disease . Besidesh et al.  analysed samples . The palet al. [et al. predominantly discovered bacteria of the genus Clostridium. Cano et al. [Burkholderia picketii, an aquatic bacterium possibly originating from meltwater, entering the body. The colon harboured several Clostridium species characteristic of the contemporary human faecal flora. Rollo et al. [Clostridium. Clostridium species are likely to persist better as they are endospore-forming, low-GC, Gram-positive bacteria, which are all qualities previously described as beneficial for preservation by Willerslev et al. [Clostridium also survive due to a rapid decrease in oxygen concentration postmortem, indicating that the uncovered abundance of Clostrdium is unlikely to reflect the true state of the microbiome at the point of death [et al. [et al., found the pathogen Haemophylus parainfluenzae. Santiago-Rodriguez et al. [Clostridium, which comprised up to 96.2\u200a% of the species in the gut. Lugli et al. [et al. [Clostridium and Pseudomonas. Lugli et al. were also able to reconstruct five paleogenomes of the species Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium algidicarnis, Pseudomonas veronii and Pseudomonas fluorescens and a genome of the genus Clostridium that could not be assigned a species. The frequent retrieval of clostridial species could be attributed to their better preservation. However, many members of the genus are also found in soil [The evolution of the gut microbiome can be assessed from both coprolites and mummified organs, which was successful early in paleomicrobiology. Ubaldi et al.  paved tho et al.  amplifieo et al.  conductev et al. . Anaerobof death . Luciani [et al. , upon anz et al.  contribui et al.  reanalys [et al.  and pred in soil . Retrievet al. [Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria typical of contemporary faecal microbiomes. The two ancient samples were more genetically alike than modern samples, possibly owing to biogeographical structuring. Tito et al. suggest that microbiomes were formerly more geographically structured, possibly due to more locally restricted diets. Cano et al. [et al. [Tito et al.  first ano et al. , througho et al. . Tito et [et al.  conducte [et al. , showed  [et al. .The study of Weyrich and colleagues  shows hoet al. [et al. [Bacillus and Actinomycetes. Willerslev et al. [Actinobacteria. Bidle and colleagues [Alphaproteobacteria, Acidobacteria, Firmicutes and Cytophaga\u2013Flavobacterium\u2013Bacteroides divisions. D\u2019Costa et al. [et al. [et al. found rates of 10 Mby\u22121.Most environmental aDNA comes from permafrost due to the excellent conditions for preservation. Whether aDNA yielded from ice can be compared with other aDNA samples is questionable, as microbes could potentially remain metabolically active within micro-encasings of liquid water . Active et al.  from an  [et al.  amplifiev et al.  used 16Slleagues  used 16Sa et al.  investig [et al.  collecteBidle and colleagues\u2019 work  is excepThe future of bacterial aDNA research will continue to be punctuated by spectacular findings and technological advances that are difficult to foresee, such is the nature of discovery. Yet putting aside predictable trends for improved sample sizes, chronological coverage, aDNA recovery techniques, authentication methods and sequencing technology \u2013 important though they are \u2013 it is possible to chart out more broadly the areas where bacterial aDNA research stands to make great inroads into the study of bacterial evolution.M. tuberculosis in a 1000\u2009year old Andean mummy [The unique contribution of aDNA to the study of evolution is the ability to replace inference about the past with evidence. The repertoire of available paleogenomes , Table 1an mummy . The futBroad questions continue to elude our understanding in bacterial evolution. What drives the structuring of pathogens into distinct strains or \u2018clonal complexes\u2019? Intense sequencing of decades-old freezer collections has revealed glimpses into an evolutionary dynamism in which apparently dominant contemporary strains are revealed to be transitory . As in tet al. [Understanding the historical context of bacterial evolution, particularly the evolution of new epidemic strains, is familiar territory for population genomics, yet densely sampled paleogenomes are needed to resolve persistent problems with molecular clock rates. In common practice, clock rates estimated over timeframes of years to decades are employed to infer deeper history by extrapolation, which is a risky occupation. Yet the time-dependent rate phenomenon renders this practice potentially fatal to attempts to accurately place bacterial evolution into the correct historical context. Consequently, we remain ignorant about the dates of deep splits in the phylogenies we routinely publish, and unable to draw safe inferences based on such dates. Establishing robust timeframes is crucial to determine, for example, whether AMR spreads due to rapid mobility, as described by Sheppard et al. , or whetet al.  suggest.What are the genes and genetic variants that predispose bacteria to cause disease? Ancient genomes offer unique opportunities to understand the substitutions, and the sequence of evolutionary events that preceded major outbreaks. This is particularly valuable for mutations that were so successful that they subsequently became ubiquitous. Yet it is unlikely that bacterial paleogenomes will be incorporated systematically into genome-wide association studies because of concerns over (i) confounding factors between ancient and modern genomes, hosts and environments, and (ii) obtaining high-quality phenotypes. Instead, identification of potential virulence-conferring mutations is most likely to provide candidate loci directly for experimental studies.More generally, how have human\u2013microbe interactions influenced the evolution of each species? Understanding the landscape of the human microbiome prior to major transitions such as the Neolithic revolution and antibiotic revolution will be fundamental to progress. Recent discoveries in human and bacterial aDNA have highlighted this as particularly promising ground. aDNA studies have precipitated a major revision to our understanding of recent human and bacterial evolution, for example the spread of steppe ancestry across Eurasia, and the plagues carried with it . The ind"}
{"text": "Acta Cryst. (2012), E68, m381\u2013m382.Corrigendum to  et al. , there was an error in the name of the first author.In the paper by Mouas"}
{"text": "Polymers. They are mainly regular research articles, but two reviews are also present in this analysis. The main topics appear related to (nano)composites, entangled polymers, ring polymers, nanotubes, polyelectrolytes, brushes and polymers at interfaces. The most used simulation methods are molecular dynamics, Brownian dynamics, and Monte Carlo, with the only exception being a paper dealing with metamaterials. The evolution of the fraction of publications falling into one of these fields over the past 50 years is visualized in This editorial deals with the most cited papers published in the years 2018\u20132019 in the section \u201cPolymer Theory and Simulation\u201d of the journal In the most cited contribution, Zhang et al.  studied Issa and Luyt  reviewedFei et al.  investigSefiddashti et al.  studied Karatrantos et al.  reviewedSingh et al.  optimizeZhang et al.  studied Rathee et al.  focused Wang et al.  studied Pan et al.  investigHou  determinZheng et al.  studied Chremos and Douglas  characteLee and Jung  conducteShchetnikava et al.  performeJehser et al.  investigZhou et al.  focused Tsamopoulos et al.  studied Last but not least, Zhang et al.  focused"}
{"text": "Acta Cryst. (2008), E64, o1702.Erratum to  et al. .This article reports the correction of a paper by Mo"}
{"text": "To the Editor: Lu et al.  ("}
{"text": "In the above article by Bonilha et al. , online-The publisher apologizes for this omission."}
{"text": "Sir,et al.et al.,We thank Gould None to declare."}
{"text": "A series of predictive scoring systems is available for stratifying the severity of conditions and assessing the prognosis in patients with HBV-related liver diseases. We show nine of the most popular serum biomarkers and their models  that have gained great interest from clinicians. Compared with traditional scoring systems, these serum biomarkers and their models are easily acquired, simple, and relatively inexpensive. In the present review, we summarize the latest studies focused on these serum biomarkers and their models as diagnostic and prognostic indexes in HBV-related liver diseases. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a worldwide epidemic. According to WHO, ~2 billion people worldwide have been infected with HBV, of whom 240 million have chronic HBV infection (CHB) . In totaSeveral scoring systems are available to assess liver function and the severity of liver injury, such as the Child-Pugh (CP) score or the model for end-stage liver disease (MELD) score. However, some limitations of these two scores have been described , 6. ReceThis review summarizes the results of the latest research on these serum biomarkers and their models as diagnostic and prognostic indices in HBV-related liver diseases. Furthermore, we examine the future directions in this field of research.Serum CysC is a cysteine proteinase inhibitor produced at a constant rate and freely filtered by the glomerular membrane. Several studies suggest that CysC is an accurate indicator of mild renal dysfunction in contrast to classic biomarkers such as the serum creatinine (Cr) or Cr-based formulae , 8. PrevWan et al.  developeRecently, Wu et al.  reportedSerum Hcy is a sulfur-containing amino acid that is formed as an intermediary during hepatic methionine metabolism. It may either be remethylated to methionine or catabolized in the transsulfuration pathway to cysteine. Serum Hcy is well-documented as a predictor for cardiovascular diseases \u201318. The Zhu and Ma  showed tSerum CRP is an acute phase protein found in the blood stream, the levels of which increase in response to inflammation. It has also been extensively studied in coronary artery diseases, malignant tumors, tissue necrosis, and bacterial translocation \u201327. SeveZhu et al.  showed tCAR, which is calculated as CRP level divided by the albumin level, was initially used to assess the outcome of patients with acute medical admissions and sepsis , 34. TheHuang et al.  found thIn a following investigation, Wang et al.  showed t10TBil \u00d7 0.66) +  [The ALBI score was initially reported by Johnson et al. to estimate liver function status in HCC patients . The ALB\u00d7\u22120.085) . The ALB\u00d7\u22120.085) , 43. FurChen et al.  reportedDuring the same year, Chen and Lin  showed tNext, Lei et al.  also demQi  reportedOne year thereafter, Wang et al.  revealedFujita et al.  reportedIn a prospective study including 229 HCC patients who underwent hepatectomy, Zou et al.  reportedMore recently, Mai et al.  reportedLemoine et al.  first prLi et al.  reportedNext, Ren et al.  demonstrMoreover, Liu et al.  showed tIn agreement with these findings, Lee et al.  also shoA meta-analysis by Lian et al.  reportedWang et al.  demonstrNext, Zhang et al.  indicateNevertheless, Li et al. , Huang eNext, Hu et al.  demonstrDuring the same year, Desalegn et al.  found thNext, Hamidi et al.  showed tWang et al.  demonstrWang et al.  found thIn a following investigation, Pang et al.  also demPark et al.  showed tLiu et al.  demonstrFinally, Wang et al.  and Yu eAPRI was suggested by Wai et al.  to prediWai et al.  reportedShin et al.  found thDuring the same year, Lin et al.  indicateFurthermore, Zhang et al.  suggesteIn a subsequent investigation, Hung et al.  demonstrNext, Liu et al.  proposedAdditionally, Lesmana et al.  showed tWang et al.  indicateGumusay et al.  also sugDuring the same year, Ucar et al.  reportedShrivastava et al.  concludeXiao et al.  showed tIn contrast, Houot et al.  indicateMoreover, Huang et al.  also fouJin et al.  performeA systemic review and meta-analysis were performed on data from 39 studies including 16 articles focused on APRI alone, 21 articles on APRI and FIB-4, and two articles on FIB-4 for detecting different levels of liver fibrosis in patients with CHB. Xiao et al.  demonstrFinally, Mao et al.  showed t1/2 [The FIB-4 index was initially developed by Sterling et al. to predict significant fibrosis in patients with HCV/HIV coinfection . The for1/2 . The FIBMallet et al.  stated tIn a subsequent investigation, Kim et al.  pointed Additionally, Erdogan et al.  suggesteMa et al.  demonstrKoksal et al.  showed tKim et al.  confirmeMore recently, Lee et al.  denoted Li et al.  reportedHowever, Zhu et al.  showed tFurthermore, Kim et al.  indicateA meta-analysis by Li et al.  indicateAnother meta-analysis by Yin et al.  showed tGAR is calculated as GGT level divided by albumin level. It is an accurate and low-priced index to identify patients with obvious fibrosis or cirrhosis.Li et al.  reportedThis review assessed the value of serum biomarkers and their models in HBV-related liver diseases. The significance of serum CysC, serum Hcy, serum CRP, CAR, ALBI score, FIB-4 index, APRI, GPR, and GAR in the diagnosis and prognosis of HBV-related liver diseases has been indicated in many studies, as shown above. The most crucial studies regarding these serum biomarkers and their models are summarized in The last decade has seen significant progress in the development of noninvasive liver disease assessments in CHB patients. These assessments are not only used to identify patients with a high risk of adverse outcomes but also to monitor disease progression and therapeutic responses after interventions. Additionally, several studies also pointed out that these models should be used in combination with other noninvasive indices to achieve more efficient diagnostic and prognostic efficiency. Of course, the clinical utility of these serum biomarkers and their models as diagnostic and prognostic indices in HBV-related liver diseases requires further verification, and concrete steps should be undertaken to define standards that can serve as guidelines for effectively using serum biomarkers and their models as tools for diagnostic and prognostic assessments."}
{"text": "Dear Editors,Milesi et al. , 2019 arConsider first the model that lies behind Table 1 and using algebra rather than the confusing R syntax employed by the authors:The null hypothesis is that i et al.  do. Nevei et al. , p. 2635There are a number of points to note about this model and the data used by Milesi et al.  to estimi et al.  do not pTurning to Table 2, we find that the authors do not fit the three-level models (F2 nested within F1 nested within F0) that are required, i.e.,Even though Milesi et al.  wrongly The authors are of course correct to state that no one experiment can be definitive. Arguably, more attention to experimental design is warranted to have appropriately powered multi-generational rodent experiments such as this one and others (e.g. Kubsad et al."}
{"text": "The steady increase in the price of protein feed ingredients and the retraction of antibiotics from diets has encouraged nutritionists to search the alternatives for protein source and functional feedstuffs that can substitute the role of antibiotic growth promoters in poultry production. With crude protein of 24-30%, in vitro protein digestibility of 80% and proportion of essential amino acids of 47%, seed from ripe papaya may be exploited as the alternative protein feed ingredient for poultry. Moreover, the growth promoting effect, antimicrobial and antiparasitic activities, and immunomodulatory and antioxidative activities may confirm the potential of papaya seed as a functional feedstuff that could replace the role of antibiotic growth promoters for poultry. The in-depth study is needed to further elucidate the functionalities of papaya seed onpoultry. This review provides the updates on the nutritional contents of papaya seed, the potential of papaya seed as an alternative to conventional protein-rich ingredient, the growth-promoting effect of feeding papaya seed, the antimicrobial and antiparasitic activities of papaya seed, antioxidative activities of papaya seed, and the immunomodulatory activity of papaya seed on poultry. Carica papaya L.) seed is one of the agro-industrial by-products that have been included in poultry rations, due to its substantial amounts of crude protein, fat, and ash [Agro-industrial by-products have recently attracted a growing interest from the nutritionists as feed ingredients for poultry. Dealing with environmental pollution and high cost of poultry feed, the utilization of agro-industrial by-products as feed ingredients is beneficial for the environmental health and sustainable poultry production . Papaya  and ash . Papaya  and ash , antimic and ash -6, and i and ash ,8 for poPapaya is a tropical fruit that is available throughout the year . Papaya The updates regarding the nutritional contents of papaya seed, the potential of papaya seed as an alternative to conventional protein-rich ingredient, the growth promoting effect of feeding papaya seed, the antimicrobial and antiparasitic activities of papaya seed, antioxidative activities of papaya seed, and the immunomodulatory activity of papaya seed on poultry are presented in the present review.The use of agro-industrial by-products in poultry rations has been encouraged due to the steady increase in price of conventional feedstuffs. Among the agro-industrial by-products, papaya seed has been explored extensively as the potential of feed ingredients for poultry. The latter by-product contains substantial amounts of crude protein, fat, and ash that may be utilized by the chickens. et al. [et al. [Papaya seed meal also contains a substantial amount of minerals that may, therefore, essential for the metabolism, body functions, and health of poultry . Maisaraet al.  reportedet al.  documentet al.  demonstret al. ,10,17. Aet al. . El-Safy [et al.  documentet al. [et al. [In general, plant-derived products are rich in vitamins, including papaya seed. In the study of Maisarah et al. , it was  [et al.  revealed [et al. . On thiset al. [in vitro protein digestibility of papaya seed meal was 80.7%. It seems that the presence of anti-nutrient factors, particularly trypsin inhibitors and tannins, did not substantially inhibit the digestion and absorption of protein, as their quantities are relatively low in papaya seed [Protein is one of the most important constituents in poultry rations as it serves vital metabolic functions, building and constructing of body tissues, repairing of body cells, and maintaining of good health . Beyond et al.  reportedaya seed .et al. [et al. [Amino acids are essential components that are used to build body tissues of poultry . Besideset al.  formerlyet al. . The latet al. . Indeed,et al. . In the  [et al.  suggeste [et al. ,23,24, iRaja ducks. Likewise, Nideou et al. [et al. [Kabir chicks.In the post-antibiotic era, the presence of natural growth promoters for poultry is highly essential. Indeed, the retraction of antibiotics growth promoters from diets has been attributed to the retarded growth rate and thus poor economic performance of poultry farming. Although the studies are still limited, it was shown that papaya seed meal was able to improve the production performances of poultry, including increasing growth rate, egg production, and feed efficiency of poultry. In broiler chickens, Muazu and Aliyu-Paiko  showed tu et al.  documentu et al. . Moreove [et al.  reportedet al. [The definite mechanism by which papaya seed improved the growth performance of poultry remains unclear, but Muazu and Aliyu-Paiko  suggesteet al.  further et al. . The latet al. [Salmonella enteritidis, Vibrio vulnificus, Proteus mirabilis, and Bacillus cereus. Likewise, Peter et al. [Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, and Salmonella typhi. Similar to the previous study, Hidayati et al. [E. coli and S. typhi, while Masfufatun et al. [Vibrio cholerae and opportunistic pathogenic yeast Candida albicans. In accordance with this, the earlier study also showed the antifungal activity of papaya seed toward Aspergillus flavus, C. albicans, and Penicillium citrinum as reported by Singh and Ali [It is generally known that seeds of tropical fruits are rich in phytochemicals that may be essential to control and modulate the population of pathogens in the gastrointestinal tract of humans and animals. With regard particularly to papaya, the seeds from such fruit have been reported to contain alkaloids, flavonoids, steroids, saponins, papain, and terpenoids possessing antimicrobial as well as antiparasitic activities -6. Indeeet al.  reportedr et al.  showed ti et al.  demonstr and Ali .in vitro studies assessing the antimicrobial activities of papaya seed have been published, the in vivo study confirming such antimicrobial properties in poultry is, however, still lacking. The majority of in vivo studies more focus on the antiparasitic activities of papaya seed (in the forms of powder or extract), as presented in et al. [et al. [et al. [Although a number of n et al.  suggesten et al.  revealed [et al.  pointed  [et al.  reported [et al.  revealed [et al. . However [et al. .et al. [et al. [in vitro, in which Salla et al. [et al. [2O2 oxidative stress. In accordance, an earlier study by Nakamura et al. [In general, plants are known as good natural antioxidant sources that may be useful for poultry. Papaya seed has long been explored for its potential as natural source of antioxidants. The study by Kadiri et al.  clearly  [et al.  reported [et al.  revealed [et al. ,13. The a et al.  found th [et al.  documenta et al.  documentet al. [et al. [Recently, there is a growing interest among the poultry nutritionists to find the natural antioxidants as the alternative to chemical-based antioxidants. The use of chemical-based antioxidants is actually worried to induce a carcinogenic effect on humans as the consumers of poultry products . In the et al.  showed t [et al.  noticed  [et al. .in vitro study, Mojica-Henshaw et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [The immune defense toward infections is crucial for maintaining the health of poultry. In the traditional human medicine, papaya seed has traditionally been used to improve the immune system of people . In the w et al.  showed t [et al.  reported [et al.  revealed [et al.  reported [et al. . To dateet al. [et al. [et al. [Several bioactive components have been suggested to play a pivotal role in immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory activities of papaya seed. Kadiri et al.  suggeste [et al.  reported [et al.  revealed [et al. . It seem [et al.  pointingPapaya seed is agro-industrial by-product that is rich in protein and exhibits the growth-promoting effect, antimicrobial and antiparasitic activities, and immunomodulatory and antioxidative activities that are worthwhile as a functional feedstuff for substituting the role of antibiotic growth promoters for poultry. The in-depth study is needed to further elucidate the functionalities of papaya seed on poultry.SS prepared and revised the manuscript. SS read and approved the final manuscript.The author declares that he has no competing interests.Veterinary World remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published institutional affiliation."}
{"text": "It influences academic achievement, future personal health, social well-being and therefore, is of public health significance. The objective of the study was to determine the intelligence quotient (IQ) and academic performance of primary school children in Enugu-East LGA.children who met the inclusion criteria were recruited from both public and private primary schools in the Local Government Area (LGA) using a proportionate multistage sampling technique. Academic performance was classified into high, average and low academic using past records of class assessment. Intelligence quotient was assessed using the Raven\u00b4s Standard Progressive Matrices (RSPM) and was grouped into optimal and suboptimal. A semi-structured questionnaire was used to obtain data such as-age, gender, socio-economic indices and family size of the study participants. Analysis was done with Statistical Package for Social Sciences (IBM-SPSS).a total of 1,122 pupils aged 6 to 12 years were recruited. Optimal IQ and high academic performance were found in 54.0% and 58.8% of the study participants. Being from upper social class, in private school, and family size less than 4 were the significant determinants of high IQ and good academic performance (p<0.001).low socio-economic status, large family size and public school attendance impact negatively on IQ and academic performance. Hence, measures to curb large family sizes (i.e.>4 children) and improve the socio-economic status of families are needed environmental measures to improve intelligence and academic performance. Intelligence is the aggregate or global capacity of an individual to act purposefully, to think rationally and to deal effectively with the environment . GeneralIntellectual capacity (measured as intelligence quotient or IQ) is said to be one of the determinants of poor school performance of children . AcademiThis was a cross-sectional descriptive study involving school-aged children (6 to 12 years) in Enugu-East local government area of Enugu State. The study was carried out over a 3-month period from November 2017 to February 2018. Children who had attended same school for the three preceding terms, whose parents gave consent and the child assented to participate in the study if seven years and above were recruited into the study. Children who met the inclusion criteria were recruited from both public and private primary schools using a proportionate multistage sampling technique. In the first stage, simple random sampling by balloting was used to select one public and one private school from each political ward. In stage two, based on the total number of estimated pupils in each school, samples were allocated accordingly using the proportionate allocation method. With proportionate allocation method, the sample size of each school was proportionate to the population of the school. In stage three, the allocated sample size for each school was re-allocated proportionately across pupils in the different classes. In stage four, within each class, the pupils to be studied were selected randomly using a computer generated table of random numbers.et al. , respectively (ectively . YoungerRelationship between socio-demographic variables and academic performance: the association between socio-demographic characteristics and academic performance are shown in et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [The proportion of children with optimal IQ in this study were more than those with suboptimal IQ. This differed from the observations of similar studies which assessed intelligence using the same tool. Ejekwu et al. . in Enug [et al.  in Jos a [et al.  in Akure [et al. . studied [et al.  and Ijar [et al.  like the [et al.  in Osun  [et al.  in Ethioet al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [This study showed a significant association between age and intelligence quotient. Those who had optimal intelligence were significantly younger than those with suboptimal IQ. Ejekwu et al.  also not [et al.  noted a  [et al. . Convers [et al.  in Ugand [et al.  in Ethio [et al.  and Ejek [et al.  observed [et al.  and Ampo [et al.  documentet al. [et al. [The relationship between socio-economic class, intelligence quotient and academic performance may be mediated by a third factor. The lower IQ in lower socio-economic class is largely attributable to the unfavourable environmental factors that usually accompany poverty. Indices of social disadvantage such as the risk of diseases/illnesses for example iron deficiency anaemia, under-nutrition and low level of parental education are common among persons in the lower socio-economic and could lead to impaired cognitive function , 30. Foret al. , 30. Ano [et al.  reportedet al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [The result of this study showed that children in public schools were more likely to perform sub-optimally in the test of intelligence and to have a low academic performance. This trend was also documented by Adedeji et al. , Ijaroti [et al.  and Mill [et al. . This co [et al.  and Abeb [et al. . Females [et al. . Boys ar [et al. . GeneralAge, low socio-economic status, large family size and public school attendance impact negatively on IQ and academic performance. Hence, measures to curb large family sizes and improve the socio-economic status of families should be put in place.There has been differing reports in the proportion of school-aged children with optimal intelligent quotient, and most of the studies studied intelligence quotient only and concentrated only in the government owned schools;There has been no consensus on the relationship between intelligence quotient and academic performance. Some authors noted a positive correlation where high IQ was associated with high academic performance, while some found no correlation between the two.This study has gone a step further to look at both intelligent quotient and academic performance in both government owned schools and private owned schools;Low socio-economic status, large family size and public school attendance impact negatively on IQ and academic performance;IQ and academic performance were positively correlated with each other."}
{"text": "Electronic nicotine delivery systems , consisting of a battery, heating element and e-liquid, have evolved significantly with wide variation in design, components, operating powers, and chemical constituents. Generated aerosols have been reported to contain potentially toxic substances. We conducted a systematic review to assess what is known about the presence of toxicants in ENDS aerosols in order to inform how system design could mitigate risk.Articles reporting on or evaluating design characteristics of ENDS and aerosol constituents were included and summarized.The search identified 2,305 articles, of which 92 were included after full-text review. Findings were grouped into 6 major categories of potentially harmful chemicals: carbonyls, volatile organic chemicals, trace elements, reactive oxygen species and free radicals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and tobacco-specific nitrosamines. In general, higher concentrations of aerosol toxicants are associated with increased power or voltage. Aerosol toxicants are also associated with e-liquid flavoring agents existing as primary ingredients or as products of thermal degradation.Improved ENDS design can reduce toxicant levels. Additional research is needed to develop a framework for optimizing system characteristics to minimize exposure, especially with respect to heating power and e-liquids. Both manufacturers and regulatory agencies have roles in reducing toxicants and potential health risks from ENDS. Electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) consist of a battery, a heating element , and liquid (\u201ce-liquid\u201d). The heated coil aerosolizes the e-liquid which consists of propylene glycol (PG), vegetable glycerin (VG), nicotine, and flavoring agents. ENDS were introduced commercially in China in 2003 and to the United States and Europe between 2006 and 2007 . The ENDThe aerosols produced by ENDS have been reported to contain potentially toxic substances, which the user inhales . PreviouWe conducted a systematic review of the literature in order to collate and integrate the literature assessing the design characteristics of ENDS associated with the production or release of potentially harmful substances in inhaled aerosols. We approached our review from the perspective of advancing understanding of how ENDS design could inform scientific and policy discussion around how to modify potential risks associated with their use.A registered protocol does not exist for this systematic review. A PRISMA checklist is available in supporting information .The review included articles reporting on  or evaluating  ENDS design characteristics and aerosol constituents, with a specific focus on the measurement of chemical species in aerosols produced by heated-coil ENDS.exclusively analyzing the known major and expected aerosol constituents nicotine, PG, and VG) were also excluded as these are expected aerosol constituents when liquids containing them are aerosolized.We excluded articles first by duplicates (n = 287), then a title and abstract screening, and finally by a full-text screening. Irrelevant studies included , but were not limited to, articles not assessing ENDS aerosol, letters, commentaries, or other reviews, second-hand or third-hand aerosol/residue assessments from ENDS, and environmental exposure studies. Additionally, studies retrieved that were not available in English or were published anonymously were also eliminated at this stage. At the full-text screening, studies were eliminated upon the basis of 4 criteria: wrong study design , no primary data , no full text (n = 17), and assessed major aerosol constituents only , internally (Group B), or non-replicated (Group C) for a specific major chemical category. Because we did not quantitatively combine study results, no articles were excluded based on risk of bias.We defined risk of bias We searched Ovid MEDLINE, Epub Ahead of Print, In-Process & Other Non-Indexed Citations, Daily and Versions electronic databases, selecting articles published from 1946 until May 07, 2020. We employed the following keywords: \"electronic nicotine device,\" \u201cvape,\u201d \u201cvaping,\u201d \"electronic nicotine delivery system,\" \"electronic cigarette,\" \"e-cigarette,\" \u201cecig,\u201d and \"e-cigs.\" These terms were combined with the following terms: \u201cacetaldehyde,\u201d \u201cacrolein,\u201d \u201caerosol,\u201d \u201cair pollutant,\u201d \u201caldehyde,\u201d \"aromatic amine,\" \u201catomizer,\u201d \u201ccarbonyl,\u201d \u201ccoil wire,\u201d \u201ce-liquid,\u201d \u201cexp flavoring agents,\u201d \u201cexp metals, heavy,\u201d \u201cexp temperature,\u201d \u201cformaldehyde,\u201d \"free radical,\" \u201cglycerol,\u201d \"heavy metal,\" \u201cnitrosamine,\u201d \u201cphenol,\u201d \"polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon,\" \u201cpropylene glycol,\u201d \u201cthermal degradation,\u201d \u201ctoxic,\u201d \u201ctoxicity,\u201d \u201cvocs,\u201d \u201cvolatile,\u201d and \"volatile organic compounds\".Our search strategy identified 2,305 articles, and full-text review resulted in inclusion of 92 studies . We grouBecause there is overlap in the physical properties of categories, chemicals were sorted on the basis of general consensus in the literature as well as physical characteristics. The carbonyl category consisted of chemicals containing a carbonyl moiety; examples include formaldehyde and acetaldehyde. VOCs were defined as organic compounds with a boiling point between 50 and 250 \u00b0C , such asOur search identified publications reporting ENDS characteristics and major toxicant chemical groups in aerosols . We idenWe further categorized articles based on their reporting of ENDS attributes and how differences in devices and operating conditions influence the presence of aerosol toxicants ; the abset al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [Numerous studies have evaluated the relationship between power supplied to the atomizer heating element and aerosol carbonyl concentrations. Salamanca et al.  reported [et al.  observed [et al.  marked p [et al.  conclude [et al.  detected [et al.  identifi [et al.  observed [et al.  observed [et al.  conclude [et al.  observed [et al.  found th [et al.  observed [et al.  observed [et al.  observedet al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [The available literature suggests a similar relationship between voltage and the amount of carbonyls in ENDS aerosol. Uchiyama et al.  observed [et al.  observed [et al.  observed [et al.  observed [et al.  observedet al. [Suboptimal ENDS operating conditions result in what is commonly referred to as a \u201cdry puff\u201d, during which coil heating occurs in the absence of sufficient e-liquid to produce aerosol. Suboptimal ENDS operation can result in higher concentrations of carbonyls in aerosol. Farsalinos et al.  observedet al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [Coil location, orientation, and resistance may also affect carbonyl production. Farsalinos et al.  observed [et al.  also obs [et al.  reported [et al.  observed [et al.  similarl [et al.  identifiet al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [Several studies, but not all, have observed that carbonyl and VOC production varies by device type. Uchiyama et al.  reported [et al.  observed [et al.  examined [et al.  observed [et al.  observed [et al.  did not  [et al.  observed [et al.  conclude [et al.  reported [et al.  reportedet al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [3 in aerosol produced with 24 e-liquid flavors. Beauval et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [Numerous articles have reported that e-liquid constituents impact carbonyl aerosol concentrations. Kim et al.  observed [et al.  observed [et al.  demonstr [et al.  observedl et al.  observed [et al.  observed [et al.  observed [et al.  observed [et al.  detected [et al.  detected [et al.  observed [et al.  observed [et al.  observed [et al. , 38. Rei [et al.  observed [et al.  observedet al. [E-liquid composition also impacts the transfer of chemicals to the aerosol. Erythropel et al.  observedA common technique for carbonyl analysis is to bubble aerosol through 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH). This allows carbonyls to form carbonyl-DNPH adducts that can be detected with high performance liquid chromatography. Hemiacetals are formed through the reaction of a carbonyl with a hydroxyl, such as one on PG or VG, and become unreactive to DNPH. The stability of hemiacetal adducts formed when reactive carbonyls, such as formaldehyde, interact with VG or PG is controversial, as are the implications of the results. Though not directly observed, some investigators suggest that the stability of the carbonyl-DNPH adduct drives equilibria of hemiacetals, acetals, and free carbonyls towards that of the carbonyl-DNPH adduct and the formation of hemiacetals is reversed in DNPH solution ; others et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [Various ENDS operating parameters increase the concentrations of hemiacetals in aerosol. Jensen et al.  reported [et al.  observed [et al.  increase [et al.  reported [et al.  observed [et al.  reportedet al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [Important relationships have been observed between trace elements in ENDS aerosols and variations in power, device, air-flow, coil material, and e-liquid. Zhao et al.  observed [et al.  observed [et al.  identifi [et al.  detected [et al.  identifi [et al.  analyzed [et al.  evaluate [et al.  observed [et al.  observed [et al.  did not et al. [et al. [et al. [The concentration of free radicals in aerosol has been reported to vary by power and associated coil temperature. Bitzer et al.  observed [et al.  observed [et al.  observedet al. [et al. [et al. [The effects of device type on free radicals have been examined. Bitzer et al.  observed [et al.  observed [et al.  found fret al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [13 radicals per puff of menthol, citrus, and tobacco flavors, respectively. Bitzer et al. [The composition of e-liquid affects the concentrations of free radicals in aerosol. Bitzer et al.  observed [et al.  observed [et al.  analyzed [et al.  generater et al.  analyzedet al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [PAH concentrations in aerosol vary with device and e-liquid but are generally low if detected. Flora et al.  analyzed [et al.  did not  [et al.  systemat [et al.  analyzed [et al.  and ENDSet al. [et al. [et al. [Studies of different ENDS products have observed low or undetectable levels of TSNAs. Flora et al.  did not  [et al.  analyzed [et al.  observed [et al. , they aret al. [et al. [et al. [Garcia-Gomez et al.  analyzed [et al.  found ci [et al.  reportedet al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [Lee et al.  detected [et al. , 70 obse [et al.  observed [et al.  reported [et al.  identifiet al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [El-Hellani et al.  focused  [et al.  reported [et al.  explored [et al. , 113 repet al. [Belushkin et al.  completeWe identified 92 articles reporting ENDS characteristics and aerosol toxicants, the majority of which used analytic techniques replicated by other researchers and many of which attempted to define relationships between changes in ENDS characteristics and aerosol constituents. Device characteristics relevant to the current review of ENDS are power, voltage, resistance, temperature, coil material, device, and e-liquid. The major chemical constituents were differentiated into carbonyls, VOCs, trace elements, ROS and free radicals, PAHs, and TSNAs.et al. [The ENDS industry evolves rapidly, and contemporary scientific observations may not maintain relevancy over time. Williams et al.  characteFirst, improving the safety profile of e-liquids would be a critical first step in manufacturing and regulation to reduce the likelihood of adverse health consequences from ENDS use. The risk associated with inhaling ENDS aerosol is associated with \u201cunintentional\u201d contaminants , \u201cintentional\u201d constituents , and the conversion of unintentional and intentional constituents into new chemical species during aerosolization. The literature suggests that numerous new chemicals are created during aerosolization that are not present in the native e-liquid , 59, 94.power = voltage2/resistance) affects the potential risk associated with the use of ENDS. Aerosol toxicants generally increase with increased power and voltage applied to the metal coil for heating. Power per surface area of coil may be a stronger predictor of toxicant production in aerosol than power alone [Second, the relationship between power, resistance, and voltage . This appears to be more common among top-coil designs due to inadequate wicking and could be mitigated with improved wicking to the top coil or the use of bottom, vertically oriented coils. In addition to coil location, wicking material has also evolved. In earlier generations of ENDS, the wick was primarily silica-based. With newer generations, the ENDS industry has begun to explore other wicking materials such as cotton, stainless steel, bamboo, and ceramic. Various wicking materials will deliver e-liquid to the coil at different rates; to avoid the dry puff phenomenon, these rates should be taken into consideration to ensure that the coil is properly saturated with e-liquid at all operating temperatures. The viscosity and density of the e-liquid will also determine its mobility, capillary action, and delivery to the coil, influencing the likelihood of a dry puff. Some ENDS manufacturers have included microprocessors that will deactivate heating once a certain temperature threshold is reached (e.g. >350 \u00b0C), which may minimize toxicant production from a dry puff without compromising user experience by suppressing aerosol production.Fourth, atomizer heating elements are an identified source of aerosol metals, and metals used for construction of coils and other components  should be selected to minimize metal breakdown and leaching. Commonly identified metals were Cu, Pb, Ni, Sn, and Zn. Coils are traditionally Ni, Ti, kanthal , stainless steel, and nichrome (Ni and Cr), whereas solder joints are Sn or Pb and wires are Cu . The resOur review has several limitations. First, due to the variability in reporting we were unable to quantitatively estimate and provide confidence intervals around the relationships between device operative parameters  and resulting toxicant levels in the aerosol. Second, we did not specifically assess the influence of human puffing topography variability on toxicity. The ability to quantitate \u201cestimates of effect\u201d would become increasingly possible if the market were to contract, products were regulated, devices were standardized for clinical therapeutic interventions, and researchers were to rigorously report operating parameters to allow comparison across studies.Toxicants with potential risk to health exist in aerosol produced by ENDS. Available literature suggests that ENDS can be designed to minimize exposure to potentially harmful aerosol toxicants. Minimizing toxicants in aerosol through consideration and optimization of design could serve to reduce health risks associated with the use of ENDS as part of a comprehensive approach to reducing tobacco harm on the population level.S1 Checklist(DOC)Click here for additional data file.S1 Table(DOCX)Click here for additional data file."}
{"text": "Nature has always been, and still is, a source of foods and ingredients that are beneficial to human health. Nowadays, plant extracts are increasingly becoming important additives in the food industry due to their content in bioactive compounds such as polyphenols  and caroAndrographis paniculata medicinal herb as possible inhibitors of NF\u03baB (nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells) transcriptional activity of pure analogues. Yeon et al. [Sideritis raeseri subps. raeseri essential oil against common food spoilage and pathogenic microorganisms and evaluated its antioxidant and antiproliferative activity. Salehi et al. [In this context, Concha-Meyer et al.  studied n et al.  evaluaten et al. . They con et al.  examinedn et al.  reportedn et al.  where len et al.  investigi et al.  reviewedi et al.  reviewedStill more research is needed to explore more and in depth the health beneficial effects of plant extracts, since nature certainly has more to give to humans."}
{"text": "Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Candida albicans and Schizosaccharomyces pombe and a few others, are a huge and untapped resource of organisms. These microorganisms have entered the scientific mainstage but still require the development of technologies and technical resources to speed up their further development.Non-conventional yeasts, i.e., the vast biodiversity beyond already well-established model systems such as This Special Issue on non-conventional yeasts adds to the effort to popularize novel yeasts and contains 10 papers covering a range of organisms and fields of application.Kluyveromyces in the conversion of a waste stream to bioethanol is described by Leandro et al. [Yarrowia lipolytica, is reviewed by Do et al. [The use of o et al. . Dairy io et al. .Brettanomyces nowadays gains interest for beverage innovations\u2014particularly in the reduction of alcohol content\u2014as described by Tiukova et al. [Aspergillus flavus growth is described by Gonda et al. [Pichia kluyveri, Torulaspora delbrueckii or Lachancea thermotolerans, were studied for their flavor contributions in sequential wine fermentations by Oliveira and Ferreira [Lachancea thermotolerans, Wickerhamomyces anomalus, and Zygotorulaspora florentina, was used in beer co-fermentations by Canonico et al. [Beverage production using non-conventional yeasts is on the rise and also a key topic in this Special Issue. Previously regarded as spoilage yeasts, a et al. . This paa et al. . The rola et al. . Other nFerreira . Here ito et al. . An inteMeyerozyma, Spathaspora and Wickerhamomyces was studied by Carneiro et al. [Yarrowia lipolytica strain was developed by Tramontin et al. [Production of specific compounds by microorganisms is a strongly growing field in biotechnology. Xylitol production by o et al. . The pron et al. . The taxn et al. . This geIn summary, these papers describe a suite of applications of nonconventional yeasts in diverse biotechnological applications. They will further advance the field and stimulate growth in these areas."}
{"text": "By contrast, facial-expression recognition was not significantly correlated with measures of depression, positive or negative affect, empathy, or autistic-like traits. Because the range of affective factors considered in this study and its use of multiple expression-recognition tasks mean that it is a relatively comprehensive investigation of the role of affective factors in facial expression recognition, we carried out a direct replication. In common with Palermo et al. , scores on the DASS anxiety subscale negatively predicted performance on the emotion recognition tasks across multiple analyses, although these correlations were only consistently significant for performance on the emotion-labelling task. However, and by contrast with Palermo et al. , other affective factors (e.g. those related to empathy) often also significantly predicted emotion-recognition performance. Collectively, these results support the proposal that affective factors predict individual differences in emotion recognition, but that these correlations are not necessarily specific to measures of general anxiety, such as the DASS anxiety subscale.Evidence that affective factors  are significantly related to individual differences in emotion recognition is mixed. Palermo  Although it is widely acknowledged that substantial individual differences in facial expression recognition exist, the factors that underpin these individual differences are poorly understood . Many stEvidence from studies investigating the relationship between affective factors and facial expression recognition has been mixed. For example, while studies of clinical samples have found that anxious or depressed people show impaired facial expression recognition e.g. ,3), some, some3])Interpreting the mixed results for affective factors and facial expression recognition described above is complicated because different studies have investigated different affective factors and/or used different methods to assess facial expression recognition. Direct replications  are one way to address this difficulty because they allow for more direct comparison of results across studies .et al. [In the light of the above, we directly replicated one recent study of the possible link between affective factors and facial expression recognition . We choset al.  for our et al. [N = 63) scores on the anxiety scale of the depression anxiety and stress scales (DASS) were negatively correlated with their performance on Palermo et al.'s [r = \u22120.287, p = 0.023) and emotion-labelling  tasks. By contrast with their results for anxiety, participants' performance on neither of these emotion-recognition tasks was significantly correlated with their scores on questionnaires measuring a range of other affective factors . Performance on a third emotion recognition test , the negative affect scale of the PANAS, scores on the autism quotient (AQ), scores on the empathy quotient (EQ), scores on the affective component of the basic empathy scale (BES), or scores on the cognitive component of the BES.Hypothesis 4. Performance on B\u00e4nziger et al.'s [et al.'s  multimodhttps://psyarxiv.com/fg8yz/. This preregistration was performed prior to data collection and analysis.This article received in-principle acceptance (IPA) on 26 April 2019. Following IPA, the accepted Stage 1 version of the manuscript was preregistered on the OSF at 2.2.1.et al. [et al.'s [Palermo et al.  tested 6et al.  recommenet al.'s  original2.2.et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [We used the same emotion-matching task as Palermo et al. . This is [et al. . Images  [et al. . Partici [et al.  and desc [et al. , allowin [et al. , and wer2.3.et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [We used the same emotion-matching task as Palermo et al. . This is [et al. , but wit [et al.  were als [et al. . Each fa [et al.  and desc [et al.  paper. P [et al. , allowin [et al.  were sho2.4.et al. [This test, described in full in B\u00e4nziger et al. , is an o2.5.et al. [et al.'s [et al.'s [Each participant completed the same affective factor questionnaires used by Palemro et al. . These aet al.  DASS, Waet al.'s  PANAS, Bet al.'s  AQ, Baroet al.'s  EQ and Jet al.'s  BES.3.et al. [et al. [As in Palermo et al. , the DAS [et al. , we ran et al. [et al. [All subscale and component scores tested by Palermo et al.  were cal [et al. . Cronbac3.1.et al. [Outliers (scores on a measure that were more than three standard deviations from the mean score for that measure) were adjusted to score one point higher than the closest non-outlier score (following ). As a pet al.  .Scores on the emotion matching task and the DASS anxiety subscale were not significantly correlated .Scores on the emotion labelling task and the DASS anxiety subscale were significantly negatively correlated  who scored within the maximum and minimum values for each measure as reported in et al. [We also conducted additional robustness checks restricting the sample to only those participants N = 06 who scr = \u22120.245, p = 0.011). Scores on the DASS anxiety subscale were negatively correlated with performance on the emotion-matching task  and the MERT , but these correlations were not significant.In this smaller dataset, scores on the DASS anxiety subscale were negatively and significantly correlated with performance on the emotion-labelling task . Conet al. ) and theet al. . So as tet al.'s  study, thttps://osf.io/kexhr/ and in our supplemental materials. These analyses showed little evidence that the BFNE, SIAS or SPS consistently predicted emotion recognition.Analysis code for these exploratory analyses and full results are publicly available at 4.3.https://osf.io/kexhr/).All data and analysis code are publicly available on the Open Science Framework . Nonetheless, we suggest that, collectively, our results show clear support for Palermo et al.'s claim that the DASS anxiety subscale predicts individual differences in general emotion recognition.Replicating Palermo et al. , particiet al. [et al. [et al's results suggested that individual differences in emotion recognition were predicted specifically (i.e. uniquely) by scores on the DASS anxiety subscale, our results (and our results for EQ in particular) do not support this claim. However, our results for EQ and emotion recognition are consistent with those of some previous studies that also found that people who scored higher on measures of empathy or lower on measures of autistic-like traits performed better on emotion-recognition tasks . Inde. Indeet et al. By contrast with our results for the DASS anxiety subscale, we saw little evidence that any of these measures significantly predicted emotion recognition. We tentatively propose that these null results for social anxiety suggest that the power of DASS anxiety in predicting emotion recognition is unlikely to reflect individual differences in social anxiety specifically, despite some researchers having previously suggested social anxiety may be particularly important for emotion recognition . How. Howet aet al.'s [et al.'s results, we found that other affective factors, most notably those related to empathy (e.g. the EQ) also appeared to predict general emotion recognition. Collectively, these results support the proposal that affective factors predict individual differences in emotion recognition, but that these correlations are not necessarily specific to measures of general anxiety, such as the DASS anxiety subscale, and may also extend to measures of empathy.In conclusion, we found that general emotion recognition was negatively correlated with scores on the DASS anxiety subscale, replicating Palermo et al.'s  results."}
{"text": "Sehnal  is corrected.The article by  et al. Sehnal  are corrected.Two citations in the article by"}
{"text": "In the issue entitled \u201cRole of Medical Imaging in Cancers\u201d, 33 papers have been collected . All the papers focus on different topics, mainly on the role of positron emission tomography (PET) imaging in the management of oncological patients. Cancers, in order to apply this in diverse settings of disease. Castaldo et al. [o et al.  and Schio et al.  evaluateo et al. . The seco et al.  showed to et al.  found a n = 16) affected by high-risk soft tissue sarcoma, the authors of [Indeed, radiomics can be used as a tool for the prediction of outcomes in terms of response to therapy or prognosis in patients undergoing immune check point inhibitors, as stated by Polverari et al. . The usethors of  found thThe residual papers focused on different topics by analyzing diverse imaging modalities from preclinical , to gold"}
{"text": "References on tables are misplaced.In the original article, there was a mistake in In In In the original article some references are misplaced.Inflammatory Response Under Impaired Lung Mechanics \u2013 Where Sterols Come into Play,\u201d paragraph 5, the cited reference Ertunc and Hotamisligil, 2016 was incorrectly placed. It should be Jin et al., 2018. In paragraph 6, the cited reference Veldhuizen et al., 1996, 1997; Vazquez De Anda et al., 2000; Maitra et al., 2002 should be Ertunc and Hotamisligil, 2016. The cited reference Fessler and Summer, 2016 should be Veldhuizen et al., 1996, 1997; Vazquez De Anda et al., 2000; Maitra et al., 2002. The cited reference Glasser et al., 2003; Hamvas et al., 2004; Lawson et al., 2004; Stevens et al., 2005; Henderson et al., 2013; Liptzin et al., 2015; Salerno et al., 2016 should be Fessler and Summer, 2016. The cited reference Cassel et al., 2008 should be Glasser et al., 2003; Hamvas et al., 2004; Lawson et al., 2004; Stevens et al., 2005; Henderson et al., 2013; Liptzin et al., 2015; Salerno et al., 2016. In paragraph 7, the cited reference Vilaysane et al., 2010; Wree et al., 2014; Lv et al., 2018 should be Cassel et al., 2008. The cited reference Zhou et al., 2013 should be Gasse et al., 2007. The cited reference So et al., 2007; Ertunc and Hotamisligil, 2016 should be Vilaysane et al., 2010; Wree et al., 2014; Lv et al., 2018. The cited reference; Gasse et al., 2007; Robert et al., 2016 should be So et al., 2007; Ertunc and Hotamisligil, 2016.In section \u201cSP-C Modifications in Animal Models,\u201d paragraph 1, the cited reference Lawson et al., 2005; Glasser et al., 2008, 2013a,b; Glasser and Senft, 2009; Ruwisch et al., 2020 should be Glasser et al., 2003; Ruwisch et al., 2020. The cited reference Jolley et al., 1999 should be Glasser et al., 2001; Glasser et al., 2003. The cited reference Lawson et al., 2005; Glasser et al., 2008, 2013a,b; Glasser and Senft, 2009 should be Jolley et al., 1999. In paragraph 2, the cited reference Lawson et al., 2005 should be Lawson et al., 2005; Glasser et al., 2008; Glasser et al., 2009; Glasser et al., 2013a,b. The cited reference Madala et al., 2011 should be Lawson et al., 2005. The cited reference Glasser et al., 2008 should be Madala et al., 2011. The cited reference Glasser et al., 2009 should be Glasser et al., 2008. The cited reference Glasser and Senft, 2009 should be Glasser et al., 2009. The cited reference Glasser et al., 2013b should be Glasser et al., 2008; Glasser et al., 2009. The cited reference Glasser et al., 2008 should be Glasser et al., 2013b. In paragraph 3, the cited reference Glasser et al. (2001), Bridges et al. (2003), should be Glasser et al., 2001, 2008. The cited reference Lawson et al., 2011, should be Bridges et al., 2003; in line 17, first Nureki et al., 2018 should be Lawson et al., 2011; in line 35, Venosa et al., 2019 should be Nureki et al., 2018. The cited reference Katzen et al., 2019 should be Venosa et al., 2019. The cited reference Nogee et al., 2001 should be Katzen et al., 2019.In section \u201cSP-C Mutations in Human Patients,\u201d paragraph 1, the cited reference Ono et al. (2011), Litao et al. (2017) should be Nogee et al., 2001; in line 3 Thomas et al., 2002; Ono et al., 2011; Kuse et al., 2013; Avital et al., 2014; Hevroni et al., 2015 should be Nogee et al., 2001; in line 9 Thomas et al., 2002; Ono et al., 2011; Kuse et al., 2013; Avital et al., 2014; Hevroni et al., 2015 should be Ono et al., 2011; Litao et al., 2017. The cited reference Cottin et al., 2011; Ono et al., 2011 should be Ono et al., 2011; Kuse et al., 2013; Avital et al., 2014; Hevroni et al., 2015. The cited reference Cottin et al., 2011, Hevroni et al., 2015 should be Cottin et al., 2011; Ono et al., 2011. The cited reference Thomas et al., 2002; Abou Taam et al., 2009; Cottin et al., 2011; Ono et al., 2011; Avital et al., 2014 should be Cottin et al., 2011; Hevroni et al., 2015. The cited reference Thouvenin et al., 2010; Hevroni et al., 2015 should be Thomas et al., 2002; Abou Taam et al., 2009; Cottin et al., 2011; Ono et al., 2011; Avital et al., 2014, and Abou Taam et al., 2009 should be Thouvenin et al., 2010; Hevroni et al., 2015. The cited reference Avital et al., 2014 should be Abou Taam et al., 2009. The cited reference Lawson et al. (2004) should be Avital et al., 2014. The cited reference Cottin et al., 2011 should be Lawson et al., 2004 and Nogee et al. (2001), Chibbar et al. (2004), Hamvas et al. (2004), Lawson et al. (2004), Cameron et al. (2005), Stevens et al. (2005), Soraisham et al. (2006), Mechri et al. (2010), Thouvenin et al. (2010), Citti et al. (2013), Park et al. (2018) should be Cottin et al., 2011.In section \u201cparagraph 2, the cited reference Korfei et al., 2008 should be Nogee et al., 2001; Chibbar et al., 2004; Hamvas et al., 2004; Cameron et al., 2005; Stevens et al., 2005; Soraisham et al., 2006; Mechri et al., 2010; Thouvenin et al., 2010; Citti et al., 2013; Litao et al., 2017; Park et al., 2018. The cited reference Wambach et al., 2010 should be Korfei et al., 2008. The cited reference Amin et al., 2001 should be Wambach et al., 2010. The cited reference Chibbar et al., 2004; Hamvas et al., 2004; Tredano et al., 2004; Rosen and Waltz, 2005; Stevens et al., 2005; Bullard and Nogee, 2007; Guillot et al., 2009; Mechri et al., 2010; Cottin et al., 2011; Citti et al., 2013; Henderson et al., 2013; Hepping et al., 2013; Turcu et al., 2013; Akimoto et al., 2014; Avital et al., 2014; van Hoorn et al., 2014; Kroner et al., 2015; Liptzin et al., 2015; Peca et al., 2015; Griese et al., 2016; Liu et al., 2016; Hayasaka et al., 2018 should be Amin et al., 2001. The cited reference Lawson et al., 2004; Setoguchi et al., 2006; Markart et al., 2007; van Moorsel et al., 2010; Cottin et al., 2011; Ono et al., 2011; Kuse et al., 2013 should be Chibbar et al., 2004; Hamvas et al., 2004; Tredano et al., 2004; Rosen and Waltz, 2005; Stevens et al., 2005; Bullard and Nogee, 2007; Guillot et al., 2009; Mechri et al., 2010; Cottin et al., 2011; Citti et al., 2013; Henderson et al., 2013; Hepping et al., 2013; Turcu et al.,2013; Akimoto et al., 2014; Avital et al., 2014; van Hoorn et al., 2014; Kroner et al., 2015; Liptzin et al., 2015; Peca et al., 2015; Griese et al., 2016; Liu et al., 2016; Hayasaka et al., 2018 and Hamvas et al., 2004; Abou Taam et al., 2009; Mechri et al., 2010; Cottin et al., 2011; Litao et al., 2017 should be Lawson et al., 2004; Setoguchiet al., 2006; Markart et al., 2007; van Moorsel et al., 2010; Cottin et al., 2011; Ono et al., 2011; Kuse et al., 2013. In paragraph 3, the cited reference Amin et al., 2001 should be Hamvas et al., 2004; Abou Taam et al., 2009; Mechri et al., 2010; Cottin et al., 2011; Litao et al., 2017. The cited reference Lawson et al., 2004; Stevens et al., 2005; Hamvas, 2010; Henderson et al., 2013 should be Amin et al., 2001. The cited reference Liptzin et al., 2015; Salerno et al., 2016 should be Lawson et al., 2004; Stevens et al., 2005; Henderson et al., 2013. The cited reference Tredano et al., 2004; Abou Taam et al., 2009; Thouvenin et al., 2010; Ono et al., 2011 should be Liptzin et al., 2015; Salerno et al., 2016. The cited reference Thouvenin et al., 2010; Cottin et al., 2011 should be Abou Taam et al., 2009; Thouvenin et al., 2010; Ono et al., 2011. The cited reference Tredano et al., 2004; Ono et al., 2011 should be Thouvenin et al., 2010; Cottin et al., 2011 and Ruwisch et al., 2020 should be Ono et al., 2011.In Lung Fibrosis and Cholesterol\u201d the cited reference Xu et al., 2012 should be Kreuter et al., 2018. The cited reference Baritussio et al., 1980 should be Kreuter et al., 2018. The cited reference Turley et al., 1981 should be Baritussio et al., 1980. The cited reference Milos et al., 2016 should be Turley et al., 1981. The cited reference Liao and Laufs, 2004; Jain and Ridker, 2005 should be Kreuter et al., 2018 and Thomas et al., 2002 should be Liao and Laufs, 2004; Jain and Ridker, 2005.In section \u201cThe authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated."}
{"text": "Streptococcus agalactiae, Staphylococcus aureus, and others. It is necessary to identify mechanisms of infection, define clinical and subclinical states of disease, determine exposure time, and identify pathogen-specific characteristics. Evolvement of management strategies that incorporated hygienic procedures , post milking standing period of animal and strategic use of antibiotic or herbal therapy at dry-off, nutritional supplementation, fly control, body condition score optimization, etc., resulted in widespread control of mastitis. The udder, teat of animal, scientific management of milking, automatic milking procedure, genetic selection are considered as important factors to control mastitis. As farm management changed, scientists were directed to redefine control of mastitis caused by opportunistic pathogens of environmental sources and have sought to explore management strategies which will maintain animal well-being in a judicial way. Although significant advances in mastitis management have been made changing herd structure, changing climatic scenario and more rigorous milk processing standards ensure that mastitis will remain important issue for future research.Mastitis in dairy cattle is the most common management disorder that causes higher economic losses by lowering production and quality of milk leads to substantial economical loss. The aim of this article was to review worldwide important advances in strategies to control mastitis for production augmentation in dairy cattle. Many scientists worked to identify effective strategies to control mastitis caused by  Mastitis is defined as inflammation of parenchyma of mammary glands and is characterized by physical, chemical, and usually bacteriological changes in milk and pathological changes in glandular tissues .The significance of study focus on that the global problem of mastitis which is multifactorial disease but lacked research that allowed prioritizing effect of different strategies to control it. The treatment of mastitis would not be the only solution and called for research to define the value of various unproven management practices. In India (tropics), annual economic loss due to mastitis was reported INR 60532.1 million, where the majority was found due to sub-clinical mastitis (70-80%) which accounted around INR 43653.2 million , -10, 6-10et al. [et al. [et al. [Streptococcus uberis. Bhakat et al. [et al. [et al. [S. agalactiae which was responsible for occurrence of clinical mastitis [Bharti et al.  reported [et al.  conclude [et al.  reportedt et al.  reported [et al.  recommen [et al.  had studmastitis .et al. [et al. [Bharti et al.  reported [et al.  found thet al. [et al. [S. agalactiae and S. aureus and prevalence of IMI had declined. Advances in milking machines had greatly improved vacuum stability and installation standards for milking systems had been developed. Scientists reported that milking machine could influence new IMI by serving as a fomite, allowing cross-infections within cows, and damaging teat sphincters. They demonstrated that only 6.6% of new IMI were accounted by milking machine and concluded that there was no convincing evidence linking the machine milking to overall prevalence of herd infection. Bhakat et al. [Bhakat et al.  reported [et al.  reported [et al. . By thist et al.  reportedet al. [et al. [et al. [Paul and Bhakat  found thet al.  standard [et al.  reported [et al.  found co [et al. . Somatic [et al.  and futuet al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [Paul et al.  had been [et al.  found th [et al. . It is a [et al. . It was  [et al.  found th [et al.  found in [et al.  tested tet al. [Bharti and Bhakat  reportedet al.  reportedThis review highlights the worldwide important advances in strategies to control mastitis for production augmentation in dairy cattle. Role of udder, teat of animal, scientific management of milking procedure, automatic milking procedure, BCS, genetic selection procedure, hygiene, nutritional aspects, animal behavior, etc., is considered to control mastitis. There is a need to provide infrastructure, necessary facilities and training to help farmers to efficiently adopt proven strategies that minimize occurrences of mastitis which result in production of higher quantity and quality of milk and continued advances in management and control of mastitis are very much necessary to ensure sustainability of dairy farming.CB conceptualized and drafted the review, prepared, and edited the manuscript. AM, DKM, AMa, SR, and AC collected literatures. MKG and TKD edited and finalized the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript."}
{"text": "Dear Editor,et al. [I read with interest the rapid review by Gupta et al.  concerniet al. . During et al. . There iet al.  If modelet al. .This consideration extends to the handling of faecal wastes discharged from hospitals and others sources. Sewage discharged from two hospitals in Beijing during the SARS outbreak was identified as positive for SARS\u2010CoV\u20101 . Using qNone.I declare no competing interests."}
{"text": "Pu et al.  report tPu et al.  induced Pu et al.  support 2In the study by Pu et al. , pregnanIn addition to glyphosate and water, Roundup Maxload contains a quaternary amine surfactant with the warning, \u201charmful if swallowed\u201d . This quThe sEH inhibitors mitigate pain and digestive tract ulcers . If Roun"}
{"text": "A similar criticism can be made of the Stewart and Chambless  meta\u2010anaet al.  used as et al.  study ciet al.  effectivet al.  populati (et al.  also cit (et al.  as a ref (et al.  study waet al. (et al. (et al. (Whilst Wakefield et al.  acknowleet al. . This paet al. . Given t (et al.  are of d (et al.  seek to  (et al.  meta\u2010ana (et al. .et al. (The Wakefield et al.  study seet al.  is not wAll authors declare no conflict of interest."}
{"text": "International Journal of Molecular Sciences in which they evaluated atherosclerosis and other pathophysiological mechanisms involved in cardiovascular disease (CVD) in patients with human papillomavirus (HPV). The paper explored new biomarkers that could be used for affected individuals. They mentioned the cardio-ankle vascular index (CAVI), proposed by Shirai et al. [Tonhajzerova et al.  publishei et al.  in 2006,0 (Equation (2)) is the mathematically corrected formula that has been derived from the CAVI formula. Spronck et al. [0 values [0 has been doubted by the developer of CAVI because it has some flaws and cannot provide accurate measurements of arterial stiffness.s: systolic blood pressure; Pd: diastolic blood pressure; \u03c1: blood density; \u0394 P: Ps \u2013 Pd; a, b: coefficients; P0: reference pressure (100 mmHg).CAVIk et al.  claimed 0 values . It is w0 was proposed by Spronck et al. [0. Unlike CAVI, which uses Pd and Ps in its formula, in calculating CAVI0, only Pd, not Ps, is used. Another difference between CAVI and CAVI0 is the use of P0 in the formula of CAVI0. Although Spronck et al. [0 is independent of blood pressure, in a large study on 5293 individuals, Shirai et al. [0 is not accurate because of its strong dependency on Pd. Another reason that CAVI0 provides equivocal results is that Spronck et al. [The use of CAVIk et al.  in 2017.k et al.  claimed k et al. ,7.It is also interesting to know that the information about CAVI has been recently updated. Takahashi et al.  showed t0, we can say that PWV and parameter \u03b2 can be considered as more reliable indices. As Tonhajzerova et al. [As there are many concerns about using CAVI and CAVIa et al.  mentionea et al. . The useBlood pressure is dependent on arterial stiffness  and arterial stiffness can be accelerated in the presence of hypertension . Conside"}
