Power Rangers

Page semi-protected

Power Rangers

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other uses, see Power Rangers (disambiguation).
Power Rangers
Power rangers logo.png
The current logo for the Power Rangers franchise
Created by Haim Saban
Shuki Levy[not verified in body]
Original work Mighty Morphin Power Rangers
Print publications
Novel(s) Power Rangers: The Official Movie Novel
Comics Mighty Morphin Power Rangers
MMPR: Pink
Power Rangers: Aftershock
Go Go Power Rangers
Justice League/Power Rangers
Films and television
Film(s) Mighty Morphin Power Rangers: The Movie
Turbo: A Power Rangers Movie
Saban's Power Rangers
Television series See below
Theatrical presentations
Play(s) Mighty Morphin Power Rangers World Tour Live on Stage
Games
Traditional Power Rangers Collectible Card Game
Video game(s) See list
Audio
Soundtrack(s) Mighty Morphin Power Rangers The Album: A Rock Adventure
Power Rangers - Original Motion Picture Soundtrack
Original music "Go Go Power Rangers"
"Power Rangers: The Official Single"

Power Rangers is an American entertainment and merchandising franchise built around a live action superhero television series. Produced first by Saban Entertainment, later by BVS Entertainment, and today by SCG Power Rangers, the television series takes much of its footage from the Japanese tokusatsu Super Sentai, produced by Toei Company.[1] The first Power Rangers entry, Mighty Morphin Power Rangers, debuted on August 28, 1993, and helped launch the Fox Kids programming block of the 1990s, during which it catapulted into popular culture along with a line of action figures and other toys by Bandai.[2] As of 2001[update], the media franchise has generated over $6 billion in retail sales worldwide.[3]

Despite initial criticism that its action violence targeted child audiences, the franchise has continued, and as of 2017[update] the show consists of 24 television seasons of 20 different themed series and three theatrical films released in 1995, 1997 and 2017. In 2010, Haim Saban, creator of the series, regained ownership of the franchise after seven years under The Walt Disney Company.

Contents

 [hide]
  • 1 Premise
  • 2 History
    • 2.1 Adapting the Super Sentai series
    • 2.2 Broadcast history
  • 3 Television series
    • 3.1 The Saban Era
    • 3.2 The Disney Era
    • 3.3 The Neo-Saban Era
  • 4 Feature films
  • 5 Distribution
    • 5.1 Home media
  • 6 Broadcast
  • 7 Video games
  • 8 See also
  • 9 Notes
  • 10 References
  • 11 External links

Premise

Further information: List of Power Rangers characters and List of Power Rangers villains

Since Power Rangers derives most of its footage from the Super Sentai series, it features many hallmarks that distinguish it from other superhero series. Each series revolves around a team of youths recruited and trained by a mentor to morph into the eponymous Power Rangers, able to utilize special powers and pilot immense assault machines, called Zords, to overcome the periodic antagonists. In the original series Mighty Morphin, the wizard Zordon recruits "teenagers with attitude" against Rita Repulsa.[4]

When "morphed," the rangers become powerful superheroes wearing color-coded skin-tight spandex suits and helmets with opaque visors; identical except in individual rangers' color and helmet design. Morphed Rangers generally possess enhanced strength, durability, agility and combat prowess. Some possess superhuman or psychic abilities such as super-speed, element manipulation, extra-sensory perception or invisibility.[5] In addition, each individual ranger has a unique weapon, as well as common weaponry used for ground fighting.[note 1] When enemies grow to incredible size (as nearly all do), Rangers utilize individual Zords that combine into a larger Megazord.

Rangers teams operate in teams of five or three, with more Rangers joining the team later. Each team of Rangers, with a few exceptions, obeys a general set of conventions, outlined at the beginning of Mighty Morphin and implied by mentors throughout many of the other series: Power Rangers may not use their Ranger powers for personal gain or for escalating a fight (unless the enemy does so), nor may the Power Rangers disclose their identities to the general public.[note 2] The penalty for disobeying these rules, in Mighty Morphin Power Rangers, is the loss of their power.

As in Super Sentai, the color palette of each Power Rangers team changes every series.[note 3] Only Red and Blue appear in every Ranger team, while a Yellow Ranger has been present in every season except Power Rangers Dino Charge. Other colors and designations also appear throughout the series.[note 4] A Rangers' color designation also influences their wardrobe throughout the series: civilian clothing often matches Ranger color.[note 5]

History

Adapting the Super Sentai series

[icon]
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (October 2009)

Production of Power Rangers episodes involves extensive localization of and revision of original Super Sentai source material in order to incorporate American culture and conform to American television standards. Rather than making an English dub or translation of the Japanese footage, Power Rangers programs consist of scenes featuring English-speaking actors (either from the United States, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, or the United Kingdom) spliced with scenes featuring either Japanese actors dubbed into English or the action scenes from the Super Sentai Series featuring the Rangers fighting monsters or the giant robot (Zord and Megazord) battles with English dubbing. In some series, original fight scenes are filmed to incorporate characters or items unique to the Power Rangers production.[6] Like many of Saban Entertainment previous ventures in localizing Japanese television for a Western audience, the plot, character names, and other names usually differ greatly from the source footage, though a few seasons have stayed close to the story of the original Super Sentai season.

Along with adapting the villains from the Super Sentai counterparts, most Power Rangers series also feature villains with no Sentai counterpart. Generally, the primary antagonist of a Power Rangers series (for example, Lord Zedd, Divatox, etc.) are not adapted from the Sentai. Exceptions to this includes Mighty Morphin, Zeo, Lightspeed Rescue and a few others which only use villains adapted from the Japanese shows.

The series that began the franchise, Mighty Morphin Power Rangers (an American adaptation of the 1992 Japanese Super Sentai Series, Kyōryū Sentai Zyuranger), began broadcasting as part of the Fox Kids block of programing that aired on the FOX network. It lasted for three seasons (from 1993 to 1996).[7]

Broadcast history

The Saban Entertainment run of the franchise—beginning with Power Rangers in Space—used this version of the Power Rangers logo (1998–2001).

Saban Entertainment distributed the Power Rangers series from 1993 until the end of 2001, and Fox broadcast it until the fall of 2002. The Walt Disney Company purchased the franchise as part of a buyout that took place in 2001.[7][8][9][10] This resulted in Fox Family Worldwide becoming ABC Family Worldwide Inc.[10] This buyout also saw Saban Entertainment becoming BVS Entertainment in 2002, from News Corporation, Fox's parent company, and Haim Saban.[10] The show continued to air on Fox until the company replaced its Fox Kids package with "FoxBox" in the United States. Since September 2002, all Power Rangers shows had aired on various Disney-owned networks (ABC Kids, Toon Disney and Jetix channels worldwide).[7] When Wild Force ended, Disney moved production of the franchise from Los Angeles to New Zealand. This resulted in the closure of MMPR Productions and the dismissal of many members of the production. From Ninja Storm to date, Power Rangers is produced in New Zealand. ABC Family, another Disney-owned network, also used to air Power Rangers until it did away with its Jetix timeslot after August 31, 2006. On February 12, 2009, Toon Disney ended in the wake of Disney XD, ending cable airings of Power Rangers in certain areas of the United States. Several ABC affiliate broadcasting groups declined to air most of the Power Rangers series since 2006 due to the lack of FCC-compliant educational and informational content in the programs.[11]

The Saban era seasons, starting with In Space, have gone under the "Saban's Power Rangers" moniker, up until Time Force. Since the re-acquisition of Power Rangers by Saban in 2010, this practice has continued once again starting with Samurai.

Starting in 2005, up until 2007, during its run on Jetix, Power Rangers reruns were aired under the moniker Power Rangers Generations, showcasing select episodes from Mighty Morphin through Dino Thunder.

An article in The New Zealand Herald published on March 7, 2009, identified Power Rangers RPM as the last season of the Power Rangers run. Production manager Sally Campbell stated in an interview, "...at this stage we will not be shooting another season."[12][13] A September 1, 2009, revision to Disney A to Z: The Official Encyclopedia by Disney's head archivist Dave Smith states that "production of new episodes [of Power Rangers] ceased in 2009".[14] Production of Power Rangers ceased and the last[update] series by BVS Entertainment, RPM, ended on December 26, 2009.[12]

On October 1, 2009, Bandai released a press release that Disney would re-broadcast Mighty Morphin Power Rangers starting in January 2010 on ABC Kids in lieu of a new series utilizing footage from the 2009 Super Sentai television series. A new toy line accompanied the series and appeared in stores in the later part of 2009.[7][15][16] ABC's over-the air telecasts ended on August 28, 2010, and turned the hour back to affiliates.

On May 12, 2010, Haim Saban bought back the Power Rangers franchise from Disney for $43 million and announced plans to produce a new season of the television series.[17][18][19] The eighteenth season, Samurai, began airing on Nickelodeon on February 7, 2011,[18][20] with the previous episodes beginning rebroadcast on Nicktoons later that year.[20][21][22] It was also announced that Saban plans to make a new Power Rangers movie.[23]

On July 2, 2012, it was announced that Saban Brands would launch a Saturday morning cartoon block on The CW, called Vortexx, on August 25, 2012, that would air Power Rangers Lost Galaxy.[24][25][26][27][28] To commemorate the series' 20th anniversary, Nickelodeon began airing Power Rangers Megaforce on February 2, 2013, featuring all of the past rangers from the series' 20-year history. On October 1, 2013, Saban Brands announced that it had extended agreements with Nickelodeon and Bandai America Incorporated through 2016 for its globally recognized Power Rangers franchise.[29] In January 2016, Saban and Nickelodeon extended their broadcast partnership through 2018.[30]

The 90s Are All That aired Mighty Morphin Power Rangers as part of Mighty Morphin Weekend in 2013.

Television series

Main article: List of Power Rangers episodes
Variations of Power Rangers throughout the franchise unite.

The first series Mighty Morphin Power Rangers through In Space followed a story arc called "The Zordon Era" with a gradually changing cast and characters over six years. Beginning with Lost Galaxy, although it had ties with the previous story arc, each Power Rangers series had its own self-contained storylines, independent of previous series. Crossover episodes between different series featuring rangers, villains, and other characters from past seasons also began with Lost Galaxy, with a few exceptions.

The Saban Era

The Saban Era is seasons 1-10 that includes Mighty Morphin Power Rangers (1993-1996) to Power Rangers Wild Force (2002). These series aired on Fox during the Fox Kids programming block. The Zordon Era is Mighty Morphin Power Rangers to Power Rangers in Space.

