Dualism

Dualism

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Dualism (from the Latin word duo meaning "two")[1] denotes the state of two parts. The term dualism was originally coined to denote co-eternal[clarification needed] binary opposition, a meaning that is preserved in metaphysical and philosophical duality discourse but has been more generalized in other usages to indicate a system which contains two essential parts.

Moral dualism is the belief of the great complement of or conflict between the benevolent and the malevolent. It simply implies that there are two moral opposites at work, independent of any interpretation of what might be "moral" and independent of how these may be represented. Moral opposites might, for example, exist in a worldview which has one god, more than one god, or none. By contrast, ditheism or bi-theism implies (at least) two gods. While bi-theism implies harmony, ditheism implies rivalry and opposition, such as between good and evil, or light and dark, or summer and winter. For example, a ditheistic system would be one in which one god is a creator, and the other a destroyer.

Alternatively, in ontological dualism, the world is divided into two overarching categories. The opposition and combination of the universe's two basic principles of yin and yang is a large part of Chinese philosophy, and is an important feature of Taoism. It is also discussed in Confucianism.

Contents

 [hide]
  • 1 Moral dualism
    • 1.1 History
  • 2 Duotheism, bitheism, ditheism
  • 3 Theistic dualism
    • 3.1 In Christianity
    • 3.2 In Hinduism
  • 4 Ontological dualism
    • 4.1 In Chinese philosophy
  • 5 Soul dualism
  • 6 In Indian philosophy
    • 6.1 Buddhist philosophy
    • 6.2 Samkhya and Yogic philosophy
  • 7 In philosophy of mind
    • 7.1 History
  • 8 In other areas of philosophy
  • 9 In physics
  • 10 In cybernetics
  • 11 Political dualism
  • 12 See also
  • 13 Notes
  • 14 References
  • 15 External links

Moral dualism[edit]

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Moral dualism is the belief of the great complement or conflict between the benevolent and the malevolent. Like ditheism/bitheism (see below), moral dualism does not imply the absence of monist or monotheistic principles. Moral dualism simply implies that there are two moral opposites at work, independent of any interpretation of what might be "moral" and - unlike ditheism/bitheism - independent of how these may be represented.

For example, Mazdaism (Mazdean Zoroastrianism) is both dualistic and monotheistic (but not monist by definition) since in that philosophy God—the Creator—is purely good, and the antithesis—which is also uncreated–is an absolute one. Zurvanism (Zurvanite Zoroastrianism), Manichaeism, and Mandaeism are representative of dualistic and monist philosophies since each has a supreme and transcendental First Principle from which the two equal-but-opposite entities then emanate. This is also true for the lesser-known Christian gnostic religions, such as Bogomils, Catharism, and so on. More complex forms of monist dualism also exist, for instance in Hermeticism, where Nous "thought" – that is described to have created man – brings forth both good and evil, dependent on interpretation, whether it receives prompting from the God or from the Demon. Duality with pluralism is considered a logical fallacy.

History[edit]

Moral dualism began as a theological belief. Dualism was first seen implicitly in Egyptian religious beliefs by the contrast of the gods Set (disorder, death) and Osiris (order, life).[2] The first explicit conception of dualism came from the Ancient Persian religion of Zoroastrianism around the mid-fifth century BC. Zoroastrianism is a monotheistic religion that believes that Ahura Mazda is the eternal creator of all good things. Any violations of Ahura Mazda's order arise from druj, which is everything uncreated. From this comes a significant choice for humans to make. Either they fully participate in human life for Ahura Mazda or they do not and give druj power. Personal dualism is even more distinct in the beliefs of later religions.

The religious dualism of Christianity between good and evil is not a perfect dualism as God (good) will inevitably destroy Satan (evil). Early Christian dualism is largely based on Platonic Dualism (See: Neoplatonism and Christianity). There is also a personal dualism in Christianity with a soul-body distinction based on the idea of an immaterial Christian soul.[3]

Duotheism, bitheism, ditheism[edit]

See also: Dualistic cosmology

In theology, dualism may refer to duotheism, bitheism, or ditheism. Although ditheism/bitheism imply moral dualism, they are not equivalent: ditheism/bitheism implies (at least) two gods, while moral dualism does not necessarily imply theism (theos = god) at all.

Both bitheism and ditheism imply a belief in two equally powerful gods with complementary or antonymous properties; however, while bitheism implies harmony, ditheism implies rivalry and opposition, such as between good and evil, bright and dark, or summer and winter. For example, a ditheistic system would be one in which one god is creative, the other is destructive (cf. theodicy). In the original conception of Zoroastrianism, for example, Ahura Mazda was the spirit of ultimate good, while Ahriman (Angra Mainyu) was the spirit of ultimate evil.

In a bitheistic system, by contrast, where the two deities are not in conflict or opposition, one could be male and the other female (cf. duotheism[clarification needed]). One well-known example of a bitheistic or duotheistic theology based on gender polarity is found in the neopagan religion of Wicca. In Wicca, dualism is represented in the belief of a god and a goddess as a dual partnership in ruling the universe. This is centered on the worship of a divine couple, the Moon Goddess and the Horned God, who are regarded as lovers. However, there is also a ditheistic theme within traditional Wicca, as the Horned God has dual aspects of bright and dark - relating to day/night, summer/winter - expressed as the Oak King and the Holly King, who in Wiccan myth and ritual are said to engage in battle twice a year for the hand of the Goddess, resulting in the changing seasons. (Within Wicca, bright and dark do not correspond to notions of "good" and "evil" but are aspects of the natural world, much like yin and yang in Taoism.)

However, bitheistic and ditheistic principles are not always so easily contrastable, for instance in a system where one god is the representative of summer and drought and the other of winter and rain/fertility (cf. the mythology of Persephone). Marcionism, an early Christian sect, held that the Old and New Testaments were the work of two opposing gods: both were First Principles, but of different religions.[4]

Theistic dualism[edit]

In theology, dualism can refer to the relationship between God and creation or God and the universe. This form of dualism is a belief shared in certain traditions of Christianity and Hinduism.[5]

In Christianity[edit]

The Cathars being expelled from Carcassonne in 1209. The Cathars were denounced as heretics by the Roman Catholic Church for their dualist beliefs.