{"text": "Host behaviour is a critical determinant of infectious disease dynamics: how individual animals interact with, or \u2018contact\u2019, each other dictates whether and which diseases transmit between them. For an example using pathogens of current concern among human populations, sharing an elevator with someone might lead to you contracting SARS-CoV-2 (which transmits through respiratory droplets), but it will not lead to you contracting monkeypox (which transmits through extended skin\u2013skin contact) or HIV . Animals should therefore evolve to be discriminatory about whom they contact, and those decisions may depend on the nature of that contact: indeed, you likely have different criteria for deciding with whom to share an elevator versus fluids. Similarly, pathogens should evolve traits that increase their transmission success, and these traits may differ depending on the type of contact required for transmission. These two ideas\u2014that pathogens affect the evolution of host behaviour and host behaviour affects pathogen evolution\u2014have long been assumed, but are notoriously difficult to test ,2.et al. [et al. [In a recent paper, Collier et al.  take an  [et al.  categoriet al. [Poor connectivity, as appears to characterize fluid exchange networks, should intuitively offer pathogens fewer transmission opportunities than the typically highly connected physical and non-physical contact networks, and thus select for different pathogen traits. Collier et al.  use an eet al. [et al. [Through this neat and logical series of steps, Collier et al.  show tha [et al.  were conet al. [can transmit through non-physical contact, it is likely that physical contact or contact involving fluid exchange will dramatically increase the chance of that transmission. Importantly, this point has recently been illustrated by monkeypox: while the virus does not require sexual contact to transmit, the extended skin\u2013skin contact it does require is likely to happen during sex, and as a result the virus has, to date, mostly been infecting men who have sex with men [The paper strongly suggests that the false dichotomy between diseases that transmit through sexual and non-sexual contact reduces our ability to understand transmission dynamics. Collier et al.  point ouet al. , that thwith men . Insightet al. [More broadly, sex is underrepresented in studies of wildlife disease ecology. For example, across taxa, tests of parasite-mediated sexual selection hypotheses have revealed that choosers can detect and avoid potential mates infected with parasites . Of couret al.  point ouet al. .et al. [et al. [That individuals can detect and avoid infected conspecifics is an observation that Collier et al.  raise aset al. . Howeveret al. . Overall [et al.  draw fro [et al. . For exa [et al. \u201314 and t [et al. . The eff [et al. , and the [et al. , both of [et al. ,18).et al. [To further complicate this picture, how the presence of a disease affects network structure likely depends on which of the four contact types identified by Collier et al.  the pathet al. , though et al. ,21. For et al. .et al. [Further, while the costs of missing out on each of the contact types in et al.  are corret al. [Overall, Collier et al.  link thret al. ,18, it r"}
{"text": "Acoustic sensors have been in commercial use for more than 60 years. Acoustic sensing technologies have been studied extensively, and the information, transmission, reception, transformation, processing and application of acoustic signals have been developed, with acoustic sensors as a central focus. An acoustic sensor is a device that converts a sound wave signal into an electrical signal. The design and development of acoustic sensors are very important technological and scientific issues. Acoustic sensors are widely used in industrial, medical and numerous other applications including environmental and health monitoring, chemical and biochemical detection, and signal processing devices. The papers that form this Special Issue cover a variety of approaches and models related to acoustic sensors and their applications.Liu et al.  aimed toRong et al.  proposedDeng et al.  designedBente et al.  proposedLiang et al.  presenteYao et al.  investigVetrab and Gosztolya  used hybLiu and Abdulla  introducScheuer and DeCorby  applied In the tenth study, Han et al.  developeFinally, in the last paper, Jang et al.  introduc"}
{"text": "Authors\u2019 ReplyDear Editor,Moleiro et alFirst, Moleiro et alSecondly, the rationale for the addition of the Pereira suture is unclear. Moleiro et alI commend Moleiro et al"}
{"text": "N = 70) derived from the use of Gamified Environments and Serious Games with people with Autistic Spectrum Disorder (ASD), identifying: authorship, nationality, publication period, topic, and design of the investigation. After that, the advantages and limitations observed are identified. Results indicate that most of them are focused on the design and testing of prototypes, (mostly) linked to the increase of social and emotional skills. The revision highlights that the game\u2019s mechanics and dynamics  involve students from motivation. There is unanimous agreement to emphasize the positive impact of these resources to increment self-control, self-conscience, autonomy, and empathy.The aim of this study is to review the available research ( Kalantarian et al. , Arzone et al. , observing a tendency to seek resources to stimulate interpersonal relationships, increasing linguistic-communicative skills or autonomy as a whole. Adjorlu and Serafin  created for these people. Lee et al. , Gaudi et al.  socio-emotional, Dapogny et al.  linguistic, Silva et al.  design Sy et al.  create Jlls. And  socio-emNew Horizon to empower people in this group, reducing their stress and anxiety through mini-games which include gamification techniques. Elshahawy et al.  is also relevant, specifically linked to the stimulation of communication skills: on the one hand, associated with language skills, as pointed out by G\u00f3mez et al.  to increase sensitivity to gaze signals based on an immersive story that encourages interaction with animated characters and allows them to discover the usefulness of observing gaze signals to guide their behavior. In this same line, Scherf et al.  where the study areas are diverse. Bossavit and Parsons , Almurashi et al. (Finally, regarding studies focused on i et al.  and Jim\u00e9i et al.  conduct i et al.  focus oni et al.  study thi et al.  focus oni et al.  focus oni et al.  analyze i et al.  establisgamified environments in people with ASD, all the papers emphasize the great advantages of using the mechanics and dynamics of the game at the service of learning of people of this group, since an essential aspect of the success of the game is the attraction and motivation that lies beneath it (Malinverni et al., Regarding the The rules of the game, the visual rewards, the feedback, and the establishment of short-term goals involve the students in the game from their intrinsic motivation (Lee et al., Regarding the limitations observed in the gamified environments used in the interventions with these subjects, Lee et al.  point ouSerious Games in interventions with people with ASD, it is observed that these can be heterogeneous and used in various ways, favoring social interactions in several contexts and situations such as during the pandemic (Elshahawy et al., On the other hand, with reference to the use of Concerning the creation of SG, Terlouw et al.  indicateRegarding the limitations of the use of SG, Tang et al.  highlighAs future lines of research, and in accordance with Grossard et al. , it is n"}
{"text": "Dear Editor,Effects of Plyometric Training on Physical Performance: An Umbrella Review\u201d. We understand the substantial amount of work in doing such a review  and acknowledge its novelty. However, some methodological shortcomings may impact their results. Our aim is to provide constructive, methodologically based criticisms so that readers have the necessary information at hand to decide if the article by Kons et al. [Due to the relevance of plyometric training for the strength and conditioning community and the exponential rise in the number of original research and systematic reviews on the topic, an umbrella review is needed, as it summarises findings from published meta-analyses which could meaningfully advance knowledge in this field of research. We have read with great interest the work by Kons et al.  entitleds et al.  is justiLiterature search strategy. Kons et al. [s et al.  includeds et al. , the auts et al. \u201329 not is et al. . Moreoves et al. \u201337 were s et al. . Furthers et al.  selecteds et al.  above alInterpretation of published meta-analyses. Kons et al. [Although several meta-analyses investigated the effects of plyometric training on physical performance outcomes, most of them lack comparisons with control groups and are classified as low-to-moderate quality.s et al.  concludeFive meta-analyses compared the effects of intervention to control group, while the other 24 compared within-intervention-group effects.Moreover, the authors indicated:This seems an erroneous interpretation given that the control condition was part of the eligibility criteria for the umbrella review and, aside from one meta-analysis , all theInconsistent and erroneous data. Kons et al. [s et al.  provideds et al.  reporteds et al.  interpreWith this letter, we encourage researchers to conduct more comprehensive umbrella reviews in the future on the effects of plyometric training on physical fitness of individuals across the lifespan.Additional file 1: Table S1. Sections from the work of Kons et al. ["}
{"text": "Rhythmicity is a fundamental characteristic of every living organism. It manifests itself at every level of an organisation, from structural and physiological changes to behaviour or cognitive processes. An evolutionarily dependent endogenous mechanism, in the form of a so-called biological clock, generates circadian changes in rhythmic processes independently of environmental conditions . A very Nutrients, titled \u2018Circadian Clock and Nutrition\u2019, aims to present further scientific evidence on the interdependence of the biological clock and nutrition. The first experimental study conducted by Verde et al. [This Special Issue in e et al.  containse et al. . The aute et al. , the aute et al. . In the e et al. , this ste et al. . The aute et al. . These ve et al. . The aute et al. . The aute et al. . The reve et al.  was inspNutrients.Therefore, to paraphrase the record in the Old Testament that \u201cFor everything there is a season and a time for every matter under heaven: a time to be born and a time to die; a time to plant and a time to pluck up what is planted. God has made everthing beautiful in its time\u201d, it should also be assertively added that \u201cthere is also a time for eating\u201d. This is the most general but very important conclusion of all the Special Issue articles in"}
{"text": "Epilepsy is one of the most frequently encountered neurological conditions worldwide. The International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) pointed out that epilepsy is a disorder of the brain characterized not only by recurrent seizures but also by its neurobiological, cognitive, psychological, and social consequences, emphasizing the long-term psychosocial issues and the high prevalence of psychiatric and behavioral disorders that are frequently more harmful than seizures themselves, worsening the quality of life in patients with epilepsy (PWE) . SeveralThis Research topic aimed to highlight basic, clinical, and translational research involved in studying epilepsy and its related neuropsychiatric disorders. A careful evaluation of all these aspects will contribute to optimizing therapy with a positive impact on seizure management, neuropsychiatric well-being, and quality of life in PWE.et al. [The review by Neri et al.  discusseet al. . Accordiet al. . Moreoveet al. [Concerning pharmacological treatment, Operto et al.  providedet al. [et al. [As widely reported in the literature, a PWE is more prone to develop psychiatric comorbidities, particularly depression . Such comorbidities are frequently more harmful to patients than seizures themselves, worsening their quality of life , 9. Suchet al. , several [et al. , antidep [et al. . Not sur [et al. , ASMs an [et al. . Clinica [et al. . In the  [et al. .et al. [et al.The review by Fortunato et al.  illustraet al. . The devet al. [The review by Rollo et al.  describeWe, the Guest-Editors, would like to express our gratitude to the many authors who contributed to this special issue: Epilepsy and Related Neuropsychiatric Comorbidities: Basic and Clinical Research."}
{"text": "P=0.97) different AM fungal quantification or change in image clarity. Therefore, the results of the present communication suggest that Parker blue and washable blue inks are alternative ink stains for the viewing and quantification of AM fungi in host cortical root tissues.Alternative methods for arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungal colonized root staining have recently gained more attention for the reduction of hazard exposure to the user. Sheaffer blue ink has been employed for such an identification and quantification, having shown an increased degree of image clarity. However, sourcing Sheaffer blue ink is becoming problematic, leading to the need to find alternative inks that are readily available. Parker ink is a well-known brand, providing comparable colour options to Sheaffer. Two Parker inks, blue and washable blue, were employed alongside Sheaffer blue for comparative AM fungal colonized root staining. From quantified AM fungal vesicles and arbuscles, along with the degree of stained image clarity under microscopy, none of the inks utilized for this comparison produce a significantly ( All data pertaining to the present findings are contained within the manuscript.There have been many developments in host root staining for the identification and quantification of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi . SheaffeTriticum aestivum) (n=15) was grown under controlled conditions for 4\u2009weeks . Root staining was performed in accordance with Wilkes et al.  for both arbuscular (t-testing was not required, as no further significance could be determined.Single-factor ANOVA was able to show no significant difference between any blue inks used [buscular  and vesibuscular . Post-hoet al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [The present short communication has been able to provide indications that there is no discernible difference in AM fungal quantification between Sheaffer blue, Parker blue and Parker washable blue inks. Furthermore, as presented in et al. , Wilkes  [et al.  and Kowa [et al. . Yon et  [et al. , however [et al. , Wilkes  [et al. , or Kowa [et al. , whilst  [et al.  do not p [et al. . As the  [et al. . As show [et al.  and Wilk [et al. , Sheaffe [et al. .From AM fungal structures quantified and the clarity of micrograph images, no difference between ink brands was detectable. Therefore, the present communication can conclude Parker blue and washable blue inks are equally effective for quantifying and viewing root cortical AM fungal structures for the assessment of AM fungal\u2013host symbiosis."}
{"text": "Cancers [In his Comment  on our rCancers , Dr. YafDr. Yaffe points out that there is little if any evidence for self-selection bias in the Canadian study of Coldman et al. . This do"}
{"text": "Coincet al.  present et al. . We conc. 1.1et al. [Foster et al.  focus onet al. . Other set al. ) highliget al. ,7 and seet al. ,8,9) supUneven sampling in the fossil record is omnipresent and well known. Observed extinction records are often smeared back in time, more so for some organism groups than others, and the record of each mass extinction varies by the geography of its exposed outcrops  \u201312. Such. 1.3et al. [Phylogeny remains one of the strongest predictors of extinction  and covaet al. . Groups et al. , which met al. ,15).et al. [within an event only just meet this mark . These values should become the practical benchmark for the best between-event prediction that could be hoped for. If a model trained on random observations of extinction variation at an event struggles to provide a good prediction for extinction variation within the same event, then the conclusion must be that fossil data are difficult to predict from per se. The mean across the six between-event AUC values in Foster et al. [The benchmark for successful predictability depends on context and discipline. Foster et al.  use the r et al.  was 0.62r et al. ,17).. 1.5et al. [Foster et al.  judged pet al. ,18,19 anet al. ,20).et al. [Evolutionary and Earth system changes are components we must account for in hypotheses of cause-effect, as Foster et al.  fittinglet al. ,8. This . 2et al. [We congratulate Foster et al.  on a sopet al. ,19, alonet al. ,21 and tet al. , and theet al. . The fos"}
{"text": "Horses hold an important place in many human societies with a role that has changed considerably over time from beast of burden and meat (and later milk) source, via transportation means, to leisure activities and even financial speculations today. It is therefore no wonder that horses also attract the interest of investigative geneticists. The recent literature provides new insights into the genetic history of horse domestication. In an article published last month, Achilli et al.  studied et al. , indicatet al. . Strikinet al. . Is this [et al.  appear t [et al.  investig [et al.  (althoug [et al.  have now [et al.  performe"}
{"text": "Zebrafish research has also shown disruption to neural development after BMAA exposure. In vitro studies on mice, rats and leeches have shown that BMAA acts predominantly on motor neurons. Observed increases in the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and Ca2+ influx, coupled with disruption to mitochondrial activity and general neuronal death, indicate that the main mode of activity is via excitotoxic mechanisms. The current review pertaining to the neurotoxicity of BMAA clearly demonstrates its ability to adversely affect neural tissues, and implicates it as a potentially significant compound in the aetiology of neurodegenerative disease. When considering the potential adverse health effects upon exposure to this compound, further research to better understand the modes of toxicity of BMAA and the environmental exposure limits is essential.The association of \u03b1-amino-\u03b2-methylaminopropionic acid (BMAA) with elevated incidence of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis/Parkinson\u2019s disease complex (ALS/PDC) was first identified on the island of Guam. BMAA has been shown to be produced across the cyanobacterial order and its detection has been reported in a variety of aquatic and terrestrial environments worldwide, suggesting that it is ubiquitous. Various  Cycas circinalis) flour to make tortillas, soups and dumplings by the native Chamorro people [Medical research attention was drawn towards Guam in 1953 when it was reported that the incidence of an amyotrophic lateral sclerosis/Parkinson\u2019s disease complex (ALS/PDC) within the local Chamorro people was 100 times higher than the rest of the world ,3. The uo people ,5, couplo people , led to o people .In 1967 Vega and Bell  isolatedet al. correlated elevated incidence of ALS in communities in the Kii peninsula of Japan [et al. [et al. [Despite this observation, little attention was paid to BMAA until 1987, when Spencer of Japan  and Iriaof Japan  to the tof Japan . The groof Japan . This wa [et al. , who sug [et al.  who calc [et al. .et al. [In 2002, Cox and Sacks  rejuvenaet al.  compiledet al. , supportet al. [et al. [At this point in time the source of BMAA in cycads was unknown. In 2003 Cox et al. . Cyanobaet al. ,23. The  [et al.  have suget al. [et al. [post mortem brain samples in 2009 [et al. [et al. [et al. [N-hydroxysuccinimidyl carbamate method used by Murch et al. [et al. might explain the lack of detection.In 2003, studies conducted by Banack and Cox  showed tet al.  detectedet al. . These bet al. . In thiset al. . HPLC anet al. ,27. Thes [et al.  conducte in 2009 . These o [et al.  with a c [et al. ). The di [et al. ,29 have  [et al. ,31 to beh et al.  is more h et al. , and is h et al. . Instabiet al. [et al. [In 2006 Banack et al.  tested v [et al.  detectedet al. [Nostoc species produce BMAA, proving that it could be produced globally. The ubiquitous nature of cyanobacteria means that given the right conditions, bioaccumulation of BMAA could potentially occur in any of the greatly varying environments in which cyanobacteria are found [in vivo uptake of BMAA by the aquatic macrophyte Ceratophyllum demersum in an experimental system [Daphnia magna [In 2007, Banack et al.  employedre found . This prre found , as wellre found . BMAA hare found , and in re found . The potl system , and bioia magna .2+, K+, Na+, Mg2+ and Cl\u2212 [N-methyl-d-apartate (NMDA) and metabolic glutamate receptors (mGluR), all of which are activated by glutamate and similar substances. A review by Doble [Excitatory amino acids (EAAs) act as neurotransmitters within the nervous system . Their a and Cl\u2212 . Malfunc and Cl\u2212 . Excitot and Cl\u2212 . The maiby Doble  explaineby Doble \u201350.et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [post euthanasia failed to find any evidence of neurochemical or neuropathological changes in the any of the sample animals [-Aguado et al. [et al. [-Aguado et al. [et al. [With substantial and ever growing evidence that BMAA does play a role in the onset and progression of neurodegenerative diseases, the most important question is; what mode of activity does BMAA exert? Although BMAA had not yet been discovered, Dastur  fed cycaet al. ,53 also  [et al. , with ad [et al.  was repo [et al.  and 1993 [et al.  produced [et al.  fed high animals . Similaro et al.  fed 28 mo et al. . In the o et al. , the aut [et al.  to obsero et al. , as poss [et al.  that thein vitro when a physiological concentration (10 mM and above) of bicarbonate (HCO3\u2212) ions were present in the media. This discovery was soon followed by Richter and Mena\u2019s [3\u2212 was required for BMAA activity to occur. Follow up experiments showed that BMAA could bind to NMDA and non-NMDA receptors on mouse cortical neurons [3\u2212 was a critical discovery as it greatly affected the results of experiments conducted using freshly isolated tissues where experimental reagents are generally simple and defined, and often did not contain HCO3\u2212. Using these leads Myers and Nelson [in vitro assays.The first mechanistic BMAA research was performed in 1988 when Weiss and Choi  discoverd Mena\u2019s  observatd Mena\u2019s , that HC neurons . The depd Nelson  identifiet al. [et al. [in vitro assays. Brain slices and mixed primary cultures taken from 8-day old rats were exposed to BMAA at 1 mM in conjunction with various neural metabolites and antagonists of NMDA. Their results indicated that BMAA acts as a mixed agonist of metabotropic and NMDA receptors, and as seen in other studies, BMAA activity was enhanced by the presence of bicarbonate ions at 25 mM [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [post administration. They also demonstrated that BMAA is taken up into the brain by the large neutral amino acid carrier of the blood-brain barrier, which suggests that uptake may be sensitive to the same factors that affect neutral amino acid transport such as diet, metabolism, disease and age [In 1990 Lindstr\u00f6m et al.  gave int [et al.  conducteat 25 mM . The gro [et al.  and Mats [et al.  performe [et al. . The 199 [et al.  reported [et al.  demonstr and age . In esseet al. [2+ in the presence of BMAA (5 mM) with or without HCO3\u2212 ions. This experiment indicated that there was a small increase in intracellular Ca2+ concentration with BMAA only, but a large increase when BMAA and HCO3\u2212 were added together. This further supports the belief that BMAA is dependant on HCO3\u2212 as a cofactor and that the correspnding \u03b2-carbamate is the active compound. It also suggests another potential mechanism of activity as impairment to intracellular calcium homeostasis has been shown to cause disruptions in Ca2+-dependant cascades that lead to neuronal cell death and neurodiseases [Brownson et al.  assayed diseases ,72.et al. [Haemopis sanguisuga after treatment with BMAA (100 \u03bcM\u201310 mM) and HCO3\u2212 (20 mM). A significant reduction in input membrane resistance was measured, indicating that BMAA depolarizes the cell by increasing membrane permeability and conductance.The study of Nedeljkov et al.  measuredpost exposure. This study showed that BMAA caused injury to hippocampal neurons. They also demonstrated that BMAA increasingly caused a degree of cell death in NSC-34 cells  as the amount of BMAA administered increased from 100 \u03bcM up to 1 mM. A study conducted by Lobner et al. in 2007 [+. This observation holds great significance determining that very low concentrations of BMAA (orders of magnitude lower than previously thought) can potentially cause serious neurological damage if other factors are involved. This study also showed that BMAA has three-fold activity by causing excitotoxicity on NMDA and metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype 5 (mGluR5) receptors, and via oxidative stress. This supports the notion that BMAA may play a role in a variety of different neurodegenerative conditions. Rao et al. [2+ concentrations and the generation of selective reactive oxygen species (ROS) in motor neurons, with minimal effect on other spinal neurons. Liu et al. [et al. [\u2212, leading to glutathione depletion and oxidative stress [in vitro. It is worth noting that this product was not formed in brain tissues in this study. This provides evidence of yet another method of toxicity by BMAA, although the test dose is potentially too high for the result to be environmentally significant. Production of methylamine is significant as it has been shown to produce a state of oxidative stress in rats [et al. [post injection. The results showed that BMAA interacts/binds with melanin, particularly during its synthesis, and increasingly bioaccumulates in melanin and neuromelanin-containing cells over time. The authors proposed that this may provide a link between BMAA and the PDC symptom of pigmentary retinopathy [et al. [in vitro membrane potential depolarization of leech nerve cells by action on non-NMDA ionotropic glutamate receptors. A concomitant increase in cell membrane input conductance, as well as an increase in Na+ activity and a decrease in K+ activity was noted. This indicated that, in addition to AMPA/kainite receptors, BMAA could initiate excitotoxicity through the activation of other non-NMDA ionotropic glutamate receptors. In 2009, Santucci et al. [post administration. Increases in retinal neuron death and the production of ROS were observed in this study. Also in 2009, Purdie et al. [In 2007, Buenz and Howe  intracra in 2007  showed to et al.  concludeu et al.  validate [et al. , as welle stress . In 2009e stress  found th in rats . In 2009 [et al.  injectedinopathy . Also in [et al.  showed ti et al.  injectede et al.  exposed et al. [2+ and a massive release of cytochrome-c (cyt-c) into the cytosol. This study also demonstrated that activity was predominantly mediated via mGluR1 receptors. These observations indicate disruption to mitochondrial activity, excitotoxicity, and induction of apoptosis induced by exposure to BMAA. More recently Karlsson et al. [in vivo. Summaries of both in vivo and in vitro investigations into the bioactivity of BMAA are presented in In 2010, Cucchiaroni et al.  found ran et al.  injectedn et al. . Most ren et al.  exposed n et al. . It shouet al. [et al. [et al. [d-glucoside (BSSG) is suggested to play the same proposed role [When reviewing BMAA literature it quickly becomes clear that there are large differences in opinion. When Borenstein et al.  proposedet al.  raised d [et al.  indicate [et al.  claimed  [et al.  has beensed role . Varioussed role ,91. Inte+ [2+ [+ [\u2212 [\u2212 increases the release of glutamate from the cell  that BMAA plays in neurodegeneration. Karamyan and Speth have reviewed the available literature on the evidence for and against the involvement of BMAA in the development of ALS/PDC . They coet al.  were alset al. [When considering all the published data, it appears certain that BMAA can contribute to the onset and progression of neurodegenerative disease in certain susceptible individuals. It would be useful to focus on better understanding the proposed mechanisms of BMAA activity, as well as identifying new as yet undescribed mechanisms that might play an important role in the overall potency of BMAA. Without a sound understanding of how BMAA truly works, it is impossible to predict the level of risk it poses with any significant degree of confidence. One question posed in the review by Karamyan and Speth  that is et al.  when theet al. , this po"}
{"text": "Sir,et al[et al.[I read the article entitled, \u201cPercutaneous endoscopic colostomy: A new technique for the treatment of recurrent sigmoid volvulus,\u201d with greet al describeal[et al. had alsoal[et al. Althoughal[et al., it is nal[et al. Major coal[et al. also neeal[et al."}
{"text": "Science, Salimpoor et al. (In a recent issue of r et al.  reportedr et al.  demonstrr et al.  where thr et al. . Nonether et al. . For insr et al. . We sugg"}
{"text": "Besides connexins, another group of proteins, the pannexins, showing many molecular similarities with connexins have been identified. They seem to form hemichannels which may regulate cytosolic homeostasis or the release of small molecules. The present issue provides a comprehensive picture of recent developments and current research in this fascinating, fast developing area comprising review and original research articles on both connexins and pannexins written by leading experts in their research areas. The articles are organized in three parts:n et al. . Verheuln et al.  shed lign et al. . With ren et al.  review tn et al. -are exprr et al.  investigr et al. . In the r et al.  or with r et al. . The secr et al.  and a ner et al. .Part B starts with an original article about pannexin 1 elucidating the problems with Panx1 knock outs and showing the generation of astrocyte and neuron-specific Panx1 deletions (Hanstein et al., Part C focuses on the role of gap junctions in various diseases starting with an interesting hypothesis article by V\u00e9gh et al.  on the rThis compilation of articles on most recent developments in connexin and pannexin research hopefully encourages more scientists to investigate these highly interesting cell biology mechanisms in their research areas. When cellular interaction or interplay is of relevance this recent research suggests: mid the gap!"}
{"text": "Dear Editor,The article by Mogadam et al.  regardin"}
{"text": "To the Editor: Xing et al. (Phlebovirus ("}
{"text": "Radiofrequency ablation in the management of advanced pancreatic cancer should be no longer utilized in patients with locally advanced or metastatic pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Spiliotis  about ouet al. , no stanet al. . This opet al. . In thiset al. . Using t"}
{"text": "Acta Cryst. (2010), E66, o3315.Corrigendum to  et al.  is corrected.The correspondence author in the paper by Jia"}
{"text": "Dear Editor,Hereditary hemochromatosis (HH) is the most frequent genetic disease in populations of European origin. The HH gene was cloned by Feder et al. in 1996, and 2 major mutations were discovered: C282Y and H63D. Geographical differences with mutation frequencies have been published [Jowkar et al.  have recJowkar et al. , with th"}
{"text": "The Indian Journal of Psychiatry published three articles in its first issue way back in 1958. Since then, it has steadily published more than 200 papers on one or the other aspect of schizophrenia. From rudimentary research methodology and descriptive approach, schizophrenia research, as published in the Journal, seems to have come of age with more and more sophisticated research designs and methodologies. Our ardent researchers have made significant contributions in the understanding of this riddle called schizophrenia. Notable contributions have been made in the field of epidemiology, course and outcomes and phenomenology of this disorder. However, research in psycho-social rehabilitation of schizophrenia and related areas is sparse and sporadic. The need to conduct research that impacts health policies and planning of services for this disorder is evident and our researchers would do well to provide impetus in these areas. The Indian Journal of Psychiatry has come a long way from its humble beginning with the publication of its first volume in October 1958. The inaugural issue had three articles on schizophrenia, the first, an Editorial Annotation titled \u201cTranquillizers\u201d by Dr. Kirpal Singh, which drew attention to the phenomenon of \u201cmarket being flooding with numerous so called tranquillizers,\u201d though Dr. Kirpal Singh observed even at that time that the efficacy of these and relative superiority of any one of these were questionable. The thirAnnotation of research in various aspects of schizophrenia published in the Indian Journal of Psychiatry, since its inception, follows the above mentioned prelude. We have adopted a descriptive approach, describing the research published in our Journal and offer comments on the research efforts where appropriate.The articles published in the Journal in the 1960s were an assortment of publications related to the etiology, clinical aspects, treatment and, course and outcome of schizophrenia.Evident from the writings of the sixth and seventh decades of the last century, psychodynamics and psychotherapy had important places in the field of schizophrenia. However, no significant research endeavors were made to study the dynamics of schizophrenia in a systematic manner. Rao the onlyTeja showed tBiological experiments conducted elsewhere started finding mention in the abstracts by eminent Indian psychiatrists. Kirpal Singh providedA paper by Deb gave aptNarayana Murthy studied Clinical observations rather than \u2018trials\u2019 were the main basis for guiding management of patients with schizophrenia. Catatonia was thought to be aggravated by Rauwolfia and/or Largactil.An eight-week placebo controlled study of prochlorperazine carried out by Menon in 20 feDutta Ray and Kapur conducteThe research publications of the 60s are creditable for various reasons. Even though research tools and funding were not available and though the research mostly followed a descriptive paradigm, it is praiseworthy that people even then had enthusiasm and enterprise. These publications are now of historical value contributing richly to the history of psychiatric research in our country.Prabhu and Ramchandran in a samet al.[et al.[Cytogenetic scientists conducted research on dermatoglyphics in schizophrenia and found that the patients had higher indices as compared to normal controls. Eswaraiaet al. found lyet al. studied et al. studied l.[et al. (1976) set al.[A family study detecting psychiatric morbidities in family members of schizophrenia patients was carried out in a sample of 500 patients by Sethi et al. Though cBhaskaran and Saxena comparedet al.[Akhtar et al. attempteet al.[Singh et al. construcet al.[et al.[et al.[Varma et al. studied l.[et al. Abraham l.[et al. used Repl.[et al. studied et al.[et al.,[et al.[Therapeutic efficacy of thiothixene was compared to five phenothiazenes in 60 chronic schizophrenia patients by Kishore et al. Prochloret al. Mahal anet al. used Briet al. Sharma aet al. Bagdia e.[et al., conducte.,[et al. conducteet al.[et al.,[Clinical trials of depot preparations had begun in the 70s. A trial of fluphenazine enanthate of four-week duration with a follow-up of eight weeks was carried out by Bagadia et al. involvinet al. in 112 l.[et al., but withControlled trial of multiet al.[rd of the patients were followed up and outcome was defined a priori; a positive relation was found between good prognostic factors and outcome. Sarada Menon and Ramachandran[In a, longitudinal study  tachandran comparedRastogi and Mahal46 studieMazumdar and Sinha conducteVarma studied et al.[Bhaskaran et al. studied The research carried out in the 70s failed to adhere to a rigorous methodology, compounded by the fact that diagnosis of schizophrenia lacked reliability. Dermatoglyphics and phenomenology dominated research efforts. However, there was no unifying trend in the research carried or reported.et al.[Padmavathi et al. (1988) cet al.[et al.[et al.[et al.[et al.[Various studies were reported in the Journal in search of biological markers and diagnostic tests in schizophrenia. Kondaiah et al. found thl.[et al. found thl.[et al. and Tiwal.[et al. found inl.[et al. observedl.[et al. and no dl.[et al. and no dl.[et al. Chatterjl.[et al. studied l.[et al. who founet al.[The soft neurological signs (SNS) and minor physical anomalies (MPA) were studied in 107 adult schizophrenia patients by Nizamie et al. SNS wereet al.[Sethi et al. conducteet al. studied et al. Some genet al. The propet al. Jangid aet al. comparedet al.[Jayaswal et al. studied et al. studied the phenomenology of delusions in 112 patients with schizophrenia using the Present State Examination. The authors found that the delusions of persecution were more common in males and those above the age of 30 years. Educated patients had more delusions of reference, delusional misinterpretation and delusions of thoughts being read. Also, systematization was seen more in younger patients, while married patients had more delusions of reference. Kulhara et al. presented the usefulness of the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) in positive and negative sub-typing of schizophrenia as significant differences emerged between the two sub-types on items like emotional withdrawal, guilt feelings, tension, hallucinatory behavior, motor retardation, blunted affect and excitement. Also, Kota and Kulhara[et al.[Kulhara d Kulhara used a cra[et al.. Signifiet al.[Mazumdar et al. assessedRamanathan studied A study comparinet al.[Kota et al. carried et al., high scet al.et al.[The child-rearing attitudes and personalities of 100 pairs of parents of patients with schizophrenia of either gender were compared with controls and significant differences were found on variables like irritability, suppression of anger, suppression of sex, avoidance of communication etc.83 Suman et al. studied et al.[Trivedi et al. studied et al.[Compared to families of patients with chronic lung disease, the families of the patients with schizophrenia felt greater burden in the areas of finance, family leisure, family interaction and mental health of other family members according to a study by Gautam and Nijhawan. Mubarak et al. found noAs in the last decade, drug trials of various oral and depot preparations of antipet al.[A comparative study showed net al. with thret al. studied et al. found inet al. observedet al.[et al.[Verghese et al. reportedl.[et al. studied et al.[Kulhara et al. examinedet al.[et al.[Nagaswami et al. studied l.[et al. found thBiological and phenomenological investigations dominated research in the decade of the 80s. Biological research was mostly directed towards replication of the research findings of the West although it did not match research sophistication and the technical fastidiousness of the Western researchers. Nonetheless, our pioneering researchers in this area were able to generate research funding, thus, forcing research funding agencies to take a more benevolent attitude towards research in mental health. Phenomenological research carried out during this period on the other hand had more sophisticated research designs, trusted and tested research instruments and adherence to some or the other operationalized criteria for the diagnosis of schizophrenia.Phenomenology research in this era brought comparative or transcultural psychiatry in sharp focus, compelling outsiders to take serious notice of similarities as well differences in phenomenology between the East and the West. Course and outcome studies provided the much needed independent support to \u201cbetter outcome\u201d hypothesis. Despite the publication of a few studies, research in psychological, psychosocial and rehabilitation aspects of schizophrenia continued to be neglected areas. Drug trials were few but had improved research designs and assessment though the numbers of patients studied in these trials were modest. ECT research had few dedicated workers and their research output is commendable.et al.[As part of the World Health Organization (WHO) collaborative study, two geographically defined populations in urban and rural Chandigarh (North India) were monitored for a period of two years. The annual incidence rates obtained were 4.4 and 3.8 per 10,000 for the rural and urban areas respectively. As part et al. found anet al.[et al.[et al.[et al.[et al.[et al.[et al.[et al.[As in the previous decade, Jhingan and Munjal studied et al. studied et al. and Ponnl.[et al. in famill.[et al. found thl.[et al. found sil.[et al. and no dl.[et al. also foul.[et al. studied l.[et al. Agarwal l.[et al. conducteet al.[et al.[et al.[Ananthnarayan et al. studied l.[et al. studied l.[et al. used theet al.[et al.[Neuroimaging had begun to be used as a research tool by this time. Siddhartha et al. studied l.[et al. studied et al.[Somanath et al. conducteThus, research in India reflected the drive to find biological markers of schizophrenia in common with elsewhere in the world. Improvement in methodology; use of advanced techniques, comparatively larger sample size were also visible.et al.[With revisions of classifications, more emphasis was laid on delusions and hallucinations for diagnosis of schizophrenia. Singh and Kulhara presenteet al. carried et al.[et al.[et al.[Borde et al. reportedl.[et al. comparedl.[et al., the frel.[et al. studied l.[et al. found thet al.[et al.[et al.[Giridhar et al. found a l.[et al. examinedl.[et al., who repOn Luria - Nebraska Neuropsychological Battery (LNNB), schizophrenia patients performed better than brain damaged patients but worse when compared to normal controls. The findet al.[In a five-year follow-up study, Verghese et al. found thThara and Rajkumar studied et al.[et al.[et al.[et al.[Among families of long-term psychiatric patients, Roychaudhuri et al., found tl.[et al. assessedl.[et al. comparedl.[et al. assessedet al.[et al.[Padmavati et al. developel.[et al. devised Thara and Srinivasan studied et al.[et al.[Borde et al. attemptel.[et al. in a conet al.[et al.[et al.[et al.[Towards the end of the decade, newer antipsychotics (second generation) had made entry. In small open trials of risperidone, the drug was found to be both efficacious and safe.\u2013149 Singet al. in a doul.[et al. studied l.[et al. in treatl.[et al., in a grl.[et al. while Srl.[et al. reportedl.[et al. reportedet al.[As in the previous decade, researchers began examining the side-effects of antipsychotics. Ravi et al. found thet al. conducteet al. reportedet al.[et al.[Chauddury et al. found thet al. examinedl.[et al. and it wEpidemiological work in the 90s established incidence and prevalence rates for schizophrenia in our country, which has been a very significant contribution of this era and has impacted health policies and planning of delivery of mental health services. Biological research continued its directionless replication-oriented path without much impact. Phenomenological research continued in a sound way and had varied topics from clinical descriptions to insight and the like. Course and outcome research consolidated the gains of 80s and attracted national and international attention. Clinical psychological assessment research took a back seat though research in psychosocial and rehabilitation aspects flourished. Introduction of \u201csecond generation antipsychotics\u201d ushered in a wave of drug trials that is still pulsating. Clozapine and \u201ctreatment resistant schizophrenia\u201d were studied more energetically and with better research designs.et al.[et al.[et al.[et al.[Like in the previous decade, researchers across the country continued to perform research on various metabolites and hormones. Anand et al. measuredet al. Dadheechl.[et al. studied l.[et al. comparedl.[et al. studied et al.[et al.[et al.[Using neuroimaging and functional imaging, Raju et al. carried et al. studied l.[et al. studied l.[et al. examinedl.[et al. carried et al.[et al.[Malhotra et al. using SPl.[et al. studied et al.;[In children of schizophrenia patients, neurobehavioral functioning, social behavior, cognitive function, attention and intelligence were assessed by Shah et al.; with moret al.[Singh et al. investiget al.[et al.[et al.[Tharyan and Sarvanan studied et al. found noet al. found thl.[et al. and no dl.[et al. assessedet al.[et al.[The demographic and clinical correlates of substance abuse in schizophrenia were assessed by Aich et al. The subset al. found thl.[et al. found thet al.[et al.[Sabhesan and Parthasarty studied et al. found a l.[et al. found thet al.[et al.[et al.[et al.[et al.[The Quality Of Life (QOL) was assessed by using WHOQOL- BREF in 50 patients by Solanki et al., who fouet al. assessedl.[et al. studied l.[et al. revealedl.[et al. found thl.[et al. assessedet al.[et al.[Thomas et al. found a l.[et al. also stul.[et al. assessedet al.[et al.[et al.[Jagadisha et al. found thl.[et al. conductel.[et al. who founl.[et al. assessedl.[et al. found thet al.[et al.[et al.[As in the previous decade, trials with newer antipsychotics continued. Shrivastava and Gopa conducteet al. comparinl.[et al. comparedl.[et al. of 6 weel.[et al. of 2 fixl.[et al. carried et al.[Raguraman et al. evaluateet al.[With the recognition of obsessive-compulsive symptoms in schizophrenia, Agarwal and Agarwal carried et al. evaluateet al.[Most of the trials were open label trials, with small sample size, with short durations of follow up. Dutta et al. observedet al.[Goswami et al. carried et al. ECT showet al.[Shriharsh et al. conducteet al.[et al.[Ponnudurai et al. followedl.[et al. studied International trends of research in biological aspects were mirrored in research publications of this decade. Neurotransmitter research, neuroimaging, PET scanning, EEG, oxidative stress and antioxidants were investigated and reported with varying degrees of success and impact. Research interest in phenomenology and psychopathology dwindled but \u201cdual diagnosis\u201d i.e. the interface between substance dependence and schizophrenia evoked research fancy of few. Psychometric research had few takers, though enthusiasm in psychosocial and rehabilitation aspects was evidenced by increased number of research publication in these areas during this time frame in question. Drug trials flourished, ECT research declined and other interventions did not attract many researchers.From this descriptive annotation it is evident that Indian researchers have meaningfully engaged themselves in schizophrenia research. Phenomenology, clinical and psychosocial variables in schizophrenia are the main strengths of Indian research as reported in our Journal. Of late, coping strategies, stigma and caregiver issues have also emerged as areas of study interest. Significant contribution has been made by Indian researchers in the field of prognosis, course and outcome of schizophrenia that has caught the awareness of the whole world fuelling debate whether or not outcome is genuinely better in the Indian context. Good quality but sporadic biological research in schizophrenia by Indian workers is also documented but cutting edge research in this area still eludes us. Operational research and psychosocial intervention researches are still lagging behind and our talented researchers need to make a move in these areas. Sound research in these areas, complimented by research in health economics of schizophrenia, will impact health policies and delivery of healthcare to this underprivileged, ignored and unfortunate group of patients and their ever so Social caregivers."}
{"text": "The theme of the 2012 International Conference on Bioinformatics (InCoB) in Bangkok, Thailand was \"From Biological Data to Knowledge to Technological Breakthroughs.\" Besides providing a forum for life scientists and bioinformatics researchers in the Asia-Pacific region to meet and interact, the conference also hosted thematic sessions on the Pan-Asian Pacific Genome Initiative and immunoinformatics. Over the seven years of conference papers published in BMC Bioinformatics and four years in BMC Genomics, we note that there is increasing interest in the applications of -omics technologies to the understanding of diseases, as a forerunner to personalized genomic medicine. BMC Bioinformatics and BMC Genomics Supplements have been summarized by Sch\u00f6nbach et al.[BMC Bioinformatics [BMC Bioinformatics [Since 1998, the Asia-Pacific Bioinformatics Network (APBioNet) [ch et al., along wormatics . With thormatics . A detaiormatics .th International Conference on Bioinformatics [APBioNet's 11ormatics  was heldInCoB2012 hosted a special forum, organized by PAPGI researchers. PAPGI, formerly known as the Pan Asian SNP Initiative (PASNP), is a collaborative project that strives to explain the Pan Asian continuous spectrum of phenotypic traits by deciphering the underlying population genomic diversity. In 2009, the consortium published the fundamental prediction of Asian migration history  using thDuring the discussions, several issues including ratification of consent agreement, sample selection criteria, collaboration with other countries/societies and external funding were raised. In particular, PAPGI will be officially affiliated to the Human Genome Organization (HUGO). The affiliation to the Asia Pacific Society of Human Genetics is being finalized. Since the samples used in PAPGI may be different from the ones used in the previous PASNP study and there are more countries, mainly from the Middle East participating in the project, issues about sample selection criteria was discussed and a general guideline for PAPGI sample selection will be drafted.BMC Bioinformatics Vol. 13 Supplement 17 [Of the 53 accepted proceedings papers 25 articles were published in the et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [Piriyapongsa et al.  present  [et al.  have pre [et al.  have car [et al.  have dev [et al.  is a new [et al. .et al.[et al. [et al. [et al. [Garg and Ranganathan  have devet al. present .[et al.  have rep [et al.  have sys [et al.  have uncet al. [Burkholderia pseudomallei, a soil bacterium which causes the disease melioidosis. Yang et al. [et al. [et al. [Khoo et al.  report tg et al.  have prog et al.  while mig et al. . Lee et  [et al.  have dev [et al.  have anaet al. [et al. [et al. [Ali et al.  have dev [et al.  report m [et al.  report pet al. [et al. [Kumar et al.  have eng [et al.  have preet al. [Praneenararat et al.  present et al.  have uncet al.  has compet al.  have ideet al. [de novo next-generation sequence assembler. An application of modern genome informatics to marine ecosystems is reported by Somboonna et al. [To leverage on the newly developed cloud computing technology, Chang et al.  have deva et al. , in theiet al. [et al. [BMC Bioinformatics supplement.The best paper title was awarded to Li and Li for their advancement of disease gene identification using a new random walk model that allows cross-walking between phenotype and gene networks . The runet al.  and Abba [et al. , in the http://ictbi.imed-cn.org/) in Taicang, China. To follow the rising interest in biomedical and translational bioinformatics InCoB2013 will be hosted jointly with the 2nd ICTBI and is scheduled to be held September 18-21, 2013 in Suzhou, China. We also hope to support PAPGI session, bringing population genomics together with translational bioinformatics, in the quest for personalized genomics.APBioNet participated recently in the 1st International Conference in Translational Biomedical Informatics (ICTBI; The authors were organizers, co-chairs, and/or session chairs of InCoB2012. TWT is a founding Director of Asia Pacific Bioinformatics Network, Ltd. All authors declare they have no other conflict of interest.SR and CS wrote this editorial. SR, ST, TWT and CS served as co-editors for the InCoB2012 supplement issues with SR as the lead editor. CS and SR managed the manuscript submission, peer-review and editorial decision processes as superchairs of EasyChair Conference System."}
{"text": "Dear Editor,We read with interest the paper by Pawlowska et al.  and we w"}
{"text": "We appreciate the interest of Pigatto et al. in our review . We undeNone of the studies mentioned by Pigatto et al. in their letter  includes"}
{"text": "Dear Editor,et al. [et al. [et al [In their letter to the editor, Egeland et al.  criticizet al. , and pro [et al.  are not  [et al. , is math. [et al  uses theX = x) applies to 'alleles to change by adding or subtracting an absolute number of x repeat units'. Hence, by definition x > 0, and as noted just after equation 8 'equal probabilities for gaining or losing repeats are assumed', it is incorrect to multiply the geometric terms by a factor of 2, as Egeland et al. have done [X \u2260 0) becomes \u03bc, by summing the individual terms over all non-zero positive integer values of X. In addition, we are not the first to use such formulations of a mutation model. Estoup et al. [et al. [et al. [First, the mutation model, explained by equation 8 of page 5 of our paper , clearlyave done . Followip et al.  used exa [et al. ). Both oa or >b, for some arbitrary allele sizes a and b, defined by the smallest and largest sizes of alleles found at a locus in worldwide surveys , with \u03b1 = 0.95 and \u03bc = 10-4, the chances of zero or negative allele sizes occurring by mutation is 1.25 \u00d7 10-7, an order of magnitude smaller than that suggested by Egeland et al. [et al. [Second, it is true that this mutation model allows for production of zero or negative repeat sizes of alleles. This is also true for the simple stepwise mutation model (SMM ), in whialleles' -11). The reports  suggest et al. [et al. [\u03c6(x)dx, meaning that there are \u03c6(x) many alleles with allele frequency in the range of . However, these allelic states have a 'wandering' nature, because of the continual new introduction of mutations. Published research starting from the early 1990 s and continuing to the present day support some form of a generalized stepwise mutation model as an approximation of the governing mutation model for STR loci [et al. [Third, Egeland et al.  claim th [et al. , does no [et al. ), and he [et al. ,14. Beca [et al. ,15. The STR loci ,8,16-18. [et al. ,21 as su [et al. , withoutApart from such statistical support of stepwise mutation models for STR polymorphisms, there is also empirical support for the occurrence of such mutations, as seen from compilations of experiences of mutational observations in parentage testing laboratories . Such daet al. [i) is inversely related to its frequency (\u03c0i). This, together with the lack of any stationary frequency distributions of alleles labeled by allele sizes, make that mutation model unrealistic and inapplicable to STR loci such as those used in DNA forensics, and probably for other microsatellite loci as well. We should also note that the most widely practiced adjustment of population substructure effects on allelic/genotypic diversity at STR loci [In addition to statistical support for such mutation models, the compilation of observed mutations at the forensic STR loci  reveals et al. ), which STR loci , as usedSTR loci , is alsoSTR loci . This apSTR loci , and ouret al. [We have one last point to make. Although not mentioned by Egeland et al. , we founet al.  while pret al.  represenet al. [et al. [In conclusion we contend that in absence of any definitive mechanism of mutation models experimentally shown to explain all mutations at STR loci, any mutation model can only be an approximation and hence, the two-phase mutation model described in our paper  cannot bet al.  less rea [et al.  assertinThe authors declare that they have no competing interests.RC and JG wrote the manuscript. All authors contributed to the contents, read and approved the manuscript."}
{"text": "Acta Cryst. (2011), E67, o1861.Corrigendum to  et al.  is corrected.The name of one of the authors in the paper by Al-Salahi"}
{"text": "Dear Editor,We read with interest the article by Abu El Makarem MA et al.  entitled"}
{"text": "Acta Cryst. (2013), E69, o187.Corrigendum to  et al.  is corrected.The title in the paper by Elgemeie"}
{"text": "BMC Medical Genomics that includes16 papers selected from the 2011 World Congress in Computer Science, Computer Engineering, Applied Computing as well as other sources with a focus on genomics studies with a focus on human diseases.This is an introduction to the supplement to  BMC Medical Genomics with manuscripts selected from this congress as well as invited submissions. More than 30 manuscripts were submitted to this supplement. Each manuscript was reviewed by at least two reviewers in addition to the review by the editorial board. We hope that the selected 15 manuscripts represent the current success and challenges of medical genomics research and indicate the future direction.This supplement is dedicated to the World Congress in Computer Science, Computer Engineering, and Applied Computing on July 18-21 in 2011 in Las Vegas, Nevada. The congress drew a wide attention from computer scientists, applied mathematicians and statisticians, bioinformaticians, and researchers in many other fields. As one of the fastest developing fields, genomics became a prominent area that drew attentions from most attendants. Noting that a substantial part of genomics work was dedicated to human disease studies, we decided to launch a supplement to et al. [et al. [The genetic heterogeneity and the complicated molecular mechanism underlying tumor progression have made it highly difficult to develop sustainable approaches for cancer therapy. The explosion of knowledge about global gene alterations and genomic variations has changed the traditional approaches of cancer research and presented a promising foundation for diagnosis and treatment of cancer. Much effort of this supplement is devoted to cancer research with various types of genomics data in terms of early diagnosis, biomarker identification, cancer classification and therapy. Wang et al.  proposedet al.  also expet al.  for breaet al. . His met [et al.  proposedet al. [et al. [et al. [Gene pathway and networking is another major focus of this special issue. Garrett et al.  investig [et al.  to inves [et al.  identifi [et al.  comparedet al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [The manuscripts of this supplement cover various data types and broad topics. ChIP-Seq of RNA Pol II was used to identify the bidirectional promoter by detecting bi-peak shapes using computational approach . Qureshiet al.  investig [et al.  develope [et al.  proposed [et al.  develope [et al.  using neIn short, this special issue brings forth many exciting scientific discoveries and methodology advances that present the cutting edge development of genomics research in human diseases. We hope that it would provide guidance for the questions and attempts in current genomics research and stimulate ideas for future studies.The authors declare that they have no competing interests."}
{"text": "Two references cited in this article were incorrect. The reference to Ingram et al. (1996) should instead be Page et al.  and the"}
{"text": "Acta Cryst. (2010), E66, o3033\u2013o3034.Corrigendum to  et al.  is corrected.The name of one of the authors in the paper by Adam"}
{"text": "Acta Cryst. (2010), E66, o3020\u2013o3021.Corrigendum to  et al.  is corrected.The address of three of the authors in the paper by Shahani"}
{"text": "Journal of Immunology, Bauernfeind et al.  as well as endogenous damage-associated molecular patterns (Kolliputi et al., d et al.  present d et al.  conducted et al.  showed td et al.  as they d et al.  has shed"}
{"text": "Structural genomics projects have solved many new structures with unknown functions. One strategy to investigate the function of a structure is to computationally find the functionally important residues or regions on it. Therefore, the development of functional region prediction methods has become an important research subject. An effective approach is to use a method employing structural and evolutionary information, such as the evolutionary trace (ET) method. ET ranks the residues of a protein structure by calculating the scores for relative evolutionary importance, and locates functionally important sites by identifying spatial clusters of highly ranked residues. After ET was developed, numerous ET-like methods were subsequently reported, and many of them are in practical use, although they require certain conditions. In this mini review, we first introduce the remaining problems and the recent improvements in the methods using structural and evolutionary information. We then summarize the recent developments of the methods. Finally, we conclude by describing possible extensions of the evolution- and structure-based methods. The prediction of functional regions in a protein is an important research focus, and many methods have been developed for this purpose . One of et al. [et al. [One of the most widely used scores to consider evolutionary information is the residue conservation at a site in an MSA. The residue conservation reflects the evolutionary selection at functional sites to maintain protein function and to retain structural folds , regardlet al.  developeet al. , which det al.  predicts [et al.  also add [et al. , which iet al. [et al. [et al. [etc., and are summarized as a table (html or downloadable xlsx format). CUBE-DB presently covers only human proteins belonging to multi-member families.Zhang et al.  develope [et al.  to refer [et al.  used het [et al. , etc., aet al. [It is difficult to predict all of the types of functional regions by a single score, because each functional region has its own physico-chemical properties. For example, protein interfaces are not simply discriminated from non-interface surfaces by the patches of conserved residues . The moset al.  addresseet al. , to deteet al. [et al. [st November, 2013, the SitesIdentify server is not working at the URL described in the original paper [Teppa et al.  comparedet al. , cumulatet al. , proximiet al. , evolutiet al. , and theet al. ) to idenet al. , 24\u201326,  [et al.  developeal paper .et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [The evolutionary scores calculated in an MSA used for functional region prediction are roughly divided into two types: the scores at a site and those between sites. The former type is the conservation/variation of amino acids at a site, while the latter one is the score of the degree of coevolutionary relationship between two or more sites. In our opinion, the performance comparisons by Teppa et al. , describet al. , 29, MI et al. \u201336, and et al. , have beet al. \u201338 but aet al. , regardl [et al.  investig [et al.  performe [et al.  highligh [et al. .et al. [et al. [The availability of many protein sequences enables the use of various statistical approaches to address this problem. Recently, discrimination between directly and indirectly correlated residues was achieved by the direct-coupling analysis (DCA) by Weigt et al. . DCA comet al. . In addiet al. \u201350. Theset al. \u201349. Howe [et al.  applied  [et al. , 51.etc.) can be considered simultaneously at both the nodes and edges, to highlight the information encoded within an MSA. Such a visualization tool clarifies the intricate evolutionary connections among sites.In addition, one of the recent advances in coevolution-based approaches is the development of MISTIC , by whicAlmost all annotations assigned to protein sequences rely primarily on the computational identification of similarity between the protein sequences with unknown and known functions, which are identified by BLAST  and otheet al. [http://mammoth.bcm.tmc.edu/eta/manual.Recently, Kristensen et al.  applied et al.  is descrz-score for every function is assigned to every node. The function corresponding to the most significant score is adopted at each node, as its annotation, for example, by referring to the Enzyme Commission (EC) numbers of the retrieved structures. In high throughput controls, this competitive diffusion process recovered enzyme activity annotations with 99% and 97% accuracies at half-coverage for the third and fourth levels of the EC number, respectively, although currently these predictions have only been evaluated for homologs. These accuracies corresponded to false positive rates 4-fold lower than that of the nearest-neighbor method and 5-fold lower than that of the sequence-based annotations.html. At first, a few key functional residues are clustered into 3D templates, and local structures similar to them are searched for in other protein structures. Secondly, when the 3D template is matched in the structure of a protein, the function of the structure in the found protein is transferred to the query structure. In order to increase the sensitivity of the functional annotation , the proet al. [et al. [The selection of homologous sequences is a critical step in the prediction of functional regions by using the conservation score, because conserved residues are identified through comparisons of homologous sequences . The samet al.  develope [et al. , 86 appl [et al. , 86. The [et al. . They sh [et al. . FREPS i [et al. . Structu [et al. , 86, how [et al.  and resi [et al. , 86 shouet al. developed GeMMA [We would like to conclude by describing three possible extensions of the methods using structure and evolutionary information. The first is the extension to identify the functional differences of closely related proteins. In considerable numbers of protein families, a subfamily develops a new function, changes substrate specificity, or loses an original function. These family members can be categorized into several subfamilies, for investigations of their functions. Several databases and methods have been developed. For example, the FunShift database  is a coled GeMMA , which aed GeMMA . The comed GeMMA , DSPAC wed GeMMA , 86. In ed GeMMA  could beThe second point is the extension to the template selection in homology modeling, by the application of evolutionary information. See details in our previous work . Homologet al. [The third point is the extension to protein design , which iet al.  develope"}
{"text": "The fabrication and characterization of a radio frequency (RF) micromachined switch with annealing were presented. The structure of the RF switch consists of a membrane, coplanar waveguide (CPW) lines, and eight springs. The RF switch is manufactured using the complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) process. The switch requires a post-process to release the membrane and springs. The post-process uses a wet etching to remove the sacrificial silicon dioxide layer, and to obtain the suspended structures of the switch. In order to improve the residual stress of the switch, an annealing process is applied to the switch, and the membrane obtains an excellent flatness. The finite element method (FEM) software CoventorWare is utilized to simulate the stress and displacement of the RF switch. Experimental results show that the RF switch has an insertion loss of 0.9 dB at 35 GHz and an isolation of 21 dB at 39 GHz. The actuation voltage of the switch is 14 V. The insertion loss and isolation of the RF switch were 0.4 dB and 28.0 dB at 10 GHz, respectively. Zhu et al. [et al. [et al. [2 layer, and the CPW was made by the electroplated copper. The switch had an actuation voltage of 10 V and an isolation of 20 dB at 15 GHz. Chang et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [Radio frequency switches are applied in wireless communication systems . Compareet al.  presenteu et al.  employed [et al.  used the [et al.  proposed [et al.  develope [et al. , K\u00fcgeler [et al. , Chang e [et al. .The commercial CMOS process has been employed to manufacture various microdevices \u201314. Micr2.The insertion loss and isolation of the RF switch depend on the flatness of membrane. To obtain excellent membrane flatness, this study adopts an annealing process to improve the residual stress of the membrane. The insertion loss and isolation of this work exceed that of the previous works ,21. In a3; Young's modulus, 70 GPa; Poisson's ratio, 0.3 [The FEM software CoventorWare was used to simulate the stress and displacement of the RF switch. According to the structure as shown in tio, 0.3 . Figure The simulation results reveal that the maximum stress of the RF switch is 38 MPa that locates at the anchored end of the springs. The maximum stress of the switch is below the yield strength of aluminum (124 MPa). Thereby, the deformation of the switch operates in the elastic range.The characteristic impedance of the CPW lines was evaluated using the Agilent CAD tool. The electrical properties of the RF switch are simulated using the Ansoft Q3D extractor and the Agilent ADS. The electrical parameters of the switch in accordance with the dimensions as shown in 3.The 0.35 \u03bcm CMOS process of the Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company  was employed to fabricate the RF switch. The process flow of the RF switch was illustrated in The material of springs and membrane was aluminum. The anchors were the laminated structures of aluminum and stack-via layers. The material of via layers was tungsten. A sacrificial silicon dioxide layer was located under the membrane and springs. The switch needed a post-process to etch the sacrificial silicon dioxide layer and to release the membrane and springs \u201325. Figu4.The membrane of the RF switch produced a deformation because of residual stress. To characterize the deformation of the membrane, a white light interferometer was used to measure the profile of the RF switch. The performances of the RF switch were measured using an Agilent 8510C network analyzer and a Cascade probe station. The S-parameters of the switch were obtained by a de-embedded procedure to remove the undesired pad parasitic . The RF The RF switch without annealing was also tested. As shown in et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [Zhu et al.  proposed [et al. , the RF  [et al.  presente [et al. , the act [et al. . The rea [et al.  develope [et al.  because  [et al.  manufact [et al. , the act [et al. . The rea [et al. .The insertion loss and isolation are two important performances of RF switches. Several methods can enhance the performances of insertion loss and isolation, such as adopting GaAs substrate or high resistivity substrate to reduce substrate loss ; reducin5.A RF micromachined switch has been fabricated using the commercial CMOS process. The switch needed only one wet etching post-process step to release the suspended membrane and springs. The advantages of the post-process were easy execution and low cost. In addition, the post-process was compatible with the commercial CMOS process, so the RF switch has the potential for mass-production. In order to reduce the influence of residual stress for the RF switch, an annealing process was adopted. The membrane of the switch obtained an excellent flatness after the annealing at 300 \u00b0C for 30 min. The simulation results showed that the pull-in voltage of the switch was about 14 V. Experiments showed that the actuation voltage of the switch was 14 V that the value was in good agreement with the simulation value. The measurement results showed that the RF switch had an insertion loss of 0.9 dB at 35 GHz and an isolation of 21 dB at 39 GHz."}