  • Mighty Morphin Power Rangers (1993–1996)
    • Season 1: When the evil witch Rita Repulsa and her minions Goldar, Squatt, Baboo, and Finster, are freed from their imprisonment on the Moon, the wizard Zordon, with the help of his assistant Alpha 5, enlists five teenagers—Jason Lee Scott, Trini Kwan, Billy Cranston, Kimberly Hart, and Zack Taylor—to become the Mighty Morphin Power Rangers to battle Rita's invasion of the Earth, using their Power Coins and Dinozords to combat her monsters. Rita soon creates her own evil Power Ranger by brainwashing a recent transfer student Tommy Oliver, but the Power Rangers are able to free him from her control and he joins their side. This season uses footage from Kyōryu Sentai Zyuranger.
    • Season 2: Rita's superior Lord Zedd returns to the Earth to take over for Rita's incompetence, imprisoning her once more. His new monsters prove too powerful for the Dinozords, leading Zordon to empower them into the Thunderzords. Jason, Trini, and Zack leave to join a youth conference in Switzerland, and are replaced by Rocky DeSantos, Aisha Campbell, and Adam Park, respectively, and Rita returns and marries Lord Zedd. This season uses footage from Gosei Sentai Dairanger.
    • Mighty Morphin Power Rangers: The Movie (1995): When the evil wizard Ivan Ooze is freed by construction work, he takes revenge against Zordon for imprisoning him. As his powers are too strong for the Power Rangers, Alpha 5 uses the last of the Command Center's power to send them to the planet Phaedos to learn the ways of the Ninjetti from the warrior Dulcea to stop Ooze before he can conquer the universe. The movie, which does not fall into the canon of the TV series, drew inspiration from Ninja Sentai Kakuranger.
    • Season 3: Rita's brother Rito Revolto comes to Earth and destroys the Power Rangers' Power Coins and Thunderzords. The Power Rangers seek out Ninjor, creator of the Power Coins, for new Power Coins giving them new ninja powers and the Ninjazords, and later the Shogunzords. Rita also enchants a new Australian exchange student Kat Hillard into slowly draining Kimberly of her Ranger powers, until the spell is broken; when Kimberly ultimately leaves to train for the Olympics, she entrusts Kat to be her replacement amongst the Power Rangers. This season uses footage from Ninja Sentai Kakuranger.
    • Mighty Morphin Alien Rangers (1996): When Rita's father Master Vile comes to Earth, he turns back time, turning the Power Rangers, and many of their friends, into children. Zordon calls upon his proteges the Alien Rangers of Aquitar to protect the Earth from Master Vile's monsters and to help work on a machine that would return the child rangers to their proper ages. Unfortunately, Only Billy returns to normal as the machine which required the power coins as a power source is stolen by Rito & Goldar allowing Rita & Zedd to destroy the coins. The child rangers then travel throughout time to gather the fragments of the Zeo Crystal to bring time back to normal. During her journey in Africa, Aisha meets Tanya Sloan and realizes that she can do more help to stop the sickness plaguing the wildlife and sends Tanya back with her Zeo Crystal. This series also uses footage from Ninja Sentai Kakuranger.
  • Power Rangers Zeo (1996): With the Zeo Crystal restored, time brought back to normal, and Master Vile defeated, the Rangers are caught off guard when Goldar and Rito destroy their headquarters. Although Zordon reveals he is fine, he warns the Rangers that the Machine Empire is planning on conquering the Earth, and the Rangers must use the power of the Zeo Crystal to become the Zeo Rangers to battle them. Billy, who used his scientific prowess to return to his original age during Alien Rangers, decides to work on the Zeo Zords and other machinery, and his presence in the destruction of the previous Command Center leaves him unable to receive the powers of the Gold Ranger, Trey of Triforia, but Jason returns instead. Billy soon begins to age rapidly, a side effect from the regenerator, he used to return to his normal age, and leaves Earth to be healed on Aquitar. This season uses footage from Chōriki Sentai Ohranger.
  • Turbo: A Power Rangers Movie (1997): The intergalactic pirate Divatox kidnaps the wizard Lerigot to open a dimensional barrier so she can wed the demon Maligore. To stop her, Zordon gives the Rangers their new Turbo Ranger powers to stop her. Rocky, however, has been hurt, and in his stead Zordon sends Justin Stewart, a young boy who inadvertently discovers the Rangers' identities. This film drew inspiration from Gekisou Sentai Carranger and serves as a bridge to the subsequent TV season.
  • Power Rangers Turbo (1997): After Divatox's plans are foiled, she sets her sights on conquering the Earth, with the Turbo Rangers and eventually the intergalactic police officer the Blue Senturion combatting her monsters. Tommy, Adam, Tanya, and Kat soon retire from being Power Rangers, choosing T.J. Johnson, Carlos Vallerte, Ashley Hammond, and Cassie Chan as their replacements, who are also assisted by the Phantom Ranger. Zordon also leaves, putting Dimitria in his place. This season uses footage from Gekisou Sentai Carranger.
  • Power Rangers in Space (1998): After Divatox succeeds in destroying the Command Center, she is called off planet to participate in Dark Specter's evil alliance in conquering the universe. T.J., Carlos, Ashley, and Cassie travel into outer space to try to stop him, and meet up with Andros, who they join to become the Space Rangers to stop Dark Specter and his protege Astronema. They eventually awaken Andros' friend Zhane, the Silver Ranger, and free Andros' sister Karone (Astronema) from Dark Specter's control and ultimately use Zordon, captured by Dark Specter, to defeat Dark Specter's armies and free the universe from his control. This season uses footage from Denji Sentai Megaranger.
  • Power Rangers Lost Galaxy (1999): The governments of the Earth decide to send out an experimental space colony Terra Venture, on which Leo Corbett stows away to join his brother Mike on the journey to find new planets. When it encounters a wormhole on the Moon, Leo, Mike, Kai Chen, and Kendrix Morgan go through it and encounter Maya and her planet Mirinoi which is under attack from Scorpius and his minions, led by Trakeena. After Leo, Mike, and Kendrix are stranded, Kai commandeers the Astro Megaship along with its mechanic Damon Henderson to save them. Mike, Kai, Damon, Maya, and Kendrix are chosen by the Quasar Sabers to fight Scorpius, but Mike seemingly falls to his death, leaving Leo to act as the leader of the Galaxy Rangers in his stead back on Terra Venture. Mike later returns after it is revealed the Magna Defender has been using his body as a vessel to fight Scorpius' monsters along with the Galaxy Rangers. Mid-season, Deviot revives the Psycho Rangers and the space rangers come to help. Kendrix ultimately dies while saving the Pink Space Ranger, Cassie and is replaced by Karone. They later must fight Captain Mutiny and his space pirates after they are transported to the Lost Galaxy. This season uses footage from Seijuu Sentai Gingaman.
  • Power Rangers Lightspeed Rescue (2000): Carter Grayson, Chad Lee, Joel Rawlings, Kelsey Winslow, and Dana Mitchell are hired by Operation Lightspeed to protect Mariner Bay from a group of evil demons led by Queen Bansheera from taking over the world by fighting as the Lightspeed Rangers. They are later joined by Dana's long lost brother Ryan. This season uses footage from Kyuukyuu Sentai GoGoFive.
  • Power Rangers Time Force (2001): When the mutant Ransik and his daughter Nadira escape custody of the Time Force police in the year 3000 by stealing the very prison, they travel back in time to 2001, but not before seemingly killing the Red Time Force Ranger Alex. His subordinates Jen Scotts, Lucas Kendall, Katie Walker, and Trip travel back in time to 2001 and seek out Alex's ancestor Wes Collins, as his DNA unlocks the Time Force Morphers, allowing all of them to become the Time Force Power Rangers to recapture the mutants Ransik uses to thwart them and stop the Bio-Lab who ended up creating him. They are ultimately joined by Eric Myers, who uses the Quantum Morpher and Q-Rex to fight. This season uses footage from Mirai Sentai Timeranger.
  • Power Rangers Wild Force (2002): Jungle man Cole Evans, Air Force pilot Taylor Earhardt, would-be pro-bowler Max Cooper, florist Danny Delgado, and martial artist Alyssa Enrilé are chosen by Princess Shayla of the floating island Animaria to be the Wild Force Power Rangers to fight the evil Orgs. They are later joined by Merrick Baliton, one of the original Wild Force Power Rangers who used a forbidden power to defeat the Master Org 3,000 years in the past, after he is freed from the power in the present. This season uses footage from Hyakujuu Sentai Gaoranger. Wild Force featured an anniversary commemoration episode in "Forever Red", featuring the return of nearly every Red Ranger.
    • Wild Force marked a shift from Saban Entertainment to BVS Entertainment in production and distribution and was the last season to be filmed in the United States.

The Disney Era

The Disney Era is seasons 11-17 that includes Power Rangers Ninja Storm (2003) to Power Rangers RPM (2009). These series aired on various Disney television networks.

  • Power Rangers Ninja Storm (2003): Shane Clarke, Tori Hanson, and Dustin Brooks are bumbling students of Kanoi Watanabe's Wind Ninja Academy, but when Lothor kidnaps the other students, they are all that remain to protect the Earth from Lothor's evil space ninjas as the Wind Rangers. They are also joined in battle by adopted brothers Hunter and Blake Bradley of the rival Thunder Ninja Academy as the Thunder Rangers and Kanoi's son Cam as the Samurai Ranger. aired in 2003. This season uses footage from Ninpuu Sentai Hurricaneger.
    • Ninja Storm is the first season to be filmed in New Zealand.
  • Power Rangers Dino Thunder (2004): When the evil Mesogog appears to bring the Earth back to the Mesozoic age, Dr. Tommy Oliver of Reefside reluctantly enlists his students Conner McKnight, Ethan James, and Kira Ford to battle him as the Dino Rangers. Tommy later joins them as a Ranger, once more, as well as Trent Fernandez-Mercer, adopted son of Tommy's once colleague Dr. Anton Mercer, who is Mesogog's alterego. This season uses footage from Bakuryuu Sentai Abaranger.
  • Power Rangers S.P.D. (2005): In the year 2025, the Space Patrol Delta police force protects the galaxy from the Troobian Empire's forces. When their A-Squad of Power Rangers fall in battle, B-Squad members Sky Tate, Bridge Carson, and Syd Drew are joined by rookies Jack Landors and Z Delgado under the direction of Commander Anubis Cruger to be the S.P.D. Power Rangers. They are later joined by Sam, a young boy they save from the Troobian Empire who in the future becomes the Omega Ranger, as well as Cmdr. Cruger as the Shadow Ranger and technical expert Dr. Kat Manx as the Kat Ranger. This season uses footage from Tokusou Sentai Dekaranger.
  • Power Rangers Mystic Force (2006): The sorceress Udonna enlists the help of Chip Thorn, Madison Rocca, Vida Rocca, Xander Bly, and new guy in town Nick Russell to become the Mystic Rangers to protect Briarwood and its nearby magical forest from the evil forces of Morticon, who plans on taking over both the magical and human worlds. They are eventually joined by Udonna's old friend Daggeron and his genie Jenji, and Udonna and her long lost husband Leanbow, who has been trapped as the evil Koragg since falling in battle 20 years prior. This season uses footage from Mahou Sentai Magiranger.
  • Power Rangers Operation Overdrive (2007): Wealthy adventurer Andrew Hartford tasks Will Aston, Dax Lo, Ronny Robinson, Rose Ortiz, and reluctantly his own son Mack to act as the Overdrive Rangers, searching for the jewels of the Corona Aurora before either Flurious or Moltor, and later Kamdor and the Fearcats can. They are later joined by Tyzonn, member of a search and rescue team from the planet Mercuria, who has a past with the Fearcats. This season uses footage from GoGo Sentai Boukenger. Operation Overdrive also featured an anniversary episode in "Once a Ranger", bringing back several characters from previous seasons.
  • Power Rangers Jungle Fury (2008): The Pai Zhua, or "Order of the Claw", has protected the world from the evil spirit of Dai Shi for nearly ten thousand years. When Jarrod, Lily Chilman, and Theo Martin are chosen by Master Mao to guard the container of Dai Shi's spirit, Jarrod is deemed unworthy and replaced by rookie or "cub" member Casey Rhodes. Angered by this slight, Jarrod attempts to steal Dai Shi's vessel, only to become possessed by his spirit. Mao, who falls in battle, entrusts in best student R.J. to lead the others as the Jungle Fury Power Rangers to stop Dai Shi from taking over the world. R.J. later joins them in battle, as does Dom Hargan, a former Pai Zhua student who went to find his path in life. This season uses footage from Juken Sentai Gekiranger.
  • Power Rangers RPM (2009): A malicious and rapidly evolving computer virus known as Venjix has ravaged the Earth, leaving the surviving members of humanity to huddle for safety in the force field protected city of Corinth. To stop Venjix's attacks, led by his humanoid warrior Tenaya, the mysterious Doctor K enlists Scott Truman, Flynn McAllistair, Summer Landsdown, and reluctantly Ziggy Grover and the apparent cyborg Dillon as the RPM Ranger Operators. They are later joined by Gem and Gemma, Doctor K's old friends. This season uses footage from Engine Sentai Go-onger.
    • RPM was the last season to be produced by BVS Entertainment.
  • In 2010, a re-versioned edit of Mighty Morphin Power Rangers aired. During this year, Saban Brands bought back the rights to Power Rangers.