The dualism between God and Creation has existed as a central belief in multiple historical sects and traditions of Christianity, including Marcionism, Catharism, Paulicianism, and Gnostic Christianity. Christian dualism refers to the belief that God and creation are distinct, but interrelated through an indivisible bond.[5] In sects like the Cathars and the Paulicians, this is a dualism between the material world, created by an evil god, and a moral god. Historians divide Christian dualism into absolute dualism, which held that the good and evil gods were equally powerful, and mitigated dualism, which held that material evil was subordinate to the spiritual good.[6] The belief, by Christian theologians who adhere to a libertarian or compatibilist view of free will, that free will separates humankind from God has also been characterized as a form of dualism.[5] The theologian Leroy Stephens Rouner compares the dualism of Christianity with the dualism that exists in Zoroastrianism and the Samkhya tradition of Hinduism. The theological use of the word dualism dates back to 1700, in a book that describes the dualism between good and evil.[5]

The tolerance of dualism ranges widely among the different Christian traditions. As a monotheistic religion, the conflict between dualism and monism has existed in Christianity since its inception.[7] The 1912 Catholic Encyclopedia describes that, in the Catholic Church, "the dualistic hypothesis of an eternal world existing side by side with God was of course rejected" by the thirteenth century, but mind–body dualism was not.[8] The problem of evil is difficult to reconcile with absolute monism, and has prompted some Christian sects to veer towards dualism. Gnostic forms of Christianity were more dualistic, and some Gnostic traditions posited that the Devil was separate from God as an independent deity.[7] The Christian dualists of the Byzantine Empire, the Paulicians, were seen as Manichean heretics by Byzantine theologians. This tradition of Christian dualism, founded by Constantine-Silvanus, argued that the universe was created through evil and separate from a moral God.[9]

The Cathars, a Christian sect in southern France, believed that there was a dualism between two gods, one representing good and the other representing evil. The Roman Catholic Church denounced the Cathars as heretics, and sought to crush the movement in the 13th century. The Albigensian Crusade was initiated by Pope Innocent III in 1208 to remove the Cathars from Languedoc in France, where they were known as Albigesians. The Inquisition, which began in 1233 under Pope Gregory IX, also targeted the Cathars.[10]

In Hinduism[edit]

The Dvaita Vedanta school of Indian philosophy espouses a dualism between God and the universe by theorizing the existence of two separate realities. The first and the more important reality is that of Shiva or Sakthi or Vishnu or Brahman. Shiva or Sakthi or Vishnu is the supreme Self, God, the absolute truth of the universe, the independent reality. The second reality is that of dependent but equally real universe that exists with its own separate essence. Everything that is composed of the second reality, such as individual soul (Jiva), matter, etc. exist with their own separate reality. The distinguishing factor of this philosophy as opposed to Advaita Vedanta (monistic conclusion of Vedas) is that God takes on a personal role and is seen as a real eternal entity that governs and controls the universe.[11] Because the existence of individuals is grounded in the divine, they are depicted as reflections, images or even shadows of the divine, but never in any way identical with the divine. Salvation therefore is described as the realization that all finite reality is essentially dependent on the Supreme.[12]

Ontological dualism[edit]

The yin and yang symbolizes the duality in nature and all things in the Taoist religion.

Alternatively, dualism can mean the tendency of humans to perceive and understand the world as being divided into two overarching categories. In this sense, it is dualistic when one perceives a tree as a thing separate from everything surrounding it. This form of ontological dualism exists in Taoism and Confucianism, beliefs that divide the universe into the complementary oppositions of yin and yang.[13] In traditions such as classical Hinduism, Zen Buddhism or Islamic Sufism, a key to enlightenment is "transcending" this sort of dualistic thinking, without merely substituting dualism with monism or pluralism.

In Chinese philosophy[edit]

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The opposition and combination of the universe's two basic principles of yin and yang is a large part of Chinese philosophy, and is an important feature of Taoism, both as a philosophy and as a religion, although the concept developed much earlier. Some argue that yin and yang were originally an earth and sky god, respectively.[14] As one of the oldest principles in Chinese philosophy, yin and yang are also discussed in Confucianism, but to a lesser extent.

Some of the common associations with yang and yin, respectively, are: male and female, light and dark, active and passive, motion and stillness. Some scholars recognize that the two ideas may have originally referred to two opposite sides of a mountain, facing towards and away from the sun.[14] The yin and yang symbol in actuality has very little to do with Western dualism; instead it represents the philosophy of balance, where two opposites co-exist in harmony and are able to transmute into each other. In the yin-yang symbol there is a dot of yin in yang and a dot of yang in yin. In Taoism, this symbolizes the inter-connectedness of the opposite forces as different aspects of Tao, the First Principle. Contrast is needed to create a distinguishable reality, without which we would experience nothingness. Therefore, the independent principles of yin and yang are actually dependent on one another for each other's distinguishable existence.

The complementary dualistic concept seen in yin and yang represent the reciprocal interaction throughout nature, related to a feedback loop, where opposing forces do not exchange in opposition but instead exchange reciprocally to promote stabilization similar to homeostasis. An underlying principle in Taoism states that within every independent entity lies a part of its opposite. Within sickness lies health and vice versa. This is because all opposites are manifestations of the single Tao, and are therefore not independent from one another, but rather a variation of the same unifying force throughout all of nature.

Soul dualism[edit]

Main article: Soul dualism

In some cultures, people (or also other beings) are believed to have two or more kinds of soul. In several cases, one of these souls is associated with body functions (and is sometimes thought to disappear after death, but not always), and the other one is able to leave the body (for example, a shaman's free-soul may be held to be able to undertake a spirit journey). The plethora of soul types may be even more complex.

The Bipartite view of theology recognizes the existence of both material and immaterial aspects of human life, typically body and soul. This is distinct from the Tripartite view that holds soul and spirit to be separate aspects of a person along with the body.

In Indian philosophy[edit]

Buddhist philosophy[edit]

During the classical era of Buddhist philosophy in India, philosophers such as Dharmakirti argue for a dualism between states of consciousness and Buddhist atoms (the basic building blocks that make up reality), according to "the standard interpretation" of Dharmakirti's Buddhist metaphysics.[15] Typically in Western philosophy, dualism is considered to be a dualism between mind (nonphysical) and brain (physical), which ultimately involves mind interacting with the physical brain, and therefore also interacting with the micro-particles (basic building blocks) that make up the brain tissue. Buddhist dualism, in Dharmakirti’s sense, is different in that it is not a dualism between the mind and brain, but rather between states of consciousness (nonphysical) and basic building blocks (according to the Buddhist atomism of Dharmakirti, Buddhist atoms are also nonphysical: they are unstructured points of energy). Like many Buddhists from 600-1000 CE, Dharmakirti’s philosophy involved mereological nihilism, meaning that other than states of consciousness, the only things that exist are momentary quantum particles, much like the particles of quantum physics (quarks, electrons, etc.).[citation needed]

Samkhya and Yogic philosophy[edit]

While Western philosophical traditions, as exemplified by Descartes, equate mind with the conscious self and theorize on consciousness on the basis of mind/body dualism; some Eastern philosophies provide an alternate viewpoint, intimately related to substance dualism, by drawing a metaphysical line between consciousness and matter — where matter includes both body and mind.[16][17]