{"text": "Dear Editor,et al. entitled \u201cThe Effect of Biofeedback Therapy on ICIQ-SF Scores and Urodynamic Parameters in Patients with Stress Urinary Incontinence\u201d (et al. (I read with great interest the article by Seckiner tinence\u201d . The aut (et al.  showed t (et al.  suggeste (et al. . Other m (et al. , 6, 7. T (et al. . Results (et al. .Another aspect discussed in the article is the need for exercise continuity at home. I am in total agreement with the authors, since exercises must be continued in order to avoid the emergence or worsening of symptoms. This matter should be emphasized more in studies, and include a description of the forms of patient adherence and incentives, especially over the long term."}
{"text": "Pluripotent human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) are able to differentiate in all different specialized tissues . Yet, asHowever, Bogomazova et al.  now convThe work of Bogomazova et al.  hence in"}
{"text": "The 2011 IEEE International Workshop on Genomic Signal Processing and Statistics (GENSIPS 2011) was organized in San Antonio, Texas from December 2-4th. GENSIPS'11 provided a forum for researchers in the signal processing community, other related computational experts, and biomedical scientists to exchange ideas and discuss signal processing challenges due to the high modality of disparate high-throughput data, high variability of the data acquisition, high dimensionality of data, and high complexity of genomics and proteomics systems. The theme of GENSIPS'11 was cancer and computational biology and GENSIPS featured prominent plenary speakers including Dr. John N. Weinstein from UT MD Anderson Cancer Center, Dr. Stephen Wong from Methodist Hospital at Cornell University, Dr. David Nelson from Baylor College of Medicine and Dr. Chung-I Wu from the Beijing Institute of Genomics.This supplement contains extended versions of selected articles from GENSIPS conference proceedings. Each submitted article to the conference was reviewed by a minimum of two reviewers and the top twenty favorably reviewed papers from sixty selected papers (33%) were invited to submit the extended versions for this supplement. The extended journal versions were further reviewed according to rigorous peer-review criteria.The accepted articles can be broadly categorized into four groups:et al. [et al. [\u03b1 Chip-seq data from the MCF-7 cell line. Fine-scale modeling of genetic regulatory networks using stochastic master equation models entails a huge computational complexity and Karim et al. [et al. [et al. [Models of genetic regulatory networks can belong to the class of deterministic or stochastic, discrete or continuous, fine-scale or coarse-scale quantitative models. The availability of experimental data, prior biological knowledge and purpose of modeling frequently guide the selection of the quantitative model to represent the biological network. Sridharan et al.  provideset al.  consideret al. , a Boole [et al.  providesm et al.  presents [et al. , a quantet al. [et al. [For analysis of DNA methylation profiles, Zhang et al.  presentset al.  applies  [et al.  proposes [et al.  proposeset al. [et al. [Targeted cancer therapy is considered to be a cornerstone for personalized medicine. Research problems in this area include understanding and modeling the mechanisms of action of molecularly targeted drugs and design of combination drug therapies. Li et al.  presents [et al.  proposes [et al.  presentset al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [Advancement in measurement technologies provides vast quantities of experimental data on various components of the regulome. This requires new approaches for the systematic generation and analysis of the experimental data. For large-scale protein profiling, Sun et al.  provides [et al.  proposes [et al.  presents [et al.  studies  [et al.  proposes [et al.  analyzes [et al. . The appThe authors declare that they have no competing interests.All authors served as editors for the supplement, with RP serving as the Lead Editor. All authors helped write this editorial."}
{"text": "Acta Cryst. (2013), E69, o906\u2013o907.Corrigendum to  et al.  is corrected.The correspondence address in the paper by Huang"}
{"text": "Acta Cryst. (2004), E60, o2295\u2013o2297.Corrigendum to  et al.  is corrected.The name of one of the authors in the paper by Watkin  In the paper by Watkin et al. (2004)"}
{"text": "A biosensor is a physicochemical or hybrid physical-chemical-biological device that detects a biological molecule, organism, or process. Because of the nature of their targets, biosensors need to be faster, smaller, more sensitive, and more specific than nearly all of their physicochemical counterparts or the traditional methods that they are designed to replace. Speed is of the essence in medical diagnosis as it permits for rapid, accurate treatment and does not allow patients to be lost to follow-up. Small size and greater sensitivity mean less-invasive sampling and detection of molecules such as neurotransmitters or hormones at biologically-relevant levels. Greater specificity allows assays to be performed in complex fluids such as blood or urine without false negative or false positive results.Nanotechnology promises to improve biosensing on all of these fronts. Nanofabricated materials can bind directly to biomolecules and/or act as transducers to extremely small and sensitive detectors. Their sensing mechanisms can be sensitive at the single-molecule level, and include standard outputs such as fluorescence and color as well as label-free techniques such as evanescent wave coupling or electrochemistry.et al. [et al. [et al. [This Special Issue reviews and introduces some ways in which nanofabrication and nanomaterials can aid in specific biomolecule detection. Several of the papers present complete lab-on-chip systems for microfluidic sample delivery and analysis. Germano et al.  present  [et al.  improve  [et al.  have devet al. [et al. [2 nanospheres as a humidity sensor. Prakash et al. [Principles of microfabrication for improved sensors are discussed by Passaro et al. , who mod [et al.  present h et al.  review tet al. [et al. [et al. [Other papers evaluate the potential of novel materials, particularly nanoparticles, to serve as biosensors. Three papers in this issue discuss biosensing using fluorescent semiconductor nanoparticles (quantum dots). Orcutt et al.  contribu [et al.  provide  [et al.  have wriet al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [Not all nanoparticles show photoluminescence, but their optical properties may still be useful for biosensing. Kim et al.  show tha [et al.  review t [et al.  review e [et al.  who demoet al. [Liu et al.  review het al. [Finally, Rezek et al.  attack aThis collection gives a flavor of the many challenges faced in biosensing: functionalization, signal transduction, nonspecific interactions, and practical system integration. Many of the techniques and approaches have broad application and will be able to be adopted by multiple laboratories. Others represent complex systems that will be packaged into commercial devices that replace benchtop instruments with smaller, lighter, possibly field-ready sensors. Our hope is that the successes as well as the limitations of these sensors, and the general principles upon which they are based, can inspire further innovation in this rapidly-expanding field."}
{"text": "Dear Editor,I have read with interest the paper of Tayyebi et al.  and I am"}
{"text": "Dear Editor,I read the recently published article by Adib-Hajbaghery et al.  in your"}
{"text": "In the paper by Samineni et al. , the fol"}
{"text": "Acta Cryst. (2010), E66, o1881.Corrigendum to  et al.  is corrected.The name of one of the authors in the paper by Hussain"}
{"text": "Acta Cryst. (2004), E60, o909\u2013o910.Corrigendum to  et al.  is corrected.The name of one of the authors in the paper by Newton"}
{"text": "Dear Editor,I read with interest the article by Mogadam et al.  in which"}
{"text": "Acta Cryst. (2011), E67, o2143.Corrigendum to  et al.  is corrected.The name of one of the authors in the paper by Kluge"}
{"text": "The tenet of this presumption should be held dearly by all, and we as scientists should strive to reduce practices that cannot be supported. Biedermann et al.  appear t [et al.  and othe [et al. ) have di [et al.  that we  [et al.  is clearet al. [et al. stated 'it remains questionable whether scientists should interfere with a topic of which practicing legal decision makers are already well aware and that, above all, they are in a better position to appreciate' and cite the case State of New Jersey versus Spann [et al. have misunderstood the decisions in the Spann and Collins cases. These cases fully support our call for an empirical basis for assumptions and that untethered use of personal belief is not acceptable. The court is calling for more justification and guidance and that scientists not usurp the responsibility of the jury. Courts typically do not prescribe science to scientists; they demand that the scientists support their conclusions with data. Personal beliefs alone are not a sufficient basis for entering scientific evidence into legal proceedings. However, in contrast to the misunderstandings of Biedermann et al., the Courts in Collins and Spann have prescribed what is not scientifically acceptable.Budowle et al.  describeet al. , which hus Spann . Biedermet al. [Contrary to the position promoted by Biedermann et al. , we advoet al. [et al. [et al. missed these concerns when reviewing the literature.It is worth noting that Jackson et al. , of whic [et al.  to suppoThe authors declare that they have no competing interests.BB was responsible for drafting the response. JG, RC, and HG-K contributed to the response and provided edits. All authors read and approved the final reply."}
{"text": "These exchanges highlight the role of scrutiny in studies with potential effects on humans, but also raise questions about minimum requirements for demonstrating biological effects.Recent nuclear accidents have prompted renewed interest in the fitness consequences of low-dose radiation. Hiyama  Natural background radiation varies by more than a factor of 300 with significant negative effects on mutation, immunology and disease . Low-doset al. [Zizeeria maha under field conditions in Japan.Surprisingly, the health consequences of nuclear accidents are poorly understood . For exaet al.  presenteet al. [The paper by Hiyama et al.  has beenet al. .et al., the sample sizes, and the analyses are standard for ecological and evolutionary studies, so there is no major reason for objections. Still, numerous objections were raised to these interesting findings. In a rebuttal Hiyama et al. [The approaches adopted by Hiyama a et al.  providedBut the great strength of this study rests with the use of lab-based experimental manipulations of radiation that capture the genetic and phenotypic consequences observed in the wild-caught populations. In the absence of such experimental manipulations this study would be far less convincing given the small sample sizes of field collections, and lack of replication of populations within contaminated areas with the result that a dose\u2013response relationship could not be characterized for wild populations. However, the use of experimental manipulations provides unambiguous support for the hypothesis that radioactive fallout is the likely cause of the abnormalities observed in the field and this effectively counters all of the major criticisms that have been levied at this study.et al. [et al. [The papers by Hiyama et al. ,10 raise [et al. ,10 to be [et al. . Given tet al. [et al. [Finally, Hiyama et al.  emphasizet al. . Hopeful [et al.  will pro"}
{"text": "Dear Editor,et al.[We thank Jain et al. for theiet al. We do aget al.et al.[Treatment with oral steroids along with oral acyclovir is definitely justified in our case. In contrast, we do see cases of EM minor with only ocular involvement in the form of coin-shaped lesions which will definitely improve only with topical steroids just like the case described by Jain et al. As we ha"}
{"text": "Here we present an opinion on \u201cmotor neglect,\u201d one of the several scotomas in neglect research  is an increase of the coupling between ipsilesional premotor areas . Such coupling may be critical in patients with motor neglect. Recent studies suggest that noradrenergic (NA) stimulation may be the tool for the job. Grefkes et al. (As yet (as far as we know) there have been no studies specifically addressing rehabilitation for motor neglect. Exciting new techniques such as repetitive TMS and tDCS (used either to enhance the activity in the lesioned hemisphere or at suppressing the over-activity observed in the unaffected hemisphere) have been used for visuospatial neglect t et al.  report nt et al.  have args et al.  used a cs et al. . In addis et al.  studied s et al. . As the s et al. , NA stim"}
{"text": "Acta Cryst. (2010), E66, m570.Corrigendum to  et al.  is corrected.The address of one of the authors in the paper by Salam"}
{"text": "A significant clinical problem is patients presenting with exercise-limiting dyspnoea, sometimes with associatedchest pain, in the absence of detectable left ventricular (LV) systolic dysfunction, coronary artery disease, or lungdisease. Often the patients are older, female, and have isolated basal septal hypertrophy (BSH), frequently on a backgroundof mild hypertension. The topic of breathlessness in patients with clinical heart failure, but who have a normalejection fraction (HFNEF) has attracted significant controversy over the past few years. This review aims to analyse theliterature on BSH, identify the possible associations between BSH and HFNEF, and consequently explore possible pathophysiologicalmechanisms whereby clinical symptoms are experienced. In 1978, Maron et al. [Focal hypertrophy of the basal inter-ventricular septum is a well-recognized but poorly understood echocardiographic finding Fig. . In 1978et al. [et al. [et al. study. Using different definitions, later authors reported prevalence rates as high as 10% for isolated BSH [Prospective studies suggest that up to 10% of cardiovascular cohorts may have isolated BSH. Shapiro et al.  conducte [et al.  identifiated BSH , 5. Whilet al. [et al. [et al. [To date, only 3 studies have assessed the prevalence of isolated BSH in otherwise healthy individuals. Diaz et al.  evaluate [et al.  and Ayou [et al.  have cor2). Moreover, the additional load created by pressure from the right ventricle exerts additional stress on the septum. Therefore, it is conceivable that the basal septum hypertrophies earlier than other LV regions in response to increased afterload as it already operates under higher loading conditions [The precise mechanisms leading to isolated BSH have yet to be determined but plausible reasons exist as to why the basal septum might be uniquely susceptible to hypertrophy. For example, Laplace\u2019s law states that the larger a vessel\u2019s radius, the larger the wall tension required to withstand internal fluid pressures . Becausenditions .et al. [et al. [Irrespective of whether the basal septum is more susceptible to hypertrophy, there is evidence linking its presence to that of systemic hypertension. Verdecchia et al.  performeet al.  corrobor [et al.  demonstr [et al.  stronglyet al. [et al. [Objective evidence for the heightened susceptibility of the basal septum to the structural and functional alterations triggered by hypertension was provided by Baltabaeva et al. . Using set al. . Additio [et al.  observedAs an anatomical component of the left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT), a hypertrophied basal septum could alter systolic haemodynamics in a manner akin to the \u2018septal bulge\u2019 in HCM that is associated with dynamic LVOT obstruction in the presence of systolic anterior motion (SAM) of the mitral valve . Dynamicet al. [et al., DSE itself is not physiological exercise. Indeed, Luria et al. [Henein et al. , 22 testa et al. , found tet al. [-1 on DSE. After treatment with atenolol , repeat DSE showed a marked reduction in LVOT velocities  and breathlessness  in the 11 patients who tolerated beta-blockade Ranasinghe et al. [Al-Nasser et al.  subsequee et al.  substantet al. [3).Whilst it is unlikely that a focal anomaly such as BSH could increase LV passive stiffness in the absence of global hypertrophy, abnormal septal motion due to BSH could hinder energetic myocardial relaxation [et al. [Optimal LV diastolic filling is dependent on an active early untwisting process (relaxation) and on the intrinsic passive characteristics (compliance) of the ventricle. Kitzman et al.  have prolaxation , 27 and  [et al. , 22, diaet al. [Tissue Doppler Imaging (TDI) provides reliable non-invasive measurement of LV relaxation  and its et al.  found thet al. attempted to disentangle the relative contributions of systolic (via LVOT obstruction) and diastolic dysfunction to the genesis of dyspnoea during DSE in BSH patients [ et al. [-1 at peak stress with associated dyspnoea. Unlike Henein et al., the E/A ratio did not change. In a follow-up study using TDI [Yal\u04abin patients , 32. At [ et al. , LVOT ve et al. [et al. [ et al. [Research on BSH is limited by the variation in criteria used to diagnose it. For example, Henein et al.  used a m [et al. , 32 adop[ et al.  used a pet al. [The inconsistency in our approach to diastolic dysfunction particularly hinders proper appraisal of the mechanism(s) via which BSH could trigger symptoms. An editorial by Henein et al.  outlineset al. . Yet, noAccumulating evidence suggests that \u03b2-blockade is effective in reducing LVOT velocities and breathlessness in patients with BSH during DSE and exercise , 24, and"}
{"text": "Dear Editor,We read carefully the article by Zehedi et al.,  which de"}
{"text": "Dear Editor,et al.[I read with interest the article by Shetty et al. on the set al. in additet al.\u20135"}
{"text": "Acta Cryst. (2012), E68, o1366.Corrigendum to  et al.  are corrected.The title and Scheme in the paper by Wang"}
{"text": "Over the past half century the molecular underpinnings of the variability in human cancers has been gradually revealed but within the last 5 years there has been an explosion in our ability to determine and learn from cancer heterogeneity, through the use of next-generation sequencing and related methods. The complexity and variation in the structure of cancers can seem daunting, but important lessons in cancer biology and the approaches to therapy can be learned from studying how much of the complexity is subject to change and how much is a consequence of stochastic rather than deterministic processes. The evolution of clones, individual variation in response to therapy, distinct biological subtypes of cancer and tumor immune responses are all examples of the heterogeneous nature of human cancers. Self evidently, when heterogeneity is used to describe any aspect of a cancer, it is important to know which variational feature is being addressed.The term heterogeneity covers many aspects of the variability in tumor phenotypes, which are a characteristic of human malignancies. Morphologists of the late 19et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [A review by Hiley et al.  sets the [et al. ) and, by [et al. , Nadauld [et al. ). These  [et al.  provideset al. [et al. [et al. [Of equal importance to the experimental approaches used to study heterogeneity are the methods used to evaluate heterogeneity across the spectrum of variation that can be measured in cancer by different assay types. These encompass next-generation sequencing methods for analyzing tumor and normal cell composition, the analysis of clonal populations in cancers , and me [et al. ). Hence, [et al.  advocateResolving structure and function with single cell approaches is also becoming important, both in studies of clonality as well as for functional assessment of tumor cell populations. Learning how to reconcile whole tumor cell-based population approaches with the single cell data will be important. Nicholas Navin\u2019s review  of singlet al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [Next-generation sequencing-based studies of RNA populations from cancer cells are revealing important aspects of transcriptional activity and its role in cancer. A review by Patrick Nana-Sinkam and Carlo Croce  sets theet al.  present  [et al.  describe [et al.  will als [et al.  , Fleisc [et al. , and Cha [et al. ).et al. [As our underlying knowledge about cancer genomics and heterogeneity improves, the need to translate this information into informed cancer care for patients is an obvious next step. Berger and Varghese have contributed an Opinion piece  to descret al. , delineaet al. [Finally, in the genomic era, sharing of data and complete descriptions of analytic methods, to the level of providing code in addition to data, will prove crucial to continued success. Boutros et al.  provide et al.  present"}
{"text": "Acta Cryst. (2014), E70, o624.Corrigendum to  et al.  is corrected.The affiliation address of one of the authors in the paper by Chicha"}
{"text": "Hemminki et al.  estimate [et al.  of an Am [et al.  of a conet al. [et al. [P\u2009=\u20090.023). Obesity was not studied per se.Associations between obesity and RA development have now also been studied in patients at high risk for progression to RA. van der Helm-van Mil et al.  investig [et al.  found beThese findings highlight the importance of a better understanding of the factors contributing to RA development, in particular any modifiable risk factors that we might address to reduce risk in various populations. We feel there is a signal that obesity is an important contributor to RA risk, but that further study is still merited."}
{"text": "Dear Editor:Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) infection. Opportunely, a prospective study  may be consequent to a  Kalfus,  is addreet al.,et al.,et al.,et al.,MAP is inhibited by agents that the scientific community categorizes as anti-inflammatory (Greenstein et al.,et al.,et al.,et al.,et al.,et al.,et al.,Disconcertingly, the inclusion criteria in the ongoing study Kalfus,  are esseet al.,et al.,et al.,et al.,We suggest that calling the study now recruiting Kalfus,  \u201cplaceboA consistently flawed study design may yet again be misinterpreted as showing no added efficacy of anti-MAP agents in CD. Consequently, the potential identification of the etiology of IBD as being due to the zoonosis of MAP may irrevocably be lost."}
{"text": "We read with interest the study by Vural et al. , who aim"}
{"text": "In Table 1, the location for Waterhouse PJ et al. (2008) is incorrect. Please see the corrected"}
{"text": "In the right hemisphere (RH) they observed RS in both high and low repetition-probability blocks and, importantly, the magnitude of this RS was similar between the blocks. Thus their RH LO data fully agrees with that of the Kov\u00e1cs et al.  the LH in the Mayrhauser et al. (What then could have caused the discrepancy between the studies? Mayrhauser et al.  observeds et al.  paper [ps et al.  when coms et al.  study fos et al.  did not s et al. . In facts et al.  and Grots et al.  data sugs Figure . This sur et al.  study isrep effects observed in some studies (Figures Figure  Figures , which c Figures  appears  Figures . DefininThe authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest."}
{"text": "Addiction, for which Professor Babor was Associate Editor-in-Chief. This provides context to faulty comments made by Xuan et al.  causal inference is limited\u201d It comes as a surprise that Xuan et al.  seek addXuan et al.  could ha"}
{"text": "Brain and Language, 2005, 94, 72-85) reported evidence for significant improvements in phonological awareness in mainstream children following 6 h of exposure to a commercially available phoneme discrimination training programme, but not in a control group. In a follow-up study, we failed to replicate this finding, despite using an almost identical training programme . This paper directly compares the methods and the results of the two studies, in an effort to explain the discrepant findings. It reports that the trained group in Moore et al. (2005) showed significantly greater improvements in phonological awareness following training than the trained group in Halliday et al. (2012). However, the control group in Halliday et al. (2012) showed significantly greater improvements in phonological awareness than the control group in Moore et al. (2005). The paper concludes that differences in the randomization, blinding, experimenter familiarity and treatment of trained and control groups contributed to the different outcomes of the two studies. The results indicate that a plethora of factors can contribute to training effects and highlight the importance of well-designed randomized controlled trials in assessing the efficacy of a given intervention. \u00a9 2014 The Authors. Dyslexia published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.In a previous article, Moore, Rosenberg and Coleman ( With the advent of learning technologies, the fledgling field of \u2018educational neuroscience\u2019 is fast becoming a cornerstone of educational policy and practice. Educators are encouraged to follow an evidence-based approach, seeking out intervention studies with a view to informing practice. However, with an explosion of research papers published in the last decade, the task of interpreting that research is no mean feat  arise from a low-level deficit in processing auditory information  SLI  training programme . Phonomena was a computer-based auditory training programme designed to train the discrimination of English phonemes in order to accelerate language learning in multiple target groups . The parent company, MindWeavers Ltd, has since ceased trading. In Moore et al. (n\u2009=\u200912) but did not receive any training (\u2018NI\u2019 control group). Immediately before (pre-training) and after (post-training) training, both groups were given a battery of standardized tests of phonological awareness ; Frederickson, Frith, & Reason, et al. . A second group was trained on an auditory frequency discrimination task designed to match the PD task in terms of task demands , and a third group was trained on a visual analogue of the AFD task, a visual frequency discrimination task . Finally, a fourth group of children received no intervention and participated in normal school activities during training . As in the Moore et al.  and the two NI groups  from Moore et al.  and Hall . Consequently, for the Alliteration subtest only, data were analysed using nonparametric statistics.Participant characteristics for the two studies are shown in Table\u2009et al. \u2009=\u2009\u22122.96, p\u2009=\u20090.005.Differences in the amount of training received by the two trained groups are also shown in Table\u2009et al.  study \u2009=\u200976.05, p\u2009<\u20090.001 , and F\u2009=\u200923.28, p\u2009<\u20090.001 , respectively.Figure\u2009et al.  study, fet al. \u2009=\u20090.93, p\u2009=\u20090.341 , or Spoonerisms subtests, F\u2009=\u20090.05, p\u2009=\u20090.829  after controlling for pre-training scores.Figure\u2009et al. . The PD-et al. \u2009=\u20096.62, p\u2009=\u20090.014 , and the Spoonerisms subtests, F\u2009=\u20096.83, p\u2009=\u20090.013 , after controlling for pre-training scores.Pre-training to post-training change following training for the PD groups from the studies of Moore et al.  and Hall \u2009=\u200913.85, p\u2009=\u20090.001 , and Spoonerisms subtests, F\u2009=\u200917.07, p\u2009<\u20090.001 , after controlling for pre-training scores.The change in pre-training to post-training scores is compared in Figure\u2009et al.  and Hall , the analyses were repeated after excluding these children. The results remained the same throughout .et al. (et al. (et al. (et al. (The analyses reported in the previous texts directly compared the methods and results of the studies of Moore et al.  and Hall (et al.  in an ef (et al.  showed s (et al.  did not.et al. (et al. (et al. (et al. (A comparison of the participant characteristics of the two studies indicates that it is unlikely that these differences contributed to the discrepant findings. First, the proportions of nonnative English speakers in each of the two studies did not differ significantly, but even when these children were excluded from the analyses, the results remained the same. Second, children in the study of Halliday et al.  were sli (et al. . However (et al.  compared (et al. , particuet al. (et al. (et al. (et al. (less learning on the PD task. Nevertheless, there is some suggestion that a variable presentation paradigm can yield greater generalization of learning than a fixed presentation paradigm, at least in some listeners (Amitay, Hawkey, & Moore, et al. (Differences in the training methods of the two studies also cannot entirely account for the results. Although the two studies used different training procedures, the 3-interval, 2-alternative forced-choice AXB paradigm used by Moore et al.  has been (et al.  (Amitay, (et al. . Neverth (et al.  for thei (et al.  may have (et al. . However, et al.  will havet al. (et al. (et al. (et al. (et al. (et al. (et al. (et al. (et al. (et al. (et al. (et al. (et al. (et al. (et al. (A more parsimonious explanation is that differences in the designs of the two studies were largely responsible for our failure to replicate the results of Moore et al. . There w (et al.  and Hall (et al. . First,  (et al.  were ass (et al. . Second, (et al.  had a NI (et al.  also inc (et al.  were bli (et al.  were not (et al.  were bli (et al.  were not (et al. , all gro (et al. . Finally (et al.  were onl (et al.  had reguet al. (et al. (et al. (et al. (et al. (et al. (et al. (et al. (et al. (How can these design features account for the differences in the findings between these two studies? First, it is possible that the results of the study of Moore et al.  were sub (et al. , it was  (et al. , childre (et al. , childre (et al.  were sub (et al. . This wo (et al.  were not (et al.  did not  (et al. . This woet al. (The implications for these findings are twofold. First, the results of Halliday et al.  suggest et al. (et al. (et al. (Finally, it is important to note that the findings reported here in no way challenge the efficacy of the Phonomena programme in accelerating language learning in children. Halliday et al.  used onl (et al. , Moore e (et al.  also use"}
{"text": "In Response: Regarding the comments by Berry et al. ."}
{"text": "Although this factor may explain some gene absences from genomic assemblies, we believe it is insufficient to account for the extensive syntenic losses described in Lovell et al.Hron www.dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13059-015-0724-zPlease see related article:  We cons [et al.  report a [et al. ) that we [et al. ) by cond [et al.  do not c [et al.  \u201ccan be  [et al.  do align [et al. ). Thus, et al. [et al. [The main set of 274 missing genes we reported  represenet al. [The report by Hron et al.  has conset al. . Given t"}
{"text": "Numerical development\u2014from cognitive functions to neural underpinnings. We are grateful to all authors for their high-quality contributions, the reviewers for their constructive comments and suggestions in the interactive peer-review, and the publisher's editorial team for their excellent support.Living at the beginning of the 21st century requires being numerate because numerical abilities are not only essential for life prospects of individuals but also for economic interests of post-industrial knowledge societies  but also domain-specific  determinants of and influences on typical but also atypical numerical development.The different contributions nicely illustrate that the construct typical numerical development. With respect to cross-domain influences LeFevre et al.  or developmental dyscalculia (DD), Mazzocco et al. (With a particular focus on the determinants of o et al.  showed to et al.  found tho et al.  evaluateo et al.  concludeo et al.  suggesteo et al.  argue tho et al.  describeprocessing of numbers and space. With respect to SNA, Knops et al. (fractions and procedural knowledge about how to manipulate them should be distinguished. Faulkenberry (Another set of studies investigated interactions in the s et al.  observeds et al.  commentes et al.  observeds et al.  argued ts et al.  suggestes et al. . Leibovis et al.  found ths et al.  observeds et al.  suggestekenberry  commentelanguage influences Imbo et al. (Extending the focus on o et al.  and Kleio et al.  specifico et al.  observedAs documented by this broad range of studies dealing with different aspects of numerical development\u2014from behavioral performance to underlying neural substrates, from cross-sectional to longitudinal evaluations, from healthy to clinical populations\u2014the current Research Topic brought together the expertise of researchers from different backgrounds and clearly advanced our understanding of numerical development\u2014a topic with both scientific and every-day relevance.The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest."}
{"text": "Kumaret al.  discuss et al. . Griffitet al.  propose"}
{"text": "In vitro and animal studies suggest important roles for various nutrients, some of which are supported by epidemiological studies. However, few well-designed human intervention trials are available to definitively assess the efficacy of different approaches to nutritional management of respiratory diseases. Evidence for the impact of higher intakes of fruit and vegetables is amongst the strongest, yet other dietary nutrients and dietary patterns require evidence from human clinical studies before conclusions can be made about their effectiveness.Diet and nutrition may be important modifiable risk factors for the development, progression and management of obstructive lung diseases such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). This review examines the relationship between dietary patterns, nutrient intake and weight status in obstructive lung diseases, at different life stages, from  Diet and nutrition are increasingly becoming recognised as modifiable contributors to chronic disease development and progression. Considerable evidence has emerged indicating the importance of dietary intake in obstructive lung diseases such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in both early life and disease development ,2 and maVarious dietary patterns have been linked to the risk of respiratory disease . The MedThe \u201cwestern\u201d dietary pattern, prevalent in developed countries, is characterised by high consumption of refined grains, cured and red meats, desserts and sweets, french fries, and high-fat dairy products ,14. Thiset al. [et al. [1 [1 [Fruit and vegetable intake has been investigated for potential benefits in association with respiratory conditions due to their nutrient profile consisting of antioxidants, vitamins, minerals, fibre and phytochemicals. The mechanisms by which the nutrients in fruit and vegetables exert beneficial effects in respiratory conditions are discussed in the sections below. Epidemiological evidence reviewed by Saadeh et al.  showed tet al. . In adul [et al.  discusse [et al. , yet in t al. [1 , while al. [1 [1 . We recel. [1 [1 . A recenl. [1 [1 . While sl. [1 [1 , other sl. [1 [1 ,28. Incrl. [1 [1 . Two ranl. [1 [1 . Howeverl. [1 [1 , suggest2, leukotriene (LT) B4 [et al. [1. Several studies using omega-3 PUFA supplementation in COPD are currently underway and will provide important new information to inform the field [Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) from marine sources and supplements have been shown to be anti-inflammatory through several cellular mechanisms including their incorporation into cellular membranes and resulting altered synthesis of eicosanoids . Experim (LT) B4  and acti (LT) B4 . Long ch (LT) B4 . Saddeh  [et al.  reported [et al. ,36. Howe [et al.  and in S [et al. . Similar [et al.  and decr [et al. , AHR [35 [et al. . Materna [et al.  and a re [et al. . The dat [et al. , to date [et al. . Experim [et al.  and impr [et al. , though he field ,48,49. CDietary antioxidants are an important dietary factor in protecting against the damaging effects of oxidative stress in the airways, a characteristic of respiratory diseases . Oxidati1 in both asthma and COPD [\u03b1-tocopherol is a form of vitamin E, which helps maintain integrity of membrane fatty acids, by inhibiting lipid peroxidation . Carotenand COPD  and an iand COPD .versus women without asthma, to protect the foetus against damaging effects of oxidative stress [Antioxidants may also be important in asthma during pregnancy, as while oxidative stress commonly increases during normal pregnancies, in women with asthma oxidative stress is heightened . During e stress ,56. Impre stress . Maternae stress ,58. AntiIn vitro data from endothelial cell lines showed that vitamin C could inhibit NF-\u03baB activation by IL-1, TNF-\u03b1 and block production of IL-8 via mechanisms not dependent on the antioxidant activity of vitamin C [in vivo, have been shown through allergic mouse models of asthma. Jeong et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [Vitamin C has been enthusiastically investigated for benefits in asthma and links to asthma prevention. itamin C . Anti-ing et al.  reported [et al.  found th [et al.  and vita [et al. , while a [et al. . Grieger [et al.  also rep [et al. , but not [et al. ,66. Desp [et al.  reported [et al. . Indeed  [et al. . Thus, iet al. [n = 38,597), the risk of developing chronic lung disease over a 10 year supplementation period was reduced by 10% in women using vitamin E supplements  [The vitamin E family comprises of 4 tocopherols and 4 tocotrienols, with the most plentiful in the diet or in tissues being \u03b1-tocopherol and \u03b3-tocopherol . Vitaminet al.  discuss et al. , while \u03b3et al. . Other aet al. ,76. A stet al. . The conet al. , with \u03b1-et al. ,79,80, bet al. ,82,83. Aet al. . Vitaminet al. , but notet al. . In the te days) .in vitro proliferative responses in cord blood mononuclear cells (CBMC) [et al. [et al. [Dietary intake of vitamin E lower than recommended dietary intakes has been reported in pregnant women with a family history of allergic disease  and reces (CBMC) . A mecha [et al.  examined [et al.  demonstret al. [in vitro experiments have found that many individual flavonoids have inhibitory effects on IgE mediated immune responses such as histamine secretion by mast cells, shift in cytokine production from Th-2 to Th-1 production and decreased NF-\u03baB activation and inhibition of TNF-\u03b1 [Flavonoids are potent antioxidants and have anti-inflammatory as well as anti-allergic actions due in part, to their ability to neutralise ROS . There aet al.  present of TNF-\u03b1 ,99,100. of TNF-\u03b1 ,103,104.of TNF-\u03b1 . Howeverof TNF-\u03b1 . There aof TNF-\u03b1 . There iof TNF-\u03b1 . Evidenc2D) modifies production of antimicrobial cathelicidins and defensins that kill bacteria and induce wound repair [In vitro studies also support the link between vitamin D and airway remodelling as active vitamin D inhibits airway smooth muscle (ASM) cell proliferation [et al. [Epidemiological studies show promising associations between vitamin D and lung health; however the mechanisms responsible for these effects are poorly understood. Vitamin D can be obtained from dietary sources or supplementation; however sun exposure is the main contributor to vitamin D levels . While vd repair . Activatd repair . In vitrferation  and defiferation . Furtherferation . Epidemiferation . In chilferation . Also inferation . Other oferation . Several [et al.  found th [et al.  is suppo [et al. , and in  [et al. . Only on [et al. . Data fo [et al. . Blood v [et al. ,125. Exp [et al. . There i [et al. . The VDB [et al. . COPD pr [et al. . COPD ex [et al. . The extSome minerals have also been found to be protective in respiratory conditions. In children, increased intake of magnesium, calcium and potassium is inversely related to asthma prevalence . While set al. [In vitro, leptin also activates alveolar macrophages taken from obese asthmatics, which induces airway inflammation through production of pro-inflammatory cytokines [Overnutrition and resulting obesity are clearly linked with asthma, though the mechanisms involved are still under investigation. The review by Periyalil et al.  describeet al.  contribuet al. , which aet al. . Adiposeet al.  which aret al. . Leptin et al.  and haveet al. . Also leet al. . In vitrytokines . Howeverytokines , howeverytokines . In obesytokines . Neutropytokines , particuytokines , which mytokines . While tytokines .et al. [COPD is characterised not only by pulmonary deficits but also by chronic systemic inflammation and co-morbidities which may develop in response to the metabolic dysregulation that occurs with excess adipose tissue . A recenet al.  describeet al. . Adiponeet al.  and inteet al. . Single et al. . The rolet al. . There iet al. , and theet al. . Animal et al. . Furtheret al. . Howeveret al. ,168. As et al. [Though underweight has not been well studied in asthma, an observational study in Japan reported that subjects with asthma who were underweight had poorer asthma control than their normal weight counterparts . While tet al.  present et al. . The cauet al. . In addiet al. . Also, set al. . Cigaretet al. ,177 and et al. ,179. Theet al. . Increaset al. . Proteinet al.  and is let al. . Increaset al. . Furtheret al. . Systemiet al. ,187. Nutet al. . Furtheret al. ,190. Othet al. ,192,193.et al. ,195. UndDietary intake appears to be important in both the development and management of respiratory diseases, shown through epidemiological and cross-sectional studies and supported by mechanistic studies in animal models. Although more evidence is needed from intervention studies in humans, there is a clear link for some nutrients and dietary patterns.The dietary patterns associated with benefits in respiratory diseases include high fruit and vegetable intake, Mediterranean style diet, fish and omega-3 intake, while fast food intake and westernised dietary patterns have adverse associations. Though antioxidants are associated with positive effects on inflammation, clinical outcomes and respiratory disease prevention, intervention studies of individual antioxidants do not indicate widespread adoption of supplementation . DiffereThe evidence for mechanisms of vitamin D in lung development and immune function are yet to be fully established. It appears that vitamin D is important in respiratory diseases and infections, however the temporal role of vitamin D deficiency in disease onset, pathogenesis and exacerbations and whether supplementation is indicated is yet to be clarified.Overnutrition in respiratory disease is clearly associated with adverse effects, highlighted by detrimental effects induced by immunometabolism. Further understanding of the relationship between mediators of immunometabolism and respiratory diseases and their mechanisms may provide therapeutic options. Undernutrition still poses risk in some respiratory conditions. Appropriate nutritional supplementation in advanced COPD is indicated, and several nutrients appear to be beneficial in COPD development and exacerbation.The field of nutrition and respiratory disease continues to develop and expand, though further work is required in the form of randomised controlled dietary manipulation studies using whole foods to enable provision of evidence based recommendations for managing respiratory conditions."}
{"text": "Journal, Perepechaeva et al. [Y845 transactivation and generation of p53/SMAD3 transcriptional complexes [Mechanisms underlying the pathophysiology of age-related macular degeneration (AMD), a progressive disease of the retina and a major cause of vision impairment in the elderly, are areas of intense clinical interest. Early-onset AMD is one of the leading causes of blindness in the western world and appears to involve pathologic angiogenesis, unresolving inflammation, oxidative stress and choroidal fibrosis. It is likely that the development of AMD is largely multifactorial involving chronic exposure to xenobiotics, genetic predisposition to initiation and progression, generation of free radicals and an insufficient anti-oxidant defense system. In this issue of the a et al.  explore a et al.  discuss a et al.  suggest a et al. ,3. This a et al. . SERPINEa et al. . The avaa et al. ,3. Indeeomplexes \u20138. Whileomplexes .Knock down of Nrf2, in contrast, significantly increased SERPINE1 expression consistent with its implication as a SERPINE1 repressor . The act"}
{"text": "Mole . Mole  suggests (et al.  is metho (et al. . In partet al. (et al.et al.et al.The main aim of Bourne et al.  and the et al.et al. (The \u2018methodological flaw\u2019 eloquently raised by Mole  relates .et al.  state thet al. (et al. (et al.Thus, while Mole  raises iet al.  did not  (et al.  used the. et al., p. 1527et al. suggest that the evidence given in their 2013 study favours hypotheses of this second type\u2019 \u2013 referring to a favouring of cognitive processing over emotional processing for the formation of intrusive memories. We strongly disagree. We wrote that \u2018although intense emotional reaction may be a necessary condition for flashback formation it appears not to be sufficient\u2019 in Bourne et al. (Mole  argues tet al.et al.et al.et al.et al.We continue to argue that both cognitive processing and emotional processing are important for intrusive memory formation \u2013 that these are not alternative hypotheses. Peri-traumatic emotional processing has long been highlighted as important for the development of PTSD (e.g. American Psychiatric Association, et al.intrusively remembered footage than material that does not intrude (Bourne et al.et al.et al.et al.et al.et al.While we emphasize the importance of understanding how intrusive memories are first encoded, we also acknowledge the significance of processing at later time points. Understanding processing at the time of experimental trauma is essential for understanding the formation of intrusive memories; for example, performing visuospatial tasks while viewing traumatic footage reduces the frequency of later intrusive memories (Bourne et al. (et al.Mole  finisheset al.  in a sep. et al.. Until set al. (We thank Mole  for raiset al. . In sum,"}
{"text": "Astrocytes are abundantly populated with TLR3  by infectious agents has been introduced (Zuckerman et al., s et al.  examineds et al.  come to s et al. . Hence, s et al. , and becs et al. . Moreoves et al. . And lass et al. , as wells et al. , in the All authors listed, have made substantial, direct and intellectual contribution to the work, and approved it for publication.The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest."}
{"text": "Caring for a friend or relative with dementia can be burdensome and stressful, and puts carers at increased risk of physical and psychological problems. A number of psychosocial interventions, some delivered by computer, have been developed to support carers. This review evaluates the outcomes of computer-mediated interventions.PsychINFO, MEDLINE, and CINAHL Plus were searched for papers published between January 2000 and September 2012. Study quality was evaluated using a modified version of Downs and Black's (1998) checklist.Fourteen empirical studies, evaluating a range of complex, multifaceted interventions, met inclusion criteria. The most commonly measured variables were carer burden/stress and depression. In general, higher quality studies found that interventions did have an effect on these variables. Two higher quality studies also found that anxiety was reduced following intervention. Most studies found that positive aspects of caring were increased through these interventions, as was carer self-efficacy. There were mixed results in relation to social support, and physical aspects of caring did not seem to be affected. Program impact measures indicated general acceptability of these interventions.The findings support the provision of computer-mediated interventions for carers of people with dementia. Future studies would benefit from design improvements, such as articulating clearly defined aims, having a control group, having adequate statistical power, and measuring a greater range of factors important to carers themselves. Powell et al.  conducteet al., A more recent French review (Wu et al. (Godwin et al.  conducteComputer-mediated intervention for carers of PwD is a growing area and a wide range of interventions have been developed. In order for future interventions to be maximally effective, and to ensure that service providers are aware of the strengths and weaknesses of different interventions, it is important that the current evidence base be evaluated. The present review therefore aims to address the question: How effective are computer-mediated psychosocial interventions for informal carers of PwD?1.The intervention must be computer mediated. This could include DVDs, CD-ROMs, the internet, or computer programs, but excludes interventions that exclusively use the telephone. The intervention does not need to exclusively be computer mediated, but that must be its main component.2.Interventions must be psychosocial interventions, including therapy, professional, or peer support programs, educational or information programs.3.The carers must be informal, that is, they must not be paid carers such as nursing home staff. However, the PwD can be resident either at home or in an institution.4.Studies must include dementia as the diagnosis of the person being cared for, but do not have to be limited to dementia. All types and all stages of dementia were included.5.Studies must use at least one quantitative measure to assess the outcome of the intervention. These measures do not need to be standardized, and can be questionnaires asking for users\u2019 views of the effects of the intervention. Studies using only questionnaires that consider features of the intervention, such as its convenience, user-friendliness, or accessibility, were excluded.6.Studies can be randomized-controlled trials, pre- and posttest studies with or without a control group, or posttest-only studies with or without a control group. Case studies and qualitative research were excluded.7.Studies must be published in peer reviewed journal articles, in English, from January 2000 to September 2012. The lower limit was chosen because the review focuses on current technologies.The inclusion criteria were:Search terms were organized into four conceptual areas:computer* OR DVD* OR internet* OR network* OR technolog* OR ICT OR online* OR CD-ROM*ANDintervention* OR train* OR therap* OR support* OR treatment*ANDcarer* OR caring * OR caregiv* OR family* OR families* OR parent* OR mother* OR father*ANDdement* OR Alzheimer*Grey literature was not searched. Searches of PsychINFO, MEDLINE, and CINAHL Plus databases generated 262, 708, and 248 papers, respectively. After de-duplication, there were 948 papers of which the titles and abstracts were examined, out of which 31 papers seemed that they might potentially fulfill the inclusion criteria; the full texts of these were then read in full by the first and third authors (see Seventeen of these 31 papers were excluded. Seven were excluded because the intervention was not computer mediated, four because the evaluation of the intervention was limited to anecdotal reports, qualitative interviews, and/or usage or intervention acceptability information, one was a literature review, one was a description of an intervention, one was a research proposal, one was a study of the relative importance of intervention elements such as social support, one was a meta-analysis, and one investigated whether older carers were able to complete standardized questionnaires. There were queries about four papers\u2019 eligibility, and in these instances, the second author was consulted in order to reach consensus.et al., et al., et al. (et al. (This left 14 papers for review. In two instances, two papers reported results from the same study (Glueckauf and Loomis, , et al.  and Glue (et al.  will be et al. (et al. (et al., Reference lists from the included papers, as well as from Powell et al.  and Wu e (et al. , were ex et al., . The refThe quality of studies was evaluated using a modified version of Downs and Black's  checklisThe interventions were varied; many had multiple components. In nine studies, with quality scores ranging from 5 to 20, the intervention was either primarily or entirely delivered as an internet program or resource. One high quality study used a computer-mediated automated interactive voice response intervention; two, of high and medium quality, used a computer\u2013telephone integration system; one of high quality used a DVD program; and one low quality study used computer-, but not internet-, based education. In eight studies, the main part of the intervention was education; three combined education with professional therapy or support; two combined education with more general support; one compared education and professional support with education and more general peer support.et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., Their aims tended to be to reduce carer distress and increase competence in caregiving. One aimed to enhance family participation in nursing home care (Rosen et al. (et al., Six papers described interventions that included the ongoing involvement of a professional, six described interventions that did not, with one paper comparing an intervention including a professional with one that did not. Magnusson et al.  was uncl et al., . This iset al., et al., et al., et al., et al., Six studies were randomized controlled trials, one was a controlled trial, four used a single group pretest posttest design, two used a single group posttest-only design, and one used a two group pretest posttest design. Initial sample sizes ranged from 18 (Rosen et al., et al., et al. (et al. (No study provided a power calculation, and several authors noted that their study was likely to be underpowered. Several small studies used mixed-methods designs (e.g., Magnusson , et al.  and Eisd (et al.  describeet al., et al. (et al.'s (Most studies used multiple outcome measures, which is important in order to capture the range of possible impacts on carers. In several, however, multiple measures were used but only certain outcomes were reported, and in some cases, only certain components of measures used were analyzed (e.g., Marziali and Donahue, , et al.  call foret al.'s  intervenStudies used a wide range of carer self-report measures to evaluate interventions, and most used more than one outcome measure. The review of findings of studies is grouped according to outcomes measured, and consequently the same study may be reviewed in more than one section.Eight studies used measures of carer mental health, including measures of depression, anxiety, and general mental health.et al., et al.et al., et al., et al., Seven studies measured depression. All used variants of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D; Radloff, et al. (et al. (et al.'s (Beauchamp et al.  found a  (et al.  found thet al.'s  post-hocet al., et al., et al., et al. (Two high quality studies (Mahoney , et al.  only fouet al., et al. (et al. (et al., One study of Marziali and Garcia  measured, et al.  used the, et al.  and did  (et al.  used two et al.,  in theiret al. (et al., Marziali and Donahue  measuredet al.  measured et al., . Neitheret al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al. (et al. (et al., et al., Nine studies measured carer stress or burden. Four used variants of the Revised Memory and Behaviour Problems Checklist (RMBPC, Teri , et al.  found th, et al.  found th (et al.  found th et al.,  was not et al. (In a high quality study, Gallagher-Thompson et al.  found thet al., et al., et al., et al., et al., Three medium quality studies used measures of social support (Finkel et al. (et al. (Finkel et al.  found thet al.  did not  (et al.  found inet al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., Two studies used measures of the positive elements of caregiving (Beauchamp et al., et al., et al., et al., One medium quality study (Glueckauf et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., Five studies used items or measures that asked participants how the intervention had changed aspects of caring for them (Magnusson et al. (et al. (Lewis et al.  was one  (et al.  generallet al.'s (In Torp et al.'s  study, aet al. (Rosen et al.  used a 1et al. (Van der Roest et al.  found noet al., Sixteen papers describing 14 studies met inclusion criteria. Interventions were varied and multifaceted, with a range of different outcome measures. These factors make direct comparison of studies difficult, in line with previous reviews of support for carers of PwD (e.g., Wu Having said this, the most commonly measured variables were carer burden/stress and depression. In general, higher quality studies found that interventions did have an effect on these variables. Two high quality studies also found that anxiety was reduced following intervention. Positive aspects of caring may also be increased through these interventions as may through carer self-efficacy. There were mixed results in relation to social support, and physical aspects of caring did not seem to be affected. Program impact measures indicate general acceptability of these interventions.et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., Due to interventions being multicomponent and complex, it is difficult to disentangle the efficacy of individual intervention components, with a large range of factors having potential effects, including the intensity and duration of the intervention, carer characteristics, and outcome selected (Cooke The studies reviewed had a number of limitations: they often had poorly defined aims, many did not have control groups, a number were underpowered and follow-up periods were often short. Future research would benefit from addressing these issues. It is also important that outcome measures be closely linked to the aims of interventions in order that the intervention's effectiveness can be properly evaluated.Computer-mediated intervention for informal carers of PwD is a growing area; these interventions offer a range of potential benefits. This review found that their effectiveness is mixed, but generally positive. This suggests that it would be beneficial to carers, and also to services\u2014in terms of reaching more carers as well as potential cost saving implications\u2014for this medium of intervention to be developed so that more individuals can benefit. As home computer use and mobile devices become increasingly widespread, the viability of computer-mediated interventions increases, and the cost to service providers decreases since increasing numbers of carers already have the requisite hardware. More research is, however, needed in order to ensure that interventions are maximally effective. Research needs to consider the effects of interventions on people of different ethnicities and carer\u2013care recipient relationships, as there is evidence that differential effects exist between groups.Although it was beyond the scope of this review to consider the qualitative components of studies, information gathered from interviews with carers who have used computer-mediated interventions offers an important supplement to quantitative outcome measures. It provides deeper insight into carers\u2019 experiences of using the interventions, and is able to go beyond measurement of symptom reduction and tap into factors, such as feeling supported and less alone, that are of great importance to carers. Future research into computer-mediated interventions for carers of PwD would benefit from a mixed-method approach.NoneVicky McKechnie conducted this literature review as part of her DClinPsy thesis. She located and evaluated the papers in this review, and wrote the first draft of the paper.Joshua Stott was the joint supervisor for Vicky's DClinPsy thesis. He provided supervision throughout the project and he has commented on and edited several drafts of the paper.Chris Barker was the joint supervisor for Vicky's DClinPsy thesis. He provided supervision throughout the project and he has commented on and edited several drafts of the paper."}
{"text": "Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research. There is an overlap between the two articles. The 30 patients treated by CAMIR in the Chen et al [Unfortunately, the original version of this article  containeen et al , are incen et al . The arten et al  is a casen et al  is a com"}
{"text": "Biliary tract cancers (BTCs) are a group of highly aggressive malignant tumors with a poor prognosis. The current diagnosis is based mainly on imaging and intraoperative exploration due to brush cytology havinga low sensitivity and the standard markers, such as carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and carbohydrate 19-9 (CA19-9), not having enough sensitivity nor specificity to be used in a differential diagnosis and early stage detection. Thus, better non-invasive methods that can distinguish between normal and pathological tissue are needed. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small, single-stranded non-coding RNA molecules of ~20\u201322 nucleotides that regulate relevant physiological mechanisms and can also be involved in carcinogenesis. Recent studies have demonstrated that miRNAs are detectable in multiple body fluids, showing great stability, either free or trapped in circulating microvesicles, such as exosomes. miRNAs are ideal biomarkers that may be used in screening and prognosis in biliary tract cancers, aiding also in the clinical decisions at different stages of cancer treatment. This review highlights the progress in the analysis of circulating miRNAs in serum, plasma and bile as potential diagnostic and prognostic markers of BTCs. Biliary tract cancers (BTCs) are a group of highly aggressive malignant tumors with a poor prognosis; therefore, most patients are diagnosed at an advanced stage when the tumor is unresectable or metastatic ,2. In reBiliary tract cancers include intra- and extra-hepatic cholangiocarcinoma (CCA), ampullary carcinoma (AC) and gallbladder cancer (GBC) ,26. ManyThe accumulated evidence indicates that the miRNAs are involved in the regulation of cell differentiation, proliferation and apoptosis ,51, as wDuring biogenesis, miRNAs are initially transcribed by RNA polymerase II or III, as a primary transcripts at the nucleus (pri-miRNA) that contains a stem-loop sequences of ~80-nts ,60,61. mmiRNAs induce gene silencing by binding to target mRNAs in complementary sequences (miRNA recognition element) located in the 3\u2032 untranslated region (UTR) of the mRNA, using a short sequence of approximately 2\u20138 nucleotides (the seed region) at the 5\u2032 end of the miRNA, allowing miRNA targeting to have more than one mRNA. This interaction inhibits the translation process and protein synthesis, resulting in a complex regulatory network ,52,77. IThe mature miRNA attached to the RISC complex is the complex effector of gene silencing, which is presented to enable binding by pairing bases to target sites in the RNA. If there is high complementarity between miRNA/mRNA, the mRNA is cleaved by endonuclease Ago2, possibly inclusion bodies and RNA processing (P-bodies) ,84 and, Scientific evidence has shown that miRNAs expression can be controlled by various molecular events, including alterations in genome location, epigenetic changes, transcriptional deregulations and alterations in miRNA biogenesis. Several microRNA genes are located near breakpoint regions, which can present loss of heterozygosity (LOH), amplifications, deletions or mutations ,87,88. Met al. [One of the most remarkable aspects of miRNAs is their high stability outside the intracellular environment; this aspect is of interest, as potential biomarkers of clinical use . The meet al. . Extraceet al. . These iet al. ,110. Theet al.  and evenet al. . Exosomeet al. , exhibitet al. ,114.The molecular structure of an EV is very similar to the parental cell or tissue and may contain other molecules, such as receptors, adhesion molecules, proteins, lipids, growth factors, proteases and exRNAs ,116. Theet al. described the first approach by which miRNAs could be used as biomarkers in cholangiocarcinoma. They found that miR-21 and miR-200b are related to sensitivity/resistance to gemcitabine [et al. [p < 0.05), showing a consistent expression in tissue and blood samples. Moreover, a significant relationship was found between the differential expression of three miRNAs  and lymphatic metastasis/TNM [et al. [Meng citabine . Various [et al.  analyzedasis/TNM . These d [et al. , where e [et al. . In addi [et al. . Further [et al. ,133.et al. [et al. [p < 0.010), sensitivity 80.6% and specificity 58.1%. In addition, the diagnostic value is increased when combined with the carbohydrate antigen 19-9 marker, improving patient screening [et al. [et al. [et al. [p-values in a comparison of BTCs and HVs. In addition, miR-125a-3p was able to detect 32 of 33 patients (97.0%) in the test cohort [et al. [Plieskatt et al.  performeet al. . In addi [et al.  studied creening . miR-150creening  and gastcreening , and is creening  and ostecreening . There a [et al.  demonstr [et al. . In addi [et al. , but thi [et al. . Huang e [et al.  found th [et al. . Kojima  [et al.  studied t cohort . Unfortu [et al.  evaluate [et al. . Accordiet al. [Another study performed by Cheng et al.  found thet al. .et al. [et al. [Bile is a fluid produced by the liver and secreted into the intestine through biliary ducts to help digest fats. It is mainly composed of water, salts from biliary acids, compounds of glycolic and taurocholic acid and bile pigments (bilirubin), as well as proteins, electrolytes, mucus and various metabolites , such aset al.  defined et al. . Similar [et al.  demonstr [et al. .et al. [et al. [versus HVs, whereas miR-483-5p and miR-194 were upregulated in CCA compared to HVs. If we observe what occurs between CCA with PSC, as in the previous study, miR-222 and miR-483-5p were found to be upregulated in CCA versus PSC [et al. [A study conducted by Voigtlander et al.  revealedet al. , of whicet al. . Similar [et al.  also attrsus PSC . Patient [et al.  could noet al. [et al. [Gallstones are an important risk factor associated with GBC, being present in most (~85%) patients . The expet al.  evaluateet al. . The miRet al.  and contet al. . Additioet al. , and theet al. . However [et al. , all patRelated studies on the synthesis of cholesterol and human gallstones have shown that the FXR/SHP pathway regulates the miR-34a expression and its target SIRT1, which is associated with gallstones because it participates in lipid metabolism and hepatic bile acid synthesis . The faret al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [The diagnosis of BTCs is mainly based on imaging, laparoscopic cholecystectomies and intraoperative exploration performed for cholelithiasis . The exaet al.  in 2008 et al. . The rolet al. , miR-135et al. ,183, miRet al. , miR-335et al. , miR-130et al.  and miR-et al. , and othet al. , miR-20aet al.  and miR-et al. . In addiet al. , miR-34aet al.  and miR-et al. ) also exet al. ,131. Furet al. . Selaru  [et al.  determin [et al. . Similar [et al.  identifi [et al. . Further [et al. . These u [et al. , found t [et al.  demonstr [et al.  demonstr [et al. . This ma [et al. , where t [et al. . This su [et al. ; therefo [et al. , who hyp [et al. .In contrast, miR-192 levels were significantly higher in the serum and tissues of CCA patients; however, no significant difference was found in tissues ; miR-224et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [miR-21 has been characterized as playing an important role in BTCs ,132, andet al.  and Chen [et al. , plasma  [et al. . The det [et al. , esophag [et al. , prostat [et al. , head an [et al. , gastric [et al. , lung ca [et al. , lymphom [et al.  and colo [et al. . Therefo [et al.  defined  [et al.  demonstr [et al.  showed t [et al.  showed t [et al.  showed tet al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. 400 \u03bcL of bile [In this manuscript, distinct expression patterns of circulating miRNAs have been observed, including some inconsistencies in the results. It is likely that the inconsistency in some data reported in the literature is due to ethnic variations . Li et aet al.  delineatet al. , multipl [et al.  and Que  [et al.  studied  [et al.  and isol [et al. . Meanwhi [et al.  included [et al.  included [et al. , the his [et al.  establis [et al.  extracte [et al.  used 200 [et al.  used app of bile .In the context of cancer biology, as with other malignancies, BTCs exhibit an aberrant expression of miRNAs with a marked difference according to the stage and carcinogenic model."}
{"text": "Cells on receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) is a timely and unique assemblage of scholarly insights into topics that have relatively recently entered the spotlight in relation to this class of molecules. The review by Julien et al. [et al. [This Special Issue of n et al.  is an ov [et al.  focuses et al. [et al. [Although RTKs feature highly in cell proliferative and infiltrative diseases, such as cancer, it may be easy to forget that the presence and activity of RTKs is crucial to normal roles in cell and tissue development and homeostasis. The review by Brix et al.  highligh [et al. . In thiset al. [et al. [The paradigm of ligand-induced receptor dimerisation as a model for RTK signalling initiation becomes less rigid when reading the review by Maruyama . In it, et al.  reports  [et al. . Here, tet al. [A further distinct sub-realm of cellular signalling is represented by the article by Goltsov et al. , who car"}
{"text": "The two review articles published focused on the transition element Mo. Glass et al.  reviewedy et al.  exploresy et al.  hypothesy et al.  is a stey et al.  recognizy et al.  and Bonny et al.  establisy et al. , those ty et al.  and Bonny et al.  found sih et al. . The auth et al.  concludeh et al. . In summThe authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest."}
{"text": "In a recent study, Potvin et al.  used a mPotvin et al.  found anIt should be noted, however, that while SES was shown by Shah et al.  to be coThe Potvin et al.  results N = 218), unaffected first degree subjects (N = 438), and healthy non-relatives volunteers (N = 123), which in agreement to a cross-sectional study conducted by Torniainen et al. , such as chlorpromazine and haloperidol, are more likely than second-generation antipsychotics (SGAs), such as Clozapine and Olanzapine, to produce EPS (Leucht et al., As such, the results of Potvin et al.  may be aThe authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest."}
{"text": "If true, then Steller's sea cows were hunted to extinction in multiple places at different times in the past millennium [et al. [Crerar et al.  recentlyllennium . We wish [et al.  used to 2.et al. [H. gigas. For the initial identification of the rib bone fragments, the authors point to comparisons with more complete material at the Smithsonian Institution, and credit C. W. Potter, the collections manager, with confirming the identity. While fragmentary material is difficult to identify, the authors' line of reasoning is an argument made from authority, rather than demonstrated by evidence. The authors could have relied on diagnosable morphological traits, for example via histological section [et al. [Crerar et al.  reported section . Althoug [et al.  confirme3.et al. [et al. [et al. [Spinosaurus, a large Cretaceous theropod dinosaur from North Africa. Ibrahim et al. [et al. [Spinosaurus-bearing locality. In this case, serendipity and diligent detective work resulted in clear geographical and stratigraphic provenance, and a wealth of additional material. By contrast, Crerar et al. [et al. [The samples that Crerar et al.  reported [et al.  provide  [et al.  used assm et al.  initiall [et al.  led to tr et al.  did not  [et al.  acquiredet al. [H. gigas specimens are vouchered, either unidentified or misidentified, in existing collections from SLI midden sites with multiple layers [et al. [H. gigas on SLI.We wish to emphasize that the discovery of historical Steller's sea cow material from SLI, about 1500 km away from the only other known historical remains of this extinct species , is impo"}