The Neo-Saban Era

The Neo-Saban Era began in season 18 and continues to present starting with Power Rangers Samurai. These series aired on Nickelodeon.

  • Power Rangers Samurai and Super Samurai (2011–2012): In order to prevent Master Xandred's Nighlok forces from taking over the Earth, Mentor Ji of the Shiba House trains Jayden, Kevin, Mia, Mike, and Emily in the ways of the samurai to fight as the Samurai Power Rangers. They are later joined by Jayden's childhood friend Antonio as the Gold Ranger, who is instrumental in unlocking the group's Super Mode. These two seasons use footage from Samurai Sentai Shinkenger.
    • Samurai is the first season back under the ownership of Saban and the first season produced by SCG Power Rangers. Power Rangers continues to be produced and filmed in New Zealand.
  • Power Rangers Megaforce (2013): Zordon's protege Gosei calls on high school students Troy Burrows, Noah Carver, Jake Holling, Emma Goodall, and Gia Moran to become the Megaforce Power Rangers to battle the invasion of the Warstar Empire. They are later joined by the Robo Knight in his fight against the Toxic Mutants. This season uses footage from Tensou Sentai Goseiger.
    • Super Megaforce (2014): With the Warstar Empire's forces increasing their invasion, Gosei gives the Rangers new morphers to assume Super Mega Mode, allowing them to call on the powers of all of the previous Power Rangers. They are joined by Orion, a citizen from the planet Andresia. Super Megaforce also features the return of several previous characters. This season uses footage from Kaizoku Sentai Gokaiger.
  • Power Rangers Dino Charge and Dino Super Charge (2015–2016): When an intergalactic bounty hunter comes to Earth looking for the Energems, entrusted to an alien who lost them during the asteroid bombardment that resulted in the extinction of the dinosaurs, the Dino Charge Power Rangers are formed to find the Energems first. These two seasons use footage from Zyuden Sentai Kyoryuger.[31]
  • Power Rangers Ninja Steel and Super Ninja Steel (2017-2018): The Power Rangers are protecting an item called the Ninja Nexus Prism from the forces of Galvanax, the champion of the universe's most popular intergalactic game show, who wants the Prism, which contains six magical Ninja Power Throwing Stars, to become invincible. The Rangers must master the arsenal of throwing stars, Zords, and Megazords, all made from the titular legendary "ninja steel", to stop Galvanax's warrior contestants sent to Earth to retrieve the Prism, the Steel and the Power Stars for him. This season uses footage from Shuriken Sentai Ninninger.[32][33]

Feature films

The Power Rangers franchise has also generated three theatrical motion pictures. The first two are distributed by 20th Century Fox, and the third film released in 2017 by Lionsgate.

Film Release date Box office revenue Director
United States Foreign Total
TV series franchise
Mighty Morphin Power Rangers: The Movie[34] June 30, 1995 $38,187,431 $28,245,763 $66,433,194 Bryan Spicer
Turbo: A Power Rangers Movie[35] March 28, 1997 $8,363,899 $1,251,941 $9,615,840 David Winning and Shuki Levy
Reboot
Saban's Power Rangers[36] March 24, 2017 $84,350,803 $50,525,733 $134,876,536 Dean Israelite

Distribution

Power Rangers has long had success in international markets and continues to air in many countries, with the exception of New Zealand, where the series filming takes place as of 2009[update]. As of 2006, Power Rangers aired at least 65 times a week in more than 40 worldwide markets.[37] Many markets carry or have carried the series on their respective Fox or later Jetix/Disney XD channels or have syndicated the program on regional children's channels or blocks, either dubbed into the local language or broadcast in the original English. Since the 2010 acquisition by Saban Brands, international television distribution rights for Power Rangers have been managed by MarVista Entertainment.[38][39][40]

Broadcast in East Asian territories has been treated differently from in other international markets due to the prevalence and familiarity of 'the Super Sentai brand originating in Japan. Power Rangers was briefly banned in Malaysia for supposedly encouraging the use of drugs because it contained the word "Morphin'" in its title, which could be associated with morphine. The show eventually aired without the offending word.[41] In Japan, many Power Rangers television seasons and movies were dubbed into Japanese for television and video with the voice actors often pulled from past Super Sentai casts, leading to the English-dubbed action sequences being "re-dubbed" or "restored" back to Japanese as well. Power Rangers Mystic Force is the latest season to be broadcast in Japan on Toei Channel in January 2014, with the Magiranger cast voicing their counterparts. After broadcast of Power Rangers ended in South Korea with Wild Force, Bandai of Korea started airing dubbed Super Sentai series under the 파워레인저 (Power Ranger) brand on JEI TV. Some seasons of Super Sentai broadcast in South Korea have similarly named titles as their American counterparts, such as Power Ranger Dino Thunder[42] for Abaranger in 2007 and Power Ranger S.P.D.[43] in place of Dekaranger.

Home media

This article may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may only interest a specific audience. Please help by spinning off or relocating any relevant information, and removing excessive detail that may be against Wikipedia's inclusion policy. (June 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

As of October 2009[update], 33 Power Rangers DVD collections have been released in the United States:

  • Mighty Morphin Power Rangers: The Movie, 1995; 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment
  • Turbo: A Power Rangers Movie, 1997; 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment
  • Mighty Morphin Power Rangers: The Movie/Turbo: A Power Rangers Movie, 1995, 1997; 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment (DVD compilation set of both movies.)
  • The Best of the Power Rangers: The Ultimate Rangers, 2003; BVHE (DVD compilation of episodes from five different seasons of Power Rangers. The episodes include "Forever Red" and "White Light" [Tommy's reintroduction as the White Power Ranger])
  • Power Rangers Ninja Storm Volumes 1–5, 2003; BVHE
  • Power Rangers Dino Thunder Volumes 1–5, 2004; BVHE
  • Power Rangers S.P.D. Volumes 1–5, 2005; BVHE
  • Power Rangers Mystic Force Volumes 1–3 and 'Dark Wish', 2006; BVHE
  • Power Rangers Operation Overdrive Volumes 1–5, 2007; BVHE (The release of an entire season for the first time in the US.)[44][45][46]
  • Power Rangers Jungle Fury Volumes 1 & 2, 2008; BVHE[47] (Volumes 3-5 are only available in the UK.)
  • Power Rangers RPM Volumes 1 & 2, 2009; BVHE[48]
  • Power Rangers RPM 'Bandai Demo DVD', 2009; BVHE (A promo DVD given away at Disney Stores. Contains the episode In or Out).[49]
  • Power Rangers Samurai Volumes 1–5, 2012; Lionsgate
  • Power Rangers Samurai "Monster Bash" and 2 MMPR Halloween episodes; Lionsgate
  • Power Rangers Samurai "Christmas Together, Samurai Forever" and 2 MMPR Christmas episodes; Lionsgate
  • Power Rangers Super Samurai Volumes 1–4 plus The Complete Series; Lionsgate

Internationally, additional DVD releases have occurred (such as Lightspeed Rescue, Time Force and Wild Force in Germany) and as free DVDs attached to the Jetix magazine, published in the UK. Mighty Morphin Power Rangers Season 1, Season 2, and Season 3, Power Rangers Zeo, Power Rangers Turbo, and Power Rangers In Space have been released in Germany as well in both English and German, with Power Rangers Lost Galaxy only in German.[50][51][52][53][54][55][56] Additionally, Ninja Storm, Dino Thunder, S.P.D., Mystic Force, and Operation Overdrive saw complete boxset releases in the UK.[57][58][59][60][61] In France, Mighty Morphin Season 1 and Season 2 have been released in their entirety in 5 episode DVD volumes, and the first 25 episodes of Season 3 were released in May 2008.[62] In Italy, Mighty Morphin, Zeo, Dino Thunder and S.P.D. have appeared in their entirety. Zeo and S.P.D. were made available as commercial DVDs, while Mighty Morphin and Dino Thunder were issued as bi-weekly volumes at newsstands.

The iTunes Store previously made Power Rangers episodes available: part of Mighty Morphin Power Rangers, all of Power Rangers S.P.D., and the first 26 episodes of Power Rangers Mystic Force. Subsequent seasons and episodes of the program also made their appearances in the iTunes Store, but as of July 2009[update], Turbo: A Power Rangers Movie is the only Power Rangers film available. In 2012, Mighty Morphin Power Rangers Season 1 volumes 1 & 2 were released on iTunes to coincide with the DVD releases. As of February 2013, all 3 seasons of MMPR were released on iTunes.

On June 15, 2011, all episodes of Power Rangers from Mighty Morphin Power Rangers Season 1 to Mighty Morphin Power Rangers re-version were made available for instant streaming on Netflix.[63] As of 2017, all seasons through Dino Super Charge have been made available on Netflix.

On March 12, 2012, Shout! Factory announced a home video distribution deal with Saban, which includes the first 17 series of Power Rangers. Shout! Factory released the first seven seasons on DVD in August 2012,[64] seasons 8-12 on November 2013,[65] a 20-year collection on December 2013,[66] and seasons 13-17 on April 2014.[67]

On March 22, 2012 Lionsgate Home Entertainment reached a home media distribution deal with Saban to release Power Rangers Samurai to DVD and Blu-ray.[68]

As of April 2015[update], all series through Super Megaforce are available on the iTunes Store.

As of 2016[update], Dino Charge became available on iTunes.

Broadcast

The series originally aired on Fox's children block, Fox Kids from 1993-2002. When Disney bought the rights to Power Rangers, it moved to ABC's Saturday morning block, ABC Kids from 2002-2010. During that time, all seasons aired on the ABC Family (now Freeform) and Toon Disney's block Jetix. When Saban bought Power Rangers back, the series aired new episodes on Nickelodeon, while previous seasons aired on Nicktoons.

Video games

Main article: List of Power Rangers video games

See also

  • iconTelevision in the United States portal
  • iconFilm in the United States portal
  • iconScience Fiction portal
  • icon1990s portal
  • 2000s portal
  • icon2010s portal
  • Big Bad Beetleborgs
  • Kamen Rider: Dragon Knight
  • List of Power Rangers cast members
  • Masked Rider
  • Mystic Knights of Tir Na Nog
  • Ninja Turtles: The Next Mutation
  • Super Sentai
  • Superhuman Samurai Syber-Squad
  • Tattooed Teenage Alien Fighters from Beverly Hills
  • VR Troopers
  • List of the highest-grossing media franchises

Notes

  1. Jump up ^ As the series progresses, one or more of the Rangers will usually receive motorcycles for long-distance travel, as well as individual Zords. In many series, a Ranger is also given additional Zords or weapons. In some cases, one Ranger may receive something that other Rangers do not; an example is the Battlizer given to the Red Ranger of each series since Power Rangers in Space (until Operation Overdrive).
  2. Jump up ^ Public servants (rescue squad, police officers, etc.) appearing as Rangers disregard this convention in Power Rangers Lightspeed Rescue, Power Rangers S.P.D., Power Rangers Operation Overdrive and Power Rangers RPM.
  3. Jump up ^ An original Power Ranger, the Titanium Ranger, was created especially for Lightspeed Rescue to add a sixth Power Ranger to the series.
  4. Jump up ^ Other color designations include metallic colors, violet, and "Shadow", as well as protagonists who have powers and costumes similar to those of the Rangers but are not called "Power Rangers", such as the Blue Senturion and Koragg the Knight Wolf.
  5. Jump up ^ A joke highlighted this correlation in Dino Thunder when Tommy Oliver (a former Green Ranger, White Ranger, and Red Ranger) became the new Black Ranger; he said that he had to go shopping because he did not own enough black-colored clothing.