In Samkhya and Yoga schools of Indian philosophy, "there are two irreducible, innate and independent realities 1) consciousness itself (Purusha) 2) primordial materiality (Prakriti)". The unconscious primordial materiality, Prakriti, contains 23 components including intellect (buddhi, mahat), ego (ahamkara) and mind (manas). Therefore, the intellect, mind and ego are all seen as forms of unconscious matter.[18] Thought processes and mental events are conscious only to the extent they receive illumination from Purusha. Consciousness is compared to light which illuminates the material configurations or 'shapes' assumed by the mind. So intellect after receiving cognitive structures form the mind and illumination from pure consciousness creates thought structures that appear to be conscious.[19] Ahamkara, the ego or the phenomenal self, appropriates all mental experiences to itself and thus, personalizes the objective activities of mind and intellect by assuming possession of them.[20] But consciousness is itself independent of the thought structures it illuminates.[19]

By including mind in the realm of matter, Samkhya-Yoga avoids one of the most serious pitfalls of Cartesian dualism, the violation of physical conservation laws. Because mind is an evolute of matter, mental events are granted causal efficacy and are therefore able to initiate bodily motions.[21]

In philosophy of mind[edit]

Main articles: Mind–body dualism and Epiphenomenalism

In philosophy of mind, dualism is any of a narrow variety of views about the relationship between mind and matter, which claims that mind and matter are two ontologically separate categories. In particular, mind-body dualism claims that neither the mind nor matter can be reduced to each other in any way, and thus is opposed to materialism in general, and reductive materialism in particular. Mind-body dualism can exist as substance dualism which claims that the mind and the body are composed of a distinct substance, and as property dualism which claims that there may not be a distinction in substance, but that mental and physical properties are still categorically distinct, and not reducible to each other. This type of dualism is sometimes referred to as "mind and body" and stands in contrast to philosophical monism, which views mind and matter as being ultimately the same kind of thing.

History[edit]

The first significant argument against dualism came from Thomas Hobbes's (1588–1679) materialist critique of the human person. Hobbes argues that all of human experience comes from biological processes contained within the body (see: The Leviathan[22]). In response to Hobbes, the French philosopher René Descartes (1596–1650) developed Cartesian dualism, which posits that there is a divisible, mechanical body and an indivisible, immaterial mind which interact with one another. The body perceives external inputs and the awareness of them comes from the soul. The point of interaction between the two is at the pineal gland in the brain.[23]

During the 19th and 20th centuries, materialistic monism became the norm.[24] Still, in addition to already discussed theories of dualism (particularly the Christian and Cartesian models) there are new theories in the defense of dualism. Naturalistic dualism comes from Australian philosopher, David Chalmers (born 1966) who argues there is an explanatory gap between objective and subjective experience that cannot be bridged by reductionism because consciousness is, at least, logically autonomous of the physical properties upon which it supervenes. According to Chalmers, a naturalistic account of property dualism requires a new fundamental category of properties described by new laws of supervenience; the challenge being analogous to that of understanding electricity based on the mechanistic and Newtonian models of materialism prior to Maxwell's equations.

A similar defense comes from Australian philosopher Frank Jackson (born 1943) who revived the theory of epiphenomenalism which argues that mental states do not play a role in physical states. Jackson argues that there are two kinds of dualism. The first is substance dualism that assumes there is second, non-corporeal form of reality. In this form, body and soul are two different substances. The second form is property dualism that says that body and soul are different properties of the same body. He claims that functions of the mind/soul are internal, very private experiences that are not accessible to observation by others, and therefore not accessible by science (at least not yet). We can know everything, for example, about a bat's facility for echolocation, but we will never know how the bat experiences that phenomenon. In Jackson's mind experiment, he imagines a girl who grows up in a black-and-white room. She may grow up learning all about the scientific facts of colors, but has no way of experiencing colors other than black or white. When someone brings a red tomato into her room, she is stunned. She discovers a new fact: the experience of red is 'like this.' That experience is not a physical fact but a conscious one.[25]

In other areas of philosophy[edit]

Main article: Epistemological dualism
See also: New realism (philosophy)

In the philosophy of science, dualism often refers to the dichotomy between the "subject" (the observer) and the "object" (the observed). Another dualism, in Popperian philosophy of science refers to "hypothesis" and "refutation" (for example, experimental refutation). This notion also carried to Popper's political philosophy.

The American philosopher Arthur Oncken Lovejoy in his The Revolt Against Dualism (1960) develops a critique of the modern new realism, reproposing a form of dualism based on a "fork of human experience."

In physics[edit]

See also: Duality § Physics

In physics, dualism refers to media with properties that can be associated with the mechanics of two different phenomena. Because these two phenomena's mechanics are mutually exclusive, both are needed in order to describe the possible behaviors. All matter, for example, has wave–particle duality.

In cybernetics[edit]

In cybernetics, Norbert Wiener described "Manicheaen devils" (dualistic adversarial systems) as those systems or problems in which an intelligent adversary is attempting to exploit weaknesses of the investigator (such as in a game-playing opponent, adversarial law, evolutionary systems of predator/parasite and prey/host, politics/enslavement attempts, etc.). Wiener's "Cybernetics" contrasted such systems with "Augustinian devils" that were systems or problems that, though very complex and difficult to figure out, did not feature an adversary with contrary intent. Victories or "expansions of knowledge" in such systems were able to be built upon incrementally, through science (experimentation expanding empirical knowledge bases). Wiener noted that temporary weaknesses (such as errors to perceive all components of a system) were not fatal in attempts to defeat "Augustinian devils" because another experiment could simply be pursued (and he noted that he had personally defeated many "Augustinian devils" with his contributions to science and engineering). Wiener further noted that temporary lapses in judgment against "Manicheaen devils" were more often fatal or destructive, due to the desire of the opponent to "win/survive at all costs," even going so far as to introduce any level of deception into the system (and he noted that he had been defeated by many "Manicheaen devils," such as on occasions when he was temporarily careless in chess). Although this "duality" between "complexity" and "opposition" may seem obvious, there are deep implications in many areas of science, such as game theory, political science, computer science, network science, security science, military science, evolutionary biology, and cryptography.

Political dualism[edit]

Main article: Dualism (politics)

In politics, dualism refers to the separation of powers between the legislature and executive.

In the context of the history of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, "dualism" refers to the political doctrine of Austria's and Hungary's co-equality. The phrase "during dualism" (Hungarian: dualizmus alatt) is used in Hungarian historiography as shorthand for "during the dual monarchy."

