---
license: apache-2.0
task_categories:
- text-classification
tags:
- Ontologies
- Subsumption Inference
- Natural Language Inference
pretty_name: OntoLAMA
size_categories:
- 1M<n<10M
language:
- en
dataset_info:
- config_name: schemaorg-atomic-SI
  features:
  - name: v_sub_concept
    dtype: string
  - name: v_super_concept
    dtype: string
  - name: label
    dtype:
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          '0': negative_subsumption
          '1': positive_subsumption
  - name: axiom
    dtype: string
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- config_name: bimnli
  features:
  - name: premise
    dtype: string
  - name: hypothesis
    dtype: string
  - name: label
    dtype:
      class_label:
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          '0': contradiction
          '1': entailment
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  - name: v_super_concept
    dtype: string
  - name: label
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          '0': negative_subsumption
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  - name: anchor_axiom
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---

# OntoLAMA: LAnguage Model Analysis for Ontology Subsumption Inference


### Dataset Summary

OntoLAMA is a set of language model (LM) probing datasets for ontology subsumption inference. 
The work follows the "LMs-as-KBs" literature but focuses on conceptualised knowledge extracted from formalised KBs such as the OWL ontologies. 
Specifically, the subsumption inference (SI) task is introduced and formulated in the NLI style, where the sub-concept and the super-concept 
involved in a subsumption axiom are verbalised and fitted into a template to form the premise and hypothesis, respectively. The SI task is 
further divided into Atomic SI and Complex SI where the former involves only atomic named concepts and the latter involves complex concept 
expressions restricted to OWL 2 EL. Real-world ontologies of different scales and domains are used for constructing OntoLAMA and in total 
there are four Atomic SI datasets and two Complex SI datasets.

### Languages

The text in the dataset is in English, as used in the source ontologies. The associated BCP-47 code is `en`.

## Dataset Structure

### Data Instances


An example in the **Atomic SI** dataset created from the Gene Ontology (GO) is as follows:
```
{
    'v_sub_concept': 'ctpase activity',
    'v_super_concept': 'ribonucleoside triphosphate phosphatase activity',
    'label': 1,
    'axiom': 'SubClassOf(<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0043273> <http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0017111>)'
}
```

An example in the **Complex SI** dataset created from the Food Ontology (FoodOn) is as follows:
```
{
    'v_sub_concept': '...',
    'v_super_concept': '...',
    'label': 0,
    'axiom': ...,
    'anchor_axiom': ...,
}
```

An example in the **biMNLI** dataset created from the MNLI dataset is as follows:
```
{
    'premise': 'At the turn of the 19th century Los Angeles and Salt Lake City were among the burgeoning metropolises of the new American West.',
    'hypothesis': 'Salt Lake City was booming in the early 19th century.',
    'label': 1
}
```

### Data Fields

#### SI Data Fields
- `v_sub_concept`: verbalised sub-concept expression.
- `v_super_concept`: verbalised super-concept expression.
- `label`: a binary class label indicating whether two concepts really form a subsumption relationship (`1` means yes).
- `axiom`: a string representation of the original subsumption axiom which is useful for tracing back to the ontology.
- `anchor_axiom`: (for complex SI only) a string representation of the anchor equivalence axiom used for sampling the `axiom`.

#### biMNLI Data Fields
- `premise`: inheritated from the MNLI dataset.
- `hypothesis`: inheritated from the MNLI dataset.
- `label`: a binary class label indicating `contradiction` (`0`) or `entailment` (`1`).

### Data Splits

| Source | #Concepts | #EquivAxioms | #Dataset (Train/Dev/Test)                                                |
|--------|-----------|--------------|--------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| schema | 894       | -            | Atomic SI: 808/404/2,830                                                 |
| doid   | 11,157    | -            | Atomic SI: 90,500/11,312/11,314                                          |
| foodon | 30,995    | 2,383        | Atomic SI: 768,486/96,060/96,062 <br /> Complex SI: 3,754/1,850/13,080    |
| go     | 43,303    | 11,456       | Atomic SI: 772,870/96,608/96,610 <br /> Complex SI: ... |
| MNLI   | -         | -            | biMNLI: 235,622/26,180/12,906                                            |


### Licensing Information

Apache License, Version 2.0

### Citation Information

```
@article{he2023language,
  title={Language Model Analysis for Ontology Subsumption Inference},
  author={He, Yuan and Chen, Jiaoyan and Jim{\'e}nez-Ruiz, Ernesto and Dong, Hang and Horrocks, Ian},
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2302.06761},
  year={2023}
}
```