References

  1. Jump up ^ "Toei Company Profile| Toei". Retrieved 2012-08-27.
  2. Jump up ^ "BANDAI Co., Ltd | Global Development". Retrieved 2010-02-07.
  3. Jump up ^ Kerry, Dollan (November 26, 2001). "Beyond Power Rangers". Forbes. Forbes, Inc. Retrieved March 14, 2017.
  4. Jump up ^ "Day of the Dumpster". Mighty Morphin Power Rangers. Season 1. Episode 1. 1993-08-28. Fox.
  5. Jump up ^ Power Rangers Dino Thunder, Power Rangers S.P.D., Power Rangers Operation Overdrive, Power Rangers Jungle Fury
  6. Jump up ^ Heffley, Lynne (November 25, 1993). "Low-Tech Equals High Ratings : Fox's Offbeat 'Mighty Morphin Power Rangers' Flexes Its Kidvid Muscle". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved August 28, 2012.
  7. ^ Jump up to: a b c d "The original ‘Power Rangers’ return in 2010". Kung Fu Cinema. Archived from the original on 2010-04-08. Retrieved 2009-10-11.
  8. Jump up ^ "Haim Saban". Saban. Retrieved February 23, 2009.
  9. Jump up ^ "News Corp. and Haim Saban Reach Agreement to Sell Fox Family Worldwide to Disney for $5.3 Billion". saban. July 23, 2001. Retrieved February 23, 2009.
  10. ^ Jump up to: a b c "Disney buys Fox Family for $3B". CNNfn. www.money.cnn.com. July 23, 2001. Retrieved September 21, 2007.
  11. Jump up ^ "Lights out for 'Power Rangers'". New York Post. March 10, 2009. Retrieved October 8, 2009.
  12. ^ Jump up to: a b "LIGHTS OUT FOR 'POWER RANGERS'". New York Post. 2009-03-10. Retrieved 2009-11-24.
  13. Jump up ^ Eriksen, Alanah May (March 6, 2009). "'Power Rangers' defeated". The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved March 7, 2009.
  14. Jump up ^ "Supplement to Disney A to Z: The Official Encyclopedia" (PDF). September 1, 2009. p. 87. Retrieved September 26, 2009.
  15. Jump up ^ "PRESS RELEASE: Bandai America Powers Up Like It’s 1993; Brings Back Mighty Morphin Power Rangers in New Toy Line | Bandai America". October 1, 2009. Retrieved October 2, 2009.
  16. Jump up ^ "CORRECTING and REPLACING PHOTOS Bandai America Powers up Like It’s 1993; Brings Back Mighty Morphin Power Rangers in New Toy Line". October 1, 2009. Retrieved October 1, 2009.
  17. Jump up ^ Carugati, Anna (November 9, 2010). "Video Interview: Saban Brands' Elie Dekel". Retrieved November 11, 2010.
  18. ^ Jump up to: a b Littleton, Cynthia (2010-05-12). "Saban re-acquires rights to 'Rangers' - Entertainment News, TV News, Media - Variety". Retrieved May 12, 2010.
  19. Jump up ^ Bond, Paul (August 10, 2010). "Disney's Q3 boosted by TV operations profit; Power Rangers sale added $43 million to coffers". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved August 11, 2010.
  20. ^ Jump up to: a b ""Power Rangers Samurai" premiering in February 2011". Archived from the original on August 14, 2011. Retrieved December 2, 2010.
  21. Jump up ^ "Saban Capital Group Acquires Power Rangers from The Walt Disney Company «  The Toy Book". May 12, 2010. Retrieved May 12, 2010.
  22. Jump up ^ "SABAN BRINGS "POWER RANGERS" FRANCHISE TO NICKELODEON" (PDF) (Press release). Viacom. Retrieved May 13, 2010.
  23. Jump up ^ "Mogul Saban buys back Power Rangers from Disney". Google News. Associated Press. May 12, 2010. Archived from the original on 2010-05-16. Retrieved May 13, 2010.
  24. Jump up ^ "Saban Brands Partners with The CW to Launch Five-Hour Kids Television Block" (PDF). Saban. July 2, 2012. Retrieved July 7, 2012.
  25. Jump up ^ Wallenstein, Andrew (July 2, 2012). "Saban Brands to rebuild CW toon block". Variety. Retrieved July 7, 2012.
  26. Jump up ^ Marcucci, Carl (July 3, 2012). "The CW signs Saban Brands for kids block". Radio & Television Business Report. Retrieved July 7, 2012.
  27. Jump up ^ "Saban Brands to Launch Vortexx on The CW". PR Newswire. July 12, 2012. Retrieved July 12, 2012.
  28. Jump up ^ "Saban Brands to launch Vortexx kid shows on The CW". Los Angeles Business. July 12, 2012. Retrieved July 12, 2012.
  29. Jump up ^ "Saban Brands Announces Extended Partnerships for Power Rangers Franchise with Nickelodeon and Bandai America Through 2016". Business Wire. Retrieved October 2, 2013.
  30. Jump up ^ "Dynamic New Season, Saban’s Power Rangers Dino Super Charge, to Premiere Saturday, Jan. 30, at 12 p.m. (ET/PT) on Nickelodeon". Business Wire. January 12, 2016. Retrieved January 29, 2016.
  31. Jump up ^ Truitt, Brian (2014-02-08). "Exclusive: 'Power Rangers Dino Charge' coming in 2015". USA Today. Retrieved 2014-02-09.
  32. Jump up ^ "24th Power Rangers Season Is Power Rangers Ninja Steel". Anime News Network. January 13, 2016. Retrieved January 13, 2016.
  33. Jump up ^ Max Nicholson (2016-01-12). "Power Rangers: Dino Super Charge Premiere Date and Next Iteration Revealed". IGN. Retrieved 2016-01-12.
  34. Jump up ^ "Mighty Morphin' Power Rangers (1995)". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved 2009-05-05.
  35. Jump up ^ "Turbo: A Power Rangers Movie (1997)". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved 2009-10-18.
  36. Jump up ^ "Lionsgate". SABAN'S POWER RANGERS TO BEGIN PRODUCTION TODAY. 2016-02-29. Retrieved 2016-03-02.
  37. Jump up ^ "Disney Shows Muscle with Boys Properties" (PDF). Retrieved 2009-11-06.
  38. Jump up ^ Littleton, Cynthia (July 26, 2010). "MarVista to sell 'Rangers' TV library". Variety. Retrieved July 26, 2010.
  39. Jump up ^ "MarVista to Re-Introduce Power Rangers to International Market". WorldScreen. July 26, 2010. Retrieved July 26, 2010.
  40. Jump up ^ Graziadio, Marissa (September 13, 2010). "New Partners On Board for Power Rangers Samurai". Retrieved September 20, 2010.
  41. Jump up ^ "Malaysia: Authorities ban the hit television series Mighty Morphin Power Rangers", Reuters, December 22, 1995
  42. Jump up ^ "파워레인저". Archived from the original on July 16, 2007. Retrieved 2007-08-05.
  43. Jump up ^ "파워레인저 S.P.D.". Archived from the original on 2007-08-09. Retrieved 2007-08-05.
  44. Jump up ^ "Power Rangers Operation Overdrive - First 2 Volumes of 'Complete Series' DVDs Planned @ TVShowsOnDVD.com". Retrieved 2007-06-24.
  45. Jump up ^ "Power Rangers Operation Overdrive - Box Art, Date, Price & Extras for Volume 3: Blue Sapphire DVD @ TVShowsOnDVD.com". Retrieved 2007-08-25.
  46. Jump up ^ "Power Rangers Operation Overdrive - Finish the Adventure in February: Final Two Volumes Kick Into Overdrive @ TVShowsOnDVD.com". Retrieved 2007-11-10.
  47. Jump up ^ "Power Rangers Jungle Fury - Disney Announces Vol. 1 and Vol. 2 DVDs for Jungle Fury @ TVShowsOnDVD.com". 2008-09-13. Retrieved 2008-09-13.
  48. Jump up ^ "Power Rangers RPM, Vol. 2: Race for Corinth @ Amazon.com". Retrieved 2009-07-16.
  49. Jump up ^ "Power Rangers R.P.M. - Disney Store's Promo Disc Says Volumes 3 and 4 'Coming Soon'". Retrieved 2009-10-19.
  50. Jump up ^ "Mighty Morphin Power Rangers Season 1 @ Amazon.de". Retrieved 2008-02-13.
  51. Jump up ^ "Mighty Morphin Power Rangers Season 2 @ Amazon.de". Retrieved 2008-02-13.
  52. Jump up ^ "Mighty Morphin Power Rangers Season 3 @ Amazon.de". Retrieved 2008-02-13.
  53. Jump up ^ "Power Rangers Zeo @ Amazon.de". Retrieved 2008-05-31.
  54. Jump up ^ "Power Rangers Turbo @ Amazon.de". Retrieved 2008-08-01.
  55. Jump up ^ "Power Rangers In Space @ Amazon.de". Retrieved 2009-05-05.
  56. Jump up ^ "Power Rangers Lost Galaxy @ Amazon.de". Retrieved 2009-05-12.
  57. Jump up ^ "Power Rangers Ninja Storm @ Amazon.co.uk". Retrieved 2008-08-01.
  58. Jump up ^ "Power Rangers Dino Thunder @ Amazon.co.uk". Retrieved 2008-08-01.
  59. Jump up ^ "Power Rangers S.P.D. @ Amazon.co.uk". Retrieved 2008-08-01.
  60. Jump up ^ "Power Rangers Mystic Force @ Amazon.co.uk". Retrieved 2008-08-01.
  61. Jump up ^ "Power Rangers Operation Overdrive @ Amazon.co.uk". Retrieved 2008-08-01.
  62. Jump up ^ "Power Rangers Mighty Morphin - Volume 28 @ lcj-editions.com". Retrieved 2008-08-01.
  63. Jump up ^ Bowers, Trinnette (June 15, 2011). "Power Rangers: At a Netflix near you". My Fox Orlando. Archived from the original on June 21, 2011. Retrieved June 15, 2011.
  64. Jump up ^ "Mighty Morphin Power Rangers - 'Seasons 1-7: From Mighty Morphin to Lost Galaxy' Announced: Date, Cost, Action Figure!". TVShowsOnDVD.com. Retrieved 2012-06-05.
  65. Jump up ^ "Multiple Shows (5) - Power Rangers: Season 8-12". TVShowsOnDVD.com. Retrieved 2014-11-24.
  66. Jump up ^ "Mighty Morphin Power Rangers - Pricing is Revealed for 'Power Rangers Legacy: The First 20 Years'". TVShowsOnDVD.com. 2013-09-04.
  67. Jump up ^ "Multiple Shows (5) - Power Rangers: Seasons 13-17". TVShowsOnDVD.com. Retrieved 2014-11-24.
  68. Jump up ^ "Lionsgate to Distribute 'Power Rangers Samurai'". Home Media Magazine. 2012-03-22. Retrieved 2012-06-09.