See also[edit]

  • Philosophy portal
  • Atheism
  • Dialectic
  • Didache – The Two Ways
  • Duality
  • False dilemma
  • Monism and dualism in international law
    • Legal pluralism
  • Nondualism
  • Pluralism (philosophy)
  • Reductionism
  • Rhizome (philosophy)
  • Table of Opposites
  • Yanantin (complementary dualism in Native South American culture)

Notes[edit]

  1. Jump up ^ The term dualism is recorded in English since 1785–95 (Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary, 2001, "dualism").
  2. Jump up ^ "Egypt and Mesopotamia"
  3. Jump up ^ "soul"
  4. Jump up ^ Enrico Riparelli, Il volto del Cristo dualista. Da Marcione ai catari, Peter Lang, Bern - Berlin - Bruxelles - Frankfurt am Main - New York - Oxford - Wien 2008, 368 pp. ISBN 978-3-03911-490-0
  5. ^ Jump up to: a b c d Rouner, Leroy (1983). The Westminster Dictionary of Christian Theology. Westminster John Knox Press. p. 166. ISBN 978-0-664-22748-7.
  6. Jump up ^ Peters, Edward (2011). Heresy and Authority in Medieval Europe. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 106. ISBN 978-0-8122-0680-7.
  7. ^ Jump up to: a b Russell, Jeffrey (1998). A History of Heaven: The Singing Silence. Princeton University Press. p. 53. ISBN 978-0-691-00684-0.
  8. Jump up ^ The Catholic Encyclopedia: An International Work of Reference on the Constitution, Doctrine, Discipline, and History of the Catholic Church. Robert Appleton Company. 1912. p. 170.
  9. Jump up ^ Hamilton, Janet; Hamilton, Bernard; Stoyanov, Yuri (1998). Christian Dualist Heresies in the Byzantine World, C. 650-c. 1450: Selected Sources. Manchester University Press. pp. 1–2. ISBN 978-0-7190-4765-7.
  10. Jump up ^ Chidester, David (2001). Christianity: A Global History. HarperCollins. pp. 266–268. ISBN 978-0-06-251770-8.
  11. Jump up ^ Etter, Christopher. A Study of Qualitative Non-Pluralism. iUniverse Inc. P. 59-60. ISBN 0-595-39312-8.
  12. Jump up ^ Fowler, Jeaneane D. Perspectives of Reality: An Introduction to the Philosophy of Hinduism. Sussex Academic Press. P. 340-344. ISBN 1-898723-93-1.
  13. Jump up ^ Girardot, N.J. (1988). Myth and Meaning in Early Taoism: The Theme of Chaos (hun-tun). University of California Press. p. 247. ISBN 978-0-520-06460-7.
  14. ^ Jump up to: a b Roberts, Jeremy. "Yin and Yang". Ancient and Medieval History. Facts on File. Retrieved 19 March 2017.
  15. Jump up ^ Georges B.J. Dreyfus, Recognizing Reality, SUNY Press 1996 (ISBN 978-0791430989)
  16. Jump up ^ Haney, p. 17.
  17. Jump up ^ Isaac, p. 339.
  18. Jump up ^ Haney, p. 42.
  19. ^ Jump up to: a b Isaac, p. 342.
  20. Jump up ^ Leaman, p. 68.
  21. Jump up ^ Leaman, p. 248.
  22. Jump up ^ "Leviathan – Introduction" Archived July 9, 2011, at the Wayback Machine.. oregonstate.edu.
  23. Jump up ^ "Cartesian Dualism: Mind and Brain Interaction
  24. Jump up ^ "Materialism"
  25. Jump up ^ Jackson, Frank. 1990."Epiphenomenal Qualia," in 'Mind and Cognition,' W. Lycan (ed.). Oxford: Blackwell.

References[edit]

  • Haney, William S. Culture and Consciousness: Literature Regained. Bucknell University Press (August 1, 2002). ISBN 1611481724.
  • Isaac, J. R.; Dangwal, Ritu; Chakraborty, C. Proceedings. International conference on cognitive systems (1997). Allied Publishers Ltd. ISBN 81-7023-746-7.
  • Leaman, Oliver. Eastern Philosophy: Key Readings. Routledge, 2000. ISBN 0-415-17357-4.

External links[edit]

Look up dualism in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Dualism
Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Dualism.
  • Duality entry in the UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology
  • Dualism at PhilPapers
  • "Dualism". Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
  • Dualism at the Indiana Philosophy Ontology Project
  • "Dualism and Mind". Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
  • Dictionary of the History of ideas: Dualism in Philosophy and Religion
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Jinx (children's game)

Jinx (children's game)

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Jinx is a children's game with varying rules and penalties that occur when two people unintentionally speak the same word or phrase simultaneously.[1][2]

Contents

 [hide]
  • 1 Rules
  • 2 See also
  • 3 References
  • 4 External links

Rules[edit]

A jinx can be initiated when at least two people say any same word or phrase at the same time.[3] One of them then calls "jinx" on the other.

The game ends when someone speaks the jinxee's name or the jinxee speaks. In the latter case, the jinxee loses the game, and often a penalty is exacted, typically a punch on the arm.[4]

An alternative penalty is the individual who initiates the jinx begins counting, and the individual who was jinxed is required to provide a coke for every additional number added to the count, prior to the jinx ending.

In America, if there are two people that say something at the same time, then one person can say "Jinx, you owe me a coke" The person who says it first gets a free coke from the other person.

Some variations include 'boundaries', such as no jinxing under a roof or on top of a cloud.

See also[edit]

  • iconGames portal
  • Punch buggy

References[edit]

  1. Jump up ^ Roud, Steve (2010). The Lore of the Playground: One Hundred Years of Children's Games, Rhymes & Traditions. Random House UK. p. 379. ISBN 1905211511.
  2. Jump up ^ Oremland, Jerome D. (1973). "The Jinx game: A ritualized expression of separation-individuation". The Psychoanalytic Study of the Child. 28: 419–431. Retrieved 12 July 2013.
  3. Jump up ^ Rapoport, Judith (1989). Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder in Children and Adolescents. Amer Psychiatric Pub Incorporated. p. 292. ISBN 0880482826.
  4. Jump up ^ Leonard, Henrietta L.; Goldberger, Erica A.; Rapoport, Judith L.; Cheslow, Deborah L.; Swedo, Susan E. (1990). "Childhood Rituals: Normal Development or Obsessive-Compulsive Symptoms?". Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 29 (1): 18. doi:10.1097/00004583-199001000-00004.

External links[edit]

  • Barrett, Grant (April 16, 2008). "Jinx and padiddle". The Star. Retrieved July 12, 2013.
  • McSpaden, Cheri (July 13, 2008). "Even Johnny Depp got jinxed". The Holland Sentinel. Retrieved July 12, 2013.
  • December 17, 2006 comic strip from Big Nate in which the characters play a game of Jinx
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Yahoo! Mail

Yahoo! Mail

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Yahoo! Mail
Yahoo! Mail Logo.svg
Yahoo Mail desktop.png
Screenshot of the web-based Yahoo Mail client
Type of site
Webmail
Available in Multilingual (27)[1]
Owner Oath Inc.
(Verizon Communications)
Created by Yahoo!
Website mail.yahoo.com
Alexa rank Increase 142,397 (July 2017[update])[2]
Commercial Yes
Registration Required
Users 225 million active monthly users (February 2017)[3]
Launched October 8, 1997; 21 years ago (1997-10-08)[4]
Current status Online
Content license
Proprietary

Yahoo! Mail is an email service launched in 1997 through the American parent company Yahoo. Yahoo Mail provides four different email plans: three for personal use (Basic, Plus, and Ad Free) and another for businesses.[5][6] By December 2011, Yahoo! Mail had 281 million users, making it the third largest web-based email service in the world.[7] Since 2015 its webmail client also supports managing non-Yahoo e-mail accounts.[8]

As many as three web interfaces were available at any given time. The traditional "Yahoo! Mail Classic" preserved the availability of their original 1997 interface until July 2013 in North America. A 2005 version included a new Ajax interface, drag-and-drop, improved search, keyboard shortcuts, address auto-completion, and tabs. However, other features were removed, such as column widths and one click delete-move-to-next. In October 2010, Yahoo! released a beta version of Yahoo! Mail,[9] which included improvements to performance, search, and Facebook integration.[10] In May 2011, this became the default interface.[11] Their current Webmail interface was introduced in 2017.