{"text": "Dear Editor,I read with interest the case by Ulucay et al.  regardin"}
{"text": "We read the research of Scaramuzza et al. , with gr"}
{"text": "The present study was carried out to compare the associated role of micro minerals and hormones in repeat breeding animals with the normal crossbred cows.Blood samples were collected from 10 normal cycling and 10 repeat breeding crossbred cows of Ramakrishna Mission Ashram, Narendrapur to study the plasma mineral profile and hormonal activities.Zn was found to be highly significant (p<0.01) between the two groups. Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and progesterone showed significant (p<0.05) difference in repeat breeding animal from the normal cyclic animal, whereas no significant differences were observed in Ca, P, Cu, Se, Co, luteinizing hormone and estradiol level.It may conclude that repeat breeding condition of crossbred cows in farm condition is mainly due to the low level of progesterone, FSH and zinc. India is in possession of about 199 million cattle of which 33.06 million was estimated as crossbred . Longer The breeding efficiency of dairy cows is lowered by a number of reproductive disorders like endometritis, anestrus and repeat breeding resulting in great economic losses to the dairy farmers . Repeat Normal levels of various biochemical constituents are indispensable for normal function of various systems of the body including the reproductive system. Changes in these constituents have been blamed for reproductive failures. No study has yet been conducted on increasing repeat breeding problems in dairy herds of South 24 Parganas district of West Bengal, which is characterized by varying degree of mineral-deficient soils .Therefore the present study was undertaken to investigate the plasma profile of certain minerals and hormones in cycling and repeat breeding cows, so as to compare and define the probable biochemical etiological factors involved in the infertility problem of the farm managed crossbred cow of this area.The study was approved by the University Animal Ethics Committee constituted for research purpose.A total of twenty adult clinically free of disease crossbred  cows were randomly selected for the present study. The cows were maintained at dairy farm of Ramakrishna Mission Ashram, Narendrapur, Kolkata. These experimental animals were kept under uniform feeding and managerial condition, and fed with ad libitum green grass/fodder with free access to water. The cows were categorized into two groups: The first group bred and conceived normally after no more than three inseminations. The second group was those animals that did not conceive after three or more inseminations, but had clear vaginal mucous discharge at estrus. The study was approved by the University Ethics Committee constituted for research purpose.g for 20 min) and collected in a sterile vial and preserved at \u221220\u00b0C until analysis. The blood samples from the cows were collected only after 12 h of the onset of estrous.Blood was collected in sterilized vacutainer with anticoagulant from the jugular vein of each animal. The plasma was separated by centrifugation  according to the methods described by Bagainski , Fiske aet al. . Plasma The experimental data were analyzed using Student\u2019s t-test  for deteet al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [Results of the experiment have been presented in et al. . The non [et al. . Ahmed e [et al.  also rep [et al.  revealed [et al. . As a reet al. 2014 [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [Non-significant (p>0.05) variations of plasma calcium level were observed between cyclic and repeat breeder cow. Akhtar al. 2014  pointed al. 2014 , Ramakrial. 2014 , Kumar e [et al.  and Chau [et al. . A non-s [et al.  which co [et al. . Non-sig [et al. . In cont [et al. , Modi et [et al. , Akhtar  [et al.  reported [et al.  the conc [et al.  found se [et al.  observed [et al. . Non-sig [et al.  between  [et al.  reported [et al. . There w [et al. . Hidirog [et al.  reportedThe results presented above can provide supportive evidence about the importance of hormones and minerals in the resumption of repeat breeding condition. The results demonstrated that the incidence of repeat breeding case of crossbred cows in the farm condition was associated with a significantly low level of some hormones like FSH and progesterone. Among the minerals, zinc was found to play the most vital role to cause repeat breeding condition in the farm animals. Lower level of LH and selenium are equally modulators of repeat breeding case in farm animal. The relationship between the changes in hormonal profile and mineral profile of plasma support the alterations in ovarian function which may be the cause of repeat breeding in crossbred cows.AB carried out research work under the guidance of SB. SG helped in collection of sample and performed statistical analysis. AB drafted and revised the manuscript under the guidance of DS and SC. All authors read and approved the final manuscript."}
{"text": "Plasmodium spp. and Toxoplasma gondii are important human and veterinary pathogens. These parasites possess an unusual double membrane structure located directly below the plasma membrane named the inner membrane complex (IMC). First identified in early electron micrograph studies, huge advances in genetic manipulation of the Apicomplexa have allowed the visualization of a dynamic, highly structured cellular compartment with important roles in maintaining the structure and motility of these parasites. This review summarizes recent advances in the field and highlights the changes the IMC undergoes during the complex life cycles of the Apicomplexa. These changes are associated with significant alterations in structure and function of the IMC.During its complex life cycle, et\u2009al., et\u2009al., et\u2009al., et\u2009al., Plasmodium sporozoites transform into spherical trophozoites by initially bulging in the centre, followed by the retraction of the apical and basal ends  and novel (PF3D7_0525800) markers of the IMC  was shown to lead to a number of defects, including a lack of microneme and rhoptry formation and a block in IMC biogenesis  and ELC1 and the glideosome\u2010associated proteins GAP40, GAP45 and GAP50 (Herm\u2010Gotz et\u2009al., et\u2009al., et\u2009al., et\u2009al., et\u2009al., et\u2009al., One of the important roles of the IMC is to act as an anchor for the actin\u2010myosin motor complex which has an important role in parasite motility and invasion (Dobrowolski and Sibley, et\u2009al., et\u2009al., Toxoplasma and Plasmodium, GAP45 is phosphorylated by calcium\u2010dependent kinases (Gilk et\u2009al., et\u2009al., et\u2009al., et\u2009al., T.\u2009gondii, but not Plasmodium, GAP45 must then be dephosphorylated before the assembly of the motor complex (Gaskins et\u2009al., et\u2009al., et\u2009al., et\u2009al., et\u2009al., et\u2009al., et\u2009al., et\u2009al., et\u2009al., et\u2009al., P.\u2009berghei (Sebastian et\u2009al., During cell division, MyoA, MLC1/MTIP and GAP45 are translated and form a complex in the cytoplasm (Gaskins et\u2009al., et\u2009al., et\u2009al., et\u2009al., et\u2009al., et\u2009al., et\u2009al., GAP50 is a transmembrane protein inserted directly into the alveolar membrane (Gaskins T. gondii (Agop\u2010Nersesian et\u2009al., T.\u2009gondii or Plasmodium (Sebastian et\u2009al., et\u2009al., et\u2009al., et\u2009al., Plasmodium (Sebastian et\u2009al., Interestingly, disruption of IMC biogenesis can be demonstrated when the tail of the actin\u2010myosin motor protein TgMyoA is overexpressed in Plasmodium and T.\u2009gondii, the functions of individual proteins are now adding to the early observational studies and allowing a much clearer understanding of the functions of this structure. Future studies will continue efforts to dissect the role of individual proteins in the construction and maintenance of the IMC.In summary, the IMC is a fascinating, dynamic structure with known roles in parasite structure, division, morphogenesis and motility. By using the now well\u2010established genetic tools in"}
{"text": "Although there are a limited number of quality studies, appropriate peri-operative management of serum electrolytes seems to reduce adverse outcomes in liver transplantation. Hyponatremia is defined as the presence of serum concentration of sodium equal \u2264130 mmol/L and it is detected in approximately 20% of patients with end stage liver disease waiting for a liver transplant (LT). This paper will focus on the pathogenesis of dilutional hyponatremia and its significance in terms of both candidacy for LT and post-operative outcomes. A variety of factors can contribute to the development of hyponatremia in patients with end stage liver disease . Its mecRecent studies have shown that increased intestinal bacterial translocation combined with portosystemic shunting leads to endotoxemia and increased production of endothelial nitric oxide causing systemic and splanchnic vasodilation . SystemiIn 1956, Dame Sheila Sherlock observed that \u201cIn patients with liver disease, serum-Na levels below 130 mEq/L must be regarded as serious, and if below 125 mEq/L ominuous\u201d .et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [vs. 9%). In addition, these authors found that the subgroup with serum sodium \u2264125 mEq/L had the highest risk of death (48%).In a large international cooperative survey of cirrhotic patients, Angeli et al.  found th [et al.  found th [et al.  reported [et al.  showed ti.e., central nervous system, circulatory system).The negative impact of hyponatremia is well known but it is not very clear whether this is due to the fact that it might be a marker of the stage of the disease or if that is due to the negative effects of low serum sodium levels on the function of several organs (The Model for End Stage Liver Disease (MELD) is a scoring system used to measure the severity of chronic liver disease . PatientIt was initially developed for prediction of mortality in patients who had undergone a transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) procedure . It was et al. [et al. [The MELD score is not a perfect model and many investigators have worked on improving its accuracy ,13,14. Oet al.  reported [et al.  supporteDespite these findings, serum sodium concentration may decrease with fluid overload and with the use of diuretics and therefore it might be manipulated causing some advantage for selected patients waiting for a LT . Hence, Determination of the patient\u2019s volume status is the first step in the management of patients affected by hyponatremia . As illuTo date , the maii.e., conivaptan, tolvaptan, lixivaptan) is showing promising results [A new class of pharmacological agents, the \u201cvaptans\u201d . Similar results were reported by Boin et al. [et al. [et al. [Londono et al.  evaluaten et al.  who anal [et al.  and Cywi [et al.  found thet al. [et al. [In a large multicentric study of 5150 LTs by Dawwas et al. , serum s [et al.  reportedet al. [Fukuhara et al.  evaluateIt is known that dilutional hyponatremia in the setting of cirrhosis develops quite slowly ,22. The et al. [et al. [et al. [CPM is the most severe neurologic disorder described in hyponatremic patients . Lee et et al.  reviewed [et al.  and Daww [et al.  suggesteet al. [Yun et al.  showed tet al. [An alternative hypothesis proposed by Hackworth et al.  regardinToday, it is generally agreed that preventing and correcting severe hyponatremia is an important aspect of the pretransplant management of cirrhotic patients as it decreases their mortality risk while waiting for LT. However, the extent to which hyponatremia should be corrected to prevent post- transplant adverse events remains open to speculations as the results of current studies are conflicting."}
{"text": "In the publication of this article Elwood et al. , the mid"}
{"text": "Since [et al. ,9 . Import [et al. ,12, and et al. [To conclude, in the study by Kampis et al.  and otheet al. \u20134 it is et al. \u20139. Howev"}
{"text": "The findings of Schorr et al.  involve We have concerns about the conclusions of Schorr et al.  regardinSchorr et al.  discuss Schorr et al.  also higWhile Schorr et al.  accurateSchorr et al.  suggest et al. [We believe the use of short-term, multi-sensor archival tags with exposures controlled in an experimental design, including the use of sonars on actual naval vessels as has recently begun, represent an important complement to the use of long-term tags with opportunistic Navy sources that Schorr et al.  report."}
{"text": "Changes in sleep and cognition occur with advancing age. While both may occur independently of each other, it is possible that alterations in sleep parameters may increase the risk of age-related cognitive changes. This review aimed to understand the relationship between sleep parameters  and cognition in community-dwelling adults aged 60 years and older without sleep disorders. Systematic, computer-aided searches were conducted using multiple sleep and cognition-related search terms in PubMed, PsycINFO, and CINAHL. Twenty-nine manuscripts met the inclusion criteria. Results suggest an inconsistent relationship between sleep parameters and cognition in older adults and modifiers such as depressive symptoms, undiagnosed sleep apnea and other medical conditions may influence their association. Measures of sleep and cognition were heterogeneous. Future studies should aim to further clarify the association between sleep parameters and cognitive domains by simultaneously using both objective and subjective measures of sleep parameters. Identifying which sleep parameters to target may lead to the development of novel targets for interventions and reduce the risk of cognitive changes with aging. Alterations in sleep and cognition are associated with advancing age ,2,3. AppThe objective for this exploratory review of sleep parameters and cognition in community-dwelling adults 60 years and older was to understand the relationships between sleep parameters , and the domains of cognition  and global cognition.Systematic, computer-aided searches were conducted using PubMed, PsycINFO, and CINAHL with the following terms: \u201ccognitive\u201d, \u201ccognition\u201d, \u201colder\u201d, \u201csleep\u201d, \u201cattention\u201d, \u201cepisodic memory\u201d, \u201cexecutive function\u201d, \u201cprocessing speed\u201d, \u201cverbal fluency\u201d, and \u201cworking memory\u201d. No limits were applied. Reference lists of original and review articles were examined to identify additional relevant publications. To qualify for inclusion in the review, the studies had to include participants who had a mean age of 60 years or older, with no complaints of insomnia, sleep disorders, or cognitive impairment at baseline, and were living independently in the community. The articles also had to report outcome measures of cognition and/or cognitive impairment, have predictor variables of subjective or objective sleep parameters, report original quantitative analyses, and be published in a peer-reviewed journal.et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [After removing 3053 duplicates, 735 articles were screened for relevance See . Titles et al.  and Blac [et al.  used dat [et al.  and Twor [et al.  used datet al. [et al. [Investigator-developed questionnaires, or proxy measures of sleep, were used to subjectively measure sleep in the majority of the studies. Also, each of these measures evaluated the sleep parameters using different questions. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI)  was anotet al.  and Lamb [et al.  used a sThere was also a large variety of tests and instruments that were used to assess the domains of cognition and global cognition See . The MinIn order to understand the relationship between sleep and cognition, each parameter of sleep and its association with cognition will be discussed in the following section see .et al. [et al. [et al. [Sleep latency is the amount of time  it takes a person to fall asleep, starting from the first intention to fall asleep. The studies with sleep latency and cognition in older adults have reported mixed results. The results suggest a greater link between sleep latency and global cognition than sleep latency and the particular domains of cognition. Schmutte, et al.  reportedet al. ,19, atteet al. ,19, episet al. ,17,18, wet al. , verbal et al. ,22, whilet al. ,24,25 re [et al.  reported [et al.  did not et al. [Wake after sleep onset is total amount of time awake during the night, from the time the person falls asleep until final awakening. There is potential evidence to support the relationship between longer wake after sleep onset and worse domain-specific and global cognition. In two gender-specific studies using actigraphy, wake after sleep onset was associated with worse global cognitive function in both men and women after adjustment for depression and multiple demographic, physical, and health factors ,13. Longet al.  reportedet al. ,13,26, aet al. ,13, episet al. ,13. In oet al. , workinget al. ,26 and pet al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [Sleep efficiency is the ratio of the time a person is sleeping to the time that is actually spent in bed trying to sleep. The studies with sleep efficiency and cognition suggest that there is a relationship between subjective and objective measured sleep efficiency and global cognition. When looking at the domains of cognition, there appears to be a relationship between the domains and objectively assessed sleep but not subjectively assessed sleep. Using the PSQI, Chang-Quan, et al.  and Nebe [et al.  reported [et al.  reported [et al.  reported [et al.  they fou [et al.  there waet al. [et al. [As objective sleep efficiency decreased, executive function ,13,16, aet al.  used mul [et al. ,13 each et al. [et al. [et al. [In some of the studies, sleep duration was examined as a continuous variable while in other studies sleep duration was dichotomized into short and long sleep duration. When sleep was examined as a continuous variable, there was no relationship between sleep duration and the domains of and global cognition. However, a U-shaped relationship appeared to emerge when sleep duration was dichotomized and results suggest a relationship between short and long sleep and domains of cognition and global cognition. In a study with older women, Lambiase, et al.  reported [et al.  had simi [et al.  also fou [et al. ,19,27, a [et al. ,19, epis [et al. ,19, work [et al. ,19, proc [et al. ,19,27 an [et al. ,19.et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [In terms of subjective short sleep duration and global cognition, Potvin, et al.  had mixe [et al.  reported [et al.  had simi [et al.  found th [et al.  had cont [et al.  found no [et al. , Devore, [et al. , and Xu, [et al.  reported [et al. , Ohayon  [et al. , Ramos,  [et al. , Faubel, [et al.  and McCr [et al.  had contet al. [et al. [When looking at the domains of cognition, subjective short sleep duration was associated with attention , episodiet al.  reported [et al.  reported [et al. ,20,26. Tet al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [Potvin, et al.  found th [et al.  found th [et al.  reported [et al. , Blackwe [et al. , Auyeung [et al. , Faubel, [et al. , and Xu, [et al.  reported [et al. , Keage,  [et al. , Ohayon  [et al.  and Loer [et al.  reportedet al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [There are mixed findings in the relationship between general sleep problems and domains of cognition and global cognition but imply a possible link between increased sleep problems and reduced cognition. In the study by Potvin, et al. , the sle [et al.  reported [et al.  reported [et al.  revealed [et al. , Sampaio [et al. , Virta,  [et al.  and Chan [et al.  reported [et al.  reported [et al. , Keage,  [et al. , Jaussen [et al. , Foley,  [et al. , Gamaldo [et al.  and Zimm [et al.  reportedet al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [There are conflucting results for general sleep problems and each of domains of cognition. Saint Martin, et al. , Nebes,  [et al. , Gamaldo [et al. , Sutter, [et al.  and McCr [et al.  all repo [et al. , Nebes,  [et al. , Sutter, [et al.  and McCr [et al.  in addit [et al. , Blackwe [et al. , Miyata, [et al.  and Twor [et al.  reportedThe aim of the review was to understand the relationship between sleep parameters and the domains of cognition and global cognition in adults 60 years and older. In this population, the research on the association of subjective sleep parameters and cognition is mixed; as a result, more studies, particularly longitudinal studies, are needed that further explores the relationship among these variables. Interestingly, sleep duration, a sleep variable most consistently related to disease states such as cardiovascular disease ,45, was et al. [A majority of the studies used available data as partial measures of sleep, as many of these studies were secondary analyses. These measures often were not validated or demonstrated to be reliable and thus cannot be readily compared against other valid and reliable measures of sleep. Even in studies with good measures of sleep, the measure primarily reflected an overarching score of sleep. For instance, the PSQI assesses sleep with a single score reflecting overall sleep in the last month. In addition, sleep parameters were assessed differently by different questionnaires. For example, sleep latency was assessed by asking the participants to indicate the number of minutes taken to fall asleep or by asking if they usually took long to fall asleep. There was also a lack of standardization of the cut-off times for some of the sleep variables such as sleep latency and sleep duration. For example, Ohayon and Vecchierini  used shoet al.  defined Objective sleep measures are necessary, but have their own strengths and weakness. For example, actigraphy provides a plethora of activity data over longer periods of time but is often not sensitive to time spent awake lying still and does not measure sleep stage ; whereasSleep architecture parameters specific to rapid eye movement (REM) and non-rapid eye movement (nREM) sleep were not examined in this review. Since older adults report increase in sleep fragmentation and more time in lighter sleep stages , it is pet al. [The inconsistency of measurement of cognition and sleep also limits the ability to identify relationships across the reviewed studies. First, there was variation across the studies in the assessment measures for sleep and cognitive function. Although the measures used for cognitive function in the majority of studies were valid and reliable, the same measure was not consistently used by the researchers to examine global or domains of cognition. For example, Trail Making B, Stroop Color and Word test, Oral Word Fluency test, Porteus Maze, and Optimal Telegram were all used to assess executive function. As pointed out by Snowden, et al. , it woulet al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [Additionally, there are important covariates that must be accounted for in studying the relationship between sleep parameters and cognition. Depression is a common cause of sleep problems in older adults and associated with neurocognitive impairments such as slower processing speed and executive dysfunction . Aloia, et al. , Steffen [et al.  and Zimm [et al.  have als [et al.  reported [et al.  reported [et al.  reported [et al.  pointed Another alternative explanation is that study participants with undiagnosed sleep apnea may have contributed to the inconsistency in the association between sleep parameters and cognitive function. Most studies in the review did not screen for or ask about a sleep apnea diagnosis or had sleep apnea as a confounder, so did not account for the possible confounding effect of the presence of sleep apnea. Sleep apnea is associated with worse verbal fluency and constructional tasks  and withet al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [Both age and poorer health appear to play a role in the relationship between sleep and cognition. Blackwell, et al. , Chang-Q [et al.  and Lim, [et al.  all repo [et al.  reported [et al.  also rep [et al.  reportedThe current research on the association of subjective sleep parameters and cognition is inconclusive and there is insufficient evidence to confirm or deny the existence of a relationship between objective sleep parameters and cognition. Primary studies using valid and reliable measures for all sleep and cognitive variables are clearly needed; it would be very useful if similar measures were used across studies. Future research should also account for important covariates such as depression, obstructive sleep apnea, age and chronic medical illness. Healthcare providers should be aware that sleep disturbances can be associated with cognition in older adults and that medical and psychiatric conditions can influence the association. With this knowledge, providers should perform baseline and periodic ongoing assessments to identify changes in sleep patterns, cognition, and the risk factors that can influence the association between sleep and cognition."}
{"text": "To the Editoret al. [Journal, about capture myopathy (CM) and its clinical implications for human Takotsubo syndrome (TTS), which reminded me of the seminal work done by Ueyama et al.. [I read with great interest the study by Blumstein et al. , publish et al..  with the et al.. . The aut et al.. . Since t et al.. . Patient et al.. . The aut et al.. , althoug et al.. . Since wConflict of interest: None declared."}
{"text": "Alcohol consumption causes damage to various organs and systems. Liver is a primary target for the detrimental effects of alcohol since this substance of abuse is mainly metabolized by liver cells, which express high levels of two major alcohol oxidizing enzymes, alcohol dehydrogenase and CYP2E1. However, other organs, including brain, gut, pancreas, lungs and the immune system are also affected by alcohol. Alcohol may also serve to intensify the progression of viral infections, autoimmune diseases and cancer. Common mechanisms of alcohol-related organ injury include increases in oxidative stress, methylation impairments, aberrant posttranslational modifications of proteins, dysregulation in lipid metabolism and signal transduction pathways, all of which ultimately affect cell survival and function.The Special Issue on \u201cMulti-Organ Alcohol-Related Damage: Mechanisms and Treatment\u201d presents 17 review and 9 original articles which cover diverse topics related to the pathogenesis of organ dysfunction by alcohol exposure. Here, we provide a short summary of all the articles published in this Special Issue.common mechanisms of multi-organ alcohol-induced organ damage. In this regard, the paper by Natarajan et al. [et al. [Several articles address n et al.  discussen et al.  focusses [et al.  discusse [et al.  presentset al. [et al. [Since liver is a primary site of ethanol metabolism and liver cells are susceptible to alcohol-induced damage, several articles in this special issue are on the effects of alcohol in promoting liver injury. Among them is the study by Shukla et al.  that foc [et al.  that pro [et al.  hypothes [et al.  presents [et al.  presentset al.\u2019s review article [et al. [et al. [2O2). Employing glutathione peroxidase-1 (gpx-1\u2212/\u2212) and catalase  knockout mice, the authors conclude that H2O2 inhibits hepcidin expression in vivo and that synergistic induction of CCAAT-enhancer-binding protein homologous protein (CHOP) by alcohol and H2O2, in the absence of gpx-1, stimulates liver hepcidin gene expression by endoplasmic reticulum stress independent of CREBH. The review \u201cUpdate on Alcoholic Hepatitis\u201d by Torok [et al. [et al. [et al. [Udoh  article  on the r [et al.  devoted  [et al.  elucidat [et al.  addresse [et al.  investigby Torok  presents [et al.  demonstr [et al.  highligh [et al.  discussegut dysfunctions and the pathogenesis of liver injury. Patel et al. [et al. [Several studies/reviews present an association between the ethanol-induced l et al.  review t [et al.  discusseet al. [The study by Zhong et al.  illustralung damage. One article by Sapkota and Wyatt [et al. [Two articles reveal the mechanism of alcohol-induced nd Wyatt  presents [et al.  follows heart function. The article \u201cAlcohol and Apoptosis: Friends or Foes?\u201d by Rodriguez et al. [in vivo effects of alcohol exposure on cardiomyocytes contraction and relaxation. The authors demonstrate that the animals on high doses of alcohol display a marked thinning of the left ventricular wall along with elevated caspase-3 activity and decreased contractility. In contrast, low alcohol is associated with increased contractility and decreased apoptosis suggesting that overall protective mechanisms are induced by low levels of alcohol exposure.Alcohol is also shown to affect z et al.  is devotet al. [Brand et al.  contribuneurotoxic effects of alcohol. To this end, Yang and Luo [Only one study was related to  and Luo  review tOverall, this Special Issue on \u201cMulti-Organ Alcohol-Related Damage: Mechanisms and Treatment\u201d covers important aspects on alcohol-induced organ damage and provides comprehensive information on the mechanisms underlying these events. The published articles are recommended for scientists and physicians involved in basic, translational and/or clinical studies on alcohol-induced injury to cells, tissues and multiple organs.The list of articles published in Special Issue \u201cMulti-Organ Alcohol-Related Damage: Mechanisms and Treatment\u201d is presented in Refs. ,24,25,26"}
{"text": "Acta Cryst. (2015), E71, o455\u2013o456.Corrigendum to  et al.  is corrected.The address of one of the authors in the paper by Subhadramma"}
{"text": "This Special Issue aimed to collect studies based on clinical applications of metabolomics in human disease. Patient care is currently switching from the reductionist approach to one of precision medicine that is characterized by the collection of individual longitudinal clinical data and the use of multi-omics profiling and tailored therapeutic protocols. Diseases are no longer seen as the sum of structural and functional multiorgan damage and complications; rather, they are evaluated with regard to their full spectrum of associated phenotypic abnormalities caused by multiple factors, such as genetic and epigenetic changes, the pathogenesis of the disease, the host immune response, the gut microbiota, the microenvironment, and both the beneficial and adverse effects of any therapeutic interventions used. In this context, metabolomics plays a strategic role in depicting the individual molecular phenotype and discovering insights into cellular metabolic processes. Recently, metabolomics has moved far beyond the status of an emerging field within the \u201comics\u201d sciences; actually, hundreds of research studies have utilized metabolomics to evaluate the metabolic profile of biological fluids and tissues, decipher alterations in metabolic pathways due to disease or specific physiological conditions , and measure the concentration of metabolites. A recent, elegant expression sounds as \u201cmetabolomics is the stethoscope of the 21st century\u201d . All theMetabolites is to promote the transition of metabolomics from research to the clinical setting with the contribution of original data and data obtained from a literature review. Beyond concerns on harmonization between metabolomics-based studies, the review of Aderemi et al. [The aim of this Special Issue of i et al.  reportedi et al. . In parti et al. . These gi et al. . Notablyi et al. . Before i et al. . In an ai et al. . Furtheri et al. . The skii et al. . In Parki et al. . In excli et al. . Recentli et al. . In thisi et al. . The mosi et al. . Interes"}
{"text": "IUCrData (2020), 5, x200445.Corrigendum to  et al. , there was an error in the name of the title compound.In the paper by Feightner"}
{"text": "Since clinical approval of the first liposomal formulation encapsulating a chemotherapeutic agent, nanoscale delivery systems have been a rapidly developing science. This Special Issue highlights the current advances and challenges in the broad theme of nanosystem development for the delivery of molecules to treat and/or diagnose tumors. A series of 10 original articles and 4 review articles written by researchers working in 11 countries were published. These publications provide the reader with a broad overview of some of the key strategies for nanocarrier design. These strategies are brought together by the wide compositional variety of these systems and the diversity of molecules that may be carried for functionalization strategies, codelivery, and combination with other treatment modalities.Pinto et al.  reportedBola\u00f1os et al.  preparedL\u00f3pez-Barrera et al.  developeHuang et al.  designedVindigni et al.  designedYang et al.  exploredKrivitsky et al.  developeCho et al.  preparedCohen et al.  developeLee et al.  formulatSizikov et al.  reviewedYang et al.  providedOn the other hand, the use of nanocarrier-assisted delivery in combination with PDT was the focus of the review article by Carobeli et al. . Based oFinally, Gomes and Franco  reviewedOverall, the articles in this Special Issue highlight a very active field, and we expect to see an increasing number of nanocarriers reaching cancer clinical trials."}
{"text": "The Special Issue \u201cSignal Processing and Machine Learning for Smart Sensing Applications\u201d focused on the publication of advanced signal processing methods by means of state-of-the-art machine learning technologies for smart sensing applications. It targeted research areas that included radio navigation, indoor/outdoor positioning, mm-wave sensing, speech denoising, and noise cancellation, among many others. A secondary objective was to promote interdisciplinary collaborations between researchers in the fields of signal processing and machine learning technologies for smart sensing applications.A total of 17 works were published within this Special Issue, where we can find works that are dealing with the more cutting-edge solutions for audio filtering for speech enhancement, identification and mitigation of some types of jamming, electroencephalogram processing for sleep-arousal detection, localization using magnetic field information, processing direction-of-arrival, detection of defects, fall detection, tracing healthcare data in real-time, as well as learn how signals propagate under non-line-of-sight conditions. The main contributions are briefly described in the remainder of this editorial.Zhou et al.  proposedQin et al.  introducLan et al.  proposedZhao et al.  a more sChien et al.  proposedKaneko et al.  introducLiu et al.  developeSasaki  presenteTian et al.  proposedBa\u010dnar et al.  elaboratMei et al.  studied Lin et al.  proposedMao et al.  studied Hsu et al.  proposedTuan et al.  developeXiao et al.  studied Wang et al.  proposed"}
{"text": "We thank De Roux et al. for their interest and comments on our review of in-hospital cardiac arrest . We agre"}
{"text": "In the article by Bischofberger et al. , the wro"}
{"text": "Acta Cryst. (2014), E70, o72.Corrigendum to  et al. , there is an error in the order of the authors.In the paper by Chang"}
{"text": "Anguilla anguilla) and demonstrated that some individuals return from the sea to the river of origin. The authors argue that eels make a \u2018false start\u2019, which they interpret as \u2018sophisticated strategy\u2019 and \u2018important addition to the description of the plastic behaviour of eel\u2019 )et al.  also in et al. ,8. Howev [et al.  did not s et al.  did not s et al. ,10. In as et al. , Tambetso likely , especiao likely . Therefoet al. [et al. [Tambets et al.  also claet al. . The matet al. ), navigaet al.  and silvet al. . As Tamb [et al.  did not et al. [et al. [ca 250 km and the release location was ca 200 m from the turbine intake canal, thereby it is likely that many eels just descended with the flow, while being disoriented in the new environment. Furthermore, only eels that reached the sea were included to the study presented by Tambets et al. [Tambets et al.  used Duret al.  to deteret al. . Because [et al.  in theirs et al. . The oris et al. .et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [In conclusion, the entire interpretive framework of Tambets et al.  rests on [et al.  study ar [et al.  is that  [et al. . This is [et al. . We ackn [et al.  also briet al. [However, if silver eel do return to the river origin, instead of the \u2018false start\u2019 hypothesis, this behaviour could more precisely represent \u2018farewell visits\u2019 (a term coined by Jessop et al. , which iet al. , may retet al. . However"}
{"text": "Advances in High-Performance Non-ferrous Materials\u201d, collected the latest development in fab-ricating the high-performance non-ferrous materials. Specifically, the coupled effects of alloying, microstructures, and processing on the mechanical properties of the representative non-ferrous alloys and related composites were elucidated in this SI. A few new processing technologies were also introduced that are superior in terms of the material strengthening, fracture toughness, me-chanical properties, magnetic properties, and wear resistance. Many of these efforts depend on the application of different new technologies such as irradiation, cryogenic rolling, wet chemical techniques, induction sintering, liquid/solid casting, heat treatments, electromagnetic hot forming, and five-axis flank milling.Non-ferrous metallic materials are considered to be fundamental materials for manufacturing in-dustries, i.e., they are used in aerospace, marine, vehicle, communications, construction, and even microelectromechanical systems. In order to obtain high-quality non-ferrous materials and/or components, we must fully understand the underlying process\u2013structure\u2013property relationship in the metallic materials such as Al alloys, Mg alloys, Ti alloys, Cu alloys, and etc. This Special Issue (SI), \u201c2Si). Using electron backscatter diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, and X-ray diffraction, Li et al. [2O3 composite that was prepared via induction sintering and rolling processes. Shuai et al.\u2019s work revealed the alloying elements\u2019  effects on the microstructure and mechanical properties of cast Al\u2013Si\u2013Cu alloys [5FeSi intermetallics. Huang et al. [B(Al7Cu4Li) and S(Al2CuMg) phases of the 2195 Al\u2013Cu\u2013Li alloy at different homogenization temperatures.Yang et al.  investigi et al.  studied i et al.  unraveleu alloys . The addg et al.  elucidat2 particle size on the microstructure, synthesis mechanism, and refining performance of an Al\u2013Ti\u2013C Alloy. Yu et al. [50-xCoxMn35.5In14.5 annealed ribbons was studied by Dubiel et al. [in situ VCp reinforced iron-based composite. Wang et al. [Mao et al.  and Gao u et al.  exploredu et al. . The effl et al. . Du et al et al.  proposedl et al.  performeg et al.  conducteg et al.  revealedg et al.  reviewedg et al. . All the"}
{"text": "Acta Cryst. (2018), E74, 926\u2013930.Corrigendum to  et al. , there is an error in the name of the first author.In the paper by Zemamouche"}
{"text": "Neuroimaging experiments in general, and EEG experiments in particular, must take care to avoid confounds. A recent TPAMI paper uses data that suffers from a serious previously reported confound. We demonstrate that their new model and analysis methods do not remedy this confound, and therefore that their claims of high accuracy and neuroscience relevance are invalid. We note that prior work  has alreet al.   6] as cl3et al.   8] as weNote that accuracy drops to chance for all classifiers. The remaining tables report analyses done with our own collected data . First, et al. [et al. [Palazzo et al. , Table 2et al. , EEGNet,Accuracy drops to chance for all classifiers. We next report analyses performed on data collected with randomized trials both withet al. [These report analyses between different runs with different stimulus presentation order. Note that classification accuracy with all classifiers is at chance. These results demonstrate that there is a confound not only between training and test samples collected in close temporal proximity within the same block, there also is a second confound between samples collected in different runs but with the same temporal offset from the beginning of the run. Collectively these results demonstrate that EEGNet, SyncNet, and EEGChannelNet exhibit exactly the same flawed pattern of behavior as the LSTM model from Spampinato et al. . To summet al.  use the et al. , everythet al. [et al. [et al. [Palazzo et al.  compare et al.  and Syncet al.  and clai [et al.  and Li e [et al. . Our con [et al.  for anal [et al. . It is iFor joint training, the resulting image classifier always performs above chance, usually highly above chance, but the resulting EEG classifier exhibits the same broad characteristics as all other classifiers, namely high classification accuracy on designs that exhibit a confound  and chance on designs that do not .4et al. [et al. [We demonstrate here that the claims 1 and 2 in Palazzo et al.  cannot b [et al. . Furthersupp1-3121268"}
{"text": "Surgical site infection following joint replacement surgery is still a significant complication, resulting in repeated surgery, prolonged antibiotic therapy, extended postoperative hospital stay, periprosthetic joint infection, and increased morbidity and mortality. This review discusses the risk factors associated with surgical site infection.etc. Surgery-related factors involve preoperative skin preparation, prolonged duration of surgery, one-stage bilateral joint replacement surgery, blood loss, glove changes, anti-microbial prophylaxis, topical anti-bacterial preparations, wound management, postoperative hematoma, etc. Those risk factors are detailed in the review.The patient-related factors include sex, age, body mass index (BMI), obesity, nutritional status, comorbidities, primary diagnosis, living habits, and scores of the American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status classification system, Preventive measures must be taken from multiple perspectives to reduce the incidence of surgical site infection after joint replacement surgery. Surgical site infection (SSI) represents one of the major complications of joint replacement surgery (JRS). It possibly extends postoperative hospital stay, prolongs the antibiotic therapies, and leads to periprosthetic joint infection (PJI). PJI is a devastating and challenging complication that increases morbidity and mortality rates . Althouget al. [et al.[Older patients are particularly vulnerable to post-total hip arthroplasty (THA) infection due to low immune resistance and poor nutritional status \u20138. Howevet al.  revealed. [et al. did not . [et al.\u201315.et al. [Obese patients have relatively higher SSI rates than non-obese patients , 16\u201318. et al.  found thet al. [etal. [Malnutrition is one of the common risk factors. Pruzansky et al.  determin [etal.  revealedet al. [Diabetes Mellitus is associated with wound complications , 23, 24.et al.  reportedet al. . Fructoset al. .Patients with rheumatoid arthritis are prone to SSI because they often receive hormones and immunosuppressants. Many studies have confirmed that rheumatoid arthritis is associated with a high incidence of SSI , 27, 28.et al. [P\u2009=\u20090.001). In a systematic review and meta-analysis, G\u00f3mez-Ochoa et al. [vs. 1.1%). Parvizi et al. [Asymptomatic bacteriuria and urinary tract infection are the two major urinary tract diseases leading to an increased incidence of SSI. In a multicenter cohort study that enrolled 2,497 JRS patients, Sousa et al.  reporteda et al.  exhibitei et al.  found thi et al. .et al. [et al. [Marusic et al.  reported [et al.  demonstre.gg., atopic dermatitis, psoriasis) was involved in an increased risk of SSI [et al. [A 4-year retrospective cohort study\u00a0that included 2439 patients, suggested that\u00a0chronic skin disease . Everhart et al. [et al. [Revision JRS carries a higher SSI rate due to the long operative time and the previous scars that affect wound healing. De Jong et al.  suggestet et al.  reported [et al.  demonstrFemoral head osteonecrosis, osteoarthritis, post-traumatic arthritis, hip dysplasia may not be associated with SSI .et al. [et al. [Many studies showed that smoking increased the incidence of postoperative SSI. In a systematic review of primary JRS patients, Bedard et al.  showed s [et al.  indicateet al. [et al. [Few articles reported on the relationship between alcohol abuse and SSI. Wu et al.  and Poul [et al.  demonstr [et al. .et al. [et al. [vs. 0.80%). Yang et al. [Anesthesiologists often use the ASA score to assess patients\u2019 overall preoperative health condition. Paryavi et al.  showed t [et al.  found ASg et al.  demonstret al. [RD\u2009=\u2009\u20130.02, P\u2009<\u20090.001). An alcohol-based solution of chlorhexidine is also recommended as the first choice by\u00a0the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (UK) [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [The optimal disinfectant used for preoperative skin preparation remains controversial. Zywiel et al.  found chet al.  displayence (UK) . However [et al.  showed t [et al.  revealed [et al.  also poi [et al.  demonstret al. [vs. 72.2\u2009+\u00b1\u20092 0.3\u00a0min; P\u2009=\u20090.03). Sheth et al. [P\u2009<\u20090.01). In a retrospective multicenter study, Liu et al. [P\u2009=\u20090.001). Theoretically, one-stage bilateral JRS increases the operative time, the amount of bleeding and the probability of blood transfusion. However, several studies failed to show differences between simultaneous and unilateral or staged bilateral TKA and THA in infection rate [Prolonged operations increase the time of wound exposure, likelihood of excessive tissue stripping, blood loss, and duration of anaesthesia. All those factors increase the risk of infection. Teo et al.  revealedh et al.  reviewedu et al.  demonstrion rate \u201352.et al. [During surgery, surgical gloves may be contaminated, especially in prolonged operations. Glove change reduces the risk of SSI. Kim et al.  suggesteet al. [et al. [vs. 80.7%; P\u2009<\u20090.05) or vancomycin  rather than cefazolin  [et al. [et al. [The use of intravenous antibiotics is the most important measure to decrease wound infection. Siddiqi et al.  performe [et al.  retrospe [et al. , 57. Pat\u2009<\u20090.05) . However [et al.  found th [et al.  suggeste et al. [et al. [Antibiotics alone or in combination with certain substances are placed in the joint cavity to attain antibacterial effect. In addition to systemic antibiotic prophylaxis, local administration of gentamicin-collagen sponges reduces SSI incidence in elderly patients undergoing hemiarthroplasty . Peng et et al.  conducte [et al.  reportedet al. [et al. [vs. 16.2%, P\u2009=\u20090.031). They suggested that a negative pressure wound therapy be used in high-risk patients, especially in patients undergoing non-aspirin anticoagulant therapy. In a prospective randomized controlled study, Kuo et al. [P\u2009=\u20090.01). Some surgeons suggested that antibiotic-coated sutures be used to decrease SSI, but offered no strong supporting evidence [The need to drain is always a controversial issue. In a systematic review on SSI, Resende et al.  did not  [et al.  suggesteo et al.  demonstrevidence , 67.et al. [et al. [OR\u2009=\u200911.8; P\u2009<\u20090.05) was a significant predictor of superficial SSI in TKA and THA.The chemical thromboprophylaxis used in JRS to reduce deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary thrombosis may cause hematoma. Hematoma is a suitable culture medium for bacterial reproduction and growth. De Jong et al.  showed t [et al.  found thStaphylococcus aureus screening and decolonization are helpful to reduce bacteria colonization, transmission, and surgical site infection. Saleh et al. [Staphylococcus aureus undergoing the selective treatment showed confirmed eradication, but a significantly increased risk of SSI remains in THA and TKA. This evidence suggests that\u00a0preoperative bacterial screening and decolonization should be conducted. Weiser and Moucha [Staphylococcus aureus screened in the nasal cavity could potentially reduce the incidence of SSI. Zhu et al. [Staphylococcus aureus significantly reduced the risks of SSI, PJI and superficial infections, compared to the non-decolonization group. The latest systematic review and meta-analysis showed that non-decolonization was associated with a higher risk of Staphylococcus aureus infection (RR\u2009=\u20092.18\u2009\u00b1\u20090.41) and other infections (RR\u2009=\u20091.70\u2009\u00b1\u20090.17) in elective JRS [Preoperative h et al.  found med Moucha  found thu et al.  revealedtive JRS .et al. [et al. [vs. 4.9%, P\u2009=\u20090.65).De Jong et al.  found th [et al.  did not et al. [etal. [P\u2009=\u20090.005). Patients on low-income government insurance (Medicaid) had a higher incidence of SSI after shoulder arthroplasty during the initial inpatient stay [Wu et al.  reported [etal.  also fouent stay . Compareent stay . Poor lient stay . et al.[et al. [Kane et al. found th et al.. For pos.[et al.  also sho.[et al. . In addi.[et al. .For invariable factors, such as sex and age, doctors should inform the patients and their family members about the risks. The surgical team should optimize those modifiable factors to decrease the risk of SSI Table .Table 1Aetc. and (5) perform nasal Staphylococcus aureus screening, decolonization, and antibiotic prophylaxis.Preoperatively, the surgeon should fully evaluate patients\u2019 habits, medical history, and health conditions. Some important measures should be taken: (1) quit tobacco and alcohol or even have a cessation program; (2) optimize perioperative levels of blood glucose of diabetic patients; (3) support the patient\u2019s diet to achieve a normal level of hemoglobin and nutritional status; (4) optimize patient\u2019s comorbidities, such as rheumatoid arthritis, peripheral vascular disease, chronic skin disease, Intraoperatively, the surgical team should strictly control the sterility, shorten the operative time, and minimize the trauma as much as possible. Several issues need to be addressed: (1) use Iodine-alcohol for preoperative skin preparation; (2) change gloves after draping, before handling implants or in the presence of perforations; and (3) use a ventilation system with 100-level laminar flow in the operating room.Postoperatively, the surgeons should strictly keep dressing change aseptic, follow-up patients regularly, and address complications in a timely manner. The patient should be informed to consult surgeons if there are wound redness, swelling, and discomfort in the knee. The patient should be prescribed oral antibiotics to prevent blood-borne infection, if they had dental procedures."}
{"text": "Due to a production error, one of the in-text citations under the sub-heading \u201cParticipants\u201d was changed from Munch et al. (2018) to Smith et al. (2020).The publisher apologises for this mistake. The original article has been updated."}
{"text": "IUCrData (2019), 4, x191207.Withdrawal of  et al.  is withdrawn.The article by Fang  The art al. 2019."}
{"text": "This Special Issue includes many advanced high-quality papers that focus on gel applications in the oil and gas industry. The papers in this Special Issue present the new development of gels that can be used as conformance control agents, drilling fluid additives, and hydraulic fracturing agents.3/d to 20.0 m3/d, the average water cut was reduced to 60\u201370%, and the cumulative oil production was predicted to increase almost 3-fold. Cheng et al. [As common conformance control agents, gels have been applied in conventional reservoirs for decades. Recently, more and more research has focused on gel application in harsh environments, including high salinity and/or high temperature. Ding et al.  introducg et al.  used expg et al.  reportedg et al.  introducg et al.  summarizg et al.  presente"}
{"text": "Unlike digital computers, these information-processing systems (IPS) are autonomous, analogue and massively parallel, and their responses are remarkably successful in supporting the survival, growth, repair and reproduction of living organisms. Molecular, cellular and organismal biologists, in collaboration with mathematical and computational biologists, have made remarkable progress in understanding how living IPS work. Some of these recent successes are reviewed in this collection.et al. [et al. [et al. [Part I focused on time-keeping, in particular on mechanisms of biological oscillators, on synchronization of intercommunicating oscillators and on entrainment to external driving rhythms, with particular emphasis on circadian rhythms. Jimenez et al.  providedet al.  presente [et al.  provided [et al.  investiget al. [a). For instance, they identify just two distinct ways for a cell to choose between alternate fates: the \u2018binary choice\u2019 landscape and the \u2018binary flip\u2019 landscape. They go on to study three-attractor landscapes and beyond, and to consider how to incorporate experimental data with dynamics. Robert et al. [b). They attribute the observed characteristics to cell-to-cell variability in gene expression, most notably Nanog expression. Diegmiller et al. [c). They propose a minimal cell cycle oscillator model for generating the cell lineage tree (CLT) of a cyst and discuss how CLTs of varying topologies can arise. Such clonal clusters of connected cells are found in almost all lineages of eukaryotes, and the cytoplasmic bridges that connect such cells are thought to have played a key role in the evolution of multi-cellularity. Tyson & Novak [d), account for both clock-like CDK oscillations during early embryonic cell divisions and switch-like CDK-arrested states (checkpoints) during somatic cell cycles. Lastly, Nam et al. [e). In this approach, the nonlinear kinetics of a network of biochemical reactions is decomposed into a coupled set of graphs, each of which has linear dynamics, and the steady states of the network can be expressed as rational algebraic functions of the parameters. The linear framework, which encompasses systems both at thermodynamic equilibrium and away from equilibrium, provides a sound theoretical foundation for modelling the post-translational modifications that underlie many biochemical mechanisms of time-keeping and decision-making in living cells.Part II focuses on decision-making in cell differentiation, development and cell cycle progression. S\u00e1ez et al.  use ideat et al.  investigr et al.  study th & Novak  use mathm et al.  review a. 2. 2.1lac operon (a) and later mathematical models by Griffith [et al. [b) [et al. [et al. [c), as made clear later by mathematical modelling [d). Yates et al. [e). van den Ham & de Boer found up to four stable steady states: naive cell (both factors off), Th1 cell (Tbet on), Th2 cell (Gata3 on) and dual-expressing cell (both factors on). The same motif was introduced by Huang et al. [et al. [on or off. Perkins & Swain [et al. [Experimental and theoretical studies of decision-making by bistable molecular circuits go back many years, at least to the observations of Novick & Weiner  on the \u2018c operon a and latGriffith , Thomas Griffith  and SantGriffith . In cell [et al.  observed al. [b) , and bis [et al.  and Pome [et al. . Nasmyth [et al.  proposedodelling . Ferrellodelling  observeds et al.  and lates et al.  studied g et al.  to model [et al.  modelled & Swain  and Bal\u00e1 [et al.  have revThe common themes of these early studies are that (i) cells make decisions by flipping between coexisting stable steady states (bistability or multi-stability) and (ii) multiple stable steady states are generated by biochemical reaction networks with mutual inhibition and/or self-activation . We see . 2.2a. They found that, as the signal is varied, the control system may exhibit four different steady states: trophoectoderm, endoderm, stem cell and \u2018differentiated\u2019 stem cell. Later, Chickarmane et al. [et al. [figure 3b; an activator\u2013inhibitor motif rather than a MISA motif).The differentiation of pluripotent embryonic stem cells and of blood cell progenitors has long fascinated mathematical biologists (e.g. an early review by Laurent & Kellersohn ). MISA mfigure 3e et al.  used a s [et al.  observedet al. [c). They applied this idea to the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in embryonic development [d) controlling the expression of the transcription factors Snail and Zeb. At low TGF\u03b2 (the inducer of EMT), Snail and Zeb are turned off, and the cell is expressing epithelial genes. At intermediate TGF\u03b2, Snail and Zeb are turned on partially, and the cell is not secreting TGF\u03b2 . At higher levels of (paracrine) TGF\u03b2, the cell turns on Snail and Zeb fully and starts secreting TGF\u03b2, which locks the cell in the mesenchymal state by autocrine signalling, even if the external TGF\u03b2 signal drops substantially.Mutual inhibition between mRNA and microRNA has been proposed by Tian et al.  as a mecelopment  with a met al. [et al. [et al. [The early work of Yates et al. , Huang e [et al.  and van  [et al.  was foll [et al.  and Hong [et al. \u201337, who . 2.3et al. [Up to this point, we have attributed cell differentiation to bistability and multi-stability at the single-cell level, based on MISA motifs in the underlying control circuits. In a fascinating paper, Stanoev et al.  recentlyet al. [b). The model was later extended to account for cell division [et al. [De Mot et al.  proposeddivision . Saiz et [et al.  proposeda) to include mechanical forces and cell division, Krupinski et al. [An important aspect of embryonic development is the coupling of mechanics to gene expression in the context of cellular tissue that is increasing in cell number due to division. Extending their model of Cdx2/Oct4 and Nanog/Gata3 interactions a to incli et al.  have attet al. [et al. [et al. [Macklin et al.  presente [et al. . The pop [et al.  showed t. 2.4et al. [et al. [Chlamydomonas, to explain the unusual \u2018multiple-fission\u2019 mode of cell division in this green alga. Li et al. [Caulobacter crescentus, an alphaproteobacterium. Deterministic modelling of the budding yeast cell cycle has become more comprehensive. Palumbo et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [Cell cycle modelling has moved in several directions over the past decade. Regarding mammalian cell cycle regulation, G\u00e9rard & Goldbeter ,47 preseet al.  confrontet al. ,50 with  [et al.  presentei et al.  presenteo et al.  presente [et al.  presente [et al. , which f [et al. \u201358, the  [et al. , mitotic [et al.  and the  [et al. . Compreh [et al.  and purs [et al.  at a \u2018ge [et al.  to incorb), Novak & Tyson [\u22121. Twenty years later, these waves were observed definitively by Chang & Ferrell [\u22121.Because the activation of MPF (a cyclin-CDK dimer) is a bistable switch b, Novak  & Tyson  predicte Ferrell  in frog . 2.5et al. [et al. [b), in E. coli cells. Tigges et al. [et al. [Vibrio quorum sensing machinery into their oscillating E. coli strain. Zhang et al. [\u03baB protein) and I\u03baB\u03b1 (an inhibitor of RelA).The age of synthetic genetic regulatory networks was inaugurated by the ground-breaking papers of Gardner et al. \u2014the geneet al. \u2014the repr [et al.  created s et al.  created  [et al.  showed tg et al.  designedet al. [Matsuda et al.  studied et al. [Sekine et al.  have enget al. [et al. [figure 2e; it readily generates bistability and tristability in a controllable fashion. MultiFate-3 cells can generate up to seven stable steady states.The potential for synthetic decision-making has been greatly expanded by two publications. Gordley et al.  showed h [et al.  introduc. 2.6C. elegans zygote establishes an anterior\u2013posterior gradient of PAR proteins in the cell cortex. In modelling this phenomenon, Goehring et al. [Shortly after fertilization, the g et al.  found thCLAVATA genes. Spontaneous emergence of a central zone is often modelled by a Turing mechanism, for example [et al. [All above-ground plant tissues originate from stem cell divisions in shoot apical meristems (SAM). Stem cells, in the central zone of SAM, express the transcription factor WUSCHELL, which upregulates its own inhibitors, encoded by  example , but Bat example  has show [et al. .. 2.7et al. [Apoptosis is an interesting cell fate decision whereby, in response to severe stress, a cell commits \u2018suicide\u2019. Crucially, this decision, once made, must be irreversible, and a one-way bistable switch is ideally suited to this end. Following on early models of irreversible apoptosis in mammalian cells \u201383, Ziraet al.  have mod. 3Altogether, the studies reviewed in Parts I and II of this Special Issue have contributed greatly to our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying biological information processing, giving us a deeper appreciation of the\u2014often non-intuitive\u2014dynamical interplay of biochemical switches and clocks and the life-sustaining processes that they support. The progress resulting from the development, analysis and application of mathematical models has revolutionized our interpretation of experimental observations and renewed our vision of future possibilities in health science and biotechnology."}
{"text": "The meat supply of local poultry for human consumption is greater than that of fast-growing poultry in Niger. However, meeting the protein needs of these local chickens is a major challenge due to the availability of protein sources and their cost. Nowadays, insect larvae such as houseflies are used and even recommended as animal feed; hence, the need to evaluate the effect of housefly (Musca domestica) larvae on the growth performance of local chickens. This study investigated the feeding effects of housefly larvae on the growth performance and carcass characteristics of local Nigerien chickens and determined the rate of fish meal substitution, in fresh or dry larvae form, whichever would be preferable.A total of 165 3-week-old local unsexed chickens of the salmon variety, weighing 120.3 \u00b1 15.43 g, were used to evaluate the effect of housefly (M. domestica) larvae on their growth performance and carcass yield (CY). The experiment consisted of five treatments with three replicates, that is, 15 batches of 11 animals each. Five iso-protein-caloric diets were developed with 25%, and then 50% fish meal substitution with fresh and dried housefly larvae. The chicks were reared together during the first 3 weeks for their adaptation, during which they were fed an imported starter commercial feed, ad libitum. After that, they were weighed weekly for 12 weeks. Next, the body weights (BWs) were taken weekly for all chicks, feed daily intake and mortality were recorded daily, and average daily gain, feed conversion ratio (FCR), and viability rate were calculated. In the end, four chickens  per batch were slaughtered for the CY evaluation, breast meat, drumstick and tight (legs), and wings. Statistical analyses were performed using a linear mixed model for repeated data.The weight, FCR, and carcass traits were unaffected by either the rate or larvae state. Conversely, the growth rate was improved, and feed consumption was increased. Notably, the chickens consumed more feed but grew faster with fresh larvae and at a higher substitution rate.This study reported that 50% fresh or dried housefly larvae substituted into the fish meal in growing local chicken\u2019s diets had no effect on their BW, FCR, and carcass traits but increased the growth rate and feed consumption. Poultry production is a source of food and income that contributes to food security and poverty alleviation in Africa , 2. The Tenebrio molitor) , a higher value of 67.98% by Hwangbo et al. , and a l, 47\u201351, (20.50%) ; however(31.76%) , and Has [et al.  but slig [et al. . Fish me [et al. , respect [et al. . In addi [et al.  and the  [et al. . However [et al. . This au [et al. . In a st [et al.  recordedet al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [For growth performance, the local chicken in Niger responded well to sexual dimorphism, a known characteristic of several poultry species, including chickens . Sexual et al. , Okah anet al. , and Adeet al.  for broi [et al.  verified [et al.  substitu [et al.  substitu [et al.  found a  [et al.  experime [et al. . This re [et al.  on broil [et al.  in their [et al. . The fee [et al. , is the  [et al.  for a 50 [et al. , who repet al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [Interestingly, some authors  propose et al. , T\u00e9guia  [et al. , Adeniji [et al. , and \u00d0or [et al.  also obs [et al.  observed [et al.  and Ren  [et al. . Pieters [et al. , in anotet al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [Furthermore, no effects were discovered in the BW of chickens that consumed diets with dried larvae compared with that of chickens that consumed fresh larvae diets. These results validate the results of \u00d0or\u0111evi\u0107 et al. , who des [et al. , where t [et al. . This tr [et al. . The chi [et al.  worked w [et al.  showed t [et al. . This fi [et al. , who dis [et al. , 35, 59. [et al.  observedFinally, for viability, neither substitution rate nor larvae form had any effect on the viability of local chickens, given that they all remained 100% viable during this study.The substitution rate of fish meal by housefly larvae up to 50% had no effect on the BW, FCR, and CY of local chicken, and in the housefly larvae forms, whether dried or fresh. However, the ADG and feed consumption increased by a 50% substitution rate of fresh larvae compared with that of the control. Consequently, it is possible to substitute fishmeal with fresh and dried housefly larvae in the indigenous poultry diet. Notably, fresh larvae are best suited to producers lacking drying or preservation facilities, especially given that fresh larvae involve no additional processing or preservation costs for a small-scale producer. However, the dried form has the advantage of integrating a complete diet for more efficient use by medium- to large-scale producers without the risk of screening the feed by animals.CM, JD, QCDV, and NM: Conceptualization. BH: Methodology. NM, QCDV, and CM: Validation. JD: Formal analysis. BH, and AGT: Investigation. IHL: Resources. BH: Data curation. BH: Drafted the manuscript. QCDV and NM: Reviewed and edited the manuscript. CM: Supervision. JD: Project administration. All authors have read and approved the final manuscript."}
{"text": "Acta Cryst. (2018), E74, 1002\u20131005.Corrigendum to  et al. , there is an error in the name of the second author.In the paper by Boudebbous"}
{"text": "IUCrData (2017), 2, x170234.Corrigendum to  et al. , there was an error in the name of one of the authors.In the paper by Naveen"}
{"text": "It can mean that, in this specific situation (e.g. under the anaesthesia), the inferior SAN was just active at that moment. Anyway, the study hypothesis is an inspiring idea and I would like to encourage the authors to develop this idea.Dr. Misier et al.  present et al. . In the"}
{"text": "Following publication of the original article (Santos et al. The original article (Santos et al."}
{"text": "The average intermediate or \u2018andesitic\u2019 bulk composition and characteristic depletion of niobium of the continental crust are strikingly matched by convergent margin magmas . This haet al. , who com [et al.  negated et al. [The results of Tang et al.  yield imet al.  and eroset al. [et\u00a0al. [rather than the origin, of continental crust. To avoid this confusion, data from thick oceanic arc should be evaluated too.While Tang et al.  providedet al.  shows a  [et\u00a0al.  focused et\u00a0al. [Despite these uncertainties, Tang et\u00a0al.  provide et\u00a0al. . Althouget\u00a0al. , it rema3+/Fetot ratio, and therefore Mg#, of melts are strongly dependent on fO2 [fO2 in continental and oceanic arcs as well as in the course of magmatic fractionation, oxygen fugacity is necessary to be taken into account in deciphering differentiation processes of calc-alkaline magmatism.In addition to fractionation pressure and water, oxygen fugacity is also crucial to Mg# of arc magmas, because the Fet on fO2 ,7. Given"}
{"text": "Fluid dynamics is a research area lying at the crossroads of physics and applied mathematics with an ever-expanding range of applications in natural sciences and engineering. However, despite decades of concerted research efforts, this area abounds with many fundamental questions that still remain unanswered. At the heart of these problems often lie mathematical models, usually in the form of partial differential equations, and many of the open questions concern the validity of these models and what can be learned from them about the physical problems. In recent years, significant progress has been made on a number of open problems in this area, often using approaches that transcend traditional discipline boundaries by combining modern methods of modelling, computation and mathematical analysis. The two-part theme issue aims to represent the breadth of these approaches, focusing on problems that are mathematical in nature but help to understand aspects of real physical importance such as fluid dynamical stability, transport, mixing, dissipation and vortex dynamics.This article is part of the theme issue \u2018Mathematical problems in physical fluid dynamics (part 2)\u2019. The main topics of Part II of the theme issue are vortex dynamics and turbulence, with several interstitial areas included as well. Gomez-Serrano et al.  find newet al.  study th [et al. . Ohkitan [et al.  construc [et al.  using co [et al.  use a coet al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [Turning to the contributions with especially close connections to turbulence, Tsuruhashi et al.  use direet al.  demonstr [et al. . Van Kan [et al.  use an a [et al.  employ t [et al.  explore  [et al. ."}
{"text": "Cotton plants are not only the global crops integrating fiber, oil and protein (Hu et al. Recently, Wang and colleagues reported a new function of gossypol: acting as a pan-inhibitor against SARS-CoV-2 and its variants (Wang et al. In the course of evolution and the 5 000 years of domestication (Song et al. Although gossypol has a few side effects on humans and animals (Gadelha et al."}
{"text": "This Special Issue addresses new scientific insights and technological advances in the area of gluten-free product development with the aim of controlling gluten intolerance and autoimmune diseases.p < 0.05) compared to standard products, as well as higher (p < 0.05) fat contents. Bokic et al. [This Special Issue publishes seven research papers and four review articles. In the paper by Gasparre et al. , the autc et al.  investigc et al.  aimed toPediococcus pentosaceus strain.Chochkov et al.  exploredDos Reis Gallo et al.  determinGazikalovi\u0107 et al.  producedAmorphophallus konjac  flour. The bread samples with konjac showed a high fiber content and lower levels of carbohydrates, hence lower calories.Laignier et al.  developeThe review papers deal with the use of additives to replace gluten and ensure the stability and elasticity of the dough, hence improving the nutritional quality and sensory properties of gluten-free bread . The app"}