External links

  • Official Power Rangers Website
  • Fox Kids Official Power Rangers website (Archive)
  • Power Rangers at Saban Brands
  • Power Rangers at TV.com
  • Power Rangers at Bandai
[show]
  • v
  • t
  • e
Power Rangers
Media
TV series
Saban Entertainment
  • Mighty Morphin Power Rangers (1993–1995; 2010)
    • Season 1
    • 2
    • 3
    • 2010 re-version
  • Alien Rangers (1996)
  • Zeo (1996)
    • Episodes
  • Turbo (1997)
    • Episodes
  • in Space (1998)
    • Episodes
  • Lost Galaxy (1999)
    • Episodes
  • Lightspeed Rescue (2000)
    • Episodes
  • Time Force (2001)
    • Episodes
  • Wild Force (2002)
    • Episodes
Disney
  • Ninja Storm (2003)
    • Episodes
  • Dino Thunder (2004)
    • Episodes
  • S.P.D. (2005)
    • Episodes
  • Mystic Force (2006)
    • Episodes
  • Operation Overdrive (2007)
    • Episodes
  • Jungle Fury (2008)
    • Episodes
  • RPM (2009)
    • Episodes
Saban Brands
  • Samurai & Super Samurai (2011–2012)
    • Season 1
    • 2
  • Megaforce & Super Megaforce (2013–2014)
    • Season 1
    • 2
  • Dino Charge & Dino Super Charge (2015–2016)
    • Season 1
    • 2
  • Ninja Steel & Super Ninja Steel (2017–2018)
    • Episodes
Films
  • Mighty Morphin Power Rangers: The Movie (1995)
  • Turbo: A Power Rangers Movie (1997)
  • Saban's Power Rangers (2017)
Video
games
  • Mighty Morphin Power Rangers (1994)
  • The Movie (1995)
  • The Fighting Edition (1995)
  • Zeo: Battle Racers (1996)
  • Lightspeed Rescue (2000)
  • Time Force (2001)
  • Wild Force (2002)
  • Ninja Storm (2003)
  • Dino Thunder (2004)
  • S.P.D. (2005)
  • Super Legends (2007)
  • Legacy Wars (2017)
Others
  • "Go Go Power Rangers" (theme song)
  • "Power Rangers" (song)
  • A Rock Adventure
  • World Tour Live on Stage
  • Collectible Card Game
  • Comics
    • Justice League/Power Rangers
  • Home video
Universe
  • Rangers
  • Planets
  • Races
  • Villains
  • Zords
Related articles
  • Cast members
  • Power/Rangers
  • Super Sentai
  • Power Rangers Dino Force Brave
  • Power Rangers Hyperforce
Corporate
  • Haim Saban
    • Saban Entertainment
    • Saban Brands
  • Shuki Levy
  • Tony Oliver
  • Bandai Namco Entertainment
    • Bandai
Related Saban series
  • VR Troopers
  • Masked Rider
  • Big Bad Beetleborgs
  • Ninja Turtles: The Next Mutation
  • Mystic Knights of Tir Na Nog
Related DIC series
  • Superhuman Samurai Syber-Squad
  • Tattooed Teenage Alien Fighters from Beverly Hills
Related Adness series
  • Kamen Rider: Dragon Knight
[show]
  • v
  • t
  • e
Super Sentai
Ishinomori Series
  • Gorenger (1975–1977)
  • J.A.K.Q. (1977)
Shōwa Period Series
  • Battle Fever J (1979)
  • Denziman (1980)
  • Sun Vulcan (1981)
  • Goggle-V (1982)
  • Dynaman (1983)
  • Bioman (1984)
  • Changeman (1985)
  • Flashman (1986)
  • Maskman (1987)
  • Liveman (1988)
Heisei Period Series (XX)
  • Turboranger (1989)
  • Fiveman (1990)
  • Jetman (1991)
  • Zyuranger (1992)
  • Dairanger (1993)
  • Kakuranger (1994)
  • Ohranger (1995)
  • Carranger (1996)
  • Megaranger (1997)
  • Gingaman (1998)
  • GoGoFive (1999)
  • Timeranger (2000)
Heisei Period Series (XXI)
  • Gaoranger (2001)
  • Hurricaneger (2002)
  • Abaranger (2003)
  • Dekaranger (2004)
  • Magiranger (2005)
  • Boukenger (2006)
  • Gekiranger (2007)
  • Go-onger (2008)
  • Shinkenger (2009)
  • Goseiger (2010)
  • Gokaiger (2011)
  • Go-Busters (2012)
  • Kyoryuger (2013)
  • ToQger (2014)
  • Ninninger (2015)
  • Zyuohger (2016)
  • Kyuranger (2017)
Related Media
  • Chō Ninja Tai Inazuma!
  • Akibaranger
  • Power Rangers
  • Sport Ranger
  • France Five
  • Gatchaman
  • Kyoryuger Brave
See also
  • Super Hero Time
  • Rangers Strike
  • Project.R
  • Dice-O
  • Kamen Rider
  • Metal Hero
[show]
  • v
  • t
  • e
ABC Kids
Disney's
One Saturday Morning

(1997–2002)
  • 101 Dalmatians: The Series
  • Buzz Lightyear of Star Command
  • Doug
  • DuckTales
  • Even Stevens
  • Hercules
  • Disney's House of Mouse
  • Jungle Cubs
  • Lizzie McGuire
  • Lloyd in Space
  • Mary-Kate and Ashley in Action!
  • Mickey Mouse Works
  • Pepper Ann
  • Recess
  • Sabrina: The Animated Series
  • Science Court
  • Teacher's Pet
  • Teamo Supremo
  • The New Adventures of Winnie the Pooh
  • The Bugs Bunny and Tweety Show
  • The Weekenders
ABC Kids
(2002–2011)
  • Even Stevens (2002–2005)
  • Fillmore! (2002–2004)
  • Hannah Montana (2006–2011)
  • Kim Possible (2002–2006)
  • Lilo & Stitch: The Series (2003–2006)
  • Lizzie McGuire (2002–2005)
  • NBA Inside Stuff (2002–2004)
  • Phil of the Future (2004–2006)
  • Power Rangers (2002–2010)
  • Recess (2002–2004)
  • Teamo Supremo (2002–2003)
  • That's So Raven (2003–2011)
  • The Buzz on Maggie (2005–2006)
  • The Emperor's New School (2006–2011)
  • The Proud Family (2002–2006)
  • The Replacements (2006–2011)
  • The Suite Life of Zack & Cody (2005–2011)
  • W.I.T.C.H. (2004–2005)
Related topics
  • Children's programming on the American Broadcasting Company
  • Disney's One Too
  • Disney Channel Saturday Mornings (Toonin' Saturday)
  • Jambalaya Studios
  • Disney Television Animation
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Power_Rangers&oldid=804369097"
Categories:
  • Power Rangers
  • 1990s American television series
  • 1993 American television series debuts
  • 2000s American television series
  • 2010s American television series
  • ABC Kids
  • Action figures
  • American children's action television series
  • American Broadcasting Company network shows
  • American television series based on Japanese television series
  • Bandai brands
  • Fox network shows
  • Jetix
  • 2010s Nickelodeon shows
  • Superheroes
  • Television franchises
  • 1990s toys
  • 2000s toys
  • 2010s toys
  • Television programs adapted into films
  • Television programs adapted into comics
  • Television programs adapted into video games
  • Television programs adapted into plays
Hidden categories:
  • Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages
  • Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages
  • Use mdy dates from March 2017
  • All articles with unsourced statements
  • Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017
  • Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2001
  • All articles containing potentially dated statements
  • Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2017
  • Articles to be expanded from October 2009
  • All articles to be expanded
  • Articles using small message boxes
  • Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2009
  • Wikipedia articles needing style editing from June 2016
  • All articles needing style editing
  • Articles containing potentially dated statements from October 2009
  • Articles containing potentially dated statements from July 2009
  • Articles containing potentially dated statements from April 2015
  • Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2016

Navigation menu

Personal tools

  • Not logged in
  • Talk
  • Contributions
  • Create account
  • Log in

Namespaces

  • Article
  • Talk

Variants

Views

  • Read
  • View source
  • View history

More

Navigation

  • Main page
  • Contents
  • Featured content
  • Current events
  • Random article
  • Donate to Wikipedia
  • Wikipedia store

Interaction

  • Help
  • About Wikipedia
  • Community portal
  • Recent changes
  • Contact page

Tools

  • What links here
  • Related changes
  • Upload file
  • Special pages
  • Permanent link
  • Page information
  • Wikidata item
  • Cite this page

Print/export

  • Create a book
  • Download as PDF
  • Printable version

In other projects

  • Wikimedia Commons

Languages

  • العربية
  • Български
  • Bosanski
  • Dansk
  • Deutsch
  • Ελληνικά
  • Español
  • Français
  • 한국어
  • Հայերեն
  • Hrvatski
  • Bahasa Indonesia
  • Italiano
  • עברית
  • Magyar
  • Bahasa Melayu
  • မြန်မာဘာသာ
  • Nederlands
  • 日本語
  • Polski
  • Português
  • Русский
  • Српски / srpski
  • Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски
  • Suomi
  • Svenska
  • தமிழ்
  • ไทย
  • Türkçe
  • Українська
  • Tiếng Việt
  • ייִדיש
  • 中文
Edit links
  • This page was last edited on 8 October 2017, at 15:13.
  • Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
  • Privacy policy
  • About Wikipedia
  • Disclaimers
  • Contact Wikipedia
  • Developers
  • Cookie statement
  • Mobile view
  • Enable previews
  • Wikimedia Foundation
  • Powered by MediaWiki


ABO blood group system

ABO blood group system

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"ABO" redirects here. For other uses, see ABO (disambiguation).
"H substance" redirects here. For use in inflammation, see histamine. For hydrogen atom, see hydrogen.
ABO blood group antigens present on red blood cells and IgM antibodies present in the serum

The ABO blood group system is used to denote the presence of one, both, or neither of the A and B antigens on erythrocytes.[1] In human blood transfusions it is the most important of the 35 different blood type (or group) classification systems currently recognized.[2] A very rare (in modern medicine) mismatch in this, or any other serotype, can cause a serious, potentially fatal, adverse reaction after a transfusion, or a contra-indicated immune response to an organ transplant.[3] The associated anti-A and anti-B antibodies are usually IgM antibodies, which are produced in the first years of life by sensitization to environmental substances, such as food, bacteria, and viruses. ABO blood types are also present in some other animals, for example rodents and apes, such as chimpanzees, bonobos, and gorillas.[4]

Contents

 [hide]
  • 1 History of discoveries of the blood types
  • 2 Alteration of ABO antigens for transfusion
  • 3 Genetics
    • 3.1 Subgroups
    • 3.2 Distribution and evolutionary history
    • 3.3 Origin theories
  • 4 Clinical relevance
    • 4.1 Bleeding and thrombosis (von Willebrand factor)
    • 4.2 Disease risks
    • 4.3 ABO hemolytic disease of the newborn
    • 4.4 Clinical applications
    • 4.5 Clinical marker
  • 5 Pseudoscience
  • 6 Data tables
  • 7 See also
  • 8 References
  • 9 Further reading
  • 10 External links

History of discoveries of the blood types[edit]

Czech serologist Jan Janský is credited with the first classification of blood into the four types (I, II, III, IV)

The ABO blood group system is widely credited to have been discovered by the Austrian scientist Karl Landsteiner, who identified the O, A, and B blood types in 1900.[5][6] Landsteiner originally described the O blood type as type "C", and in parts of Europe it is rendered as "0" (zero), signifying the lack of A or B antigen. Landsteiner was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1930 for his work.[5] Alfred von Decastello and Adriano Sturli discovered the fourth type, AB, in 1902.[7][8]

Ukraine marine uniform imprint, showing the wearer's blood type as "B (III) Rh+"

It was subsequently found that the Czech serologist Jan Janský had independently pioneered the classification of human blood into four groups in 1907,[9] but Landsteiner's independent discovery had been accepted by the scientific world while Janský remained then in relative obscurity. However, in 1921 an American medical commission acknowledged Janský's classification. Jan Janský is nowadays credited with the first classification of blood into the four types (I, II, III, IV).

Janský's classification remains in use today. In Russia and states of the former USSR, blood types O, A, B, and AB are respectively designated I, II, III, and IV.[10] The designation A and B with reference to blood groups was proposed by Ludwik Hirszfeld.