Contents

  • 1 History
    • 1.1 1997 Release
    • 1.2 2002 Updates
    • 1.3 Competition
    • 1.4 2004 Updates
    • 1.5 2011 Update
    • 1.6 2013 Updates
    • 1.7 2015 Update
    • 1.8 2017 Update
  • 2 Spam policy
    • 2.1 Filters
    • 2.2 Greylisting
  • 3 Controversy
    • 3.1 Shi Tao arrest
    • 3.2 Username bans
    • 3.3 Exploit
    • 3.4 Phishing attack
    • 3.5 Account theft
    • 3.6 Analytics
  • 4 Platforms
  • 5 See also
  • 6 References
  • 7 External links

History[edit]

1997 Release[edit]

Yahoo! made a deal with the online communications company Four11 for co-branded white pages. Marvin Gavin, who worked at Four11 as the Director of International Business Development, said "We always had a bias about being acquired by Yahoo. They were more entrepreneurial than Microsoft. We had a great cultural fit – it made a lot of sense." In the end, Yahoo! acquired Four11 for $96 million. The purpose behind acquiring Four11 was the company's RocketMail webmail service, which launched in 1997. Yahoo! announced the acquisition on October 8, 1997,[12] close to the time that Yahoo! Mail was launched.[13] Yahoo! chose acquisition rather than internal platform development, because, as Healy said, "Hotmail was growing at thousands and thousands users per week. We did an analysis. For us to build, it would have taken four to six months, and by then, so many users would have taken an email account. The speed of the market was critical."[This quote needs a citation]

The transition to Yahoo! Mail was not easy for many Rocketmail users.[14] On March 21, 2002, Yahoo! eliminated free software client access and introduced the $29.99 per year Mail Forwarding Service.[15] Mary Osako, a Yahoo! Spokeswoman, told CNET, "For-pay services on Yahoo!, originally launched in February 1999, have experienced great acceptance from our base of active registered users, and we expect this adoption to continue to grow."[This quote needs a citation]

2002 Updates[edit]

Yahoo! Mail logo from 2002

During 2002, the Yahoo! network was gradually redesigned. On July 2, the company website was changed, and it was announced that Yahoo! Mail and other services would also be redesigned.[16] Along with this new design, new features were to be implemented, including drop-down menus in DHTML, different category tabs, and a new user-customizable color scheme. Yahoo! Network Services senior vice president Geoff Ralston stated that

{{quote|source=|The launch of Yahoo! Mail Plus is part of Yahoo's strategic initiative to offer premium services that deliver innovative, reliable and relevant services to consumers ... In just five years, Yahoo! Mail has grown from one million to tens of millions of users, illustrating how consumers have made email an essential part of their daily lives. Through Yahoo! Mail Plus, Yahoo! continues to demonstrate leadership and innovation by offering consumers the industry's most complete and powerful email solution.[17]

Competition[edit]

On April 1, 2004, Google announced its Gmail service with 1 GB of storage, however Gmail's invitation-only accounts kept the other webmail services at the forefront. Most major webmail providers, including Yahoo! Mail, increased their mailbox storage in response. Yahoo! first announced 100 MB of storage for basic accounts and 2 GB of storage for premium users.[18] However, soon Yahoo! Mail increased its free storage quota to 1 GB, before eventually allowing unlimited storage. Yahoo! Mail had free unlimited storage from March 27, 2007 until October 8, 2013.

2004 Updates[edit]

On July 9, 2004, Yahoo! acquired Oddpost, a webmail service which simulated a desktop email client. Oddpost had features such as drag-and-drop support, right-click menus, RSS feeds, a preview pane, and increased speed using email caching to shorten response time. Many of the features were incorporated into an updated Yahoo! Mail service.[19]

2011 Update[edit]

Yahoo! Mail logo from 2009
Screenshot of the 2011 version of Yahoo! Mail

On September 17, 2010, Yahoo! showed off a new Mail program to reporters.[20][21] Codenamed "Minty", the 2011 release was announced on September 16, 2010.[22] It included a new interface, enhanced performance, improved Facebook and Twitter integration, the ability to watch YouTube videos straight from email, and improved search.[23] Public beta began on October 26, 2010.[24] In May 2011, the new Yahoo! Mail became the default interface.[11] As the new interface became mandatory for users, some users of Yahoo! Mail reported slow typing speeds, contradicting Yahoo's claims of faster performance. Yahoo! offered no resolution to the problem as of September 12, 2011[update]. Users also missed the ability to paste textual email addresses into the sender box. The new version disabled the use of the "secondary" addresses provided in the previous version. The new interface overrode the browser's right mouse button (making functions such as opening mails in new tab windows unavailable).[citation needed]

2013 Updates[edit]

In 2013, Yahoo redesigned the site and removed several features, such as simultaneously opening multiple emails in tabs, sorting by sender name, and dragging mails to folders.[25][26] The new email interface was geared to give an improved user-experience for mobile devices, but was criticized for having an inferior desktop interface.[citation needed] Many users objected to the unannounced nature of the changes through an online post asking Yahoo to bring back mail tabs with one hundred thousand voting and nearly ten thousand commenting.[27] The redesign produced a problem that caused an unknown number of users to lose access to their accounts for several weeks.[28]

In December 2013, Yahoo Mail suffered a major outage where approximately one million users, one percent of the site's total users, could not access their emails for several days. Mayer publicly apologized to the site's users.[29][30][31][32]

Yahoo! Mail China officially announced its shutdown on April 18, 2013.[33][34] Users were warned that all emails, contacts, and account settings would be inaccessible, unless users migrated to the American version of Yahoo! Mail. Individuals who made China Yahoo! Mail accounts during the Alibaba takeover were required to create new accounts under new usernames.[35]

In January 2014, an undisclosed number of usernames and passwords were released to hackers, following a security breach that Yahoo believed had occurred through a third-party website. Yahoo contacted affected users and requested that passwords be changed.[36]

2015 Update[edit]

Yahoo updated the mail service with a "more subtle" redesign in 2015, as well as improving mobile features, and introducing the Yahoo Account Key, a smartphone-based replacement for password logins.[37]

2017 Update[edit]

On December 23, Yahoo introduced a new Developer update, containing not as many ads as previous versions.[38]

Spam policy[edit]

Yahoo! Mail is often used by spammers to provide a "remove me" email address. Often, these addresses are used to verify the recipient's address, thus opening the door for more spam.