{"text": "Anguilla anguilla) has been declining extensively and needs efficient conservation measures. Relevant information on the biology of this species (including spawning migration) is necessary for management decisions. We discovered an unprecedented behavioural pattern\u2014after migrating to the Baltic Sea, 21% of the silver eels, tagged with acoustic transmitters, returned to the Narva River [The population of European eel \u2019 has been shown in the studies of Jessop et al. [et al. discuss the movement of fish from the sea to the river before they silver and begin the spawning migration. The studies of Jessop et al. [et al. misunderstood the text of Jessop et al. and conveys a misinterpretation to the reader.Our research prompted Rohtla  Comment . In our  Comment . One of  Comment . The stap et al. ,4, is inp et al. ,4 clearlet al. is that Rohtla et al. [farewell visits hypothesis, described by Jessop et al. [farewell visit refers to the movement of yellow eels between the sea and the river where silvering has not been previously demonstrated. In our study [false start and we think it is an appropriate expression in such a context.Another consequence of the misinterpretation of the articles of Jessop a et al.  offer thp et al. , in explur study , we conset al. [Rohtla et al.  are righet al. . We analet al. [Rohtla et al.  begin toet al. [Rohtla et al.  describeet al. [et al. [et al. that these eels could have been yellow is incomprehensible.Some of the opinions of Rohtla et al.  seem imp [et al.  did not et al.'s Comment [In our opinion, Rohtla  Comment  misses tAs previously mentioned, we still do not know what caused the eels to exhibit this interesting behaviour. Water systems similar to our study system\u2014complex river systems with impounded and stagnant sections with migration obstacles\u2014are numerous around the world, and the eel stocking and translocation method has been widely used for decades. This behaviour pattern, which is the subject of discussion at the moment, may be characteristic of eels more generally."}
{"text": "IUCrData (2020), 5, x200040.Corrigendum to  et al. , the address of the second author is incorrect.In the paper by MacNeil"}
{"text": "We read with interest the recent publication by Zhao et al. . Zhao etZhao et al.  quoted SCamp et al.  measuredZhao et al.  did not Zhao et al.  graded fIn conclusion, considering that Zhao et at  reported"}
{"text": "In the present Special Issue \u201cFunctional Nanomaterials and Polymer Nanocomposites: Current Uses and Potential Applications\u201d, two review articles and nine original research articles are published. The published review article by M.S.A. Darwish et al.  presents3-coated vesicles by biomineralization and further their utilization as carriers of drug-delivery systems. In this Special Issue, M.B. Stie et al. [xCo1\u2212xFe2O4  magnetic nanoparticle-based polyurethane nanocomposites with reduced graphene oxide. Further, C.-Y. Wu et al. [In a published research article in this Special Issue, M. Aviv et al.  describee et al.  describee et al.  investigu et al.  report cu et al.  describeu et al.  describeu et al.  investig"}
{"text": "Assalauova  is corrected.An error in the article by  c) of the article by et al. Assalauova  is corrected.An error in Fig. 3"}
{"text": "We read with interest the recent publication by He and colleagues . The autHe et al.  stated tHe et al.  did not He et al.  previousHe et al.  providedSlongo et al.  promotedIn conclusion, the presented radiographic and photographic clinical evidence provided by He et al. , 4 and S"}
{"text": "To the Editor: Millogo et al.  is crucial to establish the diagnostic utility of fecal specimens in leprosy.Koshy et al. ("}
{"text": "IJMS were dedicated to the major complications responsible for maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality, such as gestational hypertension (GH), preeclampsia (PE), fetal growth restriction (FGR), gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), preterm birth, and chronic venous disease.These Special Issue These Special Issues provided an overview of the latest research on the molecular and cellular mechanisms associated with pregnancy-related complications, novel diagnostics/prognostics modalities, as well as on the long-term consequences of pregnancy-related complications, both for mothers and their offspring. In addition, to reflect the current state-of-the-art and actual needs in the field, several review studies dedicated to the placental toxicology, the cervical mucus barrier, and periodontitis were also implemented.In our first Special Issue (closed on 29 February 2020), three reviews and five original papers were published altogether.The review of Gerasimova et al.  summarizThe review of Ziganshina et al.  conducteThe review of Alejandro et al.  was dediOur research group  demonstrSzilagyi et al.  introducSERPINA1 (\u03b11-antitrypsin) peptides as one of the most promising peptide biomarkers of PE. Urine SERPINA1 peptides were associated with the destruction and degradation of thesyncytiotrophoblast membrane and, consequently, with the severity of the disease.Starodubtseva et al.  introducOur research group  describeOrtega et al.  observedIn our second Special Issue (closed on 28 February 2021) nine reviews and six original papers were published altogether.The review of Lacroix et al.  brought The review of Szczuko et al.  discusseThe review of Todros et al.  summarizThe review of Matsubara et al.  was dediThe clinical review of Ornoy et al.  introducThe review of Pankiewicz et al.  summarizThe review of Ruszala et al.  discusseThe aim of the review of Bendek et al.  was to cThe review of Deval et al.  was dediKelemu et al.  describePasternak et al.  reportedBurzynska-Pedziwiatr et al.  performeKeckstein et al.  demonstrOur research group  describeFinally, Kedziora et al.  investig"}
{"text": "To the Editors: We read with interest an article by S.A. Collier et al. ("}
{"text": "Oxford English Dictionary defines a concept as, \u2018an idea of a class of objects, a general notion\u2019. It follows from this definition that a concept cannot be rejected in the way that a hypothesis might be rejected if its predictions are inconsistent with observations. Instead, a concept must be judged by its heuristic value: does it help in making sense of the natural world?The The biological species concept (BSC) was designed to aid understanding of biological diversity, particularly the ubiquitous observation that sexually reproducing organisms exist in more or less distinct phenotypic and genetic clusters rather than in a continuum of forms. It does so by focusing attention on the contrast between successful interbreeding within groups and reproductive isolation between them. Distinct groups can form in other ways, and can occur in organisms that lack regular sexual reproduction. This has led to alternative conceptualizations of the units of diversity ,2. Howevet al.  and this is certainly true of the BSC. However, Wang et al.  seek to et al.  did not et al. ,8. The l [et al.  is probl [et al. ). Linkin [et al. . In real [et al. ,12. The  [et al. ,8,12,13 et al. [et al. [Wang et al.  suggest et al. ,7,14), t [et al. : No, it the process of speciation\u2019. This proposal struck a chord and fig. 1 from Wu's paper has been very widely reproduced. It describes snapshots in the evolution of reproductive isolation from the appearance of the first barriers to gene flow to the complete absence of successful interbreeding . The underlying idea of an initially semi-permeable barrier that can evolve to exclude a larger and larger proportion of the genome has great heuristic value. It was already present in the hybrid zone literature [et al. [Nearly 20 years ago, Wu  proposedterature  and is nterature ). Wang e [et al.  provide"}
{"text": "As a result of a production error, in Decarli et al. The publisher regrets this error."}
{"text": "The present letter concerns the article written by Dehghani et al. . First, Not to declare."}
{"text": "The article by Rajman et al. (2020),"}
{"text": "Acta Cryst. (2022), E78, 108\u2013110.Corrigendum to  et al. , there is an error in the chemical formula in the title.In the paper by Park"}
{"text": "This approach differs in assuming the genetic effects on survival are additive, rather than multiplicative (Hamilton (1966) assumed genetic effects subtract from mortality risk [x in discrete time versus reproductive value in continuous time that balances the force of selection. For reproduction, if reproductive value at the first age class is defined as 1, then there are no differences between the discrete and continuous time forces of selection.To avoid any further confusion for the reader and the discipline, we have included Hamilton 966 assumet al. [et al. [To summarize, the logic of Roper et al.  was to het al.  were useet al. ,6 and (iet al.  is correet al. . However [et al. : that th"}
{"text": "A growing number of applications are enabled by transfer printing, particular advanced flexible and stretchable electronic systems requiring heterogeneous integration of inorganic materials on plastic or rubber substrates . The criet al. [3 with a temperature increase below 100oC (Fig. et al. [In a recent work published in NSR by Luo et al.  \u2018Laser-d. et al.  outperfoet al. [In short, Luo et al.  proposed"}
{"text": "To the best of our knowledge there are no publications about Tunisian experience in constrictive pericarditis (CP); the aim of this study was therefore to review our twenty-one years\u2019 experience in terms of clinical and surgical outcomes and risk factors of death after pericardiectomy. An analytic bicentric and retrospective study carried out on 25 patients  with CP underwent pericardiectomy, collected over a 21-years period. The mean age was 40.46\u00b116.74 years [7.5-72]. The commonest comorbid factor was tabagism (52%). The most common etiology was tuberculosis . Dyspnea was the most common functional symptom . Pericardiectomy was performed in all our patients within 2.9\u00b13.19 months after confirmation of diagnosis. It was subtotal in 96% of cases. The commonest postoperative complications are pleural effusion (20%). Dyspnea was regressed within 1.8 months in 80% of cases and clinical signs of right heart failure within a mean duration of 1.62 months in 53% of cases. Perioperative mortality was 12% (3 deaths), late mortality was 4% (1 patient). Cardiopulmonary bypass, New York Heart Association (NYHA) over class II and right ventricular dysfunction are the prognostic factors of mortality . Tuberculosis as etiology of CP had no impact on mortality. CP is a rare disease, with non-specific clinical signs. Pericardiectomy is effective with a significant improvement of the functional status of patients and favorable outcome at short and long term nevertheless hospital mortality is not negligible and depends on many factors. Chronic constrictive pericarditis (CP) is a serious disease fortunately rare accounting for approximately 0.5 to 2% of heart disease and 0.6% of interventions in cardiovascular surgery department. It is characterized by constriction and adiastolia ,2. SymptAn analytic, longitudinal and retrospective bicentric study, including 25 cases of chronic constrictive pericarditis, collected over a period of 21 years from November 1994 to May 2015. Included in this study all patients underwent pericardiectomy for CP. Pericarditis etiology was determined by the patient\u00b4s history. The data were collected from medical records by referring to an operating sheet that we established at the start of the study. Epidemiological data, aetiology of CP, functional signs, data from physical examination, data from additional tests  the time interval between symptoms and diagnosis (time elapsed between the onset of symptoms and diagnosis). Biological data were collected. We have specified the time interval between diagnosis and surgery . Informations about the surgical intervention were collected. Patient\u00b4s clinical and paraclinical data during in-hospital period and during follow-up were noted. Statistical study: all of the continuous variables are expressed as mean \u00b1 SD and the categorical variables as percentages. the Anova test or the Mann-Whitney test were used for the quantitative variables and the Fisher Exact test for the qualitative variables. A p value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.The mean age of our patients was 40.46\u00b116.74 years (7.5-72 years). Sex ratio at 4 . Smoking was the most frequently concomitant cardiovascular risk factors , comorbidities are summarized in The most frequent physical sign was hepatomegaly, jugular venous distension, peripheral edema, hepatojugular reflux and ascites. Blood pressure was normal in all patients, pulsus paradoxus was not found in any patient . PreoperRegarding medical treatment prior to surgery, 23 patients (92%) were on diuretics, eleven patients (44%) were on vitamin-K antagonist treatment . Three patients (12%) had undergone one previous sternotomy for valvular replacement. Pericardiectomy was performed in all our patients within 2.9\u00b13.19 months, it was subtotal in 96% of cases (n = 24) and partial in only one patient. The midline sternotomy was performed in all patients. Cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) support was necessary in two patients (8%) because major bleeding for one and a tricuspid annuloplasty of De Vega for tricuspid insufficiency for the other. No other concomitant cardiac surgical procedures performed at the same time as pericardiectomy. CPB support time was respectively 33 min and 46 min. Transfusion was necessary in seven patients (28%), average transfusion requirements are five red blood cell concentrates, six fresh frozen plasma and nine platelet concentrates. The use of catecholamines was necessary in 10 patients (40%). Extubation was accomplished the first postoperative day in 17 patients (68%). Mean length of stay in the intensive care unit was 5.86\u00b12.02 days (1-36 days). Mean time spent with a chest drain in place was 4.53\u00b16.125 days (1-26 days). The mean length of hospital stay was 26.27\u00b114.23 days. Anatomopathological study of pericardium was performed in 16 patients (64%). A fibrotic aspect was observed in 14 patients and an inflammatory aspect in two patients. There were no specific signs of malignancy or tuberculosis.The most frequent postoperative complications were pleural effusion requiring surgical drainage in five patients (20%) and bleeding noted in four patients (16%)  and low cardiac output observed in three patients (12%). Postoperative AF was noted in one patient (4%) . In-hospet al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [The age of patients with CP varies from one study to another. It ranges between 40 and 66 years . In our et al.  and Ghav [et al. . In this [et al.  and Toku [et al. . This di [et al.  had also [et al. ,12, expl [et al. . In our  [et al. ,13-18 wh [et al. .et al. [Confirmation of tuberculosis origin of the CP is not always obvious. In the study by Mutyaba et al. , the tubet al. . Accordiet al. ,20-22, tet al. ,24. The et al. . This etet al. ,20,25. Net al. [et al. it was a 28-year-old man in whom a CP was discovered in a context of liver dysfunction [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [Idiopathic CP is frequent in our study and in the literature -22. Accoet al. . In a moet al. . Constriet al. ,4,17. Cofunction . The mosfunction ,21,30,31 [et al. , 22% in  [et al. , 19% in  [et al. . It has et al. [et al. [et al. (27%), Bashi et al. (75%) and Mutyaba et al. (63.6%) [et al. [et al. [et al. and in 42% of the cases in of Bashi et al. [et al. [A supraventricular arrhythmia was found in 36% of our patients which is in concordance with Kumawat et al.  who foun [et al. . In our  (63.6%) ,21,31. C [et al.  noted th [et al.  in 50% o [et al. . Echocari et al. ,31. Acco [et al. , the sen [et al. . In our  [et al. . Variati [et al. . It was  [et al. . Epicard [et al. . Prolong [et al. ,42.et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. (0.6%) [Cardiac catheterization can be used when echocardiography, and multimodality cardiac imaging provide equivocal results or when a mixed cardiac pathology requires further evaluation, it is a sensitive 100%) and specific 97%) examination for the diagnosis of CP allowing definitive confirmation of the diagnosis and formally elimination of a right or a bilateral endomyocardial fibrosis and a restrictive myocardiopathy and evaluation of the severity of coexisting valvular lesions ,44. Cardet al. , in the et al. . The ave [et al. , were de [et al. ,46,47. I [et al. ,26,46,4800% and s [et al.  where pl7% examin [et al. . The mosReoperation was inevitable in two cases 8%) of our series in order to evacuate a hemomediastinum for one and a hemothorax for the other. In litterature, bleeding was the causes of reopertion in 2.1% to 19.6% of cases % of our . Accordiet al. [Independent predictors of late survival were age, NYHA class, previous radiation, LV dysfunction, hepatomegaly, cirrhosis, hyponatremia, need of high doses of diuretics, rise of bilirubin\u00b4s level ,22,26,49et al.  which shet al. . Functioet al. ,26. TubeThe particularity of our study is predominance of post-tuberculosis CP and frequency of RV dysfunction. Treatment of CP by pericardiectomy is effective with a significant improvement of patients\u00b4 functional status and favorable outcome at short and long-term. Nevertheless, hospital mortality is not negligible and depends on many factors.Constrictive pericarditis is a rare and severe disease;Constrictive pericarditis is difficult to diagnose, usually with delayed diagnosis;Pericardiectomy with complete decortication is the definitive treatment.The first Tunisian study about constrictive pericarditis;Particularities of our patients: predominance of tuberculous pericarditis and frequency of right ventricular dysfunction associated with constrictive pericarditis;From our study we reviewed literature data concerning clinical, paraclinical characteristics, the etiologies and the evolution of constrictive pericarditis after pericardiectomy and determine risk factors of mortality and verify if the tuberculous etiology influences the postoperative mortality of patients with constrictive pericarditis."}
{"text": "Osteoporosis is one bone disease characterized with skeletal impairment, bone strength reduced and fracture risk enhanced. The regulation processes of bone metabolism are associated with several factors such as mechanical stimulation, epigenetic regulation and hormones. However, the mechanism of osteoporosis remains unsatisfactory. Increasing high\u2010throughput RNA sequencing and circular RNAs (circRNAs) microarray studies indicated that circRNAs are differentially expressed in osteoporosis. Growing functional studies further pinpointed specific deregulated expressed circRNAs  for their functions involved in bone metabolism, including bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) differentiation, proliferation and apoptosis. Moreover, CircRNAs  may be acted as diagnostic biomarkers for osteoporosis. This review discussed recent progresses in the circRNAs expression profiling analyses and their potential functions in regulating BMSCs differentiation, proliferation and apoptosis. The potential diagnostic and therapeutic roles of circRNAs in the clinical application for osteoporosis are also discussed.2Huang et al.Zhao et al.Jin et al.Chen et al.Yu et al.Lin et al.Wang et al.Xu et al.Shen et al.Yao et al.Liu et al.Wang et al.Zhi et al.Zhang et al.33.1s correlated with bone mineral density (BMD) and T\u2010score. The circ_0002060\u00a0levels have diagnostic values for osteoporosis patients , and the specificity and sensitivity for circ_0002060 were 69% and 78%.Huang et al.3.2p\u00a0<\u00a00.01). These data suggested that circ_0001275\u00a0may be one diagnostic biomarker for postmenopausal osteoporosis.Zhao et al.3.3Chen et al.3.4Yu et al.3.5Wang et al.3.6Wen et al.3.7Qiao et al.3.8Cao et al.3.9Xu et al.3.10Ji et al.3.11Han et al.3.12Huang et al.3.13Lin et al.3.14Shen et al.3.15Xiang et al.3.16Liu et al.3.17Liu et al.3.18Wang et al.3.19Zhi et al.3.20Ji et al.3.21Guan et al.3.22Liu et al.3.23Li et al.3.24Xu et al.4Growing data of high\u2010throughput RNA sequencing and circRNAs microarray studies indicated that circRNAs are differentially expressed in osteoporosis. CircRNAs may be acted as diagnostic biomarkers for osteoporosis. Increasing studies suggested that circRNAs played important roles in the BMSCs proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. However, the expression levels and function roles of these differentially expressed circRNAs in osteoporosis remain uncharacterized. Further studies may be required to confirm the expression level of these differentially expressed circRNAs in more samples of human osteoporosis and controls. Moreover, further functional works on these differentially expressed circRNAs are needed to build their potential therapeutic or pathogenic significance.The authors declare that they have no competing interests.Weichun Chen: Data curation ; Investigation ; Visualization ; Writing\u2010original draft ; Writing\u2010review & editing . Baozhong Zhang: Conceptualization ; Data curation ; Investigation ; Software ; Writing\u2010original draft ; Writing\u2010review & editing . Xiao Chang: Methodology ; Visualization ; Writing\u2010original draft ; Writing\u2010review & editing .Not applicable.Not applicable."}
{"text": "Williams et al.  assessedClinicalTrials.gov (Williams, There are a number of reasons why the interpretation of the results presented by Williams et al.  in termsClinicalTrials.gov registration. The registered follow-ups were pretest, posttest and 6-month; there is no mention of the latter in Williams et al. (Second, the specific knowledge, attitudes and skills outcomes reported in Williams et al.  are not s et al. . Trial rs et al. . Concerns et al. ,2005b.Without a control group one cannot even attribute the pretest-posttest differences in the variables reported in Williams et al.  to parti"}
{"text": "Other than the diagnostic criteria that is based on clinical features; nasoendoscopy and/or computerized tomographic scan have been included in the diagnosis. This study seeks to outline the clinical evaluation and nasoendoscopic assessment of CRS patients.a hospital-based analytical study carried out on 154 participants. Clinical assessment and nasoendoscopy were performed and scored according to the discharge, inflammation and polyps/oedema (DIP) scale. Statistical analysis was carried out and results were presented in charts and tables.of the 154 participants, 71 (46.1%) were males and 83 (53.9%) females with a male to female ratio of 1: 1.7. Nasal discharge and blockage were the commonest symptoms. Nasoendoscopy had higher yield in the examination of intranasal polyps (NPs) over anterior rhinoscopy. The prevalence of NPs was 26.6%. The result of DIP nasoendoscopic findings revealed more participants with moderate scores. There was a significant statistical difference between the presence of NPs on nasoendoscopy and DIP score.nasoendoscopy is an important aspect in the diagnosis and evaluation of patients with CRS. It provides a better visualization of NPs; therefore, it should be made routine in the clinical assessment and treatment of patients with CRS. The nasal endoscopic scoring of CRS should be considered as a common practice in clinical setting as well. Rhinosiet al. , and it et al. . Most ofet al. ,9. Chronet al. .In the position paper on rhinosinusitis and nasal polyps by the European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, nasal endoscopy and/or computerized tomography (CT) scan findings have been included in the diagnosis . TherefoA hospital-based analytical study conducted out at ENT department of UITH, Ilorin, Nigeria over a period of nine (9) months. Ethical approval for this study was obtained from the ethical review committee of the hospital before commencement. One hundred and fifty-four 154) consenting CRS patients aged 18 and above were recruited after a detailed explanation of the purpose of the study and procedures. Written informed consents were obtained. Clinical assessments which include history taking, ENT examination and nasal endoscopy was performed and tailored towards diagnosis and assessment of chronic rhinosinusitis. Diagnosis was made according to the clinical practice guideline formulated by the rhinosinusitis task force of the American Academy of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery (AAO-HNS) ,5. The e4 consentThis study was carried out on 154 patients with chronic rhinosinusitis recruited from ENT clinic within the study period. The age and sex distribution shown on et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. pointed the fact that as many as 60% of patients with CRS have substantial allergic sensitivities [This study found a slightly high female preponderance which was similar to the findings of Sogebi et al. , da Lillet al. , and Ono [et al. . This co [et al. . However [et al.  and Afol [et al.  found a  [et al. ,7,21,22. [et al. ,20,23,24 [et al.  in the S [et al. ,20,24,25 [et al. ,20,24, f [et al. . A docum [et al. . Similaret al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [Reduced nasal patency with nasal discharge and engorged nasal turbinates were the commonest findings in the nasal cavities in about 70% of CRS patients during anterior/posterior rhinoscopy this was followed by pale/bluish turbinates and presence of intranasal polypoid growths respectively. Similarly, engorged nasal turbinates, oedematous nasal mucosa and mucopurulent anterior rhinorrhoea were the major signs found in the study by Sogebi et al.  which is [et al.  and Main [et al. . Al-Hass [et al.  found na [et al. . Durr et [et al.  found th [et al. ,24,29. H [et al. . A highe [et al.  where ma [et al.  reported [et al. ,32,33. N [et al. .This study revealed that the presence of NPs confers severe endoscopic scores in CRS patients. Therefore, nasoendoscopy should be made routine in the clinical assessment and treatment of patients with CRS. We recommend that nasal endoscopic scoring of patients with CRS should be considered as a common practice in ENT clinical setting. Data obtained from these measures should be used in evaluating treatment effectiveness and can thus influence improvement in universal CRS management.Nasoendoscopy detected nasal pathology in more patients than anterior and posterior rhinoscopic examination;Nasoendoscopy is a prerequisite for an accurate estimate of the prevalence of nasal polyps.The result of nasoendoscopic assessment with DIP score in this study revealed more participants with moderate score among CRS patients in Nigeria;The correlation between intranasal polyps found on anterior rhinoscopy and on nasoendoscopy was statistically significant;Among the participants who had CRSwNP, 78% were found to have severe DIP score and the difference between the presence/absence of intranasal polyps and DIP score was statistically significant ."}
{"text": "We read with interest the recent publication by Qi and colleagues . Qi et aLi et al. , 5 descrQi et al.  did not Qi et al.  stated tQi et al.  reportedBland et al.  recordedIn conclusion, US would be a cheaper and more readily available imaging modality to assess HLCFs than MRI, possibly allowing early treatment decision making in A&E. Considering that Qi et al.  have not"}
{"text": "To the Editor:Recently in the Journal, Jung et al.  reported"}
{"text": "Parents and peers play critical roles in the socialization of children and adolescents, yet investigations on the role played by parents vs. peers have been largely separate for many years. To address this problem, we invited leading scholars in the field to collectively tell a complex story of the part that parents and peers together play in the development of children and adolescents. The resulting Special Issue is a collection of papers highlighting current conceptualizations and empirical work in this area, with a focus on additive, multiplicative, and transactional mechanisms that link parent and peer relational contexts to each other and to child/adolescent social and emotional development. Two papers present new conceptual models, six illustrate empirical work in the field, and one paper that provides a comprehensive review of the literature. The stories that are conveyed in the issue are both innovative and complex. The papers in this Special Issue are illustrative of both methodological and theoretical trends in the field of parent/peer socialization. Methodological trends. The papers in this Special Issue illustrate current methodological practices, particularly regarding sample selection. One innovation is the inclusion of both mothers and fathers in five of the six empirical studies in this Special Issue, an approach that was not often taken in past parent\u2013peer literature. Additionally, child and adolescent samples are represented in the empirical papers: Assari et al. [i et al.  and Jespi et al.  studied i et al. , Havewali et al. , Hu et ai et al. , Lindseyi et al. , and Sigi et al.  samples i et al.  includedi et al. , Lindseyi et al. , and Gazi et al. ; Hu et ai et al.  sample wi et al.  theory wi et al.  researchAs can be seen in Theoretical trends. The conceptual models used by the authors in this Special Issue build on an amazing array of existing theories and models. Some of the papers are guided by grand theories such as Attachment Theory , Socialx et al. ; Sigal ex et al. ), Ecologx et al. ), Behavix et al. ), and Sex et al. ). As in x et al. ,13. Existing mid-range models that guide the papers in this Special Issue include the Marginalization and Diminished Returns (MDR) Framework ; CoerciIn addition to highlighting these mid-range models, this Special Issue includes two papers that propose new conceptual models. The Cox et al.  and Jespindependent (main) or additive effects of the parent or peer context to child/adolescent adjustment. Multiple studies in this Special Issue  presentl et al. ) and thel et al. . Evidenc related . For exa related ), showin related ; Hu et a related ) focusedver time . For exaver time ). These One suggestion for future research is the development of grand socialization theories that encapsulate experiences in relationships with parents and peers. In addition, given that children\u2019s relationships with parents tend to be vertical  whereas interactions with friends are more horizontal and balanced , future Our hope is that this issue will inspire creative new approaches to developmental research, practice, and policy as the complexity of family and peer systems functioning together is embraced."}
{"text": "In Guangjie Li, et al.,"}
{"text": "Cancers (Basel), through a series of 13 original articles and three reviews, captures some of the important advances in cancer risk, genetic testing, risk management, screening and prevention of breast, ovarian and endometrial cancers.Over the last decade there have been significant advances and developments in our understanding of factors affecting women\u2019s cancer risk, our ability to identify individuals at increased risk and risk stratify populations, as well as implement and evaluate strategies for screening and prevention. This special issue of BRCA testing across multiple high income and upper middle income countries health systems . This strategy could prevent tens of thousands more breast and ovarian cancers than the current family history-based clinical approach. While this is potentially cost-saving for high income countries, genetic testing costs need to fall further for this to be cost-effective for low income countries. Kalsi et al. [Our understanding of the genetic risk of ovarian cancer has significantly improved over the last decade. Pavanello et al.  provide i et al.  show thai et al. . Gentry-i et al.  evaluatei et al.  systemati et al.  demonstri et al. , using ti et al.  provide i et al.  highlighi et al.  undertooi et al.  evaluatei et al. , using di et al.  establisi et al.  describeGLOBOCAN data predict that breast, ovarian and endometrial cancer cases will increase by 47\u201353% and deaths by 58\u201371%, respectively, over the next 20 years . A total"}
{"text": "The RFamide-related peptides (RFRPs) are the group of neuropeptides synthesized predominantly from the hypothalamus that negatively affects the hypothalamo-hypophyseal-gonadal  axis. These peptides are first identified in quail brains and emerged as the mammalian orthologs of avian gonadotropin inhibitory hormones. The RFRP-3 neurons in the hypothalamus are present in several mammalian species. The action of RFRP-3 is mediated through a G-protein-coupled receptor called OT7T022. The predominant role of RFRP-3 is the inhibition of HPG axis with several other effects such as the regulation of metabolic activity, stress regulation, controlling of non-sexual motivated behavior, and sexual photoperiodicity in concert with other neuropeptides such as kisspeptin, neuropeptide-Y (NPY), pro-opiomelanocortin, orexin, and melanin. RFamide peptides synthesized in the granulosa cells, interstitial cells, and seminiferous tubule regulate steroidogenesis and gametogenesis in the gonads. The present review is intended to provide the recent findings that explore the role of RFRP-3 in regulating HPG axis and its potential applications in the synchronization of reproduction and its therapeutic interventions to prevent stress-induced amenorrhea. The hypothalamic\u2013pituitary\u2013gonadal (HPG) axis or gonadotropic axis consisting of the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and gonads is the key regulator of reproduction in mammals. It operates through coordinated mechanisms of hypothalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and hypophyseal gonadotropins (follicle-stimulating hormone [FSH] and Luteinizing hormone [LH]) with peripherally produced gonadal hormones . GnRH, tet al. [in vitro pituitary cell culture of adult male quail. It was named GnIH due to its selective inhibitory property over gonadotropins. The receptors of the GnIH have also been identified in the pituitary of quails and in vivo experiments confirm that GnIH administration inhibits the expression of a and b subunits of FSH and LH [Tsutsui et al.  identifiH and LH . The seqH and LH , of whicH and LH . The RFRH and LH . Of the H and LH . RFRP-1 H and LH , human [H and LH , and SibH and LH .There are huge variations among species regarding the localization of RFRP-3 neurons in the brain. The sexual variations in the localization patterns are also found in different species. et al. [et al. [et al. [ai, an inhibitory G protein that suppresses cAMP activity [et al. [as or Gaq proteins which explain the diverse role of RFRP-3. GPR147 has been identified in hypothalamus, pituitary, gonads, and accessory reproductive organs in birds [Nguyen et al.  identifi [et al.  reported [et al.  showed sactivity . Gouard\u00e8 [et al.  reportedin birds . Extra nin birds . In testin birds . GPR147 in birds .In vitro cell culture studies confirmed the suppression of GnRH neuronal firing rates [et al. [RFRP-3 inhibits GnRH synthesis and secretion from the hypothalamus directly or indirectly in mammals. The RFRP-3 secreting neurons are situated in close apposition with RnRH secreting neurons along with substantial evidence of GPR147 expression in GnRH secreting cells and their projections. Intercerebroventricular (ICV) injection of RFRP-3 suppresses GnRH neuronal activity in female rats and mice . In vitrng rates . The indng rates . Decreasng rates  and miceng rates . Wu et aet al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [Controversial results on the effect of RFRP-3 on pituitary LH secretion have been documented in different animal models. RFRP-3 decreases LH secretion in gonadectomized male and female rats intravenously . Rizwan et al.  reportedet al. . Chronicet al. . Adminiset al. . Ubuka e [et al.  and Henn [et al.  reported [et al. , but no  [et al. . No chan [et al.  and gilt [et al. . Intrave [et al. . Kadokaw [et al.  reportedet al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [in situ hybridization and reported increased expression of RFRP-3 and GPR147 during late spermatocytes indicating the role of RFRP-3 in sperm maturation. Anjum et al. [The paracrine action of RFRP-3 on the gonads is established. Bentley et al.  reported [et al.  reported [et al. , mice [5 [et al. , Syrian  [et al. , sheep [ [et al. , pigs [5 [et al. , primate [et al. , and hum [et al.  are able [et al. . The loc [et al. . Singh e [et al.  identifi [et al.  identifim et al.  studied In vitro studies show that GnIH release has a diurnal rhythm and is increased during nighttime in quail hypothalamic explants [et al. [A photoneuroendocrine system regulates sexual photoperiodism in mammals comprised of the photoreceptors in the retina, hypothalamus (suprachiasmatic nucleus), and the pineal gland. The pineal hormone melatonin released on photoperiodic cues is the key communicator between reproductive activity and seasons . Higher explants . Bentley [et al.  studied  [et al. .et al. [et al. [Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and arginine vasopressin (AVP) are the two important neurotransmitters of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), which controls the daily rhythms GnRH secretion and the timing of the pre-ovulatory LH surge . Russo eet al.  reportedet al.  and Syriet al. . Simonne [et al.  proposedet al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [RFRP-3 inhibits gonadotropin secretion in pre-pubertal animals. Sun et al.  demonstr [et al.  reported [et al. . Han et  [et al.  demonstr [et al.  reported [et al.  reported [et al.  reportedet al. in house sparrows [et al. [et al. [et al. [Stress is reported to inhibit HPG axis and hence the reproductive function. The role of GnIH on stress-induced reproductive suppression was first reported by Calisi sparrows . RFRP-3 sparrows , zebra fsparrows , mice [7sparrows , and ratsparrows . Acute isparrows . Kaewwon [et al.  reported [et al.  reported [et al.  reported [et al. . Cortico [et al. . Direct  [et al. . The mol [et al. . Stress- [et al. .et al. [et al. [Optimum energy status is an essential factor for reproduction. Neurochemical systems regulate it. RFRP-3 increases feed intake in rodents , sheep , and priet al.  reportedet al. . The RFRet al. . Talbi e [et al.  reportedRFRP-3 is a pleiotropic neuropeptide that emerged as the regulator of the HPG axis and some critical reproductive events in mammals. It plays notable roles in stress-induced reproductive functions, sexual photoperiodism, and metabolic regulation. Localization, molecular characterization, mechanism of action, and pharmacological roles of RFRP-3 have been studied in several species during the past few decades. Due to the variability among species and sex, the precise role of RFRP-3 is yet to be determined. RRP-3 acts as a bridge between nutrition, stress, and reproduction and can be employed as therapeutic interventions in stress-induced infertility in mammals.DB: Conceived the idea. JM and SSM: Collected the literature and drafted the manuscript. PKD, PRG, and KD: Corrected the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript."}
{"text": "In the recent article by Schmidt et al. , the aut"}
{"text": "Glaucoma is a sight-threatening disease and the primum mobile of irreversible blindness worldwide . ThroughThe rising prevalence of diabetes mellitus, hypertensive blood pressure, cardiovascular diseases, respiratory illnesses, neurodegenerative disorders, etc., has had a great impact on global health, and can especially affect the course of glaucoma . The COVThe primary goal of the Special Issue: \u201cRecent Clinical Research on Glaucoma\u201d is to show readers to review the interdisciplinary background that favors exploration and understand the outstanding preclinical translational research that is taking place in the glaucoma field. The authors of this Special Issue have addressed a series of relevant topics regarding glaucoma risk factors, clinical facts, diagnostic tools, glaucoma comorbidities, treatment, and follow-up, as well as the newest research. A total of 16 works were compiled in this Special Issue, including 1 review, 14 clinical articles and preclinical-translational research studies, and this editorial, which have been collected on this occasion to precisely illustrate the multidisciplinary characteristics of this Special Issue, with the articles synthesized below and ordered by their respective publication dates.Sato and Kawaky [d Kawaky  take a cd Kawaky .Atanasovska Velovska et al. [a et al.  providedPeris Martinez et al. [z et al.  built upRaga-Cervera et al. [a et al.  analyzedJeon et al. [n et al.  showed cBaek et al. [Additionally, dealing with the vascular densities of the optic disc areas, k et al.  observedDel Buey Sayas et al. [s et al.  analyzedGonz\u00e1lez-Hern\u00e1ndez et al. [z et al.  addresseChen et al. [n et al.  performeLiu et al. [A systematic review and meta-analysis were performed by u et al.  on the \u201cGen\u00e9-Morales et al. [s et al.  investigFernandez-Albarral et al. [l et al.  investigGarcia-Medina et al. [a et al.  carried Lever et al. [r et al.  describeKo et al. [o et al. , in theiJournal of Clinical MedicineRecent Clinical Research on Glaucoma, we believe that all of these works can be useful for ophthalmologists, medical specialists, and interdisciplinary researchers to improve our understanding of the pathogenic mechanisms, clinical characteristics, diagnosis, and therapy underlying glaucoma for stimulating innovative \u201ctheranostic\u201d glaucoma strategies for better eye and vision care. We sincerely hope that our readers can appreciate the substantial contribution of these works that may contribute to moving this important topic forward.To summarize this collection of papers covering different glaucoma topics, as described above, being the Guest Editors of the Special Issue of the"}
{"text": "The genesis of this theme issue was a conversation we had during the IAPC-8 meeting in Split, Croatia in September 2019. In it, we started the interesting and important discussions surrounding the special session dedicated to \u2018State-of-the-art solubility in drug development\u2019. The session was introduced in the preliminary mini-review paper intended to serve as prologue or accompaniment to an upcoming session on solubility at the IAPC-8 meeting in Split, Croatia, 9-11 September 2019 [P coefficient was changed from -1 to -0.4, providing less weight to lipophilicity in the predictions. They also concluded that the increased flexibility of the larger molecules in the bRo5 space is one of the underlying reasons for less accurate predictions of traditionally developed models. The latter is also the conclusion from the study by Caron and coworkers [et al. [In the first issue of ADMET&DMPK focus is set on computational tools and mathematical modelling useful to understand solubility and dissolution, with Avdeef and Kansy  as well oworkers . They em [et al. . They em [et al.  describe [et al. . In thiset al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [In the second issue focus is shifted towards experimental assessment and technologies for profiling and enabling absorption of poorly-water soluble compounds. A series of extensive reviews are provided in this special issue, describing the current standing of electrospun nanofibers for drug delivery and optimised dissolution profiles , supercret al.  describe [et al.  who set  [et al. . They st [et al.  solubili [et al. . They st"}
{"text": "With interest, we have read the article of Moriconi et al.  entitledMoriconi et al. , did notIn addition, we have some concerns about the methodology used in the study by Moriconi et al. . First oThe use of VLCHKDs is an important and promising area of research in obesity-related T2DM. However, interpretation of the available published results is currently hampered by differences in diet composition, incomplete reporting of diet composition, and differences in nomenclature as also indicated by Trimboli et al. . We ther"}
{"text": "Since the early work of Justus von Liebig on nutrient absorption in plants in the 1800s ,3. In orPopulus spp. Two articles address the use of microbes to enhance abiotic stress tolerance in plants. Among these, Molina et al. [Bacillus velezensis strains may be used to control fungal disease incited by Botrytis cinerea in tomato and Verticillium wilt in olives. Marsico et al. [Botrytis disease in grapes. Finally, Leoni et al. [In this Special Issue, two articles provide data and discuss the roles of microbes in attaining sustainability in agricultural production. Among these articles, Beltran-Garcia et al.  discuss a et al.  describea et al.  show howa et al.  and Casta et al.  that shoo et al.  describei et al.  evaluateThis collection of articles provides a sampling of work that suggests that we may develop a more balanced \u2018biological future\u2019 for industrial plant agriculture."}
{"text": "Zebrafish have gained momentum as a leading experimental model in recent years. At present, the zebrafish vertebrate model is increasingly used due to its multifactorial similarities to humans that include genetic, organ, and cellular factors. With the emergence of novel research techniques that are very expensive, it is necessary to develop affordable and valid experimental models. This review aimed to highlight some of the most important similarities between zebrafish and humans by emphasizing the relevance of the first in simulating neurological disorders and craniofacial deformity. Danio rerio; ZF) are freshwater fish belonging to the minnow tribe of the Cypriniformes order. It is a tropical fish native to Southeast Asia that is about 2.5-4 cm long. It is a popular aquarium fish, and it is easily available and cheap. ZF have the advantage of being able to tolerate water of low ion content [rd month of their development, whereas their ideal reproductive age lies between 6 months and 1 year, while their lifespan can reach up to 5 years [rd day of fertilization, ZF are eligible for larval experiments. In fact, the ZF teleost lives in conditions that can be easily replicated ex situ.The zebrafish  and the occurrence of seizures in a ZF model of epilepsy [et al. [et al. [et al, [et al. [The sequencing of the entire ZF genome has revealed that 70% of the proteins encoded by human genes are related to genes found in ZF, while 84% of the ZF genes are known to be associated with human diseases . The neret al.  have rec [et al.  have sug [et al.  have repepilepsy . Li et a [et al.  have eva [et al.  have ass [et al. . Flinn e [et al,  have cre [et al. .et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [Brassica juncea and Cynodon dactylon extracts on the cognitive performance of scopolamine-induced amnesic ZF.Piato et al.  have dev [et al.  have man [et al.  have dem [et al.  demonstr [et al. , long-te [et al. . Sarasam [et al.  were abl [et al.  have con [et al. . Moreove [et al.  have dem [et al.  have pre [et al.  have evaet al. [et al. [Pullaguri et al.  have recet al.  have rep [et al.  have inj [et al. , along w [et al. . Prenata [et al. .et al. [et al. [Moreover, when ZF larvae were exposed to valproic acid, they developed autism spectrum-like symptoms ,60. It cet al.  have proet al. . Finally [et al.  have pro [et al. .The number of ZF utilizing neuroscientific studies is increasing exponentially, and it is much exceeding that of rodents or other model species. Despite this, there is still much resistance regarding using ZF as a primary experimental model system. New potential for understanding the pathobiology of diverse central nervous system (CNS) impairments continues to emerge from studies focusing on the array of the ZFneuronal and behavioral capabilities. Although some of these models  are well established in ZF, others (such as those for autism and obsessive-compulsive disorders) are not as well established. However, accumulating evidence suggests that a wide range of CNS disorders could be reliably simulated with the use of ZF .Another common misunderstanding is that the ZF are exclusively useful for the undertaking of genetic and developmental studies. The expanding applicability of ZF models in practically every aspect of biomedicine, including the modeling of brain diseases -67, suppet al. [et al. [et al. [The ZF are a promising model for studying both the genetic and the environmental interactions occurring in craniofacial malformations such as palatal clefts. Over the last decade, the number of ZF genetic models for human disease-causing genes, such as those causing the cleft lip/palate, has exploded ,69. The et al.  have hyp [et al. . Like th [et al. . The pal [et al. . The spe [et al. . The ZF  [et al. . Based o [et al. . Accordi [et al. , exposur [et al. -78. The  [et al. ,80. ZF e [et al. . When ZF [et al. .et al. [et. al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [in vivo molecular toxicity profile of dental materials such as the mineral trioxide aggregate and biodentine using ZF models, whereas Rajendran et al. [et al. [A study conducted by Liu and Semina  who haveet al. , whereas[et. al.  has sugg [et al.  have use [et al.  have use [et al. . A study [et al. . With a  [et al.  have stun et al.  have shon et al. . In an a [et al.  have stu [et al. . ZF are A significant amount of craniofacial growth and neurodegenerative research has used the ZF as a model. The findings of these experiments have been included in this review as a proof of the value of ZF as an experimental setup that is cost-effective and easy to handle. Furthermore, the study of ZF will be particularly useful in the discovery and risk assessment of new teratogens and assisting in the translation of preclinical data into practice, thus informing our health advice to expecting mothers to reduce the risk of craniofacial malformations and developing neurological disorders. The latter should encourage new research to be conducted on the ZF model with the hope that it will prove beneficial for the human race.ARR and TJ: Contributed to the original draft, investigation, and editing of the manuscript. KSR and NAV: Collected the relevant literature and edited the manuscript. RR and PJJ: Revised the manuscript. All authors have read and approved the final manuscript."}
{"text": "We read with interest the recent publication by Wu and colleagues . Weiss eBernthal et al.  reportedLi et al. , 6 beingLi et al.  stated tLi et al.  recommenDespite the same authors  having s"}
{"text": "The BITS2005 Conference brought together about 200 Italian scientists working in the field of Bioinformatics, students in Biology, Computer Science and Bioinformatics on March 17\u201319 2005, in Milan. This Editorial provides a brief overview of the Conference topics and introduces the peer-reviewed manuscripts accepted for publication in this Supplement. The main goals of B.IT.S. are the study, development and spread of Bioinformatics throughout the Italian scientific, academic, technological and industrial community.The ITalian Bioinformatics Society , represents a useful resource for peach functional genomics. The database contains more than 18,000 sequences, with links to predicted SNPs, GO terms, the NiceZyme and KEGG pathway databases.The ESTree database by Lazzari et al. , collectA number of papers describe tools designed for sequence analysis.ParPEST  is a pipeline based on parallel computing for EST analysis . It reliThe GFINDer resource  was preset al. [Fariselli et al.  describeet al. [A neural network approach is described in Ferraro et al.  for the Caenorhabditis elegans and C. briggsae share conserved but rapidly evolving genomes. Rambaldi et al. [.i et al.  developeper se and also as an ancillary method to structure prediction methods. Armano et al. [Secondary structure prediction is considered an interesting topic o et al.  describeet al. [Secondary structure assignment also represents a fundamental issue, both for classification purposes and for improving the potential of prediction methods. Cubellis et al.  developeet al. [Ausiello et al.  describeet al.  for the et al. [D'Ursi et al.  used a fet al. analyze the relatively rare double histone fold, which is tightly related to the structure of nucleosomal histones. Through the application of several secondary structure prediction and fold recognition methods, they showed that the viral protein gi|22788712 is compatible with the structure of a H3-H4-like histone pseudodimer and may retain the ability of mediating protein-DNA interactions.In , Greco eSeveral papers in this Supplement concentrate on functional genomics and the analysis of expression data, proving the field's vitality and the experimental laboratory's interest in involving the bioinformatic community in their research.et al. [Ancona et al.  compare et al. [Burgarella et al.  developeet al. [The analysis of two transcription profiles led Cavallo et al.  to the iet al. [Finocchiaro et al.  describeet al. [Di Camillo et al.  describeet al. [The Hmt database is presented by Attimonelli et al. , as a weThe PedNavigator tool , specifiet al. [High-throughput approaches have been applied to the analysis of protein interaction in several model organisms, but have not yet been attempted in humans, where the unraveling of the interactome is one of the most ambitious tasks facing proteomics. An inferred human protein interaction network was built by Persico et al. , based oet al. .et al. [A high performance workflow is described by Merelli et al. . Using get al. [Romano et al.  describeet al.  (containet al. [An SRS site, with both EMBL and CABRI catalogues, has been set up by Romano et al. . In the .The next Annual meeting of the Italian Bioinformatics Society will be held in Bologna in Spring 2006. Further information about BITS2006 will be available on our web site at the address"}
{"text": "BMC Ear, Nose and Throat Disorders by Cetik et al. [et al. 2006.Although he was listed as an author in the original submission of an article published in k et al. , Dr RamaThe pre-publication history for this paper can be accessed here:"}
{"text": "R1.et al.'s [et al. [et al. [Rey et al.'s  conclusi [et al.  to simul [et al.  does not2.et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [Stress can be triggered by physical stimuli  and/or psychological states (e.g. emotions). Nonetheless, Rey et al.  build thet al. ,3, Rey e [et al.  provide  [et al. ,5, parti [et al. ,7. Alter [et al. . For exa [et al. . These p [et al. ,10. Impo [et al. . Hence,  [et al. \u201314. ThusU test for independent samples in their fig. 2), and the high probability that the observations were confounded by experimental artefacts (pheromones), it is impossible to know whether there actually was a shift in the spatial distribution of confined fish or a stable change in the core body temperature of some of the fish, let alone what might have caused those modest purported changes. What is clear is that these results do not support the authors' conclusion that \u2018fish can show emotional fever\u2019 [Because of the incomplete description of methodology, the weak and possibly inappropriate statistical analyses (in particular, inappropriate pooling of dependent samples over time and their analysis by a Mann\u2013Whitney-l fever\u2019 ."}
{"text": "Babesia gibsoni.The present research work was undertaken to describe various clinical signs and hematobiochemical alterations in dogs affected with Babesia. Diagnosis was made on the basis of clinical signs and demonstration of B. gibsoni organism in Giemsa-stained thin blood smears. The clinical signs were recorded at the time of presentation, and blood samples were subjected to estimation of hematobiochemical parameters by auto hematology analyzers at College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Anand. Statistical analysis, interpretation, and comparison of hematobiochemical changes with scientific literature were carried out to understand the pathophysiology of the disease.Blood smears from a total of 79 suspected dogs of Anand region as well as Surat region of Gujarat state (India) were screened for detection of intraerythrocytic piroplasm of small form of Babesia in blood smears. The clinical cases were manifested by wide variety of non-specific clinical signs. The hematological evaluation revealed that the mean values of hemoglobin and total erythrocyte counts in dogs with babesiosis decreased significantly (p<0.01) in comparison to healthy dogs. Among differential leukocyte count, mean values of neutrophils and eosinophils increased while lymphocytes decreased (p<0.01) in dogs with babesiosis in comparison to healthy dogs. Serum biochemistry revealed increase (p<0.01) value of alkaline phosphatase, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and globulin as well as decrease in albumin levels (p<0.05) in dogs with babesiosis as compared to healthy dogs.Out of 79 dogs, 16 were positive for naturally occurring babesiosis based on the presence of intraerythrocytic piroplasm of small form of B. gibsoni is having multisystemic effects with atypical hematobiochemical changes in dog are discussed here, which would aid new insights in diagnosis of disease. Babesia species in dogs are the Babesia canis and Babesia gibsoni [Babesia are subdivided into three species, namely, B. canis transmitted by Dermacentor reticulatus (in Europe), B. vogeli transmitted by Rhipicephalus sanguineus , and B. rossi transmitted by Haemaphysalis elliptica (in South Africa). Small Babesia includes B. gibsoni (Asian genotype), Babesia conradae , and Babesia microti like species  [B. gibsoni includes two stages: Inside the host red blood cells (RBCs), in which the sporozoites convert into piroplasms and the other inside the tick vector [Babesia is seen in Giemsa-stained peripheral blood smear of small 1-3 \u00b5m in diameter, ring-, oval-, or comma-shaped piroplasms suggestive of B. gibsoni which can be confirmed by polymerase chain reaction [Blood-feeding ectoparasites such as ticks, fleas, sand flies, and mosquitoes can transmit many dangerous pathogens to dogs - such as bacteria, protozoa, viruses, or helminths. They may lead to a variety of serious infections, mostly classified by their vectors: Tick-borne diseases, flea-borne diseases, sand fly-borne diseases, and mosquito-borne diseases . Tick-bo gibsoni . Based oa annae) . The disa annae) -10. The k vector . A smallreaction . The parreaction . The immreaction ,15.The clinical-pathological changes, including hematology and blood chemistry, are nonspecific. The various clinical symptoms regularly depend on the severity of the disease in infected animals. The typical clinical findings include anemia, thrombocytopenia, leukocyte abnormalities, increased liver enzymes, and hyperbilirubinemia. hypokalemia, hyperglobulinemia, azotemia, metabolic acidosis, and abnormalities of urinalysis may be observed in some severely affected dogs . SupportB. gibsoni are having variety of clinical manifestations ranging from anorexia to hepatomegaly or splenomegaly or death making it difficult to have a definitive diagnosis solely on the basis of clinical examination. Hence, the study was conducted to describe various clinical signs and hematobiochemical alterations in dogs affected with B. gibsoni.The naturally occurring cases of Samples were collected from clinical cases coming to Teaching Veterinary Clinical Complex (TVCC), Veterinary College, Anand Agricultural University, Anand and Nandini Veterinary Hospital, Surat. Hence, this particular study did not require ethical approval.3). Hematological parameters were analyzed by auto hematoanalyzer . Serum biochemical parameters were analyzed using an auto-biochemical analyzer  using standard kits manufactured by coral clinical systems auto-chemistry analyzer using commercial diagnostic kits procured from Crest Biosystem  at the Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Anand with standard laboratory protocols. Hematobiochemical changes in dogs with naturally occurring babesiosis were compared with healthy dogs.Privately owned dogs presented to TVCC, Anand and Nandini Veterinary Hospital, Surat, Gujarat (India), were examined clinically irrespective of their age, breed, and sex from July 2015 to March 2016. Dogs showing clinical signs suggestive of babesiosis were screened out during period and among that total 79 peripheral blood smears were made from suspected dogs and examined for the presence of intraerythrocytic piroplasms. Dogs presented to clinics for checkup which are healthy, from ectoparasites dewormed, and vaccinated were used as healthy control group, and blood was collected from them aseptically. Diagnosis of babesiosis was confirmed by cytological examination of Giemsa-stained peripheral blood smears made from ear tips. A 5 ml of blood samples from positive dogs were collected in a sterile anticoagulant vial containing ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid  cases while remaining (68.75%) of the dogs had near to normal temperature. Thus, it is apparent that pyrexia is not a cardinal sign in canine babesiosis due to y et al.  and Yada [et al. . The res [et al. ,20.There were a wide variety of clinical signs were observed at the time of presentation including general state signs (50.82%), gastrointestinal sings (13.94%), cardiac signs (13.11%), nervous signs (13.11%), respiratory signs (4.92%), and urological signs (4.10%). The details of each clinical sign with percentage are presented in Here, it was seen that 50.82% of the dogs were having clinical signs of general state. The tick infestation was found in 93.15% (15/16) cases.et al. [et al. [et al. [B. gibsoni positive dogs were also reported by Varshney et al. [et al. [et al. [Godara et al.  stated t [et al.  and Yada [et al. . Pale mu [et al. . Anemia  [et al. . Anorexiy et al. , Yadav e [et al. , and Kum [et al. . Nervous [et al. . Cardiac [et al. . Hemoglo [et al. ,27-29. O [et al. . These fet al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [Levels of hemoglobin (Hb), total erythrocyte count (TEC), and packed cell volume (PCV) decreased significantly in babesiosis positive dogs than healthy dogs . Decreaset al. , Niwetpa [et al. , Selvara [et al. , Shah et [et al. , Wadhwa  [et al. , Andoni  [et al. ,36, Redd [et al. , and Nal [et al. .et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [Decreased TEC levels were in accordance with reports of Niwetpathomwat et al. , Shah et [et al. , Andoni  [et al. ,36, Redd [et al. , and Nal [et al. . Hb and et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [Babesia initiates a mechanism of antibody-mediated cytotoxic destruction of circulating erythrocytes and anemia may be more dependent on the host immune response than on the direct destruction of RBC by the piroplasm [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [The difference between total leukocyte count and platelet count in dogs with babesiosis and healthy were statistically non-significant which was contrast to Shah et al.  and Siva [et al.  who repo [et al. , Wadhwa  [et al. , and Red [et al.  reported [et al. , Niwetpa [et al. , Shah et [et al. , Wadhwa  [et al. , Andoni  [et al. ,36, Redd [et al. , Nalubam [et al. , and Vis [et al. . Babesiairoplasm . The meciroplasm . Decreas [et al. , Niwetpa [et al. , Selvara [et al. , Shah et [et al. , Wadhwa  [et al. , Andoni  [et al. ,36, Redd [et al. , and Nal [et al. .et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [Among differential leukocyte count, levels of neutrophils increased significantly in dogs with babesiosis than healthy dogs. The reason might be due to coinfection. These findings were in accordance with reports of Selvaraj et al. , Shah et [et al. , and Vis [et al. . However [et al.  reported [et al.  and Ando [et al. . However [et al.  and Redd [et al.  reported [et al.  reportedet al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [Among various serum biochemical parameters, levels of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) increased significantly in dogs with babesiosis than healthy dogs . These fet al. . Increaset al. . Levels  [et al.  and Redd [et al. . Levels  [et al. . Increas [et al. . Levels  [et al. . Hyperbi [et al. .et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [Levels of blood urea nitrogen (BUN) increased significantly in dogs with babesiosis than healthy dogs. Reddy et al.  also recet al. . The dif [et al. . However [et al. , Reddy e [et al. , and Vis [et al.  reportedet al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [Levels of albumin and A:G ratio decreased significantly (p<0.01) in dogs with babesiosis than healthy dogs. These results were in accordance with Yadav et al. . Levels  [et al.  and Vija [et al. . The dif [et al. .B. gibsoni had a wide variety of clinical manifestations so dogs are showing erratic fever, weight loss, depression, pale mucosa, and splenomegaly alone or in combination can be suspected for babesiosis. All the suspected dogs in this study were diagnosed only based on the microscopic examination of the stained peripheral blood smears. Microscopic examination may not detect low parasitemia though; it remains the most rapid confirmatory method which was carried out in this study. As the disease is spread through vector tick, control of the vector tick is essential for prevention of disease. Application of ectoparasiticides with acaricidal/insecticidal and additional repellent efficacy reduces the arthropod-host interaction including attachment to the skin and blood feeding and can thus reduce the risk of infection. Prevention of tick attachment and flea or sand fly or mosquito bites must be an established tool of disease prophylaxis in any dog living in vector endemic areas or traveling with its owner to such regions. Dog owners should be made aware of the risks and the need for protection by their veterinarians.The overall prevalence of babesiosis, based on peripheral blood smear examination was recorded as 20.25%. The dogs with naturally occurring babesiosis exhibited clinical signs include tick infestation, emaciation, anorexia, and dullness. Characteristic hematological pattern associated with babesiosis in dogs showed that there was decreased level of Hb, TEC, and PCV as well as increased level of neutrophils while serum biochemical pattern include increased the level of ALP, ALT, AST, total bilirubin, and globulin. During the study, it was observed that The present study was a part of AKB\u2019s original research work which includes experimental design, a collection of blood and serum samples, examination of blood smear, estimation of hematobiochemical parameters and statistical analysis, preparing, and drafting the manuscript during M.V.Sc. thesis program. GCM had designed the plan of work as well as provided guidance during the entire experiment and corrected manuscript. FBT helped during sampling, statistical analysis, and manuscript preparation. All authors read and approved the final manuscript."}