In America, W.L. Moss published his own (very similar) work in 1910.[11]

Ludwik Hirszfeld and E. von Dungern discovered the heritability of ABO blood groups in 1910–11. Felix Bernstein demonstrated the correct blood group inheritance pattern of multiple alleles at one locus in 1924.[12] Watkins and Morgan, in England, discovered that the ABO epitopes were conferred by sugars, to be specific, N-acetylgalactosamine for the A-type and galactose for the B-type.[13][14][15] After much published literature claiming that the ABH substances were all attached to glycosphingolipids, Finne et al. (1978) found that the human erythrocyte glycoproteins contain polylactosamine chains[16] that contains ABH substances attached and represent the majority of the antigens.[17][18][19] The main glycoproteins carrying the ABH antigens were identified to be the Band 3 and Band 4.5 proteins and glycophorin.[20] Later, Yamamoto's group showed the precise glycosyl transferase set that confers the A, B and O epitopes.[21]

Diagram showing the carbohydrate chains that determine the ABO blood group
Student blood test. Three drops of blood are mixed with anti-B (left) and anti-A (right) serum. Agglutination on the right side indicates blood type A.
There are three basic variants of immunoglobulin antigens in humans that share a very similar chemical structure but are distinctly different. Red circles show where there are differences in chemical structure in the antigen-binding site (sometimes called the antibody-combining site) of human immunoglobulin. Notice the O-type antigen does not have a binding site.[22]

Alteration of ABO antigens for transfusion[edit]

In April 2007, an international team of researchers announced in the journal Nature Biotechnology an inexpensive and efficient way to convert types A, B, and AB blood into type O.[23] This is done by using glycosidase enzymes from specific bacteria to strip the blood group antigens from red blood cells. The removal of A and B antigens still does not address the problem of the Rh blood group antigen on the blood cells of Rh positive individuals, and so blood from Rh negative donors must be used. Patient trials will be conducted before the method can be relied on in live situations.

Another approach to the blood antigen problem is the manufacture of artificial blood, which could act as a substitute in emergencies.[24]

Genetics[edit]

A and B are codominant, giving the AB phenotype.

Blood groups are inherited from both parents. The ABO blood type is controlled by a single gene (the ABO gene) with three types of alleles inferred from classical genetics: i, IA, and IB. The I designation stands for isoagglutinogen, another term for antigen.[25] The gene encodes a glycosyltransferase—that is, an enzyme that modifies the carbohydrate content of the red blood cell antigens. The gene is located on the long arm of the ninth chromosome (9q34).

The IA allele gives type A, IB gives type B, and i gives type O. As both IA and IB are dominant over i, only ii people have type O blood. Individuals with IAIA or IAi have type A blood, and individuals with IBIB or IBi have type B. IAIB people have both phenotypes, because A and B express a special dominance relationship: codominance, which means that type A and B parents can have an AB child. A couple with type A and type B can also have a type O child if they are both heterozygous (IBi,IAi) The cis-AB phenotype has a single enzyme that creates both A and B antigens. The resulting red blood cells do not usually express A or B antigen at the same level that would be expected on common group A1 or B red blood cells, which can help solve the problem of an apparently genetically impossible blood group.[26]

Blood group inheritance
Blood type O A B AB
Genotype ii (OO) IAi (AO) IAIA (AA) IBi (BO) IBIB (BB) IAIB (AB)
O ii (OO) O
OO OO OO OO
O or A
AO OO AO OO
A
AO AO AO AO
O or B
BO OO BO OO
B
BO BO BO BO
A or B
AO BO AO BO
A IAi (AO) O or A
AO AO OO OO
O or A
AA AO AO OO
A
AA AA AO AO
O, A, B or AB
AB AO BO OO
B or AB
AB AB BO BO
A, B or AB
AA AB AO BO
IAIA (AA) A
AO AO AO AO
A
AA AO AA AO
A
AA AA AA AA
A or AB
AB AO AB AO
AB
AB AB AB AB
A or AB
AA AB AA AB
B IBi (BO) O or B
BO BO OO OO
O, A, B or AB
AB BO AO OO
A or AB
AB AB AO AO
O or B
BB BO BO OO
B
BB BB BO BO
A, B or AB
AB BB AO BO
IBIB (BB) B
BO BO BO BO
B or AB
AB BO AB BO
AB
AB AB AB AB
B
BB BO BB BO
B
BB BB BB BB
B or AB
AB BB AB BB
AB IAIB (AB) A or B
AO AO BO BO
A, B or AB
AA AO AB BO
A or AB
AA AA AB AB
A, B or AB
AB AO BB BO
B or AB
AB AB BB BB
A, B, or AB
AA AB AB BB

The table above summarizes the various blood groups that children may inherit from their parents.[27][28] Genotypes are shown in the second column and in small print for the offspring: AO and AA both test as type A; BO and BB test as type B. The four possibilities represent the combinations obtained when one allele is taken from each parent; each has a 25% chance, but some occur more than once.

Blood group inheritance by phenotype only
Blood type O A B AB
O O O or A O or B A or B
A O or A O or A O, A, B or AB A, B or AB
B O or B O, A, B or AB O or B A, B or AB
AB A or B A, B or AB A, B or AB A, B or AB

Historically, ABO blood tests were used in paternity testing, but in 1957 only 50% of American men falsely accused were able to use them as evidence against paternity.[29] Occasionally, the blood types of children are not consistent with expectations—for example, a type O child can be born to an AB parent—due to rare situations, such as Bombay phenotype and cis AB.[30]

Subgroups[edit]

The A blood type contains about 20 subgroups, of which A1 and A2 are the most common (over 99%). A1 makes up about 80% of all A-type blood, with A2 making up almost all of the rest.[31] These two subgroups are not always interchangeable as far as transfusion is concerned, as some A2 individuals produce antibodies against the A1 antigen. Complications can sometimes arise in rare cases when typing the blood.[31]

With the development of DNA sequencing, it has been possible to identify a much larger number of alleles at the ABO locus, each of which can be categorized as A, B, or O in terms of the reaction to transfusion, but which can be distinguished by variations in the DNA sequence. There are six common alleles in white individuals of the ABO gene that produce one's blood type:[32][33]

A B O
A101 (A1)
A201 (A2)
B101 (B1) O01 (O1)
O02 (O1v)
O03 (O2)

The same study also identified 18 rare alleles, which generally have a weaker glycosylation activity. People with weak alleles of A can sometimes express anti-A antibodies, though these are usually not clinically significant as they do not stably interact with the antigen at body temperature.[34]

Cis AB is another rare variant, in which A and B genes are transmitted together from a single parent.

Distribution and evolutionary history[edit]

Main article: Blood type distribution by country

The distribution of the blood groups A, B, O and AB varies across the world according to the population. There are also variations in blood type distribution within human subpopulations.

In the UK, the distribution of blood type frequencies through the population still shows some correlation to the distribution of placenames and to the successive invasions and migrations including Norsemen, Danes, Saxons, Celts, and Normans who contributed the morphemes to the placenames and the genes to the population.[35]

The two common O alleles, O01 and O02, share their first 261 nucleotides with the group A allele A01.[36] However, unlike the group A allele, a guanosine base is subsequently deleted. A premature stop codon results from this frame-shift mutation. This variant is found worldwide, and likely predates human migration from Africa. The O01 allele is considered to predate the O02 allele.[citation needed]

Some evolutionary biologists theorize that there are four main lineages of the ABO gene and that mutations creating type O have occurred at least three times in humans.[37] From oldest to youngest, these lineages comprise the following alleles: A101/A201/O09, B101, O02 and O01. The continued presence of the O alleles is hypothesized to be the result of balancing selection.[37] Both theories contradict the previously held theory that type O blood evolved first.[citation needed]

Origin theories[edit]

It is possible that food and environmental antigens (bacterial, viral, or plant antigens) have epitopes similar enough to A and B glycoprotein antigens. The antibodies created against these environmental antigens in the first years of life can cross-react with ABO-incompatible red blood cells that it comes in contact with during blood transfusion later in life. Anti-A antibodies are hypothesized to originate from immune response towards influenza virus, whose epitopes are similar enough to the α-D-N-galactosamine on the A glycoprotein to be able to elicit a cross-reaction. Anti-B antibodies are hypothesized to originate from antibodies produced against Gram-negative bacteria, such as E. coli, cross-reacting with the α-D-galactose on the B glycoprotein.[38]

However, it is more likely that the force driving evolution of allele diversity is simply negative frequency-dependent selection; cells with rare variants of membrane antigens are more easily distinguished by the immune system from pathogens carrying antigens from other hosts. Thus, individuals possessing rare types are better equipped to detect pathogens. The high within-population diversity observed in human populations would, then, be a consequence of natural selection on individuals.[39]

HIV can be neutralized in in vitro experiments using antibodies against blood group antigens specifically expressed on the HIV-producing cell lines.[40][41]

Clinical relevance[edit]

The carbohydrate molecules on the surfaces of red blood cells have roles in cell membrane integrity, cell adhesion, membrane transportation of molecules, and acting as receptors for extracellular ligands, and enzymes. ABO antigens are found having similar roles on epithelial cells as well as red blood cells.[42][43]

Bleeding and thrombosis (von Willebrand factor)[edit]

The ABO antigen is also expressed on the von Willebrand factor (vWF) glycoprotein,[44] which participates in hemostasis (control of bleeding). In fact, having type O blood predisposes to bleeding,[45] as 30% of the total genetic variation observed in plasma vWF is explained by the effect of the ABO blood group,[46] and individuals with group O blood normally have significantly lower plasma levels of vWF (and Factor VIII) than do non-O individuals.[47][48] In addition, vWF is degraded more rapidly due to the higher prevalence of blood group O with the Cys1584 variant of vWF (an amino acid polymorphism in VWF):[49] the gene for ADAMTS13 (vWF-cleaving protease) maps to the ninth chromosome (9q34), the same locus as ABO blood type. Higher levels of vWF are more common amongst people who have had ischemic stroke (from blood clotting) for the first time.[50] The results of this study found that the occurrence was not affected by ADAMTS13 polymorphism, and the only significant genetic factor was the person's blood group.

Disease risks[edit]

Compared to O group individuals, non-O group (A, AB, and B) individuals have a 14% reduced risk of squamous cell carcinoma and 4% reduced risk of basal cell carcinoma.[51] Conversely, type O blood is associated with a reduced risk of pancreatic cancer.[52][53] The B antigen links with increased risk of ovarian cancer.[54] Gastric cancer has reported to be more common in blood group A and least in group O.[55]

According to Glass, Holmgren, et al., those in the O blood group have an increased risk of infection with cholera, and those O-group individuals who are infected have more severe infections. The mechanisms behind this association with cholera are unclear in the literature.[56]

ABO hemolytic disease of the newborn[edit]

Main article: Hemolytic disease of the newborn (ABO)

ABO blood group incompatibilities between the mother and child does not usually cause hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN) because antibodies to the ABO blood groups are usually of the IgM type, which do not cross the placenta. However, in an O-type mother, IgG ABO antibodies are produced and the baby can potentially develop ABO hemolytic disease of the newborn.