Yahoo! does not tolerate this practice and terminates accounts connected with spam-related activities without warning, causing spammers to lose access to any other Yahoo! services connected with their ID under the Terms of Service. Additionally, Yahoo! stresses that its servers are based in California and any spam-related activity which uses its servers could potentially violate that state's anti-spam laws.[39][40]

In February 2006, Yahoo! announced its decision (along with AOL) to give some organizations the option to "certify" mail by paying up to one cent for each outgoing message, allowing the mail in question to bypass inbound spam filters.[41]

In April 2011, Yahoo! Mail began rejecting spam reports, which involved sending a copy of the spam with full headers by email to Yahoo's abuse department, offering the use of a form instead. However, the requirement to use a form is prohibited by several Internet RFCs, and the availability of abuse at example.com (in this case abuse at yahoo.com) is required by the Invariants clause of RFC 2142, because the domain has a mail server and an MX record. Yahoo's claim was that its "standard" was better than the Internet standards referred to. This is the only working form through which users can report spam or misuse of the Yahoo! email service.[citation needed]

Filters[edit]

See also: Scunthorpe problem

In order to prevent abuse, in 2002 Yahoo! Mail activated filters which changed certain words (that could trigger unwanted Javascript events) and word fragments into other words. "mocha" was changed to "espresso", "expression" became "statement", and "eval" (short for "evaluation") became "review". This resulted in many unintended corrections, such as "prreviewent" (prevalent), "reviewuation" (evaluation) and "medireview" (medieval).

When asked about these changes, Yahoo! explained that the changed words were common terms used in web scripting, and were blacklisted to prevent hackers from sending damaging commands via the program's HTML function. Starting before February 7, 2006, Yahoo! Mail ended the practice, and began to add an underscore as a prefix to certain suspicious words and word fragments.[citation needed]

Greylisting[edit]

See also: Greylisting

Incoming mail to Yahoo! addresses can be subjected to deferred delivery as part of Yahoo's incoming spam controls. This can delay delivery of mail sent to Yahoo! addresses without the sender or recipients being aware of it. The deferral is typically of short duration, but may extend up to several hours. Yahoo! does not specifically document this policy in detail, although some information is available.[42][43]

Controversy[edit]

Shi Tao arrest[edit]

In 2004, Yahoo's Hong Kong office provided technical information to the Chinese authorities about the account of journalist Shi Tao, who was subsequently sentenced to ten years' imprisonment for "leaking state secrets".[44] Yahoo! was criticized by Reporters Without Borders for acting as a "police informant" to increase its profits.[45] In August 2007, the United States Congress began an investigation into Yahoo's handling of the case.[46] Yahoo! founder Jerry Yang testified before Congress.[47] On November 6, 2007, the congressional panel criticized Yahoo! for not giving full details to the House Foreign Affairs Committee the previous year, stating it had been "at best inexcusably negligent" and at worst "deceptive".[48] Representative Tom Lantos described its executives as moral "pygmies".[49] Yang stated that Yahoo! no longer controlled its Chinese operations, and was collaborating with human rights groups to formulate ethical code for technology companies.[50]

In a February 2006 hearing, Yahoo! executives swore that they had received no information about the investigation. Several months later, it was discovered that the document provided to Yahoo! China on April 22, 2004 by the Beijing State Security Bureau stated that "Your office is in possession of the following items relating to a case of suspected illegal provision of state secrets to foreign entities."[51]

On November 13, 2007, Yahoo! settled with Shi for an undisclosed sum. Shi was released from prison in September 2013.

Username bans[edit]

On February 20, 2006, it was revealed that Yahoo! Mail was banning the word "Allah" in email usernames, both separately and as part of a user name such as linda.callahan.[52] Shortly after the news of the ban, it was lifted on February 23, 2006. Along with this action, Yahoo! also made the following statement:[53]

We continuously evaluate abuse patterns in registration usernames to help prevent spam, fraud and other inappropriate behavior. A small number of people registered for IDs using specific terms with the sole purpose of promoting hate, and then used those IDs to post content that was harmful or threatening to others, thus violating Yahoo!'s Terms of Service.

'Allah' was one word being used for these purposes, with instances tied to defamatory language. We took steps to help protect our users by prohibiting use of the term in Yahoo! usernames. We recently re-evaluated the term 'Allah' and users can now register for IDs with this word because it is no longer a significant target for abuse. We regularly evaluate this type of activity and will continue to make adjustments to our registration process to help foster a positive customer experience.

Exploit[edit]

In November 2012, an exploit for Yahoo! Mail was sold for $700 by an Egyptian hacker, allowing hijackers to hack Yahoo! Mail user accounts and redirect users to a malicious website. The attack used cross-site scripting which let hackers steal cookies.[54][55][56] In January 2013, hacker and security researcher Shahin Ramezany pointed out another DOM-based XSS loophole that placed 400 million users at risk.[57]

Phishing attack[edit]

From 2007, Yahoo! was the email service used by New Zealand Telecom, which came under criticism in early 2013 following a spam and phishing attack that was described as the biggest to have ever hit the country.[58] Telecom and Yahoo! automatically reset "about 60,000" users' passwords.[59] In April, Telecom announced that despite the issue, it would retain Yahoo! as an email provider.[60]

Account theft[edit]

On October 3, 2017, Yahoo reported that all Yahoo user accounts, approximately 3 billion, were affected by the previously announced August 2013 theft of accounts.[61] This information updates the December 14, 2016, announcement that more than 1 billion user accounts were hacked in a breach that had occurred back in 2013.[62] Earlier that year in September, Yahoo! announced that an additional 500 million user accounts had been breached in 2014.[63] The company was said to have discovered about the breach that affected hundreds of millions of accounts years before their initial announcement.[64]

Analytics[edit]

The contents of Yahoo! Mail messages are scanned for the purposes of targeted advertising, in contrast to its main competitors Gmail and Outlook.com.[65][66][67]

Platforms[edit]

The mobile app for Yahoo! Mail can be downloaded from the App Store for iOS, and the Google Play Store for Android. Both versions of the app perform the same function, but are tailored to the mobile device's operating system. Some characteristics include replying to a message by opening a notification and separately archiving, deleting and starring notifications. It is available in several languages .[68]

See also[edit]

  • Comparison of webmail providers
  • List of Yahoo!-owned sites and services

References[edit]