{"text": "Effective utilization of available feed resources is the key for economical livestock rearing. Complete feed system is one of the latest developments to exploit the potential of animal feed resources in the best possible way. The complete feed is a quantitative mixture of all dietary ingredients, blended thoroughly to prevent separation and selection, fed as a sole source of nutrients except water and is formulated in a desired proportion to meet the specific nutrient requirements. The concentrate and roughage levels may vary according to the nutrient requirement of ruminants for different production purposes. The complete feed with the use of fibrous crop residue is a noble way to increase the voluntary feed intake and thus animal\u2019s production performance. In this system of feeding, the ruminant animals have continuous free choice availability of uniform feed mixture, resulting in more uniform load on the rumen and less fluctuation in release of ammonia which supports more efficient utilization of ruminal non-protein nitrogen. Feeding complete diet stabilizes ruminal fermentation, thereby improves nutrient utilization. This feeding system allows expanded use of agro-industrial by\u00adproducts, crop residues and nonconventional feeds in ruminant ration for maximizing production and minimizing feeding cost, thus being increasingly appreciated. However, to extend the concept extensively to the field and make this technology successful and viable for farmers, more efforts are needed to be taken. Livestock forms an integral part of agriculture sector and encompass a great impact on the national economy; however, nutritional inadequacy for livestock is at currently referred one of the most burning global problems of agricultural countries. Due to higher population growth rate and its consequential pressure, available land for forage production is declining day by day. This wicked scenario of quality feed resource availability has virtually eclipsed the genetic worth of animals. In such circumstances, the extensive use of crop residues in livestock feeding seems to be indispensable to meet the nutritional needs of livestock; however, the major constraint in the utilization of these crop residues is high cellulosic contents and poor nutritive value that even cannot support the maintenance nutrient requirement of the animals. Hence, efforts are being directed toward assisting the animals to utilize these low-grade feedstuffs more efficiently as effective utilization of available feed resources is the key to enhance livestock productivity economically. Efficient utilization of crop residues available locally in appreciable quantum seems to be accomplished by the application of feed technology to maximize advantage from feeds in animal system. In this direction, many technologies have been developed so far, but for several reasons, they have not been adopted by the end-users, especially those having limited finance and poorly skilled . The comBalanced and economical feeding of livestock is extremely important for optimum productivity. Lower livestock production is mainly due to the scarcity of feeds and unbalanced feeding practices. To minimize feed costs and labor, and to maximize production is the need of the time and can be achieved by blending concentrate, mainly comprised locally available by-products and roughage portions of the ration to form complete feed/diet, synonymously termed as total mixed ration (TMR). Complete feed with the use of fibrous crop residue is a noble way to increase the intake and to improve feed utilization and animal production performance. The complete feed system is being increasingly appreciated as it allows expanded the use of agro-industrial by\u00adproducts, crop residues and non-conventional feeds in livestock ration for maximizing production and minimizing feeding cost.The merits of complete feed are related to stable rumen environment for optimum fermentation with minimal fermentation losses and fluctuation in the release of ammonia, better utilization of rumen non-protein nitrogen, and stabilization of the acetate to propionate ratio which favors normal fat synthesis and enhancement of utilization of low-grade roughages ,3. FeediComplete feed avoids selective refusal of unpalatable dietary portions, thus has provision for incorporation of nonconventional feed resources to economize animal feeding. Waste materials - such as waste paper , cotton-et al. [et al. [The complete feed has a balanced ratio of concentrate to roughage portions, reduces eating and rumination time, and thus increases resting time. The stall feeding system of livestock with complete feeds during climatic vagaries  has been advocated ,37. Sharet al.  suggeste [et al.  indicate [et al. . Feeding [et al. .Several studies have been carried out for assessing the effects of feeding complete feeds in different ruminant livestock species on various aspects as under:In vitro rumen fermentation technique, a rapid method of analysis has widely been used to study feed degradation, detect small differences in fermentation characteristics between feedstuffs and allow more frequent sampling. This technique enables selection of feed or feed constituents for high efficiency of microbial protein synthesis in rumen along with high DM digestibility and provides a basis for the development of ruminant feeding strategies to maximize substrate fixation into microbial cells [The chemical analysis of feedstuffs provides idea only about nutritive composition but does not give information about their fermentation values , which ial cells .in vitro studies, supplementation of complete feeds with different feed additives has been reported to improve the nutrient degradability by several workers. Mir et al. [in vitro DM degradability (IVDMD) and in vitro organic matter degradability (IVOMD) on supplementation of different herbs at 2% and 3% level in complete feeds for goats. Ganai et al. [in-vitro system was significantly improved when bajra straw-based complete feed was supplemented with Bhringraj herb at 3% DM in comparison to un-supplemented complete feed at 48 h incubation. In another experiment, Ganai et al. [et al. [in vitro fermentation experimentation, Harikrishna et al. [Cellulomonas flavigena in TMR increased in vitro degradation of cellulose from forages that are fed to ruminants [in vitro digestibility and concluded that there was no adverse effect of storage (up to 60 days) and heating (up to 80\u00b0C) of TMRs on cellulose and xylanase activities and in vitro fiber digestibility. Grewal et al. [in vitro fermentation of complete feeds and showed that the diet containing ME at 110 or 120% of NRC (2001) with low UDP (24% of dietary CP) supplemented with niacin gave the best response for nutrient digestibility and ME availability. Singh and Srinivas [in vitro fermentation kinetics and reported that in vitro gas production (IVGP) pattern of maize and oat-based concentrate supplement in complete ration mixture were comparable; however, the extent of IVGP on maize-based ration was better than sorghum-based ration and urea-mineral salt fortification yielded better improvement in fermentation pattern on maize-based ration than either sorghum or oat-based rations. Singh [in vitro fermentation studies. Likewise, Grewal et al. [in vitro utilization of complete feed.In r et al.  observedi et al.  also repi et al.  again re [et al.  concludea et al.  reporteduminants . Thakur l et al.  assessedSrinivas  assesseds. Singh  showed tl et al.  reportedin vitro rumen fermentation pattern have been observed. Jakhmola et al. [Calligonum polygonides leaves in sewan (Lasiurus sindicus) grass-based complete diets for ruminants had a potential to positively affect rumen metabolism in vitro. Goswami et al. [Cyamopsis tetragonoloba) meal in concentrate portion of TMRs at all  levels, but depression (p<0.05) was observed in TMR\u2019s containing 50% or more replacement levels. Likewise, Ramachandra et al. [in vitro fermentation.Beneficial effects of incorporating nonconventional feedstuffs in complete feeds on a et al.  reportedi et al.  reporteda et al.  concludeIncreased intake of DM and nutrients in different ruminant species on complete feed system compared to conventional feeding system has been reported by several workers ,25,54-59Lens culinaris) straw-based TMR to growing Barbari kids improved digestibility of various nutrients as well as DCP content (p<0.01) of the diet [et al. [ad libitum. Likewise, Kishore et al. [et al. [Feeding complete diet stabilizes ruminal fermentation that improves efficiency of nutrient utilization in ruminants . Feedingthe diet . In anot [et al.  reportede et al.  reported [et al.  in calveet al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [Tephrosia purpurea based diet possibly due to higher CP content and therefore intake, while cellulose digestibility was higher (p<0.05) in those fed Dactylotennium aegypticum based diet.Utilization of poor quality feedstuffs can be improved by their incorporation in complete diet rather than feeding separately along with concentrate mixture. However, adequate DCP content in crop residue-based complete feeds is necessary to meet the maintenance and growth requirements of the animals. Senani et al.  reported [et al.  conclude [et al. . Likewis [et al.  reported [et al.  reportedet al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [Processing of the complete feeds has been reported to improve the nutrient utilization in ruminant animals. Incorporation of crop residues as a roughage source in TMR for ruminants and their further processing (densification/pelleting) is one of the practical ways of improving their utilization. The physical form of the diet can affect potential rate of consumption with densified/pelletized diets ingested more rapidly than those in mash form. In an experiment carried out by Afzal et al.  on Corri [et al.  reported [et al.  reported [et al.  reported [et al.  reported [et al. ,17 and g [et al. , expande [et al. . In cont [et al.  reported [et al.  reportedet al. [et al. [et al. [Orpinomyces joyonii in paddy and wheat straw-based TMRs for lactating buffaloes, improvement (p<0.05) in digestibility of all the nutrients as well as the %TDN content of the diet has been reported.Supplementation of feed additives in complete diets improves their nutritive value and nutrient digestibility in ruminant livestock besides have health promoting and feed economizing effects. Harikrishna et al. , while d [et al.  reported [et al. . In an e [et al.  to asseset al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [The roughage:concentrate (R:C) ratio in complete feed may vary in accordance to the production performance of animals. Reddy et al.  reportedet al. . For groet al. ,76. Like [et al.  reported [et al.  while as [et al.  level re [et al.  reported [et al.  to study [et al.  reported [et al.  reportedet al. [2 treatment. Similarly, Samanta et al. [Leucaena leaf meal could replace mustard cake in concentrate portion of complete diets up to 30% safely and inexpensively without affecting nutrient utilization in Barbari goats. In a study carried out by Bhatta et al. [Prosopis cineraria leaves in complete feed mixture on the performance of lambs and kids, reported that feed efficiency ratio was the best in animals fed on complete feed containing 50% leaves. Tiwari et al. [et al. [Feeding complete diet provides scope for incorporation of nutritious non-conventional feeds resources in concentrate or roughage component by avoiding selective eating of palatable components by animals. Mishra et al.  reportedet al.  reportedet al.  and preget al.  goats toa et al.  reporteda et al. , while ai et al.  reportedi et al. . Likewis [et al.  reportedet al. [ad libitum. Nagi et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [adlibitum and concentrate mixture separately in conventional form or the wheat straw-based complete feed in mash and block form, although the calves fed complete mash feed gained higher BW than calves in other dietary treatment groups. The CP level of 15.4% in complete pellet feed has been reported beneficial for commercial goat farming under stall feeding system [Feeding of small ruminants with crop residues-based complete rations appears to be the promising feeding system for improving their productivity in agricultural countries like India. Complete feed system improves nutrient utilization that supports higher growth performance and reduces the cost/kg live weight gain, thus is economical in comparison to conventional feeding system. Several studies have observed the beneficial effect of feeding complete ration on the growth performance of animals. Malisetty et al.  reportedi et al.  reported [et al.  reported [et al.  observed [et al.  observed [et al.  reported [et al. . Sorghum [et al.  recommen [et al. . Similar [et al.  reported [et al. . However [et al.  reportedg system . Likewisg system  observedet al. [et al. [et al. [The level of roughage source in complete feed can be variable depending on production performance of animals; besides, the animal response varies with R:C ratio. Ganai and Beigh  reportedet al.  reportedet al. . Mattoo et al.  reported [et al.  conclude [et al.  were of  [et al. .et al. [et al. [et al. [Acacia nilotica) pods might be incorporated up to 33% in concentrate mixture of TMR for pregnant and lactating goats without affecting growth rate and it might be increased up to 50% by treating with Ca(OH)2 before use. Neem (Azadirachta indica) seed cake could be incorporated into complete diet for lambs after detoxification without any deleterious effect on growth and meat quality [et al. [et al. [D. aegypticum, Cenchrus ciliaris, and T. purpurea) have potential for feeding to kids in the form of complete pellet feed during feed scarcity periods for supporting their optimum growth [et al. [A. indica) leaves could be incorporated up to 40% level replacing groundnut haulms in complete rations without affecting the growth rate in kids.Inclusion of nutritious non-conventional but safe feed resources in concentrate or roughage component of the complete feed has proved to be beneficial for promoting the growth performance of ruminants. Ammoniation of lentil straw for use in TMR might be an effective way for improving nutrient utilization to get better growth response along with reduction in cost of feeding small ruminants ,10. SSB et al.  reported [et al.  reported [et al. ,31 repor [et al.  reported [et al.  reportedm growth . Conventm growth . Rekhate [et al.  reported [et al. . Radhakr [et al.  reportedet al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [Various studies have shown enhancement in growth performance of animals fed processed complete feeds. Feeding complete feed in block form to lambs resulted in higher ADG and N retention in comparison to those fed complete mash feed . Furtheret al.  reportedet al.  reported [et al.  reported [et al.  reported [et al.  reported [et al.  reported [et al.  reported [et al. . Expande [et al.  assessed [et al.  or sweet [et al.  might be [et al.  reportedC. flavigena to forage in TMR did not improve digestion, and thus productive performance in lambs at the doses  evaluated [Neocallimastix sp. GR-1) zoospores in wheat straw-based complete feed for Murrah male buffalo calves significantly increased nutrient digestibility and DE value that enhances feed efficiency (by 28.7%) and BW gains (by 16%) [Feed additives supplementation in complete diets improves nutrient utilization promotes higher growth rate in animals. The addition of an enzymatic extract of valuated . However(by 16%) .ad libitum feeding of both the roughage and concentrate portions of the ration separately get reduced. Maximum benefits can be realized by incorporating such feeds as ingredients that are most economically purchased, transported and stored. Nagalakshmi and Reddy [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [Blending of roughage and concentrate portions into complete diet increases its energy density  and provnd Reddy  in one o [et al.  reported [et al.  and cros [et al.  as compa [et al.  reported [et al.  reported [et al.  conclude [et al.  reported2 treatment without affecting milk production and its composition [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [Feeding of complete diets to dairy animals has variable results on milk composition. Nagalakshmi and Reddy  reportedposition . Similar [et al.  conclude [et al.  reported [et al.  found no [et al.  reportedet al. [et al. [R: C ratio in the complete diet for dairy animals is an important factor regulating the quality of milk. The most common dietary cause of low fat in milk is the diet containing a low level of forage and/or a high level of concentrate. The low milk fat is often confounded by the fact that low forage diets are often associated with high milk production which itself tends to lower fat %. Only 20% roughage in a complete diet could cause a cow to secrete milk with low-fat content, while 40% roughage level in complete ration produced significantly more FCM and milk fat than that of a 30% roughage ration with no significant differences in SNF ,117. Impet al.  reported [et al.  fed dair [et al. .Feeding complete feed to ruminants results in more uniform load on the rumen which is associated with less fluctuation in the release of ammonia so that rumen non-protein nitrogen is more efficiently utilized . CompletL. culinaris) straw-based TMR to growing Barbari kids resulted in higher (p<0.05) total and ammonia-N with comparable pH and TVFA contents in rumen fluid compared to those fed untreated straw-based TMR [et al. [ad libitum. Sharma et al. [et al. [et al. [+ ion and TVFA concentrations were significantly (p>0.01) higher in sheep than in goats while the concentration of total N, trichloracetic acid (TCA) insoluble N, food and protozoal N in SRL was significantly higher in goats than in sheep; however, ammonia and residual N concentrations did not differ significantly between sheep and goats by feeding complete mash diet containing poultry litter (35%). Herbages  could be conserved during monsoon season for feeding to the growing kids as complete pellets diets during fodder scarcity periods without any adverse effect on rumen fermentation characteristics [et al. [in vivo.Several workers have observed no adverse effects of feeding different unconventional feedstuffs based complete rations on rumen fermentation. Feeding ammoniated lentil  culture supplementation to green gram straw-based complete feed blocks promoted rumen fermentation which improved nutrient utilization resulted in stimulated growth of kids. Likewise, yeast supplementation to groundnut straw-based complete feed block could be beneficial to improve the performance of sheep due to a marked improvement in rumen fermentation pattern [et al. [O. joyonii) zoospores incorporated paddy and wheat straw-based TMRs. Likewise, Kumar et al. [et al. [Neocallimastix spp.) zoospores and sulfur (1% sodium sulfate). This technology developed to improve the nutritive value of wheat straw-based diets, can be used at the compound feed industry level for providing a well-balanced wheat straw-based complete feed rations to the animals at farmers door.Supplementation of feed additives in complete feeds promotes rumen fermentation in a favorable direction to enhance animal performance. Nehra et al.  conclude pattern . Sehgal  [et al.  reportedr et al.  reported [et al.  reportedet al. [et al. [et al. [Leucenea leaf meal [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [Complete ration is the best feeding model as it reduces problems of nutrient deficiencies in livestock fed on poor quality feed resources with no adverse effects on animal health by allowing a synchronous and fractionated supply of all essential nutrients for attaining maximum production potential. Sharma et al.  reported [et al.  reported [et al. . Tripath [et al.  concludeeaf meal . Nagpal eaf meal  observedeaf meal . Kumar e [et al.  also rep [et al. . However [et al.  reported [et al.  reported [et al.  observed [et al.  reported [et al.  conclude [et al.  concludeIn spite of such great importance of complete feed system in ruminant feeding, the technology has remained confined to the organized farms only, as it is not economically feasible for small and marginal livestock farmers to purchase and operate the costly machinery required for blending the ingredients. As such, there is a dire need to extend the concept extensively to the field. In this direction, some limited efforts have been made by providing small-scale forage disintegrator and grinder cum mixer to the villages through local self-help groups on a community basis. Thus, to make this technology successful and viable for farmers, more efforts are needed.Complete feed system for feeding ruminants is comparatively better option than conventional feeding of concentrates and roughages separately or grazing plus supplementation. This has advantages in provision of balanced diet to the ruminants and helping better utilization of the locally available feed resources, resulting in higher productivity along with reduction in feed cost and labor. Thus, the concept of complete feed system is becoming increasingly popular. However, lots of efforts are still needed to be taken for extending the concept extensively to the field.This review is a part of PhD thesis of the first author YAB, who carried out the research under the supervision of AMG. HAA helped in thorough revision of the manuscript. All authors have read and approved the final version of the manuscript."}
{"text": "Eucalyptus is the premier paper pulp, short rotation plantation species grown all over the world. Genetic improvement programs integrating molecular marker tools are in progress in many parts of the globe to increase the productivity. Whole genome sequence and expressed sequence tags (ESTs) of the eucalypts paved way for introduction of molecular genetics and breeding in this genus. Different molecular characterization approaches have been used simultaneously in eucalypts, however, microsatellites or simple sequence repeats (SSRs) with their prolific characteristics could occupy a special niche in Eucalyptus genetic improvement. Further, highly informative SSRs were used for the clonal identity, genetic fidelity and in certification of breeder\u2019s rights. Eucalyptus genetic linkage maps generated with microsatellite loci were used successfully to identify quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for various economically important traits. Progressively more numbers of microsatellites are being linked to genes associated with adaptive and functional variations, therefore making their utility broader in genetic applications. Availability of common SSR markers across the species provides an opportunity to validate the expression of QTLs across variable genetic backgrounds and accurately compare the position of QTLs in other species. Recent evidences suggest that the presence of SSRs in micro RNAs of plant species play a role in the quantitative trait expression. Similar studies in eucalypts may provide new insights into the genetic architecture of transcript-level variations and post transcriptional gene regulation. This review on eucalypts microsatellites, highlights the availability and characteristics of genomic and eSSRs and their potential in genetic analysis of natural and breeding populations and also discusses the future prospects in population genetics and marker assisted selection.The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40529-014-0073-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. Eucalyptus is the world\u2019s leading industrial plantation species due to its fast growth, wider adaptability and multipurpose utility. Until lately, most of the Eucalyptus plantations all over the world were destined for paper production, however, presently these plantations are looking forth to support solid wood industry including veneer production . Researr (ABRAF ), and unTurnbull ). EfficiTurnbull ). SSRs pTurnbull ; Kalia eTurnbull ). EarlieTurnbull ; Kudapa Turnbull ) which cE. urophylla, E. grandis, E. globulus and E. nitens. However, high synteny of genome existing across eucalypt species has benefited many DNA data deficient eucalypts taxa, thus excellent SSR transferability was witnessed across species . SSRs wa et al. ; Grattapa et al. ). SSRs aa et al. ). Many sa et al. ; Yang eta et al. ). Furthea et al. ; Hudson a et al. ).Eucalyptus. The details on SSR marker code, source species and number of SSRs developed are given in the Table E. grandis and E. urophylla with the prefix as Embra , E. sieberi (8 SSRs), E. globulus (26 SSRs) and E. leucoxylon (13 SSRs) respectively  and 758 validated EST-SSRs (eSSRs), 35 chloroplast SSRs (cpSSRS) and 8 gene based SSRs CG-SS1Rs) have been applied in different species of Rs have bi et al. , 2002],,Eucalypti et al. ; Faria ei et al. , 2011]))Eucalypte et al. ), Corymbs et al. ) and Cord et al. ). The SSe et al. ; Glaubite et al. ; Ottewele et al. ). A set e et al. ). The ISt et al. ). Very fn et al. ; Sexton n et al. ). NGS mel et al. ). A recee et al. ).Table 1E. camaldulensis and E. grandis have been completed by the Kazusa DNA Research Institute, Japan and DOE Joint Genome Institute (JGI), USA in collaboration with members of the Eucalyptus Genome Network (EUCAGEN) respectively . Additii et al. ; http://y et al. ). All thi et al. ; Rabelloi et al. ; Yasodhai et al. ; Rengel i et al. ; He et ai et al. ; Zhou eti et al. ). Recenta et al. ; Bradbura et al. ). Table Eucalyptus for example, 12.9% in NCBI database  13.3% ia et al. ), 25.5% a et al. ; Ceresina et al. ). The tya et al. ; Rabelloa et al. ; Yasodhaa et al. ; Rengel a et al. ; Ranade a et al. ). The dea et al. ). The BAa et al. ). Most oa et al. ; Ottewela et al. ; Brondana et al. ). Uniquea et al. ). A studa et al. ).Table 3Eucalyptus and the transferability rate dropped down in the species of Corymbia and Angophora  to sub genera Symphyomyrtus and Monocalyptus but not to the genus Corymbia. However, modifications in the PCR amplification protocols could improve the transfer rate across genera . Initiae et al. ) tested d et al. ). Many ok et al. ; Glaubitk et al. ; Steane k et al. ; Agrama k et al. ; Ottewelk et al. ; Arumugak et al. ; Subashik et al. ). Similas et al. ; Faria es et al. , 2011];;Eucalypts et al. ; Hudson s et al. ; Petrolis et al. ; Breed es et al. ; He et as et al. ; Bradburs et al. , [b]; Brs et al. ). Recenty et al. ).Table 4Genotyping studies with microsatellites generally preferred dinucleotide repeats because they bring off high polymorphism and display more variation among individuals. In certain occasions the dinucleotide repeats based allelic variation results in shadow bands or stutter bands during electrophoresis thus leading to genotyping errors (Hoffman and Amos ). Hence,E. camaldulensis  and a maximum of 33 alleles (Embra16), with an average of 19.8 \u00d7 9.2 alleles per locus . Very hi et al. ). Similat et al. ).E. grandis), 5\u201312 (E. globulus), 4\u201310 (E. urophylla), 6\u201314 , 5\u20139 (E. dunnii) and 4\u201314 . Allele size variations favored multiplexing of fluorescent based automated DNA genotyping applications, wherein upto 18 loci were analyzed in a single run with 5 dye format .Eucalyptus microsatellites are usually highly informative as revealed through the statistics of polymorphic information content (PIC) and heterozygosity (He) (Table e) Table . The mose) Table .Table 5The stupendous and multifaceted applications of microsatellites in tree genome analysis are shown in the Figure . The high degree of polymorphism and the clear and simple co-dominant Mendelian inheritance of the SSRs has proven to be an extremely powerful system for the unique identification of Eucalyptus individuals for fingerprinting purposes and parentage testing . Accordt et al. ; Smith et et al. ; Grattapt et al. a; Kirst t et al. ; Ochiengt et al. ; Grossert et al. ; Jones et et al. ; Payn ett et al. ; Rao et t et al. ; Sampsont et al. ; Butchert et al. ; Barbourt et al. ; Faria et et al. ; Shephert et al. ; Ribeirot et al. ; Arumugat et al. ; Subashit et al. ; Wheelert et al. ) Clonal t et al. ). SSR mas et al. ). Similas et al. ), Psidiur et al. ), Olive r et al. ), Tamarii et al. ) and Prub et al. ).E. dunnii  and E. i et al. ) thus rex et al. ). Similatapaglia b). In nas et al. ). On conr et al. ). A smalo et al. ). These o et al. ) showed E. camaldulensis species complex in its natural range was assessed for its genetic structure with 15 microsatellite loci and concluded that the populations belongs to several subspecies with intergrade zones and breeding programs should not treat the species as a single genetic entity . Similas et al. ). The pre et al. ; Yeoh ete et al. ). Wherean et al. ). Such iEucalyptus species with regional distribution were analyzed for their pollen flow and pattern of genetic diversity. These studies involve microsatellite allele diversity largely indicated that in remnant and fragmented populations of E. curtisii , E. leul et al. ), E. wane et al. ), E. benr et al. ), E. gomy et al. , [b]; Bry et al. ), E. incd et al. ) and E. nd Byrne ) the gennd Byrne ; Butchernd Byrne ). Furthend Byrne ). Nucleai et al. ). Effecti et al. ; Barbouri et al. ; Shepheri et al. ).E. grandis, E. urophylla, E. grandis, E. globulus, E. camaldulensis and E. nitens  \u00d7 (E. urophylla \u00d7 E. grandis)] explaining 42% of the phenotypic variation . The Adk et al. ). Immedii et al. ). Congru et al. . Vegetas et al. ). Furthea et al. ). With ta et al. ) could ga et al. ). Howevei et al. ). Embra1o et al. ). Recento et al. ).E. globulus putative QTL for Mycosphaerella cryptica resistance was closely associated with microsatellite marker Embra48 . Similay et al. ; Freemany et al. ). Embra1n et al. ). In anon et al. ) in E. ga et al. ).E. nitens and E. globulus  and E. n et al. ). Genic a et al. ). Eucalyn et al. ). Eucalya et al. ).Eucalyptus species to genetic study/breeding in different eucalypt species.Microsatellites have major roles to play in various spheres of eucalypts genetics and improvement. They are one of the three major classes of genetic variations along with SNPs (single nucleotide polymorphisms) and CNVs (copy number variations) and have many important biological functions . RecentGenomic SSRs have a broad range of applications, and in particular being neutral markers, which are not linked to any particular trait, but most probably offer a representation of the underlying genetic diversity in wild populations and to target populations for conservation . FurtheEucalyptus genome. Genic SSR markers could represent the new class of functional markers, finding use in evolutionary studies, comparative mapping, candidate gene association mapping, gene discovery and molecular breeding . In silFurther, enough care should be exercised while handling null alleles, imperfect repeats, and allelic dropout, equally they can lead to an overestimation of observable alleles, a decrease in observed heterozygosity, and an increase in the apparent level of inbreeding. On the basis of microsatellite analysis, spatial genetic structure (SGS) can be estimated to delineate provenances of eucalypts. In addition, non-denaturing FISH (ND-FISH) can be used to compare the distribution of SSRs to determine whether the range of molecular diversity shown by these highly polymorphic sequences is reflected at the chromosome level. They are also ideally used as anchor markers in molecular linkage maps and in generation of consensus maps across species and that can be highly saturated with DArT and SNP/genotyping by sequencing markers (GBS). Development of a high-density consensus genetic map with SSRs in an important chromosomal interval provides eucalypt molecular breeding programs with a better choice regarding the quality of markers and a higher probability of polymorphic markers. They play a major role in aligning linkage map due to their high transferability and have a functional role in trait variation and to see the conservation and diversification of gene order across the species of eucalypts.Microsatellite markers play a major role in eucalypts at different levels of genetic improvement. The inherent potentiality of these marks to distinguish closely related individuals is increasingly encouraging for the mining of more and more SSRs for placing on linkage groups and other genetic studies. Microsatellites containing DNA sequences and their functional role in the eucalypt genome were investigated and detected linkage-to-physical position for a large number of microsatellites. Recently, two hundred and twenty three new microsatellite markers were surveyed for allelic diversity and added to the existing eucalypt SSR map, bringing the total number of genetically mapped SSR loci to >400 and strengthening the comparative genome mapping .Oryza sativa  broughtnd Ganie ). Any prAdditional file 1: Table S1.: Linkage group information for SSR loci in eucalypts. (XLS 546 KB)Authors\u2019 original file for figure 1Authors\u2019 original file for figure 2Below are the links to the authors\u2019 original submitted files for images."}
{"text": "Here, wet al. \u2026 gave a relatively thorough overview of the limited existing evidence of the changes that burning can induce in hydrological and aquatic systems. In some places, however, their discussion appears to restate popularly held but unsupported assumptions and to rely heavily on unpublished material. For instance, in the section of their paper concerning fire effects on terrestrial vegetation, they state \u2018Burning is considered particularly detrimental to peat-forming Sphagnum species\u2019. Although they do acknowledge that there is contradictory evidence in the scientific literature \u2018from a small number of experimental burning plots\u2019, the only citation to support the initial assertion is a report by the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB) that has not been formally published or, to our knowledge, peer reviewed.Brown Taking quotations out of context can distort debates , skewingSphagnum species , although some results from a small number of experimental burning plots have contradicted this suggestion . Thus, the processes for changes in Sphagnum cover require study in further detail.Burning is considered particularly detrimental to peat-forming Our review paper , p. 1412et al. [et al. [et al. [Journal of Applied Ecology.The reasons for  criticizet al.  in such  [et al.  is a for [et al.  is publiet al. [et al. [et al. also point to government guidelines that \u2018recommend against burning into living moss layers\u2019 but then comment that \u2018this level of control is not always achievable\u2019. Notwithstanding the fact that the fuel moisture content of moss layers during the legal burning period are often high enough to make deep combustion physically impossible in all but the most severe droughts, there is good evidence that moss consumption during prescribed burns is very limited and that exposure of bare peat is rare.Brown In a second example, with reference to Brown et al. , Davies  [et al. , p. 9 stet al. [et al. [Yet Davies et al.  have not [et al. , p. 10 set al. [et al. rightly point out that much of our knowledge comes from a single long-term experimental study site , but then they seek to suggest (again on the basis of an unpublished RSPB report) that the results from that location are not generalizable as the fires are \u2018extremely controlled\u2019; despite the fact that the use of controlled fire is precisely the aim of prescribed burning. As far as we are aware, no data have actually been published on prescribed burning practices at Hard Hill or the behaviour of the fires burnt there. Furthermore, the inference that at all other sites fire conditions are not \u2018extremely controlled\u2019 would perhaps imply that moorland managers are either not very good at, or do not care about, adequate fire control.Brown A third example of misrepresentation by Davies et al. , p. 10 i\u201cHowever, these plots may not be typical of managed burns elsewhere given their extremely controlled nature\u201d , p. 1413Later, the authors confirmed that they agree with us in this regard:et al. were right to point out that too much of our knowledge comes from a small number of sites and that experimental treatments may not be representative of the variety of management practices on the ground\u201d [\u201cBrown  ground\u201d , p. 12.Thus, the point of their argument is again unclear. We wish to make it clear that we made no insinuation about the ability of moorland managers when using fire as a management tool, directly or implied, contrary to suggestions of Davies et al. [Yet, we did not say that the fires are extremely controlled, nor is it clear why the authors think that we sought to suggest this. Our paper referred to the experimental plot set-up, where, for example, size, shape and treatments are fixed:et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [http://tinyurl.com/zlud2fx, so Davies et al. [et al. [et al. [The criticisms of our review publication , rebutteet al.  presenteet al. . Yet, itet al.  could ha [et al.  because  [et al. , given i [et al.  and Doug [et al.  and thei [et al. , the ass [et al. . For the [et al.  in a cons et al.  could ea [et al.  and Doug [et al. .et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [Prior to the release of Brown et al. , we prov [et al. , p. 10 a [et al.  have sin [et al.  should het al. [et al. [In summary, the above examples suggest to us that the readers of Davies et al.  have the [et al.  has, the"}
{"text": "Surface modification of polymers has become a vibrant field of research on account of a myriad of rationales which stimulated numerous efforts. The current paper serves as a condensed survey of the advances made through different approaches adopted for tuning the surface properties of polyvinyl chloride as a homopolymer extensively used on a large scale. Though it does not address all challenges involved, this paper communicates and highlights, through concise discussion, the findings of the efforts undertaken in recent decades. It is ultimately concluded with a perspective of the huge capacities and promising future directions. Many interactions among different materials in contact take place at surfaces/interfaces. Besides the ambient factors such as pressure, pH and temperature, the interactions are largely controlled by interplay of surface hydrophilicity, topography, and chemical composition. This implies that manipulating the surface characteristics in terms of physicochemical aspects may guide the interactions to a sought-after direction. A broad spectrum of applications are met spanning from simple coatings to complicated biological adsorptions ,2.Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) faces many challenges due to the hydrophobic nature of the polymer surface. The current opinion is that the surface hydrophobicity may bring forth severely adverse consequences, in particular when such materials are exposed to biological systems. This has motivated extensive research during recent decades seeking efficient means to figure out the problem . A clearPVC is the second most widely used polymer in terms of consumption volume accounting for a global production of over 25 million tons per annum. It has mostly found applications in the medical field where it covers around 28% of total plastics use, ranked after polyethylene and before polystyrene . The phtetc. can be regulated to a great extent. This often makes the controlled modification of the surface intended for a certain application a demanding project. In the following paragraphs, a short background is given on different techniques employed for the surface modification purpose. More comprehensive information can be found in notable reviews .,92.91,92et al. [et al. [et al. [in vacuo. Also, the predominant increase in the grain size of the specimen after plasma treatment was attributed to the coalescence of the neighboring grains after plasma treatment.Plasma treatment has been established to strongly affect the PVC surface properties in terms of physical aspects ,59,60,92et al.  learned  [et al. ,47 treat [et al.  found ouIt was almost unanimously accepted that hydrophilicity (wettability) increased after plasma treatment  which coet al. [The extent of wettability enhancement and also thermodynamic recovery have been established to be dependent on plasma power and modification time, as well as the post-plasma storage temperature . This caet al.  modifiedet al. [et al. [et al. [Zhang et al. ,59 used  [et al.  examined [et al.  treated et al. [In connection with the other surface treatment strategies, Jung et al.  used ionet al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [McGinty et al.  showed r [et al.  carried  [et al.  used thi [et al.  found thet al. [et al. [Surface modification of PVC is principally intended for various applications. Thus far, it has been practiced to impart biological activity, ink printability, and ion permeability to PVC. Sowe et al. ,55 treat [et al.  preparedet al. [N,N-dimethylacrylamide) on PVC by well-controlled ATRP and saw that the graft densities of the brushes played an important role in controlling interfacial properties. They found that the blood platelet activation was reduced compared to unmodified PVC especially in higher molecular weights. Liu et al. [2/O2 gas plasma treatment and found that the blood platelets were effectively suppressed on surface sulfonation of PVC film. de Queiroz et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [Biocompatibility towards cell and blood as well as biocide activity are all considered most important characteristics which can be granted to PVC via surface modification. Zou et al. ,86 grew u et al.  treated z et al.  evaluate [et al.  coated P [et al.  tried to [et al.  attempte [et al.  examinedet al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [Asadinezhad et al. ,49,50 im [et al.  used pla [et al.  studied  [et al.  examined [et al.  using phet al. [et al. [+ ions through a pattern mask in order to create patterns of the hydrophilic/hydrophobic regions on the PVC surface. Their results revealed that selective adhesion and proliferation of the cells on the ion-irradiated regions were observed (Khorasani et al.  investig [et al.  studied observed . They beet al. [As for biodegradability, Rios et al.  studied In this brief review, various approaches within the last three decades taken to engineer the PVC surface along with the respective highlights have been sketched. It has been established that the PVC surface can be turned into a hydrophilic surface of high free energy with an enhanced bonding strength and minimized biofouling without affecting the bulk properties. Also, cell and blood compatibility have been observed to increase as a result of appropriate surface modification. The modified PVC exhibited less plasticizer migration, as well. It seems necessary here to describe some general perspectives on this issue. As per the number of publications, it can be claimed that the subject of polymer surface engineering itself is developing quite rapidly. Concerning PVC in particular, a sharp increase is evident over the last decade in the amount of the relevant research. Among various strategies pursued, the solvent-free techniques\u2014especially plasma treatment\u2014are increasingly becoming attractive. Also, wet chemical methods based on the state-of-the-art controlled chemistry are at the center of intense focus. The achievement of enhanced control over the modified surface can also be mentioned as another trend. This concise overview also makes it clear that there are complex phenomena occurring at the surface once the PVC surface is exposed to external bodies. As better understanding of the complex phenomena and aging effects due to the interactions between polymer surface and surroundings is gained, new possibilities of enhanced control over surface properties emerge. Accordingly, a new generation of biomaterials based on PVC is being created to enable the design and production of superior medical devices. In addition to what has already been mentioned, to reach the optimal PVC surface, fine-tuning and the avoidance of overdevelopment, as well as effective, interdisciplinary collaboration among materials scientists, chemists, biologists, and bioengineers will be necessary."}
{"text": "Acta Cryst. (2012), E68, o1640\u2013o1641.Erratum to  et al. , the chemical name in the title is incorrect.In the paper by Tayamon  The scheme and chemical data are correct as given in the original article.In the paper by Tayamon  al. 2012, the che"}
{"text": "We investigate the complete convergence of partial sums of randomly weighted extended negatively dependent (END) random variables. Some results of complete moment convergence, complete convergence and the strong law of large numbers for this dependent structure are obtained. As an application, we study the convergence of the state observers of linear-time-invariant systems. Our results extend the corresponding earlier ones. Let us recall the concept of extended negatively dependent (END) random variables which was introduced by Liu .M such that both We call random variables M is 1, then END random variables reduce to NOD random variables which contain NA random variables and NSD random variables . Variou [et al. , Prakasa [et al.  and the  [et al.  studied  [et al.  obtained [et al.  and Hu ementclasspt{minima [et al.  and Yang [et al.  investig [et al.  obtained [et al.  establisg et al.  studied  [et al.  studied  [et al.  obtainedg and Hu  investig [et al.  investig [et al.  obtainedet al. [\u03c1\u0303-mixing sequences; Cabrera et al. [et al. [et al. [\u03c1\u0303-mixing sequences; Li et al. [In addition, there are many researchers paying attention to the study of the properties of partial sums of randomly weighted random variables. For example, Thanh and Yin  establiset al.  investiga et al.  and Shen [et al.  investig [et al.  and Yao  [et al.  obtained [et al.  obtainedi et al.  studied et al. [et al. [et al. [We aim to investigate the complete convergence of partial sums of randomly weighted END sequences. Some results of complete moment convergence, complete convergence and strong law of large numbers for this dependent structure are obtained. As an application, we study the convergence of state observers of linear-time-invariant systems. We extend some results of Thanh et al. , Wang et [et al.  and Yang [et al.  to the cLiu Let the random variablesbe a sequence of END random variables. Ifis a sequence of all nondecreasing (or nonincreasing) functions, thenis also a sequence of END random variables.M.Let Shen Letandbe an END sequence such thatandfor allThen there exists a positive constantsuch that for allSung Letandbe sequences of random variables. Then, for anyandet al. [Adler and Rosalsky  and Adleet al. Letbe a sequence of random variables which is stochastically dominated by a random variableX, i.e. for some positive constantand allThen, for allandthe following two statements hold: Consequently, one hasfor allHereare some positive constants not depending onn.Letbe a mean zero sequence of END random variables stochastically dominated by a random variablesX.For every, letbe a sequence of independent random variables satisfying thatis independent of.In the following, we list two assumptions: Assume that (A.1) and (A.2) are satisfied. Letandsuch thatThen, for everySo one hasAssume that (A.1) and (A.2) are satisfied. Letandsuch thatfor someThen we also obtain the results of (and (sults of  and (3.3For some Suppose that (A.1) and (A.2) are fulfilled. LetandIfthen, for everyandThus, by the Borel-Cantelli lemma and (the strong law of large numbers is as follows: Let Suppose that (A.1) and (A.2) are fulfilled. LetandIf . Thanh  [et al.  extended [et al.  to randoh et al. ). Yang e [et al.  obtained [et al. ). Genera [et al. , Wang et [et al.  and Yang [et al.  to the cet al. [et al. [et al. [In this paper, we investigate the complete convergence of partial sums of randomly weighted END random variables. Some results of complete moment convergence, complete convergence and strong law of large numbers for this dependent structure are presented , , \\documeher with  and  a a\\documeFor some Similar to the proof of Theorem\u00a0proof of , it follproof of , one hasproof of , we obta. So, by  holds. I. So, by  with \\doent}p=1,  also holjth component It is easy to check that to prove , it suff2r\u22121, by , we appli\u2212tn) in  and \\docesult of .Moreover, by Assumption\u00a0tion, by  in Assum\u2032Dn with , we obta\u2032Dn with  immediat"}
{"text": "This study was planned to reveal the clinical signs and biochemical alterations in pregnancy toxemic goats.Blood samples were collected from 20 healthy pregnant and 45 pregnancy toxemic goats and analyzed biochemically.The most significant clinical findings were observed in naturally affected goats with pregnancy toxemia included anorexia, recumbency, lethargy, opisthotonos, dropped head, periodic convulsion, sweetish fruity odor from breath, apparent blindness, bloat, grinding of teeth, and frothy salivation. In this study, the level of serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT) (84.23\u00b11.44 IU/L), serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT) (216.01\u00b14.07 IU/L), blood urea nitrogen (BUN) (22.24\u00b10.31 mg/dl), creatinine (2.13\u00b10.09 mg/dl), \u03b2-hydroxybutyric acid (BHBA) (0.46\u00b10.83 mmol/L), and non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) (1.67\u00b10.71 mmol/L) was significantly higher whereas glucose (30.89\u00b10.38 mg/dl) and calcium (8.10\u00b10.20 mg/dl) levels were significantly decreased in pregnancy toxemic goats as compared to healthy goats.The goats with pregnancy toxemia exhibited clinical signs include anorexia, recumbency, sweetish fruity odor from breath, apparent blindness, bloat, grinding of teeth, and frothy salivation. Biochemically, there were significantly decreased the level of glucose and calcium, and increased level of SGPT, SGOT, BUN, creatinine, BHBA, and NEFA in the pregnancy toxemic goats. Pregnancy toxemia, also known as \u201ctwin-lamb\u201d disease, is a metabolic disorder of pregnant small ruminants, caused by an abnormal metabolism of carbohydrates and fats, which occurs at the final stage of pregnancy . Obese eThe early detection of pregnancy toxemia in susceptible animals is essential for successful treatment. In clinical pregnancy toxemia, the diagnosis is based on history, clinical signs of hepatic encephalopathy, and the results of serum biochemical analyses .While clinical pregnancy toxemia in sheep was relatively well studied, there is a paucity of information regarding metabolic changes in the clinical form of the disease, especially in goats. So, this study was planned.Samples were collected from clinical cases coming to Veterinary Hospital at Veterinary College, Anand Agricultural University, Anand. Hence, this particular study did not require ethical approval.2 areas in Gujarat, India, and witnessed a temperature range of 35-38\u00b0C with a maximum of 42\u00b0C, relative humidity of 57-55% and rainfall about 1-4 inch. The season in this area can be broadly classified into hot and dry summer from March to June, rainy (monsoon) season from July to October, and the winter (mild) season from November to February.Anand district is situated at latitude 22\u00b0 N and longitude 72\u00b0 E with 2939.9 kmThe data, recorded from the case records of Department of Teaching Veterinary Clinical Complex, Veterinary College, Anand, were compiled and analyzed for a period of 6-month from June 1, 2015, to December 31, 2015.All the cases of pregnancy toxemia were diagnosed using Rothera\u2019s qualitative test from urine samples . The bloData, obtained from biochemical parameters, were statistically analyzed by Student\u2019s t-test as per the method described by Snedecor and Cochran . T-test:The vital signs like rectal temperature and respiration rate were normal, but heart rate was significantly increased than normal goats. The most significant clinical findings were observed in naturally affected goat with pregnancy toxemia included anorexia 100.00%), recumbency (100.00%), lethargy (86.67%), opisthotonos (73.33%), dropped head 62.22%), periodic convulsion (57.78%), sweetish fruity odor from breath (51.11%), apparent blindness (42.22%), bloat (40.00%), grinding of teeth (37.78%), and frothy salivation (24.44%) (Tables-00.00%, r.22%, perThe study was aimed to evaluate the biochemical indicators in goats positive for naturally occurring pregnancy toxemia in comparison with normal healthy goats . The meaet al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [at al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [In this study, rectal temperature and respiratory rate were found within normal range, which were contrast to Rodolfo et al. , who rep [et al. , Balikci [et al. , and Red [et al. . Anorexi [et al. , El-Seba [et al. , Andrews [et al. , Balikci [et al. , Barakat [et al. , Al-Quda [et al. , Manokar [et al. , Abdelaa [et al. , Souto e [et al. , Reddy e [et al. , Rodolfo [et al. , and Ran [et al. . Depress [et al. , El-Seba [et al. , Andrews [et al. , Balikci [et al. , Barakat [et al. , Hefnawy [et al. , Al-Quda [et al. , Abdelaa [et al. , and Red [et al. . 23 (51. [et al. , Hefnawy [et al. , Abdelaa [et al. , and Ran [et al. . The swe [et al.  and Bara [et al. . Chew mo [et al. , Abdelaa [at al. , Reddy e [et al. , and Ran [et al. . It was  [et al.  and Redd [et al. . It was  [et al. , Andrews [et al. , Barakat [et al. , and Al- [et al. . Nervous [et al. . 18 (40. [et al. , Rodolfo [et al. , and Ran [et al.  and Redd [et al. . Dropped [et al. . 7 (15.5 [et al. , Barakat [et al. , and Ran [et al.  and the et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [Increased SGPT and SGOT level of the present study were in agreement with report of Barakat et al. , Gupta e [et al. , Balikci [et al. , Hefnawy [et al. , Abdelaa [et al. , Albay e [et al. , Anoushe [et al. , Reddy e [et al. , Marutso [et al. , and Abb [et al. . In cont [et al.  reportedet al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [Increased BUN and creatinine level were in agreement with report of Kolb and Kaskom , Barakatet al. , Hefnawy [et al. , Lima et [et al. , Abdelaa [et al. , Souto e [et al. , Anoushe [et al. , Rodolfo [et al. , and Red [et al. . In thiset al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [Decreased glucose level of the present study was in agreement with result of many researcher such as McClymont and Setchell , Robert et al. , Cantley [et al. , El-Seba [et al. , Scott a [et al. , Andrews [et al. , Henze e [et al. , Marteni [et al. , Gupta e [et al. , Barakat [et al. , Ismail  [et al. , Schlumb [et al. , Balikci [et al. , Hefnawy [et al. , Al-Quda [et al. , Hefnawy [et al. , Manokar [et al. , Abdelaa [et al. , Anoushe [et al. , Albay e [et al. , Sharma  [et al. , Reddy e [et al. , Gurdoga [et al.  and Rani [et al. . However [et al.  and Lima [et al.  showed het al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [Decreased calcium level of the present findings was in agreement with results of Jopp and Quinlivan , Anousheet al. , Hefnawy [et al. , Manokar [et al. , Souto e [et al. , Albay e [et al. , Rodolfo [et al. , Reddy e [et al. , and Ran [et al. . Decreas [et al.  and Isma [et al. . In cont [et al.  and Rodo [et al.  reportedet al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [Increased BHBA level was in agreement with report of Scott and Woodman , Ismail et al. , Balikci [et al. , Al-Quda [et al. , Hefnawy [et al. , Gonzale [et al. , Abdelaa [et al. , Olfati  [et al. , Anoushe [et al. , Gurdoga [et al. , Sharma  [et al. , and Mar [et al. . Increas [et al. , Olfati  [et al. , Anoushe [et al. , and Sha [et al. . The inc [et al.  and Hefn [et al. .The goats with naturally occurring pregnancy toxemia exhibited clinical signs includes anorexia, recumbency, sweetish fruity odor from breath, apparent blindness, bloat, grinding of teeth, and frothy salivation. Characteristic biochemical pattern associated with pregnancy toxemia in goats showed that there were decreased the level of glucose and calcium, and increased levels of SGPT, SGOT, BUN, creatinine, BHBA and NEFA.In the present surveillance, from June to December, the most of animals which shown the clinical sign of recumbency, were suffered from pregnancy toxemia which was confirmed by biochemical tests and urine analysis.This study was a part of PRV\u2019s original research work during M.V.Sc. thesis program. RGJ had designed the plan of work. HVG and FBT helped during sampling, statistical analysis, and manuscript preparation. SDR helped in the laboratory work. All the authors read and approved the final manuscript."}
{"text": "Astrobiology, as the mission draws to a close, is the outcome of our most recent meeting at UC Berkeley in June 2016. Key Words: Enceladus\u2014Enceladus Focus Group\u2014Ocean world\u2014Search for biosignatures. Astrobiology 17, 815\u2013819.The discovery by NASA's Cassini mission at Saturn in 2005 of a large plume of material erupting from the south polar terrain of Enceladus, sourced within a subsurface ocean of salty liquid water laced with organic compounds, has brought together scientists from a diverse range of disciplines over the last decade to evaluate this small moon's potential for extraterrestrial life. The collection of papers published today in  Steel et al.  construcet al. (et al. (et al., we merely scale the bioload at Lost City by the ratio of the geothermal energy flux through the moon's seafloor to that of Earth \u2026 a ratio that turns out to be 1. Our results, \u223c105 cells/mL, are significantly less optimistic than those of Steel et al. However, we introduce to the study of Enceladus, and describe in some detail, the process of bubble-scrubbing, well known to marine microbiologists, whereby microbes and organic matter in natural bodies of water may be found in significantly enhanced concentrations in the spray produced at the surface by breaking bubbles. This outcome follows from the tendency of bubbles, rising in a column of water, to collect available organic material along the way. It is a process that could very well be at work on Enceladus and could make the job of detecting biosignatures within the plume up to a 1000-fold easier.In the Porco et al.  study, m (et al. , we estiet al. (Mathies et al.  describeet al. (et al.,et al.,Bedrossian et al.  expand oet al. (et al.,The final two papers in our collection make significant advances in the continued analysis of Cassini data and expand our basic knowledge of the geophysical mechanisms underlying the geysers. Teolis et al.  attempt  et al.,. That boe.g., Hurford et al.,et al.,et al.,et al. (et al.,Finally, in all previous attempts to explain the diurnal variation of the plume by modeling the cyclical behavior of tidal stresses across the SPT (,et al.  take a b et al., in satisSo, now, I leave you to it. As Cassini's extraordinary 13 years of exploration conclude, enjoy this up-to-the-minute, far-reaching, wide-ranging look at that little moon at Saturn with the big possibilities."}
{"text": "Among the most contentious management options is \u2018tolerance hunting\u2019, or the killing of predators to increase tolerance among groups of people who do not accept the presence of these animals ,2. In 33,4, we uet al.  and Stieet al.  re-visitet al.'s [et al. [et al. [et al. [t > 18 was 69.0% (proportion of posterior that was <0)\u2019 but this concerns all years post-1998, which also include many years without culling. For the relevant period for our paper , we need to interpret the figures ourselves. On figures 3, S2.4, S2.5 and S2.6 in [t > 18 period (1998\u20132001 approximately) whereas the years with culling seem to show a stable recruitment regardless of the models used [et al. [et al. [et al. [t\u03bc\u2019 implying that more than half the time their estimates failed this relatively undemanding test. Stenglein et al. [et al. [et al. [First, we disagree with Olson et al.'s  and Stieet al.'s  assertioet al.'s , p. 1 ph [et al.  and Stie [et al.  raised t [et al. . In that [et al. ). Stengl [et al. , p. 5 wr S2.6 in , we findels used . Because [et al.  clearly  [et al.  to show  [et al. , p. 5 apn et al.  also didet al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [Olson et al.  also arget al.  demonstret al.  was, in et al.  indeed a [et al. . That re [et al.  but did  [et al.  assumed  [et al.  did not  [et al.  found th [et al.  estimate [et al.  also use [et al. . Both Ol [et al.  and Trev [et al. ,13 agree [et al. . Most im [et al.  ignored  [et al.  did not  [et al. ,15.et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al.'s [et al. [et al. [et al. [Olson et al.  and Stieet al.  raise otet al.  claims tet al.  suppleme [et al. 's assert [et al. 's hypoth [et al.  because  [et al.  leaves t [et al.  insinuatet al.'s  co-authoet al.'s . The papet al.'s ,17,18 th [et al.  criticiz [et al. . We do n [et al. ,10 is on [et al. . In addi [et al.  seem, inWe appreciate the scrutiny that our analysis and our writing have sparked. Science progresses through invalidation of hypotheses and presentation of new evidence, therefore we welcome scrutiny of our work and collegial discussions. However, we also feel obligated to point out that statements supporting the tolerance hunting hypothesis, either from scientists or governments, seem to be taken for granted and evade scrutiny. A recent illustration is a paper about wolves in Norway bluntly claiming that \u2018it is not an unreasonable expectation that allowing legal harvest might prevent some of the illegal killing\u2019 , p. 135."}
{"text": "Astyanax mexicanus, which exhibits both a cave morph and a surface fish morph. As these morphs and their hybrids collectively exhibit zero, one, and two scleral ossicles, they represent a microcosm of teleost scleral ossicle diversity. Our previous research in F2 hybrids of cavefish from Pach\u00f3n cave and surface fish from Texas suggested that three genes likely influence the formation of scleral ossicles in this group through an epistatic threshold model of inheritance, though our sample size was small. In this study, we expand our sample size using additional hybrids of Pach\u00f3n cavefish and Mexican surface fish to (1) confirm the threshold model of inheritance, (2) refine the number of genes responsible for scleral ossicle formation, and (3) increase our power to detect quantitative trait loci (QTL) for this trait. To answer these three questions, we scored surface fish and cavefish F2 hybrids for the presence of zero, one, or two scleral ossicles. We then analyzed their distribution among the F2 hybrids using a chi-square (\u03c72) test, and used a genetic linkage map of over 100 microsatellite markers to identify QTL responsible for scleral ossicle number. We found that inheritance of scleral ossicles follows an epistatic threshold model of inheritance controlled by two genes, which contrasts the three-locus model estimated from our previous study. Finally, the combined analysis of hybrids from both crosses identified two strong QTL for scleral ossicle number on linkage groups 4.2 and 21, and a weaker QTL on linkage group 4.1. Scleral ossification remains a complex trait with limited knowledge of its genetic basis. This study provides new insight into the number and location of genes controlling the formation of scleral ossicles in a teleost fish species.The sclera is the protective outer layer of the eye. In fishes, birds, and reptiles, the sclera may be reinforced with additional bony elements called scleral ossicles. Teleost fish vary in the number and size of scleral ossicles; however, the genetic mechanisms responsible for this variation remain poorly understood. In this study, we examine the inheritance of scleral ossicles in the Mexican tetra,  In mammals, the sclera is a flexible, fibrous tissue; but in fishes, birds, and reptiles, the sclera may be reinforced with an additional ring of cartilage or even small bones. These bony elements, known as scleral ossicles, provide additional support and may even serve as sites of muscle attachment . The forplicated \u20135.More recent research has focused on the evolution and development of scleral ossicles in teleost fish, which comprise one of the largest and most diverse subsets of vertebrates on earth (reviewed in ). SimilaAstyanax mexicanus, more commonly known as the Mexican tetra, is a teleost fish found throughout Mexico and Texas [Astyanax SF, like other Characiform fishes, possess two elongated scleral ossicles surrounding each eye [Astyanax CF, however, this process is altered. Although CF do form a cartilaginous scleral ring, this ring does not ossify, and thus the scleral ossicles never form [Astyanax CF [Astyanax exhibit microevolutionary patterns of scleral ossicle evolution that mirror the larger macroevolutionary patterns observed in teleosts more generally. Combined with the fact that Astyanax SF and CF are able to successfully breed together and produce viable offspring , this oAstyanax has found that the loss of scleral ossification in members of the Pach\u00f3n cave population is inherited recessively through the epistatic interaction of three genes [et al. [et al. [n = 196), they could only detect one QTL for overall ossicle size, and none for scleral ossicle number . ,18. 16,1et al. ) or New Astyanax mexicanus CF(Pa) x SF(Mx) F2 hybrids that were originally generated in Protas et al. [et al. [et al. [Astyanax mexicanus CF(Pa) x SF(Tx) F2 hybrids that were originally generated by Yoshizawa et al. [et al. [et al. [The sample size for this study included two different groups of surface fish (SF) and cavefish (CF) hybrids. The first group consisted of 225 individuals of >6 month old adult s et al.  and anal [et al. . The SF  [et al.  were obta et al.  and stai [et al. . The fis [et al.  were als [et al. ), it is et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [Both hybrid groups used in this study were stained to visualize ossified bone. The 225 CF(Pa) x SF(Mx) F2 hybrids from Gross et al.  were cle [et al.  were sta [et al. . These s [et al.  and O\u2019Qu [et al. .et al. [et al. [To determine the number of scleral ossicles present in each individual, we examined the anterior and posterior regions of the eye for ossification. For the CF(Pa) x SF(Mx) F2 hybrids from Gross et al. , we examet al. , and bec [et al.  since th [et al. . Althouget al. [2 test was performed on the dataset containing the 225 CF(Pa) x SF(Mx) F2 hybrids and then repeated using these 225 individuals in combination with the 196 CF(Pa) x SF(Tx) F2 hybrids from O\u2019Quin et al. [Scleral ossicle loss is controlled by a genetic threshold of approximately three genes . In a geet al.  with  x SF(Mx) F2 hybrids from Gross et al. [et al. [et al. (2014) and O\u2019Quin et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [To identify the genomic location of the genes associated with the number of scleral ossicles, we generated a composite genetic linkage map of the s et al.  and the  [et al. . In orden et al. , we iden [et al.  to match [et al.  and O\u2019Qu [et al. 14 and O\u2019 [et al.  became L [et al.  because  [et al.  were eit [et al. , e.g. LG [et al. . These L [et al. . The finet al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [We performed three QTL analyses for scleral ossicle number using the combined linkage map in the program R/qtl . For theet al.  using th [et al.  could be [et al. . We do n [et al. , althoug [et al.  and, finscanone and Haley-Knott regression. This analysis calculates the logarithm of the odds (LOD) of association between the average number of scleral ossicles and the genotypes at each genetic marker. We evaluated the statistical significance of the LOD scores by calculating the 95th percentile of genome-wide maximum penalized LOD scores for each phenotype using 1,000 random permutations of the genotypic and phenotypic data. Because scleral ossification is a complex trait controlled by epistatic interactions among multiple loci [scantwo and stepwiseqtl following the same criteria as above. This second analysis is much more powerful, especially for complex traits like scleral ossification, and gives a detailed, LG-level view of individual and interacting QTL. More information on our QTL mapping procedure is available in O\u2019Quin et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [In each QTL analysis, we performed an initial scan for QTL assuming the presence of a single QTL per linkage group without interactions using the function ple loci , this inn et al. . We did n et al. . In addin et al. ,13, we d [et al.  samples  [et al.  are avaiet al. [We obtained photographs of 225 Pach\u00f3n cavefish (CF(Pa)) x Mexican surface fish (SF(Mx)) F2 hybrids stained with alizarin red from Gross et al. . We analet al.  found thet al.  Fig 1)..et al. [2 test on the CF(Pa) x SF(Mx) F2 hybrids from Gross et al. [et al. [et al. [2 = 1.85, df = 1, P = 0.168), but not a one, three, or four gene model  x SF(Tx) F2 hybrids with (1+) and without (0) scleral ossicles was consistent with a model of epistatic threshold inheritance caused by three genes . We perfs et al.  and agai [et al.  to confi [et al. , the obs; et al.  and the  [et al.  . This single QTL accounts for 6.86% of the variation in scleral ossicle number among the CF(Pa) x SF(Tx) F2 hybrids from O'Quin et al. [et al. 2015). Although this same region exhibited elevated LOD in the original scan of QTL for scleral ossicle number published in O'Quin et al. [To identify the location of genes and mutations associated with scleral ossicle number, we used genotypes and a composite genetic linkage map for the CF(Pa) x SF(Tx) F2 hybrids from O'Quin et al.  and the  [et al.  to searc [et al. . The ini [et al.  assumed n LG 4.1 . This QTn et al.    x SF(Mx) F2 hybrids from Gross et al.  similarlonal QTL . This QT 0.0002) . Overall ..et al. [et al. [et al. [P < 0.001) and 21  x SF(Tx) F2 hybrids from O'Quin et al.  and 225  [et al.  greatly analysis , indicat; et al.  and the  [et al.  Fig 2),,et al. [ [et al.  Fig 2B)et al. [e; et al.  and Gros [et al.  account et al. [et al. [2 = 50.53, df = 2, P < 0.0001), they are similar in that they are both highly skewed towards F2 hybrids with two scleral ossicles  x SF(Mx) F2 hybrids from Gross et al.  for scle [et al.  found a see also . The slio et al.  and our  [et al.  is likel [et al.  and O\u2019Qu [et al.  and foun [et al. , in whic [et al. , in whic [et al. , but theexicanus . Therefobehavior .et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [Astyanax mexicanus populations that invaded Central America approximately 2\u20135 Mya. This \u2018old\u2019 lineage of SF gave rise to several CF populations, including Pach\u00f3n, before going extinct in most regions except Texas [et al. [et al. [By comparing the observed ratio of F2 progeny with (1+) and without (0) scleral ossicles to those expected for threshold inheritance at one to four loci, we were able to estimate the number of genes likely involved in the loss of scleral ossicles. Our analysis of the CF(Pa) x SF(Mx) F2 hybrids sampled in Gross et al.  showed t [et al. , which i [et al.  crossed  [et al.  crossed pt Texas . In contpt Texas . The \u2018yopt Texas . Importa [et al.  and Gros [et al.  used CF et al. [Astyanax cave populations, such as those from Curva, Los Sabinos, and Molino caves, remains to be seen since the inheritance of scleral ossicles has not been studied in these groups [It is possible that, since the SF used in each cross are derived from distinct lineages, that different numbers of genetic factors controlling scleral ossification are fixed in each group. For example, the Mexican SF from R\u00edo Valles could conceivably be fixed for recessive CF alleles at one of the responsible loci, for example, the weak QTL on LG 4.2 detected only in the CF(Pa) x SF(Tx) F2 hybrids from O'Quin et al. . Since tet al. ,23, and et al. . Whethere groups . Becausee groups ), it wouscaleless mutant in chickens [Scaleless chicks exhibit abnormal keratinization, resulting in an almost complete lack of downfeathers, scales, spurs, and scleral ossicles [scaleless chickens, Abbott and Asmundson [scaleless phenotype was caused by recessive alleles at a single autosomal gene (one-locus threshold model of inheritance). The difference in the number of genes involved in Astyanax versus scaleless chickens may be due to the difference in the types of ossification involved. In chickens, scleral ossification stems directly from a membranous bone [et al. [scaleless to a single nonsense mutation in the gene fgf20. The results of that study indicate that in birds, at least, scleral ossicle formation is either the direct or indirect result of fibroblast growth factor signaling. Other studies of scleral ossicle induction in chicks have identified an important role for hedgehog and bone morphogenic protein signaling as well [This is only the second study to estimate the number of genes responsible for the loss of scleral ossicles among vertebrates . Althougchickens . Scaleleossicles \u201326. Usinsmundson  determinous bone , while ious bone . Interes [et al.  recently as well .et al. [Astyanax linkage group (LG) 4.1. This same region exhibited elevated LOD in our previous analysis [et al. [et al. [et al. [Quantitative trait loci (QTL) analysis of both datasets, both individually and in combination, allowed us to identify the genomic location of the three genes associated with scleral ossicle number . For theet al. , we founanalysis , but it  [et al. , we foun [et al.  and the  [et al. , but was [et al.   x SF(Mx) F2 hybrid and CF(Pa) x SF(Tx) F2 hybrid linkage maps published in Gross et al.  and O\u2019Qu [et al. .(DOCX)Click here for additional data file.S2 Table(CSV)Click here for additional data file.S3 Table(CSV)Click here for additional data file.S4 TableExpected ratios for 0, 1, and 2 scleral ossicles estimated interactions of two genes caused by epistasis of one (single) or two (duplicate) loci.(DOCX)Click here for additional data file.S1 File(PDF)Click here for additional data file."}
{"text": "Following publication of the original article , the autbLao et al. [15]bBraken et al. [23]bBakhireva et al. [26]bClark et al. [28]These references have already been introduced in Table\u00a01 and should read:Lao et al. [30]Bracken et al. [38]Bakhireva et al. [41]Clark et al. [43]The original article has been updated."}
{"text": "After publication of the original article , it camePate et al.  should h"}
{"text": "My first education was in biochemical pathogenesis of disease at the University of Bologna, Italy, University College, London and Max Planck institute, Heidelberg. I entered Virology in 1972 in the University of Bologna, where I still work. I am the head of the molecular virology laboratory in the Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Bologna. The focus of my research is on the molecular mechanisms of herpes simplex virus (HSV) entry into the cell, and on how to modify the HSV tropism in order to generate highly cancer-specific, highly safe, yet fully virulent oncolytic herpesviruses. Academically, I fostered the integration of the Italian Virology in the European Virology.et\u00a0al.et\u00a0al.et al. 1998et\u00a0al.et\u00a0al.et\u00a0al.et\u00a0al.et\u00a0al.et\u00a0al.et\u00a0al.et\u00a0al.The entry of herpes simplex virus (HSV) into the cell has been my major field of interest for +20 years  Grant."}
{"text": "The review by Klumpp, L. et al. entitled Ion Channels in Brain Metastasis  discusse"}
{"text": "A successful endodontic treatment depends on a comprehensive knowledge of the morphology of canal and its variations, an appropriate access cavity, proper cleaning and shaping and adequate root canal filling. The present study was carried out to evaluate the root canal morphology of permanent maxillary first molars in an Iranian population. in vitro study, 80 extracted permanent maxillary first molars from a population in Rafsanjan, Iran were collected. Root canal morphology was evaluated by clearing technique under stereomicroscope under 40\u00d7 magnification. A combination of Vertucci\u2019s and Sert and Bayirli\u2019s classifications were used to determine the root canal types. Data were analyzed by SPSS 18 software using descriptive statistics. In this . All palatal roots and almost all distobuccal roots had type I configuration. Ten different types of root canal system were found in mesiobuccal roots, among which type I was the most common (38.75%), followed by type II, IV, V, VI, IX, XV, XVI=XIX and VII, respectivelyThe mesiobuccal roots of permanent maxillary first molar had the most complex root configuration. A successful endodontic treatment depends on a comprehensive knowledge of the morphology of canal and its variations, an appropriate access cavity, proper cleaning and shaping and adequate root canal filling. Sometimes a root canal may go undetected, which results in treatment failure . Lack of et al.,  and Sert and Bayirli [7] classification systems were used to determine the root canal morphology . Data were analyzed by SPSS software .In the present study, 80 permanent maxillary first molars were evaluated; 43 teeth (53.75%) from the male patients and 37 samples (46.25%) from the female patients. The patients\u2019 age ranged from 21 to 68 with the mean age of 48 years.Based on \u201cVertucci\u201d and \u201cSert and Bayirli\u201d classification in all roots, 10 different root canal types were detected. Type I was the most frequent type (79.16%) followed by type II, IV, V, VI, IX, XV, XVI=XIX and VII, respectively. All of the palatal roots showed type I root canal configuration. In the distobuccal (DB) roots, the most frequent type was type I (98.75%) and only one sample (1.25%) was type V. Moreover, 10 different types of root canals were seen in mesiobuccal (MB) roots. The most frequent type was type I (38.8%) followed by types II, IV, V, VI, IX, XV, XVI=XIX and VII, respectively .et al.  and Khademi et al. . Furthermore, Rouhani et al. , Neelaka [et al.  and Rwen [et al.  studies i et al.  found th [et al. , Naseri  [et al. , Sert et0 % of MB [et al. , the mos [et al.  study, t [et al.  and Khad [et al. , 24, Ind [et al. , Ugandan [et al. , Turkish [et al. , and als [et al. , 21-24 a [et al. , 18. Theet al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [Furthermore, in MB roots, there were ten different root canal types, four of which belonged to Sert and Bayirli\u2019s classification. Unfortunately, most studies , 21-24 a [et al.  and Neel [et al.  were don [et al.  used Ser [et al. , 34, theIn DB roots, type I was the most common root canal type in the present study. All other studies which evaluated DB roots canal types , 21-24 het al. [et al. [et al. [Finally, in palatal roots, all root canal configurations were type I. This finding is in line with Alavi et al. , Rwenyon [et al.  and Fara [et al. . Moreove [et al. , 22-24 s [et al. .Within the limitations of this study, it can be concluded that in the permanent maxillary first molars, mesiobuccal roots have a more complex root canal configuration than palatal and distobuccal roots."}