Clinical applications[edit]

In human cells, the ABO alleles and their encoded glycosyltransferases have been described in several oncologic conditions.[57] Using anti-GTA/GTB monoclonal antibodies, it was demonstrated that a loss of these enzymes was correlated to malignant bladder and oral epithelia.[58][59] Furthermore, the expression of ABO blood group antigens in normal human tissues is dependent the type of differentiation of the epithelium. In most human carcinomas, including oral carcinoma, a significant event as part of the underlying mechanism is decreased expression of the A and B antigens.[60] Several studies have observed that a relative down-regulation of GTA and GTB occurs in oral carcinomas in association with tumor development.[60][61] More recently, a genome wide association study (GWAS) has identified variants in the ABO locus associated with susceptibility to pancreatic cancer.[62]

Clinical marker[edit]

A multi-locus genetic risk score study based on a combination of 27 loci, including the ABO gene, identified individuals at increased risk for both incident and recurrent coronary artery disease events, as well as an enhanced clinical benefit from statin therapy. The study was based on a community cohort study (the Malmo Diet and Cancer study) and four additional randomized controlled trials of primary prevention cohorts (JUPITER and ASCOT) and secondary prevention cohorts (CARE and PROVE IT-TIMI 22).[63]

Pseudoscience[edit]

During the 1930s, connecting blood groups to personality types became popular in Japan and other areas of the world.[64] Studies of this association have yet to confirm its existence definitively.[65][66]

Other popular but unsupported ideas include the use of a blood type diet, claims that group A causes severe hangovers, group O is associated with perfect teeth, and those with blood group A2 have the highest IQs. Scientific evidence in support of these concepts is nonexistent.[67]

Data tables[edit]

ABO allele frequencies in Korean, Japanese and German populations.
Population
ABO allele
A(Pro) A(Leu) B O(T) O(A) O2
Korean (n=253) 0.022a,c 0.209c 0.209c 0.360a,e 0.200b 0d
Japanese1 (n=520) 0.071 0.216 0.178 0.273 0.262 0
German2 (n=169) 0.213 0.077 0.047 0.426 0.216 0.021
aKorean versus Japanese, p<0.001. bKorean versus Japanese, p<0.01.
cKorean versus German, p<0.001. dKorean versus German, p<0.01.
eKorean versus German, p<0.05 (Fisher's exact probability test).
1Fukumori et al., 1996. 2Nishimukai et al., 1996.
Source: Table 2, Page 333, Kang Sung-ha et al. (1997)[68]

See also[edit]

  • Kidd blood group

References[edit]

  1. Jump up ^ The Editors of Encyclopædia Britannica (2017-07-18). "ABO blood group system". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Retrieved 2017-10-26.
  2. Jump up ^ ISBT (2014). "Table of Blood Group Systems v4.0 (November)" (PDF). International Society of Blood Transfusion. Retrieved 19 February 2016.
  3. Jump up ^ Muramatsu M, Gonzalez HD, Cacciola R, Aikawa A, Yaqoob MM, Puliatti C (2014). "ABO incompatible renal transplants: Good or bad?". WORLD JOURNAL OF TRANSPLANTATION. 4 (1): 18–29. doi:10.5500/wjt.v4.i1.18. PMC 3964193 Freely accessible. PMID 24669364.
  4. Jump up ^ Maton, Anthea; Jean Hopkins; Charles William McLaughlin; Susan Johnson; Maryanna Quon Warner; David LaHart; Jill D. Wright (1993). Human Biology and Health. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, USA: Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-981176-1.
  5. ^ Jump up to: a b Tan, SY; Graham, C (May 2013). "Karl Landsteiner (1868-1943): originator of ABO blood classification" (PDF). Singapore medical journal. 54 (5): 243–4. doi:10.11622/smedj.2013099. PMID 23716146.
  6. Jump up ^ Landsteiner K (1900). "Zur Kenntnis der antifermentativen, lytischen und agglutinierenden Wirkungen des Blutserums und der Lymphe". Zentralblatt Bakteriologie. 27: 357–62.
  7. Jump up ^ von Decastello A, Sturli A (1902). "Ueber die Isoagglutinine im Serum gesunder und kranker Menschen". Mfinch med Wschr. 49: 1090–5.
  8. Jump up ^ https://www.rockefeller.edu/our-scientists/karl-landsteiner/2554-nobel-prize/
  9. Jump up ^ Janský J (1907). "Haematologick studie u. psychotiku". Sborn. Klinick (in Czech). 8: 85–139.
  10. Jump up ^ Erb IH (1 May 1940). "Blood Group Classifications, a Plea for Uniformity". Canadian Medical Association Journal. 42 (5): 418–21. PMC 537907 Freely accessible. PMID 20321693.
  11. Jump up ^ Moss WL (1910). "Studies on isoagglutinins and isohemolysins". Bulletin Johns Hopkins Hospital. 21: 63–70.
  12. Jump up ^ Crow J (1993). "Felix Bernstein and the first human marker locus". Genetics. 133 (1): 4–7. PMC 1205297 Freely accessible. PMID 8417988.
  13. Jump up ^ Morgan, W. T. J.; Watkins, W. M (1969). "Genetic and biochemical aspects of human blood-group A-, B-, H-, Le-a- and Le-b-specificity". Br. Med. Bull. 25: 30–34. PMID 5782756.
  14. Jump up ^ Watkins, W. M. Advances in Human Genetics Vol. 10 (eds Harris, H. & Hirschhorn, K.) 1–136 (Plenum, New York, 1980)
  15. Jump up ^ Watkins, W. M.; Morgan, W. T. J. (1959). "Possible Genetical Pathways for the Biosynthesis of Blood Group Mucopolysaccharides". Vox Sang. 4: 97–119. doi:10.1111/j.1423-0410.1959.tb04023.x.
  16. Jump up ^ Finne; Krusius; Rauvala; Kekomäki; Myllylä (1978). "Alkali-stable blood group A- and B-active poly(glycosyl)-peptides from human erythrocyte membrane". FEBS left. 89: 111–115. doi:10.1016/0014-5793(78)80534-1.
  17. Jump up ^ Krusius; Finne; Rauvala (1978). "The Poly(glycosyl) Chains of Glycoproteins.. Characterisation of a Novel Type of Glycoprotein Saccharides from Human Erythrocyte Membrane". Eur. J. Biochem. 92: 289–300. doi:10.1111/j.1432-1033.1978.tb12747.x.
  18. Jump up ^ Järnefelt; Rush; Li; Laine (1978). "Erythroglycan, a high molecular weight glycopeptide with the repeating structure [galactosyl-(1 leads to 4)-2-deoxy-2-acetamido-glucosyl(1 leads to 3)] comprising more than one-third of the protein-bound carbohydrate of human erythrocyte stroma". J. Biol. Chem. 253: 8006–8009. PMID 711733.
  19. Jump up ^ Laine and Rush in Molecular Immunology of Complex Carbohydrates (A. Wu, E. Kabat, Eds.) Plenum Publishing Corporation, N.Y. NY (1988)
  20. Jump up ^ Finne (1980). "Identification of the Blood-Group ABH-Active Glycoprotein Components of Human Erythrocyte Membrane". Eur. J. Biochem. 104: 181–189. doi:10.1111/j.1432-1033.1980.tb04414.x.
  21. Jump up ^ Yamamoto; et al. (1990). "Molecular genetic basis of the histo-blood group ABO system". Nature. 345: 229–233. Bibcode:1990Natur.345..229Y. doi:10.1038/345229a0. PMID 2333095.
  22. Jump up ^ Hara, Atsushi; Imamura, Akihiro; Ando, Hiromune; Ishida, Hideharu; Kiso, Makoto (31 December 2013). "A New Chemical Approach to Human ABO Histo-Blood Group Type 2 Antigens". Molecules. 19 (1): 414–437. doi:10.3390/molecules19010414.
  23. Jump up ^ Liu, QP; Sulzenbacher G; Yuan H; Bennett EP; Pietz G; Saunders K; Spence J; Nudelman E; Levery SB; White T; Neveu JM; Lane WS; Bourne Y; Olsson ML; Henrissat B; Clausen H (April 2007). "Bacterial glycosidases for the production of universal red blood cells". Nat Biotechnol. 25 (4): 454–64. doi:10.1038/nbt1298. PMID 17401360.
  24. Jump up ^ BBC
  25. Jump up ^ Klug, William S.; Cummings, Michael R. (1997). Concepts of Genetics (5th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. p. 83. ISBN 0135310628.
  26. Jump up ^ Yazer M, Olsson M, Palcic M (2006). "The cis-AB blood group phenotype: fundamental lessons in glycobiology". Transfus Med Rev. 20 (3): 207–17. doi:10.1016/j.tmrv.2006.03.002. PMID 16787828.
  27. Jump up ^ "ABO inheritance patterns". Inheritance patterns of blood groups. Australian Red Cross Blood Service. Retrieved 30 October 2013.
  28. Jump up ^ "ABO blood group system". Abobloodtypes.webnode.com. Retrieved 2015-02-02.
  29. Jump up ^ Cited in "Misattributed paternity rates and non-paternity rates".
  30. Jump up ^ "Understanding genetics". Stanford.
  31. ^ Jump up to: a b Blood Group A Suptypes, The Owen Foundation. Retrieved 1 July 2008.
  32. Jump up ^ Seltsam A, Hallensleben M, Kollmann A, Blasczyk R (2003). "The nature of diversity and diversification at the ABO locus". Blood. 102 (8): 3035–42. doi:10.1182/blood-2003-03-0955. PMID 12829588.
  33. Jump up ^ Ogasawara K; Bannai M; Saitou N; et al. (1996). "Extensive polymorphism of ABO blood group gene: three major lineages of the alleles for the common ABO phenotypes". Human Genetics. 97 (6): 777–83. doi:10.1007/BF02346189. PMID 8641696.
  34. Jump up ^ Shastry, S; Bhat, S (October 2010). "Imbalance in A2 and A2B phenotype frequency of ABO group in South India". Blood Transfusion. 8 (4): 267–270. doi:10.2450/2010.0147-09. PMC 2957492 Freely accessible. PMID 20967168.
  35. Jump up ^ Potts, WTW (1979). "History and Blood Groups in the British Isles". In Sawyer PH. English Medieval Settlement. St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0-7131-6257-0.
  36. Jump up ^ Cserti, CM; Dzik, WH (2007). "The ABO blood group system and Plasmodium falciparum malaria". Blood. 110 (7): 2250–2258. doi:10.1182/blood-2007-03-077602.
  37. ^ Jump up to: a b Calafell, Francesc; et al. (September 2008). "Evolutionary dynamics of the human ABO gene". Human Genetics. 124 (2): 123–135. doi:10.1007/s00439-008-0530-8. PMID 18629539. Retrieved 24 September 2008.
  38. Jump up ^ Jan Van Oss, Carel (2004). "Letter to the Editor: "Natural" Versus Regular Antibodies". The Protein Journal. 23 (6): 357; author reply 359–60. doi:10.1023/B:JOPC.0000039625.56296.6e. PMID 15517982.
  39. Jump up ^ Seymour, R. M.; Allan, M. J.; Pomiankowski, A; Gustafsson, K (2004). "Evolution of the human ABO polymorphism by two complementary selective pressures". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 271 (1543): 1065–1072. doi:10.1098/rspb.2004.2674. PMC 1691687 Freely accessible. PMID 15293861.
  40. Jump up ^ Arendrup, M; Hansen JE; Clausen H; Nielsen C; Mathiesen LR; Nielsen JO (April 1991). "Antibody to histo-blood group A antigen neutralizes HIV produced by lymphocytes from blood group A donors but not from blood group B or O donors". AIDS. 5 (4): 441–4. doi:10.1097/00002030-199104000-00014. PMID 1711864.
  41. Jump up ^ Neil, SJ; McKnight A; Gustafsson K; Weiss RA (2005-06-15). "HIV-1 incorporates ABO histo-blood group antigens that sensitize virions to complement-mediated inactivation". Blood. 105 (12): 4693–9. doi:10.1182/blood-2004-11-4267. PMID 15728127.
  42. Jump up ^ Reid, ME; Mohandas, N (2004). "Red blood cell blood group antigens: structure and function". Seminars in hematology. 41 (2): 93–117. doi:10.1053/j.seminhematol.2004.01.001. PMID 15071789.
  43. Jump up ^ Mohandas, N; Narla, A (2005). "Blood group antigens in health and disease". Current Opinion in Hematology. 12 (2): 135–40. doi:10.1097/01.moh.0000153000.09585.79. PMID 15725904.
  44. Jump up ^ Sarode, R; Goldstein J; Sussman II; Nagel RL; Tsai HM (June 2000). "Role of A and B blood group antigens in the expression of adhesive activity of von Willebrand factor". Br J Haematol. 109 (4): 857–64. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2141.2000.02113.x. PMID 10929042.
  45. Jump up ^ O'Donnell, J; Laffan MA (August 2001). "The relationship between ABO histo-blood group, factor VIII and von Willebrand factor". Transfus Med. 11 (4): 343–51. doi:10.1046/j.1365-3148.2001.00315.x. PMID 11532189.
  46. Jump up ^ O'Donnell, J; Boulton FE; Manning RA; Laffan MA (2002-02-01). "Amount of H antigen expressed on circulating von Willebrand factor is modifiedby ABO blood group genotype and is a major determinant of plasma von Willebrand factor antigen levels". Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. American Heart Association, Inc. 22 (2): 335–41. doi:10.1161/hq0202.103997. PMID 11834538.
  47. Jump up ^ Gill, JC; Endres-Brooks J; Bauer PJ; Marks WJ; Montgomery RR (June 1987). "The effect of ABO blood group on the diagnosis of von Willebrand disease" (abstract). Blood. 69 (6): 1691–5. PMID 3495304.
  48. Jump up ^ Shima, M; Fujimura Y; et al. (1995). "ABO blood group genotype and plasma von Willebrand factor in normal individuals". Vox Sang. 68 (4): 236–40. doi:10.1111/j.1423-0410.1995.tb02579.x. PMID 7660643.
  49. Jump up ^ Bowen, DJ; Collins PW; et al. (March 2005). "The prevalence of the cysteine1584 variant of von Willebrand factor is increased in type 1 von Willebrand disease: co-segregation with increased susceptibility to ADAMTS13 proteolysis but not clinical phenotype". Br J Haematol. Blackwell Synergy. 128 (6): 830–6. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2141.2005.05375.x. PMID 15755288.
  50. Jump up ^ Bongers T; de Maat M; van Goor M; et al. (2006). "High von Willebrand factor levels increase the risk of first ischemic stroke: influence of ADAMTS13, inflammation, and genetic variability". Stroke. 37 (11): 2672–7. doi:10.1161/01.STR.0000244767.39962.f7. PMID 16990571.
  51. Jump up ^ Xie J, Qureshi AA, Li Y, Han J (2010). "ABO Blood Group and Incidence of Skin Cancer". PLoS ONE. 5 (8): e11972. Bibcode:2010PLoSO...511972X. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0011972.
  52. Jump up ^ Wolpin, B. M.; Kraft, P.; Gross, M.; Helzlsouer, K.; Bueno-De-Mesquita, H. B.; Steplowski, E.; Stolzenberg-Solomon, R. Z.; Arslan, A. A.; Jacobs, E. J.; Lacroix, A.; Petersen, G.; Zheng, W.; Albanes, D.; Allen, N. E.; Amundadottir, L.; Anderson, G.; Boutron-Ruault, M. -C.; Buring, J. E.; Canzian, F.; Chanock, S. J.; Clipp, S.; Gaziano, J. M.; Giovannucci, E. L.; Hallmans, G.; Hankinson, S. E.; Hoover, R. N.; Hunter, D. J.; Hutchinson, A.; Jacobs, K.; Kooperberg, C. (2010). "Pancreatic Cancer Risk and ABO Blood Group Alleles: Results from the Pancreatic Cancer Cohort Consortium". Cancer Research. 70 (3): 1015–1023. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-09-2993. PMC 2943735 Freely accessible. PMID 20103627.
  53. Jump up ^ Amundadottir, L.; Kraft, P.; Stolzenberg-Solomon, R. Z.; Fuchs, C. S.; Petersen, G. M.; Arslan, A. A.; Bueno-De-Mesquita, H. B.; Gross, M.; Helzlsouer, K.; Jacobs, E. J.; Lacroix, A.; Zheng, W.; Albanes, D.; Bamlet, W.; Berg, C. D.; Berrino, F.; Bingham, S.; Buring, J. E.; Bracci, P. M.; Canzian, F.; Clavel-Chapelon, F. O.; Clipp, S.; Cotterchio, M.; De Andrade, M.; Duell, E. J.; Fox Jr, J. W.; Gallinger, S.; Gaziano, J. M.; Giovannucci, E. L.; Goggins, M. (2009). "Genome-wide association study identifies variants in the ABO locus associated with susceptibility to pancreatic cancer". Nature Genetics. 41 (9): 986–990. doi:10.1038/ng.429. PMC 2839871 Freely accessible. PMID 19648918.
  54. Jump up ^ Gates, MA; Wolpin, BM; Cramer, DW; Hankinson, SE; Tworoger, SS (2010). "ABO blood group and incidence of epithelial ovarian cancer". International Journal of Cancer. 128 (2): 482–486. doi:10.1002/ijc.25339. PMC 2946962 Freely accessible. PMID 20309936.
  55. Jump up ^ Aird, I; Bentall, HH; Roberts, JA (1953). "A relationship between cancer of stomach and the ABO blood groups". British Medical Journal. 1 (4814): 799–801. doi:10.1136/bmj.1.4814.799. PMC 2015995 Freely accessible. PMID 13032504.
  56. Jump up ^ Glass, Roger; Holmgren J; Haley C; Khan M.R.; SVENERHOLM M; STOLL B; HOSSAIN K; BLACK B; Yunus M; Barua D (June 1985). "Predisposition for cholera of individuals with O blood group. Possible evolutionary significance". American Journal of Epidemiology. 121 (6): 791–796. PMID 4014172. Retrieved 20 August 2012.
  57. Jump up ^ Goldman, M (2016-10-10). "Translational Mini-Review Series on Toll-like Receptors: Toll-like receptor ligands as novel pharmaceuticals for allergic disorders". Clinical and Experimental Immunology. 147 (2): 208–216. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2249.2006.03296.x. ISSN 0009-9104. PMC 1810467 Freely accessible. PMID 17223960.
  58. Jump up ^ Kay, H E (1982-11-06). "Bone marrow transplantation: 1982". British Medical Journal (Clinical research ed.). 285 (6351): 1296–1298. doi:10.1136/bmj.285.6351.1296. ISSN 0267-0623. PMC 1500229 Freely accessible. PMID 6812684.
  59. Jump up ^ Hakomori, S. (1999-12-06). "Antigen structure and genetic basis of histo-blood groups A, B and O: their changes associated with human cancer". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta. 1473 (1): 247–266. doi:10.1016/s0304-4165(99)00183-x. ISSN 0006-3002. PMID 10580143.
  60. ^ Jump up to: a b Dabelsteen, E.; Gao, S. (2005-01-01). "ABO blood-group antigens in oral cancer". Journal of Dental Research. 84 (1): 21–28. doi:10.1177/154405910508400103. ISSN 0022-0345. PMID 15615870.
  61. Jump up ^ Dabelsteen, Erik (2002-02-01). "ABO blood group antigens in oral mucosa. What is new?". Journal of Oral Pathology & Medicine. 31 (2): 65–70. doi:10.1046/j.0904-2512.2001.00004.x. ISSN 0904-2512. PMID 11896825.
  62. Jump up ^ Amundadottir, Laufey T. (2016-01-01). "Pancreatic Cancer Genetics". International Journal of Biological Sciences. 12 (3): 314–325. doi:10.7150/ijbs.15001. ISSN 1449-2288. PMC 4753160 Freely accessible. PMID 26929738.
  63. Jump up ^ Mega, Jessica L.; Stitziel, Nathan O.; Smith, J. Gustav; Chasman, Daniel I.; Caulfield, Mark J.; Devlin, James J.; Nordio, Francesco; Hyde, Craig L.; Cannon, Christopher P. (2015-06-06). "Genetic risk, coronary heart disease events, and the clinical benefit of statin therapy: an analysis of primary and secondary prevention trials". Lancet. 385 (9984): 2264–2271. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61730-X. ISSN 1474-547X. PMC 4608367 Freely accessible. PMID 25748612.
  64. Jump up ^ American Red Cross, Southern California Blood Services Region (n.d.). "Answers to Commonly Asked Questions About Blood and Blood Banking" (PDF). Blood: the Basics: 4. Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 November 2007. Retrieved 16 November 2007.
  65. Jump up ^ Sung Il Ryu, Young Woo Sohn (2007), A Review of Sociocultural, Behavioral, Biochemical Analyses on ABO Blood-Groups Typology, The Korean Journal of Social and Personality Psychology.
  66. Jump up ^ Hobgood, Donna K. (2011). "Personality traits of aggression-submissiveness and perfectionism associate with ABO blood groups through catecholamine activities". Medical Hypotheses. 77 (2): 294–300. doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2011.04.039. PMID 21601990.
  67. Jump up ^ Klein, Harvey G (7 March 2005). "Why Do People Have Different Blood Types?". Scientific American. Retrieved 16 November 2007.
  68. Jump up ^ Sung-ha, Kang; et al. (1997). "Distribution of ABO Genotypes and Allele Frequencies in a Korean Population". Japanese Journal of Human Genetics. 42 (2): 333. doi:10.1007/BF02766955. CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (link)