  1. Jump up ^ "Locations". Yahoo!. Retrieved February 13, 2017.
  2. Jump up ^ "gmail.com Traffic Statistics". Alexa Internet. Retrieved December 30, 2016.
  3. Jump up ^ Parez, Sarah (February 13, 2017). "Yahoo Mail's mobile app now does Caller ID, syncs photos". Tech Crunch.
  4. Jump up ^ "Yahoo! Inc. – Company Timeline". Wayback Machine. July 13, 2008. Archived from the original on July 13, 2008. Retrieved July 19, 2016.CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
  5. Jump up ^ "Business Email Plans". Yahoo!. Retrieved April 5, 2014.
  6. Jump up ^ Pickavet, Henry (July 23, 2014). "Yahoo! Mail". TechCrunch. AOL.
  7. Jump up ^ Vascellaro, Jessica (October 31, 2012). "Gmail finally beats Hotmail, according to third-party data". Gigaom.com. Retrieved October 3, 2011.
  8. Jump up ^ Condliffe, Jamie. "Yahoo Mail Now Manages Your Entire Gmail Account Too". gizmodo.com. Retrieved April 14, 2018.
  9. Jump up ^ McDowell, David. "Yahoo! Mail Beta Was Released October 2010". Archived from the original on July 13, 2011. Retrieved July 2, 2011.
  10. Jump up ^ "Yahoo! Mail Beta Features". Retrieved July 5, 2011.
  11. ^ Jump up to: a b "Yahoo! Mail Beta Became Yahoo! Mail in May 2011". Archived from the original on June 28, 2011. Retrieved July 2, 2011.
  12. Jump up ^ "Yahoo! Completes Four11 Acquisition" (Press release). Yahoo!. October 23, 1997. Archived from the original on July 12, 2007.
  13. Jump up ^ "Yahoo! Expands Community Services with Free E-mail" (Press release). Yahoo!. October 8, 1997. Archived from the original on July 12, 2007.
  14. Jump up ^ Griffin, Gretchen. "Rocketmail Slowly Gets Grounded". Flak Magazine.
  15. Jump up ^ Hu, Jim (March 21, 2002). "Yahoo! tacks fees onto e-mail, storage". CNET News. Archived from the original on July 11, 2012. Retrieved June 1, 2006.
  16. Jump up ^ "Yahoo! unveils home page face-lift". ZDNet. July 2, 2002. Archived from the original on June 18, 2006. Retrieved May 31, 2006.
  17. Jump up ^ "Yahoo! Introduces Yahoo! Mail Plus To Help Consumers Manage Their Growing E-Mail Needs" (Press release). Yahoo!. November 14, 2002. Archived from the original on June 9, 2007.
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  19. Jump up ^ "Yahoo! Begins Public Testing of New Yahoo! Mail" (Press release). Yahoo!. September 14, 2005. Archived from the original on June 9, 2007.
  20. Jump up ^ Mossberg, Walter S. (August 30, 2007). "Years in the Making, Powerful Yahoo! Yahoo Mail Is Worth the Wait". The Wall Street Journal.
  21. Jump up ^ "2010 new mail program". usatoday.com. September 16, 2010.
  22. Jump up ^ Srivastava, Kakul. "Yahoo! Mail Beta Was Announced On..." Archived from the original on May 26, 2011. Retrieved May 22, 2011.
  23. Jump up ^ David, McDowell. "Yahoo! Mail Beta Includes..." Archived from the original on May 18, 2011. Retrieved May 22, 2011.
  24. Jump up ^ McDowell, David. "Yahoo! Mail Beta Launched On October 26th 2010..." Archived from the original on May 18, 2011. Retrieved May 22, 2011.
  25. Jump up ^ Blue, Violet. "Anger explodes at Yahoo! Mail redesign disaster: Key functions removed or broken". ZDNet. Retrieved February 5, 2017.
  26. Jump up ^ Brett Molina (October 15, 2013). "Yahoo! email users not happy with redesign". Usatoday.com. Retrieved February 5, 2017.
  27. Jump up ^ Whitehouse, Kaja (November 11, 2013). "Yahoo! users gripe over latest email change | New York Post". Nypost.com. Retrieved January 31, 2014.
  28. Jump up ^ Blue, Violet (December 12, 2013). "Yahoo! forced to acknowledge Yahoo! Mail problems in worst failure yet". ZDNet. Retrieved January 31, 2014.
  29. Jump up ^ Anderson, Lessley (December 13, 2013). "Marissa Mayer apologizes for lengthy Yahoo! Mail outage". The Verge. Retrieved January 31, 2014.
  30. Jump up ^ Murphy, David (December 14, 2013). "Yahoo! CEO Marissa Mayer Apologizes for Yahoo! Mail Outage | News & Opinion". PCMag.com. Retrieved January 31, 2014.
  31. Jump up ^ "Yahoo! CEO Mayer Apologizes For Mail Outage That She Says Affected 1% Of Users". TechCrunch. December 13, 2013. Retrieved January 31, 2014.
  32. Jump up ^ "Yahoo! Mail Outage". Huffingtonpost.com. Retrieved January 31, 2014.
  33. Jump up ^ "中国雅虎邮箱于2013年4月18日启动整体迁移". Yahoo.com.cn. Retrieved April 18, 2013.
  34. Jump up ^ The China Yahoo! Mail Team. "China Yahoo! Mail is closing". Yahoo!. Retrieved April 18, 2013.
  35. Jump up ^ "China Yahoo! Mail is closing". Yahoo!. Retrieved April 18, 2013.
  36. Jump up ^ Mark Hachman (January 30, 2014). "Yahoo! acknowledges Yahoo! Mail hack". TechHive. IDG Consumer & SMB. Retrieved February 8, 2014.
  37. Jump up ^ "Yahoo! Mail gets a redesign, goes "password-free"". Siliconbeat.com. October 15, 2015. Retrieved February 5, 2017.
  38. Jump up ^ "Yahoo gives Mail a makeover and introduces Yahoo Mail Pro". engadget.com. Retrieved April 14, 2018.
  39. Jump up ^ "How do I report Spam? – Yahoo! Abuse". Web.archive.org. August 28, 2007. Archived from the original on August 28, 2007. Retrieved February 5, 2017.CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
  40. Jump up ^ "Yahoo! Terms". Info.yahoo.com. Retrieved February 5, 2017.
  41. Jump up ^ "AOL, Yahoo! and Goodmail: Taxing Your Email for Fun and Profit | Electronic Frontier Foundation". Eff.org. Retrieved January 30, 2012.
  42. Jump up ^ "Why am I getting "451 Message temporarily deferred" or "421 Message from x.x.x.x temporarily deferred" errors when sending mail to Yahoo!?". Yahoo!. 2007. Retrieved June 27, 2007.
  43. Jump up ^ "As a sender, how can I ensure uninterrupted SMTP access and prioritized delivery?". Yahoo!. 2007. Retrieved June 27, 2007.
  44. Jump up ^ "EastSouthWestNorth: The Case of Shi Tao". Retrieved January 21, 2007.
  45. Jump up ^ "Yahoo! 'helped jail China writer'". BBC News. September 7, 2005. Retrieved May 10, 2011.
  46. Jump up ^ "Yahoo! faces scrutiny in China case". MSNBC. Archived from the original on August 17, 2007. Retrieved August 8, 2007.
  47. Jump up ^ "中文新聞頻道". Rthk.org.hk. June 29, 2006. Retrieved January 30, 2012.
  48. Jump up ^ "BBC NEWS, US rebukes Yahoo! over China case". BBC News. November 6, 2007. Retrieved January 30, 2012.
  49. Jump up ^ Vindu Goel. "Yahoo! may be a moral pygmy, but Congress is hardly better". MercuryNews.com. Archived from the original on December 27, 2008. Retrieved January 21, 2007.
  50. Jump up ^ "Yahoo! chief apologizes to Chinese dissidents' relatives". MercuryNews.com. November 7, 2007. Retrieved January 21, 2007.
  51. Jump up ^ Tom Lantos (November 6, 2007). "Statement of Chairman Lantos at hearing, Yahoo! Inc.'s Provision of False Information to Congress". Retrieved January 31, 2009.
  52. Jump up ^ Oates, John (February 20, 2006). "Yahoo!Mail bans Allah and Dirty Harry handles". The Register. Retrieved June 27, 2007.
  53. Jump up ^ Oates, John (February 26, 2006). "Yahoo! unbans! Allah!". The Register. Retrieved June 27, 2007.
  54. Jump up ^ "Egyptian Hackers Selling Zero-day Exploit of Yahoo! Mail For $700". Retrieved November 29, 2012.
  55. Jump up ^ "Yahoo! Email-Stealing Exploit Fetches $700". Retrieved November 12, 2012.
  56. Jump up ^ "Yahoo! Mail hijacking exploit selling for $700". Retrieved November 26, 2012.
  57. Jump up ^ "Yahoo! Mail Hit By XSS Exploit Putting 400 Million Users At Risk". Retrieved January 13, 2013.
  58. Jump up ^ "Telecom rush to fix hack". 3 News NZ. February 11, 2013.
  59. Jump up ^ "Telecom defends email reset operation". 3 News NZ. February 18, 2013. Telecom is defending a move to cancel the passwords of about 60,000 Yahoo! Xtra customers which left some customers without access to their email accounts.
  60. Jump up ^ "Telecom sticks with Yahoo! email". 3 News NZ. April 5, 2013.
  61. Jump up ^ "Exhibit". www.sec.gov. Retrieved 2017-10-08.
  62. Jump up ^ "Yahoo! says 1 Billion User Accounts were hacked". The New York Times. December 14, 2016. Retrieved December 15, 2016.
  63. Jump up ^ Fiegerman, Seth (September 23, 2016). "Yahoo! says 500 million accounts stolen". CNN. Retrieved December 15, 2016.
  64. Jump up ^ "Yahoo! data breach casts 'cloud' over Verizon deal". The Washington Post. September 22, 2016. Retrieved December 15, 2016.
  65. Jump up ^ MacMillan, Douglas; Krouse, Sarah; Hagey, Keach (2018-08-28). "Yahoo, Bucking Industry, Scans Emails for Data to Sell Advertisers". Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved 2018-08-28.
  66. Jump up ^ "Yahoo and AOL just gave themselves the right to read your emails (again)". CNET. 2018-04-13. Retrieved 2018-08-28.
  67. Jump up ^ Schofield, Jack (2018-04-19). "What's the best email service that doesn't scan emails for ad-targeting?". the Guardian. Retrieved 2018-08-28.
  68. Jump up ^ "From Tamil to Bengali, Yahoo! Mail android app gets seven new Indian languages – The Economic Times". M.economictimes.com. October 26, 2016. Retrieved February 5, 2017.