{"text": "Nanomaterials examines the potential for engineered nanomaterials to negatively impact biological systems and highlights some advances in evaluating key areas of their hazard potential. Nanomaterial science is evolving rapidly with the generation of more complex nanostructures with exciting potential applications. Keeping modern toxicology abreast of this innovation to the point that it guides a safer nanotechnology presents an equally exciting and eminently worthwhile challenge.This Special Issue of et al. [in vitro methods for measurement of nanostructure cytotoxicity. Cohignac et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [In this issue, Nogueira et al.  provide c et al.  review c [et al.  review t [et al.  that gen [et al.  report oet al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [In medical nano-applications, Qiao et al.  report a [et al.  address  [et al.  review h [et al.  offer ne [et al.  report t [et al.  report t [et al.  report s"}
{"text": "Cole .An addendum to the article by  Introduction of Cole et al.Acta Cryst. D73, 234\u2013239][(2017),  is made to recognize the work of Bricogne, Smart and others in the development of methods to make use of Cambridge Structural Database data in protein structure solution.An addendum to the  Introduction to Cole et al. (2017Mogul (Bruno et al., 2004BUSTER and GRADE; Smart et al., 2011Mogul was applied to protein crystallography, and so should also have been recognised.In the  al. 2017 a short"}
{"text": "In September 2016, a paper was published that assessed the 27 available reviews and meta-analyses exploring the efficacy of VR in behavioral health , into reality.In their review, Freeman et al.  also sug. et al. agree th.et al. , the lon. et al., but, in"}
{"text": "Unfortunately, the original version of this article (Lee et al."}
{"text": "In doing so, they criticize the scientific interpretation and media communication of RSPB [et al. model many of the behaviours of which they accuse others. We illustrate this below, correct scientific misrepresentations of our work by Davies et al. and challenge the view that the current narrative is over-simplified or insufficient to inform policy.Davies et al.  argue throgallus  exemplif of RSPB  and acadet al. [et al. [et al. (2007)\u2019, yet in [et al. 2007)\u2019. A shift in position based on new evidence would be one thing, but use of the same citation to support two different statements on the timing of wildfires is quite another.Davies et al.  question [et al.  state \u2018E, yet in , they stet al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [Lagopus lagopus scotica shooting, show a striking seasonal correspondence with the prescribed burning season [et al. [et al. [Regarding scientific criticisms and uses of Douglas et al.  that req [et al.  firstly  [et al. ,5 misint [et al.  state th [et al.  that theet al. of values in [et al. [et al. [annual areas burned. Disregarding of repeat burning renders all the associated calculations in [Secondly, the use by Davies alues in  to estimalues in  are deri [et al.  report t [et al. , also wi [et al. . Davies  [et al.  estimate [et al. , of 0.04tions in  grossly et al. judge that press releases associated with [and the damage it can cause\u2019  does, in the italicized text, exceed the research findings, and we acknowledge that these words should not have been included. However, given Davies et al.'s advice that \u201c\u2026authors ensure that the press releases associated with their findings accurately reflect the content of their research\u2026\u201d, it is unfortunate that their own accepted manuscript was the subject of media coverage (e.g. [Davies ted with  were notge (e.g. ) prior tge , but suew , and the manifest societal and environmental benefits of restoring peat-dominated ecosystems [Throughout their paper, Davies osystems , a more"}
{"text": "Acta Cryst. (2006), E62, i150\u2013i151.Erratum to  et al. , the sodium cation was assigned incorrectly.In the paper by Zhang  Choi et al. (1976The authors of Zhang  al. 2006 have ind al. 1976."}
{"text": "Piscine orthoreovirus (PRV) causes acute infection of the red blood cells in salmon  with clal. 2004 ). Palacial. 2013 ). HSMI hal. 2017 ). Hence,et al. [In the correction, Siah et al.  acknowleet al. [Their conclusion appears to be highly dependent on six unique sequences of PRV segment S1, detected by Siah KR478642: collected in May 2001KR478643: collected in Aug. 2001KR478644: collected in Aug. 2001KR347078: collected in Aug. 2001KR347079: collected in Aug. 2001KR347080: collected in Mar. 2005et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [U) to be between 1 and 0.1 for most RNA viruses, where U is G x u, G is the genome size in nucleotides, and u is the per-nucleotide mutation rate.These six Siah et al.  sequence [et al. ,11 by se [et al. ). Drake  [et al.  estimateO. mykiss) collected in 1977 in support of longer-term PRV presence in BC. This result is cited from Marty et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. 2016 [Siah et al.  cite dety et al. , who pro [et al.  and Gars [et al. . The recFurthermore, this result could not be replicated by a second laboratory (Purcell and Thompson 2014 ) and theTo illustrate our interpretation of the phylogenetic analysis of PRV isolates, we constructed a phylogenetic tree , of the We estimated the divergence time between the genotypes and sub-genotypes  based on the collection time of each isolate described in et al. 2016 [We estimated that the divergence time between sub-genotype Ia and sub-genotype Ib was 2007 or earlier. Because all sequences in et al. [The description of the temporal and spatial distribution of the samples reported on by Siah et al.  is inadeet al. [Furthermore, all but eight of the partial sequences reported by Siah et al.  in theiret al. [et al. 2015 [O. kisutch, from the Copper River in Alaska), and only six Chinook Salmon, O. tshawytscha, were sampled . No other Pacific salmon or trout species were included. Hence, the host species and spatial coverage of PRV sequencing presented by Siah et al. [et al. [There was also inadequate spatial and host-species coverage. Siah et al. , reporteet al. [Furthermore, farm restocking methods could potentially account for at least some of the homogeneity in the Siah et al.  samples.et al. [et al. [et al. [a region where HSMI has never been reported.\u201d (Emphasis added.) However, Kibenge et al. [et al. 2017 [Siah et al.  state, c [et al.  and Mart [et al. , \u201cPRV ise et al.  do cite al. 2017 ).We conclude that the longer-term presence of PRV in BC prior to 2001 has not been adequately described and that the evidence that the virus was introduced from Norway is more robust than the hypothesis that PRV is endemic to the eastern Pacific Ocean.S1 Table(DOC)Click here for additional data file."}
{"text": "Although many orthodontists have no doubts about the effectiveness of functional appliances for mandibular advancement, the impact on the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is still in dispute. The objective of this systematic review is to examine the main effects on the TMJ of using functional appliances, both in healthy patients and in patients with a pre-existing disorder.A systematic review of the literature was conducted in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines. Only systematic reviews, meta-analyses, randomized clinical trials (RCTs), case-control studies and cohort studies were included. A detailed language-independent electronic search was conducted in the Pubmed, Scopus, Cochrane Library and Embase databases. All studies published between 2000 and 2015 were included.A total of 401 articles were identified. Of these, 159 were duplicates and were excluded. On reading the title and abstract, 213 articles were excluded because they did not answer the research question, leaving a total of 29 articles. These articles were read and assessed. Following critical reading of the full text, eight articles were excluded: seven because they were considered of low quality and one because it published redundant data. As a result, 21 articles were included.After treatment with functional appliances, the condyle was found to be in a more advanced position, with remodelling of the condyle and adaptation of the morphology of the glenoid fossa. No significant adverse effects on the TMJ were observed in healthy patients and the appliances could improve joints that initially presented forward dislocation of the disk.Key words:Temporomandibular joint, TMJ, orthodontic appliances, functional, mandibular advancement, herbst appliance, bionator. The use of a mandibular advancement appliance to correct skeletal malocclusions associated with mandibular retrognathism is indicated during the first stage of orthodontic treatment . The objWhen the functional appliance is inserted, the condyles are moved to a higher position in the articular eminence, which is capable of adaptation, so it could be hypothesized that some morphological changes may take place .Although many orthodontists have no doubts about the effectiveness of functional appliances, their impact on the TMJ is still considered a subject of debate. It is therefore of clinical and scientific interest to investigate the most relevant effects of different functional appliances on the TMJ, particularly with current diagnostic methods. Many authors assert that treatment with these devices does not increase the prevalence of temporomandibular disorders ,7-9. AnoThe main objective of this systematic review is to examine the main effects on the TMJ of different functional appliances for mandibular advancement, both in healthy patients and in patients with a pre-existing disorder.A systematic review of the bibliography was carried out in accordance with the PRISMA  recommendations  and CONS- Eligibility criteriaThe selection criteria for inclusion in the review were: articles, articles in press and reviews. Only the following types of study were accepted: systematic reviews, meta-analyses, randomized clinical trials (RCTs), case-control studies and cohort studies. Both retrospective and prospective studies were included. The articles that met these criteria and studied changes in the temporomandibular joint following the use of functional appliances for mandibular advancement were included in the review.- Search strategy and screeningTo identify the relevant studies, irrespective of language, a thorough electronic search was conducted in the Pubmed, Scopus, Cochrane Library and Embase databases. All studies published between 2000 and 2015 were included. The search was updated on 4 July 2015.The search strategy was implemented through a combination of the following 6 MeSH terms: \u201cTemporomandibular joint\u201d, \u201cTMJ\u201d, \u201cFunctional orthodontic appliances\u201d, \u201cMandibular advancement\u201d, \u201cHerbst appliance\u201d, \u201cBionator\u201d and \u201cActivator appliances\u201d, and others: \u201cFr\u00e4nkel Function Regulator\u201d, \u201cOrthodontic Appliances\u201d, \u201cActivator\u201d, \u201cFunction Activator\u201d, \u201cBionator Appliance\u201d, \u201cFunctional Orthodontic\u201d and \u201cTwin Block\u201d. The TMJ related terms were combined using the OR Boolean operator, as well as those related to the mandibular advancement devices. Both groups were combined using the AND Boolean operator. Hand-searching in the reference lists of the articles assessed for the review was also carried out.Two independent reviewers assessed the titles and abstracts of all the articles selected. In the event of their disagreeing, a third reviewer was consulted. If the abstract did not provide sufficient information for a decision, the reviewers read the full article before taking the final decision. The reviewers then read the full text of all the resulting articles.- Data extractionet al. , sample size, dropouts, demographic variables , type of appliance used, type of advancement , presence or otherwise of preexisting TMJ disorders, length of treatment, type of radiographic study used to study the changes, follow-up time for each study and quality of the articles accepted . The artet al.  and useds et al. ,14. The s et al. .A thorough search identified 201 articles in Medline, 168 in Scopus, none in the Cochrane Library and 32 in Embase, making a total of 401 articles. 159 duplicates were removed, leaving 242. After reading the title and abstract, 213 were removed because they did not answer the research question, leaving a total of 29 articles. These were read and carefully assessed. Detailed critical reading of the full text resulted in the exclusion of 8 articles, 7 because of their low quality .In relation to the type of diagnostic study, 8 used magnetic resonance, 2 CBCT, 1 SPECT (single-proton emission computed tomography), 6 cephalometric tracing, 1 magnetic resonance together with manual examination, 1 magnetic resonance as well as cephalometric tracing and wrist radiographs, and 1 used magnetic resonance and teleradiography.Regarding the quality of the articles, 19 were of moderate quality and one of high quality. The systematic review was considered of high quality. The main conclusions drawn by the authors of the studies included in the present review are shown in - Changes in disk shape and positionet al. (et al. (et al. (et al. (et al. (et al. (et al. (et al. (et al. (et al. (et al. (According to Wadhawan et al. , the ant (et al. . However (et al.  found no (et al.  observed (et al.  and the  (et al. . Aidar e (et al. , in a pr (et al. , using m (et al. , who als (et al. . Pancher (et al.  performeet al. (et al. (Concerning disk shape, Aidar et al.  reportedet al.  reached  (et al. , using m- Changes in condyle size and positionet al. (et al. (et al. (et al. (et al. (In a case-control study of treatment with the Herbst appliance, Le Cornu et al.  observed (et al.  and Chav (et al. . The lat (et al.  observed (et al.  concludeet al. (et al. (et al. (In contrast to the above observations, Kinzinger et al.  found no (et al. , using m (et al.  also con- Changes in the glenoid fossaet al. (et al. (et al. (et al. (Pancherz et al.  observed (et al.  conclude (et al. . Focusin (et al.  conclude- Changes in the articular eminence and other changeset al. (Reports on adaptations of the articular eminence caused by functional appliances are scarce. Katsavrias et al.  highlighet al. (et al. (With regard to other changes that may take place, according to the study by Le Cornu et al.  the Herb (et al.  observed- Limitations of this reviewThe scientific evidence collected on changes in the TMJ following the use of functional appliances was not abundant despite the thorough systematic search for articles that met the strict inclusion criteria and presented medium to high quality according to the CONSORT criteria.TMJ status is a particularly important subject, yet this review has shown a lack of randomized controlled trials with long-term follow-up using diagnostic tests such as magnetic resonance and computed tomography to establish the effects of the functional appliance in a reliable way.et al. (et al. (et al. (et al. (et al. (et al. (et al. (et al. (The articles included in the review show a lack of methodological homogeneity. For instance, Aidar et al. , Kinzing (et al.  and Wadh (et al.  used mag (et al.  and Aric (et al.  used CBC (et al.  and G\u00fcne (et al. , used ce (et al. , preferrThey also employed different appliances: while the great majority used the Herbst, others studied removable appliances such as Twin Block, Bionator ,16, Fr\u00e4net al. (et al. (et al. (et al. (et al. (et al. (Additionally, the sample size was small in most of these studies: Le Cornu et al.  studied  (et al.  40 patie (et al.  35 patie (et al.  and Kinz (et al.  studied \u2022 Following this review, it may be concluded that observations after treatment with functional appliances for mandibular advancement have found the condyle in a more advanced position, condyle remodelling and adaptation of the morphology of the glenoid fossa.\u2022 No significant adverse events concerning the temporomandibular joint have been found in healthy patients, and this treatment could improve joints that initially presented forward disk dislocation."}
{"text": "R. Soc. open sci. 4, 170833. (Published 25 October 2017). (doi:10.1098/rsos.170833)et al. [et al. [et al. [Pisanosaurus, which was not made explicit in our manuscript (results shown in fig. 5). Also, owing to an error prior to publication, the full citation to Langer et al. [et al. [In our work, we reanalysed phylogenetic datasets for dinosaurs. This included a dataset assembled by Langer et al.  which wa [et al. . The dat [et al.  to the cr et al.  was not  [et al. , which w"}
{"text": "Poultry is reared in open side houses in most of the tropical countries, which results in huge temperature variation in shed causing stress resulting in increased demand of antioxidant supplementation. Since cooling of poultry houses or environment control is very expensive, thus methods focused on nutritional modifications appears to be the much logical approach. Stress increases mineral and vitamin mobilization from tissues and their excretion. Effect of some minerals and vitamin supplements such as chromium (Cr) and ascorbic acid to elevate the negative effects of environmental stress is well documented. Cr functions as an antioxidant and its deficiency are said to disrupt carbohydrate and protein metabolism. Cr has been utilized for weight gain, to improve feed conversion ratio, increase relative organ weight, muscle development, decrease cholesterol, increase high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and improve nutrient digestion. Therefore, the present review discusses the beneficial aspects of Cr with its effect in different doses and antioxidant combinations to explore and promote its optimum utilization in poultry nutrition and production. Birds af 10-25% . Cr is sf 10-25% -21.et al. [Although birds do not require any dietary vitamin source as it can synthesize vitamin C. Pardue and Thaxton  reportedet al.  reportedThe present review discusses the beneficial aspects of Cr with its effect in different doses and antioxidant combinations to explore and promote its optimum utilization in poultry nutrition and production. So, it will be highly useful for scientists, researchers, veterinary professionals, poultry industry, pharmaceutical industry to enrich their knowledge in promoting Cr, and its antioxidant combination usage.et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [A plenty of literature suggests that supplementation of Cr at different levels and combinations in poultry improved feed intake and efficiency ,25. Kim et al.  revealed [et al.  reported [et al.  conducte [et al.  conducte [et al.  observat [et al.  evaluateet al. [th week during summer in comparison to control.Many studies support Cr supplementation in poultry diet to improve performance during heat or cold stress ,24,32. Set al.  reportedet al. [There are studies which support synergistic action of Cr and other antioxidants during stress conditions, by sparing each other resulting in enhanced performance of birds . Sahin aet al.  conducteet al. [et al. [th week only, the differences with respect to the live weight gain between control group birds and all Cr-supplemented experimental groups were found to be significant. Halder and Ghosh [et al. [viz., 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 mg Cr-yeast/kg diet in broiler chickens. They inferred that live body weight and weight gain significantly increased in broiler supplemented with 0.5 and 1.0 mg Cr-yeast/kg feed at end of 3 weeks, whereas, at the end of 5th week, high dosage of Cr-yeast supplementation  resulted in significantly increased live body weight and weight gain. However, there are studies which suggest that supplementation of Cr had no effect on body weight gain of broilers [et al. [Cr supplementation increases the live weight gain and carcass yield in broilers . Accordiet al.  conducte [et al.  conductend Ghosh  observed [et al.  examinedbroilers ,30,39. L [et al.  conclude [et al. .et al. [Many studies suggest that Cr performs better in terms of weight gain and carcass conformation in combination with antioxidants such as ascorbic acid or vitamin E ,41,42, eet al.  conducteet al.  effects et al.  carried Cr is biologically active as part of a biomolecule called chromodulin, which is part of an insulin signaling pathway thus affecting carbohydrate and lipid metabolism via the action of insulin . Insulinet al. [et al. [3) and organic (Cr-yeast and Cr-pic) were significantly decreased as compared with control group. Aslanian et al. [Bakhiet and Elbadwi  on the bet al.  conducte [et al.  observedn et al.  conducten et al. .et al. [et al. [In recent years, considerable research attention on the utilization of Cr in broiler diets has been given and several studies on the effects of Cr on cholesterol level and lipid profile have been published. In general, supplemental Cr has reduced the fat in serum and carcass as well ,33. Moeiet al.  conclude [et al.  also rep [et al.  and a de [et al.  have bee [et al. . Researc [et al. ,55.et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [Kroliczewska et al.  evaluateet al.  investiget al.  observed [et al.  conducte [et al.  conducte [et al.  observed [et al.  observed [et al.  conducte [et al.  observedet al. [Several researches have reported that the combination of vitamin C and Cr caused more significant changes in lipid profile of broilers than either vitamin C or Cr alone and speculated about the synergistic action of vitamin C and Cr. It was seen that serum glucose and cholesterol concentrations decreased, whereas protein concentration increased when both dietary vitamin C also Cr were supplemented. Increasing concentrations of corticosterone were parallel to increases in serum glucose and cholesterol concentrations . Throughet al.  found thet al. . It has et al.  reportedet al. .et al. [et al. [Cr is also a cofactor of insulin, promoting insulin activity , and enhet al.  observed [et al.  reported [et al. .et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [Kroliczewska et al.  conducteet al.  reported [et al.  reported [et al.  reported [et al.  reported [et al.  conducte [et al.  observed [et al.  reportedet al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [Since Cr, vitamin E, and vitamin C (postulated to be antioxidants) have a protective effect on pancreatic tissue against oxidative damage ,74; theyet al.  conducte [et al.  observed [et al.  conducte [et al.  experimeet al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [3 increased serum Ca and Mg in laying hens. Effects of different levels of organic and inorganic Cr (Cr chloride and Cr L-methionine) showed an increase in serum Cr and Zn concentrations but decrease in Cu contents [Sahin and Onderci  reportedet al.  documentet al.  noted th [et al.  observed [et al. , the sup [et al.  found th [et al.  reportedcontents . Dietarycontents , while Ccontents .The hexavalent form of Cr has toxic effects on birds as it promotes the early aging process, reduces hatching ability and effects liver also . It alsoDietary Cr has useful effects on feed consumption, nutrient digestibility, growth, lipid profile, and carcass characteristics. It is an essential mineral element that plays an important role in livestock and poultry nutrition, and recently, it has gained public attention due to its well-established effect on reducing cholesterol level of meat. Cardiovascular diseases such as coronary heart disease and atherosclerosis in humans are the leading cause of death worldwide which are strongly related to dietary intake of cholesterol and saturated fat. Thus, decreasing intake of cholesterol and saturated fats will be a choice of our health conscious society that too without compromising a lot on eating habits of economically growing society. Thus lean meat production through chromium supplementation will be in vogue in future.. Abdominal fat in poultry is considered as waste, and unnecessary wastage of feed energy and Cr supplementation has very promising response according to various studies conducted. From the above literature, it can be clearly pointed out that Cr when combined with ascorbic acid has got synergetic action. While in combination with vitamin E such results were not seen. Thus, it can be inferred that Cr in combination with ascorbic acid offers best results.ZH and RK wrote the introduction, feed intake, feed conversion and Growth Performance. MK, MY and SA compiled Hematological Profile, Carcass Characteristics and Meat Lipid Profile. MG and TKV wrote Serum minerals, toxicity and conclusion. All authors read and approved the final manuscript."}
{"text": "Banerjee  The use of reversible bond formation or dynamic covalent chemistry (DCC) is key, as it allows for \u2018error correction\u2019 during the assembly of the network. Hence, DCC results in the formation of the thermo\u00addynamically stable product, promoting an ordered atomistic arrangement in the COF, in contrast to the amorphous nature of most polymers. The structure of the frameworks can generally be characterized by powder diffraction analysis, often in combination with molecular modelling, although the single-crystal structures of a small number of three-dimensional COFs have been determined using X-ray  \u2013 polymeric materials that form ordered porous architectures \u2013 can exhibit a range of compelling properties, such as high gas uptake capacities and facile charge transport, that can be tuned by diversifying the composition of the organic network (Huang et al., 2003et al., 2007et al., 2007et al., 2008et al., 2016et al., 2016et al., 2007et al., 2013et al., 2009et al., 2016et al., 2009et al., 2013et al., 2015et al., 2012et al., 2016et al., 2016et al., 2013et al., 2014et al., 2016The design and assembly of COFs can be guided by the principles of reticular chemistry (Yaghi et al., 2010et al., 2016et al., 2009et al., 2015et al., 2014et al., 2016et al., 2016et al., 2015et al., 2016et al., 2016et al., 2012et al., 2012et al., 2013et al., 2014Although COFs can exhibit diverse functional properties that highlight potential applications in areas such as gas capture and storage (Mendoza-Cort\u00e9s IUCrJ by Banerjee et al. dramatically demonstrates the chemical stability that can be accessed by synthesizing keto-enamine-linked COFs, and exploits this to develop an environmentally benign protocol for the scalable synthesis of COFs in acidified water (Thote et al., 2016The recent paper published in et al., 20162 capture (Zeng et al., 2016The development of water-stable COFs has improved the prospect of their practical use in areas such as proton-exchange membranes (Shinde"}
{"text": "The purpose of the review was to assess the effect of root canal irrigants on dentin bonding. A PubMed-based search was conducted on the articles published from 1980 to 2016. A brief overview and reviewing the effect on dentin bonding of common root canal irrigation solutions such as sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), chlorhexidine (CHX), ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), mixture of a tetracycline, acid and a detergent (MTAD) and ozone was conducted. Findings showed that, depending on the type of dentin bonding, using NaOCl may decrease, increase or not affect the bond strength. In addition, due to its broad-spectrum matrix metalloproteinase-inhibitory effect, CHX as well as MTAD can significantly improve the resin-dentin bond stability. However, the effect of ozone therapy on bond strength was controversial. The conventional belief that all endodontically-treated teeth are weaker or more brittle than vital teeth, have led to the philosophy encouraging aggressive reinforcement of remaining tooth structure. Until recently, non-vital teeth were usually treated with a crown, core, and/or dowel which often led to remaining tooth structure being sacrificed for the preparation of a traditional cast restoration . HoweverRetrieval of literatureAn English-limited Medline search was performed through the articles published in PubMed from 1980 to 2016. The searched keywords included \u201cDentin Bonding AND Sodium Hypochlorite\u201d, \u201cDentin Bonding AND Chlorhexidine\", \"Dentin Bonding AND MTAD\u201d, \u201cDentin Bonding AND EDTA\u201d and \"Dentin Bonding AND Ozone\". Then, a hand search was done in the references of result articles to find more matching papers. ResultsA total of 927 articles were found which included \u201cDentin Bonding AND Sodium Hypochlorite\u201d (309 articles), \u201cDentin Bonding AND Chlorhexidine\" (250 articles), \"Dentin Bonding AND MTAD\u201d (20 articles), \u201cDentin Bonding AND EDTA\u201d (328 articles) and \"Dentin bonding AND Ozone\" (20 articles). Of 927 searched documents, only English papers and full-text articles were used (book chapters and abstracts were not included). In addition, common search results between paired keywords were excluded. Therefore, of 927 searched documents, 80 were included in the study.Sodium hypochlorite Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) is recommended as the main endodontic irrigant because of its ability to dissolve organic matter together with its broad antimicrobial action . NaOCl iEffect on dentin bondinget al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [Dentin is degenerated by NaOCl due to dissolution of dentinal collagen . Moreoveet al.  evaluate [et al.  found th [et al.  assessed [et al.  compared [et al.  investig [et al.  evaluate [et al.  evaluate [et al.  evaluate [et al.  indicate [et al.  found th [et al.  demonstr [et al.  indicate [et al.  examined [et al.  evaluateChlorhexidineChlorhexidine (CHX), a cationic bisguanide, is stable as a salt although it dissociates in water at a physiologic pH, releasing the CHX component . It is fRole of CHX in stabilizing the organic matrix of the resin-dentin bondin vivo study, in which the application of CHX, known to have a broad-spectrum MMP-inhibitory effect [et al. [in vitro effect of CHX on the resin-dentin bond stability. Results showed that with CHX, significantly better preservation of bond strength was observed after 6 months and protease inhibitors in the storage medium had no effect. Failure analysis showed significantly less failure in the hybrid layer with CHX, compared with controls after 6 months. Furthermore, they evaluated the effect of CHX on the preservation of the hybrid layer in vivo. Findings showed that bond strength remained stable in the CHX-treated specimens, while bond strength decreased significantly in control teeth. Resin-infiltrated dentin in CHX-treated specimens exhibited normal structural integrity of the collagen network. Conversely, progressive disintegration of the fibrillar network was identified in control specimens. They concluded that auto-degradation of collagen matrices can occur in resin-infiltrated dentin, but may be prevented by the application of a synthetic protease inhibitor, such as CHX [During the last two decades, chemical and technical advances have contributed to increases in resin-dentin bond strength. However, the premature loss of bond strength is one of the problems that still affects adhesive restorations  and marky effect , signifiy effect . Carrilh [et al.  evaluateh as CHX .A recent study evaluated the effect of CHX application protocol on durability of marginal seal of class V composite restorations . FindingOn the whole, due to its broad-spectrum MMP-inhibitory effect, CHX can significantly improve the stability of resin-dentin bond.MTADet al. [et al. [E. faecalis. Newberry et al. showed that MTAD inhibited growth of most strains of E. faecalis when diluted 1:8192 times and killed most strains of E. faecalis when diluted 1:512 times. Antibacterial efficacy of MTAD has been revealed in some other studies. Mixture of a tetracycline, acid and a detergent (BioPure MTAD) , is a root canal irrigant introduced by Torabinejad et al. , 47. Theet al. -49. Seve [et al.  have shoet al. [et al. [et al. [Torabinejad et al. , 47 show [et al.  sated th [et al. .i.e. flexural strength and modulus of elasticity) of dentin [Substantivity of MTAD has been demonstrated for up to 4 weeks , 50. Furf dentin . Effect on dentin bondingTetracyclines have also been shown to inhibit mammalian collagenases. Inflammatory diseases such as periodontitis include a pathological excess of tissue collagenases that may be blocked by tetracyclines, leading to enhanced formation of collagen and bone formation. Doxycycline, a hydroxyl derivative of tetracycline, is the most potent anticollagenase antibiotic among commercially available tetracyclines , and is et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [Machnick et al.  compared [et al.  evaluate [et al.  reported [et al.  found th [et al.  evaluate [et al.  demonstrOn the whole, due to its broad-spectrum MMP-inhibitory effect, MTAD can significantly improve the resin-dentin bond stability. EDTA2+ and Fe3+ [Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) is a chelating amino acid which is widely used to sequester di- and trivalent metal ions. EDTA binds to metals through four carboxylate and two amine groups. EDTA forms especially strong complexes with Mn, Cu, Fe and Co . EDTA isand Fe3+ . After band Fe3+ .et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [Morris et al.  found th [et al.  showed t [et al.  showed t [et al.  showed tOzone3) is a triatomic molecule consisting of three oxygen atoms. Its molecular weight is 47, 98 g/mol and thermo-dynamically highly instable compound that, depending on system conditions like temperature and pressure, decompose to pure oxygen with a short half-life [\u00b0C) than oxygen. Although ozone is not a radical molecule, it is the third most potent oxidant after fluorine and per sulfate. Ozone is an unstable gas that cannot be stored and should be used at once because it has a half-life of 40 min at 20\u00b0C [3) is naturally produced by the photo dissociation of molecular oxygen (O2) into activated oxygen atoms, which then react with further oxygen molecules. This transient radical anion rapidly becomes protonated, generating hydrogen trioxide (HO3), which, in turn, decomposes to an even more powerful oxidant, the hydroxyl radical (OH) [via an electrical discharge field. Ozone gas has a high oxidation potential and is 1.5 times greater than chloride when used as an antimicrobial agent against bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa. It also has the capacity to stimulate blood circulation and the immune response. Such features justify the current interest in its application in medicine and dentistry and have been indicated for the treatment of 260 different pathologies [Ozone  , 62. It Effect on dentin bondinget al. [et al. [Schmidlin et al.  evaluate [et al.  showed tet al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [Magni et al.  indicate [et al.  demonstr [et al.  revealed [et al.  showed t [et al.  showed t [et al.  ozone de [et al.  indicate [et al.  ozone di [et al.  revealedNaOCl may decrease, increase or not affect the bond strength, depending on the type of bonding system. In addition, CHX and MTAD can significantly improve the resin-dentin bond stability which is attributed to their MMP-inhibitory effect. The effect of ozone therapy on bond strength was controversial."}
{"text": "Sir,et al. with a great interest.[I read the article by Shobha interest. I agree interest."}
{"text": "Cannabinoids have been used medicinally and recreationally for thousands of yearsand their effects were proposed to occur mainly via activation of the G-protein-coupledreceptor  Many of these compounds are structurally related to Cannabis sativa (marijuana), which has been used medicinally and recreationally for thousands of years. THC exhibits diverse pharmacological activities in vitro and in vivo. These responses include alterations in cognition and memory, euphoria, immobility, analgesia, hypothermia, and sedation . The mo(Howlett ).Cannabis sativa. Cannabidiol (CBD) also belongs to this group and may modulate the response to THC by decreasing anxiety and antagonizing other THC-effects . The sei et al. ). The thi et al. ). Followi et al. ) have bei et al. ). Althou1/CB2, studies in CB1, CB2, or CB1/CB2 double knockout mice have revealed non-CB1/CB2 receptor-mediated responses to cannabinoids, both in the CNS and periphery  . For exd Martin ). Since d Martin ). PEA hao et al. ; Breivog1/CB2-independent effects of cannabinoids is the PPAR (peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor) family of nuclear receptor transcription factors. The three subtypes of PPARs (PPARIn addition to G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) and other plasma membrane receptors, another potential candidate for CBThe natural ligands for PPARs include fatty acids and eicosanoid derivatives Table . In genes et al. ). This lr et al. ). Althouu et al. ). It is y et al. ) insteadn et al. ). All ofnoids PGA and PGD2n et al. ). Among . et al. ).The study of cannabinoids effects on PPARs started from the investigation of N-acyl ethanolamine OEA, a naturally occurring lipid derivative structurally related to anandamide which shares the anorectic property of other cannabinoids. Although OEA is a  CB receptor agonist and could enhance the activity of other endocannabinoids via an \u201centourage\u201d effect by inhibiting the metabolism of other endocannabinoids, its regulation of feeding behaviour in rats appears to be due to its activation on PPARu et al. ; Fu et au et al. ). In vivn et al. ).1 antagonist SR141716A and it does not show any binding ability to CB1/CB2 . It alsdney HEK-3 cells . The dau et al. ).2+ and K+ Task-1 ion channels have been demonstrated , T-typt et al. ). Catalyo et al. ). Over to et al. ). After o et al. ). Additio et al. ). Througa et al. ) and PPAn et al. ). Anandaa et al. ). Anandan et al. ). It is o et al. ). Howeven et al. ). In addl et al. ). The in1/CB2 can potentially lead to the activation of PPARs. Ligand-binding to CB1/CB2 receptors elicit a concentration-dependent increase in the activity of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), which is independent of adenylate cyclase inhibition . NPAA ia et al. ). Endocaa et al. ). Anothet et al. ). Thus, a et al. ). PPARs a et al. ). Consid1/CB2 and related downstream signalling cascades; nuclear receptors PPARs provide an additional mechanism for cannabinoids regulation of gene transcription which may associate with their long-term exposure consequences. Many therapeutic effects of cannabinoids including management of glaucoma, rebel of inflammatory and neuropathic pain, amelioration of certain types of cancer, and various kinds of motor dysfunction associated with multiple sclerosis, spinal cord injury, and ischemic stroke can be connected with PPARs as well . In sum"}
{"text": "Dear Editor,et al.[I read the comments given by Pandey et al. It is diet al. into a bet al.. There iet al. and not et al. A right et al. The ductet al. Not everet al.[The authors have wasted time and space by writing more and more about bilateral BS which was not necessary. I have pet al. In scien"}
{"text": "Heavy metal is widely used in industries and presents as a problematic environmental pollution. Some heavy metals, especially lead and mercury, are well described for their occupational and environmental intoxication whereas the other minor heavy metals are less concerned. In this article, the author will present the details of occupational and environmental minor heavy metal intoxication. This review focuses mainly on aluminum, tin, copper, manganese, chromium, cadmium and nickel. Heavy metal is widely used in industries and presents as an important environmental pollution. Heavy metal intoxication is a new public health threat in the present day. Some heavy metals, especially lead and mercury, are well described for their occupational and environmental intoxication whereas the other minor heavy metals are less concerned. In this article, the author will review the details of occupational and environmental minor heavy metal intoxication. This review focuses mainly on aluminum, tin, copper, manganese, chromium, cadmium and nickel.et al.  et al.[eet al.[et al.[et al.[et al.[et al.[There are many reports on nickel intoxication in industrial workers. A high risk of respiratory cancer is mentioned for some specific groups of nickel-exposed workers. It is clet al. studied et al. Kiilunenl.[et al. performel.[et al. However,l.[et al. reportedl.[et al. also notl.[et al. Bernackil.[et al. recommenl.[et al.Environmental nickel intoxication is mainly concerned with drinking water. Nickel is a common cocontaminate with lead and copper. The chro"}
{"text": "Dear Sir,et al., with great interest.[et al. reported the use of a chromatography-based technique for this purpose.[et al., reported an ELISA and ELISA dipstick technique.[et al.,[I have read the recent publication by Singh interest. The meas purpose. A good d purpose. However,echnique. In addit.[et al., also rep"}
{"text": "Sir,et al. with a great interest.[et al. reached the conclusion that \u201cthere is no effect of BMI and sex on the prevalence of microalbuminuria\u201d.[et al.,[I read the recent publication by Chowta interest. Chowta eminuria\u201d. Indeed, .[et al., BMI is a.[et al., The corr"}
{"text": "Sir,et al.4I read with great interest the article by Marya"}
{"text": "Dear Editor,et al[We thank Kumar et al for theiet al and the et al.[et al.[et al.[et al.[We do agree that cases reported from the series by Leibovitch et al. and Tabal.[et al. were notl.[et al. was not l.[et al. was orbiWe would like to clarify that the axial proptosis was 2 mm and 2 mm was the inferior displacement.We do agree that debulking is essential. However, this patient only had an incisional biopsy for diagnosis and opted to be under follow-up."}
{"text": "Dear Sir,et al.[et al.,[et al.,[et al.[I read the interesting article \u2018Concomitant laparoscopic urological procedures: Does it contribute to morbidity?\u2019 written by Mourya et al. Author het al. Bilatera.[et al., Jenkins ,[et al., Dunn et .,[et al. have sim"}
{"text": "Dear Editor,et al. with great interest.[et al, conclude that the polymerization reaction might also be an important factor in the antibacterial properties of liquid ethyl-cyanoacrylate (EC) and N-butyl-cyanoacrylate (BC).[et al,[et al.[I read the recent publication on cyanoacrylate tissue adhesive by Romero interest. Romero eate (BC). Indeed, ).[et al, is of in).[et al, The polyl,[et al. Based onl,[et al.4 and thi"}
{"text": "Clozapine has been used in the treatment of schizophrenia for about two decades and extensive data have been accumulated with regard to its use in various parts of the world. However, in contrast to Western countries, there are few studies which have evaluated the usefulness of clozapine in Indian patients. This article attempts to review the available data on clozapine originating from India. This review reflects the fact that there are few studies from the Indian subcontinent and most of these are case reports. In view of the same, there is a need for further research to evaluate the effectiveness of clozapine in India. Clozapine was discovered in 1958 in Bern, Switzerland, and in clinical trials it was shown to be an effective antipsychotic agent that didn\u2019t have extrapyramidal side effects. However, the enthusiasm about clozapine was dampened with the discovery of its hematological toxicity. This wasOver the last two decades extensive data has accumulated with regard to use of clozapine worldwide,5 but onlLately, there was a review in Indian Journal of Psychiatry that foc7et al.[et al.[et al.[et al.[et al.[et al.[et al[Only 9 out of the 17 studies have evaluated the efficacy or effectiveness of clozapine, chiefly focusing on the short-term improvement and three on the long-term effects. In an open-labeled study, Desai l.[et al. describel.[et al. describel.[et al. evaluatel.[et al. evaluatel.[et al. examinedl.[et al. reportedl.[et al. reportedet al.[9/L). Out of 28 patients who received clozapine (duration 21-184 weeks), five (17.8%) had experienced at least one episode of thrombocytopenia. All five patients developed thrombocytopenia while taking therapeutic doses of clozapine ranging from 50-400 mg/day. There was no difference between those who developed thrombocytopenia and those who did not, with respect to age at the time of starting start of clozapine therapy, gender, psychiatric diagnosis, duration of illness, and duration of clozapine therapy. The minimum interval between the start of clozapine therapy and the appearance of thrombocytopenia was 6 weeks and the maximum interval was 44 weeks. The episodes of thrombocytopenia lasted for 1-12 weeks and all the episodes resolved without reducing the clozapine dosage. None of the patients had an overt clinical manifestation or complication of thrombocytopenia or other hematological abnormalities such as leukopenia, neutropenia, or agranulocytosis. Of 4 patients (80%) who had more than one episode of thrombocytopenia, the condition was worse in subsequent episodes for 3 patients. In another study, Praharaj et al.[Jagadheesan et al. in a retaj et al. used cloA study from Chennai which included 68 persons with schizophrenia assessed the direct cost of treatment with clozapine. Of the 68 patients, 42 were males, and the mean duration of illness was around 12 years. The mean age of the sample was 37 years. Before they were started on clozapine, most of the patients had been on a combination of at least 2-3 neuroleptics as well as some adjuvant drugs. When they were shifted to clozapine, in most cases, it was used as monotherapy and the average dose was about 200 mg per day and no adjuvants were required. After a period of six months, the authors found that despite the costs of blood tests, the total cost of treatment with clozapine came down by nearly 25%. Except for two cases, the families of most of the patients were spending less on treatment. None of these patients had to be hospitalized and all of them continued as outpatients.[et al.[Solanki et al. in theirShrivastava and Shah surveyedet al.[et al.[Srinivasan and Latha reportedet al. reportedl.[et al. reportedl.[et al. reportedl.[et al. reportedDutta and Kumar reportedet al.[et al.[et al.[et al.[et al.[et al.[et al.[et al[Agarwal and Khalid describeet al. reportedl.[et al. describel.[et al. describel.[et al. describel.[et al. describel.[et al. describel.[et al. describel.[et al. describel.[et al. describel.[et al. reportedl.[et al. describel.[et al. describel.[et al. reportedl.[et al. describel.[et al. describel.[et al. reportedal.[et al describeet al.[Mendhekar et al. describeet al. reportedet al. describeet al. also repet al. reportedet al.[Mendhekar et al. reportedet al[Srinivasan and Thomas describeet al describeet al.[et al.[Arora et al. reportedet al. used clol.[et al. reportedThis review shows that most of the studies on clozapine in India are either in the form of open-labeled studies, retrospective chart reviews, or case reports. The total available literature is on about 500 patients only. None of the studies have evaluated clozapine in a randomized controlled trial. Despite this limitation it can be concluded that clozapine leads to significant improvement in patients with schizophrenia having history of poor response to other antipsychotics. There is some evidence in the form of case reports of its usefulness in treatment of conditions like lithium-induced tardive dystonia and neurogenic bladder. Further, serious side effects like seizures and agranulocytopenia are rare. However, there is a need for more well-designed studies from Indian subcontinent to evaluate the usefulness of clozapine."}
{"text": "Besides bringing together scientists from the field of bioinformatics in this region, InCoB is actively involving researchers from the area of systems biology, to facilitate greater synergy between these two groups. Marking the 10th Anniversary of APBioNet, this InCoB 2008 meeting followed on from a series of successful annual events in Bangkok (Thailand), Penang , Auckland , Busan (South Korea), New Delhi (India) and Hong Kong. Additionally, tutorials and the Workshop on Education in Bioinformatics and Computational Biology (WEBCB) immediately prior to the 20th Federation of Asian and Oceanian Biochemists and Molecular Biologists (FAOBMB) Taipei Conference provided ample opportunity for inducting mainstream biochemists and molecular biologists from the region into a greater level of awareness of the importance of bioinformatics in their craft. In this editorial, we provide a brief overview of the peer-reviewed manuscripts accepted for publication herein, grouped into thematic areas. As the regional research expertise in bioinformatics matures, the papers fall into thematic areas, illustrating the specific contributions made by APBioNet to global bioinformatics efforts.The 2008 annual conference of the Asia Pacific Bioinformatics Network (APBioNet), Asia's oldest bioinformatics organisation set up in 1998, was organized as the 7 Established in 1998 -4) strivet al. [), test-deployed in Vietnam and elsewhere in 2007. These activities represent APBioNet's growing efforts at contributing to the software development scene for bioinformatics, instead of being solely a passive recipient of technology.Pursuant to APBionet's initial efforts of the BioMirrors initiative, in collaboration with the Asia Pacific Advanced Network (APAN),  to develet al.  developeWhile constantly striving to establish better access to data and analysis tools, APBioNet's priorities also extended to education and training of the life science community, with active participation in initiatives such as the S* Life Science Informatics Alliance  and WorkBMC Bioinformatics supplement, starting in 2006 [Having reached an international peer-reviewed high-impact factor standard in journal publication, APBioNet embarked on further raising the standards for the region by publishing a dedicated  in 2006 ,14. By 2Papers submitted to these proceedings were peer-reviewed by at least two reviewers, from the APBioNet/InCoB program committee members and external experts as required , has provoked intense research. Chang et al.  propose  [et al. , using a [et al.  while Tr [et al.  explore et al. [et al. [et al. [The regulatory role of RNAs is dependent on their binding to specific proteins. Cheng et al.  present  [et al.  propose  [et al.  to accuret al. [et al. [Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are key elements in genomics research, importantly for correlating genetic variations with disease outcomes. VarDetect  is a ne [et al. ).et al. [et al. [et al. [in silico ligand docking by Gowthaman et al. [Understanding protein interactions and networks can provide a deep insight into the functions of biological molecules generally. Lee et al.  have ext [et al.  propose  [et al. ). The fun et al. , in the et al. [Proteins are functional only if they are transported to specific cellular compartments. Choo and Ranganathan  report tet al.  have expet al. [Temporal changes in the interactions and concentrations of biological molecules are critical to systems biology. Using model systems, Wu et al.  present et al [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [As part of our quest to efficiently address healthcare issues, delving through the ever-increasing biomedical literature presents an immense challenge. Tsai et al  propose  [et al.  have com [et al.  address  [et al.  propose  [et al.  have eva [et al.  have comet al. [et al. [The application of bioinformatics approaches to data from several other areas such as biodiversity and ecology is only logical . In thiset al.  have dev [et al.  have creConsidering the scope and depth of topics covered in this issue, Asia Pacific bioinformatics research has maintained its level of research achievement, previously set with high standards in 2006. This area is now acknowledged to be a core research discipline in our educational and research institutions. The efforts expended into setting up the bioinformatics resource infrastructure have started to yield dividends, with a number of papers bearing the names of graduate research students as first authors.Further, bioinformatics is now considered essential to provide substantial support to genomics and health research, as reported by workers from Thailand . RegionaThe authors declare that they have no competing interests.APBioNet InCoB2008 Program Committee members.Click here for file"}
{"text": "Sir,et al.[I recently read with great interest the current publication of Ghosh et al. It is inet al. The othe"}
{"text": "Mangifera indica, is a common tropical fruit. It is a favorable sweet for millions of people living in several tropical countries.et al,Mango,"}
{"text": "In Figure 1 of [Harvey et al ] the plotted data were inverted. The correct Figure is shown below. The text and statistical analyses in [Harvey et al ] are correct. In Figure"}
{"text": "Sir,et al. with great interest.[et al. report on a new alternative method of measurement of pyruvate dehydrogenase enzyme by dipstick test in traumatic brain injury and mentions that this alternative has many advantages over the classical spectrophotometric method.[et al.,[et al. have given the direct cost of each test in their paper. These data will be useful for further decision making regarding the use of the new dipstick test.I read the article by Sharma interest. Sharma ec method. Pathophyc method. Since thc method. Measuremc method. and the c method. However,.[et al., a new di"}
{"text": "The HIV/AIDS epidemic remains of global significance and there is a need to target (a) the adolescent age-groups in which most new infections occur; and (b) sub-Saharan Africa where the greatest burden of the epidemic lies. A focused systematic review of school-based sexual health interventions in sub-Saharan Africa to prevent HIV/AIDS and Sexually Transmitted Infections (STI) in this age group was therefore conducted.a priori criteria for studies published between 1986 and 2006. Further searches were conducted in UNAIDS and WHO  websites, and 'Google'. Relevant journals were hand-searched and references cited in identified articles were followed up.Searches were conducted in Medline, Embase, Cinahl and PsychINFO according to agreed Data extraction and quality assessment was carried out on studies selected for full text appraisal, and results were analysed and presented in narrative format.Some 1,020 possible titles and abstracts were found, 23 full text articles were critically appraised, and 12 articles (10 studies) reviewed, reflecting the paucity of published studies conducted relative to the magnitude of the HIV epidemic in sub-Saharan Africa. Knowledge and attitude-related outcomes were the most associated with statistically significant change. Behavioural intentions were more difficult to change and actual behaviour change was least likely to occur. Behaviour change in favour of abstinence and condom use appeared to be greatly influenced by pre-intervention sexual history.There is a great need in sub-Saharan Africa for well-evaluated and effective school-based sexual health interventions. HIV (human immunodefinciency virus) and AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome) have reached epidemic proportions in most parts of sub-Saharan Africa by the end of the last century. 20.8 million HIV/AIDS cases recorded in this region in 1997, was equivalent to two-thirds of the global total for that year, a pattern which has been sustained for almost a decade .The natural history of HIV with a long latency period between acquired infection and manifestation of AIDS with the above figures implies that the greater percentage of HIV infections have been acquired during adolescence, to manifest as AIDS a decade later . FurtherTargeting the right population at the right time such as making high-risk groups the priority for preventive interventions at the earliest stage of the epidemic has been identified as an important strategy for HIV/AIDS . TherefoIn conducting a focused systematic review  of interMore specifically, with the threatened existence to traditional institutions like the age group/age grade and strong extended family network in many African communities, being replaced by formal western style of education, African pupils now expect to get correct sexual information in the school setting ,10.et al. [et al. [et al. [Unlike three similar reviews -13 conduet al. , and Spe [et al. . This wa [et al. , we incl [et al. , and are [et al. ), and to [et al. . Whilst  [et al.  which Ga [et al.  had 'misa priori criteria for studies under guidance from the third author.The first author developed the research protocol for this systematic review and established the AIDS, AIDS Care and Journal of Adolescent Health) were hand searched and websites of the WHO , UNAIDS (United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS) and 'Google' were browsed for relevant publications and reports. References of identified articles were also scanned for secondary references and all possible references exported into Refworks bibliographic management software. No language restrictions were applied to any electronic bibliographic searches.A pilot search strategy with search terms around the main subject themes i.e. 'studies', 'HIV and STI', 'school-based interventions' and 'limiting to Africa and to the period from 1986\u20132006', was developed by the first author, under guidance from the second author, and conducted in Medline  of interventions to the original baseline sample, and to increase validity of measured attrition rates. Studies also had to have been conducted in a school setting with youth <19 years (hence excluding studies in institutions of higher learning), in a country in sub-Saharan Africa. Our outcomes of interest included knowledge, attitudes, behavioural intentions and actual behaviour change in prevention of HIV/AIDS and STI.Selection of studies based on agreed Data extraction and quality assessment forms were developed specifically for this review  met all criteria and have been reviewed and included in this paper.Table et al. [et al. [et al. [Of the ten studies, four were non-randomised ,23,24. Ret al. , Fitzger [et al.  and Stan [et al.  were ranet al. [et al. [Even though the target group for our review was adolescents (hence our exclusion of higher education institutions), Kuhn et al.  and Harv [et al.  reported [et al. ,29 was c [et al.  assessedet al. [Only one study was conducted in a primary school ,29. Aghaet al.  had a miet al. [et al. [et al. [Reported socio-economic status of participants was above average in one study ,30 and pet al. , urban i [et al.  and Kuhn [et al. , while aSample sizes at baseline ranged from 315  to 2,026et al. [et al. [A 'no intervention' alternative was applied to all but the following three studies. In James et al. , the con [et al.  compared [et al. ,30.Theoretical basis for the interventions were explicitly stated in four studies only ,26,29,31et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [In seven of the ten studies, a combination of activities was employed in the delivery of the intervention . Other studies employed a single medium each, such as printed material only in James et al. , classro [et al. , and com [et al. . In Harv [et al. , reporteet al. [et al. [Programme facilitators were peers in Agha and Van Rossem ,30, healet al. , a teach [et al. , who useet al. [et al. [et al. [The interventions were delivered after school hours in studies by Fitzgerald et al.  and Stan [et al. . Kuhn et [et al.  delivere [et al. ,23 the iet al. [All studies' messages included general facts about transmission and prevention of HIV and abstinence promotion. Two studies actively included some form of demonstration or description of condom use ,31. In Ket al.  condoms et al. [For all other studies, condom use was either explicitly stated to be part of the intervention messages ,30, or cet al.  reportedet al. [The peer-led intervention by Agha and Van Rossem  was a siet al.  was abouet al. ,28 but tAll studies conducted assessments using self-administered questionnaires in English. Results of outcomes, grouped under themes and sub-themes are shown in Table et al. [et al. [Studies were judged to be heterogeneous in terms of outcomes measured, time to evaluation, and statistical analyses employed. For example, one of four questions under our sub-theme, 'attitudes to persons with AIDS' was framed as \"I would visit a friend if I knew he had the AIDS virus\" and evaluated at six months and twelve months post intervention by Klepp et al. . We grou [et al. , \"would General knowledge regarding HIV/AIDS/STD was evaluated in all but one study [et al. [ne study . All oth [et al.  which waKnowledge and normative beliefs regarding abstinence evaluated by Agha and Van Rossem [n Rossem ,30 were Knowledge regarding condoms was evaluated immediately following the intervention in three studies [ studies ,24,27 wi studies , this chChanges in general attitude regarding AIDS such as 'seeing HIV/AIDS as everyone's problem' was evaluated with significant desired effects by Harvey et al. [et al. [y et al.  and Fawo [et al. . Persona [et al. ,30 yieldAttitudes to persons living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) improved in all three studies where evaluated [et al. [valuated ,29,31. Fet al. [ attitudes regarding abstinence was assessed with statements like 'being intimate without having sex', and 'being friends for a long time without having sex' with statistically significant desired effect of the intervention.In Fitzgerald et al.  attitudeattitudes towards condom use at six months in Fitzgerald et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [Assessment of d et al.  and six  [et al.  yielded  [et al.  who repo [et al.  avoided  [et al.  also evaIntentions regarding abstinence evaluated by Fitzgerald et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [d et al.  and Klep [et al.  showed s [et al. , there w [et al.  appeared [et al.  of futurIntentions regarding condom use were evaluated in four studies. Desired outcomes reached statistical significance in Fitzgerald et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [d et al.  at six m [et al.  at both  [et al. , further [et al.  reported [et al. , the sigChange in number of sexual partners evaluated by Fawole et al. [e et al.  at six me et al. ,30, asseIncrease in reported practice of abstinence following intervention at six-month follow up was significantly more in intervention than control group in Fawole et al. [et al. [e et al. , but dide et al. ,28,29. I [et al. , the praPositive outcomes regarding actual condom use was evaluated in five studies. In four of these [et al. [of these ,26,28,31 [et al. , significlinical outcome (recent history or symptoms of any STI) assessed by Fawole et al. [et al. [Improvement in e et al.  and Harv [et al.  did not Communication with new sexual partners about past sexual experiences was evaluated by Stanton et al. [n et al.  and signGeneral communication, i.e. not necessarily with sexual partners, on HIV/AIDS was very significantly improved in Kuhn et al. [et al. [et al. [n et al.  where pa [et al.  but not  [et al. .This review found a paucity of published school-based interventions in sub-Saharan Africa relative to the magnitude of the AIDS epidemic. Participants' socio-demographic characteristics such as age, sex and school grade were generally well reported in our included studies, but socio-economic status and religion were less well reported. Description of socioeconomic status and religious affiliation in future studies could better inform on programme generalisability to other settings.et al. [Justification of sample size and validation of measurement tools were not reported in many studies. Although no studies justified the timing of intervention delivery, conducting the intervention during school hours seemed to give the opportunity for more interaction between researchers and stakeholders in Kuhn et al.  even thoet al. [To enable facilitators to effectively conduct the intervention and its monitoring training should be provided rather than assuming facilitators' knowledge and perceptions on the particular sexual health intervention under evaluation. For example, Klepp et al.  reportedet al. , of whicet al. [et al. [Tactical communication of the goals of an intervention, to avoid areas or terms that lead to unending debates, is a characteristic that helps in smooth delivery of interventions. In Kuhn et al.  for instet al. . Fawole  [et al.  reportedUse of multiple media and activities in communication or delivery of messages was employed in almost all studies. More than one facilitator was also used in many studies but we are unable to determine the relative contribution of each medium or facilitator to programme effectiveness within the scope of this review. However, the effectiveness of the different interventions appeared similar across all studies from the overall trend of effectiveness by reported significant change as shown in Table et al. [Skill-based content of interventions involving active participation of students and more lengthy interventions offering the opportunity for repeated exposure to the same theme appeared to be associated with greater effectiveness. This was exemplified by comparing the 'DramAide' intervention by Harvey et al.  which waet al. [Many studies reported outcomes at immediate post-intervention or short term (\u2264 six months) follow up. To reduce limitation in the long-term evidence of effect of school-based interventions to prevent STI/HIV in sub-Saharan Africa and to determine if certain outcomes routinely demonstrate a delay effect  reviewed, we concluded that it is relatively easy to effect changes in knowledge and attitudes regarding STI/HIV/AIDS using school-based interventions that have been carefully designed to suit the sub-Saharan Africa environment. It is more challenging to effect changes in positive intentions regarding sexual risk reduction, and most of all, changes regarding sexual risk behaviours. Measured changes in behaviour either did not reach statistically significant levels, or when they did in the immediate post-intervention period, wore off within weeks to months. Some behaviour changes however appeared to exhibit a delay effect in development. Behavioural change in relation to abstinence was easier to effect among baseline virgins, while condom use appeared to be the more practicable sexual risk protective behaviour for adolescents who are already sexually active.The magnitude of the HIV epidemic, and current evidence of relative lack of sexual health interventions targeting young people in sub-Saharan Africa calls for more research and scrupulous use of available resources to inform the design and delivery of well-tailored interventions to meet the unique needs of this population group. Future studies employing a more systematic approach, conducted after an established contextual framework for the intervention is determined  are urgeThe author(s) declare that they have no competing interests.VAP-E, AP and EvT have contributed to the original design of the systematic review. VAP-E developed the research protocol for the review, and VAP-E and EvT established the a priori criteria for the studies. VAP-E and AP developed the search strategy, VAP-E and AP piloted the data extraction and quality assessment. VAP-E appraised and extracted the data from the full text papers. All authors were involved in the writing of the paper, and all approved the final submission.The pre-publication history for this paper can be accessed here:Data Extraction and Quality Assessment Forms for Studies. This additional shows the forms we have used for (1) data extraction and (2) quality assessment for the included studies. Fellow researchers may find this form of use for future systematic reviews.Click here for file"}
{"text": "Sir,et al,[I read the recent publication by Nair et al, with gre"}