Further reading[edit]

  • Dean L (2005). "Chapter 5: The ABO blood group". Blood Groups and Red Cell Antigens. Retrieved 24 March 2007.
  • Farr A (1 April 1979). "Blood group serology--the first four decades (1900--1939)". Med Hist. 23 (2): 215–26. doi:10.1017/s0025727300051383. PMC 1082436 Freely accessible. PMID 381816.

External links[edit]

  • ABO at BGMUT Blood Group Antigen Gene Mutation Database at NCBI, NIH
  • ABO blood groups, antibodies and antigens explained YouTube educational video
  • Encyclopædia Britannica, ABO blood group system
  • National Blood Transfusion Service
  • Molecular Genetic Basis of ABO
[hide]
  • v
  • t
  • e
Transfusion medicine
General concepts
  • Apheresis (plasmapheresis, plateletpheresis, leukapheresis)
  • Blood transfusion
  • Coombs test (direct and indirect)
  • Cross-matching
  • Exchange transfusion
  • International Society of Blood Transfusion
  • Intraoperative blood salvage
  • ISBT 128
  • Transfusion reactions
Blood group systems /
blood types
  • ABO
  • Chido-Rodgers
  • Colton
  • Cromer
  • Diego
  • Dombrock
  • Duffy
  • Er
  • FORS
  • Gerbich
  • GIL
  • GLOB
  • Hh
  • Ii
  • Indian
  • JR
  • JMH
  • Kell (Xk)
  • Kidd
  • Knops
  • Lan
  • Lewis
  • Lutheran
  • LW
  • MNS
  • OK
  • P
  • Raph
  • Rh and RHAG
  • Scianna
  • T-Tn
  • Vel
  • Xg
  • Yt
  • Other
Blood products /
blood donation
  • Whole blood
  • Platelets
  • Red blood cells
  • Plasma / Fresh frozen plasma / PF24 (Cryoprecipitate + Cryosupernatant)
  • Blood substitutes
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ABO_blood_group_system&oldid=825716594"
Categories:
  • Blood antigen systems
Hidden categories:
  • CS1 Czech-language sources (cs)
  • CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al.
  • Use dmy dates from April 2014
  • All articles with unsourced statements
  • Articles with unsourced statements from November 2013

Navigation menu

Personal tools

  • Not logged in
  • Talk
  • Contributions
  • Create account
  • Log in

Namespaces

  • Article
  • Talk

Variants

Views

  • Read
  • Edit
  • View history

More

Navigation

  • Main page
  • Contents
  • Featured content
  • Current events
  • Random article
  • Donate to Wikipedia
  • Wikipedia store

Interaction

  • Help
  • About Wikipedia
  • Community portal
  • Recent changes
  • Contact page

Tools

  • What links here
  • Related changes
  • Upload file
  • Special pages
  • Permanent link
  • Page information
  • Wikidata item
  • Cite this page

Print/export

  • Create a book
  • Download as PDF
  • Printable version

In other projects

  • Wikimedia Commons

Languages

  • Bosanski
  • Català
  • Dansk
  • Deutsch
  • ދިވެހިބަސް
  • Eesti
  • فارسی
  • Français
  • Galego
  • ગુજરાતી
  • 한국어
  • Íslenska
  • ಕನ್ನಡ
  • 日本語
  • Plattdüütsch
  • Português
  • Suomi
  • தமிழ்
  • ไทย
  • 中文
Edit links
  • This page was last edited on 15 February 2018, at 00:15.
  • Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
  • Privacy policy
  • About Wikipedia
  • Disclaimers
  • Contact Wikipedia
  • Developers
  • Cookie statement
  • Mobile view
  • Enable previews
  • Wikimedia Foundation
  • Powered by MediaWiki