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Who's Making Love

Who's Making Love

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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"Who's Making Love"
Single by Johnnie Taylor
from the album Who's Making Love...
STS-2005
B-side "I'm Trying"
Released October 1968 (1968)
Recorded 1968
Genre Memphis soul
Length 2:47
Label Stax
STA-0009
Songwriter(s) Homer Banks
Bettye Crutcher
Don Davis
Raymond Jackson
Producer(s) Don Davis

"Who's Making Love" is a song written by Stax Records staffers Homer Banks, Bettye Crutcher, Don Davis and Raymond Jackson and recorded by singer Johnnie Taylor.

Released on the Stax label in the late summer of 1968, it became Taylor's breakthrough single, reaching number one on the Billboard Hot R&B singles chart and number five on the Billboard Hot 100.[1] It became one of the few singles Taylor would become primarily known for in the mainstream. The song featured the Stax house band, Booker T. & the M.G.'s, and Isaac Hayes (on keyboards). It was Taylor's best-selling single before the release of "Disco Lady" almost a decade later.

According to Bettye Crutcher, the lyrics were inspired by the 1920s novelty song "Who Takes Care of the Caretaker's Daughter (While the Caretaker's Busy Taking Care)".[2]

Contents

 [hide]
  • 1 Chart positions
  • 2 Cover versions
  • 3 References
  • 4 External links

Chart positions[edit]

Chart (1967–68) Peak
position
U.S. Billboard Hot 100 5
U.S. Billboard Hot R&B singles 1

Cover versions[edit]

  • Tony Joe White covered the song on his 1968 album Black and White.
  • The Blues Brothers released a cover version as a single in 1980, which reached number 39 on the US charts.
  • Latvian Blues Band released a cover version on their 2013 live album Live at the Dream Factory.
  • Christian McBride included the song in his 2013 album Out Here.

References[edit]

  1. Jump up ^ Whitburn, Joel (2004). Top R&B/Hip-Hop Singles: 1942-2004. Record Research. p. 568.
  2. Jump up ^ Rob Bowman, Soulsville, U.S.A.: The Story of Stax Records, p.163

External links[edit]

  • Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
Preceded by
"Hey, Western Union Man" by Jerry Butler
Billboard Hot R&B Singles number-one single
November 23, 1968 – December 7, 1968 (three weeks)
Succeeded by
"I Heard It Through the Grapevine" by Marvin Gaye
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Johnnie Taylor
Songs
  • "Who's Making Love"
  • "Take Care of Your Homework"
  • "Jody's Got Your Girl and Gone"
  • "I Believe in You (You Believe in Me)"
  • "Disco Lady"
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Who%27s_Making_Love&oldid=808924661"
Categories:
  • 1968 singles
  • Johnnie Taylor songs
  • Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs number-one singles
  • Songs written by Homer Banks
  • 1980 singles
  • The Blues Brothers songs
  • Songs written by Raymond Jackson (songwriter)
  • Songs written by Don Davis (record producer)
  • 1968 songs
  • Stax Records singles
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  • This page was last edited on 6 November 2017, at 01:55.
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