{"text": "To describe the encounters with sexual and gender minority (SGM) youth in healthcare based on the existing research.The development of sexual orientation and gender identity can create challenges in an SGM youth\u2019s life, and they may need support from health professionals. Heteronormativity has been recognised as a barrier to the identification of diversity in sexuality and gender, and no previous literature review has studied heteronormativity thoroughly.An integrative review following Whittemore and Knafl was conducted. A literature search was systematically undertaken in six databases . Finally, 18 research articles were included. Data were analysed deductively with the theoretical framework from Stevi Jackson\u2019s (2006) article to understand the role of heteronormativity in the healthcare of SGM youth.Heteronormative care included three elements: (1) the effect of heteronormativity on health professionals\u2019 competence to work with SGM youth, (2) false assumptions about SGM youth, and (3) the influence of heteronormativity on encounters with SGM youth. Diversity-affirming care included two elements: (4) the considerateness of health professionals towards SGM youth and (5) inclusive care of SGM youth.The encounters with SGM youth consisted of two simultaneous themes. This review summarised how SGM youth were encountered in healthcare and how heteronormativity was affecting their healthcare. Furthermore, this review identified elements that supported diversity-affirming care. With diversity-affirming care, SGM youth may access the information and support they need from healthcare. Further research is needed about how diversity-affirming care can be applied to the healthcare of SGM youth and how elements of heteronormative care are occurring globally in the healthcare of SGM youth. The perceptions of transgender and other gender minority youth were under-represented in the studies and research needs to focus more on how they are encountered in healthcare. The detailed search strategy is in The literature search stage includes precise planning and description of the search strategy a priori to maintain the rigour in the review Torraco, . A systea scientific, peer-reviewed research article, (2) the publication language was English, (3) a focus on the perspectives of SGM youth in healthcare practices, or (4) a focus on the perspectives of health professionals working with SGM youth. In this review, health professionals were defined as graduated professionals who are working in the field of healthcare. The article was excluded if (1) more than 50% of SGM youth participants were younger than 10 years or older than 19 years, (2) the study focussed on a medical condition (e.g. HIV), or (3) the study focussed on a health problem (e.g. tobacco or substance use). The latter two exclusion criteria based on the perception that studies focussing solely on a medical condition or a health problem do not include the perspectives of SGM youth or health professionals.The inclusion criteria for the literature were as follows: (1) The total results of the systematic search included 1421 scientific, peer-reviewed research articles that were published in 1978\u20132017. Screening of the articles was done first at the title and the abstract level, and second at the full text level . Two autThe chosen articles were extracted, and the quality of studies was appraised  tool was used. Pluye et al.  designedA deductive descriptive data analysis was performed  , and the quality of Scherzer\u2019s  the effect of heteronormativity on health professionals\u2019 competence to work with SGM youth, (2) false assumptions about SGM youth, (3) the influence of heteronormativity on encounters with SGM youth, (4) the considerateness of health professionals towards SGM youth, and (5) inclusive care of SGM youth. The first three elements describe the heteronormative care, and the last two describe the diversity-affirming care. The encounters with SGM youth in healthcare can include elements from both themes  (Hoffman et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., Inclusive informationconsisted of topics that were specific to SGM youths\u2019 health, as well as information related to other perspectives in life. Many studies mentioned the sexual health of SGM youth as an important health information topic (Ginsburg et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al. (et al. (et al. (et al. (et al. (, et al. , Hoffman (et al. , and Arb (et al.  reported (et al.  and Arbe (et al. , SGM youInclusive healthcare settings were described in six studies. First, Ginsburg et al. (et al. (et al. (et al. (et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al. (et al. (et al. (et al. (et al. (g et al. , Hoffman (et al. , Torres  (et al. , and Fuz (et al.  mentione, et al. , Hoffman (et al. , or Snyd (et al. , indicat (et al.  and Hoff (et al.  also deset al., This integrative review was the first describing the encounters with SGM youth in healthcare based on the existing research. This review revealed insights about the role of heteronormativity in the encounters between SGM youth and health professionals. It also identified elements of diversity-affirming care. Thus, this review discovered that the diversity of SGM youth is not always recognised, but elements supporting diversity in healthcare also exist. We suggest that further research could study how diversity-affirming care elements could be applied to the healthcare of SGM youth. The review focused on heteronormativity, which is based on feminist research Jackson, . Future et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., One of the most commonly reported element of heteronormativity was a heterosexual assumption about SGM youth in healthcare (East and El Rayess, et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., An integrative review has the potential to describe the complexity of a phenomenon from various perspectives (Whittemore and Knafl, et al., et al., et al., et al. (et al. (et al. (et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., This review showed significant issues related to transgender youth care. First, two studies defined transgender as a sexual orientation (Ginsburg , et al. , Torres  (et al. , Lefkowi (et al. , and Shi (et al.  studied The review has several practical implications. First, the results show health professionals need education about SGM youth, and the results can be used as a theoretical framework for education about diversity-affirming care. Second, health professionals can use the results in their practice when they want to be inclusive for SGM youth, for example through neutral language and not making assumptions from their patients\u2019 gender and sexuality. Third, when healthcare policies and practices are developed into diversity-affirming, the results give examples of elements for creating inclusive healthcare settings and information for SGM youth.Some limitations are worth noting in this review. First, the literature search used six databases, but only 18 research articles were found to be eligible for this review. However, the literature search was planned and performed carefully. Two authors did the search systematically by following the same search strategy, and they screened and selected research articles in cooperation. Second, the wide range of research methods used in the studies may affect the analysis and results of this review. This review aimed to describe the role of heteronormativity with a broad approach and not be limited by studies with a specific research method. Furthermore, the quality appraisal of the studies was done by two authors to get an overview of the differences between studies in their quality. Third, the quality appraisal showed that several studies in this review were low in quality, thus we recommend the results are considered with a carefulness. This review was, however, describing heteronormativity for the first time with a broad approach, and the exclusion of studies with low quality was considered incongruent with this. Finally, as one inclusion criterion was English language, the review may have missed eligible studies published in other languages.The results of this review provide a new understanding about the encounters between SGM youth and health professionals in healthcare. This understanding addresses how heteronormativity is related to these encounters and how an open-minded encounter is possible for SGM youth by giving them enough space to be diverse and support for their needs. Further research is needed about the role of heteronormativity in healthcare and the application of diversity-affirming care into healthcare practices. In addition, transgender and other gender minority youths\u2019 voices need to be heard in research. With further research, health professionals may be able to develop their skills when encountering SGM youth without the influence of heteronormativity, give information and support that are relevant to them, and adequately understand how diversity in sexuality and gender is encountered with young patients."}
{"text": "IUCrJ.This Editorial discusses recent development in computational and materials structural science as exemplified by recent articles published in  IUCrJ, but with a continuing emphasis on unravelling the structural science of complex functional materials and on developing further understanding of structure\u2013property relations. The recent articles in the journal highlight both developments in technique and approach, as well as the exploration of new classes of system and of problems.The themes of materials and computation continue to grow and diversify in et al. (2015et al. (2019The last year has seen significant growth in structural nanoscience, with developments in the study of alloy nanoparticles of importance in catalytic science The paper of Liang & Yu 2019, also di al. 2015. Another al. 2019, which det al. (2019et al. (2019et al. (20182Ptx8\u2009\u2212\u2009As, which is prepared by high-pressure synthesis and has a high concentration of vacancies which are incommensurately ordered.Alloy structural science continues to be a widely explored theme, with computational methods being used by Han  al. 2019 to predi al. 2019. Ternary al. 2018 of a newet al. (2018et al. (2019Another growing area is the use of data-mining, machine-learning and high-throughput screening techniques within computational materials science. Nguyen  al. 2018 report a al. 2019 describeet al. (2019et al. (2019et al. (2018The structural science of disordered materials is a perennial theme. Gao  al. 2019 describe al. 2019 develop  al. 2018 in the met al. (2019MD simulations are also used in a study of van de Streek  al. 2019 of phaseet al. (2018et al. (2018et al. (2019Chemical crystallography, especially of complex ternary or quaternary oxides remains a continuing theme and is well represented by the study of Delacotte  al. 2018 on hexaf al. 2018 on one-d al. 2019 present IUCrJ.In conclusion, the recent articles in the journal show that structural materials science continues to diversify, with computation being firmly integrated in the field. Articles in these areas will continue to be welcomed by"}
{"text": "Lucas et al.  predicte [et al.  repeated [et al.  claimed  [et al. . van Cas [et al.  countere [et al.  might ha [et al.  criticiz [et al.  and presFirst, it is incontrovertible that the aluminium balls in question are coated by an oxide layer, as shown by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy ,3, and iet al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [Xia et al.  cite Her [et al.  to argue [et al. ). Indeed [et al. , p. 3 noet al. [et al. [Ironically, Xia et al.  measure et al. ,3 show i [et al.  have penet al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [Xia et al.  are concet al.  was too  [et al. , but in  [et al.  shows th [et al.  discusse [et al.  took no et al. [e. Based on their now corrected scale, we surmise that these chips are perhaps several tens of nm in diameter. By contrast, Lucas et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [Xia et al.  pointed s et al.  found th [et al.  have sho [et al.  and to d [et al.  discusse [et al.  have seeet al. [In summary, sliding experiments using metallic balls present little useful data for testing the hypothesis of Lucas et al. . An unde"}
{"text": "Brucella canis in dogs and wildlife reservoirs of Brucella strains in Australia.We are writing in response to the article by Moreno  titled \u201cB. canis in the neighboring country of New Zealand, while Hofer et al. (B. canis in a breeding kennel in Austria (Europe), not Australia. In fact, B. canis has never been reported in Australia or New Zealand  citing Tiller et al.  in Lower Austria .Moreno  also star et al.  and Al Dr et al. . No foxey Moreno  to suppoy Moreno  which rey Moreno . The latBrucella have been isolated from rodents in Australia. Tiller et al.  from atypical human infections.Strains of r et al.  re-examik et al.  in Northk et al.  but Tillk et al.  \u201cstronglm et al.  subsequeB. abortus in 1989 after a long and successful eradication program and currently only two of the 10 well-characterized species of Brucella occur naturally in Australia. Specifically, B. ovis (non-zoonotic) is found only in sheep where it causes epididymal lesions and reproductive losses. Brucella suis biovar 1 is also endemic in feral pigs in certain regions and can be transmitted from feral pigs to humans and dogs (DAF, Australia was declared free of ogs DAF, . The latogs DAF, .To maintain Australia's status and international reputation of being free from other forms of brucellosis it is important to correct inaccurate statements such as those made by Moreno .CK identified the error and wrote the commentary with input from SM, RM, and AW. All authors critically reviewed and approved the final version.The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest."}
{"text": "During the last decades, there has been a strong emphasis on the concern how environmental features, for example nutritional or toxicological conditions, can influence brain metabolism and biochemistry and human behaviour , 2. We aThe interactions between gene and environment are of special interest for the development of neurogenesis and neurobiochemical systems that work into the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis and how they can result in emotional responses , 2. The One of the established impact on mental health is of the modern city life , 6. Almoet al. [The urban specific features of demand and adaptation are highly complex and have an enormous variability, and they are useful as an agent for a set of environmental influences in the city. Carta et al.  presenteet al.  suggesteet al.  assumed et al. . It can et al. .et al. [et al. [For their point of view , people et al. . The psyet al. . This maet al. . For Car [et al. , a possiet al. [Sleep patterns are increasingly jeopardized by recent changes in the challenging human modern life . Individet al.  directedet al. .Artificial light changes daily rhythms by allowing the presence, during hours of natural darkness, of activities normally performed during daylight hours, such as food intake or social meetings . This haet al. [Although melatonin steroid-induced mechanisms are very complex, in general, they decrease estradiol and increase progesterone levels , so the et al.  advancedAnother challenge for future research tests will be the development of animal models that could be compared to the complexity of environmental challenges in the modern world . And we"}
{"text": "Lewy body dementia (consisting of dementia with Lewy bodies and Parkinson's disease dementia) is a common neurodegenerative disease characterised by visual hallucinations, fluctuating attention, motor disturbances, falls, and sensitivity to antipsychotics. This combination of features presents challenges for pharmacological management. Given this, we sought to review evidence for non-pharmacological interventions with patients with Lewy body dementia and their carers. Bibliographic databases were searched using a wide range of search terms and no restrictions were placed on study design, language, or clinical setting. Two reviewers independently assessed papers for inclusion, rated study quality, and extracted data. The search identified 21 studies including two randomised controlled trials with available subgroup data, seven case series, and 12 case studies. Most studies reported beneficial effects of the interventions used, though the only sizeable study was on dysphagia, showing a benefit of honey-thickened liquids. Given the heterogeneity of interventions and poor quality of the studies overall, no quantitative synthesis was possible. Overall, identified studies suggested possible benefits of non-pharmacological interventions in Lewy body dementia, but the small sample sizes and low quality of studies mean no definite recommendations can be offered. Our findings underscore the clear and urgent need for future research on this topic. The review considered studies evaluating non-pharmacological interventions in the broader categories of dementia or Parkinson's disease if the results of a Lewy body dementia subgroup were available. Studies that were confounded by a concurrent pharmaceutical intervention  were excluded. There were no other restrictions on study design and no requirements for a comparator group. There were also no restrictions on language, time period, or clinical context in which the study was conducted.The search identified studies through bibliographic databases, trial registers, and the grey literature. Bibliographic databases and trial registers included the following: Medline (1946\u2013present); PreMedline, PubMed; EMBASE (1974\u2013present), Scopus, Web of Science (1900\u2013current); PsychInfo (1806\u2013present); CINAHL (1981\u2013present); Cochrane libraries: Cochrane database of systematic reviews (2005\u2013October 2016), Cochrane central register of controlled trials (August 2016), Cochrane Methodology register (3rd\u2013Quarter 2012); other EBM databases: ACP journal club (1991\u2013September 2016), Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects (1st-quarter 2015), Health technology assessment (3rd-quarter 2016), and NHS economic evaluation (1st-quarter 2015); Ageline (1978\u2013present); ALOIS; AMED ; PEDro ; Social work Abstracts (1968\u2013present); and the National Association of Social Workers (NASW) clinical register (14th edition). The grey literature was searched using such resources as SIGLE (System for Information on Grey Literature in Europe), NTIS  database, and PsychEXTRA (1908\u2013present).The search strategy used only population and intervention terms to maximise the likelihood of identifying relevant studies (comparator and outcome terms were not used). The population was people with Lewy body dementia or their carers. This was identified using the search terms: [(Lewy OR Park*) and Dementia]. Interventions were any non-pharmacological treatment and identified using a wide range of terms: . Searches were conducted on 30 October 2016.In addition to bibliographic database searches, the reference lists of papers included in the review and previous systematic reviews on both Lewy body dementia and non-pharmacological interventions were checked for relevant papers. Advice was also sought from experts in the field.Two reviewers (MHC and LQ) independently assessed search results for inclusion by title and abstract. All articles deemed relevant by either reviewer were obtained in full. Both reviewers then independently evaluated full-text articles for inclusion. Any disagreements were resolved through discussion or, if necessary, with a third reviewer (JTO).Two reviewers independently extracted relevant data from publications using a standardised form. This included participant details , intervention type, study design, measures, and results. Qualitative data were also collated.The primary outcomes were measures of cognition, function, neuropsychiatric symptoms, and motor symptoms. The secondary outcomes were measures of any other clinically relevant outcomes, such as quality of life, carer burden, financial costs, other symptoms (sleep or autonomic disturbances), and objective endpoints . Secondary outcomes also included the perceived acceptability of treatments, reported side effects, and dropout rates (a measure of treatment acceptability).et al.Two reviewers independently assessed study quality and risk of bias using standardised tools. These included the Effective Public Health Practice Project Quality Assessment Tool for Quantitative Studies , the mean age of participants was 70.6 years (s.d.\u00a0=\u00a08.2) and included 27 males and 28 females. Measures of patients\u2019 cognition and dementia severity were lacking from the majority of reports. Of the 21 studies, nine recruited participants from nursing homes or hospitals, five recruited participants from the community, and seven did not report participants\u2019 residential status. One of the studies that recruited participants from nursing homes examined the effect of an intervention on both a patient with dementia with Lewy bodies and her carers (Huh et al.The total number of participants across the included studies was 195. This comprised 44 patients with dementia with Lewy bodies and 151 patients with Parkinson's disease dementia (of whom, 132 were from one study; Logemann et al.et al.et al.et al.et al.et al.et al.et al.et al.et al.et al.et al.et al.et al.et al.et al.et al.et al.et al.et al.Interventions included carer education (Huh Given the heterogeneity of interventions and the poor quality of the research evidence, no quantitative synthesis was possible. A descriptive summary of individual studies is provided in et al.All studies reported some effectiveness of their respective intervention. The strongest evidence came from the randomised control trial that assessed interventions to prevent fluid aspiration in participants with dysphagia (Logemann et al.et al.et al.et al.et al.et al.et al.et al.Four small uncontrolled studies (Kung & O'Connor, et al.et al.et al.et al.et al.et al.et al.et al.et al.et al.et al.et al.et al.Other individual studies variously reported benefits of carer education for reducing agitation (Huh et al.The systematic review identified very little research on non-pharmacological interventions in Lewy body dementia. No randomised control trials focusing specifically on Lewy body dementia were identified and the majority of research consisted of case studies and case series. Of the studies identified, the best quality evidence came from a randomised control trial that focused on preventing fluid aspiration in Parkinson's disease patients with dysphagia (Logemann et al.et al.et al.et al.et al.The lack of research in this area is in contrast to the large amount of research on non-pharmacological interventions in other types of dementia (Brodaty & Arasaratnam, et al.et al.et al.et al.et al.et al.At the same time, there is evidence for the effectiveness of non-pharmacological interventions for similar symptoms in other conditions. In the case of psychosis, for example, multi-factorial interventions, including physical activity, occupational therapy, and music therapy, have some evidence of effectiveness in other types of dementia (Brodaty & Arasaratnam, et al.et al.et al.et al.et al.Altogether, the review highlights the clear and urgent need for research in this area. Possible barriers to this include challenges establishing the diagnosis and distinguishing it from other dementias (McKeith"}
{"text": "To appraise and synthesize empirical literature on implementation of evidence within community nursing. To explore the use of implementation theory and identify the strategies required for, and the barriers and facilitators to, successful implementation within this context.There is an international consensus that evidence-based practice can improve outcomes for people using health and social care services. However, these practices are not always translated into care delivery. Community nursing is a relatively understudied area; little is known about how innovations in practice are implemented within this setting.Systematic mixed-studies review, synthesizing quantitative and qualitative research. The electronic databases AMED, PsycINFO, Ovid Medline, CINAHL Plus, ASSIA, British Nursing Index and EMBASE were used. Two grey literature databases were also searched: OpenGrey and EThOS. English language, peer-reviewed papers published between January 2010 and July 2017 were considered. Criteria included implementation of an innovation and change to practice within adult community nursing. An approach called Critical Interpretive Synthesis was used to integrate the evidence from across the studies into a comprehensible theoretical framework.n=6). A number of implementation strategies, facilitators and barriers were identified across the included studies, highlighting the interplay of both service context and individual factors in successful implementation.In total, 22 papers were reviewed. Few studies discussed the use of theory when planning, guiding and evaluating the implementation of the innovation (Implementation is an expanding area of research; yet is challenged by a lack of consistency in terminology and limited use of theory. Implementation within community nursing is a complex process, requiring both individual and organizational adoption, and managerial support. Successful adoption of evidence-based practice however, is only possible if community nurses themselves deem it useful and there is evidence that it could have a positive impact on the patient and/or their primary carer. The World Health Organization (WHO) has stated that healthcare provision should be based on the best available evidence. Healthcare professionals are expected to engage with evidence and practice in line with it. Professional regulatory bodies such as the Nursing and Midwifery Council include the expectation that nurses deliver EBP in all settings  identified, selected, appraised and synthesized qualitative, quantitative and mixed-methods studies; with all papers reviewed independently by the three authors. Authors discussed disagreements and a consensus was met. For pragmatic reasons, a time limit for the literature was imposed. To ensure all relevant literature within this time limit was captured, a number of databases were searched from different fields.The search strategy  includedA separate search was conducted in the Cochrane Database for Systematic Reviews to explore publications on the same subject matter to avoid unnecessary duplication.et al.  to the wider population?9. Implications and usefulness: How important are these findings to policy and practice?The 22 included studies were appraised using the assessment template for disparate data developed by Hawker et al.  Box 1)..et al.   were generated. Concepts were refined by comparing the framework to the data and exploring relationships between them (Dixon-Woods n=13) evaluated implementation efforts and impact of the innovation. \u2018Pre\u2013post-implementation\u2019 studies (n=7) planned implementation, implemented the innovation and evaluated efforts. The remaining two studies were pre-implementation. The majority of post-implementation papers reported on large-scale studies evaluating a change led by an organization. Many of these reported post hoc implementation strategies or organizational support strategies. The included pre\u2013post-implementation studies were mostly collaborative research projects, whereby the research team worked with potential adopters at an organizational or community level. Implementation strategies reported in these papers were mostly researcher-led. Similarly, the two pre-implementation papers reported on researcher-led projects.Nine qualitative papers, seven quantitative and six mixed-method studies were identified . \u2018Post-iet al.  and synthesized. Implementation strategies are defined as techniques used for the adoption and sustainability of an innovation (Proctor et al. (et al.\u2019 study (et al.\u2019 project (et al., et al., et al., Training nurses on how to use the innovation before it is implemented contributed to successful adoption. Most of the studies discussed the importance of the nurses\u2019 confidence in using the innovation, with inadequate training often stated as a barrier. This was particularly evident when the innovation was technological. Length of training across the studies varies. Joy et al.  provided.\u2019 study  and one  project . This on et al.,  suggestset al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al. (et al., et al., et al., et al. (et al., A strategy used in seven of the studies was the allocation of roles, such as an implementation team, key implementers or individuals responsible for monitoring the implementation process. This included the appointment of nurses into employed positions (Kapp, , et al.  in their et al., . Where v, et al.  recruite et al., . Supportet al.\u2019s (et al.\u2019s study (et al. (et al., Practical issues, such as saving clinical time, cost-effectiveness and ease of use were important considerations for community nurses when implementing an innovation. In Murray et al.\u2019s  study exet al.\u2019s , respond\u2019s study  claimed  (et al. , for exa et al., .et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al.\u2019s study (et al., A \u2018bottom-up\u2019 approach, including early engagement and collaborative working, and the ability of community nurses to tailor the innovation to meet individual needs was an important facilitator (Brennan \u2019s study , which e et al., . Possiblet al. (et al., et al.\u2019s (et al., Evidence that the innovation improves nurse\u2013patient relations and patient care was a contributing factor in community nurses\u2019 decision to adopt it. This was a facilitator for 14 of the 22 studies. For example, Nilsson et al.  found th et al., . In contet al.\u2019s  action r et al., .et al. (et al., et al. (There is evidence that nurses\u2019 experience and rapport with patients assisted with the successful implementation of an innovation. Annells et al.  found th et al., . This co, et al.  found thet al. (et al., Nine of the studies claimed that professional development associated with using the innovation \u2013 maintaining existing skill-sets, developing new skills and knowledge \u2013 and the innovation serving to meet organizational goals, encouraged community nurses to adopt it. In turn, the organization offered appropriate support to assist with its successful implementation. Doran et al.  found th et al., . The opp et al., , when ex et al., .et al. (et al. (et al. (et al. (et al. (et al. (et al. (et al., For Murray et al. , Nordmar (et al. , Smith e (et al. , van der (et al.  and Whit (et al.  improved (et al.  found th (et al.  found th et al., . Both thet al. (et al., et al. (et al., et al. (Organizational changes \u2013 restructuring and the decentralization of services \u2013 had a negative impact upon implementation. Murray et al.  found th et al., . Similar, et al.  found th et al., . As a re, et al. , when exThe review has illustrated that community nurses\u2019 decision to adopt an innovation appears to be motivated by a return on investment, including improved nurse\u2013patient relations or patient care, contribution to professional development, or improved relations with other healthcare professionals. In addition, flexibility and the autonomy to adapt the innovation encouraged community nurses to adopt it. This mirrors community nurses\u2019 working practices and satisfaction derived from organizing their own workload. Organizational infrastructure and change was an important barrier, with community nurses claiming they were preoccupied with, and prioritized, these changes.et al.\u2019s (et al.\u2019s (et al. (et al. (et al. (et al. (et al. (Quality of the included studies varied. Across the qualitative studies, sample sizes are small, limiting generalizability. Authors of qualitative studies often compensated for the lack of external validity by adopting strategies to increase trustworthiness, such as member checking and triangulation. However, findings from the included qualitative studies in this review have been corroborated with results from the quantitative papers. Overall the quality of the included quantitative studies was higher than the qualitative or mixed-methods studies. Due to the nature of the research design, sample sizes are larger and there is greater external validity amongst the quantitative studies. For example, Sherman et al.\u2019s  study scet al.\u2019s  appraisa (et al.  along wi (et al.  and Dora (et al.  all used (et al. , Tapper  (et al.  and Kapp (et al.  were untVariation in the quality of studies, designs and samples implies implementation science in community nursing requires development. Authors using different terms to describe the same phenomena cause confusion. Implementation strategies in the literature are seldom labelled and researchers do not provide rationales for the strategies used. This review attempts to provide some harmony by presenting an overview and synthesis of strategies, barriers and facilitators.The identified barriers and facilitators paint a complex picture of implementation within community nursing and it does not appear to be a simple recipe of \u2018do and don\u2019t\u2019. It is clear from the included studies, and may even be assumed, that community nursing is patient-focussed. Community nurses were therefore less likely to adopt the innovation if, by integrating it into their routine practice, existing nurse\u2013client relations could be negatively affected. In addition, the trend across the quantitative studies to include patients as participants suggests that end-user adoption may influence implementation. Patients\u2019 unwillingness to comply with EBP may discourage practitioners (Logan and Graham, et al., et al., et al., et al. (Training and an on-going education phase on how to use and integrate the innovation was a key facilitator found across the included papers. However, embedding this training through experience is challenging (Taylor , et al.  found thet al. (Giving nurses the flexibility to use and adapt the innovation, and the need for managers to be on board to allow the time and investment of resources to implement it, were both facilitators. Haycock-Stuart and Kean\u2019s  findingset al.  highlighet al. , communiet al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al. (et al., et al., et al., et al., Community nurses\u2019 work however, is not conducted in isolation. Many of the studies included other healthcare settings or participants in their analysis, such as General Practitioners; secondary care settings; and manager (Annells , et al.  found, oAs discussed, adoption of an innovation is reliant on the decision of the community nurse. There is little evidence, however, to suggest that nurses introduce innovations themselves after engaging with EBP. This may be a result of a lack of availability of relevant research in primary care, lack of skills to appraise evidence, or the lack of awareness of change mechanisms (Bryar and Bannigan, Continued support, including collaborative working and the use local champions, were identified to be both implementation strategies and facilitators, promoting the adoption of an innovation. The other identified implementation strategies and facilitators require further testing. Future research could evaluate how these facilitators could be used to effectively overcome barriers.et al., et al., There is a lack of research based on rigorous conceptual frameworks. Theory is seldom used when implementing an innovation. There are a plethora of frameworks and theories relevant to implementation research that can be used to guide implementation processes and consider sustainability (Tabak post hoc implementation strategies offered in the included studies are attempts by the authors to explain what did or did not work. There may be alternative explanations, and more appropriate names. More testing is therefore required.There are a number of limitations to this review, mainly relating to scope. Only English Language papers were reviewed and the quality of the papers varied. The included papers come from a wide range of countries with differing healthcare systems. However, by adopting a Critical Interpretive Synthesis approach we have attempted to be critical and clarify effective implementation strategies in a diverse and confused field. Due to inconsistency in reporting, labelling and defining these strategies have relied upon our interpretations and those of the authors\u2019 of the included studies. In particular, the et al., This review reveals the importance of support strategies when implementing EBP in community, including regular meetings and updates from the researcher, the allocation of resources and managerial support. This included training and time to become familiar with the innovation. Furthermore, training must be embedded in practice and individual adoption is often influenced by the nurses\u2019 actual or perceived skill-set and personal relationship with the innovation. More testing of the identified strategies and facilitators is required. The review findings support the emerging consensus that implementation research reports should describe an evaluation of its process (Hulscher"}
{"text": "This review article examines the role of selenium (Se) and the effects of Se supplementation especially in the bovine species. Selenium is an important trace element in cattle. Some of its roles include the participation in the antioxidant defense the cattle farms. The nutritional requirements of Se in cattle are estimated at 100 \u03bcg/kg DM (dry matter) for beef cattle and at 300 \u03bcg/kg DM for dairy cows. The rations high in fermentable carbohydrates, nitrates, sulfates, calcium or hydrogen cyanide negatively influence the organism\u2019s use of the selenium contained in the diet. The Se supplementation may reduce the incidence of metritis and ovarian cysts during the postpartum period. The increase in fertility when adding Se is attributed to the reduction of the embryonic death during the first month of gestation. A use of organic Se in feed would provide a better transfer of Se in calves relative to mineral Se supplementation. The addition of Se yeasts in the foodstuffs of cows significantly increases the Se content and the percentage of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in milk compared to the addition of sodium selenite. The enzyme 5-iodothyronine deiodinase is a seleno-dependent selenoprotein. It is one of the last proteins to be affected in the event of Se deficiency. This delay in response could explain the fact that several studies did not show the effect of Se supplementation on growth and weight gain of calves. Enrichment of Se in the diet did not significantly affect the slaughter weight and carcass yield of bulls. The impact and results of Se supplementation in cattle depend on physiological stage, Se status of animals, type and content of Se and types of Se administration. Further studies in Se supplementation should investigate the speciation of Se in food and yeasts, as well as understanding their metabolism and absorption. This constitute a path to exploit in order to explain certain different effects of Se. Selenium (Se) is a trace element that plays an important role in the health and performance of animals. In cattle, selenium deficiency can have economically significant impacts such as reduced fertility, placental retentions, and the incidence of mastitis and metritis ,2,3,4. TThe daily nutritional requirements of selenium in cattle are estimated at 100 \u03bcg/kg DM (dry matter) for the beef cattle and at 300 \u03bcg/kg DM for dairy cows. In calves, the selenium requirements are 100 \u03bcg/kg DM per day ,12. For vice versa. There is a close link between selenium and vitamin E status and antioxidant status  in the plasma (\u03bcg/L) and y = [Se] in the milk (\u03bcg/L). Generally, the amount of selenium in the plasma is from 3 to 5 fold higher than that found in milk. Cows supplemented with selenium by the oral route before parturition, produce colostrum 2-fold richer in selenium than non-supplemented cows . This fet al. [The selenium amount in milk is influenced by its content in foods depending on a season and a farming region . In a stet al.  reportedet al. , South Ket al. , Greece et al.  and Austet al.  reportedet al. . In Soutet al. .et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [The amount of selenium in the milk is directly proportional to the organic selenium content in the feedstuffs of cows ,44. Cebaet al. , reporteet al. , the peret al. . The incet al. . The sam [et al.  in milk  [et al.  reported [et al. ,7,44,46. [et al. , or when [et al.  did not  [et al.  ensuringIn ruminants, the transfer of selenium from cow to the newborn is done through the placenta and milk. Transfer performed via the placenta is more efficient than that made through the milk . The reaThe mineral selenium is not well transferred into the milk , and thuet al. [et al. [et al. [Contrary to sheep , seleniuet al.  that the [et al.  reported [et al. . These a [et al. ,57. Inde [et al. . To cope [et al. . In case [et al. . In addi [et al. .It can be concluded that selenium does not play a direct role in promoting growth in calves. However, it helps to remove all constraints that may delay or inhibit growth. Selenium injection is considered a useful corrective tool to quickly establish an appropriate status of selenium of calves. However, it should not be considered as a permanent source of selenium intake.et al. [et al. [In blood, the selenium is bound to the \u03b1 and \u03b2-globulins, LDL (low density lipoprotein) and VLDL (very low density lipoprotein) and albumin . Ten selet al. , the rat [et al. , the app [et al. . An incr [et al. ,66.et al. [Selenium supplementation in the diet of calves , heiferset al. , cows feet al. .The selenium increases are produced gradually during a supplementation of the diet (2 mg of organic or inorganic selenium) . A combiet al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [Selenium is involved in the metabolism of thyroid hormones. A selenium-deficient diet causes a reduction of triiodothyronine (T3) and an increase of the tetraiodothyronine (T4) and a decrease in the ratio T3/T4 levels in blood ,72. Theset al. , the sel [et al.  did not  [et al. . However [et al.  reported [et al. . An incr [et al. . In thiset al. [et al. [et al. [Selenium enrichment of the diet of young fattening bulls and steers had no significant effect on weight at slaughter and carcass yield. These effects were observed in the studies of Lawler et al.  with org [et al.  with the [et al.  with theSelenium deficiency presents a factor favouring the appearance of perinatal metritis and retention of placenta in dairy cattle ,3. In adet al. [et al. [The increase in fertility when adding selenium can be attributed to the reduction in embryonic death in the first month of gestation. Indeed, it appears from the analysis of Ceko et al.  on expreet al. . Wu et a [et al.  found thet al. [et al. [Selenium supplementation may reduce the incidence of metritis and ovarian cysts during the postpartum period . Spears et al. , that se [et al. , the souThe literature related to the selenium supplementation in cattle reported its contradictory effects on reproduction. These contradictions could be due to the severity of the deficit, conditions of supplementation and the system\u2019s ability to enzymatic synthesis under these conditions . It is aet al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [The nutritional status of dairy cows is widely recognized as being closely linked to the maintenance of optimal immune function and health . Seleniuet al.  found th [et al.  feeding  [et al. . Seleniu [et al. . Accordi [et al. , several [et al.  the perf [et al.  did not et al. [According to Petrie et al.  seleniumet al. . Seleniuet al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [in vivo and in vitro immunity [Hefnawy et al.  report t [et al.  found th [et al. , suggest [et al.  reportedimmunity . A studyimmunity , show thNevertheless, while selenium is an essential micronutrient for various immune mechanisms, according to Nair and Stanley  an exceset al. [et al. [The selenium content in the forages and grass depends directly on the selenium content in the soil . This cret al.  showed t [et al.  the oral [et al.  and willet al. [et al. [During a selenium supplementation in animals, the effect of enrichment on the selenium content in the muscles and organs is different. Part of the absorbed organic selenium is incorporated directly into the muscle proteins, while the inorganic selenium is mainly used for the synthesis of selenoproteins ,103. Inoet al.  noted th [et al.  report t3)3Se+ in urine) [The highest density of selenium content in cattle is found in the kidneys, while in muscles it is present at the highest amounts. The first organs affected by selenium deficiency are heart, skeletal muscle and liver . When sen urine) ,108,109.et al. [et al. [Lipid oxidation is the main cause of deteriorating meat quality . Oxidatiet al.  report tet al. . This kiet al. . In the  [et al.  a reduct [et al. . Further [et al. . The cho [et al. . Neverth [et al. ,113 were [et al. ,116,117, [et al.  or pigs  [et al. ,120 for et al. [During selenium supplementation in cattle, the sum of saturated fatty acids, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated for meat was not influenced by the source of selenium (sodium selenite or selenized yeasts) . Netto eet al.  report set al. .The different results reported in the literature regarding the composition of the meat can be attributed, as for tenderness, to different rates of incorporation of selenium, sources of selenium, type of selenium and the administration routes.Selenium plays an important role in the health and production of cattle. Selenium deficiency has direct or indirect negative effects on growth, production and health of cattle. Excessive selenium supplementation can lead to toxicity. The availability of selenium in sufficient quantities in the diet ensures the proper functioning of the immune and reproduction systems. The presence of selenium in the diet provides a high content of selenium in the milk and meat, which is essential for humans. There are several modalities of selenium supplementation in cattle. The impact and results of selenium supplementation in cattle depend on physiological stage, selenium status of animals, type and content of selenium and types of selenium administration. Yeast accumulate organic forms of selenium but also accumulate selenium as mineral. Organic forms and their quantities contained in yeast are different, depending on the environment of the yeast culture, organisms used and the concentration of selenium in the medium, which may affect the impact of selenium supplementation. Further studies on selenium supplementation should investigate the speciation of selenium in food and yeasts, as well as our understanding of their metabolism and absorption. This constitutes a track to exploit in order to explain certain sometimes contradictory effects of selenium supplementation like its concentration in muscles and organs and decreased lipid levels in the muscles."}
{"text": "Biosci. Rep. (2018) 38, BSR20180557, https://doi.org/10.1042/BSR20180557]This correspondence provides a comment on the recent review article by Yang et al. [ We read the article by Yang et al.  with greWe have some considerations about their study.The aqueous humor (AH) is an intraocular fluid, secreted by the ciliary body that fills both the posterior and anterior chambers of the eye ,3. The vin aqueous means \u2018containing water as a solvent or medium\u2019 and in vitro means \u2018elsewhere outside a living organism\u2019.The terminology in vitro\u2019 referring to Jee et al. [In their article, Yang et al.  used thee et al.  researche et al.  performee et al. .However, Jee et al.  studied We believe that the considerations aforementioned might help in understanding the valuable scientific information assembled by Yang et al. .We celebrate Yang et al.  for the"}
{"text": "Fasciola species. Although we think this study is very informative to researchers interested in the molecular epidemiology, the study contains Materials and Methods which are disputable.In the previous work by Bozorgomid et al. , helpfulFasciola species obtained in Bozorgomid et al. (The verification of the sequences of d et al.  has not d et al. , 3. If c"}
{"text": "There is a large clinical and public health burden associated with antimicrobial resistance (AMR). This burden is likely to increase over time and urgent action is required , 2. In aBMC Infectious Diseases. This journal being an obvious hub for this type of research: being open access broadens the audience; and the board of committed, expert editors lends rigour to the science that is communicated. Emphasis has been placed on presenting latest results pertaining to AMR from around the world. Going to press, this special issue already has articles from a dozen countries spanning Latin America, Europe, West-to-East Africa, the Middle East, South and East Asia.A collection of new articles has been brought together in this special issue for E. coli in local healthcare facilities in South Kivu province of the Democratic Republic of Congo to Galani et al. [K. pneumoniae survey for Greece.The criticality of surveillance in AMR is widely acknowledged and all of the articles of the special issue fall under this umbrella term, across very different scales, ranging from Irenge et al.  reportini et al.  reportini)detect the emergence and prevalence of AMR e.g. Nelson et al. [n et al.  developen et al. , regionan et al. , and locn et al.  level haii)guide patient treatment e.g. Arevalo-Jaimes et al. [H. pylori were resistant to first line drug clarithromycin, calling into question the appropriateness of the current, standard triple therapy. Likewise, Mashe et al. [S. typhi in Zimbabwe were resistant to two or more first line drugs indicating the need for changes in their current guidelines.s et al.  found 38e et al.  found thiii)identify populations at risk e.g. Milovanovic et al. [c et al.  found thiv)inform policy development e.g. Haddad et al. [d et al.  from thev)assess the impact of interventions. Although there were many studies that investigated the current state of AMR to plan interventions, none described intervention effectiveness.Comprising one of the five strategic priorities of the Global Action Plan (GAP) on AMR , a recenThis being a rolling special issue, our coverage is expected to expand even further and continue spotlighting findings from regions of the world for which data are largely absent, and yet most necessary according to burden projections . Given i"}
{"text": "Exosome, is identified as a nature nanocarrier and intercellular messenger that regulates cell to cell communication. Autophagy is critical in maintenance of protein homeostasis by degradation of damaged proteins and organelles. Autophagy and exosomes take pivotal roles in cellular homeostasis and cardiovascular disease. Currently, the coordinated mechanisms for exosomes and autophagy in the maintenance of cellular fitness are now garnering much attention. In the present review, we discussed the interplay of exosomes and autophagy in the context of physiology and pathology of the heart, which might provide novel insights for diagnostic and therapeutic application of cardiovascular diseases. Currently, it has been established that the messenger functions of exosomes are critical in neointimal formation, vascular repair, and atherosclerosis -3. ModerExtracellular vesicles like micro-vesicles and apoptotic bodies serve as intercellular messengers. The early endosomes were generated from plasma membrane through inward of buds under the stimulation of physical and or chemical factors. The late endosomal membrane inward buds and produces multivesicular bodies named MVBs, directed by the machinery of endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT), eventually leading to the accumulation of intraluminal vesicles (ILVs) within MVBs . MVBs caThe endosomal and autophagic procedures are consequences of the biogenesis of exosomes which depend on the cellular activity of autophagy , 7. The The roles of exosomes in CVDs meticulously depend on the type of cell it is derived from , 13. Coret al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [It has been established that atherosclerosis is characterized by ox-LDL induced inflammation, endothelial injury, apoptosis and phonotype changes of vascular cells and platelet activation. Most recent studies demonstrated that, the exosomal pathway for communication of macrophages and vascular endothelial cells modulates the apoptosis and inflammation response, participating in the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis , 15, 16. [et al. , extrace [et al.  revealedet al. [et al. [Platelet activation and endothelial damage take pivotal roles in atherosclerosis. The findings of Li J et al.  revealed [et al.  verifiedet al. [Recently, other types of cells are also reported to be closely related to atherosclerosis. Insulin resistance adipocyte-derived exosomes has been shown to promote plaque burden and plaque vulnerability partly by inducing vasa vasorum angiogenesis in diabetic ApoE-/- mice . Gao W eet al.  observedet al. [et al. [Evidence showed that plasma levels of exosomes-related miRNAs could serve as a novel biomarker for diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) , 24. Accet al.  circulatet al. , 27. Thuet al. -28. Yang [et al.  found th [et al. .et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [Furthermore, preclinical studies also revealed Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-derived exosomes exerts beneficial effects for the AMI treatment , 32. MSCet al.  showed t [et al. , bone ma [et al.  revealed [et al.  for the et al. [et al. [et al. [in vitro. Furthermore, CPC-exosomes inhibited cardiomyocyte apoptosis by about 53% compared to PBS control in an acute mouse myocardial ischemia/reperfusion model. Xiao J et al. [In addition, the therapeutic value of other type cells derived exosomes for myocardial infarction and the involved mechanisms were investigated in the recent years. According to Luo Q et al. , exosomeet al. . Anotheret al. . V Vicen [et al.  showed t [et al.  for the J et al.  reportedet al. [et al. [Myocardial fibrosis and remodeling are pathophysiological mechanisms for cardiomyopathy. De Gonzalo-Calvo D et al.  first de [et al.  discloseet al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [-/- mice.Autophagy is an intracellular metabolic self-degradative process regulated by more than 30 highly conserved autophagy-related genes (ATG), in which unwanted cytoplasmic proteins and damaged organelles are degraded by lysosomes. Moderate autophagy is essential for cell homeostasis, while excess of autophagy triggers cell death, indicating that autophagy has both the protective and detrimental functions in the pathological settings , 44, 45.et al.  provided [et al.  showed t [et al. , miR-20a [et al.  presente [et al.  found thet al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [There were two main pathways regulating autophagy, namely, PI3K-Akt-mammalian rapamycin target protein (mTOR) and AMPK-mTOR . PI3K/Aket al. , overexpet al. . In addi [et al.  also sho [et al.  revealed [et al. showed th [et al. , 70. How [et al. , treated [et al.  reportedAutophagy and exosomes maintain cell homeostasis and fitness in a coordinated manner by removal or secretion harmful substance. The crosstalk between autophagic and exosomal pathways, and the property of exosomes and drug nanocarriers make the donation of exosomes as a cardio-protective approach along with the therapeutic potential for cardiac regeneration , 73, 74."}
{"text": "In their report, Nakai et al.  reported"}
{"text": "Acta Cryst. (2018), E74, 1517\u20131520.Erratum to  et al. , the address of the correspondence author is incorrect.In the paper by Sen"}
{"text": "The editorial team apologises for this mistake.Azhar et al. [66] should be [67]Memish et al. [67] should be [68]Hemida et al. [68] should be [69]Nowotny et al. [69] should be [70]Raj et al. [70] should be [71]Al Hammadi et al. [71] should be [72]Chu et al. [72] should be [73]Yusof et al. [73] should be [74]Al Salihi et al. [74] should be [75]Munyua et al. [75] should be [76]Li et al. [76] should be [77]Harrath et al. [77] should be [78]Kasem et al. [78] should be [79]Due to an oversight during the final editing of the manuscript, there has been a shift in the references of Additionally, table 1 cites Crameri et al , which w"}
{"text": "Dimitriadis et al.) and diffusion MRI . Reliability evaluations are comprehensively investigated for group information guided ICA, independent vector analysis (IVA) . and other high-order functional connectivity . The single-subject spatially-constrained ICA performs favorably compared to IVA  and improves detection of clinical differences compared to drICA . As noted in Button et al. (Tomasi et al. demonstrated a power law of the brain network dynamics, which has been framed into a theory of neural oscillations (Buzs\u00e1ki and Draguhn, As commented by n et al. , large sn et al. , which cn et al. . This isn et al.  to be imn et al. . Meanwhin et al.  should bn et al. . The worX-NZ drafted the editorial and worked on the revisions with BB and RP.The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest."}
{"text": "Molecules deals with the structure\u2013activity relationship of natural compounds which possess some pharmacological/chemical properties of potential interest  in a wide range of areas, such as bacteriology, parasitology, cancerology, inflammation, etc.This Special Issue of Candida albicans was described by Hu et al. [Xanthoceras sorbifolia bunge/yellow horn plant polyphenols by Yang et al. [The molecules that have been studied in the eleven published articles of the Special Issue are mainly derived from plants and are of a varied nature/complexity, ranging from glycyrrhizic acid to alkaloids. Echeverr\u00eda, J. et al.  focus onu et al. . Finallyu et al. . Activitu et al.  for planu et al.  for anthu et al.  whereas u et al. . Such rag et al. . Anotherg et al.  focused g et al. , dealt wAll these articles are actually highlighting the great potential of natural compounds\u2014and their structural analogs\u2014to act as candidate drugs to treat various diseases, including microbial infections. I would like to thank the authors for their outstanding work in the field of natural compounds."}
{"text": "Acta Cryst. (2018), E74, 1513\u20131516.Erratum to  et al. , the address of the correspondence author is incorrect.In the paper by Kansiz"}
{"text": "Acta Cryst. (2019), E75, 1403\u20131410.Erratum to  et al. , there was an error and omission in the author and affiliation list.In the paper by Gomes  The complete and correct author list is given above.In the paper by Gomes  al. 2019, one aut"}
{"text": "Radiation-induced rescue effect (RIRE) refers to the phenomenon in which detrimental effects in targeted irradiated cells are reduced upon receiving feedback signals from partnered non-irradiated bystander cells, or from the medium previously conditioning these partnered non-irradiated bystander cells. For convenience, in the current review we define two types of RIRE: (i) Type 1 RIRE  and (ii) Type 2 RIRE . The two types of RIRE, as well as the associated mechanisms and chemical messengers, have been separately reviewed. The recent report on the potential effects of RIRE on the traditional colony-formation assays has also been reviewed. Finally, future priorities and directions for research into RIRE are discussed. RIRE was discovered in 2011 , so it iet al.  in the cet al. [et al. [First, when \u03b1-particle\u2013induced RIRE was discovered in co-cultured normal human lung fibroblast (NHLF) cells and human cervical cancer (HeLa) cells in 2011 [et al. , 11 reveet al. , 11. Not [et al.  remarkedSecond, subsequent to the discovery of RIRE in 2011  remarkedet al. [et al. [et al. [Third, studies on mechanisms and chemical messengers are important for understanding RIRE. He et al.  demonstr [et al. , 16 reve [et al. . Nitric  [et al. \u201323, and  [et al. \u201331 could [et al.  proposedet al. [et al. [Fourth, Adrian et al.  recentlyet al. . Adrian  [et al.  found thThe last section is a discussion about priorities and directions for further research into RIRE.et al. [et al. [As mentioned in the Introduction, RIRE was discovered in 2011 [et al.  observedet al. [et al. [et al. [As mentioned in the Introduction, Fu et al. , 11 unco [et al.  also proet al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. reported that for irradiated lung adenocarcinoma (A549) cells, bystander human lung normal fibroblast (WI38) cells provided a much stronger rescue effect than bystander A549 cells [Nevertheless, Kong et al.  cautione [et al.  proposed [et al. , 11, the [et al.  also poi [et al.  confirme49 cells .Subsequent to the discovery of Type 1 RIRE in 2011 , 11. Intet al. [et al. [137Cs \u03b3-rays when the targeted cells were partnered with non-irradiated ZF4 cells, revealed through fewer \u03b3-H2AX foci. Kong et al. [et al. [Widel et al.  observed [et al.  confirmeg et al.  demonstr [et al.  proposed [et al. , using tet al. [et al. [He et al.  confirme [et al. , 16 confet al. [et al. [et al. [Desai et al.  and Koba [et al.  confirme [et al.  studied et al. [et al. [Upon demonstrating RIRE between co-cultured \u03b1-particle\u2013irradiated human macrophage U937 cells and bystander non-irradiated HL-7702 hepatocyte cells, He et al.  revealed [et al. , 16 remaet al. [et al. [et al. [While demonstrating RIRE in \u03b1-particle\u2013irradiated HeLa and NIH/3T3 cells (when the targeted cells were co-cultured with the same cell lines that were non-irradiated), Lam et al. , 16 reveet al. ; (ii) RIet al. ; (iii) Ret al. . Althoug [et al. , 16 sugg [et al.  establisras and thus Ras in response to oxidative stress [There is also evidence that NO could be potentially involved in the mechanisms for Type 1 RIRE. The involvement of NO in the bystander effect was extensively studied by Matsumoto and colleagues, and it could also be involved in Types 1 and 2 RIRE. In particular, the radiation-induced, NO-mediated \u2018protective bystander effect\u2019 \u201329 coulde stress , where Re stress , 23. NO e stress . On the e stress  and enhae stress . As suche stress  or its re stress . As disce stress  or its re stress . Furtheret al. [et al. [Kong et al.  exploredet al. ), in whiet al. \u201347. As pet al. . A unifi [et al.  to involet al. [Kong et al.  studied The authors went on to reveal the IL-6 secretion by these bystander non-irradiated cells, especially those with pre-induced autophagy, when they were cultured in the medium having previously conditioned irradiated HeLa cells. These results suggested that IL-6 could help mitigate damages induced by ionizing radiations. At the same time, the authors also observed that autophagy pre-induction in non-irradiated cells would enhance IL-6 secretion in these non-irradiated cells as well as RIRE in irradiated cells. Judging from these observations, the authors proposed that RIRE could be interpreted as a metabolic cooperation process. Specifically, this process was initiated by bystander factors released from irradiated cells, which induced autophagy and IL-6 secretion (speculated to be produced through activation of STAT3 in bystander non-irradiated cells), and was finally manifested in activation of the NF-\u03baB pathway in irradiated cells by IL-6 secreted by the non-irradiated cells.et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. also revealed that for irradiated lung adenocarcinoma (A549) cells, bystander human lung normal fibroblast (WI38) cells induced a much stronger rescue effect than bystander A549 cells [Kong et al.  also pro [et al. , 11 irra [et al.  confirme49 cells , which a49 cells , 11. WheFigure et al. reported very interesting potential effects of RIRE on the traditional colony-formation assays first introduced by Puck and Marcus in 1956 [et al. [et al. [et al. [In 2018, Adrian  in 1956 . Through [et al.  also fou [et al. \u201354. Howe [et al. , in whic [et al.  to avoidet al. [The current paper reviewed the RIRE between targeted irradiated cells and non-irradiated bystander cells. Type 1 RIRE was previously reviewed by Lam et al.  in the cet al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [In particular, observation of Type 2 RIRE, which was apparently different from the RIRE first reported in 2011 , 11. Nevet al.  remarked [et al.  were als [et al.  suggeste [et al. \u201354. Howe [et al. . Apparenet al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [137Cs gamma irradiator.Radiotherapy has been playing a significant role in cancer treatment in the past decades. At the time of its discovery, it was already recognized that RIRE would have far-reaching consequences on the treatment outcome of radiotherapy, particularly noting that non-irradiated normal cells could rescue irradiated cancer cells . There aet al.  did not  [et al. , who obs [et al.  who obse [et al.  used 2 o [et al.  used 20  [et al.  used 70 et al. reported their finding that cysteine protease cathepsin B mediated RIBE in Nature [Nature paper: \u2018Dr. Xue hoped to work with other researchers in the future to identify other RIBE factors and mechanisms and help develop drugs that inhibit them.\u2019On the other hand, successfully unveiling the mechanisms underlying RIRE will enable development of drugs and/or alternative treatment procedures to mitigate or exploit RIRE to improve the treatment outcome in patients. This task in fact echoes the general goal of identifying the mechanisms underlying RIBE. For example, Mothersill and Seymour  remarkedn Nature . The corn Nature  reiteratn Nature  also quoet al. [et al. [et al. [Kong et al.  also dis [et al.  proposed [et al.  proposedet al. [et al. [et al. [The above discussion highlighted the important roles of mechanisms and chemical messengers in understanding RIRE, and in mitigating or exploiting RIRE in real life applications. Unfortunately, studies on mechanisms and chemical messengers are still scarce. Lam et al. , 16 propet al. , and  were involved, which has made the results difficult to compare. A preference for future research on RIRE might be to first focus on the cell lines, biological end points and doses already studied in previous studies to facilitate comparison, unless for particular objectives that could not be achieved otherwise. The different doses will be taken care of by studying the radiation dose response for RIRE."}
{"text": "Figure 5. The caption incorrectly states that the figure was from Reed et al. (In the original article, there was a mistake in the caption for d et al.  however d et al.  with perThe authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.Figure 5. Reprinted from Litchfield and Donovan ( Donovan  with per Donovan ."}
{"text": "In their comprehensive review on adenoviruses, Khanal et al. omitted obesity as a disease caused by adenovirus 36 (Adv36). Animal studies have shown that experimental infection with Adv36 causes increased adiposity, and human association studies have shown that prior infection with Adv36 is correlated with greater body weight in humans in multiple countries of the world. Biomedicines by Khanal et al. [The paper in l et al.  reviewinl et al. ,3,4. Chil et al. ,3. Monkel et al. ,6,7. Thel et al. ,7. Infecl et al. ,7. Since"}
{"text": "Type II SLAP tears predominantly occur in males between their third and fifth decades of life. The mechanism of injury is often repeated overheard activity but can also occur due to direct compression loads and traction injuries. The treatment options have changed over the years and include non-operative therapy, direct labral-biceps complex repair, and labral debridement with biceps tenodesis or tenotomy.To review the existing literature on the management of Type II SLAP tears and provide clinical recommendations based on patient age and activity level.A review of the existing literature through October 2017 investigating the management of Type II SLAP tears was performed. Emphasis was placed on distinguishing the outcomes based on age and activity level to provide an appropriate treatment algorithm.Patients with Type II SLAP tears should first be trialed with non-operative management and many patients will have a successful result with ability to return to their respective sports or activities. Surgical management should be considered if non-operative management does not provide symptomatic relief. Young, athletic, or high-demand patients should be treated with a SLAP repair while biceps tenodesis should be considered for older or worker\u2019s compensation patients. Patients undergoing revision surgery for a failed SLAP repair should be managed with biceps tenodesis.Type II SLAP tears remain a difficult pathology to manage clinically, but the treatment indications are narrowing. The age and activity algorithm described in this review provides an effective method of managing this complex clinical condition. SLAP tel [et al  direct cl [et al . These ll [et al . SLAP tel [et al . Overheal [et al . Physical [et al -11 as mol [et al , 13. Magl [et al  despite l [et al , but MRIet al recognizes the influence of these cross over patients and concludes that SLAP tears may be overtreated and requires more narrowed indications in the case of repair. In that light, our paper explains the senior author\u2019s indications and reasoning behind the treatment for each treatment group .As these lesions became better defined and imaging quality improved there was an increase in diagnosis  and surg2et al [et al [In most cases, all patients should first be trialed with non-operative treatment. This decision-making is in the context that incidental labral abnormalities are common by MRI, and the natural history of the neglected-labral tear is not associated with the development of other relevant pathology that can otherwise be prevented with early treatment. In other words, benign neglect is acceptable if the patient can be made to tolerate their symptoms or to become asymptomatic with normal function. Non-operative treatment has shown success in groups including high-level athletes -45. Edwaet al  performeet al . Jang etl [et al . Of notel [et al . While s3et al [Repetitive overhead motion, especially amongst throwers is believed to be one of the primary causes of SLAP tears. The biological adaptations in muscular and ligamentous anatomy in an overhead thrower was outlined by Burkhart et al  includinet al . While net al  and primet al . Cadaveret al -52, espeet al . These set al , 54.et al [et al [et al [et al with the senior author (BJC) [et al [et al [et al [Despite conflicting cadaveric studies, young active patients, particularly overhead throwers, have been deemed the best candidates for repair of type II SLAP tears. Systematic reviews have demonstrated that patients who are younger athletes have better outcome scores and more reliable return to sport following SLAP repair , 55. Sayl [et al  and Ide l [et al  reportedl [et al , 55-58. or (BJC)  exemplif) [et al  and Ide l [et al . An excel [et al  who revil [et al .et al [et al [2). At some point, we will often utilize selective injections as a pre-operative diagnostic tool. Immediate but temporary relief with a local anesthetic injection into the glenhohumeral joint in the absence of biceps pain or provocative symptoms in the biceps with physical examination is relatively specific to labral pathology in the absence of any other identifiable pain generator.Elite level throwers are a population that has been closely studied. Baseball players, specifically pitchers, are susceptible to SLAP tears and have the lowest return to sport outcomes . While oet al  found thl [et al . Militarl [et al . Age greet al [et al [et al [et al [et al including our senior author (BJC) concluded that bicep tenodesis is viable option for both primary and revision cases, but should be used with caution in overhead athletes. Despite these findings, Major League Baseball team surgeons still overwhelming favor repair over debridement or tenodesis [Tenodesis in a younger athletic patient may have a limited role in treating this patient group. Bicep tenodesis has proven effective in revision SLAP tears , 60-62. et al  reviewedet al , 30, 63.l [et al  demonstrl [et al . As outll [et al , but a rl [et al . Chalmerl [et al  found thl [et al . Straussenodesis .et al [Due to the results of biomechanical studies of the role of the biceps labral complex in glenohumeral stability -52 some et al  found th4et al [et al [et al [et al [et al [et al [et al [et al [et al [et al [et al [3). Notably, there is a trend toward the use of biceps tenodesis in younger patients as a primary treatment.Numerous studies to date have linked the outcomes of SLAP repair versus tenodesis to the patient\u2019s age , 61, 69.et al  and Schrl [et al  documentl [et al . Katz etl [et al  retrospel [et al . Taylor l [et al  analysisl [et al . This stl [et al  found sil [et al , 25, 29.l [et al  and Ek el [et al  had 93% 5et al [et al [Superior labrum anterior to posterior tears often do not present in isolation , 13, andet al  retrospeet al . Francesl [et al  found pal [et al . In manyet al [et al [When deciding between tenodesis and tenotomy in treatment of SLAP tears, the senior author recommends a thorough discussion with the patient and selective intraarticular and biceps tendon sheath injections to assess for primary pain generators. Hsu et al  performeet al . We agrel [et al  in that 6et al. [et al [et al [Risk factors for failure of SLAP repair include age, smoking, obesity, female sex, and concomitant bicep pathology , 69, 70.et al.  found thet al. . McCormi. [et al , however. [et al . In the l [et al  there wel [et al , 60, 62,SLAP tears can cause persistent pain and dysfunction in the shoulder and the management of Type II tears remains an evolving process with narrowing indications. Based on the existing literature, Type II tears in young (<40 years of age), athletic or high demand patients should be treated with direct SLAP repair. In older patients and worker\u2019s compensation patients, Type II tears should often be treated with bicep tenodesis do to the higher rate of complications and revision/failures of repair in this population. In the cases of revision, bicep tenodesis remains an excellent solution for a difficult clinical scenario."}
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